,the ,catholic ,world ,a ,monthly ,magazine of ,general ,literature and ,science ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,october #ahgb to ,march #ahgc ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house4 ,new ,york #ahgc ,,contents ,contents4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,no4 #ia4--,october1 #ahgb4 ,bismarck ,and ,the ,jesuits4 ,choice ,in ,no ,choice4 ,fleurange4 ,review of ,vaughan's ,life ,of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,gavazzi ,versus ,the ,see ,of ,s4 ,peter4 ,number ,thirteen4 ,an ,episode ,of ,the ,commune4 ,on ,a ,picture ,of ,s4 ,mary ,bearing ,doves ,to ,sacrifice4 ,centres ,of ,thought ,in ,the ,past4 ,first ,article4 ,the ,monasteries4 ,versailles4 ,father ,isaac ,jogues1 ,s4,j4 ,doa ,ramona4 ,the ,distaff4 ,a ,martyr's ,journey4 ,odd ,stories3 ,,iii4 ,peter ,the ,powerful4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,no4 #ib4--,november1 #ahgb4 ,centres ,of ,thought ,in ,the ,past4 ,second ,article4 ,the ,universities4 ,fleurange4 ,the ,poor ,ploughman4 ,a ,dark ,chapter ,in ,english ,history4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,the ,virgin4 ,the ,homeless ,poor ,of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ,house ,that ,jack ,built4 ,where ,are ,you ,going8 ,number ,thirteen4 ,an ,episode ,of ,the ,commune4 ,concluded4 ,use ,and ,abuse ,of ,the ,novel4 ,review ,of ,vaughan's ,life ,of ,s4 ,thomas3 ,concluded4 ,to ,s4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,god's ,acre4 ,personal ,recollections ,of ,the ,late ,president ,juarez ,of ,mexico4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,no4 #ic4--;,december1 #ahgb4 ,the ,spirit ,of ,protestantism4 ,fleurange4 ,sayings ,of ,john ,climacus4 ,dante's ,purgatorio4 ,canto ,fifth4 ,sanskrit ,and ,the ,vedas4 ,the ,house ,that ,jack ,built4 ,s4 ,peter's ,roman ,pontificate4 ,sayings4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,christian ,art ,of ,the ,catacombs4 ,beating ,the ,air4 ,a ,retrospect4 ,the ,russian ,clergy4 ,the ,cross ,through ,love1 ,and ,love ,through ,the ,cross4 ,odd ,stories4 ,,iv4 ,the ,white ,shah4 ,signs ,of ,the ,times4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,no4 #id4--;,january1 #ahgc4 ,a ,son ,of ,the ,crusaders4 ,at ,the ,shrine4 ,a ,christmas ,recognition4 ,fleurange4 ,sayings4 ,prince ,von ,bismarck ,and ,the ,interview ,of ,the ,three ,emperors4 ,a ,christmas ,memory4 ,the ,house ,that ,jack ,built4 ,a ,retrospect4 ,the ,cross ,through ,love1 ,and ,love ,through ,the ,cross4 ,europe's ,angels4 ,the ,nativity ,of ,christe4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,a ,legend ,of ,saint ,ottilia4 ,the ,year ,of ,our ,lord #ahgb4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,no4 #ie4--;,february1 #ahgc4 ,who ,made ,our ,laws8 ,dante's ,purgatorio4 ,canto ,sixth4 ,the ,church ,the ,champion ,of ,marriage4 ,fleurange4 ,cologne4 ,john4 ,the ,international ,congress ,of ,prehistoric ,anthropology ,and ,archaeology4 ,the ,see ,of ,peter4 ,atlantic ,drift--,gathered ,in ,the ,steerage4 ,a ,daughter ,of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,f4 ,james ,marquette1 ,s4,j4 ,prayer ,of ,custance1 ,the ,persecuted ,queen ,of ,alla ,of ,northumberland4 ,acoma4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,no4 #if4--,march1 #ahgc4 ,the ,relation ,of ,the ,rights ,of ,conscience ,to ,the ,authority ,of ,the ,state ,under ,the ,laws ,of ,our ,republic4 ,the ,widow ,of ,nain4 ,fleurange4 ,american ,catholics ,and ,partisan ,newspapers4 ,brussels4 ,sayings ,of ,s4 ,john ,climacus4 ,marriage ,in ,the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,a ,pearl ,ashore4 ,the ,benefits ,of ,italian ,unity4 ,sonnet4 ,recollections ,of ,pre ,hermann4 ,a ,daughter ,of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the ,international ,congress ,of ,prehistoric ,anthropology ,and ,archology4 ,atlantic ,drift--,gathered ,in ,the ,steerage4 ,martyrs ,and ,confessors ,in ,christ4 ,the ,roman ,empire ,and ,the ,mission ,of ,the ,barbarians4 ,new ,publications4 ,footnotes ,cover ,page ,,contents4 ,acoma1 #gjc ,atlantic ,drift--,gathered in the ,steerage1 #fdh1 #hcg ,american ,catholics and ,partisan ,newspapers1 #gef ,beating the ,air1 #ghc ,benefits of ,italian ,unity1 ,the1 #gib ,bismarck and the ,jesuits1 #a ,bismarck and the ,three ,emperors1 #dgd ,bolanden's ,the ,progressionists1 #dj1 #aib1 #ceh1 #eda1 #fgd ,brussels1 #gff ,centres of ,thought in the ,past3 ,the ,monasteries1 #gi2 ,the ,same3 ,the ,universities1 #ade ,christian ,art of the ,catacombs1 #cgb ,christmas ,memory1 ,a1 #ejb ,christmas ,recognition1 ,a1 #ddh ,church the ,champion of ,marriage1 ,the1 #ehe ,climacus1 ,s4 ,john1 ,sayings of1 #cah1 #gge ,cologne1 #fae ,craven's ,fleurange1 #ah1 #aeh1 #cjc1 #dei1 #fjj1 #gcg ,cross through ,love1 and ,love through the ,cross1 #dab1 #ebc ,crusaders1 ,a ,son of the1 #dcc ,cyprian1 ,s41 ,martyrs and ,confessors in ,christ1 #hdd ,dark ,chapter in ,english ,history1 ,a1 #agf ,daughter of ,s4 ,dominic1 ,a1 #feh1 #hac ,deschamp's ,bismarck and the ,emperors1 #dgd ,distaff1 ,the1 #acc ,doa ,ramona1 #abb ,english ,history1 ,a ,dark ,chapter in1 #agf ,episode of the ,commune1 ,an1 #fa1 #bbg ,europe's ,angels1 #ecc ,father ,isaac ,jogues1 ,s4,j41 #aje ,father ,james ,marquette1 ,s4,j41 #fhh ,fleurange1 #ah1 #aeh1 #cjc1 #dei1 #fjj1 #gcg ,gavazzi versus the ,see of ,s4 ,peter1 #ee ,god's ,acre1 #bfd ,hermann1 ,pre1 #hjh ,homeless ,poor of ,new ,york ,city1 ,the1 #bjf ,house that ,jack ,built1 ,the1 #bab1 #ccf1 #ejg ,international ,congress of ,prehistoric ,anthropology and ,archology1 #fci1 #hbi ,italian ,unity1 ,the ,benefits of1 #gib ,jogues1 ,father ,isaac1 ,s4,j41 #aje ,john1 #fbb ,juarez1 ,personal ,recollections of1 #bhj ,legends of ,saint ,ottilia1 #eeg ,marquette1 ,father ,james1 ,s4,j41 #fhh ,marriage in the ,x,i,xth ,century1 #ggf ,marriage1 the ,church the ,champion of1 #ehe ,martyr's ,journey1 ,a1 #acg ,martyrs and ,confessors in ,christ1 #hdd ,monasteries1 ,the1 #gi ,mission of the ,barbarians1 ,the1 #hde ,nativity of ,christe1 ,the1 #edj ,new ,york ,city1 ,the ,homeless ,poor of1 #bjf ,novel1 ,use and ,abuse of the1 #bdj ,number ,thirteen1 #fa1 #bbg ,odd ,stories1 #ach1 #dbj ,ottilia1 ,saint1 ,a ,legend of1 #eeg ,partisan ,newspapers1 ,american ,catholics and1 #gef ,pearl ,ashore1 #ghh ,pre ,hermann1 #hjh ,personal ,recollections of ,pres4 ,juarez1 #bhj ,peter the ,powerful1 #ach ,prince von ,bismarck and the ,three ,emperors1 #dgd ,progressionists1 ,the1 #dj1 #aib1 #ceh1 #eda1 #fgd ,protestantism1 ,the ,spirit of1 #bhi ,relation of the ,rights of ,conscience to the ,authority of the ,state under the ,laws of our ,republic1 #gba ,retrospect1 ,a1 #cie1 #eaf ,review of ,vaughan's ,life of ,s4 ,thomas1 #ca1 #bed ,roman ,empire and the ,mission of the ,barbarians1 #hde ,russian ,clergy1 ,the1 #djc ,s4 ,peter's ,roman ,pontificate1 #cde ,sanskrit and the ,vedas1 #cbb ,sayings1 #ceg1 #dgc ,sayings of ,s4 ,john ,climacus1 #cah1 #gge ,see of ,s4 ,peter1 ,gavazzi versus the1 #ee ,signs of the ,times1 #dbb ,son of the ,crusaders1 ,a1 #dcc ,spirit of ,protestantism1 ,the1 #bhi ,universities1 ,the1 #ade ,use and ,abuse of the ,novel1 ,the1 #bdj ,vaughan's ,life of ,s4 ,thomas1 ,review of1 #ca1 #bed ,versailles1 #ib ,where are ,you ,going8 #bba ,white ,shah1 ,the1 #dbj ,who ,made our ,laws8 #egh ,year of ,our ,lord #ahgb1 ,the1 #eeh ,poetry4 ,anselm's ,the ,poor ,ploughman1 #age ,at the ,shrine1 #ddg ,chaucer's ,prayer of ,custance1 #gjb ,choice in no ,choice1 #ag ,dante's ,purgatorio1 #cai1 #eha ,on a ,picture of ,s4 ,mary bearing ,doves to ,sacrifice1 #gg ,poor ,ploughman1 ,the1 #age ,purgatorio1 ,dante's1 #cai1 #eha ,prayer of ,custance1 #gjb ,s4 ,mary ,bearing ,doves to ,sacrifice1 #gg ,see of ,peter1 ,the1 #fdg ,sonnet from ,zappi1 #hjg ,to ,s4 ,mary ,magdalen1 #bfe 1 #eef ,virgin1 ,the1 #bje ,widow of ,nain1 ,the1 #gce ,zappi1 ,sonnet from1 #hjg ,new ,publications4 ,adams' ,young ,america ,abroad1 #hei ,agnew's ,geraldine1 #egc ,all ,hallow ,eve1 etc41 #dbh ,ambition's ,contest1 #add ,arundell's ,tradition1 #dcj ,athenum1 ,the1 #hei ,beloved ,disciple1 ,the1 #adc ,bibliographia ,catholica ,americana1 #gac ,bolanden's ,new ,god1 #egc ,book of the ,holy ,rosary1 ,the1 #adj ,brownson's ,life of ,gallitzin1 #gab ,burke's ,ireland's ,case ,stated1 #heg ,caswall's ,hymns and ,poems1 #heh ,catholic ,class ,book1 #bhh ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 #dbi ,catholic ,worship1 #ega ,college ,journal1 #egf ,commentary of the ,fathers on ,s4 ,peter1 #bhf ,conversion of the ,teutonic ,race1 #efg ,the ,same1 ,sequel1 #efg ,coppe's ,elements of ,logic1 #bhe ,craven's ,fleurange1 #egj ,cusack's ,life of ,f4 ,mathew1 #egb ,daily ,steps to ,heaven1 #egb ,de ,mille's ,treasury of the ,seas1 #hei ,de ,vere's ,legends of ,s4 ,patrick1 #egj ,ellis' ,two ,ysondes1 #gai ,england and ,rome1 #bhf ,english in ,ireland1 ,the1 #gaf ,finotti's ,bibliographia ,catholica ,americana1 #gac ,fleurange1 #egj ,formby's ,the ,book of the ,holy ,rosary1 #adj ,froude's ,english in ,ireland1 #gaf ,gardening by ,myself1 #add ,god and ,man1 #dcj ,gratry's ,henry ,perreyve1 #ada ,great ,problem1 ,the1 #ege ,guillemin's ,wonders of the ,moon1 #egd ,hart's ,manual of ,american ,literature1 #dca1 #hfj ,heart of ,myrrha ,lake1 ,the1 #efi ,henry ,perreyve1 #ada ,history of the ,sacred ,passion1 #dbg ,history of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 ,the1 #egc ,holland's ,marble ,prophecy1 #dca ,holley's ,niagara1 #dcb ,holmes' ,the ,poet at the ,breakfast,table1 #heh ,hope's ,teutonic ,race1 #efg ,the ,same1 ,sequel1 #efg ,hbner's ,life of ,sixtus ,v41 #efg ,hymnary1 with ,tunes1 #dca ,hymns and ,poems1 #heh ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 #dbi ,index ,circular1 #hfj ,ireland's ,case ,stated1 #heg ,issues of ,american ,politics1 ,the1 #dca ,jenna's ,elevations ,poetiques et ,religieuses1 #gag ,keel and ,saddle1 #heg ,kroeger's ,the ,minnesinger of ,germany1 #ege ,lacordaire's ,god and ,man1 #dcj ,lasar's ,hymnary1 #dca ,lectures on the ,connection of ,science and ,religion1 #egc ,legends of ,s4 ,patrick1 #egj ,leifchild's ,the ,great ,problem1 #ege ,liberalisme1 ,le1 #gad ,life and ,times of ,sixtus ,v41 #efg ,life of ,demetrius ,augustin ,gallitzin1 #gab ,life of ,s4 ,augustine1 #gad ,liza1 #egc ,macdonald's ,hidden ,life1 #dcb ,macdonald's ,the ,vicar's ,daughter1 #adc ,manual of ,american ,literature1 #dca1 #hfj ,memoirs of ,mme4 ,desbordes,valmore1 #gae ,minnesinger of ,germany1 ,the1 #ege ,moriarty's ,life of ,s4 ,augustine1 #gad ,morris' ,troubles of ,our ,catholic ,forefathers1 #bhg ,my ,clerical ,friends1 #efg ,new ,god1 ,the1 #egc ,oakeley's ,catholic ,worship1 #ega ,orsini's ,history of the ,b4 ,virgin ,mary1 #egc ,paquet's ,le ,liberalisme1 #gad ,palma's ,history of the ,passion1 #dbg ,parsons' ,biographical ,dictionary1 #egb ,parsons' ,shadow of the ,obelisk1 #egb ,peters' ,catholic ,class ,book1 #bhh ,polytechnic1 ,the1 #hei ,photographic ,views1 #gad ,poet at the ,breakfast,table1 ,the1 #heh ,pocket ,prayer ,book1 #bhf ,potter's ,the ,spoken ,word1 #adb ,rawes' ,the ,beloved ,disciple1 #adc ,revere's ,keel and ,saddle1 #heg ,roundabout ,rambles1 #dcb ,sainte,beuve's ,memoirs of ,mme4 ,desbordes,valmore1 #gae ,shadow of the ,obelisk1 ,the1 #egb ,skinner's ,issues of ,american ,politics1 #dca ,spoken ,word1 ,the1 #adb ,stockton's ,roundabout ,rambles1 #dcb ,tradition1 #dcj ,treasure of the ,seas1 ,the1 #hei ,troubles of ,our ,catholic ,forefathers1 #bhg ,truth1 ,the1 #ega ,turgeneiff's ,liza1 #egc ,two ,ysondes1 and other ,verses1 #gai ,unawares1 #adc ,vicar's ,daughter1 ,the1 #adc ,warner's ,gardening by ,myself1 #add ,waterworth's ,commentary of the ,fathers on ,s4 ,peter1 #bhf ,waterworth's ,england and ,rome1 #bhf ,weninger's ,photographic ,views1 #gad ,wiseman's ,lectures on ,science and ,religion1 #egc ,wiseman's ,works1 #gad ,young ,america ,abroad1 #hei ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,,no4 #ia4--,,october1 #ahgb4 ,bismarck ,and ,the ,jesuits4 8#a4 ,the ,order of the ,company of ,jesus1 orders akin to it1 and congregations of a similar character1 are excluded from the ,german territory4 ,the establishment of residences for these orders is prohibited4 ,the establishments actually in existence must be suppressed within a period to be determined by the ,federal ,council1 but which shall not exceed six months4 8#b4 ,the members of the ,company of ,jesus1 of orders akin to it1 and of congregations of a similar character1 may be expelled from the ,federal territory if they are foreigners4 ,if natives1 residence within fixed limits may be forbidden them1 or imposed upon them4 8,the measures necessary for the execution of this law1 and for the certainty of this execution1 shall be adopted by the ,federal ,council40 ,such is the amendment on the original motion for the recent legislation with regard to the ,jesuits which was proposed to the ,reichstag by ,dr4 ,friedberg4 ,the original motion was identical in aim and almost in substance4 ,the amendment is more exact and welldefined1 leaving not the slightest loophole for possible evasion or escape4 ,it was framed and pressed on by the kindly spirit and generous hand of ,prince ,clovis of ,hohenlohe1 the brother of the cardinal whose rejection by the ,pope as ambassador from ,germany to his court gave such high umbrage to the exquisitely sensitive ,prince ,bismarck4 ,such is the law3 plain1 clear1 and welldefined4 ,there is no mistaking it3 it is 8goodly writ40 ,paraphrased1 it runs thus3 ,there is a body of men--and women even2 for though we attach ourselves to the chief point at issue1 the phrase1 8,those congregations of a similar character10 may cover a very extensive ground1 and seems ingeniously framed for abuse--in ,germany1 possessed of certain property1 colleges1 churches1 seminaries1 schools2 possessed of certain rights as free citizens of a free land3 liberty of action and of thought4 ,most of them are natives of the soil2 many of them members of the highest families in the empire4 ,they have been doing their work all these years without let or hindrance1 or rumor of such4 ,the state found no fault with them1 or at least never expressed it4 ,consequently1 they went on without changing one iota of their principles or mode of action1 teaching in the universities1 colleges1 and schools3 preaching in the churches2 gathering together communities2 giving themselves free voice in a free press1 that all might hear and tell openly what they were doing1 and what they purposed doing4 ,without a moment's warning1 without a trial or even a mockery of a trial1 the state swoops down on them1 seizes their property1 breaks up their communities1 turns them out of their homes adrift upon the world1 proclaims them outlaws1 banishes them the empire1 save such as were born in it--one of whom happens to be a cousin to the emperor himself2 and these latter they proscribe to fixed limits under the surveillance of the police4 ,and such is law6 ,the law of the new ,german ,empire3 the first great step in its reconstruction6 ,short of death1 the state could not do more utterly to destroy a body of men4 ,condensed into a word1 these measures are--demolition4 ,as death alone can make their penalty supreme1 the crimes of these outlaws ought to be proportionately great4 ,what1 then1 are these crimes that in a moment produced such a sentence8 ,here we must confess to as great an inability to answer the question as ,prince ,bismarck or his followers found themselves2 for the very simple fact that there are no crimes to answer for4 ,this may account in part for the extra severity of the sentence4 ,only make the penalty big enough1 and the popular mind needs to hear nothing of the crime4 ,prince ,bismarck knows the value of the old adage1 8,give a dog a bad name1 and hang him40 ,when the ,communists seized upon ,paris1 we all knew what to expect3 scant justice and speedy sentence2 none of your careful balancing of right and wrong4 ,they took what they could and gave no reason4 ,this model ,german government1 this new power which we all tremble at1 though it promises to regenerate us1 follows la ,commune pretty closely in this its first essay of power4 ,in the even balance of the law1 it is useless to talk of conspiracies1 parties1 plots1 and this1 that1 and the other4 ,show us those conspiracies2 point them out in black and white2 let the law lay its inexorable finger upon them1 and say1 such and such actions have been committed by such and such persons2 here are the proofs of guilt--and we are satisfied4 ,though the condemned may have been our dearest friends1 we have only to acknowledge the justice of the sentence1 to deplore that we have been deceived in them1 and to range ourselves as honest men and true citizens on the side of the law4 ,but in the present case1 we have not had one single fact produced nor attempted to be produced2 not a crime in the varied category of crimes has been laid at the door of the accused4 ,we have had instead from such men as ,bismarck and his tools vague generalities of 8conspiracy10 8enemies at home as well as abroad10 intermingled with fears for the safety of the new empire--8the new creation0--padded in with bluster and empty bombast1 8full of sound and fury1 signifying nothing40 ,and in the face of this advanced nineteenth century1 this era of facts1 figures1 and freedom1 on the strength of evidence that would not suffice to condemn the veriest scoundrel that ever stood face to face with justice in the dock1 a body of intellectual gentlemen1 beloved in the country from which they are banished1 are proclaimed outlaws1 enemies of their own nation1 faithless to their country and their emperor1 unfit to live in the land that is proud of them1 and driven without scrip or staff into the world4 ,let us bear it in mind1 before quitting this point1 that the feeling of their countrymen as well as of the whole ,catholic world is with them4 ,we all know how a government1 and particularly a strong government1 can influence the public voice and manipulate votes4 ,well1 petitions rolled in for the suppression of the ,jesuits2 but1 strange to say1 roll in as they might1 a still vaster number came to retain them2 and on the strength of the former1 the measure was put before parliament and passed4 ,this fact of the popular voice proclaiming itself boldly in favor of the ,order is very significant when we take into account the forces arrayed against each other1 though1 in truth1 the battle was all on the side of the government4 ,on the one hand we have the ,prince,chancellor working the engine of the state--his own creation--with every nerve that is in him1 joining himself in the debates with speeches of the bitterest and most inflammatory character2 on the other1 we have a body of #gjh men6 ,such was their number in ,germany according to the statistics of last year2 the total number throughout the world being #h1hji4 ,to this1 then1 the contest reduces itself apparently4 ,these are the ostensible foes4 ,the new and powerful ,german government1 in the first flush of an unprecedented success1 headed by the 8terrible ,chancellor10 pitted might and main against #gjh individuals1 staking its very life on the contest4 ,what evenly matched foes6 ,for the ,jesuits are the sole object of this attack1 mind4 ,listen to ,minister ,delbrck in his speech on the third reading of the bill3 8,it is my duty1 in the name of the confederate government1 to repudiate anew that view of the question which identifies the ,society of ,jesus with the ,catholic ,church4444 ,in such an allegation they can discover nothing more than an arbitrary perversion of notorious facts3 a falsification which is the more to be deplored1 as it might serve to deprive the measure in circles outside of this assembly of its true character1 and impress on it another which it does not possess40 ,this minister was the mouthpiece of ,bismarck--8the hands indeed are ,esau's1 but the voice is that of ,jacob40 ,was there ever such a picture of injured innocence and righteous indignation8 ,seven hundred and eight men who spend their lives1 as all the world may see1 in teaching1 preaching1 studying1 visiting the sick1 performing their daily household duties1 are such terrible plotters1 dangerous political leaders1 that they cause the great ,chancellor actually to tremble in his shoes4 ,it is a strange fact that he did not find this conspiracy out sooner4 ,bismarck and the ,jesuits are old neighbors1 not to say friends4 ,they have lived very happily together up to yesterday4 ,they accompanied him to his wars1 and took the place that is always theirs in the battle front1 among the wounded and the dying1 when no succor was nigh1 in the endeavor to give rest and peace to the last moments of those whom ,bismarck summoned from their quiet homesteads to die for him under the empty name of glory and patriotism4 ,some of them were rewarded by the ,emperor with the ,iron ,cross--the proudest decoration which he can bestow on a man2 as some others of them on the other side brought their science to bear on the dismal walls of the beleaguered city1 spreading out light far and near to discover the crouching foe1 and they were rewarded with death4 ,why1 then1 after living in harmony so long together1 does the ,chancellor turn round in a moment and make such a sweeping attack upon them1 only them8 ,the body1 numerically1 is absolutely too insignificant for all this uproar4 ,why1 we could pack them all into some of our hotels1 and they would scarcely make an appreciable difference in the number of visitors4 ,had there existed a conspiracy on their part against the empire1 as is alleged1 is it possible that with ,bismarck's unlimited power and resources1 aided by those wonderful spies of his1 who so infested ,france that his generals knew the country better than the ,french themselves did--is it possible that he who esteems so highly the value of the opinion of 8circles outside the empire10 could not produce one sorry fact to bring forward against them8 ,their most determined opponents must confess that he has utterly failed to do so2 and failing to do so1 he has exercised1 and the majority of the ,german ,parliament has sanctioned1 a barefaced abuse of power1 such as we thought had died out with the good old days of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,queen ,bess1 or lived only with the ,sultan of ,turkey or the barbarous monarchs of the ,east4 ,may it not recoil on their own heads6 ,the quarrel is scarcely confined to these limits1 then1 terrible as the power of the ,jesuits may be4 ,we do not intend to insult the intelligence of our readers by going into a needless defence1 for the millionth time1 of the ,jesuit ,order4 ,their defence is written on the world with the blood of their martyred children4 ,their defence rests on the fact of their very existence under such persistent and terrible persecutions as their mother1 the church1 only has surpassed4 ,it rests in the record of every land upon which the sun has shone4 ,and as for the timeworn themes1 ever welcome and ever new1 of secresy1 unscrupulous agents1 blood1 poison1 daggers1 and all the mysterious paraphernalia which the ,jesuit of the popular imagination still bears about with him under that famous black gown1 which the intellect of the age1 in the persons of the ,london ,times' correspondents and those of the ,saturday ,review1 are never weary of harping on1 we leave them to the enlightened vision of these gentlemen1 and their rivals in this respect--the concocters of the villains of fifthrate novels4 ,but they object3 ,well1 we are ready to admire your ,jesuits4 ,they live among us and we know them1 and really1 on the whole1 they are not half such bad fellows2 in fact1 we may go so far as to say they are very peaceable1 intelligent1 respectable gentlemen4 ,when we wish to hear a good sermon we always go to listen to them4 ,they are very fine writers1 and very clever men4 ,they have done much1 or tried to do much1 for ,america1 ,africa1 ,japan1 and every outoftheway place2 they have done something in ,europe1 even4 ,but after all you must acknowledge that they are very dangerous fellows4 ,why1 your own ,pope1 ,sixtus ,v41 could scarcely be prevailed upon to permit the foundation of the ,order at the beginning2 and another of your ,popes1 ,clement ,,xiv41 actually condemned them4 ,come1 now2 what do you say to that8 ,must we soberly sit down to answer this absurdity once more8 ,our readers will pardon us for merely glancing at it1 and passing on to the more immediate subject of our article4 ,first of all1 granting1 which we by no means intend to do1 that all that they allege is true1 that it was with the greatest difficulty they even crept into existence1 and that a ,pope found it necessary to suppress them2 there stands out in the face of such opposition the telling fact of their existence in the broad light of these open days1 when no sham can pass muster1 when the keen1 eminently honest eye of these folk pick out the false in a twinkling1 expose it1 hoot it down1 away with it1 and there is an end4 ,such a fact opposed to such neverfailing opposition is a very stubborn thing1 and bears with it something very like reality and truth4 ,as for the difficulty of their beginning1 that is the history of all orders in the church1 so careful is she of newfangled notions4 ,in fact1 if our recollection serves us1 that1 we believe1 is the history of the church herself4 ,so much for the alleged opposition of ,sixtus ,v4 ,and now for the quelcher3 the suppression by ,clement ,,xiv4 ,here we give in3 our opponents are right4 ,clement ,,xiv4 actually did issue a brief suppressing the ,jesuits4 ,of course it is perfectly unnecessary to inform these theological and medival scholars that a brief is a very different thing from a bull2 that a brief is in no wise binding on the successor of the ,pontiff who issues it2 that a brief has no more to do with infallibility than these gentlemen themselves have4 ,and now we would beg them to listen a moment to the very few ,jesuitical words in which we explain this whole thing away4 ,clement ,,xiv4 issued this brief in exactly the same way that ,king ,john signed the ,magna ,charta2 ,charles ,i4 the deathwarrant of ,strafford2 or ,george ,,iv4 the act for ,catholic emancipation4 ,we believe none of our readers would blame ,king ,charles for the death of ,strafford1 or thank ,king ,john for ,magna ,charta1 or ,george ,,iv4 for ,catholic emancipation2 as little do we1 can we1 or any one who has read the history of the time1 blame ,clement ,,xiv4 for the brief which suppressed the ,jesuits4 ,the timid old monk--he was consecrated ,pope at what the ,bourbons considered the very safe age of sixtyfour--was strong enough to resist this wicked demand of their suppression to the utmost4 ,we must bear in mind that the demand was made by no body in the church2 but only by the ambassadors of ,france1 ,spain1 and ,naples4 8,i know what you want10 he said1 8you want to create a heresy and destroy the church40 ,another time he writes1 8,i can neither censure nor abolish an institute which has been commended by nineteen of my predecessors40 ,in the meantime1 we have a disinterested witness1 happily enough from ,prussia1 a man whom we have no doubt even ,prince ,bismarck has some respect for4 ,it is no less a person than ,frederick the ,great1 who writes to ,voltaire3 8,that good ,franciscan of the ,vatican leaves me my dear ,jesuits1 who are persecuted everywhere else4 ,i will preserve the precious seed1 so as to be able one day to apply it to such as may desire again to cultivate this rare plant40 ,at last1 notwithstanding his entreaties and prayers1 they wrung the brief from the heart of the tottering old man4 ,they gained their point while he lost his peace of mind1 and was ever after murmuring1 ,compulsus feci1 compulsus feci4 ,we should be more correct in saying that they only half gained it2 for they were wild with rage at its being only a brief4 ,what they wanted was a bull3 destruction1 not suspension4 ,and such is the history of the famous suppression of the ,jesuits4 ,to make the story complete1 we may as well add that1 as soon as the brief became known1 ,switzerland1 knowing that it was the production of the ,bourbon faction and not of the ,pope1 refused to submit to it and deprive the ,jesuits of their colleges4 ,catherine of ,russia interceded in their favor1 and gave the poor ,pope a crumb of comfort in the few days that were left him4 ,well did he say1 8,this suppression will be the death of me40 ,while ,frederick the ,great--but he shall speak for himself1 and we commend his utterance to ,prince ,bismarck4 ,he writes to his agent at ,rome3 8,abb ,columbini1 you will inform all who desire to know the fact1 but without ostentation and affectation1 and you will moreover seek an opportunity of signifying soon to the ,pope and his chief minister1 that1 with regard to the ,jesuits1 ,i am determined to retain them in my states4 ,in the treaty of ,breslau1 ,i guaranteed the status quo of the ,catholic religion1 and ,i have never found better priests in every respect4 ,you will further add that1 as ,i belong to the class of heretics1 the ,pope cannot relieve me from the obligation of keeping my word1 nor from the duty of a king and an honest man40 ,these words would be weakened by comment4 ,we pass with relief from this wornout subject1 and wish our adversaries joy of their mare's nest4 ,men who have won the praise of their bitterest foes need small defence from their friends4 ,we leave them in the hands of such men as ,voltaire1 ,lord ,macaulay1 ,sir ,james ,stephens1 ,bancroft1 ,prescott1 ,parkman1 and a host of other eminent men of all nations and all creeds save our own4 ,when those who carp at the ,jesuits have studied and refuted these writers to their own satisfaction1 they may be in a fair way to meet us4 ,now we are met with the further objection3 if the ,jesuits are such an excellent body as we make them2 as ,protestant historians and infidel writers make them2 as ,catherine of ,russia1 as ,frederick the ,great1 the founder of the ,prussian empire1 and in this respect the proto,bismarck1 make them--why should ,prince ,bismarck pick such a deadly quarrel with them8 ,have we possibly been mistaken in him all this time8 ,have we had another ,luther lurking beneath the person of the burly ,chancellor8 ,has his aim been all along not merely to create a ,german empire1 but a ,german religion and a ,german popedom8 ,has his zeal been inspired by religion8 ,in his speech the other day he protested against the pretensions of the ,pope 8as a ,protestant and an evangelical ,christian40 ,we congratulate the evangelical ,christians1 whoever they may be1 on their new apostle4 ,for ourselves1 we could not help laughing1 and thinking that the height of solemn farce had at length been reached4 ,the words reminded us of one ,oliver ,cromwell1 who1 in common with a wellknown kinsman of his1 had a knack of 8citing ,scripture for his purpose40 ,no2 we confess it1 notwithstanding this solemn affirmation from his own mouth1 and before the ,german parliament too--7we think the printer must have omitted the 8laughter0 at the end7--we cannot bring ourselves to look upon the ,chancellor as a 8vessel of election10 though he may be a 8vessel of wrath40 ,we consider that his worst enemy could scarcely say a harder thing of him than that he was a religious man4 ,his is 8,ercles' vein3 a tyrant's vein40 ,the ,emperor 8is more condoling40 ,now he presents the picture of a religious man par excellence4 ,why1 his nostrils discerned a sanctified odor rising up from those reeking fields of ,france2 and he could pray--how well6--after he had won the victory4 ,but his ,chancellor is a man of another complexion4 ,he found a rich humor in it all4 ,we have not forgotten that grim joke of his yet about the starving and doomed city4 ,is he not the prince of jesters8 ,no1 however bad may be our opinion of him1 we will not accuse him of religiousness4 ,where1 then1 lies the difficulty between them8 ,the answer to this necessitates a review of the whole present question of ,bismarck with the ,papacy2 and we must beg our readers' indulgence in carrying them over such beaten ground in order to get at the root of it all1 fix it in our minds1 and keep it there1 so that no specious reasoning may blind us to the reality of it1 to the true point at issue4 ,we recollect the position of the ,papacy prior to the ,franco,german war4 ,the ,pope was supported in his dominions by the arm of ,france--we say ,france advisedly2 not by ,napoleon4 ,the war came and smote this right arm4 ,victor ,emanuel stepped in2 took possession3 coolly told the ,pope he would allow him to live in the ,vatican4 ,the world shrieked with delight at seeing a powerless old man reft of the little that was left him4 ,the world was astonished at the generosity of ,victor ,emanuel in allowing the ,pope a fraction of what happened to be his own property4 ,the world looked for the regeneration of ,italy1 and it has had it4 ,the ,new ,york ,herald furnished us with the increase of crime since ,victor ,emanuel's possession3 if we recollect rightly1 it is about fourfold4 ,so the ,pope rested1 as he still rests1 a virtual1 in plain truth an actual1 prisoner in the ,vatican1 without a helping hand stretched forth to him4 ,came his jubilee1 and with it kindly and solemn gratulations from a quarter least expected--the new emperor4 ,our eyes began to turn wistfully to the new power1 and people whispered1 ,who knows8 perhaps our ,holy ,father has at last found a defender4 ,here was ,bismarck's opportunity of winning the hearts of the ,catholic world1 of binding us to him with the strongest chain that can link man to man4 ,time wore on1 and the gloss wore off4 ,home questions arose1 the ,chancellor began to feel his way1 to insinuate little measures such as the secularization of schools1 which the ,catholics1 strange to say1 found reason to object to4 ,prince ,bismarck grew a little impatient2 he was anxious to conciliate the ,catholics as far as he possibly could2 but really 8his patience was nearly exhausted40 ,our golden hopes began to grow dim4 ,we have heard this sort of thing before2 we hear it every day1 from some whose opinions we respect2 and we know what it means4 ,it is the old cry1 8,we have piped to you and you will not dance2 we have played to you1 and you do not sing40 ,you are irreconcilable2 there is no meeting you on debatable ground4 ,and that is just the point4 ,our religion has no debatable ground1 for it is founded on faith1 and not on what goes by the name of free investigation4 ,so that whether it be ,bismarck or nearer friends of ours who would force or woo us in turn from our position1 we must meet them in matters that touch our faith with the inevitable 8,non possumus40 ,prince ,bismarck began to grow weary of us2 and he soon showed signs of his peculiar form of weariness4 ,he scarcely agrees with 8what can't be cured must be endured02 his motto is rather1 8,what can't be cured must be killed40 ,the secularization of schools was carried in the face of the protest of the ,prussian ,catholic bishops1 assembled at ,fulda4 ,the solemnization of the sacrament of marriage is handed over to the civil jurisdiction1 the same as any other contract4 ,still not a whisper against the ,jesuits1 though1 as we have already quoted1 his quarrel is purely and entirely with them4 ,we pass on to the crowning act in his list of grievances3 the embassy to the ,court of the ,vatican4 ,what a noble thing it looked in the all powerful ,chancellor to despatch an ambassador from the high and mighty ,german empire1 the mightiest in the world1 to the old man pent up in the ,vatican6 ,what a condescension to acknowledge that such a person existed6 ,of course the ,pope would receive such marks of favor with tears of gratitude and open arms4 ,what6 is it possible8 ,he actually rejects the ambassador1 and sends him back on ,bismarck's hands4 ,well1 well6 wonders will never cease4 ,now there never was such a tempest in a teapot as the explosion this carefully laid train created4 ,the very fact of sending an ambassador at all to a monarch acknowledges the perfect right of that monarch to receive or reject him as he pleases2 and to common sense there is an end of the question4 ,the ,pope did not choose to receive this ambassador2 he had every right to exercise his freedom of action2 he exercised his right1 but ,prince ,bismarck's sensibilities were hurt4 ,it was not so much the fact of rejection as the ,pope's want of politeness that afflicted him4 ,in his speech before the ,reichstag he declared that such a thing was without a parallel in the history of diplomacy4 ,what martinets these ,germans are for punctilio6 ,we remember ,mr4 ,disraeli actually refusing to accept as sufficient reason for the late war the 8breach of etiquette at a ,german wateringplace40 ,now1 with all due respect1 ,prince ,bismarck knew1 as those he addressed knew1 as all the world knows1 that this statement was anything but correct4 ,ambassadors have been rejected before now1 and probably will be again4 ,in fact1 had certain individuals of this class to and from ourselves been rejected at the outset1 it would have saved national difficulties1 or at least wounded feelings and displays of schoolboy recriminations scarcely creditable to such high and mighty folk as gentlemen of the diplomatic body4 ,but there is more in the question than this4 ,the ,cardinal,prince ,hohenlohe is a prince of the church4 ,he is in addition attached to the ,pope's household4 ,he gave himself freely and voluntarily to the service of the church4 ,he is not a mere ordinary member of the ,catholic body4 ,he stands in relation to the ,pope as ,von ,moltke1 the ,dane1 stands in relation to the ,emperor ,william2 as those who were once fellowcitizens of ours stand in relation to the ,khedive1 whose service they have entered2 as ,carl ,schurz and millions of our fellowcitizens stand in relation to the government of the ,united ,states4 ,when the ,italians entered ,rome1 ,cardinal ,hohenlohe left it2 and the next the ,pope heard of him was that his own servant had been appointed ambassador to his court from ,berlin6 ,just as though tomorrow we received intimation that a new ambassador had been appointed to us from ,england1 and that ambassador was no less a person than--,minister ,schenck4 ,we can imagine the ,new ,york ,herald's comments on such a proceeding4 ,and yet ,prince ,bismarck is sore aggrieved at a breach of political etiquette4 ,we think we need trouble our readers with no further reasons for ,cardinal ,hohenlohe's rejection4 ,what share the cardinal had in the whole proceeding we do not know4 ,probably ,prince ,bismarck would eventually have found himself sadly disappointed in his ambassador had he been accepted4 ,s4 ,thomas of ,canterbury made an excellent chancellor till the king1 against his wishes1 compelled him to enter new service4 ,but it is very clear that if ,bismarck1 as we do not believe1 ever contemplated the possibility of the cardinal's acceptance at ,rome1 what he wanted was a tool1 one who1 to use his own very remarkable words1 8would have had rare opportunities of conveying our own version of events and things to his the ,pope's ear4 ,this was our sole object in the nomination rejected1 ,i am sorry to say1 by ,pio ,nono40 ,we have no doubt of it3 it was his sole object2 and the acceptance or rejection of his ambassador was one to him2 for ,prince ,bismarck is generally provided with two strings to his bow4 ,had the cardinal been accepted1 he believed he had a churchman devoted to his interests1 another ,richelieu2 his rejection suited him still better2 for he could now declare open war1 and throw the onus of it on his adversaries4 ,through the whole proceeding we detect the fine hand of the man who forced on the ,danish1 ,austrian1 and ,french wars4 ,prince ,bismarck must not be surprised if1 in the face of such speaking examples1 we come at last to have a faint conception of his strategy4 ,his policy always is1 and always has been1 to egg his adversary on2 to goad him into striking first1 taking care all the while that he himself is well prepared4 ,they strike1 and he crushes them--all in selfdefence4 ,he is exonerated in the eyes of the world4 ,he can tell the others they provoked him to the contest2 he can say to them1 8,your blood be on your own heads40 ,and so this carefully prepared train exploded4 ,it looked such a noble1 generous1 friendly action to send an ambassador to the ,pontiff's court in the present position of the ,pontiff1 that1 when the ambassador was calmly rejected1 the world could not believe its ears2 and ,prince ,bismarck entertains a very high respect for those ears notwithstanding their length4 ,what could we say but that it was too much8 ,there was no conciliating these ,romanists and ,ultramontanes1 do what you would4 ,it was clear that the ,pope was altogether out of place in these days2 and his obstinacy only served to keep very respectable bodies of men from agreeing and living neighborly together1 and so on ad nauseam4 ,thus ,bismarck could afford to froth and fume about insult1 unprecedented actions1 etiquette1 and so on2 urge upon the ,german nation that they had been insulted in the person of their august emperor1 who seems as touchy on points of etiquette as a ,french dancingmaster2 and ring the changes up and down till he closed with the loudsounding twang1 8,neither the emperor nor myself are going to ,canossa60 ,could anything be more theatrically effective8 ,could anything be more transparently shallow8 ,well1 in the face of this awful outrage and unprecedented provocation1 what does the wrathful ,chancellor do8 ,march on ,rome2 declare war against the ,catholics2 utterly exterminate them2 smite them hip and thigh8 ,nothing of the kind4 ,he not only lets the ,pope alone from whom he received the outrage1 but he actually looks about for another ambassador1 8in the event of unlookedfor eventualities40 ,he entertains the greatest possible respect for ,catholics4 ,indeed1 he seems to be aware that the small fraction of #ad1jjj1jjj of them go to swell his empire2 the most ,catholic of whom1 by the way1 bore the brunt of the battle in ,france4 ,he accepts his rebuff more in sorrow than in wrath4 ,he lets the whole question slip2 he has no quarrel with the #ad1jjj1jjj2 but there are #gjh of them whom he pounces upon as the policeman on the small boy2 and nobody can quarrel with him for letting the steam of his wrath off on this small body1 which is at the bottom of every mischief that turns up4 ,is not this excellent fooling8 ,he says to the ,catholics3 ,i will not touch you2 you and ,i are very excellent friends2 ,i will not touch your mother--the church2 ,i will content myself with murdering her eldest son1 who is the cause of all the trouble between us4 ,now1 we may fairly ask the question3 ,is the quarrel confined to these limits8 ,why does ,bismarck turn aside from the church1 from the ,pope who so angered him1 from the bishops who protested against his laws and refused to submit to them1 from the ,centre in the ,reichstag who so boldly1 calmly1 and logically oppose him8--why does he turn from all these legitimate foes1 and fall on the small body of #gjh men who compose the ,jesuit ,order in ,prussia8 ,the answer is not difficult4 ,the ,jesuits as a body represent the intellect of the church4 ,they represent indeed more1 much more1 than this2 for intellect1 great as it is1 is not the highest thing in the eye of ,god or of his church2 but our present point deals with their intellectual power4 ,the ,pall ,mall ,gazette said the other day1 writing on this question3 8,one of the most remarkable traits of the ,society of ,jesus has always been its literary productiveness4 ,wherever its members went1 no sooner had they founded a home1 a college1 a mission1 than they began to write books4 ,we beg to call the attention of those who would fain make the church the mother of ignorance1 to testimony of this kind from such a source4 ,the result has been a vast literature1 not theological alone1 though chiefly that1 but embracing almost every branch of knowledge40 ,the ,jesuits in ,germany1 as in all countries where they have freedom1 possessed the best schools and colleges4 ,they made themselves heard and felt in the press4 8,in ,italy1 ,germany1 ,holland1 and ,belgium10 says the journal above quoted1 8the most trustworthy critics are of opinion that there are no better written newspapers than those under ,jesuit control40 ,it says further1 and nobody will accuse the ,pall ,mall ,gazette of being a ,jesuit organ3 8,why indeed is their ,order so dangerous1 if it be not on account of the ardent1 disinterested conviction of its members1 their indomitable courage and energy1 their spirit of self sacrifice1 to say nothing of their intelligence and their learning8 ,the effect of all this can but be heightened by persecution4 ,on the other side ,austria1 if we recollect rightly1 the danger which the existence of the ,order in the country really offers is much less than it is supposed to be4 ,in ,germany1 it does not really exist40 ,these extracts from various numbers of one of the leading rationalistic organs in ,england1 which it were easy to supplement by many others of the same import1 notably from the ,saturday ,review and the ,spectator1 we merely present here to such of our non,catholic readers as might receive our own testimony of whatever value with a certain suspicion4 ,they embody very sound reasons for ,bismarck's unprovoked and unlawful attack4 ,we purpose going a little deeper into the question4 ,the ,jesuits now1 as always1 small as their number is1 were the leading ,catholic teachers in ,germany among high and low4 ,their access to the chairs of the universities made them to a great extent the moulders of thought1 the teachers of the teachers1 the great intellectual bulwark against the spread of rationalism and every form of false doctrine which strives to creep in to the hearth of the commonwealth and endanger its existence4 ,as they were the strenuous upholders of ,bismarck in all that was right2 as their influence against the maxims of the ,international1 though not so immediate and showy as his1 was infinitely deeper and more lasting1 so when he would intrench upon rights that are inalienable to every man of whatever complexion and creed1 they turned and boldly faced the ,chancellor himself4 ,were the character which their opponents would fix upon them true1 they had their opportunity of showing it--of going with him at least at the outset4 ,he would not have disdained the assistance of such able lieutenants4 ,but instead1 the wily ,jesuits1 the men of the world1 the plotters1 the schemers1 the ,order that is untrue to everything and everybody save itself1 throws itself with undiminished ardor1 with a devotion worthy of the fatalist1 with all their heart and soul1 into a losing cause2 into a cause which they have ever supported2 which has been losing these eighteen hundred and seventytwo years1 but which has never lost4 ,these considerations bring us to the root of the question4 ,this marvellous ,german empire1 this more than a nine days' wonder1 has been convulsed into life2 and sudden convulsions are liable to as sudden relapses4 ,bismarck's heart is in it2 he is the cornerstone2 it is built upon him2 and he of all men knows on what a rocking foundation it is built4 ,listen to his mouthpiece once more1 ,minister ,delbrck1 in his speech on the third reading of the bill against the ,jesuits3 8,we live under a very new system of government1 called into existence by mighty political convulsions3 and ,i hold that we should commit a great error in abandoning ourselves to the delusion that everything is accomplished and perfected because the ,imperial ,german constitution has been published in the official organ of the empire4 ,for a long time to come we shall have to keep carefully in mind that the constitution--the new creation--has enemies not only abroad but at home2 and if the representatives of the empire arrive at the conviction that among these internal enemies an organ is to be reckoned which1 while furnished with great intellectual and material means1 and endowed with a rare organization1 steadily pursues a fixed inimical aim1 it has a perfect right to meet and frustrate the anticipated attack40 ,we have shown how nobly they met and frustrated the anticipated attack--a rather summary mode1 we submit1 of dealing with those who may be enemies1 for it has grown into only an 8anticipated attack0 now4 ,worse and worse for the wielders of law4 ,it may be as well to note also that the ,chancellor lets nothing slip4 ,he allows the 8great intellectual means0 to go2 but the 8great material means0 is a far more important thing4 ,he sticks to that4 ,there must be something of the ,israelite nature in him4 ,he out,shylocks ,shylock4 ,as in ,france1 so here2 he is not content with the 8pound of flesh10 he will have in addition the 8monies40 ,after all1 what is there to surprise us in this8 ,the great ,chancellor1 who coldly wrung such griping terms from bleeding ,france1 could scarcely be expected to leave to the church the great material possessions1 that is to say1 the schools1 seminaries1 and churches1 which belonged to her children4 ,but to resume3 ,the first sentence of this quotation strikes the keynote of the whole movement4 ,and1 we avow it1 ,prince ,bismarck is right4 ,this empire has enemies at home as well as abroad1 and the ,jesuits are in the van4 ,all ,catholics are its enemies2 and we make bold to say that all free men1 and particularly all ,americans1 are its enemies4 ,for it is not a ,german but a ,bismarck empire2 a ,bismarck creation1 that started into life men scarce knew how2 a momentary thing for mutual defence1 but never to be made1 as he has made it1 as powerful an instrument of tyranny as ever was forged to bind and grind a freeborn people in fetters of iron for ever down4 ,never1 in the vexed history of nations1 has power1 and such awful power1 fallen into the hands of any one man at such an opportune moment for good2 and never1 at the very outset1 has it been so basely and so openly abused4 ,the state of ,europe1 at this moment1 is deplorable2 revolution in ,spain1 revolution in ,italy1 revolution in ,france4 ,the government1 the supreme control of the whole continent1 shifting from hand to hand2 yesterday it was ,napoleon1 today 'tis ,bismarck3 ,europe cannot stand these successive shocks1 from empire to anarchy1 from anarchy to empire1 without warning and without ceasing4 ,under all smoulders the burning lava1 breaking out from time to time in fitful eruptions--here the ,carbonari1 there la ,commune1 in other places as tradesunions--which threatens to overwhelm and engulf the whole in one red ruin4 ,it is simply the evil effect of evil spirits working upon dissatisfied and illgoverned bodies of men4 ,while over all1 in the dim treacherous background1 looms the vast giant power of ,russia1 that seems to slumber1 but is only biding the event1 and shows itself in dangerous signs from time to time4 ,europe yearns for something fixed1 permanent1 and strong4 ,napoleon held it--failed2 and the reins fell into the hands of ,bismarck4 ,he commences his reign by declaring war against the only element that can humanize these conflicting masses1 and cause this wild chaos of passion to adhere1 coalesce1 and become one again as its ,creator made it3 religion4 ,religion alone can make them bow to law2 for religion alone can teach them that there is a law that is above1 and gives a reason for that law which they themselves make for themselves4 ,and what has ,bismarck done with this power that was given him8 ,to begin with1 he has banished religion from the schools1 where it has flourished to the mutual satisfaction of ,catholics and ,protestants ever since its establishment4 ,he has profaned the sacrament of marriage and handed it over to the civil courts4 ,we will omit the expulsion of the ,jesuits now4 ,his empire is the most autocratic and aristocratic in ,europe4 ,almost as a consequence1 it is the most military4 ,to make assurance doubly sure1 he is making it more military still2 not a nation of peaceful men1 but a nation of warriors4 ,instead of allowing the weary nation a rest after a strife where centuries were condensed into a few months1 and fabulous armies shattered in days1 the military laws are made more stringent than ever4 ,the ,prussian system of service is to prevail throughout the empire1 notwithstanding ,bavaria's remonstrance4 ,von ,moltke's declarations in his late speech are very clear and concise4 ,summed up1 they mean discipline1 discipline1 discipline2 and this is ,bismarck's word also4 ,to produce this perfection of discipline1 the power of the state must be supreme in every point4 ,nothing must escape it2 nothing must evade it4 ,the state must be religion1 the state must be ,god1 and ,herr von ,bismarck is the state4 ,this sounds like exaggerated language2 but ,bismarck shall speak for himself3 8,i may tell the preceding speaker ,herr ,windhorst that1 as far as ,prussia is concerned1 the ,prussian cabinet are determined to take measures which shall henceforth render it impossible for ,prussians who are priests of the ,roman ,catholic ,church to assert with impunity that they will be guided by canon law rather than ,prussian law40 ,this referred immediately to the case of the ,bishop of ,ermeland and others1 for excommunicating disobedient priests4 ,the ,bishop of ,ermeland was ordered to withdraw his excommunication1 because it might affect those who came under it in their civil capacity1 under pain of suspension by the government4 ,the answer of the ,bishop1 ,monsignor ,krementz1 was admirable in every way1 and we regret that our limited space compels us to exclude it4 ,it is enough to say that the bishop shows1 beyond the possibility of doubt1 that he is actually within the law1 by a special provision of the ,prussian ,constitution1 which declares in ,article ,,xii4 8that the enjoyment of civil and political rights is independent of religious professions10 while he declares at the same time that in such matters he is not bound by the civil law4 ,those opposed to him in faith must support him in this4 ,recent decisions in the ,english courts on behalf of the ,established ,church support him4 ,and we need hardly waste the time of our readers by entering into such a question4 ,if a government acknowledges a church at all1 it must allow that church to work in its own way so long as it does not intrench upon the civic rights of the subject4 ,the men in question1 who were condemned1 received their orders and powers of teaching1 preaching1 and saying ,mass from the church1 to which they made the most solemn oaths of entire obedience in matters of doctrine4 ,if afterwards they grew discontented1 they possessed the civil right to leave it4 ,but as honest men1 how could they remain in it1 receiving emolument from it1 using its property1 and all the while persisting in preaching doctrines contrary to it1 and endeavoring to destroy it8 ,those who defend the decision of the ,german government must allow that when1 as not unfrequently happens1 a ,protestant clergyman becomes a convert to our faith1 he may still abide in the ,protestant church1 preaching the ,catholic faith to his congregation4 ,our battle1 then1 and in this we are all ,jesuits1 is with the ,bismarck empire1 with the supreme power of the state4 ,these ideas of ,prince ,bismarck are not new2 they are as old as old ,rome4 ,the ,roman was taught from his infancy that he belonged body and soul to the state2 and no doubt ,rome owed much of her vast power and boundless acquisitions to the steady inculcation of this materialistic doctrine from childhood upwards4 8,the divinity of the emperor0 is not far removed from the divinity of the ,chancellor4 ,it is a very simple doctrine1 and no doubt very convenient for those whom it benefits4 ,but unfortunately for it and its defenders1 ,one came into this world to tell us that we were 8to render unto ,csar the things that are ,csar's1 and to ,god the things that are ,god's40 ,this is the ,catholic golden rule of politics1 as we believe it to be of all orthodox ,protestants4 ,prince ,bismarck will excuse our obeying ,jesus ,christ in preference to him4 ,and here is the reason for the expulsion of the ,jesuits3 ,they are the ablest exponents of these doctrines1 not necessarily the most earnest--all ,catholics are alike in that2 but their education has made them as a body the ablest1 and therefore they are driven out from the schools1 colleges1 universities1 and churches2 from the land utterly4 ,and by whom are they replaced8 ,by the tools of ,bismarck1 by men who are ready to preach his doctrines 8for a consideration40 ,we had a sample of them the other day at the opening of one of the universities in ,alsace4 ,the correspondent of the ,london ,daily ,news1 among others1 described them to us3 how they fought like wild beasts to get something to eat1 and attacked it with their fingers2 how1 at the end of the day1 they1 the ,german professors1 reclined in the gutters1 or reeled drunk through the public streets4 ,and now1 to complete our glance at this very large subject1 a word on the ambassador to ,rome that is to be4 ,while ,bismarck is still determined to send one there1 he leaves us no room to doubt of his intentions in the significant words--8unlookedfor eventualities40 ,that is to say1 he looks to the speedy prospect of the present ,pontiff's death1 and intends to affect the election of his successor4 ,while refraining from remarking on the outspoken indelicacy of this1 we do not at all doubt his intention1 as little as we doubt concerning the prospect of its success4 ,it is perfectly true that when the church had some influence over the state--and how that influence was exercised1 let the spread of education1 the abolition of serfdom1 the persistent defense of liberty1 and prevention of so many wars speak--the three great ,catholic powers1 ,france1 ,spain1 and ,germany1 had a veto on the election of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 which they duly exercised in the persons of their respective representatives4 ,these representatives were heard and felt in the councils of the church1 and the measures they brought forward taken into due consideration4 ,but we were under the impression that the relations between church and state had been altered to some purpose in our days4 ,lot has parted from ,abram4 ,the state said to the church3 ,our compact is at an end2 you have nothing more to do with us2 you may fulminate your thunderbolts as you please1 and let them flash abroad through the world4 ,we laugh4 ,their day is passed4 ,papistical pyrotechnics may frighten women and children1 but we are too old for that4 ,we know the secret of it all2 that at bottom the thunderbolt is only a squib1 and must fall flat4 ,the church accepted the situation4 ,the state had proclaimed the separation final and eternal4 ,it could scarcely be surprised at the church taking it at its word4 ,it could scarcely be surprised to find the doors of the ,vatican ,council closed against it4 ,it can scarcely be surprised to know that the veto no longer has force--no longer exists in fact2 least of all could it be expected to have force in the hands of a ,protestant and heretical power1 even when held in the safe keeping of the pious ,emperor ,william and the 8,christian and ,evangelical0 ,prince ,bismarck4 ,one effect1 and we think a very important one1 has grown out of all this which we surmise ,prince ,bismarck scarcely counted upon4 ,we believe the mass of thinking men1 whatever their sympathies might have been prior to and during the late war in ,france1 once they beheld the great ,german empire an accomplished fact1 wished it a hearty ,godspeed2 for it held in its hands the intellectual1 the moral1 and that very important thing in these days1 the physical force sufficient to regenerate ,europe4 ,we looked to it with anxiety to see whither it would tend2 we looked to it with hope4 ,our anxieties have been realized1 our hopes dashed to the ground4 ,prince ,bismarck has alienated all ,catholics and all lovers of freedom4 ,and our eyes turn once more1 all the chivalry in our natures turns1 to the rising form of his late prostrate foe4 ,we are amazed at the intense vitality of the ,french nation4 ,bismarck but 8scotched the snake1 not killed it2 'twill close and be itself40 ,all our hearts run out to it in the noble1 the marvellous efforts it is making for selfregeneration4 ,and if ,france1 as we now believe1 will1 and at no very distant date1 regain the throne from which she has been hurled1 the hand that hurled her thence will1 by a strange fatality1 have the greatest share in reinstating her4 8,the moral columns of the new ,german empire have begun to tremble as though shaken by an earthquake10 says the ,lutheran ,ecclesiastical ,gazette1 after deploring1 as we have done1 all the recent measures that have passed4 ,as for the manner in which the ,catholic ,church will come out of this trial1 we will let the ,protestant press itself speak4 ,we have already heard it in a halfhearted way in ,england and among ourselves4 ,the ,kreuz zeitung1 the organ of the orthodox ,protestants1 speaks more plainly3 8,an eminent ,catholic1 a member of parliament1 said lately that the outlook of the ,roman ,church in ,germany was never more favorable than it is today4 ,it seems that this judgment is not without foundation4 ,the defections produced by the old ,catholics are without signification3 we have to state a fact of altogether another importance4 ,formerly1 the greater part of the ,german bishops1 the greater part of the lower clergy1 and almost all the laics1 were adversaries of the new dogma we give those words of the ,kreuzzeitung1 with our own reservations as to faith in them1 but now that the council has spoken1 we only find thirty two apostate priests2 that is an immeasurable victory won by the ,roman ,church4444 ,though the ,roman ,church thus appears day by day more and more in the ascendant1 the ,evangelical ,church sees itself with deliberate purpose pushed down the inclined plane1 or1 what is still worse1 the government does not seem to be aware of its existence4 ,we have been able to remark this recently in the discussion on the paragraph relating to the clergy in the ,reichstag2 and lately again on the occasion of the law on the inspection of schools4 ,in the debates1 at least those which concern the manifestations of the government1 the question has been altogether with reference to the ,roman ,church4 ,there has been no mention made1 or scarcely any1 of the ,evangelical ,church4 ,the impression produced on every impartial observer must be this3 the ,roman ,church is a power1 a factor which must be taken into account2 the ,evangelical ,church is not4 ,this disdain is1 for the latter1 the most telling blow which can be inflicted upon it1 and which must aid in strengthening the cause of ,rome in a manner that must become of the deepest significance for the future4 ,after all that1 it is not strange to see the adherents of the ,roman cause conceive the loftiest hopes40 ,the ,volksblatt von ,halle states that 8the ,catholic ,church has become neither more timid nor weaker1 but more prudent1 bolder1 of greater consideration1 and in every respect more powerful than ever40 ,we might go on multiplying such extracts1 but our space forbids us4 ,the result then to us1 to ,catholics1 is not doubtful1 as the result of persecution never is4 ,it is strange that such a keensighted1 eminently practical man as ,prince ,bismarck should become so suddenly blind to all the teachings of history4 ,the meanest religion that exists among men thrives on persecution even when it has nothing better to support it4 ,as for us1 as for the ,jesuits particularly1 8suff'rance is the badge of all our tribe40 ,their great ,founder left it to them as his last legacy4 ,and indeed1 the measure he meted out to them has been filled to overflowing4 ,while we are thus strong in faith1 while we know that ,prince ,bismarck is only beating the air in his vain and impious efforts to extinguish that fire which ,god kindled and bade to burn1 while we are calmly confident that he will shatter his mightiest forces against the ,rock of ,ages1 and come back from the conflict battered and bruised--finding out too late that he made the one grand mistake of his life1 which greater than he have made before him--still we cannot shut our eyes to the fact of the great injuries he is inflicting upon us1 and the many fresh trials imposed upon the church and our ,holy ,father in his declining years4 ,what1 then1 are we to do8 ,we have power1 and we must use it4 ,we have voices1 and we must make them heard4 ,we have the silent1 if not the outspoken sympathy of powerful bodies opposed to us in creed4 ,we have the heart1 when we show ourselves1 of every free man and hater of oppression in any form4 ,we have the genius of our own constitution on our side4 ,we must speak out plainly and boldly as ,catholic ,americans4 ,we must do what has already been done in ,london at the meeting in ,s4 ,james' ,hall1 presided over by the ,duke of ,norfolk2 where peer and ploughman1 gentle and simple1 priest and layman1 were one in protesting against this slavish policy of ,prince ,bismarck4 ,let us do the like4 ,let our eminent men1 and they are not few1 call us together here in ,new ,york1 in every city throughout the nation--in behalf not only of our suffering brethren1 but of those rights which are inalienable to every man that is born into this world--in protestation against a principle and a policy which1 if they found favor here1 would sap the life of our nation1 and throw us back into the old slavery that we drowned in our best blood4 ,our standpoint is this3 as there are rights which the state does not and cannot give us1 those rights are inviolable1 and the state cannot touch them4 ,to ,god alone we owe them2 to ,god alone we give them back1 and are answerable for them4 ,the state is not supreme in all things1 and never shall be4 ,these are the principles we defend1 and are happy in being their persecuted champions4 ,it is not merely a question of creed2 ,bismarck does not attack a creed4 ,it is a broad question of right and wrong1 of justice and injustice1 of absolutism and freedom4 ,power was never given into the hands of the ,german ,chancellor to be abused at the very outset1 to oppress his subjects1 ,catholic and ,protestant4 ,it is not and it must not be supreme2 and we very much mistake the genius of the great ,german people if they long allow it to continue so4 ,it is not for him to deprive #ad1jjj1jjj of his people of their natural rights2 the right to educate their children as they think proper1 and as the law allowed them2 the right to consider marriage a sacrament sanctified by ,god1 and not a civil contract1 to be loosed or unloosed at will by a magistrate2 the right of listening to their most eminent teachers2 the right of holding the seminaries and churches1 built by their own money1 for the use of their own priests2 the right1 above all1 of believing that there is a ,god beyond all governments1 from whom all government1 which people make for themselves1 springs2 that ,god has set a law in the conscience which they must obey1 even though princes and kings rage against it1 and that it is not in the nature of things for this first and final law of conscience to clash with any other unless that other be wrong4 ,when ,prince ,bismarck succeeds in eradicating these inborn notions from the minds of the ,german people1 he will then have attained his supremacy2 but that then is--never4 ,choice ,in ,no ,choice4 ,i know not which to love the more3 ,the morning1 with its liquid light2 ,or evening1 with its tender lore ,of silver lake and purple height4 ,to morn ,i say1 8,the fairer thou3 ,for when thy beauties melt away1 ',tis but to breathe on heart and brow ,the gladness of the perfect day40 ,and o'er the water falls a hue ,that cannot sate a poet's eye3 ,as though ,our ,lady's mantle threw ,its shadow there--and not the sky4 ,but when has glared the torridnoon1 ,and afternoon is gasping low1 ,the sunset brings a sweeter boon ,than ever graced the orient's glow4 ,and ,i3 8,as old wine unto new1 ,art thou to morn1 belovd eve6 ,and what if dies thy every hue ,in blankest night8 ,we may not grieve4 8,thy fading lulls us as we dote4 ,nor always blank the genial night3 ,for when the moon is well afloat1 ,thou mellowest into amber light40 ,is each1 then1 fairer in its turn8 ',tis hence the music4 ,not for me ,to wish a dayless morn1 or yearn ,for nightless eve--if these could be4 ,but give me both--the new1 the old3 ,and let my spirit sip the wine ,from silver now1 and now from gold3 ',tis wine alike--alike divine6 ,,lake ,,george1 ,july1 #ahgb4 ,fleurange4 ,by ,mrs4 ,craven1 ,author of 8,a ,sister's ,story40 ,translated ,from ,the ,french1 ,with ,permission4 ,part ,third4 ,the ,banks ,of ,the ,neckar4 8,brama assai--poco spera--nulla chiede40--,tasso4 ,,xxxiv4 8,return1 ,gabrielle6 if possible1 return at once2 at all events1 come soon40 ,these simple words from ,clement to his cousin give no idea of the agitation with which they were written4 ,fleurange herself would never have suspected it1 and less than ever at the arrival of a letter at once so affecting and so opportune4 ,she even paid very little attention to her cousin's assurances as to the inutility of any further sacrifices for the sake of his family4 ,clement1 however1 had written her the exact truth4 ,the situation of ,professor ,dornthal's family was of course very different from what it once was1 but the change was far from being as great as they had all anticipated and prepared for a year before1 when ruin overwhelmed and scattered them4 ,to leave the house in which they had lived twentyfive years2 to see all the objects that adorned it offered for sale2 to give up the place where the happiest moments of their lives had been spent2 all this at first excluded the possibility of anticipating anything but privation and sadness without alleviation4 ,madame ,dornthal herself did not look forward to the future in any other light1 and the courage with which she left her native city was the same she would have shown had her husband been condemned to suffer exile2 she would have shared it with him1 endeavoring to soften it as much as possible1 but without anticipating the least possibility of joy in their changed lives4 ,joy1 however1 returned4 ,it not unfrequently happens that reverses endured without murmuring receive unexpected compensations4 ,in the first place1 their new home1 though simple1 and even rustic compared with their old one1 was neither gloomy nor inconvenient4 ,two spacious rooms on the ground floor allowed the whole family to assemble not only for their meals1 but the evening reunions--their greatest pleasure when all the absent ones returned4 ,a small garden surrounded the house1 and a grassplot extended down to the river with a covered alley on each side4 ,this place1 called ,rosenheim1 merited its name by the abundance of flowers1 and especially of roses1 which on every side cheered the eye and embalmed the air4 ,their very first impressions1 therefore1 were quite different from what they had apprehended4 ,besides1 ,clement had reserved two or three of his father's favorite paintings1 several engravings1 as well as a number of other familiar and precious objects1 which preceded them1 and were there1 like old friends1 to welcome them4 ,in the next place1 the professor's rare collections1 and the works of art he had selected with so correct a taste and such profound knowledge1 proved far more valuable than they had anticipated1 so that1 if no longer rich1 an independence more than sufficient was assured them4 ,moreover1 ,clement's prospects were exceedingly promising4 ,his extraordinary ability was soon recognized to a degree that justified ,wilhelm ,mller's foresight4 ,to tell the truth1 fortune is not so blind and capricious as she is often represented1 and if she sometimes bestows her favors on those who are unworthy of them1 there are some she reserves exclusively for persevering industry1 perfect integrity1 shrewd calculation1 strict economy1 and undeviating exactness4 ,these virtues--and not chance--lay the foundations of durable and honorably acquired fortunes1 and where they are lacking the greatest skill does not prevent them from being frequently lost in a day4 ,it was one of these legitimate fortunes ,clement was worthy of and capable of acquiring4 ,his success was already sufficient to dispense his father from the share of labor he had taken upon himself1 but he could not turn him from his purpose1 and soon perceived he ought not to attempt it4 ,he derived the poetry of his nature from his father1 and was indebted to his mother for his force and energy4 ,of these the professor1 with all the rare and exquisite gifts of his mind and heart1 was entirely destitute4 ,a profound dejection mingled with his apparent resignation to misfortune1 which sprang from the humiliating conviction--felt too late--of having brought it on himself by a want of foresight1 and thus being responsible for the ruin of his family4 ,he needed something to divert him from this rooted idea1 and therefore the necessity of exerting himself to fulfil the duties of the position he had accepted1 and of pursuing his favorite studies1 was too beneficial to make it desirable he should renounce it4 ,his new life1 no longer burdened by any material anxiety1 gradually became both active and serene1 and when the family assembled together1 everything would have had nearly the same aspect as before1 had it not been for the vacancies around the hearth4 ,but after the arrival of ,hilda and her husband1 and subsequently of ,dr4 ,leblanc1 the evenings at ,rosenheim became once more cheerful and almost lively4 ,ludwig and ,hansfelt resumed their favorite topics of conversation2 ,hilda's beauty and happiness delighted her father2 the merry voices of the children resounded anew2 and ,clement often favored them as of yore with a lively air on his violin1 but more frequently1 at his father's request1 with some graver melody1 which he would play with such skill and so pathetic an expression as to surprise ,hilda1 who asked him one day how he had found time in his busy life to develop his talent to such a degree4 ,clement did not at first hear1 he was so absorbed in some strain of ,beethoven's1 which gave forth a heartrending accent under his bow4 ,she repeated her question4 8,i often play in the evening at ,frankfort10 he then replied4 8,mller and his wife accompany me4 ,music refreshes me after the tedious labors of the day1 and this prevents me from losing what you are so kind as to call my talent40 ,such was the state of things ,fleurange would have found at her new home had she arrived a month sooner4 ,in that case1 her involuntary sadness might have excited more attention4 ,but the serenity of the household1 so recently regained1 had been violently disturbed again4 ,it was not surprising therefore that tears should mingle with her joy at seeing once more those she loved1 especially as among them she found ,dr4 ,leblanc's sister in mourning for him1 and she had to be informed of another misfortune1 scarcely hinted at in ,clement's letter4 ,professor ,dornthal's life was indeed no longer in danger1 but his memory was greatly impaired1 and his noble mind1 if not extinct1 only gave out a feeble and vacillating light4 ,this was hoped to be merely a transient state1 which time and absolute cessation from labor would soon remedy4 ,but it was a severe affliction to them all1 and ,clement for the first time saw his mother's courage waver4 ,it was with truly a sad smile ,madame ,dornthal saw her husband recognize and embrace ,fleurange without manifesting the slightest surprise at her presence1 or realizing the time and distance that had separated them4 ,it was the same with ,clara2 but when she placed her infant in his arms1 there was a momentary reawakening of the invalid's torpid memory4 ,tears came into his eyes2 he embraced the child1 murmured 8,god bless him60 and then gave him back to his mother1 looking at him with an expression that filled them for a moment with hope4 ,then the gleam vanished1 and he fell back into his former state4 ,in consequence of all these circumstances1 when the family assembled in the evening in the large salon on the ground floor1 every brow was clouded1 all the young smiling faces were grave and anxious1 and the same cause for sadness weighed on every heart4 ,perhaps this was best for ,fleurange1 who1 ever ready to forget herself1 seemed to feel1 and indeed only felt the sorrows of the rest4 ,ah6 how her sadness1 which seemed only sympathy1 touched one person that night as he gazed at her in silent admiration4 ,she was sitting between his sisters1 the lamp suspended from the ceiling threw a halo around her charming face1 and the voice1 so dear and so long unheard1 resounded for the first time in this place where everything seemed transformed by her presence6 ,the evening1 so sad for all the rest1 was not so for ,clement4 ,even his anxiety for his father was suspended3 he felt a renewed hope for him as well as for everything else--yes1 every thing4 ,he no longer took a dark view of things3 he was1 as it were1 intoxicated with hope4 ,with what a sweet confiding look she had pressed his hand6 ,in what a tone she cried3 8,dear ,clement1 how happy ,i am to see you again06 ,could the future1 then1 be as doubtful as he had so recently feared8 ,as to the smiles of fortune1 he no longer doubted3 he was sure of winning them henceforth4 ,he once thought himself inefficient1 but he was mistaken4 ,might he not also be mistaken in thinking himself incapable of ever pleasing8--,to this question he heard no other reply but the quickened pulsations of his heart1 and the rippling of the water flowing past the seat to which he had betaken himself on the banks of the river4 ,meanwhile1 ,fleurange and her cousins went upstairs4 ,clement soon saw them all talking together in low tones on the large wooden gallery that extended around the house1 and on which all the windows opened4 ,then they retired2 but the light that shone for the first time that night was a long time visible1 and ,clement did not quit his post till he saw it was extinguished4 ,,xxxv4 ,fleurange gradually resumed the habits of domestic life--once the realization of all her dreams--and then1 only then1 she realized the extent and depth of the change she had undergone while separated from her friends4 ,she was no longer the same4 ,no effort of her will could conceal this fact4 ,her heart1 her thoughts1 her regrets1 her desires1 and her hopes1 were all elsewhere4 ,italy in all its brilliancy did not differ more from the peaceful landscape before her1 charming as it was1 with the little garden of roses and the river winding around it1 the ruins beyond1 and the dark forest in the background1 than the vanished scenes--still so vividly remembered--of which that land was the enchanting theatre1 differed from those now occurring beneath the more misty sky of ,germany4 ,at ,florence1 her struggles and efforts1 and the necessity of action1 stimulated her courage4 ,the peace she found at ,santa ,maria revived her strength4 ,but there1 as we have said1 the past and the future seemed suspended1 as it were4 ,now the struggle was over as well as the pause that succeeded it1 and she must again set forth on the way--act1 live in the present1 and courageously take up life again as she found it1 with its actual duties and new combats4 ,fleurange had never felt more difficulty and repugnance in overcoming herself4 ,after the long restraint she had been obliged to make1 it would have been some relief to be dispensed from all effort1 especially at concealment1 and freely give herself up to a profound melancholy1 to pass away the hours in dreamy inaction1 to weep when her heart was swelling with tears1 and1 if not to speak to every one of her sadness1 at least take no trouble to conceal it4 ,this would have been her natural inclination1 and it was only by an effort she refrained from yielding to it4 ,but this would have shown the strength gained in her retreat to have been only factitious1 and her intercourse with ,madre ,maddalena to have left1 this time1 no permanent influence4 ,we have1 however1 no such act of cowardice to record respecting our heroine4 ,on the contrary1 whoever saw her up at the first gleam of light in the east to relieve her aunt from all the cares of the mnage2 whoever followed her first to the storerooms to dispense the provisions for the day1 accompanied by little ,frida1 whom she initiated into the mysteries of housekeeping1 and then to the kitchen to give directions and sometimes even lend assistance to the old and not overskilful cook2 whoever saw her even going sometimes to market with a firm step1 basket in hand1 and returning with her cloak covered with dew1 would not have imagined from the freshness she brought back from these matutinal walks1 and the brilliancy which youth and health imparted to her complexion1 that1 more than once1 the night had passed without sleep1 and while hearing her early ,mass1 never neglected1 she had shed so many scalding tears4 ,other cares1 more congenial and better calculated to absorb her mind1 occupied the remainder of the day4 ,her special talent for waiting on the sick1 and the beneficent influence she exercised over them1 were again brought into requisition around her uncle1 and ,madame ,dornthal blessed the day of her return as she witnessed the evident progress of so prolonged and painful a convalescence--a progress that gave them reason to hope in the complete restoration of the professor's faculties1 if not in the possibility of his ever resuming constant or arduous labor4 ,the young girl found these cares delightful1 and her new duties towards her dear old friend ,mademoiselle ,josephine no less so4 ,josephine ,leblanc's affections had all been centred in her brother4 ,she lived exclusively for him1 and had never once thought of the possibility of surviving him4 ,a person left alone in a house standing in a district devastated by war or fire1 would not have felt more suddenly and strangely left alone than our poor old mademoiselle after the fatal blow that deprived her of her brother1 so dear1 so admired1 and so venerated--the brother younger than herself1 and in whose arms she had felt so sure of dying6 ,she remained calm1 however1 and selfpossessed4 ,but the mute despair imprinted on her face as she went to and fro in the house1 troubling no one with her grief1 affected every beholder4 ,she only begged to remain there that she might not have to return alone to the place where she had lived with him4 ,from the first1 ,madame ,dornthal had invited her to take up her residence near them1 and ,fleurange's return brought her old friend to a final decision1 which proved so consoling that she firmly believed it to have been in the designs of ,providence4 ,the doctor left considerable property1 which now belonged entirely to his sister4 ,all their relatives were wealthier than they1 and lived in the provinces4 ,there was nothing therefore to induce ,mademoiselle ,josephine to return to ,paris1 and she resolved to settle near her new friends1 that she might be near her whom long before she had adopted in her heart4 ,it was a formidable undertaking for a person who for forty years had led a uniform life1 always in the same place1 and who was no less ignorant of the world at sixty than she was at twenty years of age4 ,but it seemed no longer difficult as soon as she again had some one to live for4 ,as to ,fleurange1 she found it pleasant and beneficial to devote herself to her old friend in return1 and1 in acquitting herself of this new debt of gratitude1 her heart gained strength for the interior struggle which had become the constant effort of her life4 ,notwithstanding the marriage of her two cousins1 everything now resumed the aspect of the past4 ,clara and ,julian1 established in the neighborhood where the pursuits of the latter would retain him a year1 did not suffer a day to pass without visiting ,rosenheim4 ,hansfelt no longer thought of leaving his old friend1 and ,hilda's calm and radiant happiness seemed to lack nothing between her husband and her father1 whose case now appeared so hopeful4 ,clement alone was not1 as formerly1 a part of the regular family circle4 ,he only came once a week--on ,saturday evening--and returned to ,frankfort on ,monday morning as soon as it was light4 ,business for which one feels a special aptitude is not generally repugnant4 ,but ,clement had such a variety of talents1 and among all the things he was capable of1 the duties of the office where he passed his days were certainly not what he had the greatest taste or inclination for4 ,nothing would have retained him there but the conviction of thereby serving the best interests of those dear to him4 ,he must accept the most remunerative employment1 and1 this once resolved upon1 nothing could exhaust the courageous endurance so peculiar to him4 ,his courage was not in the least increased by the desire of surprising others or exciting their admiration1 and nothing under any circumstances could daunt or turn him from his purpose4 ,and he knew how to brave ennui as well as disaster4 ,but this ennui1 which he generally overcame by severe application1 became from time to time overwhelming1 and he would have had violent fits of discouragement had it not been for the cheering evenings he passed in the modest household of which he was a member4 ,wilhelm ,mller perceived that ,clement's varied acquirements were useful to him1 and his devotedness to him was mingled with an admiration bordering on enthusiasm4 ,on his side1 he procured ,clement the opportunity and pleasure of talking of something besides their commercial affairs1 and with the aid of music their evenings passed agreeably away4 ,but the kind and simple ,bertha1 with the instinct that often enables a woman to put her finger on the wound the most penetrating of men would never have discovered1 had found a sure means of diverting him4 ,the children had never forgotten the great event of their lives--the journey and the beautiful young lady they met on the way4 ,clement never seemed weary of listening to this account1 to which ,bertha would add many a comment2 and this had been the commencement of a kind of confidential intimacy1 which she discreetly took advantage of1 and which was of more comfort to him than he realized4 ,in short1 this was the bright spot in his weary life4 ,he would need it more than ever when1 after a leave of absence on account of his father's terrible accident1 which had been prolonged from day to day1 he would have to return to his bondage1 and this time with an effort that added another degree of heroism to the task he had imposed on himself4 ,it was now the eve of his departure4 ,fleurange and ,hilda were sitting at twilight on a little bench by the riverside conversing together1 and ,clement1 leaning against a tree opposite1 was looking at the current of the water1 listening silently1 but attentively1 to the conversation that was going on before him4 ,they were discussing all that had occurred during their separation1 and ,hilda began to question ,fleurange about her journey--about ,italy1 and the life she led at ,florence away from them all4 ,fleurange replied1 but briefly and with the kind of apprehension we feel when a conversation is leading to a point we would like to avoid4 ,she foresaw the impossibility of succeeding in this1 and was endeavoring1 but without success1 to overcome her embarrassment1 when ,count ,george's name at last was introduced4 ,after some questions1 to which ,fleurange only replied by monosyllables1 ,hilda continued3 8,count ,george6--,a friend of ,karl's1 who met him1 was pretending the other day in my hearing that no one could see him without loving him4 ,as you know him1 ,fleurange1 what is your opinion80 ,the question was a decided one1 and ,fleurange1 as we are aware1 had no turn for evasion4 ,she blushed and remained silent--so long silent that ,clement abruptly turned around and looked at her4 ,did she turn pale at this8 or was it the light of the moon through the foliage that blanched her face1 and its silver rays that gave her an expression he had never seen till now8 ,he remained looking at her with attention mingled with anguish1 when at length1 in a troubled tone and with a fruitless effort at a smile1 she replied3 8,i think1 ,hilda1 ,karl's friend was right40 ,these words were very simple after all1 but the darkest hour of ,clement's life never effaced from his memory the spot or the moment in which they were uttered1 the silence that preceded1 or the tone and look that accompanied them4 ,,xxxvi4 ,the blindness of love is proverbial4 ,his clairvoyance would be equally so1 were it not for the illusion that unceasingly aids the heart in avoiding the discoveries it dreads4 ,the very instinct that gives keenness to the eye is as prompt to close it1 and when the truth threatens one's happiness or pride1 there are but few who are bold enough to face it regardless of consequences4 ,to this number1 however1 ,clement belonged4 ,there was in his nature no liability to illusions which had the power of obscuring his penetration4 ,therefore the truth was suddenly revealed to him without mercy1 and his newly budding hopes were at once blasted for ever4--,that moment of silence was as tragical as if all his heart's blood had been shed on the spot1 and left him lifeless at the feet of her who had unwittingly given him so deadly a blow6 ,within a year--since the day he thought himself separated from her for ever1 not only by his own inferiority1 but by the sad necessity of his new position--two unexpected changes had occurred3 ,first1 in his exterior life--then he was apparently ruined3 now1 he felt capable of repairing his fortunes4 ,secondly1 in the opinion he had of himself4 ,not that a sudden fatuity had seized the modest and unpretending ,clement4 ,by no means2 but the great reverses of his family had certainly effaced in a day every trace of his youthful timidity1 and a kind of barrier had all at once melted away before him4 ,hitherto his worth had not been recognized beyond the narrow circle of his family1 and even there he was loved without being fully appreciated4 ,necessity threw him in contact with the world2 all his faculties were brought into action and developed by exercise4 ,his features1 his attitude1 his manners1 and his general appearance all participated in this transformation4 ,the silent awkwardness that once left him unnoticed was overcome by the necessity of asserting himself1 and also by that increased confidence in himself produced by a widening influence over others4 ,this influence1 at which he himself was astonished1 was not solely the consequence of the superior ability he manifested in the dull and prosaic life he had embraced4 ,but in this career1 as everywhere else1 he brought his highest faculties into exercise2 and while observing and seizing all these details of his material life1 he understood how to impart a soul to them by his dignity1 trustworthiness1 unselfishness1 and generous ardor--which are the sweet flowers of labor and the noble result of a wellregulated nature4 ,he also reserved a prominent part of his evenings for the favorite studies in which he had not ceased to interest himself1 as well as a thousand subjects foreign to his daily occupation1 but exceedingly useful in the development of his mind4 ,thence sprang a simple and persuasive eloquence1 which gave him an ascendency over every one1 and caused him to be especially sought after on a thousand occasions that had no immediate connection with his actual position4 ,once or twice he had even been invited to speak at some public assembly which had for its object either a question of public interest1 or one relating to literature and the arts1 and he acquitted himself so well as to attract the notice not only of those to whom the name of ,dornthal was already familiar1 but of a great number of strangers4 ,numerous advances to acquaintance were made him on all sides1 and ,clement might easily have passed his evenings elsewhere than in the unpretending home of the ,mllers4 ,but he had no such inclination4 ,their company satisfied his present tastes4 ,music1 which he would not willingly have been deprived of1 was the delight of his hosts2 and as is frequently the case in ,germany1 they were able to join him in duets or trios which many a professional singer would not have disdained to listen to4 ,over his whole life1 with its varied and absorbing interests1 reigned one dear and everpresent form4 ,it seemed at first like some celestial vision1 faroff and inaccessible1 but for some time1 under the influence of all we have referred to1 it appeared to have drawn nearer to him4 ,on this account1 he began to appreciate the increased consideration with which he was regarded1 but which he valued so little on his own4 ,he ventured at last to ask himself if the goodwill that seemed to beam on him on all sides did not authorize him to hope sooner or later for something more1 and if his favorite poet was wholly wrong in promising that he who loved should win something in return4 ,such thoughts and dreams1 if allowed entrance in the heart1 are apt to end by taking entire possession of it2 and1 as we have said1 ,clement was intoxicated with hope when ,fleurange reappeared in their midst4 ,but his dreams1 fancies1 and hopes were now all crushed by one word from her--one word1 the fatal meaning of which was clearly revealed by the expression of her eyes1 which ,clement caught a glimpse of by the pale light of the moon6 ,the grief that pierced his soul enabled him to realize the full extent of his illusions1 and he was astonished he had ever before considered himself unhappy4 ,for some time after his return to ,frankfort1 he was overpowered by a dejection such as he had never experienced4 ,he felt as incapable of any further effort as he was indifferent to all success4 ,his daily task became insupportable1 and study in the evening impossible4 ,instead of returning to the ,mller's at the usual hour1 he would leave the city afoot or on horseback1 and roam around the country for hours1 as if to wear out his grief by exhausting his strength4 ,now he clearly saw he had only lived1 planned1 and exerted himself for her the two years past2 he had given her not only his heart1 but his entire life1 and that life had had but one aim--the hope of some day winning in return the heart which would never belong to him now--because it was given to another6 ,and while repeating ,count ,george's name with rage1 he sharpened his anguish by recalling him1 as he had once seen him1 clothed with irresistible attractions4 ,his noble features1 his look of intelligence1 his taste for the arts1 the charm of his manners1 his voice1 and his language1 all came back unpityingly to the memory of his humble rival4 ,he remembered him in the gallery of the ,old ,mansion1 through which he accompanied him at a time when he was a mere student1 and absolutely wanting in everything that was1 not only attractive1 but capable of exciting the least attention4 ,his imagination mercilessly dwelt on the contrast between them4 ,was it surprising 7and he blushed at so ridiculous a comparison7 such a man should be more successful than he8 ,and should he1 inferior as he was1 be astonished that this man1 living so near ,fleurange1 under the same roof--,at this thought a bitter anguish1 a furious jealousy1 took possession of him1 and excited a tempest in his heart which neither duty1 nor his sense of honor1 nor the energy of his will1 could succeed in calming4 ,there are times when passion rises superior to every other impulse1 and they who have not learned to seek their strength from a divine source are always vanquished4 ,but ,clement had been accustomed to the powerful restraints of religion2 his strength consisted in never throwing them off4 ,therefore1 he was not to fail in this severe struggle3 he would soon turn his eyes heavenward for the aid he needed in again becoming master of himself4 ,,xxxvii4 ,disinterestedness1 energy1 and the power of selfcontrol were1 as may have been perceived1 qualities common both to ,clement and ,fleurange4 ,there was1 in fact1 a great resemblance in their natures1 which1 on his part1 was the secret of the attraction so suddenly ripened into a more lively sentiment2 and1 on hers1 of an unchanging confidence1 in spite of the transformation of another kind she likewise experienced4 ,and now they were both engaged in a like struggle3 they were united by similarity of suffering1 which separated them1 nevertheless1 as by an abyss4 ,ah6 if ,clement could have hoped1 as he once did1 that a more tender sentiment would spring out of this sympathy and confidence1 with what joy1 what sweet pride1 he would have regarded this conformity so constantly manifest between them6 ,but the aspect of everything was now changed3 there was no longer any possibility of happiness for him1 he could now only suffer2 and by the light of what was passing in his own heart he was enabled to read hers--at once open to him and yet closed against him for ever6 ,with all ,clement's selfcontrol1 he would have been utterly unable to conceal the state of his mind from his cousin had he remained at ,frankfort4 ,but1 after the days of overpowering anguish we have already referred to1 after yielding without restraint to a despair bordering on madness1 ,clement at length succeeded in regaining his clearness of judgment4 ,one morning he rose before day1 and left the city on foot4 ,his walk was prolonged to such an extent that it might be called a pilgrimage1 and the more correctly as its goal was a church1 but so unpretending a church that it only differed from the neighboring houses by a stone cross to be seen when passing the door which it surmounted4 ,the door was opened by the very person ,clement came to see--a pious and simple young priest who was formerly his schoolmate4 ,he was inferior to ,clement intellectually1 but his guide and master in those regions the soul alone attains4 ,what ,clement now sought was--not merely to pour out his heart by way of confidence--not even the consolation of discreet and ,christian sympathy--but to recover his firmness by a courageous avowal of all his weakness1 and afterwards make an unchangeable resolution in the presence of ,god and his representative at the holy tribunal4 ,he had made a similar one while yet a youth1 but now in his manhood he wished to renew it in a more solemn manner4 ,it would of course require greater effort after the gleam of hope he had just lost1 and the devotedness he pledged himself to would be more difficult after the revelation that she whom he loved1 and must ever love1 had given her affections to another4 ,his voice faltered as he declared that no word1 look1 or act of his should ever trouble her1 or reveal the sentiments she had inspired in the heart of one who would live near her1 without her1 and yet for her6 ,it was1 in fact1 his old devise3 8,garder l'amour et briser l'espoir60 which he now solemnly assumed with the grave and pious feeling that accompanies all selfsacrifice4 ,such piety may be regarded by some as rather exalte4 ,they are right1 but it is the kind of exaltation which accords with the real signification of the word1 which elevates the soul it inflames1 and which1 though powerless in itself1 can effect much when the divine assistance is invoked to cooperate in aiding1 increasing1 in a word1 exalting human strength6 ,that evening ,clement quietly resumed his old seat at the ,mllers' fireside4 ,in reply to ,wilhelm's questions1 he said that during his long visit at ,rosenheim he had neglected affairs that required his attention4 8,and then ,i confess10 continued he1 8that ,i have been in a bad humor1 and thought it wiser to relieve you from my society40 ,but to ,bertha1 who also questioned him1 in a less vague way1 however1 he acknowledged more frankly1 but no less briefly1 that he had met with a great affliction1 but requested her never to mention the subject to him4 ,then he took his violin and began to play a strain from ,bach4 ,bertha seated herself at the piano1 and played an accompaniment to this and several other pieces4 ,her husband1 who was beating time beside her1 remarked that their young friend's bad humor had a singularly favorable effect on his talent4 8,i assure you1 ,dornthal1 you never played so well as you have this evening40 8,perhaps so10 replied ,clement with a thoughtful air4 8,yes1 ,i think you are right40 ,it was really the truth4 ,music was the veiled1 but eloquent1 language of his soul4 ,the very feelings he so successfully repressed1 the words that no temptation or impulse could induce his lips to betray1 made the chords vibrate beneath his bow1 and gave their tones an inexpressible accent it was impossible to hear without emotion and surprise4 ,when1 at the end of a fortnight1 ,clement reappeared at ,rosenheim1 all exterior traces of the excessive agitation he had given himself up to had disappeared4 ,he resumed his usual manner towards ,fleurange4 ,no one would have dreamed--and she less than any one else--that between the past and present he found the difference of life and death4 ,she little imagined that the new and strange sympathy that existed between them revealed to him the secret of all her thoughts and struggles4 ,she also1 apparently1 had become the same as before4 ,her time was actively employed1 the care she had of little ,frida and that she lavished on her uncle1 the mnage1 sewing1 exercise1 and study filled up the days so completely that it was very seldom she could have been found inactive or pensive4 ,hilda1 her favorite cousin1 though likewise struck for a moment by the hesitation with which she replied to her questions about ,count ,george1 almost ceased attaching any importance to this slight incident when she observed the apparent calmness with which ,fleurange fulfilled the duties of her active life4 ,only one clearly read her heart and understood the passing expression of weariness and sorrow that now and then overshadowed her brow for an instant1 and saddened her eye4 ,only one noticed her absence when the family assembled in the evening1 and followed her in thought to the little bench on the bank of the river1 where he imagined she had gone to weep awhile1 alone and unrestrained4 ,all she suffered he had to endure himself1 and he lived thus united to her1 and yet every day still more widely separated from her4 ,the weeks flew rapidly away1 however1 and the tranquility and happiness of the family were continually increasing4 ,the professor's mental and physical strength gradually returned4 ,work alone was forbidden him1 but reading and conversation were allowable and salutary diversions4 ,his conversations with ,hansfelt were sometimes as interesting as of old1 and he might have been supposed to have regained the complete use of his faculties had not a partial decay of memory sometimes warned his friends he had not entirely recovered from his illness4 ,for example1 he often imagined himself in the ,old ,mansion1 and this illusion became stronger after all his children1 including ,gabrielle1 gathered around him4 ,but in other respects his memory was good4 ,hansfelt found him as correct and clear as ever on all points of history or literary and religious subjects4 ,it seemed as if the higher faculties of his nature recovered their tone first1 and were invigorated by contact with the noble mind of his friend4 ,thus the evenings passed away without ennui1 even for the youngest1 while listening to their conversation4 ,these evenings frequently ended with music1 which the professor craved and indeed required as a part of his treatment4 ,clement would take his violin1 and not at all unwillingly1 for he saw his cousin always listened to it attentively4 ,in this way he dared address her in a mysterious language1 which he alone understood1 but which sometimes gave her a thrill as if she were listening to the echo of her own cry of pain4 ,one evening1 when he had excelled1 she said3 8,you call that a song without words1 ,clement1 but the music was certainly composed for a song1 which perhaps you know1 do you not80 8,no10 replied he1 8but like you ,i imagine ,i can hear the words1 and feel they must exist somewhere40 ,hansfelt had also been listening attentively to the music4 8,yes10 said he smiling1 8they exist in the hearts of all who love--especially in the hearts of all who love without hope4 ,here ,i will express in common language1 but not in rhyme1 the meaning of what ,clement has just played40 ,he took a pencil and hastily wrote four lines nearly synonymous with those of a ,french poet3 8,du mal qu'une amour ignore ,nous fait souffrir ,je porte l'me dchire ,jusqu' mourir607#a7 ,the pang of unrequited love ,i feel2 ',tis death the bleeding heart ,i bear ,must heal6 ,clement made no reply1 but abruptly changed the subject4 ,the children rose and clapped their hands as he struck up their favorite tarantella1 and became noisy as well as gay4 ,fleurange left the room1 unperceived as she supposed1 but ,hilda1 who had been carefully observing her all the evening1 followed her1 determined to obtain a complete avowal of all that was passing in her heart4 ,she softly entered her cousin's chamber4 ,fleurange was not expecting her4 ,she had thrown herself on a chair1 with her face buried in her hands1 in an attitude expressive at once of dejection and grief4 ,hilda approached and threw her arms around her4 ,fleurange sprang up1 her eyes full of tears4 8,do you remember10 said ,hilda in a soft1 caressing tone--8do you remember1 ,gabrielle1 the day when ,i also wept in the library at our dear ,old ,mansion8 ,you asked me the reason of my tears1 and ,i answered by opening my heart to you4 ,you have not forgotten it1 have you8 ,will you not answer me in a like way now80 ,fleurange shook her head without uttering a word4 8,it has always seemed to me10 continued ,hilda1 8that the happiness which has crowned my life dates from my confidence in you that day4 ,why will you not trust me in a like manner1 and hope as ,i did80 8,happiness was within your reach10 replied ,fleurange2 8an imaginary obstacle alone prevented you from grasping it40 8,but how many obstacles that seem insurmountable vanish with time or even beneath a firm will60 ,she continued slowly and in a lower tone3 8,why should not the ,count ,george1 then--0 8,stop1 ,hilda1 ,i conjure you10 cried ,fleurange in an agitated manner4 ,her cousin stopped confounded4 8,listen to me10 resumed ,fleurange1 at length1 in a calmer tone4 8,as it is your wish1 let us speak of him4 ,i consent4 ,let us speak of him this time1 but never again4 ,tell me10 she continued with a sad smile1 8can you make me his equal in wealth and rank8 ,or deprive him of his nobility and make him as poor as ,i8 ,in either case1 especially in the latter10 she cried1 with a tenderness in her tone1 and a look she could not repress--8ah6 nothing1 certainly nothing but his will1 could separate me from him6 ,but it is reasonable to suppose the sun will rise upon us tomorrow and find us the same as today3 we no longer live in the time of fairies1 when extraordinary metamorphoses took place to smooth away difficulties and second the wishes of poor mortals4 ,help me then1 ,hilda1 ,i beseech you1 to forget him1 to live1 and even recover from the wound1 by never speaking to me either of him1 or myself6--0 ,hilda silently pressed her in her arms for a long time1 and then said3 8,i will obey you1 ,gabrielle1 and never mention his name till you speak of him first40 ,,xxxviii4 ,the summer and autumn both passed away without anything new1 except some variations in the professor's slow recovery1 and an occasional gleam of happiness for ,clement--the revival of a spark of his buried hopes--but such moments were rare1 and succeeded by a sad reaction2 nevertheless1 they were sweet and lived long in his memory4 ,one day in particular was thus graven on his heart--a fine day in ,october1 when he had the pleasure of rowing ,hilda and his cousin to a shady point further up on the river1 which gracefully winds nearly around it4 ,there they spent several hours1 conversing together with the delightful familiarity of intimacy1 and now and then reading some favorite passage in the books they brought with them4 ,as he sat listening to the silvery tones of ,fleurange's voice1 and met her expressive1 sympathetic glance when he took the book in his turn and read nearly as well as herself2 as he sat thus near her in that lovely1 solitary spot1 with no other witness but her whose affection for both seemed only an additional tie1 hope once more entered his heart1 as one breaks into a dwelling fastened against him1 but1 alas6 to be promptly thrust out1 leaving him as desolate as before4 ,while he was rowing them back in the evening1 with his eyes fastened on ,fleurange1 he saw her delightful but evanescent emotions of the day fading away with the light1 and another remembrance arise1 sadder and more tender than ever1 which gave to her eyes1 sometimes fastened on the dark and rapid current1 sometimes fixed on the shore1 the expression he had learned to read so well--an expression that made his heart ache with pity and sympathy1 but at the same time quiver and shrink with anguish1 as if a lancet or caustic had been applied to his wound and caused it to bleed6 ,two months later the festival of ,christmas again brought him one of these fleeting moments of happiness4 ,on the eve--the neverforgotten anniversary of ,fleurange's arrival in their midst--the whole family were reunited1 and felt as if they were living over again the delightful past4 ,the ,christmas tree was as brilliant as of yore2 ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 as ready to participate in the joy of her friends as she was to avoid saddening them with her sorrows1 aided in adorning it1 and every one found on its branches some offering from her generous hand4 ,then1 as in bygone days1 they wove garlands of holly1 which ,fleurange1 as well as her cousins1 wore at dinner1 and this time without any entreaty4 ,at a later hour they had music and dancing1 which1 ever ready as she was to catch the joy of others1 gave her a feeling of unusual gaiety1 to which she unresistingly abandoned herself--the gaiety of youth1 which at times triumphs over everything1 and sometimes breaks out with an excess in proportion to its previous restraint4 ,fleurange's laughter rang like music1 and her joyous voice mingled with the children's1 to the great joy of him who was looking on with ecstasy and surprise4 ,her radiant eyes1 her glowing complexion1 the brilliancy happiness adds to beauty1 and had so long been wanting to hers1 gave him1 who could not behold it revive without transport1 a feeling of intoxication which once more made him forget all and hope everything6 ,but he was speedily and sadly recalled to himself4 ,madame ,dornthal was seated beside her husband's armchair1 which she seldom left4 ,a pleasant smile reappeared on her lips as she looked at her children moving around her4 ,from time to time she leaned towards the professor1 and was glad to see him entering into all that was going on with his usual pleasure and with perfect comprehension of mind4 ,all at once she thought he turned pale4 ,she looked at ,clement1 and made a gesture which he understood4 ,the noise disturbed his father4 ,in an instant profound silence was restored1 and they all gathered around the professor's chair4 ,he appeared suddenly fatigued3 his eyes closed1 and he leaned his head on his wife's shoulder4 ,they all anxiously awaited his first words after this sudden fit of somnolency4 ,presently he opened his eyes and gave a vague1 uneasy glance around4 ,then1 turning to ,madame ,dornthal1 he said in a sad tone1 passing his hand over his forehead3 8,tell me why ,felix is not here3 ,i knew1 but cannot remember40 ,this new failure of his memory1 the name associated with so many painful recollections and uttered in so distressing a manner1 put an end to all the gaiety of the evening4 ,the effect of so much agitation and fatigue on the professor was not regarded as very serious1 but it left a painful impression1 especially on ,fleurange1 who had fresh reasons for feeling his words4 ,clement1 who had been informed by ,steinberg of what had occurred at ,florence1 silently entered into her feelings1 and once more the flash of joy that lit up his heart vanished in a night darker than ever4 ,but he could not foresee that a public event of serious import was at that very hour transpiring far away1 in a different sphere from his1 which would have an important and painful influence on his humble destiny4 ,to be continued4 ,review of ,vaughan's ,life ,of ,s4 ,thomas47#b7 ,it is but too seldom that the reviewer has to welcome a work like that which we have already had the pleasure of introducing to our readers1 and to which we now desire to render more fitting honors4 ,an original life of a saint1 and of an epochmaking saint like ,thomas of ,aquin1 treated on a scale adequate to its importance1 in the ,english tongue1 by an ,english ,benedictine monk1 is a refreshing novelty to those who1 like ourselves1 have so much to say to what is slight1 or frivolous1 or common1 or hostile4 ,the contemplative reviewer1 looking at the two thick volumes of the ,english edition1 feels inclined1 like a man who guesses before he opens a letter1 to conjure up fancies as to what he will find in this new life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 ,two volumes1 each consisting of more than #hjj pages1 are a great deal1 in these days1 for one saint4 ,they are a great deal to write1 and what is perhaps of more importance1 they are a great deal to read4 ,but no one can suppose that they are too much for such a saint as ,thomas of ,aquin4 ,considering that his own works1 as printed in the splendid ,parma edition lately completed1 would make up some forty volumes of the size of these two goodly ones1 it is not much4 ,considering that ,thomas of ,aquin has been more written about by commentators for four or five centuries than any other man1 except perhaps ,aristotle1 who ever lived--considering that every student of theology is always coming across his authority1 and that he has been the great builderup of the vast building of ,catholic philosophical and theological terminology1 it is not much that he should have two volumes4 ,indeed1 when we look into the book1 we expect to find ,prior ,vaughan not seldom complaining of being obliged1 through want of space1 to leave out a great deal that he would have wished to say4 ,and this leads us to notice the author's name4 ,father ,bede ,vaughan1 though fairly known by reputation in ,england1 is perhaps a stranger to the greater number of ,american ,catholics4 ,it is sufficient to say at present that he is a brother of the ,very ,rev4 ,dr4 ,herbert ,vaughan1 whose presence in this country lately1 in connection with the mission to the negroes1 will have made his name familiar to many even of those who had not the pleasure of personally meeting him4 ,father ,bede ,vaughan is ,prior of the ,benedictine ,cathedral ,chapter of ,newport and ,menevia4 ,a cathedralprior is a novelty1 not only in literature1 but absolutely4 ,there were a great many cathedralpriors in ,england once upon a time--men of power and substance--wearing their mitres 7some of them7 and sitting in the ,house of ,lords4 ,whatever be the lands and the revenues of the only cathedralpriory in ,englishspeaking hierarchies of the present day1 it is pleasant to meet with the old name1 and to meet it on the cover of a book4 ,that a ,benedictine should have written a sterling book will not surprise the world of letters4 ,it is perhaps a little new to find the great ,dominican1 the ,angel of the ,schools1 taken up by a member of an order which ,s4 ,thomas is popularly supposed to have in set purpose turned his back upon4 ,but this is a point on which the work itself will enlighten us4 ,meanwhile1 on opening the first volume we catch sight of a portrait of the ,saint4 ,it is a reproduction1 by photography1 of a painting by the ,roman artist ,szoldatics1 which was painted expressly for the present work4 ,it represents the wellknown scene in which the crucified ,master1 for whom the great doctor has written and taught his life long1 asks him what reward he would desire4 ,portraits of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin are not uncommon4 ,we are all familiar with the large and portly figure and the full and mild countenance1 the sun upon his breast1 the black and the white1 and the shaven crown of the ,order of ,st4 ,dominic1 the open book and the immortal pen4 ,some of the representations of the saint exaggerate his traditional portliness into a corpulence that almost obliterates the light of genius in his face4 ,on the other hand1 there exist many which give at once the large open features and the look of inspiration and of refinement4 ,those who have turned to the titlepages of the best ,roman or ,flemish editions of his life or works will remember these4 ,the new portrait1 photographed in the first volume1 is very successful4 ,thomas of ,aquin had ,norman blood in his veins1 and the fairness of his skin and the contour of his head are not those of the typical ,italian4 ,the artist has managed to convey very well that massive head1 in which every lobe of the brain seems to have been perfectly developed and roomily lodged1 thus furnishing the intelligence with an imaginative instrument whose power was only equalled by its delicacy4 ,in the corresponding place in the second volume there is a photograph of a meritorious engraving1 from a picture or engraving unknown to us1 in which1 however1 the head of the ,saint is not so noble or refined4 ,passing1 however1 to consider the substance of the work itself1 it is not too much to say that1 as a life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 it is perfectly original4 ,we do not mean1 of course1 that the writer has found out new facts1 or made any considerable alteration in the aspect of old ones4 ,but his plan of working is new4 ,he has had the idea of giving1 not merely ,s4 ,thomas1 but his surroundings4 ,some saints1 even of those who have spent themselves in external labors for their fellowmen1 require but little in the way of background to make their portraits significant4 ,ven4 ,bede's biography would not gain much light from discussions upon ,mohammedanism1 or upon the state of ,england or of ,europe during his life4 ,to understand and love ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 it is not necessary to study the growth of ,calvinism1 to follow the steps of the ,de ,auxiliis controversy1 or to become minutely acquainted with the character of ,henri ,,iv4 ,but it is very different with ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 ,opening his mouth1 like a true doctor of the church1 8in medio ecclesi10 he had words to speak which all ,christendom listened to1 and acted upon1 too1 in one way or another4 ,he was a power at ,paris1 at ,cologne1 at ,naples4 ,every great influence of the thirteenth century felt the impulse of his thought3 ,s4 ,louis the ,crusader1 ,urban ,,iv41 ,gregory ,x41 the ,greek schismatics1 the ,arabian philosophers1 the opponents of monasticism1 the mighty power of the universities4 ,prior ,vaughan thus speaks in the preface to the first volume3 8,the author has found it difficult to comprehend how the life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin could be written so as to content the mind of an educated man--of one who seeks to measure the reach of principle and the influence of saintly genius--without embracing a considerably wider field of thought than has been deemed necessary by those who have aimed more at composing a book of edifying reading1 than at displaying the genesis and development of truth and the impress of a mastermind upon the age in which he lived4 ,it has always appeared to him that one of the most telling influences exerted by the doctorsaints of ,god1 has been that of rare intellectual power in confronting and controlling the passions and mental aberrations of epochs1 as well as of blinded and swerving men4444 8,the object which the author of these pages has proposed to himself is this3 to unfold before the reader's mind the far reaching and manysided influence of heroic sanctity1 when manifested by a man of massive mind1 of sovereign genius1 and of sagacious judgment1 and then to remind him that1 as the fruit hangs from the branches1 so genius of command and steadiness of view and unswervingness of purpose1 are naturally conditioned by a certain moral habit of heart and head2 that purity1 reverence1 adoration1 love1 are the four solid cornerstones on which that ,pharos reposes which1 when all about it1 and far beyond it1 is darkness and confusion1 stands up in the midst as the representative of order1 and as the minister of light1 and as the token of salvation4 8,now1 the ,angel of the ,schools was emphatically a great and shining light4 ,to write his life is not so much to deal with the subject of his personal history1 as to display the stretch of his power and the character of his influence4 ,indeed1 few of the great cardinal thinkers of the world have left much private history to record4 ,self was hidden in the splendor of the light which bursts out from it--just as the more brilliant the flame1 so much the more unseen is the lamp in which it burns4 ,it stands to reason that the more widespread the influence which such men as these exert1 so much the wider must be the range taken by the writer over the field of history and theology and philosophy if he wishes adequately to delineate the action of their lives4 ,the private history of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin could be conveniently written in fifty pages1 whilst his full biography would certainly occupy many thousand pages40 7,pp4 iii41 iv47 ,the view which is thus sketched out is a large one4 ,we have said that the author presents not merely his hero1 but his hero's surroundings4 ,but1 in studying his mind and his work1 he does not content himself with making a vivid background of the thirteenth century4 ,one century is the child of another1 and mind is educated by mind4 ,the past is the seed of the future1 and no time can be understood without understanding the times that gave it birth4 ,this is especially true of the times when history accumulates most rapidly1 and of minds to whom it is given to fashion history as it is made4 ,prior ,vaughan finds the story of ,s4 ,thomas' intellectual work commencing far back in the work of those men whom he calls the 8columnal fathers0 of the church4 ,he therefore takes his reader back to primitive ages--to the desert1 the laura1 the early conflicts of ,god's servants with paganism1 with heresy1 and with worldliness4 ,he sets before him ,s4 ,anthony1 in the majesty of his singlehearted union with ,christ2 ,s4 ,athanasius1 worthy disciple of such a master1 unsurpassed in the great opportunities of his life and the strength with which he rose to meet them2 ,s4 ,basil1 the monk that fought the world1 and overcame it2 ,s4 ,gregory ,theologus1 the vates sacer of the fourth century1 who sang in verse and in rhythmical prose the song of the consubstantial ,son of ,god4 ,he introduces us to ,s4 ,augustine1 to ,s4 ,ambrose1 to ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 and points out how essential a feature1 in the greatness of ,s4 ,thomas1 is the way in which he has reproduced all that was eternal and 8catholic0 in the thoughts of the men whom ,god has set up to be the pillars of the doctrine of his church4 ,with other saints1 it would1 perhaps1 be superfluous to trace their connection with the fathers2 with the author of the ,summa1 it is indispensable4 8,the ,columnal ,fathers and the ,angelical were in completest harmony2 they were knit together by the monastic principle4 ,the intellectual hinges of the ,universal ,church 7speaking humanly7 have been monasticmen--that is to say1 men who1 through an intense crossworship and a keen perception of the beautiful1 threw up all for ,christ2 and through #8,the ingrained instinct of old reverence1 ,the holy habit of obedience1' loved1 labored1 suffered for him1 and died into his arms4 8,for the one thread which pierces through all1 and maintains a real communication between the ,angelical and the heroes of the classic age--which creates a brotherhood between ,s4 ,thomas of the thirteenth century and the great athletes in the second and the third--which makes the #8,sun of the ,church' illuminate the #8,pillar of the ,world1' and so reciprocally--that is to say1 which renders ,s4 ,thomas and ,s4 ,anthony one in spirit and in principle--was this1 that their beings were transformed into a supernatural activity1 through an intense and personal love of their ,redeemer4 8,this was the one special lesson which the ,angelical drew from the wilderness and the fathers1 which came to him through ,s4 ,benedict1 indeed1 but rather as a principle of quies than of exertion4 ,in the desert athletes1 and those who followed them1 he found that principle operative1 and almost military in its chivalrous readiness to combat and spill blood in defence of truth4 ,it lent to him what it exhibits in them also--breadth of view1 largeness1 moral freedom1 stubborn courage1 generosity of heart1 expansion of mind1 and an electric light of intellect1 which bear about them a touch of the ,eastern world4 ,how could the ,angelical read ,anthony's life1 or follow ,athanasius in his exiles1 or see ,basil so heroically rigid in his defence of right1 or hear1 in imagination1 ,gregory ,theologus pouring out a stream of polished eloquence1 without being impressed by truth's grace and music2 how could he watch ,s4 ,chrysostom1 all on fire with his love of ,god and with his discriminating sympathy for men1 or think of the ascetic ,jerome1 battling singlehanded in the wilderness1 or perusing his ,scripture in the cave2 how could he dwell in spirit with ,s4 ,ambrose or ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 or follow the career of the passionate1 emotional1 splendid ,s4 ,augustine1 without expanding in heart and mind towards all that is best and greatest--all that is most noble and most fair in the majestic character of ,god's tenderlycherished saints8 8,had he not known them so intimately1 great as he was1 his mind would have been comparatively cramped1 his character most probably would have been less imperial in its mould1 and there would have been less of that oriental mightiness about his intellectual creations1 which now reminds one of those vast monuments of other days1 which still are the marvel of travellers in the ,east1 and the despair of modern engineers40 7,,ii41 pp4 #ebce47 ,a great portion of the second volume is taken up with the exposition in detail of these thoughts and ideas4 ,we do not think that any one who has thoroughly seized the author's point of view will be sorry that so much space is given to the lives and characters of men who are not the immediate subject of the book4 ,the truth is1 that the full significance of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin has been very much overlooked in modern times4 ,the non,catholic theory has always been that he was a voluminous 8scholastic10 more acute than most of his sort1 perhaps1 but medival1 hairsplitting1 and unprofitable4 ,the ,catholic theory has done him greater justice2 but even the ,catholic schools have too much forgotten ,s4 ,thomas4 ,there is an interesting passage in one of ,lacordaire's letters1 in which he tells the ,abb ,drioux1 who has done so much for ,s4 ,thomas in ,france1 how he read the ,angelical every day1 and yet how long it had been before he had come to know him6 ,and then he speaks with some depreciation of that 8,positive0 theology which has pretended to take the place of the scholastic form and discipline4 ,the great preacher was familiar with the spiritual wants of the world in their widest aspect1 and he no sooner came to know ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin than he saw that he was face to face with the mind that has said more truth about ,god and man1 and said it better1 than any one man who has ever lived2 and he has said it so well1 because he has not said it out of his own consciousness1 but first saturated himself with the living truth of the immortal fathers1 and then reproduced in his own way what ,god had thus himself imparted to the world4 ,the influence which ,s4 ,thomas owed to the study and meditation of the great fathers was surpassed--or rather1 we ought to say1 most powerfully shown--by the impressions made upon his heart1 even more than his mind1 by his early bringing up4 ,every one knows that the ,angel of the ,schools1 who was of the noblest blood of ,italy1 spent his early years in the great archmonastery of ,monte ,casino4 ,prior ,vaughan has no hesitation in making the assertion that ,thomas of ,aquin never lost what he acquired from the monks of ,s4 ,benedict during those seven childish years that he spent with them in the cloisters of the great abbey4 ,he was never a professed ,benedictine1 although he would1 in the natural course1 have become one without making any explicit profession1 had not the troubles of the times forced the monks to flee from the abbey4 ,but the ,benedictine or monastic spirit1 the principle of quies1 as our author calls it1 with the vivid appreciation of the kingship of ,christ1 ,thomas took away with him when he went forth and carried with him to the work he had to do4 ,the new mendicant orders that had recently been founded were schools of activity1 aggressive1 moving hither and thither1 pitching their tents in great towns1 and lifting their voices in universities4 ,their saints were to be fitted for the regeneration of a new phase of the world4 ,but in the saints themselves it was only an outward change4 ,the essential spirit remained the same4 ,that spirit had been the heirloom of the old monastic orders1 and it could never be out of date4 ,in the men who were to do the greatest things in the new life of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries1 the old spirit of the cloister must be found strong and deep4 ,in the man who above all was to stand forth as the sum and crown of the middle age1 that contemplative1 immovable1 farseeing realization of 8the person of ,christ0 must exist as heroically as in ,anthony of the ,desert or ,benedict of the ,mountain4 ,and it was ,s4 ,thomas' ,benedictine training that contributed much to make him such a man4 8,the monks thought much1 but talked little2 thus the monastic system encouraged meditation1 rather than intellectual tournaments2 reserve rather than display1 deep humility rather than dialectical skill4 ,the ,benedictines did not aim so much at unrestrained companionship of free discussion as at self control2 not so much at secularminded fantasy as at much prayer and sharp penance1 till self was conquered1 and the grace of ,god reigned1 and giants walked the earth4 ,selfmastery1 springing from the basis of a supernatural life1 moulded the heart to sanctity1 and imparted to the intellect an accuracy of vision which is an act of nature directed and purified by grace4 ,theodore1 ,aldhelm1 ,bede1 ,boniface1 ,alcuin1 ,dunstan1 ,wilfrid1 ,stephen1 ,bernard1 ,anselm1 these names are suggestive of this influence of the monastic system40 7,i41 p4 #bf47 ,it is one of the aims of the book to bring out the view that the prince of scholastics and the king of dialecticians was a man of the purest and deepest 8monasticism40 ,but he was not destined to be as an ,anselm1 a ,bernard1 or a ,hugh of ,s4 ,victor4 ,the ,saint was sent to ,naples for the prosecution of his studies1 and whilst there he asked for and received the habit of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the author gives a brilliant sketch of ,naples as it was under the sway of ,frederick ,,ii4 ,he then devotes a whole chapter to a 8study0 of the new orders of ,s4 ,francis and ,s4 ,dominic1 for the purpose of bringing out vividly before the reader the new world that was springing up and the new race of men that the church was calling forth to deal with it4 ,we have no space to quote from this chapter1 but1 even taken apart from its connection with ,s4 ,thomas1 it is full of interest and life4 ,thus was ,thomas of ,aquin prepared and equipped2 prepared by the great fathers and by ,s4 ,benedict1 equipped in the armor of the ,order of intellectual chivalry4 ,and what was the work before him8 ,who were his enemies1 his friends1 his neighbors1 his assistants8 ,in answer to these questions we have the chapters on 8,abelard1 or ,rationalism and ,irreverence02 on 8,s4 ,bernard1 or ,authority and ,reverence02 on the 8,schools of ,s4 ,victor02 on the 8,arabian and the ,jewish ,influence in ,europe02 on 8,william of ,s4 ,amour02 on 8,paris and its ,university02 and on 8,albert the ,great40 ,some of these chapters relate1 as will be seen1 to men who were not contemporaries of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,but if ,abelard1 and ,s4 ,bernard1 and ,william of ,champeaux had passed away in the flesh1 their influence or their views still lived on when ,thomas wrote4 ,and we see the full significance of these chapters on the great schools of thought1 orthodox and heterodox1 when we arrive at the second volume1 and find the author showing in detail how the ,angel of the ,schools1 in some part or other of his voluminous writings1 met and refuted every form of prevalent error1 and1 whilst majestically laying down principles for all ages1 never forgot to clear up the difficulties of his own time4 ,the rationalism of ,abelard1 the emanation doctrines that ,arabian subtlety had elaborated out of the reminiscences of the old ,gnosticism1 the errors of the ,greek schismatics1 the perversity of the ,jews1 are all encountered by his neverresting pen1 either in some one of his numerous ,opuscula1 varying in length from an essay to an octavo volume1 or else in one or other of his two great ,sums1 or perhaps in more places than one1 the refutation being the more complete as the writing becomes more mature4 ,as for the two greatest and most prominent of his enterprises--the ,christianizing of ,aristotle and the formation of a complete ,sum of theology--it was to be expected that ,prior ,vaughan should fully enlarge upon them4 ,the chapters on 8,s4 ,thomas and ,aristotle10 and 8,s4 ,thomas and ,reason10 in the second volume1 form a good introduction to the study of the ,angelic ,doctor1 and at the same time give the enquiring mind some notion of how ,s4 ,thomas has performed one of the greatest feats that genius ever accomplished--the successful and consistent 8conversion0 of the greatest1 the most original1 and the most precise of heathen philosophers into a hewer of wood and carrier of water for the faith4 ,we would gladly dwell on the three chapters at the end of ,vol4 ,i41 in which the writer1 in reviewing the writings of the ,saint in defence and exaltation of monasticism1 gives a useful and spirited history of the whole of that exciting contest which took its beginning in ,william of ,s4 ,amour's book called ,perils of the ,last ,times4 ,it seems really impossible to say how much the religious state1 humanly speaking1 owes to the man who wrote the book ,against ,those who attack the ,service of ,god and ,religion1 and that ,on the ,perfection of the ,spiritual ,life4 ,passing now from the more remote surroundings of the hero of the story to the immediate scene of the greatest portion of his labors1 we venture to believe that one of the most popular parts of this work of ,prior ,vaughan's will be his animated description of the university system of the thirteenth century1 and of the ,university of ,paris in particular4 ,he has spared no pains in getting at correct details and putting them artistically together4 ,m4 ,franklin's splendid and comparatively unknown labors on medival ,paris have supplied him with matter that will be found nowhere else4 ,paris is the natural type of the great medival university4 ,more central and accessible than ,oxford1 safer than ,bologna1 freer than ,naples1 and founded on a wide and grand basis1 the ,university of ,paris soon grew into a formidable assemblage of men who1 whilst ostensibly votaries of science1 were not unprovided with excitable spirits and rough hands4 ,students gathered1 rich and poor1 great doctors taught1 munificent founders1 like ,robert of ,sorbon1 bestowed their money or their influence1 the monks of all orders gathered round silently1 and to some extent distrustfully1 from ,citeaux1 from ,cluny1 even from the ,grande ,chartreuse1 with the ,benedictines of ,s4 ,germain1 the ,premonstratensians--their church was where now stands the ,caf de la ,rotonde--and the ,augustinians4 ,as for the ,dominicans and ,franciscans1 they1 as may be supposed1 were early on the spot1 to teach quite as much as to learn4 ,the following is a sketch of the men who flocked to the great university--at least of one considerable class3 8,there were starving1 friendless lads1 with their unkempt heads and their tattered suits1 who walked the streets1 hungering for bread1 and famishing for knowledge1 and hankering after a sight of some of those great doctors1 of whom they had heard so much when far away in the woods of ,germany or the fields of ,france4 ,some were so poor that they could not afford to follow a course of theology4 ,we read of one poor fellow on his deathbed1 having nothing else1 giving his shoes and stockings to a companion to procure a ,mass for his soul4 ,some were only too glad to carry holy water to private houses1 selon la coutume ,gallicane1 with the hope of receiving some small remuneration4 ,some were destitute of necessary clothing4 ,one tunic sometimes served for three1 who took it in turns--two went to bed1 whilst the third dressed himself and hurried off to school4 ,some spent all their scanty means in buying parchments1 and wasted their strength1 through half the night1 poring over crabbed manuscript1 or in puzzling out that jargon which contained the wisdom of the wisest of the ,greeks4 ,whole nights some would remain awake on their hard pallets1 in those unhealthy cells1 trying to work out some problem proposed by the professor in the schools4 ,but there were rich as well as poor at ,paris4 ,there was ,langton1 like others1 famous for his opulence1 who taught1 and then became ,canon of ,notre ,dame2 and ,thomas ,becket1 who1 as a youth1 came here to seek the charm of gay society40 7,i41 p4 #ced47 ,amid all the noise1 turmoil1 and disputes of the huge colony of students1 numbering more thousands than ,oxford or ,cambridge at this day can show hundreds1 the great ,dominican convent of ,s4 ,james was a grand and famous centre of light and work4 ,s4 ,dominic was not long before he settled in ,paris4 ,at first the friars lived in a mean hired lodging1 apparently on the ,island of ,notre ,dame4 ,but soon their reputation for poverty and learning attracted the notice of influential benefactors1 and they had a house of their own4 ,it was dedicated to ,s4 ,james the ,apostle1 and quickly became not only a great monastery but a famous school4 ,the ,dominican ,order1 divinely founded for a want of the time1 soon began to show in front of the progress of the age1 and to lead instead of following4 ,it was here1 in ,s4 ,james1 that ,alanus de ,insulis and ,vincent of ,beauvois wrote histories and commentaries2 it was here that ,albert the ,great and ,thomas ,aquinas lectured and wrote2 and the crowd of lesser names that are mentioned on its rolls about this time1 less distinguished but still distinguished1 would take long to enumerate4 ,it was for ,s4 ,james that ,s4 ,dominic himself had framed a body of rules4 ,these rules are most striking1 as given in the pages of ,prior ,vaughan4 ,they show how a saint and monastic legislator feels the 8form and pressure0 of the times1 and how he provides for a new feature in monasticism4 ,to read these rules1 one feels tempted to say that the ,dominicans sacrificed everything to give their men a firstrate course of studies4 ,but we must remember the midnight vigil and the perpetual absence and the long silence4 ,still1 the cloisters of ,s4 ,james were different enough from those of ,monte ,casino4 ,there was a great hall at ,s4 ,james'1 where professors taught and whither students thronged to hear--how different from the remote cloister of ,jarrow1 where ,venerable ,bede taught his younger brethren for so many years on the quiet flats between the ,wear and the ,tyne6 ,the cells knew the light of the midnight lamp1 the cloisters resounded with disputation1 the young students of the ,order were men of few books--a ,bible1 a copy of the ,historia of ,petrus ,comestor and of the ,sentences of ,peter ,lombard1 was all their private library4 ,but half the day was spent face to face with a professor and with each other1 and the want of books was not much felt4 ,and what an education it must have been to listen to and take down the ,summa contra ,gentiles of the ,angel of the ,schools6 ,as we have said1 the whole of these two chapters is instinct with the liveliest description1 and we cannot do better than recommend readers to go to it and judge for themselves4 ,we must reserve what we have not yet touched upon1 viz41 the personal life of the ,saint himself1 for another notice4 ,it must not be supposed that ,prior ,vaughan passes over the person of ,s4 ,thomas in his anxiety to show us what sort of a world he lived in4 ,it will soon be seen1 on making some slight acquaintance with the book1 that the strictly biographical portion is in reality most successful2 the story is well told1 and1 like all stories of sanctity and supernatural heroism1 goes straight to the heart4 ,without saying that ,prior ,vaughan's two volumes partake of the nature of the perfect1 we frankly say we do not intend to find faults in it4 ,we welcome it1 and it deserves to be welcomed by every ,catholic that can read it4 ,there are1 of course1 defects and a few errors here and there2 but the book lays down no false principles1 takes no dangerous views1 and patronizes no pernicious mistakes4 ,on the other hand1 it deals with a wide theme in a large way4 ,in language which1 if at times too copious1 is nevertheless frequently eloquent and always easy and fluent1 the writer raises the life of a saint into a picture of a worldepoch4 ,he has labored very hard at his authorities and sources1 and when the book gets into use many students1 we are sure1 will thank him for his copious references and notes4 ,his imagination is of a high order1 and his pictureloving power is seen in the way in which he sketches with an epithet1 puts together the elements that he finds up and down the old authors1 and shakes the dust and the mildew from valuable bits of ancient chronicle1 so that they look bright again4 ,the ,hon4 ,john ,l4 ,motley is in the front rank of modern historians1 and to compare any writer with him is to give praise that one must think much before giving2 but if we wished to indicate the genre of ,prior ,vaughan's style--its pictorial power1 its realism1 and its tone of earnest conviction--we should mention the name of the historian of the ,netherlands4 ,the two writers are very unlike in their convictions2 and ,mr4 ,motley has1 no doubt1 a perfection and finish of art which few writers can approach4 ,but still ,prior ,vaughan is quite fit to be named in the same sentence4 ,and a book which has cost so many hours of thought and labor1 which aims so high1 which is so really the work of a man with views and with a power to express himself1 and which deals with a subject that can never lose its interest1 but one which1 if we do not mistake1 is as yet only at the beginning of a grand revival1 is a book to be welcomed1 to be read1 and to be thankful for4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,from ,the ,german ,of ,conrad ,von ,bolanden4 ,chapter ,v4 ,gerlach whispered something to the banker4 ,holt pressed his pocket handkerchief to the wound4 8,please yourself60 said the banker loudly in a business tone4 ,seraphin again approached the beaten man4 8,will you please1 my good man1 to accompany us80 8,what for1 sir80 8,because ,i would like to do something towards healing up your wound2 ,i mean the wound in there40 ,holt stood motionless before the stranger and looked at him4 8,i thank you1 sir2 there is no remedy for me2 ,i am doomed60 8,still1 ,i will assist you4 ,follow me40 8,who are you1 sir1 if ,i may ask the question80 8,i am a man whom ,providence seems to have chosen to rescue the prey from the jaws of a usurer4 ,come along with us1 and fear nothing40 8,very well1 ,i will go in the name of ,god6 ,i do not precisely know your object1 and you are a stranger to me4 ,but your countenance looks innocent and kind1 therefore ,i will go with you40 ,they passed through alleys and streets4 8,do you often visit that tavern80 inquired ,seraphin4 8,not six times in a year10 answered ,holt4 8,sometimes of a ,sunday ,i drink half a glass of wine1 that's all4 ,i am poor1 and have to be saving4 ,i would not have gone to the tavern today but that ,i wanted to get rid of my feelings of misery40 8,i overheard your story10 rejoined ,seraphin4 8,shund's treatment of you was inhuman4 ,he behaved towards you like a trickish devil40 8,that he did6 ,and ,i am ruined together with my family10 replied the poor man dejectedly4 8,take my advice1 and never abuse ,shund4 ,you know how respectable he has suddenly got to be1 how many influential friends he has4 ,you can easily perceive that one cannot say anything unfavorable of such a man without great risk1 no matter were it true ten times over40 8,i am not given to disputing10 replied ,holt4 8,but it stirred the bile within me to hear him extolled1 and it broke out4 ,oh6 ,i have learned to suffer in silence4 ,i haven't time to think of other matters4 ,after ,god1 my business and my family were my only care4 ,i attended to my occupation faithfully and quietly as long as ,i had any to attend to1 but now ,i haven't any to take care of4 ,o ,god6 it is hard4 ,it will bring me to the grave40 8,you are a land cultivator80 8,yes1 sir40 8,shund intends to have you sold out80 8,yes2 immediately after the election he intends to complete my ruin40 8,how much money would you need in order with industry to get along80 8,a great deal of money1 a great deal--at least a thousand florins4 ,i have given him a mortgage for a thousand florins on my house and what was left to me4 ,a thousand florins would suffice to help me out of trouble4 ,i might save my little cottage1 my two cows1 and a field4 ,i might then plough and sow for other people4 ,i could get along and subsist honestly4 ,but as ,i told you1 nothing less than a thousand florins would do2 and where am ,i to get so much money8 ,you see there is no hope for me1 no help for me4 ,i am doomed60 8,the mortgaged property is considerable10 said ,gerlach4 8,a house1 even though a small one1 moreover1 a field1 a barn1 a garden1 all these together are surely worth a much higher price4 ,could you not borrow a thousand florins on it and pay off the usurer80 8,no1 sir4 ,nobody would be willing to lend me that amount of money upon property mortgaged to a man like ,shund4 ,besides1 my little property is out of town1 and who wants to go there8 ,i1 for my part1 of course1 like no spot as much1 for it is the house my father built1 and ,i was born and brought up there40 ,the man lapsed into silence1 and walked at ,seraphin's side like one weighed down by a heavy load4 ,the delicate sympathy of the young man enabled him to guess what was passing in the breast of the man under the load4 ,he knew that ,holt was recalling his childhood passed under the paternal roof2 that little spot of home was hallowed for him by events connected with his mother1 his father1 his brothers and sisters1 or with other objects more trifling1 which1 however1 remained fresh and bright in memory1 like balmy days of spring4 ,from this consecrated spot he was to be exiled1 driven out with wife and children1 through the inhumanity and despicable cunning of an usurer4 ,the man heaved a deep sigh1 and ,gerlach1 watching him sidewise1 noticed his lips were compressed1 and that large tears rolled down his weatherbrowned cheeks4 ,the tender heart of the young man was deeply affected at this sight1 and the millionaire for once rejoiced in the consciousness of possessing the might of money4 ,they halted before the ,palais ,greifmann4 ,holt noticed with surprise how the man in blouse drew from his waistcoat pocket a small instrument resembling a toothpick1 and with it opened a door near the carriage gate4 ,had not every shadow of suspicion been driven from ,holt's mind by ,seraphin's appearance1 he would surely have believed that he had fallen into the company of burglars1 who entrapped him to aid in breaking into this palace4 ,reluctantly1 after repeated encouragement from ,gerlach1 he crossed the threshold of the stately mansion4 ,he had not quite passed the door when he took off his cap1 stared at the costly furniture of the hall through which they were passing1 and was reminded of ,st4 ,peter's thought as the angel was rescuing him from the clutches of ,herod4 ,holt imagined he saw a vision4 ,the man who had unlocked the door disappeared4 ,seraphin entered an apartment followed by ,shund's victim4 8,do you know where you are80 inquired the millionaire4 8,yes1 sir1 in the house of ,mr4 ,greifmann the banker40 8,and you are somewhat surprised1 are you not80 8,i am so much astonished1 sir1 that ,i have several times pinched my arms and legs1 for it all seems to me like a dream40 ,seraphin smiled and laid aside his cap4 ,holt scanned the noble features of the young man more minutely1 his handsome face1 his stately bearing1 and concluded the man in the blouse must be some distinguished gentleman4 8,take courage10 said the noblelooking young man in a kindly tone4 8,you shall be assisted4 ,i am convinced that you are an honest1 industrious man1 brought to the verge of ruin through no fault of your own4 ,nor do ,i blame you for inadvertently falling into the nets of the usurer1 for ,i believe your honest nature never suspected that there could exist so fiendish a monster as the one that lives in the soul of an usurer40 8,you may rely upon it1 sir4 ,if ,i had had the slightest suspicion of such a thing1 ,shund never would have got me into his clutches40 8,i am convinced of it4 ,you are partially the victim of your own good nature1 and partially the prey of the wild beast ,shund4 ,now listen to me3 ,suppose somebody were to give you a thousand florins1 and to say3 #8,holt1 take this money1 'tis yours4 ,be industrious1 get along1 be a prudent housekeeper1 serve ,god to the end of your days1 and in future beware of usurers'--suppose somebody were to address you in this way1 what would you do80 8,supposing the case1 sir1 although it is not possible1 but supposing the case1 what would ,i do8 ,i would do precisely what that person would have told me1 and a great deal more4 ,i would work day and night4 ,every day1 at evening prayer1 ,i would get on my knees with my wife and children1 and invoke ,god's protection on that person4 ,i would do that1 sir2 but1 as ,i said1 the case is impossible40 8,nevertheless1 suppose it did happen10 explained ,seraphin in a preliminary way4 8,give me your hand that you will fulfil the promise you have just given40 ,for a moment ,seraphin's hand lay in a callous1 iron palm1 which pressed his soft fingers in an uncomfortable but wellmeant grasp4 8,well1 now follow me10 said ,gerlach4 ,he led the way2 ,holt followed with an unsteady step like a drunken man4 ,they presented themselves before the banker's counter4 ,the latter was standing behind the trellis of his desk1 and on a table lay ten rolls of money4 8,you have just now by word and hand confirmed a promise10 said ,gerlach1 turning to the countryman1 8which cannot be appreciated in money1 for that promise comprises almost all the duties of the father of a family4 ,but to make the fulfilment of the promise possible1 a thousand florins are needed4 ,here lies the money4 ,accept it from me as a gift1 and be happy40 ,holt did not stir4 ,he looked from the money at ,gerlach1 was motionless and rigid1 until1 at last1 the paralyzing surprise began to resolve itself into a spasmodic quivering of the lips1 and then into a mighty flood of tears4 ,seizing ,seraphin's hands1 he kissed them with an emotion that convulsed his whole being4 8,that will do now10 said the millionaire1 8take the money1 and go home40 8,my ,god6 ,i cannot find utterance10 said ,holt1 stammering forth the words with difficulty4 8,good heaven6 is it possible8 ,is it true8 ,i am still thinking 'tis only a dream40 8,downright reality1 my man60 said the banker4 8,stop crying2 save your tears for a more fitting occasion4 ,put the rolls in your pocket1 and go home40 ,greifmann's coldness was effective in sobering down the man intoxicated with joy4 8,may ,i ask1 sir1 what your name is1 that ,i may at least know to whom ,i owe my rescue80 8,seraphin is my name40 8,your name sounds like an angel's1 and you are an angel to me4 ,i am not acquainted with you1 but ,god knows you1 and he will requite you according to your deeds40 ,gerlach nodded gravely4 ,the banker was impatient and murmured discontentedly4 ,holt carefully pocketed the rolls of money1 made an inclination of gratitude to ,gerlach1 and went out4 ,he passed slowly through the hall4 ,the porter opened the door4 ,holt stood still before him4 8,i ask your pardon1 but do you know ,mr4 ,seraphin80 asked he4 8,why shouldn't ,i know a gentleman that has been our guest for the last two weeks80 8,you must pardon my presumption1 ,mr4 ,porter4 ,will ,mr4 ,seraphin remain here much longer80 8,he will remain another week for certain40 8,i am very much obliged to you10 said ,holt1 passing into the street and hurrying away4 8,your intended has a queer way of applying his money10 said the banker to his sister the next morning4 ,and he reported to her the story of ,seraphin's munificence4 8,i do not exactly like this sort of kindness1 for it oversteps all bounds1 and undoubtedly results from religious enthusiasm40 8,that1 too1 can be cured10 replied ,louise confidently4 8,i will make him understand that eternity restores nothing1 that consequently it is safer and more prudent to exact interest from the present40 8',tis true1 the situation of that fellow ,holt was a pitiable one1 and ,hans ,shund's treatment of him was a masterpiece of speculation4 ,he had stripped the fellow completely4 ,the stupid ,holt had for years been laboring for the cunning ,shund1 who continued drawing his meshes more and more tightly about him4 ,like a huge spider1 he leisurely sucked out the life of the fly he had entrapped40 8,your hostler says there was light in ,seraphin's room long after midnight4 ,i wonder what hindered him from sleeping80 8,that is not hard to divine4 ,in all probability he was composing a sentimental ditty to his much adored10 answered ,carl teasingly4 8,midnight is said to be a propitious time for occupations of that sort40 8,do be quiet1 you tease6 ,but ,i too was thinking that he must have been engaged in writing4 ,may be he was making a memorandum of yesterday's experience in his journal40 8,may be he was4 ,at all events1 the impressions made on him were very strong40 8,but ,i do not like your venture2 it may turn out disastrous40 8,how can it1 my most learned sister80 8,you know ,seraphin's position10 explained she4 8,he has been reared in the rigor of sectarian credulity4 ,the spirit of modern civilization being thus abruptly placed before his onesided judgment without previous preparation may alarm1 nay1 may even disgust him4 ,and when once he will have perceived that the brother is a partisan of the horrible monster1 is it probable that he will feel favorably disposed towards the sister whose views harmonize with those of her brother80 8,i have done nothing to justify him in setting me down for a partisan4 ,i maintain strict neutrality4 ,my purpose is to accustom the weakling to the atmosphere of enlightenment which is fatal to all religious phantasms4 ,have no fear of his growing cold towards you10 proceeded he in his customary tone of irony4 8,your ever victorious power holds him spellbound in the magic circle of your enchantment4 ,besides1 ,louise10 continued he1 frowning1 8,i do not think ,i could tolerate a brotherinlaw steeped over head and ears in prejudices4 ,you yourself might find it highly uncomfortable to live with a husband of this kind40 8,uncomfortable6 ,no1 ,i would not4 ,i would find it exciting1 for it would become my task to train and cultivate an abnormal specimen of the male gender40 8,very praiseworthy1 sister6 ,and if ,i now endeavor by means of living illustrations to familiarize your intended with the nature of modern intellectual enlightenment1 ,i am merely preparing the way for your future labors40 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,masters and ,slaves4 ,under the much despised discipline of religious requirements1 the child ,seraphin had grown up to boyhood spotless in morals1 and then had developed himself into a young man of great firmness of character1 whose faith was as unshaken as the correctness of his behavior was constant4 ,the bloom of his cheeks1 the innocent brightness of his eye1 the suavity of his disposition1 were the natural results of the training which his heart had received4 ,no foul passion had ever disturbed the serenity of his soul4 ,when under the smiling sky of a spring morning he took his ride over the extensive possessions of his father1 his interior accorded perfectly with the peace and loveliness of the sights and sounds of blooming nature around him4 ,on earth1 however1 no spring1 be it ever so beautiful1 is entirely safe from storms4 ,evil spirits lie in waiting in the air1 dark powers threaten destruction to all blossoms and all incipient life4 ,and the more inevitable is the dread might of those lurking spirits1 that in every blossom of living plant lies concealed a germ of ruin1 sleeps a treacherous passion--even in the heart of the innocent ,seraphin4 ,the strategic arts of the beautiful young lady received no small degree of additional power from the genuine effort made by her to please the stately double millionaire4 ,in a short time she was to such an extent successful that one day ,carl rallied her in the following humorous strain3 8,your intended is sitting in the arbor singing a most dismal song6 ,you will have to allow him a little more line1 ,louise1 else you run the risk of unsettling his brain4 ,moreover1 ,i cannot be expected to instruct a man in the mysteries of progress1 if he sees1 feels1 and thinks nothing but ,louise40 ,the banker had not uttered an exaggeration4 ,it sometimes happens that a first love bursts forth with an impetuosity so uncontrollable1 that1 for a time1 every other domain of the intellectual and moral nature of a young man is1 as it were1 submerged under a mighty flood4 ,this temporary inundation of passion cannot1 of course1 maintain its high tide in presence of calm experience1 and the sunshine of more ripened knowledge soon dries up its waters4 ,but ,seraphin possessed only the scanty experience of a young man1 and his knowledge of the world was also very limited4 ,hence1 in his case1 the stream rose alarmingly high1 but it did not reach an overflow1 for the hand of a pious mother had thrown up in the heart of the child a living dike strong enough to resist the greatest violence of the swell4 ,the height and solidity of the dike increased with the growth of the child2 it was a bulwark of defence for the man1 who stood secure against humiliating defeats behind the adamantine wall of religious principles--yet only so long as he sought protection behind this bulwark4 ,faith uttered a serious warning against an unconditional surrender of himself to the object of his attachment4 ,for he could not put to rest some misgivings raised in his mind by the strange and1 to him1 inexplicable attitude which ,louise assumed upon the highest questions of human existence4 ,the uninitiated youth had no suspicion of the existence of that most disgusting product of modern enlightenment1 the emancipated female4 ,had he discovered in ,louise the emancipated woman in all the ugliness of her real nature1 he would have conceived unutterable loathing for such a monstrosity4 ,and yet he could not but feel that between himself and ,louise there yawned an abyss1 there existed an essential repulsion1 which1 at times1 gave rise within him to considerable uneasiness4 ,to obtain a solution of the enigma of this antipathy1 the young gentleman concluded to trust entirely to the results of his observations1 which1 however1 were far from being definitive2 for his reason was imposed upon by his feelings1 and1 from day to day1 the charms of the beautiful woman were steadily progressing in throwing a seductive spell over his judgment4 ,the banker's daughter possessed a high degree of culture2 she was a perfect mistress of the tactics employed on the field of coquetry2 her tact was exquisite2 and she understood thoroughly how to take advantage of a kindly disposition and of the tenderness inspired by passion4 ,how was the eye of ,seraphin1 strengthened neither by knowledge nor by experience1 to detect the true worth of what lay hidden beneath this fascinating delusion8 ,here again his religious training came to the rescue of the inexperienced youth1 by furnishing him with standards safe and unfalsified1 by which to weigh and come to a conclusion4 ,louise's indifference to practices of piety annoyed him4 ,she never attended divine service1 not even on ,sundays4 ,he never saw her with a prayerbook1 nor was a single picture illustrative of a moral subject to be found hung up in her apartment4 ,her conversation1 at all times1 ran upon commonplaces of everyday concern1 such as the toilet1 theatre1 society4 ,he noticed that whenever he ventured to launch matter of a more serious import upon the current of conversation1 it immediately became constrained and soon ceased to flow4 ,louise appeared to his heart at the same time so fascinating and yet so peculiar1 so seductive and yet so repulsive1 that the contradictions of her being caused him to feel quite unhappy4 ,he was again sitting in his room thinking about her4 ,in the interview he had just had with her1 the young lady had exerted such admirable powers of womanly charms that the poor young man had had a great deal of trouble to maintain his selfpossession4 ,her ringing1 mischievous laugh was still sounding in his ears1 and the brightness of her sparkling eyes was still lighting up his memory4 ,and the unsuspecting youth had no ,solomon at his side to repeat to him3 8,my son1 can a man hide fire in his bosom1 and his garments not burn8 ,or can he walk upon hot coals1 and his feet not be burnt8444 ,she entangleth him with many words1 and she draweth him away with the flattery of her lips4 ,immediately he followeth her as an ox led to be a victim1 and as a lamb playing the wanton1 and not knowing that he is drawn like a fool to bonds1 till the arrow pierce his liver4 ,as if a bird should make haste to the snare1 and knoweth not that his life is in danger4 ,now1 therefore1 my son1 hear me1 and attend to the words of my mouth4 ,let not thy mind be drawn away in her ways3 neither be thou deceived with her paths4 ,for she hath cast down many wounded1 and the strongest have been slain by her4 ,her house is the way to hell1 reaching even to the inner chambers of death407#c7 ,for ,seraphin1 however1 no ,solomon was at hand who might give him counsel4 ,sustained by his virtue and by his faith alone1 he struggled against the temptress1 not precisely of the kind referred to by ,solomon1 but still a dangerous one from the ranks of progress4 ,greifmann had notified him that the general assembly election was to be held that day1 that ,mayor ,hans ,shund would certainly be returned as a delegate1 and that he intended to call for ,gerlach1 and go out to watch the progress of the election4 ,seraphin felt rather indifferent respecting the election2 but he would have considered himself under weighty obligation to the brother for an explanation of the peculiar behavior of the sister at which he was so greatly perplexed4 ,carl himself he had for a while regarded as an enigma4 ,now1 however1 he believed that he had reached a correct conclusion concerning the brother4 ,it appeared to him that the principal characteristic of ,carl's disposition was to treat every subject1 except what strictly pertained to business1 in a spirit of levity4 ,to the faults of others ,carl was always ready to accord a praiseworthy degree of indulgence1 he never uttered harsh words in a tone of bitterness1 and when he pronounced censure1 his reproof was invariably clothed in some form of pleasantry4 ,in general1 he behaved like a man not having time to occupy himself seriously with any subject that did not lie within the particular sphere of his occupation4 ,even their wager he managed like a matter of business1 although the landowner could not but take umbrage at the banker's ready and natural way of dealing with men whose want of principle he himself abominated4 ,greifmann seemed good natured1 minute1 and cautious in business1 and in all other things exceedingly liberal and full of levity4 ,such was the judgment arrived at by ,seraphin1 inexperienced and little inclined to faultfinding as he was1 respecting a gentleman who stood at the summit of modern culture1 who had skill in elegantly cloaking great faults and foibles1 and whose sole religion consisted in the accumulation of papers and coins of arbitrary value4 ,gerlach's servant entered1 and disturbed his meditation4 8,there is a man here with a family who begs hard to be allowed to speak with you40 8,a man with a family60 repeated the millionaire1 astonished4 8,i know nobody round here1 and have no desire to form acquaintances40 8,the man will not be denied4 ,he says his name is ,holt1 and that he has something to say to you40 8,ah1 yes60 exclaimed ,seraphin1 with a smile that revealed a pleasant surprise4 8,send the man and those who are with him in to me40 ,closing a diary1 in which he was recording circumstantially the experiences of his present visit1 he awaited the visitors4 ,a loud knock from a weighty fist reminded him of a pair of callous hands1 then ,holt1 followed by his wife and children1 presented himself before his benefactor4 ,they all made a small courtesy1 even the flaxenheaded little children1 and the bright1 healthy babe in the arms of the mother met his gaze with the smile of an angel4 ,the dark spirits that were hovering around him1 torturing and tempting1 instantly vanished1 and he became serene and unconstrained whilst conversing with these simple people4 8,you must excuse us1 ,mr4 ,seraphin10 began ,holt4 8,this is my wife1 and these are seven of my children4 ,there is one more2 her name is ,mechtild4 ,she had to stay at home and mind the house4 ,she will pay you an extra visit1 and present her thanks4 ,we have called that you might become acquainted with the family whom you have rescued1 and that we might thank you with all our hearts40 ,after this speech1 the father gave a signal1 whereupon the little ones gathered around the amiable young man1 made their courtesies1 and kissed his hands4 8,may ,god bless you1 ,mr4 ,seraphin60 first spoke a halfgrown girl4 8,we greet you1 dear ,seraphin60 said another1 five years old4 8,we pray for you every day1 ,mr4 ,seraphin10 said the next in succession4 8,we are thankful to you from our hearts1 ,mr4 ,seraphin10 spoke a small lad1 in a tone of deep earnestness4 ,and thus did every child deliver its little address4 ,it was touching to witness the noble dignity of the children1 which may1 at times1 be found beautifully investing their innocence4 ,gerlach was moved4 ,he looked down upon the little ones around him with an expression of affectionate thankfulness4 ,holt's lips also quivered1 and bright tears of happiness streamed from the eyes of the mother4 8,i am obliged to you1 my little friends1 for your greetings and for your prayers10 spoke the millionaire4 8,you are well brought up4 ,continue always to be good children1 such as you now are2 have the fear of ,god1 and honor your parents40 8,mr4 ,seraphin10 said ,holt1 drawing a paper from his pocket1 8here is the note that ,i have redeemed with the money you gave me4 ,i wanted to show it to you1 so that you might know for certain that the money had been applied to the proper purpose40 ,gerlach affected to take an interest in the paper1 and read over the receipt4 8,but there is one thing1 ,mr4 ,seraphin10 continued ,holt1 8that grieves me4 ,and that is1 that there is not anything better than mere words with which ,i can testify my gratitude to you4 ,i would like ever so much to do something for you--to do something for you worth speaking of4 ,do you know1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 ,i would be willing to shed the last drop of my blood for you80 8,never mind that1 ,holt6 ,it is ample recompense for me to know that ,i have helped a worthy man out of trouble4 ,you can now1 ,mrs4 ,holt1 set to work with renewed courage4 ,but10 added he archly1 8you will have to watch your husband that he may not again fall into the clutches of beasts of prey like ,shund40 8,he has had to pay dearly for his experience1 ,mr4 ,seraphin4 ,i used often to say to him3 #8,michael1 don't trust ,shund4 ,shund talks too much1 he is too sweet altogether1 he has some wicked design upon us--don't trust him4' ,but1 you see1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 my husband thinks that all people are as upright as he is himself1 and he believed that ,shund really meant to deal fairly as he pretended4 ,but ,michael's wits are sharpened now1 and he will not in future be so ready to believe every man upon his word4 ,nor will he1 hereafter1 borrow one single penny1 and he will never again undertake to buy anything unless he has the money in hand to pay for it40 8,in what street do you live80 inquired ,gerlach4 8,near the turnpike road1 ,mr4 ,seraphin4 ,do you see that knoll80 ,he pointed through the window in a direction unobstructed by the trees of the garden4 8,do you see that dense shadetree1 and yon whitewashed wall behind the tree8 ,that is our walnuttree--my grandfather planted it4 ,and the white wall is the wall of our house40 8,i have passed there twice--the road leads to the beech grove10 said the millionaire4 8,i remarked the little cottage1 and was much pleased with its air of neatness4 ,it struck me1 too1 that the barn is larger than the dwelling1 which is a creditable sign for a farmer4 ,near the front entrance there is a carefully cultivated flower garden1 in which ,i particularly admired the roses1 and further off from the road lies an apple orchard40 8,all that belongs to us4 ,that is what you have rescued and made a present of to us10 replied the land cultivator joyfully4 8,everybody stops to view the roses2 they belong to our daughter ,mechtild40 8,the soil is good and deep1 and must bring splendid crops of wheat4 ,i1 too1 am a farmer1 and understand something about such matters4 ,but it appeared to me as though the soil were of a cold nature4 ,you should use lime upon it pretty freely40 ,in this manner he spent some time conversing with these good and simple people4 ,before dismissing them1 he made a present to every one of the children of a shining dollar1 having previously overcome ,holt's protest against this new instance of generosity4 ,old and young then courtesied once more1 and ,gerlach was left to himself in a mood differing greatly from that in which the visitors had found him4 ,he had been conversing with good and happy people1 and his soul revelled in the consciousness of having been the originator of their happiness4 ,suddenly ,greifmann's appearance in the room put to flight the bright spirits that hovered about him1 and the sunshine that had been lighting up the apartment was obscured by dark shadows as of a heavy mass of clouds4 8,what sort of a horde was that80 asked he4 8,they were ,holt and his family4 ,the gratitude of these simple people was touching4 ,the innocent little ones gave me an ovation of which a prince might be envious1 for the courts of princes are never graced by a naturalness at once so sincere and so beautiful4 ,it is an intense happiness for me to have assured the livelihood of ten human beings with so paltry a gift40 8,a mere matter of taste1 my most sympathetic friend60 rejoined the banker with indifference4 8,you are not made of the proper stuff to be a business man4 ,your feelings would easily tempt you into very unbusinesslike transactions4 ,but you must come with me6 ,the hubbub of the election is astir through all the streets and thoroughfares4 ,i am going out to discharge my duties as a citizen1 and ,i want you to accompany me40 8,i have no inclination to see any more of this disgusting turmoil10 replied ,gerlach4 8,inclination or disinclination is out of the question when interest demands it10 insisted the banker4 8,you must profit by the opportunity which you now have of enriching your knowledge of men and things1 or rather of correcting it2 for heretofore your manner of viewing things has been mere ideal enthusiasm4 ,come with me1 my good fellow60 ,seraphin followed with interior reluctance4 ,greifmann went on to impart to him the following information3 8,during the past night1 there have sprung up1 as if out of the earth1 a most formidable host1 ready to do battle against the uniformly victorious army of progress--men thoroughly armed and accoutred1 real crusaders4 ,a bloody struggle is imminent4 ,try and make of your heart a sort of monitor covered with plates of iron1 so that you may not be overpowered by the horrifying spectacle of the election affray4 ,i am not joking at all6 ,true as gospel1 what ,i tell you6 ,if you do not want to be stifled by indignation at sight of the fiercest kind of terrorism1 of the most revolting tyranny1 you will have to lay aside1 at least for today1 every feeling of humanity40 ,gerlach perceived a degree of seriousness in the bubbling current of ,greifmann's levity4 8,who is the enemy that presumes to stand in the way of progress80 enquired he4 8,the ultramontanes6 ,listen to what ,i have to tell you4 ,this morning ,schwefel came in to get a check cashed4 ,with surprise ,i observed that the manufacturer's soul was not in business4 #8,how are things going8' asked ,i when we had got through4 8 #8,i feel like a man1' exclaimed he1 #8that has just seen a horrible monster6 ,would you believe it1 those accursed ultramontanes have been secretly meddling in the election4 ,they have mustered a number of votes1 and have even gone so far as to have a yellow ticket printed4 ,their yellow placards were to be seen this morning stuck up at every street corner--of course they were immediately torn down4' 8 #8,and are you provoked at that1 ,mr4 ,schwefel6 ,you certainly are not going to deny the poor ultramontanes the liberty of existing1 or1 at least1 the liberty of voting for whom they please8' 8 #8,yes1 ,i am1 ,i am6 ,that must not be tolerated1' cried he wildly4 #8,the black brood are hatching dark schemes1 they are conspiring against civilization1 and would fain wrest from us the trophies won by progress4 ,it is high time to apply the axe to the root of the upastree4 ,our duty is to disinfect thoroughly1 to banish the absurdities of religious dogma from our schools4 ,the black spawn will have to be rendered harmless3 we must kill them politically4' 8 #8,very well1' said ,i4 #8,just make negroes of them4 ,now that in ,america the slaves are emancipated1 ,europe would perhaps do well to take her turn at the slavetrade4' ,but the fellow would not take my joke4 ,he made threatening gesticulations1 his eyes gleamed like hot coals1 and he muttered words of a belligerent import4 8 #8,the ultramontane rabble are to hold a meeting at the 8,key of ,heaven10 ' reported he4 #8,there the stupid victims of credulity are to be harangued by several of their best talkers4 ,the black tide is afterwards to diffuse itself through the various wards where the voting is to take place4 ,but let the priestridden slaves come1 they will have other memoranda to carry home with them beside their yellow rags of tickets4' 8,you perceive1 friend ,seraphin1 that the progress men mean mischief4 ,we may expect to witness scenes of violence40 8,that is unjustifiable brutality on the part of the progressionists10 declared ,gerlach indignantly4 8,are not the ultramontanes entitled to vote and to receive votes8 ,are they not free citizens8 ,do they not enjoy the same privileges as others8 ,it is a disgrace and an outrage thus to tyrannize over men who are their brothers1 sons of ,germania1 their common mother40 8,granted6 ,violence is disgraceful4 ,the intention of progress1 however1 is not quite as bad as you think it4 ,being convinced of its own infallibility1 it cannot help feeling indignant at the unbelief of ultramontanism1 which continues deaf to the saving truths of the progressionist gospel4 ,hence a holy zeal for making converts urges progress so irresistibly that it would fain force wanderers into the path of salvation by violence4 ,this is simply human1 and should not be regarded as unpardonable4 ,in the selfsame spirit did my namesake ,charles the ,great butcher the ,saxons because the besotted heathens presumed to entertain convictions differing from his own4 ,and those who were not butchered had to see their sacred groves cut down1 their altars demolished1 their time honored laws changed1 and had to resign themselves to following the ways which he thought fit to have opened through the land of the ,saxons4 ,you cannot fail to perceive that ,charles the ,great was a member of the school of progress40 8,but your comparison is defective10 opposed the millionaire4 8,charles subdued a wild and bloodthirsty horde who made it a practice to set upon and butcher peaceful neighbors4 ,charles was the protector of the realm1 and the ,saxons were forced to bend under the weight of his powerful arm4 ,if ,charles1 however1 did violence to the consciences of his vanquished enemies1 and converted them to ,christianity with the sword and mace1 then ,charles himself is not to be excused1 for moral freedom is expressly proclaimed by the spirit of ,christianity40 8,there is no doubt but that the ,saxons were blundering fools for rousing the lion by making inroads into ,charles' domain4 ,the ultramontanes1 are1 however1 in a similar situation4 ,they have attacked the giant ,progress1 and have themselves to blame for the consequences40 8,the ultramontanes have attacked nobody10 maintained ,gerlach4 8,they are merely asserting their own rights1 and are not putting restrictions on the rights of other people4 ,but progress will concede neither rights nor freedom to others4 ,it is a disgusting egotist1 an unscrupulous tyrant1 that tries to build up his own brutal authority on the ruins of the rights of others40 8,still1 it would have been far more prudent on the part of the ultramontanes to keep quiet1 seeing that their inferiority of numbers cannot alter the situation4 ,the indisputable rights of the ascendency are in our days with the sceptre and crown of progress40 8,a brave man never counts the foe10 cried ,gerlach4 8,he stands to his convictions1 and behaves manfully in the struggle40 8,well said60 applauded the banker4 8,and since progress also is forced by the opposition of principles to man itself for the contest1 it will naturally beat up all its forces in defence of its conviction4 ,here we are at the #8,key of ,heaven1' where the ultramontanes are holding their meeting4 ,let us go in1 for the proverb says1 ,audiatur et altera pars--the other side should also get a hearing40 ,they drew near to a lengthy old building4 ,over the doorway was a pair of crossed keys hewn out of stone1 and gilt1 informing the stranger that it was the hostelry of the 8,key of ,heaven10 where1 since the days of hoar antiquity1 hospitality was dispensed to pilgrims and travellers4 ,the principal hall of the house contained a gathering of about three hundred men4 ,they were attentively listening to the words of a speaker who was warmly advocating the principles of his party4 ,the speaker stood behind a desk which was placed upon a platform at the far end of the hall4 ,seraphin cast a glance over the assembly4 ,he received the painful impression of a hopeless minority4 ,barely forty votes would the ultramontanes be able to send to each of the wards4 ,to compensate for numbers1 intelligence and faith were represented in the meeting4 ,elegant gentlemen with intellectual countenances sat or stood in the company of respectable tradesmen1 and the long black coats of the clergy were not few in number4 ,on a table lay two packages of yellow tickets to be distributed among the members of the assembly4 ,at the same table sat the chairman1 a commissary of police named ,parteiling1 whose business it was to watch the proceedings1 and several other gentlemen4 8,compared with the colossal preponderance of progress1 our influence is insignificant1 and1 compared with the masses of our opponents our numerical strength is still less encouraging10 said the speaker4 8,if in connection with this disheartening fact you take into consideration the pressure which progress has it in its power to exert on the various relations of life through numerous auxiliary means1 if you remember that our opponents can dismiss from employment all such as dare uphold views differing from their own1 it becomes clear that no ordinary amount of courage is required to entertain and proclaim convictions hostile to progress40 ,seraphin thought of ,spitzkopf's mode of electioneering1 and of the terrible threats made to the 8wild men10 and concluded the incredible statement was lamentably correct4 8,viewing things in this light10 proceeded the orator1 8,i congratulate the present assembly upon its unusual degree of pluck1 for courage is required to go into battle with a clear knowledge of the overwhelming strength of the enemy4 ,we have rallied round the banner of our convictions notwithstanding that the numbers of the enemy make victory hopeless4 ,we are determined to cast our votes in support of religion and morality in defiance of the scorn1 blasphemy1 and violence which the wellknown terrorism of progress will not fail to employ in order to frighten us from the exercise of our privilege as citizens4 ,we must be prepared1 gentlemen1 to hear a multitude of sarcastic remarks and coarse witticisms1 both in the streets and at the polls4 ,i adjure you to maintain the deportment alone worthy of our cause4 ,a gentleman never replies to the aggressions of rudeness1 and should you wish to take the conduct of our opponents in gay goodhumor1 just try1 gentlemen1 to fancy that you are being treated to some elegant exhibition of the refinement and liberal culture of the times40 ,loud bursts of hilarity now and then relieved the seriousness of the meeting4 ,even ,greifmann would clap applause and cry1 8,bravo60 8,let us stand united to a man1 prepared against all the wiles of intimidation and corruption1 undismayed by the onset of the enemy4 ,the struggle is grave beyond expression4 ,for you are acquainted with the aims and purposes of the liberals4 ,progress would like to sweep away all the religious heritages that our fathers held sacred4 ,education is to be violently wrested from under the influence of the church2 the church herself is to be enslaved and strangled in the thrall of the liberal state4 ,i am aware that our opponents pretend to respect religion--but the religion of wouldbe progress is infidelity4 ,divine revelation1 of which the church is the faithful guardian1 is rejected with scorn by liberalism4 ,look at the tone of the press and the style of the literature of the day4 ,you have only to notice the derision and fierceness with which the press daily assails the mysteries and dogmas of religion1 the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 the clergy1 religious orders1 the ultramontanes1 and you cannot long remain in the dark concerning the aim and object of progress4 ,christ or ,antichrist is the watchword of the day1 gentlemen6 ,hence the imperative duty for us to be active at the elections2 for the legislature has the presumption to wish to dictate in matters belonging exclusively to the jurisdiction of the church4 ,we are threatened with school laws the purpose of which is to unchristianize our children1 to estrange them from the spirit of religion4 ,no man having the sentiment of religion can remain indifferent in presence of this danger1 for it means nothing less than the defection from ,christianity of the masses of the coming generation4 8,gentlemen1 there is a reproach being uttered just now by the progressionist press1 which1 far from repelling1 ,i would feel proud to deserve4 ,a priest should have said1 so goes the report1 that it is a mortal sin to elect a progressionist to the chamber of deputies4 ,some of the writers of our press have met this reproach by simply denying that a priest ever expressed himself in those terms4 ,but1 gentlemen1 let us take for granted that a priest did actually say that it is a mortal sin to elect a progressionist to the chamber of deputies1 is there anything opposed to morality in such a declaration8 8,by no means1 if you remember that it is to be presumed the progressionist will use his vote in the assembly to oppose religion4 ,mortal sin1 gentlemen1 is any wilful transgression of ,god's law in grave matters4 ,now ,i put it to you3 ,does he gravely transgress the law of ,god who controverts what ,god has revealed1 who would exclude ,god and all holy subjects from the schools1 who would rob the church of her independence1 and make of her a mere state machine unfit for the fulfilment of her high mission8 ,there is not one of you but is ready to declare3 #8,yes1 such an one transgresses grievously the law of ,god4' ,this answer at the same time solves the other question1 whether it is a mortal sin to put arms in the hands of an enemy of religion that he may use them against faith and morality4 ,would that all men of ,christian sentiment seriously adverted to this connection of things and acted accordingly1 the baneful sway of the pernicious spirit that governs the age would soon be at an end2 for ,i have confidence in the sound sense and moral rectitude of the ,german people4 ,heathenism is repugnant to the deeply religious nature of our nation2 the ,german people do not wish to dethrone ,god1 nor are they ready to bow the knee before the empty idol of a soulless enlightenment40 ,here the speaker was interrupted by a tumult4 ,a band of factorymen1 yelling and laughing1 rushed into the hall to disturb the meeting4 ,all eyes were immediately turned upon the rioters4 ,in every countenance indignation could be seen kindling at this outrage of the liberals4 ,the commissary of police alone sat motionless as a statue4 ,the progressionist rioters elbowed their way into the crowd1 and1 when the excitement caused by this strategic movement had subsided1 the speaker resumed his discourse4 8,for a number of years back our conduct has been misrepresented and calumniated4 ,they call us men of no nationality1 and pretend that we get our orders from ,rome4 ,this reproach does honor neither to the intelligence nor to the judgment of our opponents4 ,whence dates the division of ,germany into discordant factions8 ,when began the present faint and languishing condition of our fatherland8 ,from the moment when it separated from ,rome4 ,so long as ,germany continued united in the bond of the same holy faith1 and the voice of the head of the church was hearkened to by every member of her population1 her sovereigns held the golden apple1 the symbol of universal empire4 ,our nation was then the mightiest1 the proudest1 the most glorious upon earth4 ,the church who speaks through the ,sovereign ,pontiff had civilized the fierce sons of ,germany1 had conjured the hatred and feuds of hostile tribes1 had united the interests and energies of our people in one holy faith1 and had ennobled and enriched ,german genius through the spirit of religion4 ,the church had formed out of the chaos of barbarism the ,holy ,roman ,empire of the ,german nation--that gigantic and wonderful organization the like of which the world will never see again4 ,but the church has long since been deprived of the leadership in ,german affairs1 and what in consequence is now the condition of our fatherland8 ,it is divided into discordant factions1 it is an ailing trunk1 with many members1 but without a head4 8,it is rather amusing that the ultramontanes should be charged with receiving orders from ,rome1 for the voice of the ,father of ,christianity has not been heard for many years back in the council of state40 8,hurrah for the ,syllabus60 cried ,spitzkopf1 who was at the head of the rioters4 8,hurrah for the ,syllabus60 echoed his gang1 yelling and stamping wildly4 ,the ultramontanes were aroused1 eyes glared fiercely1 and fists were clenched ready to make a summary clearing of the hall4 ,but no scuffle ensued2 the ultramontanes maintained a dignified bearing4 ,the speaker calmly remained in his place1 and when the tumult had ceased he again went on with his discourse4 8,such only10 said he1 8take offence at the ,syllabus as know nothing about it4 ,there is not a word in the ,syllabus opposed to political liberty or the most untrammelled selfgovernment of the ,german people4 ,but it is opposed to the fiendish terrorism of infidelity4 ,the ,syllabus condemns the diabolical principles by which the foundations of the ,christian state are sapped and a most disastrous tyranny over conscience is proclaimed40 8,hallo6 listen to that10 cried one of the liberals1 and the yelling was renewed1 louder1 longer1 and more furious than before4 ,the chairman rang his bell4 ,the revellers relapsed into silence4 8,ours is not a public meeting1 but a mere private gathering10 explained the chairman4 8,none but men of ,christian principles have been invited4 ,if others have intruded violently1 ,i request them to leave the room1 or1 at least1 to refrain from conduct unbecoming men of goodbreeding40 ,spitzkopf laughed aloud1 his comrades yelled and stamped4 8,let us go60 said ,greifmann to ,gerlach in an angry tone4 8,let us stay60 rejoined the latter with excitement4 8,the affair is becoming interesting4 ,i want to see how this will end40 ,the banker noticed ,gerlach's suppressed indignation2 he observed it in the fire of his eyes and the expression of unutterable contempt that had spread over his features1 and he began to consider the situation as alarming4 ,he had not expected this exhibition of brutal impertinence4 ,in his estimation an infringement of propriety like the one he had just witnessed was a far more heinous transgression than the grossest violations in the sphere of morals4 ,he judged of ,gerlach's impressions by this standard of appreciation1 and feared the behavior of the progressionist mob would produce an effect in the young man's mind far from favorable to the cause which they represented4 ,he execrated the disturbance of the liberals1 and took ,seraphin's arm to lead him away4 8,come away1 ,i beg of you6 ,i cannot imagine what interest the rudeness of that uncultivated horde can have for you40 8,do not scorn them1 for they are honestly earning their pay10 rejoined ,gerlach4 8,what do you mean80 8,those fellows are whistling1 bawling1 stamping1 and yelling in the employ of progress4 ,you are trying to give me an insight into the nature of modern civilization3 could there be a better opportunity than this80 8,there you make a mistake1 my dear fellow6 ,enlightened progress is never rude40 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,gavazzi ,versus ,the ,see ,of ,s4 ,peter4 ,by a ,protestant ,doctor of ,philosophy4 ,introductory ,note4 ,the topic of this article has already been fully and satisfactorily treated in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,it is well1 however1 to adopt1 in handling the truth1 ,voltaire's maxim in regard to falsehood1 and to keep continually repeating those truths which are frequently denied4 ,not only the mountebank ,gavazzi1 but others more respectable than he is1 keep on reasserting the denial of ,s4 ,peter's ,roman ,episcopate1 notwithstanding the evidence which has been over and over again presented in proof of it by ,protestant as well as ,catholic writers4 ,we1 therefore1 willingly give admission to the present article1 which1 we may as well state1 has been printed from the author's ,,ms4 copy1 without any alteration4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,at our examination in the diocese of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in which we took holy orders1 the question of ,s4 ,peter's being at ,rome was debated with some warmth by the clerical examiners and the bishop4 ,we had at that time just passed our majority1 and1 while our reading had been pretty full1 we had not touched the subject of this article1 for it was indeed comparatively new to us4 ,we remember well the remark of our bishop1 whose opinion on theological questions we held in veneration4 ,he was prominent on the bench of bishops as one of the most learned of our prelates1 and he had wielded his pen in defence of ,anglican ,church principles with great reputation to himself among ,episcopalians1 particularly the ,high ,church school of religious thought4 ,at the period to which we refer1 he gave it as his opinion that it was extremely doubtful that ,s4 ,peter ever visited ,rome1 and that he was the first bishop of its ,see was beyond the province of historical proof4 ,previous to this date in our studies1 we would as lief have questioned the fact of the existence of ,rome itself as that of ,s4 ,peter's residence there1 and his occupancy of that metropolitan see4 ,we had reached this conclusion by no investigation3 it was1 rather1 one of those traditional questions which fix themselves in the mind without much thought in either direction4 ,the fact1 as we supposed1 had never been doubted4 ,to hear for the first time a denial of its truth1 and that1 too1 from our ecclesiastical superior1 made an impression upon our mind which led us to investigate the subject as soon as time and opportunity were afforded us4 ,from that day to this1 we have heard the same theory advanced by ,protestant clergymen of every shade of denominational opinion1 and in the minds of many it has lodged itself as one of those mooted questions which baffle historical proof4 ,about twenty years ago1 an ,italian known as 8,father ,gavazzi0 visited the ,united ,states4 ,his crusade against the ,church of ,rome during that visit is familiar to all4 ,of its merits or the motives which prompted it we do not propose to speak1 as it is foreign to the subject to which the interest of the reader is invited4 ,again the same ,alessandro ,gavazzi1 as 8,commissioner0 of what he denominates the 8,free ,christian ,church of ,italy10 is lecturing to audiences in our principal cities1 for the purpose of securing subscriptions for 8evangelization0 and for the 8,biblical ,college in ,rome40 ,what these terms may mean we do not know1 and of them we have no disposition to speak4 ,in the month of ,june last1 8,father ,gavazzi0 was advertised to lecture under the auspices of the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association in the city in which we reside4 ,among others1 who had no interest perhaps in the especial work in which he is engaged1 we attended his lecture4 ,from a report of the lecture in the issue of a daily paper of the following morning we make the quotation which forms the text1 upon which we propose to place before the reader some historical proofs for the belief that ,s4 ,peter was at ,rome4 8,father ,gavazzi0 said3 8,a discussion was proposed in ,rome as to whether ,s4 ,peter was ever there or not4 ,the ,pope favored1 insisted upon it1 and in two days his chosen champions retired defeated from the contest4 ,that is something4 ,the ,bible is entirely silent on this subject4 ,but the priests say that is merely negative proof4 ,the silence of ,s4 ,luke is1 however1 positive proof that ,s4 ,peter was never there4 ,the discussion of this subject1 once prohibited in ,rome1 is now talked of freely in all public places4 ,it was his delight to fight the ,pope4 ,pius ,,ix4 was no more the successor of ,s4 ,peter than he was the successor of the emperor of ,china4 ,s4 ,peter was never in ,rome to be succeeded by anybody40 ,modern investigation at best has done little to clear up the difficulties connected with the geographical history of the ,apostle ,peter4 ,that he was at ,rome1 and suffered martyrdom in that city1 is the general belief of the fathers4 ,and it was not until the dawn of the ,reformation that the apostle's journey to that city1 and his martyrdom there1 became even a subject of doubt4 ,so great was the anxiety of some to disprove the ,primacy of the ,roman ,see that scholarly men lent themselves to the repetition of myths and traditions which had no foundation in fact1 and later writers1 biased by early education and ecclesiastical connection1 have even introduced into historical literature mythical stories1 the germs of which run through the popular mythology of ancient and modern times4 ,if1 they argue1 it can be proved that ,s4 ,peter was never at ,rome1 then we at once overturn the pretensions of the ,papacy2 or1 again1 if we can demonstrate that there is a break in the chain of succession of its bishops from ,s4 ,peter1 the belief in the doctrine of an apostolic succession is clearly disproved1 and the idea of a line of bishops reaching back through the long period of the ,mores ,catholici1 or ,ages of ,faith1 only a senseless forgery which originated with some monk the abbot of whose monastery was perhaps the first to give it form after he had ascended the chair of ,peter4 ,mosheim1 a respectable writer in the ,protestant world1 blinded by a singular prejudice which led him at times to forget the critical duties of the historian1 is one among the few ,german scholars who has tarnished the pages of his ,ecclesiastical ,history by giving credence to the fabulous story of ,pope ,joan4 8,between ,leo ,,iv41 who died #hee1 and ,benedict ,,iii410 says he1 8a woman who concealed her sex and assumed the name of ,john1 it is said1 opened her way to the pontifical throne by her learning and genius1 and governed the church for a time4 ,she is commonly called the ,papess ,joan4 ,during five subsequent centuries the witnesses to this extraordinary event are without number2 nor did any one prior to the ,reformation by ,luther regard the thing as either incredible or disgraceful to the church40 ,the earliest writer from whom any information relating to the fable of ,pope ,joan is derived is ,marianus ,scotus1 a monk of ,s4 ,martin of ,cologne1 who died ,a4,d4 #ajhf4 ,he left a chronicle which has received many additions by later writers1 and among those interpolations the students of mythical lore regard the passage which refers to this story4 ,platina1 who wrote the ,lives of the ,popes anterior to the time of ,martin ,luther1 relates the legend1 and1 with more of the critical acumen than ,mosheim1 adds3 8,these things which ,i relate are popular reports1 but derived from uncertain and obscure authors1 which ,i have therefore inserted briefly and baldly1 lest ,i should seem to omit obstinately and pertinaciously what most people assert40 ,the legend of ,pope ,joan has been so thoroughly exposed that no controversialist of discrimination thinks of reviving it as an argument against the succession of the ,bishops of ,rome4 ,now and then it may be related to an ignorant crowd by an antipopery mountebank of our cities during times of religious excitement1 but it is never heard from the lips of an educated ,protestant4 ,we are inclined to think1 however1 that the class of minds that seeks to throw doubt upon ,s4 ,peter's residence at ,rome in order to subvert the ,primacy of the ,apostolic ,see would not hesitate1 in view of the evidence from early ecclesiastical writers1 to introduce again this ,papess ,joan to their unlearned readers4 ,turning1 then1 to the proofs of the subject of our paper1 we take as the motto for our investigation of this and all kindred ecclesiastical questions the golden words of ,tertullian3 8,id esse verum1 quodcunque primum2 id esse adulterum quodcunque posterius407#d7 ,or that petition of a great ,anglican divine3 8,grant1 ,o ,lord6 that1 in reading thy ,holy ,word1 ,i may never prefer my private sentiments before those of the church in the purely ancient times of ,christianity407#e7 ,the earliest testimony is borne by ,s4 ,ignatius4 ,he was closely connected with the apostles1 both as a hearer of their teachings and sharer of the extraordinary mysteries of their faith47#f7 ,s4 ,john was his ,christian ,gamaliel1 at whose feet he was taught the doctrines of ,christianity1 which prepared him not only to wear the mitre of ,antioch1 the most cultivated metropolis of the ,east1 but also to receive the brighter crown of a martyr's agonizing death4 ,full of years1 the follower of the beloved disciple was hurried to ,rome1 to seal with his blood the truth of the religion of ,christ4 ,on his journey to the pagan capital1 he was permitted to tarry for a season at ,smyrna1 to visit1 for the last time1 ,s4 ,polycarp1 the aged bishop of that city4 ,here1 in view of the dreadful death that awaited him in the ,roman amphitheatre1 and in communion with the revered fellowlaborer of his life1 he wrote his four epistles4 ,from the one to the ,romans we quote the following evidence3 8,i do not command you as ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul did2 they were apostles of ,jesus ,christ1 and ,i am a mere nothing0 7the least747#g7 8,what can be more clear10 says the ,anglican expositor of the ,creed1 ,bishop ,pearson1 8from these words than that this most holy martyr was of opinion that ,peter1 no less than ,paul1 preached and suffered at ,rome80 ,eusebius relates1 upon the authority of ,papias and ,s4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 that 8,s4 ,mark wrote his gospel at the request of ,s4 ,peter's hearers in ,rome10 and he further adds that 8,s4 ,peter mentions ,s4 ,mark in his first epistle1 written from ,rome1 which he figuratively calls ,babylon407#h7 ,s4 ,dionysius1 ,bishop of ,corinth1 in his epistle addressed to the ,romans1 affirms that ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul preached the ,gospel in ,corinth and in ,rome1 and suffered martyrdom about the same time in the latter city47#i7 ,s4 ,irenus1 ,bishop of ,lyons1 who was born at ,smyrna1 though of ,greek extraction1 had been the disciple of ,s4 ,polycarp1 ,pothinus1 and ,papias1 from whose lips he had heard many anecdotes of the apostles and their immediate followers4 ,he was alike eminent both as a scholar in the learning of the times and as a controversialist of no mean repute4 ,the part he bore against the ,gnostic and other heresies rendered his name illustrious1 not only within the limits of his episcopal jurisdiction1 but wherever the claims of ,christianity had been presented4 ,the wonderful aptness with which he interwove ,scripture and scriptural phraseology into his style1 not altogether unpolished1 is perhaps unequalled in patristic theology4 ,residing in a city whose language and intellectual characteristics differed from those of his native country1 his writings are essentially foreign1 and1 with few exceptions1 were lost at an early period4 ,in the fragments which remain we find an unequivocal testimony in behalf of the subject under discussion4 ,his language is3 8,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul preached the ,gospel in ,rome1 and laid the foundation of the church407#aj7 ,caius1 a learned ,roman presbyter1 and1 as some suppose1 bishop1 arguing against ,proclus1 the chief champion of ,montanism at ,rome1 says that he can 8show the trophies of the apostles40 8,for if you will go10 he continues1 8to the ,vatican1 or to the ,ostian ,road1 you will find the trophies of those who have laid the foundation of this church407#aa7 ,origen1 a man of encyclopdic learning1 who had been carefully nurtured by ,christian parents1 and who was imbued with the hardy1 stern culture of the ,greek literature1 at the early age of eighteen became the leader of the ,alexandrine school of ,christian philosophy4 ,he proved no unworthy successor of the logical ,clement4 ,certainly no name stands higher in the catechetical school than that of the ironsouled ,origen 774 ,the eloquent teachings of this youthful master nerved many a ,christian soul to endure with fortitude the fiery trials of martyrdom1 and even comforted the bleeding heart of ,leonides1 his father1 who became a victim of the unrelenting persecutions of ,severus4 ,from ,origen we learn 8that ,s4 ,peter1 after having preached through ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,bithynia1 ,cappadocia1 and ,asia1 to the ,jews that were scattered abroad1 went at last to ,rome1 where he was crucified40 8,these things10 says ,eusebius1 8are related by ,origen in the third book of his 407#ab7 ,tertullian by birth was a heathen and ,carthaginian4 ,he was the son of a centurion1 and had been educated in all the varied learning of ,greece and ,rome4 ,skilled as a rhetorician and advocate in ,rome1 he brought1 on his conversion to ,christianity1 the accomplishments of a highly cultivated intellect1 but a sombre and irritable temper4 ,the natural lawlessness of a mind guided by a passionate and stubborn disposition led him gradually to renounce the truths which the light of a higher intelligence had revealed1 until at last he was anathematized for his ,montanistic teachings4 ,his writings are an invaluable addition to the ,punic,latin theology1 and a repository from which we receive great information concerning the polemic questions which at that period harassed the ,christian church4 ,upon the subject of our article he writes as follows3 8,let them1 then1 give us the origin of their churches2 let them unfold the series of their bishops1 coming down in succession from the beginning1 so that the first bishop was appointed and preceded by any of the apostles1 or apostolic men1 who1 nevertheless1 preserved in communion with the apostles1 had an ordainer and predecessor4 ,for in this way the apostolic churches exhibit their origin2 thus the ,church of ,smyrna relates that ,polycarp was placed there by ,john1 as the ,church of ,rome also relates that ,clement was ordained by ,peter407#ac7 ,again3 8,if thou be adjacent to ,italy1 there thou hast ,rome1 whose authority is near at hand to us4 ,how happy is this church1 to which the apostles poured forth their whole doctrine with their blood6 where ,peter is assimilated to our ,lord2 where ,paul is crowned with a death like that of ,john407#ad7 ,and again3 8,let us see with what milk the ,corinthians were fed by ,paul2 according to what rule the ,galatians were reformed2 what laws were to the ,philippians1 ,thessalonians1 ,ephesians2 what also the ,romans sound in our ears1 to whom ,peter and ,paul left the ,gospel sealed with their blood407#ae7 ,to this list of witnesses we might add the testimony of the fathers and ecclesiastical writers who have flourished in different ages of the church1 but we now propose to briefly survey the opinions of some of the most noted ,protestant commentators4 ,the ,first ,epistle of ,s4 ,peter is said by the apostle to have been written from ,babylon1 but whether it be ,babylon in ,chaldea1 ,babylon in ,egypt1 ,jerusalem1 or ,rome1 has given rise to much speculation47#af7 ,our ,lord foretold the manner of ,st4 ,peter's death17#ag7 and an event of such importance would naturally have awakened more than ordinary interest4 ,seven cities claimed the honor of ,homer's birth17#ah7 but no other place than ,rome ever assumed to itself the glory of the apostle's martyrdom4 ,controversies arose concerning the time of celebrating ,easter1 the baptism of heretics1 and questions of a like nature1 yet none disputed the place in which ,s4 ,peter was martyred4 ,it is highly improbable that ,s4 ,peter ever visited either ,babylon in ,egypt or ,babylon in ,chaldea4 ,certainly no fact of history nor even possibility of conjecture furnishes the least warrantable presumption of either opinion4 ,the great burden of proof points toward ,rome4 ,like ,babylon1 pagan ,rome was idolatrous4 ,like ,babylon1 it persecuted the church of ,god4 ,like ,babylon1 the glory of its pagan temple and fane had departed4 ,in many manuscripts this epistle is dated from ,rome4 ,calvin1 who little regarded the authority of the fathers1 when1 in the presumption of his selfopinionated orthodoxy1 he said3 8,all the ancients were driven into error107#ai7 yet from evidence the most patent he believed that ,s4 ,peter suffered martyrdom at ,rome4 ,his language is3 8,propter scriptorum consensum non pugno quin illic mortuus fuerit407#bj7 8,on the meaning of the word ,babylon10 says ,grotius1 one of the most celebrated of the ,calvinistic school1 8ancient and modern interpreters disagree4 ,the ancients understand it of ,rome1 and that ,peter was there no true ,christian ever doubted2 the moderns understand it of ,babylon in ,chaldea4 ,i adhere to the ancients407#ba7 ,rosenmller1 of whom an able ,american critic has said1 8,he is almost everywhere a local investigator107#bb7 has left his testimony in the same language as ,grotius3 8,veteres ,romam interpretantur40 ,dr4 ,campbell very reluctantly yielded1 by the force of evidence1 to the same opinion when he wrote3 8,i am inclined to think that ,s4 ,peter's martyrdom must have been at ,rome1 both because it is agreeable to the unanimous voice of antiquity1 and because the sufferings of so great an apostle could not fail to be of such notoriety in the church as to preclude the possibility of an imposition in regard to the place407#bc7 8,from a careful examination of the evidence adduced10 says the learned ,horne1 8for the literal meaning of the word ,babylon1 and of the evidence for its figurative or mystical application to ,rome1 we think that the latter was intended407#bd7 ,we commend to 8,father ,gavazzi10 and to the ,rev4 ,doctors ,sunderland and ,newman of ,washington1 who are ever ready to throw down the gauntlet when an argument is made to prove that ,s4 ,peter was at ,rome1 the language of the logical and laborious ,macknight1 who clearly expresses our own view1 and whose diligence1 learning1 and moderation were so fully appreciated by ,bishop ,tomline3 8,it is not for our honor nor for our interest1 either as ,christians or ,protestants1 to deny the truth of events ascertained by early and wellattested tradition4 ,if any make an ill use of such facts1 we are not accountable for it4 ,we are not1 from a dread of such abuses1 to overthrow the credit of all history1 the consequences of which would be fatal407#be7 ,number ,thirteen4 ,an ,episode ,of ,the ,commune4 ,mlle4 de ,lemaque and her sister ,mme4 de ,chanoir lived at ,no4 #ac ,rue ,royale4 ,they were the daughters of a military man whose fortune when he married consisted in his sword1 nothing else2 and of a noble ,demoiselle de ,cambatte1 whose wedding portion1 according to the good old ,french fashion1 was precisely the same as her husband's1 minus the sword4 ,but over and above this joint capital the young people had a good stock of hope and courage1 and an inexhaustible fund of love2 they had therefore as good a chance of getting on as other young folk who start in life under the same pecuniary disadvantages4 ,m4 de ,lemaque1 moreover1 had friends in high place who looked kindly on him1 and promised him countenance and protection1 and there was no reason1 as far as he and his wife could see1 why he should not in due time clutch that legendary baton which ,napoleon declared every ,french soldier carries in his knapsack4 ,nor1 indeed1 looking at things from a retrospective point of view1 was there any reason1 that we can see1 why he should not have died a marshal of ,france1 except that he died too soon4 ,the young soldier was in a fair way of climbing to the topmost rung of the military ladder2 but just as he had got his foot on the third rung1 ,death stepped down and met him1 and he climbed no further4 ,his wife followed him into the grave three years later4 ,they left two daughters1 ,flicit and ,aline1 the only fruits of their short and happy union4 ,the orphans were educated at the ,legion of ,honor1 and then sent adrift on the wide1 wide world1 to battle with its winds and waves1 to sink or swim as best they could4 ,they swam4 ,perhaps ,i ought rather say they floated4 ,the eldest1 ,flicit1 was married from ,s4 ,denis to an old general1 who1 after a reasonably short time1 had the delicacy to betake himself to a better world1 leaving his gay wife a widow at the head of an income of #dj a year4 ,aline might have married under similar circumstances1 but1 after turning it over in her mind1 she came to the conclusion that1 all things considered1 since it was a choice of evils1 and that she must earn her bread in some way1 she preferred earning it and eating it independently as a single woman4 ,this gave rise to the only quarrel the sisters had had in their lives4 ,flicit resented the disgrace that ,aline was going to put on the family name by degenerating into a giver of private lessons1 when she might have secured forty pounds a year for ever by a few years' dutiful attendance on a brave man who had fought his country's battles4 8,well1 if you can find me a warrior of ninety10 said the younger sister1 a month before she left ,s4 ,denis1 8,i'm not sure that he might not persuade me2 but ,i never will capitulate under ninety2 ,i couldn't trust a man under that2 they live for ever when they marry between sixty and eighty1 and there are no tyrants like them2 now1 ,i would do my duty as a kind wife for a year or so1 but ,i've no notion of taking a situation as nurse for fifteen or twenty years1 and that's what one gets by marrying a young man of seventy or thereabouts40 ,flicit urged her own case as a proof to the contrary4 ,gnral de ,chanoir was only sixtyeight when she married him1 and he retired at seventy4 ,aline maintained1 however1 that this was the one exception necessary to prove the rule to the present generation1 and as no eligible parti of fourscore and ten presented itself before she left school1 she held to her resolve1 and started at once as a teacher4 ,the sisters took an apartment together1 if two rooms1 a cabinet de toilette1 and a cookingrange in a dark passage1 dignified by the name of kitchen1 can be called an apartment1 and for six years they lived very happily4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir was small and fair1 and very distinguishedlooking4 ,she had never known a day's illness in her life1 but she was a hypochondriac4 ,she believed herself afflicted with a spine disease1 which necessitated reclining all day long on the sofa in a ,louis ,quinze dressinggown and a ,dubarry cap4 ,aline was tall and dark1 not exactly pretty1 but indescribably piquant4 ,without being delicate1 her health was far less robust than her sister's2 but she was blessed with indomitable spirits and a fund of energy that carried her through a variety of aches and pains1 and often bore her successfully through her round of daily work when another would have given in4 ,the domestic establishment of the sisters consisted in a charwoman1 who rejoiced in the name of ,mme4 ,clry4 ,she was a type of a class almost extinct in ,paris now2 a dainty little cook1 clean as a sixpence1 honest as the sun1 orderly as a clock1 a capital servant in every way4 ,she came twice a day to ,no4 #ac1 two hours in the morning and three hours in the afternoon1 and the sisters paid her twenty francs a month4 ,she might have struck for more wages1 and rather than let her go they would have managed to raise them2 but ,mme4 ,clry was born before strikes came into fashion1 it was quite impossible to say how long before2 her age was incalculable2 her youth belonged to that class of facts spoken of as beyond the memory of the oldest man in the district4 ,aline used to look at her sometimes1 and wonder if she really could have been born1 and if she meant to die like other people2 the crisp1 wiry old woman looked the sort of person never to have either a beginning or an end2 they had had her now for eight years--at least ,mme4 de ,chanoir had--and there was not the shadow of a change in her4 ,her gowns were like herself1 they never wore out1 neither did her caps--high ,normandy caps1 with flaps extended like a windmill in repose1 stiff1 white1 and uncompromising4 ,everything about her was antiquated4 ,she had a religious regard for antiquity in every shape1 and a proportionate contempt for modernism2 but1 of all earthly things1 what her soul loved most was an old name1 and what it most despised a new one4 ,she used to say that if she chose to cook the rotis of a parvenu she might make double the money1 and it was true2 but she could not bend her spirit to it2 she liked her dry bread and herbs better from a good family than a stalled ox from upstarts4 ,she was as faithful as a dog to her two mistresses1 and consequently lorded over them like a stepmother1 perpetually bullying and scolding1 and bewailing her own infatuation in staying with them while she might be turning a fatter pullet on her own spit at home than the miserable coquille at ,no4 #ac ever held a fire to4 ,why had she not the sense to take the situation that ,m4 ,x----1 the agent de change1 across the street1 had offered her again and again8 ,the femme de mnage was1 in fact1 as odious and exasperating as the most devoted old servant who ever nursed a family from the cradle to the grave4 ,but let any one else dare so much as cast a disrespectful glance at either of her victims6 ,she shook her fist at the concierge's wife one day for venturing to call ,mme4 de ,chanoir ,mme4 de ,chanoir tout court1 instead of ,mme4 la ,gnrale de ,chanoir1 to a flunky who came with a note1 and she boxed the concierge's ears for speaking of ,aline as 8l',institutrice40 ,as ,mme4 la ,gnrale's sofa was drawn across the window that looked into the court1 she happened to be an eyewitness to the two incidents1 and heard every word that was said4 ,this accidental disclosure of ,mme4 ,clry's regard for the family dignity before outsiders covered a multitude of sins in the eyes of both the sisters4 ,indeed1 ,mme4 de ,chanoir came at last1 by force of habit1 almost to enjoy being bullied by the old soul4 8,cela nous pose1 ma chre10 she would remark complacently1 when the wind from the kitchen blew due north1 and ,aline threatened to mutiny4 ,aline never could have endured it if she had been as constantly tried as her easygoing sister was2 but1 lucky for all parties1 she went out immediately after breakfast1 and seldom came in till late in the afternoon1 when the old beldame was busy getting ready the dinner4 ,it was a momentous life they led1 the two young women1 but1 on the whole1 it was a happy one4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 seeing how bravely her sister carried the burden she had taken up1 grew reconciled to it in time4 ,they had a pleasant little society1 too2 friends who had known them from their childhood1 some rich and in good positions1 others struggling like themselves in a narrow cage and under difficult circumstances2 but one and all liked the sisters1 and brought a little contingent of sunshine to their lives4 ,as to ,aline1 she had sunshine enough in herself to light up the whole ,rue ,royale4 ,every lesson she gave1 every incident of the day1 no matter how trivial1 fell across her path like a sunbeam2 she had a knack of looking at things from a sunny focus that shot out rays on every object that came within its radius1 and of extracting amusement or interest from the most commonplace things and people2 even her own vexations she had turned into ridicule4 ,her position of governess was a fountain of fun to her4 ,when another would have drawn gall from a snub1 and smarted and been miserable under a slight1 ,aline de ,lemaque saw a comic side to the circumstance1 and would dress it up in a fashion that diverted herself and her friends for a week4 ,moreover1 the young lady was something of a philosopher4 8,you never find out human nature till you come to earn your own bread--,i mean1 women don't10 she used to say to ,mme4 de ,chanoir4 8,if ,i were the mother of a family of daughters1 and wanted to teach them life1 ,i'd make every one of them1 no matter how big their dots were1 begin by running after the cachet4 ,nobody who hasn't tried it would believe what a castle of truth it is to one--a mirror that shows up character to the life1 a sort of moral photography4 ,it is often as good as a play to me to watch the change that comes over people when1 after talking to them1 and making myself pass for a very agreeable person1 ,i suddenly announce the fact that ,i give lessons4 ,their whole countenance changes1 not that they look on me straightway with contempt4 ,oh6 dear no4 ,many good ,christians1 people of the 'help yourself and ,god will help you' sect1 conceive1 on the contrary1 a great respect for me2 but ,i become metamorphosed on the spot4 ,i am not what they took me for1 they took me for a lady1 and all the time ,i was a governess6 ,they did not think the less of me1 but they can't help feeling that they have been taken in2 that1 in fact1 ,i'm an altogether different variety from themselves1 and it is very odd they did not recognize it at first sight4 ,but these are the least exciting experiences4 ,the great fun is when ,i get hold of an outandout worldly individual1 man or woman1 but a woman is best1 and let them go on till they have thoroughly committed themselves1 made themselves gushingly agreeable to me1 perhaps gone the length of asking1 in a significant manner1 if ,i live in their neighborhood2 then comes the crisis4 ,i smile my gladdest1 and say1 #8,monsieur1 or ,madame1 ,i give lessons6' ,changement de dcoration vue d'il1 ma chre4 ,it's just as if ,i lancd an obus into the middle of the company1 only it rebounds on me and hits nobody else2 the eyebrows of the company go up1 the corners of its mouth go down1 and it bows to me as ,i sit on the ruins of my respectability1 shattered to pieces by my own obus40 8,i can't understand how you can laugh at it4 ,if ,i were in your place1 ,i should have died of vexation and wounded pride long ago10 said ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 one day1 as ,aline related in high glee an obus episode that she had had that morning2 8but ,i really believe you have no feeling40 8,well1 whatever ,i have1 ,i keep out of the reach of vulgar impertinence4 ,i should be very sorry to make my feelings a target for insolence and bad breeding10 replied ,aline pertly4 ,this was the simple truth4 ,her feelings were out of the reach of such petty shafts2 they were cased in cheerfulness and common sense1 and a nobler sort of pride than that in which ,mme4 de ,chanoir considered her sister wanting4 ,if1 however1 the obus was frequently fatal to ,mlle4 de ,lemaque's social standing1 on the other hand it occasionally did her good service2 but of this later4 ,its present character was that of an explosive bomb which she carried in her pocket1 and lancd with infinite gusto on every available opportunity4 ,on ,saturday evening the sisters were 8at home40 ,these little soires were the great event of their quiet lives4 ,all the episodes and anecdotes of the week were treasured up for that evening1 when the intimes came to see them and converse and sip a glass of cold eau sucre in summer1 and a cup of hot ditto in winter 7but then it was called tea7 by the light of a small lamp with a green shade4 ,there was no attempt at entertainment or finery of any kind1 except that ,mme4 ,clry1 instead of going home as soon as the dinner things were washed up1 stayed to open the door4 ,it was a remnant of the sort of society that used to exist in ,french families some thirty years ago1 when conversation was cultivated as the primary accomplishment of men and women1 and when they met regularly to exercise themselves in the difficult and delightful art4 ,it was not reserved to the wellborn exclusively to talk well and brilliantly in those days1 when the most coveted encomium that could be passed on any one was1 8,he talks well40 ,all classes vied for it2 every circle had its centre of conversation4 ,the fauteuil de l'aeule and the salon of the femme d'esprit1 each had its audience1 attended as assiduously1 and perhaps enjoyed quite as much1 as the vaudevilles and ambigus that have since drawn away the bourgeois from the one and the man of fashion from the other4 ,besides its usual habitus for conversation1 every circle had one habitu who was looked upon as the friend of the family1 and tacitly took precedence of all the others4 ,the friend of the family at ,no4 #ac was a certain professor of the ,sorbonne named ,m4 ,dalibouze4 ,he was somewhere on the sunny side of fifty1 a bald1 pompous little man who wore spectacles1 took snuff1 and laid down the law2 very prosy and very estimable1 a model professor4 ,he had never married1 but it was the dream of his life to marry4 ,he had meditated on marriage for the last thirty years1 and of course knew more about it than any man who had been married double that time4 ,he was never so eloquent or so emphatic as when dilating on the joys and duties of domestic life2 no matter how tired he was with study and scientific researches1 how disappointed in the result of some cherished literary scheme1 he brightened up the moment marriage came on the tapis4 ,this hobby of the professor's was a great amusement to ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 who delighted to see him jump into the saddle and ride off at a canter while she lay languidly working at her tapestry1 patting him on the back every now and then1 by a word of encouragement1 or signifying her assent merely by a smile or a nod4 ,sometimes she would take him to task seriously about putting his theories into practice and getting himself a wife1 assuring him that it was quite wicked of him not to marry when he was so richly endowed with all the qualities necessary to make a model husband4 8,ah6 madame1 if ,i thought ,i were capable of making a young woman happy60 ,m4 ,dalibouze would exclaim with a sigh2 8but at my age6 ,no1 ,i have let my chance go by40 8,how1 sir1 at your age60 the gnrale would protest4 8,why1 it is the very flower of manhood1 the moment of all others for a man to marry4 ,you have outlived the delusions of youth and none of its vigor2 you have crossed the ,rubicon that separates folly from wisdom1 and you have left nothing on the other side of the bridge but the silly chimera of boyhood4 ,believe me1 the woman whom you would select would never wish to see you a day younger40 ,and ,m4 ,dalibouze would caress his chin1 and observe thoughtfully3 8,do you think so1 madame80 ,upon which ,mme4 de ,chanoir would pour another vial of oil and honey on the learned head of the professor1 till the wonder was that it did not turn on his shoulders4 ,aline had no sympathy with his rhapsodies or his jeremiads2 they bored her to extinction1 and sometimes it was all she could do not to tell him so2 but she disapproved of his being made a joke of1 and testified against it very decidedly when ,flicit1 in a spirit of mischief1 led him up to a more than usually ridiculous culmination4 ,it was not fair1 she said1 to make a greater fool of the good little man than he made of himself1 and instead of encouraging him to talk such nonsense one ought to laugh him out of it1 and try and cure him of his silly conceit4 8,i don't see it at all in that light10 ,mme4 de ,chanoir would answer4 8,in the first place1 if ,i laughed at him1 or rather if ,i let him see that ,i did1 he would never forgive me1 and1 as ,i have a great regard for him1 ,i should be sorry to lose his friendship2 and in the next place1 it's a great amusement to me to see him swallow my little doses of flattery so complacently1 and ,i have no scruple in dosing him1 because nothing that ,i or any one else could say could possibly add one grain to his self conceit1 so one may as well turn it to account for a little entertainment40 ,it was partly this system of flattery1 which ,aline resented on principle1 that induced her occasionally to snub the professor1 and partly the fact that she had reason to suspect his dreams of married bliss centred upon herself4 ,in fact1 she knew it4 ,he had never told her so outright1 for the simple reason that1 whenever he drew near that crisis1 ,aline cut him short in such a peremptory manner that it cowed him for weeks1 but nevertheless she knew in her heart of hearts that she reigned supreme over ,m4 ,dalibouze's4 ,she would not have married him1 no1 not if he could have crowned her queen of the ,sorbonne and the ,collge de ,france1 but the fact of his being her slave and aspiring to be her master constituted a claim on her regard which a truehearted woman seldom disowns4 ,flicit would have favored his suit if there had been the ghost of a chance for him1 but she knew there was not4 ,mme4 ,clry looked coldly on it4 ,needless to say1 neither ,m4 ,dalibouze nor his cruelhearted ladylove had ever made a confidante of the femme de mnage2 but she often remarked to her mistresses when they ventured an opinion on anything connected with her special department1 8,je ne suis pas ne d'hier10 an assertion which1 strange to say1 even the rebellious ,aline had never attempted to gainsay4 ,mme4 ,clry was not1 indeed1 born yesterday1 moreover she was a ,frenchwoman1 and a particularly wideawake one1 and from the first evening that she saw ,aline sugaring ,m4 ,dalibouze's tea1 dropping in lump after lump in that reckless way1 while the little man held his cup and beamed at her through his spectacles as if he meant to stand there for ever simpering1 8,merci encore60--it occurred to ,mme4 ,clry when she saw this that there was more in it than teamaking4 ,of course it was natural and proper that a young woman1 especially an orphan1 should think of getting married1 but it was right and proper that her friends should think of it too1 and see that she married the proper person4 ,now1 on the face of it1 ,m4 ,dalibouze could not be the proper person4 ,nevertheless1 ,mme4 ,clry waited till the suspicion that ,m4 ,dalibouze had settled it in his own mind that he was that man took the shape of a conviction before she considered it her duty to interfere4 ,by interfering ,mme4 ,clry meant going aux renseignements4 ,nobody ever got true renseignements1 especially when there was a marriage in question1 except people like her2 ladies and gentlemen never get behind the scenes with each other1 or1 if they do1 they never tell what they see there4 ,they are very sweet and smiling when they meet in the salon1 and nobody guesses that madame has rated her femme de chambre for not putting the flowers in her hair exactly to her fancy1 or that monsieur has flung a boot at his valet for giving him his shavingwater too hot or too cold4 ,if you want the truth1 you must get it by the backstairs4 ,this was ,mme4 ,clry's belief1 and1 acting upon it1 she went to ,m4 ,dalibouze's concierge in the ,rue ,jean ,beauvais to consult him confidentially about his locataire4 ,the first thing to be ascertained before entering on such secondary details as character1 conduct1 etc41 was whether or not the professor was of a good enough family to be entertained at all as a husband for ,mlle4 de ,lemaque4 ,on this sine qua non question the concierge could unfortunately throw no light4 ,the professor had a multitude of friends1 all respectable people1 many of them dcors1 who drove to the door in spruce coups1 but of his family ,pipelet knew nothing2 of his personal respectability there was no doubt whatever2 he was the kindest of men1 a very pearl of tenants1 always in before midnight1 and gave forty francs to ,pipelet on ,new ,year's day1 not to count sundry other little bonuses on minor ftes during the year4 ,but so long as her mind was in darkness on the main point1 all this was no better than sounding brass in the ears of ,mme4 ,clry4 8,has he1 or has he not1 the particule80 she demanded1 cutting ,pipelet short in the middle of his panegyric4 8,the particule80 repeated ,pipelet4 8,what's that80 8,the particule nobiliaire10 explained ,mme4 ,clry1 with a touch of contempt4 8,there is some question of a marriage between him and one of my ladies2 but1 if ,m4 ,dalibouze hasn't got the particule1 it's no use thinking of it40 8,madame10 said ,pipelet1 assuming a meditative air--he was completely at sea as to what this essential piece of property might be1 but did not like to own his ignorance--8,i'm not a man to set up for knowing more of my tenant's business than ,i do1 and ,m4 ,dalibouze has never opened himself to me about how or where his money was placed2 but ,i could give you the name of his agent1 if ,i thought it would not compromise me40 8,i'm not a woman to compromise any one that showed me confidence10 said ,mme4 ,clry1 tightening her lips1 and bobbing her flaps at ,pipelet2 8but you need not give me the name of his agent4 ,what sort of a figure should ,i make at his agent's6 ,give me his own name4 ,how does he spell it80 8,spell it60 echoed ,pipelet4 8,a big ,d or a little d80 said ,mme4 ,clry4 8,why1 a big ,d1 of course6 ,who ever spelt their name with a little one80 retorted ,pipelet4 8,ah64440 ,mme4 ,clry smiled a smile of serene pity on the benighted ignoramus1 and then observed coolly3 8,i suspected it6 ,i'm not easy to deceive in that sort of things4 ,i was not born yesterday4 ,goodmorning1 ,m4 le ,concierge40 ,she moved towards the door4 8,stop60 cried ,pipelet1 seizing his berette as if a ray of light had shot through his skull--8stop6 ,now that ,i think of it1 it's a little d4 ,i have not a doubt but it's a little d4 ,i noticed it only yesterday on a letter that came for monsieur1 and ,i said to myself3 #8,let us see6' ,i said4 #8,what a queer fancy for a man of distinction like ,m4 le ,professeur to spell his name with a little d6' ,l6 if ,i didn't say those words to myself no later than yesterday60 ,mme4 ,clry was dubious4 ,unluckily there was no letter in ,m4 ,dalibouze's box at that moment1 which would have settled the point at issue1 so she had nothing for it but to go home1 and turn it in her mind what was to be done next4 ,after all1 it was a great responsibility on her4 ,the old soul considered herself in the light of a protector to the two young women1 one a cripple on the broad of her back1 and the other a lighthearted creature who believed everything and everybody4 ,it was her place to look after them as far as she could4 ,that afternoon1 when ,mme4 ,clry went to ,no4 #ac1 after her fruitless expedition to the ,rue ,jean ,beauvais1 she took a letter in to ,mme4 de ,chanoir4 ,she had never seen1 or1 at any rate1 never noticed1 the writing before1 but as she handed the envelope to her mistress it flashed upon her that it was from ,m4 ,dalibouze1 and that it bore on the subject of her morning's peregrination4 ,she seized a featherbroom that hung by the fireplace1 and began vigorously threatening the clock and the candlesticks1 as an excuse for staying in the room1 and watching ,mme4 de ,chanoir in the lookingglass while she read the letter4 ,the old woman was an irascible enemy to dust2 they were used to see her at the most inopportune times pounce on the featherbroom and begin whipping about her to the right and left1 so ,mme4 de ,chanoir took no notice of this sudden castigation of the chimneypiece at four o'clock in the afternoon4 ,she read her note1 and then1 tossing it into the basket beside her1 resumed her tapestry as if nothing had occurred to divert her thoughts from roses and ,berlin wool4 8,mme4 la ,gnrale1 pardon and excuse10 said ,mme4 ,clry1 deliberately hanging the featherbroom on its nail1 and going up to the foot of the gnrale's sofa4 8,i have it on my mind to ask something of madame40 8,ask it1 my good ,mme4 ,clry40 8,does ,mme4 la ,gnrale think of marrying ,mlle4 ,aline80 ,mme4 de ,chanoir opened her eyes1 and stared for a moment in mild surprise at her charwoman1 then a smile broke over her face1 and she said3 8,you are thinking that you would not like to come to me if ,i were alone80 8,i was not thinking of that1 madame10 replied ,mme4 ,clry1 in a tone of ceremony that was not habitual1 and which would have boded no good 7,mme4 ,clry was never so respectful as when she was going to be particularly disagreeable71 except that she looked very meek1 and1 ,flicit thought1 rather affectionately at her as their eyes met4 8,well10 said ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 8,i suppose we must marry her some day2 ,i ought1 perhaps1 to occupy myself about it more actively than ,i do2 but there's time enough to think about it yet2 mademoiselle is in no hurry40 8,dame60 said ,mme4 ,clry testily1 8when a demoiselle has become an old maid1 there is not so much time to lose6 ,pardon and excuse1 ,mme4 la ,gnrale1 but ,i thought1 ,i don't know why1 that that letter had something to do with it80 8,this letter6 ,what could have put that into your head80 ,mme4 de ,chanoir took up the note to see if the envelope had anything about it which warranted this romantic suspicion1 but it was an ordinary envelope1 with no trace of anything more peculiar than the postmark4 8,as ,i have told ,mme4 la ,gnrale before10 said ,mme4 ,clry1 shaking her head significantly1 8,i was not born yesterday0--she emphasized the not as if ,mme4 de ,chanoir had denied that fact and challenged her to swear to it on the ,bible--8and ,i don't carry my eyes in my pocket2 and when a demoiselle heaps lumps of sugar into a gentleman's cup till it's as thick as honey for a spoon to stand in1 and a shame to see the substance of the family wasted in such a way1 and she never grudging it a bit1 but looking as if it would be fun to her to turn the sugarbowl upside down over it--,i say1 when ,i see that sort of thing1 ,i'm not femme ,clry if there isn't something in it40 ,flicit felt inclined to laugh1 but she restrained herself1 and observed interrogatively3 8,well1 ,mme4 ,clry1 suppose there is80 ,this extravagance of sugar on ,m4 ,dalibouze was an old grievance of ,mme4 ,clry's4 ,in fact1 it had been her only one against the professor1 till she grew to look upon him as the possible husband of ,mlle4 ,aline1 and then the question of his having or not having the particule assumed such alarming importance in her mind that it magnified all minor defects1 and she believed him capable of every misdemeanor under the sun4 8,mme4 la ,gnrale10 she replied1 8one does not marry every day2 one ought to think seriously about it2 ,mlle4 ,aline has not experience2 she is vive and lighthearted2 she is a person to be taken in by outward appearances2 such things as learning1 good principles1 and esprit would blind her to serious shortcomings2 it is the duty of ,mme4 la ,gnrale to prevent such a mistake in time40 8,what sort of shortcomings are you afraid of in ,m4 ,dalibouze1 ,mme4 ,clry80 inquired ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 dropping her tapestry1 and looking with awakened curiosity at the old woman4 8,let us begin with a first principle1 ,mme4 la ,gnrale10 observed ,mme4 ,clry1 demurely slapping the palm of her left hand4 8,mlle4 ,aline is ne2 the father and mother of mamzelle were both of an excellent family2 it is consequently of the first necessity that her husband should be so1 too2 the first thing1 therefore1 to be considered in a suitor is his name4 ,now1 has ,m4 ,dalibouze the particule1 or has he not80 ,it was a very great effort for ,mme4 de ,chanoir to keep her countenance under this charge and deliver with which the old woman solemnly closed her speech1 and then stood awaiting the effect on her listener2 still1 such is the weakness of human nature1 the gnrale in her inmost heart was flattered by it2 it was pleasant to be looked up to as belonging to a race above the common herd1 to be recognized in spite of her poverty1 even by a femme de mnage1 as superior to the wealthy parvenus whose fathers and mothers were not of a good family4 8,my good ,mme4 ,clry10 she said after a moment's reflection1 8you1 like ourselves1 were brought up with very different ideas from those that people hold nowadays4 ,nobody cares a straw today who a man's father was1 or whether he had the particule or not2 all that they care about is that he should be well educated1 and well conducted1 and well off2 and1 my dear1 one must go with the times1 one must give in to the force of public opinion around one4 ,customs change with the times4 ,i would1 of course1 much rather have a brotherinlaw of our own rank than one cleverer and richer who was not2 but what would you have8 ,one cannot have everything4 ,it is not pleasant for me to see ,mlle4 de ,lemaque earning her own bread1 running about the streets like a milliner's apprentice at all hours of the day4 ,i would overlook something to see her married to a kind1 honorable man who would keep her in comfort and independence40 8,bont divine60 exclaimed ,mme4 ,clry1 with a look of deep distress and consternation1 8madame would then actually marry mamzelle to a bourgeois sans particule8 ,for madame admits that ,m4 ,dalibouze has not the particule1 that he spells his name with a big ,d80 8,alas6 he does10 confessed the gnrale2 8but he comes1 nevertheless1 of a good old ,normandy stock1 ,mme4 ,clry2 his greatgrandfather was procureur du roi under--0 8,tut6 tut60 interrupted ,mme4 ,clry2 8his greatgrandfather may have been what he liked2 if he wasn't a gentleman1 he has no business marrying his great grandson to a de ,lemaque4 ,no1 madame2 ,i am a poor woman1 but ,i know better than that4 ,mamzelle's father would turn in his grave if he saw her married to a man who spelt his name with a big ,d40 ,the conversation was interrupted by a ring at the door4 ,it was ,aline4 ,she came back earlier than usual1 because one of her pupils was ill and had not been able to take her lesson4 ,the young girl was flushed and excited1 and flung herself into an armchair the moment she entered1 and burst into tears4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir sat up in alarm1 fearing she was ill1 and suggested a cup of tisane4 8,oh6 'tis nothing4 ,i'm an idiot to mind it or let such impertinence vex me10 she said1 when the first outburst had passed off and relieved her4 8,mon ,dieu6 but what vexes mamzelle80 inquired ,mme4 ,clry anxiously4 8,a horrid man that followed me the length of the street1 and made some impudent speech1 and asked me where ,i lived10 sobbed ,aline4 8,is it possible60 exclaimed the old woman1 aghast1 and clasping her hands4 8,well1 mamzelle does astonish me6 ,i thought young men knew better nowadays than to go on with that sort of tricks2 fifty years ago they used to4 ,i remember how ,i was followed and spoken to every time ,i went to church or to market2 it was a persecution2 but now ,i come and go and nobody minds me4 ,to think of their daring to speak to mamzelle60 8,that's what one must expect when one walks about alone at your age1 ma pauvre ,aline10 said the gnrale1 rather sharply1 with a significant look at ,mme4 ,clry which that good lady understood1 and resented by compressing her lips and bobbing her flaps1 as much as to say1 8,one has a principle or one has not0--principle being in this instance synonymous with particule4 ,things remained in statu quo after this for some years4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir did not enlighten her sister on the subject of the conference with ,mme4 ,clry1 but she worked as far as she could in favor of the luckless suitor who spelt his name with a capital ,d4 ,it was of no use1 however4 ,aline continued to snub him so pertinaciously and persistently that ,mme4 de ,chanoir at last gave up his cause as hopeless1 and the professor himself1 when he saw this1 his solitary stronghold1 surrender1 thought it best to raise the siege with a good grace1 and make a friendly truce with the victor4 ,he frankly withdrew from the field of suitors1 and took up his position as a friend of the family4 ,this once done1 he accepted its responsibilities and prerogatives1 and held himself on the qui vive to render any service in his power to ,mme4 de ,chanoir2 he kept her concierge in order1 and brought bonbons and flowers to ,no4 #ac on every possible occasion4 ,he knew ,aline was passionately fond of the latter1 and he was careful to keep the flower stand that stood in the pier of the little salon freshly supplied with her favorite plants1 and the vases filled with her favorite flowers4 ,he never dared to offer her a present1 but under cover of offering them to the gnrale he kept her informed about every new book which was likely to interest her4 ,finally1 ,frenchman like1 having abandoned the hope of marrying her himself1 he set to work to find some more fortunate suitor4 ,this was par excellence the duty of a friend of the family1 and ,m4 ,dalibouze was fully alive to its importance4 ,the disinterested zeal he displayed in the discharge of it would have been comical if the spirit of genuine selfsacrifice which animated him had not touched it with pathos4 ,one by one every eligible parti in the range of his acquaintance was led up for inspection to ,no4 #ac4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir entered complacently into the presentations2 they amused her1 and she tried to persuade herself that1 sooner or later1 something would come of them2 but she knew ,aline too well ever to let her into the secret of the professor's matrimonial manuvres4 ,the result would have been to furnish ,mlle4 de ,lemaque with an obus opportunity and nothing more4 ,but do what she would1 the gnrale could never cheat ,mme4 ,clry4 ,the old woman detected a prtendant as a cat does a mouse4 ,it was an instinct with her4 ,there was no putting her off the scent4 ,she never said a word to ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 but she had a most aggravating way of making her understand tacitly that she knew all about it--that1 in fact1 she was not born yesterday4 ,this was her system1 whenever ,m4 ,dalibouze brought a parti to tea in the evening4 ,mme4 ,clry was seized next day with a furious dusting fit1 and when the gnrale testified against the feathers that kept flying out of the broom1 ,mme4 ,clry would observe1 in a significant way3 8,mme4 la ,gnrale1 that makes an impression when one sees a salon well dusted2 that proves that the servant is capable--that she attends to her work4 ,madame does not think of those things1 but strangers do40 ,it became at length a sort of cabalistic ceremony with the old woman2 intelligible only to ,mme4 de ,chanoir4 ,if ,aline came in when the fit was on her1 and ventured to expostulate1 and ask what she was doing with the duster at that time of day1 ,mme4 ,clry would remark stiffly3 8,mamzelle ,aline1 ,i am dusting40 ,aline came at last to believe that it was a modified phase of ,s4 ,vitus' dance1 and that for want of anything better the old beldame vented her nerves on imaginary dust which she pursued in holes and corners with her feathery weapon4 ,this went on till ,mlle4 de ,lemaque was sixandtwenty4 ,she was still a bright1 brave creature1 working hard1 accepting the privations and toil of her life in a spirit of sunshiny courage4 ,but the sun was no longer always shining4 ,there were days now when he drew behind a cloud--when toil pressed like a burden1 and she beat her wings against it1 and hated the cage that cooped her in2 and she longed not so much for rest or happiness as for freedom--for a larger scope and higher aims1 and wider1 fuller sympathies4 ,when these cloudy days came around1 ,aline felt the void of her life with an intensity that amounted at times to anguish2 she felt it all the more keenly because she could not speak of it4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir would not have understood it4 ,the sisters were sincerely attached to each other1 but there was little sympathy of character between them1 and on many points they were as little acquainted with each other as the neighbors on the next street4 ,they knew this1 and agreed sensibly to keep clear of certain subjects on which they could never meet except to disagree4 ,the younger sister1 therefore1 when the sky was overcast1 and when her spirits flagged1 never tried to lean upon the older1 but worked against the enemy in silence1 denying herself the luxury of complaint4 ,if her looks betrayed her1 as was sometimes the case1 and prompted ,mme4 de ,chanoir to inquire if there was anything the matter beyond the neverending annoyance of life in general1 ,aline's assurance that there was not was invariably followed by the remark3 8,ma sur1 ,i wish you were married40 ,to which ,aline as invariably replied3 8,i am happier as ,i am1 ,flicit40 ,it was true1 or at any rate ,mlle4 de ,lemaque thought it was4 ,under all her surface indifference she carried a true woman's heart4 ,she had dreamt her dreams of happiness1 of tender fireside joys1 and the dream was so fair and beautiful that for years it filled her life like a reality1 and when she discovered1 or fancied she did1 that it was all too beautiful to be anything but a dream1 that the hero of her young imagination would never cross her path in the form of a mortal husband1 ,aline accepted the discovery with a sigh1 but without repining1 and laid aside all thought of marriage as a guest that was not for her4 ,as to the marriages that she saw every day around her1 she would no more have bound herself in one of them than she would have sold herself to an ,eastern pasha4 ,marriage was a very different thing in her eyes from what it was in ,mme4 de ,chanoir's4 ,there was no point on which the sisters were more asunder than on this1 and ,aline understood it so well that she avoided touching on it except in jest4 ,whenever the subject was introduced1 she drew a mask of frivolity over her real feelings to avoid bringing down the gnrale's ridicule on what she would stigmatize as preposterous sentimentality4 ,m4 ,dalibouze alone guessed something of this undercurrent of deep feeling in the young girl's character4 ,with the subtle instinct of affection he penetrated the disguise in which she wrapped herself1 but1 with a delicacy that she scarcely gave him credit for1 he never let her see that he did4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 when one of those fits of tristesse was upon her1 and she was striving to dissemble it by increased cheerfulness towards everybody1 and sauciness towards him1 the professor would adapt the conversation to the tone of her thoughts with a skill and apropos that surprised her4 ,once in particular ,aline was startled by the way in which he betrayed either a singularly close observation of her character1 or a still more singular sympathy with its moods and sufferings4 ,it was on a ,saturday evening1 the little circle was gathered round the fire1 and the conversation fell upon poetry and the mission of poets amongst common men4 ,aline declared that it was the grandest of all missions2 that1 after the prophet and priest1 the poet did more for the moral wellbeing1 the spiritual redemption of his fellows than any other missionary1 whether philosopher1 artist1 or patriot2 he combined them all1 in fact1 if he wished it4 ,if he was a patriot1 he could serve his country better than a soldier1 by singing her wrongs and her glories1 and firing the souls of her sons1 and making all mankind vibrate to the touch of pain1 or joy1 or passionate revenge1 while he sat quietly by his own hearth2 she quoted ,moore and ,krazinski1 and other patriot bards who living had ruled their people1 and sent down their name a legacy of glory to unborn generations1 till warmed by her subject she grew almost eloquent1 and broke off in an impulsive cry of admiration and envy3 8,oh6 what a glorious privilege to be a poet1 to be even a man with the power of doing something1 of living a noble life1 instead of being a weak1 goodfornothing woman60 ,the little ring of listeners heard her with pleasure1 and thought she must have a very keen appreciation of the beauties of the poets to speak of them so well and so fervently4 ,but ,m4 ,dalibouze saw more in it than this4 ,he saw an undertone of impatience1 of disappointment1 of longing to go and do likewise1 to spread her wings and fly1 to wield a wand that had power to make others spread their wings2 there was a spirit's warcry in it1 a rebel's impotent cry against the narrow1 inexorable bondage of her life4 8,yes10 said the professor1 8it is a grand mission1 ,i grant you1 but it is not such a rare one as you make it out1 ,mlle4 ,aline4 ,there are more poets in the world than those who write poetry2 few of us have the gift of being poets in language1 but we may all be poets in action if we will2 we may live out our lives in poems40 8,if we had the fashioning of our lives1 no doubt we might10 asserted ,aline ironically2 8but they are most of them so shabby that ,i defy ,homer himself to manufacture an epic or an idyl out of them40 8,you are mistaken4 ,there is no life too shabby to be a poem10 said ,m4 ,dalibouze2 8it is true1 we can't fashion our lives as you say1 but we can color them1 we can harmonize them2 but we must begin by believing this1 and by getting our elements under command2 we must sort them and arrange them1 just as ,mme4 la ,gnrale is doing with the shreds and silks for the tapestry1 and then go on patiently working out the pattern leaf by leaf2 byandby when the web gets tangled as it is sure to do with the best workers1 instead of pulling angrily at it1 or cutting it with the sharp scissors of revolt1 we must call up a soft breeze from the land of souls where the spirit of the true poet dwells1 and bid it blow over it1 and then let us listen1 and we shall hear the spiritwind draw tones of music out of our tangled web1 like the breeze sweeping the strings of an olian harp4 ,it is our own fault1 or perhaps oftener our own misfortune1 if our lives look shabby to us2 we consider them piecemeal instead of looking at them as a whole40 8,but how can we look at them as a whole80 said ,aline4 8,we don't even know that they ever will develop into a whole4 ,how many of us remain on the easel a sort of washedin sketch to the end8 ,it seems to me we are pretty much like apples in an orchard2 some drop off in the flower1 some when they are grown to little green balls1 hard and sour and good for nothing2 it is only a little of the tree that comes to maturity40 8,and is there not abundance of poetry in every phase of the apple's life1 no matter when it falls80 said ,m4 ,dalibouze4 8,how many poems has the blight of the starry blossom given birth to8 ,and the little green ball1 who will count the odes that the schoolboy has sung to it1 not in good hexameters perhaps1 but in sound1 heart poetry1 full of zest and the gusto of youth1 when all bitters are sweet8 ,o mon ,dieu6 when ,i think of the days when a brightgreen apple was like honey in my mouth1 ,i could be a poet myself6 ,no pat de foie gras ever tasted half so sweet as that forbidden fruit of my schooldays60 8,good for the forbidden fruit60 said ,aline1 amused at the professor's sentiment over the reminiscence2 8but that is only one view of the question3 if the apples could speak1 they would give us another40 8,would they80 said ,m4 ,dalibouze4 8,i'm not sure of that4 ,if the apples discuss the point at all1 believe me1 they are agreed that whatever befalls them is the very best thing that could4 ,we have no evidence of any created thing1 vegetable1 mineral1 or animal1 grumbling at its lot2 that is reserved to man1 discontent is man's prerogative1 he quarrels with himself1 with his destiny1 his neighbors1 everything by turns4 ,if we could but do like the apples1 blossom1 and grow1 and fall1 early or late1 just as the wind and the gardener wished1 we should be happy4 ,fancy an apple quarrelling with the sun in spring for not warming him as he does in ,august6 ,it would be no more preposterous than it is for men to quarrel with their circumstances4 ,the fruit of our lives have their seasons like the fruit of our gardens2 the winter and snows and the sharp winds are just as necessary to both as the fire of the summer heat2 all growth is gradual1 and we must accept the process through which we are brought to maturity1 just as the apples do4 ,it is not the same for all of us2 some are ripened under the warm vibrating sun1 others resist it1 and1 like certain winter fruit1 require the cold twilight days to mellow them4 ,but it matters little what the process is1 it is sure to be the right one if we wait for it and accept it40 8,i wonder what stage of it ,i am in at the present moment10 said ,aline4 8,i can't say the sun has had much to do with it2 the winds and the rain have been the busiest agents in my garden so far40 8,patience1 mademoiselle60 said ,m4 ,dalibouze4 8,the sun will come in his own good time40 8,you answer for that80 8,i do40 ,aline looked him straight in the face as she put the question like a challenge1 and ,m4 ,dalibouze met the saucy bright eyes with a grave glance that had more of tenderness in it than she had ever seen there before4 ,it flashed upon her for a moment that the sun might come to her through a less worthy medium than this kind1 faithful1 honorable man1 and that she had been mayhap a fool to her own happiness in shutting the gate on him so contemptuously4 ,perhaps the professor read the thought on her face1 for he said in a penetrated tone1 and fixing his eyes upon her3 8,the true sun of life is marriage40 ,it was an unfortunate remark4 ,aline tossed back her head1 and burst out laughing4 ,the spell that had held her for an instant was broken4 8,a day will come when some one will tell you so1 and you will not laugh1 ,mlle4 ,aline10 said ,m4 ,dalibouze humbly1 and hiding his discomfiture under a smile4 ,this was the only time within the last two years that he had betrayed himself into any expression of latent hope with regard to ,mlle4 de ,lemaque1 and it had no sooner escaped him than he regretted it4 ,the following ,saturday1 by way of atonement1 he brought up a most desirable parti for inspection1 and next day ,mme4 ,clry was seized with the inevitable dusting fit4 ,nothing1 however1 came of it4 ,things went on without any noticeable change at ,no4 #ac till ,september1 #ahgj1 when ,paris was declared in a state of siege4 ,the sisters were not among those lucky ones who wavered for a time between going and staying1 between the desire to put themselves in safekeeping1 and the temptation of living through the blocus and boasting of it for the rest of their days4 ,there was no choice for them but to stay4 ,aline1 as usual1 made the best of it2 she must stay1 so she settled it in her mind that she liked to stay2 that it would be a wonderful experience to live through the most exciting episode that could have broken up the stagnant monotony of their lives1 and that1 in fact1 it was rather an enjoyable prospect than the reverse4 ,mme4 ,clry was commissioned to lay in as ample a store of provisions as their purse would allow4 ,the good woman did the best she could with her means1 and the little group encouraged each other to face the coming events like patriotic citizens1 cheerfully and bravely4 ,of the magnitude of those events1 or their own probable share in their national calamities1 they had a very vague notion4 8,the situation10 ,m4 ,dalibouze assured them1 8was critical1 but by no means desperate4 ,on the contrary1 ,france1 instead of being at the mercy of her enemies1 was now on the eve of crushing them1 of obtaining one of those astonishing victories which make ordinary history pale4 ,it was the incommensurable superiority of the ,french arms that had brought her to this pass2 that had driven ,prussia mad with rage and envy1 and roused her to defiance4 ,infatuated ,prussia6 she would mourn over her folly once and for ever4 ,she would find that ,paris was not alone the ,greece of civilization and the arts and sciences1 but that she was the most impregnable fortress that ever defied the batteries of a foe4 ,europe had deserted ,paris1 after betraying ,france to her enemies2 now the day of reckoning was at hand2 ,europe would reap the fruits of her base jealousy1 and witness the triumph of the capital of the world60 ,this was ,m4 ,dalibouze's firm opinion1 and he gave it in public and private to any one who cared to hear it4 ,when ,mme4 de ,chanoir asked if he meant to remain in ,paris through the siege1 the professor was so shocked by the implied affront to his patriotism that he had to control himself before he could trust himself to answer her4 8,comment1 ,mme4 la ,gnrale6 ,you think so meanly of me as to suppose ,i would abandon my country at such a crisis6 ,is it a time to fly when the enemy is at our gates1 and when the nation expects every man to stand forth and defend her1 and scatter those miserable eaters of sauerkraut to the winds60 ,and straightway acting up to this noble patriotic credo1 ,m4 ,dalibouze had himself measured for a ,national ,guard uniform4 ,no sooner had he endorsed it than he rushed off to ,nadar's and had himself photographed4 ,he counted the hours till the proofs came home1 and then1 bursting with satisfaction1 he set out to ,no4 #ac4 8,it is unbecoming10 he said1 shrugging his shoulders as he presented his carte de visite to the gnrale1 8mais que voulezvous8 ,a man must sacrifice everything to his country2 what is personal appearance that it could weigh in the balance against duty6 ,bah6 ,i could get myself up as a punchinello1 and perch all day on the top of ,mont ,valrien1 if it could scare away one of those despicable brigands from the walls of the capital60 8,you are wrong in saying it is unbecoming1 ,m4 ,dalibouze10 protested the gnrale1 attentively scanning the portrait1 where the military costume was set off by a semiheroic military pose1 8,i think the dress suits you admirably40 8,you are too indulgent1 madame10 said the professor4 8,you see your friends through the eyes of friendship2 but1 in truth1 it was purely from an historical point of view that ,i made the little sacrifice of personal feeling2 the portrait will be interesting as a souvenir some day when we1 the actors in this great drama1 have passed away40 ,but time went on1 and the prophetic triumphs of ,m4 ,dalibouze were not realized2 the eaters of sauerkraut held their ground1 and provisions began to grow scarce at ,no4 #ac4 ,the purse of the sisters1 never a large one1 was now seriously diminished1 ,aline's contribution to the common fund having ceased altogether with the beginning of the siege4 ,her old pupils had left1 and there was no chance of finding any new ones at such a time as this4 ,no one had money to spend on lessons1 or leisure to learn2 the study that absorbed everybody was how to realize food or fuel out of impossible elements4 ,every one was suffering1 in a more or less degree1 from the miseries imposed by the state of blocus2 but one would have fancied the presence of death in so many shapes1 by fire without1 by cold and famine within1 would have detached them generally from life1 and made them forgetful of the wants of the body and absorbed them in sublimer cares4 ,but it was not so4 ,after the first shock of hearing the cannon at the gates close to them1 they got used to it4 ,later1 when the bombardment came1 there was another momentary panic1 but it calmed down1 and they got used to that too4 ,shells could apparently fall all round without killing them4 ,so they turned all their thoughts to the cherishing and comfort of their poor afflicted bodies4 ,it must have been sad1 and sometimes grimly comical1 to watch the singular phases of human nature developed by the blocus4 ,one of the oddest and most frequent was the change it wrought in people with regard to their food4 ,people who had been ascetically indifferent to it before1 and never thought of their meals till they sat down to table1 grew monomaniac on the point1 and could think and speak of nothing else4 ,meals were talked of1 in fact1 from what we can gather1 more than politics1 the ,prussians1 or the probable issue of the siege1 or any of the gigantic problems that were being worked out both inside and outside the besieged city4 ,intelligent men and women discussed by the hour1 with gravity and gusto1 the best way of preparing cats and dogs1 rats and mice1 and all the abominations that necessity had substituted for food4 ,poor human nature was fermenting under the process like wine in the vat1 and all its dregs came uppermost3 selfishness1 callousness to the sufferings of others1 ingratitude1 all the pitiable meanness of a man1 boiled up to the surface and showed him a sorry figure to behold4 ,but other nobler things came to the surface too4 ,there were innumerable silent dramas1 soulpoems going on in unlikely places1 making no noise beyond their quiet sphere1 but travelling high and sounding loud behind the curtain of gray sky that shrouded the winter sun of ,paris4 ,the cannon shook her ramparts1 and the shells flashed like lurid furies through the midnight darkness2 but far above the din and the darkness and the death cries rose the low sweet music of many a brave heart's sacrifice2 the stronger giving up his share to the weaker1 the son hoarding his scanty rations against the day of still scantier supplies1 when there would be scarcely food enough to support the weakened frame of an aged father or mother1 talking big about the impossibility of surrender1 and lightly about the price of resistance4 ,there were mothers in ,paris1 too1 and wherever mothers are there is sure to be found selfsacrifice in its loveliest1 divinest form4 ,how many of them toiled and sweated1 aye1 and begged1 subduing all pride to love for the little ones1 who ate their fill and knew nothing of the cruel tooth that was gnawing the breadwinner's vitals6 ,we who heard the thunder of the artillery and the blasting shout of the mitrailleuse1 we did not hear these things1 but other ears did1 and not a note of the sweet music was lost1 angels were hearkening for them1 and as they rose above the dark discord1 like crystal bells tolling in the storm wind1 the whitewinged messengers caught them on golden lyres and wafted them on to paradise4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,on ,a ,picture ,of ,s4 ,mary ,bearing ,doves ,to ,sacrifice4 ,my eyes climb slowly up1 as by a stair1 ,to seek a picture on my chamber wall-- ,a picture of the ,mother of our ,lord1 ,hung where the latest twilight shadows fall4 ,my lifted eyes behold a childlike face1 ,under a veil of woman's holiest thought1 ,o'ershadowed by the mystery of grace1 ,and mystery of mercy--,god hath wrought4 ,down through the dim old temple1 moving slow1 ,her drooping lids scarce lifted from the ground1 ,as if she faintly heard the distant flow ,of faroff seas of grief she could not sound4 ,i think archangels would not count it sin ,if1 underneath the veil that hides her eyes1 ,they1 seeing all things1 saw the soul within ,held more of motherlove than sacrifice4 ,she walks erect1 the virgin undefiled1 ,back from her throat the loose robe falls apart1 ,and e'en as she would clasp her royal ,child1 ,she holds the dovelets to her tender heart4 ,no white wing trembles 'neath her pitying palm1 ,no feather flutters in this last warm nest1 ,and thus she bears them on--while solemn psalm ,wakes dim1 prophetic stirrings in her breast4 ,sweet ,hebrew mother6 many a woman shares1 ,thy crucifixion of her hopes and loves1 ,and in her arms to death unshrinking bears ,her precious things--even her turtledoves4 ,but often1 ere the temple's marble floor ,has ceased the echo of her parting feet1 ,her gifts prove worthless--thine is ever more ,the gift of gifts--transcendent and complete4 ,we mothers1 too1 have treasures all our own1 ,and1 one by one1 oft see them sacrificed3 ,thou1 ,blessed among women--thou alone ,hast held within thine arms the dear ,child,christ4 ,therefore1 mine eyes mount up1 as by a stair1 ,to seek the picture on my chamber wall2 ,therefore my soul climbs oft the steeps of prayer1 ,to rest where shadows of thy ,son's cross fall4 ,centres ,of ,thought ,in ,the ,past4 ,first ,article4 ,the ,monasteries4 ,it seems very ambitious to try and present to the reader a sketch of anything so vast as the field of research pointed out by the above title1 and1 indeed1 far from aiming at this1 we will set forth by saying1 once for all1 that our attempts will be nothing more than passing views1 isolated specimens of that immense whole which1 under the names of education1 progress1 development1 scholasticism1 and renaissance1 forms the intellectual 8stock in trade0 of every modern system of knowledge4 ,the 8past0 is divided into two distinct eras--the monastic and the scholastic4 ,in the earlier era1 the centres of thought were the ,benedictine and the ,columbanian monasteries2 in the second era1 intellectual life gathered its strength in the universities1 under the guidance of the church1 typified by the ,mendicant ,orders4 ,the first era may be said to have lasted from the fifth century to the eleventh1 and to have reached its apogee in the seventh and eighth4 ,the second reached from the eleventh century to the sixteenth1 and attained its highest glory in the prolific and gifted thirteenth century4 ,each had its representative centre par excellence1 its representative men1 philosophy1 and religious development4 ,prior ,vaughan1 in his recent masterpiece1 the ,life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 expresses this idea in many ways4 8,from the sixth to the thirteenth century10 he says1 8the education of ,europe was ,benedictine4 ,monks in their cells 444 were planting the mustardseed of future ,european intellectual growth40 ,further on he says3 8,plato represents rest2 ,aristotle1 inquisitiveness4 ,the former is synthetical2 the latter1 analytical4 ,quies is monastic1 inquisitiveness is dialectical40 ,thus1 ,plato is the representative master of the earlier era2 ,s4 ,benedict and his incomparable rule1 its representative religious outgrowth2 the study of the ,scriptures1 the ,fathers1 and the liberal arts1 its representative system of education4 ,we do not hear of many 8commentaries0 in those days1 nor of curious schedules of questions1 such as1 8,did the little hands of the ,boy ,jesus create the stars807#bf7 ,on the other hand1 elegant ,latinity was taught1 and the ,scriptures were multiplied by thousands of costly and laborious transcriptions4 ,the first era was eminently conservative4 ,its very schools were physically representative2 8the solitary abbey1 hidden away amongst the hills1 with its psalmody1 and manual work1 and unexciting study407#bg7 ,in the scholastic era1 things were reversed4 8,latinity grew barbarous1 and many far graver disorders arose out of the daring and undue exercise of reason4 ,yet intellectual progress was being made in spite of the decay of letters4444 ,in the extraordinary intellectual revolution which marked the opening of the thirteenth century1 the study of thoughts was substituted for the study of words407#bh7 ,here the representative exponent was ,aristotle2 the religious developments1 the ,crusades and the ,mendicant ,orders2 and the personal outgrowth of the clashes of the two systems--that of the old immovable dogmatic church1 and that of irreverence and rationalism--,s4 ,bernard1 ,s4 ,dominic1 ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 on the one hand1 and ,peter ,abelard and ,william de ,saint ,amour1 on the other4 ,here1 again1 we find the locale analogous to the spirit of the age4 ,cities were now the centres of knowledge2 noisy streets1 with ominous names1 such as the 8,rue ,coupegueule107#bi7 in ,paris1 so named from the frequent murders committed there during university brawls1 take the place of the silent cloister and long stone corridors of the abbey2 physical disorder typifies the moral confusion of the day2 and ,paris the chaotic stands in the room of ,monte ,casino1 ,s4 ,gall1 or ,english ,jarrow4 ,then followed the 8,renaissance10 that 8revival of practical paganism407#cj7 8,the saints and fathers of the church gradually disappeared from the schools1 and society1 instead of being permeated1 as in former times1 with an atmosphere of faith1 was now redolent of heathenism407#ca7 ,petrarch and ,boccaccio were the representatives of this refined 7if we must use the word in its ordinary sensual meaning7 infidelity2 ,plato was the god of the new ,olympus1 but unrecognizable from the ,plato embodied in the ,fathers and ,benedictine littrateurs1 for1 practically speaking1 polite life had now become ,epicurean2 while as for the religious development of the times1 since it could no longer be representative1 it became apostolic4 ,savonarola and ,s4 ,francis ,xavier are names that stand out in the moral darkness of that era1 and the latter suggests the only new creation in the church from that day to our own4 ,christian education had been ,benedictine1 then ,dominican2 it now became ,jesuit4 ,the world knew its old enemy in the new dress1 and ever since has warred against it with diabolical foresight and unwearied venom4 ,of this last phase of the past1 which is so like the present that we have classed it apart1 we do not purpose to speak1 but will confine ourselves to those older and grander1 though hardly less troublous times known as the middle ages4 ,the first two centres of ,christianity and patristic learning outside ,rome were ,alexandria and ,constantinople4 ,the latter soon fell away into schism1 and thence into that barbarism which the vigorous ,western races were at that very same time casting off through the influence of the church that ,byzantium had rejected4 ,from ,alexandria we may date the beginnings of our own systems of learning4 ,the end of the second century already found the ,christian schools of that city famous1 and the converted ,stoic ,pantnus spoken of as one of 8transcendent powers40 ,clement of ,alexandria1 ,origen1 ,hippolytus1 ,bishop of ,porto1 were teachers in those schools1 and the ,acts of the ,martyrs tell us that ,catharine1 the learned virginmartyr1 was an ,alexandrian4 ,hippolytus was a famous astronomer and arithmetician4 ,clement used poetry1 philosophy1 science1 eloquence1 and even satire1 in the interests of religion4 ,origen became the master of ,s4 ,gregory ,thaumaturgus and his brother ,athenodorus4 8,it was now recognized that ,christians were men who could think and reason with other men1 444 and of whom a university city need not be ashamed4 ,christians were expected to teach and study the liberal arts1 profane literature1 philosophy1 and the ,biblical languages1 444 and all the time the business of the school went on1 persecution raged with small intermission407#cb7 ,prior ,vaughan says that 8,faith took her seat with her ,greek profile and simple majesty in ,alexandria1 and withstood1 as one gifted with a divine power1 two subtle and dangerous enemies--heathen philosophy and heretical theology--and1 by means of ,clement and of ,origen1 proved to passion and misbelief that a new and strange intellectual influence had been brought into the world407#cc7 ,antioch and ,constantinople claimed the world's attention later on1 and the ,thebaid teemed with equal treasures of learning and of holiness4 ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom exhorts ,christian parents1 in #cgf1 8to entrust the education of their sons to the solitaries1 to those men of the mountain whose lessons he himself had received407#cd7 ,when the glories of the patristic age were waning1 and the ,east seemed to fail the church1 through whose influence alone she had become famous1 there arose in the ,west1 among the halfbarbarous races of ,goths1 ,franks1 ,celts1 and ,teutons1 other champions of monasticism and pioneers of learning4 ,the raw material of ,christian ,europe was being moulded into the heroic form it bore during medival times by poet1 philosopher1 and legislatormonks4 ,of these monastic centres1 ,lerins is perhaps the oldest4 ,founded in #daj1 on an island of the ,mediterranean near the coast of ,france1 it became 8another ,thebaid1 a celebrated school of theology and ,christian philosophy1 a citadel inaccessible to the works of barbarism1 and an asylum for literature and science which had fled from ,italy on the invasion of the ,goths407#ce7 ,all ,france sought its bishops from this holy and learned isle4 ,among its great scholars was ,vincent of ,lerins1 the first controversialist of his time1 and the originator of the celebrated formula3 ,quod semper1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus creditum est4 ,we may be pardoned for extending our notice of him1 since the words he uses on the progress of the church are so singularly appropriate to our own times and problems4 ,having established the unchangeableness of ,catholic doctrine1 he goes on to say3 8,shall there1 then1 be no progress in the church of ,christ8 ,there shall be progress1 and even great progress1 444 but it will be progress and not change4 ,with the growth of ages there must necessarily be a growth of intelligence1 of wisdom1 and of knowledge1 for each man as for all the church4 ,but the religion of souls must imitate the progress of the human form1 which1 in developing and growing in years1 never ceases to be the same in the maturity of age as in the flower of youth407#cf7 ,had the monk of ,lerins foreknown the aberrations of the doctor of ,munich1 he could not have better refuted the latest heresy of our own day4 ,s4 ,lupus of ,troyes1 who arrested ,attila at the gates of his episcopal city1 and successfully combated the ,pelagian heresy in ,england2 ,s4 ,cesarius of ,arles1 who was successively persecuted and finally reinstated by two barbarian kings1 and who gave his sister ,cesaria a rule for her nuns which was adopted by ,queen ,radegundes for her immense monastery of ,poictiers2 ,salvian1 whose eloquence was likened to that of ,s4 ,augustine1 were all monks of ,lerins4 ,s4 ,cesarius has well epitomized the training of this great and holy school when he says3 8,it is she who nourishes those illustrious monks who are sent into all provinces of ,gaul as bishops4 ,when they arrive1 they are children2 when they go out1 they are fathers4 ,she receives them as recruits1 she sends them forth kings407#cg7 ,as late as #aecg1 we find on the list of the commission appointed by ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 to draw up the preliminaries of the ,council of ,trent1 and especially to point out and correct the abuses of secular training and paganized art1 the name of ,gregory ,cortese1 ,abbot of ,lerins47#ch7 ,but we must hasten on to other foundations of a reputation and influence as worldwide as that of the ,mediterranean ,abbey4 ,in #ehj1 there was a famous school at ,seville1 where all the arts and sciences were taught by learned masters1 presided over by ,s4 ,leander1 the bishop of the diocese4 ,then ,s4 ,ildefonso1 of ,toledo1 a scholar of ,seville1 founded a great school at ,toledo itself 7where the famous councils took place later on71 which1 together with ,seville1 made 8,spain the intellectual light of the ,christian world in the seventh century407#ci7 ,from the ,south let us turn to the fruitful land where monks supplied the place of martyrs1 and where the faith1 planted by ,patrick1 grew so marvellously into absolute power within the short space of a century4 ,armagh1 ,bangor1 ,clonard1 are names that at once recall the palmy days of sacred learning4 8,within a century after the death of ,s4 ,patrick10 says ,bishop ,nicholson1 8the ,irish seminaries had so increased that most parts of ,europe sent their children to be educated there1 and drew thence their bishops and teachers407#dj7 8,by the ninth century1 ,armagh could boast of #g1jjj students407#da7 8,clonard10 says ,usher1 8issued forth a stream of saints and doctors like the ,greek warriors from the wooden horse407#db7 ,the ,irish communities1 ,montalembert tells us in his brilliant language1 8entered into rivalry with the great monastic schools of ,gaul4 ,they explained ,ovid there2 they copied ,virgil2 they devoted themselves especially to ,greek literature2 they drew back from no inquiry1 from no discussion2 they gloried in placing boldness on a level with faith40 ,the young ,luan answered the ,abbot of ,bangor1 who warned him against the dangers of too engrossing a study of the liberal arts3 8,if ,i have the knowledge of ,god1 ,i shall never offend ,god1 for they who disobey him are they who know him not40 ,the ,irish were as adventurous as they were learned1 and ,montalembert bears witness to the national propensity in the following graceful language3 8,this monastic nation became the missionary nation par excellence4 ,the ,irish missionaries covered the land and seas of the ,west4 ,unwearied navigators1 they landed on the most desert islands2 they overflowed the continent with their successive immigrations4 ,they saw in incessant visions a world known and unknown to be conquered for ,christ40 ,and the author of ,christian ,schools and ,scholars reminds us of the beautiful legend of ,s4 ,brendan1 the founder of the great school of ,clonfert in ,connaught1 the schoolfellow of ,columba1 and the pupil of ,finian at ,clonard1 who is declared to have set sail in search of the ,land of ,promise1 and during his seven years' journey to have 8discovered a vast tract of land1 lying far to the west of ,ireland1 where he beheld wonderful birds and trees of unknown foliage1 which gave forth perfumes of extraordinary sweetness40 ,whatever fiction is mingled with this marvellous narrative1 it is difficult not to admit that it must have had some foundation of truth1 and the poetic legend which was perfectly familiar to ,columbus is said to have furnished him with one motive for believing in the existence of a western continent4 ,later on we shall find ,albertus ,magnus foreshadowing the same belief in his writings4 ,two of the ,irish missionaries deserve especial notice--,columba1 the ,apostle of ,caledonia1 and ,columbanus1 the founder of ,luxeuil in ,burgundy4 ,the former1 with his stronghold of ,iona1 which 8came to be looked upon as the chief seat of learning1 not only in ,britain1 but in the whole ,western world107#dc7 is familiar to all readers of ,montalembert's great monastic poem1 and to that other public who have had access to the ,duke of ,argyll's recent work on the rockbound metropolis of ,christian ,britain4 ,we are told that the most scrupulous exactitude was required in the ,scriptorium of ,iona1 and that ,columba himself1 a skilful penman1 wrote out the famous ,book of ,kells with his own hand4 ,it is now preserved in the library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,the monks of ,iona studied and taught the classics1 the mechanical arts1 law1 history1 and physic4 ,they transferred to their new home all the learning of ,armagh and ,clonard4 ,painful journeys in search of books or of the oral teaching of some renowned master were nothing in their eyes2 they listened to lectures on the ,greek and ,latin fathers1 hung entranced over ,homer and ,virgil1 and were skilled in calculating eclipses and other natural phenomena4 ,they astonished the world with their arithmetical knowledge and linguistic erudition1 and their keen logic and love of syllogism are spoken of by ,s4 ,benedict of ,anian in the ninth century47#dd7 ,art was equally cultivated1 but this1 strictly speaking1 is outside our present subject4 ,as an example of ,columba's liberal spirit and devotion to the best interests of literature1 we may remark his defence of the bards at the ,assembly of ,drumceitt4 ,poets1 historians1 lawgivers1 and genealogists1 the bards represented all the learning of a past age and system2 and if their arrogance now and then overstepped the bounds of courtesy1 and even sometimes the restraints of law1 in the main their institute was heroic and praiseworthy4 ,columba argued against their opponent1 a prince of the ,nialls of the ,south1 ,aedh1 that 8care must be taken not to pull up the good corn with the tares1 and that the general exile of the poets would be the death of a venerable antiquity1 and that of a poetry which was dear to the country and useful to those who knew how to employ it40 ,his eloquence saved the bardic institute1 and the poets in their gratitude composed a famous song in his praise1 which became celebrated in ,irish literature under the name of ,ambhra1 or ,praise of ,s4 ,columbkill47#de7 ,columbanus1 a monk of ,bangor1 was destined to found an ,irish colony of even greater fame and longer duration than ,iona4 ,luxeuil1 founded in #eij1 at the foot of the ,vosges in ,burgundy1 soon counted among its sons many hundred votaries of learning4 ,montalembert says of it that 8no monastery of the ,west had yet shone with so much lustre or attracted so many disciples04 ,it became another ,lerins1 a nursery of bishops for the ,frankish and ,burgundian cities1 a notable seat of secular knowledge1 and1 above all1 a school of saints4 ,indeed1 among the meagre1 skeletonlike details that come down to us of these giant abodes of a supernatural race of men1 we find ourselves perforce repeating over and over the same formula of commendation4 ,what more could one say but that each of these monastic centres was a school of saints8 ,and yet how much variety in that sameness6 ,how much that even we can see1 and distinguish1 and mentally dissect6 ,we see some soaring spirit1 whose burning love is never content with renunciation1 but ever seeks1 with holy restlessness1 some deeper solitude in which to pray and meditate1 like the ,bavarian monk ,sturm1 the pupil and companion of ,s4 ,boniface1 and the founder of the worldrenowned ,abbey of ,fulda2 or1 again1 some great thinker like ,alcuin of ,york1 whose touching love for his own land and city makes us feel with pardonable pride how near akin is our own weak human nature to that of even the giant men of old2 or spirits like the gentle ,cuthbert of ,lindisfarne1 the traditions of whose unwearied moderation and 8inestimable gift of kindness and lightheartedness10 as well as his 8intense and active sympathy for those human sorrows which in all ages are the same10 are all the more precious to us that they are also mingled with tales of his wondrous horsemanship1 athletic frame1 and simple enjoyment of legitimate sports4 ,the same author we have just quoted1 ,montalembert1 says that the description of his childhood reads like that of a little ,anglo,saxon of our own day1 a scholar of ,eton or ,harrow4 ,so that1 when one after another we read of ,gaulish1 ,celtic1 and ,teutonic abbeys that were intellectual capitals and centres of farreaching and allembracing knowledge1 we must always remember that these words1 grown trite at last from frequent use1 have as varied a meaning as the collective name of ,milky ,way1 which stands for countless worlds of unknown stars4 ,as ,christianity spread in the early part of the middle ages1 these monastic centres were multiplied like the posterity of ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob4 ,lindisfarne1 the ,iona of the eastern coast of ,england1 soon rivalled her ,scottish predecessor1 and retained much the same impress of ,celtic learning1 while ,melrose served as a supplementary school and novitiate4 ,the ,teutonic element now began to make itself felt4 ,caedmon1 the ,saxon cowherd1 transformed into a poet and a monk by a direct call from ,god1 sang the creation in strains 8which10 says ,montalembert1 8may still be admired even beside the immortal poem of the author of ,paradise ,lost40 ,wilfrid1 the ,s4 ,thomas ,becket of the seventh century1 vigorously planted ,roman traditions and customs in the ,saxon monastery of ,ripon1 and perpetuated the name of ,s4 ,peter in his other magnificent foundation of ,peterborough1 the poetic 8,home among the ,meadows10 or ,medehamstede47#df7 ,theodore1 the ,greek metropolitan of ,england1 in #fgc introduced into the ,anglo,saxon schools 8an intellectual and literary development as worthy of the admiration as of the gratitude of posterity2 the study of the two classic tongues 7,greek and ,latin7 chiefly flourished under his care4444 ,monasteries1 thus transformed into homes of scientific study1 could not but spread a taste and respect for intellectual life1 not only among the clergy1 but also among their layprotectors1 the friends and neighbors of each community407#dg7 ,benedict ,biscop1 the contemporary of the chivalrous ,wilfrid of ,york1 is eminently a representative of ,anglo,saxon cultivation4 ,montalembert puts his name in the 8monastic constellation of the seventh century0 for intelligence1 art1 and science4 ,he it was who undertook a journey to ,rome 7which place he had visited many times before on other errands7 solely to procure books2 and it must be borne in mind that this journey was then twice as long and a hundred times more dangerous than a journey from ,london to ,australia is now4 ,after having founded the ,abbey of ,wearmouth1 at the mouth of the ,wear1 ,benedict set forth again1 bringing masons and glassmakers from ,gaul to teach the ,anglo,saxons some notions of solid and ornamental architecture4 ,he was a passionate bookcollector1 and wished each of his monasteries to have a great library1 which he considered indispensable to the discipline1 instruction1 and good organization of the community4 ,originally a monk at ,lerins1 whither he had gone after giving up a knightly and seignorial career in his own country1 he naturally drank in that thirst for learning which1 in the earlier middle ages1 seems to have been almost inseparable from holiness4 ,jarrow1 the sister monastery to ,wearmouth1 situated near it by the mouth of the ,tyne1 was even yet more famous as a school of hallowed knowledge1 and has become endeared to the hearts of all ,englishmen as the home of the ,venerable ,bede4 ,his is a figure which1 even in the foreign annals of the church1 stands preeminent among ecclesiastical writers1 and one in whom the ,anglo,saxon character is thoroughly and beautifully revealed4 ,calm and steadfast selfpossession1 that beautiful attribute of the followers of the 8,prince of ,peace10 is the keynote to the writings of the historianmonk of ,jarrow4 ,the first glimpse we have of him is as the solitary companion of the newmade abbot1 ,ceolfrid1 chanting the divine office at the age of seven2 his voice choked with sobs as he thought of the elder brethren1 all of whom a grievous pestilence had carried off4 ,but though the choir had gone to join in the hymns of the ,new ,jerusalem1 the canonical hours were nevertheless kept up by the sorrowing abbot and the childchorister until new brethren came to take the place of the old ones4 ,bede was never idle2 he says himself that 8he was always his own secretary1 and dictated1 composed1 and copied all himself40 ,his great history was the means of bringing him into contact with the best men of his day4 8,the details he gives on this subject show that a constant communication was kept up between the principal centres of religious life1 and that an amount of intellectual activity as surprising as it is admirable--when the difficulty of communication and the internal wars which ravaged ,england are taken into account--existed among their inhabitants407#dh7 ,bede's political foresight seems to have been of no mean order1 and the grave advice he administers to bishops on ecclesiastical abuses shows at once his practical common sense and fearlessness of character4 ,he also condemns the too sweeping grants of land1 exemptions from taxes1 and privileges offered to monastic houses1 and gives the wisest reasons for his strictures4 8,the nations of ,catholic ,europe envied ,england the possession of so great a doctor1 the first among the offspring of barbarous races who had won a place among the doctors of the church1 444 and his illustrious successor ,alcuin1 speaking to the community of ,jarrow which ,bede had made famous1 bears witness to his celebrity in these words3 #8,stir up1 then1 the minds of your sleepers by his example2 study his works1 and you will be able to draw from them the secret of eternal beauty4' 07#di7 ,malmesbury was another ,anglo,saxon centre of thought1 and the memory of ,s4 ,aldhelm long gave it that 8powerful and popular existence which lasted far into the middle ages407#ej7 ,the cathedral school of ,york1 8which rose into celebrity just as ,bede was withdrawn from the scene of his useful labors107#ea7 produced one of the greatest of ,english scholars1 and one instrumental in carrying knowledge acquired among monks to the warrior court of a foreign prince4 ,charlemagne and his ,palatine schools of ,aixla ,chapelle would have been shorn of half their glory had it not been for the ,englishman ,alcuin4 ,but it was not without a pang that the homeloving master left the school he had almost formed1 and which he cherished as the product of his first efforts1 and undertook to foster the same institutions in a strange land4 ,these schools1 in which enthusiastic ,french writers love to trace the germ of the mighty ,university of ,paris1 seem to have possessed a system of equality very creditable both to their master and their imperial patron4 ,later on1 when the wearied magister at last wrested from ,charlemagne the permission to retire into some monastery1 since he had failed in obtaining leave to return and die at ,york1 it was only to found another school that he occupied his leisure4 ,s4 ,martin's at ,tours now became as famous as the ,palatine at ,aixla,chapelle4 8,he applied himself to his new duties with unabated energy1 and by his own teaching raised the school of ,tours to a renown which was shared by none of its contemporaries4 ,in the hall of studies1 a distinct place was set apart for the copyists1 who were exhorted by certain verses of their master1 set up in a conspicuous place1 to mind their stops and not to leave out letters407#eb7 ,here1 then1 is another of those pleasant little details which creates a fellowfeeling between the human nature of today and that of past ages4 ,the description of his life from which we have drawn this sketch closes thus3 8,in short1 his active mind1 thoroughly ,anglo,saxon in its temper1 worked on to the end2 laboring at a sublime end by homely practical details4 ,one sees he is of the same race with ,bede1 who wrote and dictated to the last hour of his life1 and1 when his work was finished1 calmly closed his book and died407#ec7 ,we have already named ,fulda1 the glorious monastic centre where the monk ,sturm established the ,benedictine rule in #gdd1 and where1 before his death1 #djj monks sang daily the praises of ,god1 and good scholars were trained to intellectual warfare in the name of faith4 ,in #hjb1 8mindful of its great origin1 it was one of the first to enter heartily into the revival of letters instituted by ,charlemagne10 and sent the monks ,hatto and ,rabanus to study under ,alcuin4 ,we find a most graphic description of the daily routine of this great school in ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 ,it so well illustrates the common life of the middle ages that we do not hesitate to give it at some length3 8,the ,german nobles gladly entrusted their sons to ,rabanus' care1 and he taught them with wonderful gentleness and patience4 ,at his lectures every one was trained to write equally well in prose or verse on any subject placed before him1 and was afterwards taken through a course of rhetoric1 logic1 and natural philosophy4444 ,the school of ,fulda had inherited the fullest share of the ,anglo,saxon spirit1 and exhibited the same spectacle of intellectual activity which we have already seen working in the foundations of ,s4 ,benedict ,biscop4 ,every variety of useful occupation was embraced by the monks4444 ,within doors the visitor might have beheld a huge range of workshops1 in which cunning hands were kept constantly busy on every description of useful and ornamental work in wood1 stone1 and metal4444 ,passing on to the interior of the building1 the stranger would have been introduced to the scriptorium1 over the door of which was an inscription warning the copyists to abstain from idle words1 to be diligent in copying good books1 and to take care not to alter the text by careless mistakes4 ,not far from the scriptorium was the interior school 444 where our visitor1 were he from the more civilized ,south1 might well have stood in mute surprise in the midst of these fancied barbarians1 whom he would have found engaged in pursuits not unworthy of the schools of ,rome4 ,the monk ,probus is perhaps lecturing on ,virgil or ,cicero1 and that with such hearty enthusiasm that his brotherprofessors accuse him in goodnatured jesting of ranking them with the saints4 ,elsewhere disputations are being carried on over the ,categories of ,aristotle1 and an attentive ear will discover that the controversy which made such a noise in the twelfth century1 and divided the philosophers of ,europe into the rival sects of ,nominalists and ,realists1 is perfectly well understood at ,fulda1 though it does not seem to have disturbed the peace of the school4 ,to your delight1 if you be not altogether wedded to the study of the dead languages1 you may find some engaged on the uncouth language of their fatherland1 and1 looking over their shoulders1 you may smile to see the barbarous words which they are cataloguing in their glossaries1 words1 nevertheless1 destined to reappear centuries hence in the most philosophic literature of ,europe4444 ,it may be added that the school of ,fulda would have been found ordered with admirable discipline4 ,twelve of the best professors were chosen1 and formed a council of elders or doctors1 presided over by one who bore the title of principal1 and who assigned to each one the lectures he was to deliver to the pupils4 ,in the midst of this world of intellectual life and labor1 ,rabanus continued for some years to train the first minds of ,germany1 and reckoned among his pupils the most celebrated men of the age4444 ,for the rest1 he was an enemy to anything like narrowness of intellectual training4 ,his own works in prose and verse embraced a large variety of subjects1 444 and he is commonly reputed the author of the ,veni ,creator407#ed7 ,one of his pupils1 the monk ,otfried of ,weissembourg1 entered with singular ardor into the study of the ,tudesque or native dialect4 ,inspired by ,rabanus1 who himself devoted much attention to this subject1 and encouraged by a 8certain noble lady named ,judith10 ,otfried undertook to translate into his native tongue the most remarkable ,gospel passages relating to ,our ,lord's life4 ,his verses speedily became familiar to the people1 and by degrees took the place of those pagan songs of their forefathers1 by which much of the leaven of heathenism yet remained in the minds of the peasantry1 associated as it was with all the touching prestige of nationalism and the honest pride they felt in their ancestors' prowess4 ,rabanus1 while master of the ,fulda school1 had much to suffer from the eccentricities of his abbot1 ,ratgar1 who1 afflicted with the building mania1 actually forced his monks to interrupt their studies1 and even shorten their prayers1 to take up the trowel and the hod and hasten on his new erections4 ,here we have the other side of the daily life of the middle ages1 and a more ludicrous scene can hardly be imagined than the enforced labor of the scholarmonks1 their rueful countenances showing their despair at the unpleasant task1 yet their unflinching principle of obedience towering above their disgust1 and compelling them to work in silence till relieved by the ,emperor ,louis himself4 ,the new abbot1 installed in ,ratgar's place by a commission empowered to look into the latter's unheardof abuse of his authority1 was a saint as well as a scholar1 and 8healed the wounds which a long course of illtreatment had opened in the community40 ,rabanus himself succeeded him1 and resigned the mastership of the school to his favorite assistant1 ,candidus4 ,passing over many abbeys whose merits it were too long a story to enumerate1 we come to ,s4 ,gall1 the great ,helvetian centre of thought4 ,originally it was founded by ,gall1 the disciple of ,columbanus1 and in the reign of ,king ,pepin changed the ,columbanian for the ,benedictine rule4 ,already1 in its early beginnings1 it was a home of art1 and ,tutilo's works in gold1 copper1 and brass were famous throughout the ,germanic world4 ,the mills1 the forge1 the workshops of all sorts1 the cloisters for the monks1 the buildings for the students1 the immense tracts of arable land1 the reclaimed forests1 the fleet of busy little boats on the great ,lake of ,constance1 all told of a stirring centre of human life4 ,and while art1 science1 philosophy1 agriculture1 and mechanical industry were all at work in the townlike abbey1 8you will hear these fine classical scholars preaching plain truths1 in barbarous idioms1 to the rude race of the mountains1 who1 before the monks came among them1 sacrificed to the evil one1 and worshipped stocks and stones407#ee7 8,s4 ,gall was almost as much a place of resort as ,rome or ,athens1 at least to the learned world of the ninth century4 ,her schools were a kind of university1 frequented by men of all nations1 who came hither to fit themselves for all professions4 ,s4 ,gall was larger and freer1 and made more of the arts and sciences2 indeed1 so far as regards its studies1 it had a better claim to the title of university than any single institution which can be named as existing before the time of ,philip ,augustus47#ef7 ,you would have found here not monks alone1 but courtiers1 soldiers1 and the sons of kings4 ,all diligently applied themselves to the cultivation of the ,tudesque dialect1 and to its grammatical formation1 so as to render it capable of producing a literature of its own407#eg7 ,the monks were in correspondence with all the learned monastic houses of ,france and ,italy1 and the transfer of a codex1 a ,livy1 or a ,virgil from one to the other occasioned as much diplomacy1 interest1 and excitement as a commercial treaty or the discovery of new gold fields would in our day4 ,s4 ,gall had its ,greek scholars1 too1 and seems to have fostered among its copyists a love for 8fine editions10 such as would do honor to an ,english or ,russian bibliomaniac of today4 ,they made their own parchment from the hides of the wild animals of their mountains1 and employed many hands on each precious manuscript4 ,the costly binding was likewise all homemade1 and many a jewelled missal must have come from the hand of the artistmonk ,tutilo4 ,music was a specialty of ,s4 ,gall1 if one may say so in an age when music was so much a part of education that alone of all the arts it was included in the quadrivium1 or higher instruction of the medival schools4 ,romanus of ,s4 ,gall it was who first named the musical notes by the letters of the alphabet1 a system which is universal in ,germany1 and very commonly followed in ,england to this day4 ,we should multiply names ad infinitum were we to allow ourselves to roam further over that field of history so falsely called the dark ages4 ,einsiedeln1 ,paderborn1 ,magdeburg1 ,utrecht1 are but a few of the many equally deserving of notice1 the latter being1 we are told1 8a fashionable place of education for the sons of ,german princes0 in the tenth century4 ,before we go on to the second stage of the learning of the past--the era of the universities--we cannot help looking back to the little ,saxon island where1 in #hhb1 ,alfred devoted onefourth of his revenue to the restoration of the ,oxford schools and obtained from ,pope ,martin ,,ii4 a brief constituting them what may be fairly called a university4 ,this was at a time when learning was at a low ebb1 and the invasions of the ,danes were endangering the cause of letters--a cause so intimately wrapped up in that of the great monasteries4 ,glastonbury1 the ruined home of so much wisdom1 science1 and philosophy1 was destined under ,s4 ,dunstan to retake her place among the schools4 ,a great revival was initiated by him1 a reform among the clergy vigorously enforced1 episcopal seminaries reopened1 and monastic schools once more brought to their ancient place in the vanguard of civilization4 ,ethelwold1 ,dunstan's disciple1 was zealous for the study of sacred learning1 and 8loved teaching for its own sake4 ,a new race of scholars sprang up in the restored cloisters1 some of whom were not unworthy to be ranked with the disciples of ,bede and ,alcuin407#eh7 ,at ,glastonbury1 like as at ,fulda1 the native tongue was cultivated1 harmonized1 and rendered capable of being ranked no longer as a dialect1 but as the characteristic language of an eminently masterful people4 ,croyland1 also1 a ruined centre of intellectual life1 rose again from its ashes2 new monks and scholars reared its walls and filled its schools1 and the ,danish horrors were soon forgotten in the thoughtful kindness of the new abbot1 ,turketul1 the nephew of ,alfred1 who1 as we read1 from a warrior and a courtier1 a minister of state1 and a royal prince1 became a gentle monk and the rewarder of his little pupils4 8,turketul took the greatest interest in the success of the school1 visiting it daily1 inspecting the tasks of each child1 and taking with him a servant who carried raisins1 figs1 and nuts1 or more often apples and pears1 and such like little gifts1 that the boys might be encouraged to be diligent1 not with words only or blows1 but rather by the hope of reward40 ,such is the sweet1 homely picture given us by the historian ,ingulph of one of the greatest of schools in its early monastic beginnings4 ,we have left ourselves so little space that even the metropolis of the ,benedictines1 the glorious and worldrenowned ,monte ,casino1 can find but a scant notice in these pages4 ,if ,subiaco was the spiritual birthplace of the order par excellence1 ,monte ,casino was its intellectual cradle4 ,there the rule was written which1 by some mysterious fate1 was destined to absorb and supersede that of the widespread ,columbanians2 there were the missionary principles first established which led to the conversion of the ,anglo,saxon race2 there the school of quies and reverence first planted which made this wonderful monastery 8the most powerful and celebrated in the ,catholic universe407#ei7 ,it was likened to ,sinai by ,pope ,victor ,,iii41 the successor of ,hildebrand1 in bold and simple verses1 full of divine exultation and ,christian pride3 it has been defended and protected by an ,english and ,protestant scholar17#fj7 the minister of a nation whose civilization once flowed from its bosom1 and whose learning was fostered in its early 8scriptoria40 ,it has outlasted many of its own offspring1 and still stands undecayed in its moral sublimity1 fruitful yet in saints and scholars1 the motherhouse of an order whose origin stretches beyond ,benedict far into the desert of ,paul and ,anthony1 ,jerome and ,hilarion4 ,and now that we are forced1 reluctantly enough1 to let fall the veil over that teeming life of the medival cloister1 the fruitful nursery of every later intellectual development1 shall we tell the reader what has most struck us throughout the short sketch we have been able to give of these centres of thought8 ,does not their history sound like some 8monkish chronicle08 ,how is it that all the most 8celebrated men of their time0 7the phrase so often repeated in these annals7 are monks1 and so many not only monks1 but saints8 ,how is it that we come upon so many instances of these great scholars taking their turn at the mill1 the forge1 and the bakehouse1 and that these details sound neither sordid nor vulgar1 as they might of modern and secular littrateurs8 ,it was the monastic principle1 the ,christprinciple1 as ,prior ,vaughan calls it in his ,life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin--the principle of faith1 obedience1 purity1 adoration1 and reverence4 8,the monks had a world of their own4444 ,whilst the barbarians were laying all things in ruins1 they1 heedless alike of fame or profit1 were patiently laying the foundations of ,european civilization4 ,they were forming the languages of ,schiller1 of ,bacon1 and of ,bossuet2 they were creating arts which modern skill in vain endeavors to imitate2 they were preserving the codices of ancient learning1 and embalming the world #8lying in wickedness' with the sweet odor of their manifold virtues407#fa7 ,not only were they men who 8wrote and spoke much1 and1 by their masculine genius and young and fresh inspiration1 prevented the new ,christian world from falling back from its first advances1 either by literature or politics1 under the yoke of exhausted paganism027#fb7 not only were they men of progress even while essentially conservative1 men of the future even while their studies were all of the past1 but1 8in opposing poverty1 chastity1 and obedience1 the three great bases of monastic life1 to the orgies of wealth1 debauchery1 and pride1 they created at once a contrast and a remedy407#fc7 ,prior ,vaughan1 in his brilliant lifelike picture of medivalism1 ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 perpetually refers to the ruling principle of monasticism3 8,to omit mention of the ,benedictine principle would be to manifest great ignorance of the action of the highest form of truth upon mankind4 ,the mastership of authority and reverence1 springing out of the school of quies1 did not cease to exert a considerable influence even after the dominant power of the monastic body had nearly disappeared407#fd7 ,elsewhere we read3 8,there was nothing of the sophist or logician in those sweet and venerable countenances1 the unruffled beauty of which is so often dwelt upon by their biographers4444 ,one of the marks of the age is the absence of the disputatious spirit1 which1 if it diminishes their rank 7that of the monastic thinkers7 in the world of letters1 forms the charm of their characters as men4 ,the real spirit of the age was one of reverence for tradition407#fe7 ,the foresight of the monkteachers of the earlier middle ages is no less remarkable than their holiness4 ,everywhere they fostered the native idiom1 and labored to reduce it to an intelligible grammar4 ,the national and patriotic feeling thus awakened in the centres of learning must needs have endeared them to1 and more closely linked them with1 the intellectual progress of the people they instructed4 ,a modern author observes that 8,bede's words are evidence that the establishment of the ,teutonic nations on the ruins of the ,roman ,empire did not barbarize knowledge4 ,he collected and taught more natural truths than any ,roman writer had yet accomplished1 and his works display an advance1 not a retrogression1 in science40 ,indeed1 natural science seems to have been from the first a peculiarly monastic pursuit4 ,the great names of ,bede1 ,gerbert1 ,albertus ,magnus1 and ,roger ,bacon are as a mighty chain from century to century1 leading up to the discoveries of ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,arago1 and ,humboldt2 while in ,s4 ,brendan we have a bold precursor of ,columbus4 ,the monasteries were so entirely the sole centres of civilization that numberless towns owe their origin to them4 ,scholars came for instruction1 and remained for edification2 grateful patients settled near the heaven taught physicians who had cured them2 peasants clustered round the abbeys for protection1 and thus grew towns and villages without number in ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 ,england1 and ,italy4 ,even ,america bears to day1 in the name of one of her oldest ,english settlements1 and a hereditary representative of intellect--,boston--a memento of the old intellectual supremacy of monasticism4 ,s4 ,botolph1 an ,anglo,saxon hermit1 left his monastery1 and settled in a hut on one of the plains of ,lincolnshire4 ,scholars gathered around him1 and1 despite his remonstrances1 set up other huts around his1 and the ,benedictine monastery of ,icanhoe was founded4 ,as time went on1 a village sprang up and became a town1 and was called ,botolphstown4 ,the name was afterwards corrupted and cut down into ,boston1 and from ,boston it was that the founders of ,new ,england set sail on their journey to ,holland1 their first stage on their way to the ,new ,world4 ,in old times1 then1 monasteries created towns2 now1 alas1 it is towns that necessitate monasteries4 ,we have now to plant the monastic school in the midst of the teeming emporiums of trade and vice1 where thousands toil harder for a bare crust and a hard board than the monks of old toiled for the kingdom of heaven4 ,it is not to listen to a learned or holy man that settlements are made nowadays1 but to dig oilwells or work coal and iron mines4 ,modern towns are made by traders1 eager to be beforehand with their competitors1 and the journalist and the liquorseller are the first citizens of the new town4 ,quies is relegated to the region of romance2 it is unpractical1 it 8does not pay02 learning itself1 if it succeeds in getting a footing in the centres of commerce1 partakes of the commercial spirit1 and is rather to be called 8cramming0 than knowledge1 and1 as to the moral result of the contrast between the ,benedictine principle of the early ages and the principle of hurry1 of contention1 of moneyworship current in our days1 let the annals of modern crime be called upon to witness4 ,versailles4 ,what an apotheosis of royalty the name evokes6 ,versailles and ,louis ,quatorze4 ,as if by the stroke of the enchanter's wand1 there starts up before us a long procession of heroes and poets and statesmen and wits and fair women1 a galaxy of glory and beauty revolving around one central figure as satellites round their sun4 ,we lose sight of all the dark spots upon the disc in contemplating the blaze of brightness that emanates from it4 ,we forget the iniquitous follies of the ,grand ,monarque1 and remember nothing but the splendors of his reign1 its unparalleled monarchical triumph2 we see him through a mist of proud achievements in war and peace1 excellence in every branch of science and industry1 fine arts and letters1 all that dazzled his contemporaries still dazzles us1 and even at this distance his faults and follies are1 if not quite eclipsed1 softened and modified in the daze of a fictitious light4 ,the group of illustrious men who surround his throne magnify rather than diminish the individuality of the man1 lending a false halo to him1 as if their genius were a thing of his creation1 an effect rather than a cause of his ascendency4 ,how far1 in truth1 ,louis may have tended to create by his personal influence1 his kindly patronage and keen discrimination1 that wonderful assemblage of talent in every grade which will remain for ever associated with his name1 it would be difficult to determine1 but1 judging from the extraordinary influx of genius which signalized his reign1 and the corresponding dearth of it in the succeeding ones1 we are tempted to believe that he at least possessed in an almost supernatural degree the gift1 so precious to a king1 of divining genius wherever it did exist1 and of calling it forth from its hidingplaces1 however dismal or remote1 to the light of success and fame4 ,but for the discriminating admiration of ,louis1 which fanned the poetic fire of the timid and sensitive ,racine and stimulated the wit of the obscure and humble ,molire1 we should assuredly have missed some of the noblest efforts of both those poets4 ,louis was prodigal of his smiles to rising talent1 for he knew that to it the sunshine of encouragement is as beneficent as the sun's warmth to the earth in springtime4 ,but we are beginning at the end4 ,versailles is identified to us chiefly if not solely with ,louis ,quatorze and his age2 but it was not so from the beginning4 ,once upon a time it was a marshy swamp1 unhealthy and uncultivated2 and1 if we deny ,louis the faculty of creating men of genius1 we cannot refuse him that of having evolved an ,eden from a wilderness4 ,there is little indeed in the history of this early period to compensate the reader for keeping him waiting while we review it1 still it is better to cast our glance back a little1 not very far1 a century or so1 to see what were the antecedents of the site of one of the grandest historic monuments of ,france4 ,in the year #aefa1 ,martial de ,lomnie was seigneur of ,versailles1 and was frequently honored by the visits of ,henri de ,navarre1 who went out to hunt the stag in his subject's swampy wilderness4 ,de ,lomnie sold it to ,albert de ,gondy1 ,marchal de ,retz1 who in his turn was honored by the presence of his sovereign1 ,louis ,,xiii41 there4 ,louis was in the habit of indulging his favorite pastime at ,versailles1 but1 beyond placing his land and his game at the disposal of the king1 the marchal seems to have shown scant hospitality to the royal hunter4 ,saint,simon tells us that during these excursions ,louis usually slept in a windmill or in a dingy inn1 whose only customers were the wagoners who journeyed across that outoftheway place4 ,of the two lodgings he inclines to think the windmill was the most comfortable4 ,louis probably found neither quarters very luxurious1 for in #afbg he purchased a piece of ground which had been in the ,soisy family since the fourteenth century1 and built himself a huntinglodge on the ruins of an old manorhouse there1 to the great discomfiture of a large colony of owls who had made themselves at home in the mossgrown ruin4 ,bassompierre deplores the vandalism which swept away the venerable shelter of the owls1 and declares that after all the lodge was but a sorry improvement on the windmill1 being 8too shabby a dwelling for even a plain gentilhomme to take conceit in40 ,such as it was1 it satisfied the king1 and remained untouched till it was swallowed up in the great palace which was to embody all the glories of the ensuing reign4 ,when ,louis ,quatorze conceived the design of building ,versailles1 he confided the execution of his vast idea to ,mansard1 laying down1 however1 as a primary condition that the shabby little huntinglodge of the late king should be preserved1 and comprised in the new structure4 ,mansard declared that this was impossible1 to which ,louis1 with true kingly logic1 replied coolly3 ,raison de plus47#ff7 ,no argument of artistic beauty or common sense could move him from his resolution1 or induce him to sanction the demolition of the quaint little building that his father had raised4 ,rather than be guilty of such an unfilial act1 he said he would give up the notion of his new palace altogether4 ,mansard had nothing for it but to give way1 and pledge himself that the ugly redbrick lodge should stand somehow and somewhere in the magnificent pile that was already reared in his imagination4 ,the only concession he obtained was that it should be concealed1 if this were possible4 ,mansard swore he would make it possible1 and he kept his word4 ,the lodge of ,louis ,,xiii4 was swallowed up in the elaborate stonework of that part of the palace facing the ,avenue de ,paris1 and remains to this day an enduring if not a very sensible proof of the filial respect of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,this was the one solitary impediment that ,louis threw in the architect's way2 in everything else he gave him carte blanche1 power unlimited1 and all but unlimited wealth to work out his fantastic and superb conception4 ,simultaneously with this mighty fabric another work of almost equal magnitude had to be undertaken2 this was the planting of the park and the gardens4 ,the country for miles around the site of the palace was a swamp abounding with reptiles1 and reeking with vapors of so deadly a character that the men employed in draining it died like flies of a malaria that raged like a pestilence for months together4 ,they refused after a time to continue the work1 though enormous wages were offered1 and it was found necessary at last1 under pain of abandoning it1 to press men into the service as for the army in time of war4 ,no accurate statistics are extant as to the number of victims who perished in the execution of this royal freak2 but the most authentic opinions of the time put it at the astounding figure of twenty thousand4 ,so much for the good old times of the ancien rgime1 that we are apt to invest with a sort of pathetic prestige4 ,what were the lives of so many vilains7#fg7 and the tears and hunger of innumerable vilaines1 widows and orphans of the dead men1 in comparison to the supreme pleasure of the king and the accomplishment of his omnipotent will8 ,the deathsweat of these human cattle rained upon the swamp1 and in due time it was' made wholesome1 purified as so many foul spots upon the earth are by the sweat of toil and sorrow1 and fitted to grow flowers and green trees that would diffuse their fragrance and spread pleasant shade where corruption and barrenness had dwelt4 ,le ,notre1 that prince of gardeners1 may be truly said to have created the pleasuregrounds of ,versailles2 nature had thrown many obstacles in his way1 she thwarted him at every step1 but her obstinate resistance only stimulated his genius to loftier flights and his indomitable energy to stronger efforts4 ,he conquered in the end4 ,never was conquest more fully appreciated than ,le ,notre's by his royal master4 ,louis not only rewarded him with more than princely liberality1 but admitted him to his personal intimacy1 treating the plebeian artist with an affectionate familiarity that he never extended to the high and mighty courtiers who looked on in envy and admiration4 ,le ,notre was too little of a courtier himself to value adequately the honor of the king's condescension1 but he loved the man1 and took no pains to conceal it2 there was an expansive bonhomie1 a native simplicity in his character1 that1 contrasting as it did with the artificial atmosphere of the court1 charmed ,louis1 and he would listen with delight to the honest fellow's garrulity while he related1 with nave satisfaction1 the tale of his early struggles and the difficult and hardy triumphs of his talent and perseverance4 ,versailles was1 of course1 to be the crowning achievement of his life1 and nothing could exceed the diligence and ardor that he brought to bear on it4 ,he besought the king not to inspect the works while they were in the progressive stage1 but to wait1 once he had seen the disposition of the ground1 till they were advanced to a certain point4 ,louis humored him by consenting1 though greatly against his inclination4 ,he kept his word faithfully in spite of all temptations of curiosity and impatience2 contenting himself with questioning ,le ,notre1 at stated times1 as to how things were getting on1 but never once1 in his frequent and regular visits of inspection to the palace1 did he set foot within the forbidden precincts4 ,the day came at last when his forbearance was to be rewarded4 ,le ,notre invited him to enter the closed doors4 ,louis came1 and found that the reality far outstripped his most sanguine expectations2 he was in raptures with all he beheld1 and declared himself abundantly rewarded for his patience4 ,le ,notre1 no less enchanted than the king1 walked on beside his chair1 doing the honors of the gardens and the park1 and listening with a swelling heart to the exclamations of delight that greeted every fresh view that opened in the landscape4 ,it seemed1 indeed1 as if a whole army of fairies had been at work to bring such a paradise out of chaos2 long rows of stately fullgrown trees1 brought from a distance and transplanted into the arid soil1 had taken root and were flourishing as in their native earth2 winding paths intersected majestic avenues1 and led the visitor1 unexpectedly1 to richly planted groves1 where marble fauns hid coyly1 as if frightened to be caught by the sunlight in their unveiled beauty2 all the elves in fairyland1 all the gods in ,olympia1 were here congregated1 now astray in the green tangle of the wood1 now standing in majestic groups1 or peeping singly through an opening in the foliage as if they were playing hideandseek2 waternymphs1 dashing the soft spray round their naked limbs1 started unexpectedly from nooks and corners1 cooling the air that was heavy with the scent of flowers2 the rush of the cascade answered the laughing ripple of the fountain2 from bower to bower there came a concert of watermusic1 such as no mortal ear had ever heard before2 it was1 indeed1 a sight to set before a king1 and the gardener might well rejoice who had worked these wonders in the desert4 ,le ,notre had been all this time trotting briskly by the king's rolling chair4 ,when they had gone over the enchanted region1 ,louis said3 8,you are tired1 my friend2 get up here beside me1 and let us go over it all once more40 ,and ,le ,notre1 without more ado1 jumped up beside the king1 and they began it all over again1 as the children say of their favorite stories4 ,he explained to ,louis how he nearly despaired of ever getting that birch grove right1 owing to a bed of rock that would not be dislodged to make room for it2 now and then he would catch the king by the sleeve1 and bid him shut his eyes and not open them till they came to a certain point1 when he would cry ,voil6--demeaning himself altogether like a true child of nature1 and enjoying thoroughly the sympathy of the companion who1 for the time being1 a common delight made kindred with him4 ,suddenly1 however1 it seems to have dawned upon him that he was riding side by side with the king of ,france4 ,he rubbed his hands1 and exclaimed with childlike glee3 8,what a proud day this is in my life60 ,and then1 as the tears came unchecked into his honest eyes1 he added3 8,and if my good old father could but see me1 what a happy one it would be60 ,louis1 entering into the son's emotion1 made him talk on about his old father1 and listened with profound interest to the story of their humble life in common4 ,he wanted to give ,le ,notre letterspatent of nobility1 and so raise all his family to the rank of gentilshommes1 but the offer was gratefully declined2 it would have been a temptation to most men1 but it was not to ,le ,notre2 he had no ambitions of a worldly cast2 his sole aspirations were those of a man of genius1 and he preferred retaining the name of his father and ennobling it by a higher title than it was in the power of kings to bestow4 ,as soon as the palace and the grounds were finished1 ,louis came and took up his abode at ,versailles4 ,then began that series of ftes and pageants that makes the annals of that time read like the description of a long carnival4 ,one of the most gorgeous of these ftes was a sort of carrousel1 given in #affd1 when no less than five hundred guests were conveyed to ,versailles in the king's suite and at his expense--no small matter in the days when railways were unknown1 and carriages drawn by six or eight horses were the only mode of travelling for persons of rank4 ,the king played the part of 8,roger0 in the carrousel1 and came riding on a white charger1 magnificently caparisoned1 all the court diamonds being given up to the adornment of rider and steed2 he advanced at the head of a cavalcade of two hundred knights1 after which came a golden chariot1 called the 8,chariot of the ,sun10 and filled with shepherds and many mythological personages2 the three queens1 namely1 the queendowager ,anne d',autriche1 the reigning queen1 and the ,queen of ,england1 widow of ,charles ,i41 surrounded by three hundred ladies of the rank and beauty of ,france1 assisted at the entrance of the tournament1 while a vast concourse of enthusiastic spectators added by their presence to the enlivenment of the scene4 ,at night 8four thousand huge torches0 illuminated the gardens2 the supper was spread by nymphs and fauns1 while ,pan and ,diana1 8advancing on a moving mountain10 came down to preside over the festive board4 ,not the least noteworthy episode of the entertainment1 which lasted seven days1 was the representation of ,molire's ,princesse d',elide and the first three acts of ,tartuffe1 played now for the first time4 ,the earlier ftes at ,versailles were marked by the presence of the greatest and fairest names that illustrated the reign of ,louis ,quatorze1 so fertile throughout in celebrities4 ,foremost in the gay and brilliant throng stands the figure of the one woman whom ,louis ever really loved1 the pale and pensive ,louise de la ,vallire1 she who was in reality the goddess of this gorgeous temple1 but who1 in the words of ,mme4 de ,svign1 8hid herself in the grass like a violet10 and whose modesty and humility in the midst of her erring triumphs drew from all hearts the pardon she never wrung from her own uncompromising conscience4 ,all the glories of ,france flocked to ,versailles as to a shrine where they did homage and were glorified in turn4 ,at every step we meet the majestic figure of the ,grand ,monarque4 ,see him at the top of the great stair1 calling out to the ,grand ,cond1 who toils painfully up the marble steps1 bending under the weight of years and the fatigues of war3 8,take your time1 cousin2 you are too heavily laden with laurels to walk fast2 we can wait for you40 ,not a room1 or a terrace1 or a gallery but has a witness to bring forth of the king's courtesy or the king's magnificence4 ,there is the cabinet du roi1 where he used to work at the affairs of state with his ministers1 not one of whom worked as hard as the king himself4 ,his ministers were not his tools nevertheless2 despotic as he was1 ,louis let them hold their own against him1 and when they had justice on their side he could yield gracefully to the opposition and respect the courage that prompted it4 ,witness the scene between him and his ,chancellor ,voisin1 which took place in this same cabinet du roi4 ,one of the most disreputable men of that not very reputable court1 by dint of intrigue1 obtained from ,louis a promise of lettres de grce4 ,next day1 when the chancellor came in to his usual work1 the king desired him to affix the great seals to the document1 which was ready prepared4 ,voisin looked over it first conscientiously as was his custom1 and then flatly refused to obey the king's command1 denouncing the grant of the lettres de grce to such a man as an abuse of the royal privilege4 ,louis replied that his word was pledged1 and it was too late now to discuss the unworthiness of the subject2 he put forward his hand1 and1 seeing that ,voisin did not move1 he took the seals himself and affixed them to the deed4 ,the chancellor looked on in silence1 but1 when ,louis handed him back the badge of office1 he drew away his hand1 and said haughtily3 8,they are polluted2 ,i will never take them back40 8,what a man60 exclaimed ,louis1 with a glance of frank admiration at his sturdy minister1 and he flung the deed into the fire4 ,voisin quietly took up the seals1 and went on with his work as if nothing had occurred to interrupt it4 ,it was in the cabinet du roi that ,louis took leave of the ,duc d',anjou1 on the eve of his departure for ,spain1 with those memorable words3 8,partez1 mon fils1 il n'y a plus de ,pyrnes607#fh7 ,but it is in the ,salle du ,trne that the ,grand ,monarque appears to us in his most congenial attitude2 here we see him in his true element1 playing the king as the world never saw it played before1 and assuredly never will again2 here all the potentates of the earth came and greeted him spontaneously as le roi1 as if he were the only real king1 and they his vassals1 or1 at least1 his humble imitators4 ,one day we see the ambassador of the ,dey of ,algiers presenting in his name 8a little present of twelve ,arab steeds1 and humbly praying that the mighty majesty of ,france would deign to accept them1 seeing that ,king ,solomon himself had accepted the leg of the grasshopper tendered to him by the ant40 ,on another occasion1 we see the stately ,doge of ,genoa advancing to pay his court2 ,louis questions him concerning the behavior of the courtiers to him1 and the doge replies3 8,truly1 if the ,king of ,france steals away the liberty of our hearts1 his courtiers take care to restore it40 ,the king suspects the reply to be provoked by some discourtesy on the part of his entourage1 and1 having investigated the matter and found that ,louvois and ,de ,croissy had demeaned themselves with unseemly hauteur to the sensitive stranger1 he severely rebuked them in the presence of the whole court4 ,it was here1 no doubt1 seated on his golden throne1 that ,louis received the chief of ,chteaubriand's tale1 and astonished him by the splendor of his state1 and sent the noble savage back to his home in the far ,west to relate to the awestricken children of the forest the wonders of the great ,french chief 8whose superb wigwam he had beheld40 ,the ,salle du ,sacre is less exclusive in its associations1 the presence of the grand roi being thrown into the shade by the subsequent military glory of the grande arme4 ,david has covered the walls with the chief events of ,napoleon's career1 beginning with the first consulship1 and continuing through the triumphal march of the ,empire4 ,when the first series of these immense pictures was shown to ,napoleon1 he1 startled by their magnitude1 of which he was probably a better judge than of their talent1 turned to the painter1 and exclaimed3 8,now ,i must build a palace to lodge them60 ,the ,salle des ,amiraux1 which1 as its name indicates1 is consecrated to the memory of the naval heroes of ,france1 was formerly the room of the ,dauphin1 son of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,so little is known of this prince beyond the fact that he was the direct antithesis of his father in habits and character1 that the following anecdote may be found interesting as connected with him3 ,the dauphin1 like most princes of his time1 was passionately fond of the chase4 ,on one occasion he set out on a hunting expedition accompanied by a large party1 and towards nightfall he and one of his equerries got separated from the rest1 and found themselves astray in a dense wood1 where they wandered for some hours without meeting any signs of human habitation4 ,they came at last upon a small cottage1 which1 from its isolated position and shabby appearance1 he set down as most likely a rendezvous of robbers1 that part of the country being much frequented by these worthies4 ,they were well armed1 however1 and determined to risk the barbarous hospitality of the thieves rather than pass the night amidst the snakes and other uncomfortable inmates of the woods4 ,they knocked at the door1 first meekly1 then more peremptorily1 and at last furiously2 getting no answer1 they resolved to break open the house1 and began hammering away vigorously with the butend of their guns at the shaky old door4 ,at this crisis a window opened somewhere1 and a voice1 that quavered with fright1 besought the burglars to go away1 as they would find nothing in so poor a lodging to repay their trouble4 ,summoned to say whom it belonged to1 the voice replied that it was that of the cur of the neighboring hamlet1 whereupon the huntsmen begged him to come down and spare them further trouble by opening the door himself4 ,after much expostulation the host obeyed1 and then his guests desired him to serve the best he had for their supper2 there was no use protesting with visitors who had such formidable arguments on their shoulders and glistening in their belts1 so the cur obeyed with the best grace he could4 ,there was nothing substantial in the larder1 he declared1 but a leg of mutton1 which the gentlemen were welcome to if they would undertake to cook it and let him go back to his bed4 ,this they agreed to1 with great goodhumor and many courteous thanks1 and the old priest1 after showing them where to find food and shelter for their horses1 wished them a good appetite and betook himself to his couch1 marvelling much at the sudden gentleness and courtesy of these singular burglars who had made their entry in so boisterous and uncivil a manner4 ,the burglars1 meantime1 did full justice to his hospitality and their own cooking1 and1 having supped heartily1 flung themselves at full length on the floor1 and were soon sound asleep--sounder1 no doubt1 than their host1 whose slumbers1 if he slept at all1 were most likely disturbed by visions of highwaymen arresting and murdering the king's subjects or throttling honest folk in their beds1 and such like unrefreshing dreams4 ,the good man was up betimes1 and while the hunters were still fast asleep he slipt out to seek some breakfast for them4 ,meantime the hunt1 which had been in pursuit of the prince all night1 perceived the little wreath of smoke that curled up from the cur's chimney on the clear morning air1 and at once made for the point whence it proceeded1 sounding the horn as it approached4 ,the prince and his companions started to their feet at the first note of the welcome signal1 rushed to their horses1 and were in the saddle and far out of sight before their host returned from his foraging expedition4 ,great was his surprise to find the birds had flown1 but he was glad to be rid of them1 and on such easy terms1 for they had carried off nothing--the house was just as he had left it4 ,it was not a thing to boast of1 having harbored a couple of highwaymen for a night1 though they had behaved so considerately to him--the cur1 therefore1 kept the adventure to himself4 ,but he had not heard the last of it4 ,the next day a messenger came in hot haste from ,versailles with a summons for him to appear without further delay before the king4 ,terrified out of his five wits1 and knowing full well what had brought this judgment upon him1 the worthy old priest took up his stick and asked no questions1 but forthwith made his way to the palace4 ,he was conducted at once to the ,salle du ,trne1 where ,louis1 surrounded by the rank and blood of ,france1 was seated as for some solemn ceremonial on his chair of state4 ,he bent a stern gaze on the cur1 and in accents that made the culprit's soul shake within him1 demanded how it came to pass that a man of his holy calling made his house a rendezvous for midnight robbers who prowled about the country1 disturbing honest subjects and breaking the king's laws4 ,the cur fell upon his knees1 and humbly confessing cowardly concealment of a fact that he was in conscience bound to have denounced at once to the nearest magistrate1 pleaded1 nevertheless1 that the bearing of those malefactors was so noble and their manners so courteous that he had doubts as to whether they were indeed such and not rather two knights of his majesty's court2 whereupon ,louis bade the malefactors come forward1 and1 introducing them by name to the bewildered cur1 enjoined him to be less cautious another time in opening his doors to benighted gentlemen4 8,and in payment of the leg of mutton which my son was so unmannerly as to confiscate on you10 continued the king1 8,i name you ,grand ,prieur1 with the revenues and privileges attached to the office40 ,this was assuredly the highest price that ever a leg of mutton fetched4 ,the chambre coucher de la reine7#fi7 plays a distinct part of its own in the annals of ,versailles4 ,we forget its first occupant1 the gentle1 longsuffering ,marie ,thrse1 of whom1 on hearing of her death1 ,louis ,quatorze exclaimed3 8,this is the first sorrow she ever caused me60 we forget the longersuffering wife of ,louis ,quinze1 the charitable ,marie ,leczinska1 surnamed by the people 8the good queen02 we lose sight of all the august figures who pass before us in the retrospect of this royal chamber1 and see only ,marie ,antoinette1 the haughty sovereign1 the heroic mother and devoted wife1 who has made it all her own4 ,we see her1 woke out of her sleep1 and the cries of the mob menacing the palace in the dead of the night1 and flying hardly dressed from the chambre de la reine to take refuge in the dauphin's apartment1 while the faithful guards dispute with their lives the entrance of her own to the mad multitude that have now broken in like a destroying torrent and are close upon the threshold4 ,the walls seem still to echo the cry of those two brave guards as they fell3 8,save the queen6 ,save the queen60 ,the great tragedy that was to change the whole destinies of ,france may be said to have begun on this terrible night of the #fth of ,october4 ,the chambre coucher du roi7#gj7 is1 on the other hand1 filled with ,louis ,quatorze to the exclusion of all other memories4 ,here was performed that solemn comedy in which the warriors and statesmen of the day took their part so gravely3 the lever and coucher de roi4 ,when we read the minute details given in the chronicles of the time of the ceremonial gone through by his courtiers every time the king got in and out of bed1 it is a severe tax on our credulity to believe that the dramatis person who played the farce so seriously were not fools or grinning idiots1 but sane and sober men whose lineage was second only in blueblooded antiquity to that of ,csar himself1 men of talent1 men of genius1 heroes who fought their country's battles and deemed it no derogation to come from the field of glory and fight for the honor of handing the king his stockings or his pantaloons4 ,this proud noblesse whom ,richelieu could not conquer by the sword or subdue by tortures and imprisonment1 lay down at the feet of ,louis1 and1 it is hardly a figure of speech to say1 licked them4 ,they appear to have looked upon him1 not as a mortal like themselves1 however elevated above them in rank and power1 but as a god1 a being altogether apart from them in species4 ,one is tempted to believe that both they and he must occasionally have been possessed with some vague notion that it was so2 there is no other way of accounting for the servile worship which they tendered as a duty1 and which he accepted as a due4 ,truly that famous 8,l'tat c'est moi607#ga7 sounds more of a god than a man2 and that other utterance of ,louis1 ,messieurs1 j'ai failli attendre67#gb7 addressed to the proudest nobility in ,europe1 who were barely in their places when the flourish of trumpets announced the king's entrance1 is scarcely less grotesque in its superhuman pride4 ,this great and little coucher which was surrounded by so much prestige in the court of ,france was somewhat ridiculed by contemporary sovereigns1 for the honor of humanity be it said2 their admiration for ,louis did not go the length of viewing the august ceremonial otherwise than in the light of a bore or a joke4 ,when ,frederick the ,great heard from his ambassador an account of the first grand lever at which he assisted at ,versailles1 he burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter1 and exclaimed3 8,well1 if ,i were king of ,france1 ,i would certainly hire some small king to go through all that for me60 ,considering how eagerly his courtiers contended for the honor of dressing the king's person1 one would have fancied the privilege of making his bed would have been proportionately coveted1 and held second only to the honor of holding his majesty's boots2 but1 such is the inconsistency of human beings1 this was not the case4 ,the courtiers probably felt that a line should be drawn somewhere1 so they drew it here2 they would not perform this menial office for the ,grand ,monarque1 and the distinction of turning his mattresses and spreading his quilt devolved on valets of a lower grade4 ,among this inferior herd was one named ,molire1 a youth whom his comrades laughed at and treated as a sort of crazy creature who was always in the moon4 ,one day when it happened to be his turn to spread the royal sheets1 the poet ,belloc overheard them chaffing him and refusing to help him in his work4 ,he went up to ,molire1 and said3 8,monsieur de ,molire1 will you do me the honor of allowing me to help you to make the king's bed80 and ,molire granted the request4 ,the incident came to the king's ear and led to his noticing the eccentric valet4 ,a little later1 and we see him standing behind the valet's chair in this same room1 where his majesty's dinner was sometimes served1 and waiting upon him1 while the courtiers who had refused to sit at table with ,molire stood round1 looking on in 8mute consternation at the strange spectacle10 ,saint,simon tells us1 who owns navely to sharing their consternation4 8,since none of my courtiers will admit ,monsieur de ,molire to their table10 said ,louis1 8,i must needs set him down at mine1 and show them that ,i count it an honor for the ,king of ,france to wait upon so great a man40 ,here1 in this bed that ,belloc and ,molire had made together1 ,louis ,quatorze died4 ,from under the crimson and gold canopy which had witnessed the eternal levers and couchers1 ,louis rebuked the violent grief of two young pages who stood within the balustrade1 that sanctum sanctorum which none under a prince of the blood or a high chancellor dare pass at any other time2 they were weeping bitterly4 8,what60 exclaimed the king1 8did ye1 then1 think ,i was immortal80 ,there was a time when he himself seemed to have thought so2 but viewed by that vivid light that breaks through the mists of death1 things wore a different aspect in his eyes2 and the adulation which would fain have treated him as immortal1 and which was during life as the breath of his nostrils to ,louis1 showed now as the empty bubble that it was4 ,no one ever again slept in the bed which had been honored by the last sigh of the ,grand ,monarque2 the room remained henceforth unoccupied1 and1 with the exception of the pictures which have been removed1 is still just as he left it4 ,louis carried his favorite pictures about with him wherever he went4 8,david10 by ,domenichino1 his best beloved of them all1 is now to be seen at the ,louvre2 otherwise little has been altered in the chambre du roi2 the bed and the ruelle are in their old place1 also the table1 on which a cold collation was laid every night in case of the king's awaking and feeling hungry2 this precautionary little meal was called the en cas2 and the name with the habit1 which had given rise to it1 is still perpetuated in many oldfashioned ,french families4 ,louis ,quinze1 from some superstitious feeling1 could never bring himself to sleep in the death chamber of his illustrious greatgrandfather2 he took possession of what was then the salle de billiard1 a noble room opening into the ilde buf 7bull's eye71 so called from its having an ildebuf over the large window at the north end4 ,in an alcove in this billiard hall1 ,louis ,,xv4 died4 ,the adjoining ildebuf was filled with the courtiers1 who dare not venture within the polluted atmosphere of the royal chamber1 but stood outside it1 consulting together in 8guilty whispers0 as to what they ought to do2 dreading on one hand the reward of their cowardice if the king should recover1 and fearing on the other to fly too soon with their servile congratulations to his successor4 ,in the great court below another crowd was assembled1 watching in breathless silence for the signal which was to proclaim the king's death4 ,what a spectacle it was6--what a lesson for a king6 ,the flatterers who yesterday had been his slaves1 pandering to his vices1 and helping to make him the abject creature that he was1 abandoned him now that he was struggling with grim ,death1 and1 all absorbed in selfish cares for their own interest1 in speculations of the favor of the new king1 they had no pity in their hearts for the master who could pay them no more4 ,it came at last1 the signal2 the small flame of a candle was seen flickering through the darkness1 and then held up at the window of the ildebuf4 8,suddenly there was a noise10 says the historian of that ghastly scene1 8like a roll of thunder1 it was the courtiers rushing from the antechamber of the dead king to greet his successor40 ,only his daughters had been brave enough to stand by the bedside of the dying man1 and1 now that he was gone1 there was not one in all that multitude who could be induced to perform the last office of mercy towards his poor remains4 ,it was imperative1 nevertheless1 that the body should be embalmed1 and this appalling task devolved upon ,andouill1 the late king's surgeon4 ,the ,duc de ,villequier went up to him and reminded him of it2 he knew that the operation must insure certain death to the operator1 but that was not his concern4 8,it is your duty1 monsieur10 said the duke2 and he was coolly turning away when ,andouill stopped him4 8,yes10 he replied1 8it is my duty1 and it is yours to hold the head40 ,de ,villequier had forgotten this2 he made no answer1 but left the room1 and nothing more was said about the embalmment4 ,the body was hustled into a coffin1 and smuggled rather than conveyed in the dead of the night to ,s4 ,denis1 a few menials accompanying the ,king of ,france to his last restingplace4 ,the spirit of ,french loyalty may be said to have been buried with ,louis ,quinze2 8the divinity that doth hedge a king0 was that night laid low in ,france1 wrapped in the shroud that covered the unutterable mass of corruption consigned like a dog to the readymade grave in ,s4 ,denis4 ,le roi could never again be to the nation what he had been heretofore4 ,le roi est mort1 vive le roi67#gc7 ceased to be the watchword of its fealty2 le roi1 that being invested not merely with supreme authority1 but with a sort of vague personal sacredness that has no parallel in modern loyalty1 died with ,louis ,quinze1 never to be resuscitated4 ,the miserable death of the libertine prince1 fit ending to an ignoble life1 came upon his people in the light of a divine judgment1 swift and awful1 and dealt the last blow at that prestige which had for generations been the bulwark of kingworship and shaded with its mysterious reverence the iniquities of the throne4 ,no man suffers alone for his sins1 but how much more truly may this be said of kings6 ,who could measure the depth of the gulf that ,louis ,,xv4 had dug through his long reign for those who were to come after him1 and realize the consequences of his evil deeds to future generations of ,frenchmen8 ,there is no greater fallacy than to attribute to an age the responsibility of its own destinies2 none probably ever saw the beginning and end of its own history1 for good or evil1 but less than any other can the period of the ,revolution be said to have witnessed this unity4 ,we must look much further back to trace the rising of the red flood that inundated ,france in '#ic4 ,it was the insane extravagance of ,louis ,,xiv4's reign and the official depravity of the succeeding one that sowed the harvest that was to be reaped in fire by the innocent victims of a corruption which for a whole century had been seething as in the caldron of the ,prophet's vision1 till it boiled over in the mad frenzy of the ,revolution1 and swallowed up not only the monarch1 but the soul and reason of ,france1 in a deluge of exasperated hate and suicidal revenge4 ,louis ,seize1 the martyred king who was to expiate the follies and crimes of his predecessors1 next passes before us along the galleries of ,versailles4 ,there is an interval of peace1 a short halcyon time of pastorals and idyls1 we see ,marie ,antoinette playing at shepherdess in ,arcadia1 we hear ,trianon ringing with the music of her lighthearted laughter1 we see her choosing a friend17#gd7 and braving the jealous anger that makes a crime of her friendship though it be wise1 and rebukes her mirth though it be innocent2 but the queen turns a deaf ear to all warning sounds and shuts her eyes to the gathering clouds4 ,imprudent ,marie ,antoinette6 ,illadapted wife of timid1 hesitating1 magnanimous ,louis ,seize1 the ,bourbon of whom it was written with truth3 8,louis ne sut qu'aimer et pardonner1 ,s'il avait su punir1 il aurait su regner407#ge7 ,he loved and forgave to the end1 but he never learned to punish4 ,warnings were not wanting1 but he would not heed them4 ,see him standing in the embrasure of the window of that cabinet du roi whence ,louis ,quatorze ruled the kings and peoples of ,europe2 a new power has arisen2 it is the people's turn to rule the king1 his brow is clouded1 his lip trembles1 not with fear--that base emotion never stirred the soul of ,louis ,seize--but with anguish1 perplexity1 doubts in himself that amounted to despair4 ,he listens to the murmurs of the crowd down below2 and to ,de ,brz1 who repeats1 in tremulous accents1 ,mirabeau's message of tremendous import3 8,go tell the king that the will of the people has brought us here1 and nothing but the force of bayonets shall drive us hence60 ,that force he knew full well would never be appealed to2 it was not the people who should be driven hence1 it was they who would drive the king4 ,presently we see the ponderous state coach jolting slowly down the ,avenue de ,paris1 the first stage of the royal martyrs towards the guillotine2 the mob1 in a frenzy of drunken triumph1 jostled it from side to side1 pressing rudely through the windows to stare at their victims1 and insulting them by thrusting the red cap into their faces1 and shouting as they go3 8,the baker and the bakeress6 now we have caught them1 and the people shall have bread60 ,this journey dates a new era in the annals of ,versailles1 it is the deathknell of the pleasant days of royalty2 there are to be no more ftes pastorales at ,trianon1 no more merry children of ,france careering over the flowery terraces1 making the sombre alleys bright and the gay flowers brighter with the sweet melody of child laughter2 all this is gone1 and passed like a dream4 8,the old order of things has vanished1 making place for the new40 ,soon we shall see the palace of ,louis ,quatorze stripped of its costly furniture1 invaded by the rabble1 and pillaged from garret to cellar4 ,the ,convention will deem it right to utilize the 8foregoing abode of the tyrants0 by turning it into a hospital2 they will transport the invalids to ,versailles1 but the rheumatic old heroes will find the apartments of the ,grand ,monarque too grand to be comfortable1 they will complain of their pains and aches being aggravated by the draughts1 and beg to be taken back to their homely quarters1 and the ,convention1 in its benevolence1 will accede to the request4 ,louis ,,xviii4 was anxious to fix his residence at ,versailles1 and went the length of spending six millions of francs on repairing the faade1 which had been sadly battered by the ,revolution1 but he found that the expense of refurnishing the palace would have been too much for the exhausted finances of ,france2 so he gave up the idea4 ,louis ,philippe restored it to its ancient splendor1 but not for his own use2 he made it over to the nation as a museum1 where they might go and enjoy themselves1 and see all the glories of their country commemorated4 ,many of the victories of the grande arme were painted to his order to complete the series already decorating the walls4 ,versailles has retained ever since this national character4 ,under the ,second ,empire it was used occasionally for ftes given to foreign princes2 the most magnificent of these was the one prepared for the ,queen of ,england when she visited ,napoleon ,,iii4 after his marriage4 ,france has undergone many strange vicissitudes1 and her palaces have harbored many unlikely guests2 but among the strangest on record none can assuredly compete with the recent experiences of ,versailles4 ,if the spirit of ,louis ,,xiv4 be permitted sometimes to haunt the scene of his earthly pride1 what must his feelings have been during the last two years6 ,what did he feel on beholding the halls which had echoed to his conquering step held by the victorious soldiers of ,germany1 and vacated by them to make way for the ,president of the ,french ,republic8 ,but this crowning enormity stopped short at the threat4 ,the chambre du roi was indeed placed at the disposal of the ,president1 but whether it was that he shrank from the profanation1 or feared the vast proportions of the great king's palace1 as likely to prove too large a frame for the representative of a republic1 he declined taking up his abode there4 ,versailles continues still to be the resort of the people and of travellers from all parts of the world4 ,father ,isaac ,jogues1 ,s4,j4 ,father ,isaac ,jogues1 the first of the missionaries to bear the cross into the interior of our country1 and the first to shed his blood on its soil for the faith of ,christ1 was a native of ,orleans1 ,france4 ,he was born on the #ajth of ,january1 #afjg1 of a family distinguished alike for their virtues and their worth4 ,in the bosom of this pious family the young ,isaac was reared up1 surrounded by all the profound and pleasing practices of ,catholic devotion4 ,lessons of religion and letters were imparted together1 and the scholar from his earliest youth proved himself remarkably apt at both4 ,as soon as he was old enough1 he was sent1 to his own great joy1 to the college at ,orleans1 then recently established by the ,jesuit ,fathers1 under whose instruction he made rapid progress in his studies4 ,the virtues of his character so ingratiated him with his companions at college1 that no thought of jealousy ever entered their hearts at the eminence he enjoyed as a student4 ,as the close of his collegiate course drew near1 he began1 more seriously than ever1 to meditate on the greatest act of one's life--the selection of a vocation4 ,it was his extraordinary devotion to the ,passion of ,our ,lord that settled this question for him4 ,the cathedral church of his native city was dedicated to the ,holy ,cross1 and there from his tenderest years he gazed daily upon that sacred symbol of the ,passion and ,redemption glittering from the spires of the temple1 and it became the object of his warmest affection4 8,o lovely tree whose branches wore ,the royal purple of his gore6 ,oh6 may aloft thy branches shoot1 ,and fill all nations with thy fruit60 ,impelled by this devotion1 he retired into himself in order to discover his vocation1 and heard within his soul the voice of ,heaven calling him to the ,society of ,jesus4 ,having applied for admission into the ,society1 and being received with alacrity by the superior1 he entered upon his novitiate in ,october1 #afbd4 ,to complete his studies he next went to the celebrated college of ,la ,flche1 where he passed his examination in philosophy at the end of three years with great distinction4 ,then1 in obedience to the discipline of his order1 the young ,jesuit went to teach in the college at ,rouen1 and for four years instructed the youth of that city in the elements of the ,latin language1 in the principles of religion and the practice of piety4 ,so fruitful were his labors in this regard that his scholars were ever distinguished for the solidity and constancy of their virtues1 and many of them became companions of their saintly preceptor in the ,society of ,jesus4 ,we now find him winning laurels in the flowery path of literature4 ,it was1 at the period of which we speak1 the custom at the ,jesuit colleges to test the qualifications of the teachers1 by requiring them1 at the opening of the year1 to deliver an oration or poem1 or read a lecture of their own production1 in public4 ,simply in obedience to this rule1 and without any desire of his own to gain distinction1 the gifted ,jogues participated in these exercises1 and on one occasion produced a poem of rare excellence4 ,but his heart was too thoroughly preengaged to covet the laurels of literary fame4 ,he was intent on winning another crown--the glorious crown of martyrdom4 ,yet so obedient was the young scholastic to the will of his superior and to the spirit of his institute1 that he1 who only desired for himself the wigwam and council fires of the roving tribes of the ,western wilds1 went out with as much labor and zeal to acquire all the accomplishments of learning as though a professor's chair in ,europe was to be the field of his ambition4 ,he was next sent to ,paris1 where he began his course of divinity at the college of ,clermont4 ,he applied himself to these studies with the greatest zeal1 since they constituted the last probation and delay preceding his elevation to the sacred ministry1 and the realization of his fondest hope--a foreign mission4 ,he seems not to have discovered his future plans to his family1 to whom he was1 however1 most tenderly attached4 ,writing to them in ,april1 #afce1 on receiving their complaint at his not having joined them in one of their family festivals1 he says3 8,the prayers which ,i offer up1 as well afar off as near you1 are the most affectionate marks ,i can give of my interest in you all40 ,when the time for the reception of holy orders drew near1 he prepared himself by a spiritual retreat1 and was ordained in ,february1 #afcf4 ,his family1 who were extremely devoted to him1 were not present at his ordination2 but his fond mother obtained from his superior a promise that he might say his first ,mass in his native city4 ,he accordingly went to ,orleans1 and offered up the holy sacrifice for the first time in the church of the ,holy ,cross4 ,then1 tearing himself away from his mother and sisters1 never to see them again1 he went to ,rouen1 and entered upon what is called the second novitiate in the ,society of ,jesus4 ,but a fleet was soon ready to sail from ,dieppe for ,canada1 and the young missionary must hasten to his chosen field of labor and love4 ,he was accompanied on the voyage by the ,jesuit ,fathers ,garnier and ,chatelain1 and by ,m4 de ,chanflour1 afterwards governor at ,three ,rivers4 ,the vessel in which they sailed being leaky1 the pumps were kept in constant motion1 and the labor thus imposed upon the crew gave rise to a mutiny1 which ,father ,jogues alone was able to quell4 ,m4 de ,chanflour ever afterwards1 in speaking of the voyage1 attributed his safety to the influence of ,father ,jogues' prayers with ,god1 and of his persuasion with the men4 ,after words of pious affection and encouragement which this exemplary son knew well how to address to that excellent mother1 he proceeds in one of his letters addressed to her3 8,i write this more than three thousand miles away from you1 and ,i may perhaps this year be sent to a nation called the ,huron1 distant nearly a thousand miles more from here4 ,it shows great dispositions for embracing the faith4 ,it matters not where we are1 provided we are ever in the arms of ,providence and in his holy grace4 ,this ,i beg for you and all our family daily at the altar40 ,by his short stay at ,miscou he missed the ,indian flotilla1 and ,fathers ,garnier and ,chatelain embarked without him2 but1 some canoes having come in later1 the ,indians1 when about to return1 asked1 as if reproachfully1 why there was no blackgown to be carried by them4 ,father ,jogues1 being then at ,three ,rivers1 was summoned to embark1 and at once joyfully entered the canoes4 ,we would gladly reproduce1 did our space allow1 a letter addressed to his mother1 under date ,june #e1 #afcg1 giving an account of this voyage4 ,suffice it to say that in nineteen days he accomplished what usually took twenty five or thirty2 joining ,fathers ,garnier and ,chatelain1 who had preceded him but a month1 and three other missionaries who had been five or six years in the country4 ,supported by his zeal1 he accomplished his arduous and laborious passage1 but no sooner arrived at ,ihonitiria than his exhausted nature sank under a dreadful malady1 which for more than a month threatened to terminate his existence4 ,with four others he lay during all this time in a cabin1 without medicines or food1 except such food as was an aggravation to the disease4 ,by the middle of ,october ,father ,jogues was so far recovered as to be able to take the ordinary food of the country1 the sagamity4 ,in ,november he set out from ,ihonitiria to join ,father ,brebeuf at the great town of ,ossossan1 where for a time they were companions on earth who were destined to be companions in heaven1 in the enjoyment of the glorious crown of martyrdom4 ,sickness was raging over the land1 and the missionaries hastened from town to town1 and from cabin to cabin1 baptizing the dying infants1 and such of the adults as were willing to receive the words of eternal life4 ,they even extended their visits to the neighboring ,nipissings1 who had been terribly afflicted with the prevailing maladies4 ,the poor ,indians1 in most cases1 would not listen to the voice of the fathers1 because they could not promise1 as their own sorcerers pretended1 to cure their bodily afflictions4 ,the horrid orgies of the medicinemen were consequently in great requisition1 and one of them1 a little deformed creature1 offered his services to one of the fathers in his sickness4 ,there was another medicineman1 ,tehoronhaegnon1 who filled the land with dances and orgies of the most wicked and revolting character4 ,the missionaries labored to banish these abominations from the country1 and to introduce in their place the pure and holy rites of the ,christian religion4 ,unacquainted with their language1 ,father ,jogues labored under the greatest disadvantages1 but by zealous and persevering application he was soon able to make himself well understood2 and in a few years he was master of the ,huron1 the keytongue to so many others4 ,remaining at ,ossossan as his place of residence1 he was incessant in his visits and ministrations in the cabins of the people1 preaching the faith to all1 and at the same time rapidly acquiring their language4 ,late in #afcg he returned to labor in the same way at ,ihonitiria4 ,on the ruin of this town and its mission1 he went again to join his superior1 ,father ,brebeuf1 at ,teananstayae4 ,in #afci1 ,father ,jogues accompanied ,father ,garnier in his expedition to plant the cross among the mountains of the ,petuns1 or ,tobacco ,indians4 ,they twice visited the ,petun village of ,ehwae1 which they dedicated to ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul4 ,but their noble efforts were in vain2 every door was closed against them1 and menaces assailed them on every side2 even the women reproached their husbands for not killing them1 and the children pursued them through the streets4 ,the sachems gave a feast to the young warriors in order to induce them to destroy the missionaries2 but the providence of ,god saved his servants from the impending blow4 ,in the next year1 ,father ,jogues was stationed with ,father ,francis ,duperon at the new residence at ,s4 ,mary's4 ,four towns partook of their care1 and these they piously dedicated to ,s4 ,ann1 ,s4 ,john1 ,s4 ,denis1 and ,s4 ,louis4 ,obliged to select the worst season of the year for their labor1 because then only were the neophytes drawn together1 their time was incessantly occupied in conveying to the untaught natives the faith and its consolations4 ,next year ,father ,jogues was stationed permanently at ,st4 ,mary's4 ,here the fathers established a hospice1 where the wayfarer was ever sure to find refreshment and relief for the body as well as the soul4 ,to this sacred spot in the wilderness came ,indians from distant villages to receive instruction in the faith1 some to be baptized1 some to prepare for the reception of ,holy ,communion1 some to be trained in the duties of catechists1 and others1 like ,joseph ,chihatenhwa1 to make a spiritual retreat4 ,but now a new enterprise for the ,gospel drew ,father ,jogues away from ,st4 ,mary's4 ,this was to plant the cross in the region now comprising the state of ,michigan4 ,the missionaries knew that beyond the ,huron ,lake another vast expanse of water lay which never yet had been visited by them4 ,the strait which connected the two lakes had formerly been known by the name of ,gaston1 and was supposed to have been once visited by ,nicholet1 but no intercourse ever subsisted between the ,french and the tribes of those regions4 ,in the summer of #afda1 numerous delegations from all the nations and tribes1 scattered over a great expanse of country1 were attracted to the 8,feast of the ,dead10 now to be given by the ,algonquins4 ,thus1 on the present occasion1 the numerous branches of the vast ,algonquin family were brought in contact with the ,jesuit missionaries and the ,christian ,hurons1 and the latter spread far and near in this vast assembly the fame of the blackgown chiefs4 ,in the general interchange of presents1 the missionaries presented to the strangers 8the wampum of the faith40 ,the ,panoitigoueieuhak1 or ,sauteux1 as the ,french called them1 a tribe inhabiting the small strip near the ,falls of ,st4 ,mary1 were particularly friendly and earnest1 and invited the blackgowns to come and bring the faith to their cabins as they had done for the ,hurons4 ,father ,raymbault and ,father ,jogues were named by the superior to visit this new and distant vineyard4 ,launching their canoes in the latter part of ,september at ,st4 ,mary's1 they glided over the little river ,wye1 and were soon on the broad1 clear bosom of the great 8,fresh,water ,sea40 ,for seventeen days their frail canoes glided through the multitude of little islands that stud the water from the ,huron promontory4 ,they reached without accident the strait where ,superior empties its waters into the lower lakes1 and then they encountered ,indians assembled to the number of two thousand4 ,from these they learned of innumerable wild and warlike tribes stretching far to the west and south4 ,here1 too1 their eager ears were feasted with tidings of a mighty river rolling towards the south till it met the sea1 whose shores were lined with numberless tribes and nations4 ,planting the cross at ,sault ,st4 ,mary's1 the two fathers turned it hopefully and prophetically towards this great mysterious river1 whose vast and teeming valley they thus took possession of in the name of the ,prince of ,peace4 ,having opened the way to this immense missionfield by their visit1 the two missionaries encouraged the ,sauteux with the prospect of a future permanent mission1 and1 amidst the regrets of their new friends1 again launched their canoes and returned to their missionhouse at ,st4 ,mary's4 8,thus10 says ,bancroft1 8did the religious zeal of the ,french bear the cross to the banks of the ,st4 ,mary and the confines of ,lake ,superior1 and look wistfully towards the homes of the ,sioux in the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 five years before the ,new ,england ,eliot had addressed the tribes of ,indians that dwelt within six miles of ,boston ,harbor40 ,at ,st4 ,mary's1 ,father ,jogues remained constantly employed at the hospice with ,father ,duperon in instructing and preparing the ,indians for the reception of the faith4 ,one hundred and twenty were baptized during the winter1 and among these was the famous warrior1 ,ahasistari1 a chief of the town of ,st4 ,joseph's4 ,this brave and chivalrous chief had been for some time receiving instruction in the faith1 and he now came forward to ask for baptism4 ,the fathers at first put him off1 in order that he might become still better instructed2 but his entreaties were so earnest1 and his appreciation of the ,christian truths so intelligent1 that it was deemed no longer necessary or proper to postpone the boon4 ,he accordingly received the sacrament on ,holy ,saturday1 #afdb4 ,it has been seen how1 at ,orleans1 the ardent novice of the ,society of ,jesus was passionately devoted to the cross1 the memento of our ,saviour's ,passion4 ,like ,s4 ,peter1 his heart was still for ever enamored with the sacred humanity of his divine ,master4 ,thus his devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament was intense1 and the ,real ,presence1 the greatest of blessings1 made the wilderness of ,america a paradise to ,father ,jogues4 ,father ,buteux says of him that he was 8a soul glued to the ,blessed ,sacrament40 ,his prayers1 meditations1 office1 examens of conscience--in fine1 all his devotions--were performed in the little chapel before the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,neither heat1 nor cold1 nor the swarms of mosquitoes1 with which the chapel was infested1 could induce him to forego the society of his ,saviour4 ,no wonder he was attracted thither2 for it was in the little chapel that he was not unfrequently favored with heavenly visitations4 ,it was there1 too1 that he breathed that heroic prayer1 whose only petition was that he might be allowed to bear a portion of his ,saviour's cross4 ,his prayer was heard--a warning voice fortified his soul for the approaching conflict4 ,the necessities of the ,huron missionaries had now arrived at the point of extreme distress4 ,they were reduced to procure the wine for the altar from the wild grape2 at last1 flour to make the sacred host was wanting for the holy sacrifice1 and the missionaries themselves were in want of clothes and other necessaries of life4 ,the perilous passage through various intervening hostile tribes to procure relief from ,quebec for the pressing demands of the mission must now be undertaken by some one1 and ,father ,jerome ,lalemant1 the superior1 selected ,father ,jogues for the task1 which1 however1 at the same time1 he permitted him to accept or decline4 ,his immediate preparation to depart showed that he did not hesitate about accepting4 ,to his great joy1 the faithful and noble chief1 ,eustace ,ahasistari1 came forward1 and offered to become his escort and guide4 ,a flotilla of four canoes1 bearing the missionary1 the ,christian chief1 four ,frenchmen1 and eighteen ,hurons1 started from ,st4 ,mary's on the #acth of ,june4 ,the voyagers had to endure the usual portages at the rapids1 and other hardships of such trips2 but1 by the exercise of great care and vigilance1 they reached ,quebec without harm from the savages4 ,the faithful messenger1 besides procuring books1 vestments1 and sacred vessels1 had all things in readiness by the last day in ,july1 the feast of ,s4 ,ignatius4 ,he stopped to celebrate the feast of the great founder of his order1 in which his companions united by approaching the sacraments in solemn preparation for their perilous return4 ,the flotilla1 now increased to twelve canoes1 started from ,three ,rivers on the #ast day of ,august1 and at first made slow progress against the impetuous current of the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,they spent the night on a small island in ,lake ,st4 ,peter1 twelve leagues from ,three ,rivers1 and on the second morning they had not proceeded far when they discovered suspicious footprints on the adjacent shore4 ,nerved by the dauntless courage of ,ahasistari1 they pushed on1 and had not advanced a league when suddenly a volley from a ,mohawk ambush riddled their bark canoes4 ,panicstruck1 the ,hurons1 whose canoes were near the shore1 fled in all directions4 ,only fourteen rallied round the gallant ,ahasistari1 who had now to oppose a force of twice his numbers4 ,the ,mohawks1 armed with firearms1 and reinforced from the other shore1 overpowered the ,hurons1 who broke and fled4 ,father ,jogues1 ever mindful of his sacred calling1 in the heat of the attack calmly stopped to take up water for the baptism of his pilot1 who was the only unbaptized ,indian in his canoe4 ,seeing himself almost alone1 he made to the shore2 but he did not attempt to escape1 which he might easily have done4 8,could ,i10 he says1 8a minister of ,christ1 forsake the dying1 the wounded1 the captive80 ,advancing to the guard of the prisoners1 he asked to be made a captive with them1 and their companion in danger and in death4 ,well might the ,mohawk guard1 at the sight of such heroism1 have been scarcely able to believe his senses6 ,well might the historian exclaim1 8,when did a ,jesuit missionary seek to save his own life1 at what he believed to be the risk of a soul807#gf7 ,father ,jogues at once began his offices of mercy among his fellowcaptives4 ,he encouraged and confessed his faithful companion1 the good ,ren ,goupil2 he instructed and baptized the ,hurons1 and as1 one after another1 they were brought in prisoners1 the priest of ,god rushed to meet and embrace them1 and to unite them to the fold of ,christ4 ,in the meantime1 ,ahasistari1 having got beyond the reach of his pursuers1 looked round for ,ondessonk4 ,finding that the blackgown was not there1 the noble chief relinquished his freedom that he might share in the captivity of the father1 whom he had promised never to abandon4 ,while ,father ,jogues was engaged in ministering to the prisoners1 the voice of ,ahasistari struck upon his astonished ears4 8,i made a vow to thee that ,i would share thy fortunes1 whether death or life4 ,brother1 here ,i am to keep my vow40 ,also a young ,frenchman1 one of those donns who accompanied and aided the missionaries1 returned to join the prisoners with the same exalted motive2 and1 as ,father ,jogues tenderly embraced him1 all bleeding and mangled as he was1 the savages could not restrain their fury4 ,rushing upon the father1 they beat him with their fists and clubs till he fell senseless to the ground4 ,then1 seizing his hands1 they tore out most of his nails with their teeth1 and inflicted upon him the exquisite torture of crunching his fingers1 especially the two forefingers4 ,but these tortures were only the first outbursts of savage rage and cruelty1 the forerunners of more cruel ones in reserve4 ,the time consumed in collecting the prisoners1 dividing the booty1 and preparing for retreat enabled ,father ,jogues to complete the instruction and baptism of the remaining prisoners4 ,on ,lake ,champlain1 another ,mohawk warfleet met the flotilla1 and1 drawing up on an island1 the newcomers prepared to receive their countrymen and the prisoners4 ,they erected a scaffold on the highest point of land for the prisoners2 then offering thanks to the sun as the genius of war1 they lined the shore1 and welcomed the conquering fleet with a salute of firearms4 ,the number of savages on the new flotilla was about two hundred1 and1 as their native superstition taught them that their success in war would be proportioned to their cruelty to the prisoners1 sad indeed was the fate of the latter4 ,father ,jogues closed the line of prisoners as they marched up to the scaffold1 and so terrific was the shower of blows that assailed him that he fell exhausted to the ground3 8,god alone10 he exclaims--8,god alone1 for whose love and glory it is sweet to suffer1 can tell what cruelties they wreaked upon me then40 ,unable to proceed1 he was dragged to the scaffold1 when1 on reviving1 he suffered the ordeal of fire and steel4 ,his closing wounds were reopened1 his remaining nails were torn from their sockets1 and the bones forced through the crushed fingers4 ,twice one of his tormentors rushed to cut off his nose--a certain prelude of death to follow--and was twice restrained by some invisible1 some providential power4 ,falling repeatedly to the ground1 the blazing brands and burning calumets forced him to rise4 ,thus tortured and fainting1 the paternal eyes of ,jogues still possessed tears of tenderest sympathy to shed for the sufferings of his fellowcaptive1 ,ahasistari1 who1 amidst his own sufferings1 cried aloud in praise of the father's courage and love of his children4 ,the night was spent without food1 and in the morning the voyage was resumed4 ,while passing over the lake1 again they met a ,mohawk fleet1 and again the victorious ,mohawks must honor their countrymen by fresh tortures of the prisoners4 ,on the next day1 the ninth of the captivity1 the flotilla reached the extremity of the lake1 where the entire party landed4 ,the prisoners1 weakened and suffering with wounds and hunger1 were now loaded with all the luggage1 and1 in this plight1 forced to commence a four days' journey by land4 ,some berries1 gathered on the wayside1 constituted their only food1 and the exhausted father narrowly escaped being drowned in crossing the first river4 ,on the eve of the ,assumption of the ,blessed ,virgin1 they reached the river near the ,mohawk village4 ,here again the captives became the objects of cruel tortures for the amusement of the crowds swarming from the settlement to see them4 8,and as he ran the gauntlet1 ,jogues comforted himself with a vision of the glory of the ,queen of ,heaven107#gg7 for it was the eve of her glorious ,assumption into ,heaven4 ,some ,hurons1 who met them at the river1 exclaimed in compassion1 8,frenchmen1 you are dead60 ,before going up to the village1 ,father ,jogues was again cruelly beaten with clubs and sticks1 especially on the head1 which by its baldness excited the derision of the savages4 ,two remaining fingernails1 which had escaped their impatient cruelty before1 were now torn out with the roots4 8,conscious that1 if we withdrew ourselves from the number of the scourged1 we withdrew from that of the children of ,god1 we cheerfully presented ourselves10 were the words of the martyr himself1 relating how he advanced to receive new tortures4 ,the line of march was formed for the village1 ,father ,jogues closing as before the procession4 ,again the scaffold was erected1 again the heroic band ran the gauntlet in marching to the scaffold hill1 and the signal for the tortures to begin was given by a chief1 who struck each captive three times on the back with a club4 ,an old man approached ,father ,jogues1 and compelled an aged captive woman to sever his left thumb from his hand with a dull knife4 ,long and various were the tortures which ,father ,jogues and his companions now endured1 and though exhausted from the loss of blood1 he consoled them in their sufferings4 ,as night approached1 the prisoners were tied to stakes driven in the ground1 and thus exposed to the maltreatment of the children1 who threw burning coals upon them1 8which hissed and burned in the writhing flesh1 till they were extinguished there407#gh7 ,on the following day the prisoners were led forth half naked through the broiling sun1 to be exhibited and tortured in all the ,mohawk towns4 ,at the second village the same tortures were endured as at the first4 ,on entering the last town the heart of ,father ,jogues was melted at the sight of a fresh band of ,huron prisoners just brought in4 ,forgetting his own captivity and sufferings1 he approached the captives with every expression of sympathy and kindness3 he could not release their bodies from bondage2 but he offered to their immortal souls the freedom of the ,gospel4 ,there was no water at hand with which to baptize these devoted captives2 when1 lo6 the dews of heaven were supplied4 ,an ,indian at that anxious moment passed by with ,indian corn1 and threw a stalk at the father's feet4 ,as the freshly cut plant passed through the sunlight1 dewdrops upon the blades were revealed to the eager eyes of the missionary1 who1 gathering the precious drops into his hands1 baptized two ,hurons on the spot4 ,a little brook they afterwards crossed supplied the saving water for the others4 ,in this town1 also1 the tortures were repeated with many horrid additions4 ,father ,jogues1 ever tender and sympathetic for the sufferings of his converts1 was compelled to look on1 and see the fingers of one of his ,hurons nearly sawed off with a rough shell1 and then violently torn off with the sinews uncut4 ,father ,jogues and his companion ,ren ,goupil were led to a cabin and ordered to sing4 ,availing themselves of the command1 they devoutly chanted the ,psalms of ,david4 ,they were burned in several parts of their bodies4 ,then two poles were erected in the air1 in the form of a cross1 and ,father ,jogues was tied to it by cords of twisted bark1 thus throwing the whole weight of his body upon his wounded and lacerated arms4 ,he asked to be released in mercy1 in order that he might prepare for death1 which he thought would result from his tortures1 but this was refused him4 ,begging pardon of ,god for having made such a request1 he had already resigned himself to the mercies of heaven1 when suddenly an ,indian in the crowd1 touched with compassion1 rushed forward and cut the cords that bound him to the cross4 ,during the night he was again tied to a stake driven in the ground1 and his sufferings were prolonged without relief till morning4 ,on the following day the prisoners were carried back to the second town they had entered4 ,here the council decided to spare the lives of the ,french for the present1 and to put the ,hurons to death4 ,father ,jogues and ,ren ,goupil lingered in suffering1 and almost at the point of death1 for three weeks1 at ,gandawagu1 now ,caughnawaga1 in ,new ,york4 ,the ,mohawks had concluded to send them back when convenient to ,three ,rivers4 ,in the meantime1 the ,dutch settlers in ,new ,netherland1 who were allies of the ,mohawks1 heard that their ,iroquois neighbors and friends had taken some ,european prisoners4 ,these generous ,dutch1 headed by their minister1 the worthy ,dominie ,megapolensis1 took the matter in hand1 and raised six hundred guilders for the ransom of the ,french prisoners4 ,accordingly ,arendt ,curler set out with this sum1 accompanied by two burghers from ,rensselaerswyck1 now ,albany1 for the ,mohawk castles4 ,the treaty between the ,dutch and the ,mohawks was renewed1 but neither money nor diplomacy could move the chiefs to deliver up the prisoners1 whose importance they began now to perceive from the effort made for their release4 ,all that the ,dutch could obtain was a promise to send them back to ,three ,rivers4 ,afterwards1 divisions arose among the savages as to what disposition should be made of ,father ,jogues and ,ren4 ,in the meantime their lives were suspended upon the capricious humors and passions of the cruel ,mohawks4 ,the master of the cabin on seeing this ordered a young brave to put ,ren to death2 that order was afterwards obeyed4 ,after the death of ,ren1 ,father ,jogues remained among the ,mohawks1 the sole object of their barbarous cruelty and superstitious hatred4 ,amidst the countless sufferings he endured1 his consolation consisted in prayer and visits of religion to the ,huron prisoners4 ,in his poverty he was rich in the possession of a volume containing one of the ,epistles of ,s4 ,paul1 and an indulgenced picture of ,s4 ,bruno4 ,these1 his only possessions1 he carried always about his person4 ,in the fall1 he was obliged to accompany the tribe as a slave on a grand hunt1 and then for two months inconceivable hardships and labors were his constant lot4 ,when the chase was unproductive1 he was accused as the demon of their ill success4 ,when sacrifice was offered to the god ,aireskoi1 he refused to eat any of the food of the idolatrous sacrifice1 and was thereupon repulsed and avoided as polluted and polluting2 and every door was closed against him1 food was denied him1 and a shelter refused4 ,after performing the menial and oppressive labors which they imposed upon him1 he retired at night to his little oratory1 with its roof of bark and floor of snow1 to commune with his ,heavenly ,father1 his only friend2 even to that sacred spot1 the arrows1 clubs1 and once the tomahawk1 of his persecutors followed him4 ,he was finally sent back to the village1 loaded with venison1 over a frozen country1 thirty leagues in extent1 and almost perished of cold on the way4 ,but even such a journey possessed its consolations2 for on the way1 by an act of heroism1 he saved an ,indian woman and her infant from drowning1 and1 as the infant was on the point of expiring from its exposure and injuries1 he poured the waters of regeneration on its head1 and saved another soul for heaven4 ,on arriving at the village1 he was ordered to return over the same road to the huntingground1 but his repeated falls on the ice compelled him to abandon the journey and return to the village1 to endure equal torments there4 ,obliged to become the nurse of one of the most inveterate of his enemies1 who was lying devoured by a loathsome disease1 the good ,samaritan entered upon his task as a work of love1 and for an entire month bestowed the most tender care and sympathetic attention upon his patient4 ,in the spring of #afdc1 he was compelled to accompany a fishing party to a lake four days' journey off1 when he suffered over again the cruelties of the recent hunt4 ,on the lake shore1 as on the huntinggrounds1 his cross and little oratory of fir branches were his only consolations4 ,his mode of life in these wildernesses is thus described by ,bancroft3 8,on a hill apart he carved a long cross on a tree1 and there1 in the solitude1 meditated the imitation of ,christ1 and soothed his grief by reflecting that he alone1 in that vast region1 adored the true ,god of earth and heaven4 ,roaming through the stately forests of the ,mohawk ,valley1 he wrote the name of ,jesus on the bark of trees1 graved the cross1 and entered into possession of these countries in the name of ,god--often lifting up his voice in a solitary chant40 ,repeatedly during this period was the murderous tomahawk suspended over his head2 and twice was he selected to be sacrificed to the manes of some ,indian warrior who had gone on the hunt and had not returned4 ,but his life was in the hands of an invisible ,protector4 ,a generous ,indian matron adopted him as her son1 in the place of her own son she had just lost2 and now1 when he mingled with the ,mohawks as their brother1 he spoke to them of ,god1 heaven1 eternity1 and hell4 ,though he convinced them that his words were true1 they were too much wedded to their idols to yield to the grace of conversion4 ,on one occasion he was led out to be sacrificed to the manes of the braves who had gone on a war party1 and1 not having returned1 were supposed to be lost2 but before the ceremony proceeded too far1 the warriors returned just in time to save his life4 ,they brought with them some ,abnaki prisoners whom they destined for the stake4 ,father ,jogues secured the services of an interpreter1 instructed them in the faith1 and succeeded in converting several of them1 whom he baptized at ,easter4 ,it was shortly after this that ,father ,jogues was compelled to witness the horrid spectacle of human sacrifice offered to the demon ,aireskoi4 ,how wonderful are the ways of divine ,providence6 for it was in the midst of this act1 the lowest point in the scale of human degradation and of insult to ,god1 that a human soul is regenerated by one of the ,christian sacraments1 and that soul is the victim itself of the superstitious rite4 ,a woman was chosen for the victim1 and was tied to the stake4 ,the savages formed a line1 and as they approached the stake each one did his share in burning1 cutting1 or otherwise torturing the unhappy victim4 ,father ,jogues had previously instructed the woman4 ,he took no part1 of course1 in this awful and wicked sacrifice1 but he availed himself of an opportunity to press forward in the crowd1 and as the victim bowed to receive the sacrament from his hands1 the missionary poured the baptismal waters on her head1 in the midst of the raging flames of the heathen sacrifice4 ,an effort was now made by his friends in ,canada to secure the release of ,father ,jogues4 ,some braves of the ,sokoki tribe1 living on the ,connecticut1 had been captured by the ,algonquins1 and were now led forth for torture4 ,the ,french governor procured their liberation1 committed them to the care of the hospital nuns1 and1 after their wounds were healed1 sent them back to their own country1 with a request that they would induce their tribe to send an embassy to their allies the ,mohawks to intercede for the relief of ,father ,jogues4 ,the embassy was accordingly sent1 the ,mohawks lit their council fires1 the ,sokoki presents were accepted1 but the main question was parried1 and finally the old promise to send him back to ,three ,rivers was the only result4 ,perceiving now more than ever the dignity and importance of their prisoner1 the ,mohawks led him forth in triumph to show their allies that even the powerful ,french nation was tributary to the ,iroquois4 ,this cruel journey1 two hundred and fifty miles long1 was over a rugged and barren country1 and many were the sufferings our missionary had to endure4 ,yet this journey was not without its peculiar consolations to ,father ,jogues4 ,on one occasion he baptized five dying infants2 and as he passed through the cabins in search of souls1 he heard the voice of a former benefactor1 the ,indian who had so generously cut loose the cords that bound him to the cross of logs hoisted in the air in the village of ,tinniontiogen1 crying to him from his bed of misery and death4 ,father ,jogues embraced his benefactor with a burst of gratitude and sympathy4 ,unable to reward him with worldly goods or temporal relief1 the father instructed him in the truths of eternal life1 bestowed upon the willing convert the treasure of the faith1 and shortly before his death sealed all with the sacrament of baptism4 ,after his return to the village he was rushed upon one day by an infuriated savage1 whose club laid him almost lifeless on the ground4 ,every day he was thus exposed to some imminent peril4 ,his life was suspended upon the merest chance or savage caprice or passion4 ,the good old woman who had adopted him1 and whom he called his aunt1 was his only friend in that vast region4 ,she advised him to make his escape1 but he believed it to be the will of ,god that he should remain there4 ,in ,august1 #afdc1 he had to accompany a portion of the tribe on a hunting and fishing party1 during which he visited for the second time the ,dutch at ,rensselaerswyck1 the present city of ,albany4 ,the inhabitants again made a generous effort to secure the liberation of ,father ,jogues1 but their appeal to the savage ,mohawk was in vain4 ,it was here1 too1 amid the dangers and distractions that encompassed him at ,rensselaerswyck1 that he produced that beautiful monument of taste and learning1 as well as of apostolic zeal and love1 the relation of his captivity and sufferings to his superior1 which has been so greatly admired for its pure and classic ,latin4 ,in this letter1 he says3 8,i have baptized seventy since my captivity1 children1 and youth1 and old men of five different tongues and nations1 that men of every tribe1 and tongue1 and nation1 might stand in the presence of the ,lamb40 ,while engaged in helping the ,iroquois to stretch their nets for fish1 he heard of more ,huron prisoners brought to the village1 two of whom had already expired at the stake unbaptized4 ,obtaining the permission of his good aunt who had adopted him1 he at once dropped the fishnets1 and returned to the village in order that he might set his net for human souls4 ,on his way to the village he passed through ,rensselaerswyck4 ,van ,curler insisted on his making his escape by flight1 since certain death awaited him at the village1 and offered a shelter and a passage on board of a ship destined first for ,virginia and then for ,bordeaux or ,rochelle4 ,it has already been related that ,father ,jogues had resolved to regard the ,mohawk as his mission1 he therefore hesitated to accept the generous offer of the ,dutch1 though inevitable death would soon remove him from that chosen field4 ,but ,van ,curler and the minister of the settlement1 ,john ,megapolensis1 pressed their appeal with such powerful arguments that the missionary promised to consider it1 and asked one night for prayer and consultation with his soul and with ,god4 ,after fervent supplication for the aid of heaven in deciding the matter with impartiality1 and after much reflection1 ,father ,jogues1 knowing that if he returned to the village death would soon remove him from it1 and convinced that his return to ,france or ,canada would prove the only means of founding a regular mission in the ,mohawk1 resolved to attempt his escape1 and went in the morning to announce his resolution to ,van ,curler and ,megapolensis4 ,they then arranged together the plan of escape4 ,returning to the custody of his guards1 he accompanied them to their quarters4 ,when they all retired at night to their barn to rest1 the ,iroquois slept around the father1 in order to secure him closely within1 while without the premises were guarded by ferocious watchdogs4 ,in his first attempt early in the night1 the dogs rushed upon him and tore his leg dreadfully with their teeth1 and he was obliged to return into the barn4 ,towards daybreak a second attempt was more successful2 the dogs were silenced2 the prisoner quietly escaped over the fence1 and ran limping and suffering with his lacerated limb fully a mile to the river where the ship lay4 ,but here he found the bark sent by ,van ,curler for his escape lying high and dry and immovable on the beach1 and the vessel was not within hailing distance4 ,in these straitened circumstances1 he had recourse to prayer4 ,in making another effort to move the bark he seemed to be gifted with renewed strength1 and soon the boat was afloat1 and thus he succeeded alone in reaching the vessel4 ,he was immediately concealed in the bottom of the hold1 and a heavy box was placed over the hatch4 ,in the filth of this narrow and unventilated place he remained two days and nights1 suffering extremely from his wound1 from hunger and the noisome air4 ,father ,jogues was then carried into the settlement to remain until all was quiet and it was time to embark4 ,he was confided to the care of a man who permitted him to be thrust into a miserable loft1 where he remained six weeks crouched behind a hogshead as his only shelter1 with scarcely food sufficient to keep him alive1 enduring every discomfort1 and exposed to detection and recapture by the ,iroquois or ,mohawks1 who incessantly haunted the house4 ,after six weeks thus spent1 ,father ,jogues1 accompanied by the minister1 ,dominie ,megapolensis1 took the first boat for ,new ,amsterdam1 as the city of ,new ,york was then called4 ,the voyage lasted six weeks1 during which ,father ,jogues became a great favorite with all on board4 ,as they passed a little island in their route1 the crew named it in honor of ,father ,jogues amid the discharge of cannon1 and the ,calvinist minister honored the ,jesuit by contributing a bottle of wine to the festivities of the occasion4 ,after an agreeable voyage1 they arrived at ,new ,amsterdam4 ,the germ of the present monster city consisted then of a little fort garrisoned with sixty men1 a governor's house1 a church1 and the houses of four or five hundred men scattered over and around the entire ,island of ,manhattan4 ,there were many different sects and nations represented there4 ,the directorgeneral told ,father ,jogues that there were eighteen different languages spoken on the island4 ,the ,jesuit was enthusiastically received at ,new ,amsterdam1 for the people turned out in crowds to greet him4 ,one of them1 a ,polish ,lutheran1 when he saw the mangled hands of ,father ,jogues1 ran and threw himself at his feet to kiss his wounded hands1 exclaiming1 8,o martyr of ,christ6 ,o martyr60 ,so practical1 however1 were the notions of the old ,dutch inhabitants of the city about such matters1 that they asked the missionary how much the company of ,new ,france would pay him for all he had suffered6 ,father ,jogues made a vigilant search in ,new ,amsterdam for ,catholics4 ,he found two3 one1 a ,portuguese woman1 with whom he could not converse1 showed that she still clung to her faith by the pious pictures which were hanging round her room2 the other1 an ,irishman1 trading from ,virginia1 who availed himself of the father's presence to go to his confession4 ,it was from the latter that he learned that the ,english ,jesuits had been driven from ,maryland by the ,puritan rulers of that colony1 and had taken refuge in ,virginia4 ,he remained there three months altogether in the old ,dutch colony4 ,receiving commendatory letters from ,william ,kieft1 the governor of ,new ,netherland1 he sailed from the majestic harbor of ,new ,amsterdam on the #eth of ,november1 #afdc4 ,the little vessel possessed no comforts or accommodations4 ,the father's only bed was a coil of rope on deck1 where he received severe drenchings from the waves breaking over him4 ,a furious storm drove the vessel in on the ,english coast1 near ,falmouth1 which was then in possession of the king's party3 two parliamentary cruisers pursued the ,dutch vessel1 but she escaped and anchored at the wharf4 ,the storm beaten crew went ashore to enjoy themselves1 leaving only ,father ,jogues and another person on board1 when the vessel was boarded by robbers1 who pointed a pistol at the missionary's throat and robbed him of his hat and coat4 ,he appealed to a ,frenchman1 the master of a collier at the wharf1 for relief1 who took him on board his boat1 gave him a sailor's hat and coat1 all his own poverty could spare1 and a passage to ,france4 ,in this plight1 this celebrated missionary1 whose fame filled all ,france1 landed on his native shore on ,christmas morning1 at a point between ,brest and ,st4 ,pol de ,leon4 ,he borrowed a more decent hat and cloak from a peasant near the shore1 and hastened to the nearest chapel1 to make his thanksgiving and unite in the glorious solemnity of ,christmas4 ,as it was early he had the consolation of approaching the tribunal of penance1 and of receiving the ,holy ,eucharist1 for the first time in sixteen months4 ,the touching story of his captivity and sufferings among the savages subdued their hearts and drew floods of sympathizing tears from the peasants whose hospitality he shared4 ,they offered him all they had to forward him on his journey4 ,a good merchant of ,rennes1 then passing on his way1 heard the thrilling incidents he related1 and saw his mangled hands3 touched with compassion1 he took the missionary under his care1 and paid his expenses to ,rennes1 where he arrived on the eve of the ,epiphany4 ,he went to the college of his order in that city1 and as soon as it was known that he was from ,canada1 all the members of the community gathered round him to ask him if he knew ,father ,jogues1 and whether he was yet alive and in captivity4 ,he then disclosed his name1 and showed the marks of his sufferings2 all then pressed forward to embrace their saintly brother1 and kiss his glorious wounds4 ,he reposed for a few days at the college at ,rennes1 and then pushed on towards ,paris1 to place himself again at the disposal of his superior1 humbly and modestly intimating a desire1 however1 to be sent back to his mission in ,america4 ,his fame had long preceded him1 and1 when he arrived at the capital1 the faithful pressed forward in crowds to venerate him and kiss his wounds4 ,the pious queenmother coveted the same happiness1 and he1 whom we saw so recently the captive and slave of brutal savages1 is now honored at the court of the first capital of ,christendom4 ,but the humility of ,father ,jogues took alarm at the honors paid to him4 ,throwing himself at his superior's feet1 he entreated that he might be sent back to the wilderness from which he had just escaped4 ,the superior consented2 but an obstacle here presented itself4 ,so great were the injuries inflicted upon his hands by the ,mohawks that he was canonically disqualified from offering up the holy sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,application for the proper dispensation was made to the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 upon a statement of the facts4 ,innocent ,,xi4 was moved by the recital1 and1 with an inspired energy1 exclaimed1 8,indignum esse ,christi martyrem1 ,christi non bibere sanguinem0--8,it were unjust that a martyr of ,christ should not drink the blood of ,christ60 ,pronounced by the ,vicar of ,christ on earth to be a martyr1 though living1 he now goes to seek a double martyrdom in death4 ,in the spring he started for ,rochelle1 and ,f4 ,ducreux1 the historian of ,canada1 sought the honor of accompanying him thither4 ,he embarked from ,rochelle for ,canada1 where he arrived on the #afth ,may1 #afdd4 ,he found the ,iroquois war still raging with unabated fury1 and the colony of ,new ,france reduced to the verge of ruin4 ,when his brethren in ,canada heard and saw how cruelly ,father ,jogues had been treated in the ,mohawk1 and that his timely flight alone had saved his life1 they felt the saddest apprehensions about the fate of ,father ,bressani1 who had also fallen into the hands of the ,iroquois4 ,finding it impossible to return to ,lake ,huron1 ,father ,jogues joined ,father ,buteux in the duties of the holy ministry at the new town of ,montreal1 to which its founders gave the name of the ,city of ,mary1 in consecrating it to the ,mother of ,god4 ,it was during their sojourn together that the superior endeavored to draw from ,father ,jogues1 by entreaty1 and even by command1 the circumstances of his sufferings in captivity2 but his humility and modesty were so great that it was with the greatest difficulty that anything concerning himself could be drawn from him4 ,in this spirit he avoided all the honors that were pressed upon him4 ,after his return to ,canada1 he was so desirous of being unknown and unhonored that he ceased signing his name1 and even his letters which he addressed to his superior after his return to ,canada are without signatures4 ,some ,mohawk prisoners1 kindly treated by the ,governor of ,canada and released1 returned to their country1 and disposed the ,mohawks to make peace4 ,a solemn deputation of their chiefs came to ,three ,rivers1 and were received on the #abth of ,july1 #afde1 with great ceremony and pomp4 ,father ,jogues was present1 though unseen by the deputies2 so was ,father ,bressani1 who1 having passed the ordeal of a most cruel captivity among the ,mohawks1 had been ransomed by the ,dutch of ,new ,york1 sent to ,france1 and had now1 like ,father ,jogues1 returned to ,new ,france to suffer again4 ,when all was silent1 the orator of the deputies arose1 and opened the session with the usual march and chants4 ,he explained1 as he proceeded to deliver the presents1 the meaning of each4 ,belt after belt of wampum was thrown at the governor's feet1 until at last he held forth one in his hand1 beautifully decorated with the shellwork of the ,mohawk ,valley4 8,this10 he exclaimed1 8is for the two blackgowns4 ,we wished to bring them both back2 but we have not been able to accomplish our design4 ,one escaped from our hands in spite of us1 and the other absolutely desired to be given up to the ,dutch4 ,we yielded to his desire4 ,we regret not their being free1 but our ignorance of their fate4 ,perhaps even now that ,i name them they are victims of cruel enemies or swallowed up in the waves4 ,the ,mohawk never intended to put them to death40 ,the ,french had little faith in the sincerity of the ,mohawk1 yet they wanted peace4 ,the past was forgiven1 the missionaries buried the remembrance of their wrongs with the hatchet of the ,mohawk1 and peace was concluded4 ,the deputies returned to their castles to get the sachems to ratify the peace1 and ,father ,jogues to ,montreal to prepare himself for the terrible ordeal which he foresaw a ,mohawk mission would open to him4 ,his preparation consisted in prayer1 meditations1 and other spiritual exercises4 ,the peace was ratified2 the ,indians asked for missionaries2 the ,french resolved to open a mission among them1 and ,father ,jogues was selected for the perilous enterprise4 ,when he received the letter of his superior informing him of his selection1 ,father ,jogues joyfully accepted the appointment1 and prepared at once to depart4 ,his letter in reply to the superior contains these heroic words3 8,yes1 father1 ,i will all that ,god wills1 and ,i will it at the peril of a thousand lives4 ,oh6 how ,i should regret the loss of so glorious an occasion1 when it depends but upon me that some souls may be saved4 ,i hope that his goodness1 which did not forsake me in the hour of need1 will aid me yet4 ,he and ,i are able yet to overcome all the difficulties which can oppose our project40 ,on arriving at ,three ,rivers1 he ascertained that he and the ,sieur ,bourdon were to go to the ,mohawk castle1 in the first instance1 merely as ambassadors1 to make sure of the peace4 ,they departed on this dangerous embassy on the #afth of ,may1 #afdf1 and during their absence public prayers1 offered for their return1 testified the fears felt for their safety4 ,as they were about to start1 an ,algonquin thus addressed ,father ,jogues3 8,there is nothing more repulsive at first than this doctrine1 that seems to annihilate all that man holds dearest1 and as your long gown preaches it as much as your lips1 you would do better to go at first in a short one40 ,thereupon the prudent ambassador parted for the time with the habit of his order1 and substituted a more diplomatic costume4 ,they were accompanied by four ,mohawks and two ,algonquins4 ,after ascending the ,sorel1 and gliding through the beautiful islands of ,lake ,champlain1 they arrived at the portage leading to the ,lake ,andiataroct on the #bith of ,may1 which was the eve of ,corpus ,christi4 ,here ,father ,jogues paused1 and named the lake ,saint ,sacrament2 but by a less ,christian taste that beautiful name1 given in honor of the ,king of kings1 has since yielded to one given in honor of one of the kings of earth47#gi7 ,they suffered greatly for food on the way1 but obtained a supply of provisions at ,ossarane1 a fishing station on the ,hudson1 supposed to be ,saratoga4 ,then1 gliding down the ,hudson1 they came to ,fort ,orange1 where ,father ,jogues again1 in the most earnest and sincere terms1 expressed his deep gratitude to his liberators1 the ,dutch1 whose outlay in his behalf he had already reimbursed to them from ,europe4 ,not satisfied with expressing his thanks1 ,father ,jogues endeavored to bestow upon his friend1 ,dominie ,megapolensis1 the greatest of possible returns--the true faith4 ,he wrote from this place a letter to the minister1 in which he used every argument that his well stored mind or the unbounded charity of his heart could suggest to reclaim him to the bosom of that ancient church which his fathers had so unfortunately left4 ,after a short repose at ,albany1 they proceeded to the ,mohawk1 and arrived at the nearest town on the #gth of ,june4 ,a general assembly of the chiefs was called to ratify the peace1 and crowds came from all sides2 some through curiosity to see1 and others with a desire to honor1 the untiring and selfsacrificing ,ondessonk4 ,father ,jogues made a speech appropriate to the occasion and the purposes of his visits1 which the assembled chiefs heard with great enthusiasm2 presents were exchanged1 and peace was finally and absolutely ratified4 ,the ,wolf family in particular1 being that in which ,father ,jogues had been adopted1 exclaimed1 8,the ,french shall always find among us friendly hearts and an open cabin1 and thou1 ,ondessonk1 shalt always have a mat to lie on and fire to keep thee warm40 ,father ,jogues endeavored to impress favorably the representatives of other tribes who were there by presents and friendly words4 ,then remembering his sacred character as a minister of ,god1 he visited and consoled the ,huron captives1 especially the sick and dying2 he heard the confessions of some1 and baptized several expiring infants4 ,before departing ,father ,jogues desired to leave behind his box containing articles most necessary for the mission1 which he was soon to return and commence among them2 the ,mohawks1 however1 dreading some evil from the box1 objected at first1 but the father opened it1 and showed them all it contained1 and finally1 as he supposed1 overcame their superstitious fears1 and the box was left behind among them4 ,the ambassadors and their suite set out on their return1 on the #afth of ,june1 bearing their baggage on their backs4 ,they also constructed their own canoes at ,lake ,superior1 and1 having crossed the lake in safety1 arrived at ,three ,rivers1 after a passage of thirteen days1 on the feast of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 to the infinite joy and relief of all their friends4 ,on the #bhth day of ,september1 ,father ,jogues was on his way to the ,mohawk1 accompanied by ,lalande1 a young ,frenchman from ,dieppe1 an ,iroquois of ,huron birth1 and some other ,hurons4 ,as they advanced1 tidings of war on the part of the ,mohawks became more frequent1 and the ,indian escorts began to desert4 ,they passed ,lake ,champlain in safety1 and had advanced within two days' journey of the ,mohawk when a warparty1 marching on ,fort ,richelieu1 came upon them4 ,the savages rushed upon them1 stripped ,father ,jogues and ,lalande of their effects1 bound them as prisoners1 and turning back led them to the village of ,gandawagu17#hj7 the scene of ,father ,jogues' first captivity and sufferings4 ,here they were received with a shower of blows1 amid loud cries for their heads1 that they might be set up on the palisades4 ,towards evening1 on the #ahth of ,october1 some of the savages of the ,bear family came and invited ,father ,jogues to sup in their cabin4 ,scarcely had the shadow of the blackgown darkened the entrance of their lodge1 when a concealed arm struck a wellaimed blow with the murderous tomahawk1 and the ,christian martyr fell lifeless to the ground4 ,the generous ,kiotsaeton1 who had just arrived as a deputy of a council called to decide on his case1 rushed to save him1 but the blade had done its work1 and now spent its remaining force by inflicting a deep wound in the arm of that noble chief4 ,the head of ,father ,jogues was severed from his body1 and raised upon the palisade4 ,the next day the faithful ,lalande1 and a no less faithful ,huron1 shared the same fate4 ,father ,jogues was in his fortieth year when he received the fatal stroke4 ,when the tidings of his death arrived1 every tongue in ,canada and in ,france was zealous in the recital of his many virtues1 and in praise of his glorious death4 ,his zeal for the faith1 his courage in danger1 his humility1 his love of prayer and suffering1 his devotion to the cross1 were conspicuous among the many exalted virtues that adorned his life and death4 ,while his brethren lamented the loss the missions had sustained1 they envied him the crown he had won4 8,we could not10 says ,father ,ragueneau1 8bring ourselves to offer for ,father ,jogues the prayers for the dead4 ,we offered up the adorable sacrifice1 indeed1 but it was in thanksgiving for the favors which he had received from ,god4 ,the laity and the religious houses here partook our sentiments as to this happy death1 and more are found to invoke his memory than there are to pray for his repose40 ,doa ,ramona4 ,from ,the ,spanish4 ,in an empire whose name history has failed to record1 there lived in a miserable stable a poor laborer and his wife4 ,juan and ,ramona were their names1 though ,juan was better known by the nickname 8,under present circumstances10 which they gave him because in season or out of season that phrase was continually dropping from his lips4 ,juan and ,ramona were so wretchedly poor that they would have had no roof to cover them unless a laborer of the province of ,micomican had taken pity upon them1 and given them a hut to live in1 which in other days had served as a stable1 and was now his property4 8,we are badly enough off in a stable10 said ,juan3 8but we ought to conform ourselves with our lot1 since under present circumstances ,god1 though he was ,god1 lived in a stable when he made himself man40 8,you are right10 replied ,ramona4 ,so both worked away1 if not happy1 at least resigned--,juan in going out day after day to gain his daily reward of a couple of small pieces of money1 and ,ramona in taking care of the house1 if house be a proper term to apply to a stable4 ,the emperor was very fond of living in the country1 and had many palaces of different kinds in the province of ,micomican4 ,one day ,juan was working in a kitchen garden near the road1 when far away he saw the carriage of the emperor coming at a rate almost equal to that of a soul that the devil was trying to carry off4 8,i'll bet you10 said ,juan1 8that the horses have escaped from his majesty1 and some misfortune is going to happen6 ,it would be a great pity1 for under present circumstances an emperor is worth an empire40 ,juan was not mistaken4 ,the emperor's horses had escaped1 and the emperor was yelling3 8,god take pity on me6 ,i'm going to break my neck over one of those precipices6 ,isn't there a son of a gun to save me8 ,to whoever throws himself at the head of these confounded horses1 ,i'll give whatever he asks1 though it be the very shirt on my back40 ,but no one dared throw himself at the horses' heads2 for they tore along at such a furious rate that to rush at them was to rush into eternity4 ,juan1 enraged at the cowardice of the other workmen1 and moved by his love for the emperor as well as his natural propensity to do good without looking at the person to whom he did it1 threw himself at the horses' heads1 and succeeded in stopping the coach1 to the admiration of the emperor himself1 who at that moment would not have given a brass farthing for his life4 8,ask whatever you like10 said the emperor to him1 8for everything appears to me small as a recompense to the man who has rendered me so signal a service40 8,sire60 said ,juan to him1 8,i1 under present circumstances1 am a poor day laborer1 and the day that ,i don't gain a couple of pesetas my wife and ,i have to fast4 ,so1 if your majesty will only assure me my day's labor whether it rains or whether it is fine weather1 my wife and ,i will sing our lives away in happiness1 for we are people content with very little40 8,that's pretty clear4 ,well1 go along1 it's granted4 ,the day that you have nothing to do anywhere else1 go to one of my palaces1 whichever you like1 and occupy yourself there in whatever way you please40 8,thank you1 sire60 8,what6 ,no2 no reason for thanks1 man4 ,that is a mere nothing40 ,the emperor went on his road happy enough1 and ,juan went on his1 thinking of the great joy he was about to give his wife when he returned home at night1 and told her that he had his day's work secured for the rest of his life whether it rained or was fine weather4 ,in fact1 his wife was greatly rejoiced when he carried her the good news4 ,they supped1 and went to bed in peace and in the grace of ,god1 and ,juan slept like one of the blessed2 but ,ramona passed the whole night turning about in the bed like one who has some trouble or desire that will not let him sleep4 8,do you know what ,i have been thinking the whole night long1 ,juan80 said ,ramona1 the following morning4 8,what80 8,that yesterday you were a fool to ask so little from the emperor40 8,indeed6 ,what more had ,i to ask80 8,that he would give us a little house to live in1 something more suitable and decent than this wretched stable40 8,you are right1 woman2 but now there is no help for it40 8,perhaps there may be40 8,how80 8,look here2 go and see the emperor1 and ask him40 8,yes2 now is the time to go on such an errand60 8,go you shall1 and quickly1 too60 8,but1 woman1 don't get angry4 ,my goodness6 what a temper you have6 ,well1 well2 ,i will go1 and ,god grant his majesty does not send me off with a flea in my ear1 although1 under present circumstances1 he is a very open hearted1 outspoken gentleman40 ,well1 ,juan set out for the palace of the emperor2 and the emperor granted him an audience immediately on his arrival4 8,hallo1 ,juan60 said his majesty4 8,what brings you this way1 man80 8,sire60 replied ,juan1 twirling and twirling the hat which he held in his hand1 8my wife1 under present circumstances1 is as good as gold2 but1 you see1 the stable that we live in is gone to rack and ruin1 and we wish to get it out of our sight4 ,so she said to me this morning3 #8,if your majesty1 who is so kind1 would only give us a little house1 something better than the one we have1 who dare sneeze at us then8' 0 8,does your wife want nothing more than that8 ,well1 it's granted4 ,this very moment ,i will give orders that they place the little white house at her disposal4 ,go into the diningroom1 and take a mouthful and a drop of something2 and1 instead of going afterwards to the stable1 go to the little white house1 and there you will find your wife already installed40 ,juan returned thanks to the emperor for his latest kindness1 and1 passing on to the diningroom1 filled himself with ham and wine4 ,our friend commenced his journey home1 and1 when he arrived at the white house1 his wife rushed out to receive him with tears of joy4 ,and indeed it was very natural for poor ,ramona to find herself so merry1 for the little white house was a perfect jewel4 ,it occupied the summit of a gentle acclivity1 whence the whole beauty of the plain was spread out before it4 ,a large ,muscatel vine covered the whole of the porch1 and beneath it there were seats and little plots of pinks and roses4 ,the apartments of the house were a little drawingroom1 very white1 and clean1 and pretty1 with its chairs1 its cupboard1 and its lookingglass2 an alcove with its bed1 so soft and clean and beautiful that the emperor himself might have slept in it2 a little kitchen with all its requirements1 among which were included the utensils1 which shone like gold2 and a little bewitching diningroom1 with four chairs1 a table1 and a sideboard4 ,to the diningroom there was a fairy entrance1 adorned without by an arc of flowers1 and through this entrance you passed into a garden1 where there were fruits1 and flowers1 and vegetables1 and a small army of chickens clucked2 and every egg they laid was as big as ,juan's fist4 ,when night came on1 ,juan and ,ramona took their supper like a couple of princes in their little diningroom1 and soon after laid them down in their beautiful bed4 ,they both slept well1 particularly ,juan1 who stirred neither hand nor foot the whole night through4 ,ramona began to find fault the very next day1 and ,juan noticed that every night her sleep was more disturbed4 8,woman1 what the devil is the matter with you1 that all night long you are twisting like a reel80 asked ,juan1 one morning4 8,why1 there are no fleas here as there were in the stable40 8,fleas hinder my sleep very little40 8,well1 then1 what hinders it1 woman80 8,what hinders it8 ,your stupidity in asking the emperor so little hinders it40 8,in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son6444 ,and you still think it little that ,i have asked1 and he granted us80 8,yes1 indeed ,i do4 ,this little house is so small that one can scarcely turn in it2 and if tomorrow or some other day we have children1 what shall we do with them in a hut like this80 8,say what you like about it1 there is no help for it now40 8,perhaps there may be40 8,and how1 ,i should like to know80 8,going back and seeing his majesty1 and telling him to give us a larger house1 of course40 8,go to ,jericho1 woman4 ,you don't catch me going on an errand of that kind60 8,well1 go you shall1 then2 or we'll see who is master here40 8,but1 wife1 don't you see that my very face would drop from me with shame80 8,now1 that's enough of talk on the matter4 ,all you have to do is1 run along to the palace as fast as you can1 if you care to have a quiet time of it40 8,well1 well2 since you wish it1 ,i'll go40 ,juan1 who did not possess an ounce of will of his own--a thing which is the greatest misfortune that can befall a husband who is not blessed with such a wife as ,god ordained for him--set out once more on his road towards the palace of the emperor4 8,indeed10 said he to himself1 with more fear than shame1 8it is very possible he will send me downstairs head foremost1 because it is only natural that this abuse of his goodnature will prove too much1 even for him4 ,and it will serve me right for my unfortunate weakness of character40 ,juan's fears were not realized4 ,so soon as he sought an audience with his majesty it was granted1 and the emperor asked him1 with a smiling face3 8,how goes it at the little white house80 8,not badly1 sire60 8,and your wife1 how does she find herself there80 8,not badly1 sire1 but your majesty knows what the women are4 ,give 'em an inch1 they'll take an ell4 ,my wife1 under present circumstances1 hasn't a flaw in her2 but she says that1 if tomorrow or the day after we have youngsters1 we shall all be crowded there like bees in a bottle40 8,you are right4 ,so she wants1 of course1 a house a little larger80 8,you've just hit it1 sire60 8,well1 turn into the diningroom till they give you a snack of something2 and1 instead of returning to the white house1 go to the ,azure ,palace1 where you will find your wife installed with the attendance befitting those who live in a palace40 ,juan returned the emperor thanks for his great goodness1 and1 after stuffing himself till he looked like a ball in the diningroom1 off he set1 as happy as could be1 to the ,azure ,palace1 which was one of those that the emperor had in that district4 ,the ,azure ,palace was neither very large nor furnished with great wealth2 but it was very beautiful and adorned with becoming elegance4 ,a servant in livery received ,juan at the door and conducted him to the apartment of the lady4 ,the lady was ,ramona1 whom her maid had just finished dressing in one of the beautiful robes which she found in her new dwelling4 ,juan could do nothing but open his mouth and stare in amazement at seeing his wife in such majestic attire4 ,juan and ,ramona feared they would go mad when they found themselves lords of a palace1 well fitted1 elegant1 and waited on by four servants3 namely1 a coachman1 a footman1 a maid1 and a cook4 8,take off that clown's dress10 said ,ramona to ,juan4 8,aren't you ashamed to show yourself in such a trim before our own servants80 8,this is a new start10 said ,juan1 astonished at the sally of his wife4 8,so ,i1 who1 under present circumstances1 have passed all my life in digging the earth1 and things even worse than that1 must feel ashamed of the clothes ,i have worn all my life long60 8,but1 you stupid head10 replied ,ramona1 8if you have costume corresponding to your rank1 why didn't you put it on80 8,my rank6444 ,come1 this woman's head is turned40 8,juan1 go to your apartment and change your things1 and don't try my patience so much1 for you know already that my temper will not stand too great a trial40 8,well1 there's no need to put yourself out1 woman4 ,here ,i'm going now10 said ,juan1 turning to the room from which he saw ,ramona come out4 8,blockhead60 said she1 catching hold of him and showing him another room1 8this apartment is mine1 and that is yours40 8,hallo6 this is another surprise4 ,so my wife's room is not mine also80 8,no2 that is only among common folk2 but in people of our rank no40 ,juan gave up the dispute1 and1 entering the room which she had pointed out as his1 found therein a wardrobe with a quantity of fine changes befitting a gentleman1 and came out again transformed into a milord4 ,there passed fifteen days since ,juan and ,ramona came to live in the ,azure ,palace1 and ,ramona grew day by day more captious1 and slept less and less every night4 8,what the deuce ails you8 ,one would think the ants were at you10 said ,juan to her1 one morning4 8,what ails me is that ,i have the biggest fool for a husband that ever ate bread40 8,hey for the sweet tempers6 ,so you are not yet content with the sweet little fig that your husband gathered for you80 8,no1 sir1 ,i am not4 ,one must be a dolt like you to content herself with what we have1 when we might have much more only for the asking40 8,but1 woman alive1 have you lost your senses8 ,can the emperor grant us more than he has granted us1 or do we need more to make us happy80 8,yes1 he can give us more1 and we need it40 8,explain yourself1 and the devil take the explanation1 for you're going to drive me mad with your ambition40 8,explain myself6 ,i'll explain myself1 and very clearly1 too2 for1 thank ,god1 there are no hairs on my tongue to prevent me speaking to anybody1 even to the emperor himself4 ,to make you happy1 all that is wanting is what common folk want--a good table where you may stuff yourself with turkey all the day long2 but for us who have higher aims1 we want something more than chunks of meat and wine that would make an ox dance a hornpipe4 ,you can swell yourself out and look big when you walk out here1 and hear them calling you ,don ,juan2 but as for me1 ,i could eat myself with rage when they call me ,doa ,ramona40 8,well1 and isn't it better for them to call us that than ,juan and ,ramona1 as they used to call us before8 ,what more do you want1 woman80 8,i want them to call me lady marchioness40 8,have you lost your ears1 ,ramona8 ,now ,i tell you1 and tell you again1 that that wicked ambition of yours has deprived you of your senses40 8,look here1 ,juan1 you and ,i are not going into disputes and obstinacy4 ,you know me well enough already1 or if you don't you ought to1 to be certain that it doesn't take long for my nose to itch4 ,i want to be no less than the ,marchioness of ,radishe and the ,countess of ,cabbidge1 who at every turn fill their mouths with their grand titles1 and1 when they meet one1 don't seem to have time to say with their drawling affectation1 #8,adios1 ,doa ,ramona4' ,now1 since the emperor has told you1 when you saved his life1 that you might ask him even for the shirt that he had on his back1 go and see him1 and ask him to make us ,marquises40 8,go and ask him if he has a head on his shoulders1 why don't you say8 ,but there's enough about it4 ,even in fun ,i don't like to hear such nonsense40 8,juan1 don't provoke me2 take care that ,i don't send you with a flea in your ear40 8,but1 woman alive1 however much of your husband's breeches you may wear1 could you even imagine that ,i was going to agree to this new start of yours80 8,i bet you1 you will agree40 8,i tell you ,i am not going again to see the emperor40 8,go you shall1 though you have to go on your head40 8,but1 wife1 don't be a fool--0 8,come1 come2 less talk1 and run along40 8,well1 ,i'm going1 then1 since you are so anxious about it4 ,the saints protect me1 if ,i don't deserve to be shot for this chickenhearted weakness of character60 ,juan took the road to the court1 and solicited a new audience with the emperor4 ,though he took it for certain that his majesty would send him to ,old ,nick if he did not throw him to him over the balcony1 he found that his majesty was very ready to grant him an audience4 8,sire1 your majesty will pardon so many impertinences--0 he stammered out1 full of shame1 when he drew near the emperor4 8,why1 man1 don't be ashamed and a fool10 interrupted his majesty kindly4 8,well1 how goes it in the ,azure ,palace80 8,beautifully1 sire40 8,and how is that little rib of yours1 eh80 8,who--she8 ,oh6 very well1 under present circumstances40 8,and content with her lot8 ,is it not so80 8,well1 as for that1 sire6 ,well1 your majesty knows what the women are4 ,their mouths are like a certain place ,i wouldn't mention before your majesty1 always open1 and there's no getting at the bottom of it40 8,well1 and what does the good ,doa ,ramona ask now80 8,what1 sire8 ,but there--one is ashamed to say it40 8,go on1 man2 out with it1 and don't be bashful4 ,to the man that saved my life ,i'd give anything1 even the crown ,i wear40 8,well1 then1 sire6 ,she wants to be a marchioness40 8,a marchioness6 ,is that all8 ,then from this instant she is the ,marchioness of ,marville40 8,thank you1 sire40 8,keep the thanks for your wife2 and look into the diningroom to see if there is anything to lay hands on4 ,and when you go back you will find your wife already installed in the palace belonging to her title1 for the ,azure ,palace is not good enough for marquises40 ,juan passed into the diningroom1 and1 after running the danger of bursting1 he made his way for the palace of ,marville4 ,the palace of ,marville was not such a very great wonder as its name might lead one to believe2 but1 for all that1 one might very well pass his life in it6 ,a crowd of footmen and porters received ,juan at the gates of the palace1 addressing him as my lord marquis2 and ,juan1 for all his modesty1 could not but feel a little inflated with such a reception and such a title4 ,but there was nothing to hold the pride of his wife 7though one might be as big as the bell of ,toledo1 under which one day there sat down seven tailors and a shoemaker7 at hearing herself called by her maids lady marchioness here1 and lady marchioness there4 8,well1 so you are at last content1 wife80 said ,juan to her4 8,yes1 of course1 ,i am4 ,and indeed it was very provoking to hear one's self called ,doa ,ramona1 short like1 as though one were only the wife of the apothecary or the surgeon4 ,you see the truth of what ,i have said2 if one has only to open her mouth in order to be a marchioness1 why shouldn't she8 ,now you see that his majesty did not eat you for asking such a reasonable thing40 8,well1 do you know1 now1 that it cost me something to ask it of him80 8,ah6 get out of that2 men are good for nothing40 8,but it gave me more courage when his majesty said to me3 #8,don't be bashful1 man2 for to the man that saved my life ,i'd give even the crown ,i wear4' 0 8,whew6 so he said that to you80 8,as sure as ,i'm here40 8,then why didn't you ask him more80 8,there we are again6 ,what more had ,i to ask80 8,you are right2 for1 as somebody said1 #8there are more days than long sausages1' and #8,a horse and a friend ,no work can spend4' 0 ,on the following day the ,marquis and ,marchioness of ,marville took a turn in their grandest coach1 and it was a sight to see how they rolled along1 at every hour in the day1 all around those parts1 the very wheels seeming to say envy6 envy6 to the ,marchioness of ,radishe and the ,countess of ,cabbidge4 ,some little trouble took place on account of the actions and complaints of the country folk1 who prevented them from passing in their coach over this and that road1 or by this and that property4 ,but the marchioness quite forgot all these annoyances when1 for example1 at meeting the wife of the apothecary or surgeon1 she said to them from her coach wherein she reclined in all her glory1 8,adios1 ,doa ,fulana10 and the other answered her1 trotting along on foot1 8,goodby1 my lady marchioness40 ,after some time the marquis thought he noticed that his wife was not perfectly happy1 because he found her every day more capricious1 and she never slept quietly4 ,one morning1 when the day was already advanced1 the marquis slept away like a dormouse1 and the marchioness1 who had passed a more restless and sleepless night than ever1 lay awake at his side impatiently waiting for him to awake4 8,s4 ,swithin6 what a sleeper60 exclaimed the marchioness2 and1 no longer able to restrain her impatience1 she gave her husband a tremendous pinch1 and said1 8,wake up1 brute40 8,oh6 ten thousand d----60 yelled the marquis4 8,are you not ashamed to sleep so much80 8,ashamed6 of something so natural8 ,more ashamed should the one be who does not sleep1 for sleeplessness bespeaks an unquiet conscience4 ,what the devil is the matter with you that you have not ceased the whole night from turning and twisting about80 8,yes1 indeed1 if one only had a soul as broadshouldered as you40 8,i don't understand you1 woman40 8,well1 then1 you shall understand me1 blockhead though you are4 ,now1 tell me1 ,juan1 an emperor is greater than a king80 8,why shouldn't he be80 8,that is to say1 that emperors can make kings80 8,i think so4 ,for instance1 suppose his majesty the emperor wished to say to us1 #8,ha1 my good friends the ,marquis and ,marchioness of ,marville1 ,i convert the province of ,micomican1 which belongs to me1 into a kingdom1 and ,i make you the monarchs of my new kingdom1' ,i believe nobody could hinder it40 8,very well1 then2 ,i wish his majesty to say and do this at your petition40 ,the very house seemed to fall atop of ,juan at hearing this from his wife2 but this latest caprice of ,ramona was so absurd that he had courage to hope in its all being a joke4 8,don't you think his majesty would give the person a nice slap in the face who was so impudent and barefaced as to go to him with such a petition as this80 he said4 8,if you go1 he will not2 since he has said that he cannot deny even his crown to the man who saved his life4 ,so go along1 ducky1 hurry and see his majesty40 8,but you mean this80 8,why shouldn't ,i mean it8 ,i have a nice temper for jokes6 ,i want to be queen1 in order to let those little folks know their proper places1 who pass their lives in digging the earth and eating potatoes1 and have the impudence to dare face gentlefolk who condescend to pass wherever they please40 8,well1 well1 now it's clear that you have lost your wits altogether60 8,what you are going to lose1 since you have no wits1 is your teeth1 with a slap in the face1 if you don't make haste and hurry off to the court40 8,i'd lose my head before ,i'd commit such an absurdity4 ,there4 ,i've given way enough already40 8,indeed6 ,then from this day forward know that you have no longer a wife4 ,this is my room1 and you shall never set foot in it again1 nor ,i in yours40 8,but1 woman60 8,no1 no2 remember we are strangers to each other40 8,come1 don't be obstinate1 my own ,ramonita40 8,don't ,i tell you1 sir1 that all is over between us80 8,now1 look here1 pigeon40 8,stop your prate60 8,the dev--6 ,well1 come1 you shall be satisfied2 ,i will go and see his majesty1 and tell him that you want to be queen1 though ,i know he will shoot me on the spot40 ,ramona bestowed a caress on her husband in reward for his consent1 and our good ,juan made his way to the court cursing his own foolish weakness of character4 ,contrary to his expectations1 the emperor hastened to grant him an audience1 and received him with the accustomed smile4 8,well1 marquis1 what is it80 he asked4 8,what ought it to be1 sire8 ,a fresh impertinence40 8,come1 out with it man1 and don't be bashful4 ,something concerning the marchioness1 eh80 8,you've hit it again1 sire4 ,these foolish women are never content40 8,well1 what does yours want80 8,nothing1 sire4 ,she says1 would it please your majesty to make her queen80 8,queen6 nothing more than that8 ,well1 she is queen already1 then4 ,now1 go into the diningroom1 and see if there is anything there you can destroy2 and1 instead of returning to the palace of ,marville1 go to the palace of the ,crown1 where you will find your wife installed as becomes the ,queen of ,micomican40 ,juan outdid himself in thanks and courtesies1 and1 after treating himself in the diningrooms right royally1 made his way home4 ,on his arrival at the palace of the ,crown1 a salvo of artillery announced his coming4 ,the troops were drawn up around the palace1 where he entered to the sound of the ,royal ,march1 and amid the vivas of the people1 who became mad in the presence of the husband of their new sovereign4 ,her ,majesty1 the ,queen ,doa ,ramona the ,first1 was holding a leve at the moment when her august spouse arrived at the palace1 and he1 seating himself by her side1 gave also his royal hand to kiss2 but it was so dirty that as many as kissed it hurried out of the chamber spitting4 ,to be king1 it is necessary to keep the hands very clean4 ,the ,king and ,queen of ,micomican amused themselves mightily during the first weeks of their reign3 so that all was feasting and rejoicing in celebration of their happy coming to the throne4 ,but so soon as the festival passed1 the ,queen ,doa ,ramona began to grow sad and weary4 ,the king summoned the chief physician of the court1 and held a deep consultation with him4 8,man alive10 said he to him1 8,i have summoned you in order to see what the devil you have to say to me touching the sorrow and evil state in which ,i have noticed my august spouse to be for some time past4 ,she is always turning and twisting about in her bed1 so that she neither sleeps herself nor lets me sleep1 and the worst part of it is1 that every day she is sadder1 and everything irritates and exasperates her40 8,well1 sire1 in the first place1 we must please her in everything and by everything40 8,i agree with you there1 man2 but there are things beyond human power4 ,if it rains1 she is put out because it rains2 if it blows1 she is put out because it blows2 if we are in the winter1 she is put out because the spring has not come1 and her mind is so turned that she cries out3 #8,i command it not to rain1' #8,i command it not to blow1' #8,i command the spring to come at once4' ,now1 you see that it is only by being ,god one can secure obedience of orders like these4 ,well1 then1 to what the deuce do you attribute these whims of my august spouse80 8,sire1 it is very possible that they may presage a happy event40 8,ah1 ah6 ,i take you4 ,well1 to be sure1 and ,i never thought of such a thing4 ,and wouldn't it be a joy to me and to my august spouse to find ourselves with a direct successor8 ,for1 if not1 there is no use in deluding ourselves3 the day that we close our eyes1 in comes civil war1 and the kingdom is gone to ,old ,nick40 ,so the ,queen ,doa ,ramona remained watching to see what would happen4 ,but months and months passed1 and the queen grew every day sadder and more capricious4 ,one day the king decided on interrogating very seriously the queen herself1 to see if he might draw from her the secret of her sadness and capriciousness4 8,well1 let us know1 now1 what the deuce is the matter with you10 he said1 8that you neither sleep nor let me sleep1 and remain for ever like the thorn of ,s4 ,lucy40 8,i am very unhappy10 answered the queen1 beginning to weep like a ,magdalen4 8,you unhappy8--you who lived in a stable as empty and bare as that which ,our ,lord lived in when he became man1 and under present circumstances you find yourself the somebody of somebodies1 a queen clean and complete8 ,what the deuce do you want80 8,it is true1 ,i am a queen4 ,but ,i die of sadness when from the throne ,i look back and see nothing of what other queens see40 8,well1 and what do other queens see80 8,for instance1 the ,queen of ,spain sees a series of great and glorious kings1 named ,recaredo1 ,pelayo1 ,san ,fernando1 ,alonso the ,wise1 ,isabel the ,catholic1 ,ferdinand the ,catholic1 ,charles ,v41 ,philip ,,ii41 ,charles ,,iii4--and those kings had blood of hers1 and seated themselves on the throne1 and loved and made great the people that she loves and makes great40 8,you are right1 wife4 ,but you wish to do what is impossible1 and that ,god alone can do40 8,well1 then1 those impossibilities are the very things that tease and exasperate me4 ,what is the use of being a queen1 if even in the most just desires one sees herself constrained1 and unable to realize them8 ,it is a fine afternoon1 for instance1 and ,i begin to get ready to go out for a walk in the palace gardens1 but a wretched little cloud appears in the sky1 as though to say to one1 #8,don't get ready6' ,and when one wishes to go out1 that insolent cloud begins to pour down water1 and one is obliged to remain at home1 disgusted and fretting4 ,what ,i want is to have power enough to prevent a miserable little cloud from laughing at me40 8,but1 woman1 don't ,i tell you that this power ,god alone can have80 8,then ,i want to be ,god40 ,juan made the sign of the cross on himself1 filled with shame and horror at hearing his wife give utterance to such a thing1 whose head was undoubtedly turned by the demon of ambition4 ,but he did not wish to exasperate the poor crazed being with lessons which1 had she been in her right senses1 she would have deserved4 8,but don't you know1 child10 he said to her with sweetness1 8that the fulfilment of that desire is as impossible as it is foolish8 ,the emperor has granted us whatever we have asked1 but what you want now he cannot grant40 8,still1 ,i want you to go and see him1 and say so to him2 for perhaps between him and the ,pope they will be able to manage it40 8,but if there is and never can be more than one ,god1 how can you be made ,god80 8,i have always heard say that ,god can do everything4 ,if the emperor consults with the ,pope1 and the ,pope has recourse to ,god1 then you'll see if ,god1 who can do everything1 will disappoint them both40 8,but if ,god cannot80 8,hold your tongue1 ,jew1 and don't say such awful things4 ,god can do everything40 ,juan thought it would be more prudent to abstain from contradicting his wife any further4 ,so he retired and summoned the chief physician of the court1 in order to lay before him the new and extraordinary phase which the moral malady of the queen displayed4 ,the physician said that in his long professional career he had met with cases of mental aberration even more extraordinary than that of the queen2 and insisted that1 far from contradicting the august invalid1 they should comply with her every wish as far as it was humanly possible4 ,the king returned soon after to the chamber of his august spouse1 who the moment she saw him became a perfect wasp4 8,how1 sire80 she exclaimed4 8,so you are the first to disobey my orders80 8,how disobey80 8,yes1 sire6 ,did ,i not tell you that ,i want you to go and see the emperor1 and implore him to place himself in communication with the ,pope in order to see whether between them they could so manage that ,i might be ,god80 8,yes1 you told me so1 but--0 8,there are no buts for me4 ,how is it that you are not already on the road to comply with my orders8 ,now1 none of your nice little jokes with me1 if you please--you1 who are no more than the husband of the queen--and1 if you ruffle my feathers1 ,i'll send you off to be hanged as soon as look at you40 8,come1 child1 don't be angry1 you shall be obeyed instantly40 8,remember1 none of your pranks1 now6 ,and listen3 go and tell that health killer whom you seem to have made one of your council1 that if you don't go to see the emperor1 and perform in every point the commission which ,i charge you with1 he shall serve you as partner in your dance in the air40 ,the king withdrew2 and when he reported to the chief physician what his wife had just said to him1 the physician insisted more than ever on the necessity of pleasing the august invalid in everything4 ,so the king set out on his journey to the imperial court4 ,the extravagant and impious nature of his mission disturbed him greatly2 but the consideration gave him comfort that he was no longer a ,juan nobody1 as on other occasions when he had made the same journey1 but a monarch about to consult with another monarch4 ,the only thing that weighed at all on his mind was the question of etiquette4 8,i don't know10 said he1 8for the life of me what shoes to tread in when ,i address the emperor4 ,i have heard it said that all we sovereigns call each other cousins1 though not a bit of cousinship exists between us3 but how do ,i know1 if ,i call the emperor cousin1 that he may not give me a blow that would send all the teeth down my throat80 ,occupied with such thoughts1 he arrived at the imperial court1 and the emperor hastened to receive him when he had scarcely set foot in the palace4 8,how is her majesty1 ,queen ,doa ,ramona80 asked the emperor kindly4 8,bad enough1 under present circumstances40 8,man1 that is the worst news yet6 ,and what ails her80 8,what the devil do ,i know8 ,the evil one alone understands these women4 ,if your majesty could only guess the commission she has given me--0 8,hallo1 hallo6 ,well1 let us hear it40 8,she says--but pshaw6 ,one is ashamed to say it4 ,she says to see if your majesty could consult with the ,pope1 and between you manage to make her ,god40 8,eh6 ,that is a greater request4 ,make her ,god1 eh60 8,your majesty sees already that it is a piece of madness2 for a woman can't complain of the small advance in her career who today is a queen1 and not a year ago lived in a stable4 ,a stable is a disgrace to nobody1 sure enough2 for1 after all1 ,our ,lord1 though he was ,god1 lived in one when he made himself man40 8,so the good ,doa ,ramona wishes to be ,god1 eh60 8,you've hit it1 your majesty40 8,well1 we will please her as far as we are able4 ,let your majesty step into the diningroom and drive the wolf from the door1 and on returning you will find your wife1 if not changed into ,god1 changed into something which is like to him40 ,the royal consort turned into the diningroom1 but1 do what he would1 he could scarcely swallow a mouthful4 ,everything seemed to disagree with him1 and the cause of it lay in his feeling within him a restlessness which seemed to forebode some misfortune4 ,he made his way homewards1 and on arriving at the palace of the crown he saw1 with as great sorrow as dismay1 that the palace was closed and deserted4 8,what has happened here80 he inquired of a passerby4 8,the emperor has put an end to the kingdom of ,micomican1 reestablishing the ancient province1 and reincorporating it with the empire40 ,juan had neither courage nor strength to ask more4 ,he wandered about for hours and hours like one demented without knowing whither1 when suddenly he found himself at the door of the stable where he had lived with his wife1 and on pushing open the door1 which revolved on its hinges1 he found his wife installed there once more4 ,the only thing ,godlike which the woman who had entertained the criminal ambition of becoming like to him1 consisted in the similarity of her dwelling to the stable which ,god occupied when he became man4 ,the ,distaff4 8,in der guten alten ,zeit wo die ,knigen ,bertha spann40 8,in the good old times when ,queen ,bertha span0 is a thrifty proverb still current in ,france and some parts of ,germany where the distaff is yet seen beneath the arm of the shepherdess1 looking1 as she tends her flock1 precisely like ,s4 ,genevieve just stept out from her canvas1 or that more modern saint of the hidden life1 ,germaine of ,pibrac1 who is always represented with her spindle and distaff4 ,in the very same fields where ,s4 ,germaine watched her flocks and twirled her spindle in the old scriptural way1 keeping her innocent heart all the while united to ,god1 have we seen the young shepherdess clad in the picturesque scarlet or white capuchon of the country1 which covers their heads and half veils their forms--guarding their sheep and spinning at the same time4 ,and the same womanly implement is sometimes found in the hands of those of gentle birth in those old lands where so many still cling to the traditions of the past4 ,we read of the now worldfamous ,eugnie de ,gurin that the same hand that wrote such charmingly nave letters and journals did not disdain the spindle and the distaff4 ,she writes thus in her journal3 8,i have begun my day by fitting myself up a distaff1 very round1 very firm1 and very smart with its bow of ribbon4 ,there1 ,i am going to spin with a small spindle4 ,one must vary work and amusements3 tired of a stocking1 ,i take up my needle and then my distaff4 ,so time passes1 and carries us away on its wings40 ,and again a day or two after3 8,i took my distaff by way of diversion1 but all the while ,i was spinning1 my mind spun and wound and turned its spindle at a fine rate4 ,i was not at my distaff4 ,the soul just sets that kind of mechanical work going and then leaves it40 ,this reminds us of ,uhland's verse3 8,long1 long didactic poems ,i spin with busy wheel1 ,the lengthened yarns of epic ,keep running off my reel3 8,my wheel itself has a lyrical whirr1 ,my cat has a tragic mew1 ,while my spindle plays the comic parts ,and does the dancing too40 ,eugnie's charming ,arcadian life1 passed in the primitive occupations of spinning1 sewing1 superintending the kitchen--even going1 like ,homer's ,nausicaa1 to the margin of the stream to wash the linen in the running waters1 and afterwards taking pleasure in spreading it all white on the green grass1 or seeing it wave on the lines3 all this1 we say1 without detracting from the poetry and grace of her nature1 is enough to make us recall with a sigh the good old days when ,queen ,bertha span4 ,and this queen was ,berthe au grand pied1 the mother of ,charlemagne1 who had one foot larger than the other1 and hence her name3 8,you are the beautiful ,bertha1 the spinner1 queen of ,helvetia1 ,she whose story ,i read at a stall in the streets of ,southampton1 ,who1 as she rode on her palfrey o'er valley and meadow and mountain1 ,ever was spinning her thread from a distaff fixed to her saddle4 ,she was so thrifty and good1 that her name passed into a proverb40 ,whether this ,queen of ,helvetia is our ,bertha with the great foot we know not4 ,the name is found in many curious old legends like the ,german one of ,frau ,bertha1 a kind of tutelar genius of spinners1 with an immense foot and a long iron nose1 which doubtless served as a spindle4 ,and an old manuscript1 long hidden in some obscure corner of a ,german monastery1 tells how ,king ,pepin1 wishing to wed the fair ,bertha of ,brittany1 sent his chief officers to bring her to his court4 ,the steward1 who had charge of the escort1 was not without ambitious views respecting his own daughter4 ,he ordered his servants to put ,bertha to death on the way4 ,but they1 instead of killing her1 left her in a forest4 ,not long after--,o happy chance6--,king ,pepin1 overtaken by night while hunting1 awaited the dawn in a house where he was served by the most beautiful maid his eyes had ever beheld4 ,of course it was ,bertha with her great foot1 which1 we may be sure1 she gracefully concealed beneath her flowing garments4 ,and so they were married4 ,old poems sing of her industry1 and tell us she knew how to spin like the princesses of scriptural and ,homeric days4 ,she is represented1 too1 on old coins seated on a throne with a distaff in her hands4 ,all writers speak of her as ,berthe au grand pied1 but as otherwise beautiful and skilful in wielding the earliest implement of feminine industry4 ,we may safely imagine her as tapping the mighty ,charlemagne1 leader of peerless knights1 while yet a boy1 with her convenient distaff2 for her ascendency over him was such that he always regarded her with great reverence1 even after his elevation to power6 ,and ,bertha was not the only princess that laid her hand hold of the spindle4 ,when the tomb of ,jeanne de ,bourbon1 wife of ,charles ,v4 of ,france1 was opened at ,st4 ,denis1 among other things was found a distaff of gilded wood1 but greatly decayed4 ,and there is another in the ,htel de ,cluny1 once used by some queen of ,france1 we forget whom1 on which is carven all the notable women of the ,old ,testament4 ,so too the daughters of ,edward the ,elder of ,england1 though carefully educated1 were so celebrated for their achievements in spinning and weaving that the term spinster is said to be derived from them4 ,and ,s4 ,walburga1 the daughter of ,s4 ,richard1 ,king of the ,saxons1 used to spin and weave among the royal and saintly maidens of ,wimburn ,minster4 ,it was a common custom in those days4 ,the distaff and the spindle were considered 8the arms of every virtuous woman40 ,the ancients held the use of them as such an accomplishment that ,minerva is said to have come down to earth to teach the ,greek women how to spin4 ,venus herself did not disdain to take upon herself the semblance of a spinner of fair wool when she appeared to ,helen4 ,and spinning was as universal an acquirement among the ,jewish as the ,grecian women4 ,they used to spin by moonlight on the housetops and1 true to the instinct of their sex1 kept so faithful an eye on their neighbors in the meanwhile that the ancient spinsters' tongues were potent in the world of gossip4 ,there is a tradition that ,s4 ,ann spun the virginal robes of her immaculate child in the pure beams of the chaste ,dian4 ,of the valiant woman in the ,book of ,proverbs it is said3 8,her fingers have taken hold of the spindle40 ,and in ,exodus we read that 8the skilful women gave such things as they spun1 violet1 purple1 and scarlet1 and fine linen and goats' hair1 all of their own accord10 for the tabernacle4 ,we are told that the ,jewish maidens who devoted themselves to the service of the temple were employed1 among other things1 in spinning the fine linen on their spindles of cedar1 or ithel1 a species of the oriental acacia1 black as ebony and probably the same as the setim1 or shittim wood1 of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,according to tradition1 the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 who passed her early days in the temple1 participated and excelled in all the pursuits then carried on4 ,the ,protevangelion of ,s4 ,james the ,less relates that1 when a new veil was to be made for the temple of our ,lord1 the priests confided the work to seven virgins of the tribe of ,david4 ,they cast lots to see 8who should spin the gold thread1 who the blue1 who the scarlet1 and who the true scarlet40 ,it fell to ,mary's lot to spin the purple4 ,leaving her work1 one day1 to draw water in her jar1 the angel drew near with his ,ave ,maria4 ,a distaff lies at ,mary's feet in ,raphael's 8,annunciation10 and in many other celebrated paintings she is represented with one4 ,in a 8,riposa0 by ,albert ,drer she is depicted spinning from her distaff beside the ,divine ,babe who is sleeping in its cradle3 8,inter fila cantans orat ,blanda1 veni somnuli40 ,s4 ,bonaventura tells us that several of the early sacred writers speak of our ,blessed ,lady's industry in spinning and sewing for the support of her ,son and ,s4 ,joseph in the land of ,egypt4 ,so reduced to poverty were they that1 according to him1 she went from house to house to obtain work1 probably flax to spin as she sat watching the ,holy ,infant in the grove of sycamores of traditional renown4 ,her unrivalled skill in spinning the fine flax of ,pelusium became a matter of tradition1 and the name of ,virgin's ,thread has been given to that network of dazzling whiteness and almost vaporous texture that floats over the deep valleys in the damp mornings of autumn1 says the ,abb ,orsini4 ,it is said the ,church at ,jerusalem preserved some of ,mary's spindles among its treasures1 which were afterwards sent to the ,empress ,pulcheria1 who placed them in one of the churches of ,constantinople4 ,other nations1 too1 had their famous spinsters4 ,dante's ancestor in ,paradise1 looking back to earth1 tells him of a ,florentine dame of an opulent family who1 8,with her maidens drawing off ,the tresses from the distaff1 lectured them ,old tales of ,troy1 and ,fiesole1 and ,rome40 ,and a ,spanish writer of past times says1 speaking of the model woman3 8,behold this wife who purchases flax that she may spin with her maids4 ,see her thus seated in the midst of her women40 ,thus did ,andromache spin among her attendants4 ,so have we seen old nuns spinning in the cloisters of the remote provinces of ,france3 the white wool on their distaffs diminishing slowly and calmly as their own even lives4 ,they looked as if spinning out their own serene destinies4 ,such a happy destiny is not reserved for all whose thread is drawn out by ,lachesis4 8,twist ye1 twine ye6 even so ,mingle shades of joy and woe1 ,hope and fear1 and peace and strife1 ,in the thread of human life40 ,at ,rome there are two white lambs blessed on ,s4 ,agnes' day 78,s4 ,agnes and her lambs unshorn10 says ,keats7 in her church on the ,nomentan road1 and then they are placed in a convent till they are shorn1 when their wool is spun by the sacred hands of the nuns4 ,of this the pallium is made--the distinctive mark of a metropolitan4 ,i have called the distaff the earliest implement of feminine industry4 ,such is the old tradition4 ,there is a pathetic miniature of the twelfth century depicting an angel giving ,adam a spade and ,eve a distaff previous to their expulsion from ,paradise3 and on the sarcophagus of ,junius ,bassus of the fourth century1 ,adam is represented with a sheaf of grain1 for he was to till the earth1 and ,eve with a lamb whose fleece she was to spin4 ,and we have our old ,english rhyme3 8,when ,adam delved and ,eve span1 ,where was then the gentleman80 ,and so faithfully was the tradition handed down that the distaff has always been regarded as a symbol of womanhood1 which woman scorned to see even in the hands of a ,hercules4 ,in these days1 when even our rustic belles are overloaded with accomplishments1 the piano takes the place of 8,hygeia's harp0 on which the fair maidens of the olden time loved to discourse fair music1 like the gentle ,evangeline of ,acadie1 seated at her father's side1 8,spinning flax for the loom that stood in the corner behind her10 who1 ,i fear1 would be regarded in these days of improvement1 at least in our country1 with nearly as much horror as those other indefatigable spinners are by the good housewife3 8,weaving spiders1 come not here2 ,hence1 you longlegged spinners1 hence60 ,what charming pictures some of us retain in our memories of our gray haired grandmothers of ,new ,england country life--delicately nurtured1 too--sitting down in the afternoon by the huge fireplace to spin flax on a little carved wheel6 ,how many of us carefully preserve such a wheel in memory of those bygone days1 when we loved to linger and watch the mysterious process1 and look at the face that always was so kindly1 and listen to the whirr whose music is now hushed for ever6 ,but though spinning by hand will soon become one of the lost arts1 there is one who will spin on till time shall be no more--one from whose distaff is drawn out the web of our lives--the starcrowned ,clotho3 8,spin1 spin1 ,clotho1 spin6 ,lachesis1 twist6 and1 ,atropos1 sever6 ,life is short and beset by sin1 ',tis only ,god endures for ever60 ,a ,martyr's ,journey4 ,from ,the ,french4 ,in the ,beaujolais1 the country par excellence of beautiful women and beautiful vines1 a little village lies hidden among luxuriant arbors4 ,each house is clothed in green leaves1 and the wine1 though rare1 is not so wonderful as the immense tuns that hold it4 ,yet ,coigny1 with its nectar1 its beautiful sky1 its coquettish habitations its robust sons and attractive daughters1 had not a habitable church4 ,still it dreamed of one1 and four worthy priests worked hard and hopefully for the realization of the dream4 ,one of them climbed well his ladder of orders1 and has since become ,bishop of ,coutances2 and if1 as it is said1 the zeal1 piety1 and legitimate influence of four ecclesiastics will finish the ,cathedral of ,cologne1 notwithstanding the devil's theft of the plan1 what might not be hoped for ,coigny8 ,so nothing more need be told than that1 from amidst the lovely1 smiling verdure of the little town1 there sprang an exquisite white marble church1 a temptation to pray in as well as to see1 and the admiration of the entire province4 ,madame la ,marquise de ---- gave all her inimitable guipures to ornament the high altar1 and ,monsieur le ,comte de ----1 a great amateur in pictures1 placed a true ,mignard--a ,madonna with a lovely smile--upon the walls1 even before they dried4 ,so each and all offered homage in the new house of ,god4 ,still the beautiful little church lacked a patron1 a saint under whose invocation it might be placed1 and the blessed one must be represented by his own venerable ashes1 a relic of the past1 a protection for the future4 ,the village of ,coigny1 therefore1 spared neither pains nor expense to be satisfied in this regard1 and the ,holy ,father was applied to to select the patron4 ,the dear old man replied favorably to the little town he could scarcely find on the map1 and which was more noted for bearing the cross than ringing the bell2 and a curious and grave ceremony took place4 ,they opened the ,roman ,catacombs1 and they descended into the vaults of the cemetery of ,s4 ,cyriac1 and there they chose the mortal remains of a ,christian martyr buried for many centuries4 ,the stone that closed the cell bore a palm branch and the inscription1 ,hilary ,at ,rest1 and indicated he had died for the faith in the early ages of ,christianity4 ,his bones and the size of his head denoted only the adolescent1 scarcely more than a child2 while the whole expressed the courage of the man united to the grace of the angel4 ,the account from which this is taken adds1 this young soldier of ,christ was found sleeping peacefully at his post1 extended on his granite bier1 with his forehead cleft asunder1 his neck cut open1 of which the little bottle by his side held the precious blood4 ,the figure of the young martyr had been covered with virgin wax1 carefully enclosing the sacred bones1 and1 attired in silk and embroidery1 he is holding the palm branch in his hand4 ,the wounded head inclines as if bending to his murderers1 his throat lies open in its deep swordwound1 his hands and feet have bled1 and the purple tide gushes from his wounds and trickles over his limbs2 but his lips are shut with love1 and his eyes are fixed1 regarding with ,s4 ,stephen the heavens opening to receive him4 ,so this child of eighteen hundred years ago1 this soldier of the faith1 taken from the ,roman ,catacombs1 was sent by the ,pope to ,coigny4 ,can we not imagine his reception8 ,did not the village ring out its festal bells1 and scatter flowers on his path1 and with thousands of candles in the nave1 and incense mounting far above the high altar1 did not the little church welcome this contemporary of ,nero1 who had travelled surrounded by glorious palms in his own carriage over the line from ,italy8 ,he has come1 and twenty priests bear him on their shoulders1 and his final restingplace is under the high altar4 ,coigny1 the coquette1 crowned by its green vine branches1 bacchantelike1 the pious ,coigny1 has its martyr in the vaults of its own dear church1 no more nor less than if it were a basilica4 ,true1 he was an almost forgotten saint1 and anonymously canonized1 but the ,scriptures told us long ago1 8,god knows how to recompense his own40 ,odd ,stories3 ,,iii4 ,peter ,the ,powerful4 ,long and loud was the flourish of trumpets that greeted the day on which ,philip the ,mighty was born to his father's dukedom2 so rare was the promise of a babe4 ,need it be said that1 nurtured under the eye of his stern sire1 he grew in the strength of justice8 ,to such a degree had he inherited the zeal of his ancestors1 that while yet in his cradle he strangled a wretched nurse for stealing his spoon2 whereat there was another flourish of trumpets4 ,subsequent reflections upon the loss of so useful a servant taught him to restrain the exercise of his just powers2 and hence1 when his tutors failed to instruct him within a given time in the arts1 sciences1 languages1 and literatures1 he merely broke their heads4 ,we live to learn2 and so it proved even to a prince as well endowed as ,philip the ,mighty4 ,in these early acts we can see the foundations of that character which was afterwards so great a monument among men4 ,during the famous period in which our prince served his sire in the administration of justice1 the dungeons were never empty of thieves and wranglers1 nor the axe long idle for want of miscreant heads4 ,to a peasant who once stole an apple1 he said1 8,how now1 varlet1 dost confess80 ,answered the trembling churl3 8,nay1 most puissant lord1 ,i stole not the fruit40 ,then spoke ,philip3 8,by my halidom1 ,i'll mend thine honesty02 whereupon the fellow was put on the rack till he broke a bloodvessel1 still not confessing1 for it was death to steal an apple out of the duke's garden4 ,at night the peasant died in his bed of a hemorrhage1 piously acknowledging in his last moments that he had committed the theft2 whereat was another flourish of trumpets4 ,life is a great lesson1 however1 and it must not be supposed that our powerful hero could content himself with a few exploits at court when he felt that he had a mission to reform the world4 ,therefore it was that ,philip the ,mighty set out upon a knight's errand to slay all the witches1 devils1 malefactors1 giants1 goblins1 and monsters that came in his path4 ,but one squire rode with him1 bearing a golden trumpet1 which1 when ,peter had done to death a sourfaced hag who shrieked at him on the mountainside1 he blew right merrily4 ,now1 the old witch had asked the valiant knight for justice against her lord at court4 ,life is a science not to be mastered without blows2 and ,philip learned to slay and fear not in such stout earnest that soon he won the renown of being1 as in fact he was called1 the ,champion ,wrongkiller of the age4 ,when a foul1 blackhearted necromancer was tracked to his hidingplace1 what else should our good knight do but put him to the sword8 ,when a five eyed dwarf was accused of deviltry1 who else should carve him for the crows but our duke's son8 ,when a grim ogre1 breathing death and fury1 beset him whose arm was so mighty1 when malefactors pestered the land1 when monsters of all kind raged on every hand1 who dealt them such lightning doom as the champion wrongkiller8 ,on every occasion did his trusty squire blow the trumpet of gold right lustily1 to the wonder of lords and people4 ,now1 it was whispered that the slain sorcerers had helped husbandmen and artisans with their strange inventions2 that the malefactors were slaughtered outright for the crimes of their fellows2 that the giants were amiable men1 sometimes1 but provoked beyond endurance2 that dwarfs and witches were poor old people1 seldom as bad as they seemed to be4 ,nevertheless1 the real monsters of the land increased day by day1 in spite of the champion killer's sword and his squire's golden trumpet4 ,weary with much slaughter of false knights and caitiff wretches and monsters1 the paladin ,philip resolved to undertake the deliverance of the poor from the oppressions of the rich4 ,filled with this noble idea1 he slew a yeoman who was chastising his servant without mercy4 ,seeing a number of slaves at work1 he set them all free by killing their master4 ,he divided the estates of the rich among the poor4 ,he distributed largesses among multitudes of the needy4 ,he rescued honest damsels who were being carried away by villain lords4 ,alas6 for an ingrate world4 ',twas rumored that the yeoman had left a widow and seven children to mourn him4 ,the slaves became marauders2 the poor quarrelled among themselves2 the beggars got drunk2 and some of the honest damsels lamented their fallen lords4 ,howbeit1 the faithful squire blew his trumpet louder than ever4 ,meanwhile had our good knight grown religious1 and burned men at the stake2 but the more the fuel1 the greater the flame4 ,the more lances he shattered for honor's sake1 the more swords he blunted for justice's sake2 the more money he spent to give feasts to beggars1 and the more land he parcelled among the poor1 all the more honor1 justice1 bounty1 estate1 remained to be won and adjusted4 ,his sharp judgments had1 after all1 won him nothing but the sound of his trumpet4 ,he had killed the innocent and robbed the poor1 when he intended to do otherwise1 and1 if he executed ,heaven's judgments1 it was by a kind of mistake4 ,one thing he had not slain--himself4 ,all the while1 he who had killed so many monsters was growing in bulk and stature out of all proportion4 ,as his legs and arms increased their strength of muscle1 his ears grew longer1 and his eyes grew blinder4 ,he scorned1 nay1 devoured the weak he once defended1 and1 at last1 a monster himself1 was killed by a conspiracy of those whose champion he once was4 ,for ,philip1 though a champion wrongkiller1 was blind to his own wrong doing2 and1 though a reformer1 never allowed people to reform themselves2 so he destroyed the wheat with the chaff and killed the good with the bad4 ,new ,publications4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,rosary4 ,a ,popular ,doctrinal ,exposition of its ,fifteen ,mysteries1 mainly ,conveyed in ,select ,extracts from the ,fathers and ,doctors of the ,church4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby1 of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,dominic4 ,embellished with thirtysix full page illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,the devotion of the ,holy ,rosary is one of the most beautiful which the ,catholic ,church proposes to her children1 and is also probably the one which has been received by them everywhere1 without distinction of nationality or class1 with the most sincere delight4 ,catholics1 it is true1 are for the most part familiar with the general history and significance of this devotional practice1 which in itself forms a compendium of popular theology4 ,most of the books1 however1 on this subject1 with which we are acquainted1 are intended to excite ,christians to the frequent and devout use of this form of prayer1 rather than to give them a full and clear understanding of its natural connection with the great and fundamental truths which form the basis of ,christianity4 ,the book of ,f4 ,formby is both doctrinal and devotional2 all the more devotional because the piety which it inculcates is enlightened by true ,christian science4 ,the work is divided into three parts corresponding with the three groups of mysteries of which the ,rosary is composed4 ,the author prefaces each of these groups with an introduction1 in which he carefully compares its mysteries with their corresponding types in the ,old ,testament4 ,this comparison is again instituted in a more particular manner as each mystery in turn presents itself for elucidation4 ,in treating of the different mysteries1 he first quotes from ,scripture those passages upon which they are formed1 and then adduces the corresponding types from the ,old ,testament1 still further illustrating the subject by apposite quotations and allusions taken from the classics of pagan literature4 ,these are followed by extracts from the writings of the great ,fathers and ,doctors of the church1 many of which will be new to the ,english reader4 ,thus each chapter of the book forms a comprehensive treatise1 both doctrinal and devotional1 of the particular mystery in the life of our divine ,saviour or that of his ,blessed ,mother to which it is devoted4 ,without going out of his way1 ,f4 ,formby by the simple exposition of the doctrine and practice of the church shows in the most conclusive manner how utterly groundless are the objections of ,protestants to ,catholic devotion to the ,mother of ,christ4 ,we have not for a long time read a book with which we are so perfectly pleased as with this of ,f4 ,formby4 ,the clergy especially will find in it a rich mine from which to draw instruction for the people4 ,it may be read with profit1 however1 by all classes of persons1 as the plain and simple style in which it is written does not raise it above the comprehension of even uneducated minds4 ,the book is ornamented with thirtysix fullpage woodcuts1 unusually excellent both in design and execution2 which1 added to the attractions of clear typography and tasteful binding1 make it a work of art as well as of religion4 ,,henry ,,perreyve4 ,by ,a4 ,gratry1 ,prtre de l',oratoire1 etc4 ,translated by special permission4 ,london3 ,rivingtons4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,after a life of singular purity and great activity in the cause of truth1 ,f4 ,gratry entered upon his rest on the #fth of ,february1 #ahgb4 ,his impulsive and ardent nature hurried him for a moment1 towards the close of his life1 into a controversy which1 for a time1 caused the greatest anxiety to his friends1 and threatened to throw a cloud over an existence otherwise so brilliant and precious4 ,his heart1 however1 always remained loyal to the church and to truth1 and1 when he was made aware of his error1 he himself was the first to acknowledge it1 and to do all in his power to atone for it4 ,the writings of ,f4 ,gratry have always possessed for us a singular charm4 ,he has in a high degree the gift of making his thoughts contagious4 ,he throws the warmth and life of his whole heart into his writings2 his words breathe and palpitate and affect one like the presence of a noble and highwrought nature4 ,in ,henry ,perreyve he found a subject peculiarly fitted to call forth these qualities of his style4 ,the history of the outer life of ,henry ,perreyve was uneventful and short4 ,designed by his parents for the bar1 disposed by his own vigorous and impetuous nature to the military life1 he was called of ,god to the priesthood4 ,when he had once recognized the voice of ,god1 he devoted to this high vocation all the energies of a most gifted and courageous nature4 ,at an early age he developed remarkable talents both for writing and speaking4 ,he possessed the divine gift of eloquence1 and ,lacordaire1 who loved him more than any other man in the world1 looked forward to the day when his own voice1 having grown feeble by age1 would be born again with redoubled strength and warmth on the lips of ,henry ,perreyve4 ,alas1 that such hope should be delusive6 ,he to whom ,lacordaire wrote1 8,you live in my heart eternally as my son and my friend10 was destined soon to follow his great preceptor to the grave4 ,he died in #ahfe1 when but thirty four years old4 ,the story of his life1 as told by ,f4 ,gratry1 is a poem full of the most exalted sentiment1 and impressed with the highest form of beauty4 8,all who knew him10 says his biographer1 8agree on this point1 that the one characteristic which stamps his outward life and his inward soul is only to be expressed by that word ,beauty4 ,all the inward beauty wherewith courage1 intelligence1 devotion1 and goodness can invest a soul1 and all the outward expression of beauty with which such a soul can stamp the living man1 were combined in him4 ,nature and grace had alike done their very best for him2 he overflowed with their choicest gifts40 ,whoever will read ,f4 ,gratry's sketch will be persuaded that these words are not too strong4 ,the life of ,henry ,perreyve is another confirmation of the truth that the ideal type of perfect manhood can be developed only in the ,catholic ,church4 ,we especially recommend this book to the young men of our country4 ,even though it should not inspire them with the exalted ambition of consecrating their lives to ,god1 it will at least teach them the transcendent beauty of ,christian courage1 of selfdevotion1 of nobility of purpose4 ,henry ,perreyve was most ardent in urging his friends to aspire to the priesthood4 ,in this connection ,f4 ,gratry remarks3 8,truly1 ,i know no wiser enthusiasm than that which stimulates men to become laborers for ,god4 ,we have too few priests2 we have far too many soldiers4 ,no man becomes a priest whether he will or no2 but on all sides the strong hand of the powers that be constrains men to be soldiers whether they will or no4 ,why is the priest's lot to be counted worse than the soldier's8 ,he who chooses the sacred toil of ,god's harvestfield for his life's labor1 chooses the better part4 ,surely his ambition is beyond all comparison the greatest1 best and noblest3 his work the most fruitful1 the most necessary4 ,that is but a sorry delusion by which the world would set the priesthood before men as in the shadow of death1 and other careers as in a glow of light and glory40 ,,the ,,spoken ,,word2 or1 ,the ,art of ,extemporary ,preaching3 ,its ,utility1 its ,danger1 and its ,true ,idea4 ,with an easy and practical ,method for its ,attainment4 ,by ,rev4 ,thomas ,j4 ,potter1 ,professor of ,sacred ,eloquence in the ,missionary ,college of ,all ,hallows1 ,author of 8,sacred ,eloquence10 etc41 etc4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,one of the most favorable omens attending the great ,catholic revival in the ,englishspeaking world is the appearance of works bearing upon the various duties of the sacred ministry4 ,in the earlier days of struggle in ,england and ,america1 the missionary priest entered upon a life of toil which gave but scant opportunity for adding to the fund of learning that served as its outfit4 ,hence1 while the greatness of the ,catholic champions1 who entered the arena armed capapie by a long and thorough training1 was brought into striking relief1 the depression of minds less trained and of less capacity among the clergy was marked by the absence of a native literature suited to their class4 ,when a priest rarely had a day free from harassing labors1 and was barely able to run into debt for the brick1 beams1 and shingles of a nondescript building wherein to assemble his flock1 he certainly did well if1 after reading his breviary and peeping into his moral theology1 he kept himself informed of current events4 ,such circumstances of poverty were not favorable to literature or eloquence4 ,ecclesiastical art1 with its intricate ceremonial and its peculiar music1 was in a fair way to be lost2 and the refinements of clerical education were rather sources of discouragement in the present than of bright anticipation for the future4 ,but this phase1 having in some measure passed away in ,england1 has lost much of its gloom for us in ,america4 ,pastors have more time to prepare instructions for their people4 ,congregations by their magnitude and intelligence call forth the highest efforts of eloquence4 ,the instincts of ,catholic devotion require that ,god's house should be made a house of prayer1 and demand1 for their satisfaction and increase1 the sacristy and choir1 which shall be 8for a glory and a beauty40 ,meanwhile1 increasing wealth furnishes means for fulfilling the requirements of the ,roman ,ritual4 ,the work which we notice is one of many signs of the times1 and also one of a series of similar efforts by its earnest and experienced author4 ,it is written in a clear and flowing style1 slightly marred1 however1 by the frequent repetition of the adjective 8expedite10 as qualifying the noun 8knowledge10 and the perpetual recurrence of 8a man who10 or 8the man who40 ,the general effect is nevertheless pleasing1 and the book itself ought to be read4 ,the title contains a fair analysis of the work4 ,it remains for us to say that the author is thorough in the treatment of his subject4 ,his hints and warnings are useful to those accustomed to preach extempore2 while his suggestions for the composition of sermons are entirely applicable to those who perfect their oratorical preparations before ascending the pulpit4 ,the appearance of the book is also quite in its favor1 and we might adduce it as a sign of the times in a department to which we have not yet alluded4 ,,the ,,beloved ,,disciple4 ,by the ,rev4 ,father ,rawes1 ,o4,s4,c4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahgb4 ,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this is a beautiful sketch of the life of 8the disciple whom ,jesus loved40 ,father ,rawes1 in common with ,s4 ,jerome1 ,s4 ,augustine1 and ,s4 ,bernard1 has a great and special devotion to the ,evangelist ,s4 ,john4 ,this little book is well written and is eminently devotional and instructive4 ,,unawares4 ,by the ,author of 8,the ,rose ,garden40 ,boston3 ,roberts ,bros4 #ahgb4 ,one experiences a sense of rest and refreshment in reading this unpretending volume4 ,it is a narrative of ,french life1 not at all after the sensational order1 but beautifully wrought out1 with enough of romance to sustain the interest and chain the attention of the reader1 but not a line or word that one could wish unwritten4 ,with a slight plot and few incidents1 this pleasing story charms us with a delightfully artistic description of a quaint old town in ,france1 where the grand cathedral stands1 the central object of attraction--solemn1 steadfast1 ever varying--severe or tender1 as the case may be--but always inconceivably peaceful4 ,the characters1 drawn with a skilful hand and admirably sustained1 the chaste beauty of the language and style1 with the gems of thought worthy of lifelong remembrance scattered throughout the volume1 lead us to desire an acquaintance with other books this attractive author may have written4 ,,the ,,vicar',s ,,daughter4 ,by ,george ,mac,donald4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,bros4 #ahgb4 ,if not to be sensational is a merit1 this book certainly has that merit4 ,the ,introduction1 which in most books is apt to be dull1 and often is skipped by the reader who wishes to plunge in medias res1 is here the spiciest part1 the sugarcoating of the pill--if it be not illnatured to call this work a pill4 ,a very mild one it is1 and the patient1 if none the better1 will certainly be none the worse for taking it4 ,its object seems to be to promulgate some ,presbyterian ideas concerning the means to be used for elevating the spiritual condition of the poor4 ,the ,london poor is the class considered1 but the general rules laid down may be supposed good for all poor4 ,some very queer ideas are broached2 among others1 that it is better to give a workman a gold watch than a leg of mutton1 because by so doing you will pay him a compliment for which he will be grateful1 but that he should have nothing given him 8which he ought to provide for himself--such as food1 or clothing1 or shelter40 ,there is a ,miss ,clare who is possessed by such a missionary spirit and love for the poor1 that we cannot help wishing she might find her proper sphere by becoming a ,catholic 8,little ,sister of the ,poor10 or some other equally useful sister of charity4 ,the church utilizes such women much more wisely than they manage to find the best way alone4 ,there is a chapter of ,miss ,clare's reading and discussing of the ,gospel with some workmen1 which1 if not positively irreverent itself1 will be very likely to make the reader1 who has any sense of humor1 feel so in spite of his better instincts4 ,the ,vicar's daughter1 ,mrs4 ,percivale1 is a very sprightly and welldrawn character1 whom we cannot help liking very much4 ,she is the teller of the story1 and in this ,dr4 ,mac,donald has shown much skill4 ,it is in some parts so like a woman's way of thinking and writing1 that we can hardly believe it to be the work of a man1 especially in ,mrs4 ,percivale's thoughts after the birth of her child4 ,and in this the author approaches very nearly the ,catholic ideal3 8,i had read somewhere--and it clung to me although ,i did not understand it--that it was in laying hold of the heart of his ,mother that ,jesus laid his first hold of the world to redeem it2 and now at length ,i began to understand it4 ,what a divine way of saving us it was--to let her bear him1 carry him in her bosom1 wash him and dress him and nurse him and sing him to sleep6 444 ,such a love might well save a world in which were mothers enough40 ,but alas6 he makes the vicar himself save his faith from shipwreck by marrying the woman he wants--a queer and new argument for the marriage of the clergy1 to be able to believe through such means4 ,not that this is intended by the author for any such argument2 he being a ,presbyterian1 makes no question of the propriety and wisdom of the clergy marrying1 but that a clergyman should be taught belief by getting the woman of his choice is 8passing strange40 ,he also prefers giving his daughter to a sceptic rather than to a 8thoroughly religious man10 for fear the latter might 8confirm her in doubt40 ,to a ,catholic1 this seems a wonderful conclusion4 ,the chapter called 8,child ,nonsense0 is nonsense indeed1 and much below 8,mother ,goose0 in literary merit4 ,we wonder it found a place in the volume1 which contains much genuine wit and good writing4 ,the illustrations to the book are clever1 and the type and binding attractive4 ,,ambition',s ,,contest2 or1 ,faith and ,intellect4 ,by 8,christine40 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,we cannot1 perhaps1 give a better idea of the style and scope of this modest volume than by a quotation from the ,preface3 8,it would be presumptuous to say that ,i have attempted this little work in order to aid in preventing these numerous wrecks of the soul2 for where other and gifted pens1 essaying so much and so well in this direction1 still find it difficult to do all they would1 it would be folly to suppose that my crude effort could accomplish anything4 ,still it is an effort made for the purpose of accomplishing some good1 and written under the auspices of her who has never yet failed to assist the weak1 the everglorious and ,blessed ,virgin,mother of ,god1 it may perhaps add a mite to that which is now being done for the proper training of our ,catholic youth40 ,,gardening ,,by ,,myself4 ,by ,anna ,warner4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,d4 ,f4 ,randolph4 #ahgb4 ,we cannot imagine a pleasanter way of studying horticulture than by adopting ,miss ,warner's volume as a textbook4 ,we can overlook the little attempts at moralizing1 after the evangelical fashion1 as she goes along1 in view of the dismal theological efforts made by her sister 7if we mistake not7 a few years since4 ,we advise our lady readers who have space for cultivating flowers to consult this little manual1 assured that the occupation of which it discourses1 and its results1 will bring them a large store of unalloyed enjoyment4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society has in press1 and will publish early in ,november1 ,the ,life and ,times of ,sixtus the ,fifth1 by ,baron ,hubner4 ,translated from the original ,french by ,james ,f4 ,meline4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,,no4 #ib4--,,november1 #ahgb4 ,centres ,of ,thought ,in ,the ,past4 ,second ,article4 ,the ,universities4 ,the change from the monastic to the scholastic era was one of which we can hardly form an idea4 ,as radical as that brought about in politics by the tempest of #agic1 it was less sudden1 and1 though to the full as dangerous as the unhappy 8,reformation10 it was fortunately shorn of its heretical perils by the vigorous and successful hand laid upon it by the church4 ,instead of producing an organized system of antagonism to revealed truth1 which it seemed at one time on the very verge of doing1 it became so thoroughly absorbed into the church's system that to many minds 8scholasticism0 is synonymous with 8bigotry40 ,yet how opposite was the reality to the idea which it conveys to the modern mind6 ,the real temper of the church1 the temper which will be hers eternally in heaven1 is the temper of ,mary2 the contemplative1 monastic ideal of perfect peace4 ,in the ,x,i,i,ith century 7we say the ,x,i,i,ith typically1 for the change was gradually working some time before1 and only grew to its maturity in that age71 a giant intellectual convulsion took place1 and the church was rudely wakened out of her placid ecstasy1 to find herself assailed by brilliant and popular fallacies1 urged by men of dazzling talent and fearless powers of questioning4 ,it was as if some holy monk1 who from childhood to ripe old age had spent his life on his knees before the silent tabernacle of a huge and perfect abbeychurch1 were suddenly to be startled into action by the rude attack of a sacrilegious band on the very altar at whose steps he had worshipped so long4 ,see him spring to his feet1 and with unexpected strength throw himself before the priceless treasure1 quell by his eagle glance the bewildered assailers of his peace1 and convert by his heaven dictated eloquence those very men into saints1 those enemies into friends1 those proud opponents into fellowwatchers at the same hallowed shrine4 ,so sprang the church to the defence of those doctrines which hitherto it had been mainly her duty to guard1 and the struggle1 distasteful as it must have been at first1 nevertheless ended by producing a new harvest of saints1 and increasing the human prestige as well as the spiritual armory of the church4 ,the reader will no doubt be pleased to see what the writers already quoted have to say of this mighty intellectual revolution1 and we gladly yield to them the field of description4 8,it will suffice to reconcile us to the temporary necessity of the change10 says the author of ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 8that it was accepted by the church1 and that she set her seal to the due and legitimate use of those studies which were to develop the human intellect to its fullgrown strength4 ,nay1 more1 she absorbed into herself an intellectual movement which1 had she opposed it1 would have been directed against her authority1 and so to a great extent she neutralized its powers of mischief4 ,the scholastic philosophy which1 without her direction1 would have expanded into an infidel rationalism1 was woven into her theology itself1 and made to do duty in her defence1 and that wondrous spectacle was exhibited1 so common in the history of the church1 when the dark and threatening thundercloud1 which seemed about to send out its lightningbolts1 only distils in fertilizing rain40 ,speaking of ,s4 ,dominic1 ,prior ,vaughan1 in his ,life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 says3 8,he felt that a single man was but a drop in the ocean in the midst of such a vast and organized corruption4 ,man may be met by man1 but a system only can oppose a system4 ,a religious institution1 combining the poverty of the first disciples of ,christ with eloquence and learning1 would alone stand a chance of success in working a regeneration40 ,he tells us further on that ,albertus ,magnus1 the master of ,s4 ,thomas1 saw that 8,aristotle must be christianized1 and that faith itself must be thrown into the form of a vast scientific organism1 through the application of christianized philosophy to the dogmata of revealed religion40 ,the state of men's minds is thus pithily described by the same author3 8,for1 especially at this period1 theory speedily resolved itself into practice2 what today was a speculation of the schools1 tomorrow became a fact2 men lived quickly1 thought quickly1 and acted quickly in the days of ,william of ,champeaux and ,abelard40 ,still1 in summing up the character of those strange1 contradictory times1 so eminently 8ages of faith0 when contrasted with our day1 yet ages of jarring contention when compared with the previous centuries1 ,prior ,vaughan gives us the brighter side of the picture also3 8,men were not startled in those days by the unusual deeds and privileges of chosen men4 ,they took ,god's word for granted4 ,they believed what they saw2 they did not pry and test and examine their souls4 ,they got nearer the truth than we do4 ,their minds were not corroded by false science40 ,and in a footnote he adds1 speaking of the great difference between heresy in the middle ages and heresy now3 8,in this 7the reverence for authority7 is seated the great distinction between the darkness of those days and the darkness of the present4 ,then1 men fell away in detail1 they denied this or that truth1 or fanatically set up as teachers of novel doctrines1 or were cruel1 or superstitious1 or fond of dress1 or of excitement1 or selfdisplay4 ,but they held to the master principle of order and of salvation1 they did not reject the authority of the teaching church1 or presume to call in question the directive power and controlling office of the sovereign pontiff40 ,now1 let us at the outset anticipate one question our readers may very naturally ask themselves3 ,have we undertaken a sketch of the history of the church1 or that of human thought and progress8 ,the latter1 undoubtedly4 ,then1 how is it that 8the church0 runs through the whole1 like the ground melody of the system8 ,how is it that1 even in the emancipating times on which we have now come1 the doctors and masters of the schools are all monks and clerics1 the theses chosen from ,scripture texts1 the disputes all turning on points of doctrine1 and those1 too1 uncompromisingly of ,catholic doctrine8 ,we can only answer that such are the facts2 secular learning hardly existed1 and what there was of it was so tinged with religion that it was hardly distinguishable from that of theologians4 ,take ,dante1 for instance1 an accomplished scholar1 a patriot1 a politician1 and a keen philosopher4 ,who would not think him a priest and a theologian1 from the way he has cast his grand and unrivalled poem8 ,it is a summary of ,catholic doctrine and tradition1 a poetical version of ,s4 ,thomas' ,summa1 without some knowledge of which it is absolutely impossible to read the third part1 the ,paradiso1 and understand it4 ,we cannot help it if we seem to be sketching ecclesiastical1 while we are engaged on intellectual1 history4 ,never before the 8,reformation0 were they divorced1 and no better proof than this could be adduced of the essentially teaching mission of the church4 ,the proximate cause of the greatness of the ,university of ,paris may be traced through four or five generations of scholars up to our ,saxon master ,alcuin4 ,his pupil ,rabanus1 the great ,abbot of ,fulda1 formed ,lupus of ,ferrires in his own mould2 he in turn instructed ,henry of ,auxerre1 the scholasticus or master of the ,auxerre school1 where he found ,remigius1 destined to become the reestablisher of sacred studies at ,rheims1 the ,canterbury of ,france4 ,from ,rheims this ,remigius removed to ,paris 7in the ,xth century71 and from his time the schools of that city continued to increase in reputation and importance till they developed into the great university4 ,he it was 8who opened the first public school which we know with any certainty to have been established in ,paris407#ha7 ,the first rudiments of the laws governing the greatest corporate institution of scholastic times seem to have sprung from the very disorders occasioned by the immense numbers and pugnacious national characteristics of the rival students of all nations who flocked to ,paris4 ,in #aaie1 we find a certain ,john1 ,abbot of ,s4 ,alban's1 associated with the body of elect masters17#hb7 and the year previous ,pope ,celestine ,,iii4 ruled that the students should be subject to ecclesiastical tribunals only1 and should be exempt from all civic interference in their affairs on the part of the town authorities47#hc7 ,in #abjj1 the university is acknowledged by ,philip ,augustus as a corporate body1 governed by a head who shall not be responsible for his acts to any civil tribunal whatsoever4 ,and now begins in good earnest a system the like of which was never seen1 and for brilliancy as for license will never be surpassed4 ,it is like plunging into the seething cauldron of a 8witches' ,sabbath0 to read of the marvellous and feverish state of things in the ,paris of the ,x,i,i,ith century1 and even of that of earlier days4 ,for a vivid description of the turbulent city we can refer our readers to the recent work of the ,benedictine1 ,prior ,vaughan1 and to the no less graphic pen of ,victor ,hugo in his ,notre ,dame de ,paris4 ,a grotesqueness wholly ,french pervades the latter work1 but gives perhaps a truer picture of the reality than any less fastidious language could convey4 ,in the ,paris of old1 as in our own day1 things seem to have been inextricably mingled3 the sage and the buffoon are elbowing each other in the streets2 students who have come for fashion's sake flaunt their vulgar splendor and their disgusting shamelessness in vice in the face of the poor scholar who sits attentive and eager on the strawcovered floor of the lectureroom2 midnight orgies that seldom end in less than murder take place within a few feet of the oases of monastic life1 where the canonical hours are still faithfully repeated and the rule still silently kept up4 ,vanity and frivolity are there1 and the arrogance of wealthy dunces4 ,witness the young man whose father sent him to ,paris with an annual allowance of a hundred livres4 8,what does he do80 asks a chronicler of that time1 ,odofied4 8,why1 he has his books bound and ornamented with gold initials and strange monsters1 and has a new pair of boots every ,saturday40 ,this was at the time that pointed shoes were the 8rage10 and the university even passed a decree against them as follies unbecoming a scholar47#hd7 8,we read of starving1 friendless lads with their unkempt heads and tattered suits1 who walked the streets1 hungering for bread and famishing for knowledge1 and hankering after a sight of some of those famous doctors of whom they had heard so much when far away in the woods of ,germany or the fields of ,france407#he7 ,many had to share their miserable garments with their companions1 and take it by turns to wear their one tunic so as to make a decent appearance in the lecturehall1 while the rest stayed at home4 ,others spent all they had on parchment1 and were in need of oil for their lamps to study at nights4 ,long before the collegiate system became general1 the laystudents were huddled together in unhealthy tenements1 over the shops of the burghers1 with whom they had many an affray on the score of extortion and injustice4 ,while the rich students employed their many servants and the tradesmen they patronized as instruments in their shameful intrigues1 the poor scholars struggled on1 some selling books at ruinously low prices1 others absolutely begging their food in the streets or at the doors of the rich shopkeepers1 while others again1 more miserable because less determined1 took refuge in the taverns1 and drank away the little remains of vitality left in them1 or as often were despatched in the unseemly brawls which tavernlife was sure to foster4 ,then1 as the brighter side of the picture1 there were the monasteries1 especially that of the ,dominicans of ,s4 ,james1 where eager scholars studied in peace and order2 the cloisters of ,notre ,dame1 where venerable orthodoxy was long entrenched2 the ,sorbonne1 destined to be for ages the most celebrated school of theology in ,europe1 and to hold its own long after the medival university had decayed4 ,disputed cases were sent to the ,sorbonne for decision1 popes took the advice of its doctors on important ecclesiastical matters1 and its students possessed even greater personal immunities than their fellows of other colleges4 ,then1 if we are to take the personal representatives of this wonderful university into account1 what a forest of illustrious names starts up before our bewildered vision6 ,in the ,x,ith century1 quite at the latter end1 we are introduced to the gifted ,abelard1 who during the first half of the ,x,i,ith century gathered together all the stormy elements of the age1 and centred upon himself the attention of the intellectual world4 8,he appears to have possessed10 says ,prior ,vaughan1 8the special gift of rendering articulate the cravings of the age in which he lived4444 ,one day he took into his hands ,ezechiel the ,prophet1 and boasted that next morning he would deliver a lecture on the ,prophecy4 ,with bitter irony some of his companions implored him to take a little longer time to prepare2 he replied with disdain1 #8,my road is not the road of custom1 but the road of genius4' ,he was true to his word1 and mockery was speedily turned to amazement when his companions1 overcome with his eloquence1 followed him verse after verse as he unfolded the hidden sense of the obscurest of prophecies1 with a facility of diction and clearness of exposition and a readiness of resource which subdued the mind and captivated the imagination40 ,success was his idol1 pride his natural temper4 ,he thought no question above his understanding1 no truth beyond his apprehension2 he threw down the glove in the face of a system more for the sake of routing its exponent than of impugning its truth1 and when all eyes were upon him1 and the populace of ,paris rushed madly out on its doorsteps and housetops to cheer him as he passed1 his end was won and his dearest wish fulfilled4 ,one by one all his opponents were silenced2 from school to school he rose1 till at last the chair of ,notre ,dame was his2 his name eclipsed that of all the masters of ,paris1 and drove from men's minds even the fame of the doctors of the church4444 ,and then what was the climax8 ,it is told in three words--,hlose1 ,soissons1 and ,sens4 ,true1 there was a long interval between the two misfortunes represented by the first two names1 and that galling one which at last proved his salvation at ,sens1 and during the interval his fame revived1 and again at ,paris1 though at ,s4 ,genevive and no longer at ,notre ,dame1 his prestige broke down all prejudice and his victorious career began afresh4 ,then see the last drama of his stormy1 eventful life4 ,he meets ,s4 ,bernard at ,sens before a court of bishops1 monks1 and princes1 his own disciples crowding triumphantly around him1 a huge concourse of people heaving before him1 he 8the spokesman of thousands1 from whose midst he would1 as it were1 advance and proclaim the creed of human reason407#hf7 ,opposed to him stands one whose cheeks are furrowed with tears1 and who has made no preparation to meet the irrefragable dialectician1 the prince of debate1 but who1 8though in appearance but an emaciated mystic from the solitude of his cell1 would represent as many thousands more who saw beyond the range of human vision1 and judged the highest natural gifts of ,god from the elevation of a life of faith407#hg7 ,history gives us the thrilling denouement in startlingly simple form4 ,when summoned to defend1 deny1 or explain the heretical propositions drawn from his brilliant works1 ,abelard turns in sudden contempt from the august assembly1 and answers thus3 8,i appeal to the ,sovereign ,pontiff40 ,but all felt that this was defeat1 the blow had been struck1 the heresy was dead4 ,and the heretic8 ,let many who have tried today to walk in the dizzy path his footsteps have marked out1 strive rather to imitate the end of his life2 let them follow him to the solitary ,benedictine ,abbey where his gentle friend ,peter the ,venerable led him like a little child1 and where his earnest1 passionate nature1 that could do nothing by halves1 soon transformed him into a saint4 ,and let the world which knows him chiefly through his sin and early shame fix its eyes upon him as one who1 having abdicated honors greater than those of the greatest throne1 having sorrowed with more than ,david's sorrow1 and taught with more than ,solomon's wisdom1 at last found peace and justification in a narrow cell and in his daily avocations of instructing a small and obscure community on 8divine humility and the nothingness of human things407#hh7 ,among the other great names that stand out in the tumult of ,paris as stars of learning and holiness are ,william of ,champeaux1 ,abelard's chief adversary1 and the founder of that saintly school of ,s4 ,victor which gathered in one the spirit of the old cloisters with that of the new scholastic teachers1 and led the way through its famous doctorsaints1 ,hugh and ,richard1 to the final welding together of the new form of theology1 the incomparable ,summa of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,then1 too1 we have the preacher ,fulk of ,neuilly1 who became a scholar at a ripe age1 and soon surpassed the young students whose aim was display rather than knowledge--the man who preached the fifth crusade at the tournament of ,count ,thibault de ,champagne17#hi7 and was followed by such crowds that1 to rid himself of them and their inconvenient homage 7shown by cutting pieces out of his habit71 he called out1 8,my habit is not blessed1 but ,i will bless the cloak of yonder man1 and you can take what you please407#ij7 ,john of ,st4 ,quentin1 also1 a famous doctor1 who1 preaching on holy poverty and the vanity of all learning1 all riches1 and all honors1 suddenly stops1 descends the pulpitstairs1 kneels at the feet of the astonished prior of the ,dominicans1 and will not rise before the latter has thrown around him his own black cloak and enrolled him in the army of that holy poverty he had just praised with so much zeal4 ,then ,albert the ,great1 whose followers were so numerous that he had to leave the schools and speak in the open air1 so that the square where he delivered his lectures was called ,place du matre ,albert1 which name later on became corrupted into the form it still bears1 ,place ,maubert4 ,albert brings before us the school of ,cologne1 inferior of course to the mighty university1 but yet a centre1 at least for ,germany4 ,there ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin first studied1 and now and then astonished his undiscerning companions by the 8bellowings of the great dumb ,sicilian ox10 until he was finally sent to ,paris1 the scene of his matchless and altogether spiritual triumph4 ,in him1 the heir of the old ,benedictine school of quies1 sanctity worked that marvellous union of the old spirit and the new which ended by harmonizing the truths of the church with the clamoring aspirations of a new and venturesome age4 ,but1 inseparably connected though he be with the crisis of the ,x,i,i,ith century1 when passion was at its hottest1 and the intoxication of worldwide success made ,paris reel like a drunken man1 we feel nothing but peace in the life of the ,angel of the ,schools1 the greatest scholar of the ,european university4 ,a divine calm seems to curtain off his soul from the contentions in which his mind and body are engaged2 his lessons seem rather to be given from a holy of holies than from a professor's chair1 and1 while we see in him the greatest thinker of the age1 we feel that above all he was its greatest saint4 ,one might say of him1 with all due reverence1 that he was the only man of that turbulent and questioning day who had looked upon the face of ,god and lived4 ,beside him was his gentle friend1 ,bonaventure1 of whom1 though a professor also1 we hear but little intellectually1 but whom the highest authority on earth has sealed as a doctor of the church1 a burning seraph of love4 ,and here we must leave that greatest of centres1 ,paris1 whose prosperity at that time seemed so unalterable1 and take a glance1 necessarily a cursory one1 at the other continental universities4 ,bologna undoubtedly claims the first place4 ,it was called the 8,mater ,studiorum0 of ,italy1 and vied more successfully with ,paris than any other of the universities4 ,the great ,countess ,mathilda of ,tuscany1 the liberal patroness of learning and protectress of the ,holy ,see1 was connected with its foundation1 and by the end of the ,x,ith century it was celebrated as the first law school in ,europe47#ia7 ,this characteristic it always retained1 while in the ,x,i,ith century canon law began to be equally studied there4 ,connected with ,bologna was the publication of the ,decretals of ,gratian1 a summary of the decrees of the popes1 of a hundred and fifty councils1 of selections from various royal codes1 and of extracts from the fathers and other ecclesiastical writers47#ib7 ,the few errors in this gigantic work have often served as a peg whereon to hang many calumnies against the church2 but the whole scope of the undertaking1 so bold in its conception1 so lucid in its exposition--has it ever been sufficiently examined outside the church8 ,and will the world be astonished to know who was its compiler and who spent twentyfive years of his hidden life upon it8 ,a simple ,benedictine monk of ,chiusi1 of whom nothing is known but his immortal work4 ,m4 de ,maistre has cleverly said1 8,grattez le ,russe et vous trouverez le ,tartare10 and we might adapt the pithy saying thus3 ,raise but the thinnest crust of what we call civilization1 and you will find beneath the solid structure1 the immovable foundation of monasticism4 ,in #aach1 ,frederic ,barbarossa consulted the ,bolognese doctors as to the framing of a code of laws for his ,germano,italian ,empire1 and in return for their help gave them the ,habita1 or series of protective ordinances which raised the ,italian university almost to the level of that of ,paris4 ,alexander ,,iii41 formerly a theologian in its schools1 also favored ,bologna1 and a tide of scholars from all parts of ,europe began to flow towards the ,apennines4 ,among these we find ,s4 ,thomas of ,canterbury1 who1 as we know1 made such brave use of the legal science he acquired there4 ,bologna was the second centre of the ,dominican ,order1 the teaching order of the church--the instrument raised up in the warmhearted but intemperate middle ages to guide aright those lavastreams of misdirected enthusiasm which at one time threatened to rationalize or fanaticize the intellectual world4 ,it is at ,bologna that we read of the miracles of the gentle and bright ,s4 ,dominic1 and of the angels that constantly followed him to do the bidding of him who through opposition and misunderstanding was always doing ,god's bidding4 ,here1 too1 ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin came once1 and1 being unknown to the procurator of the convent1 was required to carry the basket while his companion collected the friars' daily pittance through the streets4 ,a true monk1 he gladly obeyed1 and was pained and confused when some of the passersby told the procurator of the mistake he had made4 ,italy was fruitful in universities1 for1 to mention only prominent names1 there were ,padua1 ,pavia1 ,salerno1 and ,naples1 besides ,rome1 where the tradition of learning1 especially sacred learning1 was never quite broken4 ,padua was an offshoot from ,bologna1 and became famous in the ,x,i,i,ith century for its devotion to classic literature and the liberal arts4 ,at the time of the 8,renaissance0 it had become1 however1 a notorious focus of atheism47#ic7 ,salerno was a school of medicine1 and ,pavia a brilliant and wicked resort of every intellectual aberration4 ,we remember reading an excellent description of its vices1 its dangers1 and its attractions1 in the life of a ,venetian1 a poet and child of genius1 the friend and librettist of ,mozart1 whose name we cannot1 however1 recall4 ,even in those days of moral decadence the picture seemed appalling1 and at ,pavia as at ,paris1 as at ,oxford in old times and our own day1 there appears to have been no lack of brainless young profligates whose college career was a disgrace to their early education1 and must have been a remorse prepared for their more sober conscience in later life4 ,the ,university of ,naples1 as we learn from ,prior ,vaughan1 was the creation of ,frederick ,,ii41 the ,sybarite emperor whose splendid barbaric physique knew how to make all ,eastern luxury of body and ,greek luxury of mind minister to his sovereign pleasure4 ,the description of his harem1 his kiosks1 his palaces1 his gardens at ,naples1 reads like a page from the ,arabian ,nights1 and rival the impossible tales that are told of ,bagdad's lavish magnificence under the caliphs4 ,utterly pagan the university seems to have avowedly been4 ,it had no being of its own1 but was a royal appurtenance1 as the other institutions of ,frederick ,,ii4 ,learning was a luxury1 and it behooved the emperor to have all luxuries at his feet4 ,students from all parts of his kingdom of ,naples were compelled by arbitrary enactments to study nowhere else but in the exotic university2 the professors were all paid from the public treasury1 and among them1 with characteristic pride and contemptuous eclecticism1 the imperial patron had canonists1 theologians1 and monks4 ,astrology and the wildest theories were broached1 ,michael ,scott1 the pretended seer and alchemist1 was conspicuous for his brilliant talents and pagan tendencies1 the existence of the soul was freely questioned1 materialism openly professed1 and many literati ostentatiously paraded their preference of the philosophy of ,epicurus or ,pythagoras over the religion of ,jesus ,christ4 ,a secret society is also alluded to in a popular poem of the day1 its express purpose being the expunging of ,christianity and the introducing of the exploded obscenities of paganism in its place47#id7 ,this reminds us of ,disraeli's ,lothair1 in which such prominence is given to a secret society called ,madre ,natura1 framed for the identical purpose we have just mentioned4 ,it is said to have existed ever since the time of ,julian the ,apostate1 and always with the same intent4 ,the materialistic theories of the artist ,phbus concerning the absolute necessity of 8beauty worship0 and the superiority of the ,aryan over the ,semitic races 7or principles7 are only modern echoes of this pestilential teaching of the deification of materialism4 ,whether ,disraeli1 descended from that high race whose history and laws are a standing protest1 and have been for ages a bulwark1 against the 8concupiscence of the flesh10 believes in these theories1 is more than we can tell2 he has at any rate clothed them with suspiciously gratuitous beauty in his recent work1 and has1 moreover1 tried to fix upon the ,anglo ,saxon race the stigma of practically adopting them as her own4 ,the monastic history of the countrymen of ,bede and ,wilfrid tells a very different tale1 and nevertheless does not omit to mention the love of sport and athletic exercises peculiar to ,englishmen4 ,how far1 however1 is the character of the young raceriders7#ie7 and foxhunters7#if7 of monastic ,england from that of the voluptuous ,oriental and sensuous ,greek6 ,germany1 ,poland1 ,bohemia1 ,spain1 and ,flanders likewise had their own centres1 more local1 however1 than those of ,italy1 all of them under the new form of universities1 and all more or less emancipated from the strictly monastic spirit of the older centres of learning4 ,vienna1 ,erfurt1 ,heidelberg1 and ,wittenberg were the foremost in ,germany2 ,cracow was founded by a saint1 the holy ,hedwige of ,poland2 and ,prague1 which gave so much trouble and anxiety to the church in former times and hardly less in our own day1 owes much of its glory to the holy women of the middle ages4 ,thus ,dombrowka1 a princess of ,bohemia1 married to a ,polish chief1 and ,hedwige1 the great queen and patron saint of ,poland1 established colleges there and endowed them liberally4 ,salamanca had a wider reputation1 and fell heir to all the brilliant learning of the ,arabian and ,jewish schools1 whose influence on ,christian thought in the days of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin had been so dangerous4 ,all the scientific knowledge of the ,east thus became its natural property1 while the intensely ,catholic mind of the ,spaniards held them aloof from what was poisonous in ,eastern philosophy4 ,and here let us stop to remark that ,spain1 ranked as it has always been among the ,latin nations1 nevertheless owes its first ,christian traditions1 and1 no doubt1 also its imperial notions of universal sway1 to the vigorous ,gothic races1 mingled with the ,frankish and ,burgundian blood brought in by intermarriage with the ,merovingian princes of ,france4 ,there is something in ,spanish history1 in ,spanish perseverance1 we might almost say in ,spanish toughness1 that reveals the ,visigoth1 the man of the northern forests1 with his indomitable energy and insatiable thirst for the sole rule of land and sea4 ,alcala1 the creation of ,cardinal ,ximenes1 and ,coimbra1 besides twentyfour colleges dignified by the name of universities1 make up the quota contributed by ,spain to the intellectual progress of ,europe4 ,we wish we had more space and time to devote to them4 ,flanders1 the home of art in the middle ages1 and the model of dignified and successful civic government1 was not fated to be behindhand in the world of letters4 ,as early as #acfj1 a gay scholar of the ,university of ,paris1 and a native of ,deventer1 returned to his birthplace with the halo of success and worldly fame about him4 ,after a few years of vain display1 ,gerard of ,deventer suddenly1 through the agency of a holy companion1 became an altered and converted man4 ,having fitted himself for a spiritual career by a three years' seclusion among the ,carthusians1 he returned to his native city and instituted a congregation of ,canons ,regular1 whom he entrusted to a disciple of his1 a former canon of ,utrecht4 ,he himself died soon after1 but under his successor1 ,florentius1 the school grew in importance and renown till1 in #acic1 a scholar entered its cloisters1 by name ,thomas ,hammerlein1 now known to the ,christian world as ,thomas ,kempis1 the reputed author of ,the ,following of ,christ4 ,his life is too entirely spiritual to be mentioned here1 but of the institute in which he was reared the same rule will not apply4 ,although the aim of the ,deventer school was to revive the old monastic ideal1 and although its spirit seems forcibly to remind us of ,bede and ,rabanus of ,fulda1 still it gave forth scholars like the 8,illustrious ,nicholas of ,cusa1 the son of a poor fisherman1 who won his doctor's cap at ,padua1 and became renowned for his ,greek1 ,hebrew1 and mathematical learning407#ig7 ,it is also told of the ,deventer brethren that they 8displayed extraordinary zeal in promoting the new art of printing1 and that one of the earliest ,flemish presses was set up in their college407#ih7 ,the famous ,erasmus passed his first years of study at ,deventer in the latter end of the ,x,vth century1 and drew from his masters the prediction that he would 8one day be the light of his age40 ,the later ,flemish ,university of ,louvain1 founded in #adbe1 by ,duke ,john of ,brabant1 was eminently an orthodox institution1 and became1 in the ,x,v,ith century1 8one of the soundest nurseries of the faith10 as well as the chief seat of learning in ,flanders4 ,even ,erasmus owned in his letters that the schools of ,louvain were considered second only to those of ,paris4 ,here1 as usual1 the ,dominicans were foremost in the breach1 and enjoyed great privileges1 while their influence made itself powerfully felt throughout the university4 ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin was1 of course1 the recognized authority followed by the whole university in matters of theology4 ,ireland was not so fortunate during the scholastic as during the monastic era of intellectual development1 but what benefits she had she owed them again to the same institution which had educated her sons in olden days4 ,the first ,university of ,dublin was founded in #acbj1 and had for its first master a ,dominican friar4 ,it soon decayed for want of funds and in consequence of the troubles of the times1 but the ,dominicans would not let learning perish1 if they could help it4 ,in #adbh1 a century later1 they opened a free 8high school0 on ,usher's ,island1 where they taught gratuitously all branches of knowledge1 from grammar to theology1 and admitted all students1 lay and ecclesiastical4 ,between this college and their convent in the city they built a stone bridge1 the only erection of such solid material known in ,dublin for two centuries afterwards1 and1 says ,mr4 ,wyse in a speech on ,education delivered at ,cork in #ahdd1 8it is an interesting fact in the history of education in ,ireland that the only stone bridge in the capital of the kingdom was built by one of the monastic orders as a communication between a convent and its college1 a thoroughfare thrown across a dangerous river for teachers and scholars to frequent halls of learning where the whole range of the sciences of the day was taught gratuitously407#ii7 ,a few years later1 the four ,mendicant orders1 headed by the ,dominicans1 obtained from ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 a brief constituting their ,dublin schools one university1 with the same ecclesiastical rights and privileges enjoyed by the great ,university of ,oxford1 and this body corporate is mentioned as in active exercise of its powers just before the 8,reformation40 ,it showed the general destruction brought by the apostasy of ,england on all monastic bodies1 but such as it was it was the church's creation1 and a fitting successor to those centres of rare learning1 the ,columbanian monasteries of the ,v,i,ith and ,v,i,i,ith centuries4 ,the ,scotch universities of ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow1 and ,aberdeen have been purposely left out1 as we have no records of them at hand2 of the latter1 the remains of which we happened to visit some years ago1 it will suffice to say that it possesses a library1 the germs of which are due to ,catholic collectors1 and still has some very fine specimens of illuminated manuscripts4 ,the wood carvings of the choir stalls and screen1 of ,flemish workmanship1 are very beautiful1 and the collegiate chapel1 still existing1 bears marks of the harmony and symmetry natural to the grand worship it once typified4 ,we have left ,oxford to the last1 since its history is perhaps almost unique4 ,no university of its day can match it2 its vitality has outlasted the 8,reformation0 itself1 and its spirit and statutes remain to this moment as obstinately ,catholic as in the days of ,bacon and ,duns ,scotus4 ,true1 infidelity has not respected it1 but no more did it respect the ,university of ,paris in the ,x,i,i,ith century1 and far more vigorous than its great medival rival1 ,oxford still epitomizes the genius of a nation1 while ,paris has lost every vestige of its former academical sway4 ,its beginnings are lost in the ages of fable1 for tradition asserts that long before ,alfred there were schools and disputations there4 ,the schools of ,osney ,abbey1 and the ,benedictine school in connection with ,winchcomb ,abbey1 are among the earliest foundations1 but as yet 7in #aage7 there were no buildings of any architectural pretensions4 ,about that time a great fire destroyed the greater part of the city1 and for a long while very little order prevailed among its motley inhabitants4 ,robert ,pulleyn1 an ,english scholar from ,paris1 who had set up a school in #aacc and in #aadb1 went to ,rome1 was made cardinal there1 and obtained many ecclesiastical privileges for the ,oxford scholars4 ,law already began to be studied in this century1 but a historian of the time complains bitterly that 8purity of speech had decayed1 philosophy was neglected1 and nothing but ,parisian quirks prevailed4 ,had the monastic schools retained their ascendency10 he says1 8polite letters would never have fallen into such neglect407#ajj7 ,in the ,x,i,i,ith century there were #cj1jjj students at ,oxford1 though many among them were 8a set of varlets who pretended to be scholars10 and passed their time in thieving and villany4 ,the brawls of these said 8varlets0 were to the full as violent as those of the ,rue ,coupegueule1 and much of the same kind of license disgraced ,oxford as it did ,paris4 ,nationality seems to have been a common pretext for fights1 and ,s4 ,george's1 ,s4 ,patrick's1 and ,s4 ,david's days were1 instead of peaceful festivals1 days of bloodshed and plunder4 ,at last every demonstration on these days had to be forbidden under pain of excommunication4 8,town and gown0 fights too were frequent1 and even internecine battles took place among the scholars themselves over a false quantity in pronunciation or a disputed axiom in philosophy4 ,the fare in those days seems to have been scanty2 here for instance is a collegiate menu3 8,at ten of the clock they go to dinner1 whereat they be content with a penny piece of beef among four1 having a few pottage made of the broth of the said beef1 with salt and oatmeal and nothing else40 ,when they went to bed1 8they were fain to run up and down half an hour to get a heat on their feet10 and what the beds were may be surmised from the fact of the students lodging where they could1 generally in lofts over the burghers' shops1 as at ,paris4 ,in the earlier part of the ,x,i,i,ith century ,cambridge was founded1 and ,peter of ,blois1 the continuator of ,ingulphus1 tells us that from this 8little fountain 7the first lectures given successively in the same barn1 on various subjects1 by three or four monks of ,croyland7 of ,cottenham1 the abbot's manor near ,cambridge1 which has swelled to a great river1 we now behold the whole city of ,god made glad1 and teachers issuing from ,cambridge1 after the likeness of the ,holy ,paradise40 ,cambridge seems to have cultivated the ,anglo,saxon tongue1 as ,tavistock also did1 a monastic school where the language was regularly taught 8to assist the monks in deciphering their own ancient charters40 8,old ,oxford0 was not the imposing pile of ecclesiastical buildings its later representative is now4 ,osney and ,s4 ,frideswide stood like castles in its surrounding meadows1 but the main body of the university consisted in strawthatched houses and timber schools4 ,there were pilgrimage wells where1 on ,rogation ,days1 various blessings were invoked on the fruits of the earth1 and these were called by our forefathers 8,gospel places40 ,it was a sort of religious 8,maying10 the students carrying poles adorned with flowers and singing the ,benedicite4 ,the streets bore singular names--8,school ,street10 8,logic ,lane10 8,street of the ,seven ,deadly ,sins40 ,here is the 8,schedesyerde10 where abode the sellers of parchment1 the schedes or sheets of which gave their name to the locality4 ,the schools can be distinguished by pithy inscriptions over dingylooking doors--,ama scientiam1 ,impostu ras fuge1 ,litteras disce--but you will look in vain for public schools or collegiate piles4 ,in these humble schools many great scholars were reared3 ,s4 ,edmund of ,canterbury1 who1 for instance1 unless he chanced to spend it in relieving the distress of some poor scholar or little orphan child1 left the money his pupils paid him lying loose on the windowsill1 where he would strew it with ashes1 saying1 8,ashes to ashes1 dust to dust02 or1 again1 ,s4 ,richard1 ,edmund's friend1 and afterwards his chancellor at ,canterbury1 who while at ,oxford was so poor that he could seldom allow himself the luxury of mutton1 then reckoned as ordinary scholar's fare1 and who lodged with two companions1 of whom we hear the ,parisian tale of the single gown worn alternately at lecture by each1 while the others remained at home2 ,robert ,grossetle1 the ,franciscan1 a universal genius and a most holy man1 a zealous lover of natural science1 and so well versed in the ,scriptures that one of his modern biographers has candidly admitted that his 8wonderful knowledge of them might probably be worth remark in our day1 though in its own not more than was possessed by all theological students02 ,roger ,bacon1 the greatest natural philosopher who appeared in ,england before the time of ,newton2 and ,alexander of ,hales1 8the ,irrefragable ,doctor10 who also taught in the ,franciscan schools of ,paris--were among prominent ,oxford scholars of the middle ages4 ,then the marvellous ,duns ,scotus a scholar of ,merton and afterwards a ,franciscan monk1 an ,abelard in brilliancy1 versatility1 and keenness of argument1 who1 disputing one day before the doctors of the ,sorbonne 7to whom he was personally unknown71 was interrupted by one of them with this exclamation1 8,this must be either an angel from heaven1 a demon from hell1 or ,duns ,scotus from ,oxford60 ,a similar legend is told of ,alanus de ,insulis1 a ,paris doctor1 who1 having left the schools and become a laybrother at ,citeaux1 accompanied the abbot to ,rome to take charge of his horses4 ,being allowed to sit at the abbot's feet during the council against the ,albigenses1 and finding the scales inclining in favor of the heretics1 he rose1 and1 begging the abbot's blessing1 suddenly poured forth his irresistible arguments and defeated the sophistry of the ,albigenses1 who1 baffled and furious1 exclaimed1 8,this must be either the devil himself or ,alanus40 ,thomas of ,cantilupe1 the son of the ,earl of ,pembroke1 was another representative ,oxford scholar4 ,of noble birth and great intellectual powers1 he rose to the highest dignities of the realm1 and1 though ,oxford was still a scene of violent disorders1 he preserved his purity and calmness through all its dangers4 ,the collegiate system soon came to put an end to this state of things1 and ,merton was the first college1 properly socalled1 where moral order and architectural proportions received some attention4 ,the aspect of the university now rapidly changed4 ,lollardism seriously affected the great seat of learning1 and at first its doctrines were much upheld by the jealous secular teachers1 who saw in his calumnies a weapon to be used against the saintly and successful friars2 the tone of the university declined1 and literature was wofully neglected for a time4 ,however1 as ,lollardism faded from men's minds1 a revival of letters took place1 and in the ,x,v,ith century ,erasmus1 who was very kindly entertained and welcomed at ,oxford1 pays the following tribute to its literary proficiency3 8,i have found here classic erudition1 and that not trite and shallow1 but profound and accurate1 both ,latin and ,greek1 so that ,i no longer sigh for ,italy407#aja7 ,and again3 8,i think1 from my very soul1 there is no country where abound so many men skilled in every kind of learning as there are here07#ajb7 7in ,england74 ,his own ,greek learning was chiefly acquired at ,oxford1 for1 previous to his coming hither1 his knowledge of that language was very superficial4 ,we have lingered over the history of medival ,oxford longer than our readers may be inclined to think reasonable1 and we must confess that our interest in the only institution of the middle ages which stands yet unimpaired in glory1 influence1 and renown1 has led us beyond the limits we had honestly proposed to ourselves4 ,little now remains to be said4 ,we have come upon the uninviting times when reason broke away from faith and carried desolation in its headlong course through the field of the human intellect4 ,a literary and philosophical madness settled on men's minds1 and ,babel seemed to have come again1 except where the calm round of old studies was pursued with the old spirit of quies within the sphere of the ancient faith4 ,all beyond was confusion and hurry2 every one set up as a teacher before having been a disciple2 each man dictated and no one listened2 each would be the originator of a system which his first follower was sure to alter1 with the perspective of having his alterations remodelled again by his first pupil1 and so on ad libitum1 till systems came to be called by men's names1 and to vary in meaning according to the particular temper of each one that undertook to explain them4 ,with all its turbulence and occasional excesses contrasted with the cynical refinement and polite indifferentism of today1 was not the older system the better one8 ,fleurange4 ,by ,mrs4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story40 ,translated ,from ,the ,french1 ,with ,permission4 ,part ,third4 ,the ,banks ,of ,the ,neckar4 ,,xxxix4 ,about a fortnight after ,christmas1 ,clement was returning to his lodgings a little sooner than usual1 when he met ,wilhelm ,mller at the door4 8,ah6 you have come at the right moment10 said he4 8,let me tell you why4 ,a courier from ,st4 ,petersburg arrived this morning with important news1 which will have a serious effect on our business40 8,are you referring to the death of the ,emperor ,alexander8 ,i knew that yesterday4 ,what else is there80 8,quite another affair1 indeed4 ,constantine has been set aside1 and the ,grand ,duke ,nicholas is to succeed his brother40 8,are you sure80 8,yes4 ,but that is not all2 we knew that yesterday4 ,the news the courier brought this morning is more serious4 ,it seems a conspiracy has broken out--0 8,a conspiracy6 ,where80 8,at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the courier left the twentyfourth of ,december4 ,they were then fighting on the square before the palace1 and the emperor was in the midst of the fight40 8,constantine80 8,no1 indeed2 his brother40 8,the ,grand ,duke ,nicholas8 ,is he at the head of the plot80 8,no2 on the contrary1 it seems to be ,constantine1 and yet it is not he either4--,in fact1 no one knows anything about it1 the report is so very confused4 ,but come and help me1 if you will4 ,we have despatches to send in every direction4 ,we shall certainly have further news this evening4 ,i dare say ,waltheim 7the chief member of the firm of which they were the principal clerks7 is this very moment beside himself40 ,the two friends set off together4 ,they had hardly gone two steps before they came upon quite a group standing around the doorway of a fine house almost opposite ,mller's4 ,it was the residence of the ,russian legation4 ,they were told in reply to their questions that a courier had just arrived on horseback1 covered with dust and halfdead with fatigue4 ,he left ,st4 ,petersburg on the twentysixth1 and had been ten days on the way4 8,does anybody know what news he has brought80 asked ,mller of the man who gave him this information4 8,nothing definite1 of course4 ,and we shall learn nothing there10 pointing to the diplomatic residence1 8except what they please to tell us40 ,mller and ,clement stopped no longer4 8,the twentysixth60 said ,mller4 8,i should like to know the contents of the despatch40 8,the other legations must soon have news of as late a date1 to say nothing of our own correspondent1 who will give us the earliest information possible4 ,but1 now ,i think of it1 one of the attachs of the ,french legation is somewhat of a friend of mine2 what if ,i go and ask him for the details80 ,mller thought this a capital idea1 and ,clement left him at once to go to the residence of the ,french legation4 ,mller kept on to his office at ,waltheim's1 where he would wait for him4 ,the young attach referred to was the ,vicomte de ,noisy4 ,he had been present at one of the public assemblies in which ,clement distinguished himself as a speaker1 and conceived a fancy for him from that time4 ,they frequently made excursions together on foot or horseback1 and the vicomte sought every opportunity of meeting ,clement with an eagerness the latter sometimes reproached himself for not responding to with more warmth4 ,he relied1 therefore1 on a cordial reception1 and1 in fact1 as soon as he was announced1 he was taken into a small room next the chancellerie1 where ,m4 de ,noisy passed the greater part of his time4 ,he found him seated at a table covered with papers4 ,before ,clement had time to utter a word1 the young attach exclaimed1 without leaving his place3 8,have you come with news8 or to get some80 8,what a question6 ,you know well our commercial agents are never able to rival the speed of the bearers of political despatches40 8,and yet it happens sometimes40 8,but not this time1 unfortunately4 ,the ,russian legation has just received a despatch from ,st4 ,petersburg dated the twentysixth40 8,so we have just heard4 ,it came in an incredibly short time4 ,i fear ours will not do as well4 ,and yet the ,french embassy at ,st4 ,petersburg is not often caught napping40 ,some one rang furiously4 ,a hussar opened the door and made a sign to the vicomte1 who sprang forward4 8,the courier60 he exclaimed4 8,bravo6 ,vive l'ambassadeur6 ,to be only one hour behind the ,russian courier is wonderful6 ,here1 mon cher1 are some cigars4 ,take the armchair and wait till ,i return4 ,i shall soon be back1 and will bring you the news40 ,clement threw himself into the armchair1 lit a cigar1 took up a newspaper1 and patiently awaited the young attach's return beside a good fire1 which1 without prejudice to the large stove at one end of the room1 did not give out too much heat at this rigorous season4 ,at the end of an hour1 however1 he was beginning to feel he was losing his time1 when the ,vicomte de ,noisy reappeared with his hands full of letters1 which he threw on the table4 8,there10 he said4 8,to decipher and read these is not all3 they are to be answered1 and ,i do not know when ,i shall be able to leave the chancellerie40 8,would it be indiscreet for you to tell me the nature of your despatches80 8,by no means4 ,we have good news4 ,it is all over4 ,the struggle was severe1 but short4 ,the new emperor conducted admirably4 ,the regiments in revolt have returned to their duty1 all the leaders of the insurrection have been taken4 ,the only serious thing is that among the latter are several belonging to the noblesse1 and a great many gentlemen of social standing are compromised4 ,this interests me more than anything else1 because ,i was connected with the embassy at ,st4 ,petersburg before ,i came here1 and know them all40 8,have they given any of the leader's names80 8,oh6 yes3 ,troubetzko1 ,rilieff1 ,mouravieff1 ,wolkonsky1 and a host of others4 ,but among all these names there is one ,i am amazed at finding4 ,who would ever have thought ,walden would be drawn into such a row80 ,clement's heart gave a leap4 8,walden1 did you say8 ,what1 the ,count ,george de ,walden80 8,the very person4 ,do you happen to know him80 8,yes1 ,i know him40 8,well1 can you conceive of a man of his ability and distinction being mixed up in such a plot8 ,it was an atrocious conspiracy to assassinate the emperor1 and a foolish attempt to establish a republic4 ,constantine's name was only made use of as a pretext40 8,and is ,count ,george seriously compromised80 asked ,clement4 8,he could not be more so4 ,he is classed among those who have no other alternative but ,siberia or death4--,but excuse me1 ,dornthal1 ,i am forced to leave you4 ,i dare say we shall have to work all night4 ,here10 said he1 searching in his pocket1 8here is a letter ,i have received from ,st4 ,petersburg by the courier4 ,you may find in it some additional details that will interest you40 ,the attach hurried off through the door of the chancellerie1 and ,clement left the house4 ,it was not till he found himself in the street that he began to recover from the stupefaction caused by the news he had just heard4 ,he turned mechanically towards the office1 where ,mller was waiting for him1 and gave him an account of what he had just learned1 with the exception of the one fact of this political event of infinitely more importance to him than all the rest4 ,he remained some time at his post1 making an almost superhuman effort to control his bewildered mind and keep it on the work he had to do4 ,at last he took leave of ,mller and went back to his lodgings4 ,without stopping1 as he usually did1 to see the family1 he went directly upstairs1 and shut himself up in his room4 ,he wished to be alone1 that he might decide at leisure upon the course to pursue in consequence of so unforeseen and serious an event4 ,gabrielle6--,he thought of her--and her alone4 ,how would she support such a blow8 ,how was she to be informed of it8 ,he remained a long time buried in these reflections without thinking of the letter in his pocket4 ,at length he bethought himself of it1 and with the hope of getting some light began to read it attentively4 ,after some preamble1 which he ran over hastily1 he came to what follows3 8,this conspiracy1 which broke out with the suddenness of a thunderbolt1 and appeared to be only the spontaneous result of the prevailing doubt at the beginning of the present reign as to which of the two brothers was the real emperor1 was really arranged a long time before1 it seems4 ,it is said to have had deep and extensive ramifications1 and they who fomented and directed the plot only availed themselves of the circumstances that followed ,alexander's death as a pretext4 ,it is said their plans were to have been executed in the spring1 if the deceased emperor's life had been prolonged till that time4 ,but what seems equally certain is that a great number of those who are now seriously compromised had only a very imperfect idea of what was going on4 ,among these1 ,i cannot doubt1 is our poor friend ,george de ,walden4 ,you know he has always been dreaming of possible or impossible reforms4 ,as evil would have it1 he met in ,italy during the past year a certain man named ,lasko--very intelligent and capable1 but an intriguer ready for anything1 and mixed up with all the plots that have agitated ,italy and ,germany the past ten years4 ,imprisoned1 then released1 ,heaven knows how1 assuming a thousand names1 in a word1 one of those evilminded persons who are docile instruments in the hands of the real leaders of the great plots of the day1 ,george was accidentally brought in contact with him1 and once1 only once1 was persuaded to attend one of their meetings through mere curiosity4 ,there by a still more unfortunate accident he happened to meet one of the leaders just referred to4 ,the latter at once saw the influence to be derived from ,george's name1 position1 enthusiasm1 and even his ignorance of the extent of their schemes4 ,he persuaded him to repair to ,st4 ,petersburg at a given time1 and hold himself in readiness to second a combined movement1 secretly arranged1 but too extensive to be suppressed4 ,this movement1 he said1 was to bring about the realization of some of ,george's theories4 ,i had these details from the ,marquis ,adelardi1 the genial ,milanais who spent a winter here three years ago1 and is1 you know1 ,george's intimate friend4 ,the marquis1 uneasy about the count's sudden departure from ,florence1 and still more so when three months passed away without his return1 came here to join him4 ,he arrived only three days before the fatal twentyfourth4 ,it appears ,george was certainly on the square that day and in the foremost ranks of the insurgents4 ,adelardi declares he went there sincerely convinced1 by the representations of those who were desirous of leading him on1 that ,constantine's renunciation was a pretence1 and his rights ought to be maintained in the interests of their projects1 which that prince1 they declared1 was ready to second4 ,however that may be1 it is only too certain that close beside him on the square was this same ,lasko1 who was killed at the very moment of firing at the ,grand ,duke ,michael4 ,one witness--and but one1 for it requires some courage to testify in favor of a man in his situation--has stated it was ,george who turned his deadly weapon aside 7thus saving the grand duke's life7 before the aidedecamp of the latter shot the assassin4 ,but there is so strong a feeling against him1 both at court and in the city1 that no one dares insist how much this circumstance is in his favor4 ,he himself obstinately refuses to take advantage of it1 and his haughty attitude since his arrest is by no means favorable to his interests4 ,what makes his case more complicated1 his secretary was an ,italian most intimately connected with ,lasko4 ,this man1 ,fabiano ,dini by name1 was also on the square the day of the insurrection1 and was severely wounded40 ,here ,clement stopped4 ,these last lines increased his agitation to the highest pitch4 ,all their vague fears were thus confirmed--his cousin's fatal destiny pursued him to the end6 ,unfortunate himself and a source of misfortune to others6 ,yes1 that was ,felix3 capable of realizing his disgrace1 but not of repairing it2 seeking the post of danger and the opportunity of displaying his courage1 reluctant to leave the obscurity in which he had hidden his life1 he became one of those secret agitators who were then1 perhaps even more than now1 silently undermining ,europe4 ,he soon became their agent1 and his talents1 contempt of danger and death1 made him a useful one4 ,in this way he speedily came to an end that was inevitable4 ,clement paced up and down his chamber a long time unable to calm his confused mind1 but1 after much reflection1 came to the conclusion ,george's trial would probably be prolonged1 and might terminate less tragically than was to be feared from this letter4 ,at all events1 he ought to spare ,fleurange all the anguish of this uncertainty as long as possible4 ,this would not be difficult at ,rosenheim1 for the professor was not allowed to read the newspapers1 and therefore none were left about the rooms occupied by the family4 ,hansfelt alone read them and communicated the news4 ,clement hastened to write his sister ,hilda a few lines1 confiding to her all he had just learned1 and recommending her1 as well as ,hansfelt1 to withhold from ,gabrielle all information on the subject4 8,i shall be at ,rosenheim in a week10 said he at the close1 8and we will consult together1 dear sister1 about what will then be advisable4 ,meanwhile1 ,i rely on your prudence and affection for her40 ,clement and his sister had never discussed the subject now referred to1 but they had long read one another's thoughts4 ,they were now of the same mind1 and ,fleurange would have remained a long time ignorant of what they wished to conceal from her1 had not an unforeseen circumstance overthrown1 a few days after1 all the plans laid by their prudence and affection4 ,,xl4 ,the poor you always have with you4 ,this is our ,saviour's declaration1 and it accords with human experience4 ,we find the poor everywhere1 unless we wilfully turn away our eyes with culpable indifference4 ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 we are well aware1 was not of the number of these blind or insensible persons4 ,she therefore found quite as much work on her hands at ,heidelberg as at ,paris1 with this difference1 which was a keen mortification--she was unable to hold any communication with the objects of her bounty1 except by gestures rarely expressive enough on either side to be understood4 ,this forced her to dispense with what had always been the most pleasant feature of charity--kind words1 and sometimes long chats with the poor on whom she bestowed alms4 8,i only wish they understood a little ,french10 she said4 8,it seems as if it might be easy enough for them1 whereas it is utterly impossible for me to learn ,german40 ,in a word1 not to know ,french and to understand ,german seemed to ,mademoiselle ,josephine among the mysteries of nature4 ,nevertheless1 as the poor people persisted in using only their own language1 and resentment must not be carried so far as to refuse aiding them1 mademoiselle was very glad to accept ,fleurange as her interpreter and the agent of her charity4 ,the young girl came every day at the same hour1 either to accompany her or receive her orders and make the daily round in her stead4 ,she generally found mademoiselle in her laboratory1 that is1 in a room on the groundfloor1 in which the principal piece of furniture was an immense armoire1 containing all kinds of things to be distributed among her actual or anticipated protgs4 ,she liked to have a good supply on hand1 and it was seldom a poor person found her without the means of aiding them at once4 8,here1 ,gabrielle10 said she one morning1 when ,fleurange appeared as usual1 basket in hand1 to get the charitable supplies for the day4 8,see1 everything is ready40 ,and she pointed towards the things on the table1 which1 with the large armoire and two chairs1 comprised all the furniture in the room4 ,everything was indeed arranged in fine order3 on one side were two pairs of stockings and a woollen skirt2 on the other1 a covered tureen of broth1 a small quantity of sugar1 a bottle of wine1 some tobacco1 and two or three newspapers4 ,to all these things she added a small vial1 the contents of which required some explanation4 8,the stockings and skirt10 said mademoiselle1 8are for the mother of the little girl to whom you carried clothes yesterday4 ,the broth and sugar are for our poor old woman1 as well as this little vial of eau de mlisse of my own preparation1 and not the worse for that4 ,and the wine and tobacco are for the invalid soldier1 the old carpenter whom you visited last week4 ,his daughter succeeded in making me understand yesterday that nothing would give this poor man more pleasure than to lend him a newspaper occasionally4 ,you can give him these which ,i procured for him this morning4 ,ah6--apropos1 your cousin ,clement left two nice cigars for him which ,i forgot4 ,while ,i am gone for them1 you can put all these things in your basket40 ,the kind woman left the room to get the cigars4 ,they were upstairs1 but she never thought of counting her steps when it was a question of doing a kind act1 however insignificant1 for another4 ,only1 she did not ascend the stairs quite as nimbly as she once did1 and on this occasion it took her about fifteen minutes to go and return4 ,during this time ,fleurange1 standing at the table1 proceeded to stow away all the things in her basket1 and last of all was about to put in the newspapers when her eye fell on a paragraph in one of them that gave her a start4 ,she seized the paper1 opened it1 and began to read with ardent curiosity4 ,all at once she uttered a feeble cry1 the journal dropped from her trembling hands1 a mist came over her eyes1 and1 when her old friend returned1 she found her lying on the floor1 pale1 cold1 and senseless4 ,fortunately1 ,mademoiselle ,josephine did not lack presence of mind or experience4 ,she flew to ,fleurange1 knelt beside her1 raised her head1 and supported her in her arms4 ,then she drew a smellingbottle from her pocket to revive her1 and while showing her these attentions she racked her brains to guess what could have caused one so robust and generally so calm to faint in this mysterious way4 ,all at once she noticed the newspaper1 which had fallen at the young girl's feet4 8,ah60 she said1 8she read something in that medley1 perhaps some bad news2 but1 merciful heavens6 what could it have been to produce such an effect8--,dear child10 she continued1 looking tenderly at the pale and lovely face resting on her shoulders1 8she said yesterday she never fainted but once in her life1 and that was at our house in ,paris two years ago when she was overcome by weakness and hunger40 ,poor ,mademoiselle ,josephine6 compassion1 and the remembrances thus awakened1 doubly affected her1 and her eyes were still filled with tears when ,fleurange opened hers with an expression of surprise soon followed by an indistinct recollection4 ,she rose slowly up1 but1 before mademoiselle could aid her1 she threw her arms around her old friend's neck4 8,o dear mademoiselle60 she murmured1 8did you know it8--did you know it80 ,poor ,josephine had never been so embarrassed4 ,to say she was totally ignorant of the point was to invite a confidence quite unsuitable at such a moment1 and a contrary reply would also have its inconveniences4 ,she therefore took refuge in an innocent subterfuge4 8,well1 well1 my poor child1 what use is there in speaking of it now8 ,be calm1 and do not say anything at present4 ,we will talk about it another time4 ,be easy10 she added at a venture1 8everything will be arranged if you take what ,i am going to give you40 ,then aiding ,fleurange to rise1 and placing her in a chair1 she ran for a glass of water1 into which she poured a few drops of eau de mlisse--a genuine panacea in her estimation--which she held to the young girl's lips4 ,fleurange drank it all1 and then gave a long sigh4 8,what happened to me80 she said4 8,nothing4 ,you were only faint4 ,that is all40 8,that is strange1 for ,i never faint40 ,and she passed her hand over her forehead4 8,o my ,god6 ,i remember it all now10 she suddenly exclaimed4 8,but is it true8 ,may not this be false--a mere idle tale80 8,who can tell80 replied mademoiselle vaguely4 8,that is quite possible4 ,they say so many things40 8,but tell me all you know40 8,no1 no1 not now1 ,gabrielle1 not now4 ,you are not able to hear it4 ,do as ,i say1 and we will talk about it at another time40 ,fleurange made no reply4 ,a moment after1 she rose4 8,i am well now10 she said2 8,i feel revived40 ,she gathered up her long hair1 which had fallen around her shoulders1 took the journal and put it in her pocket1 then put on the little velvet hat trimmed with fur which she generally wore in winter1 and said3 8,thanks1 dear mademoiselle1 and pardon me4 ,i have quite recovered1 but do not feel equal1 however1 to the visits you expected me to make today40 8,no1 indeed1 of course not40 8,i must go home at once40 8,yes1 certainly1 ,i am going with you4 ,you must go to bed4 ,you are generally pale1 but now your cheeks are as red as those curtains10 pointing to the bright cotton curtains at the window4 8,no1 no1 ,i am not ill10 said ,fleurange1 her eyes aflame4 8,the air will do me good4 ,do not feel uneasy4 ,you see my faintness has entirely passed off40 ,as mademoiselle had not the least idea of the cause of this sudden indisposition1 and the young girl really seemed quite recovered1 she did not oppose her wish to go home alone and on foot4 ,the distance was not far4 ,fleurange came every day without any escort1 she allowed her therefore to go1 merely accompanying her as far as the gate of her little yard1 where they separated1 bidding each other goodby till evening4 ,,xli4 ,the thermometer was down to five or six degrees4 ,the little hat ,fleurange wore protected her forehead1 but showed the tresses of her thick hair behind4 ,she drew up her hood when she wished to guard more effectually against the severity of the weather4 ,but now she did not take this precaution4 ,she only drew the folds of her thick cloak around her form1 and set off with rapid steps4 ,the keen1 frosty air was refreshing to her burning cheeks and revived her strength1 and1 with the exception of an unusual glow in her complexion and in her eyes1 there was no trace of her recent faintness when she reached home4 ,as soon as she entered1 without stopping an instant1 she went directly upstairs1 and1 giving a slight knock at the door1 entered the chamber between her own and ,hilda's1 which ,hansfelt had used as a study since his arrival at ,rosenheim4 ,when ,fleurange entered1 she found him and his young wife together4 ,they started with surprise at seeing her1 and stopped talking1 with a certain embarrassment which did not escape ,fleurange4 8,i can guess the subject of your conversation10 she said with emotion1 but without hesitation1 8and it is what ,i wish to speak to you about40 ,her cousin looked at her1 uncertain what reply she ought to make4 8,hilda10 said ,fleurange1 8you agreed never to mention ,count ,george's name to me till ,i should speak of him first4 ,well1 ,i have now come to speak of him1 and beg you both to tell me all you know about him4 ,here10 continued she1 throwing the newspaper she had brought on the table1 8read that1 and then tell me all ,i am still ignorant of40 ,what could they say8 ,she stood before them so calm1 resolute1 and decided1 that any reticence seemed useless4 ,hansfelt ran over the journal4 ,he saw the article ,fleurange referred to did not contain any details1 but only a list of the accused1 followed by some very clear comments on the fate which awaited them4 ,count ,george's name figured among the first on the list4 8,what is he accused of8 ,what is the crime in question80 asked she in a decided tone4 ,hansfelt still hesitated4 ,but his wife knew better than he the character of her who was questioning them4 8,karl10 said she1 8you can tell her1 and ought to do so4 ,we must conceal nothing more from ,gabrielle40 8,and why have you done so hitherto80 said ,fleurange4 8,ah6 yes1 ,i understand0--and a slight blush mounted to her forehead--8the secret ,i thought so well hidden has been discovered by you all60 8,no1 no10 cried ,hilda1 8only by me--and you know ,i can conceal nothing from ,karl--by me and ,clement40 8,clement also80 said ,fleurange1 with a start of surprise and a confusion which deepened her blush4 8,but1 after all1 what difference does it make80 she continued4 8,i shall conceal nothing more from any one1 and ,i wish nothing to be kept from me either4 ,come1 ,karl1 ,i assure you earnestly ,i do not lack fortitude1 and hereafter you must not try to spare me4 ,surprise alone overpowered me for an instant4 ,now ,i am prepared for the worst1 and ready to hear what you have to tell40 ,but in spite of these words1 when ,hansfelt at last decided1 after some further hesitation1 to satisfy her1 while he was giving her a circumstantial account of all ,count ,george had done to forfeit his life1 the color produced by the keen air1 her walking so fast1 and her agitation1 vanished completely from the young girl's face1 and she became as pale as death4 8,siberia or death60 she repeated two or three times in a low tone1 as if it were as difficult to understand as to utter such terrible words4 8,as to the worst of these two sentences1 it is to be hoped he will escape10 said ,hansfelt4 ,fleurange shuddered4 ,was it really of him--him6--they were talking in this way8 8,but tell me1 ,karl1 is there no other alternative8 ,may he not be condemned to prison or expatriation8 ,they are also great and fearful punishments4 ,why speak only of two sentences1 one almost as horrible as the other80 ,hansfelt shook his head4 8,his name1 his rank1 the benefits the government had conferred on his family1 the favors so many times offered him1 will all aggravate his crime in the eyes of his judges4 ,his life1 ,i trust1 will be spared1 but--0 8,but--the mines1 fetters1 and fearful rigors of ,siberia--do you think he will be condemned to suffer all these penalties without any alleviation80 ,hansfelt was silent4 ,hilda pressed ,fleurange's hands and tenderly kissed her colorless cheeks4 8,i have said enough1 and too much10 said ,hansfelt4 8,why will you ask me such questions1 ,gabrielle8 ,and why do you tell me to answer her1 ,hilda80 8,because ,i wish to know everything10 said ,fleurange1 raising her head1 which she had rested a moment on her cousin's shoulder1 and recovering her firmness of voice4 ,after a moment's hesitation she continued3 8,then nothing can save him80 8,you wished for the truth without any disguise1 ,gabrielle1 and ,i have not concealed it from you4 ,according to all human probability1 nothing can save ,count ,george from the fate that awaits him3 that is beyond doubt4 ,but it sometimes happens in ,russia that sudden caprice on the part of the sovereign arrests the hand of justice4 ,nevertheless1 it would be deceiving you if ,i did not add that there is nothing to lead us to hope he will be such an object of clemency4 ,on the contrary1 all the reports agree in stating that the irritation against him is extreme1 and surpasses that against all the other conspirators40 ,fleurange remained a long time absorbed in thought4 8,thank you1 ,karl10 said she at length4 8,you will hereafter tell me all you learn1 will you not80 ,after receiving the promise asked for1 she turned to leave the chamber4 8,one more question10 said she4 8,my head must be very much confused1 or ,i should have asked you before in what way his poor mother learned the news1 and how she bears it40 8,clement heard she was at ,florence1 as usual at this season1 but on learning the news started at once for ,st4 ,petersburg40 8,st4 ,petersburg6 at this time of year6 ,the poor woman will die on the way40 8,i can tell you nothing more4 ,clement will be here this evening4 ,he may have additional news40 ,but when ,clement arrived that night1 ,fleurange1 prostrated by the anxiety and excitement of the day1 was unable to leave her chamber4 ,her aunt1 who remained with her1 declared she should see no one else till the next day1 and the interview she hoped to have with ,clement was deferred4 ,meanwhile the latter was steeling himself for the new phase in the trial before him by listening to all the details of what had occurred4 ,mademoiselle ,josephine informed them of what had happened to ,fleurange at her house1 and in return learned with interest mingled with profound astonishment the real cause of her fainting4 ,of all the sufferings in the world1 those caused by love were the most unintelligible to her4 ,if she had been suddenly informed that her dear ,gabrielle had lost her mind1 or was going into a consumption1 she would not have been more surprised and disturbed4 ,perhaps less so1 for the terror mystery lends to distress1 and a complete ignorance of the suitable remedies for such a case1 added powerlessness to anxiety4 ,she1 who had so many remedies of all kinds for every occasion1 could absolutely think of nothing suitable for this4 ,how this unknown person1 whose name she had never heard until today1 could all at once become so essential to the happiness of this dear child1 who was surrounded by so much affection from others and had always seemed so happy1 was in her eyes a still greater phenomenon than knowing ,german4 ,as for that language1 she now resolved to study it1 thinking the day might again arrive when there would be something within her comprehension and power to do for her4 8,i will endeavor to acquire it1 that ,i may not lose an opportunity of profiting by it10 said she4 ,this vague hope consoled her for her present incompetency1 and satisfied1 for the time1 the devotedness of her kind heart1 now quite out of its latitude4 ,,xlii4 ,the following morning ,fleurange1 quite recovered from the physical effects of her agitation1 was up at her usual hour1 that is1 at daybreak4 ,she put on her thick cloak1 her little furtrimmed hat1 and started off to church for the first ,mass1 which she daily attended at this season4 ,at her arrival she threw back her hood1 and knelt as near the altar as possible4 ,the church was so dark that each one brought a lantern1 a bit of candle1 or some other portable light to read by4 ,these lamps and tapers1 increasing with the number of worshippers1 at last diffused sufficient light throughout the church to enable one to distinguish the people and objects in it4 ,fleurange did not bring a candle and needed none1 for she had no prayerbook1 but she was not the less profoundly recollected4 ,pale and motionless1 her hands clasped1 her head raised1 her eyes fastened on the altar1 the delicate and regular outline of her face distinctly visible by a neighboring taper1 she resembled a statue of white marble wrapped in sombre drapery4 ,she prayed with fervor1 but without agitation1 without tears1 and even without moving her lips4 ,her whole soul seemed centred in her eyes4 ,her look at once expressed the faith that implores and hopes1 submission to ,god's will1 and courage to fulfil it4 ,it was a prayer that must prevail1 or leave the heart submissive and strengthened4 ,the ,mass ended1 all the lights were extinguished one after the other1 but the faint glimmering in the east soon increased to such a degree that1 when ,fleurange rose after the church was nearly empty1 she recognized ,clement only a few steps off4 ,he followed her to the door1 she took the holy water from his hand1 and they went out together4 ,it was now broad daylight1 but the sky was veiled with gray clouds1 a violent wind swept before it the snow that covered the ground1 and when they issued into the street they were met by a perfect whirlwind of driving snow which ,fleurange was scarcely able to withstand4 ,clement supported her1 then retained her arm1 and they walked on for some time without speaking4 ,he had dreaded this interview in spite of himself1 and now rallied all his strength to listen calmly to what she was about to say4 ,but1 at last1 as she remained silent1 he spoke first3 8,you were ill last evening1 ,gabrielle4 ,i was far from expecting to find you at church so early in such severe weather40 8,ill80 replied ,fleurange4 8,no2 ,i was not ill1 but suffering from a great shock1 as you know1 do you not1 ,clement80 8,yes1 ,gabrielle1 ,i know it40 ,these few words broke down the barrier4 ,what had haunted ,clement's thoughts now proved to be an actual reality2 but energetic natures prefer the most terrible realities to vague apprehensions1 and even to vague hopes1 and he felt his courage rise in proportion as selfabnegation became more completely rooted in his soul4 ,after a moment's silence1 he said3 8,gabrielle1 why have you not treated me of late with the same confidence you once showed me80 ,she replied without any hesitation3 8,because ,i made a resolution never to mention him--,i made it10 she continued1 without noticing the slight start ,clement was unable to repress1 8because ,i wished to forget him4 ,it was therefore better for me to be reserved even with ,hilda--even with you1 ,clement4 ,but now10 continued she1 with a kind of exaltation in which grief and joy were confounded1 8now ,i think of that no longer4 ,it seems as if a new life had commenced for him and for me4 ,and yet we are separated1 as it were1 by death4 ,but death breaks down barriers1 and reunites1 too4 ,what shall ,i say1 ,clement8 ,i seem nearer to him today than yesterday1 and in spite of myself 7for ,i am well aware it is an illusion7 ,i feel ,i shall be able to serve him in some way or other4 ,at all events1 ,i no longer have any motive for concealing my feelings1 and to throw off this restraint is in itself a comfort40 ,clement listened without interrupting her4 ,each word gave him a sharp pang1 but he steeled himself1 somewhat as one does to the clash of arms and the firing of cannon till there is not even a movement of the eyelids to betray the fear of death or the possibility of being wounded4 ,as to the illusion she spoke of1 it was the last dream of sorrow and love4 ,he would not try to dispel it4 8,let us hope1 my dear cousin10 said he in a calm tone4 8,so many unforeseen circumstances may occur during a trial like that about to commence6 ,there is no reason to despair4--,whatever may happen10 added he1 as they approached the house1 8promise me1 ,gabrielle1 from this time forth1 to show the same confidence in me you once did--a confidence which will induce you to tell me everything1 and rely on me under all circumstances4 ,you once made me such a promise3 have you forgotten it80 8,no1 ,clement1 and ,i now renew it4 ,you are my best friend1 as ,i once told you4 ,my opinion has not changed40 ,yes1 she had said so4 ,he had forgotten neither the day nor the spot1 and his heart throbbed at the remembrance6 ,though he was but little more than twenty years of age1 and the honeysuckle he still preserved in memory of that hour was scarcely withered1 a long life seemed to have intervened since they exchanged nearly the same words4 ,but when they separated with a pressure of the hand at the end of the conversation1 on that gloomy winter morning1 ,clement was left with a less painful impression than that which came over him on the banks of the ,neckar1 when1 in the pale light of the moon1 he had so sudden and fatal a revelation from the expression of her eyes and the tone of her voice4 ,she had told him nothing today he did not know before4 ,instead of happiness1 a vague perspective of devotedness opened before him4 ,but even this was something to live for4 ,the following days passed without any new incident4 ,the necessity of concealing their preoccupation from the professor obliged them all to make an effort which was beneficial especially to ,fleurange1 who remained faithful to her ordinary duties1 passing as much time as usual beside her uncle's armchair1 and with ,mademoiselle ,josephine and her poor protges4 ,but a feverish anxiety was sometimes apparent in her movements and in the troubled expression of her eyes when she went daily at the regular hour to ask ,hansfelt what was in the newspapers4 ,for more than a week1 however1 there was nothing new either to comfort her or to increase her sorrow4 ,clement had returned to ,frankfort1 and the days dragged along with deep and silent anguish4 ,one morning1 when least looked for1 he suddenly appeared with unexpected news3 the ,princess ,catherine was at ,frankfort1 and would be at ,heidelberg the following day6 ,fleurange trembled4--,the ,princess ,catherine6--,all the remembrances connected with that name revived with an intensity that for a moment overpowered her4 ,she felt incapable of uttering a word4--8,coming here80 she said at length4 8,to ,heidelberg8 ,what for8 ,what can bring her here8 ,how do you know8 ,who told you8 ,oh6 tell me everything1 and at once1 ,clement60 ,clement implored her to be calm1 and she became so by degrees while he related what he had learned the night before from the ,princess ,catherine herself4 ,at her arrival at ,frankfort1 she was informed by ,m4 ,waldheim1 her banker1 that young ,dornthal was in the city1 and she begged him to call on her4 ,clement complied1 but not without emotion1 with the wish of ,count ,george's mother1 and found her fearfully prostrated with grief and illness4 ,he had1 however1 a long conversation with her1 the substance of which was that1 leaving ,florence as soon as she learned the fatal news1 she travelled night and day till she reached ,paris1 where she fell ill4 ,after four days1 however1 she resumed her journey1 but when she arrived at ,frankfort the physician declared her utterly incapable of continuing it1 and especially of enduring the increasing severity of the weather in proportion as she approached ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,able to go no further1 she resolved at least to keep on as far as ,heidelberg1 hoping the care of a young physician of that city1 since and even then very celebrated1 would speedily enable her to resume her sad journey4 8,i shall make the effort10 said the princess1 8for ,i wish to live4 ,i wish to go to him1 if possible4 ,i long to behold him once more6 ,i hope much from ,dr4 ,ch----'s attendance1 as well as your cousin ,gabrielle's4 ,i depend on her1 tell her so4 ,tell her10 added she1 weeping1 8that ,i long to see her again1 and beg her to come to me as soon as ,i arrive at ,heidelberg40 8,and she will be here tomorrow80 said ,fleurange1 much affected4 8,yes1 towards night4 ,i am going to notify the physician1 and have the best apartments in the city prepared for her4 ,though she did not say so1 ,i am sure1 ,gabrielle1 she expects to meet you at her arrival40 ,fleurange merely replied she would be there1 but her heart beat with a joy she thought she could never feel again4 ,to behold ,george's mother once more1 and at such a time6 ,was it not like catching a glimpse of him8 ,she would be sure of constantly hearing his name--of constant and direct news respecting him--in a word1 this was the realization of a secret wish she had not dared utter4 ,the next day1 a long time before the appointed hour1 ,fleurange was in the room prepared for the princess1 arranging the furniture in the way she knew would suit her1 trying to give everything a cheerful aspect1 to lessen the sadness of the poor traveller1 who1 towards the close of this long day1 at length arrived exhausted with fatigue1 and fell sobbing into the young girl's arms4 ,the time when she feared no other danger for her son than ,gabrielle's presence was forgotten4 ,the impressions of the moment always overruled all others1 and her present troubles were1 besides1 well calculated to absorb every thought4 ,therefore1 in meeting her young protge she only thought of the pleasure of seeing her again1 of the comfort to be derived from her care and presence at a time when they were most needed1 and everything except her first fancy for ,fleurange seemed to be effaced from her memory4 ,,xliii4 ,a subdued light veiled every object4 ,a bright fire sparkled in the small fireplace1 only intended to be ornamental1 as the room was otherwise heated by a stove4 ,the princess was1 as we have already seen her1 reclining on a canap sheltered by a large screen4 ,her elbow rested on a small table loaded with the various objects she always carried with her2 her feet were covered with a large shawl1 and near her sat ,fleurange on a stool in the old familiar attitude4 ,there was a great change1 however4 ,they no longer resorted to reading as they once did1 or followed the lead of the princess' thoughts1 generally more or less frivolous4 ,one subject alone absorbed every faculty--a subject which she who listened with such ardent interest was still less weary of than herself4 ,to this the afflicted mother continually came back1 sometimes with agitation1 sometimes with a dull despair1 but always with profound grief1 heartrending to her whose sorrow equalled her own4 ,it was the first time the ,princess ,catherine had ever been subdued by misfortune4 ,subdued1 but not changed1 she not only instinctively retained all her elegant habits1 but her passionate nature was unchanged1 and burst forth into recriminations against all whom she thought implicated in her son's misfortunes4 ,this enabled her to pity1 without blaming1 him4 ,it was one of these occasions ,fleurange heard her exclaim that 8,fabiano ,dini was his evil genius60 and she shuddered in recalling her presentiment1 so soon and so fatally justified4 8,yes10 said the princess during one of their conversations1 8it was he--it was that ,fabiano ,dini who brought him in contact with that reprobate of a ,lasko60 ,and then she told the young girl about that person whose tragical end did not seem to have sufficiently expiated all the evil he had done her son--about his arrival at ,florence1 the ascendency he acquired over ,george1 and the skill and promptness with which he took advantage of all his weak points4 ,she had been incredulous at first1 notwithstanding ,adelardi's warnings--alas6 too long1 too foolishly incredulous6 ,but her fears once roused1 how much had she not suffered6 ,what efforts had she not made6 ,alas6 but in vain6 8,he was always so--that dear1 unfortunate child6 ,no prudence1 no fear of danger1 ever stopped him on the very brink where his inclinations led him4 ,oh6 those wretches6 they soon discovered his imprudence1 his generosity1 and his courage6 ,and now10 she exclaimed1 rising from her pillow1 while her thick but somewhat gray hair fell over her shoulders in unusual disorder1 8can he possibly be confounded with them8 ,oh6 if ,i could only get well1 only strong enough to start1 to make the journey1 to see the young empress even but once1 ,i should obtain his pardon1 ,i am sure60 ,then she fell back exhausted1 murmuring as she wrung her hands3 8,and ,vera6--,vera absent from ,st4 ,petersburg at such a time6 ,she was expected there1 but who knows if she may not arrive too late8 ,and above all1 who knows but she will be his worst enemy1 and if he has not foolishly poisoned the very source whence he might now derive safety80 ,these words1 which perhaps might have caused fresh trouble1 were not heard by her to whom they were addressed4 ,fleurange had softly left the princess' side as she laid her weary head on her pillow1 and was at the other end of the room preparing a soothing draught which the poor invalid mechanically took from her hand from hour to hour without obtaining the relief of a moment's sleep4 ,this overpowering excitement1 which resisted every remedy1 was somewhat soothed at the arrival of one of the ,marquis ,adelardi's frequent letters4 ,he was still at ,st4 ,petersburg1 and kept her accurately informed of all that happened1 sometimes reviving her hopes1 and again confirming her fears4 ,but hitherto he had not succeeded in learning anything certain as to the fate reserved for his friend4 ,sometimes1 therefore1 after eagerly reading these letters1 she threw them into the fire with despair4 ,so much agitation at length brought on a high fever1 and the princess had been confined to her bed several days1 when one morning another letter arrived from ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,fleurange softly approached the bedside1 and perceived the invalid was fast asleep4 ,it was important this brief moment of repose should not be disturbed1 and1 besides1 the physician had requested1 some days previous1 that no letter should be given her till it had been read1 for fear she might learn some distressing news before she was prepared--as it was easy to foresee might happen4 ,fleurange promised to read the letters first1 and with the less scruple that for more than a week she had been obliged to read them to the princess1 who was too worn out to do so herself4 ,she now left her to the care of the faithful ,barbara1 and went into the salon1 where1 carefully closing the door1 she broke the seal of the letter in her hands1 which was also from the ,marquis ,adelardi4 8,at last10 he wrote1 8,i think ,i can certainly reassure you as to the most terrible of the events that seemed possible4 ,the extreme rigor of the law will only be enforced against the acknowledged leaders of the conspiracy--four or five in number4 ,all the others1 among whom is ,george1 will incur1 alas6 a terrible penalty1 but we must be thankful not to look forward to one more frightful--,i say we1 my dear unfortunate friend1 for1 as to him1 ,i fear this sentence will produce a contrary effect4 ,i am persuaded he will consider it a thousand times more dreadful than the other4 8,since ,i last wrote you1 through the intervention of one of the ambassadors1 ,i have been allowed the privilege of entering the fortress where ,george is confined1 and having a private interview with him4 ,pardon has been offered him if he will reveal the names of some of his accomplices4 ,you will not be surprised at his refusing4 ,but the numerous proofs of their criminal projects1 which have been set before him in order to wrest some acknowledgment from him1 have convinced him of the nature of the enterprise in which he risked his honor and life4 ,the effect of this discovery has been to plunge him in the deepest dejection1 and his only fear now is that his life may be spared4 8 #8,i merit death for my folly1 ,adelardi1' said he3 #8you were right in warning me there would be no consolation in such a reflection at the extremity ,i am now in4 ,but ,i shall submit to my fate without weakness1 as you do me the honor to believe1 ,i hope4 ,i do not wish1 however1 to appear more courageous than ,i am1 and if1 instead of death1 ,i am sentenced to drag out the life of a criminal in ,siberia1 ,i do not know what my despair might lead me to do4' 8,as much precaution therefore must be taken in informing him of the mitigation of his punishment1 as in announcing to others the severity of theirs4 ,before that time1 ,i hope to obtain entrance again4 8,meanwhile ,i have learned with as much admiration as surprise that several who are doomed to the same punishment as he are to have an unexpected and unparalleled consolation4 ,their wives--their admirable and heroic wives--have begged to be allowed to share their fate1 and at this very moment several ladies whom you know1 young1 beautiful1 and accomplished1 are preparing to follow their husbands to ,siberia by inuring themselves to the rigor of the season4 ,these unfortunate men1 degraded from the nobility1 deprived of their wealth1 and stripped of everything in the world1 cannot be deprived of the affection of these selfsacrificing creatures whose noble devotedness nothing daunts4 ,i confess this amazes and confuses me1 for ,i never before realized1 or even suspected1 how much heroism and generosity there is in the heart of a woman60-- ,fleurange's own heart throbbed so violently she was unable to continue the letter4 ,with overflowing eyes she was still dwelling on the page she had just finished--reading it over and over--when she was told the princess was awake1 and wished to know if there was a letter for her4 ,for some days her mind had been so full of terrible anticipations about the final result as sometimes to produce fits of delirium4 ,when1 therefore1 the contents of this letter were communicated to her1 she felt an unexpected--an unhoped for relief4 ,his life--,george's life6--would be spared6 ,there was yet time for her to effect something4 ,she began to hope everything from the future1 and became calmer than she had been for a long time4 ,she was even to get up in the evening4 ,she conversed1 she spoke eagerly of her plans1 her hopes1 all she would do to soften her son's exile1 and the efforts she would make to abridge it2 but what was extraordinary1 ,fleurange seemed absentminded and made scarcely any reply4 ,about nine o'clock ,julian or ,clement always came to accompany her back to ,rosenheim--a halfhour's walk from the princess' house1 which was at the other end of the city4 ,on this occasion1 when she was sent for1 she was so absorbed in her own thoughts that she did not notice which of the two was with her4 ,it was starlight1 but very cold1 and her hair was blown about by the wind from beneath her little velvet hat4 8,draw your hood up1 ,gabrielle2 it has not been so cold this winter40 ,it was ,clement's voice which suddenly roused her from her reverie4 8,is it you1 ,clement8--,excuse me1 ,i did not know whether ,i was with you or ,julian40 ,he gently attempted to raise her hood4 8,no1 no60 she said earnestly4 8,let me breathe the air4 ,though it is scarcely more than two years since ,i saw snow for the first time in my life1 ,i am not afraid of the cold4 ,i could if necessary endure far more severe weather than this4--,there60 ,and she took off her hat and walked some steps with her head completely exposed to the frosty night air4 8,you know10 she continued1 with an animation that singularly contrasted with her previous silence--8you know1 during the ,russian campaign1 those who endured the cold best were the ,neapolitan soldiers4 ,well1 like them1 ,i have brought a supply of sunshine from the ,south which much harder frosts than this could not exhaust60 ,nevertheless1 at ,clement's renewed entreaties1 she laughingly put on her hat1 and they walked quickly along1 leaving scarcely a trace of their steps on the hard snow1 deep as it was4 ,her liveliness that evening was strange6 ,clement noticed it without comprehending the cause4 ,her cheerful tone and charming smile1 instead of delighting him as usual1 now made him inexpressibly uneasy1 and sadder than ever6 ,,xliv4 ,as is often the case with people of violent and impressionable natures1 the ,princess ,catherine seldom saw things long in the same light4 ,though her thoughts were sorrowfully fastened on one subject in consequence of the tragical events that so suddenly threw a dark1 ominous veil over a life hitherto so smiling1 she found means of giving a thousand different shades to her misfortune1 and it was not always easy to follow her in the fitful turns of her grief4 ,what consoled her one day was a source of irritation the next3 what she affirmed in the morning1 she vehemently denied in the evening4 ,sometimes she expressed her fears on purpose that they might be opposed2 at other times1 she burst into tears at the slightest contradiction1 and1 if they endeavored to reassure her1 she accused them of cruelty and indifference to her troubles4 ,in consequence of one of these sudden fluctuations1 the day following the arrival of the ,marquis ,adelardi's letter which had seemed so consoling1 ,fleurange1 at the hour of her usual visit1 found her abandoned to the deepest dejection4 ,everything had assumed a new aspect1 or perhaps it would be more just to say that everything now wore the terrible aspect of truth4 ,and was it really enough that her idolized son was delivered from death8 ,was not the prospect she now dwelt on almost as fearful to bear8 ,he--,george6--her son6--in her eyes the perfect model of manly beauty1 elegance1 and nobleness of character1 clad in the frightful garb of a criminal6--and going alone amid that wretched crowd to that dreary region1 where the hardest and most humiliating labor awaited him1 without even the consoling voice of a friend to encourage him1 to take him by the hand1 to love him1 and to tell him so6 8,oh60 she exclaimed1 in that accent which is as different from every other1 as the grief of a mother differs from every other grief--8oh6 feeble1 ill1 and exhausted as ,i am1 why cannot ,i accompany him8 ,it really seems to me1 ,gabrielle1 if ,i were allowed1 ,i should find strength1 ,i should have the courage to go4 ,i would start1 ,i would go and share his wretched existence1 ,i would participate in all the severities of so frightful a life1 and by dint of affection ,i would make it endurable for him60 ,this energetic cry of disinterested affection--its evident sincerity--was so rare a thing with the princess that it was the more affecting4 ,pale1 silent1 and motionless before her1 ,fleurange listened with an emotion that prevented her uttering the words that hung on her trembling lips4 ,the poor princess was sobbing aloud1 with both hands to her face1 apparently exhausted by her own vehemence1 when ,fleurange1 suddenly kneeling beside her1 said in a low tone3 8,do you remember1 princess1 the promise you exacted from your son1 one evening80 ,the princess raised her head with surprise and a shade of resentment3 8,what do you mean8 ,do you wish to reproach me at such a time8 ,the moment is well chosen1 but such a thing from you1 ,gabrielle1 surprises me60 8,reproach you60 cried ,fleurange4 8,no1 ,i did not think of such a thing4 ,it was a request1 a petition1 or1 rather1 it was a question ,i wished to ask you40 8,a question60 ,the princess looked at ,fleurange4 ,she was struck by the expression of her countenance1 and interest1 mingled with surprise1 roused her from her dejection4 ,what request was she going to make in so extraordinary a manner8 ,and why did she look so determined1 and speak in so supplicating a tone8 8,go on1 speak1 ask whatever you wish1 ,gabrielle40 8,well1 first let me tell you this3 ,the eve of my departure from ,florence1 while descending from ,san ,miniato with him--with ,count ,george1 he asked if ,i would be his wife1 adding he was sure of obtaining your consent40 8,why recall all these remembrances1 ,gabrielle8 ,i thought you generous1 but you are without mercy60 ,fleurange went on as if she did not hear3 8,i replied that ,i would never listen to him1 unless1 by some unforeseen circumstance impossible to conceive1 his mother--you1 princess--would gladly consent to receive me as a daughter40 ,she stopped a moment1 as if too agitated to continue4 8,what are you aiming at80 said the princess4 8,i beg you to listen to me1 princess4 ,here is my question3 ,when this terrible sentence is pronounced1 when ,count ,george de ,walden is degraded from his rank1 deprived of his wealth1 and even of his name 7you shudder1 alas6 and ,i also at the thought7--but to return--when that day comes1 if he asks the consent he promised you to wait for1 will you grant it80 ,the princess looked at her with astonishment1 without appearing to comprehend her4 8,will you allow me to tell him you have consented8 ,will you on that day tell me you are willing ,i should become your daughter80 ,the princess began to catch at her meaning1 but she was too stupefied to reply4 8,ah6 say the word1 princess10 continued ,fleurange1 her face expressing both angelic tenderness and a more than feminine courage1 8say it1 and ,i will start4 ,i will be at ,st4 ,petersburg before his sentence is pronounced1 and when he comes out of his dungeon ,i will be there1 and before he departs for the place of his exile a tie shall unite us that will permit me to accompany him and share all its severity60--,she continued in faltering tones3 8,and if ever the tenderness of a mother1 the care of a sister1 or the love of a wife1 were able to alleviate misfortune1 my heart shall have the combined power of these various affections40 ,we are aware that1 when certain chords were touched in the princess' heart1 they vibrated strongly1 and made her for a moment forget herself4 ,but never1 under any circumstances of her life1 had she felt an emotion equal to that now caused by ,fleurange's words and accents4 ,she looked at her a moment in silence while great tears rolled down her cheeks1 then1 opening her arms and pressing the young girl passionately to her heart1 she covered her forehead and eyes with kisses1 repeating at intervals with a voice broken by sobs3 8,yes1 yes1 ,gabrielle1 be my daughter3 ,i consent with joy--with gratitude4 ,i give you now my consent and a mother's blessing60-- ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,poor ,ploughman4 ,a true worker and a good was he1 ,living in peace and perfect charity2 ,god loved he1 best1 and that with alle his herte1 ,at alle times1 were it gain or smart2 ,and then his neighbour right as himselve4 ,he wolde thresh1 and thereto dyke and delve ,for ,christe's sake1 for every poor wight ,withouten hire1 if it lay in his might4 ,his tithes paid he full fair and well1 ,both of his proper work1 and his cattel4--,s4 ,anselm4 ,a ,dark ,chapter ,in ,english ,history47#ajc7 ,one of the most gratifying features of the literature of the present1 and one that in some measure compensates us for the evils produced by the many worthless books that are still allowed to issue from the press1 is its tendency by close investigation and collation to vindicate the truth of modern history1 and especially of that portion of it directly or indirectly relating to the ,x,v,ith century4 ,gradually1 but most effectually1 the inventions and gross calumnies of the post,reformation writers are being dissipated1 and the meretricious grandeur with which the characters and acts of the anti,catholic sovereigns1 statesmen1 and generals of that eventful period were designedly clothed1 has been stripped off1 revealing to their descendants the deformity and impiety of the heroes of the ,reformation4 ,whether we turn to ,england or ,germany1 ,edinburgh or ,geneva1 we find the men and women who in our own schoolboy days we were urged to regard as patterns of patriotism and morality1 become under the scrutiny of living historiographers the veriest counterfeits--the prey of passion and the untiring enemies of every principle of government and religion which we are bound to respect4 ,yet this is what1 logically1 we might have anticipated4 ,a bad cause needs to be sustained by vicious instruments2 but so closely and consistently has the web of falsehood been woven around the true designs and actions of the reformers that it required the labor of many skilful and patient hands to undo the meshes and reduce the fabric1 so dexterously spun1 to its original elements4 ,this is peculiarly difficult with the works of ,english historians and biographers of the past three centuries1 whose unanimity in magnifying the virtues and screening the crimes of their public men is so remarkable as to utterly destroy the value of their works as authorities among people of other nations4 ,the beastly vices of the eighth ,henry were1 of course1 so glaring that they could neither be denied nor extenuated2 but who would expect to find that his worthy daughter ,elizabeth1 the 8virgin queen0 and ,gloriana1 before whose benign altar even ,shakespeare offered the incense of his flattery1 should at this remote period be discovered to be3 as a woman ugly1 ill tempered1 and unchaste1 and as a ruler fickle1 cruel1 coldblooded1 and thoroughly despotic4 ,james ,i41 the head of a long line of gallant princes1 to whom his pliant prelates attributed 8divine illumination10 and subsequent historians praised for his learning and wit1 we at length know to have been a miser and a charlatan1 as deformed in mind as he was uncouth in person4 8,his cowardice10 says his compatriot and coreligionist ,macaulay1 8his childishness1 his pedantry1 his ungainly person and manners1 his provincial accent1 made him an object of derision0 to his ,english subjects4 ,the unscrupulous ,northampton and the subtle ,cecil1 the trusted ministers of both sovereigns1 who had long been regarded as the unswerving champions of ,english independence and the bulwark of ,protestant ascendency1 are now proved to have been all along the paid tools of ,catholic ,spain1 with whose illgotten gold their lofty palaces were built and their luxurious wants regularly supplied47#ajd7 ,the chivalrous and romantic ,raleigh of other days1 examined by the inexorable scrutiny of the ,x,i,xth century1 turns out a spy in the pay of a foreign and by no means friendly power2 the philosophic ,bacon1 a common peculator2 and ,coke1 the father of ,english common law1 a falsifier of sworn evidence and a concocter of legal conspiracies against the liberties of his countrymen4 ,yet these were the leading personages1 who1 with many others equally corrupt1 in their day and generation swayed the destinies of ,england1 desolated the church of ,god1 originated or abetted plots and schemes1 at home and abroad1 for the spoliation and extermination of the professors of the ancient faith4 ,this tardy measure of historical justice is partly due to the appearance in different parts of ,europe of important public and private documents and correspondence1 which have shamed ,british ,protestant authors into something like truthfulness1 but principally to the revival of ,catholicity in ,england1 which has been the means of drawing out a mass of original and reliable information1 that had long been allowed to slumber in the dark closets of a few noble families or in inaccessible libraries during the gloomy era of persecution and proscription4 ,our readers are already familiar with the articles which formerly appeared in these columns on the longunsettled and vexed question of the character of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and the justice or injustice of her treatment by ,elizabeth--contributions to current literature which in their collective form have found their way among the literati of all nations1 and1 from their admirable cogency of argument and conscientious appeals to contemporary authorities1 have at length cleared away from the character of that illstarred lady the foul aspersions and unexampled obloquy heaped on it by the minions of the ,english sovereign4 ,some more recent publications have thrown additional light on the tragic incidents of her reign and of that of her successor ,james1 which1 as far as they relate to the ,catholics of ,great ,britain1 are full of freshness and interest4 ,chief among them is the ,life of ,father ,john ,gerard1 for many years a ,jesuit missionary in ,england under both rulers1 with his account of the celebrated ,gunpowder ,plot1 written soon after the failure of that conspiracy4 ,many of the participants in the plot were personally known to him1 and he himself was accused of having taken an active part in its formation2 but1 though his name has been frequently mentioned in connection with it and his manuscript narrative more or less correctly quoted1 it remained for a member of his ,order1 the ,rev4 ,john ,morris1 the able editor of the book before us1 to present to the world for the first time the only complete and accurate history of an event which has been the fruitful subject of misrepresentation and comment by every writer on ,english history for the last two hundred years4 ,few incidents of modern times can be said to have provoked more hostility to the church and the ,jesuit ,order than the ,gunpowder ,plot1 few have been so dexterously used by the enemies of ,catholicity to poison the public mind against the priesthood1 and none the details of which are so little understood even at the present day by friends and foes4 ,the #eth of ,november1 the anniversary of its discovery1 has long been a galaday with the more ignorant of the ,british populace2 ,protestant writers1 divines1 and politicians of the lower sort are not yet tired of alluding to the time when1 as they are wont to allege1 the ,catholics by one fell swoop attempted to destroy king1 lords1 and commons2 and even ,lingard and ,tiernay1 with the very best intentions and after considerable examination of authorities1 give a partial assent to the old popular conviction that1 in some way or another1 the ,jesuits were at the bottom of the diabolical scheme1 which in reality was the creation of a handful of desperate laymen4 ,in fact1 the former1 with a penetration totally at variance with his general character1 alludes to the taking of the oath of secrecy by ,catesby and his companions in terms that would lead any superficial reader to adopt this absurd hypothesis4 8,all five10 he says1 8having previously sworn each other to secrecy1 received in confirmation of their oath the sacrament at the hands of the ,jesuit missionary ,father ,gerard407#aje7 ,it is true that in a subsequent edition of his ,history he endeavored to explain away1 but in a very unsatisfactory manner1 the implication of guilty knowledge on the part of ,gerard2 but1 whether from an imperfect acquaintance with the writings of that priest1 then unpublished1 or from that spirit of timidity which too often characterized the conduct of the ,english ,catholics of the last generation1 his refutation is not of that full and hearty nature which might be expected from so clear and critical a scholar4 ,what ,dr4 ,lingard was unwilling or unable to undertake may now1 in view of more complete evidence1 be accomplished by persons of lesser erudition1 who1 untrammelled by national partiality1 are not alarmed at popular clamor or unwilling to disturb timehonored but unfounded historical fallacies4 ,we design1 therefore1 in this article to prove3 #a4 ,that the ,gunpowder ,plot was formed and carried out to its disastrous end by not more than a dozen desperate men1 the victims of unrelenting persecution for conscience' sake4 #b4 ,that the ,catholic body in ,england1 lay and clerical1 till its discovery1 neither were aware of its existence1 approved of its aims1 nor rendered any assistance to its projectors4 #c4 ,that no priest1 ,jesuit or other1 was concerned in its formation1 or afforded it any encouragement at any time2 and that of all the seculars and regulars in the kingdom but two were ever aware of its existence1 and that to them the knowledge came under the seal of confession and could not be revealed4 #d4 ,that those two used every possible effort to dissuade the conspirators from their design1 and denounced on every occasion all violent attempts to redress the wrongs under which the ,catholics suffered4 ,the state of ,england at the beginning of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 when ,james of ,scotland was called upon to ascend the throne of his mother's murderer1 was deplorable in the extreme4 ,less than half a century had sufficed to change entirely the whole face of the country socially and morally1 and the once 8merrie0 people were divided into two hostile camps1 one the army of plunder and persecution1 the other the cowering1 dissatisfied1 and impoverished masses4 ,many were yet alive who recollected with sorrow the time when the cross gleamed on the spires of a thousand churches1 when the solemn sacrifice was offered up on myriads of altars1 when the poor and afflicted easily found food and shelter at the numerous convents and abbeys that dotted the land of ,s4 ,augustine1 and the young and the aged1 the weak woman and the strong man1 together bowed their knees in reverence before the statues of the 8blessed among women0 and other saints4 ,now all was reformed away--changed not with the consent of the people nor by the argument or eloquence of the preacher1 but by the brute force and cunning fraud of a corrupt sovereign1 a dissolute and avaricious court1 and1 partially at least1 by a venal and cowardly episcopate4 ,the churches no longer resounded from morning till night with the solemn sacred chants1 the monasteries were in ruins or the scenes of impious revelry1 the festivals of the church were abolished1 and the peasantry1 formerly accustomed to look forward to them as days of rest from hard toil and occasions of innocent enjoyment1 were sullen and discontented4 ,those who had shared in the ecclesiastical plunder spent their time in the metropolis in wild extravagance1 while the gentry1 most of whom still adhered secretly to the faith1 remained at home1 the prey of anxiety and the taxgatherer4 ,the masses were fast degenerating into that state of stolid ignorance and unbelief from which all subsequent legislation has failed to raise them4 ,the laws of ,elizabeth aimed at the suppression of all outward manifestation of ,catholicity and the ultimate protestantizing of the nation2 those of ,james1 at the utter extirpation of the ,catholics themselves4 ,as early as ,a4,d4 #aeei1 the first year of ,elizabeth's reign1 a law was passed compelling every person holding office1 either temporal or spiritual1 under the crown1 to take an oath of allegiance declaring the queen the supreme head of the church4 ,the penalty for refusing this oath was forfeiture of goods and imprisonment1 and a persistence in such refusal1 death4 ,whoever affirmed the spiritual supremacy of the pope was declared guilty of treason2 penalty1 confiscation and death4 ,attendance at ,mass was to be punished by perpetual imprisonment1 and nonattendance at ,protestant service by a weekly fine4 ,in the fifth year of her reign1 any aider or abettor of such offenders was for the first offence to be fined and imprisoned for life1 for the second to suffer death4 ,any clergyman celebrating ,mass or refusing to observe the regulations of the ,book of ,common ,prayer forfeited offices1 goods1 and liberty4 ,in the thirteenth year1 introducing into the kingdom a bull or other instrument of the pope was treason1 penalty death2 abetting the same1 death2 acting under such authority1 death2 introducing1 wearing1 or having in his or her possession an ,agnus ,dei1 cross1 etc41 confiscation and perpetual imprisonment2 and for leaving the kingdom without permission1 forfeiture of lands and personal estate4 ,in the twentythird year1 any person granting absolution from sin in the name of the 8,roman ,church10 or receiving the same1 their aiders1 etc41 was declared guilty of treason1 penalty death2 and for not disclosing knowledge of such offenders1 confiscation and imprisonment4 ,in the twentyninth year1 the tax for non attendance at ,protestant service was increased to #bj per lunar month1 or forfeiture of twothirds of all lands and goods2 and for keeping a schoolmaster or tutor1 other than a ,protestant1 a fine of #aj per month was imposed1 together with imprisonment at pleasure4 ,by the statutes of the #bast1 #bgth1 and #bhth ,elizabeth1 every priest1 ,jesuit1 or other ecclesiastic ordained out of the realm was obliged forthwith to leave the kingdom1 and in case of his return he was to suffer death2 those who received or harbored him were subject to a like punishment4 ,those being educated abroad were required to return home1 and after neglect to do so1 upon their being found in the kingdom1 were to be put to death4 ,for contributing money for colleges abroad and for sending students there1 fine and imprisonment for life were considered adequate punishments2 but by the #beth chapter of ,elizabeth1 all who persisted in refusing attendance on ,protestant worship were liable to be transported for life1 and if they evaded the statute they were liable to suffer death47#ajf7 ,we see1 therefore1 by this comprehensive penal code that every office under the crown was reserved as a bribe to recreant ,catholics2 that private tutors were commanded to teach nothing but the new heresy in ,catholic families1 while those who objected to such method of instruction could neither send their children abroad nor contribute to the support of those already there4 ,all priests were obliged to take the oath of supremacy and observe the ,book of ,common ,prayer2 such as did not were to be banished1 and if they returned were to be executed forthwith4 ,no priest could1 of course1 be ordained at home1 and if ordained abroad he was to be hanged whenever caught1 without delay4 ,if one of the laity attended ,mass or wore the image of his crucified ,redeemer1 he was to be imprisoned for life2 if he did not attend ,protestant service1 he was to be fined enormously2 if he had no money to pay the fine1 he might be banished for ever from his home and country1 and if he endeavored to conceal himself at home his career was to be ended by the hangman4 ,nor must it to be supposed that these sanguinary statutes1 affecting the rights and liberties of at least onehalf of the population1 were nothing but the splenetic fits of a jealous and tyrannical bigot or mere idle threats to frighten a halfcivilized horde4 ,on the contrary1 we have abundant facts to prove that they were thoroughly and cruelly enforced1 and that the sufferers were principally the better class of the community4 ,in #aegc1 the ,rev4 ,thomas ,woodhouse was drawn1 halfhanged1 and then quartered alive in the usual way at ,tyburn1 for having denied the queen's supremacy4 ,two years later1 ,father ,cuthbert ,mayne was executed with similar barbarity in ,cornwall for having in his possession a copy of a ,jubilee and for saying ,mass in the house of a ,mr4 ,teagian2 the latter1 with fifteen others1 for being present on the occasion1 was imprisoned for life4 ,in #aegg1 ,mr4 ,jenks was tried and convicted at ,oxford for exposing some ,catholic books for sale1 and about this time we are informed the prisons were so full of 8recusants0 that a pestilence broke out and large numbers of the inmates perished4 ,among the sufferers in #aegh we find the names of ,father ,nelson and a ,mr4 ,sherwood1 who were hanged and quartered solely for being recusants4 ,in #aehb1 ,fathers ,campion 7the celebrated ,jesuit missionary71 ,sherwin1 and ,briant1 after the mockery of a trial1 were executed in ,london1 and in ,may of the year following no less than seven other priests suffered death at ,tyburn4 ,thus nearly every year supplied its quota to the martyrology of the church in ,england1 not to speak of the nameless thousands who died in confinement by the quick but silent process of torture and pestilence1 or abroad1 brokenhearted and neglected4 ,during the fourteen years succeeding the dispersion of the ,spanish ,armada1 when fanaticism was rampant and bigotry held full sway in the councils of ,elizabeth1 sixtyone clergymen1 fortyseven laymen1 and two gentlewomen expiated their offence of being ,catholics by a horrible and ignominious public death2 while1 according to the records still extant1 the total number of the 8good ,queen ,bess'0 ecclesiastical victims amounted to the handsome number of one hundred and twentythree1 including one hundred and thirteen seculars1 eight ,jesuits1 one friar1 and one monk1 besides innumerable laymen in whose veins flowed the best blood of the land4 ,the rack and the thumbscrew almost invariably preceded the halfhanging and disembowelling1 so that many looked upon the gallows as a welcome relief from worse sufferings4 ,priests were tortured to compel them to disclose the names of their penitents1 and laymen to force them into the betrayal of their pastors4 ,father ,campion was four times racked1 and then secretly brought before the queen to discuss theology with that model ,supreme ,head of the ,church2 while others like ,nichols found it more convenient to swear to all their tormentors required1 for1 as that recreant shepherd navely says in his ,apology1 8it is not1 ,i assure you1 a pleasant thing to be stretched on the rack till the body becomes almost two feet longer than nature made it40 ,father ,gerard1 who speaks from personal experience1 has left us in his ,memoirs the following account of this most effectual method of extorting confessions in the glorious reign of that queen to which so many of our modern writers refer with pride and congratulation3 8,then they led me to a great upright beam1 or pillar of wood1 which was one of the supports of this vast crypt4 ,at the summit of this column were fixed certain iron staples for supporting weights4 ,here they placed on my wrists manacles of iron1 and ordered me to mount upon two or three wicker steps2 then raising my arms they inserted an iron bar through the rings of the manacles1 and then through the staples in the pillar1 putting a pin through the bar so that it could not slip4 ,my arms being thus fixed above my head1 they withdrew those wicker steps ,i spoke of1 one by one1 from my feet1 so that ,i hung by my hands and arms4 ,the tips of my toes1 however1 still touched the ground2 so they dug away the ground beneath1 as they could not raise me higher1 for they had suspended me from the topmost staples in the pillar4 ,thus hanging by my wrists ,i began to pray1 while those gentlemen standing around me asked again if ,i was willing to confess4 ,i replied1 #8,i neither can nor will4' ,but so terrible a pain began to oppress me that ,i was scarcely able to speak the words4 ,the worst pain was in my breast and belly1 my arms and hands4 ,it seemed to me that all the blood in my body rushed up my arms into my hands1 and ,i was under the impression at the time that the blood actually burst forth from my fingers and the back of my hands4 ,this was1 however1 a mistake1 the sensation was caused by the swelling of the flesh over the iron that bound it4444 ,i had hung this way till after one of the clock1 as ,i think1 when ,i fainted407#ajg7 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that the zeal of the queen's ministers was satisfied with these harsh measures against the clergy and the more prominent delinquents4 ,all ,catholics were put beyond the pale of the law4 ,the country swarmed with spies and informers4 ,lists were accurately made out and carefully preserved of the recusants who owned property of any sort1 and every possible method of espionage was adopted to detect them in the slightest infraction of the bloody code4 ,domiciliary visits became the order of the day1 or rather of the night1 for that was the time usually chosen by the pursuivants4 ,doors were broken open1 closets ransacked1 bedrooms of women and invalids invaded without ceremony2 and frequently1 the previous movements having been properly concerted1 whole families were simultaneously borne off to prison1 there to be detained without the least warrant of law for months and years4 ,the tax of #bfj annually1 equal to at least five thousand dollars at the present day1 was not only vigorously enforced1 but upon the faintest rumor of a foreign invasion or domestic broil1 special imposts were laid on the remaining property of the ,catholics1 and the owners were carried to the nearest dungeon till the affair blew over1 when they were as unceremoniously dismissed until the next occasion arose for plunder and personal revenge4 ,thus was the work of reformation and evangelization urged briskly forward in free ,england1 and she was fast becoming converted and enlightened4 ,torture1 death1 and confiscation dogged the steps of the unhappy recusant who dare to profess1 even in the privacy of his house1 the faith of his fathers for ten centuries--that religion which had raised his ancestors from barbarism1 freed him from the thraldom of feudalism1 and given him ,magna ,charta1 trial by jury1 and representative government4 ,the crown lawyers1 like ,coke1 ,stanhope1 and ,bacon1 laid the plans1 pious bishops like those of ,london1 ,ely1 and ,winchester1 leaving their flocks to the devouring ,puritan wolves1 constituted themselves a sort of episcopal sheriffalty1 and vied with each other in their ardor for the spread of the ,gospel and their love for the spoils of the ,papists4 ,their leader in all this was a vulgar wretch named ,topcliffe1 whose audacity1 profanity1 and lewdness made him the terror of men and the abhorrence of women1 but whose usefulness was so apparent that he was constantly the object of government favors and clerical eulogy4 ,but human hate and diabolical ingenuity1 it was thought1 could not last for ever4 ,on the #bdth of ,march1 ,a4,d4 #afjc1 ,elizabeth died1 to the last the prey of vain desires and unsatisfied ambition4 ,for weeks before her decease she was haunted by the phantoms of her innumerable crimes1 and so terrified at the approach of death that she refused to lie in her bed or to receive any sustenance from her usual attendants4 ,the courts of ,europe1 to which she had ever been an object of dislike and fear1 could ill conceal their pleasure at the event1 but millions of her subjects1 the impoverished1 the widowed1 and the orphaned1 made desolate by her despotic cruelty1 in silence execrated her memory4 ,the ,catholics generally found consolation in the thought of her successor1 and1 with that unqualified confidence in the house of ,stuart1 which now seems like fatality1 they began to hope for better days under his sway4 ,was he not1 they asked each other1 the son of ,elizabeth's royal victim1 and could he be unmindful of the affection with which the ,catholics of the three kingdoms ever regarded his mother8 ,had he not before he ever put foot in ,england authorized ,father ,watson to promise in his name justice and protection1 and did not ,percy1 the agent and kinsman of the great ,duke of ,northumberland1 assure his friends1 on the strength of the royal word solemnly pledged1 that the days of persecution were at an end8 ,poor deluded people1 they little knew how much deceit lay in the heart of him whom the ,protestant lord primate rather blasphemously averred 8the like had not been since the time of ,christ40 ,he had scarcely put on the crown when the ,catholics discovered that they had neither mercy nor justice to expect from him4 ,once secure in the support of the ,protestant party1 he turned a deaf ear to their complaints1 and even had the mendacity to deny his own word of honor1 giving as a reason 8that1 since ,protestants had so generally received and proclaimed him king1 he had now no need of ,papists40 ,being by nature intolerant1 he oppressed the ,puritans1 by whom he had been trained1 to please the ,episcopalians1 and to gratify both he ground the ,catholics into dust2 arrests for recusancy multiplied1 illegal visitations became more frequent1 and if possible more annoying1 the arrears of the monthly tax which he at first pretended to remit were demanded1 and the amount1 already enormous1 was even increased so as to satisfy the everincreasing rapacity of his pauper courtiers who had followed him into ,england4 ,in place and out of it1 he made the most violent attacks on the faith of his dead mother and of at least onehalf of his ,english subjects1 and his remarks were taken up and repeated from every ,protestant pulpit and in every conventicle throughout the length and breadth of the land1 till the hopes of the ,catholics grew fainter and fainter1 and finally expired4 ,unlike ,elizabeth1 he was not only expected to live a long life1 but his progeny would succeed him1 the heirs of his authority and cruelty2 and being constitutionally a coward and an intriguer1 he was bent on making peace with foreign powers1 and thus cutting off all sympathy which the ,catholic sovereigns might have felt it their interest to express for their suffering coreligionists in ,great ,britain4 ,though the principles of reciprocal protection and allegiance were not as well defined at that period as1 they have since been1 the ,catholics of ,england would have been more or less than human if they could have regarded ,james' government with any feeling other than detestation1 and the wonder is not that a plot was laid to destroy it1 but that so very few of the persecuted multitude could be found to embark in it1 notwithstanding the manifold reasons afforded by the king and parliament for their destruction4 ,it was an age of conspiracies and counterplots1 when the highest and most trusted in every land endeavored by force or fraud to accomplish political and personal ends1 success being the only criterion of merit4 ,the history of ,europe from the middle of the preceding century is full of dark schemes and secret contrivances1 in which nobles and princes figure alternately as the bribers or the bribed1 the patrons or the victims of the assassin1 now devoted patriots and anon doubledyed traitors4 ,the long civil wars1 the vicious legacy of the ,lutheran attempt to unsettle the faith of ,christendom1 had nearly ceased from sheer exhaustion1 and unemployed soldiers of desperate fortunes but undoubted courage were to be easily had for any enterprise1 no matter how dangerous4 ,of this character was ,guy or ,guido ,fawkes1 whose name1 though not himself the originator of the ,gunpowder ,plot1 is most intimately associated with it in popular tradition4 ,the real authors were ,robert ,catesby1 ,thomas ,percy1 ,thomas ,winter1 and ,john ,wright2 all of whom were country gentlemen of good family and education1 but1 except ,catesby1 very much reduced in circumstances owing to the unjust and repeated exactions of the penal laws1 which had not only robbed them of their property and shut them out from all public employment1 but had branded them with the stigma of traitors to their country and enemies to their sovereign2 for1 having in the early part of their lives conformed to ,protestantism1 they had subsequently returned to the church into which they had been baptized--an offence in the eyes of the rulers of that day of the deepest dye4 ,in the early part of #afjd1 the five conspirators met in ,london1 and1 having taken a solemn oath of secrecy1 determined on their future schemes for the total destruction of the government4 ,wishing1 however1 it seems1 to exhaust all milder remedies1 they sent agents to ,spain and other foreign powers friendly to the ,catholic cause1 to induce them to use their good offices in mitigating the sufferings of the ,english recusants4 ,the answers were generally favorable1 but noncommittal1 and the practical result nothing4 ,they then determined to depend on themselves alone1 and in the autumn rented a building adjoining the ,palace of ,westminster1 the old ,house of ,parliament1 and commenced to undermine the dividing wall4 ,this1 some three yards thick of solid masonry1 they found a work of difficulty1 and from the paucity of their numbers and their inexperience in manual labor1 advanced slowly4 ,a circumstance soon occurred to modify their plans4 ,a portion of the cellar immediately under the prince's chamber1 which had been used by a coal dealer1 was vacated by the tenant1 and ,percy rented it1 ostensibly for storage purposes4 ,the mine was abandoned1 and thirtytwo barrels of powder1 which had been stored previously at ,lambeth1 were introduced in the nighttime1 and covered from observation by wood1 furniture1 etc4 ,all that was now required to complete the conspiracy was a proper moment for the application of the match4 ,this work had brought them into the spring of #afje1 and1 as parliament was not to assemble for some months1 they resolved to separate1 some going into the country to see their relatives1 and others to the ,continent to enlist the assistance of such adventurers as could be found willing to take service under the anticipated new rgime4 ,meanwhile eight more persons were admitted into the plot1 the principal of whom were ,rokewood1 ,grant1 ,tresham1 and ,sir ,everard ,digby1 all young men of family and fortune1 whose proud spirits chafed continually under the social and political ostracism to which all recusants of the period were doomed4 ,the opening of parliament1 expected in ,september1 was1 however1 postponed till the #eth of ,november1 but1 to the secret satisfaction of ,catesby and his fellows1 the penal laws continued to be rigidly enforced1 and additional measures of persecution were devised by the king's council for the adoption by the legislature when it should meet4 ,as that time approached and everything augured success1 the parts of the leading actors in the bloody drama were distributed4 ,fawkes was to fire the powder which was to blow the king1 his oldest son ,henry1 and the lords and commons into eternity2 ,prince ,charles1 the next in succession1 having been seized by ,percy1 was to be proclaimed king at ,charing ,cross by ,catesby2 while ,tresham1 ,grant1 and ,digby were to gain possession of the person of the infant princess ,elizabeth1 at ,lord ,harrington's countryseat4 ,after the explosion1 ,fawkes was to sail for ,flanders to bring over reinforcements1 and the others1 a protector for the royal children having been appointed1 were to rendezvous at ,digby's residence and raise the country in favor of the new government4 ,there was a method in the madness of these men1 and the first part of their programme would undoubtedly have been carried out but for one important fact upon which it seems they did not reckon3 ,cecil was fully cognizant of all their movements1 and for his own good reasons1 as we shall hereafter see1 allowed them to proceed unchecked to the very last moment4 ,that moment expired soon after midnight on the night of the #dth#eth of ,november1 only a few hours before the expected catastrophe4 ,as ,fawkes was entering the cellar to assure himself that all was in readiness1 he was seized by a body of soldiers under the command of ,sir ,thomas ,knevett4 ,his dress denoted that he was prepared for a journey1 arms and matches were found upon his person1 a darklantern was discovered in a corner1 and the removal of the dbris that was piled in the vault revealed the powder arranged ready for explosion4 ,the scene that ensued was highly dramatic1 and did great credit to the histrionic genius of the secretary4 ,the lords of the council were hastily summoned to the king's bedchamber1 the prisoner was brought up for examination by torchlight1 and the royal pedant sat on the side of his couch in his nightclothes for several hours1 questioning and cross questioning the wouldbe murderer4 ,but ,guy was made of stern stuff1 and1 while he freely admitted that his intention had been 8to blow the ,scotch beggars back to their native mountains10 he obstinately refused to disclose the names of his associates4 ,the news spread with rapidity1 and ,london at daylight was in the wildest commotion4 ,the other conspirators in the city1 with the exception of ,tresham1 fled to ,digby's house near ,dunchurch1 where a hunting party had assembled1 but upon the disclosure of the treason and its failure the guests rapidly dispersed1 two or three only1 from friendship or other causes1 resolving to remain with the conspirators and share the fate which now seemed certain to overtake them4 ,one of these was ,stephen ,littleton1 who resided at ,holbeach in ,staffordshire1 a strongly ,catholic county1 and thither the whole party1 numbering between forty and fifty1 including grooms and other servants1 proceeded through ,warwick and ,worcester1 vainly endeavoring on their road to excite the people to join them4 ,at ,holbeach they resolved to make a stand1 but an accident destroyed whatever little chance might have remained of a successful resistance4 ,their ammunition1 which had been wet during their hurried journey1 exploded while being dried1 and not only seriously injured ,catesby and three others1 but afforded an excuse for their handful of followers to forsake them4 ,in this condition they were soon surrounded by the forces of ,sir ,richard ,walsh1 who1 after summoning them to surrender and receiving a defiant negative1 ordered his men to fire4 ,the brothers ,wright1 ,percy1 and ,catesby1 fell mortally wounded2 ,rokewood1 ,winter1 ,morgan1 and ,grant were wounded and taken prisoners1 and ,digby and the two others were soon after captured4 ,they were immediately taken to ,london1 tried1 and with ,fawkes executed on the #cjth of the following ,january4 ,under ordinary circumstances1 this insane conspiracy of a dozen desperate men would have ended here1 and the plot itself have become lost in the thousandandone concerted crimes against authority which disfigure the annals of ,european monarchy in the middle ages2 but the ,puritan party in ,england1 the more insatiable enemies of the ,catholics1 who saw in it an excellent opportunity for wholesale spoliation of what yet remained to the persecuted1 endeavored to involve the millions in the treasonable guilt of the few1 and ,cecil1 who had so long nursed the designs of the traitors1 had his own deep schemes to subserve by endorsing this foul calumny4 ,but ,james1 bigot as he was1 could not1 in the face of such palpable facts to the contrary1 go to this extreme length4 8,for though it cannot be denied10 he said in his speech to parliament recounting the discovery and origin of the plot1 8that it was only the blind superstition of their errors in religion that led them to this desperate device1 yet doth it not follow that all professing that ,romish religion were guilty of the same40 ,yet the ,puritan party1 who hungered for the spoils1 by constant repetition succeeded in fastening the imputation of guilt on the entire ,catholic body in ,england1 and for a long time it was partially believed abroad1 and re echoed without hesitation by subsequent historians4 ,the author of ,her ,majesty's ,tower1 to whom ,catholicity owes little else1 has1 we are happy to say1 had the manhood to set the matter in its true light in his recent publication4 ,he says3 8,the news of this plot was heard by the old ,english ,catholics with more astonishment than rage1 though the expression of their anger was both loud and deep4 ,the priests were still more prompt to denounce it than their flocks4 ,the venerable ,archpriest1 ,george ,blackwell1 took up his pen before a single man had yet been killed or captured in the shires1 and in a brief address to the ,catholic clergy stigmatized the plot as a detestable contrivance in which no true ,catholic could have a share--as an abominable thing1 contrary to ,holy ,writ1 to the councils1 and to the instructions of the spiritual guides4 ,blackwell told his clergy to exhort their flocks to peace and obedience1 and to avoid falling into snares40 ,but it was necessary for the purpose of affording a decent pretext for further penal legislation1 long since agreed upon in the council1 as well as to destroy the sympathy still felt at foreign courts for the persecuted ,english1 that the blame of the foul conspiracy should be laid not on the inhuman laws which had driven gallant and loyal men into deadly conflict with the government1 but on the church4 ,as it was impossible to implicate any considerable number of the laity or the secular clergy1 it was resolved to single out the few ,jesuits then in the country1 and through them the entire ,order1 as fitting objects of national hatred and universal obloquy4 ,the trick was not new even then1 though since much practised and refined4 ,its execution was consonant also with the parliamentary design of exterminating ,catholicity in the three kingdoms4 ,the old clergy1 or1 as they were called1 8,queen ,mary's priests10 were few1 aged1 and sure soon to die out in the course of nature1 while the authorities had taken good care that they should leave no successors of native education4 ,the ,jesuits1 on the contrary1 were young men1 generally scions of noble houses1 gentle in breeding1 and1 from their continental training1 thorough linguists1 acute reasoners1 and polished gentlemen4 ,their erudition made them feared by the halftaught sophists of the reformed prelacy1 their refined manners secured their admission into the best families1 and their noble enthusiasm defied the utmost severity of the ,puritan and ,episcopal magistrates4 ,their knowledge of the country was accurate1 and1 though they were accused by such hired defamers as ,coke of using many aliases1 the odium was not theirs1 but the law's1 that made their very presence in their native land treason4 ,no religious community1 it is well known1 is the church1 nor is she responsible for the conduct of each particular member1 but the orders may be regarded as the vedettes of her grand army1 and before it can be successfully attacked they must be driven in or captured4 ,accordingly1 one of the first steps taken by the king's advisers after the trial of the conspirators was to issue a proclamation for the arrest of ,fathers ,gerard1 ,greenway1 and ,garnett1 three of the four ,jesuit missionaries then known to be in ,england4 ,in this official document it was alleged 8to be plain and evident from the examinations that all three had been peculiarly practisers in the plot40 ,now1 let us examine for a moment upon what those grave accusations were based4 ,simply on confessions of the prisoners1 for it has never been alleged that the slightest proof1 documentary or oral1 other than those and the admission of ,father ,garnett1 the provincial1 were ever produced to connect the priests with the conspiracy4 ,the examinations were conducted with the most exquisite tortures1 taken down by the creatures of the government1 and afterwards mutilated and altered by the attorneygeneral to suit his own views4 ,fawkes1 by special command of his majesty1 was so frequently racked that he could not use a pen to sign his name1 much less could he read what had been written for him1 and ,nicholas ,owen1 a laybrother1 was so stretched that his bowels protruded and he expired in the hands of his tormentors4 ,of ,father ,gerard1 mention was made by two of the original plotters1 ,fawkes and ,winter1 in allusion to the oath of secrecy4 ,the latter said that 8the five administered the oath to each other in a chamber in which no other body was10 which the latter confirms more in detail4 8,the five10 he says1 8did meet at a house in the field1 beyond ,s4 ,clement's ,inn1 where they did confer and agree upon the plot1 and there they took a solemn oath and vows by all their force and power to execute the same1 and of secrecy not to reveal it to any of their fellows1 but to such as should be thought fit persons to enter into that action2 and in the same house they did receive the sacrament of ,gerard the ,jesuit1 to perform their vow and oath of secrecy aforesaid4 ,but that ,gerard was not acquainted with their purpose407#ajh7 ,this last sentence was by order of ,coke underlined with red1 notated hucusque1 and was carefully suppressed in the reading of the examination on the trial6 ,the original document is still preserved in the ,public ,record ,office1 and how such an indefatigable student as ,mr4 ,dixon could have overlooked this part of it is1 to say the least1 very suspicious4 ,his version of the affair is as follows3 8,an upper room of ,widow ,herbert's house was turned into a chapel2 and when the priest was ready for his part1 ,catesby1 ,percy1 ,tom ,winter1 ,jack ,wright1 and ,fawkes assembled in the house--a quaint old ,tudor pile at the corner of ,clement's ,lane--first in the lower room1 where they swore each other upon the ,primer1 and then in the upper room1 where they heard ,father ,gerard say ,mass1 and took from his hand the sacrament on that oath4 ,each of the five conspirators was sworn upon his knees1 with his hand on the ,primer1 that he would keep the secret1 that he would be true to his fellows1 that he would be constant in the plot40 ,is this perversion of the facts of history accidental1 or a piece of downright dishonesty8 ,at first1 overlooking the writer's known hostility to the ,jesuits1 and his insinuation about the priest being 8ready for his part10 we concluded that the sentence describing how the conspirators were sworn was intended to commence after the word 8,primer10 to preserve the unity of the action1 but by inadvertence was put after the mention of the taking of the sacrament1 thus conveying the false idea that the conspirators swore also after or during ,mass2 but1 having had occasion to refer to the index1 we find that we had done ,mr4 ,dixon's dexterity injustice at the expense of his veracity4 ,in seeking for the page of his book upon which this opaque statement appears1 we find the following words in the index under the head 8,gerard0--8administers the oath of secrecy to the ,powder ,plot conspirators in a house in ,butcher's ,row1 p4 #ie40 ,thus the author of ,her ,majesty's ,tower1 who1 we presume1 occupies a decent position among men of letters in his own country1 not only cannot discover after the 8occasional labor of twenty years0 a most essential point of testimony bearing on the very subject to which his book is mainly devoted1 but to make out a case against the muchhated ,jesuits actually falsifies and perverts facts already known and admitted2 doing in the year of grace #ahfi gratuitously1 what ,coke in #afjf did for hire4 ,can the force of malice go further8 ,digby1 who1 it will be remembered1 was subsequently admitted into the plot1 on his trial went even further than the originators of it2 and1 in exculpating the ,jesuit ,order1 was most emphatic in denying any knowledge of the conspiracy on the part of ,gerard1 either in its progress or1 as far as he knew1 at its inception4 ,so much for ,father ,gerard's innocence as proved by others2 the following is his own statement1 made years after the occurrence when he was beyond the reach of ,english law1 and subsequently affirmed in substance on his solemn oath3 8,i have stated in the other treatise of which ,i spoke1 that a proclamation was issued against those ,jesuit fathers1 of whom ,i am one2 and1 though the most unworthy1 ,i was named first in the proclamation1 whereas ,i was the subject of one and far inferior in all respects to the other4 ,all this1 however1 ,i solemnly protest was utterly groundless2 for ,i knew absolutely nothing of the plot from any one whatsoever1 not even under the seal of confession1 as the other two did2 nor had ,i the slightest notion that any such scheme was entertained by any ,catholic gentleman1 until by public rumor news was brought us of its discovery1 as it was to all others dwelling in that part of the country407#aji7 ,the treatise referred to in this extract is his ,narrative1 and in it ,gerard takes frequent occasion to reiterate in the most positive manner1 speaking in the third person1 all knowledge of the conspiracy1 even to saying ,mass on the occasion alluded to by ,fawkes4 ,the house in ,clement's ,inn1 he fully acknowledges1 was used by him and his friends1 among whom there were at least two priests during his absence2 and we can well believe that the two prisoners were mistaken in his identity1 as we have no evidence that they were familiar with his appearance or personally acquainted with him4 ,however1 this does not signify4 ,some priest undoubtedly celebrated ,mass1 and the question is1 ,did he administer the oath1 or knowingly administer the sacrament in confirmation of it8 ,winter and ,fawkes declare he did not2 ,digby1 who was most intimate with ,father ,gerard1 denied in open court that that ,jesuit knew anything about the plot2 and ,gerard himself repeatedly1 under the strictest forms known in his ,order1 asserts his entire innocence1 and it has never even been hinted that any other priest was concerned in the early stages of the conspiracy4 ,this matter may therefore be considered closed4 ,now1 it is equally certain that ,fathers ,garnett and ,tesimond1 alias ,greenway1 did become acquainted with the plot during its progress2 but the information came to them under the seal of confession1 and could not be revealed4 ,it is unnecessary to support this proposition by argument1 as its wisdom is now generally recognized by the civil law even in ,protestant countries4 ,confidential communications to priest1 doctor1 or lawyer are at last held sacred4 ,what was the extent of their knowledge1 and what was their conduct on receiving the same8 ,in ,thomas ,winter's public dying declaration1 communicated by an eyewitness to the author of the ,narrative1 he said3 8,that whereas divers of the fathers of the society were accused of counselling and furthering them in this treason1 he could clear them all1 and particularly ,father ,tesimond1 from all fault and participation therein40 8,and indeed ,mr4 ,thomas ,winter might best clear that good father1 with whom he was best acquainted10 adds ,father ,gerard1 8and knew very well how far he was from counselling or plotting that business4 ,for himself1 having first told the father of it 7as ,i have heard7 long after the thing was ready1 and that in such secret as he might not utter it1 but with his leave1 unto his superior only1 the father1 both then and after1 did so earnestly persuade him1 and by him the rest1 to leave off that course 7as his duty was71 that ,mr4 ,winter might well find himself in conscience to clear this father from his wrongful accusation of being a counsellor and furtherer of the plot407#aaj7 ,this statement was also repeatedly confirmed by ,father ,tesimond1 both in his writings and in his account of the matter soon after his escape1 published by ,joannes in his ,apologia4 ,gerard and ,tesimond having fled the country to avoid the popular tumult1 8which10 says ,mr4 ,dixon1 8took no note of the difference between the children of ,s4 ,edward and the pupils of ,s4 ,ignatius10 the only remaining victim was the provincial ,father ,garnett4 ,him the government spies soon hunted down1 and in company with ,father ,ouldcorne arrested at ,hendlip ,house and lodged in the tower4 ,this capture occurred on the #bhth of ,february1 and his trial took place on the #bhth of ,march2 the intervening month having been spent by the officers of the crown in procuring evidence of his guilt1 but with so little success that an attempt was made to procure his condemnation by parliament1 without the intervention of a jury1 by inserting surreptitiously a clause in the bill of attainder introduced against the families of ,digby and others4 ,cajolery was first resorted to1 next torture1 then the subterfuge of allowing him speech with his fellowprisoner ,ouldcorne1 overheard unknown to them by persons secretly hidden for the purpose1 and again torture1 but all to no effect4 ,he at first refused to admit any knowledge of the conspiracy1 but finally confessed that he had heard of it from ,father ,tesimond 7,greenway7 under the seal of confession1 and that he had reprimanded that priest for ever so communicating it to him1 and had admonished him to use all efforts to dissuade the conspirators from their rash designs4 ,this was all that could be proved against him at his trial1 but he was of course condemned1 not however for treason1 but for misprision of treason1 and two months after executed1 declaring his entire innocence most solemnly4 ,father ,ouldcorne1 who was also found guilty of knowledge after the fact1 on no better evidence1 suffered with him4 ,the provincial was examined no less than twentythree times before his trial1 and much stress was laid during its progress and long afterwards on his equivocations in answer to the various searching queries touching the guilt of himself and others4 ,the question of the morality of such evasion of the truth under the peculiar circumstances has1 however1 no practical value for us1 as now by the wellrecognized policy of law in all civilized countries no person is bound to criminate himself either as a principal or a witness1 and every individual is allowed to be the judge of his own case in this respect4 ,no one has a right to entrap a prisoner into a confession of guilt1 much less compel disclosures by foul means or torture4 ,let us inquire for a moment how far ,father ,garnett's statements in prison were borne out by his previous conduct4 ,several letters of his are still extant addressed to ,father ,persons1 the ,english superior at ,rome1 on the state of the ,catholics in ,england previous to the explosion of the plot1 in which he intimates his suspicions that something desperate was about to be attempted against the government1 and begs the superior to influence the ,holy ,father to interfere4 ,on the #bith of ,august1 #afjd1 he wrote3 8,if the affair of toleration go not well1 ,catholics will no more be quiet4 ,what shall we do8 ,jesuits cannot hinder it4 ,let ,pope forbid all ,catholics to stir40 ,in ,may following he says3 8,all are desperate1 divers ,catholics are offended with ,jesuits2 they say that ,jesuits do impugn and hinder all forcible enterprises40 ,on the #bdth of ,july1 after reviewing the threatening state of affairs in the kingdom1 he repeats his request for pontifical assistance in keeping the people quiet4 ,he then wrote3 8,wherefore1 in my judgment1 two things are necessary2 first1 that his holiness should prescribe what in any case is to be done2 and then that he should forbid any force of arms to the ,catholics under censures1 and by brief publicly promulgated1 an occasion for which can be taken from the disturbance lately raised in ,wales1 which has at length come to nothing407#aaa7 ,his public acts were consistent with his views thus confidentially expressed4 ,it is acknowledged that he was mainly instrumental in defeating the ,grey conspiracy1 in which ,father ,watson and many ,catholics were involved1 and1 when ,catesby and the other conspirators approached him on the subject of forcible resistance to ,james' government1 he denounced all such attempts in the most positive manner4 8,it is to you and such as you10 said that desperate plotter to the provincial1 8that we owe our present calamities4 ,this doctrine of nonresistance makes us slaves4 ,no authority of priest or pontiff can deprive a man of his right to repel injustice40 ,when it became apparent that such men as ,catesby could not be stayed by ordinary means1 he recommended that before any forcible measures were adopted an agent should be sent to ,rome1 and in the meantime took steps to procure the cooperation of the sovereign pontiff himself to suppress all attempts at insurrection4 ,in fact1 his whole life was divided between his duty to ,god and his efforts to teach peace and longanimity to his persecuted countrymen1 but the very fact that he was a ,jesuit and a ,catholic missionary was enough to condemn him in the eyes of the judges of that day4 ,let us hope that posterity will do him fuller justice4 ,the general accusation against the ,order was grounded on the fact that many of the conspirators were converts and pupils of the ,jesuits1 and therefore they were their agents and instruments4 ,this is plausible1 and might be worthy of attention if true1 but it lacks the essential element of reliability4 ,some were ,catholics from their birth1 others had only for the time being or during their minority outwardly conformed to ,protestantism1 and were simply reclaimed from their vicious habits by the ,jesuits4 ,but even if they had all been converts it would not strengthen their opponents' position4 ,so were many hundreds1 nay1 thousands of ,englishmen who took no act or part in the conspiracy4 ,besides the ,jesuits that had suffered in the preceding reign1 the four fathers we have just mentioned had spent each over eighteen years in the country1 laboring with a zeal and success seldom equalled1 and it was this very success in gaining souls to ,christ that furnished the greatest incentive for their destruction4 ,their intimacy with the conspirators was simply that of pastors with their penitents2 the assertions of ,bates1 the servant of ,catesby1 to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,that poor wretch was tortured and tampered with to induce him to make some accusation against the missionaries1 and then hanged1 but not before he retracted on the scaffold every sentence uttered by him when a hope of pardon had been held out as the reward of his perjury4 ,further1 ,mr4 ,dixon's wild attempts to throw discredit on the ,english ,jesuits abroad rest on no foundation whatever1 nor has he a single impartial authority to support him in his broad assertions and elaborate reports of what are said to have been strictly private interviews and confidential correspondence between the plotters in ,england and the ,jesuit colleges abroad4 ,owen and ,baldwin1 the alleged foreign correspondents1 the parties most sought to be implicated1 were never tried1 but the latter was examined in ,england ten years after and discharged1 nothing having been proved against him4 ,so much for the bugbear of ,catholics justifying wholesale assassination as a remedy for persecution1 that has been such a sweet morsel under the tongues of ,protestant divines and zealots for so many centuries4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,from ,the ,german ,of ,conrad ,von ,bolanden4 ,chapter ,,vi4--,continued4 ,the tumult continued4 ,as soon as the orator attempted to speak1 his voice was drowned by cries and stamping4 8,commissary60 cried the chairman to that officer1 8,i demand that you extend to our assembly the protection of the law40 8,i am here simply to watch the proceedings of your meeting10 replied ,parteiling with cool indifference4 8,everybody is at liberty in meetings to signify his approval or disapproval by signs4 ,no act forbidden by the law has been committed by your opponents1 in my opinion40 8,bravo6 bravo6 ,three cheers for the commissary60 ,all at once the noise was subdued to a whisper of astonishment4 ,a miracle was taking place under the very eyes of progress4 ,banker ,greifmann1 the moneyed prince and liberal1 made his appearance upon the platform4 ,the rioters saw with amazement how the mighty man before whom the necks of all such as were in want of money bowed--even the necks of the puissant leaders--stepped before the president of the assembly1 how he politely bowed and spoke a few words in an undertone4 ,they observed how the chairman nodded assent1 and then how the banker1 as if to excite their wonder to the highest pitch1 mounted to the speaker's desk4 8,gentlemen10 began ,carl ,greifmann1 8although ,i have not the honor of sharing your political views1 ,i feel myself nevertheless urged to address a few words to you4 ,in the name of true progress1 ,i ask this honorable assembly's pardon for the disturbance occasioned a moment ago by a band of uncultivated rioters1 who dare to pretend that they are acting in the cause and with the sanction of progress4 ,i solemnly protest against the assumption that their disgraceful and outrageous conduct is in accordance with the spirit of the party which they dishonor4 ,progress holds firmly to its principles1 and defends them manfully in the struggle with its opposers1 but it is far from making itself odious by rudely overstepping the bounds of decency set by humanity and civilization4 ,in political contests1 it may be perfectly lawful to employ earnest persuasion and even influences that partake of the rigor of compulsion1 but rudeness1 impertinence1 is never justifiable in an age of civilization4 ,commissary ,parteiling discovers no legally prohibited offence in the expression of vulgarity and lowness--may be4 ,nevertheless1 a high misdemeanor has been perpetrated against decorum and against the deference which man owes to man4 ,should the slightest disturbance be again attempted1 ,i shall use the whole weight of my influence in prosecuting the guilty parties1 and convince them that even in the spirit of progress they are offenders and can be reached by punishment40 ,he spoke1 and retired to the other end of the hall1 followed by loud applause from the ultramontanes4 ,nor were the threats of the mighty man uttered in vain4 ,spitzkopf hung his head abashed4 ,the other revellers were tamed1 they listened demurely to the speakers1 ceased their contemptuous hootings1 and stood on their good behavior4 ,greifmann's proceeding had taken ,seraphin also by surprise1 and the power which the banker possessed over the rioters set him to speculating deeply4 ,he saw plainly that ,louise's brother commanded an extraordinary degree of respect in the camp of the enemies of religion1 and the only cause that could sufficiently account for the fact was a community of principles of which they were well aware4 ,hence the opinion he had formed of ,greifmann was utterly erroneous1 concluded ,gerlach4 ,the banker was not a mere secluded business man--he was not indifferent about the great questions of the age4 ,then there was another circumstance that perplexed the ruddycheeked millionaire to no inconsiderable degree--,greifmann's unaccountable way of taking things4 ,the tyrannical mode of electioneering which they had witnessed at the sign of the 8,green ,hat0 had not at all disgusted ,greifmann4 ,spitzkopf's threats had not excited his indignation4 ,he had with a smiling countenance looked on whilst the most brutal species of terrorism was being enacted before him1 he had not expressed a word of contempt at the constraint which they who held the power inhumanly placed on the political liberty of their dependents4 ,on the other hand1 his indignation was aroused by a mere breach of good behavior1 an offence which in ,gerlach's estimation was as nothing compared with the other instances of progressionist violence4 ,the banker seemed to him to have strained out a gnat after having swallowed a whole drove of camels4 ,the youth's suspicions being excited1 he began to study the strainer of gnats and swallower of camels more closely1 and soon the banker turned out in his estimation a hollow stickler for mere outward decency1 devoid of all deeper merit4 ,he now recollected also ,greifmann's dealings with the leaders of progress1 and those transactions only confirmed his present views4 ,what he had considered as an extraordinary degree of shrewdness in the man of business1 which enabled him to take advantage of the peculiar convictions and manner of thinking of other men1 was now to his mind a real affinity with their principles1 and he could not help being shocked at the discovery4 ,he hung his head in a melancholy mood1 and his heart protested earnestly against the inference which was irresistibly forcing itself upon his mind1 that the sister shared her brother's sentiments4 8,this doubt must be cleared up1 cost what it may10 thought he4 8,my ,god1 what if ,louise also turned out to be a progressionist1 a woman without any faith1 an infidel6 ,no1 that cannot be6 ,yet suppose it really were the case--suppose she actually held principles in common with such vile beings as ,schwefel1 ,sand1 ,erdblatt1 and ,shund8 ,suppose her moral nature did not harmonize with the beauty of her person--what then80 ,he experienced a spasmodic contraction in his heart at the question1 he hesitated with the answer1 but1 his better self finally getting the victory1 he said3 8,then all is over4 ,the impressions of a dream1 however delightful1 must not influence a waking man4 ,my father's calculation was wrong1 and ,i have wasted my kindness on an undeserving object40 ,so completely wrapt up was he in his meditations that he heard not a word of the speeches1 not even the concluding remarks of the president4 ,greifmann's approach roused him1 and they left the hall together4 8,that was ruffianly conduct1 of which progress would have for ever to be ashamed10 said the banker indignantly4 8,they bayed and yelped like a pack of hounds4 ,at their first volley ,i was as embarrassed and confused as a modest girl would be at the impertinence of some young scapegrace4 ,fierce rage then hurried me to the platform1 and my words have never done better service1 for they vindicated civilization40 8,i cannot conceive how a trifle could thus exasperate you40 ,greifmann stood still and looked at his companion in astonishment4 8,a trifle60 echoed he reproachfully4 8,do you call a piece of wanton impudence1 a ruffianly outrage against several hundreds of men entitled to respect1 a trifle80 8,i do1 compared with other crimes that you have suffered to pass unheeded and uncensured10 answered ,gerlach4 8,you had not an indignant word for the unutterable meanness of those three leaders1 who were immoral and unprincipled enough to invest a notorious villain with office and honors4 ,nor did you show any exasperation at the brutal terrorism practised by men of power in this town over their weak and unfortunate dependents40 8,take my advice1 and be on your guard against erroneous and narrowminded judgments4 ,the leaders merely had a view to their own ends1 but they in no manner sinned against propriety4 ,the raising a man of ,shund's abilities to the office of mayor is an act of prudence--by no means an offence against humanity40 8,yet it was an outrage to moral sentiment10 opposed ,seraphin4 8,see here1 ,gerlach1 moral sentiment is a very elastic sort of thing4 ,sentiment goes for nothing in practical life1 and such is the character of life in our century40 8,well1 then1 the mere sense of propriety is not worth a whit more40 8,i ask your pardon6 ,propriety belongs to the realm of actualities or of practical experiences1 and not to the shadowland of sentiment4 ,propriety is the rule that regulates the intercourse of men1 it is therefore a necessity1 nothing else will serve as a substitute for it1 and it must continue to be so regarded as long as a difference is recognized between rational man and the irrational brute40 8,the same may be said with much more reason of morality1 for it also is a rule1 it regulates our actions1 it determines the ethic worth or worthlessness of a man4 ,mere outward decorum does not necessarily argue any interior excellence4 ,the most abandoned wretch may be distinguished for easy manners and elegant deportment1 yet he is none the less a criminal4 ,a dog may be trained to many little arts1 but for all that it continues to be a dog4 8,it is delightful to see you breaking through that uniform patience of yours for once and showing a little of the fire of indignation10 said the banker pleasantly4 8,i shall tell ,louise of it1 ,i know she will be glad to learn that ,seraphin too is susceptible of a human passion4 ,but this by the way4 ,now watch how ,i shall meet your arguments4 ,that very moral sentiment of which you speak has caused and is still causing the most enormous crimes against humanity1 and the laws of morality are as changeable as the wind4 ,when an ,indian who has not been raised from barbarism by civilization dies1 the religious custom of the country requires that his wife should permit herself to be burned alive on the funeral pyre of her husband4 ,moral sentiment teaches the uncivilized woman that it is a horrible crime to refuse to devote herself to this cruel death4 ,the pious ,jews used to stone every woman to death who was taken in adultery--in our day1 such a deed of blood would be revolting to moral sentiment1 and would claim tears from the eyes of cultivated people4 ,i could mention many other horrors that were practised more or less remotely in the past1 and were sanctioned by the prevailing moral sentiment4 ,here is my last instance3 according to laws of morality1 the usurer was at one time a monster1 an archvillain--at present1 he is merely a man of great enterprise4 ,propriety1 on the other hand1 enlightenment1 and polish are absolute and unalterable4 ,whilst rudeness and impertinence will ever be looked upon as disgusting1 good manners and politeness will be considered as commendable and beautiful40 ,seraphin could not but admire the skill with which ,greifmann jumbled together subjects of the most heterogeneous nature4 ,but he could not1 at the same time1 divest himself of some alarm at the banker's declarations1 for they betrayed a soullife of little or absolutely no moral worth4 ,money1 interest1 and respectability constituted the only trinity in which the banker believed4 ,morality1 binding the conscience of man1 a true and only ,god1 and divine revelation1 were in his opinion so many wornout and useless notions1 which the progress of mankind had successfully got beyond4 8,when those who hold power take advantage of it at elections1 they in no manner offend against propriety10 proceeded ,carl4 8,progress has convictions as well as ultramontanism4 ,if the latter is active1 why should not the former be so too8 ,if1 on the side of progress1 the weak and dependent permit themselves to be cowed and driven1 it is merely an advantage for the powerful1 and for the others it is a weakness or cowardice4 ,for this reason1 the mode of electioneering pursued by ,spitzkopf and his comrades amused but nowise shocked me1 for they were not acting against propriety40 ,seraphin saw it plainly3 for ,carl ,greifmann there existed no distinction between good and evil2 he recognized only a cold and empty system of formalities4 ,the two young men issued from a narrow street upon the marketplace4 ,this was occupied by a large public building4 ,in the open space stood a group of men1 among whom ,flachsen appeared conspicuous4 ,he was telling the others about ,greifmann's speech at the meeting of the ultramontanes4 ,they all manifested great astonishment that the influential moneyed prince should have appeared in such company1 and1 above all1 should have made a speech in their behalf4 8,he declared it was vulgar1 impudent1 ruffianly1 to disturb a respectable assembly10 reported ,flachsen4 8,he said he knew some of us1 and that he would have us put where the dogs would not bite us if we attempted to disturb them again4 ,that's what he said2 and ,i actually rubbed my eyes to be quite sure it was banker ,greifmann that was speaking1 and really it was he1 the banker ,greifmann himself1 bodily1 and not a mere apparition40 8,i must say the banker was right1 for it isn't exactly good manners to howl1 stamp1 and whistle to annoy one's neighbors10 owned another4 8,but we were paid for doing it1 and we only carried out the orders given by certain gentlemen40 8,to be sure6 ,men like us don't know what good breeding is--it's for gentlemen to understand that10 maintained a third4 8,we do what men of good breeding hire us to do1 and if it isn't proper1 it matters nothing to us--let the gentlemen answer for it40 8,bravo1 ,stoffel1 bravo60 applauded ,flachsen4 8,yours is the right sort of servility1 ,stoffel6 ,you are a real human1 servile1 and genuine reactive kind of a fellow--so you are4 ,i agree with you entirely4 ,the gentlemen do the paying1 and it is for them to answer for what happens4 ,we are merely servants1 we are hirelings1 and what need a hireling care whether that which his master commands is right or not8 ,the master is responsible1 not the hireling4 ,what ,i am telling you belongs to the exact sciences1 and the exact sciences are at the pinnacle of modern acquisitions4 ,hence a hireling who without scruple carries out the orders of his master is up to the highest point of the age--such a fellow has taken his stand on servility4 ,hallo6 the election has commenced4 ,be off1 every man of you1 to his post4 ,but mind you don't look too deep into the beerpots before the election is over4 ,keep your heads level1 be cautious1 do your best for the success of the green ticket4 ,once the election is carried1 you may swill beer till you can no longer stand4 ,the gentlemen will foot the bill1 and assume all responsibilities40 ,they dispersed themselves through the various drinkingshops of the neighborhood4 ,near the door of the building in which the voting was to take place stood a number of progressionist gentlemen4 ,they all wore heavy beards1 smoked cigars1 and peered about restlessly4 ,to those of their party who chanced to pass they nodded and smiled knowingly1 upon doubtful voters they smiled still more blandly1 added some pleasant words1 and pressed the acceptance of the green ticket1 but for ultramontane voters they had only jeers and coarse witticisms4 ,as ,greifmann approached they respectfully raised their hats4 ,the banker drew ,gerlach to one side1 and stood to make observations4 8,what swarms there are around the drinkingshops10 remarked ,greifmann4 8,it is there that the tickets are filled under the persuasive influence of beer4 ,the committee provide the tickets which the voters have filled with the names of the candidates by clerks who sit round the tables at the beershops4 ,it is quite an ingenious arrangement1 for beer will reconcile a voter to the most objectionable kind of a candidate40 ,a crowd of drunken citizens coming out of the nearest tavern approached4 ,linked arminarm1 they swayed about and staggered along with an unsteady pace4 ,green tickets bearing the names of the candidates whom progress had chosen to watch over the common weal could be seen protruding from the pockets of their waistcoats4 ,gerlach1 seeing the drunken mob and recollecting the solemn and important nature of the occasion1 was seized with loathing and horror at the corruption of social life revealed in the low means to which the party of progress had recourse to secure for its ends the votes of these besotted and ignorant men4 ,presently ,schwefel stepped up and saluted the young men4 8,do you not belong to the committee in charge of the ballotbox80 inquired ,greifmann4 8,no1 sir1 ,i wished to remain entirely untrammelled this morning10 answered the leader with a sly look and tone4 8,this is going to be an exciting election1 the ultramontanes are astir1 and it will be necessary for me to step in authoritatively now and then to decide a vote4 ,moreover1 the committee is composed exclusively of men of our party4 ,not a single ultramontane holds a seat at the polls40 8,in that case there can be no question of failure10 said the banker4 8,your office is closed today1 no doubt80 8,of course60 assented the manufacturer of straw hats4 8,this day is celebrated as a free day by the offices of all respectable houses4 ,our clerks are dispersed through the taverns and election districts to use their pens in filling up tickets40 8,i am forced to return to my old assertion3 an election is mere folly1 useless jugglery10 said the banker1 turning to ,seraphin4 8,holding elections is no longer a rational way of doing1 it is no longer a business way of proceeding1 it is yielding to stupid timidity4 ,mr4 ,schwefel1 don't you think elections are mere folly80 8,i confess ,i have never considered the subject from that point of view10 answered the leader cautiously4 8,but meanwhile--what do you understand by that80 8,be good enough to attend to my reasoning for a moment4 ,progress is in a state of complete organization4 ,what progress wills1 must be4 ,another party having authority and power cannot subsist side by side with progress4 ,just see those men staggering and blundering over the square with green tickets in their hands6 ,to speak without circumlocution1 look at the slaves doing the behests of their masters4 ,what need of this silly masquerade of an election8 ,why squander all this money1 waste all this beer and time8 ,why does not progress settle this business summarily8 ,why not simply nominate candidates fit for the office1 and then send them directly to the legislature8 ,this mode would do away with all this nonsensical ado1 and would give the matter a prompt and business cast1 conformable to the spirit of the age40 8,this idea is a good one1 but we have an election law that would stand in the way of carrying it out40 8,bosh--election law60 sneered the banker4 8,your election law is a mere scarecrow1 an antiquated1 meaningless instrument4 ,do away with the election law1 and follow my suggestion40 8,that would occasion a charming row on the part of the ultramontanes10 observed the leader laughing4 8,was the lion ever known to heed the bleating of a sheep8 ,when did progress ever pay any attention to a row gotten up by the ultramontanes80 rejoined ,greifmann4 8,was not the fuss made in ,bavaria against the progressionist schoollaw quite a prodigious one8 ,did not our own last legislature make heavy assaults on the church8 ,did not the entire episcopate protest against permitting ,jews1 ,neopagans1 and ,freemasons to legislate on matters of religion8 ,but did progress suffer itself to be disconcerted by episcopal protests and the agonizing screams of the ultramontanes8 ,not at all4 ,it calmly pursued the even tenor of its way4 ,be logical1 ,mr4 ,schwefel3 progress reigns supreme and decrees with absolute authority--why should it not summarily relegate this election law among the things that were1 but are no more80 8,you are right1 ,greifmann60 exclaimed ,gerlach1 in a feeling of utter disgust4 8,what need has the knout of ,russian despotism of the sanction of constitutional forms8 ,progress is lord1 the rest are slaves60 8,you have again misunderstood me1 my good fellow4 ,i am considering the actual state of things4 ,should ultramontanism at any time gain the ascendency1 then it also will be justified in behaving in the same manner40 ,upon more mature consideration1 ,gerlach found himself forced to admit that ,greifmann's view1 from the standpoint of modern culture1 was entirely correct4 ,progress independently of ,god and of all positive religion could not logically be expected to recognize any moral obligations1 for it had not a moral basis4 ,everything was determined by the force of circumstances2 the autocracy of party rule made anything lawful4 ,laws proceeded not from the divine source of unalterable justice1 but from the whim of a majority--fashioned and framed to suit peculiar interests and passions4 8,we have yet considerable work to do to bring all to thinking as clearly and rationally as you1 ,mr4 ,greifmann10 said the leader with a winning smile4 ,schwefel accompanied the millionaires into a lengthy hall1 across the lower end of which stood a table4 ,there sat the commissary of elections surrounded by the committee1 animated gentlemen with great beards1 who were occupied in distributing tickets to voters or receiving tickets filled up4 ,the extraordinary goodhumor prevailing among these gentlemen was owing to the satisfactory course of the election1 for rarely was any ultramontane paper seen mingling in the flood that poured in from the ranks of progress4 ,the sides of the hall were hung with portraits of the sovereigns of the land1 quite a goodly row4 ,the last one of the series was youthful in appearance1 and some audacious hand had scrawled on the broad gilt frame the following ominous words3 8,may he be the last in the succession of expensive breadeaters40 ,down the middle of the hall ran a baizecovered table1 on which were numerous inkstands4 ,scattered over the table lay a profusion of green bills2 the yellow color of the ultramontane bills was nowhere to be seen4 ,the table was lined by gentlemen who were writing4 ,they were not writing for themselves1 but for others1 who merely signed their names and then handed the tickets to the commissary4 ,several corpulent gentlemen also occupied seats at the table1 but they were not engaged in writing4 ,these gentlemen1 apparently unoccupied1 wore massive gold watchchains and sparkling rings1 and they had a commanding and stern expression of countenance4 ,they were observing all who entered1 to see whether any man would be bold enough to vote the yellow ticket4 ,people of the humbler sort1 mechanics and laborers1 were constantly coming in and going out4 ,bowing reverently to the portly gentlemen1 they seated themselves and filled out green tickets with the names of the liberal candidates4 ,most of them did not even trouble themselves to this degree1 but simply laid their tickets before the penman appointed for this special service4 ,all went off in the best order4 ,the process of the election resembled the smooth working of an ingenious piece of machinery4 ,and there was no tongue there to denounce the infamous terrorism that had crushed the freedom of the election or had bought the votes of vile and venal men with beer4 ,seraphin stood with ,greifmann in the recess of a window looking on4 8,who are the fat men at the table80 inquired he4 8,the one with the very black beard is housebuilder ,sand1 the second is ,eisenhart1 machinebuilder1 the third is ,erdfloh1 a landowner1 the fourth and fifth are tobacco merchants4 ,all those gentlemen are chieftains of the party of progress40 8,they show it10 observed ,gerlach4 8,their looks1 in a manner1 command every man that comes in to take the green ticket1 and ,i imagine ,i can read on their brows3 #8,woe to him who dares vote against us4 ,he shall be under a ban1 and shall have neither employment nor bread4' ,it is unmitigated tyranny6 ,i imagine ,i see in those fat fellows so many cottonplanters voting their slaves40 8,that is a onesided conclusion1 my most esteemed10 rejoined the banker4 8,in country villages1 the position here assumed by the magnates of progress is filled by the lords of ultramontanism1 clerical gentlemen in cassocks1 who keep a sharp eye on the fingers of their parishioners4 ,this1 too1 is influencing40 8,but not constraining10 opposed the millionaire promptly4 8,the clergy exert a legitimate influence by convincing1 by advancing solid grounds for their political creed4 ,they never have recourse to compulsory measures1 nor dare they do so1 because it would be opposed to the ,gospel which they preach4 ,the autocrats of progress1 on the contrary1 do not hesitate about using threats and violence4 ,should a man refuse to bow to their dictates1 they cruelly deprive him of the means of subsistence4 ,this is not only inhuman1 but it is also an accursed scheme for making slaves of the people and robbing them of principle40 8,ah6 look yonder--there is ,holt40 ,the land cultivator had walked into the hall head erect4 ,he looked along the table and stood undecided4 ,one of the ministering spirits of progress soon fluttered about him1 offering him a green ticket4 ,holt glanced at it1 and a contemptuous smile spread over his face4 ,he next tore it to pieces1 which he threw on the floor4 8,what are you about80 asked the angel of progress reproachfully4 8,i have reduced ,shund and his colleagues to fragments10 answered ,holt dryly1 then approaching the commissary he demanded a yellow ticket4 8,glorious60 applauded ,gerlach4 8,i have half a mind to present this true ,german man with another thousand as a reward for his spirit40 ,the fat men had observed with astonishment the action of the land cultivator4 ,their astonishment turned to rage when ,holt1 leisurely seating himself at the table1 took a pen in his mighty fist and began filling out the ticket with the names of the ultramontane candidates4 ,whilst he wrote1 whisperings could be heard all through the hall1 and every eye was directed upon him4 ,after no inconsiderable exertion1 the task of filling out the ticket was successfully accomplished1 and ,holt arose1 leaving the ticket lying upon the table4 ,in the twinkling of an eye a hand reached forward to take it up4 8,what do you mean1 sir80 asked ,holt sternly4 8,that yellow paper defiles the table10 hissed the fellow viciously4 8,hand back that ticket10 commanded ,holt roughly4 8,i want it to be here4 ,the yellow ticket has as good a right on this table as the green one--do you hear me80 8,slave of the priests60 sputtered his antagonist4 8,if ,i am a slave of the priests1 then you are a slave of that villain ,shund10 retorted ,holt4 8,i am not to be browbeaten--by such a fellow as you particularly--least of all by a vile slave of ,shund's40 ,he spoke1 and then reached his ticket to the commissary4 8,that is an impudent dog10 growled leader ,sand4 8,who is he80 8,he is a countryman of the name of ,holt10 answered he to whom the query was addressed4 8,we must spot the boor10 said ,erdfloh4 8,his swaggering shall not avail him anything40 ,holt was not the only voter that proved refractory4 ,mr4 ,schwefel1 also1 had a disagreeable surprise4 ,he was standing near the entrance1 observing with great selfcomplacency how the workmen in his employ submissively cast their votes for ,shund and his associates4 ,schwefel regarded himself as of signal importance in the commonwealth1 for he controlled not less than four hundred votes1 and the side which it was his pleasure to favor could not fail of victory4 ,the head of the great leader seemed in a manner encircled with the halo of progress3 whilst his retainers passed and saluted him1 he experienced something akin to the pride of a fieldmarshal reviewing a column of his victorious army4 ,just then a spare little man appeared in the door4 ,his yellowish1 sickly complexion gave evidence that he was employed in the sulphurating of straw4 ,at sight of the commander the sulphurhued little man shrank back1 but his startled look did not escape the restless eye of ,mr4 ,schwefel4 ,he beckoned to the laborer4 8,have you selected your ticket1 ,leicht80 8,yes1 sir40 8,let me see the ticket40 ,the man obeyed reluctantly4 ,scarcely had ,schwefel got a glimpse of the paper when his brows gathered darkly4 8,what means this8 ,have you selected the yellow ticket and not the green one80 ,leicht hung his head4 ,he thought of the consequences of this detection1 of his four small children1 of want of employment1 of hunger and bitter need--he was almost beside himself4 8,if you vote for the priests1 you may get your bread from the priests10 said ,schwefel4 8,the moment you hand that ticket to the commissary1 you may consider yourself discharged from my employ40 ,with this he angrily turned his back upon the man4 ,leicht did not reach in his ticket to the commissary4 ,staggering out of the hall1 he stood bewildered near the railing of the steps1 and stared vaguely upon the men who were coming and going4 ,spitzkopf slipped up to him4 8,what were you thinking about1 man80 asked he reproachfully4 8,mr4 ,schwefel is furious--you are ruined4 ,sheer stupidity1 nothing but stupidity in you to wish to vote in opposition to the pleasure of the man from whom you get your bread and meat6 ,not only that1 but you have insulted the whole community1 for you have chosen to vote against progress when all the town is in favor of progress4 ,you will be put on the spotted list1 and the upshot will be that you will not get employment in any factory in town4 ,do you want to die of hunger1 man--do you want your children to die of hunger80 8,you are right--,i am ruined10 said the laborer listlessly4 8,i couldn't bring myself to write ,shund's name because he reduced my brotherinlaw to beggary--this is what made me select the yellow ticket40 8,you are a fool4 ,were ,mr4 ,schwefel to recommend the devil1 your duty would be to vote for the devil4 ,what need you care who is on the ticket8 ,you have only to write the names on the ticket--nothing more than that4 ,do you think progress would nominate men that are unfit--men who would not promote the interests of the state1 who would not further the cause of humanity1 civilization1 and liberty8 ,you are a fool for not voting for what is best for yourself40 8,i am sorry now1 but it's too late40 sighed ,leicht4 8,i wouldn't have thought1 either1 that ,mr4 ,schwefel would get angry because a man wanted to vote to the best of his judgment40 8,there you are prating sillily again4 ,best of your judgment6--you mustn't have any judgment4 ,leave it to others to judge2 they have more brains1 more sense1 more knowledge than you4 ,progress does the thinking3 our place is to blindly follow its directions40 8,but1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf1 mine is only the vote of a poor man2 and what matters such a vote80 8,there is your want of sense again4 ,we are living in a state that enjoys liberty4 ,we are living in an age of intelligence1 of moral advancement1 of civilization and knowledge1 in a word1 we are living in an age of progress2 and in an age of this sort the vote of a poor man is worth as much as that of a rich man40 8,if only ,i had it to do over6 ,i would give my right hand to have it to do over60 8,you can repair the mischief if you want40 8,instruct me how1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf2 please tell me how60 8,very well1 ,i will do my best4 ,as you acted from thoughtlessness and no bad intention1 doubtless ,mr4 ,schwefel will suffer himself to be propitiated4 ,go down into the court1 and wait till ,i come4 ,i shall get you another ticket2 you will then vote for progress1 and all will be satisfactory40 8,i am a thousand times obliged to you1 ,mr4 ,spitzkopf--a thousand times obliged60 ,the agent went back to the hall4 ,leicht descended to the courtyard1 where he found a ring of timid operators like himself surrounding the sturdy ,holt4 ,they were talking in an undertone4 ,as often as a progressionist drew near1 their conversation was hushed altogether4 ,holt's voice alone resounded loudly through the court1 and his huge strong hands were cutting the air in animated gesticulations4 8,this is not a free election2 it is one of compulsion and violence10 cried he4 8,every factoryman is compelled to vote as his employer dictates1 and should he refuse the employer discharges him from the work4 ,is not this most despicable tyranny6 ,and these very tyrants of progress are perpetually prating about liberty1 independence1 civilization6 ,that's a precious sort of liberty indeed60 8,a man belonging to the ultramontane party cannot walk the streets today without being hooted and insulted10 said another4 8,even up yonder in the hall1 those gentlemen who are considered so cultivated stick their heads together and laugh scornfully when one of us draws near40 8,that's so--that's so1 ,i have myself seen it10 cried ,holt4 8,those wellbred gentlemen show their teeth like ferocious dogs whenever they see a yellow ticket or an ultramontane4 ,i say1 ,leicht1 has anything happened you8 ,you look wretched60 ,leicht drew near and related what had occurred4 ,the honest ,holt's eyes gleamed like coals of fire4 8,there's another piece of tyranny for you10 cried he4 8,leicht1 my poor fellow1 ,i fancy ,i see in you a slave of ,schwefel's4 ,from dawn till late you are compelled to toil for the curmudgeon1 ,sundays not excepted4 ,your church is the factory1 your religion working in straw1 and your ,god is your sovereign master ,schwefel4 ,you are ruining your health amid the stench of brimstone1 and not so much as the liberty of voting as you think fit is allowed you4 ,it's just as ,i tell you--you factorymen are slaves4 ,how strangely things go on in the world6 ,in ,america slavery has been abolished2 but lo6 here in ,europe it is blooming as freshly as trees in the month of ,may4 ,but mark my word1 friends1 the fruit is deadly2 and when once it will have ripened1 the great ,god of heaven will shake it from the trees1 and the generation that planted the trees will have to eat the bitter fruit40 ,leicht shunned the society of the ultramontanes and stole away4 ,presently ,spitzkopf appeared with the ticket4 8,your ticket is filled out4 ,come and sign your name to it40 ,schwefel was again standing near the entrance1 and he again beckoned the laborer to approach4 8,i am pacified4 ,you may now continue working for me40 ,carl and ,seraphin returned to the ,palais ,greifmann4 ,louise received them with numerous questions4 ,the banker related what had passed2 ,gerlach strode restlessly through the apartment4 8,the most curious spectacle must have been yourself10 said the young lady4 8,just fancy you on the rostrum at the #8,key of ,heaven'6 ,and very likely the ungrateful ultramontanes would not so much as applaud40 8,beg pardon1 they did1 miss60 assured ,seraphin4 8,they applauded and cried bravo40 8,really8 ,then ,i am proud of a brother whose maiden speech produced such marvellous effects4 ,may be we shall read of it in the daily paper4 ,everybody will be surprised to hear of the banker ,greifmann making a speech at the #8,key of ,heaven4' 0 ,carl perceived the irony and stroked his forehead4 8,but what can you be pondering over1 ,mr4 ,seraphin80 cried she to him4 8,since returning from the turmoil of the election1 you seem unable to keep quiet40 ,he seated himself at her side1 and was soon under the spell of her magical attractions4 8,my head is dizzy and my brain confused10 said he4 8,on every hand ,i see nothing but revolt against moral obligation1 sacrilegious disregard of the most sacred rights of man4 ,the hubbub still resounds in my ears1 and my imagination still sees those fat men at the table with their slaveholder look--the white slaves doing their masters' bidding--the completest subjugation in an age of enlightenment--all this presents itself to me in the most repulsive and lamentable guise40 8,you must drive those horrible phantoms from your mind10 replied ,louise4 8,they are not phantoms1 but the most fearful reality40 8,they are phantoms1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 so far as your feelings exaggerate the evils4 ,those factory serfs have no reason to complain4 ,there is nothing to be done but to put up with a situation that has spontaneously developed itself4 ,it is useless to grow impatient because difference of rank between masters and servants is an unavoidable evil upon earth40 ,a servant entered to call them to dinner4 ,at her side he gradually became more cheerful4 ,the brightness of her eyes dispelled his depression1 and her delicate arts put a spell upon his young1 inexperienced heart4 ,and when1 at the end of the meal1 they were sipping delicious wine1 and her beautiful lips lisped the customary health1 the subdued tenderness he had been feeling suddenly expanded into a strong passion4 8,after you will have done justice to your diary10 said she at parting1 8we shall take a drive1 and then go to the opera40 ,instead of going to his room1 ,seraphin went into the garden4 ,he almost forgot the occurrences of the day in musing on the inexplicable behavior of ,louise4 ,again she had not uttered a word of condemnation of the execrable doings of progress1 and it grieved him deeply4 ,a suspicion flitted across his mind that perhaps ,louise was infected with the frivolous and pernicious spirit of the age1 but he immediately stifled the terrible suggestion as he would have hastened to crush a viper that he might have seen on the path of the beautiful lady4 ,he preferred to believe that she suppressed her feelings of disgust out of regard for his presence1 that she wisely avoided pouring oil upon the flames of his own indignation4 ,had she not exerted herself to dispel his sombre reflections8 ,he was thus espousing the side of passion against the appalling truth that was beginning faintly to dawn upon his anxious mind4 ,but soon the spell was to be broken1 and duty was to confront him with the alternative of either giving up ,louise1 or defying the stern demands of his conscience4 ,the brother and sister1 thinking their guest engaged with his diary1 walked into the garden4 ,they directed their steps towards the arbor where ,gerlach had seated himself4 ,he was only roused to consciousness of their proximity by the unusually loud and excited tone in which ,louise spoke4 ,he could not be mistaken2 it was the young lady's voice--but oh6 the import of her words4 ,he looked through an opening in the foliage1 and sat thunderstruck4 8,you have been attempting to guide ,gerlach's overexalted spirit into a more rational way of thinking1 but the very opposite seems to be the result4 ,intercourse with the son of a straitlaced mother is infecting you with sympathy for ultramontanism4 ,your speech today10 continued she caustically1 8in yon obscure meeting is the subject of the talk of the town4 ,i am afraid you have made yourself ridiculous in the minds of all cultivated people4 ,the respectability of our family has suffered40 8,of our family80 echoed he1 perplexed4 8,we are compromitted10 continued she with excitement4 8,you have given our enemies occasion to set us down for members of a party who stupidly oppose the onward march of civilization40 8,cease your philippic10 broke in the brother angrily4 8,bitterness is an unmerited return for my efforts to serve you40 8,to serve me80 8,yes1 to serve you4 ,the disturbing of that meeting made a very unfavorable impression on your intended4 ,he scorned the noisy mob1 and was roused by what1 from his point of view1 could not pass for anything better than unpardonable impudence4 ,to me it might have been a matter of indifference whether your intended was pleased or displeased with the fearless conduct of progress4 ,but as ,i knew both you and the family felt disposed to base the happiness of your life on his couple of millions1 as moreover ,i feared my silence might be interpreted by the shortsighted young gentleman for complicity in progressionist ideas1 ,i was forced to disown the disorderly proceeding4 ,in so doing ,i have not derogated one iota from the spirit of the times2 on the contrary1 ,i have bound a heavy wreath about the brow of glorious humanity40 8,but you have pardoned yourself too easily10 proceeded she1 unappeased4 8,the very first word uttered by a ,greifmann in that benighted assembly was a stain on the fair fame of our family4 ,we shall be an object of contempt in every circle4 #8,the ,greifmanns have turned ultramontanes because ,gerlach would have refused the young lady's hand had they not changed their creed1' is what will be prated in society4 ,a flood of derision and sarcasm will be let loose upon us4 ,i an ultramontane80 cried she1 growing more fierce2 8,i caught in the meshes of religious fanaticism8 ,i accept the ,syllabus--believe in the ,prophet of ,nazareth8 ,oh6 ,i could sink into the earth on account of this disgrace6 ,did ,i for an instant doubt that ,seraphin may be redeemed from superstition and fanaticism1 ,i would renounce my union with him--,i would spurn the tempting enjoyments of wealth1 so much do ,i hate silly credulity40 ,seraphin glanced at her through the gap in the foliage4 ,not six paces from him1 with her face turned in his direction1 stood the infuriate beauty4 ,how changed her countenance6 ,the features1 habitually so delicate and bright1 now looked absolutely hideous1 the brows were fiercely knit1 and hatred poured like streams of fire from her eyes4 ,sentiments hitherto skilfully concealed had taken visible shape1 ugly and repulsive to the view of the innocent youth4 ,his noble spirit revolted at so much hypocrisy and falsehood4 ,what occurred before him was at once so monstrous and so overwhelming that he did not for an instant consider that in case they entered the arbor he would be discovered4 ,he was not discovered1 however4 ,louise and ,carl retraced their steps4 ,for a short while the voice of ,louise was still audible1 then silence reigned in the garden4 ,seraphin rose from his seat4 ,there was a sad earnestness in his face1 and the vanishing traces of deep pain1 which however were soon superseded by a noble indignation4 8,i have beheld the genuine ,louise1 and ,i thank ,god for it4 ,it is as ,i feared1 ,louise is a progressionist1 an infidel that considers it disgraceful to believe in the ,redeemer4 ,out upon such degeneracy6 ,she hates light1 and how hideous this hatred makes her4 ,not a feature was left of the charming1 smiling1 winning ,louise4 ,good ,god6 how horrible had her real character remained unknown until after we were married6 ,chained for life to the bitter enemy of everything that ,i hold dear and venerate as holy--think of it6 ,with eyes bandaged1 ,i was but two paces from an abyss that resembles hell--thank ,god6 the bandage has fallen--,i see the abyss1 and shudder4 8 #8,the ultramontane ,seraphin'--#8the fanatical ,gerlach'--#8the shortsighted ,gerlach1' whose fortune the young lady covets that she may pass her life in enjoyment--a heartless girl1 in whom there is not a spark of love for her intended husband--how base6 8 #8,ultramontane'8--#8fanatical'8--yes6 #8,shortsighted8' by no means4 ,one would need the suspicious eyes of progress to see through the hypocrisy of this lady and her brother--a simple1 trusting spirit like mine cannot penetrate such darkness4 ,at any rate1 they shall not find me weak4 ,the little flame that was beginning to burn within my heart has been for ever extinguished by her unhallowed lips4 ,she might now present herself in the garb of an angel1 and muster up every seductive art of womanhood1 'twould not avail2 ,i have had an insight into her real character1 and giving her up costs me not a pang4 ,it is not hollow appearances that determine the worth of woman1 but moral excellence1 beautiful virtues springing from a heart vivified by faith4 ,no1 giving her up shall not cost me one regretful throb40 ,he hastened from the garden to his room and rang the bell4 8,pack my trunks this very day1 ,john10 said he to his servant4 8,tomorrow we shall be off40 ,he then entered in his diary a circumstantial account of the unmasked beauty4 ,he also dwelt at length upon the painful shock his heart experienced when the bright and beautiful creature he had considered ,louise to be suddenly vanished before his soul4 ,as he was finishing the last line1 ,john reappeared with a telegraphic despatch4 ,he read it1 and was stunned4 8,meet your father at the train this evening40 ,he looked at the concise despatch1 and fancied he saw his father's stern and threatening countenance4 ,the contemplated match had for several years been regarded by the families of ,gerlach and ,greifmann as a fixed fact4 ,seraphin was aware how stubbornly his father adhered to a project that he had once set his mind upon4 ,here now1 just as the union had became impossible and as the youth was about to free himself for ever from an engagement that was destructive of his happiness1 the uncompromising sire had to appear to enforce unconditional obedience to his will4 ,a fearful contest awaited ,seraphin1 unequal and painful2 for a son1 accustomed from childhood to revere and obey his parents1 was to maintain this contest against his own father4 ,seraphin paced the room and wrung his hands in anguish4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,virgin4 ,mother6 whose virgin bosom was uncrost ,with the least shade of thought to sin allied3 ,woman6 above all women glorified1 ,our tainted nature's solitary boast2 ,purer than foam on central ocean tost1 ,brighter than eastern skies at daybreak strewn ,with fancied roses1 than the unblemished moon ,before her vane begins on heaven's blue coast1 ,thy image falls to earth4 ,yet some1 ,i ween1 ,not unforgiven1 the suppliant knee might bend1 ,as to a visible power1 in which did blend ,all that was mixed and reconciled in thee ,of mother's love with maiden purity1 ,of high and low1 celestial with terrene4--,wordsworth4 ,the ,homeless ,poor ,of ,new ,york ,city4 ,in this class1 the homeless poor1 we embrace all those who have no fixed habitation--who have no idea in the morning where they will obtain shelter for their weary bodies during the coming night4 ,we find here every age represented--from the infant in the mother's arms1 through the rapid stages of development 7as it is well known that pain and hunger have a wonderful effect in maturing infant humanity71 to the aged1 tottering towards the grave1 only waiting for their summons to cross over the river of time2 looking with yearning eyes towards the ,home prepared for them on the shore of eternity4 ,it is impossible to estimate the number of this class1 as we have no statistics to guide us1 but it is supposed that there are about forty thousand vagrant children alone in this metropolis4 ,from this frightful number of infant waifs we may judge of the amount of misery and destitution in our midst--hidden from view behind our imposing marble warehouses and stately brownstone mansions4 ,we have been informed by a reliable police official that there are a large number of poor widows1 whose husbands died in the service of our country during the late war1 in a most destitute condition in this city1 and that they frequently bring their children with them and apply for shelter at the stationhouses4 ,they attempt to eke out a miserable livelihood by sewing1 and when this fails them they are obliged to go 7in this ,christian city7 to the abodes of crime1 to avoid the inclemency of the winter nights4 ,few persons can form an idea of the struggles1 the privations1 and the daily sufferings of lone women who earn their daily bread by the use of the needle4 ,if the fine ladies who adorn themselves in costly robes could go behind the scenes after they have left their orders at the elegant shops of the dressmakers2 could they see their delicate fabrics taken home by the poor sewingwomen2 see the weary forms bent over their work in the cheerless tenementhouses1 each stitch accompanied by a painful throb of heart and brain as the night wears on and the solitary candle burns low2 the famishing child as he tosses and turns on his bundle of rags1 murmuring1 8,bread1 mother1 bread60--ay6 if the beaming eyes of the votaries of fashion could by some magic power see on their rustling silks1 their costly linen1 their beautiful lace1 the imprint of the gaunt1 lean fingers of the poor sewingwomen2 could the tears that trickled down the worn cheeks crystallize where they have fallen2 could the sighs which welled up from the overburdened heart strike with their low wailing sound on the ears of these worldlings--they would be filled with a larger sense of duty to their fellowcreatures1 a greater desire to follow the golden motto1 8,do unto others as ye would that others should do unto you40 ,there is an official apathy to the condition of the extreme poor which1 with the ballot placed in the hands of every man1 has already produced baneful results to the wellbeing of the ,republic1 and must eventually1 if not remedied1 act detrimentally to its safety4 ,if an unfortunate wretch1 clad in tattered garments1 pass through our streets or loiter near our homes1 he is at once eyed suspiciously--to wear the habiliments of poverty is evidence sufficient that the black heart of a criminal is enclosed within4 ,it is true that promiscuous charity may do great harm1 but it is surely the correct policy for a government1 while it judiciously supplies the immediate wants of its poor classes with one hand1 to open the avenues to employment with the other2 thus teaching them the lesson impressed upon our first parents as they were banished from the ,garden of ,eden--that man must earn his daily bread by the sweat of his brow4 ,we have already said that it is computed by wellinformed persons that we have in our midst some forty thousand vagrant children4 ,let us glance for a moment at their condition1 and what is being done for them4 ,it is difficult for any one to conceive the deplorable condition of these homeless children without personal observation4 ,they tread the paths leading to moral destruction with such rapidity that hundreds of them are confirmed thieves and drunkards before they reach the age of twelve years4 ,the day is passed in pilfering1 and at night they sleep in some outof theway place--under doorsteps1 in wagons1 or wherever they can store their diminutive forms4 ,some time since1 a regularly organized band of boys were discovered to have constructed a shelter under one of the piers2 and here they congregated at night1 each bringing in his booty stolen during the day4 ,a few days since1 during a visit to one of the mission houses of this city1 the lady in charge pointed out to us a little girl1 not more than nine years old1 telling us that she never came to the house without being more or less under the influence of liquor1 and a glance at the bloated features and nervous1 trembling hands showed conclusively that it was her habitual condition4 ,we understand that there are fiends in the shape of men and women in this city who will sell such children a penny's worth of rum4 ,some persons have argued that these children are from bad parents1 and under any circumstances1 no matter how favorable1 would be corrupt4 ,such an opinion is a libel on ,god and human nature4 ,a certain proclivity to vice may be transmitted in the blood1 but freewill remains in the most degenerate1 and is sufficient1 with the aid of a good education and the grace of ,god1 to overcome this obstacle to virtue4 ,we know well the plastic nature of childhood1 and1 if educated from the first to honesty1 morality1 and sobriety1 it will indeed be found a rare exception in which the developed man will not possess these virtues1 and prove an honor to himself and society4 ,but if the first lisp of the infant repeats an oath which is used more frequently than any other word by the debased mother1 or if1 as is the case with many1 as soon as the babe can walk alone it is taught the art of begging and stealing1 what can we look for in the same child simply developed to manhood8 ,are you surprised that he makes a thief8 ,he has never been taught anything else1 and he naturally looks upon the law as something that interferes with the right to take anything he desires1 if he can only do so without being detected4 ,would you look for pure water from a stream whose bed is covered with filthy slime1 and whose banks are the receptacle of disgusting1 decomposed offal8 ,surely you would not drink of such1 no matter how pure you knew the gurgling springs to be high up on the mountainside from whence it received its supply4 ,look at a babe as it is blessed with the first gleam of reason--its ability to notice things about it4 ,is there anything in the bright black eye to indicate the future cunning of the burglar8 ,do the rosy lips1 wreathed in angel smiles1 look as if they were fashioned to utter foul oaths and blasphemies8 ,and the little chubby hands clasped in baby glee around the mother's neck1 could they1 by a natural instinct1 ever be turned in brutal wrath against that selfsame mother8 ,reason answers ,no to all these questions2 and we argue that such vices are developed principally by education and example4 ,take this for granted1 and1 if we do nothing to save the child from such education1 what right have we to imprison the developed man for acting upon the only doctrine he has ever been taught8 ,or a better view of the subject is3 ,would it not be the dictate of a sound political economy to take these children from the streets1 and teach them some useful trade or pursuit1 giving them1 at the same time1 the fundamental principles of ,christianity1 without which society is a tottering fabric1 minus its very foundation8 ,do this1 and we make producers out of the very men and women who will otherwise become consumers upon the state in the common prisons4 ,in several parishes of this city benevolent efforts are being made to rescue these children1 but1 so far as we can learn1 the only institutions established where they are regularly taken care of and kept permanently are the following3 8,the ,five ,points ,house of ,industry10 8,the ,five ,points ,mission,house10 8,the ,howard ,mission02 and last1 but we hope soon to be first in its widespread influence over these little creatures1 is the one established some two years ago1 and now located in ,east ,thirteenth ,street4 ,this is managed by certain charitable ,catholic ladies1 and called 8,an ,association for ,befriending ,children40 ,as most of the poor children on the ,island are1 or should be1 ,catholics1 it is but just that the last mentioned should receive support and countenance from every ,catholic in the city able to assist it1 and thus enable the lady managers in a short time to erect branch homes in every parish on the ,island4 ,but come with us1 dear reader1 and let us look for ourselves at the condition of those who take advantage of the hospitality of the station houses4 ,think for a moment that in #ahfb there were seventy thousand nine hundred and thirtyeight lodgers1 while #ahga presents the fearfully increased number of one hundred and fortyone thousand seven hundred and eighty who sought this shelter4 ,oh6 that this number 7equal nearly to one sixth of the population of this vast metropolis71 with its fearful weight of destitution and misery1 suffering and despair1 could be placed in burning letters upon the minds of those able1 even without discommoding themselves1 to relieve it6 ,let us go back to midwinter4 ,a blinding snowstorm is wrapping the earth in a white mantle1 and it is after midnight1 but these are only better reasons for our undertaking1 as they secure us increased opportunity to see the phase of suffering we seek2 for surely in a night like this the shelter of any roof is a luxury compared to the exposure of the street4 ,let us stop first at the ,fifteenth ,precinct3 we ask the sergeant at the desk for the presiding officer1 and we are at once shown to the captain's room4 ,he reads the note from headquarters giving us the entre1 and informs us that he will give us any information we desire4 ,we request him to show us the quarters of the night lodgers4 ,he leads us through a rear door into the yard1 and here we find a second building1 two stories high1 built of brick and stone4 ,the lower story is cut up into cells1 with iron crossbarred doors1 for prisoners2 and the upper is divided into two rooms--one devoted to the female1 and the other to male1 lodgers4 ,the heavy granite stone forming a roof to the cells is also the floor of the upper rooms4 ,as we make an inspection of the prison1 we ask the captain what he thinks of this connection of homeless vagrants with prisoners8 ,he promptly replies that it is most unfortunate1 and should not be allowed1 and with great kindness of heart says he would be willing to take care of a house in his precinct for any number of lodgers1 if allowed to do so4 ,he tells us that he does everything to alleviate the condition of these paupers he can2 that1 if a particularly distressing case presents itself1 he allows the doorman to give the party a cell in the prison1 that this is far more comfortable than the rooms above4 ,think of this1 you who at night rest your heads on pillows of down and wrap your bodies in fine rose blankets2 think of beings so unfortunate that a prisoner's cell1 with the clanking ironbarred door1 is looked upon as a special favor6 ,but let us ascend to the upper story4 ,the door to the male apartment is opened1 and the picture is before us4 ,the ceiling is lofty1 and a large ventilator opens to the roof from its centre1 but where is the stone floor8 ,it cannot be seen1 so densely is it packed with outcast humanity4 ,we can think of no other comparison but the way we have seen sardines packed in little tin boxes4 ,glance at this first row3 here is an old ,german1 next what looks to be a countryman1 then three negroes1 so black that they might have just arrived from the burning climate of ,africa1 then three ,arabs1 and in the distant corner more white men4 ,the other rows are but copies of this1 differing only in color or nationality1 and such a heterogeneous mass of humanity1 made common bedfellows by want1 it would be impossible to find4 ,around the wall are placed iron frames1 about one foot high1 and in these fit plain boards1 painted black2 but here1 again1 none of this can be seen1 the human flooring covers all4 ,think of this apartment1 with seventyfour men1 of every description1 from the octogenarian leaning over the brink of the grave1 to the young boy seventeen or eighteen years old4 ,every clime has a representative2 and in the vast group every variety of shade and color possessed by the human family can be seen4 ,opening the door to the female apartment1 we find it occupied by a much smaller number2 and we can see better the arrangement of the floor4 ,the iron frames with their board covering extend from each wall towards the centre about six feet1 leaving a space in the middle of the room as a passway4 ,the same variety in color1 age1 and nationality is visible4 ,look at the different expressions of countenance--how replete with sadness1 misfortune1 degradation1 and misery6 ,these lodgers are divided into three classes3 the first are officially known as bummers2 they are generally inebriates and worthless idlers1 the drones of the hive1 who make the stationhouses their permanent lodgingplaces1 going night after night to different ones1 thus distributing their patronage to a large number2 but in spite of this the wary eye of the policeman soon recognizes them as belonging to this class4 ,the second are those who by misfortune are obliged to seek this temporary shelter4 ,here are poor women1 with their young children1 forced out of their homes at night by drunken husbands2 single persons1 temporarily unable to obtain employment2 here also you find those whose lives have been failures1 whose every effort to succeed has proved abortive1 who have been held down to the world's hard grindstone by the iron grasp of poverty4 ,the third class embraces those who have homes in the rural districts1 and other poor strangers1 who are by accident left in the city for the night4 ,having completed our survey here1 let us look in for a few moments at the ,eighth ,precinct4 ,we find the captain obliging in his politeness1 and we ask at once to be permitted to see the night lodgers4 ,about the centre of the building a door opens1 leading by a common stairway to the basement below4 ,a fearful and sickening odor greets us as we pass down1 and this1 the captain informs us1 permeates every part of the building1 to the great detriment of his officers4 ,he also tells us that his accommodations for wayfarers are very poor2 that he is obliged to put them in two small rooms in the basement1 which are close and unhealthy4 ,we find this statement correct1 the floor upon which the lodgers rest being about four feet below the street level2 the ceiling is also very low1 and the ventilation extremely imperfect4 ,the only light in the apartment is from a small oil lamp1 and its sickly flame seems to add intensity to the aspect of the miserable surroundings4 ,look at that old man with long white beard and tattered garments1 the first in the row near the entrance4 ,there lingers still a look of dignity about his fine face1 but his whole appearance denotes the victim of intemperance4 ,see that young boy with his chest exposed1 the third from the old man4 ,he has never known his parents4 ,picked up in the streets when a babe by an old crone1 he has been tossed about ever since with the vilest scum of metropolitan society4 ,he is sixteen1 but can count for you the number of dinners he has had in all those years1 the number of times he has slept in a comfortable bed1 ay1 even the number of kind words that have been spoken to him6 ,what can be expected from the future of such children1 cradled in a den for the punishment of crime while yet the snowy innocence of babyhood is untarnished1 the only lullaby the coarse jest1 rude repartee1 and foul oaths of the outcasts who surround them8 ,the curses and impotent railings against a fate for which generally each is individually to blame1 and the bitter invective against their more fortunate fellowbeings1 form a sad school in which to nurture pliable minds4 ,but enough2 the foul air of this basement oppresses us1 and we gladly make our way to the outer world4 ,in the large cities of ,europe1 there are refuges established for this class on the following simple plan3 ,an airy1 comfortable1 and well ventilated room is procured1 and fitted up with plain bedsteads and bedding1 the latter of such materials as are easily washed4 ,the next thing of importance is to provide means for bathing1 and to require every person admitted to make use of these means before retiring to rest4 ,it is also the custom to give the lodgers when they come in1 and again in the morning when they leave1 a large basin of gruel and a halfpound of bread4 ,the cost of such hospitality here would not exceed fifteen cents per night1 and not as much as this if these houses were under the care of a religious community1 saving by this the salaries of matrons and other employees1 and at the same time ensuring the order always produced by the presence of disciplined authority4 ,there should be separate houses for males and females1 and each could be cared for by persons of their own sex2 but all such institutions would require supervision by the police1 as some unruly characters must be expected in a promiscuous crowd of vagrants4 ,the night refuges of ,london for women and children1 established by ,catholics1 are under the care of the ,sisters of ,mercy1 and are most admirably conducted4 ,the order and docility of the lodgers is said to be remarkable under the gentle sway of these ladies4 ,those in ,montreal and ,quebec are in charge of the ,gray ,nuns4 ,it would not require a large number of these lodginghouses for the relief of our city1 but they should be located with regard to the density of population in given districts4 ,four or five for each sex1 with proper accommodations1 would be amply sufficient1 as the total number of lodgers in the most inclement nights would hardly reach one thousand4 ,it is difficult to estimate the advantage to society as well as to the poor these homes would prove4 ,in erecting them we should strike at the very foundation of the great social evil1 and save hundreds of young women--strangers and unfortunates out of employment--from the snares set for their ruin in their lonely wanderings at night in search of shelter4 8,there is near another river flowing1 ,black with guilt1 and deep as hell and sin2 ,on its brink even sinners stand and shudder1 ,cold and hunger goad the homeless in40 --,procter4 ,as the station lodgings now are1 they form an incentive to the class known as bummers to avoid work4 ,these people know there are thirty station houses1 and by frequent changes they manage to pass the year through without drawing marked attention at any one place4 ,this class is composed of low thieves1 drunkards1 and beggars4 ,if but few lodgingplaces existed1 they would soon become well known1 and could then be committed to the workhouse4 ,a sojourn for them on the 8island of penance0 in the ,east ,river would result in a marked decrease in the thieving constantly carried on about our wharves and private dwellings4 ,in erecting these night homes1 either by charity or legislative enactments1 we should save our city from a burning disgrace1 and give hopes of respectability to many a weary soul beaten down to the dust by the undeserved humiliations which link misfortune with crime4 ,as a charitable investment1 these homes would prove a wise economy1 as they would permit the truly unfortunate to be properly cared for1 which is impossible at present4 ,they would throw a safeguard around the morals of homeless young women by giving them shelter with persons of their own sex1 who could protect1 sympathize with1 and advise them4 ,they would assist in detecting those who live by swindling their hardworking neighbors4 ,lastly and most important1 they would separate the children of poverty from the abodes of crime4 ,,note4--,the foregoing article is the substance of a lecture delivered by ,dr4 ,raborg before the ,catholic ,institute connected with the parish of ,s4 ,paul the ,apostle in this city4 ,its suggestions are so apropos to the present season that we have deemed them worthy of reproduction in this permanent form4 ,we desire also to state that the lecture had the effect of inducing several philanthropic ladies and gentlemen to visit the station houses and make a personal examination themselves1 the result of which was a rather extended article in ,frank ,leslie's ,newspaper of ,march #b1 #ahgb1 embracing some passages from the lecture1 and accompanied by a clever illustration4 ,the sectarian institutions for vagrant children having been alluded to1 and certain former allusions to the same in this magazine having been misunderstood1 we think it necessary to make a remark here in explanation4 ,we must admit and praise the philanthropic motive which sustains these institutions4 ,at the same time1 we regard them as really nuisances of the worst kind1 so far as ,catholic children are concerned1 on account of their proselytizing character4 ,moreover1 in their actual working they violate the rights both of parents and children1 and we have evidence that these poor children are actually sold at the ,west1 both by private sale and by auction4 ,the horrible abuses existing in some state institutions are partly known to the public1 and we have the means of disclosing even worse things than those which have recently been exposed in the daily papers4 ,we trust1 therefore1 that the eloquent appeal of the author of the article will produce its effect upon all our ,catholic readers1 and stimulate them to greater efforts in behalf of these poor children4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,the ,house ,that ,jack ,built4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 ,in ,two ,parts4 ,part ,i4 ,it stood in one of the wildest spots in ,new ,england1 surrounded by woods1 a 8frame house0 in a region of loghouses1 and1 as such1 in spite of defects1 a touch beyond the most complete edifice that could be shaped of logs4 ,the defects were not few4 ,the walls were slightly out of the perpendicular1 there were strips of board instead of clapboards and shingles1 the immense stone chimney in the centre gave the house the appearance of being an afterthought1 and the two windows that looked down toward the road squinted4 ,yes1 a most absurd little house1 with all sorts of blunders in the making of it1 but1 for all that1 a house with a worth of its own4 ,for ,jack ,maynard had put the frame together with his own unassisted hands1 had raised it with but two men to help him1 and had finished it off alone4 ,and round about the work1 and through and over it1 while his hands built visibly1 his fancy also built airy habitations1 fair and plumb1 and changed all the landscape4 ,before this fairy wand1 the forest sank1 broad roads unwound1 there was a sprinkle of white houses through the green country1 like a sprinkle of snow in ,june2 and in place of this rustic nest rose a fair mansionhouse1 with a comely matron standing in the door1 and rosy children playing about4 ,at this climax of his castlebuilding ,jack ,maynard caught breath1 and1 coming back to the present1 found himself halfway up a ladder1 with a hammer suspended in his hand1 the wild forest swarming with game all about him1 and the matron of his vision still ,miss ,bessie ,ware1 spinster4 ,jack laughed4 8,so much the better60 he exclaimed1 and brought his hammer down with such force1 laughing as he struck1 that the nail under it bent up double and broke in two1 the head half falling to the ground1 the point half flattened lengthwise into the board1 making a fragment of rustic buhlwork4 8,there's a nail driven into the future10 said the builder1 and selected another1 and struck with better aim this time1 so that the little spike went straight through the board1 and pierced an oaken timber1 and held the two firmly together1 and thus did its work in the present4 8,well done60 said ,jack2 8you have gone through fifty summers in less than a minute40 ,the startled woods rang to every blow1 the fox and the deer fled at that tocsin of civilization1 and the snake slid away1 and set the green grass crawling with its hidden windings4 ,only one living creature1 besides the builder1 seemed happy and unafraid1 and that was a brownandwhite spaniel that dozed in the shadow of the rising walls1 stirring only when his master whistled or spoke to him4 8,wake up1 ,bruno1 and tell me how this suits your eyes10 ,jack would call out4 ,whereat ,bruno would lift his lids lazily1 show a narrow line of his bright brown eyes1 give his tail a slow1 laborious wag1 and subside to his dreams again1 and ,jack would go on with his work4 ,it seemed to be his heart1 rather than the hammer1 that drove the nails in2 and every timber1 board1 latch1 and hinge caught a momentary life from his hands1 and learned his story from some telegraphing pulse4 ,the very stones of the chimney knew that ,john ,maynard and ,bessie ,ware were to be married as soon as the house should be ready for them4 ,there was not a dwelling in sight2 but half a mile further down the road toward the nearest town1 there was an odd1 double loghouse1 wherein lived ,dennis ,moran and his ,norah1 three little girls1 and ,bessie ,ware1 ,dennis ,moran's sister's child4 ,jack paused in his work1 took off his straw hat to wipe away the perspiration from his face and toss his hair back1 first hanging on a round of the ladder just above him the hammer that had driven a nail through fifty summers4 ,as he put his hat on again1 he glanced downward1 and there1 at the foot of the ladder1 stood twenty summers1 looking up at him out of a face as fair as summers ever formed4 ,the appleblooms had given it their pink and white1 the ,june heavens were not bluer than those eyes1 so oddly full of laughter and languor4 ,the deepest nook under a low growing spruce1 nor shadow in vinedraped cave1 nor hollow in a thunder cloud1 ever held richer darkness than that hidden in the loose curls and waves of hair that fell about ,bessie ,ware's shoulders4 ,no part of the charm of her presence was due to her dress1 save an air of fresh neatness4 ,a large apron1 gathered up by the corners1 was full of fragrant arborvit boughs1 gathered to make a broom of4 ,the large parasol1 tilted back that she might look upward1 allowed a sunbeam to fall on her forehead4 8,oh6 what a tall pink has grown up since ,i came here60 exclaimed the builder1 as he saw her4 8,and what a great bear has climbed on to my ladder10 retorted the girl4 ,he came down from the ladder and began to tell her his plans4 8,bessie1 ,i mean this shall be yet one of the best farms in the state4 ,on that hill ,i will have corn and clover2 there shall be an orchard in the hollow next to it1 with peachtrees on the south side of the little rise2 and ,i will plant cranberries in the swamp beyond4 ,in ten years from now1 if a man should leave here today1 he wouldn't know the place40 ,bessie smiled at the magician who was to work such wonders--never doubting but he would--then glanced about at the scene of his exploits4 ,sombre1 bluegreen pines brooded over the hill that was one day to be pink with clover1 or rustling with corn2 oaks1 elms1 maples1 birches1 and a great tangle of undergrowth1 with rocks and moss1 cumbered the ground where peaches were to ripen their dusky cheeks1 when ,jack should bid them grow1 and large1 green1 and redstreaked and yellow apples were to drop through the still1 bright1 autumn air2 and she knew that the future cranberry swamp now stood thick and dark with beautiful arborvit trees1 whose high piled1 flaky boughs1 tapering to a point far up in the sunshine1 kept cool and dim the little pools of water below1 and the black mould in which their strong roots stretched out and interwove4 ,but ,jack could do anything when he set out1 and her faith in him was so great that she could shut her eyes now and see the open swamp matted over with cranberryvines1 and hear the cornstalks clash their green swords in the fretting breeze1 and the muffled bump of the ripe apple as it fell on the grass4 ,after a while1 ,bessie started to go1 but came back again4 8,i forgot10 she said1 and gave her lover a book that had been hidden under the boughs in her apron4 8,a bookpedlar stopped at our house last night1 and he left this4 ,uncle ,dennis doesn't want it1 and ,i do not4 ,perhaps you can make some sense out of it40 ,it was a secondhand copy of ,comstock's ,natural ,philosophy1 for schools1 and was scribbled through and through by the student who had used it1 years before4 ,jack took the book4 8,and that reminds me of your whitefaced boarder10 he said1 with a slight laugh4 8,is he up yet80 8,oh6 he gets up earlier than any of us10 she answered lightly4 8,he doesn't act cityfied at all4 ,and you know1 ,jack1 the reason why he is white is because he has been sick4 ,goodbye6 ,aunt ,norah will want her broom before she gets it40 ,bessie struck into the woods instead of going down to the road1 and was soon lost to view4 ,standing beside her little house1 she had looked a tall1 fairlyformed lassie2 but with the great trunks of primeval forest trees standing about her1 and lifting their green pyramids and cones far into the air1 she appeared slim and small enough for a fairy4 ,even the birds1 chippering about full of business1 seemed to flout her1 as if she were of small consequence--not worth flying from4 ,she laughed at them1 and whispered what she did not dare to say aloud3 8,other people besides you can build nests60 then looked quickly around to see if any listener were in sight4 ,there was a slight1 rustling sound1 and an eavesdropping squirrel scampered up a tree and peered down with twinkling eyes from a safe height4 ,she was just throwing one of the green twigs in her apron at him1 when she heard her name spoken1 and turned quickly to meet a pleasant faced young man1 who approached from an opposite direction4 ,this was the whitefaced boarder who had left the city to find health in this wild place4 ,the two walked on together1 ,bessie as shy as any creature of the woods1 and her companion both pleased and amused at her shyness1 and trying to draw her out4 ,to his questioning1 she told her little story4 ,her mother was ,dennis ,moran's youngest sister1 her father had been a colorsergeant in the ,english army4 ,there had been other children1 all younger than she1 but all had died1 some in one country1 some in another4 ,for ,sergeant ,ware's family had followed the army1 and seen many lands4 8,i am an ,east ,indian10 ,bessie said navely4 8,i was born at ,calcutta4 ,the others were born in ,malta1 in ,england1 and in ,ireland4 ,it didn't agree with them travelling about from hot to cold4 ,my father died at ,gibraltar1 and my mother died while she was bringing me to ,uncle ,dennis ,moran's4 ,may ,god be merciful to them all60 ,mr4 ,james ,keene had heard this pious ejaculation many a time before from the lips of humble ,catholics1 and had found nothing in it to admire4 ,but now1 the thought struck him that this constant prayer for mercy on the dead1 whenever their names were mentioned1 was a beautiful superstition4 ,of course he thought it a superstition1 for he was a ,new ,england ,protestant of the most liberal sort--that is1 he protested against being obliged to believe anything4 ,they reached the house1 near which ,dennis ,moran and his wife stood watching complacently a brood of new chickens taking their first airing4 ,the young gentleman joined them1 and listened with interest to the farm talk of his host4 ,what had set ,dennis ,moran1 one of the most rigid of ,catholics1 in a solitude where he saw none of his own country nor faith1 and where no priest ever came1 he professed himself unable to explain4 8,i'm like a fly caught in a spider's web1 sir10 he said4 8,when ,norah and ,i came over1 and ,i didn't just know what to do1 except that ,i wanted to have a farm of my own some day1 ,i hired out to do haying for ,john ,smith's wife--,john had died the very week he began to cut his grass1 and ,norah she helped ,mrs4 ,smith make butter4 ,then they wanted me to get in the crops1 and after that ,i had a chance to go into the woods logging4 ,when ,i came out of the woods1 ,mrs4 ,smith wanted me to plough and plant for her4 ,and one thing led to another1 and there was always something to keep me4 ,norah had a young one1 and ,bessie came--a young witch1 ten years old10 said ,dennis1 pulling his niece's hair1 as she stood beside him4 8,so ,i had to take a house4 ,and the long and short of the matter is1 that ,i've been here going on ten years1 when ,i didn't mean to stay ten weeks4 ,but ,i shall pull up stakes pretty soon1 sir10 says ,dennis1 straightening up4 8,i don't mean to stay where ,i have to go twenty miles to attend to my ,easter duties1 and where my children are growing up little better than ,protestants 7he called it ,prodestant74 ,i'm pretty sure to move next fall1 sir40 ,at this announcement1 ,mrs4 ,norah tossed up her head and uttered an unspellable1 guttural 8,oh60 brought from the old land1 and preserved unadulterated among the nasalspeaking ,yankees4 8,we hear ducks60 ,whatever might be the meaning and derivation of this remark1 the drift of it was evidently depreciatory1 and it had the effect of putting an end to her husband's eloquence4 ,doubtless1 ,mrs4 ,moran had heard such announcements made before4 ,bessie stole a little hand under her uncle's arm1 and smiled into his face1 and told him that she had given ,jack the book1 and soon made him forget his mortification4 ,she knew that he was sometimes boastful1 and that the great things he was constantly prophesying of himself never came to pass2 but she knew also that he had a kind heart1 and it hurt her to see him hurt4 ,that same book1 which the girl mentioned merely to divert attention1 was to be a matter of more consequence to her than she dreamed4 ,it was more important than the weddingdress and the weddingcake1 which occupied so much of her thoughts--more important than the jealous interference of ,jack's mother1 who did not like ,bessie's foreign blood and religion1 though she did like ,bessie--more important than even her ,uncle ,dennis' actual flitting1 when fall came--all which we pass by4 ,only one thing in her life then was of more consequence than that old schoolbook1 which the pedler left because no one would buy it1 and that was the earnest and sorrowing advice of good old ,father ,conners when1 against his will1 he united her to a ,protestant4 ,john ,maynard said later1 that before he read that book he was like a beet before it is pulled out of the ground1 when it doesn't know but it is a turnip1 and firmly believes that it is growing upward instead of downward1 and that those waving leaves of its own1 which it feels1 but sees not1 exist in some outer void where nothing is1 and that angleworms are the largest of locomotive creatures4 ,it is doubtful if the artistic faculty is any more a special gift in the fine than in the useful arts1 or if he who creates ideal forms1 in order to breathe into them the breath of such life as is in him1 is more enthusiastic in his work1 or more fascinated by it1 than he who1 taking captive the powers of nature1 binds them to do his will4 ,this enthusiastic recognition of the work to which nature had appointed him1 ,john ,maynard felt from the moment when he first knew that a crowbar is a lever4 ,he read that book that ,bessie gave him with interest1 then with avidity1 and1 having read1 all the power latent in that wide brow of his waked up1 and demanded knowledge4 ,he got other and more complete works on mechanics and studied them in his leisure hours1 he made experiments1 he examined every piece of mechanism that came in his way4 ,coming home one ,sunday from a meeting which she had walked six miles to attend1 ,mrs4 ,maynard1 senior1 was horrified to find that her son had paid her a visit during her absence for the sole purpose of picking in pieces her precious ,connecticut clock4 ,there lay its speechless fragments spread out on the table1 while the yawning frame leaned against the wall4 ,bessie sat near1 looking rather frightened1 and ,jack1 in his shirtsleeves1 sat before the table1 an open book at his elbow4 ,he was studying the page intently1 his earnest1 sunburnt face showing an utter unconsciousness of guilt4 8,land sakes1 ,jack60 screamed his mother4 8,you've been and ruined my clock60 ,a clock was of value in that region1 where half the inhabitants told the hour by sunmarks1 by the stars1 or by instinct4 ,he put his hand out to keep her back1 but did not look up4 8,don't worry1 mother10 he said1 8and don't touch anything4 ,i'll put the machine together in a few minutes40 ,mrs4 ,maynard sank into a chair1 and gazed distressfully at the ruins4 ,that the pendulum1 now lying prone and dismembered1 would ever tick again1 that those two little hands would ever again tell the time of day1 that the weights would run down and have to be wound up every ,saturday night1 or that she should ever again on any ,june day hear the faithful little gong strike four o'clock in the morning--her signal for jumping out of bed with the unvarying ejaculation3 8,land sakes6 it's four o'clock60--seemed to her impossible4 8,and to think that you should do such work on the ,sabbathday60 she groaned out1 casting an accusing glance on her daughterinlaw4 8,you seem to have lost all the religion you ever had since you got married40 ,bessie's blue eyes lighted up3 8,i think it just as pious for ,jack to study1 and find out how useful things are made1 as to wear out a pair of shoes going to hear ,parson ,bates talk through his nose1 or sit at home and spoil his eyes reading over and over about ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob40 8,come1 come60 interposed ,jack2 8if you two women quarrel1 and bother me1 ,i shall spoil the clock40 ,this procured silence4 ,had he been a little more thoughtful and tender1 he would have told his mother that ,bessie had tried to dissuade him from touching the clock1 and had urged the impropriety of his doing such work on ,sunday2 but he did not think4 ,she shielded him1 and he allowed her to1 scarcely aware that she had1 indeed4 ,the young man's prediction was fulfilled4 ,before sunset1 the clock was ticking soberly on the mantelpiece1 the minutehand hitching round its circle1 and showing the reluctant hourhand the way1 and ,jack was marching homeward through the woods1 with his rifle on one arm and his wife on the other4 ,they were both so silent--that darkbrowed man and bright faced woman--that they might almost be taken as kindred of the long shadows and sunstreaks over which they walked4 ,he was building up a visionary entanglement of pulleys in the air1 through which power should run with everincreasing force1 and studying how he should dispense with an idlewheel that belonged in that maze2 and she was thinking of him4 ,he was thinking that this forest1 that once had bounded his hopes and aspirations1 now pressed on his very breathing1 and hemmed his steps in1 and wishing that he had wings1 like that bird flitting before him2 and she was watching his eyes till she1 too1 saw the bird4 ,jack stopped1 raised his rifle1 took a hasty aim1 and fired4 ,bessie ran to pick up the robin3 8,how could you1 ,jack60 she exclaimed reproachfully1 as she felt the fluttering heart stop in her hand4 ,he looked at it without the slightest compunction4 8,i wanted to see1 as it stood on that twig1 which way the centre of gravity would fall10 he said4 8,don't fret1 ,bessie6 ,there are birds enough in the world40 ,the young wife looked earnestly into her husband's face1 as they walked on together4 8,jack10 she said1 8you might kill me1 and then say that there are women enough in the world40 ,he laughed1 but looked at her kindly1 as he made answer3 8,what would all the women in the world be to me1 ,bessie1 if my woman were out of it80 ,could she ask more8 8,jack1 where do you suppose the song has gone to80 she asked1 presently4 8,bessie1 where does a candle go when it goes out80 was the counter question4 ,there had been a season in this man's life1 during the brief bud and blossom of his love for ,bessie ,ware1 when his mind had been as full of fancies as a spring maple of blossoms4 ,but he was not by nature fanciful1 and1 that brief season past1 he settled down to facts4 ,questions which could not be answered he cared not to ask nor ponder on and all speculations1 save those which built toward an assured though unseen result1 he scouted4 ,the sole impression the bird had made on him was that it was a nice little flyingmachine1 which he would like to improve on some day4 ,meantime1 he had much to learn4 ,the extent of his ignorance did not discourage ,john ,maynard1 perhaps because it opened out gradually before him1 over a new1 unknown path starting from the known one4 ,he was strong1 fresh1 and healthy1 and the very novelty of his work1 and his coming to it so late1 was an assistance to him4 8,i have a head for all ,i want to get into it10 he said to his wife4 8,when my brain gets hold of an idea1 it doesn't let go40 ,it seemed so1 indeed2 and sometimes when he sat studying1 or thinking1 utterly unconscious of all about him1 his eyes fixed1 yet glimmering1 his mouth close shut1 his breathing half lost1 his whole frame1 while the brain worked1 so still that his hands and feet grew cold1 ,bessie became almost afraid of him1 and was ready to fancy that some strange and perhaps malign spirit had entered into and taken possession of her husband's soul4 ,and thus it happened that1 after two years1 the house that ,jack built was abandoned to one of his relatives1 and the young couple1 with their baby boy1 left the forest for the city4 ,of course1 no one is to suppose that ,john ,maynard failed4 ,it was summer again1 and lavish rains had kept to ,july the fresh luxuriance of ,june4 ,the frame house stood nearly as it was when its builder finished it4 ,the walls had changed their bright yellow tint for gray1 and a few stones had fallen from the top of the chimney--that was all4 ,the forest still gathered close about1 and only a few patches of cultivated land had displaced the stumps and stones4 ,a hopvine draped the porch at the back of the house1 and a group of tall sunflowers grew near one of the open curtainless windows4 ,civilization had passed by on the other side1 and1 though not really so remote1 was still invisible4 ,twice a day1 with a low rumble1 as of distant thunder1 a train of cars passed by through the valley beyond the woods4 ,there was no sound of childish voices1 no glimpse of a child anywhere about4 ,the air bore no more intelligent burden than the low colloquial dropping of a brook over its pebbly bed1 the buzzing of bees about a hive1 and a rustling of leaves in the faint stir of air that was more a respiration than a breath4 ,the only sign of human life to be seen without was a frail thread of blue smoke that rose from the chimney1 and disappeared in the sky4 ,inside1 on the white floor of the kitchen1 the shadows of the sunflowers lay as if painted there1 only now and then stirring slightly1 as the air breathed on the wide1 goldenrayed shields outside4 ,in the chimneycorner1 almost as silent as a shadow1 an old woman sat in a rockingchair1 knitting1 and thinking4 ,the two small windows1 with crossing light1 made one corner of the room bright2 but where this woman sat1 her face could be seen plainly only by firelight4 ,it was a rudelyfeatured face--one seldom sees finely moulded features in the backwoods--but it showed fortitude1 good sense1 and that unconscious integrity which is so far nobler than the conscious4 ,the gray hair was drawn tightly back1 and fastened high on the head with a yellow horn comb2 the tall1 spare figure was clad in a gown of darkblue calico covered with little white dots1 and a checked blueandwhite apron tied on with white tape strings1 and the hands that held the knitting were bony1 large jointed1 and largeveined4 ,the stick of wood that had been smouldering on the andirons bent in the middle1 where a little flickering flame had been gnawing industriously for some time4 ,the flame brightened1 and made a dive into this break1 where it found a splinter4 ,the stick bent yet more1 then suddenly snapped in two1 one end dropping into the coals1 the other end standing upright in the corner4 8,bless me60 muttered the old woman1 dropping her work with a start4 8,there's a stranger6 ,i wonder who it is40 ,she sat gazing dreamily at the brand a moment1 and1 as her face half settled again1 it became evident that the expression was one of profound melancholy as well as thoughtfulness4 ,the lifted eyelids1 and the start that roused without brightening1 showed that4 ,after a moment's reverie1 she drew a long sigh1 and1 before resuming her work1 took the long iron tongs that leaned in the corner1 and most inhospitably tossed the figurative stranger into the coals4 8,i wonder why my thoughts run so on ,jack and ,bessie today10 she soliloquized1 fixing the end of the knittingneedle into the leather sheath at her side4 8,i wish ,i knew how they are4 ,it's my opinion they'd have done as well to stay here4 ,i don't think much of that machinery business40 ,the coming event which had thus cast its shadow before1 was already at the gate1 or1 more literally1 at the bars4 ,bessie ,maynard had walked alone up the road she had not trodden for years1 and now stood leaning there1 and looking about with eyes that were at once eager and shrinking4 ,her face was pale1 her mouth tightly closed2 she had grown taller1 and her appearance disclosed in some indefinable way a capacity for sternness which would scarcely have been suspected1 or even credited1 in the girl of twenty we left her4 ,a glance would show that she had suffered deeply4 ,presently1 as she gazed1 tears began to dim her eyes4 ,she brushed them away1 let down the slim cedar pole that barred her passage1 stepped through1 replaced the bar1 and walked up the path to the house4 ,the knitter in the chimneycorner heard the sound of advancing steps1 and sat still1 with her face turned over her shoulder1 to watch the door4 ,the steps reached the threshold and paused there1 and for a moment the two women gazed at each other--the one silent from astonishment1 the other struggling to repress some emotion that rose again to the surface4 ,the visitor was the first to recover her selfpossession4 ,she came in smiling1 and held out her hands4 8,haven't you a word of welcome for me1 ,aunt ,nancy80 she asked4 ,her voice broke the spell1 and the old woman started up with a true country welcome1 hearty1 and rather rough4 ,it was many a year since ,bessie ,maynard's hands had felt such a grasp1 or her arms such a shake4 8,but where is ,jack80 asked his aunt1 looking toward the door over ,bessie's shoulder4 8,oh6 he's at home10 was the reply1 rather negligently given4 8,but how are you1 ,aunt ,nancy8 ,have you room for me to stay awhile8 ,i took a fancy to be quiet a little while this summer4 ,the city is so hot and noisy40 ,the old lady repeated her welcomes1 mingled with many apologies for the kind of accommodations she had to offer1 all the while helping to remove her visitor's bonnet and shawl1 drawing up the rockingchair for her1 and pressing her into it4 8,do sit down and rest10 she said4 8,but where is the baby8 ,why on earth didn't you bring her80 ,bessie clasped her hands tightly in her lap1 and looked steadily at the questioner before answering4 8,the baby is at home60 she said then1 in a low voice4 ,aunt ,nancy was just turning away for some hospitable purpose1 but the look and tone arrested her4 8,you don't mean--0 she began1 but went no further4 8,yes10 replied ,bessie quietly2 8there is only ,james left40 ,james was the eldest child4 ,mrs4 ,nancy ,maynard was not much given to expressions of tenderness--,new ,england people of the old sort seldom were--but she laid her hand softly on her niece's shoulder1 and said unsteadily3 8,you poor dear1 how tried you have been60 8,we have all our trials10 responded the other1 with a sort of coldness4 ,the old woman knew not what to say4 ,she turned away1 mending the fire4 ,if ,bessie had wept1 she would have known how to comfort her2 but this strange calmness was embarrassing4 ,scarcely less embarrassing was the light1 indifferent talk that followed1 the questions concerning crops1 and weather1 and little household affairs1 evidently put to set aside more serious topics4 ,this baby was the fourth child that ,bessie ,maynard had lost4 ,after the first1 no child of hers had lived to reach its third year4 ,each one had been carried away by a sudden distemper4 ,the first death had been announced to ,john ,maynard's aunt in a long letter from ,bessie1 full of a healthy sorrow1 every line stained with tears4 ,john had written the next time1 his wife being too much worn out with watching and grief to write4 ,at the third death1 there came a line from ,bessie3 8,my little boy is gone1 ,aunt ,nancy4 ,what do you suppose ,god means80 ,aunt ,nancy had wondered somewhat over this strange missive1 but had decided that1 whatever ,god meant1 ,bessie meant resignation4 ,but now1 as she marked her niece's changed face and manner1 and recollected that laconic note1 she was forced to give up the comforting thought4 ,there might be endurance1 but there was no resignation in that face4 ,the sense of distance and strangeness grew on her1 though ,bessie began to help her get supper ready1 drawing out and laying the table as though she had done it every day of her life1 and even remembering the cup that had been hers1 and the little iron rack on which she used to set the teapot4 8,jack found the brassheaded nail this hangs on miles back in the woods10 she said4 8,it's a wonder how it got there40 8,why didn't ,jack come with you80 asked ,aunt ,nancy1 catching at the opportunity to say something personal4 ,a deep blush ran up ,bessie's face at being so caught1 but her hesitation was only momentary4 8,he is too busy10 she answered briefly4 8,but ,i should think he might take a rest now and then10 persisted her aunt4 ,bessie gave a short laugh that was not without bitterness4 8,what rest can a man take when he has a steamengine spouting carbonic acid in one side of his brain1 a flyingmachine in the other side1 and a wheel in perpetual motion between them8 ,john is given over to metals and motions4 ,i might as well have a locomotive for a husband4 ,shall ,i take up the applesauce in this bowl80 8,yes4 ,i should think that ,james might have come40 ,aunt ,nancy held desperately to the thread she had caught4 8,james is a little ,john10 replied ,bessie1 pouring the hot1 green applesauce into a straight1 white bowl with a band of narrow blue stripes around the middle of it4 8,never mind my coming alone1 ,aunt ,nancy4 ,i got along very well1 and they will do very well without me40 ,they sat down to the table1 and ,bessie made a great pretence of eating1 but ate nothing4 ,then they went out and looked at the garden1 talking all the while about nothing1 and soon1 to the relief of both1 it was bedtime4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,where ,are ,you ,going8 ,we happened1 the other day1 to notice in the columns of a ribald infidel newspaper an advertisement in which a young lady gave notice of her desire to find 8board in an infidel or atheist family40 ,there are many persons nowadays who are looking for a lodgingplace and for food which will give rest and refreshment to their minds and hearts1 in the bosom of the infidel and atheistic family circle4 ,they may not1 in most cases1 distinctly perceive and expressly avow that they are going over to dwell in the tents of atheism1 but they have turned their faces and steps in that direction1 and into the path leading thitherward1 and those who keep on their way must arrive1 sooner or later1 at that destination4 ,it is to these that we address the question3 ,where are you going8 ,we would like to have them reflect a little on the kind of entertainment which they may reasonably expect to find in the private family of the household1 and in the larger family of human society1 when these are constituted on atheistic principles4 ,before going any further1 we will designate more precisely what class of persons we intend by the above description4 ,in general1 all who do not believe in a law made known to the mind and conscience by ,almighty ,god1 and1 in particular1 those who1 having been brought up in the ,catholic faith1 no longer believe in that law as made known by the authority of the church4 ,we class these last individuals1 for whose benefit chiefly though not exclusively we are writing1 with those first mentioned advisedly and for a reason2 and warn them that they are included in the number of those whose faces are set toward atheism4 ,nevertheless1 we do not say this on the ground that every one who is not a ,catholic is either incapable of knowing ,god and his law1 or logically bound to deny their existence4 ,a ,theist1 a ,jew1 or a ,protestant has a rational ground for holding against the atheist or infidel all that portion of ,catholic truth which his religion includes4 ,therefore1 we have not included any of these in the number of the atheistical4 ,those only who do not believe in any law of ,god over the conscience we have charged with this tendency to positive atheism4 ,against such1 the justice of the charge is manifest4 ,for they are practically atheists already1 and by denying an essential attribute of the ,creator1 and a relation which the creature must have toward him on account of this attribute1 the way is opened to a denial of his existence4 ,as for those who have been instructed in the ,catholic faith and have thrown off its authority over their conscience1 we say that they have turned towards atheism1 because we are convinced that1 as a matter of fact1 the motives and reasonings which have induced them to this fatal apostasy are practically and theoretically atheistical1 even if they themselves are not distinctly aware of their ultimate tendency4 ,we do not deny that a ,catholic may lapse into some imperfect form of ,christianity or natural religion4 ,the first ,protestants had been originally ,catholics1 and so have been some of the socalled philosophers professing natural religion4 ,but the present tendency of unbelief is toward atheism1 and those believers in positive1 revealed religion1 whether ,catholics1 ,protestants1 or ,jews1 who are swept by this current1 are carried toward the abyss whither it is rushing4 ,those who reject the law of ,god which is proclaimed and enjoined by the authority of the church1 do so because its moral or intellectual restraints are irksome1 and they wish to be at liberty4 ,in plain words1 they wish to be free to sin1 to follow the proclivity of our fallen nature to indulge in pride and concupiscence1 without any fear of ,god before their eyes to disturb their peace4 ,therefore1 they deny the authority of the church to bind their conscience to believe the doctrines and obey the moral precepts which she promulgates in the name of ,god4 ,their revolt is against the law itself and the sovereign authority of ,god4 ,they sin against faith and against reason also2 against the natural as well as the revealed law4 ,they sin with the understanding as well as with the will1 and their sin is one which goes to the root of all moral obligation and responsibility in the creature toward the ,creator4 ,it is an assertion of perfect individual liberty of thought and action1 of independence and selfsovereignty2 and as such an independence is completely incompatible with the existence of ,god1 it is but a step to deny that he exists1 or at least that we have any knowledge of his existence4 ,moreover1 modern unbelief proceeds by the way of objections1 difficulties1 and doubts4 ,it is sceptical in its principle2 and one who rejects the authority of the church and of divine revelation on the principle of scepticism1 easily rejects all philosophy and natural religion on the same principle1 and runs down into pure materialism and atheism4 ,there are many persons in ,europe1 and some in this country1 who have sunk into a state of avowed impiety and violent hostility to all religion which places them beyond the reach of every appeal to reason1 conscience1 or right feeling4 ,we do not attempt to argue with such as these2 but we suppose in those whom we address a condition of the mind and heart much less degenerate and hopeless4 ,we suppose them to recognize the excellence and necessity of the private and social virtues1 and to retain some intellectual and moral ideal in their minds which they cherish and venerate4 ,they believe in truthfulness1 honor1 fidelity1 honesty1 true love1 friendship1 in the cultivation of knowledge and the fine arts1 in all that can give decorum1 refinement1 and charm to domestic and social life1 power1 dignity1 and splendor to political society4 ,but all this is looked on as a spontaneous1 natural growth1 which finds its perfection and its end from and on this earth1 and in this life1 without any direct relation to ,god and an immortal life in another sphere of existence4 ,now1 that such persons are intellectually and morally on a height which elevates them far above those who are wholly degraded in mind and character1 we readily admit4 ,but they are on the verge of a precipice4 ,it is the black and awful abyss of atheism which yawns beneath them4 ,and we invite them to look over the brink1 and down into those dark depths1 that they may consider deliberately whither their steps are leading them1 before it is too late to retreat to a safer position4 ,in what consists the reality of truth1 let us ask of one who professes to love truth1 or the obligation of respecting it1 if ,christianity is a falsehood1 and its ,founder a deceiver of mankind8 ,one who knows the evidence on which ,christianity rests1 and rejects it as a delusion1 has adopted a principle of scepticism which destroys all the evidence on which any truth can rest4 ,the principles of reason are denied or called in question1 unbelief or doubt extends to everything4 ,the existence of ,god is doubted1 the distinct and immortal existence of the soul is questioned1 nothing remains but the senses and the phenomena which are called sensible facts4 ,take away ,god1 the ,essential ,truth1 who can neither be deceived nor deceive us1 and who has manifested to us the truth by the lights of reason and revelation1 and there is no such thing as truth4 ,the descendants of apes1 whose whole existence is merely one of sensation1 who have sprung from material forces and are resolved into them by dissolution1 can have no more obligation of speaking the truth than their cousins the monkeys4 ,if lying1 calumny1 or perjury will increase the means of your sensible enjoyment1 why not employ them against your brotherapes1 as well as entrap a monkey and cage him for your amusement8 ,whence comes the excellence and obligation of honor1 that principle which impels a man rather to die than to betray a trust or abandon the post of duty8 ,on what is based honesty8 ,why should one choose to pass his life1 and to make his family pass their lives1 in poverty and privation1 rather than take the gold of another1 when he can steal it with impunity8 ,where lies the detestable baseness of bribery and swindling8 ,why does the heart revolt against the conduct of the man or woman who is faithless to conjugal1 parental1 or filial love1 who is a false friend1 ungrateful for kindness1 a traitor to his country8 ,it is all very well to say that our natural instincts impel us to love certain qualities and detest others1 as we spontaneously admire beauty and are displeased with ugliness4 ,this is certainly true4 ,and it is very well to say that happiness and wellbeing are1 on the whole1 promoted by virtuous sentiments and actions1 and hindered by those which are vicious4 ,but if mere selfish1 sensitive enjoyment of the good of this life be the end of life itself1 all virtue is resolved at last into the quest of this enjoyment by the most sure and suitable means4 ,when virtue requires the sacrifice of this enjoyment1 it is no longer virtue4 ,why should a wife sacrifice her happiness to a cruel1 sickly1 or disagreeable husband1 a husband preserve fidelity to a wife who is hopelessly deranged or who has violated her marriage vows8 ,why should a soldier expose his life in obedience to the order of a stupid or reckless commander1 or shed his blood in an unnecessary war brought on by the folly or ambition of incompetent or unscrupulous rulers8 ,why should a seaman die for the sake of saving passengers who are nothing to him1 and many of whom are perhaps worthless persons1 leaving his widow and children without a protector8 ,why trouble ourselves about taking care of the poor1 ruined wrecks of humanity1 who can never more be capable of enjoying life or contributing to the enjoyment of others8 ,if we are not the offspring of ,god1 but of the earth1 mere sensitive and mortal animals1 existing for the pleasure of a day1 all the virtues which demand selfsacrifice are absurd2 and the sentiments which we feel about these virtues are illusions4 ,it is very well to appeal to these sentiments2 but those who do so must admit that these sentiments must be capable of being justified by reason4 ,an atheist or a sceptic cannot do this4 ,if a man is essentially the same with a pig1 there cannot be any reason for treating him otherwise than as a pig4 ,our natural sentiments1 which revolt against the practical consequences of the degrading doctrine of atheism1 prove that it is contrary to nature1 and therefore false4 ,it is because our nature is rational and immortal that we owe to ourselves and our fellows those obligations and charities which are not due to the brutes2 that life1 chastity1 property1 honor1 love and friendship1 promises and engagements1 political1 social1 and personal rights of all kinds1 are to be respected and held sacred4 ,our rational and immortal nature cannot exist except by participation from ,god1 and its constitutive principle is the capacity to know ,god and recognize his law as our supreme rule4 ,the obligation of doing that which is just and honorable is derived from that law4 ,our own rights and the rights of our neighbor are inviolable1 because ,god has given them4 ,they are the rights of ,god1 as that great philosopher ,dr4 ,brownson has so frequently and conclusively proved4 ,god1 as our lawgiver1 must necessarily give us a law which is plain and certain4 ,it can be no other than the ,christian law4 ,and every one who has been instructed in the ,catholic faith must see that ,christianity and the ,christian law are guaranteed1 defined1 proclaimed1 and enforced on the conscience by the authority of the church4 ,let him reject that authority1 and he has disowned ,god2 and by so doing has taken away the basis of virtue4 ,selfinterest1 sentiment1 and human instincts are no sufficient support for it4 ,for1 although our temporal interests coincide in great part with the claims of virtue1 and natural sentiments and instincts are radically good1 we are subject to inordinate and even violent passions4 ,take away the fear of ,god1 and the passions will sweep away all slighter barriers4 ,pride and concupiscence will assert their sway1 make a wreck of virtue1 and eventually destroy even our earthly and temporal happiness4 ,even with all the power and influence which religion can exercise over men under the most favorable circumstances1 there is enough of sin and misery in the world2 but what are we to expect if atheism should prevail8 ,the practical atheism1 or1 to speak ,saxon1 the ungodliness of the age1 has produced enough of bitter and deadly fruit to give us a taste of the entertainment which is awaiting us if the time ever comes when the power which religion still retains is altogether taken away4 ,we do not need to refer to the pages of professed moralists1 or to quote sermons on this topic4 ,it is enough to take what we find in the works of those masterly novelists who describe and satirize the crimes and follies of modern society and depict its tragic miseries1 and what we read every day in the newspapers4 ,the intrigues1 villanies1 swindlings1 divorces1 murders1 and suicides which blacken the record of each passing month1 and the hidden1 untold tragedies going on perpetually in private life1 give us proof enough of the ravages which the passions of fallen1 weak human nature will make when all fear of ,god is removed1 and they are left uncontrolled by anything stronger than selfinterest1 and physical coercion in the hands of the civil power4 ,no one who casts off all faith in ,god1 allegiance to his authority1 and fear of his just retribution1 can foresee what he himself may become1 or what he may do before his life is ended4 ,the natural virtues1 the intellectual gifts1 the education1 refinement1 elevated sentiments1 and pure affections which such a person may possess in youth1 whether it be a young man or a young woman1 are no sure guarantee or safeguard1 even in a religious and moral community4 ,much less are they in one which is wholly irreligious4 ,no one knows1 therefore1 how wicked he may become1 or how miserable he may make himself4 ,still less can any one foresee what treachery1 cruelty1 and ingratitude1 what bitter sufferings1 and what ruin1 may await him at the hands of others1 if he is to be a member of a great infidel or atheist family which he has helped to form4 ,he will be like the unhappy ,alpine tourist who fell down from the ,matterhorn1 dragging with him and dragged by his companions from his dangerous foothold1 and all dashed in pieces in the abyss beneath4 ,let any one who has been brought up in the enjoyment of those advantages which give decorum1 charm1 and refined pleasure to life--and who wishes and expects to possess the same in the future which he looks forward to in this world1 with a zest and freedom increased by the riddance of all fear of ,god--think for a moment about one very important question4 ,to what is he indebted for the blessings he has already enjoyed1 and to what can he look for those he is expecting8 ,in order that he should have a happy home1 his parents must fulfil all the obligations of the conjugal and parental relations4 ,if he is born to wealth1 his father has had to work for him1 or at least to take care of his property4 ,if he has had a good mother1 it is needless to expatiate on all that a woman must be1 must do1 and must suffer1 to give a child such a blessing as that which is expressed by the tender and holy name of mother4 ,for his education1 how many noble and disinterested men have toiled1 how many generous sacrifices of time1 and labor1 and money have been required6 ,to create the nation which gives him the advantages of political order1 the civilization which gives him a society to live in1 the arts which minister to his higher tastes and personal comforts1 how many causes have concurred together1 what a multitude of the most noble1 selfsacrificing1 heroic exertions of genius1 philanthropy1 patriotism1 fructified by a plentiful besprinkling of the blood of just and faithful men1 have been necessary through long ages of time6 ,in his ideal of a happy life1 which he hopes for in this world1 what a multitude of things he requires which presuppose the fidelity of thousands of persons to those obligations and relations of life on which he is dependent as an individual4 ,his bride must bring to the nuptial feast her virgin purity1 and keep her weddingring unbroken and undimmed4 ,his children must be such as a father's heart can regard with pride and joy4 ,those with whom he has relations of business must act with honesty and integrity4 ,he must have good servants to work for him1 and hundreds of skilful and industrious hands must minister to his wants or caprices4 ,society must be kept in order1 the machinery of the world must be kept going1 the law must protect his life and property1 and the majority of his fellowmen must remain content with a lot of hard work and poverty1 that he may enjoy his dignity1 leisure1 splendor1 and comfort in peace and security4 ,now it is a simple fact1 that the principles and laws which have wrought out whatever is high and excellent in modern civilization1 have been derived from the ,christian religion4 ,the public1 social1 and private virtues which alone preserve society from corruption and extinction1 are the fruit either of religious conscientiousness1 or of the influence of religion on the natural conscience of those who live in the atmosphere which it has purified and irradiated4 ,there has never been such a thing as human society founded on atheism2 and when atheism1 practical or theoretical1 has begun to prevail in any community1 it has begun to perish4 ,whoever tampers with that poison is preparing suicide for himself1 and death for all around him that is living4 ,a large dose will kill at once all that is capable of death in a soul which is1 in spite of itself1 immortal4 ,the slow sipping of small doses will gradually produce the same effect4 ,the general distribution of the poison will destroy more or less rapidly the vital principle of the family1 of society1 of the state1 of human civilization4 ,human beings cannot live together in peace and order1 in love and friendship1 in mutual truth and fidelity1 in happiness and prosperity1 if they believe that they are mere animals1 whose only good is the brief pleasure which can be snatched from the present life4 ,even the imperfect amity and goodfellowship1 the lower grade of society1 the inferior wellbeing and enjoyment1 the faint dim similitude of the rational order which exists among the irrational animals1 cannot be attained by the human race when it strives to degenerate itself to the level of the brute creation4 ,the irrepressible1 inextinguishable1 violent appetite for a satisfying good1 when it is defrauded of its true object and turned away from its legitimate end1 becomes a devastating tornado of passion4 ,there is too much suffering1 and too small a supply of sensible enjoyment in human life1 to allow mankind to be quiet1 and to agree together amicably in the relations of civilized society1 in the common pursuit of temporal happiness4 ,pride and concupiscence are as insatiable as the grave and as cruel as death4 ,the fear of ,god can alone restrain them4 ,take that away from the individual1 and he will be faithless to the duties of life1 friendship1 honesty1 patriotism1 philanthropy1 to his nobler instincts1 his higher sentiments1 his ideal standard of good1 in proportion as his passions gain power over him4 ,take it away from the family and the social order1 and mutual faithlessness1 breeding mutual hatred and warfare1 will be the result4 ,take it away from the masses of men1 and the commune will come1 the maddened rabble will rush for the coveted possessions of the smaller number who appear to have exclusive possession of the real good1 and at last all will be resolved into a state of barbarism in which the race will become extinct4 ,this will never take place2 for the church and religion of ,jesus ,christ are imperishable1 and ,god will bring the world to a sudden end before the human race has had time to destroy itself4 ,but such is the tendency of the infidelity and atheism of the age4 ,whoever turns his back on ,christianity is a partaker in this tendency1 and a companion of that band of conspirators against religion and society whose end is more infernal and whose means are more cruel than those of the ,thugs of ,india4 ,number ,thirteen4 ,an ,episode ,of ,the ,commune4 ,concluded4 ,there was music enough chiming at ,no4 #ac to keep a choir of angels busy4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 with the petulance of weakness1 grumbled unceasingly1 lamenting the miseries of her own position1 altogether ignoring the fact that it was no worse1 but in some ways better1 than that of those around her1 whinging and whining from morning till night1 pouring out futile invectives against the ,prussians1 the ,emperor1 the ,republic1 ,general ,trochu1 and everybody and everything remotely conducive to her sufferings4 ,she threatened to let herself die of hunger rather than touch horseflesh1 and for some days she so perseveringly held to her determination that ,aline was terrified1 and believed she would hold it to the end4 ,the only thing that remained to the younger sister of any value was her mother's watch1 a costly little gem1 with the cipher set in brilliants2 it had been her grandfather's wedding present to his daughterinlaw4 ,aline took it to the jeweller who had made it1 and sold it for one hundred and fifty francs4 ,with this she bought a ham and a few other delicacies that tempted ,mme4 de ,chanoir out of her suicidal abstinence2 she ate heartily1 neither asking nor guessing at what price the dainties had been bought2 and ,aline1 only too glad to have had the sacrifice to make1 said nothing of what it had cost her4 ,gradually everything went that could be sold or exchanged for food4 ,aline would have lived on the siege bread1 and never repined1 had she been alone1 but it went to her heart to hear the neverending complaints of ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 to see her childish indignation at the great public disasters which her egotism contracted into direct personal grievances4 ,fortunately for herself1 ,mlle4 de ,lemaque was not a constant witness of the irritating scene4 ,from nine in the morning till late in the evening she was away at the ,ambulance1 active and helpful1 and cheering many a heavy heart and aching head by her bright and gentle ministry1 and forgetting her own sufferings in the effort to alleviate greater ones4 8,if you only could come with me1 ,flicit1 and see something of the miseries our poor soldiers are enduring1 it would make your own seem light10 she often said to ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 when1 on coming home from her labor of love1 she was met by the unreasonable grumbling of the invalid2 8it is such a delight to feel one's self a comfort and a help to them4 ,i don't know how ,i am ever to settle down to the makebelieve work of teaching after this long spell of real work40 ,she enjoyed the work so much1 in fact1 that1 if it had not been for the sufferings1 real and imaginary1 of her sister1 this would have been the happiest time she had known since her school days4 ,the makebelieve work1 as ,aline called it1 which had hitherto filled her time had never filled her heart4 ,it was a means of living that kept her brains and her hands at work1 nothing more2 and it had often been a source of wonder to her in her busiest days to feel herself sometimes seized with ennui4 ,that trivial1 hackneyed word hardly1 perhaps1 expresses the void1 the sort of hunger pang1 that more and more frequently of late years had made her soul ache and yearn1 but now the light seemed to break upon her1 and she understood why it had been so4 ,the work itself was too superficial1 too external4 ,it had overrun her life without satisfying it2 it had not penetrated the surface1 and brought out the best and deepest resources of her mind and heart--it had only broken the crust1 and left the soil below untilled4 ,she had flitted like a butterfly from one study to another2 history1 and literature1 and music had attracted her by turns2 she had gone into them enthusiastically1 mastered their difficulties1 and appropriated their beauties2 but after a time the spell waned1 and she glided imperceptibly into the dry mechanism of the thing1 and went on giving her lesson because it brought her so much a cachet4 ,but this work of a ,sister of ,mercy was a different sort of life altogether4 ,the enthusiasm1 instead of waning1 grew as she went on4 ,at first1 the prosaic details1 the foul air1 the physical fatigue and moral strain of the sicknurse's life were unspeakably repugnant to her2 her natural fastidiousness turned from them in disgust1 and she would have thrown it all up after the first week but for sheer human respect2 she persevered1 however1 and at the end of a fortnight she had grown interested in her patients2 by degrees she got reconciled to the obnoxious duties their state demanded of her2 and before a month had passed it had become a ministry of love1 and her whole soul had thrown itself into the perfect performance of her duties4 ,she was often tired and faint on leaving the ,ambulance1 but she always left it with regret1 and the evident zest and gladness of heart with which she set out each morning became at last a grievance in the eyes of her sister4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir vented her discontent by harping all the time of breakfast on the hardheartedness of some people who could look at wounds and all sorts of horrors without flinching2 whereas the very sight of a drop of blood made her almost faint2 but then she was so constituted as to feel other people's wounds as if they were her own2 it was a great misfortune2 she envied people who had hard hearts2 it certainly enabled them to do more1 while she could only weep and pity4 ,aline bore the querulous reproaches as cheerfully as if she had been blessed with one of those hearts of stone that ,mme4 de ,chanoir so envied4 ,she had the indulgence of a happy heart1 and she had found the secret of making her life a poem4 ,but the nurse's courage was greater than her strength4 ,after the first three months1 material privations1 added to arduous attendance on the sick and wounded1 began to tell2 her health showed signs of rebellion4 ,m4 ,dalibouze was the first to notice it4 ,he came regularly on the ,saturday evenings as of old2 his age exempted him from the terrible outpost work on the ramparts2 and he profited by the circumstance to keep up1 as far as possible1 his ordinary habits and enjoyments1 8afin de soutenir le morale10 as he said4 ,when he noticed this change in ,aline1 he immediately used his privilege of friend of the family to interfere2 he begged her to modify her zeal for the poor sufferers at the ,ambulance1 and to consider how precious her life was to her sister and her friends4 ,aline took the advice very kindly1 but assured him that1 far from wearing out her strength as he supposed1 her work was the only thing that sustained it4 ,the tone in which she said this convinced him it was the truth4 ,it then occurred to him that her pallor and languid step must be caused by the unhealthy diet of the siege4 ,everybody suffered in a more or less degree2 but1 as it always happens1 those who suffered most said least about it4 ,the gros rentier1 who fared sumptuously on kangaroo1 and ,chinese puppies1 and elephant at a hundred francs a pound1 talked loud about the miseries of starvation which he underwent for the sake of his country2 but the petit rentier1 whose modest meal had long since been replaced by a scanty ration of horseflesh1 and that only to be had by 8making tail10 as they call it1 for hours at the butchers shop--the petit rentier said very little4 ,he was perishing slowly off the face of the earth2 but1 with the pride of poverty strong in death1 he gathered his rags around him1 and made ready to die in silence4 ,it was on such people as ,mme4 de ,chanoir and her sister that the siege pressed hardest2 their concierge was far better off than they2 she could claim her bons1 and fight for her rations2 and she had fifteen sous a day as the wife of a ,national ,guard4 ,as to ,mme4 ,clry1 she proved herself equal to the occasion4 ,she had no ,national ,guard to fall back upon1 but she was sustained by the thought that she was suffering for her country2 she1 too1 was a good patriot4 ,patriotism1 however1 has its limits of endurance1 and hay bread was the border line that ,mme4 ,clry's patriotism refused to pass4 ,when the good bread was rationed1 she showed signs of mutiny2 but when it degenerated into that hideous compound1 of which we have all seen specimens1 her indignation declared itself in open rage4 8,what is this80 she cried1 when the first loaf was handed to her after three hours' waiting4 8,are we cattle1 to eat hay80 ,and1 breaking the tawny1 spongy lumps in two1 she pulled out a long bit of the offensive weed1 and held it up to the scorn of the queue4 ,as to ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 when she saw it she went into hysterics for the rest of the day4 ,but ,providence was mindful of ,no4 #ac4 ,just at this crisis1 when ,aline's altered looks aroused her sister from the selfish contemplation of her own ailments and wants1 ,m4 ,dalibouze arrived early one morning soon after ,mme4 de ,lemaque had started for the ,ambulance1 and announced that he had received the opportune present of a number of hams1 tins of preserved meat1 condensed milk1 and an indefinite number of pots of jam4 ,it was three times as much as he could consume before the siege was raised--for raised it infallibly would be1 and1 if he were not greatly mistaken1 within fortyeight hours--so he begged ,mme4 la ,gnrale to do him the favor of accepting the surplus4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 with infantine simplicity1 believed this credible story1 and did ,m4 ,dalibouze the favor he requested4 ,so1 thanks to his generous friend1 the professor in turn became the benefactor of the two sisters1 and had the delight of seeing ,aline revive on the substantial fare that arrived so apropos4 ,well1 it came at last1 the end of the blocus2 not1 indeed1 as ,m4 ,dalibouze had prognosticated4 ,but that was not his fault4 ,he had not reckoned with treachery4 ,he could not suspect what a brood of traitors the glorious capital of civilization was nourishing in her patriotic bosom4 ,but wait a little6 ,it would be made square yet4 ,europe would see ,france rise byandby1 like the ,phnix from her ashes1 and spread her wings1 and take a flight that would astonish the world4 ,as to the ,prussians1 those vile vandals1 whose greasy moustaches were not fit to brush the boots of ,paris1 let them bide a while1 and they shall see what they should see6 ,thus did ,m4 ,dalibouze resumer la situation1 while ,paris on her knees waited humbly the terms that ,prussia might dictate as the price of a loaf of bread for her starving patriots4 ,but the worst was to come yet4 ,hardly had the little mnage at ,no4 #ac drawn a long breath of relief after the prolonged miseries and terrors of the siege1 than that saturnalia1 the like of which assuredly the world never saw before1 and let us hope never will again1 the ,commune1 began4 ,like a fiery flood it rose in ,paris1 and rose and rose till the red wave swept from end to end of the city1 spreading desolation and terror everywhere1 and making the respectable party of order long to call back the ,prussians1 and help them out of the mess4 ,how it began1 and grew1 and ended we have heard till we know the miserable story by heart4 ,i am not going to tell it here4 ,the ,commune is only the last episode in the history of ,no4 #ac4 ,there was work to do and plenty in binding the wounds and smoothing the pillows of dying men1 and words to be spoken that dying ears are open to when spoken in ,christian love4 ,aline de ,lemaque's courage did not fail her in this last and fearful ordeal4 ,she resumed her duties as ,sister of ,mercy1 asked no questions as to the politics of the wounded men1 but did the best she could for them4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir could not understand how her sister spent her time and service on ,red ,republicans2 the sooner the race died out1 the better1 and it was not the work of a ,christian to preserve the lives of such snakes and fiends4 8,there are dupes and victims as well as fiends among them10 ,aline assured her2 8and those who are guilty are the most to be pitied40 ,after a time1 however1 the dangers attendant on going into the streets became so great that ,aline was forced to remain indoors4 ,barricades were thrown up in every direction1 and made the circulation a dangerous and almost impracticable feat to members of the party of order4 ,the ,rue ,royale1 which had been safe during the first siege1 was now a threatened centre of accumulated danger4 ,it was armed to the teeth4 ,the ,faubourg end of it was barred by a stone barricade that might have passed for a fortress--a wall of heavy masonry weighted with cannon1 two black giants that lay couched like monster slugs peeping through a hedge4 ,but after those terrible weeks there came at last the final tug1 the troops came in1 and ,greek met ,greek4 ,shell and shot rained on the city like hailstones4 ,the great black slugs gave tongue1 bellowing with unintermitting fury2 all round them came responsive roars from barricades and batteries2 it was the discord of hell broke upward through the earth1 and echoing through the streets of ,paris4 ,aline de ,lemaque and her sister sat in the little saloon at ,no4 #ac1 listening to the wardogs without1 and straining their ears to catch every sound that shot up with any significant distinctness from the chaos of noise4 ,mme4 ,clry was with them2 she stayed altogether at ,no4 #ac now1 sleeping on the sofa at night4 ,it would have been impossible for her to come and go twice a day while the city was in this state of commotion4 ,to day the old woman could not keep quiet2 she was constantly up and down to the concierge's lodge to pick up any stray report that came through the chinks of the portecochre4 ,once she went down and remained so long that the sisters were uneasy4 ,an explosion had reverberated through the street1 shaking the house from cellar to garret1 and1 like an electric shock1 flinging both the sisters on their knees simultaneously4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir's spine had recovered itself within the last week as if by magic4 ,she had abandoned her usual recumbent position1 and came and went about the house like the rest of them4 ,if the ,commune did nothing else1 it did this4 ,we must give the devil his due4 8,flicit1 ,i must go and see what it is4 ,i hear groans close under the window2 perhaps a shell has fallen in the court and killed her10 said ,aline4 ,and1 rising1 she turned to go4 8,don't leave me6 ,for the love of heaven1 don't leave me alone1 ,aline60 implored her sister4 8,i'll die with terror if that comes again while ,i'm here by myself40 8,come with me1 then10 said ,aline4 ,and1 taking her sister's hand1 they went down together4 ,mme4 ,clry was not killed4 ,this fact was made clear to them at once by the spectacle of the old woman standing in the portecochre1 and shaking her fist vehemently at somebody or something at the further end of it4 8,stay here10 said ,aline to ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 motioning her back into the house4 8,i will see what it is2 and if you can do anything ,i'll call you40 ,it was the concierge that ,mme4 ,clry was apostrophizing4 ,and this was why3 a shell had burst1 not in the yard1 as the sisters fancied1 but in the street just outside1 and the explosion was followed by a shriek and a loud blow at the door1 while something like a body fell heavily against it4 8,cordon60 cried ,mme4 ,clry2 8it is some unfortunate hit by the shell40 8,more likely a communist coming to pillage and burn4 ,i'll cordon to none of 'em60 declared the concierge4 8,the door is locked2 if they want to get in1 they may blow it open40 ,but ,mme4 ,clry flew at her throat1 and swore1 if she didn't give up the key1 she1 ,mme4 ,clry1 would know the reason why4 ,the concierge groaned1 and felt1 in bitterness of spirit1 what a difficult task the cordon was4 ,but she opened the door2 under it lay two wounded men1 both of them young2 one was evidently dying2 he had been mortally struck by a fragment of the shell that had burst over the thick oaken door and dealt death around and in front of it4 ,the other was wounded1 too1 but much less seriously2 he had been flung down by his companion1 and the shock of the fall1 more than his wound1 had stunned him4 ,mme4 ,clry dragged them in under the shelter of the portecochre1 and proposed laying them on the floor of the lodge4 ,but the concierge had no mind to take in a dead and a dying man1 and vowed she would not have her lodge turned into a coffin4 ,the dispute was waxing warm1 ,mme4 ,clry threatening muscular argument1 when ,aline made her appearance4 ,her training in the ,ambulance stood her in good stead now4 8,poor fellow6 ,he will give no more trouble to any one10 she said1 after feeling the pulse of the first1 and laying her hand for a moment on his heart2 8bring a cloth1 and cover his face2 he must lie here till he can be removed40 ,the concierge obeyed her4 ,they composed the features1 and laid the body under cover of the gateway4 ,aline then examined the other4 ,his arm was badly wounded4 ,while she was still probing the wound1 the man opened his eyes1 stared round him for a moment with a speculative gaze of returning consciousness1 made a spasmodic effort to rise1 but fell back at once4 8,you are wounded--not severely1 ,i hope10 said ,aline2 8but you must not attempt to move till we have dressed your arm40 ,she despatched ,mme4 ,clry for the box containing her ambulance appliances1 lint1 bandages1 etc41 and then1 with an expertness that would have done credit to a medical student1 she washed and dressed the shattered limb1 while ,mme4 de ,chanoir watched the operation in shuddering excitement through the glass door at the foot of the stairs4 ,what to do next was the puzzle4 ,the concierge resolutely refused to let him into her lodge2 there was no knowing who or what he was1 and she was a lone woman1 and had no mind to compromise herself by taking in bad characters4 ,the poor fellow was so much exhausted from loss of blood that he certainly could not help himself1 and it would have been cruel to leave him down in the courtyard1 where his unfortunate comrade was lying dead within sight of him4 ,aline saw there was nothing for it but to take him up to their own apartment4 ,how to get him there was the difficulty4 ,he looked about six feet long1 and might have weighed any number of stone4 ,she and ,mme4 ,clry could never succeed in carrying him4 ,he had not spoken while she was dressing his arm1 but lay so still with his eyes closed that they thought he had fainted4 8,we must carry him10 said ,aline in a determined voice1 and beckoned the concierge to come and help4 ,but before proceeding to the gigantic enterprise1 ,mme4 ,clry poured out a tumbler of wine1 which she had had the wit to bring down with the lint box1 and held it to the sufferer's lips1 while ,aline supported his head against her knee4 ,he drank it with avidity1 and the draught seemed to revive him instantaneously2 he sat up leaning on his right arm4 8,we are going to carry you upstairs1 mon petit10 said ,mme4 ,clry1 patting him on the shoulder with the patronizing manner an amazon might have assumed towards a dwarf4 8,you carry me60 said the young man1 measuring the short1 trim figure of the charwoman with a sceptical twinkle in his eyes3 they were darkgray eyes1 particularly clear1 and piercing4 8,me and ,mlle4 ,aline10 said ,mme4 ,clry1 in a tone that testified against the supercilious way in which her measure was being taken4 ,aline was behind him4 ,he turned to look at her with a jest on his lips1 but1 changing his mind apparently1 he bowed2 then1 with a resolute effort1 he bent forward1 and1 before either she or ,mme4 ,clry could interfere1 he was on his feet4 ,it was well1 however1 they were both within reach of him1 for he staggered1 and must have fallen but for their prompt assistance4 8,la60 said ,mme4 ,clry1 8what it is to be proud6 ,lean on ,mlle4 ,aline and me1 and try and get upstairs without breaking your neck40 8,it is the fortune of war10 said the gentleman laughing1 and accepting the shoulder that ,aline turned towards him4 ,they accomplished the ascent in safety1 and then1 in spite of his assertion that he was all right now1 ,mme4 de ,chanoir insisted on their guest lying down on her sofa while the charwoman prepared some food for him4 ,but safety1 in truth1 was nowhere4 ,the fighting grew brisker from minute to minute4 ,the troops were in possession of the neighboring streets2 they had taken the ,federals in the rear1 and were mowing them down like corn4 ,the struggle could not last much longer1 but it was desperate1 and the loss of life1 already appalling1 must be still greater before it ended4 ,the stranger who had introduced himself so unexpectedly to ,no4 #ac had formed one of the party of order1 he told his good ,samaritans1 who had gone unarmed1 with a flag of truce1 to the ,federals in the ,rue de la ,paix2 he had seen the ghastly butchery that followed1 and only escaped as if by miracle himself2 he had fought as a mobile against the ,prussians1 and received a sabrecut in the head1 which had kept him in the hospital for weeks2 he had1 of course1 refused to join the ,federals1 and it was at the risk of his life that he showed himself abroad in ,paris2 just now he had been making an attempt to join the troops1 when that shell burst1 and stopped him in his venturesome career4 ,all day and all night the four inmates of the little entresol waited and watched in breathless anxiety for the close of the battle that was raging around them4 ,it never flagged for an instant1 and as it went on the noise grew louder and more bewildering1 the tocsin rang from every belfry in the city1 the drum beat to arms in every direction1 the chassepots hissed1 the cannon boomed1 and yells and shrieks of fratricidal murder filled the air1 mingling with the smell and smoke of blood and powder4 ,it was a night that drove hundreds mad who lived through it4 ,yet the worst was still to come4 ,late the next afternoon1 ,aline1 who was constantly at the window1 peeping from behind the mattress stuffed into it to protect them from the shells1 thought she discovered something in the atmosphere indicative of a change of some sort4 ,she said nothing1 but slipped out of the room1 and ran up to a bull'seye at the top of the house that served as a sort of observatory to those who had the courage of their curiosity1 as the ,french put it1 and ventured their heads for a moment to the mercy of the missiles flying amongst the chimneypots4 ,it was an awful sight that met her4 ,a fire was raging close to the house4 ,where it began and ended it was impossible to say1 but clearly it was of immense magnitude1 and blazed with a fury that threatened to spread the flames far and wide4 ,she stood rooted to the spot1 literally paralyzed with horror4 ,were they to be burnt to death1 after living through such miseries1 and escaping death in so many shapes8 ,yet how could they escape it8 ,there were barricades on every side of them2 if they were not shot down like dogs1 which was the most likely event1 they would never be allowed to pass4 ,all this rushed through her mind as she gazed in blank despair out of the little bull'seye1 that embraced the whole area of the ,rue ,royale and the adjacent streets4 ,as yet1 there was a space between the fire and ,no4 #ac4 ,mercifully1 there was no wind1 and she saw by the swaying of the flames that they drew rather towards the ,madeleine than in the direction of the ,rue de ,rivoli4 ,flight was a forlorn hope1 but still they must try it4 ,she turned abruptly from the window1 and was crossing the room1 when a loud crash made her heart leap4 ,she looked back4 ,the roof of another house1 one nearer to ,no4 #ac1 had fallen in1 and the flames1 leaping through like rattlesnakes out of a bag1 sprang at the sky1 writhing and hissing as they licked it with their long red tongues4 8,o ,god1 have pity on us60 ,aline fell on her knees for one moment1 and then hurried down to the salon4 8,we must leave this at once10 she said1 speaking calmly1 but with white lips2 8the street is on fire40 ,m4 ,varlay1 citoyen ,varlay1 as he gave his name1 started to his feet1 and1 pulling the mattress from the window1 looked out4 ,he saw the flames above the housetop4 8,let us go1 with the help of ,god60 he exclaimed4 8,we must make for the ,rue de ,rivoli60 ,mme4 de ,chanoir and the charwoman1 as soon as they caught sight of the fire1 shrieked in chorus1 and made a headlong rush at the stairs4 8,you must be quiet1 madame60 cried ,m4 ,varlay in a tone that arrested both the women2 8if we lose our presence of mind1 we had better stay where we are4 ,have you any valuables1 papers or money1 that you can take in your pocket80 he said1 turning to ,aline4 ,she alone had not lost her head4 ,yes2 there were a few letters of her parents1 and some trinkets1 valuable only as souvenirs1 which she had had the forethought to put together4 ,she took them quickly1 and the four went down the stairs4 ,there was no one in the lodge4 ,the concierge had taken refuge in her cellar1 and her husband was supposed to be saving ,france somewhere else4 ,mme4 ,clry pulled the string1 and the little band sallied forth into the street4 ,the air was so thick they could hardly see their way1 except for the fiery forks of flame that shot up successively through the fog1 illuminating dark spots with a momentary lurid brightness1 while now and then the crash of a roof or a heavy beam was followed by a pillar of sparks that went rattling up into the sky like a fountain of rockets4 ,the ,babel of drums1 and bells1 and artillery added to the confusion of the scene as the fugitives hurried on singly under the shadow of the houses4 ,they fared safely out of the ,rue ,royale and turned to the left4 ,the ,tuileries was enveloped in smoke1 but the flames were nearly spent1 only here and there a tongue of fire crept out of a crevice1 licked the wall1 twisted and twirled1 and drew in again4 ,a crowd was gathered under the portico of the ,rue de ,rivoli1 watching the last throes of the conflagration1 and discussing many questions in excited tones4 ,our travellers pushed on1 and came unmolested to the corner of the ,rue ,st4 ,florentine1 where a sentry levelled his bayonet before them1 and cried 8,halt60 ,mme4 de ,chanoir1 who walked first1 answered by a scream4 ,citoyen ,varlay1 laying his hand on her shoulder1 drew her quickly behind him4 8,stand here while ,i speak to him10 he said1 and he advanced to parley with the ,federal1 at the same time putting his hand into his pocket4 ,they had not exchanged half a dozen words when the sentinel shouldered his chassepot1 and said3 8,quick1 then1 pass along60 ,varlay stood for the women to pass first4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir and the charwoman rushed on1 but no sooner had they stepped into the street than1 clasping their hands1 they fell upon their knees with a cry of agonized terror4 ,the sight that met them was indeed enough to make a brave heart quail4 ,to the left1 extending right across the street1 rose a barricade1 a fortress rather1 surmounted at either end by two warriors of the ,commune1 bending over a cannon as if in the very act of firing2 in the centre two amazon ptroleuses stood with chassepots slung en baudelire and red rags in their hands that they waved aloft proudly like women who felt that the eyes of ,europe were upon them2 the intermediate space on either side of them was filled up with soldiers planted singly or in groups1 and posd in the attitudes of men whom forty centuries look down upon4 ,just as ,mme4 de ,chanoir and her bonne came in front of the terrible miseen scne1 and before they could go backward or forward1 the word ,fire6 rang out from the fortress1 two matches flashed in the hands of the gunners1 and the women dropped to the ground with a shriek that would have waked the dead4 8,what's the matter now80 cried the sentinel4 8,they are going to fire60 8,imbeciles6 ,no1 they are going to be photographed607#aab7 ,and so they were4 ,a photographic battery was set up against the railings opposite4 ,aline and citoyen ,varlay seized the two halffainting women by the arm1 and dragged them across and out of the range of the formidable tableau vivant4 ,meanwhile1 the fire was gaining on ,no4 #ac4 ,the house three doors down from it was flambe4 ,it had been deserted the day before by all its occupants1 save one family composed of a husband and wife1 who had obstinately refused to believe in the danger till it was too late to evade it4 ,they were friends of ,m4 ,dalibouze's and the professor turned in to see them this morning on his way to ,no4 #ac4 8,the situation was a difficult one10 he said2 8it were foolhardy to defy it1 and the time was come when good citizens should save themselves40 ,he convinced ,m4 and ,mme4 ,x---- that this was the only reasonable thing to do4 ,so casting a last look at their belongings1 they sallied forth from their home accompanied by their servant1 an exsapeur1 too old for military service1 but as hale and hearty as a youth of twenty4 ,the professor had got in by a backway from the ,faubourg ,st4 ,honor1 and thither he led his friends now2 but1 though less than fifteen minutes had elapsed since he had entered1 the passage was already blocked3 part of the wall had fallen and stopped it up4 ,there was nothing for it but to go boldly out by the front door1 and trust to ,providence4 ,but they reckoned without the ptroleuses4 ,those zealous daughters of the ,commune1 braving the shot1 and the shell1 and the vengeful flames of their own creation1 sped from door to door1 pouring the terrible fluid into holes and corners1 through the gratings of cellars1 under the doors1 through the chinks of the windows1 everywhere1 dancing1 and singing1 and laughing all the time like tigers in human shape--tigers gone mad with fire and blood4 ,when the sapeur opened the door1 he beheld a group of them on the trottoir2 one was rolling a barrel of petroleum on to the next house1 another was steeping rags in a barrel already half empty1 and handing them as fast as she could to others1 who stuffed them into appropriate places1 and set a light to them2 every flame that rose was hailed by a shout of demoniacal exultation4 ,the sapeur banged the door in their faces4 8,we must set to work1 and cut a hole through the wall10 he said2 8it's the last chance left us40 ,no sooner said than done4 ,he knew where to lay his hands on a couple of crowbars and a pickaxe2 the professor fired the contents of his chassepot at the wall1 and then the three men went at it1 and worked as men do when death is behind them and life before4 ,it was an old house1 built chiefly of stone and mortar1 very little iron1 and it yielded quickly to the hammering blows of the workmen4 ,a breach was made--a small one1 but big enough to let a man crawl through4 ,m4 ,x---- passed out first1 and then helped out his wife4 ,m4 ,dalibouze and the sapeur followed4 ,they hurried through the next apartment4 ,m4 ,dalibouze reloaded his gun2 whiz6 whiz6 went the bullets2 bang6 bang6 went the crowbars2 down rattled the stones2 another breach was made1 and again they were saved4 ,three times they fought their way through the walls1 while the fire like a lava torrent rolled after them1 and then they found themselves at ,no4 #ac4 ,m4 ,dalibouze's first thought was for the little apartment on the entresol at the other side4 ,they made for it2 but as they were crossing the court a blow1 or rather a succession of blows1 struck the great oak door2 it opened like a nut1 and fell in with a crash like thunder4 ,the burglars beheld ,m4 ,dalibouze in his ,national ,guard costume scudding across the yard1 and greeted him with howls like a troop of jackals4 ,whiz6 went the grapeshot4 ,m4 ,dalibouze fell4 ,mme4 ,x---- and her husband had fallen back before the door gave way1 and thus escaped observation4 ,no one was left but the old sapeur4 8,what sort of work is this80 he said1 walking defiantly up to the men--there were five of them--8what do you mean by breaking into the houses of honest citizens80 8,you had better break out of this one if you don't want to grill10 answered one of the ruffians2 8we are going to fire it1 par ordre de le ,commune40 ,the women had disappeared1 and left their implements in the hands of the men4 8,oh6 par ordre de le ,commune60 echoed the sapeur2 8then ,i've nothing to say2 ,i hope they pay you well for the work80 8,not over and above for such work as it is10 said one of the incendiaries1 rolling a barrel into the concierge's lodge4 8,how much80 8,ten francs apiece40 8,ten francs for burning a house down6 ,pshaw6 you're fools for your pains60 ,the sapeur shrugged his shoulders1 and1 turning on his heels1 walked off4 ,suddenly1 as if a bright thought struck him1 he turned back1 and faced them with his hands in his pockets4 8,suppose you got twenty for leaving it alone80 8,twenty apiece80 8,twenty apiece1 every man of you60 ,they stopped their work1 and looked from one to another4 8,ma foi1 ,i'd take it1 and leave it alone60 said one4 8,pardie6 we've had enough of it1 and1 as the citoyen says1 it's beggarly pay for the work10 said another4 8,done60 said the sapeur47#aac7 ,he pulled out a leathern purse from his breastpocket1 and counted out one hundred francs in five gold pieces to the five communists4 8,une poigne de main1 citoyen60 said the first spokesmen4 ,the others followed suit1 and the sapeur1 after heartily wringing the five rascally hands1 sent them on their way rejoicing to the cabaret round the corner4 ,this is how ,no4 #ac was saved4 ,no4 #aa was burnt to the ground1 and then the fire stopped4 ,but to return to ,aline and her friends4 ,they got on well till they came to the ,rue d',alger1 where they were caught in a panic1 men1 and women1 and children struggling to get out of reach of the flames1 and threatening to crush each other to death in their terror4 ,our friends got clear of it1 but1 on coming out of the mle at separate points1 the sisters found they had lost each other4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir had held fast by ,mme4 ,clry1 and was satisfied that ,aline was safe under the wing of citoyen ,varlay4 ,but she was mistaken4 ,he had indeed lifted her off the ground1 holding her like a child above the heads of the crowd1 and so saved her from being trampled under foot1 most likely2 but when he set her down1 and ,aline turned to speak to him1 he was gone4 ,it would have been madness to attempt to look for him in the mle1 so she determined to wait at the nearest point of shelter1 and then when the crowd dispersed they would be sure to meet4 ,she made for the doorway of a mourning house at the corner of the ,rue ,st4 ,honor4 ,but she had not been many minutes there when she heard a hue and cry from the ,tuileries end of the street1 and a troop of men and women came flying along1 driving some people before them1 and firing at random as they went4 ,the sensible thing for ,aline to do was1 of course1 to flatten herself against the wall1 and stay where she was1 and of course she did not do it4 ,she saw a flock of people running1 and she started from her hidingplace1 and turned and ran with them4 ,they tore along the ,rue ,st4 ,honor till they came to the ,rue ,rohan2 here the band broke up1 and many disappeared at opposite points2 but one little group unluckily kept together1 and1 though diminished to a third its size at the starting point1 it still held in view1 and gave chase to the pursuers4 ,mlle4 de ,lemaque kept with this4 ,on they flew like hares before the hounds1 till1 turning the corner of the ,place du ,palais ,royal1 they were stopped by two ,federals1 who levelled their chassepots and bade them stand4 ,the fugitives turned1 not like hares at bay to face the hunters and die1 but to rush into an open shop1 and fall on their knees1 and cry1 8,mercy60 ,the ,federals were after them in a second4 ,instead of shooting them right off1 however1 they set to discussing the propriety of taking them out and standing them in regulation order1 with their backs to the wall1 and doing the thing in a proper businesslike manner4 ,while this parley was going on1 ,aline de ,lemaque cast a glance round her1 and saw that her fellow victims were two young lads and half a dozen women1 all of them of the lower class apparently2 most of them wore caps4 ,the men who were making ready to shoot them without rhyme or reason1 as if they were so many rats1 were evidently of the very dregs of the ,commune1 and looked halfdrunk with blood or wine1 or both--it was hard to say--but there was no trace of manhood left upon the faces that gave a hope that mercy had still a lurkingplace in their hearts4 ,one of the women suddenly started to her feet4 8,what60 she cried1 8you call yourselves men1 and you are going in cold blood to shoot unarmed women and boys8 ,shame on you for cowards6 ,there is not a man amongst you60 ,she snapped her fingers right into their faces with an impudence that was positively sublime4 ,the cowards were taken aback4 ,they looked at each other1 and burst out laughing4 8,sapristi6 ,she's right10 exclaimed one of them2 8they're not worth wasting our powder on60 ,like lightning1 the women were on their feet1 fraternizing with the men1 embracing1 shaking hands1 and swearing fraternity in true communistic fashion4 ,mlle4 de ,lemaque alone stood aloof1 a silent1 terrorstricken spectator of the scene4 8,what have we here8 ,une canaille d'aristocrate1 ,i'll be bound6 ,it's written on her face10 said one of the ruffians1 seizing her by the arm2 8let us make away with her1 comrades6 ,it will be a good job for the ,republic to rid it of one more of the lazy aristos that live by the ouvrier's meat40 ,there was a lull in the kissing and handshaking1 and they turned to stare at ,aline4 ,her life hung by a thread4 ,a timid word1 a guilty look1 and she was lost4 ,but the soldier's blood rose up in her2 she bethought her of her abus1 and lancd it4 8,lazy60 she cried2 8,i am a soldier's daughter2 my father fought for ,france1 and left his children nothing but his sword2 ,i work for my bread as hard as any of you60 ,the effect was galvanic2 they gathered around her1 shouting1 8,bravo6 ,give us your hand1 citoyenne60 ,and ,aline gave it1 and1 like the statesman who thanked ,god he had a country to sell1 she blessed him that she had a hand to give4 --,blood ran like water in the sewers of ,paris for a few days1 and then the troops were masters of the field1 and order was restored--restored so far as to enable honest men to sleep in their beds at night4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir was back again in the little saloon at ,no4 #ac1 and diligently reading the newspaper aloud to a gentleman who was lying on the sofa near her2 the gnrale's spine complaint had been radically cured by the ,commune1 and she sat erect in a chair now like other people4 ,the invalid's face and head were so elaborately bandaged that it was impossible to see what either were like1 while his bodily proportions disappeared altogether under a voluminous travellingrug4 ,he listened for some time without comment to the political tirade which ,mme4 de ,chanoir was reading to him1 an invective against ,france1 and her soldiers1 and her generals1 and the nation at large--a sweeping anathema1 in fact1 of everything and everybody1 till he could bear it no longer1 and1 sitting bolt upright1 he exclaimed3 8,madame1 the man who wrote that article is a traitor4 ,france is greater today in her unmerited misfortunes than she was in the apotheosis of her glory2 she is more sublime in her widowed grief than her ignoble foe in his barbarous successes6 ,she is1 in fact1 still ,france4 ,the situation is compromised for a moment1 but--0 8,l1 l1 voyons60 broke in ,mme4 ,clry1 putting her head in at the door1 and shaking the lid of a saucepan at the invalid4 8,how is the tisane to take effect if you will talk politics and put yourself into a rage about la situation6 ,mme4 la ,gnrale1 make 'um keep still60 ,the gnrale thus adjured laid down the newspaper1 and gently insisted on ,m4 ,dalibouze's resuming his horizontal position on the couch4 ,aline was not there2 she was off at her old work at the ,ambulance again4 ,the hospitals had been replenished to overflowing by the streetfighting of the last week of the ,commune1 la dnouement de la situation1 as ,m4 ,dalibouze called it1 and nurses were in great demand4 ,citoyen ,varlay had not turned up since the night they had lost him in the crowd4 ,the excitement and confusion which had reigned in the city ever since had made it difficult to set effective inquiries on foot1 even if the sisters had been accurately informed regarding their quondam guest's identity and circumstances1 which they were not4 ,all they knew of him was his appearance1 his name1 and his wound4 ,this was too vague to assist much in the search4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir was sincerely sorry for it2 she had been attracted at once by the frank bearing and courteous manners of the young citoyen2 but his cool courage1 his forgetfulness of himself for others1 and the stoical contempt for bodily pain which he had displayed on the occasion of their flight1 had kindled sympathy into admiration1 and she spoke of him now as a hero4 ,she spoke of him constantly at first1 loudly lamenting his loss2 for lost she believed him4 ,he had1 no doubt1 been overpowered by the crowd2 his disabled arm deprived him of half his strength1 and1 exhausted as he was by previous pain1 and the violent effort to protect ,aline in the struggle1 he had probably fainted and been suffocated or crushed to death4 ,this was the conclusion ,mme4 de ,chanoir arrived at2 but when she mentioned it to ,aline1 the deadly paleness that suddenly overspread the young girl's features made her wish to recall her words1 and from that out the name of the young soldier was never pronounced between the sisters4 ,mme4 ,clry had formed on her side an enthusiastic affection for him1 and sincerely regretted his fate1 but with a woman's instinct she guessed that the one who regretted it most said least about it4 ,she never mentioned citoyen ,varlay to ,aline1 but made up for the selfdenial by pouring out his praises and her own grief into the sympathizing ear of the gnrale4 8,what a pretty couple they would have made60 said the old woman one morning1 wiping her eyes with the corner of her apron2 8he was such a fine fellow1 and so merry2 he only wanted the particule to make him perfect2 but1 after all1 who knows8 ,he may not have been as good as he looked4 ,one can never trust those parvenus40 ,a month passed4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir was alone one afternoon1 when ,mme4 ,clry rushed into the room in a state of breathless excitement1 her eyes literally dancing out of her head4 8,madame6 madame6 ,i guessed it6 ,i was sure of it6 ,i'm not that woman not to know a gentleman when ,i see him4 ,i told madame he was6 ,let madame never say but ,i did60 ,and having explained herself thus coherently between laughing and crying1 she held out a card to her mistress4 ,mme4 de ,chanoir read aloud3 ,,le ,,baron ,,de ,,varlay1 ,avocat la ,cour de ,cassation4 ,another month elapsed1 and the great door of the ,madeleine was opened for a double marriage4 ,the first bridegroom was a tall1 slight man1 on whose face and figure the word distingu was unmistakably stamped4 ,the second was a plump1 dapper little man1 who1 as he walked up the carpeted aisle of the church1 seemed hardly to touch the ground1 so elastic was his step2 his countenance beamed1 he was radiant1 and it is hardly a figure of speech to say that he was buoyant with satisfaction4 ,if he could have given utterance to his feelings1 he would have said that 8the situation was perfect1 and absolutely nothing more could be desired40 ,mme4 ,clry was present in her monumental cap1 trimmed with ,valenciennes lace brandnew for the occasion1 and a chintz gown with a peacock pattern on a peagreen ground that would have lighted up a room without candles4 ,she1 too1 looked the very personification of content4 ,the first couple was all her heart could wish1 and more than her wildest ambition had ever dreamed of for her favorite ,aline4 ,the second she had grown philosophically reconciled to4 ,the marriage had one drawback1 a grievous one1 but the charwoman consoled herself with the reflection that ,mme4 de ,chanoir might condone the bourgeoisie of her new name1 by signing herself3 ,,felicite ,,dalibouze1 ,ne de ,lemaque4 ,use ,and ,abuse ,of ,the ,novel4 ,if the question were put to us--,what class of books1 viewed merely as reading1 without tutelage or commentary of any kind1 had the greatest influence in moulding and training the thoughts1 aspirations1 mode of life1 of the mass of readers in these days8--we should1 notwithstanding the slur and sneer which it is fashionable for clever writers to cast upon them1 answer unhesitatingly--,novels4 ,this answer1 we have no doubt1 might shock the sensibilities of some of our readers1 as it might very cordially agree with those of a not insignificant body of others4 ,without going into a dry analytical discussion of the pros and cons of the question1 we will adopt the easier course of taking at the outset everything we want for granted1 and allowing the truth of it to emanate from the body of our article2 merely premising that1 if it be true1 ,catholics have too much neglected1 are far too weak in1 this very important collateral branch of modern education4 ,every age1 every cycle1 every period in the history of the world has its distinctive features1 its proper individualities1 its representative men1 systems1 or facts1 strongly and clearly marked4 ,ours is the iron age4 ,our province is matter4 ,our tastes are material4 ,the world seems1 strangely enough1 to be working backwards4 ,we began with intellect3 we finish with matter4 ,the signs of the past are stamped with intellect or the intellectual4 ,the development of the present is steam and electricity4 ,if we ask the ages1 ,what have you given us8 the answer comes rolling down out of the dim mountain of the past3 ,homer1 ,phidias1 ,apelles2 the alphabet1 the geometrical figure1 the science of numbers2 ,plato and ,aristotle2 ,virgil and the historians2 the practical greatness of ,rome2 the great faith of the newborn middle ages2 the ,crusades1 the ,gothic order1 the great masters1 ,dante1 ,shakespeare1 and ,milton4 ,we have our distinctive mark2 the one indicated3 the mastery over the material world4 ,in the intellectual order1 if we look for one1 we must set it in the daily newspaper and the novel4 ,these are the peculiar intellectual development of the ,x,i,xth century4 ,against the names of ,homer1 ,plato1 schylus1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,dante1 ,shakespeare1 we pit those of ,scott1 ,thackeray1 ,dickens1 ,eugene ,sue1 ,george ,sand1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,dumas1 ,bulwer1 ,wilkie ,collins1 ,miss ,braddon1 and her kin4 ,surely this is rank heresy4 ,is not this the age of the rationalists1 the freethinkers1 8the swallowers of formula10 of ,hegel1 ,cousin1 ,comte1 ,mill1 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,huxley1 ,thomas ,carlyle8 ,all these are nothing to the purpose4 ,thinkers1 dreamers1 idealists1 doubters1 belong to all ages4 ,the novelists belong to ours alone1 as surely as do the steamboat1 the railway1 the electric telegraph1 the daily press1 the penny post4 ,in saying this1 we are not blind to the fact that novels and romances were written long before our century dawned4 ,cervantes and ,le ,sage are old enough2 the ,romaunts are older still4 ,de ,foe1 ,fielding1 ,smollett1 ,sterne1 ,richardson1 are names of a bygone century4 ,but novelism1 to use the word in a new sense1 considered as a science--for such it has practically become--as the most popular branch of literature known in these days1 with men and women of genius devoted to its pursuit1 with an everincreasing progeny spreading and growing1 and stifling each other out of life1 is an intellectual phase proper of today4 ,philosophic historians trace the decline of peoples and periods in the decline of their literature2 in its tone1 its style1 its subjects1 and manner of treatment4 ,if this test be applied to us1 what a show should we make6 ,but happily the test1 though in the main a true one1 is not an infallible one4 ,the facility opened up by the invention of printing for writers of every shade of opinion to express their thoughts upon any given subject at any length and in any quantity1 provided only they pay the printer1 must weaken to some extent the theory that writers are the exact reflex of the times and peoples for and among whom they write4 ,still there rests the significant fact that today the novel1 and particularly the worst form of it1 is the book of the period2 the most popular1 widely read1 best paid class of literature that we possess--a fact which tells its own tale of our intellectual and moral advance4 ,the ancients seem not to have conceived such a thing4 ,and1 despite the danger of such an admission in the face of what the novel has come to be among ourselves1 we can only regret its loss among them4 ,had the ,greeks and ,romans caught the idea1 and turned their brilliant1 clearsighted1 manly1 and truthloving intellects to the portrayal of everyday life2 to the picture of how the world wagged behind the scenes long ago1 what a flood of light would have been let in on their history1 its meaning1 its philosophy1 so as to render almost superfluous the works of such men as ,niebuhr1 ,gibbon1 ,grote4 ,we should have had plenty of evil undoubtedly1 plenty to sicken us2 but1 after all1 would the foulness of the pagans have been much worse than the spicy dishes cooked and served up to us every day by our own novelists2 by grayhaired men2 by ladies1 at whose age we will not venture to guess2 by smart young girls who have just bounced out of their teens8 ,the glimpse we have had of ,socrates' spouse makes us wish for a closer acquaintance with that dame4 ,we are anxious to know how she received the news of his draught of hemlock1 for she evidently entertained the utmost contempt for all his doctrine and philosophy1 and must have been rather surprised at the state bothering itself so much about her husband4 ,what an irreparable loss we have sustained in ,diogenes1 his sayings and doings1 his snarls and life in that tub of his6 ,what living pictures would have been left us of the life in the groves1 the disputations1 the clash of intellect with intellect where all was intellect2 the great games1 who betted1 who lost1 who won1 who contended2 of the mysteries and the sacrifices2 of ,greece at the invasions2 of the party strifes2 how ,alcibiades pranked and ruled in turn2 how ,balbus built that famous wall of his that he is always building in the ,delectus2 how ,agricola ploughed his field2 how the ,symposia passed off with ,cicero and his friends2 how ,csar spent his youth1 and how the conspiracy worked that destroyed him2 what sort of companions brought ,catiline's conspiracy about2 the effect of the quousque tandem speech related by an eye witness2 the coming of the great ,apostles2 the dawn of ,christianity2 how the gay ,greeks listened to that first strange sermon given from the altar to the ,unknown ,god4 ,these things have been told us in a way4 ,we can pick and sort them out of the brilliant works of the writers of the time4 ,but had they been told us by a ,greek or ,roman novelist1 a ,thackeray1 ,dickens1 or ,bulwer1 with the actors set living and real and palpable on the scenes1 speaking the language1 using all the little peculiarities1 of everyday life1 with all their natural surroundings and coincidents1 what a lost world would have been opened up to us6 ,abandoning1 however1 such vain and useless regrets1 let us turn to the immediate subject of our own article4 ,the title1 ,novel1 we here use in the popular signification of the word1 as comprising all works of fiction1 distinct from those that are purely satirical1 and history as written by such men as ,mr4 ,james ,anthony ,froude and ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,novelists1 we know1 are apt to be nice on the question of titles4 ,no lady of third rate society1 who with time on her hands to do good devoted it to the study of the court balls and the pages of ,debrett1 was ever more so4 ,here is your romance1 which looks down upon your mere story2 your novelette which shrinks with awe from your psychological romance2 your story of real life1 a republican sort of fellow often1 who hustles and bustles and shoulders them all and stands on his own legs2 and a variety of others as numerous as they are1 to the public at large--which is1 as it should be1 a poor respecter of titles--unnecessary4 ,we purpose1 in the name of the public1 dealing very summarily with these titled folk1 throwing them1 high and low1 in the same category1 and designating one and all as novels pure and simple1 with the single distinction1 which shall appear in due time1 of the sensational novel4 ,as we have arrived at this point1 it may not be amiss to ask1 ,what purpose do novels serve2 with what object are they written8 ,a hard question truly4 ,we reply to the second part of the query first4 ,it may not be unnatural1 nor dealing unfairly with their authors1 to suppose that novels are written1 in the first place1 with the very laudable desire of earning one's bread3 so that 8the root of all evil0 lies at the bottom of the 8psychological romance10 as of far humbler things in this world4 ,as to what purpose1 earthly or unearthly1 they serve1 the answer to that depends1 first of all1 on the author's secondary motive in writing them2 secondly1 on the effect they produce on the reader--which are two very different things4 ,we have not the slightest doubt that the ,french novelists1 as popularly known1 entertained the very loftiest ideas with regard to morality1 ,christianity1 the laws of ,god and man1 the conventional relations between husband and wife1 and so on1 before ushering into the world the representatives of their--to put it mildly--somewhat peculiar views on these questions4 ,well1 if the world read them wrongly1 mistook faith for infidelity1 a deep lesson in purity for adultery1 loyalty and obedience to the sovereign for rank outspoken disturbance and rebellion1 who was to blame8 ,the world was simply stupid4 ,m4 ,dumas fils1 for instance1 has lately been good enough to enlighten us with his ideas on the vexed questions of matrimony and women in general4 ,m4 ,dumas fils is undoubtedly an excellent guide on such subjects4 ,he is an advanced man1 a man of the age1 of society1 of the world4 ,his testimonies on such subjects ought1 therefore1 to be of value4 ,he has disposed of the whole question in1 for a ,dumas1 a few words--a single volume4 ,the moral of his doctrine comes to this3 if your wife is faithless1 kill her4 ,we have not yet heard of any practical results arising from this new gospel1 as preached by ,m4 ,dumas fils2 from which1 we have no doubt1 he will draw the very agreeable inference that his remedy for the regeneration of society1 and the nice adjustment of the marriageknot once for all1 was altogether unnecessary4 ,if his doctrine should spread to any alarming extent1 no doubt ,m4 ,dumas fils will be satisfied that at last the world is beginning a new era of advancement1 that there is still hope for it2 and he will hold himself answerable for all the consequences4 ,by the bye1 we believe he has omitted one little thing3 the course to be adopted by the wife in the event of the husband's infidelity4 ,but probably such a highminded1 virtuous man as ,m4 ,dumas never contemplated the possibility of such a contingency arising4 ,mr4 ,collins1 ,mr4 ,reade1 ,miss ,braddon1 and the rest hold1 doubtless1 the same ideas with regard to the relative value of their productions4 ,whether their praiseworthy efforts have been duly appreciated2 whether they have ever made man1 woman1 or child a whit better or sounder by the perusal of any of their works1 we do not know4 ,we are inclined to think not4 ,if any reader would kindly come forward and show that we are wrong in this from his or her own experience1 we shall only be too happy to stand corrected4 ,at all events1 the advantage derived must be in very small proportion to the quantity of literary medicine and advice administered by those social physicians to the craving multitude4 ,laying aside1 then1 the invariably pure and lofty motives of the authors2 laying aside the cloak which novels serve for at times1 as in the hands of a ,disraeli1 to attack a policy or a system2 and taking them as they affect ourselves1 the readers1 one may safely say that they serve mainly to amuse2 to fill up those spare moments that nothing else can fill up4 ,they constitute the playground of literature--a recreation and relief for the mind4 ,we gulp them down as we are whirled along in the railway train4 ,we take them with us on long voyages1 as the ,scotch patient took his weekly sermon at the kirk1 as an opiate--thus fulfilling to the letter the traditional notion of the 8,sabbath0 being a day of rest4 ,when the brain is heavy and the body worn1 when to talk is labor and to think is pain1 then we can seize the novel1 loll on the sofa1 or recline under the leafy shade by the brink of the musical river1 and float away1 half asleep1 half awake1 into dreamland4 ,in a moment a new world1 as real and living to the mind's eye as that in which we move1 is conjured up before us4 ,we are on intimate terms with a villain whose dagger is as airdrawn as ,macbeth's4 ,we can commit coldblooded murders that will never bring us to the dock2 or shocking improprieties that even the farreaching nose of ,mrs4 ,grundy will fail to catch scent of4 ,or we go over 8the old1 old story10 and are bumped1 jerked1 and jolted along the delicious course that never will run smooth2 mapping it out if we have not yet had the fortune 7or misfortune7 to traverse it2 filling it in with many a wellknown form1 if we have4 ,and if the neverrunningsmooth theory be true of love1 this much we ungrudgingly grant the novelists--they certainly hold to their tether4 ,the labyrinth of ,ddalus was nothing to it2 the twistings1 the windings1 the sudden and unexpected meetings1 the separations1 the jiltings1 the halts by the way1 the joy1 the sorrow1 the ecstasy1 the despair1 the losings1 the seekings1 the findings1 the torturing uncertainty1 the wanderings through hopeless mazes1 to end1 as we knew at the outset it would and must end1 according to 8the eternal fitness of things10 in some man marrying some woman--the most extraordinary phenomenon that the world ever witnessed6 ,the novel invites us1 as the noonday devil is supposed to do1 at dangerous moments--those moments that come to all of us when matter holds the mastery over mind4 ,place in the hands of the reader at such a time a book which1 while it interests1 while it soothes1 lulls1 and gently enwraps in its kindly meshes the abstracted brain1 never palls2 containing at least what is harmless2 and good1 not very great certainly1 but at least of a kind1 is effected4 ,but let the novel be like the favorites of its class1 a thing to fire the imagination with impure thoughts clothed in the thinnest veil of mock morality1 at the very moment when the imagination of the reader is ready to run riot2 and evil1 great1 sometimes irreparable1 is produced4 8,all the wrong that ,i have ever done or sung has come from that confounded book of yours10 writes ,byron to ,moore in a moment of bitterness4 ,if the accusation be well founded1 what an intellectual wreck has ,moore to answer for2 what a multitude of lesser disasters following in the train of a great genius1 so early led astray6 ,the novelist beats every other writer from the field4 ,we all read him1 from the crophaired schoolboy to the octogenarian who has quite grown through his hair2 from the nearest approach to ,mr4 ,darwin's ideal man to the philosopher 8who would circumvent ,god02 from the artless maiden who fondly dotes over those wicked but excessively handsome villains1 those athletic but ridiculously stupid lovers1 those consumptive heroines with the luminous eyes and rippling glories of golden hair2 those lady poisoners with the floating locks and seagreen orbs--to the dyspeptic lady who makes novelreading a science1 who dawdles out her languid existence in elegant nothingness1 who looks to the production of a new story as men look to a change in the constitution1 or as astronomers lately looked to the comet that would not come2 who is1 in a word1 utterly useless for all the purposes of life1 of wifehood1 of womanhood--novelstruck1 novelbred1 only fit to 8resolve and thaw into a dew0 of weak sentimentality and essence of inanity4 ,from this category of readers we must not omit the typical old maid1 who is continually telling us that she renounced such things as love and other rubbish long ago2 yet daily treats herself to her spruce1 strong1 highly flavored dish of the purest1 spiciest scandal1 and takes her diurnal dose of immorality as regularly as her 8drops0 or her tea4 ,all the world lies open to the novelist4 ,from no place is he excluded1 save from a few high and dry quarterlies2 and even they are stirred from their abstract regions into sledgehammer activity or solemn admiration by him from time to time4 ,of monthlies1 fortnightlies1 weeklies1 dailies1 he forms the chief ingredient4 ,even editors of metaphysical fortnightlies find they must flavor their own romance with a spice1 of the more regular and orthodox in order to make it 8go down with the public40 ,what a field1 then1 is the novelist's6--what ground for a high1 pureminded man or woman to sow seeds in that may sprout1 and spread1 and fill the world with truth1 with purity1 with noble aspirations1 with right teachings set in the goodliest garb6 ,the youth of the generations is their own4 ,who has forgotten those earlier days when we stood1 fairhaired1 open hearted children1 on the threshold of life1 steeped in the morning sun of a future that looked all golden8 ,a warm mist hung about us1 shrouding all in beautiful1 mystical dimness4 ,there was no storm1 no darkness1 no night4 ,whisperings of soft voices stole out of the magic mist1 and called us on to do great things2 to rift the mist and open up the glorious world of ,god1 as we saw it in our imaginings4 ,the morning of life1 like the morning of the world1 is all ,eden4 ,we walk with ,god1 for we are innocent4 ,but the doom is on us2 we must pluck the fruit of the tree of knowledge4 ,the moment we taste of it1 the golden dream is no more2 the mist is reft asunder2 and slowly the world opens on our saddened eyes in all its hard reality1 to be subjected by the labor of our hands and the sweat of our brow4 ,as we merge from that innocence1 so we go on4 ,some great event may change us2 may make this one a saint1 that a fiend4 ,but1 as a rule1 the sapling grows into the tree1 weakly or strong1 straight and tall and looking heavenwards1 or stunted1 useless1 and unsightly as it grew from the grafting4 ,the grafting is the mother's voice1 the father's example1 the companions around us1 the guidance of our thoughts4 ,and the great mass of our thoughts1 at a time when we are all imagination1 springs from the books we read4 ,here steps in the crying need of a series of storybooks for ,catholic children2 for all children up to the age when study becomes a more serious work4 ,one other glance back at the days of our childhood1 and the manner in which they were spent2 for it is not the least important part of our subject4 ,what a round of acquaintance we had1 necessitating a corresponding round of visits6 ,one day we dropped in on our best of friends1 ,robinson ,crusoe1 on that lonely island of his1 wishing that all the world were islands and we were all ,crusoes4 ,all we wanted to live happily was a boat1 six or seven guns and pistols1 a goatskin cap1 a parrot1 a ,man ,friday1 an umbrella1 and an occasional savage to kill4 ,after taking a sail with him in his boat1 helping him to build his castle1 tending the goats1 running down to see if we could find that second footprint on the sand1 giving ,friday a lesson in ,english1 we bade him goodbye with the promise of calling again soon1 and hurried off on that expedition to the other end of the world with our old acquaintance ,captain ,marryat1 to search for our father1 play our practical jokes1 and fight our triangular duels4 ,then we had to hunt up that ,indian trail for ,cooper1 and no redskin ever followed the track half so keenly as we1 marking the way1 notching the giant trunks with our sixbladed penknife1 shooting the buffalo with our popguns1 sleeping round the campfires in those limitless prairies and thickest jungles of our imagination4 ,ha6 by'r ,lady6 ,here we are at the gentle trial of spears at ,ashby de la ,zouch4 ,how brave it was6 ,the glinting of the lances1 and the clash of steel on helm and hauberk2 the gay plumes shorn and floating on the wind like thistledown4 ,and out we rushed1 and called the friend of our bosom a caitiff knight and a false knave1 and plighted our troth to that imprisoned maiden--no matter who1 and no matter where--to do her right1 and do our devoir as leal and belted knight4 ,that caitiff deals in leather now1 and does a thriving business2 his knightly limbs are cased in the best of cloth1 cut by the cleverest of artists2 his knightly stomach is naught the worse for wear1 but quite beyond the girth of steel armor2 and he has a son who1 at this moment1 is assisting at the joust as we did1 spurring into the mle and bearing all down before us1 to spur out again victor1 and meet ,charlie ,o',malley waiting for us outside2 to ride with him for dear life into today4 ,what a race it is2 how the world spins past us2 how our heart throbs1 and our eyes grow dim1 and our hopes sink as we fall and dislocate our shoulder at that last fence4 ,by heaven6 up again--on1 and in a winner6 ,and we sink to the ground with the shouts of thousands ringing in our ears1 to wake in a darkened chamber with low voices breaking on us--the voices of our dear ,irish girls1 who make 8smithereens0 of our hearts only to heal them the next minute1 and sit there wooing us back into life and love4 ,such was the favorite mental food of our earlier days1 our literary candy4 ,if the reading of youth were restricted to authors such as these1 on the whole we might consider them in safe hands4 ,but books multiply and cheapen day by day1 and as usual 8the cheap and nasty0 carries everything before it4 ,the favorite stories of the mass of boys that we see consist of what is known as the ,dime ,novel and those bloodandthunder weeklies with the terrific titles and startling pictures4 ,by some strange freak of nature1 boys are fond of blood2 the warlike element prevails2 the peaceful is nowhere4 ,we feel certain that1 if ,mr4 ,barnum possessed a real live murderer among his collection of curiosities--though we fear he could scarcely ticket such an animal 8a curiosity0 in these days--and caged him up among the other wild beasts1 he would prove a greater attraction to the juvenile visitor than anything else in the famous exhibition4 ,it were easy enough to satisfy this morbid craving for muscular ,christianity in a safe and sound manner1 if our writers of fiction took up systematically the incidents of history2 the great wars2 the crusades1 the parts played by great ,christian heroes1 by the saints of ,god2 the scenes of martyrdom1 the labors of the missionaries1 and a thousand other subjects as entertaining as they are instructive and strictly true4 ,we know that there are many such2 but we want to be overloaded with them1 as we are with those others to which we referred4 ,we can scarcely at the moment call to mind one ,catholic story to compete at all with a crowd of children's books written by ,protestants4 ,the production of children's stories has grown into a science among them4 ,we frequently see pages of stately reviews and the columns of the ,london ,times devoted to as critical an examination of this class of books as to the works of the greatest writers4 ,they recognize the necessity and the advantage of giving their children something to save them from the evil effects that must ensue from a continual history of daring and impossible feats by young burglars1 detectives1 spies1 and the like4 ,the best writers of this kind are1 as they should be1 women1 who know best how to interest children1 who watch them with an eye to their every want1 that a man cannot attain4 ,here1 then1 is a field for ,catholic ladies--a field wide open1 which cries to be filled up4 ,but our article deals not alone with children and children's books4 ,we purpose looking higher and looking deeper1 at the mental recreation of the day1 of the age2 at the literature that loads our tables1 our shelves1 our public libraries1 our bookstalls3 the book 8of the period0--the sensational novel4 ,what is a sensational novel8 ,who has defined it8 ,who dare define it8 ,it is a pity the author of ,rasselas had not some faint conception of it4 ,the idea of calling ,rasselas a novel in these days6 ,we might imagine him to have dealt with it somewhat in the following style3 ,sensational ,novel3 ,a complexity of improbabilities woven around a crowd of nonentities1 interspersed with fashionable filth1 and relieved by sleek coated beastliness2 meaning nothing1 and good for less4 ,what is this word that possesses us6 ,sensation6--as though we had not enough of it4 ,the age is so dreadfully prosaic1 so workaday1 so dull4 ,we must run off the track1 out of the common groove1 or we are ill at ease4 ,where is the sensation in steam and electricity8 ,we are whirled through a continent in a week3 but that is a thing done every day4 ,it almost equals the mantle of the genii in the ,arabian ,nights2 we had only to step upon it1 and find ourselves at whatever point of the compass we wished4 ,we cross thousands of miles of ocean in a similar period1 mastering the elements with a clockwork regularity1 fair weather or foul4 ,we knit sea to sea4 ,we rise from foeencircled cities1 and sail safe away into the air4 ,the whisper of what has been done in one quarter of the world has not had time to pass abroad before it is discussed in the others4 ,we have linked the disjointed world by an electric flame that flashes knowledge throughout its circle instantaneously4 ,we build up vast empires and topple down thrones every day1 as though they were ninepins1 and yet we want sensation6 ,we sigh for the cap and bells2 the jousts and games and junketings of old4 ,even the feast of horrors1 crimes1 and incidents1 the births1 deaths1 and marriages1 and the scandals of the 8fashionable world10 served up to us at breakfast daily1 with all the inventive genius of the newspaper correspondent1 pall upon our surfeited appetites4 8,we have supped full of horrors4 ,time was when our fell of hair would have uplifted to hear a nightshriek4 ,but now1 how weary1 stale1 flat1 and unprofitable seem to us all the uses of this world of ours4 ,life is as dreary as a twicetold tale40 ,we are not satisfied2 we feel a craving after something4 ,our want1 our craving1 springs not from the desire for a higher spirit in it all1 not from an absence of faith and noble purpose1 of something greater than utility1 not from a horror of a daily widening infidelity and impurity that mocks the pagan2 but simply and purely from a lack of sensation6 ,in the face of the dull routine of this age of marvels that old ,friar ,bacon dimly saw in his dreams1 and was deemed a madman for his foresight2 in the face of wars like our own rebellion and the devastation of ,france2 in the midst of fallen thrones and falling peoples--we ask for sensation6 as the philosopher1 though perhaps with more reason1 took a lantern to look for a man4 ,we find it not in these things2 we pass them by1 and bury ourselves in the pages of ,wilkie ,collins1 ,miss ,braddon1 and their kind4 ,they are the wonderworkers of the age4 ,here we find what we are seeking2 here is a response to our ravenous craving1 in those delicious1 torturing plots that take our breath away4 ,here we sit hob and nob with what the fourthrate newspaper is fond of calling 8the scions of nobility40 ,we get an animated description and category of their articles of clothing1 from their boots and who made them1 to their linen and where it was bought4 ,what a pleasure it is to know a count and a lord1 and a lady and a duchess2 to know how they eat and drink1 and the chronicle of all the fearful scandal that goes on in what the newspaper man again knows as 8certain circles06 ,what peeps we have into the greenroom6 ,pages are devoted to the eyes of an opera singer1 the ankles of a danseuse1 the charming slang of an actress4 ,the scene is varied by dips into the purlieus of society2 into the bagnio and the ginmill2 the prizering and the barracks2 the dancing saloon and the gamingtable2 the betting ring2 into every place1 every person1 everything the lowest1 the meanest1 the worst4 ,is this exaggeration8 ,is it a false1 outrageous libel on this age1 so full of great things1 and still greater capabilities8 ,is it particularly false of ourselves1 the simplehearted1 simplemannered republicans1 who have set our faces as sternly against the ungodly and the ways of sin as our old crophaired1 steeplecrowned ,puritans professed to do8 ,we shall only be too happy if somebody convinces us that such is the fact4 ,in the meanwhile2 incidentally to our purpose appeared a few statistics the other day from public libraries1 bearing on this very question1 showing that in libraries1 which1 as a rule1 a class of intelligent and sensible readers are supposed to frequent1 the books most in demand were of the style we deplore1 and complaints were laid at their doors because they failed adequately to supply this demand4 ,there must be something very delicious in vice4 ,nothing else will satisfy us4 ,the novelists have sounded the depths of depravity2 and in their efforts to find a lower depth still1 are driven to walking the hospitals1 diving into bluebooks1 frequenting the asylums for the diseased1 the depraved1 the insane4 ,the repertory of evil seems almost used up4 ,they have so beaten the drawingroom carpet1 so sifted and shaken out for the public gaze the smallest speck of fashionable filth that the most delicately organized imagination of the refined lady could discern1 that there is nothing left on it4 ,titles even are growing common1 and we want some new type of a coroneted brow to bind our scandal on4 ,dickens and ,collins and ,yates have overrun us with burglars and detectives4 ,they did good service in their day2 but even they are growing unromantic4 ,the ,krupp1 the mitrailleuse1 the needlegun1 have killed off the slashing cavalry heroes1 who rode at everything1 neck or nothing1 in perfect safety1 and were as irresistible in love as in war4 ,we must abandon these higher regions with a sigh1 and go down to the dirtiest columns of the dirtiest newspapers in our efforts to find 8something rich and strange40 ,and to this men and women of 8genius10 as it is called1 bend their every effort4 ,the gifts that ,god has given them to ennoble man they devote to stirring the puddle of filth which they take as the mirror of human nature1 and1 holding before the admiring gaze of humanity whatever they have fished up1 say--,behold yourselves6 ,are these the lessons society must look for in its gifted children8 ,is the great book of nature narrowed down to these limits8 ,is there nothing in human life1 human thought1 human activity1 more worthy our attention1 more deeply interesting to man1 than the chronicle of his vices8 ,is the attractive in human nature confined to third or fourth hand glimpses of 8the scions of nobility10 the bywords of the barracks1 the slang of the gutter1 the echoes of the footlights8 ,is vice alone captivating1 and morality such an everyday1 humdrum affair that we are sick of excess of it8 ,is love the thing they present to us8--love1 the great passion1 the pure divine flame that ,god has set in our hearts to link together and perpetuate the generations1 and finally lead us up to him8 ,is this maudlin rubbish that the writers of the day surfeit us with1 love8--this weak1 puny1 consumptive thing2 inane1 jejune1 sickly1 fleshly1 sensual1 impure1 inhuman8 ,love is a divineinspired passion of the soul1 planted there by ,god1 to grow and flourish in its great1 pure1 single strength4 ,they have cut it1 and hacked and torn it to shreds1 and left nothing of divinity in it4 ,they set it in the flesh1 and convert a heavenborn gift into the lowest of animal passions4 ,it requires no very powerful stretch of the imagination to draw from the foul pens of these writers the germ of the question which today threaten to turn the world topsyturvy--the socalled theory of ,woman's ,rights--which has for champions philosophers of the stamp of ,stuart ,mill and ,professor ,fawcett1 and for firstborn1 ,free ,love4 ,we will suppose ,mr4 ,stanley1 of the ,new ,york ,herald1 to have brought back with him a native of the countries he visited in his marvellously successful search for ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,the native has learned the ,english language on his journey4 ,he is suddenly thrown among a people whom he can only look upon as gods1 as the ,indians first looked upon the ,spaniards4 ,he is surrounded by the results of all the ages4 ,he wishes to learn something about these gods3 how they live and move and have their being4 ,a novel 8of the period0--any one by any of the thousand authors of the species--is put into his hands as the faithful reflex of this society4 ,what can we imagine would be his feelings at the end of its perusal8 ,a comparison rather in favor of his own countrymen would be the most natural inference4 ,but it may be objected that we are pessimists4 ,we attack a class whom no decent person would defend4 ,there are more schools of novelists than the sensational school4 ,there are ,scott1 ,thackeray1 ,dickens1 ,bulwer4 ,are these all that we would wish1 or do they also fall under our sweeping condemnation8 ,as for ,scott1 we are still proud to acknowledge him by his old title--8,the ,wizard of the ,north40 ,he was a man who1 taking into account the times in which he lived1 the prejudices still rife1 the people for whom he wrote1 the purpose of his writings1 turned every faculty of his marvellously gifted1 richly stored mind to its best account4 ,even ,livy's 8pictured page0 almost dims in our eyes before the range and variety of his4 ,his works are the illumination of history2 his characters almost as true1 as rounded1 as full as ,shakespeare's1 and partaking of the great master's 8infinite variety40 ,his plots are deeply interesting1 his fidelity to nature in character and scene sustained and equal1 whether the subject be ,queen ,bess or ,queen ,mary of ,scotland1 ,louis ,,xi4 or ,king ,jamie1 a moss trooper or a crusader1 a freelance or a pirate1 a bailie or a ,poundtext2 whether the scene lie in ,palestine or in the ,trosachs1 in medival ,france or medival ,england1 in the camp or the court1 the prisons of ,edinburgh or the purlieus of ,alsatia4 ,he has laughed at us ,catholics goodnaturedly sometimes1 but despite that1 his novels did us a vast service at a time when our road was very dark1 and we were looked upon at best as something utterly inhuman--something1 in fact1 like what the sailor conceived who1 when stranded somewhere with his messmate in the neighborhood of the ,north ,pole1 beheld for the first time a white bear squatted on its haunches before them1 and taking a contented survey4 8,what's that 'ere beggar1 ,jack80 8,oh60 said the other1 taking a solemn glance at the animal1 between the whiffs of his pipe1 8,i can't say exactly1 but ,i expect it's one o' them there what they call ,roman ,cawtholics too40 ,scott first made us known to the mass of ,english readers in a fair way4 ,the barriers of anti,catholic prejudice1 centuries old1 which had resisted stoutly and stubbornly every effort which reason1 right1 and common humanity made against it1 crumbled at once beneath the fairy wand of the magician1 and ,english ,protestants came to know something of us and recognize us1 though still in a cautious manner1 as fellowmen4 ,from ,scott all readers may undoubtedly derive much good4 ,and now we turn to the others1 the leaders of modern fiction3 the standard1 though1 as we showed1 not the most widely read authors of the day4 ,they are ,thackeray1 ,dickens1 ,bulwer2 and though the men themselves1 so far as their lives are known to us1 had little or no faith in any particular church or any particular creed1 and must therefore be wanting in a firm1 steadfast groundwork1 absolutely necessary to impart a pure1 highminded spirit to their writings1 we lay this aside1 and look at them only through their works4 ,in ,thackeray and ,bulwer we have two eminently clever1 highly cultivated men--writers who cannot fail to grace everything that they touch1 who cannot fail to interest deeply and always4 ,they were men of much learning1 of great insight into character1 whose mode of life and circle of acquaintances threw them into the heart of the world1 their world1 and gave them every facility of knowing it thoroughly4 ,they came and saw4 ,and what is the result of their investigation8 ,they found it all a great sham4 ,the genius of both consists in thoroughly exposing this great sham1 in tearing off the gilded mask1 and showing the hollow1 empty1 grim death'shead beneath it2 in leaving not a rag to cover its nakedness4 ,after reading ,thackeray1 there springs up in us an utter contempt for ourselves and for the world in general4 ,all human nature is false1 rotten1 and utterly worthless4 ,there is no religion in it1 no faith1 and as a consequence no honesty and no law save the law of expediency4 ,if there are any characters to admire at all1 they are certainly not his good men2 for they1 and those of ,dickens also--,tom ,pinch1 for instance--are the most insipid numskulls that ever crossed our vision2 the most wretched caricatures of goodness that could possibly be conceived4 ,very truly might he say that1 8when he started a story1 he was very dubious as to the morality of his characters40 ,we respect his good men infinitely less than his rogues4 ,among them he is at home3 in his ,lord ,steynes1 his ,becky ,sharpes1 his drunken parsons1 his wicked grayhairs1 his asses or black legs among the young1 his solemn humbugs1 his tufthunters1 his silly1 useless1 vain1 untruthful women1 his worldly mammas who hold up their charming daughters at auction2 those charming daughters who submit to it with such good grace1 who simper so chittishly under their pink bonnets and look for soft places on the sofa to faint2 his designing and unprincipled adventuresses1 to whom the world is as a market1 a betting ring1 or a farotable1 and the thing to be sold1 the stake to be played for1 is the virtue they never possessed4 ,such is ,thackeray's world2 and he has done well to show it up so openly and unsparingly in all its nakedness4 ,but is it altogether a true portrait2 could he do no more than this8 ,is this the true world1 after all--so utterly depraved and given over to evil8 ,are there no such things as truth1 honesty1 morality1 religion1 among us8 ,are there no men and women1 no bodies1 endowed with sense enough1 power enough1 and wit enough to give the lie to this1 and bring this false world with shame to their feet8 ,if there be1 it is not to be found in the pages of ,thackeray4 ,in ,bulwer1 it is the same story told in ,bulwer's way1 with less of heart and more of licentiousness4 ,thackeray was1 we believe1 a virtuous man1 as the phrase goes2 that is1 he was contented with one wife1 paid his bills1 kept his word1 and very rarely woke with a headache4 ,but ,bulwer rather glories1 or was wont to do1 in the opposite character4 ,he used to be fond of telling us that he knew the world2 had mixed in1 shared1 felt its vices and its follies4 ,he comes out of this world of his1 sits down1 and tells us all about it2 what sort of men and women he found in it2 what motives actuate them2 what they live for1 what code of morality they follow4 ,taken as a whole1 their code of morality is fashion2 their temple is the world2 their religion1 worldliness2 their god1 themselves4 ,crime is only crime in the humble2 in the wealthy it is elevated into vice4 ,such is the doctrine of the ,bulwer world2 the doctrine that our children imbibe unconsciously1 while only diverted momentarily by the interest of the story4 ,so far1 then1 notwithstanding grace of style1 elegance of diction1 happiness of conception--all which may be found in a hundred writers infinitely superior1 essayists and historians--we have nothing but a very doubtful negative gain4 ,and ,dickens--who has made us weep over fireside virtues1 the hardness and quiet nobleness of humble struggle1 and the greatness of spirit that beats as strong in the cottage as on the throne--must we cast him into the same category8 ,hard as it is to say1 we find him wanting1 though in a less degree than the two abovementioned4 ,he has fought sham1 and fought it1 as few others have done1 successfully4 ,he did not take up the whole world and fight it as one gigantic falsehood4 ,this is useless4 ,the world is large enough and strong enough to withstand the mightiest singlehanded and hold its own4 ,it will not be put down in this way1 and it only laughs at the tooting tin whistles that are continually blowing such shrill but tiny blasts of regeneration at it1 till they crack and are silenced for ever4 ,dickens fought it as the first ,napoleon fought the combinations arrayed against him2 he cut them off in detachments4 ,so with the world2 you must take it by pieces4 ,show it one sham1 and all the other shams will cry shame4 ,the silks1 and the satins1 and the perfumed licentiousness of the drawingroom1 ,dickens left to other hands4 ,but he opened up to the eyes of these fine folk1 who sinned so elegantly in their carriages and palaces1 a black1 yawning1 startling gulf right under their feet2 with its hot elements seething in corruption and danger beneath them1 because they would not look at it2 because they would not recognize this other nation1 as ,disraeli called it in ,sybil2 because that world was to them as far off and unknown as ,timbuctoo4 ,he showed them the thieves' and harlots' dens1 and how they were fed2 by the innocent and pure1 brutalized by the system of the jail1 school1 and workhouse1 presided over by such men as have lately stood unabashed in the broad light of day before us1 and openly confessed to cruelties that ,squeers would have blushed at2 who passed unharmed and triumphant from the court of justice1 and found lawyers and excellent 8ministers of ,god's ,word0 to uphold them1 and proclaimed in the press and elsewhere that they were honest1 humane men and maligned saints4 ,dickens showed us what these ,squeerses and ,stigginses were made of4 ,he showed us what the jails were made of1 the asylums1 the workhouses1 the schools2 and undoubtedly aided in effecting many a reform4 ,he warmed our hearts towards each other1 and towards the unfortunates to whom all life was a bitter trial from birth to the grave4 ,he undoubtedly did great good2 and many a book of his is a neverending1 neverwearying sermon1 preached to a broad humanity4 ,as ,catholics we owe him a deep debt for never having systematically or seriously abused his talents by abusing us1 where abuse is ever welcome and well rewarded4 ,but he has given us so much that we look for more from him2 for some great1 broad1 sound principles to guide us through the hard battle of life2 since his problem was life1 human nature1 its difficulties and its dangers4 ,while confessing our debt to him for what he has done1 we find a good deal in ,dickens that we do not like4 ,his code of ethics is a very easy one1 and a very dangerous one1 running into that indifferentism so prevalent and demoralizing today4 ,we find1 after reading him1 that there is a great amount of evil in the world counterbalanced by a tolerably fair amount of good1 and that it is useless to hope for anything more4 ,that1 so far as religion goes1 mankind may be divided into two classes--the humbugs and the humbugged3 the humbugs--the ,chadbands1 the ,stigginses--getting decidedly the better of the bargain4 ,that1 provided a man is not intolerably bad1 he is as good as the generality of his neighbors1 and has a fair chance of arriving safe at the end of life's journey1 wherever or whatever that end may be1 without being extraordinarily particular about it4 ,that drunkenness is not a vice unworthy of man1 it is rather an amiable weakness1 a good joke1 something funny1 something to be laughed at2 something that you and ourselves might fall into now and again without doing much harm4 ,nowhere in ,dickens1 as far as we recollect1 does drunkenness appear as what it is1 a vice lower than the appetite of the brute4 ,as for our quarrel with him as ,americans1 though a grievous and a just one1 we will let that pass now4 ,he endeavored to atone for it at the end1 so let it rest with him in his grave4 ,in considering his works as a whole1 his almost unrivalled power of moving us to laughter or to tears1 we cannot help contrasting what he has done1 great as it is1 with what he might have done had he been endowed with a clear religious belief1 and not a heart open only to mere human goodness4 ,to conclude1 then3 the point of our article is this4 ,the novel is a power among us today3 a new weapon thrown into the midst of the strife of good and evil1 to be taken up by either party4 ,those who would uproot all morality1 all law1 all faith1 the basis of humanity1 have been quick to see its efficacy1 seize upon it1 and turn it to a terrible account4 ,it is not so much the open direct teachings of heathen1 pagan1 rationalistic--call it what you will1 it means the same in the long run--philosophy that we are to fear4 ,the intellects that breathe in that atmosphere are few and far between4 ,but when this heathenism comes filtered down to us through sources that meet us at every turn1 and impregnates and poisons the innocent streams that ought to beautify and fertilize the intellect of the mass--when it comes to us half disguised in the literature that we place in the hands of our sons and daughters1 it is time for us to purge this poison out4 ,stop novels we cannot4 ,let preachers thunder as they may1 they will be written1 and they will be read4 ,it is for us to seize upon that weapon1 and turn it to our own purpose4 ,we have already done so to a degree4 ,our great thinkers1 ,wiseman1 ,newman1 have recognized the necessity of this1 and themselves set us the example4 ,but not to such men as these are we to look for a ,catholic school of novelists3 their duties are higher1 their work more laborious1 though not1 and we may say it advisedly1 from the necessities of the day more important4 ,we want a crowd of such writers as ,gerald ,griffin1 ,bernard ,mc,cabe1 ,lady ,fullerton1 the authoress of ,the ,house of ,yorke4 ,in ,france1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 ,italy1 and ,spain1 we have been more successful4 ,the ,countess of ,hahn ,hahn1 ,bolanden1 ,mrs4 ,craven1 ,conscience1 ,manzoni1 ,fernan ,caballero1 show us that ,catholic writers who give themselves to this necessary and noble work can make the novel their own1 and compete successfully even in the matter of sale with the ,dumases1 the ,eugene ,sues1 ,george ,sands1 ,wilkie ,collinses1 ,charles ,reades1 ,miss ,braddons4 ,their works are received with heartfelt approval by the critics of the ,protestant press4 ,and we cannot refrain from thanking these gentlemen for the very fair1 honest and manly1 and conscientious use they make of their pens in this particular at least4 ,critics are heartily weary of the mass of rubbish they are compelled to wade through week after week1 month after month4 ,if anything1 they are too mild4 ,we lack something of that hearty knockdown criticism which prevailed in the palmy days of the quarterlies2 which killed or cured2 which lashed ,byron into savagery and brought out his true genius2 which crushed the weakly and the worthless4 ,catholic novelists1 and ,protestant also1 have a noble field before them wherein to sow and reap4 ,it is for them to show that vice and unchastity are not the only subjects which can interest us2 that godliness and true love are not such dull1 insipid1 everyday things2 that suffering and self denial and sacrifice for a noble purpose1 the soulconflict of human passion against the eternal decrees1 and its mastery after much struggle and weary strife1 are full of the profoundest interest for man2 that history is but the chronicle of this conflict1 and when rightly read shows it forth in every page2 that our souls can be fired1 our flagging senses stimulated1 our admiration aroused1 by the welltold story of the struggle of right when we see a ,god moving and acting in it all1 far more than by the adoration of indecency deified4 ,review ,of ,vaughan's ,life ,of ,s4 ,thomas3 ,concluded47#aad7 ,in our last number1 we endeavored to give our readers some idea of ,prior ,vaughan's ,life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 ,we purposely omitted1 however1 to say anything of his treatment of the personal history of the saint himself4 ,the name of ,thomas of ,aquin belongs to church history1 to theology and philosophy2 but it also belongs to what is known by the somewhat uncouth name of hagiography2 and the story of the saint is more engaging to the greater number of readers1 than the history of the theologian or the philosopher4 ,we have already hinted that some of ,prior ,vaughan's best pages are to be found in the narrative of the saint's personal story4 ,biography is as old as the days of ,confucius1 or at least as the times of his early disciples2 and whilst its object has been1 on the whole1 the same in all ages1 its forms have undergone infinite variety4 ,men have written ,lives in order to cheat ,death of his victims4 ,they have tried to keep heroes alive by embalming them in incorruptible and imperishable speech1 that all time might know them1 and their influence might reach from age to age4 ,biography has always had a moral purpose3 to make men patriotic1 or brave1 or virtuous--to make them better in heart1 rather than more subtle in intellect4 ,example being the great motive power in the world1 the images of men in books have done much to shape the world's course4 ,but the books that have preserved the memory of heroic men have been of many different sorts4 ,in old times1 they used to be books of anecdote--books which were a threaded series of pithy sayings and generous deeds1 each with a point of its own1 and altogether tending to form the citizen1 the soldier1 or the virtuous man4 ,and the style of ,plutarch and of ,diogenes ,laertius was continued by ,ven4 ,bede1 by ,william of ,malmesbury1 by ,froissart1 and by the innumerable chroniclers of the middle ages4 ,the biographer speaks in his own person now and then1 but his words are very brief1 and are often not so much an assistance to the tale1 as a break in it or a sort of private aside with the reader4 ,the personal features of the hero1 his mind or his body1 are not made much of by the old biographers4 ,you hear about his height1 his complexion1 the color of his hair1 or the length of his chin2 but you are never told when his eye flashes or his lip curls4 ,dates are not matters of importance4 ,you have his birth and his death1 but there is none of that curious comparative chronology which modern readers know of4 ,and as for any sense of the picturesque1 any idea of scenepainting or putting in backgrounds1 it need not be said that the old biographies are as plain as the background of a ,greek theatre4 ,they now and then give particulars of time1 place1 and circumstance which their modern transcribers seize upon as a miner seizes on the rare and welcome nugget2 but these are entirely beyond their own intention4 ,the historical and the moral are the only two elements to be found in lives from ,xenophon down to ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,the latter biographer suggests that1 in his days1 the moralizing element had developed out of the merely moral4 ,but the life of ,prior and the life of ,alcibiades are not very distantly related4 ,the time was coming when lives began to be picturesque4 ,the growth of the propensity to the picturesque is a curious problem4 ,why is it that ,homer never describes ,troy1 that ,herodotus never gives us a picture of ,marathon1 that ,csar has no eye for the ,rhine1 and that ,froissart does not paint ,st4 ,denis on the day of the ,oriflamme1 whilst1 on the other hand1 ,montalembert stops his story to describe the ,western ,isles1 ,de ,broglie lets us see the ,council of ,nicea as it sat1 ,stanley consecrates pages to paint ,juda and ,carmel1 and every writer of a saint's life at the present hour provides for a picture or two in every chapter8 ,who began this8 ,we do not mean who began the picturesque in literature1 for that question1 though a curious one is not so difficult to answer2 but who began the picturesque in biography8 ,it is ,chateaubriand who usually gets the credit of having initiated all the romance and sentimentality that has crept into serious literature during the last halfcentury4 ,chateaubriand has only left1 if we remember rightly1 one attempt at biography1 and the ,vie de ,ranc contains certainly sentiment and romance enough1 but it is not graphic in the way that modern biographies are4 ,the author dashes off brilliant sketches of society1 he recites imaginary scenes1 or rather episodes1 in which nature plays her part1 he makes incisive remarks1 and utters beautiful poetry2 but when he comes face to face with ,de ,ranc1 the penitent and the monk1 his hand seems to falter1 and he grows feeble and disappointing1 just where a modern writer would have seized the opportunity of powerful painting and strong situation4 ,for ourselves1 whatever influence ,chateaubriand had--and he had much--in directing men's thoughts to analogies that lie beneath the surface of nature1 of history1 and of the human heart1 we are inclined to attribute the modern craving for the picturesque to the development of a quality in which ,chateaubriand did not especially excel2 we mean1 earnestness and reality4 ,many causes1 and most of all1 perhaps1 that series of political and religious phenomena which is summed up in the word revolution1 have combined1 during the present century1 to take literature out of the hands of merely professional writers1 or to make those only choose it as a profession who have something earnest to say4 ,style and thought have come to be considered one thing4 ,as ,de ,quincey observes1 style is not the mere alien apparelling of a thought1 but rather its very incarnation4 ,it is easy to see how earnestness leads to the picturesque in biography4 ,in proportion as the writer is able to fix his mind upon his hero1 in the same proportion he comes to realize him1 as the phrase is4 ,not only are all the facts and circumstances collected with the care of a lawyer getting up a brief1 but words and names that look dead and speechless are analyzed as with magnifying power1 till they take significance and life4 ,every name1 as ,aristotle saw1 is itself a picture2 but it is a picture that only requires a more powerful imaginative lens to grow greater1 fuller1 and more living4 ,and therefore the earnest writer1 because he looks more intently at his subject1 sees more in it to put upon his canvas2 and the reader1 struck by the significance that he cannot gainsay1 and moved by the pictures1 as pictures always move the human fancy1 is held in bonds by the writer1 and remembers long and vividly what impressed his thought so strongly at the first4 ,he is like one who has seen the site of a great battle1 and has once for all fixed for himself1 as he gazed1 the relative positions and movements of the fight2 he will not easily forget it4 ,something must1 no doubt1 be added to this2 something must be allowed to modern culture1 to modern appreciation of art as art1 to modern love of landscape1 and to the general romanesque tendency begun by ,chateaubriand4 ,but so far from the tendency to picturesque biography being wholly attributable to sentiment1 we hold that it is precisely our modern earnestness that makes us demand to see things nearer and more real4 ,doubtless the picturesque biographer is exposed to many dangers1 and his readers to many trials4 ,he may 8realize0 what does not exist2 he may 8analyze0 out of his inner consciousness alone2 he may usurp what is the privilege of the poet and the romancer1 and give names and habitations not only to airy nothings1 but1 what is much more serious1 to unsubstantial mistakes4 ,and therefore we do not wonder that many wellmeaning people1 with the results of romantic biography or history before their eyes1 and youthful remembrances of ,lingard and ,butler1 have come to distrust every account of a personage or of a fact which contains the smallest mixture of imagination4 ,the length of these prefatory remarks may lead the reader to suppose that ,prior ,vaughan has written picturesquely and sensationally about ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 ,yet this1 stated absolutely1 would by no means be true4 ,we shall presently give one or two passages1 in which a fine imaginative and descriptive power1 we think1 is displayed4 ,but the book bears no sign of a straining after pictorial effect4 ,yet its whole idea is preeminently picturesque4 ,prior ,vaughan has written with the idea of not merely giving the history of his chosen saint1 but of localizing it in time and in space4 ,it is with this view that he enters into descriptions of ,aquino1 of ,monte ,cassino1 of ,paris and its ,university2 it is for this that he brings ,s4 ,dominic and ,s4 ,francis on the canvas1 and sketches the figures of ,frederick ,,ii41 of ,abelard1 of ,s4 ,bernard1 of ,william of ,paris4 ,each of these names has some connection with ,thomas of ,aquin1 and each throws fresh light on the central object1 when it is analyzed with care4 ,here is the description1 taken from the opening pages of the first volume1 of the town of ,aquino1 which was1 if not the birthplace of the saint1 at least the principal seat of his family3 8,the little town of ,aquino occupies the centre of a vast and fertile plain1 commonly called ,campagna ,felice1 in the ancient ,terra di ,lavoro4 ,this plain is nearly surrounded by bare and rugged mountains1 one of which pushes further than the rest into the plain2 and on its spur1 which juts boldly out1 and which was called significantly ,rocca ,sicca1 was situated the ancient stronghold of the ,aquinos4 ,the remnants of this fortress1 as seen at this day1 seem so bound up with the living rock1 that they appear more like the abrupt finish of the mountain than the ruins of a medival fortress4 ,yet they are sufficient to attest the ancient splendor and importance of the place2 and the torrent of ,melfi1 which1 tumbling out of the gorges of the ,alps1 runs round the castellated rock1 marks it out as a fit habitation for the chivalrous and adventurous lords of ,aquino1 ,loreto1 and ,belcastro40--i4 #c1 #d4 ,prior ,vaughan1 as a ,benedictine1 is naturally drawn to dwell upon the fact of ,s4 ,thomas having lived as a boy for five or six years in the ,abbey of ,monte ,cassino4 ,it certainly seems true that the child was placed by his parents in the abbey with a view to his continuing there after he came to years of discretion2 just as so many children had been from the days of ,s4 ,benedict downwards4 8,to all intents and purposes10 says the author1 8,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin was a ,benedictine monk4 ,had he continued in the habit till his death--without any further solemnity beyond the offering of his parents--he would have been reckoned as much a ,benedictine as ,s4 ,gregory1 ,s4 ,augustine1 ,s4 ,anselm1 or ,s4 ,bede0 7i4 #bj74 ,we do not think that this can be denied4 ,it was affirmed on oath1 in the process of canonization1 by an exceedingly trustworthy witness1 that the saint's father 8made him a monk0 at ,monte ,cassino4 ,and a monk he was1 no doubt1 as much as a boy of twelve can be a monk--and the ,council of ,trent1 be it remembered1 had not then fixed the age of religious vows at sixteen4 ,but the frightful confusion of the times brought his ,benedictine days to a premature close4 ,monte ,cassino was pillaged and nearly destroyed1 the community was scattered1 and ,thomas of ,aquin went to ,naples to study--and to find the habit of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the personal character which is drawn in this work is that of a large minded1 serene man1 of powerful natural genius and winning character1 who steps forth from the ranks of medival nobility1 and1 turning his back on sword and lance1 and giving no heed to the tumult of war and rapine1 deliberately consecrated himself wholly to ,god1 and1 grace being added to natural gifts1 illuminates the world as a doctor and as a saint4 ,it would be interesting to dwell1 if we had space1 upon the circumstances of ,s4 ,thomas joining the ,order of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the opposition of his family1 the utter unscrupulousness with which they carried out their opposition1 the quiet yet fervent persistence of the saint--feudal violence1 maternal desperation1 and ecclesiastical interference--all this makes up a scene of wonderful reality and deep suggestiveness4 ,but we must pass it over4 ,s4 ,thomas became a ,dominican1 and we follow him from ,naples to ,cologne1 from ,cologne to ,paris4 ,we follow the course of his academical life1 his writings1 his teaching1 his promotion to the grade of bachelor1 of licentiate1 of doctor4 ,the first chapter of the second volume is entitled 8,s4 ,thomas made doctor40 ,it contains a lively picture of the great ,university of ,paris and its life from day to day2 and with it1 moreover1 the author gives an eloquent summary of the character of his hero1 part of which we extract1 because it is in some sort a key to the whole story of his life4 8,a man with the power possessed by the ,angelical could afford to be serene and tranquil4 ,he lived1 as it were1 behind the veil2 he saw through1 and valued at its intrinsic worth1 this earth's stage1 and took the measure of all the actors on it4 ,like ,moses1 he came down from the mountain1 into the turmoil of the chafing world below1 and1 enlarged by the greatness of the vision in which he habitually lived1 it shrank into insignificance before his eye2 and those events or influences which excited the minds of others1 and disturbed their peace1 were looked upon by him somewhat in the same way as we may imagine some majestic1 solitary eagle surveys from his high crag1 with halfunconscious eye1 the world of woods below him4 ,the ,angelical himself had drawn his first lessons from a mountain eyrie4 ,his elastic mind1 even as a boy1 had expanded1 as he looked down from the mighty abbey1 on teeming plain and rugged mountain1 with the fardistant ranges of the snowy ,apennines standing up delicate and crisp against the sky4 ,god1 who made all this1 had drawn him to himself1 and the fingers of a heavenly hand1 striking on his large1 solitary heart1 had sealed him imperially1 for all his life to come1 as the great master of the heavenly science1 and as the gentle prince of peace4444 ,immense weight of character1 surpassing grasp of mind1 and keenness of logical discernment1 added to a sovereign benignity and patience1 and to a gentleness and grace which spoke from his eyes and thrilled in the accents of his voice1 made men conscious1 when in contact with him1 that they were in presence of a man of untold gifts1 and yet of one so exquisitely noble as never to display them1 save for the benefit of others4 ,men knew that he had the power to crush them2 but since he was so great1 they knew also that he never would misuse it2 they found him ever selfforgetting and selfrestrained4 ,a character with such a capability of asserting itself1 and yet ever manifesting such gentle self repression1 must have acted with a singular fascination on any generous mind that came into relation with it4444 ,he was a vast system in himself1 and appears to have been specially created for achieving such an end4 ,he was one single1 simple man--doubtless4 ,but he was a #8system1' or the representation of a system--the highest type of what heroism can do in human heart and mind4 ,christ1 in choosing him1 had chosen the most majestic of human creations1 converting it into a powerful exponent of the light1 peace1 and splendor which strike out from the cross4 ,he1 if any man1 had rested on the bosom of his ,lord4 ,he1 the great ,angelical1 with the golden sun flashing from his breast1 and the fire of heaven scintillating round his massive brow--he1 if any man1 had broken the bread of the strong1 and had refreshed his lips with the blood of the grape1 and had been transfigured by the draught4 ,there is a largeness about him which1 whilst it expands the heart1 seems almost to take away the breath4 ,we look up at him1 and say3 #8,how great art thou6 how gently courteous1 and how tenderly true6 ,sweet was the power of ,god1 and the grace of ,christ1 which made thee all thou art4 ,o gentle mighty sun1 shine on in thy sweet radiance1 spread thy pure invigorating rays amidst the deep sad shadows of the earth6'444 ,such was his character4 ,and1 prescinding from his natural gifts1 how did he become so mighty8 ,the cause has been touched on and partially developed already4 ,the reader1 adequately to realize it1 would do well to study and master1 with his heart as well as with his head1 the monastic theology of ,s4 ,victor's--the ,benedictine science of the saints4 ,grasp the spirit of ,s4 ,anselm1 ,s4 ,bernard1 and the ,victorines1 weigh it as a whole1 follow its drift1 mark its salient points1 learn to recognize the aroma of that sweet mystic life of tough yet tender service and selfforgetfulness1 and you will have discovered that spring of living waters which ran into the heart and mind of the great ,angelical1 and lent to all his faculties--aye1 and even to his very person and expression--a warmth and glow which seemed to have come direct from heaven4 ,from the rock1 which was ,christ1 flowed straight and swift into the paradise of his soul four crystal waters3 ,love--fixing the entire being on the sovereign good1 and doing all for him alone2 ,reverence--that is1 selfdistrust and selfforgetfulness1 produced by the vision of ,god's high majesty awfully gazed on with the eye of faith2 ,purity--treading all created things1 and self first1 under the feet1 and1 with entire freedom of spirit1 basking and feeding in the unseen world2 ,adoration--love1 reverence1 and purity1 combined in one act of supreme worship1 as the creature1 with all he has and all he is1 bends prone to the earth1 and with a feeling of dust and ashes whispers to his soul3 #8,the ,lord he is ,god1 he made us1 and not we ourselves6' 0 7ii4 #cadh47 ,the mind and heart are both fond of dwelling on the heroic2 and the heroic is met with at every step in the life of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,we are reminded1 as we read1 of that ,achilles on whose prowess hangs the fate of ,troy and of the ,greeks1 8,full in the midst1 hightowering o'er the rest10 his limbs encased in an armor that is more divine than that which the father of fire forged for the son of ,peleus1 the gold upon his breast1 the sword of the ,spirit by his side1 the 8broad refulgent shield0 of heavenly faith upon his arm1 and in his hand the great paternal spear that none but he can wield--not a 8whole ash0 felled upon ,pelion by old ,chiron2 but the seven gifts of the ,christian doctorate wielded by the force of seraphic love4 ,his appearance in the lists of argument1 in the contest of the schools1 in the field of intellectual strife1 has all the quelling power that is ascribed to the greatest heroes of the battlefield2 and his place in the records of mental and theological history is that of a discoverer1 a conqueror1 and a king4 ,here is a scene which is perhaps more or less familiar1 but it is a type of many scenes in this wonderful life4 ,it occurred whilst ,thomas was under ,albertus ,magnus1 at ,cologne3 8,master ,albert had selected a very difficult question from the writings of ,denis the ,areopagite1 and had given it to some of his scholars for solution4 ,whether in joke or in earnest1 they passed on the difficulty to ,thomas1 and begged him to write his opinion upon it4 ,thomas took the paper to his cell1 and1 taking his pen1 first stated1 with great lucidity1 all the objections that could be brought against the question2 and then gave their solutions4 ,as he was going out of his cell1 this paper accidentally fell near the door4 ,one of the brothers passing picked it up1 and carried it at once to ,master ,albert4 ,albert was excessively astonished at the splendid talent which now1 for the first time1 by mere accident1 he discovered in that big1 silent student4 ,he determined to bring out1 in the most public manner1 abilities which had been for so long a time so modestly concealed4 ,he desired ,thomas to defend a thesis before the assembled school1 on the following day4 ,the hour arrived4 ,the hall was filled4 ,there sat ,master ,albert4 ,doubtless the majority of those who were to witness the display imagined that they were about to assist at an egregious failure4 ,how could that heavy1 silent lad--who could not speak a word in private--defend in public school1 against the keenest of opponents1 the difficult niceties of theology8 ,but they were soon undeceived1 for ,thomas spoke with such clearness1 established his thesis with such remarkable dialectical skill1 saw so far into the coming difficulties of the case1 and handled the whole subject in so masterly a manner1 that ,albert himself was constrained to cry aloud1 #8,tu non videris tenere locum respondentis sed determinantis6' #8,master1' replied ,thomas with humility1 #8,i know not how to treat the question otherwise4' ,albert then thought to puzzle him1 and show him that he was still a disciple4 ,so1 one after another1 he started objections1 created a hundred labyrinths1 weaving and interweaving all manner of subtle arguments1 but in vain4 ,thomas1 with his calm spirit and keen vision1 saw through every complication1 had the key to every fallacy1 the solution for every enigma1 and the art to unravel the most tangled skein--till1 finally1 ,albert1 no longer able to withhold the expression of his admiration1 cried out to his disciples1 who were almost stupefied with astonishment3 #8,we call this young man a dumb ox1 but so loud will be his bellowing in doctrine that it will resound throughout the whole world' 0 7i4 #cba1 #cbb74 ,how exactly this prophecy was fulfilled need not be said4 ,s4 ,thomas was soon employed in speaking to the world what ,god had given him to say4 ,he spoke in the classhall and in the church2 he wrote for young and for old2 and wherever his voice was heard men wondered as at a portent4 ,the students of ,paris1 the professors of ,france and of ,italy1 his fellow religious1 the intimate friend of his privacy1 the rough people round his pulpit1 the pope himself as he sat and heard him preach1 every one said over again the wondering words that ,albert the ,great had used in the hall at ,cologne4 ,and if we had no record of what men thought1 we should still be secure in saying that they were astonished2 for we are astonished ourselves4 ,many men who have made a great noise in their lifetime have left posterity to wonder1 not at themselves1 but at their reputation4 ,but the writer of the ,summa must have been great even in his lifetime4 ,that breadth of view1 that keenness of analysis1 that comprehensive reach of thought1 that enormous memory--we can see it for ourselves1 and every story of his prowess we can readily credit from what the imperishable record of his written works attests to our own eye4 ,prior ,vaughan relates interesting anecdotes of his power of discussion1 and of his influence over the irreverent world of his scholastic compeers1 filling up the outlines of the annalist with no greater exercise of imagination than is fairly permitted to the serious biographer4 ,but the heroic in the life of the ,angel of the ,schools would not be perfect unless the giant strength had been joined to the gentleness of the servant of ,christ4 ,there is nothing1 perhaps1 that will so strike a reader of this ,life as his mild1 equal1 and gentle spirit4 ,it does not seem that ,s4 ,thomas was naturally of a quick and impetuous nature1 like ,s4 ,ignatius or ,s4 ,francis of ,sales4 ,from his youth he had been a contemplative in the cloisters of ,monte ,cassino2 when but a child he had charmed his teachers by asking with childish meditative face1 8,what was ,god80 ,his quiet determination had conquered his mother when she opposed him being a ,dominican2 his calm courage had converted his sisters and shamed his brothers4 ,and in the schools1 his silence and his humility1 virtues never more difficult to be practised than in the field of intellectual combat1 had soon become the marvel of all who knew him4 ,a great natural gift--the gift of a changeless serenity of heart and temper--was perfected in him by grace1 until it became heroic4 ,the contest he once had in the ,paris schools with ,brother ,john of ,pisa1 a ,franciscan friar who afterwards became ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 is typical of what always happened when the ,angelical discussed3 8,john of ,pisa1 though a keen and a learned man1 had no chance with the ,angelical4 ,it would have been folly for any one1 however skilled--yes1 for ,bonaventure1 or ,rochelle1 or even ,albert the ,great himself--to attempt to cross rapiers with ,br4 ,thomas4 ,he was to the manner born4 ,br4 ,john did all that was in him1 used his utmost skill--but it was useless3 the ,angelical simply upset him time after time4 ,the ,minorite grew warm2 the ,angelical1 bent simply on the truth1 went on completing1 with unmoved serenity1 the full discomfiture of the poor ,franciscan4 ,john of ,pisa at length could stand it no longer4 ,in his heat he forgot his middle term and forgot himself1 and turned upon the saint with sarcasm and invective4 ,the ,angelical in his own gentle1 overpowering way1 giving not the slightest heed to these impertinences1 went on replying to him with inimitable tenderness and patience2 and whilst teaching a lesson which1 after so many hundred years1 men can still learn1 drew on himself1 unconsciously1 the surprise and admiration of that vast assembly4 ,such was the way in which the ,angelical brought the influence of ,benedictine quies and benignitas into the boisterous litigations of the ,paris schools4 ,and what is more1 ,frigerio tells us that the saint taught the great lesson of selfcontrol1 not only by the undeviating practice of his life1 but also by his writings2 that he looked upon it as an #8ignominy' 7ignominia7 to soil the mouth with angry words2 and contended that #8quarrels1' immoderate contentions1 vain ostentation of knowledge1 and the trick of puzzling an adversary with sophistical arguments--such as is often the practice of dialecticians--should be banished from the schools0 7ii4 #egei74 ,the appearance of such a man as ,s4 ,thomas1 in the midst of the scholastic agitation of the ,x,i,i,ith century1 partakes of that providential character which the eye of faith sees in the lives of all the great saints4 ,we have already1 in a former notice1 touched upon the marvellous way in which he turned the current of thought against rationalism1 heresy1 and impiety4 ,but his personal influence was no less than what we may term his official4 ,at the moment when theology was beginning1 with philosophy as her handmaid1 to enter on that course of development in which system1 on the one hand1 advanced in equal steps with discovery on the other1 it was the will of ,god that a saint should show the world in his own person a perfect model of the ,catholic scholastic theologian4 ,his powers were undeniable1 his genius imperial1 his rights undoubted2 and he used his privileges and his grand position to enforce upon the noisy spirits of the time1 and upon all generations of students yet to be1 that the true type of theological discussion was 8humilis collatio1 pacifica disputatio40 ,the theologian was to be no proud dogmatist1 laying down the law as if he had discovered all truth1 but one who1 taking the faith for his standing point1 humbly put forth and peacefully discussed the views that he thought to be true4 ,this was his great lesson2 he taught it in the tone of his own lectures and discussions1 in the turn of his phrase when he wrote1 in the meekness of his answers1 and in the moderation of his conclusions4 ,and we may thank the ,providence that sent ,s4 ,thomas for that calm and judicial serenity which has ever been the prevailing character of ,catholic theology4 ,the great ,dominican school that he founded carried on the traditions of their master2 and 7to take an example not far from our own days7 the weighty and admirably clear pages of a ,billuart are not unworthy1 in their broad1 searching1 yet tranquil argument1 of the master whom they follow4 ,a troubled reach of time separates ,paris in the ,x,i,i,ith century from ,douay in the ,x,v,i,ith2 yet the spirit of ,s4 ,thomas had been living over it all4 ,not only in his own religious family was his influence strong4 ,the ,franciscan ,order has its own tradition2 but it is a tradition that sprung up side by side with the ,dominican4 ,it was the seraphic ,bonaventure that sat beside ,thomas of ,aquin in the hall of the ,university of ,paris on the day when each of them received the insignia of the doctorate4 ,they were friends--more than friends1 for each knew the other to be a saint4 ,each heard the other speak1 and the spirit of one was the spirit of both4 ,and in spite of divergences and varieties1 such as our ,lord permits in order to draw unity from diversity or good from evil1 the two ,orders have taught in harmonious spirit during all the long centuries they have been before the world4 ,s4 ,thomas1 who reverenced ,s4 ,bonaventure1 has had the reverence of all ,s4 ,bonaventure's children2 and we have before us as we write the ,cursus ,theologi of a venerable bearded ,capuchin1 considerably esteemed in the theological classes of the present day1 who stops in his enumeration of fathers and of doctors to add his emphatic tribute of veneration to the ,angelic ,doctor1 who1 he reminds us1 is1 with ,s4 ,augustine1 8prcipuus theologorum omnium temporum magister0--the great master of theologians of all ages4 ,and what we say of the ,franciscan ,order we may say of that great school which dates its traditions from that ,cardinal ,toletus who was the pupil of the ,dominican ,soto4 ,it is not that the ,jesuit theologians1 even the manysided ,suarez1 have looked up to ,s4 ,thomas as to their prince and teacher3 this they have done2 but even if they had left his teaching1 or where they have left his teaching1 they have followed his spirit4 ,that spirit we might name the spirit of conciliation4 ,we do not mean the spirit of compromise1 or of going only halfway in matters of truth4 ,s4 ,thomas was as downright as ,euclid4 ,but what we refer to is that readiness to admit all the good or the true in an opposite view1 the shrinking from forcing a vague word upon an adversary1 the impartial dissection of words and phrases which issues from the scholastic and ,thomistic method of distinction4 ,the distinguo of the tyro or the sophist is a trick that is easily learned and easily laughed at2 but we claim for the scholastic method that its distinguo is the touchstone of truth and of falsehood2 it requires acuteness and storedup learning to make it and sustain it2 but it requires1 above all1 that perfect fairness of mind1 that judicial impartiality of view1 which calms the promptings of ambitious originality2 it requires that patience which seeks only the truth and cares nothing for the victory1 and that honesty which is afraid of declamation1 and sets its matter out in unadorned and colorless simplicity4 ,this is the true scholastic spirit1 and it is pre eminently the spirit of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,if we might personify that grand science which has been so high in this world1 and seems now to have sunk so low 7yet1 with the signs around us1 we dare hardly say so now71 it would be under the figure of him who is its prince and lawgiver4 8,see him1 then1 our great ,angelical1 as with calm and princely bearing he advances1 a mightylooking man1 built on a larger scale than those who stand around him1 and takes the seat just vacated by ,bonaventure4 ,his portrait as a boy has been sketched already4 ,now he has grown into the maturity of a man1 and his grand physique has expanded into its perfect symmetry and manly strength1 manifesting1 even in his frame1 as ,tocco says1 that exquisite combination of force with true proportion which gave so majestic a balance to his mind4 ,his countenance is pale with suffering1 and his head is bald from intense and sustained mental application4 ,still1 the placid serenity of his broad1 lofty brow1 the deep gray light in his meditative eyes1 his firm1 well chiselled lips1 and fully defined jaw1 the whole pose of that large1 splendid head--combining the manliness of the ,roman with the refinement and delicacy of the ,greek--impress the imagination with an indescribable sense of giant energy of intellect1 of royal gentleness of heart1 and untold tenacity of purpose4 ,that sweet face reflects so exquisite a purity1 that noble bust is cast in so imperial a mould1 that the sculptor or the painter would be struck and arrested by it in a moment2 the one would yearn to throw so classical a type into imperishable marble1 and the other to transfer so much grandeur of contour1 and such delicacy of expression1 so harmonious a fusion of spotlessness with majesty1 of southern loveliness with intellectual strength1 to the enduring canvas0 7ii4 #ajh1 #aji74 ,the angelic quality of the ,angel of the ,schools--his calmness and his power over men--was not bought without a price4 ,like all the saints1 he too had to bear the cross1 and like all the saints he was not content with suffering the cross1 but he sought it and courted it4 ,we cannot quote much more of ,prior ,vaughan's narrative1 or else we would fain draw attention to the account he gives from authentic sources of ,thomas' holy distress of mind1 and his midnight prayer the night before he received the doctorate4 ,but the following paragraph must be transcribed3 8,let the carnal man1 after looking on the sweet ,angelical fascinating the crowded schools1 take the trouble to follow him1 as silently1 after the day's work1 he retires to his cell1 seemingly to rest2 let him watch him bent in prayer2 see him take from its hidingplace1 when all have gone to sleep1 that hard iron chain2 see him--as he looks up to heaven and humbles himself to earth--without mercy to his flesh1 scourge himself with it1 striking blow upon blow1 lacerating his body through the greater portion of the sleepless night3 let the carnal man look upon this touching sight2 let him shrink back in horror if he will--still let him look on it1 and he will learn how the saints labored to secure a chaste and spotless life1 and how a man can so far annihilate selfseeking as to be gentle with all the world1 severe with himself alone4 ,if in human life there is anything mysteriously adorable1 it is a man of heroic mould and surpassing gifts showing himself great enough to smite his own body1 and to humble his entire being in pretence of his ,judge0 7ii4 #fj1 #fa74 ,s4 ,thomas died in the prime of life--when scarcely fortyeight years old4 ,he was called away a little before his great work1 the ,summa1 was completed1 as if his ,master wished to show the lamenting world that his own claims were paramount to every other thing4 ,but it was that divine ,master himself who had rendered it necessary to take away his servant when he did2 for ,s4 ,thomas could write no more4 ,after that vision and ecstasy which rapt his soul in the chapel of ,s4 ,nicholas at ,naples1 he ceased to write1 he ceased to dictate2 his pen lay idle1 and the ,summa stood still in the middle of the questions on penance4 ,it was1 as he said to his companion ,reginald1 ,non possum6 8,i cannot6 ,everything that ,i have written appears to me as simply rubbish40 ,from that day of ,s4 ,nicholas he lived in a continual trance3 he wrote no more4 ,as the new year 7#abgd7 came in1 he set out1 at the pope's call1 to attend the general council at ,lyons3 but he was never to get so far4 ,he had not journeyed beyond ,campania--he was still travelling along the shores of that sunny region which had given him birth1 when mortal illness arrested him1 and he was taken to the ,abbey of ,fossa ,nuova to die4 8,the abbot conducts him through the church into the silent cloister4 ,then the whole past seems to break in upon him like a burst of overflowing sunlight2 the calm and quiet abbey1 the meditative corridor1 the gentle ,benedictine monks2 he seems as if he were at ,cassino once again1 amidst the glorious visions of his boyish days--amidst the tender friendships of his early youth1 close on the bones of ancient kings1 near the solemn tomb of ,blessed ,benedict1 in the hallowed home of great traditions1 and at the very shrine of all that is fair and noble in monastic life4 ,he seemed completely overcome by the memories of the past1 and1 turning to the monks who surrounded him1 exclaimed #8,this is the place where ,i shall find repose6' and then ecstatically to ,reginald in presence of them all3 #8,hc est requies mea in sculum sculi1 hic habitabo quoniam elegi eam--,this is my rest for ever and ever2 here will ,i dwell1 for ,i have chosen it' 0 7ii4 #iba74 ,the whole of this last scene of the great saint's pilgrimage is admirably and most touchingly brought out by the author1 and our readers must go to it themselves4 ,as we conclude the story1 we are forced to agree with ,prior ,vaughan when he exclaims1 8,it is but natural1 it is but beautiful1 that he who in early boyhood had been stamped with the signet of ,s4 ,benedict1 should return to ,s4 ,benedict to die60 ,we are sure that this life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin will do good4 ,it is a large book1 but it deals with a large and a grand life4 ,it is the work of one who evidently has an interest in his subject far beyond that of the mere compiler4 ,the earnestness1 the warmth1 the very redundancy and fulness of the author's style1 leave the impression of one whose heart is strongly impressed by the glorious career which he has been following so minutely1 and there is little doubt that his readers will sympathize with him4 ,and there can be just as little doubt of the benefits which a practical study of the life of the great doctor will confer upon students1 upon priests1 and upon all serious men at the present day4 ,sanctity taught by example is always an important lesson2 but the saintliness of learning and genius is still more important and still more rare4 ,we live in an age when there are numbers of men who are profoundly scientific and splendidly accomplished in the different branches of knowledge which they profess2 and there is no one who is more sure of the world's attention and reverence than the man who can show that he knows something which other men do not4 ,the present time1 therefore1 is one at which we are to look for and to hope for men who in theology and ,catholic philosophy shall be as able and as learned as are the leaders of profane science4 ,hard work and unwearying devotedness are essential to this2 and the example of ,s4 ,thomas shows us what these things mean4 ,but there is something which is more necessary still2 something which is especially necessary in sacred science4 8,in malevolam animam non intrabit ,sapientia1 nec habitabit in corpore subdito peccatis40 ,there is no such thing as the highest wisdom without the highest purity of heart4 ,the perfection of the ,christian doctorate is the consequence of the perfect possession and exercise of the ,seven ,gifts of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,and the holy fathers who have written on ,christian wisdom tell us repeatedly1 using almost identical words1 that a man might as well try to study the sun with purblind eyes as to be perfect in theology with a heart defiled4 ,there has been no greater example in the range of sanctity of what ,s4 ,augustine calls the 8mens purgatissima0 than that of him who on account of his purity has been called the ,angelical4 ,leaving the world as a child1 his heart hardly knew what earthly concupiscence was4 ,with his loins girded by angels' hands1 with his body subdued by hard living1 with his thought always ranging among high and elevating things1 the soul of ,s4 ,thomas lived in a region that did not belong to the world4 ,he learnt his wisdom of the crucifix1 he found his inspirations at the foot of the altar2 and the same lips that dictated the ,commentaries on ,aristotle were ready to break forth with the ,lauda ,sion and the ,pange ,lingua4 ,if he taught in the daytime1 he chastised his body during the watches of the night4 ,born to a gentle life1 with powerful friends1 with the world and its attractions within his reach1 he lived in his narrow cell1 cleaving to his desk and to his breviary1 walking the streets with a quick step and downcast eye1 letting the world go on its way4 ,he wanted only one thing--not as a reward for his labor1 because his labor was only a means to a great end--he wanted only that one object which he asked for when the figure spoke to him from the ,cross1 8,thee1 ,o ,lord6 and thee alone60 ,prior ,vaughan has accomplished a task for which he will receive the thanks of all ,englishspeaking ,catholics4 ,his book will be read1 and will be treasured2 for it is a book with a large purpose1 carried out with unwearying labor1 presenting the results of wide reading1 and offering the student and the general reader a large variety of solid information and of suggestive thought4 ,if the book were less honestly wrought out than it is1 we could excuse the author1 in consideration of the heart and soul he has thrown into it4 ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin is evidently a very real1 living being with him4 ,his hero is no abstraction of the past1 no quintessence of a scholastic that must be looked at as one looks at an ,egyptian papyrus in a museum4 ,he is a man to know1 not merely to know about2 a man who taught in ,paris and who reigns in heaven2 a man who led an angel's life here below1 and who can help us to lead a life more or less angelic from his place above4 ,to have worked with such a spirit is to have worked in the true spirit of the ,catholic faith4 ,the saints are our teachers and masters2 and1 what is more1 they are the trumpets that rouse us to battle1 the living voices that make our hearts burn to follow them4 ,and therefore a true life of a saint will live1 and will do its work4 ,our wish is that ,prior ,vaughan's ,s4 ,thomas may make its way into the hearts of earnest men1 and it is our conviction that it will make its way1 and that men will be the better for it4 ,to ,s4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ',mid the white spouses of the ,sacred ,heart1 ,after its ,queen1 the nearest1 dearest1 thou4 ,yet the aurola around thy brow ,is not the virgins'4 ,thine a throne apart4 ,nor yet1 my ,saint1 does faithillumined art ,thy hand with palm of martyrdom endow3 ,and when thy hair is all it will allow ,of glory to thy head1 we do not start4 ,o more than virgin in thy penitent love6 ,and more than martyr in thy passionate woe6 ,how should thy sisters equal thee above1 ,who knelt not with thee on the gory sod8 ,or where the crown our worship could bestow ,like that long gold which wiped the feet of ,god8 ,god's ,acre4 ,in all countries and in all creeds1 the dead have claimed the affectionate notice of the living4 ,the idea of housing them1 deifying them1 propitiating them1 of remembering them in some way1 however diverse1 has always been a prominent one4 ,the belief in the soul's immortality seems to have been even more clear to the ordinary mind of the natural man than that of a ,supreme and ,almighty ,being4 ,when ,christianity appeared1 the departed had a place assigned them among the members of the church1 and were commemorated as absent brethren gone before their fellows one stage further on the last great journey2 when the ,reformation disfranchised human nature in the ,x,v,ith century1 and levelled all its hallowed aspirations with the brute instincts of the animal kingdom1 the dead1 though divorced from communion with the living1 were yet remembered1 and placed in two categories--the elect1 or the precondemned4 ,another life was even then believed in1 and later branches of the reforming sects all condescended at least to theorize on the future state of disembodied spirits4 ,it remained for our times to foster the cruel unbelief that dooms our loved ones1 not even to everlasting perdition1 but to absolute annihilation4 ,it was hard enough in ,puritan days for a pious though mistaken mind to bring itself to the belief that possibly the loved companion of childhood1 the chosen mate of youth1 the venerable parent1 the upright teacher1 was one of those predestined to eternal torments1 one of the holocausts to the greater glory of ,god2 but how far harder now for a fond heart1 a clinging nature1 to see in those it loves so many perishable puppets1 without future and without hope6 ,but happily there is a haven to which these stormtossed souls may come with the precious freight of their love and their unerring ,catholic instincts4 ,their companions and brethren are not gone into trackless chaos1 they are not absorbed into that monstrous 8nothing0 of which a false philosophy has made a bewildering bugbear4 ,every year the church protests against such revolting doctrines on the day which she publicly consecrates to prayers for and remembrance of the departed4 ,this festival is like a spiritual harvesthome2 coming as it does just at the close of the ecclesiastical year1 it marks an epoch in the life of the church suffering2 and various 8revelations0 made to saints1 as well as the collective belief of the faithful1 agree in considering it a day of liberation and rejoicing among the souls in ,purgatory4 8,god's ,acre0 7according to the touching and suggestive ,german idiom7 is reaped on that auspicious day1 though1 like ,boaz1 the ,divine ,reaper leaves yet a few ears of corn to be gleaned into heavenly rest by the prayers of the faithful on earth4 ,before we go further into our own beautiful view of the future life1 let us stop to see how other races and religions have treated the dead4 ,of the ,egyptians1 it is difficult to speak except at too great a length1 and1 not having at hand sufficient authority1 we can only set down what our recollection will supply4 ,the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world will no doubt remember some interesting articles published a few months since regarding the ancient civilization of ,egypt1 in which copious reference was made to the esteem and respect paid to the dead in that country4 ,the singular custom of pledging the embalmed body of a father or ancestor1 on the receipt of a loan1 was noticed2 also the dishonor attaching to the nonredemption of such a pledge4 ,a learned ,english author1 speaking incidentally of ,egyptian embalming1 mentions that the word mummy is derived from 8mum10 which1 he says1 is ,egyptian for wax4 ,representations of the embalming process have been found on tombs and sarcophagi1 in which the men engaged in it are seen wearing masks with eagles' beaks1 probably iron masks1 thereby denoting of what a poisonous and dangerous nature this absolutely incorruptible embalmment must have been4 ,the ,pyramids are perhaps the most imposing funeral monuments ever raised to the memory of mortals1 and even the famous ,mausoleum of ,artemisia can have had no more massive or eternal an aspect4 ,to pass from the cradle of older civilization to the land whose original peopling has sometimes been attributed1 though we believe inaccurately1 to ,egyptian enterprise1 the ,america of the ,aztec and the ,red ,indian1 we find in ,parkman's ,jesuits in ,america some lengthy details on the funereal customs of the ,huron tribe1 now extinct4 ,he says that 8the primitive ,indian believed in the immortality of the soul1 but not always in a state of future punishment or reward4 ,nor was the good or evil to be rewarded or punished 7when such a belief did exist7 of a moral nature4 ,skilful hunters1 brave warriors1 men of influence1 went to the happy hunting grounds1 while the slothful1 the weak1 the cowardly1 were doomed to eat serpents and ashes in dreary regions of mist and darkness4444 ,the spirits1 in form and feature1 as they had been in life1 wended their way through dark forests to the villages of the dead1 subsisting on bark and rotten wood4 ,on arriving1 they sat all day in the crouching posture of the sick1 and when night came hunted the shades of animals1 with the shades of bows and arrows1 among the shades of trees and rocks2 for all things1 animate and inanimate1 were alike immortal1 and all passed together to the gloomy country of the dead40 ,the public ceremony of exhuming the dead1 of which some interesting details are given further on1 was supposed to be the occasion of the beginning of the other life4 ,the souls 8took wing1 as some affirmed1 in the shape of pigeons2 while the greater number believed that they journeyed on foot 444 to the land of shades1 444 but1 as the spirits of the old and of children are too feeble for the march1 they are forced to stay behind1 lingering near their earthly homes1 where the living often hear the shutting of their invisible cabin doors1 and the weak voices of the disembodied children driving birds from their cornfields4444 ,the ,indian land of souls is not always a region of shadows and gloom4 ,the ,hurons sometimes represented the souls of their dead as dancing joyously4444 ,according to some ,algonquin traditions1 heaven was a scene of endless festivity1 ghosts dancing to the sound of the rattle and the drum4444 ,most of the traditions agree1 however1 that the spirits were beset with difficulties and perils4 ,there was a swift river which must be crossed on a log that shook beneath their feet1 while a ferocious dog opposed their passage1 and drove many into the abyss4 ,this river was full of sturgeon and other fish1 which the ghosts speared for their subsistence4 ,beyond was a narrow path between moving rocks which each instant crashed together1 grinding to atoms the less nimble of the pilgrims who endeavored to pass4 ,the ,hurons believed that a personage named ,oscotarach1 or the ,head,piercer1 dwelt in a bark house beside the path1 and that it was his office to remove the brains from the heads of all who went by1 as a necessary preparation for immortality4 ,this singular idea is found also in some ,algonquin traditions1 according to which1 however1 the brain is afterwards restored to its owner40 ,le ,clerc1 in his ,nouvelle ,relation de la ,gaspsie1 tells a curious story1 which is mentioned in a footnote by ,parkman4 ,it was current in his 7,le ,clerc's7 time among the ,algonquins of ,gasp and ,northern ,new ,brunswick1 and bears a remarkable likeness to the old myth of ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 8,the favorite son of an old ,indian died1 whereupon the father1 with a party of friends1 set out for the land of souls to recover him4 ,it was only necessary to wade through a shallow lake1 several days' journey in extent4 ,this they did1 sleeping at night on platforms of poles which supported them above the water4 ,at length1 they arrived and were met by ,papkootparout1 the ,indian ,pluto1 who rushed on them in a rage1 with his warclub upraised1 but1 presently relenting1 changed his mind and challenged them to a game of ball4 ,they proved the victors1 and won the stakes1 consisting of corn1 tobacco1 and certain fruits1 which thus became known to mankind4 ,the bereaved father now begged hard for his son's soul1 and ,papkootparout at last gave it to him in the form and size of a nut1 which1 by pressing it hard between his hands1 he forced into a small leather bag4 ,the delighted parent carried it back to earth1 with instructions to insert it into the body of his son1 who would thereupon return to life4 ,when the adventurers reached home1 and reported the happy issue1 of their journey1 there was a dance of rejoicing2 and the father1 wishing to take part in it1 gave his son's soul to the keeping of a squaw who stood by4 ,being curious to see it1 she opened the bag1 upon which it escaped at once1 and took flight for the realms of ,papkootparout1 preferring them to the abodes of the living40 ,these superstitions1 although they may make us smile1 yet attest1 through their rude simplicity1 the natural and deeprooted existence in all races of a belief not only in the immortality of the soul1 but in the possibility of communication with the departed4 ,the ,buddhist doctrine of transmigration is but a distorted version of the truth we call purgatory1 that is1 a state of temporary expiation and gradual cleansing4 ,the ,egyptian practice of embalming the dead and often of preserving the bodies of several generations of one's forefathers in the family house1 is another consequence of the primeval belief in the soul's immortality4 ,everywhere reverence for the dead implied this belief and symbolized it1 and even the custom of placing in the mouth of the ,roman dead the piece of money1 denarius1 with which to pay their passage over the ,styx1 is referable to the true doctrine of good works being laid up in heaven and helping those who have performed them to gain the desired entrance into eternal repose4 ,the following minute description of the ,indian feast of the dead1 of which mention has already been made1 is interesting1 and is condensed from the account given by ,father ,brebuf3 8,the corpses were lowered from their scaffolds and lifted from their graves4 ,each family claimed its own1 and forthwith addressed itself to the task of removing what remained of flesh from the bones4 ,these1 after being tenderly caressed with tears and lamentations1 were wrapped in skins and pendent robes of beaver4 ,these relics1 as also the recent corpses1 which remained entire1 but were likewise carefully wrapped in furs1 were carried to one of the largest houses1 and hung to the numerous cross poles which1 rafterlike1 supported the roof4 ,the concourse of mourners seated themselves at a funeral feast1 the squaws of the household distributed the food1 and a chief harangued the assembly1 lamenting the loss of the deceased and praising their virtues4 ,this over1 the mourners began their march for ,ossonan1 the scene of the final rite4 ,the bodies remaining entire were borne on litters1 while the bundles of bones were slung at the shoulders of the relatives1 like fagots4 ,the procession thus defiled slowly through the forest pathways1 and as they passed beneath the shadow of the pines1 the mourners uttered at intervals and in unison a wailing cry1 meant to imitate the voices of disembodied souls1 444 and believed to have a peculiarly soothing effect on the conscious relics that each man carried4 ,the place prepared for the last rite was a cleared area in the forest1 many acres in extent4 ,around it was a high and strong scaffolding of upright poles1 with crosspoles extended between1 for hanging the funeral gifts and the remains of the dead4 ,the fathers lodged in a house where over a hundred of these bundles of mortality hung from the rafters4 ,some were mere shapeless rolls1 others were made up into clumsy effigies1 adorned with feathers1 beads1 etc4 ,in the morning 7the procession having arrived over night at ,ossonan7 the relics were taken down1 opened again1 and the bones fondled anew by the women1 amid paroxysms of grief4 ,when the procession bearing the dead reached the ground prepared for the last solemnity1 the bundles were laid on the ground1 and the funeral gifts outspread for the admiration of the beholders4 ,among them were many robes of beaver and other rich furs1 collected and preserved for years with a view to this festival4 ,fires were lighted and kettles slung1 and the scene became like a fair or caravanserai4 ,this continued till three o'clock in the afternoon1 when the gifts were repacked1 and the bones shouldered afresh4 ,suddenly1 at a signal from the chiefs1 the crowd ran forward from every side towards the scaffolding1 like soldiers to the assault of a town1 scaled it by the rude ladders with which it was furnished1 and hung their relics and their gifts to the forest of poles which surmounted it4 ,the chiefs then again harangued the people in praise of the departed1 while other functionaries lined the grave throughout with rich robes of beaver skin4 ,three large copper kettles were next placed in the middle1 and then ensued a scene of hideous confusion4 ,the bodies which had been left entire were brought to the edge of the grave1 flung in1 and arranged in order at the bottom by ten or twelve ,indians1 stationed there for the purpose1 amid the wildest excitement and the uproar of many hundred mingled voices4 ,night was now fast closing in1 and the concourse bivouacked around the clearing4444 ,one of the bundles of bones1 tied to a pole on the scaffold1 chanced to fall into the grave4 ,this accident precipitated the closing act1 and perhaps increased its frenzy4 ,all around blazed countless fires1 and the air resounded with discordant cries4 ,the naked multitude1 on1 under1 and around the scaffolding1 were flinging the remains of their dead1 relieved from their wrappings of skins1 pellmell into the pit1 where were discovered men who1 as the ghastly shower fell around them1 arranged the bones in their places with long poles4 ,all was soon over2 earth1 logs1 and stones were cast upon the grave1 and the clamor subsided into a funereal chant1 so dreary and lugubrious that it seemed like the wail of despairing souls from the abyss of perdition40 ,these processions and ceremonies relating to the bones of the dead remind us of the singular custom observed at the ,capuchin ,convent of the ,piazza ,barberini in ,rome4 ,the skeletons of the dead monks are robed in the habit of the order and seated in choirstalls round the crypt1 until they fall to pieces1 or are displaced by a silent newcomer to their ghostly brotherhood4 ,the bones which are thus yearly accumulating are formed into patterns of stars and crosses on the walls of the crypt and surrounding corridors1 while the skulls are often heaped up in small mounds against the partitions4 ,the convent is strictly enclosed1 and is only accessible to men during the rest of the year1 but on ,all ,souls' day and during the octave1 the public1 men and women alike1 are allowed to visit this strange place of entombment4 ,crowds flock to see it1 especially foreigners4 ,hawthorne1 in his ,marble ,faun1 has described it in terms that make one feel as if his impression were vivid enough to supply the place of a personal one on the part of each of his readers4 ,the ancient ,roman customs and beliefs concerning the dead are well worth noticing1 as embodying the essence of the utmost civilization a heathen land could boast4 ,it is said that the ,romans chose the cypress as emblematic of death because that tree1 when once cut1 never grows again4 ,the facts of natural history are sometimes disregarded by the ancient poets1 but it is not with that that we now have to deal1 but with the false idea symbolized by this choice4 ,the ,romans1 nevertheless1 fully believed in an afterlife1 though one modelled much on the same principle as their life on earth4 ,the unburied and those whose bodies could not be found were supposed to wander about1 unable to cross the river ,styx1 and their friends therefore generally built them an empty tomb1 which they believed served as a retreat to their restless spirits4 ,pliny ascribes the ,roman custom of burning the dead to the belief that was current amongst the people1 that their enemies dug up and insulted the bodies of their soldiers killed in distant wars4 ,during the earlier part of the ,republic1 the dead were mostly buried in the natural way1 in graves or vaults4 ,some very strange ceremonies are recorded in ,adams' ,roman ,antiquities concerning the funeral processions1 which usually took place at night by torchlight4 7,this was chiefly done to avoid any chance of meeting a priest or magistrate1 who was supposed to be polluted by the sight of a corpse1 as in the ,jewish dispensation47 ,after the musicians1 who sang the praises of the deceased to the accompaniment of flutes1 came 8players and buffoons1 one of whom1 called archimimus 7the chief mimic71 sustained the character of the deceased1 imitating his words or actions while alive4 ,these players sometimes introduced apt sayings from dramatic writers40 ,actors were also employed to personate the individual ancestors1 and ,adams' commentator adds in a footnote3 8,a ,roman funeral must therefore have presented a singular appearance1 with a long line of ancestors stalking gravely through the streets of the capital40 ,pliny1 ,plautus1 ,polybius1 ,suetonius1 and others are the authorities quoted on this curious point4 ,it is said by some authors that1 in very ancient times1 the dead were buried in their own houses2 hence the origin of idolatry1 the worship of household gods1 the fear of goblins1 etc4 ,relations also consecrated temples to the dead1 which ,pliny calls a very ancient custom1 which had its share in contributing to the establishment of idolworship4 ,in the ,book of ,wisdom7#aae7 we find a reference to this in these words3 8,for a father1 being afflicted with bitter grief1 made to himself the image of his son1 who was quickly taken away1 and him who then had died as a man1 he began now to worship as a god1 and appointed him rites and sacrifices among his servants4 ,then in process of time1 wicked custom prevailing1 this error was kept as a law40 ,adams tells us that 8the private places of burial of the ,romans were in fields or gardens1 usually near the highway 7such as the ,via ,appia near ,rome1 the ,via ,campana near ,pozzuoli1 the ,street of ,tombs at ,pompeii71 to be conspicuous and remind those who passed of mortality4 ,hence the frequent inscriptions--,siste1 viator17#aaf7 ,aspice1 viator407#aag7 ,games of gladiators were frequently held both on the day and the anniversaries of great funerals2 and on the pyre slaves and clients were sometimes burnt with the body of their deceased master1 as also all manner of clothes and ornaments1 and1 8in short1 whatever was supposed to have been agreeable to him when alive40 ,as the funeral cortge left the place where the body had been burnt1 they 8used to take a last farewell1 repeating several times ,vale1 or ,salve ternum107#aah7 also wishing that the earth might lie light on the person buried1 as ,juvenal relates1 and which was found marked on several ancient monuments in these letters1 ,s4,t4,t4,l47#aai7 8,this is a very remarkable instance of the dead being considered1 in one sense1 as conscious1 sentient beings1 and evidently has an origin which can hardly be disconnected from some remote or indistinct recollection of the true religion40 ,adams goes on to say that 8oblations or sacrifices to the dead were afterwards made at various times1 both occasionally and at stated periods1 consisting of liquors1 victims1 and garlands1 as ,virgil1 ,tacitus1 and ,suetonius tell us1 and sometimes to appease their manes1 or atone for some injury offered them in life4 ,the sepulchre was bespread with flowers1 and covered with crowns and fillets4 ,before it there was a little altar1 on which libations were made and incense burnt4 ,a keeper was appointed to watch the tomb1 which was frequently illuminated with lamps4 ,a feast was generally added1 both for the dead and the living4 ,certain things were laid on the tomb1 commonly beans1 lettuce1 bread1 and eggs1 or the like1 which it was supposed the ghosts would come and eat4 ,what remained was burnt4 ,after the funeral of great men1444 a distribution of raw meat was made to the people40 8,immoderate grief was thought to be offensive to the manes1 according to ,tibullus1 but during the shortened mourning that was customary1 the relations of the deceased abstained from entertainments or feasts of any sort1 wore no badge of rank or nobility1 were not shaved1 and dressed in black1 a custom borrowed 7as was supposed7 from the ,egyptians4 #8,no fire was ever lighted1 as it was considered an ornament to the house4' 0 ,the common places of burial were called columbaria1 from the likeness of their arrangement to that of a pigeonhouse1 each little niche scooped out in the walls holding the small urn in which the ashes of the dead were deposited4 ,these columbaria1 ,adams tells us1 were often below ground1 like a vault1 but private tombs belonging to wealthy citizens were in groves and gardens2 as1 for instance1 that of ,augustus1 mentioned by ,strabo1 who calls it a hanging garden supported on marble arches1 with shrubs planted round the base1 and the ,egyptian obelisks at the entrance4 ,the tomb of ,adrian1 now the ,castel ,s4 ,angelo1 was a perfect palace of wealth and art1 and supplied many a later building with readymade adornment before it became what it now is1 a fortress4 ,the tomb of ,cecilia ,metella1 on the ,via ,appia1 was also used as a medival stronghold1 and looks more fit for such a use than for its former funereal distinction4 ,from ancient and imperial1 we now pass to modern and ,christian ,rome1 so undistinguishable in the chronology of their first blending1 so widely apart in the moral order of their succession4 ,the subject of the catacombs and the early inscriptions on ,christian graves is one so widely known and so copiously illustrated by many learned works1 both ,english and foreign1 that it would be superfluous to say much about it4 ,yet ,cardinal ,wiseman is so popular an author1 and ,fabiola so standard a novel1 that we may be forgiven for drawing a little on treasures so temptingly ready to our hand4 ,there is in the first chapter of the second part of ,fabiola an interesting reference to the old established craft of the fossores1 or excavators of the ,christian cemeteries4 ,cardinal ,wiseman says that some modern antiquarians have based upon the assertion of an anonymous writer1 contemporary with ,s4 ,jerome1 an erroneous theory of the fossores having formed a lesser ecclesiastical order in the primitive church1 like a lector or reader4 8,but10 he adds1 8although this opinion is untenable1 it is extremely probable that the duties of this office were in the hands of persons appointed and recognized by ecclesiastical authority4444 ,it was not a cemetery or necropolis company which made a speculation of burying the dead1 but rather a pious and recognized confraternity1 which was associated for the purpose40 ,father ,marchi1 the great ,jesuit authority on ancient subterranean ,rome1 says that a series of interesting inscriptions1 found in the cemetery of ,s4 ,agnes1 proves that this occupation was continued in particular families1 grandfather1 father1 and sons having carried it on in the same place4 ,the fossores also transacted such rare bargains as were known in those days of simplicity and brotherly love1 when wealthy ,christians willingly made compensation for the privilege of being buried near a martyr's tomb4 ,such an arrangement is commemorated in an early ,christian inscription preserved in the ,capitol4 ,the translation runs thus3 8,this is the grave for two bodies1 bought by ,artemisius1 and the price was given to the fossor ,hilarus--that is 444 7the number1 being in cipher1 is unintelligible47 ,in the presence of ,severus the fossor1 and ,laurentius40 ,cardinal ,wiseman1 jealous of ,christian traditions1 particularly notes that the theory of the subterranean crypts1 now called catacombs1 ever having been heathen excavations for the extraction of sand1 has been disproved by ,marchi's careful and scientific examination4 ,he then describes the manner of entombment used in these underground cemeteries3 8,their walls as well as the sides of the staircases are honeycombed with graves1 that is1 rows of excavations1 large and small1 of sufficient length to admit a human body1 from a child to a fullgrown man4444 ,they are evidently made to measure1 and it is probable that the body was lying by the side of the grave while this was being dug4 ,when the corpse was laid in its narrow cell1 the front was hermetically closed either by a marbleslab1 or more frequently by several broad tiles put edgeways in a groove or mortise1 cut for them in the rock1 and cemented all round4 ,the inscription was cut upon the marble1 or scratched in the wet mortar4444 ,two principles1 as old as ,christianity1 regulate this mode of burial4 ,the first is the manner of ,christ's entombment2 he was laid in a grave in a cavern1 wrapped up in linen1 embalmed with spices1 and a stone1 sealed up1 closed his sepulchre4 ,as ,s4 ,paul so often proposes him for the model of our resurrection1 and speaks of our being buried with him in baptism1 it was natural for his disciples to wish to be buried after his example1 so as to be ready to rise with him4 ,this lying in wait for the resurrection was the second thought that regulated the formation of these cemeteries4 ,every expression connected with them alluded to the rising again4 ,the word to bury is unknown in ,christian inscriptions3 #8deposited in peace1' #8the deposition of 444' are the expressions used2 that is1 the dead are left there for a time1 till called for again1 as a pledge or precious thing1 entrusted to faithful but temporary keeping4 ,the very name of cemetery suggests that it is only a place where many lie1 as in a dormitory1 slumbering for a while1 till dawn come and the trumpet's sound awake them4 ,hence the grave is only called the #8place1' or more technically #8the small home1'7#abj7 of the dead in ,christ40 ,the old ,teutonic ,gottes,acker1 the acre or field of ,god1 denotes the same eminently ,christian idea2 the dead are thus likened to the seed hidden in the ground for a while1 to ripen into a glorious spiritual harvest when the last call shall be heard4 ,we have read somewhere1 in an ,english novel whose name has escaped our memory1 the same beautiful idea most poetically expressed4 ,it was something to this effect3 8,we put up a stone at the head of a grave1 just as we write labels in the springtime for the seeds we put into the earth1 that we may remember what glorious flower is to spring from the little gray1 hidden handful that seems so insignificant just now0--a ,catholic thought found astray in a book that had nothing ,catholic about it save its beauty and poetry2 for beauty is a ray of truth1 and truth is one and ,catholic4 ,one other remark is worth remembering about the early ,christian inscriptions on the tombs of the departed4 ,there is generally some anxiety to preserve a record of the exact date of a person's death1 and1 in modern days1 if it happened that there was no room for both the day and the year1 no doubt the day1 would be left unnoticed1 and the year carefully chronicled4 8,yet10 says ,cardinal ,wiseman1 8while so few ancient ,christian inscriptions supply the year of people's deaths1 thousands give us the very day of it on which they died1 whether in the hopefulness of believers or in the assurance of martyrs4 ,of both classes annual commemoration had to be made on the very day of their departure1 and accurate knowledge of this was necessary4 ,therefore it alone was recorded40 ,o ages of faith6 when it was the ambition of ,christians to be inscribed in the ,book of ,life1 instead of leaving names blazoned in gold in the annals of an earthly empire6 ,prayers for the dead were in use among the primitive ,christians1 and in one of the inscriptions mentioned by ,cardinal ,wiseman the following reference to these prayers is found3 8,christ ,god ,almighty refresh thy spirit in ,christ40 ,that this hallowed custom is akin to the natural feelings of a loving heart is selfevident2 the coldness of an 8age of philosophy0 alone could doubt it4 ,well might it be called the age of disorganization and not of philosophy 7which is 8love of wisdom071 for the wisdom that seeks to pull down instead of building up is but questionable4 ,the disorganization of political society which we see at work through the ,international and the ,commune2 the disorganization of moral society which we behold every day increasing through the ease with which the marriage tie is dissolved1 and the hold the state is claiming on children and even infants2 the disorganization of religious society which we find in the evermultiplying feuds of sects1 like gangrene gradually eating away an unsound body2 these are all fitting companions to that most ruthless severing of this world from the next which pretends to isolate the dead from the spiritual help and sympathy of the living1 and to dwarf in the souls of men what even human laws commanded1 or at least protected1 concerning their bodies4 ,the want of our age is a want of heart2 heartlessness and callousness to the most sacred1 the most natural feelings1 is shown to a fearful extent among our modern mindemancipators and reformers4 ,on the one hand1 nature is held up as a god to which all moral laws are to be subject1 or1 rather1 before whose fiat they are to cease to exist1 while1 on the other1 nature 7in everything lawful1 touching1 noble1 generous7 is told that she is a fool1 and must learn to subdue 8childish0 aspirations and outgrow 8childish0 beliefs6 ,but the belief of a communication between the living and the departed is not only a natural one2 it is also ,biblical4 ,s4 ,matthew speaks of the middle state of souls when he mentions the strict account that will have to be rendered of 8every idle word407#aba7 ,s4 ,paul says that 8every man's work 444 shall be tried in fire3 and the fire shall try every man's work of what sort it is4 ,if any man's work burn1 he shall suffer loss1 but he himself shall be saved2 yet so as by fire407#abb7 ,s4 ,peter makes mention of 8the spirits in prison107#abc7 and ,s4 ,john1 in the ,apocalypse1 implies a state of probation when he says that 8there shall not enter into it the ,new ,jerusalem anything defiled or that worketh abomination1 or maketh a lie407#abd7 ,in the ,second ,book of ,machabees1 one of the most national of the ,jewish records1 and the most favorite and consolatory of the religious books held by the ,jews as infallible oracles1 the whole doctrine of purgatory and prayers for the departed is most plainly adverted to4 ,after a great battle and victory1 ,judas ,machabeus searches the bodies of his slain warriors1 and finds that some of them had appropriated heathen votive offerings made to the idols whose temples they had burnt at ,jamnia a short time before4 ,upon this discovery1 according to the sacred text1 which is here too precious a testimony to be condensed1 he1 8making a gathering1 sent twelve thousand drachms of silver to ,jerusalem for sacrifice to be offered for the sins of the dead1 thinking well and religiously concerning the resurrection4 7,for if he had not hoped that they that were slain should rise again1 it would have seemed superfluous and vain to pray for the dead47 ,and because he considered that they who had fallen asleep with godliness1 had great grace laid up for them4 ,it is therefore a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead1 that they may be loosed from their sins407#abe7 ,it may not perhaps be generally known that1 among the ,jews1 the custom of praying for the dead exists1 and has always existed uninterruptedly4 ,some of the supplications are very beautiful1 and we do not hesitate to give them here1 as an interesting corroboration of the assertions we have made throughout4 ,the chief prayers for the dead are contained in the 8,kaddisch0 for mourners1 which forms part of the evening as well as the morning service for the ,jewish ,sabbath4 ,although the dead are not mentioned by name1 it is to them alone that the prayers apply1 as we understand from persons of that persuasion4 ,the text is the following3 8,may our prayers be accepted with mercy and kindness2 may the prayers and supplications of the whole house of ,israel be accepted in the presence of their ,father who is in heaven1 and say ye ,amen4 ,the congregation here answer ,amen4 ,may the fulness of peace from heaven with life be granted unto us and to all ,israel1 and say ye ,amen40 8,my help is from the ,lord1 who made heaven and earth4 ,may he who maketh peace in his high heavens bestow peace on us and on all ,israel4 ,and say ye ,amen40 ,during these prayers1 the mourners stand up and answer4 ,other invocations mention 8the soul of my father0 or 8mother10 etc41 as the case may be4 ,in the service for the dead read over the corpse1 these words occur3 8,o ,lord our ,god1 cause us to lie down in peace1 and raise us up1 ,o our ,king1 to a happy life4 ,i laid me down fearless and slept2 ,i awoke1 for the ,lord sustained me40 ,all through the ,old ,testament we constantly find 8sleep0 used as a synonym for death4 ,scattered through the morning and evening services of the ,hebrew liturgy there are invocations1 frequently repeated1 referring to the dead1 such as these3 8,thou1 ,o ,lord1 art for ever powerful2 thou restorest life to the dead1 and art mighty to save4 ,thou art also faithful to revive the dead3 blessed art thou1 ,o ,lord1 who revivest the dead40 ,god is also said 8to hold in his hands the souls of the living and the dead10 thus giving at least equal prominence to the departed and those they have left in their place4 ,the ,jews believe and hope that their prayers on earth benefit and refresh their lost brethren1 and pray daily for them4 ,the bodies of the departed are plainly dressed in a linen shroud without superfluous ornamentation1 but many of the old ceremonies and purifications enjoined in the old law are now dispensed with4 ,the old manner of burial was in a cave or spacious sepulchre in a field or garden1 and the body was wrapped in spices1 which were often burnt around it4 ,the double cave of ,mambre1 bought for ,sarah by ,abraham1 stood at the end of a field1 and the sepulchres of the kings were also in a field4 ,the garden where ,our ,lord was laid is another instance of the universality of this custom4 ,in the ,second ,book of ,chronicles7#abf7 we read of ,king ,asa that 8they buried him in his own sepulchre which he had made for himself in the city of ,david3 and they laid him on his bed full of spices and odoriferous ointments1 which were made by the art of the perfumers1 and they burnt them over him with great pomp40 ,this burning 7of spices7 is often mentioned throughout ,holy ,writ4 ,rachel1 says the ,book of ,genesis17#abg7 was buried 8in the highway0 that led to ,bethlehem1 and ,jacob erected a pillar over her sepulchre2 ,samuel1 8in his own house at ,ramatha02 and ,saul1 beneath an oak near the city of ,jabes ,galaad1 the inhabitants of which place provided for his burial1 and fasted seven days in sign of mourning for their sovereign4 ,joram1 king of ,juda1 was punished for his misdeeds by exclusion from the sepulchre of his fathers1 8and the people did not make a funeral for him according to the manner of burning spices1 as they had done for his ancestors407#abh7 ,ozias1 being a leper1 a disease which came upon him in punishment for having usurped sacerdotal functions1 was buried 8in the field0 only 8of the royal sepulchre40 ,thus we see the immense importance attached to the place of burial under the old ,jewish dispensation1 and how it was an eternal disgrace to be expelled in death from the neighborhood of one's family and their hereditary place of entombment4 ,this feeling has continued very strong in most civilized and in all savage races2 the graves of their forefathers are even more symbolical of home and fatherland to the wandering desert tribes of different nations1 than what we should call their hearths and firesides4 ,in later times1 how often have we not seen gorgeous and imposing buildings1 especially cathedrals and abbeys1 built over the shrine of a dead king or bishop1 canonized by that popular veneration whose last expression was the public honor decreed them by the ,roman ,pontiff8 ,in places where these monuments are not dedicated to the sainted dead whose shrines they guard1 we often find them burdened with the condition of ,masses being perpetually offered within their walls for the soul of the dead founder2 others are memorial churches to friends or relations of the founder4 ,public charities1 doles of bread and money1 annual distributions of clothing1 hospitals1 schools1 or municipal institutions1 etc41 spring chiefly from the desire of the survivors to have their loved ones remembered to all future ages1 while sometimes a generous testator himself will take this simple and practical means of recommending himself to the prayers of unborn generations4 ,family names are perpetuated in remembrance of the departed2 family records are valuable only in proportion as they embody a proof of longer or shorter descent from the distinguished dead4 ,there is no test of success or popularity so sure as that of death1 and no one can tell which of our living friends will be known to and loved by future nations1 and which other will be passed by in obscurity and silence1 until long after our exit and their own from this present life scene4 ,real life is centred in the dead1 it revolves around them1 it depends on them4 ,they are the root of which we are the leaves and flowers4 ,the life of fame is theirs1 while only the life of struggle is ours2 they are victors calmly bearing their palms1 umpires gently encouraging their successors1 but we are only striving competitors1 who know not and never will know our fate till we have gone with them beyond the veil4 ,germany is1 above all1 the home of these beautiful traditions of an unbroken communion between the souls who have left earth and those who remain behind4 ,there are the churchyards most loved1 and the anniversaries of deaths most remembered1 even among ,protestants4 ,it is a custom in ,germany to wear black and to keep the day holy every recurring anniversary1 were it twenty1 forty1 fifty years after the death of a relative or beloved friend4 ,the cemeteries are always blooming with every flower of the season1 the crosses or headstones always hung with wreaths of immortelles4 ,in ,catholic ,german countries1 such as ,bavaria1 the festival of ,all ,souls' is one of the most interesting1 because the most individual of the ecclesiastical year4 ,we happened to be in ,munich on one of these occasions1 and had been there for a week previous1 visiting the galleries and inspecting the artmanufactures for which that city is worldfamous4 ,but rich as it is in such treasures1 the hand of its old ,king ,louis--the grandfather of the present sovereign1 and whom in his retirement we have met at ,nice some few years before his death--has effaced much of its medival stamp1 and attempted to varnish it over with a ,renaissance coating very uncongenial to the northern character of its people and the northern mistiness of its atmosphere4 ,here we have again the wretched imitation in plaster of the marble ,parthenon and ,acropolis2 the cold stuccoed pillars looming like huge bleached skeletons through a ,november fog1 and yet supposed to represent the suntinted columns of exquisite workmanship that rear themselves against the purple sky of ,greece2 the vast desertlooking streets which1 bordered by 8,haussmann0 palaces1 seem intended for future rather than present habitation1 and each of which1 if cut into a dozen equal parts1 would furnish any capital with twelve goodsized public squares2 above all1 a stuccoed church1 dazzlingly1 painfully white1 the ,theatiner,kirche1 a sort of ,s4 ,paul's 7,london7 without the smoky coat thrown over it by the chimneys of the busy city4 ,then1 turning with relief to the little that is left of the old town1 we find a few quaint streets leading to the cathedral1 a plain but grand building1 very fairly 8restored0 and adorned with the distinctive ,munich statues of angels and saints1 which are now sold all over the world1 as the worthy substitutes of plasterof,paris images of the ,bernini type of sculpture4 ,a very interesting old triptych stands over the altar1 with its strange medley of figures forming a striking and novel reredos4 ,a procession was slowing winding its way down the aisles as we entered the cathedral one afternoon1 and though the congregation was not numerous it was very devout4 ,a few comfortablelooking old houses and quiet streets surround the cathedral1 and form quite an oasis in the midst of the modernized city4 ,indeed1 the monotonous stretch of apparently uninhabited mansions was really wearying to look at1 and we began to think that ,king ,louis had built his town as if he expected its population to increase at a ,chicagoan rate6 ,it is true the season of ftes had not come1 and1 according to the recognized phrase1 8all the world0 had left ,munich for the country villas and huntingboxes in its neighborhood1 but on the day of ,all ,saints1 the vigil of ,all ,souls1 how magically the scene changed6 ,after ,mass in the ,royal ,chapel1 which1 by the way1 is beautifully decorated with frescoes of medival saints on a gilt background1 we started for the great 8,gottes,acker0 7churchyard47 ,we had been told that this was worth seeing1 and so it proved4 ,the desert seemed to have blossomed like the rose4 ,the road leading to the cemetery was crowded with carriages1 carts1 horsemen1 and foot passengers4 ,every one1 especially those on foot1 carried wreaths of immortelles and small lanterns4 ,the carriages were mostly laden with wreaths4 ,every one looked cheerful1 but great quiet prevailed throughout the crowd4 ,it seemed to us that until the dead called for a visit1 the living in ,munich must have been well hidden1 so great were now the numbers that incumbered the hitherto lonely road4 ,all were going in the same direction1 and once there the scene was almost festive4 ,military bands 7the best1 we believe1 next to the ,austrian7 were stationed near the cemetery gates4 ,the 8,gottes,acker0 itself is an immense square1 the length being about twice the breadth of the inclosure4 ,round the four sides runs a covered cloister1 under which are all the graves1 monuments1 and vaults of the more wealthy part of the ,munich population4 ,each of these was a perfect forest of evergreens and hothouse plants1 artistically heaped up around a vessel of holy water1 from which any pious passerby was free to sprinkle the grave while repeating a prayer for its occupant4 ,the large square in the centre was crossed and recrossed by narrow paths between the serried files of graves4 ,nearly all were distinguished by a cross1 of stone1 marble1 wood1 or metal4 ,to these the wreaths and lamps were hung1 and here and there a kneeling figure might be seen4 ,within the covered cloister a dense crowd promenaded slowly1 while the bands played unceasingly1 not always1 however1 appropriately4 ,it was a striking scene1 the like of which we do not remember to have ever witnessed elsewhere4 ,at ,innsbruck1 in the ,tyrol1 the cemetery is similar to this in construction and arrangement1 though it is1 of course1 smaller in size4 ,night fell gradually as we were admiring this peculiar expression of national idiosyncrasy1 but the crowd did not seem to grow less dense4 ,it was a remembrance worth carrying away from that old ,munich whose spirit1 though outwardly imprisoned in a pseudoclassic shape1 lives yet in the simple ,christian instincts of its laboring classes4 ,at this time1 when it threatens to become another ,wittenberg1 have we not also seen the unconscious and magnificent protest of its inveterately ,catholic feelings in the unique ,passion ,play1 that worthily kept relic of the heroic ages of faith and chivalry8 ,kings and philosophers cannot change the world as long as peasants like those of ,ammergau1 and artisans such as work in the ,munich manufactories--that should not be degraded to comparison with the materialistic establishments of ,manchester or ,sheffield--are yet to be found bearing through the present times the banner of their forefathers' undying traditions4 ,there is more simple faith among the ,german people1 including also the ,slavic and ,hungarian races1 than among some other modern ,christian nations1 and no doubt there must be a hidden law of gracious compensation in this fact1 since the same country has been the cradle and the teacher of almost every modern heresy and philosophical 7sic7 aberration4 ,no doubt the faith of the masses is intimately connected with their wonderful love of home and fatherland1 their domestic instincts1 their love of quiet family gatherings4 ,all this easily leads to great love and tenderness for the departed1 and it reads almost more like a ,german than a ,french saying1 that 8the dead are not the forgotten1 but only the absent407#abi7 ,love for the dead and a reverent1 prayerful remembrance of them are as much bulwarks to the morality of the living1 as they are spiritual boons to the departed themselves4 ,we would not speak ill of an absent friend1 or break our word with one who had gone on a long journey2 even a short earthly distance seems to make a pledge more sacred4 ,how much more when the distance is the immeasurable breadth of the valley of the shadow of death6 ,we all of us remember promises once made to those who have fallen asleep in ,christ3 those promises will be guardian angels to us1 if we keep them2 they will be so many drops of refreshing dew to those who are perhaps suffering at this moment for the unfulfilled promises once made by them in life4 ,shall we whose faith includes the communion of saints as a vital dogma1 and whose humble hope it must ever be to become one of the church suffering after having done our weak share in the cause of the church militant--shall we be no better for this belief than are those who have it not8 ,let the dead be guides to us1 while we are helps to them2 let us each remember that besides the angel we have at our side1 there is another spirit who rejoices or grieves for and with us--a company of spirits perhaps1 but seldom less than one4 ,mother or father1 sister1 brother1 husband1 wife1 or child1 that spirit from its prison looks sadly and lovingly earthward1 marking our every step from its own patient haven of suffering sinlessness4 ,no longer racked by the personal fear of falling away1 no longer haunted by the possibility of temptation1 it concentrates its loving anxiety on the soul whom it will perchance precede to heaven1 but on whom it is yet dependent2 let us not grieve it1 let us not willingly or knowingly wound it1 but rather let us take heed that we fit ourselves to go and bear it company in the new and glorious ,god's,acre to which we hope to be called when that 8which was sown in mortality shall be raised in immortality1 and that which was sown in dishonor and weakness shall be raised in glory and in power40 ,personal ,recollections ,of ,the ,late ,president ,juarez ,of ,mexico4 ,i4 ,the ,president ,in ,the ,reception,room4 ,we saw ,president ,juarez for the first time in the fall of #ahfe4 ,he was then temporarily established with his government in the town of ,el ,paso1 on the northern frontier of ,chihuahua1 and within almost a stone's throw of ,american soil4 ,fort ,bliss1 ,texas1 then recently reoccupied by the ,union troops1 was not more than ten minutes' distance from the ,plaza of ,el ,paso4 ,the prospects of the ,mexican ,republic were not then very bright2 the treasury was almost exhausted1 the government was barely on ,mexican soil1 and on the ,american side of the ,rio ,grande it was generally looked upon as a question of time when ,president ,juarez would have to seek safety on our own side of the boundary4 ,it is needless to say that he would have been received by the ,americans of that region with right royal hospitality4 ,american sympathy and material aid were looked for1 and ,americans were very popular with all the followers of the ,mexican president4 ,shortly after the arrival of ,president ,juarez and his cabinet in ,el ,paso1 we joined a party of ,american gentlemen who paid him a visit4 ,the party comprised1 we think1 nearly all the ,americans of any standing about ,el ,paso4 ,there were the ,american consul1 the collector of customs1 three or four army officers from ,fort ,bliss1 some local civil officials1 and one or two leading business men4 ,president ,juarez and his cabinet occupied a house on the ,plaza--a large building constructed in the usual ,mexican fashion4 ,on announcing ourselves as a party of ,american citizens desirous of paying their respects to the chief of a sister republic1 we were immediately ushered into a room where we found ,president ,juarez with most of the members of his cabinet--notably his successor ,seor ,lerdo de ,tejada1 then ,secretary of ,state1 and ,seor ,yglsias1 ,secretary of the ,treasury--now also named for the presidency--rather a sinecure office at the time4 ,we were presented in turn to the president by ,seor ,yglsias1 the only person present attached to the president who spoke ,english4 ,president ,juarez spoke neither ,english nor ,french4 ,he shook hands cordially with each of us1 and expressed through ,seor ,yglsias the very great pleasure it gave him to receive our visit4 ,we were sufficiently familiar with the ,pueblo type to recognize ,juarez immediately on entering4 ,president ,juarez was low in stature1 rather stout1 but dignified1 and at the same time easy in his manners4 ,the ,pueblo ,indian was marked in every lineament of his face--the aquiline nose1 the small bright black eyes1 the straight cut mouth showing no trace of redness in the lips1 the coalblack hair1 the swarthy complexion4 ,yet he was1 as it were1 an ,indian idealized2 his forehead was high1 capacious1 and the light of intellectual cultivation illuminated his face4 ,he was dressed in plain black4 ,the secretary of state1 ,seor ,lerdo de ,tejada1 is evidently1 judged merely from externals1 a man of great intellectual ability4 ,his skin is as white as that of the fairest daughter of the ,anglo,saxon4 ,a forehead1 so high as to seem almost a monstrosity1 and of a marble whiteness1 towered above a face that gleamed with the glance of the eagle4 ,seor ,yglsias was of a darker complexion than his colleague in the cabinet4 ,he seemed to be in rather indifferent health4 ,the expression of his face was remarkably gentle and pleasing4 ,we have already said that he acted as interpreter4 ,he spoke ,english with a very marked accent1 but with great care and correctness4 ,we happened to be seated next him on a sofa1 ,president ,juarez being on his right4 ,he told us that he learned to speak ,english in the city of ,chihuahua1 and that he had never been a day in an ,englishspeaking country4 ,notwithstanding that ,president ,juarez did not speak ,english1 and the necessity of an interpreter naturally causes some embarrassment1 yet his manners were so pleasant and affable that he placed us at our ease at once4 ,he spoke about our war1 and asked with much interest about our great military leaders1 ,generals ,grant1 ,sherman1 and ,sheridan4 ,he seemed to feel some sympathy with ,gen4 ,mc,clellan4 ,a very pleasant halfhour was spent in conversation on these and kindred subjects4 ,it was at length interrupted by the entrance of a pon bearing a tray with quite a generous number of bottles of champagne on it4 ,we were invited to partake of the ,green ,seal4 ,we stood around the table1 ,president ,juarez standing at the head4 ,toasts were drunk to the lasting friendship of the two ,north ,american republics1 to the independence of ,mexico1 etc4 ,the pon1 who was not a very bright specimen of his tribe1 exerted himself to his utmost to open the bottles sufficiently fast4 ,in his tremulous hurry he got within pointblank range of the president1 and a peculiarly excited bottle going off prematurely1 discharged about half its contents into the president's shirtbosom4 ,juarez looked at the poor pon--whose swarthy face grew sickly pale1 and who seemed about to sink to the ground with terror and confusion--neither in sorrow nor in anger4 ,he took no notice whatever of the incident1 but went on talking cheerfully as before4 ,such an accident happening to most men would have been laughable in the extreme4 ,it did not seem to us to place ,juarez in a ludicrous position at all1 his selfcommand was so perfect1 his dignity so thoroughly preserved4 ,after all the patriotic toasts proper to the occasion had been drunk1 we took our leave4 ,the president again shook hands with us1 again expressed1 through ,seor ,yglsias1 his gratification at meeting ,american citizens and officers1 and hoped that he should receive further visits from us4 ,we departed very greatly prepossessed in favor of the ,mexican president4 ,we agreed in thinking that there was a simplicity and honesty of purpose about him which made him the best man for the difficult position of chief magistrate of the struggling republic in her great hour of trial4 ,,ii4 ,the ,president ,in ,the ,ball,room4 ,some time after the visit just described1 ,president ,juarez gave a ball in honor of the anniversary of ,mexican independence4 ,we had the honor1 in common with some other ,americans1 of receiving an invitation to the ball1 which1 of course1 we accepted4 ,there were four ,american ladies in our party--two the wives of infantry officers stationed at ,fort ,bliss1 the post surgeon's wife1 and the wife of one of the leading citizens of ,franklin4 ,we were all invited to pass the night--or such portion of it as would remain after the close of the ball--at the mansion of a lady1 a native of ,el ,paso1 of ,american descent4 ,we were bestowed in three or four vehicles1 and forded the ,rio ,grande successfully a little before dark4 ,we found ,el ,paso in festal array4 ,the cathedral was covered with shining lamps from foundation to steeple4 ,the ,plaza was brilliantly illuminated1 and crowds of both sexes were already assembling for the grand openair baile of the profanum vulgus4 ,class lines of demarcation are very sharply drawn in ,el ,paso1 and the gente fina alone were admissible to the president's ball4 ,we dined at the ,seora ,l----'s1 where we had the pleasure of meeting several ,mexican officers of high rank4 ,among them were ,general ,ruiz1 the ,postmaster,general 7another sinecurist just then71 and other staff officers1 whose names we have forgotten4 ,a little son of one of the officers at ,fort ,bliss--a child of five or six1 who spoke ,spanish very well1 having passed nearly all his little life in ,new ,mexico1 only remaining sufficiently long in ,new ,york to set all doubts at rest as to his being born in the ,empire ,state--became a very great favorite with the ,mexican officers4 ,between ten and eleven ,p4,m4 our vehicles were again in requisition1 and away we went to the ball4 ,it was given in the spacious house of a wealthy citizen1 the front of which was brilliantly illuminated4 ,a guard of ,mexican soldiers was posted in front of the house1 and lined the long hall leading to the ballroom4 ,their pieces were at order1 and they saluted the chief officers by striking the butt of their muskets against the ground4 ,they were dressed in gray jackets1 like the undress of the ,new ,york ,national ,guard1 white cross belts1 white trousers1 and a leather cap1 somewhat ,hussar shape4 ,we had the honor of giving an arm to one of the four ,american ladies on entering4 ,arrived at the door of the ballroom1 four whitevested and kid gloved ,mexican gentlemen offered an arm each to the four ,american ladies1 bowing at and smiling most sweetly on us the while4 ,at first1 we were disposed to resist 8the deep damnation of this taking off40 ,the ladies hesitated and drew back4 ,the situation would have become remarkably comic2 but ,don ,juan ,z----1 wellknown to all ,americans who visit ,el ,paso1 seeing the critical state of affairs1 came to us and whispered that it was the costumbre del pais--the custom of the country4 ,we submitted1 but1 we fear1 not with a good grace4 ,by the way1 we only saw our ,american ladies at a distance for the rest of the evening4 ,the ,mexican gentlemen took entire charge of them4 ,don ,juan informed us that we were expected to take our revenge among the seoras and seoritas4 ,the ballroom was very tastefully arranged4 ,the placeta1 or open square in the centre of all ,mexican houses1 on which all the rooms in the building open1 was roofed and floored for the ballroom4 ,the window curtains were hung outside the window of the house2 mirrors1 paintings1 etc41 were hung on the outer walls1 making the illusion that you were inside the house instead of outside of it1 complete4 ,american and ,mexican flags were festooned around the walls4 ,the music1 softly and sweetly played1 was placed in a side room1 entirely out of sight4 ,no braying cornet flayed your ears1 and no howling fiddler1 calling out the figures from a position dominating everything and everybody1 gave you an attaque de nerfs4 ,the fiddlers would be heard1 not seen4 ,the waltz1 the national dance of ,mexico1 was1 of course1 the terpsichorean pice de rsistance2 but a fair number of quadrilles were sprinkled through the programme1 in compliment to the ,americans4 ,we have seen many balls in the ,empire ,city--some given under 8most fashionable auspices0--but we must in justice declare that we have seen none which surpassed the ,mexican ,president's ball4 ,there may have been more glare1 more glitter1 more diamonds1 if you will1 but there certainly was not more good taste1 more elegance and refinement1 more genuine good breeding and gentlemanly and ladylike goodhumor4 ,there was no rushing1 steamengine fashion1 the length of the ballroom2 knocking couples to the right and left1 and tearing dresses1 without even an apology4 ,the ladies were richly but not gaudily dressed1 and made no barbaric display of golden ornaments1 as their ,new ,mexican sisters are wont to do on bail occasions4 ,the gentlemen--except the army officers--wore the traditional black dresscoat and pantaloons1 with white vest and gloves1 clothes and gloves fitting admirably1 for the gente fina of ,el ,paso got both from ,paris4 ,the army officers were1 of course1 in full uniform1 the ,american uniform looking rather sombre compared with the redleg top trousers1 with broad gold or silver stripes1 and the magnificent goldembroidered sashes of the ,mexican general and field officers4 ,by the way1 the lowest officer in rank of the ,mexicans in the ballroom was a colonel4 ,the only captains and lieutenants admitted were the ,americans4 ,juarez' son--8the image of his father0--though somewhat shorter in stature1 in the undress uniform of a second lieutenant of artillery was in the vestibule with the guard4 ,the president1 with his cabinet and staff1 was already in the ballroom when we arrived4 ,after being dispossessed of our fair companions1 we were ushered to the portion of the room in which the president sat4 ,we paid our respects in turn1 and were kindly and cordially welcomed4 ,juarez was dressed in plain black1 except his gloves1 which1 of course1 were white4 ,the male portion of the ,american party then broke ranks1 and spread themselves through the ballroom1 enjoying themselves each after his fashion2 some in the fascinating 8seesaw0 of the ,spanish dance1 others in the apartments off the ballroom where exhilaration of a different kind was provided4 ,we passed a very agreeable hour with ,signor ,prieto1 a ,mexican poet and orator of distinction4 ,signor ,prieto was then known as the 8,henry ,clay0 of ,mexico4 ,he spoke ,french very well4 ,he told us with just pride that he considered the highest recognition his efforts had received was the translation of one of his poetical pieces by our ,american patriarchpoet1 ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 ,just before suppertime1 an official came with ,president ,juarez' compliments1 to say that ,president ,juarez and the members of his cabinet would take the ,american ladies in to supper1 and requesting the ,american gentlemen to take in ,mexican ladies4 ,we immediately sought our friend ,don ,juan ,t----1 and begged him to find us some ,mexican lady who could talk either ,english or ,french4 ,he found compliance with our request impossible1 but gave into our charge the ,seora ,s----1 a magnificent beauty of the ,spanish type1 with coalblack hair and large lustrous black ,junolike eyes--fendus en amande4 ,the other gentlemen of the ,american party were soon provided with supper partners1 and we began our march for the supper table1 ,president ,juarez taking in ,mrs4 ,capt4 ,o----2 the secretary of state1 ,seor ,lerdo de ,tejada1 ,mrs4 ,capt4 ,b----2 the secretary of the treasury1 ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,s----2 and the secretary of war1 ,mrs4 ,w----1 of ,texas4 ,the first table was for the president and cabinet1 with the ,american party4 ,the supper was rather a solemn affair4 ,it consisted of nine courses1 though the courses seemed as like each other as railway stations on the plains4 ,all seemed to be desiccated1 and reminded us somewhat of what we had read about ,chinese feasts4 ,when a course was served to every guest1 the ,president looked down the table to his right and bowed2 he then looked to his left and bowed4 ,then1 and not before1 knives and forks were observed1 and the guests attacked the viands4 ,this repeated nine times was not calculated to impart gaiety to the repast4 ,it was slow1 but ended at last1 and we retired in the same order in which we entered1 making way for the ladies and gentlemen of the second table4 ,after the supper1 ,president ,juarez sat for over an hour with the ,american ladies1 chatting pleasantly with them in the simplest ,spanish phrases he could devise4 ,seeing him chatting away and laughing gaily1 no one could have imagined that he had the cares of a tottering government with an empty treasury upon his shoulders4 ,capt4 ,o---- asked us to go out with him and have a look at the great bronco1 the public fandango1 on the ,plaza4 ,as we passed out through the hall1 the ,mexican guard--now lying on their arms--jumped up and brought their muskets to the ground with a crash to salute our companion1 much to his discomposure1 as he wished to go out without attracting attention4 ,the great fandango was a sight worth seeing4 ,a leviathan ,spanish dance wound its way around and through the ,plaza1 filling to overflowing the marketplace1 the sidewalks1 and the arcades4 ,swarthy ,mexicans with immense sombreros1 with cigarettes of cornhusks in their mouths1 abandoned themselves to the swaying movements of the slow waltz1 their darkeyed partners--often partners in the cigarette as well as the dance--now moving with a graceful languor1 now dashing out with wild and unrepressed vigor to the clattering of a thousand castanets4 ,unusual gambling facilities were to be found everywhere1 of course4 ,cake merchants1 fried hot cakes in the open air1 lemonade1 vino del pais1 fresh queso1 fruits1 puros1 were to be had for the paying4 ,having seen sufficient of the great unwashed fandango1 we returned to the ballroom4 ,our companion was again the object of another demonstration of respect on the part of the guard4 8,i wish10 said he1 8those fellows would go to sleep2 this begins to be unpleasant40 ,a waltz was in full gyration when we returned to the ballroom4 ,we took chairs and sat near the door chatting4 ,suddenly we became aware that some one stood behind us1 placing a hand on either chair4 ,looking round1 we saw that it was ,president ,juarez4 ,we immediately arose1 but he insisted on our being seated1 and resumed his former attitude4 ,he talked with us for half an hour1 in ,spanish well adapted to our limited knowledge of the language1 and which we had no difficulty in understanding4 ,during the evening1 from time to time1 we had received invitations from the president to drink wine with him--invitations which1 of course1 we did not refuse4 ,many patriotic toasts and sentiments were offered on both sides4 ,it must have been in one of those festive moments that an enthusiastic gentleman of our party slapped the president on the back1 called him 8,ben0 7,juarez' ,christian name was ,benito71 said he was 8a brick10 and bade him 8never say die0 till he was dead6 ,we were not a witness to this scene4 ,it was described to us by members of our party4 ,between two and three ,p4,m4 the president's party left the ballroom4 ,shortly after1 the ,american clans were gathered1 we got our fair ones back again1 and set out for the hospitable dwelling of the ,seora ,l----4 ,there was plenty of bustle and activity there4 ,it seemed to us that half the people at the ball must have been guests of this house4 ,all the rooms opening on the large placeta were turned into lodgingrooms4 ,there was hurrying to and fro with lights in hand1 putting every one in his place4 ,some people put themselves in other people's places4 ,notably our enthusiastic friend1 who had taken up his quarters in a room intended for ,f---- and his new ,spanish bride4 ,he was found by the happy pair1 just as happy as they were1 sleeping the sleep of the just4 ,in the meantime1 the partner of his joys and sorrows sat solitary and alone in the room intended for her and her spouse1 on the other side of the placeta1 wondering at his absence and anxiously awaiting his return4 ,this complication1 however1 was settled by transferring the lady to the room in which lay her sleeping lord1 and bestowing the ,f----s in the room she had occupied4 ,after a good breakfast1 we set out on our return to the ,land of the ,free1 forded the ,rio ,grande at about noon1 under a ,september sun--no contemptible luminary about latitude #cb1 let us assure the reader4 ,we sought our casas1 darkened up our respective rooms1 and shut the venetian blinds to keep out the flies1 and having turned night into day1 proceeded to turn day into night4 ,new ,publications4 ,,elements ,,of ,,logic4 ,designed as a ,manual of ,instruction4 ,by ,henry ,coppe1 ,,ll4,d41 ,president of the ,lehigh ,university4 ,revised edition4 ,philadelphia3 ,e4 ,h4 ,butler ,co4 #ahgb4 ,president ,coppe has carefully excluded from this edition of his ,logic everything which could give offence to a ,catholic4 ,the main part of the work1 treating of formal logic1 is of course substantially the same with other treatises of this kind1 and is written in a clear1 simple style1 well adapted to an elementary textbook4 ,but here our approbation must cease4 ,the history of logic is altogether defective4 ,the author advocates the doctrine derived by ,hamilton from ,kant1 that our rational knowledge is merely 8conditioned10 which is pure scepticism1 and confounds ,christian philosophy with theology1 which is effectually to subvert both sciences4 ,teachers may find some useful assistance from this book in explaining the laws of thought2 but it is altogether unfit to be placed in the hands of ,catholic pupils4 ,we reiterate the desire we have so often expressed1 that some competent person would translate one of our standard ,latin textbooks of logic1 for the use of pupils and teachers who cannot read them in the original language4 ,,the ,,pocket ,,prayer,,book4 ,compiled from approved sources4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,this is certainly the most complete little manual we have seen1 and1 although it contains #fej pages1 is small enough for the pocket2 and gives1 among other things1 the three indulgenced litanies1 the entire ,mass in ,latin and ,english1 ,vespers1 and the ,epistles and ,gospels for the ,sundays throughout the year4 ,the type1 moreover1 is singularly large and good4 ,thus the book supplies a longfelt want2 and ought to become very popular amongst ,catholic men1 for whose especial benefit it was compiled4 ,there is another edition without the ,epistles and ,gospels1 which fits the vest pocket1 and can therefore be made emphatically a daily companion4 ,,england ,,and ,,rome4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,waterworth1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,lambert4 #ahed4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,a ,,commentary ,,by ,,writers ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,five ,,centuries ,,on ,,the ,,place ,,of ,s4 ,,peter ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,testament1 ,,and ,,that ,,of ,s4 ,,peter',s ,,successors ,,in ,,the ,,church4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,j4 ,waterworth1 ,d4,d41 ,provost of ,nottingham4 ,london3 ,richardson4 #ahga4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the reader will perceive1 if he takes notice of the titles of these two books1 that they are by two different authors1 both bearing the name of ,waterworth4 ,they are brothers1 and one of the two is a ,jesuit1 the other being a dignitary of the ,catholic ,church in ,england4 ,the work whose title stands first in order at the head of this notice1 is not a recent publication1 having been issued as long ago as #ahed4 ,we think it1 however1 not unsuitable to recall attention to it as a work specially useful at the present time4 ,about onethird of the volume is taken up with a very solid and scholarly disquisition on the general topic of the ,papal supremacy4 ,its principal and special topic is1 however1 the relation of the church in ,england to the ,holy ,see from the year #agi to the epoch of the schism of ,henry ,,viii4 ,it is handled with great learning and ability1 and the sophisms and perversions of those disingenuous or illinformed controversialists who pretend to establish the original independence of the ,british ,church are scattered to the winds4 ,the work of ,dr4 ,waterworth1 the ,provost of ,nottingham1 was published last year4 ,this learned divine is the author of the celebrated treatise entitled ,the ,faith of ,catholics1 and is well known as a most profound and accurate patristic scholar4 ,the present volume was prepared by him for the press before the publication of the ,decrees of the ,vatican ,council2 but its issue having been delayed by an accident1 the author took the opportunity of making a reexamination of its contents1 with special reference to the objections raised by ,dr4 ,dllinger1 and of adding some new prefatory remarks4 ,the result of his revision did not suggest to him the necessity of any alteration whatever1 or show anything in the cavils of the petulant old gentleman1 who has so completely stultified himself by retracting the deliberate convictions of his better days1 worthy of any special refutation4 ,as for ,dr4 ,waterworth's work itself1 it is quite unique in ,english ,catholic literature1 and different from the other works on the ,papal supremacy1 able and learned as these are1 which we have hitherto possessed4 ,it is literally an exhaustive collection of all the sayings of fathers and councils on the two topics discussed1 during the first five centuries of the ,christian era1 by one who has mastered the whole of this vast body of literature4 ,one hundred and seven fathers and councils are quoted1 and copious tables at the end of the volume place the whole array of authorities in a convenient order for reference under the eye of the reader4 ,it is needless for us to expatiate on the value of such a work1 or to say anything more to recommend it to the attention of all who wish to study this great subject of the ,papal supremacy4 ,,the ,,troubles ,,of ,,our ,,catholic ,,forefathers1 ,,related ,,by ,,themselves4 ,first ,series4 ,edited by ,john ,morris1 ,priest of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,one of the outward and by no means the least significant signs of the revival of religion in ,england is the appearance in rapid succession of a most useful class of books1 having for their main object the vindication of the character and constancy of the ,catholics of that country during and subsequent to the socalled ,reformation4 ,we have had occasion elsewhere to refer to ,father ,morris' work on the ,condition of ,catholics under ,james ,i4 ,the book before us may be considered a continuation of that exceedingly interesting contribution to history1 and1 as it is the first of a series1 we may expect at an early day others equally valuable from the same painstaking and indefatigable student4 ,until lately1 with very few exceptions1 historical works relating to ,great ,britain have been the composition of prejudiced1 anti,catholic writers1 each in his turn guilty of the same omissions while servilely copying the misrepresentations of his predecessors2 so that the public mind has at length become impressed with the conviction that1 when the tocsin of rebellion against ,god's law was sounded by ,henry ,tudor1 the people of the whole of his dominions arose in hostile opposition to the authority of the church4 ,none but a critical few1 familiar with foreign contemporary authorities1 were aware that1 while the nobles who hungered for the spoils of convents and monasteries1 and the suppliant courtiers1 lay and ecclesiastical1 whose fortunes depended upon the smiles of the sovereign1 basely bowed down before the brutal passions of ,henry and ,elizabeth1 the mass of the people1 particularly the educated and moral middle class1 held firmly to the faith1 braving persecution1 poverty1 imprisonment1 and even death1 in defence of ,catholicity4 ,england1 in fact1 can count her thousands of uncanonized martyrs1 priests and laity1 men and women1 who1 in common with their coreligionists of the ,continent1 fell victims to the lust1 cupidity1 and inhumanity of the 8,reformers40 ,some of their most glorious achievements will probably never be recorded in this world1 but there is every hope that1 through the exertions of such conscientious searchers as this learned ,jesuit1 a flood of light will be thrown ere long on the darkest1 but not least edifying1 days of the ,christian ,church in ,england4 ,heretofore this noble work has been delayed for various reasons4 ,contemporary documents were either in the hands of the ,government1 or were scattered among many convents and private libraries1 and from long neglect had become almost forgotten2 and it required so much industry as well as knowledge to search for and utilize them1 that until lately no one was found equal to the task4 ,besides1 the ,english ,catholics of the last generation were so few and so lukewarm that it was difficult to find a publisher willing to risk his money and his reputation in bringing out books that were considered neither profitable nor politic4 ,a change has come over the spirit of their dream1 as the appearance of late of so many ,catholic works1 well printed and handsomely bound1 from some of the first publishing houses in ,europe1 amply testifies2 and the ancient faith is fast regaining its power in what1 for three centuries1 has been considered the stronghold of dissent4 ,while of primary interest to ,english readers1 works of this character will also have peculiar attractions for ,americans1 many of whom by blood and affinity are as much heirs to the virtues and courage of the ,british ,catholics of the ,x,v,ith and ,x,v,i,ith centuries as those born on that soil4 ,no historical library in our language would be complete without such works as those of ,f4 ,morris1 containing as they do original1 authentic documents which hitherto have never appeared in print1 in whole or in part4 ,such documents1 carefully annotated1 and modernized only as regards their obsolete orthography1 are the true materials of history1 worth an infinity of commentaries and second and third hand statements filtrated through the minds of ignorant or partial writers4 ,the present volume contains the memoirs of ,mother ,margaret ,clement2 a sketch of the history of the ,monasteries of ,,ss4 ,ursula and ,monica at ,louvain2 an account of the dissolution of the ,carthusian ,monastery of the ,charter ,house1 ,london1 and the execution of several of its monks1 in the reign of ,henry ,,viii42 a detailed narrative of the imprisonment of ,francis ,tregian for sixteen years2 some additional particulars relating to the missions of ,fathers ,tesimond and ,blount2 the trial of the ,rev4 ,cuthbert ,clapton1 chaplain to the ,venetian ambassador1 as related by himself1 and the correspondence of that official with his government from ,a4,d4 #afch to #afdc2 with several interesting details of the sufferings and persecution of some noble ,catholic families4 ,these documents were procured in various places--in the ,public ,record ,office2 ,s4 ,mary's ,college1 ,ascott2 ,stonyhurst2 the ,archives de l',etat1 ,brussels2 ,s4 ,augustine's ,priory1 ,abbotsleigh2 ,archives of the ,archbishop of ,westminster1 and in numerous private ,,ms4 collections2 each original being preceded by a short but comprehensive introduction from the pen of the learned editor4 ,,peters' ,,catholic ,,class ,,book3 ,a ,collection of copyright ,songs1 ,duets1 ,trios1 and ,choruses1 etc41 etc4 ,compiled and arranged by ,william ,dressler4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,l4 ,peters4 ,the first half of this work is a reproduction of ballads of sentiment of no special merit1 issued1 as the footnotes ingeniously advertise to the purchaser1 8in sheetmusic form1 with lithograph titlepage10 by the publisher4 ,the latter half is chiefly a reprint of socalled religious songs which persistently return to us under one or another guise in publications of this class1 like poor relations1 and with as hearty a welcome as such visitors proverbially receive4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society has fixed upon the #eth of ,november as the publication day of ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac for #ahgc3 over #ce1jjj copies have already been ordered by the different booksellers4 ,the ,society has just published an edition of ,the ,little ,manual of ,devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 and ,spiritual ,bouquet1 formerly published by ,john ,p4 ,walsh1 of ,cincinnati2 and will soon issue in book form ,fleurange1 by ,mrs4 ,craven2 ,col4 ,meline's translation of ,hubner's ,life of ,sixtus ,v42 ,myrrha ,lake1 or ,into the ,light of ,catholicity4 ,all ,hallow ,eve and ,unconvicted will appear early in ,november4 ,canon ,oakeley's work on ,catholic ,worship is in press1 and will be published uniform with his excellent treatise on ,the ,mass4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,,no4 #ic4--;,,december1 #ahgb4 ,the ,spirit ,of ,protestantism4 ,recent events in ,europe1 particularly in ,prussia and ,italy1 have done much to awaken the attention of thinking men in this country to the true spirit of what is known as ,protestantism4 ,while they have once more presented to our view humiliating spectacles of human weakness1 injustice and downright tyranny under the guise and in the sacred names of religion and liberty1 they have confirmed with remarkable force all that has been alleged against the spirit that actuates and has always governed the enemies of the ,catholic ,church4 ,when the revolt against ,catholic doctrine and the spiritual authority of the ,see of ,rome was first inaugurated in the ,x,v,ith century under the banner of liberty of conscience and freedom of thought1 it was asserted by those who then upheld the ancient faith that these were specious pretexts invented to cover ulterior designs1 which1 by giving full scope to the worst passions of our nature1 would inevitably fix in the minds and in the hearts of mankind a moral slavery more debasing1 and a servitude more irradicable1 than even the most astute pagans of ancient times ever dreamed of2 that dissent from the dogmas and discipline of the universal church did not in itself constitute a creed1 but simply the negation of all ,christian truth1 and that the right of private judgment in matters of faith meant in reality the right1 when seconded by the power1 to pull down and destroy1 to persecute and proscribe1 to desecrate and desolate the ,christian temples and charitable institutions which pious hands had reared and richly endowed throughout ,europe4 ,how sadly prophetic were the sagacious champions of true liberty and divine authority1 the history of the last three centuries fully attests4 ,whoever has studied the career of modern civilization1 either in the detached records of nations and dynasties1 or by following the course of the church herself from her foundation to the present day1 cannot fail to discover that the advance of ,europe from the epoch of the disruption of the ,roman ,empire until the commencement of the ,x,v,ith century was a steady1 constant1 and rapid march towards true civil polity and enlightenment2 frequently checked1 it is true1 by wars and local schisms1 but ever flowing onward in an irresistible and majestic flood4 ,from the barbarism and chaos incident to the disappearance of the central authority of the empire1 ,europe emerged into the preparatory condition of feudalism1 at that time another name for order2 and1 through this state of order1 the first necessity of freedom1 she was fast acquiring that second essential element of political excellence--liberty4 ,already the humble peasants of ,helvetia were as free as the air of their romantic mountains2 ,italy was dotted with republics2 the ,spanish peninsula was ruled more by its cortes than by its sovereigns2 ,france had her several 8estates02 ,poland her elective monarchy2 and ,germany and the ,north were fast becoming imbued with liberal and constitutional ideas2 ,england1 the last to adopt the feudal system1 had by degrees abrogated its slavish restraints and commercial restrictions1 and1 with justice1 boasted of her great charters and independent parliaments2 while over all a species of international law was established1 the chief executive of which sat in the chair of ,s4 ,peter1 before whose moral power warriors sheathed their swords and crowned kings bowed their heads in submission4 ,municipalities1 the germs of which had first clustered around the monasteries1 had become numerous and powerful enough to defy and1 on occasion1 to curb the power of the feudal nobles1 and1 under the protection of the guilds1 the mechanical arts had acquired a degree of perfection fully equal if not superior to that of our own time4 ,those workers in wool1 cotton1 and silk1 stone1 metal1 and wood1 have left us lasting monuments of their skill not only in the productions of the looms of ,flanders and ,italy1 and the forges of ,spain and ,england1 but1 better still1 in the multiplicity of magnificent cathedrals and basilicas1 in the contemplation of which the artisan of this generation1 with all his supposed advantages1 is lost in silent admiration4 ,poetry1 painting1 architecture1 and sculpture1 the four highest developments of creative genius1 may be said to have reached1 at the period immediately anterior to the ,reformation1 the acme of glory and greatness1 never before nor since excelled or even equalled by man2 while the discovery of the art of printing had given a new impetus to literature1 and commerce spread her white wings in the ,indian ,ocean and along the shores of the ,new ,world4 ,now1 all these beneficent results were directly and indirectly the work of the ,catholic ,church4 ,from the details of ordinary life to the more profound schemes of state policy1 her animating presence was felt1 and her influence cheerfully recognized and obeyed1 for it was always exercised for the benefit of humanity and the greater glory of ,god4 ,from the forging of the ,toledo blade that flashed in the dazzled eyes of the ,saracen1 to the rearing aloft of that wonder of the ,christian and pagan world1 ,s4 ,peter's2 from the humble ,mechlin girl meshing a robe for a statue of the ,virgin1 to ,columbus exploring unknown seas in search of treasure to ransom the holy shrines2 from the poor friar teaching the child of the degraded villein1 to ,archbishop ,langdon framing ,magna ,charta2 from the enfranchisement of a serf1 to the organization of the crusades1 there was no step in human progress that was not inspired and directed by the church for the wisest and most exalted purposes4 ,guided by the spirit of religion1 the amount of solid happiness1 simple virtue1 and rational liberty enjoyed by the people of ,europe at the opening of the ,x,v,ith century was greater1 far greater1 than their descendants possess at the present time1 after nearly four hundred years' experience1 and countless attempts at religious1 social1 and political revolutions4 ,yet1 under the name of ,reformation and greater liberty1 this grand march towards human perfection and eternal bliss was to be stayed1 and even for a time turned backwards1 so that morally and politically ,christendom has not yet1 nor is it likely for a long time1 to recover from the shock which it experienced at the hands of the ,protestant reformers1 their aiders and abettors4 ,the motives which actuated these reactionists were neither new nor doubtful4 ,under various names and pretences1 bodies of fanatics or knaves swayed by the same inducements had appeared from time to time in different parts of the world1 generally causing much local disturbance1 but always suppressed by the authority of the church or the strong arm of the state4 ,they were simply detached efforts on the part of the worst portion of the population to throw off all spiritual restraint as well as temporal authority1 and1 by being thus freed both from moral and civil law1 to give full scope to their passions1 undeterred by either religious or social considerations4 ,the history of fanaticism1 of the ,albigenses1 the ,fratricelli1 and the ,lollards1 proves that the leaders in such movements were invariably the enemies of existing civil authority1 and that profligacy and plunder were the lures by which they drew around them their deluded followers4 ,the 8,reformation10 as the last and greatest rebellion is called1 forms no exception to the rule4 ,in the early part of the ,x,v,ith century it broke out in ,germany under the auspices of three or four ,saxon ecclesiastics1 principal among whom were ,luther and ,melanchthon4 ,the former schismatic1 who was a preacher of some eminence1 commenced by inveighing against the abuse of indulgences1 and by rapid transitions ended by totally denying the authority of the church in every point of doctrine and discipline4 ,he bases man's salvation on faith alone regardless of works1 proclaimed the right of every individual to make his own religion according as it seemed best to himself1 and boldly advocated the massacre of priests and bishops and the pillage of churches and religious homes--the existence of all of which he declared to be contrary to ,holy ,writ4 8,now is the time10 he wrote1 at the commencement of his crusade1 8to destroy convents1 abbeys1 priories1 and monasteries02 to which advice he added a little later1 8,these priests1 these ,massmumblers1 deserve death as truly as a blasphemer who should curse ,god and his saints in the public streets40 ,a system of belief at once so convenient and so conformable with the greatest license1 so free from all moral responsibility and so suggestive of rapine and spoliation1 could not but attract followers1 and ,luther became so popular with the more debased of his countrymen and with the rapacious among the nobles1 that rivals soon sprang up1 who1 accepting his premises1 quickly outstripped him in the race of fanaticism4 ,the ,anabaptists under ,mnzer1 thinking that they also had a right to private judgment1 declared against infant baptism1 demanded a reorganization of society on what would now be called a socialistic basis1 and proceeded to put the heresiarch's theory into practice by overrunning the fairest provinces of ,germany with fire and sword1 destroying alike feudal castles and ,catholic churches1 and slaughtering with unheardof barbarity every one who opposed them1 whether layman or cleric4 ,this practical commentary on the new doctrine affrighted even its founder1 so he hastened to implore the interposition of his friends among the ,german nobility4 ,accordingly1 ,philip of ,hesse1 in #afbe1 marched an army against them1 and1 meeting their main body under ,mnzer1 a quondam friend and pupil of ,luther1 at ,mlhausen1 cut them to pieces and subsequently hanged their leader4 ,about thirty thousand peasants are stated to have been slaughtered on this occasion1 when the new ,reformation may be said to have been baptized1 and the right of private judgment according to ,luther fully vindicated4 ,nearly at the same time another scene of even greater barbarity was enacted at the other extremity of the ,continent4 ,attracted by reports of rich spoil to be obtained in ,italy during the wars of the emperor and the ,french king for the possession of that lovely but unfortunate country1 sixteen thousand ,german ,lutheran mercenaries crossed the ,alps and joined the forces of ,constable de ,bourbon1 himself a traitor in arms against his country4 ,under the command of that gifted apostate1 they marched on ,rome1 and1 though their leader fell in the attack1 the city was captured4 ,had he survived1 the fate of the ,eternal ,city might have been sad enough1 but1 unrestrained by superior authority1 the conduct of the victors was simply diabolical4 ,for weeks and months the city was given over to plunder1 and the inhabitants to every species of outrage by those wretches1 who1 true to their master and his teachings1 even went to the extent1 in mockery of the church1 to formally suspend ,clement ,,vii41 and elect in his stead their new apostle4 ,how ,luther must have chuckled at the news6 8,never perhaps1 in the history of the world10 says a distinguished historian1 8had a greater capital been given up to a more atrocious abuse of victory2 never had a powerful army been made up of more barbarous elements2 never had the restraints of discipline been more fearfully cast aside4 ,it was not enough for these rapacious plunderers to seize upon the rich stores of sacred and profane wealth which the piety or industry of the people had gathered into the capital of the ,christian world2 the wretched inhabitants themselves became the victims of the fierce and brutal soldiery2 those who were suspected of having hidden their wealth were put to the torture4 ,some were forced by these tortures to sign promissory notes1 and to drain the purses of their friends in other countries4 ,a great number of prelates fell under these sufferings4 ,many others1 having paid their ransom1 and while rejoicing to think themselves free from further attacks1 were obliged to redeem themselves again and died from grief or terror caused by these acts of violence4 ,the ,german troops were seen1 drunk at once with wine and blood1 leading about bishops in full pontifical attire1 seated upon mules1 or dragging cardinals through the streets1 loading them with blows and outrages4 ,in their eagerness for plunder1 they broke in the doors of the tabernacles and destroyed masterpieces of art4 ,the ,vatican library was sacked2 the public squares and churches of ,rome were converted into marketplaces1 where the conquerors sold1 as promiscuous booty1 the ,roman ladies and horses2 and these brutal excesses were committed even in the basilicas of ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul1 held by ,alaric as sacred asylums2 the pillage which1 under ,genseric1 had lasted fourteen days1 lasted now two months without interruption407#acj7 ,having disposed of his rivals the ,anabaptists and set afloat his anathemas against the church1 ,luther proceeded systematically to disorganize society and obstruct the efforts of the sovereign pontiff and the ,catholic princes to save ,europe from the horrors of a ,mahometan invasion1 at that time most imminent4 ,he formed a league among the semiindependent ,german princes favorable to his views1 particularly on the matter of confiscation1 and the power he had denied to the pope and bishops of the church he assumed to himself by forthwith creating a number of evangelical ministers to preach the new gospel4 ,in #aebi1 the members of this league1 with other nobles of the empire1 were summoned by the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 to a diet at ,spires to concert means for the general defence of ,christendom against the ,turks1 then threatening it by the way of ,hungary4 ,the ,lutherans1 taking advantage of the critical condition of affairs1 and not being particularly adverse to the success of any movement that would destroy ,christianity1 demanded the most unreasonable terms as the price of their active co operation4 ,on the part of the emperor1 it was proposed that all questions of a religious nature should remain in statu quo pending the struggle against the infidels1 and be submitted as soon as practicable thereafter to a general or cumenical council of the church1 at which all parties were to be represented4 8,the edict of ,worms10 they proposed1 8shall be observed in the states in which it has already been received4 ,the others shall be free to continue in the new doctrines until the meeting of the next general council4 ,however1 to prevent all domestic troubles1 no one shall preach against the sacrament of the altar2 the ,mass shall not be abolished2 and no one shall be hindered from celebrating or hearing it40 ,but these concessions to heresy for the general good1 this weak recognition of an unlawful assumption of ecclesiastical and political authority1 were not what the reformers desired4 ,not even toleration or equality would satisfy them4 ,they wanted the right to persecute1 to eradicate by forcible means and as far as their power extended1 every vestige of ,catholicity4 ,they declared that in their opinion 8the ,mass is an act of idolatry1 condemned by a thousand passages of ,sacred ,scripture4 ,it is our duty and our right to overthrow the altars of ,baal40 ,thus protesting their duty and right to persecute1 they retired from the diet1 left the ,mahometans1 as far as they were concerned1 free scope to destroy ,christianity wherever they pleased1 and ,lutheranism1 or rebellion1 was henceforth known by the generic title of ,protestantism4 ,so far from ,protestantism being1 as popularly represented1 the assertion of liberty of conscience in religion1 it originated in the denial of that liberty1 by asserting the right to persecute those who differed from them in religion4 ,from this time the ,reformation under its new and more comprehensive name made vast strides on the ,continent1 its path being everywhere marked by the same spirit of fanaticism1 sacrilege1 and destruction of property devoted to religion1 learning1 and charity2 the insane dissensions of the ,catholic rulers granting it immunity1 if not positive encouragement4 ,geneva and part of ,switzerland first embraced the gloomy doctrines of ,calvin1 and made active war on the church2 spreading into ,france1 the ,netherlands1 and the northern countries1 their adoption by the ignorant and venal was invariably followed by the greatest atrocities and the wildest anarchy4 ,europe was shaken to its centre1 and wars1 the worst of wars1 because waged in the name of religion1 desolated the entire ,continent for over a century with but pause enough to enable the combatants to rest and recruit their strength4 ,the destruction of life during this period must have been immense1 morals degenerated1 industry languished1 and the principles of rational freedom1 which had been steadily gaining ground1 were lost sight of in the clash of arms and the angry conflict of contending systems4 ,from this epoch we may date the rise of modern ,csarism and revolutionary ferocity which at the present moment are contending for supremacy in the ,old ,world4 ,but it was not continental nations alone that suffered from the blight of this stupendous curse4 ,great ,britain and ,ireland soon experienced its baleful influence4 ,henry ,,viii41 in order to be able to divorce his lawful wife and marry a mistress1 cut himself loose from the ,see of ,rome1 and became1 by act of parliament1 head of the church in his own dominions4 ,henry was no mean reformer1 as the record of his life testifies4 ,he married in succession six wives1 two of whom he repudiated1 two beheaded1 and his sudden demise alone prevented the execution of his surviving consort1 whose deathwarrant had been signed by his royal and loving hand4 8,for the glory of ,almighty ,god and the honor of the realm10 he seized upon all the churches in ,england1 as well as nearly four hundred religious houses1 and confiscated their property 8for the benefit of the crown0--that is1 for his own use and that of his facile courtiers and parliament4 ,with the same pious purpose1 we suppose1 he ordered for execution1 at different times1 besides his wives1 a cardinal1 two archbishops1 eighteen bishops1 thirteen abbots1 five hundred priors and monks1 thirtyeight doctors1 twelve dukes and counts1 one hundred and sixtyfour noblemen of various ranks1 one hundred and twentyfour private citizens1 and one hundred and ten females4 ,if all of those did not suffer the fate of the ,charterhouse monks1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,bishop ,fisher1 and the ,countess of ,salisbury1 it was not his fault1 but theirs who were ungrateful enough to fly their country and perish in poverty and exile1 thus robbing the ,reformation in ,england of half its glory4 ,under his daughter ,elizabeth1 nearly two hundred ecclesiastics are known to have suffered for their faith on the scaffold1 besides laymen1 and the multitude who died in prison3 and if her successor1 ,james ,i41 does not present as striking a record of his zeal1 it was because there were very few priests left to be hunted down1 and very little ,catholic property to be confiscated4 ,to do that light of the ,reformation justice1 wherever he could catch a priest he hanged him1 and1 with a keenness eminently national1 wherever a penny could be squeezed out of a recusant ,papist he or his friends were sure to have it4 ,still he was only a gleaner in the field so cleanly reaped by his predecessors2 for even in unhappy ,ireland ,elizabeth's captains had done their work so thoroughly that he had nothing to seize upon or give away but the uninhabited and desolated lands4 ,however1 lest the traditions of the early fathers of his church--,luther1 ,calvin1 and the royal ,henry--should be forgotten1 and having no longer any ,catholics to persecute1 he turned his attention to the ,presbyterians1 ,covenanters1 and ,puritans with some effect4 ,the humanizing custom of cropping the ears and slitting the noses of those dissenters became greatly the fashion in this reign2 for1 though ,james acknowledged the right of private judgment in the abstract1 the exercise of the right was found by his subjects to be a very dangerous pastime4 ,the ,puritans1 who also based their religion on the same right1 improved on the lessons thus taught2 for1 when in the next reign it became their turn to persecute and punish1 instead of cutting off the ears or the nose of his son and successor1 they took off the entire head1 and gave to the ,english ,church its first and only martyr4 ,oliver ,cromwell and the ,long ,parliament interpreted 8,king ,james' ,version0 too literally1 and of course1 believing in freedom of conscience1 swept away episcopacy1 kings1 bishops1 and all4 ,after the ,restoration1 the ,english ,church was again in the ascendant4 ,then they dug up the bones of the ,puritan regicides1 scattered them to the winds1 and ever since the followers of ,john ,knox and the believers in the ,westminster ,catechism have held a very subordinate place under the feet of 8the church as by law established40 ,if the fell spirit of ,protestantism1 which1 as we have seen1 was bloody and cruel in its inception and growth1 had been confined to the eastern hemisphere1 we1 as ,americans1 feeling grateful to ,providence for the exemption1 might have less cause of complaint against it4 ,but unfortunately it was not so4 ,the virgin soil of the ,new ,world1 from the first consecrated to freedom1 we are often told1 was destined to be polluted by the evil genius evoked by the apostate monk of ,wittenberg4 ,every breeze from the east that wafted hither an immigrantship bore on its wings the deadly moral pestilence of intolerance and persecution4 ,it accompanied the ,huguenots to the ,carolinas1 landed at ,jamestown with the royalists1 went up the ,delaware with the ,swedes and ,quakers1 up the ,hudson with the ,hollanders1 and pervaded the hold of the ,mayflower from stem to stern4 ,whatever physical1 mental1 and moral qualities those early adventurers1 of many lands and divers creeds1 may have possessed1 ,christian charity was certainly not of the number1 and though they each and all proclaimed the right of every one to be his own judge in matters of religion--and most of them claimed to have suffered for conscience's sake--not one had the consistency or the courage to tolerate1 much less protect1 the expression of an opinion or the observance of a form of worship differing from his own4 ,so completely had the rancor of the founders of ,protestantism eaten up whatever of ,christianity it retained of the church's teaching1 that each of the sects1 having no common enemy to prey upon1 turned round1 and1 like hungry wolves1 were ready to tear and rend each other4 ,with the exception of one small settlement1 there were no ,catholics in the early colonies2 but still1 the ,puritan found it as unsafe to live in ,virginia as the ,episcopalian did in ,new ,england1 while the non combatant ,friend dared not risk his life in either locality4 ,there was one little bright spot in the darkened firmament that hung over the infant settlements1 and that was near the mouth of the ,st4 ,mary's1 on the ,potomac4 ,here ,lord ,baltimore had planted a colony of ,catholics which soon showed signs of life and vigor1 worshipping according to the old faith1 and proclaiming the doctrine of charity and religious toleration to all ,christians4 ,but it was not long allowed to enjoy its honors in peace4 ,its very existence was a reproach to its bigoted neighbors4 ,taking advantage of its humane and equitable laws1 ,protestants of the various denominations1 persecuted in the other colonies1 flocked to it as to a city of refuge1 abused its hospitality1 when strong enough in numbers changed its statutes1 and actually commenced to persecute the very people who had sheltered them4 ,as the colonies grew in population and extent1 we do not find that they increased in equity or liberality4 ,many of them were even at the pains of passing laws prohibiting the settlement of ,catholics within their limits2 and now and then we hear of some solitary priest being executed or a group of humble ,catholics driven into further exile4 ,the dawn of our ,revolution created some change in religious sentiment1 but it was more on the surface than in the heart4 ,england1 the oppressor1 was the champion of ,protestantism2 ,france1 the ally1 was as essentially ,catholic2 so it was not considered politic to manifest too openly that bigotry of soul which pervaded all classes of society in those days1 though even in the continental congress there were found some candid enough to object to asking the assistance of ,catholic ,frenchmen to help them to wrest their liberties from their ,protestant enemy4 ,these patriots preferred the ,hessians and their ,lutheranism to ,lafayette and ,rochambaud4 ,our independence once gained by the efficient aid of the troops of the eldest son of the church1 a pause appears to have occurred in the persecuting progress of the sects4 ,common decency required as much1 but commercial interest demanded it4 ,our finances were in a ruinous condition1 and it was only among the ,catholic nations of ,europe that we could look for sympathy and support4 ,then the new states very generally repealed the colonial penal laws1 and finally the amended constitution prohibited the interference of the general government in matters of religion4 ,still1 though we owe much to ,french sympathy and influence in placing us1 as ,catholics1 free and equal before the law1 we owe more to those of our own countrymen who actually had no religion at all4 ,we would rather1 for the honor of human nature1 that the benefits thus received had been derived from another source2 but it is an historical fact that the minds of many of the leaders of the ,revolution1 before and during that struggle1 had become deeply imbued with the false philosophy then prevalent among the intellectual classes in ,europe1 and1 believing in no particular revelation1 dogma1 or religion1 they could see no reason why one party calling itself ,christian should ostracise another claiming the same distinction4 ,to their credit1 be it said1 our countrymen never carried their theories to the same extent as their fellowphilosophers across the ,atlantic1 and their impartiality1 which we would fain hope to have been sincere1 took a direction in accord with the spirit of justice and impartial legislation4 ,if1 then1 our young ,republic has not been disgraced by such penal enactments against ,catholics as have long disfigured the statutebooks of ,england1 and which are yet in force in ,holland1 ,denmark1 ,sweden1 and ,norway1 the ,protestant sects1 as such1 deserve neither credit nor gratitude4 ,the active ,protestants of that day--the ministers1 deacons1 and politicians--were just as narrowminded and as bigoted as were their ancestors1 and as would be their descendants if it were not for certain good reasons best known to themselves4 ,witness the periodical outbursts of ,nativism or ,know,nothingism which have from time to time disgraced our national character4 ,these have been directed invariably against ,catholics--not against foreigners as such1 for with a ,protestant or even infidel foreigner their promoters have never professed to find fault4 ,the occasional destruction of a convent1 the burning of a church--and we have had many so dealt with--or the mobbing of a priest may only show that depravity exists in certain sections of the country1 but the news of such atrocities has been received with such illconcealed satisfaction--certainly with nothing like hearty condemnation--by the clerical demagogues and the socalled religious press1 that we are forced into the conviction that to the absence of opportunity and power on their part we alone owe our exemption from such villanies on a larger and better organized system4 ,we are told1 in a tone of patronage1 if not menace1 that we ought to be content as long as the ,catholics of ,america are free and enjoy equality under the law4 ,we grant the freedom and equality1 but only so far as the letter1 not the spirit1 of the law is concerned4 ,let any one look at the way our ,catholic missions in the far ,west have been defrauded for the benefit of ,methodist and ,baptist preachers of the ,word and cheaters of the ,indians1 and tell us are they free and equal8 ,how many ,catholic chaplains are there in the army and navy1 the bone and sinew of which are mainly ,catholics8 ,for how many foreign consuls are we paying merely to act as agents for the ,board of ,foreign ,missions1 ,bible ,societies1 and ,book ,concerns8 ,how are our numerous state institutions--penitentiary1 reformatory1 and eleemosynary--attended to in the interests of their ,catholic inmates8 ,when these questions are satisfactorily answered1 we will be able to estimate the extent of the legal equality we possess4 ,for so much of freedom and equality as we actually enjoy1 we are thankful4 ,grateful not1 however1 to the ,protestant sects1 but to a benevolent ,providence who has vouchsafed it to us2 and1 under him1 to our ,catholic predecessors who helped to found1 and our coreligionists who have bravely defended1 our institutions1 and who now stand ready to oppose with might and main any attempt to infringe upon our liberties4 ,but even as to the letter of the law we are not without just cause of complaint4 ,for instance1 we object most emphatically to the present school law of this state as unjust and inequitable in its provisions and method of administration4 ,the state has no right to prescribe how or what our children shall be taught1 and then make us pay for its so doing4 ,we ,catholics are unanimously in favor of educating our own offspring according to our conception of the demands of religion and morality1 and1 as the artificial body called the state is a judge of neither1 it is manifestly incompetent to direct the training of our children4 ,we are also willing to pay1 and are actually expending1 large sums of money in this good work2 and while we are doing so1 we hold it not just to tax us for the support of schools we do not require4 ,our duty to the state and society is performed when we teach our children to obey the laws of one and respect the usages of the other1 and1 if parents and the ministers of religion are unable to do this1 mere officials and strangers certainly cannot4 ,however1 if the state will insist on levying a schooltax1 let it in justice give us a pro rata share of the money1 and let the ,evangelical ,alliance of the sects take theirs and bring up their children in their own way4 ,we ask nothing for ourselves that we would not willingly see granted to others1 but1 until one or other of these measures be adopted1 we maintain that a large class of the citizens of the ,united ,states is deprived of one of its most vital and dearest religious rights4 ,then1 again1 look at the treatment meted out by the legislative authorities to ,catholic institutions1 to our hospitals1 foundlingasylums1 reformatories1 and orphanages1 which save annually to the state hundreds of thousands of dollars1 and are daily conferring on society incalculable advantages4 ,what begging1 petitioning1 and beseeching must we not resort to1 to get the least legislative favor for them1 even to a bare act of incorporation6 ,for a quarter of a century or more1 irresponsible bodies under the names of the sects1 or even in no names but their own1 have been fattening on the public money1 our money1 and no word of remonstrance has been uttered2 but1 as soon as anything is asked for our institutions1 the cry of 8sectarian appropriations0 and 8,romish designs0 is immediately raised and repeated along the line4 ,every petty bigot who misuses a pen gets up a howl about the 8,papists10 and 8,romanism the ,rock ,ahead10 etc42 the pigeonholes of the religious newspaper offices1 and of newspapers the contrary of religious1 are ransacked for stale calumnies against the church1 and slanders over and over refuted are launched at the most gifted and reputable of our citizens4 ,this must all be changed before we can consider that1 as ,catholics1 we stand on an equality with non,catholic ,americans1 and before we are prepared to admit that ,protestantism1 mollified by time and distance1 has lost any of its pristine love of persecution and proscription4 ,we would prefer to live at peace with every shade of ,christians1 but1 if they will not let us1 they must take the responsibility4 ,in stating our grievance in this manner1 we do not address ourselves specially to the sense of justice or fair play of the leaders of ,protestant opinion1 but rather to the manhood and intelligence of our co religionists who1 by a more determined effort1 might easily remove the evils of which we complain4 ,we are more confirmed in this view by a recent event which happened at the national capital4 ,the force of wellregulated public opinion will always be very powerful in this ,republic1 and we are satisfied that the opposition very generally expressed by the ,catholics of the country to the scheme of compulsory education by the general government1 some time ago introduced into ,congress by some distinguished members1 had a powerful effect in defeating1 for a time at least1 a measure fraught with the greatest danger to our rights1 and to the general liberties of all the states47#aca7 ,we expect little from the ,protestant press or pulpits4 ,the manner in which the revival of religious persecutions in ,europe has been looked upon by them precludes the faintest hope that they will listen to the appeals of humanity or justice where their passions1 prejudices1 or interests are concerned4 ,not very long since1 the schismatic king of ,sardinia wantonly levied war on the most defenceless and venerable sovereign in the world1 and despoiled him of the larger half of his small dominions2 yet there was not a single ,protestant voice heard among us in reprobation of the foul act4 ,two years ago the same royal filibustero1 with1 if possible1 less pretence1 and without any warning1 stealthily advanced his army on the ,eternal ,city1 took possession of its churches and their sacred furniture2 its convents1 and turned them into barracks and stables2 its treasures of art and literature1 and sold them to the highest bidder2 its colleges and schools1 and drove out the students and poor children to wander on the face of the earth4 ,then the ,protestant churches and meetinghouses rang with acclamations2 and public assemblies were held by freedomloving ,american citizens to congratulate the modern vandal on his 8victory0 over--justice1 religion1 and civilization4 ,rome has again been sacked1 this time not by the rude ,lutheran ,landsknechte1 but by a more ruthless and more insidious foe1 the ,garibaldini1 the enemies of all forms of revealed religion1 the men who swear on the dagger and the bowl because they have no ,god to swear by4 ,the sovereign pontiff is virtually a prisoner in his ,vatican2 monks and priests1 passing along the streets to comfort the afflicted or administer the sacraments to the dying1 are set upon and slain at noonday2 weak and delicately nurtured ladies are turned out of their peaceful retreats into the highways1 to be insulted and derided by a crowd of vagabonds gathered from every quarter of ,europe2 the libraries1 statuary1 paintings1 castings1 and all the treasures which made ,rome the centre of ,christian art1 and the depository of the world's store of classic literature1 lie at the mercy of a horde of ruffians1 the very offscourings of ,italian society1 called together to that devoted city by the hope of plunder and the certainty of immunity for their crimes4 ,all this and more is matter of public notoriety1 yet no word of execration1 no wail of sorrow1 at this worse than vandalism rises up from a country that boasts its love of civilization1 its chivalry to women1 its respect for sacred things1 and its patronage of the arts and letters4 ,why8 ,they are only priests that are assassinated1 only helpless nuns that are jeered at1 only ,catholic treasures that are stolen1 shattered1 or destroyed2 right1 justice1 liberty1 and even ordinary humanity1 can afford to suffer and be forgotten1 so that ,catholicity be thereby weakened and checked in its onward course4 ,the force of bigotry can go no further4 ,late ,european mails bring us an account of a general election throughout 8,united ,italy0 on the universal suffrage plan--that supposed panacea for all political ills4 ,the ,catholics in certain portions of the country1 it seems1 who had hitherto abstained from voting1 resolved this time to take part in the contest4 ,as soon as this became known to the ministry1 a circular was sent to even the local government officials1 mayors of cities1 magistrates1 police captains1 pollclerks1 returning officers1 etc41 warning them of the danger1 and threatening the severest penalties if steps were not immediately taken to prevent the ,catholics from electing their candidates4 ,the result was what might have been expected4 ,the officials have done their duty to the government1 and now feel secure in their places4 ,the ,catholics of one city1 and that the largest1 ,naples1 did1 however1 despite of all official precautions to the contrary1 carry their election by an overwhelming majority2 but1 being only ,catholic voters1 the election has been set aside without even the mockery of an investigation or the least show of reason4 ,now1 if such a thing had occurred in ,france1 or any other country governed under ,catholic auspices1 we would be treated by ninetenths of the press of this country to a dissertation on the inability of the ,latin nations to understand free institutions1 and the folly of expecting an ignorant and slavish multitude to be able to appreciate the right of suffrage2 but1 as this gigantic fraud was perpetrated by a government in direct hostility to the head of the church1 it is passed over in dignified silence4 ,not a syllable of remonstrance is uttered by our freedomshrieking friends--our ,beechers1 ,fultons1 and ,bellowses--who are so fond of interlarding their sermons with political appeals against ballotstuffing and intimidation at the polls4 ,let us turn for a moment to the present sad condition of ,germany1 the cradle and the victim of religious dissent and doubt4 ,prussia emerged from the late war not only the victor of ,france1 but the conqueror of the several independent states and cities of the late ,germanic ,confederation4 ,her capacious maw has engulfed them all4 ,prince ,bismarck1 whose absolutist tendencies have long been recognized1 not content with his success in creating an empire one and indivisible1 desires to found a ,german church1 to be conducted on strictly military and autocratic principles4 ,having disposed of a good many of the bodies1 and taken possession of a large share of the property of the subjects of the new empire1 he is now anxious to take care of their souls1 and1 whether they will or not1 guide them in the way of salvation and the ,gospel--according to ,bismarck4 ,obedience to the central civil head in ,berlin is to be the leading feature in his new religious system1 and the emperor1 like his brother of ,russia and the ,grand ,lama1 is to unite in himself absolute political and spiritual power1 tempered by ,bismarck4 ,a large portion of the ,germans1 having great doubts as to whether or not they have such things as souls to be saved1 feel philosophically indifferent2 the sects1 being weak and without popular support1 can make little resistance to the encroachments of the state2 but the ,catholic body1 powerful not less from its intelligence and independence than from its numbers1 utterly refuses to recognize the right or the authority of the chancellor to interfere in their spiritual affairs4 ,that astute statesman first tried to frighten them by abolishing the denominational schools1 then by patronizing a few dissatisfied professors who call themselves 8,old ,catholics10 but without avail2 and now1 like a genuine follower of the teachings of ,luther1 he is resorting to expatriation and persecution4 ,he has already attacked the religious orders1 and1 as is generally known1 has procured a law to be passed expelling the ,jesuits and all religious in affiliation with them from the empire4 ,it is not pretended that the members of that illustrious body1 individually or collectively1 have committed any offence against the state1 nor is it even proposed that a semblance of a trial should be granted them before condemnation2 but they have been guilty of opposing the designs of a confirmed despot1 and their removal from home1 country1 and the sphere of their duties is forthwith decreed1 and effected with all that mean malignity which subordinates who hope for future favor so well know how to exercise towards the victims of official oppression4 ,the summary expulsion of so many learned and studious men from their schools and colleges has filled ,europe with disgust and amazement2 and even the more enlightened class of ,german non,catholics1 who at least know the value of their acquirements and wonderful skill in training youth1 have denounced1 in the most forcible terms1 an act so detrimental to the true interests of their country4 ,in ,england1 a meeting of prominent ,catholics was lately held1 to protest1 in the name of religion and learning1 against this exhibition of high handed authority2 but ,protestantism1 true to its instincts1 took the alarm1 and1 lest the ,prussian ,government might in the slightest degree be influenced1 hastened to send an address to ,berlin to assure ,bismarck of ,english sympathy and support4 ,this precious document was signed by fifty seven persons1 including the ,marquis of ,cholmondeley1 the ,bishops of ,worcester and ,ripon1 ,lord ,lawrence1 ,sir ,robert ,peel1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,kinnaird1 the ,archbishop of ,armagh1 the ,moderators of the ,established ,church of ,scotland1 of the ,united ,presbyterian ,church of ,scotland1 of the ,english and ,irish ,presbyterian ,churches1 and the ,president and ,secretary of the ,wesleyan ,conference4 ,the reply of ,bismarck1 who is not remarkable for his 8religiosity10 is full of sanctimonious cant and what1 under the circumstances1 seems to us very like grim irony3 8,most warmly do ,i thank you and the gentlemen who were co signatories of the address you were good enough to present to me for this encouraging mark of approval4 ,your communication1 sir1 possesses a greater value1 coming as it does from a country which ,europe has learnt for centuries to regard as the bulwark of civil and religious liberty4 ,rightly does the address estimate the difficulties of the struggle which has been forced upon us contrary both to the desire and expectation of the ,german governments4 ,it would be no light task for the state to preserve religious peace and freedom of conscience1 even were it not made more difficult by the misuse of legitimate authority and by the artificial disturbance of the minds of believers4 ,i rejoice that ,i agree with you on the fundamental principle that in a wellordered community every person and every creed should enjoy that measure of liberty which is compatible both with the freedom of the remainder1 and also with the independence and safety of the country4 ,god will protect the ,german ,empire in the struggle for this principle1 even against those enemies who falsely use his holy name as a pretext for their hostility against our internal peace2 but it will be a source of rejoicing to every one of my countrymen that in this contest ,germany has met with the approval of so numerous and influential a body of ,englishmen40 ,now1 all this simply means that the man who controls the affairs of ,germany for the present is determined to destroy or to subject the spiritual order to the state2 to enforce compulsory education1 and prescribe forms of faith according to his ideas of what the 8independence and safety of the country0 demand2 the penalty of resistance1 as in the case of the ,jesuits1 being banishment1 persecution1 and perhaps worse1 should the necessities of the case1 in his individual judgment1 require it4 ,in this as in every other respect his word is allpowerful in the empire4 ,still1 we have yet to learn that one advocate of the higher law in ,america1 one enemy of the union of church and state1 one stickler for the rights of conscience1 one believer in private judgment and religious freedom1 has raised his voice against this violation of every right said to be so dear to the ,protestants of the ,united ,states4 ,not one ,protestant has protested against this assumption of absolute power over the minds and consciences of forty millions of people4 ,why8 ,the answer is simple3 the blow1 in this instance1 is aimed at ,catholicity4 ,yes1 the ,republic is silent when even monarchical ,england feels herself constrained to speak4 ,in a late number of the ,manchester ,examiner1 a paper1 we believe1 anything but favorable to ,catholics on general grounds1 we noticed a very pertinent article on the address alluded to1 of which the following is an extract1 and we recommend it to the serious consideration of the conductors of the sectarian newspapers3 8,we cannot understand why bishops and deans of the ,english ,church should go into ecstasies over a united ,germany1 or why it should furnish a theme for the pious applause of ,wesleyan presidents and ,presbyterian moderators4 ,political changes concern politicians and political societies4 ,when the kingdoms of this world adopt a different principle of grouping1 all who take an interest in the political concerns of mankind may find in the altered arrangements abundant reason for gratulation or for dismay1 but theological creeds and spiritual interests have no direct concern in the matter4 ,if the unity of ,germany were likely to give a great impetus to ,roman ,catholic doctrine1 and aid the extension of ,papal authority1 ,mr4 ,kinnaird would hardly have found in it a subject of thanksgiving1 though1 as a political change1 it might have been equally desirable4 ,is it ,prince ,bismarck's assumed hostility to the dogma of papal infallibility1 and the trenchant steps he has taken with the ,jesuits1 that constitute the real merit of his policy in ,protestant eyes8 ,well1 then1 to begin with1 it is not at all clear that ,prince ,bismarck has any absolute aversion either to papal infallibility or to the ,jesuits4 ,if the pope had only thrown his influence into the scale of ,german unity1 and employed it to further the new political policy in ,fatherland1 he might have made himself as infallible as he pleased without provoking any hostility from ,prince ,bismarck4 ,if the ,jesuits1 instead of fighting against him1 had fought for him1 he would have made them welcome to as much power as they liked to grasp4 ,at present1 he finds them in his way1 and he sends them off about their business2 but our ,protestant friends must not make too sure of him4 ,he has fourteen millions of ,catholics to govern1 and he has no wish whatever to be at variance with the ,pope4 ,besides1 the necessity for getting rid of the ,jesuits by depriving them of their civil rights is a thing to be deplored2 since1 so far as it does not spring from political considerations1 the acts to which it leads are acts of persecution1 and entitled to our regret1 if not to our reprehension4 ,we like the ,jesuits just as little as the ,germans do1 but we allow them to settle amongst us1 feeling sure that the law is strong enough to keep them in order4 ,the thing really to be deplored is that ,germany cannot afford to do the same1 and it is a proper subject for commiseration rather than for eulogy40 ,we have said more than enough to convince the most supine ,catholic that ,protestantism in this country has lost little if any of its anti,christian renown1 and1 if it cannot persecute here1 it is in full sympathy with those in ,europe who can2 that1 while it has lost much of its capacity1 it has given up none of its desire for proscription4 ,split1 as it is1 into so many antagonistic sects1 and constantly losing large numbers who are following out its teachings logically and gliding into indifferentism and infidelity1 it is comparatively powerless to work us new injuries2 but it is for us1 by continued harmony1 labor1 and selfsacrifice1 to put beyond peradventure the question of our right to full and unqualified religious liberty and perfect impartiality in the administration of the laws4 ,fleurange4 ,by ,mrs4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story40 ,translated ,from ,the ,french1 ,with ,permission4 ,part ,third4 ,the ,banks ,of ,the ,neckar4 ,,xlv4 ,fleurange1 as we have said1 generally returned to ,rosenheim in the evening1 but that day she left the princess several hours earlier than usual1 and it was not yet night when ,clement1 who was alone in a room on the ground floor1 absorbed in a large volume open before him1 saw her suddenly appear at an hour when he expected her the least4 ,perhaps1 instead of reading1 he had really been dreaming over his cousin's gayety which made him so sad the night before4 ,at all events1 when she appeared so suddenly before him at this unusual hour1 the same sensation contracted his heart4 ,there was1 however1 nothing in her appearance to justify his presentiment4 ,he feared in seeing ,fleurange again he might behold traces of the tears on her face which had probably succeeded her feverish and causeless gayety4 ,but now1 if not smiling and gay as the evening before1 if1 on the contrary1 she looked serious and grave1 her brow nevertheless was radiant1 and in her brilliant eyes it was easy to read an expression of almost triumphant joy4 ,all this by no means resembled the dejection that usually follows a fit of factitious gayety4 8,you are alone60 said she immediately4 8,so much the better1 ,clement4 ,i have something to tell you--you first1 before any one else4 ,you will see10 she continued1 throwing off her cloak1 8that ,i am faithful to my promise4 ,i come to you now as to my brother and my best friend40 ,as ,clement looked at her and listened to this preamble1 his heart instinctively warned him more and more strongly a great trial was at hand and he must prepare to suffer4 ,but when1 without much circumlocution1 she came to the point2 when she clearly laid before him her design2 when1 with a simplicity fearful from the strength of affection and devotedness it revealed1 she unfolded the plan of her projected immolation--an immolation longed for1 embraced1 and decided upon--,clement literally felt his hair stand on end and it seemed to him as if his reason was deserting him4 ,what6 lose one so dear1 so precious1 so adored6--lose her forever6--and in what way8--,to see her voluntarily embrace a destiny too horrible for the imagination to contemplate4 ,and wherefore8--wherefore8--,ah6 the cry of ,othello now resounded in ,clement's soul3 8,the cause--the cause60 ,yes1 the cause of this sacrifice was what added so much bitterness to his pain--and stung him so sharply1 so cruelly1 so intolerably1 that1 overpowered by the unexpected disclosure1 overcome by an emotion impossible to master1 ,clement for a moment lost all control over himself4 ,a smothered cry escaped him1 and1 leaning his head on his clasped hands1 the tears he could not repress fell on the floor at his feet4 ,clement's firmness was so habitual that ,fleurange was surprised at its failing him now1 and perhaps at the moment the hidden cause of this fit of despair came over her like a momentary flash6 ,but it was no time to dwell on such a thought1 and1 besides1 ,clement did not give her the opportunity4 ,he rose and walked around the room in silence4 ,his manly and courageous heart sought to regain selfcontrol1 by an interior appeal to ,him who alone could save it from bursting and renew its failing strength4 ,he soon approached her1 having triumphed over his emotion1 and his first words gave an explanation quiet natural4 8,pardon me1 ,gabrielle10 said he1 8,i beg you1 for my inconceivable weakness4 ,but ,i could not indeed have any--any friendship whatever for you1 to consider calmly the frightful perspective you so abruptly unfolded to me6 ,you understand that1 ,i imagine80 8,yes1 ,i expected to see all the rest greatly terrified4 ,but you1 ,clement--,i thought you capable of listening coolly to anything80 8,well1 my dear cousin1 you had1 you see1 too high an opinion of my courage4 ,however1 ,i will endeavor to behave better in the future4 ,do not deprive me of your confidence1 that is all ,i ask40 8,oh6 no1 far from that1 for it is on you ,i rely to inform the rest of the family of my resolution1 and especially1 and before any one else1 your mother4 ,you may imagine1 ,clement1 that ,i must have her consent1 and her blessing likewise4 ,and you will plead my cause with her40 ,clement was silent for some moments4 ,he was trying to command his voice1 but it still trembled as he said3 8,and when do you think of starting80 8,in a week1 if ,i can40 8,in a week6--,that will be before the end of ,january6 ,and have you thought of the means of making such a journey at this season80 ,fleurange hesitated4 8,i am quite well aware10 said she1 8that it will be difficult for me to go alone40 ,clement hastily interrupted her in a terrified tone3 8,alone6--,i declare1 ,gabrielle1 it is impossible to listen to you coolly1 though ,i know your rash words must be taken seriously40 8,you must1 however1 take them so10 said she1 in the same tone of energetic tenderness which had struck the ,princess ,catherine4 8,you must resign yourself to see me set out alone1 if there is no other means of joining him40 ,oh6 how willingly ,clement would that moment have changed places with the prisoner6 ,he was looking at ,fleurange with sorrowful admiration when she resumed3 8,i thought it would not be difficult to find some one travelling to ,russia with whom ,i could make the journey40 8,go with strangers on so long and tedious a journey6 ,that is impossible1 ,gabrielle1 more impossible than the rest40 8,ah60 cried ,fleurange then1 8with what confidence ,i would have had recourse to the kind friend ,heaven once sent me4 ,i feel his loss more now than ever40 8,you mean ,doctor ,leblanc8--,yes1 ,i render justice to his memory4 ,i am sure his devotedness would not have failed you under these circumstances4 ,but you try my patience indeed1 ,gabrielle2 you are too cruel40 8,clement6--0 8,what6 you need a friend who has the unpretending merit of being faithful1 devoted1 capable of protecting you in so difficult a journey1 and ready to remain with you till--till he can follow you no longer6 ,and at such a time you do not deign even to remember you have a brother6 ,and do you not see that1 in thinking of others1 you overlook what is at once his privilege and his duty80 8,clement6 my dear ,clement60 said ,fleurange1 with tearful surprise1 8what do you say8 and what answer can ,i make8 ,assuredly ,i relied1 and do rely1 on you as a brother1 and yet ,i confess ,i should not have ventured to ask you to make such a journey with me40 ,clement smiled bitterly4 ,he could not help comparing what she was ready to do for another with what she thought him incapable of doing for her4 8,well1 my cousin10 said he coldly1 8you were wrong2 it seems to me it was the very time to remember the promise you made me4 ,as to me1 ,i am merely faithful to the engagement ,i made the same day1 that is all40 8,god bless you1 ,clement6--bless and reward you60 said she1 much affected4 8,yes1 ,i acknowledge ,i was wrong4 ,i should have known there was no kindness on earth equal to yours40 ,she held out her hand4 ,he pressed it in his without saying a word1 and without looking at her2 then they separated4 ,fleurange longed to be alone4 ,clement went to fulfil her commission to his mother4 ,,xlvi4 ,it was the professor's regular hour of repose in the latter part of the morning4 ,everything was quiet around him4 ,his wife was seated at her wheel in the next room ready to answer the slightest call2 for ,madame ,dornthal knew how to handle the spindle1 and1 in accordance with a custom kept up longer in ,germany than anywhere else1 had spun with her own hands the two finest pieces of linen for her daughter's trousseau4 ,she looked up as her son entered1 and saw by his face that something agitated him4 ,she gave him an inquiring look4 8,i wish to speak to you1 mother10 said he1 in a low tone4 8,let us go where we can talk freely40 ,madame ,dornthal stopped spinning1 immediately rose1 and1 ordering a young servant to take her place and call her if needed1 she followed her son1 softly closing the door behind her4 ,the opposite door1 on the same corridor1 opened into ,clement's chamber4 ,they went there4 ,clement began to relate the conversation he had just had4 ,his first words were met by an exclamation of surprise1 after which ,madame ,dornthal listened without interrupting him4 ,her face by turns expressed interest1 pity1 and admiration1 as he spoke2 and it was with tearful eyes and a faltering voice she finally replied3 8,my consent and blessing1 do you say8 ,you ask them for her8 ,poor child6 how can ,i refuse my blessing to such devotedness6 ,but my consent10 she continued gravely--8,i cannot give that unconditionally40 8,what6 mother10 said ,clement earnestly1 8can you think of refusing to let her go80 8,no1 dear ,clement2 but ,i can refuse to let you accompany her40 ,clement started4 8,mother60 cried he with surprise4 ,madame ,dornthal brushed back ,clement's hair with her hand1 and looked him in the face1 as we know she loved to do when moved to unusual tenderness towards him1 then slowly said3 8,alone to ,st4 ,petersburg with ,gabrielle6 ,have you reflected on this1 ,clement80 ,clement's face slightly flushed1 but his eyes met his mother's with a beautiful expression of candor and purity4 8,mother10 said he1 8,gabrielle looks upon me as a brother4 ,as for me0--he hesitated a moment and turned pale1 but continued in a firm tone--8as for me1 ,i regard her now as the wife of another4 ,i hope you do not think it possible ,i can ever forget it60 ,madame ,dornthal's eyes filled with tears1 and for a moment she looked at her son silently4 ,never had she loved him so much6 ,never had she so fully comprehended how worthy of affection he was6 ,but the hour had come--perhaps the only period in life when the most passionate maternal love is powerless1 and can do nothing1 absolutely nothing1 to comfort her suffering child6 ,she realized this2 she felt she must respect her son's secret sorrow1 and repress the impulse of her own affection4 ,neither compassion nor sympathy could be of any avail at such a time4 ,she therefore refrained with the sure instinct of a responsive heart1 and ,clement's agitation soon subsided4 ,he resumed in a calm tone3 8,if you think it indispensable on her account1 or on account of others1 that a third person should go with us1 then1 mother1 we will try to find some one40 8,ah60 said ,madame ,dornthal1 8if a cherished and paramount obligation did not retain me here1 you would not have far to go for some one40 ,clement took his mother's hand and kissed it4 8,i thought so10 said he1 smiling4 ,then he continued3 8,we shall find some one1 you may be sure1 if necessary4 ,for the moment we will leave it2 we have something else to do40 ,and so to one after another the astonishing news was announced by him and his mother3 first to the professor1 and then to all the other members of the family4 ,we will not describe their feelings individually1 we will not tell how many tears were shed1 what a succession of emotions poor ,fleurange had to pass through that day4 ,we will only say that1 on the whole1 they were all much more affected than surprised4 ,so pure an atmosphere pervaded this unpretending household that everything beautiful and noble was at once perceived and comprehended without difficulty4 ,to lose this charming sister1 who had grown dearer and dearer1 was too painful to be concealed1 but ,madame ,dornthal's daughters1 like her1 were ready for any sacrifice4 ,therefore the young girl felt that they entered into her feelings1 and would regret1 without blaming her4 ,this sympathy not only increased her affection for those she was to leave1 but gave great support to her courage4 ,the only person who did not at first participate in this general heroism was ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 ,the knowledge of ,fleurange's resolution threw her into a state of stupefaction that would have been comical under any other circumstances4 ,her eyes wandered from one to another with a perplexed expression of consternation1 as if imploring an explanation which would enable her to comprehend so extraordinary a fact4 ,when1 at her usual time1 she joined the family circle in the evening1 she was still speechless4 ,she took her place among them1 knittingwork in hand1 without saying a word or looking at any one4 ,the professor1 cautiously informed of this new separation1 heard it with resignation--a feeling that had grown upon him with respect to everything1 in consequence of the increasing conviction that he had a long time to suffer and should never be well4 ,fleurange was now sitting near him4 ,madame ,dornthal and her daughters were at work beside the table where sat the silent ,josephine4 ,clement alone sat apart1 talking in a low tone with his little sister on his knee4 ,she was in her turn asking an explanation which no one had thought of giving her4 ,while he was replying in a whisper1 ,frida's large eyes opened to their utmost extent1 her little mouth contracted1 and a flood of tears inundated her face2 then she threw both her arms around her brother's neck1 and said in broken accents3 8,o ,clement6 how can ,i do without her8--,i love her so much6--,i love her so much6--0 ,clement hid his face in the child's long curls1 pressed her in his arms1 and kissed her affectionately1 but he could not succeed in calming her till he promised that ,gabrielle should return1 and that he would bring her back4 ,at this assurance1 the child's tears ceased to flow1 she became quiet1 and remained serious and thoughtful in her brother's arms4 ,all at once ,mademoiselle ,josephine broke her long silence3 8,siberia is a great way off1 is it not80 said she4 ,a general smile accompanied the reply to this question1 which was the firstfruit of the elderly maiden's prolonged deliberations4 8,and is ,clement going to ,siberia1 also80 8,no2 he is going to ,st4 ,petersburg40 8,and how far is to ,st4 ,petersburg80 ,they replied by giving her a full account of the way ,fleurange would take to reach the end of her first journey4 ,being enlightened on this point1 mademoiselle relapsed into her former silence1 but not for a long time4 ,a new idea suddenly occurred to her4 ,she snatched off her glasses hastily4 8,but those two children cannot travel all alone60 she exclaimed4 ,madame ,dornthal and ,fleurange looked up1 and ,clement gave a start which disturbed the sleep into which ,frida had fallen3 every one became attentive4 8,no1 certainly not10 said the old lady earnestly4 8,how would that look1 ,i beg to know8--,excuse me1 ,clement1 you know how ,i esteem and love you2 but then1 my good friend1 how old are you1 pray8 ,and as to ,gabrielle1 besides her age 7which is equally objectionable71 she has1 as ,i have told her a thousand times1 a dangerous face--a face which will not allow her to do a great many things permissible to others not older than she--,i tell you the truth1 and defy any one to deny it40 ,no one attempted it1 for the thought just expressed so characteristically was the opinion of all4 8,therefore10 continued mademoiselle1 8,gabrielle must be accompanied by some respectable person4 ,once more pardon1 ,clement2 this does not imply you can be dispensed with 7you are a protector not to be easily replaced72 but1 my dear friend1 les convenances require she should have at the same time an elderly and reliable companion4 ,now1 ,i propose that this reliable and elderly person be--myself6--0 ,there was a general exclamation at these unexpected words4 ,every one spoke at once1 and for some moments no one could be heard4 ,the good ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 however1 comprehended at once that her proposition was generally approved4 ,but before any one uttered a word1 before ,clement even had time to go and grasp her hand1 ,fleurange sprang forward1 and1 throwing her arms around her old friend's neck1 exclaimed3 8,oh6 how shall ,i thank you8--,may ,god reward you for all it is his will ,i should owe you60 ,this signified that she accepted her generous offer without any formality4 ,a few hours previous1 her aunt1 we know1 had attached a condition to her consent1 and this was preoccupying ,fleurange when her excellent old friend suddenly decided the matter in so unexpected a way4 ,from this moment1 everything was plain to ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 ,the opportunity she so greatly desired had not been long delayed4 ,in this extraordinary phase of ,gabrielle's life she found an opportunity of manifesting the greatest devotedness1 and of retarding still longer the hour of separation from her beloved protge4 ,she felt comforted1 and was at once restored to her usual placid good humor4 ,there remained1 however1 more than one misconception about the whole arrangement which she could not seem to clear up4 8,why10 said she an hour after1 when1 following her servant1 who had come for her with a lantern1 she took ,clement's arm to go home--8why cannot we also go to ,siberia with her1 if not disagreeable to this ,m4 le ,comte1 whose name ,i can never pronounce80 ,clement could not repress a smile at this1 but there was too much bitterness in it for him to wish to reply4 ,she did not perceive it4 ,she was only thinking aloud without regard to him1 and1 following the course of her reflections1 she soon made another1 which1 far from exciting the least temptation to smile1 made ,clement shudder from head to foot4 8,if10 she said1 after a few moments' silence--8if this ,monsieur ,george is only worthy of the sacrifice she is going to make for him6--,if after leaving us all--us who love her so much--she does not hereafter discover he does not love her as much as we60 ,,xlvii4 ,clement left ,mademoiselle ,josephine at her door1 and hastened back1 struggling against the new tempest excited in his breast by the words he had just heard4 ,hitherto1 in consequence of the impressions left by his meeting with ,count ,george1 and the prestige he had acquired in his eyes from the very attachment of his cousin1 ,clement had always regarded him as a superior being1 to whom it merely seemed right1 in the unpretending simplicity of his heart1 that his humble affection should be sacrificed4 ,to doubt him worthy of her--to fear that1 beloved by her1 he could cease to love in return1 had never occurred to him1 and mademoiselle had quite unwittingly thrust a warm blade into his bleeding heart4 ,to admit such a thought would absolutely shake the foundations of his devotion and add despair to abnegation4 ,he therefore repelled the thought with a kind of terror1 and by way of reassuring himself he began to recall all the remembrances that once were so torturing4 ,he took pleasure in dreaming of the devotion of which his rival was the object1 the better to persuade himself it was absolutely contrary to the nature of things he could ever be ungrateful4 ,fleurange's reflections at the same hour were of a different nature4 ,somewhat recovered from the successive emotions of the day1 she could now freely indulge in the secret joy with which her heart overflowed4 ,she was at last free6--free to think of ,george--at liberty to love him and to confess it6 ,the feeling so long repressed1 fought against1 and concealed1 could now be indulged in without restraint6 ,a few weeks more1 and she would be with him6--,she would be his6--,all horror of the fate she was going to participate in was lost in the thought of bestowing on him1 in the hour of abandonment and misfortune1 all the treasures of her devotion and love1 and this appeared a sweeter realization of her dreams than if united to him in the midst of all the clat that rank and fortune surrounded him with6-- ,ah6 ,madre ,maddalena was right in thinking hers was not a heart called to the supreme honor of loving ,god alone1 of bestowing on him that ineffable love which does not suffer the contact of any other affection1 that unique love which1 if it has not always been supreme1 blots out1 as soon as it springs up1 all other love1 as the sun causes the darkness to flee away and return no more to its presence6444 8,whosoever loveth1 knoweth the cry of this voice407#acb7 ,it was this voice which spoke directly to ,madre ,maddalena's heart4 ,fleurange did not hear it so distinctly1 even while silently listening to it apart from the noise of the world1 though by no means deaf to the divine inspirations4 ,she was pure3 she was pious and steadfast3 she had a fervent and courageous heart--a heart shut against evil1 which preferred nothing to ,god1 but which was ardently susceptible to affection when she could yield to it without remorse4 ,this is doubtless the appointed way for nearly all1 even among the best1 and it is the ordinary path of virtue4 ,but we would observe here that it is not the path of exquisite and inexpressible happiness already referred to1 and we moreover add that1 when a soul is inclined to make an idol of the object of its love1 and place it on too frail a foundation1 it is not rare that suffering--suffering whose severity is in proportion to the beauty and purity of the soul--leads it back sooner or later to that point where it sees the true centre to which1 even unknown to ourselves1 we all aspire1 and which all human passion1 even the most noble and most legitimate in the world1 makes us lose sight of4 ,fleurange perhaps had a confused intuition of this1 and it made her look upon the frightful conditions on which happiness was vouchsafed her as a kind of expiation1 which she accepted with joy1 hoping thereby to assure the permanence of the love that overruled all other sentiments4 ,after ,gabrielle's conversation with ,princess ,catherine1 the state of the latter underwent a salutary change4 ,her physical sufferings1 and her grief itself1 seemed suspended4 ,a fresh activity was aroused as soon as she perceived a way of exerting herself for her son1 and entering into almost direct communication with him4 ,let us add to these motives the princess' natural taste for the extraordinary1 and we shall comprehend that ,fleurange's heroic resolution afforded her an interesting distraction1 and1 at the same time1 a source of activity which was useful and beneficial4 ,she made every arrangement herself4 ,they were forced to allow her to direct all the preparations for the long journey the young girl was going to undertake4 ,she and her elderly companion were to go as far as ,st4 ,petersburg in one of the princess' best carriages1 and everything that would enable ,fleurange to bear the severe cold on the way was anxiously prepared4 ,at ,st4 ,petersburg1 it was decided she should take up her residence in the princess' house until the day--the terrible day of the departure that must follow4 ,all this was transmitted by the princess to the ,marquis ,adelardi1 whom she charged to receive and protect ,gabrielle4 ,moreover1 he must find means of announcing to ,george the unexpected alleviation ,heaven granted to his misfortunes4 ,as to the steps to be taken in order to obtain the necessary permission for the accomplishment of this strange lugubrious marriage1 and for the newlymade wife to accompany her condemned husband1 the princess thought the most successful course would be to obtain for ,gabrielle an audience of the empress4 8,either ,i am very much deceived10 wrote the princess1 8or her heart will be touched by such heroic devotion1 by ,gabrielle's appearance1 and the charm there is about her1 and perhaps even by a remnant of pity for my poor ,george4 ,something tells me this pity still survives the favor he showed himself unworthy of1 and that the day will perchance come when ,i can appeal to her with success4 ,obtain my son's pardon6--behold him again6--,yes1 in spite of everything1 ,i hope1 ,i believe1 ,i may say ,i feel sure1 that sooner or later this happiness will be granted me1 unless so much sorrow shortens my life4 ,nevertheless1 the effect of this terrible sentence1 should he incur its penalty only for a day1 will never be effaced4 ,i feel it4 ,my hopes for him have all vanished1 never to return4 ,how1 then1 could ,i hesitate to accept ,gabrielle's generous sacrifice--to accept it at first with a transport of enthusiasm which1 ,i confess1 ,i was seized with when1 with indescribable words and accents1 she so unexpectedly begged my consent on her knees1 but afterwards deliberately1 and1 in consideration of the strange and painful circumstances in which we are situated1 with sincere gratitude80 8,no doubt10 she added1 with an instinctive and natural feeling1 never wholly or for a long time dormant--8no doubt1 when the time comes which ,i look forward to with hope--the time when he will be restored to me1 other regrets will revive4 ,but then1 his condemnation1 only too certain1 puts an end to all hope in that direction4 ,the conspirator acquitted1 or even pardoned1 might win a heart in which love perhaps still pleads his cause2 but the haughty ,vera will never bestow a thought on the returned exile from ,siberia4 ,i resign myself1 therefore--and1 after all1 ,gabrielle is charming1 and1 as far as ,i know1 he never loved any one else as well4 ,you will perhaps say that a quick fire is soon extinguished in ,george's heart4 ,i know that well1 but it is very certain that this young girl's devotion is calculated to foster the love she has inspired1 and even to revive it if deadened by the revolutionary tempest he has passed through4 ,as for me1 ,i know1 if anything can make me endure this fearful separation1 it is the thought that this beautiful and noble creature1 who is better fitted than any one else to preserve him from despair1 will be with him in his exile40 ,in the princess' eyes1 ,gabrielle was1 in spite of the pure generosity of her love1 only a pisaller1 or rather she was only something relatively to herself4 ,she overwhelmed her today with attentions and caresses as before she abruptly dismissed her1 and as she would be quite ready to do again if a sudden turn of fortune brought about chances more favorable to her wishes4 ,but1 even if all these sentiments were evident1 they could not change ,gabrielle's determination or diminish her courage4 ,her fate was already united in heart to ,george's4 ,everything but this thought1 and the anticipated joys and sacrifices connected with it1 became indifferent to her4 ,calm and serene1 she made all the preparations for her departure without haste or anxiety1 and was equally mindful of her dear old friend1 for whom she reserved the rich furs and all the other things which the princess had been careful to provide for herself as a protection against the cold4 ,the days1 however1 passed rapidly away1 and as the time of separation approached1 more courage was required for those she was to leave behind than for herself4 ,and when the farewell hour at length arrived1 and she knelt in church with ,clement1 to utter a last prayer1 the ,all,seeing ,eye saw to which of the two belonged at that moment the palm of devotedness and sacrifice4 ,part ,fourth4 ,the ,immolation4 ,l'amour vrai1 c'est l'oubli de soi4 ,,xlviii4 ,our travellers were already far away1 having pursued their journey for more than twelve days without stopping4 ,in spite of the increasing severity of the weather1 ,fleurange and her companion went as far as ,berlin1 and even beyond1 without suffering from the cold--thanks to the numerous precautions taken by the princess to protect them from it4 ,but at ,knigsberg they were obliged to leave the comfortable carriage in which they had travelled thus far1 for they wished1 above all things1 to travel fast1 and they had the ,strand to cross 7the only way to ,st4 ,petersburgh at that season71 that is to say1 the narrow tongue of sandy soil that extends along the ,baltic as far as the arm of the sea which separates ,prussia from ,courland like a wide canal1 and then forms the basin or inland lake of ,kurishe ,haff4 ,this bounds the ,strand at the right1 whereas at the left its dreary coast is shut in between the sea and the high dunes of sand which ward off the winds from the scattered habitations of this desolate region1 all situated so as to face the lake and turn their backs on the sea4 ,the princess' carriage remained1 therefore1 at ,knigsberg1 to await the return of ,fleurange's travelling companions4 ,she took with her1 however1 the rich furs1 so warm and light1 with which she had been provided1 to wrap around ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 in spite of her resistance4 ,as for herself1 she reserved a cloak of sufficiently thick material to protect her from the cold1 not wishing to accustom herself to comforts she must afterwards be deprived of4 ,the change from one carriage to another was promptly effected1 and the small calche in which they were closely seated was soon on its way over the ,strand towards ,memel1 which they hoped to reach the same evening4 ,clement1 in front1 gazed with secret horror on the desolate aspect of nature4 ,everything around him seemed a fitting prelude to that ,inferno of ice towards which he was escorting her whom he would gladly have sheltered from too rude a summer breeze4 ,the weather was not as cold as on the previous day4 ,the gray clouds charged with rain seemed to indicate a sudden thaw1 and through them the sun1 veiled as before a coming storm1 cast a pale light over the dark waves and the sandy shore4 ,the postilion1 to favor his horses1 rode so close to the water that the waves broke over their pathway4 ,to the right rose the dismal sandhills1 and on that side1 as well as before them1 nothing was to be seen but sand as far as the eye could reach2 to the left1 nothing but the tumultuous and threatening waves4 ,not a house far or near1 not a tree1 not a blade of grass1 not a living creature1 save now and then some seabirds skimming wildly over the waves1 adding another melancholy feature to the dreariness of the scene1 which with the storm was a sufficiently exact image of the mental condition of him who was regarding it4 ,as to ,fleurange1 instead of looking around1 she closed her eyes1 the better to wander in imagination among the cherished scenes of the past and those she looked forward to4 ,she beheld again the blue waters of the ,mediterranean1 and the radiant sky whose azure they reflect1 and the graceful undulations of the mountains veiled in a pearly mist2 then ,florence1 sparkling and poetical in the golden rays of departing light1 and beside her she heard a voice murmuring words once dangerous to hear1 but now delicious to recall and repeat to herself4 ,how much she then suffered in struggling against her own impulses6 ,recalling those sufferings1 how could she fear those she was about to brave8--sufferings repaid by the immense happiness of loving6--of loving without fear6--loving without remorse6--,besides1 they were both young4--,his mother's hopes might be realized4--,yes1 perhaps some day they would again behold1 and together1 that charming region1 and then in the restored brilliancy of his former position1 with her beside him1 he would be convinced1 convinced beyond doubt1 that that was not the attraction which had won her1 but really himself1 and only him1 whom she loved6 ,yes1 she was now happy2 no fears troubled her2 she was full of hope2 and1 as it is said of the only great and true love that it 8believes it may and can do all things107#acc7 so earthly love which is its pale but faithful reflection1 made every earthly happiness appear possible and certain to ,fleurange1 inasmuch as the greatest of all was in store for her4 ,clement was still absorbed in silent contemplation1 and ,fleurange in her sweet dreams1 when ,mademoiselle ,josephine awoke from the drowsiness favored by the ample furs in which she was wrapped1 which not only excluded the air but the sight of outward objects4 ,she looked up and around for the first time that morning1 and gave a sudden start of surprise4 8,ah6 mon ,dieu6 mon ,dieu6--0 she cried with alarm4 8,gabrielle1 what is that80 ,fleurange1 suddenly recalled from the land of dreams to what was passing around her1 replied3 8,it is the sea4 ,did you not notice it before80 8,the sea6--the sea6--0 repeated ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 as if stupefied4 8,no1 ,i had not seen it1 and never imagined we should go on the sea in a carriage4--,what a country6 ,what a journey60 murmured she to herself1 endeavoring to conceal the terror she had not ceased to feel as they proceeded on their way and found everything so different from ,france1 and consequently the more alarming4 ,but in her way she made an act of heroism in trying to overcome the surprise and fear caused by so many strange sights4 ,she was especially desirous of not being troublesome to her companions4 8,besides10 thought she1 8if these two children are not afraid1 ,i must at least appear as brave as they40 ,nevertheless1 she could not help repeating with astonishment3 8,going on the sea in a carriage--it is really very singular60 ,fleurange laughed4 8,here1 dear mademoiselle1 look on this side1 and you will see we are not on the sea1 but only on the shore40 8,very near it1 however1 for we are riding through the water40 8,it is only the waves that break on the shore and then recede4 ,there1 you see the land1 now40 ,mademoiselle felt somewhat reassured4 ,she looked to the right1 she looked to the left1 she looked before her1 then turned her eyes towards the gloomy immensity of the sea beside which they were riding4 8,oh6 how dismal1 how repulsive it is10 she exclaimed1 at last4 ,fleurange now gazed around4 ,her thoughts were no longer wandering4 8,the scene is indeed singularly gloomy10 said she4 8,the leaden sky--that mock sun--the dark waters of that melancholy sea1 and the interminable sand4 ,yes1 the whole region is frightful60 ,and she slightly shuddered4 8,i have always been told10 said mademoiselle1 8that the sea was glorious2 but it seems it was a traveller's tale for the benefit of those who never go from home40 8,no1 no10 cried ,fleurange1 8do not say so4 ,the sea is really beautiful where it is as blue as the heavens above1 and where its shores are luxuriant with trees1 plants1 and flowers2 but not here1 ,i acknowledge40 ,and1 in spite of herself1 the sweet impression of her recent dreams1 caused by the contrast1 entirely vanished4 ,her heart sank4 ,she became silent1 and for a long time none of the three travellers spoke4 ,the ,strand1 about twelve or fourteen leagues in length1 was divided into several stages by poststations on the other side of the sandhills1 whence were brought fresh horses4 ,a carriage could not approach the stations on account of the deep sand1 and when they paused a few moments to exchange horses1 the travellers were only made aware of a neighboring habitation by a peal of the horn which responded afar off to that of the postilion as he announced his approach4 ,while they were thus halting at the last stage1 ,fleurange noticed ,clement's anxious look towards the sea and the threatening sky4 ,the wind grew stronger and stronger1 and the waves mounted higher4 ,a violent storm was evidently at hand4 ,she beckoned to him1 and said in a tone inaudible to her companion3 8,we are going to have bad weather1 are we not80 8,yes10 replied he1 in the same tone4 8,it will be dark in about an hour1 and ,i fear we may find the crossing rough and difficult4 ,i do not say this on your account10 added he1 with a somewhat forced smile4 8,i know well ,i am not allowed to tremble for you1 however great the danger1 but ,i fear you may find it difficult byandby to reassure your poor friend40 ,he mounted to his seat again1 ordered the postilion to hurry1 and the little calche set off as speedily as possible to avoid the enormous waves which threatened to upset them4 ,in spite of their haste1 night came on1 and the storm set in before they arrived at the ferry across the arm of the sea which connects the ,kurische ,haff with the ,baltic4 ,the passage was short but dangerous4 ,they could not stop an instant1 for1 though well sheltered here1 the sea rose higher and higher1 and the large boat that was to take the carriage across was difficult to manage in bad weather4 ,they therefore rapidly descended the bank to the boat1 and ,mademoiselle ,josephine was roused from the drowsiness produced by the motion of the carriage1 by a sudden and violent shock1 accompanied by cries and vociferations mingled with the roar of the sea and the frightful howling of the wind4 8,o ,jesus1 my ,saviour60 prayed the poor demoiselle1 clasping her hands with terror3 8the time1 then1 has come for us to die60 ,the rain fell in torrents4 ,the waves broke over the boat4 ,darkness added its horrors to the danger1 which1 to her inexperienced eyes1 appeared to be extreme4 ,the sweet voice of her young companion vainly sought to encourage her4 ,by the light of the lanterns carried from side to side to light the boatman1 she soon distinguished ,clement standing beside the carriage1 holding up a sail with a firm hand to screen them on the side most exposed to the waves4 8,poor ,clement10 she exclaimed1 8it is all over with us1 then40 8,no1 not quite1 unfortunately10 replied ,clement4 8,it will be at least half an hour before we reach the shore40 8,the shore6--the shore6--,he imagines1 then1 we shall reach it alive80 said mademoiselle1 hiding her face on ,fleurange's shoulder4 8,yes1 yes10 replied the latter1 pressing her in her arms4 8,dear friend1 there is no danger1 ,i assure you4 ,believe me1 ,i am only alarmed to see you so terrified40 8,pardon me1 child10 said the other1 raising her head4 8,i resolved you should know nothing about it4 ,but this time1 ,gabrielle1 you cannot say we are not crossing the sea in a carriage10 continued she1 with renewed alarm as she felt the increased motion of the waves4 ,fleurange embraced her1 repeating the same reassuring words4 ,the poor old lady made no reply1 she was trying to overcome her terror by a genuine act of heroism4 8,danger or not1 it is like what ,i have always imagined a terrible tempest1 destructive of human life4 ,but then10 murmured she still lower1 8,god overrules all1 and nothing happens without his consent40 ,her physical nature was weak1 but her soul was strong1 and piety1 a support in every trial1 served now to calm her4 ,she began to pray mentally1 and did not utter another word till they reached the shore4 ,,xlix4 ,but a far greater danger awaited our travellers beyond ,memel1 whence they continued their journey the following day in sledges4 ,the first1 containing their baggage1 preceded them several hours in advance to announce their arrival at the poststations2 the second somewhat resembled a clumsy boat on runners1 surmounted by a hood1 and protected by a boot of thick fur4 ,it was in this sledge ,fleurange and her companion were stowed away4 ,they were obliged to lie nearly down to avoid the piercing wind4 ,the third vehicle1 entirely uncovered1 was very light1 and so small that it barely contained ,clement1 in front of whom sat a young fellow wrapped in a caftan1 strong and vigorous1 but with a slender form quite adapted to the seat he occupied and the sledge he drove4 ,with this light equipage ,clement went like the wind1 sometimes preceding the other sledge as a guide1 and then returning to accompany it and watch over its safety4 ,the cold had become as intense as ever within a few hours4 ,the pouring rain of the previous night after several days of thawing weather1 alarming at that season1 caused great gullies in the road1 and endangered the passage over the rivers1 at that time of the year1 on the ice4 ,though scarcely four o'clock1 the short day was nearly ended1 and daylight was declining when our travellers came to the river they were obliged to cross in order to reach the small town of ,y----4 ,it was a deep1 rapid stream1 which at the beginning of every winter was encumbered with thick cakes of floating ice before the surface of its waters was congealed1 and which1 at the approach of spring1 was also the first to resume its course and break the icy fetters that confined its current4 ,this river was therefore almost always difficult to pass over1 and very often dangerous1 and1 when the travellers came to the only place where it could be crossed1 they felt they had reason to be anxious about the thaw4 ,as soon as ,clement cast his eyes on the river1 he thought there were really some alarming indications4 ,he at once saw there was no time to be lost1 and drove directly on to the ice4 ,then he stopped1 and hurriedly said to the young guide3 8,i think we should let the heaviest sledge go first3 we will follow1 if we can40 8,yes1 if we can10 said the other4 ,the order was instantly given1 and the sledge that contained ,fleurange and her companion passed rapidly on4 ,but it had scarcely gone ten or twelve feet from the shore before an ominous cracking was heard4 ,the frightened driver stopped4 ,clement imperiously ordered him to proceed without a second's delay4 ,but1 instead of obeying1 the driver1 seized with fear1 jumped out on the ice and sprang back to the shore he had just left4 ,this jar increased the breaking of the ice which had already commenced4 ,that next the shore gave way and began to move with the current1 leaving an open gulf between the land and the still solid ice where our travellers remained4 ,great promptness of decision was necessary at a moment of such sudden and extreme danger1 and orders as prompt as the judgment4 8,descend1 ,gabrielle10 said ,clement1 with authority4 ,the young girl instantly sprang from the sledge4 ,clement took ,mademoiselle ,josephine in his arms and placed her beside ,fleurange4 8,get into my sledge1 ,gabrielle10 said he calmly1 but very quickly4 8,as soon as you are safe1 the sledge shall return for your friend4 ,there is time1 but you must not hesitate40 8,i do not hesitate10 said ,fleurange4 8,i shall remain myself3 she shall be saved first40 ,clement shuddered4 ,but there was not time to contest the point4 ,besides1 he knew from the tone of ,fleurange's voice that her decision was irrevocable1 and he yielded without another word4 ,he placed poor mademoiselle1 who was incapable of comprehending what was transpiring1 in the light sledge1 gave the order--obeyed at once--and it darted off4 ,the sound of the bells on the horses' necks was heard for a few moments1 and then died away4 ,fleurange and ,clement were left alone4 ,night was gathering around them4 ,not far off could be heard the slow cracking of the ice beneath the heavy weight of the sledge at the edge of the first opening4 ,the noise increased1 and the ice broke away the second time4 ,the huge mass1 thus detached1 quivered1 then1 like the first1 slowly descended the river1 carrying the sledge with it4 ,the opening became frightfully large4 ,clement looked before him to see if he could venture1 by taking ,fleurange in his arms1 to cross on foot the long interval that separated them from the opposite shore4 ,but it was too dark to distinguish the path1 and1 if they left that1 death was inevitable4 ,they might lose the only chance of being saved--by awaiting the return of the sledge4 ,and yet they could not remain long where they were4 ,the ice was already loosening around them4 ,in a few moments there was another cracking1 and it gave way before them4 ,the fragment on which they stood became a kind of floating island4 ,clement saw at a glance the only course to be taken4 ,he did not hesitate4 ,he seized ,fleurange in his arms1 and1 by the uncertain light of the snow1 sprang boldly across the opening before them4 ,they were once more on the solid ice1 but who could tell how long it would be so8 ,who knew whether the sledge would succeed in reaching them again8 ,perhaps it was swallowed up in the impenetrable darkness1 or left on the ice broken up around it4 ,otherwise it should have returned4 ,these thoughts crowded into ,clement's mind faster than they can be written4 ,fleurange1 silent but courageous1 was equally sensible of their danger4 ,she bent down her head and silently prayed4 ,leaning thus against ,clement1 her hair brushing his very face1 she might have heard the rapid pulsations of his heart and felt the trembling of the arm that supported her1 and the hand that pressed her own4 ,but he did not utter a word4 ,his sensations were strange4 ,a desire to save her doubled his strength and courage1 and quickened all his faculties4 ,at the same time1 he was conscious of a transport he could not control--that she was there alone with him1 that they were to die together1 and she would never be able to fulfil the odious design of her journey6 ,but this moment of selfish love and despair was short4 ,his thoughts returned to her--her alone4 ,he must save her--save her at whatever cost4 ,but how8 ,it seemed as if an hour had passed away4 ,it was useless to hope for the return of the sledge4--,he thought he felt the ice quiver anew beneath his feet4--,he looked at the dark current behind4 ,should he jump into the water1 and endeavor to regain the shore they had left1 but now no longer visible8--,he hesitated a moment--no1 that would expose her to certain death1 and a more speedy one than now threatened them4 ,it would be better to remain where they were1 and endure the fearful suspense to the end4 ,they therefore remained motionless for some minutes more of silent agony4 ,notwithstanding her courage1 the young girl's strength began to fail4 ,her sight grew dim4 ,there was a strange hum in her ears4 ,then her head fell on her cousin's shoulder4 8,oh6 ,i am dying10 murmured she4 8,may ,god restore you to your mother1 ,clement60 ,at this moment of supreme anguish1 ,clement raised his eyes to heaven1 and the cry of love and despair that rose from his heart was a prayer as ardent and pure as was ever uttered by childlike faith4 ,he felt he was heard4 ,yes1 almost at the same instant4--,was he mistaken8 ,afar off1 so far he could hardly catch the sound1 he thought he heard the jingle of bells4 ,he listened without breathing4--,o ,divine ,goodness6 is it true8--,yes1 yes1 there is no longer any doubt4 ,the sound becomes more distinct4 ,it approaches4--,it is really the sledge4--,it is coming rapidly2 it reaches them2 it stops2 it is really there6 8,blessed be ,god6 she is saved60 was ,clement's cry4 ,but ,fleurange1 overcome by weakness and terror1 was already senseless in his arms4 ,he bore her to the sledge1 and as he placed her within1 but half conscious of what was occurring1 he pressed her once more to his heart with unrestrained tenderness1 and said3 8,adieu1 dear ,gabrielle4 ,regret not that ,i die here4 ,god is good4 ,he spares me the sorrow of living without you40 ,and he added1 in a lower tone3 8,gabrielle1 ,i have loved you more than anything else in the world4 ,i can acknowledge it now1 for death is at hand40 ,then he stepped back1 and ordered the young guide to hurry away4 ,his first words had only been indistinctly heard by ,fleurange1 as in a dream2 but she clearly understood this precise order4 ,it brought her at once to herself4 8,away60 she exclaimed4 8,away without you6 ,what do you mean80 8,it must be so10 said ,clement4 8,the sledge can only hold you and the guide4 ,any additional weight would be dangerous4 ,go1 without an instant's delay40 8,never60 said ,fleurange resolutely4 8,clement1 we will all three die here1 rather than leave you60 8,you must go60 repeated ,clement energetically4 8,go1 ,i tell you6 ,the sledge will return for me40 8,it will be impossible to cross a third time10 said the young conductor4 ,clement knew it4 ,he only replied by imperiously ordering him to start4 ,fleurange1 no less firm than ,clement1 rose and checked the hand that held the reins4 ,the driver at once jumped down from his seat4 8,do you know how to drive80 said he4 8,yes40 8,well1 ,i know how to swim4 ,here1 get in quick4--,keep that for me10 continued he1 hastily taking off his caftan and throwing it into the sledge4 8,do not be uneasy4 ,i shall get it again tomorrow4 ,i know the way and am familiar with the river40 ,and without hesitating he plunged into the dark current1 while ,clement sprang to his seat in the sledge4 ,with a boldness that is the only chance of safety in such a case1 he forced the horses into a gallop4 ,they thus traversed with giddy rapidity the considerable distance that separated them from the other shore4 ,the ice1 jarred by the two former trips1 cracked beneath the horse's feet4 ,to slacken their course an instant would have submerged them in the river1 but the sledge flew rather than ran on the ice1 and the hand that guided it was firm4 ,they arrived at the goal in less than half an hour1 and ,fleurange1 pale1 exhausted1 and chilled1 fell into the arms of her dear old friend4 ,the latter was quietly awaiting them in a warm1 welllighted room at the poststation1 and supper had been ordered1 but ,fleurange was neither able to talk nor eat4 ,mademoiselle saw that instant repose was absolutely necessary4 ,she only persuaded her to take some hot mulled wine before going to sleep1 and then went to join ,clement in another room1 where she learned1 for the first time1 all the danger she1 as well as the rest1 had escaped4 ,after the experience of the past day1 ,mademoiselle ,josephine resolved never to manifest any astonishment at whatever might occur in this strange journey4 ,she would go in a balloon without wincing1 as readily as in a sledge1 at ,clement's slightest injunction1 for he seemed more and more to merit boundless confidence4 ,perhaps1 at the end of this terrible day1 ,clement did not give himself so much credit4 ,he recalled what he had dared say to ,fleurange in the height of their danger1 and anxiously wondered if she heard and understood the words that rose from his heart at the moment death seemed so inevitable4 ,was she conscious when he uttered that last farewell8 ,he did not know1 and it was natural he should await the following day with anxiety4 ,but he was then reassured by finding his cousin as calm and frank as ever4 ,she evidently had not understood1 and probably not heard his words1 or thought them sufficiently explained by the intensity of emotion naturally irrepressible at such a moment of extreme danger4 ,the young girl was forced to rest a whole day to recover from her exhaustion4 ,but it was their last haltingplace1 and1 when they resumed their journey1 it was not to stop again till they arrived at its end4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,sayings ,of ,john ,climacus4 ,if any one has conceived a real hatred of the world1 he is emancipated by this very hatred from all sadness4 ,but if he shall cherish an attachment to things that are visible1 he carries about with him a source of sadness and melancholy4 ,it is impossible that they who apply their whole mind to the science of salvation1 should not make advancement4 ,some are permitted to perceive their progress1 whilst from others1 by a particular dispensation of ,providence1 it is altogether concealed4 ,he who strenuously labors to conquer his passions1 and to draw nearer and nearer to ,god1 believes that every day in which he has to suffer no humiliation is to him a grievous loss4 ,repentance is the daughter of hope1 and the enemy of despair4 ,before the commission of sin1 the devil represents ,god as infinitely merciful2 but after its perpetration1 as inexorable and without pity4 ,a mother will sometimes hide herself from her child1 to watch its eagerness in seeking her1 and she is exceedingly pleased to observe it seeking for her with sorrow and anxiety4 ,by this means she wins its love1 and binds it inseparably to her heart1 that it may never be alienated from her in affection4 8,he that hath ears to hear10 saith our ,lord1 8let him hear40 ,meekness is an immutability of soul1 which ever continues the same1 whether amidst the injuries or the applaudits of men4 ,dante's ,purgatorio4 ,canto ,fifth4 ,,note4--,in this ,canto1 ,dante introduces three other spirits1 who relate the manner of their departure from the body1 and recommend themselves to his prayers1 that their penal sufferings may be alleviated4 ,the first of these penitents is ,jacopo del ,cassero1 a townsman of ,fano in ,romagna1 who1 flying towards ,padua from the vengeance of one of the tyrannous ,este family1 was waylaid and murdered in the marshes near ,oriago4 ,the second is ,buonconte1 son of ,guido di ,montefeltro4 ,he was a fellowsoldier with ,dante in the battle of ,campaldino1 and there slain2 but what became of his body was never known until this imaginary narration4 ,the third is the noble lady of ,sienna1 ,pia de' ,tolommei1 whose story1 told by ,dante in three lines1 has formed the subject of a fiveact tragedy1 recently illustrated in this country by the genius of ,ristori4--,,trans4 ,already parted from those shades1 ,i went ,following the footsteps of my ,guide1 when one ,behind me towards my form his finger bent1 ,exclaiming--8,see6 no ray falls from the sun ,to the left hand of him that walks below6 ,and sure6 he moveth like a living man40 ,mine eyes ,i turned1 at hearing him say so1 ,and saw them with a gaze all wonder scan ,now me1 still me1 and now the broken light ,my body caused4 ,the ,master then to me3 8,why let thy wonder keep thee from the height ,to drag so slowly8 what concerns it thee ,what here is whispered8 only follow thou ,after my steps1 and let the crowd talk on3 ,stand like a tower1 firmbased1 that will not bow ,its head to breath of winds that soon are gone4 ,the man o'er whose thought second thought hath sway1 ,wide of his mark1 is ever sure to miss1 ,because one force the other wears away40 ,what could ,i answer but--8,i come0--to this8 ,i said it something sprinkled with the hue ,which1 in less faults1 excuseth one from blame2 ,meanwhile across the mountainside there drew1 ,just in our front1 a train that as they came ,sang ,miserere1 verse by verse4 ,when they ,observed my form1 and noticed that ,i gave ,no passage through me to the solar ray1 ,into a long1 hoarse 8,o60 they changed their stave4 ,and two1 as envoys1 ran up with demand1 8,in what condition is it that ye go80 ,and my ,lord said--8,return ye to the band ,who sent you towards us1 and give them to know ,this body is true flesh4 ,if they delayed ,at sight1--,i deem so1 of the shadow here ,thereby sufficient answer shall be made3 ,him let them reverence1--it may prove dear40 ,i never saw a meteor dart so quick ,through the serene at midnight1 or a gleam ,of lightning flash at sunset1 through a thick ,piled ,august cloud1 but these would faster seem ,as they retreated2 having joined the rest1 ,back like an unreined troop towards us they sped4 8,this throng is large by whom we thus are pressed1 ,and come to implore of thee10 the ,poet said-- 8,therefore keep on1 and as thou mov'st attend40 8,o soul who travellest1 with the very frame ,which thou wert born with1 to thy blessed end1 ,stay thy step somewhat60--crying thus they came4 8,look if among us any thou dost know1 ,that thou of him to earth mayst tidings bear4 ,stay--wilt thou not8 ah6 wherefore must thou go8 ,we to our dying hour were sinners there3 ,and all were slain3 but at the murderous blow1 ,warned us an instant light that flashed from heaven1 ,and all from life did peacefully depart1 ,contrite1 forgiving1 and by ,him forgiven ,to look on ,whom such longing yearns our heart40 8,none do ,i recognize10 ,i answered1 8even ,scanning your faces with mine utmost art2 ,but whatsoe'er1 ye blessed souls6 ,i may ,to give you comfort1 speak1 and ,i will do2 ,yea1 by that peace which leads me on my way ,from world to world such guidance to pursue40 ,,jacopo ,,di ,,fano4 8,without such protestation10 one replied1 8,unless thy will a want of power defeat1 ,in thy kind offices we all confide2 ,whence ,i1 sole speaking before these1 entreat ,if thou mayst e'er the territory see ,that lies betwixt ,romagna and the seat7#acd7 ,where ,charles hath sway1 that thou so courteous be ,as to implore the men in ,fano's town ,to put up prayers there earnestly for me ,that ,i may purge the sins that weigh me down4 ,there ,i was born2 but those deep wounds of mine ,through which my lifeblood issued1 ,i received ,among the children of ,antenor's line17#ace7 ,where most secure my person ,i believed3 ',twas through that lord of ,este ,i was sped ,who past all justice had me in his hate4 ,o'ertook at ,oriaco1 had ,i fled ,towards ,mira1 still where breath is ,i might wait4 ,but to the marsh ,i made my way instead1 ,and there1 entangled in the cany brake ,and mire1 ,i fell1 and on the ground saw spread1 ,from mine own veins outpoured1 a living lake40 ,,buonconte ,,di ,,montefeltro4 ,here spake another3 8,o may that desire ,so be fulfilled which to the lofty ,mount ,conducts thy feet as thou shalt bring me nigher ,to mine by thy good prayers4 ,i am the ,count ,buonconte3 ,montefeltro's lord was ,i4 ,giovanna cares not1 no one cares for me2 ,therefore with these ,i go dejectedly40 ,and ,i to him3 8,what violence took thee1 ,or chance of war1 from ,campaldino then ,so far that none e'er knew thy burialplace80 8,o10 answered he1 8above the hermit's glen7#acf7 ,a stream whose course is ,casentino's base1 ,springs in the ,apennine1 ,archiano called4 ,there1 where that name is lost in ,arno's flood1 ,exhausted ,i arrived1 footsore and galled1 ,pierced in my throat1 painting the plain with blood4 ,here my sight failed me and ,i fell3 the last ,word that ,i spake was ,mary's name1 and then ,from my deserted flesh the spirit passed4 ,the truth ,i tell now1 tell to living men2 ,god's ,angel took me1 but that fiend of ,hell ,screamed out3 ',ha6 thou from heaven1 why robb'st thou me8 ,his soul thou get'st for one small tear that fell1 ,but of this offal other work ,i'll see4' ,thou know'st how vapors gathering in the air ,mount to the cold and there condensed distil ,back into water4 ,that ,bad ,will which ne'er ,seeks aught but evil joined his evil will1 ,with intellect1 and1 from the great force given ,by his fell nature1 moved the mist and wind ,and o'er the valley drew the darkened heaven1 ,covering it with clouds as day declined ,from ,pratomagno far as the great chain17#acg7 ,so that the o'erburdened air to water turned3 ,then the floods fell1 and every rivulet's vein ,swelled with the superflux the soaked earth spurned4 ,when to large streams the mingling torrents grew ,down to the royal river with such force ,they rushed that no restraint their fury knew4 ,here fierce ,archiano found my frozen corse ,stretched at its mouth1 and into ,arno's wave ,dashed it and loosened from my breast the sign1 ,which when mine anguish mastered me ,i gave1 ,of holy cross with my crossed arms3 in fine1 ,o'er bed and bank my form the streamlet drave ,whirling1 and with its own clay covered mine40 ,,pia ,,de' ,,tolomei4 8,o stay6 when thou shalt walk the world once more1 ,and have repose from that long way of thine10-- ,said the third spirit1 following those before1 8,remember ,pia6 for that name was mine3 ,sienna gave me birth3 ,maremma's fen ,was my undoing3 he knows that full well ,who ringed my finger with his gem and then1 ,after espousal1--took me there to dwell40 ,sanskrit ,and ,the ,vedas47#ach7 8,but in justice1 ,i am bound to say that ,rome has the merit of having first seriously attended to the study of ,indian literature40--,,cardinal ,,wiseman3 ,connection between ,science and ,revealed ,religion4 8,the first missionaries who succeeded in rousing the attention of ,european scholars to the extraordinary discovery 7,sanskrit literature7 that had been made were the ,french ,jesuit missionaries40--,,max ,m,,ller3 ,lectures on the ,science of ,language4 ,what manner of language is the ,sanskrit8 ,by what people or nation was it spoken8 ,when8 and where8 ,what are its literary monuments8 ,whence comes it--granting it to be as ancient a tongue as is represented--that neither in ,greek1 ,roman1 nor1 indeed1 in any ancient literature1 is it ever mentioned1 and that we only read of it in modern works1 scarce a century old8 ,such questions as these are frequently asked1 even at the present day4 ,forty years ago1 it is doubtful if there were ten persons in this country able to reply to them satisfactorily1 and more than doubtful if a single scholar could have been found capable of translating the simplest ,sanskrit sentence4 ,within that period1 however1 philological science in general1 and ,sanskrit in particular1 have made long and rapid strides among us1 and we now have scores of scholars fully awake to the importance of cultivating the resources of this wonderful tongue1 as the origin or common source of the ,european family of languages1 in which our own ,english is included4 ,at the head of these scholars stands1 without dispute1 ,prof4 ,william ,dwight ,whitney1 whose1 linguistic acquirements and philosophical treatment of difficult philological problems have earned for him a very high and wellmerited reputation4 ,nor is this opinion a merely patriotic and partial estimate4 ,prof4 ,whitney's merits as a ,sanskrit scholar and comparative philologist are fully acknowledged1 not only in this country1 but by the eminent ,orientalists of ,europe4 ,the first periodical of ,germany and of the world for the comparative study of languages 7,zeitschrift fr vergleichende ,sprachforschung auf dem ,gebiete des ,deutschen1 ,griechischen und ,lateinischen1 ,berlin1 #ahgb71 in a late number recognizes1 in the most flattering manner1 ,prof4 ,whitney's high rank in the philological republic of letters1 and refers in complimentary terms to the fact that he is well known in ,germany as the editor of the ,sanskrit text of the ,atharva ,veda4 ,we may here incidentally note1 in the same number of the ,zeitschrift1 another gratifying recognition of advanced ,american scholarship4 ,we refer to a review of ,prof4 ,march's ,comparative ,grammar of the ,anglo,saxon1 from the pen of ,moritz ,heyne1 the wellknown author of the ,brief ,comparative ,grammar of the ,old ,german ,dialects1 and editor of the celebrated editions of the ,mso,gothic ,bible of ,ulphilas1 and of the ,anglo,saxon poem of ,beowulf4 ,the ,german reviewer credits ,prof4 ,march's work with extensive and original investigation1 great erudition in the ,anglo,saxon texts1 and valuable contributions to the grammar of the language4 ,he adds1 that the study of ,anglo,saxon is pursued with more zeal and success in the ,united ,states than in ,england4 ,solid commendation like this1 from such a source1 speaks well for ,american progress in the field of philological science4 ,during the past twenty years1 ,prof4 ,whitney has published numerous essays on ,sanskrit literature which1 limited to the special circulation of scientific or literary periodicals1 have not fallen under the notice of the general reading public4 ,many of these articles he has now collected and published in a volume17#aci7 edited by himself4 ,four of the essays are on the ,vedas and ,vedic literature1 one on the ,avesta 7commonly called the ,zend,avesta71 and seven upon various philological topics1 including two reviews of ,max ,mller's ,lectures on ,language1 which are admirable specimens of temperate and careful criticism1 guided by sound scholarship4 ,prof4 ,whitney's first paper on the ,vedas 7originally published in the ,journal of the ,american ,oriental ,society1 vol4 iii41 #ahec7 opens thus3 8,it is a truth now well established1 that the ,vedas furnish the only sure foundation on which a knowledge of ancient and modern ,india can be built up4 ,they are therefore at present engrossing the larger share of the attention of those who pursue this branch of ,oriental study4 ,only recently1 however1 has their paramount importance been fully recognized3 it was by slow degrees that they made their way up to the consideration in which they are now held4 ,once it was questioned whether any such books as the ,vedas really existed1 or whether1 if they did exist1 the jealous care of the ,brahmans would ever allow them to be laid open to ,european eyes4 ,this doubt dispelled1 they were first introduced to the near acquaintance of scholars in the ,west by ,colebrooke40 ,not stopping to raise a question as to just reclamation in favor of ,sir ,william ,jones for a portion at least of the credit of the introduction of the ,vedas to the 8acquaintance of scholars in the ,west10 which1 perhaps ,professor ,whitney means to solve in advance by a distinction between acquaintance and 8near acquaintance10 we would observe that this comprehensive statement as to the introduction of the ,vedas to ,european scholars takes for granted the previous interesting history of the modern discovery of the existence of the ,sanskrit and of ,vedic literature4 ,we use the expression 8takes for granted0 in no invidious sense4 ,the author was writing for scholars who1 he had a right to assume1 were already acquainted with the objective history of his subjectmatter1 and were probably informed as to the details of the gradual steps by which the certainty of the existence of a great language and a rich literature long buried in darkness was at length brought to light4 ,his concern was with the internal1 not the external1 history of ,sanskrit4 ,now1 it is upon this external history that we propose to say something1 returning to ,prof4 ,whitney's work when we reach the subject of the ,vedas4 ,it is not necessary that our readers should1 to any extent1 be linguists or philologists in order to become deeply interested in the relation of the modern discovery of a language so old that it had ceased to be spoken and was a dead language hundreds of years before the ,christian era--a language to which cannot with any certainty be assigned the name of the nation or people who spoke it1 and which is at once the most ancient of all known tongues1 living or dead1 and1 despite all modern research1 still prehistoric4 ,to our ,catholic readers1 the narration of this discovery is full of interest2 for in it they will recognize an additional version of the familiar story of the enlightened intelligence1 piety1 and selfsacrifice of our devoted missionaries who1 combining active zeal for knowledge with apostolic zeal for souls1 amid privation and suffering1 even in distant and savage lands1 with one hand built up the walls of ,zion1 while with the other they erected temples to science4 ,in order fully to appreciate the bearing and importance of the revelation of ,sanskrit to ,europe1 it is essential that we should first look a moment upon the condition of ,european comparative philology at the end of the ,x,v,ith and commencement of the ,x,v,i,ith centuries4 ,a short digression will suffice for this4 ,the ,hebrew language was1 from the earliest period of ,christianity1 settled upon by almost common consent of the learned as the primitive tongue4 ,it was generally admitted by scholars that the sole great and essential linguistic problem to be solved was this3 8,as ,hebrew is undoubtedly the mother of all languages1 how are we to explain the process by which ,hebrew became split into so many dialects1 and how can these numerous dialects1 such as ,greek and ,latin1 ,coptic1 ,persian1 ,turkish1 be traced back to their common source1 the ,hebrew80 ,upon this hopelessly insoluble problem an amazing amount of remarkable ingenuity and solid erudition were1 for hundreds of years1 hopelessly wasted1 for1 at this day1 instead of ,hebrew1 ,sanskrit is recognized as being the oldest of all known languages4 ,how came this about8 ,reply to this inquiry will at the same time answer the questions proposed at the outset of this article4 ,the result of labor on the problem1 8,how could all languages be traced back to the ,hebrew80 was of course unsatisfactory4 ,no solution could be obtained4 ,none indeed was possible4 ,at last it was suggested1 why should all languages be derived from the ,hebrew8 and with investigation thus taken off its false route1 the question was in a fair way to be successfully treated4 ,leibnitz vigorously denied the claims set up for ,hebrew1 and said3 8,there is as much reason for supposing ,hebrew to have been the primitive language of mankind1 as there is for adopting the view of ,goropius1 who published a work at ,antwerp in #aehj to prove that ,dutch was the language spoken in ,paradise40 ,more than this1 he indicated the necessity of applying to language as well as to any other science the principle of a sound inductive process1 and in this he was greatly aided by the ,jesuit missionaries in ,china4 8,it stands to reason10 he said1 8that we ought to begin with studying the modern languages which are within our reach1 in order to compare them with one another1 to discover their differences and affinities1 and then to proceed to those which have preceded them in former ages1 in order to show their filiation and their origin1 and then to ascend step by step to the most ancient tongues1 the analysis of which must lead to the only trustworthy conclusions40 ,but ,leibnitz1 while properly disputing the justice of the claims of ,hebrew as the mothertongue1 knew of none other for which a similar claim might be advanced4 ,it is doubtful if he ever heard of ,sanskrit1 although he lived until #agaf1 a full century after one1 at least1 of our missionaries had mastered ,sanskrit and all the ,vedas4 ,sanskrit is the ancient language of the ,hindus1 and had ceased to be a spoken language three centuries before the ,christian era4 ,the sacred ,vedas1 the oldest literary productions of the ,hindus1 and even the laws of ,manu and the ,purnas1 later works1 are written in a dialect still older than the ,sanskrit1 of which it is the parent1 and are assigned by different scholars to periods varying from twelve hundred to two thousand years ,b4,c4 ,thus1 the dialects of ,sanskrit spoken by the people of ,india three hundred years ,b4,c4 may be said to have been to the ,vedic ,sanskrit what ,italian now is to the ,latin4 ,these dialects1 modified by admixture with the languages of the various conquerors of ,india1 the ,arabic1 ,persian1 ,mongolic1 and ,turkish1 and changed also by grammatical corruption1 yet survive in the modern ,hind1 ,hindustn1 ,mahratta1 and ,bengle4 ,specimens of the dialects spoken by the people of the northern1 eastern1 and southwestern regions of ,india have come down to us in the inscriptions of the ,buddhist ,king ,piyadasi 7third century ,b4,c471 and in the account of the victory over ,antiochus which ,king ,asoka 7#bjf ,b4,c47 had graven on the rocks of ,dhauli1 ,girnar1 and ,kapurdigiri4 ,these inscriptions have been deciphered by ,burnouf1 ,norris1 ,wilson1 and others1 and are found to be in the ,prakrit 7common71 not the ,sanskrit 7perfect7 or exclusive dialect4 ,from these facts the best ,oriental scholars draw the conclusion that1 at the periods of ,piyadasi and ,asoka1 the ,sanskrit1 if spoken at all1 was then already confined to the educated caste of ,brahmans1 having been a living language at some remote previous period 7most probably between the ,v,i,i,ith and ,i,vth centuries ,b4,c471 spoken by all classes of that race which emigrated from ,central ,india into ,asia1 and the language so spoken is that to which modern ,orientalists give the name of ,aryan4 ,for it will be borne in mind that the term ,sanskrit is no indication of the people or race who originally spoke the language so called3 it merely indicates the estimation in which it is held by their successors1 and signifies 8the perfect language40 ,meantime1 during all these centuries1 ,sanskrit continued to be preserved as the classic tongue and literary vehicle of ,brahmanic thought and study1 and we are told on good authority that1 8even at the present day1 an educated ,brahman would write with greater fluency in ,sanskrit than in ,bengle40 ,it is now well established that ,sanskrit is certainly not the parent1 but the eldest brother or chef de famille of the large groups of ,greek1 ,latin1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic1 ,teutonic1 and ,scandinavian families from which all the modern ,european tongues 7,basque excepted7 are derived 7we omit mention of the ,oriental branches74 ,when we write the ,sanskrit words mader1 pader1 dokhter1 sunu1 bruder1 mand1 lib1 nasa1 vidhuva1 stara1 we very nearly write the corresponding ,english terms1 and see in them their ,english descendants through ,mso,gothic and ,german4 ,the ,sanskrit and ,greek equivalents of ,i am1 thou art1 he is1 are almost identical3 ,sanskrit3 asmi1 asi1 asti4 ,greek3 esmi1 eis1 esti4 ,we find the ,sanskrit dinra in the ,latin denarius2 ayas in ,sanskrit--passing through the ,gothic ais to ,english iron2 and plava1 in ,sanskrit1 a ship appearing in the ,greek ploion 7ship71 ,slavonic ploug1 and ,english plough2 for the ,aryans said the ship ploughed the sea1 and the plough sailed across the field4 ,in like manner1 similar illustrations might be multiplied indefinitely to the extent of volumes1 showing not hazardous and doubtful etymological similarities1 but clear1 distinct1 and sharpcut affinities by clearly traceable descent4 8,who was the first ,european that knew of ,sanskrit1 or that acquired a knowledge of ,sanskrit1 is difficult to say10 remarks ,prof4 ,max ,mller4 ,very true4 ,but it is not at all difficult to reach the certainty that that ,european1 whatever might have been his name1 was a ,catholic missionary4 ,soon after ,s4 ,francis ,xavier began to preach the ,gospel in ,india 7#aedb71 we hear of our missionaries acquiring not only the current dialects of the country1 but also the classical ,sanskrit language2 of their successfully studying the theological and philosophical literature of the exclusive priestly class2 and of their challenging the ,brahmans to public disputations4 ,if the example of their labors1 humility1 sufferings1 and piety were not sufficient to win souls1 they always1 where it was needed1 had science at their command1 and were at once scholars1 linguists1 mathematicians1 and astronomers as well as lowly messengers of the glad tidings of salvation4 ,prominent among the most remarkable of these men stands ,robert ,de' ,nobili4 ,a nephew of ,cardinal de' ,nobili and a relative of ,pope ,julius the ,third and of the great ,bellarmine1 he was nobly born and tenderly reared4 ,he went a missionary to the ,indies in #afjc1 and began his public labors at ,madura in #afjf4 ,being a man of superior education1 cultivation1 and refinement1 he soon perceived the reasons which kept all the natives of high caste--especially the ,brahmans--from joining the communities of ,christian converts formed by the common people of the country4 ,he saw that the ,brahmans could be successfully met and argued with only by a ,brahman1 and he at once resolved on the heroic project of fitting himself by long study and almost incredible labor to become a ,brahman in outward appearance1 language1 and accomplishments1 and thus obtain access to the noblest1 most learned1 and most accomplished men in ,india4 ,the task was full of difficulty4 ,for years he devoted himself to his silent work1 acquiring in secret the dialects of ,tamil and ,telugu1 and the language and literature of ,sanskrit and the ,vedas4 ,when in time he felt himself strong enough in ,brahmanic learning and accomplishments to meet them in argument and debate1 he publicly appeared arrayed in their costume1 wearing the cord1 bearing the exclusive frontal mark1 and submitting to the rigid observance of their diet 7eating nothing but rice and vegetables7 and their complicated requirements of caste4 ,so exhaustive had been his studies1 so thorough was his preparation1 and so admirable his talent1 that his success was perfect4 ,the ,brahmans whom he met found in him their master even in their own exclusive field of literature1 philosophy1 and religion4 ,mllbauer 7,geschichte der katholischen ,missionen ,ostindiens7 says they were afraid of him4 ,as a devoted and successful missionary1 his life is full of interest2 but we have to do with him here only as the first known ,european ,sanskrit scholar4 ,after fortytwo years of missionary labor in that exhausting climate1 worn out1 infirm1 and blind1 ,robert de' ,nobili died1 aged eighty years1 at ,melapour1 on the coast of ,coromandel4 ,the distinguished ,professor of ,sanskrit at the ,english university of ,oxford1 ,max ,mller1 pays the following earnest tribute to the acquirements of this admirable missionary and scholar3 8,a man who could quote from ,manu1 from the ,purnas1 and even from such works as the ,apastambastras1 which are known even at present to only those few ,sanskrit scholars who can read ,sanskrit ,,mss41 must have been far advanced in a knowledge of the sacred language and literature of the ,brahmans2 and the very idea that he came1 as he said1 to preach a new or a fourth ,veda1 which had been lost1 shows how well he knew the strong and weak points of the theological system which he came to conquer40 ,religious bigotry has sought to fix upon de' ,nobili the forgery of the ,ezour,veda2 but the examination of the charge by distinguished ,english 7,protestant7 ,orientalists has only resulted in bringing out into brighter relief that devoted missionary's remarkable acquirements and admirable virtues4 ,francis ,ellis1 ,esq41 a distinguished ,orientalist1 discovered the ,sanskrit original of the ,ezour at ,pondicherry1 and made an elaborate report upon it1 which was published at the time1 in the ,asiatick 7sic7 ,researches 7vol4 xiv41 ,calcutta1 #ahbb71 from which we cite the following short extract3 8,robertus de ,nobilibus is well known both to ,hindus and ,christians1 under the ,sanskrit title of ,tatwa,bodha ,swami1 as the author of many excellent works in ,tamil1 on polemical theology4 ,in one of these1 the ,atma,nirnayavivecam1 he contrasts the opinions of the various ,indian sects on the nature of the soul1 and exposes the fables with which the ,purnas abound relative to the state of future existence1 and in another1 ,punergeuma ,acshepa1 he confutes the doctrine of the metempsychosis4 ,both these works1 in style and substance1 greatly resemble the controversial part of the ,pseudo ,vedas2 but these are open attacks on what the author considered false doctrines and superstitions1 and no attempt is made to veil their manifest tendency1 or to insinuate the tenets they maintain under a borrowed name or in an ambiguous form4 ,the style adopted by ,robertus de ,nobilibus is remarkable for a profuse admixture of ,sanskrit terms2 those to express doctrinal notions and abstract ideas he compounds and recompounds with a facility of invention that indicates an intimate knowledge of the language whence they are derived2 and there can be no doubt1 therefore1 that he was fully qualified to be the author of those writings4 ,if this should be the fact1 considering the high character he bears among all acquainted with his name and the nature of his known works1 ,i am inclined to attribute to him the composition only1 not the forgery1 of the ,pseudo ,vedas40 ,but the result of further examination has decided that the ,ezour,veda was not even written by de' ,nobili1 but by one of his native converts4 ,it is plain1 from the testimony of ,mr4 ,ellis1 that he was not a man to seek the cover of the anonymous or the ambiguous1 in order to attack the superstitions of ,buddhism4 ,this he did openly and boldly4 ,max ,mller decides that 8there is no evidence for ascribing the work to ,robert40 ,the example of ,robert de' ,nobili was sedulously followed up by other members of his ,order4 ,roth1 another ,jesuit1 appeared in #affd1 master of ,sanskrit1 and successfully disputed with the ,brahmans4 ,yet another1 ,hanxleder1 who went to ,india in #affi1 labored for more than thirty years in the ,malabar mission1 composed works of instruction1 compiled dictionaries1 and wrote works in prose and verse4 ,many of his writings are preserved at ,rome4 ,among the most prominent of the ,jesuit missionaries in the field of modern ,oriental and ,sanskrit literature was ,father ,constant ,beschi1 who went out to ,india in #agjj4 ,he made himself master of ,sanskrit1 ,tamil1 and ,telugu1 and wrote moral works in ,sanskrit which are still preserved and highly prized by the ,brahmans4 ,the natives called him the great ,viramamouni4 ,scores of other missionaries might be named1 equally devoted1 equally learned4 ,but they acquired science1 ,sanskrit1 and ,oriental erudition as a means1 not an end4 ,they sought no worldly distinction1 no literary reputation4 ,they had but one engrossing object and thought here below--their mission of charity and of love4 ,nevertheless1 the day of ,sanskrit ,for ,europe1 long delayed1 was now fast approaching4 ,its revelation to the ,west is generally ascribed to ,sir ,william ,jones4 ,this assumption may be stated to be incorrect without in the slightest degree detracting from the merits of that distinguished ,english scholar4 ,for more than a century before ,sir ,william ,jones went to ,india1 the published letters of the ,jesuit missionaries had established the existence and general characteristics of that remarkable tongue1 the ,sanskrit2 and in #agdj 7,november #bc71 ,father ,pons1 then at ,karikal ,madura1 addressed a letter to ,father ,duhalde1 giving what ,professor ,max ,mller describes as 8a most interesting and1 in general1 a very accurate description of the various branches of ,sanskrit literature2 of the four ,vedas1 the grammatical treatises1 the six systems of philosophy1 and the astronomy of the ,hindus4 ,he anticipated1 on several points1 the researches of ,sir ,william ,jones40 ,the letter in question was1 in fact1 an essay2 and ,father ,pons so speaks of it4 ,it fills sixteen closely printed octavo pages1 and refers to the fact1 not mentioned by ,prof4 ,mller1 that it is one of a succession of communications upon the same subject1 inasmuch as he mentions a treatise written by himself on ,sanskrit versification1 transmitted to ,europe the previous year1 and specifies a ,sanskrit grammar 7,kramadisvar7 which he sent two years before4 ,although ,adelung1 in his ,mithridates1 mildly censures both ,father ,pons and ,sir ,w4 ,jones for exaggerating the value of ,sanskrit1 the exposition made by the former of the wealth of the ,sanskrit language and literature is1 to this day1 held by distinguished scholars to be 8very accurate40 ,the ,pons,duhalde letter is often referred to1 but seldom quoted4 ,we will therefore here cite a few short passages from it1 which may give the reader some idea of the nature of the communication and an early estimate of the value of ,sanskrit4 ,we translate3 8,the ,brahmans have always been1 and still are1 the only class who devote themselves to the cultivation of the sciences as a matter of hereditary descent4 ,they originally descend from seven illustrious penitents1 whose progeny1 in course of time1 was multiplied infinitely1 etc4 ,they are exclusively consecrated to learning1 and a ,brahman who strictly adheres to the rule of his order should devote himself solely to religion and study2 but1 in course of time1 many have fallen into a very lax life4 8,these sciences are inaccessible to all the other castes of people1 to whom it is permitted to communicate certain compositions1 grammar1 poetry1 and moral sayings40 8,the grammar of the ,brahmans may fairly be classed in the rank of works of science4 ,never were analysis and synthesis more happily employed than in their grammatical works on the ,sanskrit language4 ,i am satisfied that this language1 so admirable in its harmony1 its wealth1 and its energy1 was at some remote period the spoken tongue of the country inhabited by the first ,brahmans40 ,parenthetically1 and also by way of comparison1 let us look for a moment at the impression made by ,sanskrit upon two other distinguished scholars from among those who were earliest in the field--,sir ,william ,jones and ,frederick von ,schlegel4 ,at the outset of his researches1 the first declared that1 whatever its antiquity1 it was a language of most wonderful structure1 more perfect than the ,greek1 more copious than the ,latin1 and more exquisitely refined than either1 yet bearing to both of them a strong affinity4 8,no philologer10 he adds1 8could examine the ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 and ,latin1 without believing them to have sprung from some common source1 which1 perhaps1 no longer exists4 ,there is a similar reason1 though not quite so forcible1 for supposing that both the ,gothic and ,celtic had the same origin with the ,sanskrit4 ,the old ,persian may be added to the same family40 ,and ,frederick von ,schlegel 7,essay on the ,language and ,philosophy of the ,indians7 says3 8,the similarity between ,sanskrit1 on the one hand1 and ,latin and ,greek1 ,teutonic and ,persian1 on the other1 is found not only in a great number of roots possessed by them in common1 but it also extends to the inner structure and grammar4 ,the remarkable coincidence is not merely such an accidental one as may be explained by an admixture of language1 but an essential one which points distinctly to a common descent4 ,comparison further shows that the ,indian 7,sanskrit7 tongue is the more ancient1 the others younger and derived from it40 ,but to return to our missionaries4 ,the interest excited in ,europe by the remarkable letter of ,father ,pons was purely one of surprise and speculation1 inasmuch as ,western scholars were without the means of testing the value of the great linguistic discovery4 ,sanskrit grammars1 dictionaries1 and even vocabularies were then unknown in any ,european tongue4 ,this want1 however1 was soon supplied by another missionary1 ,john ,philip ,wesdin1 more widely known as ,father ,paulinus a ,santo,bartolomeo4 ,he spent thirteen years in ,india1 and subsequently published 7#agij7 at ,rome1 under the auspices of the ,propaganda1 several works on ,sanskrit grammar and upon the history1 theology1 and religion of the ,hindus4 ,referring to his numerous publications 7vielen ,schriften71 no less an authority than ,adelung qualifies them as indispensable to a knowledge of ,sanskrit as also to the other languages of ,india 7welche zur ,kentniss sowohl dieser ,sprache als auch ,indiens berhaupt unentbehrlich sind72 and he adds 7writing in #ahjf73 8,peradventure has no ,european up to this time so deeply penetrated into this language as he407#adj7 ,of his first ,sanskrit grammar1 published at ,rome in #agij17ada7 ,prof4 ,max ,mller says3 8,although this grammar has been severely criticised1 and is now hardly ever consulted1 it is but fair to bear in mind that the first grammar of any language is a work of infinitely greater difficulty than any later grammar40 ,in this connection we must not omit some mention of that prodigy of linguistic industry and erudition1 the ,spanish ,jesuit1 ,don ,lorenzo ,hervas y ,pandura1 who1 in the midst of his missionary labors1 collected specimens of more than three hundred languages47#adb7 ,this of itself was a gigantic work1 and its rich results furnished to ,adelung an important portion of the material of his ,mithridates4 ,hervas1 moreover1 prepared grammars for more than forty languages1 and is the founder of the true method of ascertaining lingual affinity by grammatical analysis1 rather than by etymology1 always more or less deceptive4 ,klaproth's enunciation of this principle established by ,hervas is so felicitous that we cannot refrain from citing it here3 8,words are the stuff or matter of language1 and grammar its fashioning or form40 ,concerning ,hervas we need say no more than to add the noble tribute to his memory and his merits to be found in the pages of ,max ,mller's ,lectures on the ,science of ,language1 p4 #adj3 8,he proved by a comparative list of declensions and conjugations that ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,ethiopic1 and ,amharic are all but dialects of one original language1 and constitute one family of speech1 the ,semitic4 ,he scouted the idea of deriving all the languages of mankind from ,hebrew4 ,he had perceived clear traces of affinity in ,hungarian1 ,lapponian1 and ,finnish--three dialects now classed as members of the ,turanian family4 ,he had proved that ,basque was not1 as was commonly supposed1 a ,celtic dialect1 but an independent language1 spoken by the earliest inhabitants of ,spain1 as proved by the names of the ,spanish mountains and rivers4 ,nay1 one of the most brilliant discoveries in the history of the science of language1 the establishment of the ,malay and ,polynesian family of speech1 extending from the ,island of ,madagascar east of ,africa1 over #bjh of longitude1 to the ,easter ,islands west of ,america1 was made by ,hervas long before it was announced to the world by ,humboldt40 ,english literature has made us familiar with the name of ,sir ,william ,jones as the ,european originator of the cultivation of ,sanskrit4 ,the merits of ,sir ,william ,jones are not a subject of doubt or contest4 ,full justice has been done them4 ,but when we come to settle the question of priority of successful and distinguished labor in the field of ,sanskrit1 the names and transcendent services of the humble and selfsacrificing missionaries1 ,robert de' ,nobili1 ,roth1 ,hanxleder1 ,beschi1 ,pons1 ,paulinus a ,santo ,bartolomeo1 ,hervas1 and scores of others1 their predecessors and companions1 must ever be gratefully remembered4 ,the ,triumph ,of ,sanskrit4 ,through the publications of the ,asiatic ,society at ,calcutta1 ,european scholars were now furnished with facilities for the study of ,sanskrit1 and it would be difficult to say which of the two1 the language or the literature1 excited the deeper or more lasting interest4 ,the absolute identity of grammatical forms of ,greek and ,latin with ,sanskrit was at once recognized1 and it was evident that these three languages sprang from one common source4 ,the revelation created one of the greatest literary sensations ever known in ,europe4 ,the theory that upheld ,hebrew as the mother tongue--already seriously damaged--now received its deathblow4 ,classical scholars shook their heads sceptically4 ,theologians were troubled4 ,ethnographers were all at sea4 ,etymologists and lexicographers were dumfounded4 ,the philosophers of the day1 each one of whom had his own little system of the universe to take care of1 saw their theories ruthlessly upset2 and ,lord ,monboddo1 who had just finished his great work in which he derives mankind from a couple of apes1 and all the dialects of the world from the language of the ,egyptian gods1 was petrified with astonishment4 ,his ,egyptian theory1 his men with tails1 and his monkeys without tails1 were all equally doomed to destruction4 ,to his credit1 though1 it must be said that he soon afterward accepted the situation with commendable intelligence and alacrity4 ,other pet theories and other deeply ingrained prejudices of many scholars of the best education were shocked and scandalized at the claims set up for ,sanskrit4 ,the idea that the classical languages of ,greece and ,rome could be intimately related to a jargon of mere savages--as they supposed the natives of ,india to be--was to the last degree repugnant to these gentlemen1 and they went great lengths in assertion1 absurd argument1 irony1 and ridicule1 to escape the1 alas6 too inevitable and horribly unpleasant conclusion that ,greek and ,latin were of the same linguistic kith and kin as the language of the black inhabitants of ,india4 ,the distinguished ,scotch philosopher1 ,dugald ,stewart1 by way of protest against the claims set up for ,sanskrit1 even went so far as to deny that any such language existed or ever had existed1 and wrote his famous essay to prove that those arch forgers and liars1 the ,brahmans1 had manufactured the dialect on the model of the ,greek and the ,latin1 and that the whole thing1 language1 literature1 and all1 was a piece of daring invention and bold imposture4 ,how deeply rooted were the prejudices1 and how stubborn the ignorance1 even among scholars and men of literary pursuits1 in favor of the ,hebrew and against the reception of ,sanskrit in its place1 may be judged from the representative fact1 that so late as the ninth day of ,august1 #ahcb1 we find no less a man than ,coleridge making this entry in his notebook3 8,the claims of the ,sanskrit for priority to the ,hebrew as a language are ridiculous40 ,the first ,european scholar of distinction who dared boldly accept the facts and conclusions of ,sanskrit scholarship was ,frederick von ,schlegel4 ,he began his study of the language with verbal tuition from ,sir ,alexander ,hamilton1 continued it at ,paris with the aid of ,m4 ,langles1 custodian of ,oriental ,,mss4 in the ,imperial ,library at ,paris1 and subsequently had the advantage of the rich collection in the ,british ,museum4 ,the result was his ,language and ,wisdom of the ,indians1 published in #ahjh4 ,it embraced in one glance the languages of ,india1 ,persia1 ,greece1 ,italy1 and ,germany1 riveted them together by the name of ,indo,germanic 7by common consent of scholars since changed to ,indo,european71 and became the foundation of the science of language4 ,appearing only two years after the publication of the first volume of ,adelung's ,mithridates1 8it is separated from that work10 says ,prof4 ,mller1 8by the same distance which separates the ,copernican from the ,ptoleman system10 and this work of ,schlegel1 he adds1 8has truly been called the discovery of a new world40 ,omitting mention of the labors of many distinguished ,french and ,german laborers in the same field1 we may close our record of the services rendered by ,catholic scholars to the cause of ,sanskrit literature by reference to the remarkable course of lectures on 8,science and ,revealed ,religion10 delivered by the ,reverend 7afterwards ,cardinal7 ,wiseman1 at ,rome1 in #ahce17adc7 only two years and six months after the memorable entry of ,coleridge in his notebook4 ,sanskrit ,literature ,and ,the ,vedas4 ,it was perfectly natural that the fresh enthusiasm of the earliest ,sanskrit scholars should have carried them into what is now looked upon as an undue estimate and hyperbolic praise of their new discovery and acquisition4 ,and this early enthusiasm was neither short in duration nor limited in extent4 ,a tidal wave of admiration swept over ,european scholarship with the appearance of ,sacontala1 or ,the ,fatal ,ring 7,calcutta1 #aghi71 certainly a beautiful specimen of dramatic art and admirable poetry by ,kalidasa1 the ,indian ,shakespeare1 who is assigned to the period of ,vikrama the ,great 7,b4,c4 #ef74 ,sir ,william ,jones very judiciously selected this masterpiece of ,indian literature for translation as a first specimen1 and1 although in prose1 it so delighted a ,french scholar1 ,chzy1 that it induced him first to learn ,sanskrit and then to publish a ,french version of it4 ,this was followed by no less than four ,german translations1 prose and verse1 a ,danish translation1 and an additional ,english translation 7the best7 in a mingling of verse and prose 7following the original7 by ,monier ,williams4 ,goethe was enraptured with the ,sacontala1 and it drew from him the celebrated verse3 8,willt ,du die ,blthe des ,frhen1 die ,frchte des ,spteren ,jahres1 ,willt ,du1 was reizt und entzckt1 willt ,du was sttigt und nhrt1 ,willt ,du den ,himmel1 die ,erde mit einem ,namen begreifen1 ,nenn ich1 ,sacontala1 ,dich1 und so ist ,alles gesagt407#add7 ,a4 ,w4 von ,schlegel finds in it so striking a resemblance to our romantic drama that we might1 he says1 be inclined to suspect we owe this resemblance to the predilection for ,shakespeare entertained by ,sir ,william ,jones1 if the fidelity of his translation were not confirmed by other learned ,orientalists4 ,and ,alex4 von ,humboldt says of ,kalidasa that 8tenderness in the expression of feeling1 and richness of creative fancy1 have assigned to him his lofty place amongst the poets of all nations40 ,voltaire went into ecstasies over a ,french translation of the ,ezour,veda1 a ,sanskrit poem in the style of the ,purnas1 quite an inferior production1 written in the ,x,v,i,ith century by a native convert of ,robert de' ,nobili4 ,this ,french translation was published by ,voltaire under the title1 8,l',ezour,vedam1 traduit du ,sanscritam par un ,brame10 and he stated his belief that the original was four centuries older than ,alexander1 and that it was the most precious gift for which the ,west had been indebted to the ,east4 ,adelung1 as we have seen1 found fault with ,sir ,william ,jones and ,father ,pons for overrating the claims of ,sanskrit1 and subsequent critics have gone so far as to assert that its literary and scientific value is very slight4 ,among the latest of these are ,m4 ,jules ,oppert7#ade7 and ,prof4 ,key of ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,their objections and arguments are met and discussed by ,prof4 ,whitney in the seventh essay of his volume1 in a tone so moderate and a treatment so thorough as to present a more than satisfactory vindication of the claims of ,indo,european philology and ethnology to the serious attention and close study of every scholar4 ,we are not aware that either ,prof4 ,key or ,m4 ,oppert has cited the fact that1 when the ,indian rajah ,rammohun ,roy found the distinguished ,sanskrit scholar ,rosen at work in the ,british ,museum upon an edition of the hymns of the ,veda1 he expressed his surprise at so useless an undertaking4 ,it was not that the ,indian philosopher looked upon all ,vedic literature as worthless4 ,on the contrary1 he was of the opinion that the ,upanishads were worthy of becoming the foundation of a new religion4 ,the rajah most probably did not also consider the fact that1 whatever might be the intrinsic literary merit of the ,vedic hymns1 they were none the less valuable to the comparative grammarian and philologist4 ,for the purposes of grammatical construction1 it is perfectly immaterial whether or not a text has the fire of genius or the inspiration of poetry4 ,and here it may be mentioned that ,rammohun ,roy1 the descendant on both the paternal and maternal side of the highest caste ,brahmans1 and familiar with the whole body of ,vedic and ,sanskrit literature1 indirectly bears high testimony to one of the grandest results obtained by ,european study of ,sanskrit literature4 ,that result is the exposure of ,brahmanism as a gross imposture4 ,against any attack on its social and religious errors1 the ,brahmans formerly entrenched themselves in the pretended warrant of high antiquity and the authority of the sacred works4 8,thus say the ,vedas0 was a sufficient justification for any claim1 and 8,that is not in the ,vedas0 an unanswerable argument against any objection4 ,although they threw every possible obstacle in the way of ,europeans who strove to obtain a knowledge of ,sanskrit and access to the ,vedas1 by refusing to teach them and by withholding the sacred books1 these difficulties were finally overcome1 and when the ,vedas were read and understood it became apparent that fully onehalf of the social and religious institutions of ,brahmanism1 as it existed down to the commencement of the present century1 were not only without a shadow of authority in the ,vedas1 but absolutely opposed to the spirit and letter of its law4 ,thus1 it is certain that nothing of the great characteristic feature of ,brahmanism--the system of castes--can be found in the ,vedas4 ,the belief in the transmigration of souls and in the doctrines flowing from it has no existence there4 ,and the ,suttee1 or system of widow immolation1 the singular mingling of pantheistic philosophy with gross superstition1 and the worship of the triad ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,civa1 are all equally without ,vedic foundation4 ,robert de' ,nobili discovered all this at an early period1 and it was only when he first fought the ,brahmans with their own weapons--the ,vedas--that they were1 for the first time1 silenced4 ,rammohun ,roy had his eyes opened at an early age to the idolatrous system of the ,hindus1 came out from among them1 and openly attacked its pretensions4 8,i endeavored to show10 he says1 8that the idolatry of the ,brahmans was contrary to the practice of their ancestors1 and to the principles of the ancient works and authorities which they profess to revere and obey40 ,prof4 ,whitney1 referring to the same subject1 says3 8,each new phase of belief has sought in them 7the sacred texts7 its authority1 has claimed to found itself upon them1 and to be consistent with their teachings2 and the result is that the sum of doctrine accepted and regarded as orthodox in modern ,india is incongruous beyond measure1 a mass of inconsistencies03 a summing up that might1 we regret to say1 be truthfully made of a ,christian country of far higher civilization than that of ,india4 ,not stopping to discuss what has been called the 8standing reproach0 against ,indian literature1 that it is barren of historical and geographical results1 nor to point out much that is of high value and interest to every scholar1 we will close by an inquiring comment as to the following statement made by ,prof4 ,whitney at p4 #bb4 ,he is speaking of the ,vedic texts1 and says3 8,so thorough and religious was the care bestowed upon their preservation that1 notwithstanding their mass and the thousands of years which have elapsed since their collection1 hardly a single various reading1 so far as yet known1 has been suffered to make its way into them after their definite and final settlement40 ,we have italicized the passage which we wish to make the subject of our inquiry1 for1 unless we are mistaken1 two instances may be pointed out in which the texts in question have been garbled or seriously tampered with4 ,we find the first instance in the developments growing out of the discussion as to whether there are three ,vedas or four ,vedas 7,goverdhan ,caul on the 8,literature of the ,hindus10 ,asiatic ,researches1 ,calcutta1 #aghh1 vol4 i41 p4 #cdj1 and ,sir ,william ,jones' ,works1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ic 7edition of #ahjg774 ,even down to the present day1 ,indian scholars sometimes speak of three ,vedas1 sometimes of four4 ,according to ,indian tradition1 ,brahma has four mouths1 each of which uttered a ,veda4 ,yet most ancient writers speak of but three ,vedas1 ,rig1 ,yajush1 and ,sama1 from which it is inferred that the ,atharva was written after the three first4 ,the ,atharva is spoken of and called the ,veda of ,vedas in the eleventh book of ,manu1 and the designation affirms the assertion of ,dara ,shecuh1 in the preface to his ,upanishad1 that the first three ,vedas are named separately1 because the ,atharvan is a corollary from them all1 and contains the quintessence of them all4 ,but this verse of ,manu1 which occurs in a modern copy of the work brought from ,benares1 is entirely omitted in the best copies1 so that1 as ,manu himself in other places names only three ,vedas1 we must believe this line to be an interpolation by some admirer of the ,atharva4 ,the second instance to be specified is furnished by ,prof4 ,whitney himself1 at pages #ec1 #ed1 and #ee1 where he gives a translation of a hymn from the concluding book of the ,rig,veda 7x4 #ah71 describing the early ,vedic funeral services4 ,when the attendants leave the bier1 the men go first1 while the director of the ceremony says3 8,ascend to life1 old age your portion making1 each after each1 advancing in due order2 ,may ,twashtar1 skilful fashioner1 propitious1 cause that you here enjoy a long existence40 ,the women next follow1 the wives at their head3 8,these women here1 not widows1 blessed with husbands1 ,may deck themselves with ointment and perfume2 ,unstained by tears1 adorned1 untouched with sorrow1 ,the wives may first ascend unto the altar40 ,the wife of the deceased is then summoned away the last3 8,go up unto the world of life1 ,o woman6 ,thou liest by one whose soul is fled2 come hither6 ,to him who grasps thy hand1 a second husband1 ,thou art as wife to spouse become related40 ,in commenting upon this hymn1 ,prof4 ,whitney notes its 8discordance with the modern ,hindu practice of immolating the widow at the grave of her husband10 and adds3 8,nothing could be more explicit than the testimony of this hymn against the antiquity of the practice4 ,it finds1 indeed1 no support anywhere in the ,vedic scriptures40 ,and now we come to the 8various reading10 for ,prof4 ,whitney concludes the passage with this statement3 8,authority has been sought1 however1 for the practice1 in a fragment of this very hymn1 rent from its natural connection1 and a little altered2 by the change of a single letter1 the line which is translated above1 #8,the wives may first ascend unto the altar1' has been made to read1 #8,the wives shall go up into the place of the fire4' 0 ,we heartily welcome this work of ,prof4 ,whitney1 and thank him for it as a solid contribution to literature and to philological science1 honorable to himself1 and reflecting credit on ,american scholarship4 ,the ,house ,that ,jack ,built4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 ,in ,two ,parts4 ,part ,,ii4 ,it was late before ,aunt ,nancy felt the approach of sleep that night4 ,she turned restlessly from side to side1 thinking over ,bessie's strange behavior1 and trying to find a solution for it4 ,the appearance of a mystery disturbed all calculations based upon her plain and outspoken experience4 ,but the habits of years are not easily broken1 and sleep1 that for more than six decades had been wont to settle over this woman's head as regularly as darkness settled on the earth1 began now to dim her senses4 ,she was about losing consciousness1 when the vague sense of pain and perplexity which still clung to her mind strengthened and took a new form4 ,it was no longer a woman who laughed bitterly when she should have wept1 but a woman sobbing violently1 she knew not why4 ,the sound continued1 and before its dreary persistence ,aunt ,nancy's hovering sleep took flight4 ,she started up and listened1 not yet quite recalled to recollection4 ,it was indeed a woman's voice sobbing uncontrollably4 ,for one moment1 the listener's blood chilled with a superstitious fear2 the next1 she recollected that she was not alone in the house4 ,it was ,bessie who mourned4 8,rachel weeping for her children1 because they were not10 the old woman thought pityingly4 ,poor ,bessie had forgotten how thin the walls were in her old home1 and1 when the door opened and a tall figure clad in white entered her room1 she uttered a cry of affright4 8,you poor child6 ,i couldn't stand it to hear you cry so10 ,aunt ,nancy said1 going to her bedside and bending down to put a caressing arm around her4 8,don't cry6 ,try to remember that you have not lost everything40 8,i'm sorry ,i disturbed you1 ,aunt ,nancy10 ,bessie said faintly1 sinking back on the pillow4 8,you had better leave me to have it out alone4 ,i don't often get a chance to have a good cry1 and you have no idea what a relief it is40 8,i know all about it60 ,aunt ,nancy replied1 and her voice1 low and deep1 had a sound like a tolling bell4 8,i have seen 'em all go and leave me1 one after another1 father and mother1 brothers and sisters1 husband and children1 till every earthly hope was covered over with dust1 and it seemed as though there was dust on the very bread ,i ate4 ,yes1 ,i know what it is better than you1 for you have your husband and one child left yet1 and ,i have nothing on earth60 8,i have not60 ,bessie cried out passionately1 with the jealousy of one whose grief is underestimated4 8,john and the boy are further away from me than my dead children are60 ,the barrier was down4 ,she had betrayed herself1 and must tell the whole1 though she might be sorry afterward for having spoken4 ,concealment and selfcontrol were no longer possible4 ,it was a tale too often true1 though not so often told4 ,the husband1 engrossed in business1 and missing no home care which the love and duty of his wife could bestow1 had forgotten1 or did not care1 or did not believe1 that any return was due from him save a pecuniary support1 or that he could be guilty of any sin of omission toward his wife1 save the omission to provide her with food and shelter4 ,perhaps no woman ever saw the heart she had once possessed slipping away from her1 without making a mistake in her efforts to retain it4 ,indifference is her surest means of success1 but indifference the loving heart can never affect4 ,as well might flame hope to hide itself1 living1 in ashes4 ,the reserve and gravity of wounded feeling1 when at length the husband noticed them1 he named sulkiness1 and the meanness of the causes to which he ascribed that were felt as an insult4 ,the few timid reproaches and petitions the wife had brought herself to utter he listened to with surprise and annoyance1 or with ridicule4 ,why1 what in the world did she want8--to begin their courting days over again8 ,in order to do that1 they must first be divorced4 ,what had he done8 ,had he beaten1 or scolded1 or starved her8 ,had he gone gallivanting about with other women8 ,nonsense6 ,he had his business to attend to4 ,of course he loved her1 but she mustn't bother him4 ,what reply is possible to such arguments8 ,how small seem all our sweetest human needs when they are put into words1 simply because words can never express them6 ,in such a controversy1 hard natures have always the advantage over sensitive ones1 and seem to triumph by their very inferiority4 ,bessie was silent1 and her husband thought that she was convinced1 and dismissed the subject from his mind4 ,if he observed that she grew pale1 he supposed that city air did not agree with her4 ,he missed no home comfort1 heard no complaint1 and therefore took for granted that all was right4 ,he frequently absented himself from home on business1 never asking his wife to accompany him1 women being in the way on such occasions1 and she seemed satisfied to see nothing beyond her own fireside4 ,he brought home his plans and studies at evening1 and1 when the children's play and caresses disturbed him1 their mother took them away and amused them elsewhere4 ,when1 later1 her little ones asleep1 as she sat by her husband silently working1 he found that the snip of her scissors and the rattle of her spools fretted him1 ,bessie said not a word1 but went off to bed1 and wet her pillow with bitter and unavailing tears1 finding no comfort4 ,the thought of seeking comfort and help in her religion had not once entered her mind4 ,she was dead to its obligations4 ,they had never been impressed on her1 and her heart had been engrossed by other interests4 ,her children had been baptized1 and she usually went to an early ,mass on ,sunday1 but never heard a sermon1 and never read a religious book4 ,she prayed often1 but it was the outcry of pain1 the petition for an earthly good1 not the prayer for resignation and wisdom4 ,of his wife's real life ,john ,maynard knew no more than he did of life at the antipodes4 ,his profession engrossed his heart4 ,his happiness was to work and study over polished metals1 to fit cylinder1 crank1 and valve with nicety into their places2 and at last1 when that exquisite but irresistible power of steam1 so delicate in its fineness1 yet so terrible in its strength1 began to steal into his work1 to see the creature of brass and iron grow alive1 and become more mighty than an army of giants1 how tenderly could he handle1 how carefully arrange1 how patiently study out1 the parts of his work6 ,for the problem of that infinitely more exquisite mechanism--his wife's heart--he had no time4 ,the boy1 as boys will1 followed in the footsteps of his father4 ,he emulated the slighting of which the father was himself unconscious1 and treated his mother with that intolerable mixture of patronizing kindness and impatient superiority so often witnessed in the presumptuous children of our time4 ,when ,bessie ,maynard had poured out her complaint1 with many an illustration of which a woman could well understand the bitterness1 ,aunt ,nancy was silent a moment4 8,it's pretty hard1 dear10 she said then1 embarrassed what to say4 8,some men have that way of not caring anything about their wives1 as soon as they have got them2 but ,i never thought ,john would act so4 ,and you know1 ,bessie1 that1 if it is hard1 still he is your husband1 and you can't leave him for that4 ,try to be patient1 and don't lose courage4 ,i'm sure he loves you1 though he doesn't show it2 and he'll come round byandby40 ,the reply almost broke in on this trite advice3 8,i did not mean to leave him4 ,i came down here to think4 ,i can't think there4 ,i wanted to see again this place where ,i was a child1 and where ,i was so happy4 ,i thought that perhaps some of the old feelings might come back4 ,i have been afraid of some things4 ,aunt ,nancy1 ,i was afraid ,i should grow to hate ,john60 8,oh6 no1 ,bessie10 the old woman exclaimed4 8,never let yourself hate your own husband6 ,it would be a dreadful sin2 and1 besides1 it wouldn't mend matters4 ,it is better for a woman to love one who cares nothing for her than not to love anybody4 ,i don't believe but ,john is fond of you still1 if he'd only stop to think of it40 ,there was no reply4 8,what else were you afraid of80 ,aunt ,nancy asked presently4 8,you said you were afraid of some things80 ,bessie did not answer4 ,that other fear that1 shunned at first1 then glanced upon1 then brooded over silently till it had grown almost a probability1 flashed out again on her in all its original hatefulness when she found herself about to explain it to a listener like this4 8,if you don't want to tell1 ,i won't ask you10 ,aunt ,nancy said1 with almost childlike timidity4 8,but1 may be1 since you have begun1 you would feel better not to keep anything back4 ,you know1 ,bessie1 ,i am on your side1 though ,i am ,john's own aunt40 ,the younger woman crept nearer into the arm that half held her1 and said1 in a hurried whisper1 8,every one is not so indifferent to me as ,john is60 8,i'm glad of it1 child10 was the calm reply4 8,i don't like to praise people to their faces1 but you always had a sweet1 winning way4 ,i am glad that other people are good to you40 ,she waited again for the explanation1 not dreaming that it had been given4 ,bessie ,maynard drew a breath1 like one who plunges into water4 8,there's some one who thinks me worth watching and sympathizing with1 if ,john doesn't10 she said4 8,you don't mean a man60 exclaimed ,aunt ,nancy4 8,of course ,i do10 answered ,bessie almost pettishly4 ,the words were scarcely out of her mouth1 before she was flung back on to the pillow by the arms that had held her so tenderly1 and ,aunt ,nancy stood erect by the bedside4 8,aren't you ashamed of yourself1 ,bessie ,maynard80 she cried out indignantly4 8,no1 ,i am not60 was the dogged answer4 8,i have nothing to be ashamed of40 ,the flash of the old woman's eyes could be seen in the dim light4 8,what6 you1 a married woman1 not ashamed to let a man who is not your husband talk love to you60 8,he never spoke a word of love to me10 said ,bessie1 still sulky4 ,aunt ,nancy was utterly puzzled4 8,how do you know1 then80 she asked4 ,neither by nature nor education was this woman fitted to understand that subtile manner by which impressions and assurances are conveyed without a word having been spoken4 ,a man would have been obliged to use plain language indeed1 if he would have had her1 a wife1 understand that he loved her4 ,while ,bessie described some of the delicate kindnesses of this dangerous friend of hers1 ,aunt ,nancy listened attentively1 and presently resumed her seat by the bed4 ,she really could not see that the child had done1 or meant1 or wished any real harm4 8,but1 still1 you must look out for the fellow1 dear10 she said4 8,he wouldn't hang round you so if he was what he ought to be4 ,you never know what these city gentlemen are40 8,he isn't a bad man60 ,bessie exclaimed4 8,i won't have him called so4 ,i'm afraid2 but1 for all that1 ,i respect him4 ,i wish ,john were half as good40 ,the story was ended2 but with the feeling of relief which followed the disburdening of her heart came also the uneasiness and half regret we always experience when we have been led unawares to confide a secret to one whom we have not deliberately chosen as a confidant4 ,conscious of this new uneasiness1 ,bessie wished to close the conversation4 8,don't let me keep you any longer10 she said4 8,go to bed now1 and forget all the nonsense ,i have been talking4 ,i am sorry ,i disturbed you40 ,aunt ,nancy paid no attention to this request4 ,she sat a few moments in deep thought1 then spoke abruptly3 8,bessie1 did you ever go to any of your priests about this business80 8,to a priest60 repeated ,bessie1 astonished at such a question from a rigid ,puritan like her aunt1 and doubtful in what spirit it was asked4 8,what made you think of that80 8,i am not a ,catholic10 the old woman said1 8but you are4 ,and ,i like to see people live up to their religion1 whatever it is4 ,a religion that won't help you in a strait like this isn't worth having40 ,bessie was silent1 knowing not what to say4 ,her faith was sleeping4 ,that religion would help as really as the trials of earth can hurt she had not thought4 ,like many others1 she invoked the aid of the church on the great events1 the births1 the marriages1 and the deaths1 but let the rest of life fight its own battles4 8,now1 you listen to me10 ,aunt ,nancy said earnestly4 8,i'm not very wise1 but ,i'm going to give you the best advice that you can get anywhere4 ,just you write to old ,father ,conners1 the priest that married you and ,john1 and tell him what a trouble you are in4 ,i've seen him1 and ,i believe he's a good ,christian1 if he is a priest1 and a sensible man1 too4 ,he comes three or four times a year up to a ,mr4 ,blake's1 over on the railroad1 and says ,mass in his house4 ,there are a good many ,catholics round there now4 ,it's about time for him to come again4 ,you write to him1 and you won't be sorry for it4 ,there's nothing else for you to do4 ,will you write1 ,bessie8 ,i want you to promise40 ,the promise was given hesitatingly1 doubtingly1 more to get rid of the subject than from any conviction of its wisdom4 ,but a promise is a promise1 and next morning ,bessie wrote the letter1 not because she wished to1 but because she must2 and a very dry1 cold letter it was4 ,she was a little helped to the writing of it by the pleasant prospect of carrying it to mail4 ,that would give her a long1 solitary walk and a whole afternoon quite to herself2 for the postoffice was in a desk1 in a corner of the sittingroom of a farmhouse four miles distant4 ,this house was at the end of postal and stage accommodations in that direction4 ,three times a week a doubleseated open wagon was driven there from a seaport town thirty miles to the southward1 passing through several small villages on its way4 ,this stage had brought ,bessie up1 and was to return the next morning4 ,she set out on her walk soon after their early dinner1 and reached the postoffice just at the high tide of that country afternoon leisure1 when1 their noon dinner quite cleared away1 the women of the house are ordinarily free from everything that they would call labor4 ,at this time the housewife smooths her hair and ties on a clean apron4 ,one hears the snap of knittingneedles through the silence1 or the drowsy hum of the spinningwheel1 or the sound of the loom where the deepblue woollen web grows1 thread by thread1 while the weaver tosses her shuttle to and fro4 ,bessie had dreaded the gossip which she must expect to encounter2 but1 as she approached1 the sight of blue and pink sunbonnets out in the field1 where the women were raking1 hay1 relieved her fear4 ,not a soul was in the house4 ,the watchdog1 recollecting her1 gave no alarm1 only walked gravely by her side1 and looked on while she slipped her letter into the bag left to receive the mail4 ,all the doors and windows stood open1 and the sunshine lay bright and clear on the white bare floors4 ,large1 stupid flies bumped their heads against the panes of glass1 and a bumblebee flew in at the front door1 wandered noisily about the rooms1 and out again by the back door4 ,the painted wooden chairs stood straightly against the yellowwashed walls1 and a large rockingchair1 with a chintz cushion1 occupied one corner4 ,a braided cloth mat covered the hearth1 and the fireplace was filled with cedar boughs1 through which glittered the brass andirons4 ,on the high mantelpiece stood a pair of brass candlesticks1 and a tumbler filled with wild roses4 ,bessie glanced hurriedly about1 then stole out1 trembling lest she should be discovered and pounced upon by some loudvoiced man or woman from whom escape would be impossible4 ,but no one appeared1 and in a few minutes she was out of sight of the house4 ,loud would be their exclamations of wonder and regret when they should discover that letter1 knowing who must have brought it4 ,how curiously would they handle it over1 and examine it1 and try to peep into it while they speculated and guessed concerning its contents6 8,one comfort10 said ,bessie to herself1 as she glanced over her shoulder1 and saw the last sunbonnet disappear1 8,i sealed it so that not even a particle of air could get in2 and they can't see a word without committing felony40 ,the ,june day was passing away in a soft glory4 ,all the world was green1 all the sky was blue1 and all the air was golden4 ,but the green was so various1 from a verdant blackness1 through many tints1 to a vivid green that was almost yellow1 it seemed manycolored as it was manyshaped4 ,there was every shape and size1 from the graceful plume of ferns to the squaretopped oak with its sturdy1 horizontal branches4 ,through it all wound the narrow brown road1 with a line of grass in the middle between the wagonwheels where the horses feet spared it4 ,the birds were singing their evening song1 and a brook at the roadside lisped faintly here and there1 then lay still and shone1 then suddenly laughed outright4 ,on such an evening one does long to be happy2 and1 if happy1 then one feels that it is not enough4 ,bessie walked on slowly1 taking long breaths of the clear1 perfumed air that had now an evening coolness4 ,she would fain have stayed out till night fell4 ,the house was near1 so she stepped aside1 sat down on a mossy rock1 and looked at the sunset4 ,the last1 thin1 shining cloud there melted in the fervid light1 grew faint1 and disappeared4 ,bessie's eyes1 so tearful that all this universe of green and gold swam before them1 were fixed on the sky1 and she thought over1 with a clearer mind now1 the last feverish1 miserable years of her life4 ,it seemed to her that1 if she had been less exclusively devoted to her husband1 and had interested herself in other people and in the events of the day1 she would have been wiser and happier4 ,she had made herself as a slave1 and had received a slave's portion4 ,it would be better to stand on a more equal footing1 and1 since works of supererogation1 instead of winning his gratitude and affection1 only fostered his selfishness and lowered her1 to confine herself to the duties she was bound to perform4 8,but it is my nature to love something with my whole strength1 so that all else seems small in comparison10 she said1 sighing4 8,how can ,i help it80 ,while she gazed fixedly at the sky1 at first without seeing1 she presently became aware of a redgold crescent moon that had grown visible under her eyes1 curved like a bow when the arrow is just singing from the string1 like the new moon whereon ,our ,lady stands1 a tower of ivory4 ,the tears in ,bessie's eyes made the shining curve tremble in the sky as though a hand held it2 and1 as though it were a bent bow1 an arrowy thought flew from it1 and struck quivering into her heart3 8,love ,god1 and all will be well60 ,she sat a minute longer1 then rose and went quietly homeward4 ,aunt ,nancy would be anxious about her2 and the desire for solitude was gone4 ,she was glad now that she had written to ,father ,conners1 though the letter might have shown a gentler spirit4 ,it was a comfort to have done something that was right1 though it was not much4 ,one does not ordinarily become pious in a moment4 ,we may recognize the voice of ,god1 and be startled at the clearness and suddenness of the summons1 but our sluggish faith has ever an excuse for a little more folding of the hands to sleep4 ,but though not obedient at once1 ,bessie ,maynard felt1 rather than saw1 that there was a refuge which made it no longer possible for her to despair4 ,within a few days she received an answer to her letter4 ,the priest was coming to that neighborhood by the last of the week1 and would see her4 ,the letter was brief and to the point1 and contained not one word of sympathy or exhortation2 but the tremulous characters1 that told of age or infirmity touched the heart of the reader4 ,this old man gave her no soft words1 but he was hastening to her relief4 ,for the first time1 she anxiously asked herself if it had not been possible for her to avoid all her trouble1 and if there was any element in her story which could reasonably be expected to call forth anything but reproof for herself from a man whose whole life had been one of charity and selfdenial4 ,she wished to see him indeed1 but she awaited his coming with a feeling little short of terror4 ,bessie had not written to her husband4 ,she could not bring herself to do that1 for she did not wish to write coldly to him1 and she would not use expressions of affection which had no echo in her heart4 ,but she wrote to her son a gentle and tender letter1 of which he was neither old nor sensitive enough to feel the pathos4 ,only one reproach found a place there3 8,i thought you might like to hear from me1 though you cared more for your play than you did to say goodby to me when ,i came here1 and left me to go to the depot alone40 ,she did not intimate1 though she thought1 that the business which had called her husband away at the same time might as easily have been postponed4 ,father ,conners came4 ,his open buggy was driven to the door one morning1 and the boy who sat with him held the horse while the priest slowly alighted4 ,he was a large1 powerfullooking man1 still vigorous1 though slightly bent and stiff with age4 ,snowwhite hair framed his expressive face1 in which sternness and benevolence were strangely mingled4 ,his color was fresh1 perfect teeth gave a brilliancy to his infrequent smile1 and his paleblue eyes were almost too penetrating to be met with ease4 ,he walked with his head slightly bent down and his gaze fixed upon the ground till he reached the door1 then looked up to see ,bessie standing on the threshold4 ,she was a pretty creature still1 in spite of troubled years1 and her manner and expression would have propitiated a sterner judge4 ,blushes overspread her face1 and she trembled2 yet an impulse of joyful welcome broke through and brightened her1 as a sunbeam brightens the cloud4 ,the priest stopped short1 with no ceremony of greeting1 and regarded her a moment1 while she waited for him to speak4 ,the scrutiny satisfied him apparently4 8,you did well to come back here10 he said then1 and made a motion to enter4 ,she stood aside for him to pass1 and followed him into the little parlor which she had spent all the morning in preparing for him4 ,an arm chair had been improvised out of a barrel1 some pillows1 and a shawl1 the rude fireplace was filled with green1 and there were dishes of flowers about4 ,her visitor did not appear to notice these simple efforts to do him honor4 ,almost before seating himself1 he began to speak of what had brought him there4 8,now1 my child1 though ,i have time enough to say and hear all that is necessary1 though it should take a week1 ,i have no time to waste4 ,tell me the meaning of your letter80 ,no time for gradual approach1 for timid intimations1 or delicate reserves till1 warming with the subject1 she could show plainly all that was in her heart4 ,she must make the 8epic plunge0 without delay4 ,stimulated by the necessity1 ,bessie called up her wits and her courage1 and1 without being aware of it1 told everything in a few words4 ,when she paused and expected him to question her1 to her surprise he seemed already to know the whole4 ,and1 to her still greater pleasure1 those points on which she had touched lightly1 fearing that they might seem trivial in his eyes1 he spoke of with sympathy4 8,it is those little attentions and kindnesses which sweeten human life1 my child1 and help to sustain us under its heavier trials10 he said4 ,bessie lifted her grateful1 tearful eyes1 and thanked him with a sad smile4 8,and now10 he continued1 8,i want you to go to confession40 ,her eyes dilated with astonishment4 ,she was confused and distressed1 and a painful blush rose to her face4 8,i have not confessed for years10 she stammered4 8,i am not prepared4 ,when ,i have time to think1 ,i will go to confession in a church4 ,it seems strange to confess here40 ,the priest was by nature and habits peremptory1 and he knew that this was the proper time to exercise that quality4 8,any place is proper for confession1 if a better one is not to be had10 he said4 8,as to being prepared1 let us see4 ,you tell me that you have been thinking this all over this week1 to see wherein you may have done wrong4 ,there1 then1 is an examen of your conscience as to your duties toward your husband and1 indirectly1 toward ,god4 ,you say that you have not practised your religion1 but mean to do so in future4 ,there is attrition1 at least1 and a purpose of amendment4 ,you say that you know all you have committed of serious wrong in these years1 don't you80 8,yes10 was the answer4 8,you know humanly1 as far as you can know1 without the illumination of the ,holy ,spirit80 the priest corrected4 8,yes10 said ,bessie again4 8,but ,i want to think it over1 and make sure of my sorrow and good resolutions40 8,in short1 you wish to reform and convert yourself1 then go to ,god10 said ,father ,conners4 8,that is not the way4 ,it is ,god who is to convert you4 ,you need not stay to try to conquer your feelings1 and hesitate for fear you may not be able to4 ,your reason is convinced4 ,it is enough4 ,go to ,god1 and ask him to help you to do the rest4 ,while you are thinking the subject over in the woods here1 you may die1 or the devil may come and tempt you in the shape of this friend of yours4 ,i will give you half an hour4 ,while ,i have gone out to read my office under the trees1 you kneel down here1 and first ask the ,holy ,spirit to enlighten you1 and reveal all your sins4 ,then say1 and mean1 that you are sorry1 and plan how you may do better with ,god's help in the future40 ,he had risen while speaking1 and was going toward the door4 ,refusal was impossible4 ,bessie carried her shawlcovered armchair out1 and set it under a thick old pinetree on the slippery brown pineneedles1 through which tiny ants were running in every direction1 very busy about some buildings of their own1 carrying sticks larger than themselves4 ,father ,conners seated himself1 set his hat on the ground by his side1 spread a red silk handkerchief over his head1 and took out his ,breviary4 ,he had but little time to attend to the beauties of nature1 but the situation brought an expression of pleasure to his face4 ,he gave one glance up into the overshadowing branches that spread their fragrant screen between him and the sun1 then a kindlier glance to the young woman who stood looking wistfully at him4 8,come here for your confession when you are ready1 child10 he said1 8and don't be afraid4 ,see how peaceful the skies are4 ,is ,god less gentle8 ,and here6 take my watch1 and come back in twentyfive minutes4 ,you have lost five minutes already40 ,bessie took the large silver watch on its black ribbon1 and hastened to shut herself in her room1 and ,father ,conners became absorbed in his office4 ,so much absorbed was he1 he did not observe that the silk handkerchief slipped slowly from his head1 and that a large spider let itself down by a thread from the tree above1 stopped within a few inches of that silvery hair1 which it contemplated curiously1 then ran up its silken ladder again as a young woman came out of the house1 walked with faltering steps across the sward1 and sank on her knees by the priest's side4 ,an hour later1 ,father ,conners climbed laboriously into his carriage1 and drove away1 and ,bessie leaned on the bars1 and watched him as long as he was in sight4 ,she felt strong and peaceful4 ,she counted over the promises she had made him1 and resolved anew that they should be kept4 ,she stood there so long that ,aunt ,nancy1 after having kept her dinner waiting out of all reason1 came down to speak to her4 ,she came with anxiety and hesitation1 not knowing whether her niece was better or worse for this visit4 8,you gave me good advice1 ,aunt ,nancy10 ,bessie said1 turning at the sound of her step4 ,the old lady was delighted4 8,so you're all right80 she said4 8,i have got into the right track1 at least10 ,bessie answered1 as they walked up toward the house4 8,i have been to confession40 ,aunt ,nancy's face clouded again on hearing this avowal4 ,that was all the priest's visit had amounted to1 then--that ,john's wife had been induced to go to confession6 ,how could people be so superstitious1 so subjected1 to their priests8 ,she had hoped that ,bessie might have received some good sound advice and instruction4 ,this she thought1 but said nothing4 ,how was she to know that in that one word confession was included advice1 instruction1 good resolution1 and sorrow for sin1 as well as the mystical rite which she abhorred8 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,s4 ,peter's ,roman ,pontificate4 ,the history of mankind presents us innumerable facts that strike the reader with astonishment1 and tax his ingenuity to its utmost to explain4 ,the sudden fall of nations from the height of prosperity to misery and subjection1 the invasion of hordes of barbarians to substitute their uncouthness and ferocity for the polish and civilization of centuries1 the apparent vocation of some one nation1 at different epochs1 to assume a preponderance over all others in the government of the world1 the appearance of some one great mind that shone like a sun amid the galaxy of intellect1 revolutionizing his time1 and then setting1 without leaving any one to continue his work2 all these facts confuse the mind1 and1 when man has lost the light that was sent into this world to guide him1 seem to him but the bitter irony of destiny4 ,not so1 however1 are they viewed by him to whom revelation has imparted its illumining rays4 ,he sees ,providence everywhere1 and1 knowing some wise end has been intended by the ,creator whose power conserves and directs the evolutions of the planets and the vicissitudes of human life1 he is encouraged to inquire into the end for which such wonderful events have been brought about4 ',twas by this light the great ,bishop of ,hippo saw the providential disposition of the changes that took place in the world2 looked on all history but as the preparation and continuation of the masterwork of ,god--his church4 ',twas by this light that1 following in the footsteps of ,s4 ,augustine1 ,bossuet understood the relations of such different facts1 and showed their connection in his ,universal ,history4 ,these men1 and those who1 like them1 have studied the history of the nations of the earth1 had no difficulty in realizing the relation of all these facts1 and in looking on them as so many confirmations of the truth of ,christianity2 but those who are without faith stand aghast at the inexplicable phenomena they see before them1 and of all none so sets at naught their judgment and defies their explanation as the greatest1 the most persistent1 the most important of all historical facts--the existence of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they see it everywhere2 modifying everything2 setting at defiance all calculation2 and when1 according to human judgment1 it should cease to exist1 coming forth from the ordeal purer1 stronger1 more brilliant and powerful than before4 ,yet1 they are not willing to learn by experience1 but look forward to a future day when an expedient or a means will be discovered to destroy in its turn this gigantic fabric that appears to scorn the ravages of time and the fury of tempest1 just as the ,jews look forward to the ,messiah who is to deliver them from captivity among the nations4 ,in their useless hope1 they leave nothing untried1 and often scruple not at what in their private capacity they might scorn--distortion of history and downright calumny4 ,no human institution could ever have withstood the array of powerful enemies the church of ,christ has had since she first went forth from ,mount ,sion4 ,no age has ever seen her without them2 sometimes fierce persecutors1 sometimes insidious plotters1 sometimes open impugners of her dogmas2 at other times dangerous foes1 cloaking their hostility under the garb of devotion that they might better strike deep into her bosom the poison with which1 in their foolish hate1 they fancied they were to deprive her of life4 ,but the spouse of ,christ has always cast them from her1 and walked majestically over the ruins they themselves had brought about1 and this she will ever do4 ,and why8 ,because she does not lean on a broken reed nor put her trust in an arm of flesh4 ,she bears about her a charm that defies all attack--the protection of the ,most ,high--and presents to all the proof of her holy character1 those motives of credibility1 that as they were intended for all time1 so now as on the day of ,pentecost1 accompany her wherever she goes1 invincibly proving to the mind of man her own divine origin and her claim to his obedience4 ,as she was one1 in the union of all her children in one faith and in one baptism2 as she was holy in the lives of those that obeyed her2 as she was catholic and universal1 embracing peoples of all climes and of all ages2 as she was apostolic in her origin and in the succession of her ministry1 so is she now1 one1 holy1 catholic1 and apostolic in the succession of her priesthood and in the infallibility of her head4 ,as she was able to point to the wonders wrought by the apostle in the name of her divine founder1 so now can she point to the miracles of her chosen servants3 an ,alphonsus de ,liguori1 a ,paul of the ,cross1 a ,ven4 ,pallotta1 a ,maria ,taigi1 a ,maria ,moerl1 and a host of others1 down to the martyred victims of communistic fury4 ,she can show in the ,x,i,xth century1 as she did in the first1 a host of martyrs2 old men and youths1 matrons and tender virgins1 who1 when arraigned for their faith before the ,chinese mandarin1 fulfilled the promise of ,christ1 and gave inspired answers1 as did the glorious children of the early church1 and sealed1 too1 with their blood the belief they held dearer than life4 ,we can understand1 then1 how the church can look fearlessly at the storms that ever and anon burst upon her1 because1 built on the solidity of her belief1 she knows the waves can but break harmless at her feet4 ,she has no need of human means to secure her existence1 for that has a promise of perennial duration4 ,the condition1 too1 of her being is one of struggle and warfare1 and1 when it comes upon her1 her only act is to oppose the shield of faith and the sword of the word of ,god--her only arms the truth4 ,and as it is written that truth will prevail1 so in every battle in which she has been engaged she has come forth at last with victory inscribed on her banner--victory through the truth4 ,we have said that the condition of her being is struggle and warfare4 ,this1 therefore1 is never wanting2 as all the world knows1 she is called on to defend herself just now against the fiercest attacks she has perhaps ever suffered--perhaps even beyond what she underwent in that fearful persecution1 in which her enemies directed against her every engine of destruction1 and in their mad rejoicing recorded the inscription1 ,christiano nomine deleto4 ,today the openly declared foes of her faith are seated in triumph in her stronghold1 and strain every nerve to uproot from the mind and heart of her children the faith of their fathers4 ,not content with attacking the dogmas she teaches1 they assail every fact which in any way may favor her1 no matter how clearly the history of past ages may proclaim its truth4 ,an instance of this we have had but recently1 but a few months ago1 when an attempt was made to prove that the fact upon which the whole jurisdiction of the church is grounded never occurred--that ,s4 ,peter forsooth never came to ,rome1 and never founded the church there6 ,with what success the champions of this assertion advocated their cause is known2 and it may still further be judged of from the fact that a person who came to the discussion1 doubting of the fact of ,s4 ,peter's having been in ,rome1 left the hall after hearing the ,catholic speakers1 convinced that such an historical personage as ,s4 ,peter had lived and been in ,rome1 and he recorded his belief in one of the leading journals of ,italy not favorable to the ,catholic cause4 ,it may be said to be a strange phenomenon that a fact of history so notorious1 and for which so great an amount of proof exists1 which has at its command every fount of human certitude1 as that of the coming of ,s4 ,peter to ,rome1 ever should have been called in question4 ,but what will not party spirit attempt8 ,it is not the first time nor will it be the last that partisans will seek to rid themselves of troublesome facts by downright denial of them4 ,this spirit1 however1 is a dangerous one1 and especially unbecoming the sincere student of history4 ,we know what ,bacon has said about the idola1 and it is incumbent on every one who is searching after historic truth to lay aside prejudice or even the desire that facts may favor him4 ,he must look at them merely as they are1 take them on their proof1 without1 striving to lessen them or give them other proportions than are inherent in them4 ,if the scope of all research is to find out the truth1 it is our duty to seek it only1 and not mar its beauty by adding to or detracting from it4 ,in the present case the remark is highly applicable4 ,catholics have nothing to fear in examining the historic proofs on which the coming of ,s4 ,peter to ,rome rests2 while those who differ from them1 in so far as they love truth1 should be equally glad to look well into the claims to truth which this same fact puts forward4 ,we propose to go briefly over the ground4 ,we say briefly because it seems almost presumptuous1 since so many able pens have dedicated themselves to this task1 that we should undertake it anew4 ,there seems to us1 however1 a want to be supplied1 on this subject1 something succinct and not too learned or too lengthy for the ordinary reader1 engrossed in pursuits that do not allow time for more extended studies4 ,this must be our excuse as well as our reason for the present undertaking4 ,in the discussion that took place in ,rome on the #ith and #ajth ,february1 #ahgb1 the chief speaker on the negative side ended his discourse by saying that1 no matter what weight of testimony could be brought to sustain ,s4 ,peter's coming to ,rome1 the silence of ,scripture was for him an unanswerable argument2 the ,scripture should have spoken of the fact had it existed2 it said nothing about it1 therefore it had never existed4 ,were it not that the subject is too serious for such quotations1 we should say with ,gratiano1 8,we thank thee for teaching us that word60 ,this was the feeling that came over us as we heard the expression from the lips of the speaker1 and now1 after so much has been written1 we have it still4 ,it is needless to say that such an expression betrays anxiety with regard to positive argument1 if not a suspicion of weakness in one's own cause4 ,we shall endeavor to show that there was reason both for this suspicion and this anxiety4 ,and1 first1 the opinion which is least probable concerning the death of ,s4 ,peter satisfactorily accounts for the silence of the ,acts and of the ,epistle to the ,romans1 the portions of ,scripture on which our adversaries lay most stress in this matter4 ,according to this opinion1 ,s4 ,peter was martyred in ,rome1 ,nerone et ,vetere ,consulibus1 i4e41 according to the ,bucherian ,catalogue1 in the second year of ,nero1 the year #ed of the ,christian era1 this leaving ,s4 ,peter twentyfive years of pontificate1 from the year #bi to the year #ed4 ,s4 ,linus succeeded him1 and ruled the church twelve years1 dying after ,s4 ,paul1 who was put to death before ,nero went into ,greece4 ,s4 ,peter was therefore1 according to this chronology1 dead before ,s4 ,paul reached ,rome4 ,it is not strange1 then1 the ,acts does not speak of his being there4 ,as for the ,epistle to the ,romans1 if it was written in the year #ec1 or two years before ,s4 ,paul came to ,rome according to ,eusebius1 the reasons we adduce further on will explain the silence with regard to ,s4 ,peter4 ,if1 as the ordinary opinion has it1 the ,epistle was written from ,corinth1 in the year #eh1 ,s4 ,peter being already four years dead1 the omission of his name is easily accounted for4 ,we say1 secondly1 that1 in the belief that ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul died at the same time in ,rome1 sufficient reason can be found for the silence both of the ,acts and of the ,epistle to the ,romans4 ,we beg particular attention to what we are going to say4 ,those portions of ,scripture do not prove by their silence that ,s4 ,peter never came to ,rome1 first1 because the ,acts and the ,epistle to the ,romans are not adequate witnesses in the case2 secondly1 because neither the ,acts nor the ,epistle to the ,romans was called on by circumstances to allude to ,s4 ,peter's being in ,rome4 ,and1 first1 the ,acts and ,epistle to the ,romans are not adequate witnesses that ,s4 ,peter never came to ,rome4 ,we call attention to the fact that the ,epistle to the ,romans was written two years before ,s4 ,paul came to ,rome4 ,what therefore we are going to say under this first head regarding the ,acts applies with greater force to the ,epistle to the ,romans4 ,we shall then confine our remarks wholly to the ,acts in this connection4 ,we say1 then1 that1 in order that the ,acts should be received as an adequate witness1 it should cover the whole period from the time ,s4 ,peter first left ,juda to that of his death as fixed by received historical data1 for we cannot arbitrarily determine the period of his death4 ,now1 it is well known that history indicates the date of ,s4 ,peter's death as that of ,s4 ,paul's4 ,they are represented as dying on the same day and in the same year1 one by the sword1 the other on the cross2 such are the words of the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,this being so1 we call attention to the fact that the chief disputant on the negative side of the question fixed on the year #fa1 from the ,fasti ,consulares--atti consolari1 as that in which ,s4 ,paul came to ,rome1 this being the year in which ,portius ,festus went to take possession of his province47#adf7 ,the ,acts tells us that after ,s4 ,paul came to ,rome he dwelt for two years in his own hired house4 ,here the narration ceases1 leaving ,paul alive and in the year #fc of the ,christian era4 ,from that time to his death1 according to historical data1 occurs a period1 according to different computations1 of from two to four years4 ,about this period of time no mention is made in the ,acts for the simple reason that it is not embraced there2 the narrative breaks off just as it begins4 ,what was to prevent ,s4 ,peter's coming to ,rome during this period of from two to four years8 ,if he had1 the ,acts could have said nothing about it1 nor could it if he had not4 ,the conclusion is simple1 the ,acts1 and1 a fortiori1 the ,epistle to the ,romans1 written prior to it1 are no competent or adequate witnesses to prove ,s4 ,peter never came to ,rome1 nor died there4 ,we come to the second head3 neither the ,acts nor the ,epistle to the ,romans was called on to mention the fact of ,s4 ,peter's being in ,rome4 ,with regard to the ,acts1 any one who will carefully read it will see that ,s4 ,luke narrates the acts of ,s4 ,paul4 ,it was necessary to begin with some account of the commencement of the church to show ,s4 ,paul's connection with it4 ,this ,s4 ,luke does1 speaking of the descent of the ,holy ,ghost1 of the instantaneous and marvellous results of the preaching of ,s4 ,peter1 of his admission of the ,gentiles after the vision of the cloth containing all manner of animals1 and then passes on to speak of ,s4 ,paul1 of his persecution of the church1 of the martyrdom of ,s4 ,stephen1 of the wonderful conversion of ,s4 ,paul4 ,here ,s4 ,paul is brought into contact with ,s4 ,peter2 but after the ,council of ,jerusalem1 when ,s4 ,paul sets out to evangelize the heathen1 ,s4 ,peter is no more heard of1 not even when ,s4 ,paul returns to ,jerusalem1 as narrated in chapter xxi4 ,was he dead8 ,had this been so ere ,s4 ,paul left ,juda1 from his intimate contact with ,s4 ,peter1 it is probable ,s4 ,luke would have mentioned a fact so important as the death of the first of the apostles4 ,he was not dead4 ,he and the other apostles no longer appear in the narration of ,s4 ,luke1 if we except ,s4 ,james1 ,bishop of ,jerusalem1 whom ,s4 ,paul saw 7chapter xxi471 because ,s4 ,luke did not propose to give a complete history of the church at that time1 or of the apostles1 but only of ,s4 ,paul and his acts4 ,the ,acts are contained in twentyeight chapters4 ,in chapter vii41 v4 #eg1 ,saul the persecutor is spoken of for the first time2 in the next four chapters he is frequently mentioned4 ,in the xv41 ,s4 ,peter is mentioned for the last time2 and from this to the xxviii4 ,s4 ,paul is the theme of the inspired writer4 ,in the #aeth verse of chapter xxviii4 the ,christians go out to meet ,paul at ,forum ,appii1 and in verse #af he is in ,rome a prisoner2 verse #g shows him to us calling together not the ,christians1 but the chief men of the ,jews1 to explain that he has not appealed to ,csar because he had anything against his people4 ,after these words1 at verse #ba1 the ,jews reply to him1 and he instructs or upbraids them as far as verse #bi1 which represents the ,jews going away incredulous4 ,verse #cj says3 8,he remained two years in his own hired house1 and received all who came unto him2 #ca1 ,preaching the kingdom of ,god1 and teaching with all confidence1 and without prohibition1 the things that are of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ40 ,here the ,acts ends4 ,does there seem to the reader any place in these two verses for a mention of ,peter8 ,ought the inspired writer to have added more to his account8 ,it seems to us not1 for the end he had in view was gained4 ,he had been a companion of ,s4 ,paul1 he had told those who knew it not what had happened in their travels1 and now ,s4 ,paul was in ,rome1 and dwelling there1 in the centre of the world1 he did not deem it needful to say any more1 otherwise he would have told us some of the actions of ,s4 ,paul1 for wonders and conversions he certainly wrought in those two years4 ,but as ,s4 ,luke says nothing about these1 nor about the flourishing ,church of ,rome to which ,s4 ,paul two years before had addressed his ,epistle from ,corinth1 it is not strange he says nothing about ,s4 ,peter4 ,the silence of ,s4 ,paul in regard to ,s4 ,peter1 in his ,epistle to the ,romans1 is not only of no avail to our adversaries1 but the ,epistle itself contains matter for strong argument that ,s4 ,peter was permanently in ,rome1 and in fact founded the church there4 ,first1 with respect to the silence of ,s4 ,paul in regard to ,s4 ,peter4 ,it is a received canon of criticism that the silence of authors does not affect the existence of a fact1 when that fact is proven from documents of weight2 and this all the more when no valid reason can be put forward to show the author or authors should have mentioned the fact in question4 ,now1 this is precisely the case with regard to ,s4 ,paul's silence about ,s4 ,peter4 ,we have documentary and monumental evidence1 as we shall see hereafter1 that ,s4 ,peter did come to ,rome1 while there was no practical reason why ,s4 ,paul should mention ,s4 ,peter3--not for the sake of commending him1 for that was neither becoming1 as ,s4 ,peter was head of the apostolic college1 nor necessary1 as ,s4 ,peter's works bore the stamp of divine sanction2 not for the purpose of asking permission to labor in ,rome1 as the apostles were equal in the ministry1 and united in a bond of perfect harmony and mutual understanding1 though with subjection to the centre of unity1 ,s4 ,peter1 without1 however1 the distinctions of the various rights and duties afterwards introduced by ecclesiastical custom2 not for the purpose of salutation1 for he could not address ,s4 ,peter as head of the church in a tone of authoritative teaching2 and salutations1 if1 contrary to what is generally held1 ,peter were in ,rome at the time the letter was written1 could be made privately by the messenger who carried the letter1 and thus the duty of urbanity or charity1 the only one that could require express notice of ,s4 ,peter1 may have been fulfilled4 ,in fact1 propriety itself required this latter mode of salutation1 lest it should be said that ,s4 ,paul1 instead of having directly addressed ,s4 ,peter1 had saluted him publicly through those to whom he wrote--the ,christians of ,rome1 the spiritual subjects of ,s4 ,peter4 ,the silence1 then1 of ,s4 ,paul is of no weight to prove ,s4 ,peter never was in ,rome4 ,the argument of silence1 therefore1 falls to the ground4 ,we said the ,epistle to the ,romans contains matter to show ,s4 ,peter was in ,rome1 and founded the church there4 ,let us bear in mind who ,s4 ,peter was--the ,apostle of the ,gentiles4 ,why was it he did not go at once to the centre of the ,gentile world8 ,could any more potent means have been adopted to spread ,christianity8 ,there centred the civilization of the known world2 there the ,ethiopian met the ,scythian1 the swarthy men from the banks of the ,ganges were face to face with those who first saw light by the waters of the ,tagus1 and the ,numidian horseman and the ,german warrior strolled through the ,forum1 admiring the temples of the gods of ,rome4 ,nowhere was there more certainty of success in spreading abroad novelty of any kind than in this ,babylon1 receiving into its vast enclosure men of all the nations over which it ruled1 and sending them forth again filled with wonder at what they saw1 and eager to impart to their less fortunate countrymen what they had learned in their sojourn in the great city4 ,thither1 however1 ,s4 ,paul did not go1 and why8 ,because some one was there already--some one of power and authority2 some one whose labors had been crowned with success1 and who had built up a church1 the faith of which at the time this epistle was written was known throughout the whole world4 ,s4 ,peter tells us himself he desired to go to the ,romans to impart to them something of spiritual grace to strengthen them1 that is1 to be comforted in them 8by that which is mutual--your faith and mine40 ,the mode of expression of ,s4 ,paul in this place1 vv4 #aa and #ab1 is worthy of notice4 ,he says to the ,romans he longs to see them to strengthen them1 and1 as if he might be misunderstood1 he adds immediately1 8that is to say1 that ,i may be comforted together in you40 ,evidently he speaks here as one who is careful lest he seem to usurp the place of another1 or assume a right of teaching with authority which belonged to another4 ,he would not have the ,romans think he considers that the one who rules them is inferior to himself or stands in need of his support4 ,in verse #ah he says3 8,i do not wish you to be ignorant1 brethren1 that ,i have often proposed to come unto you 7and ,i have been prevented hitherto7 that ,i may have some fruit among you as among other peoples40 ,it is manifest here that ,s4 ,paul's duties with the ,greeks kept him from going to ,rome1 and this1 as we said before1 because1 the ,romans being already provided with one who could teach them1 there was not the pressing need of him that would make him leave those who had none to preach to them4 ,what we have said with regard to the tone of the first chapter of the ,epistle is confirmed by the words of the apostle in chapter xv4 #aibf4 ,here ,s4 ,paul says why he had not gone to ,rome--because he was preaching to those who had no one to preach to them4 ,had the ,romans had no apostle preaching to them1 this would not have been a reason to put forward1 because the superiority of an apostle over any other preacher of the word was such as to do away with the necessity of any comparison1 and to make all desirous in an eminent degree of seeing and hearing the chosen men the sound of whose voice was to be heard throughout the whole world4 ,s4 ,paul then continues3 8,when ,i shall begin to take my journey into ,spain1 ,i hope that as ,i pass1 ,i shall see you1 and be brought on my way thither by you1 if first1 in part1 ,i shall have enjoyed you40 ,from this it results1 first1 that ,s4 ,paul had no intention of remaining in ,rome2 and1 secondly1 that what he desired was to enjoy1 in meeting the ,romans1 the consolation of seeing their faith1 and of sharing with them the spiritual gifts he himself had received1 which should serve to make them yet more steadfast in their fidelity to the ,gospel1 precisely as1 to use an example1 the preaching of the same doctrine they have heard from their own bishop1 by a bishop who is his guest1 strengthens the faithful in their religious belief4 ,the fact1 then1 stands that a flourishing church existed in ,rome at the time ,s4 ,paul wrote his ,epistle1 and this is still further shown by the salutations in the last chapter4 ,who founded it8 ,history is silent regarding any one but ,s4 ,peter4 ,as ,alexandria claims ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,mark2 as ,ephesus1 ,s4 ,john2 as innumerable other cities and countries their respective apostles1 so does ,rome claim ,s4 ,peter as its first evangelizer4 ,it would be absurd to say that all these other cities and nations could retain the memory of him who first preached to them the word of ,god1 and ,rome--the greatest of all1 where so notorious a fact as the preaching of ,jesus ,christ could not pass by unnoticed1 especially when its effects were so luminously conspicuous as ,s4 ,paul tells us they were--this ,rome should alone be ungratefully forgetful of her best benefactor4 ,the thing is absurd on the face of it4 ,but history is silent about any other founder except ,s4 ,peter2 therefore we are justified in concluding that ,s4 ,peter1 and ,s4 ,peter alone1 was the original founder of the ,church of ,rome1 and that ,rome is right in holding her tradition that such was the fact4 ,this tradition of ,s4 ,peter's having been in ,rome1 having founded the church there1 and having died there1 gives strength to the conclusion which ,scripture has aided us to form4 ,to any one who is at all conversant with ,rome1 it must always have appeared a very remarkable fact that the discoveries made by the zeal of her archologists have1 as a rule1 confirmed the traditions existing among the people both with regard to localities and facts4 ,it would seem as if ,providence1 in these days of widespread scepticism1 were unearthing the longhid monuments of the past to put to confusion those who would fain treat the history of early ages as a myth4 ,the monuments stare them in the face1 while their value is understood by men of sound practical sense4 ,this is the reason of the reaction that is taking place against the sceptical style of writing history which ,niebhr and ,dr4 ,arnold adopted1 and made to a certain extent fashionable4 ,the words of a wellinformed writer1 whose works have been deservedly well received--,mr4 ,dyer--are an excellent reply to authors of that stamp1 based1 as they are1 on sound sense and the experience of mankind--the safest guides we can possibly follow2 for it is folly to think that those who have gone before us blindly received everything that was told them4 ,whatever may have happened with regard to individuals1 such certainly never was the case with regard to all4 ,as well might we say that1 because some writers of today speak in a spirit of scepticism1 all writers adopt the same style4 ,men in general never were sceptical1 and never will be2 they will use their senses and their intellect1 and judge of things on their merits1 and not according to the extravagant ideas of any one1 however brilliant he be4 ,mr4 ,dyer1 though speaking of ancient ,roman history1 makes remarks that are applicable in our case4 ,he says1 in the ,introduction to the ,history of the ,city of ,rome1 p4 xvi43 8,it would1 of course1 be impossible to discuss in the compass of this ,introduction the general question of the credibility of early ,roman history4 ,we can only state the reasons which have led us to doubt a few of the conclusions of modern critics about some of the more prominent facts of that history1 and about the existence or the value of the sources on which it professes to be founded4 ,if it can be shown that the attempts to eliminate or to depreciate some of these sources can hardly be regarded as successful1 and that the general spirit of modern criticism has been unreasonably sceptical and unduly captious with respect to the principal ,roman historian1 then the author will at least have established what1 at all events1 may serve as an apology for the course he has pursued40 ,and at page lxii43 8,there is little motive to falsify the origin and dates of public buildings2 and1 indeed1 their falsification would be much more difficult than that of events transmitted by oral tradition1 or even recorded in writing4 ,in fact1 we consider the remains of some of the monuments of the ,regal and ,republican periods to be the best proofs of the fundamental truth of early ,roman history40 ,if this author could justly speak in this manner of a period regarding which there is certainly not a little obscurity1 what are we to say when we are speaking of so wellknown an epoch as that of the ,roman ,empire under ,claudius and ,nero1 and of a fact so luminous as that of the foundation of ,christianity in the capital of the world8 ,the certainty of the traditions concerning this fact undoubtedly acquires a strength proportionally greater1 and this all the more because we have the monuments around which these traditions centre1 and the existence of these monuments in the ,i,id century is attested by the ,roman priest ,caius writing against ,proclus1 apud ,eusebium1 ,hist4 ,eccl41 c4 xxv43 8,i can10 he writes1 8show you the trophies 7tropa7 of the apostles4 ,for1 whether you go to the ,vatican or to the ,ostian ,way1 the trophies of those who founded the church will present themselves to your view40 ,these monuments are the place of imprisonment of ,s4 ,peter1 the place of his crucifixion1 that of the martyrdom of ,s4 ,paul1 the place of their burial1 that in which their remains were deposited for a time1 and their final restingplace1 over which the grandest temple of the earth rises in its majesty--a witness of the belief of all ages4 ,the tradition of ,s4 ,peter having founded the church in ,rome receives additional force from the fact that but a short period elapsed before writers whose genuine works have come down to us recorded them1 and thus transmitted them to us4 ,not to speak of ,s4 ,clement of ,rome1 of ,s4 ,ignatius of ,antioch1 of ,papias1 we take the words of ,s4 ,irenus1 ,bishop of ,lyons1 who was martyred in the year #bjb of the ,christian era4 ,we omit speaking of the other ,fathers1 not because we consider their testimony without great value1 for it is impossible1 in our judgment1 for any one who takes up their works with an unprejudiced mind1 and reads them in connection with later and more precise writers on this subject1 not to feel that they refer to a matter so universally and thoroughly known as not to need any further dwelling on than would a fact well known to a correspondent1 demand details from the person who writes him the letter4 ,s4 ,irenus1 we said1 died in the year #bjb4 ,he had been for a long time ,bishop of ,lyons1 whence he wrote to ,s4 ,victor1 ,pope1 on the subject of the controversy regarding the celebration of ,easter1 dissuading him from harsh measures with respect to the ,christians of the ,east4 ,s4 ,victor was ,pope from the year #aic to #bjb1 and succeeded ,eleutherius1 who became pope in the year #agg4 ,to this latter ,irenus was sent by the clergy of ,lyons in the case of the ,montanist heresy1 he having been received and ordained priest of the diocese of ,lyons by the ,bishop ,photinus1 and it was during the pontificate of the same pope that he wrote his celebrated work against heresies4 ,he was at this time not a young man1 and we shall not be wide of the mark if we put his birth some years before the middle of the second century1 and this all the more because he himself in the abovementioned book speaks of his early studies as gone by4 ,according to the best authorities1 ,s4 ,john the ,apostle was ninety years old when he was thrown into the caldron of boiling oil1 under ,domitian1 in ,rome4 ,he lived several years longer at ,patmos1 and at ,ephesus1 where he died in the year #aja1 during the reign of ,trajan4 ,we have thus a period of from thirty to forty years between the death of ,s4 ,john--the witness of what ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul did1 and who was fully acquainted with all that had occurred at ,rome--and ,irenus4 ,independent of the means of information this proximity to the apostles gave him1 both because in his youth he must have known many who had in their own youth seen and heard ,s4 ,peter1 and because he had himself visited ,rome1 the interval between him and ,s4 ,john is filled up by the link that unites them in an unbroken tradition1 by the celebrated martyr and ,bishop of ,smyrna1 ,s4 ,polycarp1 the disciple of ,s4 ,john and the master of ,s4 ,irenus4 ,we ask the reader to say1 in all candor1 whether this link be not all that can be desired to secure belief in the testimony handed down through it1 from the apostles1 especially with regard to such a thing as the chief theatre of the life1 labors1 and death of the head of the apostolic college4 ,anticipating a favorable answer1 we proceed to give the words of ,s4 ,irenus--of undoubted authenticity4 ,in his work1 ,contra ,hreses1 l4 iii4 c4 i41 he writes3 8,matthew among the ,hebrews composed his ,gospel in their tongue1 while ,peter and ,paul were evangelizing at ,rome and founding the church4 ,after their decease1 ,mark1 the disciple and interpreter of ,peter1 committed to writing what had been preached by ,peter40 ,in the same book1 c4 iii4 #c1 ,s4 ,irenus says3 8,but since it is too long to enumerate in a volume of this kind the successions of all the churches1 pointing to the tradition of the greatest1 most ancient and universally known1 founded and constituted at ,rome1 by the two most glorious ,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 to that which it has from the apostles1 and to the faith announced to men1 through the succession of bishops coming down to our time1 we put to confusion all who in any manner1 by their own selfwill1 or through empty glory1 or through blindness1 or from malice1 gather otherwise than they should4 ,for to this church1 by reason of its more powerful headship 7principalitatem71 it behooves every church to come1 that is1 those who are faithful everywhere1 in which 7in qua7 has always been preserved by men of every region the tradition which is from the apostles40 ,he goes on to say3 8,the holy apostles1 founding and building up the church1 gave to ,linus the episcopate of administration of the church4 ,paul makes mention of this ,linus in his letters to ,timothy4 ,to him succeeded ,anacletus2 after him1 in the third place from the apostles1 ,clement 7who also saw the apostles1 and conferred with them7 obtained the episcopate1 while he yet had the preaching of the apostles sounding in his ears and tradition before his eyes2 not he alone1 for there were many then living who had been taught by the apostles4 ,under this ,clement1 therefore1 a not trifling dissension having arisen among the brethren who were at ,corinth1 the church which is at ,rome wrote a very strong letter etc4444 ,to this ,clement succeeded ,evaristus1 and to ,evaristus ,alexander1 and afterwards the sixth from the apostles was ,sixtus1 and after him ,telesphorus1 who also gloriously suffered martyrdom2 and then ,hyginus1 next ,pius1 after whom ,anicetus4 ,when ,soter had succeeded ,anicetus1 now ,eleutherius has the episcopate in the twelfth place from the apostles4 ,by this order and succession1 that tradition which is from the apostles in the church1 and the heralding of the truth1 have come down to us4 ,and this is a most full showing that one and the same is the lifegiving faith which from the time of the apostles down to the present has been preserved and delivered in truth4 ,and ,polycarp1 not only taught by the apostles1 and conversing with many of those who saw our ,lord1 but also constituted by the apostles bishop in ,asia1 in the church which is at ,smyrna1 whom we also saw in our early youth1 taught always the things he had learned from the apostles1 which also he delivered to the church1 and which are alone true4 ,to these things all the churches1 which are in ,asia1 and those who up to today have succeeded to ,polycarp1 bear witness40 ,and in his letter to ,florinus1 ,s4 ,irenus says more explicitly that he was a disciple of ,polycarp1 that he had a most vivid recollection of his master1 of his ways and words1 which he cherished more in his heart even than in his memory47#adg7 ,eusebius1 in the ,chronicon1 says that ,polycarp was martyred in the year #afi1 the seventh of ,lucius ,verus4 ,nothing clearer1 more explicit1 or of greater value than a tradition with such links as ,s4 ,john the ,evangelist1 ,s4 ,polycarp1 and ,s4 ,irenus could be desired to establish beyond a doubt that ,s4 ,peter came to ,rome and founded the church there4 ,this fact having been shown to rest on a solid basis1 we have now to say a word with regard to the time at which ,s4 ,peter came to ,rome4 ,on this point there is a difference of opinion2 but this very difference of opinion as regards the epoch is a new proof of the fact4 ,the most probable opinion1 that which seems to have found most favor1 fixes it at the year #db of the ,christian era1 the second year of ,claudius4 ,this is what ,s4 ,jerome1 following ,eusebius1 records4 ,the learned ,jesuit ,zaccaria puts it at the year #da1 in the month of ,april1 the #beth of which was kept as a holyday1 in the time of ,s4 ,leo the ,great1 in honor of ,s4 ,peter4 ,this writer bears witness to the very remarkable unanimity among the ,fathers with respect to the twentyfive years' duration of the pontificate of ,s4 ,peter in ,rome1 which according to ,s4 ,jerome would fix the date of his death as the fourteenth year of ,nero1 the #fgth of the present era4 ,the words of ,s4 ,jerome are3 8,simon ,peter went to ,rome to overthrow ,simon ,magus1 and had there his sacerdotal chair for twentyfive years1 up to the last year of ,nero1 that is1 the fourteenth2 by whom also he was crowned with martyrdom by being affixed to the cross407#adh7 ,s4 ,jerome1 we know1 was well versed in the history of the church1 had dwelt for a long time at ,rome1 and may consequently be presumed to have been excellently well informed with regard to the general belief and tradition of the people of ,rome4 ,the manner of the death of both apostles is mentioned by ,tertullian1 in his book ,de ,prscriptionibus1 c4 #abf1 where1 after bidding those he addresses have recourse to the apostolic churches1 he says3 8,if you be near to ,italy1 you have ,rome1 whence also we have authority4 ,how happy is this church1 for which the apostles poured forth all their doctrine with their blood1 where ,peter equals his ,lord's ,passion1 where ,paul is crowned with the end of ,john 7the ,baptist71 where the ,apostle ,john1 after suffering no harm from his immersion in the fiery oil1 is banished to an island40 ,origen1 too1 says3 8,peter is thought to have preached to the ,jews throughout ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,bythinia1 ,cappadocia1 and ,asia2 who1 when he came to ,rome1 was finally affixed to the cross with his head down407#adi7 ,before concluding what we have undertaken to say on the subject of ,s4 ,peter's coming to ,rome1 we wish to notice the objection against this fact1 and the duration of his pontificate1 which must naturally appear to those not well acquainted with antiquity one of not a little strength4 ,how could ,s4 ,peter hold the primacy at ,rome1 when the ,acts represents him continually as in ,juda1 among those of his nation to whom he had1 as ,s4 ,paul says1 a peculiar mission1 the apostleship of circumcision8 ,we reply1 first3 that the apostleship of ,s4 ,peter to the ,jews did not exclude his labors with the ,gentiles2 in fact1 we know from the ,acts that ,s4 ,peter had a vision which led him to work for the latter1 and that vision was immediately followed by the admission1 by ,s4 ,peter himself1 of the centurion ,cornelius4 ,moreover1 it is well known that there were ,jews dispersed throughout the world1 to whom ,s4 ,peter is said to have gone1 as we have shown--in ,pontus and the other countries of ,asia ,minor2 and also in ,rome they were numerous4 ,duty therefore1 both to the ,jew and ,gentile1 could and did lead ,s4 ,peter to ,rome4 ,we say1 secondly3 there is no difficulty in the fact of ,s4 ,peter having been often in ,juda4 ,the apostles1 from their very charge1 were obliged to travel much2 and the sound of their voice was heard in every land4 ,as is narrated of them1 they divided the nations among them2 and1 burning with the fire of zeal sent down upon them on the day of ,pentecost1 they went about1 everywhere kindling in others the flame that burned within themselves4 ,as for the difficulties or facilities of travel1 especially in the case of ,s4 ,peter1 we cannot do better than to cite the words of the learned ,canon ,fabiani in his ,discussion with those who impugned the coming of ,s4 ,peter to ,rome4 ,in the authentic report of this discussion1 page #eb1 he says3 8,how many days were required for a journey from ,csarea to ,rome8 ,little more than fifteen days4444 ,lately very learned men among ,protestants1 and at the same time men thoroughly skilled in what regards the seafaring art1 ,smith and ,penrose1 have calculated from the very voyage of ,s4 ,paul1 and from the narrations in the ,acts1 the time that vessels took to come from ,csarea to ,rome4 ,they went at the rate of seven knots an hour1 so that it took one hundred and seventyseven hours1 or seven days and a third1 to came from ,csarea to ,pozzuoli2 and ,pliny himself assures us that vessels came from ,alexandria to ,pozzuoli in nine days1 from ,alexandria in ,egypt in nine days1 and from ,alexandria to ,messina in seven days4 ,csarea and ,jerusalem1 you know1 differ but little in distance to ,rome1 from ,alexandria in ,egypt4 ,the journey from ,messina and ,pozzuoli to ,rome was made in about two or three days1 so that the whole time required to go from ,rome to ,jerusalem was not more than half a month40 ,it is easy1 then1 to understand how ,s4 ,peter could be often in ,juda1 though he had fixed his permanent residence in ,rome4 ,to sum up what we have been saying1 no argument can be had from the silence of ,scripture to prove ,s4 ,peter never came to ,rome1 because the ,acts and ,epistle to the ,romans do not cover the whole epoch of ,s4 ,peter's apostleship4 ,moreover1 the silence of ,scripture does not prove that ,s4 ,peter did not rule the ,church of ,rome twentyfive years1 because1 as we have shown1 there was no reason why either the ,acts or the ,epistle to the ,romans should speak of ,s4 ,peter's going to ,rome and being there4 ,what we have here asserted is all the more true because we have positive testimony not only with regard to ,s4 ,peter's coming to ,rome1 but also respecting the date of his coming1 the period of his ruling the church there1 the time and the manner of his death there1 and because we have the monuments recording the memory of the ,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 the trophies of the apostles1 as ,caius calls them1 tropa apostolorum1 which exist to this day1 surrounded by the marks of veneration and the pious traditions of the people of ,rome4 ,against all these proofs difficulties of history and chronology are of no avail2 for1 in the first place1 the very difficulties and discussions only serve to confirm the fact1 especially since these difficulties and discussions have lasted for fifteen centuries without bringing about the rejection of the main fact2 in the next place1 we know there are many wellestablished facts regarding which there exist difficulties to clear up1 and this nowhere more than in past history4 ,when we have proved by one solid1 unanswerable argument a fact1 we should not trouble ourselves much regarding what may be brought against it4 ,the elucidation of knotty points may delight us and reward the labors of the erudite2 for common practical use the matter is settled2 and any one who rises up against it must not wonder if he be looked on as either not well informed1 or1 to say the least1 eccentric4 ,sayings4 8,rejoice not in riches or other transient gifts1 for thou shalt be deprived of them like the actor1 who1 after finishing his part1 lays aside his costume10--,s4 ,chrysostom4 8,god has implanted in us conscience1 and by this he acts in a manner more loving than our natural father2 for this latter1 after he has warned his son ten and a hundred times1 expels him from his home2 but ,god ceases not to warn us by conscience even to the latest breath40--,ibid4 8,to restrain anger assimilates man to his ,creator40--,ibid4 8,the man who forgives his enemy is like ,god40--,s4 ,augustine4 8,he is a true ,christian who carries with him the whole belief of ,christ1 who acts virtuously through the spirit of ,christ1 and who dies to sin through the following of ,christ40--,s4 ,thomas4 8,no one is lost without knowing it2 and no one is deceived without wishing to be deceived40--,s4 ,thomas4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,from ,the ,german ,of ,conrad ,von ,bolanden4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,an ,ultramontane ,son4 ,greifmann and ,gerlach had driven to the railway station4 ,the express train thundered along4 ,as the doors of the carriages flew open1 ,seraphin peered through them with eyes full of eager joy4 ,he thought no more of the fate that threatened him as the sequel of his father's arrival2 his youthful heart exulted solely in the anticipation of the meeting4 ,a tall1 broad shouldered gentleman1 with severe features and tanned complexion1 alighted from a coup4 ,it was ,mr4 ,conrad ,gerlach4 ,seraphin threw his arms around his father's neck and kissed him4 ,the banker made a polite bow to the wealthiest landed proprietor of the country1 in return for which ,mr4 ,conrad bestowed on him a cordial shake of the hand4 8,has your father returned80 8,he cannot possibly reach home before ,september10 answered the banker4 ,the traveller stepped for a moment into the luggageroom4 ,the gentlemen then drove away to the ,palais ,greifmann4 ,during the ride1 the conversation was not very animated4 ,conrad's curt1 grave manner and keen look1 indicative of a mind always hard at work1 imposed reserve1 and rapidly dampened his son's ingenuous burst of joy4 ,seraphin cast a searching glance upon that severe countenance1 saw no change from its stern look of authority1 and his heart sank before the appalling alternative of either sacrificing the happiness of his life to his father's favorite project1 or of opposing his will and braving the consequences of such daring4 ,yet he wavered but an instant in the resolution to which he had been driven by necessity1 and which1 it was plain from the lines of his countenance1 he had manhood enough to abide by4 ,mr4 ,conrad maintained his reserve1 and asked but few questions4 ,even ,carl1 habitually profuse1 studied brevity in his answers1 as he knew from experience that ,gerlach1 ,senior1 was singularly averse to the use of many words4 8,how is business80 8,very dull1 sir2 the times are hard40 8,did you sustain any losses through the failures that have recently taken place in town80 8,not a farthing4 ,we had several thousands with ,wendel1 but fortunately drew them out before he failed40 8,very prudent4 ,has your father entered into any new connections in the course of his travels80 8,several1 that promise fairly40 8,is ,louise well80 8,her health is as good as could be wished40 8,general prosperity1 then1 ,i see1 for you both look cheerful1 and ,seraphin is as blooming as a clover field40 8,how is dear mother80 8,quite well4 ,she misses her only child4 ,she sends much love40 ,the carriage drew up at the gate4 ,the young lady was awaiting the millionaire at the bottom of the steps4 ,while greetings were exchanged between them1 a faint tinge of warmth could be noticed on the cold features of the landowner4 ,a smile formed about his mouth1 his piercing eyes glanced for an instant at ,seraphin1 and instantly the smile was eclipsed under the cloud of an unwelcome discovery4 8,i am on my way to the industrial exhibition10 said he1 8and ,i thought ,i would pay you a visit in passing4 ,i wish you not to put yourself to any inconvenience1 my dear ,louise4 ,you will have the goodness to make me a little tea1 this evening1 which we shall sip together40 8,i am overjoyed at your visit1 and yet ,i am sorry1 too40 8,sorry6 ,why so80 8,because you are in such a hurry40 8,it cannot be helped1 my child4 ,i am overwhelmed with work4 ,harvest has commenced2 no less than six hundred hands are in the fields1 and ,i am obliged to go to the exhibition4 ,i must see and test some new machinery which is said to be of wonderful power40 8,well1 then1 you will at least spare us a few days on your return80 8,a few days6 ,you city people place no value on time4 ,we of the country economize seconds4 ,without a thought you squander in idleness what cannot be recalled40 8,you are a greater rigorist than ever10 chided she1 smiling4 8,because1 my child1 ,i am getting older4 ,seraphin1 ,i wish to speak a word with you before tea40 ,the two retired to the apartments which for years ,mr4 ,conrad was accustomed to occupy whenever he visited the ,palais ,greifmann4 8,the old man still maintains his characteristic vigor10 said ,louise4 8,his face is at all times like a problem in arithmetic1 and in place of a heart he carries an accurate estimate of the yield of his farms4 ,his is a cold1 repelling nature40 8,but strictly honest1 and alive to gain10 added ,carl4 8,in ten years more he will have completed his third million4 ,i am glad he came2 the marriage project is progressing towards a final arrangement4 ,he is now having a talk with ,seraphin2 tomorrow1 as you will see1 the bashful young gentleman1 in obedience to the command of his father1 will present himself to offer you his heart1 and ask yours in return40 8,a free heart for an enslaved one10 said she jestingly4 8,were there no hope of ennobling that heart1 of freeing it from the absurdities with which it is encrusted1 ,i declare solemnly ,i would not accept it for three millions4 ,but ,seraphin is capable of being improved4 ,his eye will not close itself against modern enlightenment4 ,servility of conscience and a baneful fear of ,god cannot have entirely extinguished his sense of liberty40 8,i have never set a very high estimate on the pluck and moral force of religious people10 declared ,greifmann4 8,they are a craven set1 who are pious merely because they are afraid of hell4 ,when a passion gets possession of them1 the impotence of their religious frenzy at once becomes manifest4 ,they fall an easy prey to the impulses of nature1 and the supernatural fails to come to the rescue4 ,it would be vain for ,seraphin to try to give up the unbelieving ,louise1 whom his straitlaced faith makes it his duty to avoid4 ,he has fallen a victim to your fascinations2 all the ,gospel of the ,jew of ,nazareth1 together with all the sacraments and unctions of the church1 could not loose the coils with which you have encircled him40 ,in this scornful tone did ,carl ,greifmann speak of the heroism of virtue and of the energy of faith1 like a blind man discoursing about colors4 ,he little suspected that it is just the power of religion that produces characters1 and that1 on this very account1 in an irreligious age1 characters of a noble type are so rarely met with2 the warmth of faith is not in them4 8,mr4 ,schwefel desires to speak a word with you10 said a servant who appeared at the door4 ,the banker nodded assent4 8,i ask your pardon for troubling you at so unseasonable an hour10 began the leader1 after bowing lowly several times4 8,the subject is urgent1 and must be settled without delay4 ,but1 by the way1 ,i must first give you the good news3 ,mr4 ,shund is elected by an overwhelming majority1 and ,progress is victorious in every ward40 8,that is what ,i looked for10 answered the banker1 with an air of satisfaction4 8,i told you whatever ,csar1 ,antony1 and ,lepidus command1 must be done40 8,i am just from a meeting at which some important resolutions have been offered and adopted10 continued the leader4 8,the strongest prop of ultramontanism is the present system of educating youth4 ,education must1 therefore1 be taken out of the hands of the priests4 ,but the change will have to be brought about gradually and with caution4 ,we have decided to make a beginning by introducing common schools4 ,a vote of the people is to be taken on the measure1 and1 on the last day of voting1 a grand barbecue is to be given to celebrate our triumph over the accursed slavery of religious symbols4 ,the ground chosen by the chiefmagistrate for the celebration is the common near the ,red ,tower1 but the space is not large enough1 and we will need your meadow adjoining it to accommodate the crowd4 ,i am commissioned by the magistrate to request you to throw open the meadow for the occasion40 ,the banker1 believing the request prejudicial to his private interests1 looked rather unenthusiastic4 ,louise1 who had been busy with the teapot1 had heard every word of the conversation1 and the new educational scheme had won her cordial approval4 ,seeing her brother hesitated1 she flew to the rescue3 8,we are ready and happy to make any sacrifice in the interest of education and progress40 8,i am not sure that it is competent for me in the present instance to grant the desired permission10 replied ,greifmann4 8,the grass would be destroyed1 and perhaps the sod ruined for years4 ,my father is away from home1 and ,i would not like to take the responsibility of complying with his honor's wish40 8,the city will hold itself liable for all damages10 said ,schwefel4 8,not at all60 interposed the young lady hastily4 8,make use of the meadow without paying damages4 ,if my brother refuses to assume the responsibility1 ,i will take it upon my self4 ,by wresting education from the clergy1 who only cripple the intellect of youth1 progress aims a deathblow at mental degradation4 ,it is a glorious work1 and one full of inestimable results that you gentlemen are beginning in the cause of humanity against ignorance and superstition4 ,my father so heartily concurs in every undertaking that responds to the wants of the times1 that ,i not only feel encouraged to make myself responsible for this concession1 but am even sure that he would be angry if we refused4 ,do not hesitate to make use of the meadow1 and from its flowers bind garlands about the temples of the goddess of liberty60 ,the leader bowed reverently to the beautiful advocate of progress4 8,in this case1 there remains nothing else for me to do than to confirm my sister's decision10 said ,greifmann4 8,when is the celebration to take place80 8,on the #ajth of ,august1 the day of the deputy elections4 ,it has been intentionally set for that day to impress on the delegates how genuine and right is the sentiment of our people40 8,very good10 approved ,greifmann4 8,in the name of the chiefmagistrate1 ,i thank you for the offering you have so generously laid upon the shrine of humanity1 and ,i shall hasten to inform the gentlemen before they adjourn that you have granted our request40 ,and ,schwefel withdrew from the gorgeously furnished apartment4 ,meanwhile a fiery struggle was going on between ,seraphin and his father4 ,he had briefly related his experience at the ,palais ,greifmann2 had even confessed his preference for ,louise1 and had1 for the first time in his life1 incurred his father's displeasure by mentioning the wager4 ,and when he concluded by protesting that he could not marry ,louise1 ,conrad's suppressed anger burst forth4 8,have you lost your senses1 foolish boy8 ,this marriage has been in contemplation for years2 it has been coolly weighed and calculated4 ,in all the country around1 it is the only equal match possible4 ,louise's dower amounts to one million florins1 the exact value of the noble estate of ,hatzfurth1 adjoining our possessions4 ,you young people can occupy the chateau1 ,i shall add another hundred acres to the land1 together with a complete outfit of farming implements1 and then you will have such a start as no ten proprietors in ,germany can boast of40 ,seraphin knew his father4 ,all the old gentleman's thought and effort was concentrated on the management of his extensive possessions4 ,for other subjects there was no room in the head and heart of the landholder4 ,he barely complied with his religious duties4 ,it is true1 on ,sundays ,mr4 ,conrad attended church1 but surrounded invariably by a motley swarm of worldly cares and speculations connected with farming4 ,at ,easter1 he went to the sacraments1 but usually among the last1 and after being repeatedly reminded by his wife4 ,he took no interest in progress1 humanity1 ultramontanism1 and such other questions as vex the age1 because to trouble himself about them would have interfered with his main purpose4 ,he knew only his fields and woodlands--and ,god1 in so far as his providence blessed him with bountiful harvests4 8,what is the good of millions1 father1 if the very fundamental conditions of matrimonial peace are wanting80 8,what fundamental conditions80 8,louise believes neither in ,god nor in revelation4 ,she is an infidel40 8,and you are a fanatic--a fanatic because of your onesided education4 ,your mother has trained you as priests and monks are trained4 ,during your childhood piety was very useful2 it served as the prop to the young tree1 causing it to grow up straight and develop itself into a vigorous stem4 ,but you are now fullgrown1 and life makes other demands on the man than on the boy2 away1 therefore1 with your fanaticism40 8,to my dying hour ,i shall thank my mother for the care she has bestowed on the child1 the boy1 and the young man4 ,if her pious spirit has given a right direction to my career1 and watched faithfully over my steps1 the untarnished record of the son cannot but rejoice the heart of the father--a record which is the undoubted product of religious training40 8,you are a good son1 and ,i am proud of you10 accorded ,mr4 ,conrad with candor4 8,your mother1 too1 is a woman whose equal is not to be found4 ,all this is very well4 ,but1 if ,louise's city manners and free way of thinking scandalize you1 you are sheerly narrowminded4 ,i have been noticing her for years1 and have learned to value her industry and domestic virtues4 ,she has not a particle of extravagance2 on the contrary1 she has a decided leaning towards economy and thrift4 ,she will make an unexceptionable wife4 ,do you imagine1 my son1 my choice could be a blind one when ,i fixed upon ,louise to share the property which1 through years of toil1 ,i have amassed by untiring energy80 8,i do not deny the lady has the qualities you mention1 my dear father40 8,moreover1 she is a millionaire1 and handsome1 very handsome1 and you are in love with her--what more do you want80 8,the most important thing of all1 father4 ,the very soul of conjugal felicity is wanting1 which is oneness of faith in supernatural truth4 ,what ,i adore1 ,louise denies2 what ,i revere1 she hates2 what ,i practise1 she scorns4 ,louise never prays1 never goes to church1 never receives the sacraments1 in a word1 she has not a spark of religion40 8,that will all come right10 returned ,mr4 ,conrad4 8,louise will learn to pray4 ,you must not1 simpleton1 expect a banker's daughter to be for ever counting her beads like a nun4 ,take my word for it1 the weight of a wife's responsibilities will make her serious enough40 8,serious perhaps1 but not religious1 for she is totally devoid of faith40 8,enough2 you shall marry her nevertheless10 broke in the father4 8,it is my wish that you shall marry her4 ,i will not suffer opposition40 ,for a moment the young man sat silent1 struggling painfully with the violence of his own feelings4 8,father10 said he1 then1 8you command what ,i cannot fulfil1 because it goes against my conscience4 ,i beg you not to do violence to my conscience2 violence is opposed to your own and my ,christian principles4 ,an atheist or a progressionist who does not recognize a higher moral order1 might insist upon his son's marrying an infidel for the sake of a million4 ,but you cannot do so1 for it is not millions of money that you and ,i look upon as the highest good4 ,do not1 therefore1 dear father1 interfere with my moral freedom2 do not force me into a union which my religion prohibits40 8,what does this mean80 ,and a dark frown gathered on the old gentleman's forehead4 8,defiance disguised in religious twaddle8 ,open rebellion8 ,is this the manner in which my son fulfils the duty of filial obedience80 8,pardon me1 father10 said the youth with deferential firmness1 8there is no divine law making it obligatory upon a father to select a wife for his son4 ,consequently1 also1 the duty of obedience on this point does not rest upon the son4 ,did ,i1 beguiled by passion or driven by recklessness1 wish to marry a creature whose depravity would imperil my temporal and eternal welfare1 your duty1 as a father1 would be to oppose my rashness1 and my duty1 as a son1 would be to obey you4 ,louise is just such a creature2 she is artfully plotting against my religious principles1 against my loyalty to ,god and the church4 ,she has put upon herself as a task to lead me from the darkness of superstition into the light of modern advancement4 ,i overheard her when she said to her brother1 #8,did ,i for an instant doubt that ,seraphin may be reclaimed from superstition1 ,i would renounce my union with him1 ,i would forego all the gratifications of wealth1 so much do ,i detest stupid credulity4' ,hence ,i should have to look forward to being constantly annoyed by my wife's fanatical hostility to my religion4 ,there never would be an end of discord and wrangling4 ,and what kind of children would such a mother rear8 ,she would corrupt the little ones1 instil into their innocent souls the poison of her own godlessness1 and make me the most wretched of fathers4 ,for these reasons ,miss ,greifmann shall not become my wife--no1 never6 ,i implore you1 dear father1 do not require from me what my conscience will not permit1 and what ,i shall on no condition consent to10 concluded the young man with a tone of decision4 ,mr4 ,conrad had observed a solemn silence1 like a man who suddenly beholds an unsuspected phenomenon exhibited before him4 ,seraphin's words produced1 as it were1 a burst of vivid light upon his mind1 dispelling the multitudinous schemes and speculations that nestled in every nook and depth4 ,the effect of this sudden illumination became perceptible at once1 for ,mr4 ,gerlach lost the points of view which had invariably brought before his vision the million of the ,greifmanns1 and he began to feel a growing esteem for the stand taken by his son4 8,your language sounds fabulous10 said he4 8,here1 father1 is my diary4 ,in it you will find a detailed account of what ,i have briefly stated40 ,gerlach took the book and shoved it into the breastpocket of his coat4 ,in an instant1 however1 his imagination conjured up to him a picture of the ,count of ,hatzfurth's splendid estate1 and he went on coldly and deliberately3 8,hear me1 ,seraphin6 ,your marriage with ,louise is a favorite project upon which ,i have based not a few expectations4 ,the observations you have made shall not induce me to renounce this project unconditionally1 for you may have been mistaken4 ,i shall take notes myself and test this matter4 ,if your view is confirmed1 our project will have been an air castle4 ,you shall be left entirely unmolested in your convictions40 ,seraphin embraced his father4 8,let us have no scene2 hear me out4 ,should it turn out1 on the other hand1 that your judgment is erroneous1 should ,louise not belong to yon crazy progressionist mob who aim to dethrone ,god and subvert the order of society1 should her hatred against religion be merely a silly conforming to the fashionable impiety of the age1 which good influences may correct--then ,i shall insist upon your marrying her4 ,meanwhile ,i want you to maintain a strict neutrality--not a step backward nor a step in advance4 ,now to tea1 and let your countenance betray nothing of what has passed40 ,he drew his son to his bosom and imprinted a kiss on his forehead4 ,the millionaires were seated around the teatable4 ,mr4 ,conrad playfully commended ,louise's talent for cooking4 ,apparently without design he turned the conversation upon the elections1 and1 to ,seraphin's utter astonishment1 eulogized the beneficent power of liberal doctrines4 8,our age10 said he1 8can no longer bear the hampering notions of the past4 ,in the material world1 steam and machinery have brought about changes which call for corresponding changes in the world of intellect4 ,great revolutions have already commenced4 ,in ,france1 ,renan has written a ,life of ,christ1 and in our own country ,protestant convocations are proclaiming an historical ,christ who was not ,god1 but only an extraordinary man4 ,you hardly need to be assured that ,i too take a deep interest in the intellectual struggles of my countrymen1 but an excess of business does not permit me to watch them closely4 ,i am obliged to content myself with such reports as the newspapers furnish4 ,i should like to read ,renan's work1 which seems to have created a great sensation4 ,they say it suits our times admirably40 ,the brother and sister were not a little astonished at the old gentleman's unusual communicativeness4 8,it is a splendid book10 exclaimed ,louise--8charming as to style1 and remarkably liberal and considerate towards the worshippers of ,christ40 8,so ,i have everywhere been told10 said ,mr4 ,conrad4 8,have you read the book1 ,louise80 8,not less than four times1 three times in ,french and once in ,german40 8,do you think a farmer whose moments are precious as gold could forgive himself the reading of ,renan's book in view of the multitude of his urgent occupations80 asked he1 smiling4 8,the reading of a book that originates a new intellectual era is also a serious occupation10 maintained the beautiful lady4 8,very true2 yet ,i apprehend ,renan's attempt to disprove to me the divinity of ,christ would remain unsuccessful1 and it would only cause me the loss of some hours of valuable time40 8,read it1 ,mr4 ,gerlach1 do read it4 ,renan's arguments are unanswerable40 8,so you have been convinced1 ,louise80 8,yes1 indeed1 quite40 8,well1 now1 ,renan is a living author1 he is the lion of the day1 and nothing could be more natural than that the fair sex should grow enthusiastic over him4 ,but1 of course1 at your next confession you will sorrowfully declare and retract your belief in ,renan40 ,the young lady cast a quick glance at ,seraphin1 and the brim of her teacup concealed a proud1 triumphant smile4 8,our city is about taking a bold step10 said ,carl1 breaking the silence4 8,we are to have common schools1 in order to take education from the control of the clergy40 ,and he went on to relate what ,schwefel had reported4 8,when is the barbecue to come off80 inquired ,mr4 ,conrad4 8,on the #ajth of ,august40 8,perhaps ,i shall have time to attend this demonstration10 said ,gerlach4 8,hearts reveal themselves at such festivities4 ,one gets a clear insight into the mind of the multitude4 ,you1 ,louise1 have put progress under obligations by so cheerfully advancing to meet it40 ,after these words the landholder rose and went to his room4 ,the next morning he proceeded on his journey1 taking with him ,seraphin's diary4 ,the author himself he left at the ,palais ,greifmann in anxious uncertainty about future events4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,faith ,and ,science ,of ,progress4 ,seraphin usually took an early ride with ,carl4 ,the banker was overjoyed at the wager1 about the winning of which he now felt absolute certainty4 ,he expressed himself confident that before long he would have the pleasure of going over the road on the back of the best racer in the country4 8,the noble animals10 said he1 8shall not be brought by the railway2 it might injure them4 ,i shall send my groom for them to ,chateau ,hallberg4 ,he can ride the distance in two days40 ,seraphin could not help smiling at his friend's solicitude for the horses4 8,do not sell the bear's skin before killing the bear10 answered he4 8,i may not lose the horses1 but may1 on the contrary1 acquire a pleasant claim to twenty thousand florins40 8,that is beyond all possibility10 returned the banker4 8,hans ,shund is now chiefmagistrate1 has been nominated to the legislature1 and in a few days will be elected4 ,mr4 ,hans will appear as a shining light tomorrow1 when he is to state his political creed in a speech to his constituents4 ,of course1 you and ,i shall go to hear him4 ,next will follow his election1 then my groom will hasten to ,chateau ,hallberg to fetch the horses4 ,are you sorry you made the bet80 8,not at all6 ,i should regret very much to lose my span of bays4 ,still1 the bet will be of incalculable benefit to me4 ,i will have learned concerning men and manners what otherwise ,i could never have dreamed of4 ,in any event1 the experience gained will be of vast service to me during life40 8,i am exceedingly glad to know it1 my dear fellow10 assured ,greifmann4 8,your acquaintance with the present has been very superficial4 ,you have learned a great deal in a few days1 and it is gratifying to hear you acknowledge the fact40 ,the banker had not1 however1 caught ,gerlach's meaning4 ,but for the wager1 ,seraphin would not have become acquainted with ,louise's intellectual standpoint4 ,he would probably have married her for the sake of her beauty1 would have discovered his mistake when it could not be corrected1 and would have found himself condemned to spend his life with a woman whose principles and character could only annoy and give him pain4 ,as it was1 he was tormented by the fear that his father might not coincide in his opinion of the young lady4 ,what if the old gentleman considered her hostility to religion as a mere fashionable mania unsupported by inner conviction1 a girlish whim changeable like the wind1 which with little effort might be made to veer round to the point of the most unimpeachable orthodoxy8 ,he had not uttered a word condemning ,louise's infatuation about ,renan4 ,on taking leave he had parted with her in a friendly1 almost hearty1 manner1 proof sufficient that the young lady's doubtful utterances at tea had not deceived him4 ,upon reaching home1 ,gerlach sat in his room with his eyes thoughtfully fixed upon a luminous square cast by the sun upon the floor4 ,quite naturally his thoughts ran upon the marriage1 and to the prospect of having to maintain his liberty by a hard contest with his inflexible parent4 ,he was unshaken in his resolution not to accede to the projected alliance1 and1 when a will morally severe conceives resolutions of this sort1 they usually stand the hardest tests4 ,so absorbing were his reflections that he did not hear ,john announcing a visitor4 ,he nodded mechanically in reply to the words that seemed to come out of the distance1 and the servant disappeared4 ,soon after a country girl appeared in the entrance of the room4 ,in both hands she was carrying a small basket made of peeled willows1 quite new4 ,a snowwhite napkin was spread over the basket4 ,the girl's dress was neat1 her figure was slender and graceful4 ,her hair1 which was wound about the head in heavy plaits1 was golden and encircled her forehead as with a nimbus4 ,her features were delicate and beautiful1 and she looked upon the young gentleman with a pair of deepblue eyes4 ,thus stood she for an instant in the door of the apartment4 ,there was a smile about her mouth and a faint flush upon her cheeks4 8,goodmorning1 ,mr4 ,seraphin60 said a sweet voice4 ,the youth started at this salutation and looked at the stranger with surprise4 ,she was just then standing on the sunlit square1 her hair gleamed like purest gold1 and a flood of light streamed upon her youthful form4 ,he did not return the greeting4 ,he looked at her as if frightened1 rose slowly1 and bowed in silence4 8,my father sends some early grapes which he begs you to have the goodness to accept40 ,she drew nearer1 and he received the basket from her hands4 8,i am very thankful60 said he4 ,and1 raising the napkin1 the delicious fruit smiled in his face4 8,these are a rarity at this season4 ,to whom am ,i indebted for this friendly attention80 8,the obligation is all on our side1 ,mr4 ,seraphin10 she replied trustfully to the generous benefactor of her family4 8,father is sorry that he cannot offer you something better40 8,ah6 you are ,holt's daughter80 8,yes1 ,mr4 ,seraphin40 8,your name is ,johanna1 is it not80 8,mechtild1 ,mr4 ,seraphin40 8,will you be so good as to sit down80 ,and he pointed her to a sofa4 ,mechtild1 however1 drew a chair and seated herself4 ,he had noted her deportment1 and could not but marvel at the graceful action1 the confiding simplicity1 and wellbred selfpossession of the extraordinary country girl4 ,as she sat opposite to him1 she looked so pure1 so trusting and sincere1 that his astonishment went on increasing4 ,he acknowledged to himself never to have beheld eyes whose expression came so directly from the heart--a heart whose interior must be equally as sunny and pure4 8,how are your good parents80 8,they are very well1 ,mr4 ,seraphin4 ,father has gone to work with renewed confidence4 ,the sad--ah6 the terrible period is past4 ,you cannot imagine1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 how many tears you have dried1 how much misery you have relieved60 ,the recollection of the ruin that had been hanging over her home affected her painfully2 her eyes glistened1 and tears began to roll down her cheeks4 ,but she instantly repressed the emotion1 and exhibited a beautiful smile on her face4 ,seraphin's quick eye had observed both the momentary feeling1 and that she had resolutely checked it in order not to annoy him by touching sorrowful chords4 ,this trait of delicacy also excited the admiration of the gentleman4 8,your father is not in want of employment80 he inquired with interest4 8,no1 sir6 ,father is much sought on account of his knowledge of farming4 ,persons who have ground1 but no team of their own1 employ him to put in crops for them40 8,no doubt the good man has to toil hard80 8,that is true1 sir2 but father seems to like working1 and we children strive to help him as much as we can40 8,and do you like working80 8,i do1 indeed1 ,mr4 ,seraphin4 ,life would be worthless if one did not labor4 ,man's life on earth is so ordered as to show him that he must labor4 ,doing nothing is abominable1 and idleness is the parent of many vices40 ,another cause of astonishment for the millionaire4 ,she did not converse like an uneducated girl from the country4 ,her accurate1 almost choice use of words indicated some culture1 and her concise observations revealed both mind and reflection4 ,he felt a strong desire to fathom the mystery--to cast a glance into ,mechtild's past history4 8,have you always lived at home1 or have you ever been away at school80 ,she must have detected something ludicrous in the question1 for suddenly a degree of archness might be observed in her amiable smile4 8,you mean1 whether ,i have received a city education8 ,no1 sir6 ,father used to speak highly of the clearness of my mind1 and thought ,i might even be made a teacher4 ,but he had not the means to give me the necessary amount of schooling4 ,until ,i was fourteen years old1 ,i went to school to the nuns here in town4 ,i used to come in of mornings and go back in the evening4 ,i studied hard1 and father and mother always had the satisfaction of seeing me rewarded with a prize at the examinations4 ,i am very fond of books1 and make good use of the convent library4 ,on ,sundays1 after vespers1 ,i wait till the door of the bookroom is opened4 ,i still spend my leisure time in reading1 and on ,sundays and holidays ,i know no greater pleasure than to read nice instructive books4 ,at my work ,i think over what ,i have read1 and ,i continue practising composition according to the directions of the good ladies of the convent40 8,and were you always head at school80 8,yes10 she admitted1 with a blush4 8,you have profited immensely by your opportunities10 he said approvingly4 8,and the desire for learning has not yet left you80 8,this inordinate craving still continues to torment me10 she acknowledged frankly4 8,inordinate--why inordinate80 8,because1 my station and calling do not require a high degree of culture4 ,but it is so nice to know1 and it is so nice to have refined intercourse with each others4 ,for seven years ,i admired the elegant manners of the convent ladies1 and ,i learned many a lesson from them40 8,how old are you now80 8,seventeen1 ,mr4 ,seraphin40 8,what a pity you did not enter some higher educational institution60 said he4 ,a pause followed4 ,he looked with reverence upon the artless girl whom ,god had so richly endowed1 both in body and mind4 ,mechtild rose4 8,please accept1 also1 my most heartfelt thanks for your generous aid10 she said1 with emotion4 8,all my life long ,i shall remember you before ,god1 ,mr4 ,seraphin4 ,the ,almighty will surely repay you what alas6 we cannot40 ,she made a courtesy1 and he accompanied her through all the apartments as far as the front door4 ,here the girl1 turning1 bowed to him once more and went away4 ,returning to his room1 ,seraphin stood and contemplated the grapes4 ,strongly did the delicious fruit tempt him1 but he touched not one4 ,he then pulled out a drawer1 and hid the gifts as though it were a costly treasure4 ,for the rest of the day1 ,mechtild's bright form hovered near him1 and the sweet charm of her eyes1 so full of soul1 continually worked on his imagination4 ,when he again went into ,louise's company1 the grace and innocence of the country girl gained ground in his esteem4 ,compared with ,mechtild's charming naturalness1 ,louise's manner appeared affected1 spoiled2 through evil influences4 ,the difference in the expression of their eyes struck him especially4 ,in ,louise's eyes there burned a fierce glow at times1 which roused passion and stirred the senses4 ,mechtild's neither glowed nor flashed2 but from their limpid depths beamed goodness so genuine and serenity so unclouded1 that ,seraphin could compare them to nothing but two heralds of peace and innocence4 ,louise's eyes1 thought he1 flash like two meteors of the night2 ,mechtild's beam like two mild suns in a cloudless sky of spring4 ,as often as he entered the room where the grapes lay concealed1 he would unlock the drawer1 examine the fragrant fruit1 and handle the basket which had been carried by her hands4 ,he could not himself help smiling at this childish action1 and yet both great delicacy and deep earnestness are manifested in honoring objects that have been touched by pure hands1 and in revering places hallowed by the presence of the good4 ,next morning the banker asked his guest to accompany him to the church of ,s4 ,peter1 where ,hans ,shund was to address a large gathering4 8,in a church80 ,gerlach exclaimed1 with amazement4 8,don't get frightened1 my good fellow4 ,the church is no longer in the service of religion4 ,it has been secularized by the state1 and is customarily used as a hall for dancing4 ,there will be quite a crowd1 for several able speakers are to discuss the question of common schools4 ,the church has been chosen for the meeting on account of the crowd40 ,the millionaires drove to the desecrated church4 ,a tumultuous mass swarmed about the portal4 8,let us permit them to push us2 we shall get in most easily by letting them do so10 said the banker merrily4 ,two officious progressionists1 recognizing the banker1 opened a passage for them through the throng4 ,they reached the interior of the church1 which was now an empty space1 stripped of every ornament proper to a house of ,god4 ,in the sanctuary could yet be seen1 as if in mournful abandonment1 a large quadrangular slab1 that had been the altar1 and attached to one of the side walls was an exquisite ,gothic pulpit1 which on occasions like the present was used for a rostrum4 ,everywhere else reigned silence and desolation4 ,the nave was filled by a motley mass4 ,the chieftains of progress1 some elegantly dressed1 others exhibiting frivolous miens and huge beards1 crowded upon the elevation of the chancel4 ,all the candidates for the legislature were present1 not for the purpose of proving their qualifications for the office--progress never troubled itself about those--but to air their views on the subject of education4 ,there were speakers on hand of acknowledged ability in the discussion of the doctrines of progress1 who were to lay the result of their investigations before the people4 ,seraphin also noted some anxious faces in the crowd4 ,they were citizens1 whose sons were alarmed at the thought of yielding up the training of their children into the hands of infidelity4 ,and near the pulpit stood two priests1 irreverently crowded against the wall1 targets for the scornful pleasantries of the wits of the mob4 ,leader ,schwefel was voted into the chair by acclamation4 ,he thanked the assembly in a short speech for the honor conferred1 and then announced that ,mr4 ,till1 member of the former assembly1 would address the meeting4 ,amid murmurs of expectation a short1 fat gentleman climbed into the pulpit4 ,first a red face with a copper tipped nose bobbed above the ledge of the pulpit1 next came a pair of broad shoulders1 upon which a huge head rested without the intermediary of a neck1 two puffy hands were laid upon the desk1 and the commencement of a wellrounded paunch could just be detected by the eye4 ,mr4 ,till1 taking two handfuls of his shaggy beard1 drew them slowly through his fingers1 looked composedly upon the audience1 and breathed hotly through mouth and nostrils4 8,gentlemen10 he began1 with a voice that struggled out from a mass of flesh and fat1 8,i am not given to many words1 you know4 ,what need is there of many words and long speeches8 ,we know what we want1 and what we want we will have in spite of the machinations of ,jesuits and the whinings of an ultramontane horde4 ,you all know how ,i acquitted myself at the last legislature1 and if you will again favor me with your suffrages1 ,i will endeavor once more to give satisfaction4 ,you know my record1 and ,i shall remain staunch to the last40 ,cries of 8,good60 from various directions4 8,gentlemen6 if you know my record1 you must also be aware that ,i am passionately fond of the chase4 ,i even follow this amusement in the legislative hall4 ,our country abounds in a sort of black game1 and for me it is rare sport to pursue this1 species of game in the assembly40 ,a wild tumult of applause burst forth4 ,jeers and coarse witticisms were bandied about on every side of the two clergymen1 who looked meekly upon these orgies of progress4 8,gentlemen60 ,till continued1 8the blacks are a dangerous kind of wild beast4 ,they have heretofore been ranging in a preserve1 feeding on the fat of the land4 ,that is an abuse that challenges the wrath of heaven4 ,it must be done away with4 ,the beasts of prey that in the dark ages dwelt in castles have long since been exterminated1 and their rocky lairs have been reduced to ruins4 ,well1 now1 let us keep up the chase in both houses of the legislature until the last of these black beasts is destroyed4 ,should you entrust to me again your interests1 ,i shall return to the seat of government to aid with renewed energy in ridding the land of these creatures that are enemies both of education and liberty40 ,amid prolonged applause the fat man descended4 ,the chieftains shook him warmly by the hand1 assuring him that the cause absolutely demanded his being reelected4 ,gerlach was aghast at ,till's speech4 ,he hardly knew which deserved most scorn1 the vulgarity of the speaker or the abjectness of those who had applauded him4 ,their wild enthusiasm was still surging through the building1 when ,hans ,shund mounted the pulpit4 ,the chairman rang for order2 the tumult ceased4 ,in mute suspense the multitude awaited the great speech of the notorious usurer1 thief1 and debauchee4 ,and indeed1 progress might well entertain great expectations1 for ,hans ,shund had read a pile of progressionist pamphlets1 had extracted the strong passages1 and out of them had concocted a right racy speech4 ,his speech might with propriety have been designated the ,gospel of ,progress1 for ,hans ,shund had made capital of whatever freethinkers had lucubrated in behalf of socalled enlightenment1 and in opposition to ,christianity4 ,the very appearance of the speaker gave great promise4 ,his were not coarse features and goggle eyes like ,till's2 his piercing feline eyes looked intellectual4 ,his face was rather pale1 the result1 no doubt1 of unusual application1 and he had skilfully dyed his sandy hair4 ,his position as mayor of the city seemed also to entitle him to special attention1 and these several claims were enhanced by a white necktie1 white vest1 and black cloth swallowtail coat4 8,gentlemen10 began the mayor with solemnity1 8my honorable predecessor in this place has told you with admirable sagacity that the kernel of every political question is of a religious character4 ,indeed1 religion is linked with every important question of the day1 it is the ratio ultima of the intellectual movement of our times4 ,men of thought and of learning are all agreed as to the condition to which our social life should be and must be brought4 ,the friends of the people are actively and earnestly at work trying to further a healthy development of our social and political status4 ,nor have their efforts been utterly fruitless4 ,progress has made great conquests2 yet1 gentlemen1 these conquests are far from being complete4 ,what is it that is most hostile to liberalism in morals1 to enlightenment1 and to humanity8 ,it is the antiquated faith of departed days4 ,have we not heard the language of the ,holy ,father in the ,syllabus8 ,but the ,holy ,father at ,rome1 gentlemen1 is no father of ours--happily he is the father only of stupid and credulous men40 8,bravo6 ,well said60 resounded from the audience4 ,flaschen nudged ,spitzkopf1 who sat next to him4 8,shund is no mean speaker4 ,even that fellow ,voelk1 of ,bavaria1 cannot compete with ,shund40 8,gentlemen1 our good sense teaches us to smile with pity at the infallible declarations of yon ,holy ,father4 ,we are firmly convinced that papal decrees can no more stop the onward march of civilization than they can arrest the heavenly bodies in their journeys about the sun4 ',tis true1 an cumenical council is lowering like a black stormcloud4 ,but let the council meet2 let it declare the ,syllabus an article of faith2 it will never succeed in destroying the treasures of independent thought which creative intellects have been hoarding up for centuries among every people4 ,since men of culture have ceased to yield unquestioning submission1 like dumb sheep1 to the church1 they have begun to discover that nowhere are so many falsehoods uttered as in pulpits40 ,tremendous applause1 clapping1 and swinging of hats1 followed this eloquent period4 ,a distinguished gentleman1 laying his hand upon ,till's shoulder1 asked3 8,what calibre of ammunition do you use in hunting black game80 8,conical balls of two centimetres10 replied ,till1 with no great wit4 8,yon fellow in the pulpit fires shells of a hundredweight1 ,i should say4 ,and if in the legislative assembly his shells all explode1 not a man of them will be left alive40 ,till thought this witticism so good that he set up a loud roar of laughter1 that could be heard above the general uproar4 ,stimulated by these marks of appreciation1 ,shund waxed still more eloquent4 8,gentlemen10 cried he1 8no body of men is more savagely opposed to science and culture than a conventicle of socalled servants of ,god4 ,were you to repeat the multiplication table several times over1 there would be as much prayer and sense in it as in what is designated the ,apostles' ,creed40 ,more cheering and boundless enthusiasm4 8,gentlemen60 exclaimed the speaker1 with thundering emphasis and a hideous expression of hatred on his face1 8the significance of religious dogmas is simply a sort of homopathic concoction to which every succeeding age contributes some drops of fanaticism4 ,subjected to the microscope of science1 the whole basis of the ,christian church evaporates into thin mist4 ,we must shield our children against religious fables4 ,away with dogmas and saws from the ,bible2 away with the ,trinity2 the divinity and humanity of ,jesus1 and other such stuff6 ,away with apothegms such as this3 ,christ is my life1 my death1 and my gain4 ,such things are opposed to nature4 ,children's minds are thereby warped to untruthfulness and hypocrisy4 ,in this manner the child is deprived of the power of thinking2 loses all interest in intellectual pursuits1 and ceases to feel the need of further culture4 ,the times are favorable for a reformation4 ,our imperial and royal rulers have at length realized that minds must be set free4 ,for this end it was as unavoidable for them to break with the church and priesthood as it is necessary for us4 ,if we cherish our fatherland and the people1 we must take the initiative4 ,we are not striving to effect a revolution2 we want intellectual development1 profounder knowledge1 and healthier morality4 8,shall peace be seen beneath our skies1 ,the spirit's freedom first must rise10 concluded the orator poetically1 and he came down amidst a very hurricane of applause4 ,there followed a lull4 ,in the audience1 heads protruded and necks were stretched that their possessors might obtain a glimpse of the great ,shund4 ,in the chancel1 the chiefs and leaders crowded around him1 smiling1 bowing1 and shaking his hand in admiration4 8,you have won the laurels10 smirked a fellow from amidst a wilderness of beard4 8,your election to the ,assembly is a certainty10 declared another4 8,you carry deadly weapons against ,christ10 said a professor4 ,mr4 ,hans smiled1 and nodded so often that he was seized with a pain in the muscles of the face and neck4 ,at length1 the chairman's bell came to the rescue4 8,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,morgenroth will now address the meeting40 ,the clergyman mounted the rostrum1 but scarcely had he appeared there1 when the crowd became possessed by a legion of hissing demons4 8,gentlemen10 began the fearless priest1 8the duty of my calling as well as personal conviction demands that ,i should enter a solemn protest against the sundering of school and church40 ,further the priest was not allowed to proceed4 ,loud howling1 hissing1 and whistling drowned his voice4 ,the president called for order4 8,in the name of goodbreeding1 ,i beg this most honorable assembly to hear the speaker out in patience10 cried ,mr4 ,schwefel4 ,the mob relaxed into unwilling silence like a growling beast4 8,not all the citizens of this town are infected with infidelity10 the reverend gentleman went on to say4 8,many honorable gentlemen believe in ,jesus ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 and in his church4 ,these citizens wish their children to receive a religious education2 it would1 therefore1 be unmitigated terrorism1 tyrannical constraint of conscience1 to force ,christian parents to bring up their children in the spirit of unbelief40 ,this palpable truth progress could not bear to listen to4 ,a mad yell was set up4 ,clenched fists were shaken at the clergyman1 and fierce threats thundered from all sides of the church4 8,down with the priest60 8,down with the accursed blackcoat60 8,down with the dog of a ,jesuit60 and similar exclamations1 resounded from all sides4 ,the chairman rang his bell in vain4 ,the mob grew still more furious and noisy4 ,the clergyman was compelled to come down4 8,such is the liberty1 the education1 the tolerance1 the humanity of progress10 said he sadly to his colleague4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,christian ,art ,of ,the ,catacombs4 ,by ,an ,anglican4 8,i do love those ancient ruins3 ,we never tread upon them but we set ,our foot upon some reverend history40--,webster 7#afbj74 8,quamlibet ancipites texant hinc inde recessus1 ,arcta sub umbrosis atria porticibus2 ,attamen excisi subter cava viscera montis ,crebra terebrato fornice lux penetrat2 ,sic datur absentis per subterranea solis ,cernere fulgorem luminibusque frui40 --,prudentius1 ,peristephanon1 ,hymn iv4 ,the ,catacombs of ,rome were the birthplace of ,christian art as well as the sepulchre of the children of the early church4 ,it is only within a few years that the modern traveller has been induced1 through the careful study which the ,catacombs have received1 to visit these subterranean homes of the persecuted ,christian1 so filled with the symbolism of his faith4 ,from #aefg1 the year in which ,father ,bosio began his investigations in the ,catacombs1 till the present century1 some minds of kindred interest in these burialplaces of the martyrs have been fascinated with their ,christian archology1 and from time to time have appeared works upon subjects connected with the ,catacombs4 ,f4 ,bosio spent thirty years in making explorations1 and left for posthumous publication his ,roma ,sotterranea1 which ,f4 ,severano issued from the press in ,rome in #afcb4 ,seventy years later came ,inscriptionum antiquarum explicatio by the learned ,fabretti1 and eighteen years later still1 ,f4 ,boldetti1 who had devoted the greater part of his life to the examination of the monuments1 inscriptions1 and paintings of the ,catacombs1 embodied the results of his patience and industry in the great work ,osservazioni sopra i ,cimiterii dei ,santi ,martiri1 etc41 di ,roma4 ,then came ,bottari's wonderful studies on the ,christian art of the ,catacombs entitled ,sculture e pitture sagre1 estratte dai ,cimiteri di ,roma4 ,following in the paths opened by these zealous ,italian students1 ,m4 ,d',agincourt1 ,m4 ,raoul ,rochette1 ,abb ,gaume1 and the eminent artist ,m4 ,perret1 have contributed to the archological literature of ,france several important works on the ,roman ,catacombs4 ,to the pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 belongs the honor of producing the two greatest antiquarian scholars of our age4 ,the one1 the ,cavaliere ,canina1 has treated with remarkable acuteness and judgment of the ,appian ,way from the ,capenian ,gate to ,bovill27#aej7 the other1 the ,cavaliere de ,rossi1 of the ,catacombs17#aea7 and it is of the latter that we propose to speak4 ,it is impossible1 in the brief space that is allotted to us1 to do more than select one of the interesting subjects with which his works on the ,catacombs abound1 and as an ,anglican student of the ,catholic ,church1 its doctrines1 its discipline1 and its literature1 there is none which so enkindles our enthusiasm as the ,christian art of the early ages1 and the symbolism with which it is clothed4 ,we approach these pictures in the dark crypts and amid the countless tombs of the first martyrs of the faith with no little reverence4 ,we lay aside our shoes1 for the ground consecrated to the early dead is sacred1 and the earnest wish of our heart is to put away the prejudice of ecclesiastical education and association4 ,with this view before us1 we make the noble words of ,montesquieu our own3 8,ceux qui nous avertissent sont les compagnons de nos travaux4 ,si le critique et l'auteur cherchent la vrit1 ils out le mme intrt2 car la vrit est le bien de tous les hommes3 ils seront des confdrs1 et non pas des ennemis407#aeb7 ,from the early ages of the church till the close of the ,vth century1 the ,christians of ,rome were driven by the sword of persecution to seek a hidingplace wherein to exercise the holy mysteries of their religion1 and to inter the remains of their dead4 ,the vast subterranean caverns1 now known as ,catacombs1 but more anciently called ,are1 ,crypt1 and ,cmeteria1 afforded a shelter for the living and sepulture for the faithful departed4 ,these ,catacombs doubtless had their origin in the sand pits1 or arenari1 arenifodin1 which the pagans had excavated to procure materials for building purposes47#aec7 ,suetonius7#aed7 describes how ,phaon exhorted ,nero to enter one of these caverns made by excavations of sand1 and ,cicero alludes to the arenari1 outside of the ,porta ,esquilina47#aee7 ,in the admirable essay by ,michele ,stefano de ,rossi1 entitled ,analisi ,geologica ed ,architettonica1 and annexed to the work of his brother1 it is stated that the ,catacombs1 with perhaps the exception of two that are ,jewish1 are the work of the early ,christians47#aef7 ,by singular perseverance and careful discrimination in the study of documents running far back into the centuries1 the ,cavaliere de ,rossi transferred the situation of the ,catacombs of ,s4 ,callistus from the church of ,s4 ,sebastian1 where they had erroneously been located1 to a place a half mile nearer ,rome1 between the ,via ,appia and the ,via ,ardeatina2 on the left of the road was the cemetery of ,s4 ,prtextatus1 and on the right that of ,s4 ,callistus4 ,the discovery of these hallowed crypts and sarcophagi of the early saints and popes1 is of inestimable value in elucidating intricate questions of doctrine and practice1 of history and tradition1 which have vexed the theological world for centuries4 ,we can scarcely resist the temptation to follow ,m4 de ,rossi through these dim cathedrals of our ,christian ancestors1 and reproduce a part1 at least1 of his masterly elucidation of their general topography1 together with the history of heroic suffering and ,christlike courage which the sites and names of those dark ages of danger suggest4 ,but we must forbear1 and proceed to the pictures and emblems in order to draw from them some lessons of that early fortitude1 which the child of the church of the first centuries learned1 as he knelt by the tomb of his companion in the faith1 and looked up to the ceilings of crypts and semicircular compartments to catch by the glimmering light of smoking lamps the lineaments of some design of the religion which he professed4 ,the paintings of the ,catacombs represent the cardinal truths of ,christianity1 and their types are taken from both the ,old and ,new ,testament ,scriptures1 as also1 in rare instances1 from heathen mythology4 ,the picture1 perhaps most common to the eye of the worshipper at those shrines of the martyred dead1 was the representation of the ,saviour in that character which exhibits the tenderest attributes of his sacred humanity1 and appeals to the sympathetic element in man4 ,christ as the ,good ,shepherd conveys in its fulness of meaning what perhaps no other type of our ,lord does4 ,it is variously represented1 and under different forms may refer to the foreshadowing of the ,messiah's coming in the ,old ,testament and its fulfilment in the ,new4 ,king ,david had been a shepherd1 and understood the needs and labors of the shepherd life1 and it may be that in the days of his pastoral innocence1 when the lion and the bear were the destroyers of his flock1 he wrote that psalm whose tone is one of quiet and trustfulness3 8,the ,lord is my shepherd2 therefore can ,i lack nothing4 ,he shall feed me in a green pasture1 and lead me forth beside the waters of comfort4 ,yea1 though ,i walk through the valley of the shadow of death1 ,i will fear no evil2 for thou art with me2 thy rod and thy staff comfort me407#aeg7 ,thus1 in the days of persecution1 the ,christian of the ,catacombs might read the sacred legend of our ,lord under the figure of a shepherd--bearing the sheep upon his shoulders4 ,the ,good ,shepherd was pictured again as bearing a goat1 and in the ,catacombs of ,s4 ,callistus he stands between a goat and a sheep2 the former occupies the more honorable place1 the right hand1 and the latter the left4 ,often the ,good ,shepherd leans on his pastoral crook1 and bears in his hand a pipe4 ,all these typical allusions refer to his character as exhibited in the ,gospels4 ,they teach the merciful watchfulness of our ,lord1 and the readiness with which he takes back into his fold1 the church1 yea1 to the more honorable place by his side1 the wayward and the erring4 8,i am the good shepherd1 and know my sheep1 and am known of mine4 ,and other sheep ,i have which are not of this fold3 them also ,i must bring1 and they shall hear my voice2 and there shall be one fold and one shepherd407#aeh7 ,protestant critics have not been wanting in an attempt to trace the symbolism of this figure of the ,good ,shepherd to a heathen origin1 and adduce as an argument in behalf of their theory that its prototype is in the ,tombs of the ,nasones4 ,even in questions of ,christian archology is exhibited the same polemical spirit which animated the accomplished ,english scholar1 ,conyers ,middleton1 who lent all the resources of his vast learning in classical history to prove the resemblance and identity of pagan and ,catholic rites4 ,but a more learned and reverent critic in the field of antiquities is the incomparable ,marangoni1 whose splendid work1 ,cose ,gentilesche trasportate ad ,uso delle ,chiese1 sets at rest for ever many problems which ,mr4 ,poynder1 a shallow pretender to scholarship1 revived in the ,alliance of ,popery and ,heathenism4 ,while the ancient heathen lived in the atmosphere of a religion which incited to cheerfulness and pleasure in the present life1 it portrayed but faintly any idea of immortality4 ,the world around him was peopled with unseen spirits4 ,they inhabited woods and streams1 and he was ever watchful to interpret the slightest signs or omens which might yield him some token to enlighten the spiritual darkness of his soul4 ,the mythological system of the pagan was a vital reality4 ,it accompanied him not only to the solemn festival in the temple1 but on the march1 in the camp1 and in the marketplace4 ,it was with him in hours of joy and of sorrow2 but it penetrated not beyond the boundaries of this world4 ,it offered no cross here1 and knew nothing of the crown hereafter4 ,there were no bright pictures of the rewards of eternity4 ,this life was the narrow limit of his hope and his labor4 ,hades or the grave was dreaded because of its sunlessness4 ,iphigenia entreats her father for life in an impassioned appeal1 which sums up the heathen's belief3 8,to view the light of life1 ,to mortals most sweet2 in death there is ,nor light nor joys2 and crazed is he who seeks ,to die2 for life1 though full of ills1 has more ,of good than death40 ,occasionally the ancient philosophers and poets give intimation of a belief in immortality1 but not in resurrection1 as ,cicero in that eloquent longing for the day when he shall meet his illustrious friend ,cato47#aei7 ,but1 as we have said1 of the great doctrine of the resurrection1 which solved the dark enigmas of humanity1 they were ignorant4 ,the hold which classical mythology had upon the human mind was relaxed before this august mystery of the ,catholic faith4 ,pagan temples were deserted1 and the sacrificial fires on their altars extinguished4 8,the intelligible forms of ancient poets1 ,the fair humanities of old religion1 ,the power1 the beauty1 and the majesty1 ,that had her haunts in dale1 or piny mountain1 ,or forest by slow stream1 or pebbly spring1 ,or chasms and wat'ry depths2 all these have vanished4 ,they live no longer in the faith of reason607#afj7 ,it is not remarkable1 therefore1 that delineations of the doctrine of the resurrection should not have been unusual in the church of the ,catacombs4 ,two such representations1 one from the ,old ,testament1 and the other from the ,new1 will exhibit the forms under which it was presented4 ,jonas as a type of the resurrection of our ,lord has its authority from ,s4 ,matthew47#afa7 8,for as ,jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly2 so shall the ,son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth40 ,four scenes from the history of ,jonas are found in the chapels and on the tombs of the ,catacombs1 sometimes represented singly1 sometimes all compressed under one type4 ,the first is the prophet being thrown into the deep1 the second as swallowed by the great fish which 8the ,lord had prepared10 the third as 8vomited out upon dry land10 the fourth as lying under the shadow of a gourd4 ,as we have seen1 according to the ,gospel of ,s4 ,matthew1 the swallowing of ,jonas by the whale1 and being cast forth in safety after three days1 was typical of the burial and the resurrection of our ,lord himself2 and may not the pictures of the fourth series denote not only the sufferings of the individual ,christian1 and the care which his risen ,master bestows upon him1 but also the vicissitudes of the ,church ,catholic in every age of the world8 8,sometimes she gains1 sometimes she loses2 and more often she is at once gaining and losing in different parts of her history4444 ,scarcely are we singing ,te ,deums1 when we have to turn to our ,misereres2 scarcely are we in peace1 when we are in persecution2 scarcely have we gained a triumph1 when we are visited by a scandal4 ,nay1 we make progress by means of reverses2 our griefs are our consolations2 we lose ,stephen to gain ,paul1 and ,matthias replaced the traitor ,judas407#afb7 ,when the eye of the early ,christian rested upon this fourth representation from the prophet's life1 it caught another and a more subtle signification1 which is read perhaps oftener in the night of affliction and persecution than in the day of joy and prosperity4 ,our century1 ,catholic and ,protestant alike1 needs to study its outlines as much as the first century and the worshippers in the ,catacombs4 8,should not ,i spare ,nineveh1 that great city1 wherein are more than sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left807#afc7 ,here is a beautiful symbolism of the tender mercy of our ,god for all who are in error and in sin4 ,it opposes the spiritual ,pharisaism of our day1 and exacts meekness and charity from all men4 ,it is the destroyer of malevolence and anger and strife47#afd7 ,another picture1 taken from the ,new ,testament1 and of frequent representation1 is the 8man sick of the palsy40 ,it is generally regarded by ,protestant writers as belonging to that series of symbolical illustrations which embody the doctrine of the resurrection2 and1 to give greater force to their interpretation of the painting1 they place much stress upon the words of the sacred text3 8,arise1 take up thy bed1 and go unto thine house40 ,so far as we have examined copies of this picture1 we are inclined to believe that it is connected with these which refer to the resurrection1 except in one remarkable instance1 in which it clearly symbolizes the sacrament of penance as it is taught in the ,roman communion4 ,in the ,catacombs of ,s4 ,hermes is a representation of a ,christian kneeling before another1 which seems from its close proximity to the series of pictures of the ,paralytic to point more directly to that other passage of the ,gospel narrative3 8,son1 be of good cheer2 thy sins be forgiven thee40 ,if our ,lord delegated 8such power unto men0--and the only logical and intelligent interpretation of the words of ,s4 ,john7#afe7 conveys this doctrine or it conveys nothing--here is a clear illustration of the power of the priesthood1 which admits of no evasive contradiction1 of no complicated and artificial hypothesis for the sake of escaping the recognition of the belief of the early ,christians in the doctrine of sacerdotal absolution4 ,as resurrection is the portal of the church triumphant1 so is baptism to the church militant4 ,the former is but the complement and fulfilment of the latter4 8,know ye not1 that so many of us as were baptized into ,jesus ,christ were baptized into his death8 ,therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death407#aff7 ,the blessedness of the final consummation of the faithful departed was pictured in the symbols of the resurrection1 and1 as baptism is the foreshadowing of that glorious change which shall come over our vile bodies1 it became a common subject of ,christian art in the ,catacombs4 ,its types are somewhat complex1 and often susceptible of a twofold explanation4 ,from the four scenes in the life of ,moses1 which are constantly repeated in the different ,catacombs1 we select that which prefigures ,christian baptism--the miraculous supply of water in ,kadesh4 ,art critics who have bestowed any attention upon the sacred pictures of the early ages place the representation of this miracle of ,moses in the ,catacombs of ,s4 ,agnes among the finest specimens of primitive delineation4 ,moses is pictured as bearing a rod1 the emblem of power1 with which 8he smote the rock twice1 and the water came out abundantly40 ,it is worthy of remark in passing that on vases found in the ,catacombs1 and on the sarcophagi as early1 perhaps1 as the ,i,vth century1 this same scene is depicted1 and the rod1 instead of being in the hand of ,moses1 is in that of ,s4 ,peter1 and1 in a few instances1 the two are represented together1 but the person who smites with the rod has inscribed over his head the name of ,s4 ,peter4 ,catholic writers on subterranean symbolism draw from it an artistic argument1 which1 coupled with the historical1 seems an unanswerable statement of the question of the primacy of ,s4 ,peter4 ,quando ,christus ad unum loquitur1 unitas commendatur2 et ,petro primitus1 quia in ,apostolis ,petrus est primus47#afg7 ,s4 ,peter bears the same relation to the ,christian church that ,moses did to the ,israelitish4 ,the one received from ,god the decalogue1 which was to govern the actions of the ,jews2 the other1 the keys1 which were to open the kingdom of heaven4 ,nam et si adhuc clausum putas clum1 memento claves ejus hic ,dominum ,petro1 et per eum ,ecclesi reliquisse47#afh7 ,another type of baptism taken from the ,old ,testament1 and capable of two expositions1 is ,noah in the ark4 ,here again1 on the authority of an apostle1 the church in the early ages read the history of ,noah by the light of the new revelation made through the institutions founded by ,christ4 ,s4 ,peter1 speaking of the small number saved by water at the deluge1 adds3 8,the like figure whereunto1 even baptism1 doth now also save us1444 by the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ107#afi7 ,the ark is generally represented by a small box in which ,noah sits or stands1 receiving from the dove the olive branch of peace4 ,some writers on ,christian archology find in it a secondary meaning1 regarding it as typical of the church1 and the danger of those who are without the ark of safety4 ,among favorite ,old ,testament subjects familiar to art students of the ,catacombs are--,daniel in the lions' den1 and the three children of ,israel in the fiery furnace at ,babylon4 ,both are types of persecution1 and of final deliverance through the miraculous interposition of ,god4 ,in the cemetery of ,s4 ,priscilla1 each of these pictures is to be seen1 varying but slightly in the details of the portraiture4 ,the three children appear clothed1 and standing on the furnace4 ,in a compartment beneath1 the figure of a man is represented as feeding the fire with fresh fuel4 ,daniel1 in the same cemetery1 stands with outstretched arms between lions4 ,the attitude in both these scenes from ,jewish history appears to exhibit the ancient posture of the suppliant when in the act of prayer4 ,a late writer on the ,roman catacombs1 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,spencer ,northcote1 ,d4,d41 formerly of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,oxford1 spent much time1 in company with the ,cavaliere de ,rossi and ,m4 ,perret1 the ,french artist1 in collecting materials for his small work on the burialplaces of the early ,christians in ,rome4 ,he is so trustworthy a guide in everything that appertains to their archology1 that we gladly accept the explanation which he suggests of the position of ,daniel and the three children of ,israel4 ,speaking of the ancient attitude of ,christian prayer--the hands extended in the form of a cross--he says37#agj7 8,this form1 which1 as we learn from the ,fathers1 was universal among the early ,christians1 is still retained in some measure by the priests of the present day in the celebration of ,mass1 by ,capuchins and others in serving ,mass1 and by numbers among the poor everywhere2 it is worth noticing that ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen expressly speaks of ,daniel overcoming the wild beasts by stretching out his hands1 meaning1 of course by the power of prayer2 but the explanation might almost seem to show that ,s4 ,gregory himself was familiar with this usual way of representing him40 ,the publication of the ,cavaliere de ,rossi1 which has so greatly alarmed the ,protestant controversialist1 is ,immagine ,scelte della ,b4 ,vergine ,maria1 tratte dalle ,catacombe ,romane4 ,it is most beautifully illustrated with chromolithographic engravings1 and reflects great honor on the present state of art in ,rome4 ,the purpose of the work is to exhibit the veneration with which the ,christians of the ,catacombs esteem the ,mother of our ,lord4 ,at a period of time in the history of the church1 almost apostolic1 that purest of human feelings1 maternal love1 subdued the soul of the artist1 and kindled his imagination to trace with the brush or carve with the chisel the ,blessed ,virgin and her ,divine ,son4 ,the ,virgin ,mother1 8,who so above ,all mothers shone1 ,the ,mother of ,the ,blessed ,one10 is depicted by the artist with a tender and devout affection4 ,the scenes are taken from the sacred narrative of the ,evangelists1 and an examination of them1 simply from an sthetical point of view1 will more than repay the connoisseur of art4 ,but to the conscientious archologist and the sober inquirer1 they occupy a grave relation4 ,they throw additional light on the writings of ,s4 ,justin1 ,s4 ,irenus1 ,s4 ,cyril1 ,s4 ,jerome1 and ,tertullian1 in regard to that dogma which1 of all others1 has perplexed the minds of earnest men outside the ,roman communion4 ,the honor paid to the ,blessed ,virgin is today the especial 8crux0 of ,dr4 ,pusey17#aga7 as it is1 perhaps1 of many not so learned as he1 but as thoroughly dispassionate in the temper of their souls toward the attainment of divine truth4 ,the poet of ,the ,christian ,year reached a lofty strain in behalf of a longforgotten doctrine in the ,anglican ,church when he gave in his verses for the ,annunciation3 8,ave ,maria6 blessed ,maid6 ,lily of ,eden's fragrant shade1 ,who can express the love ,that nurtured thee so pure and sweet1 ,making thy heart a shelter meet ,for ,jesus' holy dove8 8,ave ,maria6 ,mother blest6 ,to whom1 caressing and caress'd1 ,clings the ,eternal ,child2 ,favor'd beyond ,archangel's dream1 ,when first on thee with tenderest gleam ,thy newborn ,saviour smil'd407#agb7 ,but ,keble caught from an excursion to ,ben ,nevis1 as his biographer conjectures1 the hints of that beautiful poem1 8,mother out of ,sight10 which was intended for the ,lyra ,innocentium1 but through the influence of two friends1 ,dyson and ,sir ,john ,coleridge1 was withheld by the author1 and only saw the light as one of his posthumous pieces4 ,it has a clearer doctrinal ring than the stanzas for the ,feast of the ,annunciation1 which foreshadow something of the intercessory power of the ,mother of ,god4 ,it merits the high praise which ,keble's everfaithful friend and1 for years1 his gifted ally bestows upon him4 ,we more than regret that space forbids us giving the entire poem4 ,it loses much of its beauty and continuity by fragmentary quotation1 yet1 from the fourteen stanzas1 we are only able to reproduce four3 8,yearly since then with bitterer cry ,man hath assailed the throne on high1 ,and sin and hate more fiercely striven ,to mar the league 'twixt earth and heaven4 ,but the dread tie that pardoning hour1 ,made fast in ,mary's awful bower1 ,hath mightier prov'd to bind than we to break2 ,none may that work undo1 that ,flesh unmake4 8,thenceforth1 whom thousand worlds adore1 ,he calls thee ,mother evermore2 ,angel nor saint his face may see ,apart from what he took of thee2 ,how may we choose but name thy name1 ,echoing below their high acclaim ,in holy creeds8 since earthly song and prayer ,must keep faint time to the dread ,anthems there4 8,therefore1 as kneeling day by day1 ,we to our ,father duteous pray1 ,so unforbidden we may speak ,an ,ave to ,christ's ,mother meek 7,as children with #8good morrow' come ,to elders1 in some happy home71 ,inviting so the saintly host above ,with our unworthiness to pray in love4 8,to pray with us1 and gently bear ,our falterings in the pure1 bright air4 ,but strive we pure and bright to be ,in spirit4 ,else how vain of thee ,our earnest dreamings1 awful ,bride6 ,feel we the sword that pierced thy side2 ,thy spotless lilyflower1 so clear of hue1 ,shrinks from the breath impure1 the tongue untrue407#agc7 ,another poet1 once an ,anglican1 then a ,catholic priest1 and now passed into the land where the mists of controversy are cleared away1 attained a higher plane of truth in regard to the ,mother of our ,lord3 8,but scornful men have boldly said ,thy love was leading me from ,god2 ,and yet in this ,i did but tread ,the very path my ,saviour trod4 8,they know but little of thy worth ,who speak these heartless words to me2 ,for what did ,jesus love on earth ,onehalf so tenderly as thee8 8,get me the grace to love thee more2 ,jesus will give1 if thou wilt plead2 ,and1 ,mother1 when life's cares are o'er1 ,oh6 ,i shall love thee then indeed4 8,jesus1 when his three hours were run1 ,bequeathed thee from the cross to me2 ,and oh6 how can ,i love thy ,son1 ,sweet ,mother1 if ,i love not thee80 ,we return to these pictures of the ,catacombs1 and we will content ourselves with an allusion only1 preferring that the reader who is interested in them should examine them through his own1 rather than through another's eyes4 ,from a lunette in an arcosolio in the cemetery of ,s4 ,agnes is a picture which of late years has been frequently copied4 ,it represents the ,blessed ,virgin with uplifted hands1 seemingly in the act of intercession1 with the ,infant ,jesus in her lap4 ,in the cemetery of ,domitilla is a picture of the ,mother and ,son1 and four ,magi offering their oblations4 ,it may be well to remark that the ,gospel history of the ,adoration of the ,wise ,men from the ,east does not limit their number4 ,we have somewhere seen it suggested that the restriction to three had its rise from the offerings presented--gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh4 ,another scene of the ,adoration of the ,magi is given with some difference of detail4 ,the ,virgin ,mother is seated holding the ,divine ,son in her lap1 above her head appears the star which guided the wise men to where the ,infant lay4 ,to the left is a somewhat youthful person1 supposed to be ,s4 ,joseph4 ,he holds in his hand a book1 which the ,cavaliere de ,rossi very wisely and ingeniously interprets to be the writings of the evangelical prophet ,isaiah1 whose prophecies concerning the ,messiah had now their fulfilment in the ,infant ,jesus4 ,such are some of the many beautiful pictures which ,roman art1 through the indefatigable industry of de ,rossi1 has given us of the ,blessed ,virgin as represented in early ages4 ,to other than jaundiced eyes1 calmly and candidly studying them1 they reveal the light in which they were so often viewed by the suffering children of the church amid the persecutions which attended the conflict between paganism and ,christianity4 ,in teaching us to honor the ,mother of our ,lord----they impress us with more distinct and more tangible thoughts of the incarnation of her ,son47#agd7 ,with his usual discrimination and mastery of style1 ,dr4 ,john ,henry ,newman has well said3 8,the ,virgin and ,child is not a mere modern idea2 on the contrary1 it is represented again and again1 as every visitor to ,rome is aware1 in the paintings of the ,catacombs4 ,mary is there drawn with the ,divine ,infant in her lap1 she with hands extended in prayer1 he with his hand in the attitude of blessing4 ,no representation can more forcibly convey the doctrine of the high dignity of the ,mother1 and1 ,i will add1 of her power over her ,son4 ,why should the memory of his time of subjection be so dear to ,christians and so carefully preserved8 ,the only question to be determined is the precise date of these remarkable monuments of the first age of ,christianity4 ,that they belong to the centuries of what ,anglicans call the #8undivided church' is certain1 but lately investigations have been pursued which place some of them at an earlier date than any one anticipated as possible407#age7 ,one other topic remains to be considered before we pass on to some general reflections which early ,christian art suggests4 ,it was not uncommon for the artist in the first ages of the church to take subjects of heathen mythology1 and invest them by his art with a ,christian symbolism4 ,the genius of ,michael ,angelo1 so truly ,catholic in taste and devout in expression1 transplanted pagan forms from the broken temples of the elder civilization to the ,christian churches of the new4 ,he retouched them under the aureate light shed upon them by the reverent imagination of the ,fathers4 ,on the magnificent ceiling of the ,sistine ,chapel are painted by this masterhand the ,sibyls1 who in early times were regarded as the unconscious prophets of divine truth1 uttering in their blindness crude intimations of the glory of him who was to be the fulfilment and completion of all shadows and of all types47#agf7 ,in the ,catacombs may be seen a representation of ,orpheus playing upon his lyre1 and subduing by his melodious strains the ferocity of man and beast1 and drawing even from inanimate creation by the power of music the subjects of his sway4 ,rocks and trees yielded to his lyric sweetness1 the region of ,plato opened to the sound of his 8golden shell10 the wheel of ,ixion ceased its revolutions1 and ,tityus forgot for the nonce the vulture that preyed on his vitals4 ,the ,thracian bard was the representative of the civilizer of savage men4 8,silvestres homines sacer interpresque ,deorum ,cdibus et victu fdo deterruit ,orpheus2 ,dictus ob hoc lenire tigres1 rabidosque leones407#agg7 ,the symbolism of the picture seems to be this1 that as ,orpheus drew the whole creation to him by the music of his lyre1 and called from the realms of ,hades his beloved ,eurydice to the regions of light1 so ,christ by his compassion commanded the love of all men1 as well by his divine power the hidden forces of nature4 ,hades1 or the grave1 opened to him on that first ,easter morning1 as it will open to us on the last4 8,prisoner of ,hope thou art--look up and sing ,in hope of promised spring4 ,as in the pit his father's darling lay ,beside the desert way1 ,and knew not how1 but knew his ,god would save ,even from that living grave2 ,so1 buried with our ,lord1 we'll close our eyes ,to the decaying world1 till angels bid us rise407#agh7 ,the late ,dean of ,s4 ,paul's1 ,dr4 ,milman1 remarks1 with an air of triumph1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history17#agi7 that 8the ,catacombs of ,rome1 faithful to their general character1 offer no instance of a crucifixion40 ,for the absence of the crucifix in the ,catacombs1 we as a ,protestant can conceive of two causes1 either of which would to our mind be sufficient to account for it4 ,first1 in the early ages it was highly important for the growth of the church1 especially in the ,roman ,empire1 to guard against the introduction of any symbol which would suggest pain or repugnance to ,jewish converts2 secondly1 it was essential to clothe truth under a type which would not inspire mockery on the part of pagans1 and so assist in keeping alive the persecuting spirit of the times4 ,this in a measure no doubt led the early artists to use the heathen symbol of ,orpheus as typical of ,christ4 ,a beautiful passage in the work of ,d',agincourt affords still another general cause3 8,entirely occupied with the celestial recompense which awaited them after the trials of their troubled life1 and often of so dreadful a death1 the ,christians saw in death1 and even in execution1 only a way by which they arrived at this everlasting happiness2 and1 so far from associating with this image that of the tortures or privations which opened heaven before them1 they took pleasure in enlivening it with smiling colors1 or presenting it under agreeable symbols1 adorning it with flowers and vineleaves2 for it is thus that the asylum of death appears to us in the ,christian ,catacombs4 ,there is no sign of mourning1 no token of resentment1 no expression of vengeance2 all breathes softness1 benevolence1 charity407#ahj7 ,many emblems denoting the cardinal virtues are sculptured on the walls of the chapels and on the tombs of the ,catacombs4 ,flowers1 garlands1 and grapes intertwine each other and embellish these ancient crypts4 ,the laurel speaks of victory1 the olive of peace and reconciliation1 and the palm of final triumph4 ,the lyre is significant of the sthetical element of religion1 and the anchor of hope for the heavenly port4 ,the dove represents the ,holy ,spirit1 the lamb the adorable ,saviour--the ,agnus ,dei--the stag the thirsting of the soul for the paradise of ,god1 and the peacock the belief in immortality4 ,among these general symbols so familiar to the saints of old1 none is more prominent than the fish4 ,its history is ingenious1 and1 therefore1 we will tarry for a moment ere we conclude4 ,it naturally calls to mind the solemn parting of our ,lord with the apostles by the ,sea of ,tiberias1 when their nets were filled with fish1 and ,jesus 8taketh bread and giveth them1 and fish likewise40 ,in the church of the ,catacombs this tender scene from the ,evangelic record is always associated with the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,as 1 the ,greek word for a fish1 contains the initial letters of the name and title of ,christ-- --,jesus ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 the ,saviour--the figure was constantly used as a symbol of the divinity of ,christ4 ,in his ,iconographie ,chrtienne1 ,m4 ,didron assumes that this emblem on the sarcophagi of the ,catacombs is simply indicative of the fact that the person buried beneath was by trade a fisherman4 ,certainly the numberless instances proving the falsity of this position render the opinion utterly worthless4 ,we must take leave of the ,cavaliere de ,rossi and the ,christian art of the ,roman ,catacombs4 ,feeble as may be the execution of these pictures1 crude in conception1 and often colorless through the lapse of time1 yet they speak of the ardor of the early ,christian artists1 and of the devotion and doctrine of the children of that church which is the mother of us all4 ,in parting with the ,cavaliere de ,rossi1 we say with all sincerity1 that we have found nothing in his volumes unworthy of the reverential regard of honest and candid minds4 ,passages there are1 which the timidity of ,anglican churchmen would regard as dealing too freely with the symbolism of the ,catacombs4 ,without accepting his conclusions in detail1 we gratefully acknowledge that the ,cavaliere de ,rossi has shown ,english writers in what spirit all the grave questions of theology connected with subterranean art should be treated4 ,his has been a great subject1 and he has written with humility and ripeness of learning and clearness of apprehension1 which well become the ,christian scholar and the sacred theme4 ,in closing his masterly work1 we seem again bidding adieu to ,rome1 the reflection of whose classic greatness and ,christian glory mellows hill and plain1 pagan ruin and ,catholic shrine4 8,gran ,latin ,citt di cui quanto il sol aureo gira ,ne altera pi1 n pi onorata mira40 ,and because of the house of the ,lord our ,god1 we utter from the depths of our heart the wish of the ,psalmist of old3 8,fiat pax in virtute tua3 et abundantia in turribus tuis4 ,propter fratres meos1 et proximos meos1 loquebar pacem de te40 ,beating ,the ,air4 8,i can call spirits from the vasty deep10 says ,owen ,glendower1 the great magician4 8,so can ,i10 replies the sturdy1 incredulous ,hotspur4 8,but will they come80 ,we are living in a sterner age than that in which ,hotspur is supposed to have put this poser to the ,welshman4 ,great declamations and fine promises will not do for any length of time1 at least4 ,we are hard1 and prosy1 and practical4 ,we must have facts1 and figures1 and something clear before we are asked to choose a policy1 or a system1 or take a stand on a platform4 ,love of country1 homes and altars1 and all the old watchwords1 serve no longer2 they come down to a vulgar question of taxes1 of customhouse duties1 of imports and exports1 of pauperism1 and the increase of crime4 ,this hard1 practical spirit has been carried with all the keenness of1 if not an intellectual1 at least a very intelligent age1 into the sanctuary of religion1 and men and women are no longer content to follow a sect or a creed because they happened to be born in it1 or because their friends belong to it1 or because as ,giles has it1 8,payrson says so1 and ,payrson's daughter be married to ,squoire40 ,they will have the why and wherefore3 why they must take this creed and reject that2 why they must take a part and not the whole2 why it is necessary to be bothered with any form of belief at all1 when1 as they say1 and many of them truthfully1 they can get on well enough without it1 and live happily1 and play their part1 and die out of the world without having committed any special faults against society1 leaving behind them children whose rule in life shall be the truth and honor which they have bequeathed them as a last legacy4 ,they have saved themselves infinite trouble by not mingling in the clashing of the sects1 where each one claims to be the one1 the only one1 the church of ,christ4 ,one would imagine that ,christ came only to set the world on fire and all good people by the ears2 that1 in fact1 it would be better had he not come at all if this is to be the result1 this wrangling and jangling and eternal jargon about what one must do to be saved1 as though good people1 who do no earthly harm must join one or other of these conflicting parties1 who can never agree among themselves1 and use the name of the ,god of peace as a firebrand to stir up dissension and the worst of strife4 ,influenced by thoughts such as these1 we find so many of the most intelligent people1 what we might call ,nothingarians1 believing in nothing but the law of the land1 that is1 of expediency--a class that is growing wider every day in proportion as the sects are loosening and parting asunder2 which embraces the ablest writers on the ablest secular journals2 which sees only one religious body in the world endowed with a consistency1 and a uniqueness1 and years1 and a glorious history1 and a strange unity that will not be broken2 a church which takes today1 as it has always taken1 the bold stand before the world--we are the one church founded by ,jesus ,christ1 in this church and in this church alone is salvation1 not because we say it1 but because he has said it3 a stand in their eyes outrageous1 so utterly opposed1 as it is1 to the dictates of human reason1 with its doctrines of infallibility and what not2 yet1 after all1 logical and strangely consistent throughout2 so bold1 so logical1 so strangely consistent and united1 that if there were a church at all it would be this1 for all else is uncertainty4 ,and as the ,nation said the other day in an article on the ,old ,catholics1 written evidently by one of the class we have been describing3 8,the great strength of the ,church of ,rome lies now in the fact that he who quits her knows not whither he is going1 and can find no man to tell him40 ,schism and heresy and persecution have tried her in turn1 and exhausted their efforts in vain2 she stands today as she stood on the morning of the ,christian era1 full and fair in the light of ,god1 not a dint in the rock1 not a loosening in the edifice1 though the ages have washed over her1 and washed all other landmarks away2 and the dove that leaves the ark finds no restingplace over the barren waters2 and the olive branch of peace is not yet found to tell us that the waters have subsided1 and the earth is again as ,god made it4 ,religious unity has been the dream of earnest seekers ever since ,jesus ,christ gave the final mandate to the apostle to go forth and convert the world2 and it would seem that the dream is as far from fulfilment today as it ever was2 that it is likely to be so till the end of time4 ,the ,catholic ,church is denounced as the great stumblingblock in the way of the muchdesired unity4 ,the sects say to her each in turn3 ,you will not come to us2 you will not join us4 ,we are ready to make some sacrifices1 but you will not budge an inch4 ,you are false2 you are absurd2 you are mysterious2 you are superstitious2 you are everything that is bad--but only give up infallibility1 says one1 and we are with you2 surrender the doctrine of the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,mother of ,god1 says another1 and we will join you2 only let your priests marry1 says a third2 give up the sacraments1 says a fourth4 ,to these1 and all and many more1 the church replies now as always3 8,non possumus40 ,we cannot2 ,god gave the laws to his church4 ,they are his laws2 they are irrevocable2 more fixed than those of nature2 it is not for us to change them4 ,there again1 say her adversaries3 the old cry4 ,you will not change2 you will not concede2 you are perverse and implacable4 ,how can we ever have unity8 ,they forget that they ask the church to dismember herself2 to destroy her own identity2 to break up1 and come down to their level4 ,suppose she were to do so1 what would the result be8 ,she would be lost and absorbed in the sea of sectarianism4 ,the one object to which all eyes look1 whether faithfully or maliciously1 as at least fixed and united today as tomorrow1 as yesterday1 would be blotted out of the sight of man4 ,even humanly speaking1 much would be lost2 nothing would be gained2 and union would be farther off than ever4 ,the best example of the truth of this is given in the history of the last great departure from the ,catholic ,church--the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,though this movement never reached to the proportions of ,arianism1 yet it was a movement that captivated nations1 and was eminently adapted to favor the revolutionary spirit then breaking out among men1 to throw off all constraint of whatever nature1 and stand upon the false notion of unbridled liberty of thought and action4 ,the new doctrine of private interpretation spread rapidly1 because it pandered to the age4 ,nations broke away from the church2 a new faith1 a new creed1 grander1 larger1 fuller1 purer than the old1 was to be built up4 ,and what was the result8 ,what is the result8 ,a multiplication of sect upon sect2 a fresh departure2 a new interpretation of the ,gospel of ,god day after day2 a breaking out into the wildest and most erratic courses of belief and conduct1 oftentimes so utterly subversive to all government that it was obliged to be forcibly repressed by the law of the lands which at first favored it for its own purposes4 ,this tower of faith that men would build from earth to heaven1 like the old tower of pride1 ended in nothing--crumbled away and caused a ,babel--a confusion of beliefs4 ,such is the inevitable end of all religions that men make for themselves2 vain efforts2 uncertainty2 good perverted or rendered useless2 disagreement and religious anarchy4 ,no wonder that men cry out for something fixed4 ,no wonder that so many turn infidel4 ,protestantism has proved an utter failure as a guidance and a religion to men4 ,so much so that1 if one asked for a definition of the ,protestant religion today1 it could not be given him2 and the only right answer would be not a faith or a system1 but the opposition of non ,catholic ,christians to the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,perhaps the most striking proof of this is exemplified in the late meeting at ,cologne4 ,there were assembled delegates from several rival sects and churches1 in the endeavor to bring order out of chaos1 to plant a new church and a new faith which all men might accept4 ,if the ,protestant bishops who attended there were satisfied that their religion or form of religion was true and allsufficient1 why not stay at home8 ,why did they go at all8 ,while ,dllinger and the rest1 satisfied of the failure of ,protestantism1 cling fast to the torn shred of the ,roman ,catholic faith1 and proclaim loudly and absurdly that they are ,catholic still1 it is a deep and bitter lesson to ,protestants of the hopelessness of their efforts to create a unity such as they see alone in the ,catholic ,church4 ,in the midst of this general and growing dissatisfaction1 a pamphlet has been put into our hands which promises to settle the vexed question once for all4 ,it is written by a ,baptist minister1 the ,rev4 ,james ,w4 ,wilmarth1 pastor at ,pemberton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,who he is1 beyond the fact stated on the cover1 we do not know4 ,his pamphlet has no claim to our attention beyond the thousandandone such thrust upon our notice day after day4 ,but as it is somewhat pretentious1 and has received the sanction of no less distinguished a body than the ,west ,new ,jersey ,baptist ,association1 which body1 by vote1 requested its publication 7the substance of it having been delivered in the 8doctrinal sermon0 preached ,september #ac1 #ahga71 it may be taken to represent the orthodox ,baptist doctrine1 and may1 therefore1 be glanced at just to see what that doctrine is1 or is supposed to be1 for we have no doubt many ,baptists would disagree with it4 ,the author takes a bold line1 8,the ,true ,idea of the ,church3 ,baptist vs4 ,catholic10 for he recognizes7#aha7 no logical middle position between ,baptist and ,catholic ground1 and1 therefore1 salvation lies in one of the two bodies1 as it cannot lie in both4 ,what ,methodists1 ,anglicans1 ,presbyterians1 and the rest may think of this highhanded mode of dealing with their several pretensions to truth1 we may imagine4 ,but they can scarcely complain1 as all in turn adopt precisely the same line of argument3 the haven of salvation resting not between ,presbyterian and ,baptist or ,methodist and ,episcopalian1 but between each of these sects and ,rome4 ,they slide by each other1 and confront us4 ,the only similar example we can call to mind at present of such union out of disunion1 is that of the fallen spirits4 ,it is unnecessary to observe that1 in a contest of this nature between an individual ,baptist minister and the whole ,catholic ,church1 the church1 notwithstanding her rather formidable array of theologians and philosophers1 gets decidedly the worst of the battle4 ,and1 though the author1 as he tells us in his preface1 8has endeavored to #8speak the truth in love1' 0 perhaps it was only natural to find1 particularly towards the end1 his temper proving a little too much for his 8love10 so that we must not be astonished1 though 8in no partisan spirit has he discussed his theme10 at meeting little phrases scattered here and there of a decidedly unlovable nature4 ,thus1 the ,holy ,father is mentioned as 8the bigoted ,pope of ,rome0 who 8sits cursing modern civilization and freedom1 and sighing for the return of the dark ages and the inquisition02 the whole ,catholic system 8a diabolical imposture10 italicized2 8,catholics appeal chiefly to sentiment10 8undervalue the importance of ,scriptures10 8may be good ,catholics1 and yet profane1 immoral1 untruthful1 and regardless of the will of ,god1 and that millions notoriously are so40 ,if this be our author's mode of asking for his views 8the candid consideration of every reader of whatever religious persuasion10 we should strongly recommend him for the future to alter his tone2 if it be 8speaking the truth in love10 we wonder what his notions of speaking the truth in wrath would be4 ,catholic writers are habitually accused of intolerance in tone and controversy3 we humbly submit that1 when we have to encounter--as we are compelled to do every day--adversaries of this stamp1 we may be reasonably pardoned for not using studious phrases with men on whom politeness is thrown away4 ,a year has now flown by since this 8discourse was prepared and delivered under a profound conviction of the importance and timeliness of the vital truths therein set forth1 and it is now given to the public with the same conviction40 ,as to its timeliness1 we have nothing to object1 it was probably meant for ,baptists rather than ,catholics1 and with an eye to the dissensions that seem racking and threatening to rend that body at present4 ,in fact1 from its whole tone and the round rating he gives members of his community who 8would give up their vantageground by concealment or compromise of truth10 and his insisting on their 8maintaining their ,baptist attitude0 7whatever that may be precisely he fails to explain71 the pamphlet sounds very much like a warningnote--like the weak cry of 8,no surrender60 when surrender follows immediately1 like ,mr4 ,winkle's 8all right0 when ,mr4 ,winkle felt satisfied that it was all wrong4 ,with regard to its 8importance10 notwithstanding the writer's 8conviction0 on the point1 we may be permitted to entertain some slight doubt4 ,authors are sometimes apt to overrate the importance of their productions4 ,at all events1 after a year of trial1 we have heard of no very wonderful result following the launching of this pamphlet on the troubled waters of controversy4 ,catholics are ,catholics still4 ,the church stands precisely at its first startingpoint of some nineteen centuries ago1 while the ,baptists stand at theirs--a point involved still in a region of mist1 and apparently rapidly dissolving into it4 ,so that1 with regard to this closing of the controversy generally1 we are compelled to arrive at the painful conclusion that it has either been very greatly undervalued by the public at large1 or is absolutely good for nothing4 ,the author proposed to himself to place the only two ideas of the church1 ,baptist and ,catholic1 which he acknowledges1 in such juxtaposition1 in so clear a light1 that all who read must be compelled to adopt either the one or the other4 ,in other words1 be purposed ending forever all the controversies that have ever raged between church and church1 in a pamphlet of fortytwo pages4 ,and his mode of setting about it is at least original4 8,i do not propose to discuss this question of #8true church' after the common method4 ,i shall not raise questions of apostolic or of historic succession1 of #8legality' or #8validity' or #8regularity4' ,i propose to go deeper than that into the heart of the subject40 ,now1 with all due respect to the reverend author1 these little items1 which he finds it so convenient to throw overboard in such an arbitrary fashion1 constitute1 for his readers at least1 the heart of the subject4 ,he tells us that 8all the ,christian ages with one consent acknowledge the church to be a divine society0--humandivine1 ,catholics would say--8governed by divine law1 established by ,jesus ,christ40 ,here we have1 then1 according to the author's own words1 a society1 established by a person1 at a certain date1 which has come down from that person to today4 ,men say that it has altered from its original4 ,two societies claim to be the original1 the ,baptist and the ,catholic4 ,it lies in one or the other1 not between4 ,we want to find out which it is4 ,in this inquiry1 history is nothing1 legality is nothing1 succession is nothing1 validity is nothing4 ,that is not the true method of going to work to find out what this society is2 whether it has ever been broken1 whether it contains and carries out what ,christ its founder gave it1 whether its members practise today what they practised at the beginning--all that is nothing4 ,the question is 8the idea which underlies it all4 ,what then is the true idea of the church8 ,this is the great question40 ,if the author proposed to argue in this style1 he should have stated at starting his definition of the true idea of the church4 ,he should have defined the term in order to explain clearly what he was seeking4 ,but he does nothing of the kind4 ,in fact1 he soon loses the very word 8idea10 and substitutes for it in one place 8view10 in another 8theories40 ,so that after all it comes down in plain ,english to what is your opinion on the subject1 or what is your notion about it1 despite his trite 8challenges of the ,catholic idea of the church at the bar of reason10 and so forth4 ,in fact1 there is just that show of shallow learning sprinkled throughout the whole pamphlet which a preacher endowed with more words than weight generally uses to a thickheaded congregation1 who take his words for wisdom from the very fact that they cannot understand them4 ,there are the divisions and subdivisions3 the #a1 #b1 #c1 in large and small figures1 and occasionally in ,roman characters2 the appeals to this1 that1 and the other2 the citing of 8wellknown facts0 and 8notorious things0 without substantiating them by any references1 as in p4 #ag4 8,witness the ,baptist originators of the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society2 ,carey1 ,judson1 and their successors0 in support of the view that with ,baptists originated the desire for the revision of the ,bible4 ,again1 speaking of ,catholic doctrine3 8,if men leave the church1 they part from grace and are lost40 ,apropos of which telling fact he informs us in the next sentence that 8the history of ,augustinianism is an instructive illustration4 ,augustine1 ,bishop of ,hippo1 was1 in many respects1 what would now be termed a high ,calvinist4 ,his fervid eloquence and mental power made a deep impression upon the theology of the ,catholic 7not then ,roman ,catholic7 ,church of the ,latin world40 ,and that is all he says about him4 ,as far as any evidence he furnishes to support it goes1 he might just as well have substituted the name of ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas for ,s4 ,augustine1 or ,pius ,,ix41 or1 as far as the majority of his readers know to the contrary1 ,tippoo ,sahib4 ,and in the very opening of the pamphlet the same shallowness is strikingly exemplified4 ,he chooses the text1 ,acts ii4 #dg1 8,and the ,lord added to the church daily those who are saved10 which1 as he observes1 reads in the version of ,king ,james1 8,such as should be saved40 ,this text--his own rendering--8is one of those passages in which an incidental statement1 as by a flash of lightning1 reveals a whole body of doctrine40 ,in what it involves we find the true idea of the church1 that is1 the ,baptist doctrine that we are regenerated in ,christ by his death1 and that baptism is1 as it were1 only a symbol1 a sort of mark1 by which we are known as belonging to the church1 but not necessary for salvation1 inasmuch as we are saved before we receive it4 ,he alleges1 with reference to the ,greek version1 that 8should be saved0 is wrong and 8are saved0 is right4 ,and there the matter rests4 ,now1 while on this very important point1 whereon indeed rests his theory1 he might as well have been a little more exact and explicit4 ,a ,greek reference is such a vague thing to build on4 ,we agree with him that 8should be saved0 is a wrong rendering2 as 8are saved0 happens also to be4 ,the verse runs3 4 ,the present participle means being saved2 but a present participle following a verb in the imperfect or aorist tense must be rendered imperfect1 and therefore the passage should run1 8,and the ,lord added daily to the church such as were being saved10 that is1 such as were in the act or state of coming into the church through the merit of the death of ,christ and the movements of his divine grace2 a fact which throws altogether another light on the author's fixed starting point4 ,these things we mention to show how little trust can be placed on men who talk so loudly and pretentiously in this loose style4 ,it shows also how very weak and treacherous is this absolute dependence on the private interpretation of the word of the ,bible1 whereon the ,baptists stake their doctrine and salvation2 and how insufficient the absolute creed which hangs for life or death on the possibly dubious rendering of a passage in a dead language4 ,but let us examine this doctrine1 which all1 whether ,catholic or ,anglican1 ,methodist or ,jew1 are bound to accept if they would be saved4 ,we ,catholics are asked to surrender for it the faith which we have held through the centuries of the ,christian era1 in defence of which we have poured out our blood so lavishly1 tracing the martyr stream down through the long vista of ages1 from the death on the cross to the stoning of ,stephen1 to the massacre of the nuns in ,china but yesterday4 ,we are told today that all our history1 our sacraments1 our doctrine1 the faith on which we are built1 our succession of pontiffs1 the sacred orders of our priests1 the church itself1 which we define as the union of all the faithful under one head1 which head is ,jesus ,christ1 whose successor is the pope1 are one and all 8a diabolical imposture10 and that if we hope for salvation we must surrender them for the true doctrine as explained by this author4 8,the ,baptist holds that men receive salvation directly from ,christ1 and by virtue of an independent transaction with him2 that a believer's salvation is secured by a personal union with ,christ2 and that he is divinely commanded1 after being thus saved1 to unite with the church for the sake of personal profit and of usefulness2 and that the church so constituted is to be governed by the law of ,christ4 ,he makes doctrine and conversion come first4 ,out of doctrine and out of conversion proceeds the church4 ,and the saved man1 already saved1 comes into the church for training1 for work10 etc4 ,now1 this passage is the author's exposition of the true idea of a church1 and on this everything else hangs4 ,we may be obtuse1 but we confess the exposition is somewhat misty to us2 at all events1 it does not captivate our intellect so completely as we would wish in a matter all important--eternal salvation4 ,we are told here that salvation is a personal matter between the individual and ,christ2 that there is no person or nothing intermediate4 ,in plain ,english1 that a man's own conscience is his rule and guidance2 that it instructs and satisfies him on all points of doctrine and conduct as a ,christian4 ,now1 it is ,catholic doctrine that salvation is an entirely personal affair between the individual soul and ,jesus ,christ4 ,the individual is not saved or condemned on the merits or demerits of the society1 the church of which he is a member3 in exactly the same way that a prisoner at the bar is held answerable to the law of the land for his wrong actions1 and judged on them1 and it avails him nothing to speak of the respectability of his relations1 or of their evil behavior which may have partly led him into crime2 such evidence may constitute to an extent extenuating circumstances1 but a man is condemned finally on his own act4 ,if the prisoner1 on the verdict being given against him1 pleads3 ,but you condemn me2 you do not take into consideration my relations2 you tell me that all that has nothing to do with it2 that ,i knew myself what was right and what was wrong2 that1 in fact1 ,i was the best and only judge in the matter2 well1 ,i acknowledge it1 ,i am the only judge1 and if ,i am the only judge1 and ,i make a mistake1 you cannot punish me1 there is nothing between you and my conscience4 ,the court would respond3 ,there is the law written plain for all men to read4 ,the government made the law1 you are judged by that4 ,and this is precisely the ,catholic doctrine of salvation4 ,though it be a final question between the individual soul and ,jesus ,christ1 the law of ,christ comes between them1 as the law of ,moses came between ,god and his people1 and that law being made for the whole world1 for the universal society of human beings1 rests in the hands of the government duly constituted and appointed from that society by ,jesus ,christ himself1 who no longer abides among us visibly1 and is only known to us by faith4 ,well1 then1 faith is enough2 faith saves us1 say the ,baptists4 ,if this be true1 then1 are the devils saved since they must have a far more vivid faith--belief in ,god--than the generality of human beings8 ,if faith is enough to save a man1 why not stop there8 ,why be baptized8 ,why join a church at all8 8,for the sake of personal profit0 7a phrase apt to be misunderstood71 8and of usefulness10 replies our author4 ,after all1 this idea of the church reduces itself to that of ,mr4 ,beecher1 which the author stigmatizes--a church of 8expediency40 ,later1 on page #bb1 in 8challenging the ,catholic idea of a church at the bar of reason10 he says3 8,now1 in the case before us1 what is the effect8 ,salvation40 ,well1 here we have it2 the effect2 the thing that the whole world is looking for--salvation4 ,why1 that is everything2 that is all we want1 no matter how it comes4 ,you are saved before entering the church4 ,then1 what more is necessary8 ,there is no need to go beyond that4 ,stay outside2 live and let live2 our safety is attained2 let people wrangle as they may1 there is no further fear4 ,there is no need of a church at all1 of communion1 and the rest1 if we are saved before entering it4 ,that is all ,god asks of us1 to save ourselves4 ,it is already accomplished by regeneration and faith in him4 ,there we stop1 happy and contented1 without any more quarrelling with our neighbors4 ,then comes the further and final question3 ,after all1 who is ,christ8 ,how do we know him8 ,where do we find him8 ,when and how does he speak to us8 ,of course1 to 8regenerate persons10 it is unnecessary to put these questions3 ,but our author proposed going deeper into the matter than the common method1 and1 if the world is to become ,baptist1 it must know why4 ,the regenerate enjoy 8a personal union0 with him1 says the ,baptist1 and know when he speaks2 when the ,spirit impels them4 ,this will never do for human nature4 ,we must have something stronger than assertion1 however strong4 ,christians can believe and understand ,s4 ,paul1 when he tells them that he was caught up into paradise1 and heard secret words which it is not granted to men to utter4 ,the great apostle excuses himself for bringing this to the knowledge of the faithful1 and only mentions it as a single act in his life1 and one that affected his salvation in no wise4 ,if the ,baptists hold that they are continually in the third heavens1 well and good4 ,that at least has the merit of a clear1 defined ground to stand on2 but they will scarcely win many converts4 ,who is ,christ1 then1 with whom you have this personal union8 ,he is the founder of the ,baptist ,church1 our author would respond2 of what is known as ,christianity8 ,that is to say1 of the system or systems of religion held by all people of the present day who call themselves ,christians1 but among whom the ,baptists only hold the true church4 ,then we will work backwards to the foundation of your society and the others1 and see which reaches to ,jesus ,christ4 ,oh6 no1 says our author2 that is one of the common methods2 they are poor4 8,read the ,new ,testament4 ,you will find the ,baptist doctrine of salvation1 and the resulting ,baptist idea of the church1 taught or implied on every page17#ahb7 and you will not find a trace of the ,catholic doctrine of salvation1 or of the ,catholic idea of the church4 ,if you doubt1 search for yourselves the ,scriptures1 like the noble ,bereans1 and see whether these things are so40 ,in support of this loose1 sweeping assertion1 this author contorts his text into a puny quibble1 which any wellinstructed child might see through at once4 ,he says3 8,we do not read the priests or the apostles added sinners to the church in order to save them10 but we do read3 8,the ,lord added to the church daily those who are saved40 ,ergo1 8salvation was dealt with as a personal matter40 ,if the ,baptist ,church rests on no better foundation than this1 and if its teachers can only support its truth and doctrine on distorted meanings and texts of this description1 we fear it will not hold together much longer1 and we feel half inclined to apply to it a few of the 8truths spoken in love0 of which our author is so lavish in dealing with the ,catholics4 ,this very use of the word 8,lord0 is eminently ,catholic4 ,when we speak of a conversion1 of a mercy gained1 or a favor bestowed from heaven1 though all these things happen through the hands and sometimes ministry of individuals1 we always say1 8,the ,lord did it2 ,god ,almighty wrought it2 ,no man converted me1 but the grace of ,god2 ,no medicine saved my sick child1 but the favor of ,god which accompanied its workings10 as the child answers to the first question of the catechism1 ,who made you8 ,god4 ,but for all this ,god works through human instruments4 ,his priests are an ordination of his own for the government of his church1 and by a worthy probation and preparation receive certain graces of ,god necessary for their state involved in the reception of what the church calls the sacrament of ,holy ,orders3 a certain form to be gone through which ,christ ordained for the reception of the special powers and graces conferred on that particular office1 as in human governments a judge receives his insignia1 a minister his portfolio1 a doctor his diploma1 in order to prevent everybody taking the administration of the law into his own hands1 or every quack practising as he pleases4 ,and so with the other sacraments4 ,but apart from appeals to texts1 which we are almost weary of producing in favor of ,catholic doctrine1 and of the church who watched over and preserved those texts from destruction1 the mutilation of which was wrought1 as our author himself complains1 not by us1 but by the ,protestants in the version of ,king ,james1 and because we know that version to be mutilated1 we appeal against its use in the schools which our children frequent3 let us look at the broad ,christian system1 how it would stand as built up by this writer4 ,people who believe in ,christ at all1 and indeed all who acknowledge1 as they must1 ,christianity to be a fact1 a vast social system1 existing under our eyes1 looking back1 see a time when it did not exist4 ,a man came into the world at the point of time in its history which we fix upon as the beginning of the ,christian era4 ,at that time religion1 speaking largely1 consisted of the ,hebrew and the pagan4 ,the ,hebrews were the chosen of ,god1 and preserved the only true system which corresponds to the rational idea of the foundation and aim of humanity4 ,this it kept to itself and did not seek to spread4 ,christ came1 the man,god1 and founded a new order1 enlarging upon the old1 which was to embrace in its bosom the universe1 and lead all nations back and up to ,god4 ,the change contemplated was the vastest that could possibly be conceived1 the union of the discordant elements of human nature in a system entirely above the capabilities of that nature4 ,men were to be chaste1 to be humble1 to love poverty1 to speak no evil1 to obey1 to mortify themselves always1 to pray always1 to acknowledge the nothingness of their nature4 ,this man1 ,jesus ,christ1 came1 and1 before he had converted people enough to form a single city even1 was crucified1 rose from his grave1 and ascended into heaven1 leaving twelve poor ignorant1 timid men1 and a few others to spread this new doctrine1 this new and allabsorbing social system1 throughout the world and through all time4 ,what did he leave to guide them in this tremendous work2 a system1 an order perfect in all its details1 and capable of spreading with the contemplated growth of the church8 or did he leave each to follow his own will and do what he could1 by means of what is called personal union with himself1 a being who no longer was present1 visibly and palpably1 before the eyes of men8 ,as he chose men to do his work1 to build up ,christianity1 he let them accomplish it after a human fashion1 assisted by the saving fact that he would allow them never to err in the doctrines which he bade them preach3 and to this end he gave them an order which was to be handed down forever3 the apostleship4 ,that was his government1 and at this government was a head1 ,peter4 ,and ,peter1 like all other human governors1 at his departure handed his authority down to the next chosen to fill his place1 the promise of the abiding ,spirit passing to all1 or the system must have broken down2 and so today ,catholics recognize in infallibility nothing more than the apostles recognized in the decisions of ,peter at ,antioch4 ,and so this author is correct in saying that the church with ,catholics comes first1 and not the ,bible2 for the church embraces the ,bible1 which is only the written document of the laws and ordinances of ,god to man1 the letter of the law resting in the hands of the government which has charge of it1 but that government itself subject to the law4 ,the government existed among the ,hebrews before the law was ever written4 ,this system which we have endeavored faintly to sketch here is denied by the ,baptist4 ,he says3 ,christianity comes this wise3 ,christ came1 died1 and thus regenerated us4 ,all who believed in him were saved4 8,the apostles preached the ,gospel4 ,men were pierced to the heart and asked what they must do40 ,they must be immersed1 not as a necessity1 for they were saved by the fact of believing2 but this act of immersion gave them the entry to the church of ,christ4 ,then the ,new ,testament was written1 not by ,christ1 though inspired by him1 and left in the hands of everybody to interpret the law as he pleased4 ,now1 we ask1 can this system commend itself to the human reason as rounded and complete enough to fulfil the ,christian idea of a church1 which should receive and embrace the whole world in one union of religious harmony8 ,a book thrown into the world--for so it must look to human eyes who knew nothing of its divinity--which each one was to take up and interpret as he pleased2 a book subject to more or less of change in transmission from language to language1 and in the absolute loss of the living tongue in which it was originally written1 and the verdict of its genuineness1 the verdict for or against the teachings of a living ,god1 resting upon the dictum of a grammarian4 ,if ,christianity hangs on this1 for we have not misrepresented the writer--then we refuse to be ,christian at all2 for such a system does not and cannot1 as he alleges1 8sustain the test of sound reason1 of stern experience1 and of infallible ,scripture1 which ordeal the ,baptist idea of the church endures40 ,we need trouble ourselves with this writer no further4 ,there is a great deal more in the pamphlet that might be touched on as showing the either absolute or wilful ignorance under which writers of this stamp labor when speaking of ,catholics4 ,he speaks of the ,catholic doctrine with regard to sacraments in this loose way3 8,they are useful to infants and the dying4 ,men come to them for grace apart from the state of their own hearts40 ,now1 ,catholics will perceive the utter absurdity of such a statement at once4 ,the sacrament of baptism is necessary to infants1 who of course are unconscious recipients of it1 as they are unconscious of the sin in which they are born4 ,this stain which they inherit1 but do not incur by any act of their own1 is washed away by the sacrament ordained by ,christ1 which admits them into the society of the church at the same time that their birth admits them to human society1 its privileges as well as its trials4 ,extreme unction is administered to the dying person1 even though he be unconscious1 and is the most touching token of the love of the universal ,mother for her children1 who at the last moment will1 although the dying man cannot ask it1 administer the sacrament which ,god has ordained for that occasion1 because she knows that his heart desires such aid at its passage from the world4 ,but all sacraments given to adults give grace only in proportion as the recipient receives them worthily4 8,if the priest refuses to come1 then the sufferer1 infant or adult1 must die unbaptized and unsaved40 ,if this gentleman had only taken the trouble to consult a ,catholic catechism1 he would have been spared the trouble of putting this further absurdity into print4 ,he would have found little children taught at school that 8in a case of necessity1 when a priest cannot be had1 any one may baptize10 and the instructions for administering the sacrament2 and furthermore1 that1 if a person were placed in such a position that even this means could not reach him1 the very desire is sufficient1 as sometimes happens in the case of sudden conversions and martyrdoms4 ,as for ,catholicity necessitating a ritual1 all religions must more or less4 ,do men object to the old law because of its glorious ritual8 ,is not the very ,baptistact of immersion a ritual1 and their singing in common8 ,so much so that1 for neglect of this observance1 ,baptists cut off the whole ,christian body from community with them4 ,which is harder to believe--the ,catholic doctrine which teaches that we must obey the church which we believe to be the only church of ,christ1 and in support of which teaching we bring forward some very substantial proofs1 or this8 ,you may interpret ,god's ,word as you please2 that alone is sufficient2 but you are not in communion with his church unless you are immersed2 a fact which it is very difficult to twist out of the ,scriptures4 ,again1 he shows his weakness in saying that 8,francis ,xavier1 working on the ,catholic idea1 baptized millions of ,asiatics1 and believed that in so doing he had saved their souls4 ,but the heathen remained heathen still4 ,there is no evidence1 so far as ,i am aware1 that under his labors one solitary soul was transformed into the image of ,jesus ,christ40 ,not one1 but millions1 so that ,sir ,james ,stephens1 a ,protestant lecturer on history in a ,protestant university1 calls him a saint1 not only of the ,catholic ,church1 but of the world4 ,colleges were founded by him1 and thousands of ,christians suffered martyrdom for the faith4 ,but 8,judson0 is the apostle after our author's heart4 ,judson 8lived to see thousands of civilized and christianized disciples in that dark ,burman land2 and the work still goes on1 selfsustained by the power of a true hidden life40 ,this latter is a very saving clause2 so truly hidden is the work that our author can point to no fruit resulting from it4 ,and as for those 8thousands of civilized and christianized disciples10 we took the trouble to look for them1 and we regret to say1 for our author's veracity1 found them all 8wanting40 ,judson did not succeed in converting one either in ,burmah or anywhere else2 and his own sufferings seem to have been reduced to the martyrdom of marrying successively three wives4 ,if then1 as our author says1 8,logically there is no middle position between the high rock ground of ,baptist truth and the low marsh ground of ,catholic error2 all things follow their tendencies1 and it is easier to go down an inclined plane than to go up10 we fear that1 for all he can do to prevent them1 people will follow their natural tendencies4 ,as a last word1 we would strongly recommend him1 before undertaking to set a church in its true colors before the eyes of men1 to consider a little whether he knows anything of the subject he is writing about1 and not stultify himself by an ignorance which looks like malice1 though he calls it truth spoken in love4 ,a ,retrospect4 ,and it fell out1 says the chronicle1 that ,childebert1 hunting one day in the forest of ,compigne in company with his wife ,ultragade1 was suddenly accosted by ,s4 ,marcoul1 a holy man who stood in great repute of sanctity even during his lifetime2 he seized the king's bridle1 and boldly petitioned alms for his poor and his church of ,nanteuil1 which was in a state of shameful unrepair4 ,while he was yet speaking1 a hare1 pursued by the hounds1 flew to the spot and took refuge under his mantle4 ,s4 ,marcoul1 letting go the bridle to place his hand protectingly on the trembling refugee1 the king's horse broke away1 seeing which his piqueur rushed forward1 and in tone of arrogance exclaimed3 8,miserable cleric6 how durst thou interrupt the king's chase8 ,give back that hare1 or ,i will strike thee for thine insolence60 ,the saint1 humbly unfolding his cloak1 set free the hare2 it bounded away1 and the dogs dashed after it4 ,but lo6 they had not made three strides1 when they were struck motionless1 rooted to the ground as if turned to stone4 ,the piqueur1 infuriated1 flew after the hare1 but he had not taken many strides1 when he fell fearfully wounded by a large stone that had been hurled at him1 no one saw whence1 and laid his head open4 ,the huntsmen1 seized with terror1 fell upon their knees1 and implored the holy man to forgive them and intercede for the life of their companion4 ,s4 ,marcoul forgave them1 and then1 going towards the prostrate body of the piqueur1 he touched it and prayed over it1 and presently the stricken man rose up healed4 ,childebert1 being quickly informed of the two miracles1 hastened after the man of ,god and knelt for his blessing1 and took him home that night to the shelter of the castle1 and dismissed him the following day loaded with presents for his church and rich alms for his poor4 ,so stands the legend4 ,a witty ,frenchman once said to a sceptic who sneered at the story of ,mucius ,scvola3 8,my friend1 ,i would not put my hand in the fire that ,mucius ,scvola ever put his in it1 but ,i should be desolated not to believe it40 ,how much wiser was that ,frenchman than the dull criticism of our ,x,i,xth century1 that goes about with a broomstick sweeping away all the lovely fabrics that less prosaic ages have raised to mark their passage on the road of history--a vicious old fairy1 demolishing with her ,haussmann wand the storied1 mossgrown monuments of the past1 giving us naught in their stead but ugly1 rectangular blocks built with those stubborn bricks called facts1 statistics1 and such like6 ,why try to prove to us that ,franois ,i4's heroic ,tout est perdu fors l'honneur6 was only the poetized essence of a rigmarole letter written not even from the field of ,pavia1 but from ,pissighittone8 ,why insist that ,philip ,augustus never said to his barons1 gathered with him round the altar1 before the battle of ,bouvines1 8,if there be one among you who feels that he is worthier than ,i to wear the crown of ,france1 let him stand forth and take it08 ,true1 ,guillaume le ,breton1 who wrote the history of the campaign and never left ,philip throughout1 makes no mention of it1 but what of that8 ,the story is far too beautiful not to be true4 ,let us turn a deaf ear1 then1 to this old hag called ,criticism1 or deal with her and her bricks and mortar as the ,senate of ,berne did with a man who wrote a book to prove that ,william ,tell never shot the apple1 and1 in fact1 that it was doubtful whether he and the apple were not both a myth4 ,the ,senate burnt the book by the hand of the hangman publicly in the marketplace4 ,we will deal in like manner with any profane mortal who questions the authenticity of the legend of ,s4 ,marcoul's hare1 which furnishes the first mention we find in history of the chteau of ,compigne4 ,the forest was its chief attraction to the kings of old ,gaul1 as it has been in later days to their successors4 ,clotaire ,i4 met with an accident while hunting there in #efa1 and died of it2 he was interred at ,soissons1 whither his fourteen sons accompanied him1 bearing torches and singing psalms all the way4 ,fredegonda made the merry huntinglodge the scene of atrocities never surpassed even by her1 fertile as she was in inventive cruelties4 ,her infant son fell ill of a fever at ,compigne and died1 while the son of the prefect1 ,mumondle1 who was taken ill with the same illness at the same time1 recovered4 ,the courtiers1 thinking to allay the despair of the terrible mother by giving it an outlet in revenge1 whispered to her certain stories that were current in the village about a witch who had sacrificed the royal infant to secure the potency of her charms in favor of the life of the other4 ,fredegonda caught at the bait like a tiger at the taste of blood4 ,she scoured the country for decrepit old women1 and1 afraid of missing the right one1 caused the entire lot to be seized and put to death before her eyes4 ,the details of the tortures inflicted on them by the ruthless mother are too terrible to be described4 ,clotaire ,,ii4 lived many years at ,compigne1 much beloved for his gentle and benevolent disposition1 but nothing particular marks that period4 ,king ,dagobert made it likewise his principal residence1 and enriched the surrounding country with many fine churches and noble monasteries4 ,the most celebrated of these was the ,abbey of ,s4 ,ouen's ,cross4 ,the king was out hunting1 one hot summer's day in the year of grace #fca1 and emerging from the forest to the open road1 he suddenly saw before him a gigantic cross of snow4 ,marvelling much at the unseasonable apparition1 he sent for ,s4 ,ouen1 who dwelt in the wood hard by1 and bade him interpret its meaning to him4 ,the saint replied that he saw in the sign a command to the king to build a church on the site of the miraculous cross4 ,no sooner had he said this1 than the cross began to melt1 and presently vanished like a shadow4 ,dagobert at once set about obeying the mandate uttered in the peaceful symbol1 and raised on the road from ,compigne to ,verberie the stately pile called the ,abbaye de la ,croix de ,s4 ,ouen4 ,many other foundations followed1 but no event of note took place at ,compigne till ,louis le ,debonnaire appeared on the scene in #geg--unless1 indeed1 we may record as such the arrival there of the first organ ever seen in ,france4 ,it was sent as a present to ,pepin by the ,emperor ,constantine1 and the first time it was played a woman is said to have swooned1 and awoke only to die4 ,louis le ,debonnaire lived chiefly at ,verberie1 the magnificent palace of ,charlemagne1 a right royal abode1 befitting the greatest monarch of ,france4 ,bronze1 and marble1 and precious stones1 and stained glass1 and all costly and beautiful materials were lavished with oriental prodigality on this wonderful ,verberie1 whose colossal towers and frowning battlements and elaborately wrought gates and gables were the marvel of the age and the theme of many a troubadour's song4 ,but what monument built by the hand of man can withstand the ravages of man's ruthless passions8 ,the palace of the ,gallic ,csar was not proof against the successive wars and sieges that battered its massive walls1 till not even a vestige of the wonderful pile remains to mark where it stood4 ,the sons of ,louis le ,debonnaire1 ,louis1 ,pepin1 and ,lothair1 rebelled against their father2 ,lothair got possession of his person1 stripped him of all the ornaments of royalty1 clothed him in sackcloth1 and in this unseemly plight exhibited the old king to the insults and mockeries of the people4 ,after this he compelled him to lay his sword upon the altar1 and sign his abdication in favor of the unnatural son1 who presided in cold blooded triumph at the impious ceremony4 ,as soon as this was done he sent his father1 bound hand and foot1 to ,compigne1 where he was kept a close prisoner4 ,lothair's brothers1 however1 hearing of this1 were moved to indignation1 and1 stimulated perhaps not a little by jealousy of the successful rival who had started with them1 but secured all the winnings for himself1 they set out for ,compigne1 stormed the fortress1 and set free the king4 ,but the unhappy father was not to enjoy long the freedom he owed to these filial deliverers4 ,louis again rose up in arms against him1 and the king was forced to take the field once more in defence of his crown2 he fell fighting against his three sons on the frontiers of the ,rhine1 and expired with words of mercy and forgiveness on his lips4 ,in #hff1 ,charles the ,bald held a splendid court at ,compigne to receive the ambassadors whom he had sent on a mission to ,mahomet at ,cordova1 and who returned laden with costly presents from the ,turkish prince to their master4 ,charles did a great deal to improve ,compigne2 the old chteau of ,clovis1 which was no better than a huntinglodge grown into a fortress1 he threw down and rebuilt1 not on its old site1 in the centre of the town1 but on the banks of the ,oise4 ,louis ,,iii4 and ,charles the ,simple spent the greater part of their respective reigns at ,compigne1 and added to the number of its institutions--primitive enough some of them--for the instruction of the people4 8,good ,king ,robert0 comes next in the progress of royal tenants 7#ajag73 his name was long a household word among the people to whom his goodness and liberality had endeared him4 ,one day at a banquet1 where he was dispensing food to a multitude of poor and rich1 a robber stole unobserved close up to him1 and1 under pretence of doing homage to the king1 clung to his knees1 and began diligently cutting away the gold fringe of his cloak4 ,robert let him go on till he was about halfway round1 and then1 stooping down1 he whispered discreetly3 8,go1 now1 my friend1 and leave the rest for some other poor fellow40 ,like many another wise and good man1 ,robert was harassed by his wife2 she was a hard and haughty woman1 who1 while professing great love for him1 made his home wretched to him by her quarrels and her domineering temper4 ,the people knew it1 and hated ,constance2 but1 like the king1 they bore it rather than quarrel with the shrew4 8,let us have peace1 though it cost a little high60 the henpecked husband was for ever repeating2 and his people seemed to have been of one mind with him1 for ,constance ruled both him and them with her rod of nettles to the end1 and had her own way in everything4 ,philip ,,ii4's occupation of ,compigne1 which in those days of simple faith1 when religious fervor ran high1 had a significance that can hardly be appreciated in our own chill twilight days1 so slow to see beyond the material world1 so reluctant to recognize the supernatural as an aim or a motive power in the great movements that enlist men's energies and direct them1 changing the face of nations4 ,this was the translation of the holy windingsheet from the casket of carved ivory--in which it had been given to ,charlemagne1 along with many other relics of the same date17#ahc7 by ,constantine ,,ii4 and the ,king of ,persia1 as a reward for his services in expelling the ,saracens from the ,holy ,land--into a reliquary of pure gold1 inlaid with jewels4 ,the holy shroud1 when it was taken by ,charles the ,bald to the ,abbey of ,s4 ,corneille at ,compigne1 is thus described in the procsverbal of the translation1 given at full length in the ,grandes ,chroniques3 8,it was a cloth so ancient that one could with difficulty discern the original quality of the stuff1 being two yards 7aunes7 in length and a little more than one yard in width4444 ,the liquors and aromatic ointments used in the embalmment had rendered it thicker than ordinary linen1 and prevent one from discerning the color of the stuff1 esteemed by the greater number of the spectators to be of pure flax1 woven after the manner of the cloth of ,damascus40 ,there are old pictures still extant1 representing ,charles amidst a vast concourse of prelates and nobles1 accompanying the relic with prayer and solemn ceremonial4 ,in #ajic1 ,matilda of ,england1 on rising from an illness which had been considered mortal1 sent as a thankoffering for her recovery a costly shrine of gold and precious stones to ,philip ,,ii41 with a request that the holy shroud might be placed in it4 ,philip1 in a charter drawn up and signed by himself1 thus testifies to the gift and the translation3 8,it has pleased us to place in a shrine 7chasse7 of gold1 enriched with precious stones1 and given to this church by the ,queen of ,england1 the relics of our ,saviour2 we have beheld this cloth 7linge71 in which the body of our ,lord reposed1 and which we call shroud 7suaire71 according to the holy evangelist1 and which has been withdrawn from the ivory vase40 ,we cannot realize1 we say1 how an event like this would stir the hearts of men in those days4 ,peter the ,hermit was preaching the first crusade2 his burning eloquence1 like a lever1 uplifting the arm of ,christendom1 and compelling every man who could draw a sword to shoulder the cross and go forth to fight and die for the deliverance of the tomb1 where for three days their ,lord had lain wrapped in this windingsheet4 ,the union of mystical devotion and enthusiastic service which characterized the crusaders was fed by every circumstance that tended to embody to their senses those mysteries which had their birth in that remote eastern land towards which they were hastening1 and the transfer of this sacred memento of the ,passion from its simple ivory casket to a sumptuous one of gold and gems1 the offering of a powerful sovereign1 occurring at such a moment1 was calculated to arouse a more than ordinary interest4 ,they hailed the honors so apportioned paid to the holy shroud as a symbol and a promise2 their faith1 already quickened by the renunciation of all that made life dear1 home1 kindred1 nay1 life itself1 for the deliverance of the ,sepulchre1 was stimulated to more heroic sacrifice2 their hope was intensified to prophecy1 by what appeared like a typical coincidence1 a manifestation of divine approval that must ensure beyond all doubt the success of their enterprise4 ,we should not be astonished1 then1 at the paramount importance assigned by the historians of that time to this event1 but recognize therein the sign of our own condemnation1 and of a spirit that is no longer of our day1 but belongs1 like those glorious relics1 to a bright and glowing past47#ahd7 ,philip's son1 ,louis le ,gros1 like his father1 lived principally at ,compigne2 while he was away carrying on the second crusade1 his incomparable minister1 ,suger1 took up his abode there1 and1 dividing his time between prayer and the business of the state1 governed wisely during the king's absence4 ,when another crusading hero1 ,philip ,augustus1 offered his hand and his crown to the fair ,agnes de ,mranie1 destined to expiate in tears and exile the illfated love of the king and her own shortlived happiness1 it was at ,compigne that he presented her to the court and the people2 it was here that amidst pomp and popular rejoicing the marriage was celebrated4 ,but the most curious episode in the whole range of the annals of ,compigne is perhaps that of a claimant whose story opens at this date4 ,baldwin ,,ix41 ,count of ,flanders and ,hainaut1 usually called ,baldwin of ,constantinople1 before starting for the ,holy ,land came to ,compigne to swear fealty to the ,king of ,france1 who invested him with knighthood on the same day that ,agnes1 like a softly shining star of peace and love1 rose upon the troubled horizon of the kingdom4 ,at ,constantinople ,baldwin was proclaimed emperor1 and solemnly crowned by the pope's legate at ,s4 ,sophia 7#abjd74 ,he immediately sent off his crown of gold to his beloved young wife1 ,marie de ,champagne1 desiring her to hasten to rejoin him1 and share his newfound honors4 ,the countess obeyed the command and set sail for ,constantinople1 but1 overcome by the unexpected news of her husband's election to the throne1 she died upon the journey4 ,baldwin's grief was inconsolable2 he laid her to rest in ,s4 ,sophia1 the scene of his recent honors1 and swore upon her tomb never to marry again1 but to devote himself henceforth to the sole business of war3 he kept his vow1 and began that series of brilliant feats which culminated in his triumphant entry to ,adrianople4 ,such was the fame of his prowess that powerful chiefs trembled at his very name3 ,joanice1 the formidable king of the ,bulgarians1 sent a message to 8the great ,french warrior10 humbly praying for his friendship4 ,but the warrior mistrusted these overtures1 and haughtily repulsed them4 ,whereupon ,joanice1 full of wrath1 vowed vengeance1 and in due time kept his vow4 ,he raised an army1 made war on ,baldwin1 whom he took prisoner after a fearful slaughter of his army at the battle of ,adrianople4 ,when the news of the disaster reached ,flanders1 ,henri of ,hainaut1 brother of ,baldwin1 was at once proclaimed regent2 he continued the war against ,joanice1 but without success1 nor could he by bribes1 concessions1 or threats obtain the emperor's release2 ,joanice would not even vouchsafe to reply to any of his overtures on the subject4 ,all else failing1 the pope interfered1 and besought the conqueror not to sully his triumph by revenge1 worthy only of a savage1 but to treat magnanimously1 or at least according to the rules of civilized warfare1 for the ransom of his captive4 ,to this appeal ,joanice condescended to reply that1 alas6 it was no longer in his power1 or any man's1 to comply with the desires of his holiness4 ,the answer was taken for an announcement of ,baldwin's death1 and universally accepted as such4 ,stories soon began to eke out concerning the horrible tortures practised on the unfortunate prince by his cruel captor2 some accredited eyewitness declared that he had been barbarously mutilated1 his hands and arms cut off1 and in this state thrown to the wild beasts1 his skull being afterwards made into a drinkingcup for the brutal ,joanice1 who had stood by gloating over the spectacle of his victim's agony4 ,years went by and nothing transpired to throw the least doubt on the fact of ,baldwin's death1 though the accounts as to the manner of it were somewhat conflicting4 ,henri of ,hainaut was proclaimed sovereign of ,flanders2 after reigning ten years he died1 and was succeeded by ,jeanne1 eldest daughter of ,baldwin4 ,she was not long in possession of the throne when the report was bruited about that her father was alive2 he had been seen by some pilgrims journeying through ,servia1 who having lost their way in the forest of ,glaucon came upon the grotto of a hermit1 and were taken in and restored by him and sheltered for the night4 ,this hermit1 they recognized as their former prince1 ,baldwin2 he was much altered by suffering1 and his long white beard and uncouth garb were calculated to disguise him from any eyes but such as had known him well1 but the pilgrims recognized him at once2 they1 however1 discreetly forebore announcing the fact till they brought other witnesses to corroborate their own assurance4 ,they returned soon with several trustworthy persons who had known ,baldwin too well to mistake his identity after any lapse of years1 and these declared unhesitatingly that the hermit was no other than the hero of ,adrianople4 ,baldwin1 finding his secret discovered1 fled to a distant and more inaccessible part of the forest2 he was tracked thither1 and again fled2 but the pursuers finally got possession of him1 and dragged him by main force into the neighboring town2 the people flocked eagerly to see him1 and with one voice they proclaimed him their longlost ,baldwin1 welcoming him with joyful acclamations as a father returned from the dead4 ,whether this popular welcome merely emboldened the real ,baldwin to confess his identity and1 as a necessary consequence1 claim his rights1 or whether it suggested to the false one the idea of simulating the person whom he resembled and was taken for1 it is impossible to say1 but at any rate from this period we no longer see him dragged1 but marching forth1 of his own freewill1 from town to town1 and surrounded by all the paraphernalia of an injured claimant4 ,his march was not1 however1 one of unbroken triumph2 the town of ,flanders refused to believe in him1 and indignantly scouted himself and his followers as a band of impostors4 ,the daughters of the dead man1 ,jeanne and ,marguerite1 refused to believe in him1 and denounced him as a malefactor whose aim was to stir up disorder in the state for his own ambitious purposes4 ,but ,jeanne's government was odious to the people2 to escape from her harsh and cruel rule they would have willingly adopted any claimant who came with a fair show of right to enlist their credulity4 ,jeanne knew this1 and at once took strong measures to put down the movement4 ,it proved more difficult than she anticipated4 ,before many months the country was in a blaze1 divided into two camps1 one of believers1 the other disbelievers1 but both ready to devour each other to prove and disprove their special theories4 ,a witness whose testimony went hard against the claimant was that of the old bailiff of ,quesnoy2 he had known ,baldwin from a child1 and mourned over him like a father1 and1 when he now appeared at the castle gates and demanded admittance1 the old man refused to open to him1 and vowed solemnly that he was not his master1 but a base impostor4 ,the conduct of this stubborn sceptic drew forth a pathetic appeal from the claimant4 8,i find10 he says1 8more cruel enemies in my own house than in the land of strangers4 ,flanders1 my mother1 dost thou repulse thy son whom ,greece and ,macedonia received with open arms6 ,i escaped from ,adrianople through the carelessness of my guards2 ,i fell into the hands of barbarians1 who dragged me to the distant plains of ,asia2 there1 like a vile slave1 ,i1 who had wielded the sceptre1 was condemned to dig the earth2 ,i dug until some ,german merchants1 to whom ,i confided my story1 ransomed me1 and sent me back to my country1 and lo6 ,i arrive and show myself1 and you repulse me6 ,my daughter ,jeanne refuses to own me in order not to resign her rank and subside into the subject of a court60 ,unmoved by this touching denunciation1 ,jeanne persisted in disowning him1 but1 failing to prove her case1 she referred it to ,louis ,,vii4 of ,france4 ,louis1 much interested in the extraordinary story1 willingly undertook the arbitration4 ,the claimant1 on his side1 testified great satisfaction on hearing that his fate was placed in the hands of a wise and powerful monarch1 who was sure to prove a just and discerning judge2 he set out in high spirits to ,compigne1 where the king was then residing4 ,attired in the violet robes of a hermit1 and bearing a white wand in his hand1 he entered the august assembly with a countenance full of unblushing assurance1 saluted the ,king of ,france with an air of proud equality1 and noticed the barons and knights by a courtly inclination of the head4 ,louis1 who had carefully studied the case1 conducted the examination himself2 he put many subtle and perplexing questions to the supposed ,baldwin concerning events which had passed in his youth1 and which it was thought impossible he could have learned from any one he had seen since his return1 and the claimant answered accurately with an assurance that carried conviction with it4 ,the examination lasted several hours1 and1 the closer it pressed him1 the more triumphantly it established his identity4 ,the witnesses who boasted of being able to confound the imposture in the twinkling of an eye were themselves confounded2 they withdrew covered with confusion1 and vowing inwardly that 8this man was sold to the devil10 as only the father of lies could have told him so many hidden things1 and borne him to success through such a quagmire of difficulties4 ,there was1 indeed1 much conflicting evidence forthcoming4 ,henri1 his brother1 was dead1 but the ,dukes of ,brabant and ,limbourg1 cousins and contemporaries of ,baldwin's1 swore that the claimant was the real man2 on the other hand1 sixteen knights of unimpeachable honor swore to having seen the real man dead on the field of ,adrianople4 ,the king1 after hearing with great patience1 and weighing most impartially what was said on both sides1 declared in favor of the claimant4 ,the excitement was indescribable when he rose to pronounce the verdict2 but at this point the ,bishop of ,beauvais stepped from his seat1 and1 holding up his right hand1 adjured ,louis to suspend for one moment the final words while he put a few short questions to the hermit4 ,the king consented2 a deathlike silence fell upon the assembly1 and the bishop1 going close up to the hermit1 who was seated on a chair in the centre of the great hall1 addressed him thus in a loud voice3 8,answer me three questions3 #ast1 ,in what place did you render homage to ,king ,philip ,augustus8 #b;d1 ,by whom were you invested with the order of knighthood8 #c;d1 ,where did you marry ,marie de ,champagne80 ,the claimant stammered1 grew pale1 and1 after a vain attempt to fence with the questions1 broke down4 ,extraordinary as it may seem1 he had never given a thought to these prominent events in the life of ,baldwin of ,constantinople1 or foreseen that he would be questioned concerning them4 ,the enthusiastic sympathy of the court was changed in an instant to rage and scorn4 ,sentence of death was pronounced on the hermit of ,glaucon on a charge of high treason1 conspiring1 fraud1 perjury1 and the long list of iniquities that make up the sum of a claimant's budget4 ,but having thus far acquitted himself of his office1 the king handed over the criminal to ,jeanne to be dealt with as she thought fit4 ,in those rough and ready days there were no backstairs for a plucky claimant to escape by1 no counsel to save him with a nonsuit1 or such like modern convenience2 the make believe ,baldwin was without more ado hung up between two dogs on the marketplace of ,flanders4 ,some chroniclers throw uncomfortable doubts on the justice of the execution2 a few maintain that this was the true man1 and anathematize ,jeanne as a parricide who sacrificed her own father to the love of power4 ,pre ,cahour1 who is certainly a conscientious writer1 speaks of her1 on the other hand1 as a just and upright woman1 utterly incapable of so diabolical a crime1 and stoutly vindicates the evidence of the sixteen knights1 though how he adapts it to the belief in ,baldwin's capture by ,joanice1 which appears to have been general after the battle of ,adrianople1 it is difficult to see4 ,the ,chronique de ,meyer1 again1 denounces ,jeanne as an execrable monster1 and declares that the man who was hanged was the real ,baldwin4 ,clearly claimants have been always a troublesome race to deal with2 even hanging does not seem to make an end of them1 for their claims outlive them1 and leave to historians a legacy of doubt and discord that is exceedingly difficult to settle4 ,the passage of ,s4 ,louis at ,compigne is marked by an event characteristic of him and of his time4 ,he had ransomed from the ,venetians at at an enormous price the crown of thorns of our ,saviour4 ,to do it public honor he carried it bareheaded and barefooted from the wood of ,vincennes to the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 and thence to the ,sainte ,chapelle1 that gemlike little shrine which had been raised expressly to receive the priceless relic1 and whose beauty is invested with a fresh interest since it escaped the fire of the ,communists2 the ,conciergerie and the ,palais de ,justice were burning so close to it that the flames might have licked its walls1 yet not even one of its wonderful stainedglass windows was injured4 ,other monuments ,s4 ,louis left behind him1 not built of stone or precious metals1 but which have nevertheless endured and come down to us unimpaired by the lapse of ages1 while houses and castles of stony granite have crumbled away1 leaving no record on the hearts of men4 ,compigne in the days of the saintly king was the refuge of ,god's poor1 of the sick and the sorrowing2 ,s4 ,louis gave up to them all the rooms he could spare from his household1 and devoted to tending and serving them with his own hands what time he could steal from the affairs of state4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,russian ,clergy4 ,we have heard nothing new of late about the project of certain zealous ,anglicans and members of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states to establish communion between their churches and the schismatic ,oriental ,christians in the empire of ,russia4 ,it seemed fitting enough at first glance that the special variety of ,christianity introduced by ,henry ,,viii4 should agree with the methods of ecclesiastical discipline prescribed by an equally autocratic sovereign at the opposite extremity of ,europe2 and there were1 of course1 abundant reasons why the ,anglicans and their ,american descendants should covet a recognition from a branch of the church which1 whatever its corruptions and irregularities1 can at least make good its connection with the parent stem4 ,our readers have not forgotten1 however1 how coldly the overtures of these ambitious ,protestants were received4 ,the ,russian clergy ridiculed the hierarchical pretensions of their ,english and ,american friends4 ,they denied their apostolical succession4 ,they questioned their right to call themselves churchmen at all2 and1 in short1 looked upon them as no better than heretics1 and not very consistent heretics either4 ,the movement for union was a foolish one1 begun in utter misconception of the radical differences between the two parties1 and sure from the first to end in discomfiture and irritation4 ,indeed1 it was even more foolish than most of us still suppose4 ,not only was it impossible for the ,russian ,church to make the concessions required of it1 but there is no reason to believe that the ,episcopalians would have been very well satisfied with their new brethren had the alliance been effected4 ,the ,russian ,church is an organization which stands far apart from every other in the world1 presenting some monstrous features which even ,protestantism cannot parallel4 ,the ,jesuit ,father ,gagarin has published a very curious work on the condition and prospects of the ,russian clergy17#ahe7 which would perhaps have modified the zeal of the ,english and ,american petitioners for union and recognition if they could have read it before making their recent overtures4 ,we see here the rottenness and uselessness into which a national church falls when it is cut off from the centre of ,christian unity and the source of ,christian life4 ,the ,russian priests are divided into two classes1 the white and the black clergy1 or seculars and monks4 ,the great difference between them is1 the white clergy are married1 and the black are celibates4 ,whatever learning there is in the ecclesiastical order is found among the monks4 ,the bishops are always chosen from the monastic class2 and the two classes hate each other with remarkable heartiness4 ,the marriage of priests is an old custom in the ,east1 which antedates the organization of the ,russian schism4 ,it prevails in some of the united ,oriental churches to this day4 ,but in ,russia it exists in a peculiarly aggravated form4 ,peter ,i4 and his successors1 by a multitude of despotic ukases1 succeeded in erecting the white clergy into a strict caste1 making the clerical profession practically hereditary1 and marriage a necessary condition of the secular clerical state4 ,the candidate for orders has his choice between matrimony and the monastery2 one of the two he must embrace before he can be ordained4 ,the rule seems to have originated in an attempt to improve the education of the white clergy4 ,the deplorable ignorance of the order led the government to establish ecclesiastical schools4 ,but the schools remained deserted4 ,the clergy were then ordered to send their children to them1 and sometimes the pupils were arrested by the police and taken to school in chains4 ,the ,czar ,alexander ,i4 ordered1 in #ahjh and #ahad1 that all clerks' children between six and eight years of age should be at the disposal of the ecclesiastical schools2 and1 that there might be no lack of children1 the candidate for the priesthood was compelled to take a wife before he could take orders4 ,once in the seminary1 the scholar has no prospect before him except an ecclesiastical life4 ,he cannot embrace any other career without special permission1 which is almost invariably refused4 ,at the same time1 the seminaries are closed against all except the sons of the clergy4 ,the son of a nobleman1 a merchant1 a citizen1 a peasant1 who wanted to enter1 would meet with insurmountable obstacles1 unless he chose to become a monk4 ,thus the paternal government of the czar secures first an unfailing supply of pastors for the ,russian ,church1 which otherwise might be insufficiently served2 and1 secondly1 a career for the children of the clergy1 free from the competition of outside candidates4 ,and1 indeed1 the priests might very well say3 ,since you compel us to marry1 you are bound1 at least1 to furnish a support for our offspring4 ,but the system does not stop here4 ,what shall be done with the priests' daughters8 ,in the degraded condition of the ,russian ,church1 where the white clergy or popes are popularly ranked lower in the social scale than petty shopkeepers or noblemen's servants1 these young women could not expect to find husbands except among the peasantry1 and they might not readily find them there4 ,the obvious course is to make them marry in their own order4 ,the seminarian1 therefore1 by a further regulation of the paternal government1 is not only obliged to marry1 whether he will or no1 but he must marry a priest's daughter1 and some bishops are so careful of the welfare of their subjects that they will not suffer a clerk to marry out of his own diocese4 ,special schools are established for these daughters of the church2 and we could imagine a curious course of instruction at such institutions1 if the ,russian ecclesiastical schools really attempted to fit their pupils for the life before them2 but1 as we shall see further on1 they do nothing of the kind4 ,sometimes it happens that a priest has built a house on land belonging to the church4 ,he dies1 leaving a son or a daughter4 ,his successor in the parish has a right to the use of the land1 but what shall be done with the house8 ,the law solves this difficulty by providing that the living shall either be saved for the son 7who may be a babe in arms71 or given to any young ,levite who will marry the daughter4 ,thus the clerical caste is made in every way as compact and comfortable as possible1 and1 for a man of mean extraction1 moderate ambition1 and small learning1 becomes a tolerable1 if not a brilliant career4 ,the clergy of a fully supplied parish consists of a priest1 a deacon1 and two clerics1 who perform the duties of lector1 sacristan1 beadle1 bell ringer1 etc4 ,the deacon has little to do1 except to share on ,sunday in the recitation of the liturgy1 which1 being inordinately long1 is sometimes divided into sections and read or chanted by several persons concurrently1 each going at the top of his speed4 ,the clerks of the lower ranks1 however1 may pursue a trade1 but they are all enrolled in the same caste1 out of which they must not marry4 ,the number of parish priests in ,russia is about #cf1jjj2 of deacons1 #ab1ddd2 of inferior clerics1 #fc1dba4 ,onehalf the revenue of the parish belongs to the priest1 onequarter to the deacon1 and oneeighth to each of the two clerics4 ,the prizes of the profession are the chaplaincies to schools1 colleges1 prisons1 hospitals1 in the army1 in the navy1 about the court1 etc41 most of which are liberally paid4 ,the parochial clergy are supported by3 #a4 ,property belonging to the parish1 chiefly in the towns1 yielding about #ejj1jjj per annum2 #b4 ,a government allowance of #c1jjj1jjj per annum2 #c4 ,about #bj1jjj1jjj per annum contributed by parishioners2 #d4 ,perpetual foundations1 with obligation to pray for the departed1 invested in government funds at four per cent41 say #a1jge1jjj4 ,the average income of a priest is thus about #cda4 ,in addition to this1 however1 each parish has a glebe1 of which the usufruct belongs to the clergy4 ,the minimum extent of this church domain is about eighty acres1 and it is divided after the same rule as the revenues1 namely1 onehalf to the priest1 onequarter to the deacon1 and the remainder to the inferior clerks4 ,when there is no deacon1 the priest's share is1 of course1 proportionately larger4 ,in many parishes1 the glebe is much more extensive than eighty acres4 ,in ,central ,russia1 it amounts sometimes to #bej1 #ejj1 even #b1ejj acres2 and1 in those fertile provinces known as the ,black ,lands1 the share of the priest alone is sometimes as much as #aej acres4 ,at ,st4 ,petersburg1 the church provides the parish priest a comfortable and elegant home4 8,the furniture is from the first shops in ,petersburg4 ,rich carpets cover the floors of the drawingroom1 study1 and chamber2 the windows display fine hangings2 the walls1 valuable pictures4 ,footmen in livery are not rarely seen in the anteroom4 ,the dinners given by these curs are highly appreciated by the most delicate epicures4 ,occasionally their salons are open for a soire or a ball2 ordinarily it is on the occasion of a wedding1 or the birthday of the cur1 or on the patron saint's day4 ,the apartments are then magnificently lighted up2 the toilettes of the ladies dazzling2 the dancing is to the music of an orchestra of from seven to ten musicians4 ,at supper the table is spread with delicacies1 and champagne flows in streams4 ,a ,petersburg cur1 recently deceased1 loved to relate that at his daughter's nuptials champagne was drunk to the value of #cjj roubles 7#dh740 ,considering the education and social standing of a ,russian priest1 this is not bad4 ,in the rural districts there is much less clerical luxury2 there is even a great deal of poverty and hardship4 ,but we must not forget that the rustic clergy is but a little higher in culture than the rudest of the peasantry1 and a life which would seem intolerable to an ,american laborer is elysium to a ,russian hind4 ,most1 even of country priests1 have comfortable houses1 well furnished with mahogany and walnut2 and1 though they do not eat meat every day that the church allows it1 they have their balls and dancing parties1 at which their daughters dance with the young men from the neighboring theological seminaries4 ,the wives and daughters of the reverend gentlemen1 to be sure1 have to labor sometimes in the fields2 but 8they are dressed by the milliner of the place2 you will always see them attired with elegance2 they do not discard crinoline1 and never go out without a parasol0--except1 of course1 when they are going to hoe corn and dig potatoes4 ,the voluntary contributions of the parishioners are collected1 or enforced1 in a variety of ways1 and paid in a variety of forms4 ,towards the feast of ,s4 ,peter each house gives from three to five eggs and a little milk4 ,after the harvest1 each house gives a certain quantity of wheat4 ,when a child is born1 the priest is called in to say a few prayers over the mother1 and give a name to the baby2 the fee for this is a loaf and from #d to #h cents4 ,baptism brings from #h to #bd cents more4 ,for a second visitation and prayers at the end of six weeks there is a fee of a dozen eggs4 ,at betrothals the priest gets a loaf1 some brandy1 and sometimes a goose or a suckingpig4 ,for a marriage he is paid from #a #fj to #c #bj2 for a burial1 from #hj cents to #a #fj2 for a ,mass for the dead1 from #bh to #fd cents2 for prayers for the dead1 which are often repeated1 #d or #h cents each time2 for prayers read at the cemetery on certain days every year1 some rice1 a cake1 or some pastry4 ,the peasants often have a ,te ,deum chanted either on birthday or nameday1 or to obtain some special favor2 the fee for that is from #h to #af cents4 ,the penitent always pays something when he receives absolution2 but as confession is not frequent in the ,russian ,church1 the income from this source must be small4 ,in the towns the fee is often as high as #a1 #b1 #d1 and even more4 ,among the peasantry it sometimes does not exceed a kopec 7one cent72 but if the penitent wishes to receive communion1 he must renew his offering several times4 ,at ,easter1 ,christmas1 the ,epiphany1 the beginning and end of ,lent1 and on the patron saint's day1 which sometimes occurs two or three times a year1 it is customary to have prayers chanted in every house in the parish1 for which the charge varies in the rural districts from #d cents to #fj cents each visit1 according to the importance of the occasion4 ,in the large cities the fees are much more considerable4 ,father ,gagarin cites the case of a parishioner in ,st4 ,petersburg to whom the clergy presented themselves in this manner twentyseven times in a single year1 and at each call he had to give them something4 ,this1 however1 was an exception4 ,generally the visits are only fifteen a year4 8,sometimes it happens10 continues our author1 8that the peasant cannot or will not give what the priest asks4 ,hence arise angry disputes4 ,one priest--so runs the story--unable to overcome the obstinacy of a peasant refusing to pay for the prayers read in his house1 declared that he would reverse them4 ,he had just before chanted1 #8,benedictus ,deus noster'2 he now intoned1 #8,,non ,benedictus1 ,,non ,deus1 ,,non noster' thus intercalating a non before each word4 ,the affrighted peasant1 the chronicle says1 instantly complied4 ,often enough1 too1 in spite of all the prohibitions of the synod1 the wives and children of the priests1 deacons1 and clerks accompany their husbands and fathers1 and stretch out their hands also4 ,the worst of all this is that the ,russian peasant1 while long disputing merely about a few centimes1 will think himself insulted unless the priest accept a glass of brandy4 ,and when the circuit of all the houses in the village has to be made1 though he stay only a few minutes in each1 this last gift is not without its inconveniences40 ,it must be an edifying round certainly4 ,but then the reverend gentleman has a wife to help him home4 ,the black clergy is not in a much better condition than the white4 ,all the monasteries are supposed to be under the rule of ,s4 ,basil2 but they are not united in congregations1 each establishment being independent of all the rest4 ,most of them do not observe the great religious rule of poverty and community of goods1 but each monk has own purse1 and the superiors are often wealthy4 ,one hundred years ago1 the number of convents1 not reckoning those in ,little and ,white ,russia1 was #ied4 ,the ukase of ,catharine ,,ii41 which confiscated the property of the clergy1 suppressed all but #djj4 ,since then the number has increased4 ,the great increase in the number of monks between #ahcf and #ahch is accounted for by the forcible incorporation of the ,united ,greeks4 ,this was not formally effected until #ahci1 but the ,united ,greeks were reckoned as part of the ,russian ,church in #ahch1 and many of their monks were transferred from their own to the nonunited monasteries earlier than that4 ,it will be seen1 however1 that the increase thus obtained was not permanent4 ,the curious discrepancy between the number of monks and the number of nuns has an equally curious explanation4 ,women are forbidden1 by a decree of ,peter the ,great1 to take the vows under forty years of age4 ,hence the convents are crowded with postulants who must wait sometimes twenty years before they can take the veil4 ,some persevere1 some return to the world1 and many continue to live in the convent without becoming professed4 ,if we reckon the whole population of the convents--monks1 nuns1 novices1 and aspirants--we shall find the number of the two sexes more nearly agree4 ,it is interesting to see from which classes of society these monks and nuns are drawn4 ,f4 ,gagarin distinguishes five classes3 ,i4 ,the clergy1 including priests1 deacons1 and clerks1 with their wives and children2 ,,ii4 ,the nobility1 embracing not only the titled nobility1 but government functionaries and members of the learned professions2 ,,iii4 ,the urban population1 comprising merchants1 artisans1 citizens1 etc42 ,,iv4 ,the rural population1 consisting of peasants of all conditions2 ,v4 ,the military4 ,the monks are recruited from these five classes in the following ratio3 ,clergy3 #ed4c per cent4 ,urban population3 #bb4c ,rural population3 #af4c ,military3 #c4d ,nobility3 #c ,the immense preponderance of the clerical element is owing primarily1 of course1 to the regulation of caste1 which virtually compels the children of the clergy to follow the profession of their fathers4 ,for the ambitious1 the monastery alone offers an alluring prospect1 since it is from the black clergy that the bishops are taken4 ,the religious calling1 therefore1 in ,russia is not so much a vocation as a career4 ,if there were really an unselfish devout tendency towards the monastic life among the children of the clergy1 we should expect to find it stronger with the daughters than with the sons4 ,but the case is far otherwise4 ,there are no bishoprics for the women2 their career is to marry priests1 go with them from house to house collecting alms1 and help them home when they have taken too much brandy4 ,hence we find the following ratio among the population of the nunneries3 ,urban population3 #ch4h per cent4 ,rural population3 #ca ,clergy3 #ac ,nobility3 #ab ,military3 #d ,the number of recruits supplied to monasteries by the clerical profession averages #adj a year4 ,these comprise a curious variety of persons4 ,first1 there are priests or deacons who have committed grave crimes2 they are sentenced to the convent1 as lay convicts are sentenced to the galleys4 ,next there are seminarists who have failed in their studies2 if they quit the ranks of the clergy altogether1 they are forced into the army2 if they remain among the white clergy1 they have no prospect of becoming anything better than sacristans or beadles2 by entering a convent they will at least live more comfortably and may aspire to become deacons or priests4 ,then there are deacons and priests who have lost their wives2 they cannot marry again2 the ,russian government hesitates to entrust a parish to a wifeless priest2 the wife indeed1 as we have just seen1 has some very important functions to perform in the administration of parochial rites2 so the unfortunate widower is not only advised but sometimes compelled to go to a convent4 ,again1 there are seminarists who after completing their studies act as professors for some time before they are ordained4 ,suppose such a man has been married and his wife dies4 ,he cannot be ordained if he marry again4 ,he cannot be ordained a secular priest without a wife4 ,he must either go to the convent or seek some career outside the clerical profession1 and that1 as we have seen1 it is almost impossible to find4 ,ambition draws many to the monastery4 ,a student of any one of the four great academies of ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,moscow1 ,kasan1 and ,kieff1 who embraces the monastic life during his academical course1 is morally certain on quitting the academy of being named inspector or prefect of studies in a seminary2 at the end of a few years he becomes rector2 and if he do not impede his own advancement he can hardly fail to be a bishop after a while4 ,still there is difficulty in obtaining from the academies a sufficient number of educated monks1 and according to ,f4 ,gagarin some extraordinary devices are resorted to in order to supply the demand4 ,when persuasion has failed1 the student whom the convent wishes to capture is invited to pass the evening with one of the monks4 ,brandy is produced and it is not difficult to make the young man drunk4 ,while he is insensible the ceremony of taking the habit and receiving the tonsure is performed on him1 and he is then put to bed4 ,when he awakes1 he finds by his side1 instead of the lay garments he wore the night before1 a monastic gown4 ,all resistance is useless4 ,he is told that what is done cannot be undone1 and after a while he submits angrily to his fate4 ,this at any rate was the method of impressment into the religious state adopted fifty years ago4 ,now1 says our author1 it is unnecessary1 inasmuch as a shorter way has been found of reaching the same result4 ,the students of the academies 7these are students of theology1 be it remembered--equivalent to our seminarians7 are in the habit of frequenting publichouses and getting drunk4 ,they are carried home on handbarrows1 and this proceeding is known as the 8,translation of the ,relics40 ,when a young man has been fixed upon as a desirable recruit for the monastery1 the superior has only to watch until he is brought home on a barrow2 the next morning1 while his head and his stomach are rebuking him1 he is informed that he has been expelled for his disgraceful conduct2 but1 if he will give a proof of his sincere repentance by making a written request to be received as a monk1 he may be forgiven4 ,there is no novitiate in the ,russian convents4 ,the neophyte makes his vows at once--provided he has reached the age prescribed by the law--and instances are not wanting of monks who have even attained the episcopate without ever having lived in a convent4 ,according to the ,russian law1 academy pupils may make the religious profession at #be2 other men at #cj4 ,it often happens that a youth has finished his studies before reaching #be2 in that case1 instead of applying for a dispensation1 he makes a false statement of his age4 ,others who fail at their books wait for their thirtieth year1 and are placed meanwhile each one under the care of some monk1 who is supposed to form him for the monastic state4 ,but he receives no religious training4 ,he does not learn to pray1 to meditate1 to examine his conscience4 ,he waits upon his master2 he joins in the long service in the church2 and the rest of the time he spends in amusement within or without the convent4 ,his pleasures are not always of the most edifying character1 and his excursions are not confined to the day4 ,what sort of monks can be formed by such training8 ,the asceticism prescribed by ,s4 ,basil is rarely observed4 ,meat is forbidden1 but it is a common dish on the convent tables4 ,drunkenness is so prevalent that it hardly causes surprise4 8,after that10 says our author1 8one can imagine what becomes of the vow of chastity40 ,there is1 as we have already said1 no pretence of observing holy poverty4 ,every monk has a certain share of the convent revenues1 proportioned to his rank1 and this share is sometimes large4 ,the average income of the black clergy is not easily ascertained4 ,there are two sorts of convents--those which receive aid from the state1 as compensation for confiscated estates1 and those which depend entirely upon private resources4 ,those of the first kind are divided into monasteries of the first1 second1 and third classes1 receiving from the government respectively #b1jjj1 #a1fjj1 and #fgj roubles a year 7#a1fhj1 #a1cdd1 #efc74 ,there are #bgh of these convents1 receiving #bei1bjj roubles1 or about #bag1gbh from this source4 ,in former years1 each convent was entitled to the compulsory services of a certain number of peasants4 ,since the emancipation of the serfs the government has commuted this privilege by paying an annual sum of #cjg1hej silver roubles1 or #beh1eid4 ,endowments with an obligation to pray for the departed yield in addition #b1aej1djj to white and black clergy together4 ,let us suppose that the monks get one half2 that would be #a1jge1bjj per annum4 ,then the convents possess large properties in arable lands1 woodlands1 meadows1 fisheries1 mills1 etc4 ,one convent is mentioned which has derived an income of #aj1jjj merely from the resin collected in its forests4 ,the greater part of the revenues1 however1 are derived from the voluntary contributions of the people4 ,these seem to be enormous4 ,russians prefer to be buried within the precincts of the monasteries1 and the monks not only ask an exorbitant price for the grave1 but make the deceased a permanent source of profit by charging for prayers over his remains4 ,images famous for miracles1 churches enriched with the relics of saints1 have multitudes of visitors who never come emptyhanded4 ,how much can be made from this concourse of the faithful may be imagined when it is remembered that a single laura1 that of ,s4 ,sergius at ,moscow1 is visited every year by a million pilgrims4 ,begging brothers traverse all ,russia1 gathering alms4 ,a very pretty trade is driven in wax tapers4 ,the various arts resorted to by the white clergy to collect money are well known to the monks also4 ,the ,laura of ,s4 ,sergius is said to have a revenue all told of at least #b1jjj1jjj roubles 7#a1fhj1jjj71 and a single chapel in ,moscow yields to the convent to which it is attached an annual income of about #hj1jjj4 ,these princely revenues are not devoted to learning1 education1 charity1 religion4 ,a large part is misappropriated by the persons appointed to gather them4 ,a third is the property of the superiors4 ,the rest is divided among the monks4 ,the annual income of the superior of one of the great lauras is from #cc1fjj to #ej1djj2 of the superior of a monastery of the first class1 from #h1djj to #be1bjj2 second class1 #d1bjj to #h1djj2 third class1 #hdj to #d1bjj4 ,all this is for their personal use2 the monastery gives them lodging1 food1 and fuel1 and they have to buy nothing but their clothing4 ,the seminaries1 governed by the state1 teach successfully neither piety nor learning4 ,the tendency of the courses of instruction is to become secular rather than ecclesiastical4 ,a proposal has recently been made that each bishop shall choose for his diocesan seminary a learned and pious priest to hear the confessions of the pupils1 and excite them to devout practices2 but it is objected that no secular priest can be found who is fit to discharge such important functions1 while those monks who are fit are already employed in more important duties2 besides1 if one could discover among the white clergy the right sort of man1 so much virtue would come very expensive1 and the bishops could not or would not pay the salary he would be in a condition to demand4 ,the seminarians are required to confess twice a year1 namely1 during the first week of ,lent and during ,holy ,week4 ,in reality1 most of them omit the second confession2 they go home to their families at ,holy ,week1 and rarely approach the sacraments1 though they always bring back a certificate from the parish priest that they have done so4 ,a new regulation prescribes two additional confessions and communions1 namely1 at ,christmas and the ,assumption1 and attempts another reform by ordaining that seminarians shall say their prayers morning and evening1 and grace before and after meat4 ,the bishops are appointed by the czar1 and transferred1 promoted1 degraded1 imprisoned1 knouted1 or put to death at the imperial pleasure4 ,until very recently1 no bishop could leave his diocese without the permission of the synod1 so that consultations among the episcopacy were1 of course1 impossible4 ,now1 however1 a bishop may absent himself for eight days1 on giving notice to the synod4 ,it is the synod at ,st4 ,petersburg that exercises1 under the czar1 the whole ecclesiastical authority of the empire4 ,the bishop has no power1 and nothing to do but to sign reports4 ,all the business of his diocese is really transacted by a lay secretary1 appointed not by the bishop1 but by the synod4 ,under the secretary is a chancery of six or seven chief clerks1 with assistant clerks and writers4 ,this office superintends all the affairs of the clergy1 and transacts no business without drinkmoney4 ,it is the most venal and rapacious of all ,russian bureaus1 and such a mine of wealth to the officials that recently1 when the chancery of a certain town was abolished on account of the destruction of its buildings by fire1 the employees petitioned to be allowed to restore them at their own expense4 ,the secretary is the one allpowerful person of the diocese4 ,from #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj files of documents are referred to the chancery every year for decision1 and it is he who passes upon them1 asking nothing of the bishop except his signature4 ,he is almost invariably corrupt1 and as he possesses1 through his relations with the synod1 the power to ruin the bishop if he chooses1 there is no one to interfere with him4 ,the synod consists of the metropolitan of ,st4 ,petersburg and a number of other bishops chosen by the czar and changed every now and then1 and of two or three secular priests1 one of whom is the czar's chaplain1 and another the chief chaplain of the army and navy4 ,but in reality1 the whole power of the synod is held by an imperial procurator1 who sits in the assembly1 watches all its proceedings1 stops deliberations whenever he sees fit1 is the intermediary between the church and the state1 and formulates decisions for the signature of the synod4 ,most of these decisions are signed without reading1 and sometimes they are made to express the direct contrary of the sense of the assembly4 ,the procurator1 in a word1 is to the synod what the secretary is to the bishop--the representative of the civil power ruling the enslaved and submissive church4 ,the czar speaks through the procurator1 the procurator speaks through the lay secretaries of the bishop1 and so the church is governed practically without troubling the clergy at all4 ,the 8,old ,catholics0 of ,germany1 and the new and improved ,catholics who are 7perhaps7 going to be made under the patent of ,father ,hyacinthe and wife1 are understood to be looking eagerly for connections in various parts of the world4 ,let them by all means go to ,russia4 ,they will see there how much liberty a church gains when it cuts itself off from its obedience to the ,see of ,peter1 and what kind of a clergy is constructed when men try to improve upon the models of ,almighty ,god4 ,the ,cross ,through ,love1 ,and ,love ,through ,the ,cross4 ,maheleth ,cristalar was the daughter of a ,spanish ,jew4 ,her father had once been very wealthy1 and indeed until the age of sixteen she had lived in princely splendor4 ,the beauties of her ,spanish home were very dear to her2 she had many friends1 and as much time as she chose to spend in study4 ,but one day1 her mother1 a stately1 handsome matron1 came into her little sittingroom1 looking pale and worn4 8,maheleth1 my child10 she began1 in faltering tones1 8we have had some bad news this morning4 ,i am afraid we are in danger of being totally ruined40 ,the young girl looked up2 she was very beautiful1 and the spiritual expression on her face intensified and heightened her beauty in a singular degree4 8,ruined1 dear mother8 ,is my father very unhappy about it80 8,he is more angry than unhappy2 it has happened through the dishonesty of persons he trusted40 8,shall we have to leave home80 asked ,maheleth4 8,i fear we shall2 it is a heavy trial40 8,it will be for our good in the end1 mother darling4 ,i am so sorry for you and my father1 because you have always been used to riches40 8,so have you1 my poor child40 8,but not for so long a time2 and it is easier to root up a sapling than a fullgrown tree40 8,ah6 you hardly know what may be before you1 ,maheleth2 your sisters are mere children2 we have but few relations2 with fortune1 so also friends will forsake us2 the shock will be very sudden1 and we shall have to bear it alone40 8,you forget our ,god10 said the girl gently4 ,a shade of impatience passed over the elder woman's face4 8,we do not hope for miracles now1 child10 she answered2 8your father has worked hard for his wealth1 but ,god will not treat him as he treated ,job40 8,depend upon it1 if he does not1 mother mine1 it is because he knows what is best for us4 ,you would not have us lose our hopes of the hereafter for the sake of more or less comfort in the earthly present80 8,my child1 you should have been a boy2 such sayings would tell well in a sermon1 but in practical business matters they are but cold comfort40 8,oh6 they are comfort sufficient1 believe me2 besides1 they do not debar us from prudent measures and precautions in a temporal point of view40 8,well1 child1 you are a visionary1 ,i always knew that2 it remains to be seen if you can be a stoic40 8,what need of that1 dear mother8 ,stoicism is not obedience nor resignation40 ,here a light step was heard1 and the halfopen door was pushed quickly back4 ,a little girl1 about nine years old1 ran in with flushed face1 and1 holding in her hands a velvet casket1 cried out in gleeful voice3 8,o mother6 sister6 see6 ,i got leave to bring this in myself4 ,it has just come from the jeweller's1 just as my father ordered it60 ,and she opened the casket1 displaying a wonderful parure of opals and diamonds1 exquisitely and artistically wrought4 ,seora ,cristalar turned away impatiently1 saying to the child3 8,thamar1 ,i am engaged2 don't come fooling here about these jewels2 put them down1 and go into the next room40 ,the child1 hurt and astonished1 looked blankly at her sister4 ,maheleth reached out her hand for the casket1 and half rose from her seat4 8,i will come to you presently1 little sister1 if you wait in there2 never mind the pretty gems just now40 ,and so saying1 she kissed the little eyes that were ready to overflow with childish tears1 and1 setting the jewels on a table out of sight of her mother1 resumed her seat4 8,there are the firstfruits of our circumstances10 said the mother bitterly4 8,the man expects to be paid for those today1 and ,i shall have to tell him to take them back60 8,come6 if there were nothing worse than that6 ,now1 mother1 we will both go to my father1 and pray together1 and then consult among ourselves40 ,maheleth's father was very fond and very proud of his eldest daughter1 and this indeed was his best trait4 ,shrewd and clever in worldly affairs1 yet strictly honest in his dealings1 he was not devoid of that hardness that too often accompanies mercantile success1 and as often turns to weakness when that success disappears4 ,one thing seemed to sustain him1 but it was only a hollow prop after all--his pride of race4 ,for generations his family had been well known and honored3 he could trace his ancestry back in an unbroken line of descent from one of the exiles from devastated ,jerusalem4 ,rabbis and learned men had borne his name1 and though in later times no opening save that of trade and banking had been available to those of his race1 yet his blood yielded it in nothing to that of the proverbially haughty nobles of ,spain4 ,it mattered little that by some he was shunned as of an inferior extraction or lower social status2 his own wealth1 his wife's beauty1 his lavish hospitality1 his daughter's charms1 were strong enough1 he knew1 to break the barriers of prejudice1 at least as far as appearances went4 ,as to marriages1 he did not covet for his children the alliance of a poor foreigner1 and poor most of the proud families were whom he daily entertained at his splendid house--poor in brains1 poor in beauty1 poor in energy and strong will4 ,and yet1 though he almost despised his neighbors1 this shock was very galling to him4 ,they now would turn from him1 would forget his open handedness1 and remember only his race and creed2 would pity him perhaps1 but with the pity that is almost contempt4 ,and this seemed to paralyze him1 for all his fiercely expressed consciousness of superiority to his friends4 ,maheleth tried to persuade him to take the trial calmly2 for even in a temporal aspect calmness would sooner show him how to retrieve his fortunes4 8,for10 she said1 8you know that1 with your abilities1 you can1 if you will1 gain enough for my little sisters' dowry by the time they will be grown up2 and that is the first thing to be considered1 and after that we shall even have enough to live in comfort40 8,and what is to become of you1 ,maheleth80 asked her father fondly4 8,oh6 you and ,i will be coworkers4 ,i will look after those two until you can marry them well1 and so we will both have a definite object in life4 ,we can keep my mother in some degree of comfort from the very beginning1 if we only look things in the face40 ,the opals and diamonds had to be returned to the jeweller's2 the pleasant home was broken up1 and what with the sale of his property1 and various other legal arrangements1 ,ephraim ,cristaler was able to pay all his creditors1 with a few trifling exceptions1 for which he bound himself by solemn promise to provide shortly4 ,then the banker and merchant disappeared1 and the nine days' wonder was forgotten by his former circle of acquaintances4 ,one day1 a young ,englishman1 travelling or rather sauntering about ,europe in a way unlike the usual useless rush of tourists from one point to another of ,murray's ,guide,book1 arrived at ,frankfort and settled there--for how long1 he1 least of all1 could have told4 ,at the hotel1 nothing was known of him but his name1 ,henry ,holcombe1 and that he had come with a black portmanteau containing a number of books4 ,he went slowly to see the sights1 one by one1 as if he had plenty of leisure and wanted to enjoy it2 and1 when he did go1 he never measured the length and breadth of saloons1 the height of towers1 the number of statues in the cathedralniches2 nor did he ever disgrace his name by carving it side by side with the ambitious ,joneses or the heavensoaring ,smiths on the pinnacle of a temple1 or the bark supports of a summerhouse2 when he went out with a book in his hand1 it was neither the obtrusive ,murray nor the ostentatious ,byron2 and1 in fact1 he departed altogether from the standard of the regulation ,british tourist4 ,he was walking one day down the ,juden,strasse1 the picturesqueness of whose medivallooking houses had a special attraction for him1 when it came on to rain very suddenly1 and the sky seemed to threaten a storm in good earnest2 the street was soon deserted1 and the narrow roadway became a miniature stream4 ,presently he heard a step behind him1 and a slight figure1 halfhidden by a large umbrella1 pressed quickly past him4 ,it was a woman1 and1 he thought1 a very young one1 but more than that he could not tell1 because she was veiled and muffled1 and held the dripping umbrella very close down upon her head4 ,she had not gone a dozen paces beyond him before she dropped something white like a roll of music1 and stooped slowly to pick it up4 ,the cloak and long skirt she was holding fast to keep them from the mud embarrassed her1 and the young ,englishman had time to spring forward and restore the white roll of paper to her hand before she had grasped it4 8,oh6 thank you1 mein ,herr60 said a low1 rich voice1 in very soft ,german4 ,and1 as ,henry took off his hat in silence1 the girl made a pretty sweeping inclination1 and left him1 walking as quickly as before4 ,but he had seen more this time1 and he knew she was beautiful1 and had a dainty1 graceful hand4 ,curious and interested1 he watched the darkclad figure down the street1 quickened his own steps as it hastened on1 slackened them as it paused to clear a crossing without splashing the long and rather inconvenient garments4 ,he saw it stop at last1 and ring a bell at an old forlornlooking door1 where he might have expected to see the face of a gnome appear1 as guardian of unsuspected treasures within4 ,he was dreadfully romantic1 this young ,englishman1 but in a subdued1 quiet way that seldom showed itself in words1 and was specially repelled by the gushing style too much followed just then by some of his fair countrywomen4 ,the door was opened and shut1 and1 except through his notice of the number over it1 #be1 his relation with the beautiful stranger was cut off4 ,he thought of it day after day1 got a directory1 and found out that in the house ,no4 #be there lived three families of the names of ,zimmermann1 ,krummacher1 and ,lwenberg4 ,the occupations of the heads of the families were given thus3 8moneylender10 8bankingclerk10 and 8lacemerchant10 respectively2 no clue whatsoever1 of course2 and1 unless in a regular and received manner1 ,mr4 ,holcombe could not think of entering the house4 ,still1 the face he had seen veiled under the prosaic tent of a wet umbrella kept between him and his thoughts1 and would not be driven away4 ,then1 too1 what business was it of his to go and throw himself in the way of a girl who most likely was a ,jewess8 ,yet1 reason as he might1 the mysterious face would visit him1 and it seemed to him as the face of an angel4 ,very often he passed the house1 and once or twice even made a pretence of sketching it2 but he never saw the figure again4 ,once a young face looked out over the flowers in the window of the groundfloor room1 a merry face full of health and mischief--not his dream4 ,the blinds were always drawn on the first floor1 even when the windows were open1 and he began to fancy she must be hidden behind those discreet shrouders of privacy4 ,a friend of his met him at his hotel one day when he came home from the ,juden,strasse1 and surprised him by telling him he was going home in a fortnight to get married4 8,i've been half over the world1 my dear fellow10 he said1 8and enjoyed myself immensely4 ,and ,i've got such a pile of things going home to my fiance1 for our house4 ,she will be delighted1 she is so fond of queer1 foreign things1 not like what other people have1 you know4 ,i'll show you some1 but most are gone in packing cases through agents from the different parts of the world ,i've been in40 ,and the two young men went upstairs to examine the bridal gifts4 8,look here10 said ,ellice to his quieter friend1 8it was a pasha's wife sent me these10 dragging out a handful of ,eastern jewelry1 golden fillets1 and embroidered jackets and slippers4 8,a cousin of mine is the wife of the consul at ,smyrna1 and she got them for me1 for of course ,i was not allowed to go near the ,eastern lady6 ,and look here1 these are carved shells1 and motherofpearl crucifixes from ,jerusalem1 and boxes made from ,olivet trees and cedars of ,lebanon2 you should value those40 8,i hope your future wife will10 gravely said young ,holcombe2 8the wood of the olives of ,gethsemani is almost a relic in itself40 8,oh6 ,miss ,kenneth will appreciate them just as much as you do1 ,holcombe1 she is very reverential4 ,see1 here is some alabaster1 ,naples coral1 and ,byzantine manuscripts1 and marble ornaments from the ,parthenon4 ,ah6 here is the filigree silver of ,genoa2 that is one of my last purchases1 except these pictures on china from ,geneva2 see the frames1 too1 they are ,swiss40 ,then he turned out a huge tigerskin1 and said3 8,all my ,indian things except this were sent from ,bombay1 and a year ago ,i sent home all kinds of jolly things from ,north ,america--furs and skins1 antlers1 and other curiosities4 ,by the bye1 ,i have some old point from ,venice1 but some people had been there before me and cleaned the shop out pretty nearly1 so ,i shall have to get some more4 ,belgium is a good place1 isn't it80 ,holcombe looked thoughtful2 his truant mind was at ,no4 #be again1 and he did not answer4 ,his friend went on3 8,i'll just ask the landlady1 she'll be likely to know if there is any place here1 just for a souvenir of ,frankfort40 8,yes10 said ,holcombe1 8,i suppose she knows40 ,and1 as he spoke1 the phantom face was directly in his mind's eye1 and he could not drive the vision away4 8,and now1 old fellow1 suppose you show me the lions here10 said ,ellice2 8you have been here longer than ,i have40 ,so they walked out1 and of course in due time came to the high1 irregular houses bordering the curious ,juden,strasse4 ,it was ,friday evening1 and the street was full of people hurrying to one spot2 the air was balmy1 and told of summer2 the scene was very striking4 ,the stream of people disappeared under the archway of a splendid ,moorishlooking building1 with ,hebrew characters carved above the portal4 ,it was the new synagogue4 ,the two friends followed the men2 the women were lost to view in the stair cases leading to the galleries4 ,a gorgeous latticework defended these galleries1 and the assemblage in the main part of the temple were men with their hats on and light veils or shawls across their shoulders4 ,the service began2 low1 plaintive chants resounded through the building2 sometimes the congregation joined4 ,it was very solemn1 and ,henry ,holcombe seemed fascinated4 ,some one passed him a book and found the place for him4 ,and now came the prayer for the mourners1 the mourner's ,kaddisch1 as he saw it printed before his eyes4 ,there was a stir among the people1 and he could hear the women's clothes rustling in the gallery4 ,those who had recently lost friends and relations stood up during the intercession1 and then another prayer was offered up in ,german4 ,holcombe thought the sound of the old ,hebrew was like the passing of water through a narrow rocky channel2 it was soothing and flowing1 sad and majestic1 and he wondered if the girl he had seen once thought and felt about it as he did4 ,when the crowd dispersed1 he tried to linger at the entrance1 watching the women as they passed out4 ,his friend was hardly so patient1 and reminded him of the table d'hte they had most likely already missed4 8,i am afraid10 he said1 8your people would scarcely approve your admiration of the pretty ,jewesses40 ,holcombe blushed and moved away1 and1 just as he came out on the sidewalk1 a girl in black passed him slowly1 with an anxious1 absent look4 8,by jove6 that is a pretty face60 exclaimed ,ellice2 but the other said nothing4 ,for the second time1 he had seen the face he was always dreaming of1 8,she looks like an angel10 he thought1 8and yet she is not even a ,christian40 8,i never saw a ,german ,jewess like that10 his friend went on to say4 8,she looks like a ,spaniard40 ,the next day1 ,ellice had got an address written down1 and said to ,holcombe3 8,if you care to go with me1 we will go and look after this lacemerchant this morning40 ,holcombe's heart gave a great throb as he asked carelessly to see the address3 8,jacob ,zimmermann1 #be ,juden,strasse40 8,i don't know much about laces10 he answered1 8but ,i will go with pleasure40 8,it feels like going on an adventure1 like something you read of in a book10 said ,ellice1 8this penetrating into the privacy of those tumble down dens of the ,juden,strasse40 8,well10 returned ,holcombe quietly1 8it does give one the idea40 ,they rang at the door ,no4 #be1 and the merry1 mischievous face he had seen once at the window greeted ,henry as he entered4 ,they inquired for ,herr ,zimmermann4 8,oh60 said the girl1 laughing and looking astonished1 8he is up on the third floor4 ,shall ,i show you the way8 ,but he is ill1 and1 as he lives all alone1 he has got into very queer ways40 ,they went up1 guided by the laughing girl1 who rattled on as she preceded them4 8,gentlemen like you most often inquire for us1 for my father1 ,i mean1 and no one ever comes to see old ,zimmermann except some wrinkled old ladies1 and heaven knows how they find him out2 and as to ,herr ,lwenberg1 he is a stranger and has no friends40 ,the two young men then knew that she was the moneylender's daughter1 and ,holcombe thought his dream companion must bear the name of ,lwenberg4 8,but is not ,zimmermann a rich old merchant1 and is he not wellknown in the town80 asked ,ellice4 8,my landlady named him at once when ,i asked for laces40 8,oh6 yes2 rich he is2 so rich he won't sell generally2 but then an ,englishman is another thing6 ,he lives like a rat in a hole1 and starves himself40 ,by this time1 they had reached the door of the miser's room2 a low1 subdued voice was heard within reading4 ,their knock was answered by a noise of light footsteps1 and the door was drawn ajar by some one inside4 8,rachel1 what is it8 ,you know ,herr ,zimmermann is ill40 ,holcombe knew that voice must belong to the girl he had never forgotten4 ,just then the light from the door fell upon the men in the darkened1 narrow passage1 and the slight figure drew back a little4 8,they are ,english gentlemen10 said ,rachel4 8,they want to buy40 8,today1 ,rachel8 ,it is the ,sabbath40 ,rachel shrugged her shoulders1 and ,ellice stepped forward4 8,i beg your pardon4 ,i forgot that4 ,but since we are here1 perhaps you will let us see the laces1 and we can come back and choose on ,monday40 ,the girl looked uneasily back into the room1 and then said1 in a very low voice3 8,no2 please do not ask to come in today2 he is hardly conscious1 and he might forget it was the ,sabbath in his excitement40 8,very well10 said ,ellice politely1 and ,holcombe whispered to him3 8,come away2 don't you understand80 ,the door was closed gently1 and ,henry said3 8,she was afraid he could not resist the temptation of a good offer1 if it were made to him1 and she wanted to prevent his doing anything wrong40 8,how stupid ,i am60 said ,ellice4 8,of course that's it4 ,but1 ,i say1 is she not pretty80 8,beautiful60 answered ,holcombe very quietly4 8,is that ,fraulein ,zimmermann80 asked ,ellice of ,rachel4 8,no2 ,fraulein ,lwenberg10 said the girl4 8,she is very kind to the old man4 ,her own father is ill and can't work1 and she is very good to him4 ,she reads to old ,zimmermann1 and looks after him1 too1 when he is ill4 ,she has two little sisters also40 8,and how do they live80 asked ,ellice4 8,she keeps them1 ,i think4 ,the father used to be clerk in ,hauptmann's bank2 but he has been laid up six months now1 and the mother died two months after they came here40 8,are they ,germans80 said ,ellice1 really interested4 8,their name is1 but ,i fancy they are foreigners4 ,maheleth speaks like a foreigner40 8,maheleth6 ,a curious name40 8,yes1 an unusual one2 so is her sister's--,thamar40 ,they were at the streetdoor now1 and ,ellice bade the girl goodmorning1 saying they would come again on ,monday4 8,what a curious chance60 he went on4 8,it is the same girl we saw coming out of the synagogue last night4 ,did you notice80 8,yes10 said ,holcombe4 8,you don't seem very much interested1 anyhow40 8,my dear fellow1 ,i never could get up an ecstasy60 8,still waters run deep1 ,holcombe4 ,i suspect that is the case with you1 you sly fellow40 ,monday came1 and the two friends were again at ,no4 #be4 ,rachel admitted them as before1 and showed them into the old lacemerchant's den4 ,he was alone1 and looked very eager2 but his wasted1 wrinkled hands and driedup face spoke his miserly character1 and froze the sympathy he so little cared to receive4 ,he laid out his precious wares with trembling fingers1 and it was curious to see these cobweb treasures drawn from common drawers and boxes1 and heaped on a rickety deal table near the stove that was just lighted1 because he was still so ill4 ,everything about the room looked cold and hungry2 the floor was bare2 the paint on the walls dirty and discolored2 and an untidy assortment of tin pans and cheap crockery littered the neighborhood of the stove4 ,the window looked into a back yard1 and what panes were not broken were obscured by dirt4 ,in strange contrast to all this was a bouquet of fresh flowers on a chair4 ,while ,ellice and the old man were bargaining1 ,holcombe fastened his eye on the flowers1 conjecturing well whose present they were4 ,the old ,jew asked enormous prices for his laces1 and gave marvellous accounts of the difficulties he had sustained in procuring them as an excuse for his exorbitant demands4 ,so the time seemed long to ,henry1 who knew little or nothing about such things1 when suddenly ,rachel appeared at the door with a basin of soup4 8,fraulein ,lwenberg sent you this10 she said to the old man1 and then to the strangers3 8,you must excuse us2 he is too weak to do without this at the accustomed time1 and the fraulein is gone out40 8,gone out60 querulously said the miser4 8,gone out without coming to see me60 8,she knew you were engaged10 retorted ,rachel4 8,you will see her again to night40 ,she spoke as to a spoiled child4 8,well1 well1 business must be first1 and she has business as well as ,i have40 ,and he went on with his flourishing declamations over his lovely laces4 ,holcombe understood why she had omitted her morning's visit to her old protg1 and1 indeed1 it would have been unlike his ideal of her had she acted otherwise4 8,have you nearly done1 ,ellice80 he said1 coming up to the table4 8,yes2 all right4 ,see1 ,i have chosen the nicest things ,i could find1 as far as ,i know2 but the fellow asks such confounded prices40 8,well1 you had only that to expect10 was the smiling answer1 and then the young man turned to the lacemerchant4 8,have you been ill long80 8,only a month1 and ,i should be dead if it were not for ,maheleth4 ,i cannot do without her40 8,but she is poor herself2 she cannot bring you what you want1 can she80 8,no1 she cannot2 she is poor1 and her father is poor1 and so am ,i4 ,i sell nothing now2 ,i have no customers40 ,holcombe smiled slightly1 but he went on3 8,are you fond of flowers80 8,yes1 but ,i cannot afford them40 8,then it would be cruel of me to ask a violet heartsease of you2 but1 if you would give me that1 ,i will send you more flowers1 and bring you something you will like tomorrow40 8,yes1 you may take one2 but1 if you want flowers1 ,maheleth can give you some2 she has some growing in her room40 8,no1 this one is enough4 ,goodby1 and ,i will try and see you again40 ,as they left the house1 ,ellice said to his friend3 8,well1 ,holcombe1 you are green6 ,you don't mean to say you believe he is poor80 8,no1 ,i don't believe it2 but he will be none the worse off for a few flowers and some good food1 if he won't get them for himself40 8,i suppose you remember that there is another invalid in the house1 and the same person nurses both80 8,i know what you mean1 ,ellice1 and ,i wish you wouldn't joke2 it is not fair40 8,very well1 old fellow2 but1 if you were anybody but yourself1 ,i should say #8take care4' ,you always were the steadiest old chap going40 ,a day or two afterwards1 ,holcombe was left alone again2 he had sent things to ,zimmermann as he had promised2 but as yet he had not revisited the ,juden,strasse4 ,on ,friday1 there was a special service at the ,catholic cathedral1 at eight o'clock1 and the young man1 hardly knowing why1 determined to go4 ,the church was only partially lighted1 except the chancel1 which was dazzling4 ,the music was good1 the congregation devout1 and the ,german sermon as interesting as could be expected4 ,the whole effect was very beautiful1 and seemed to ,henry a peacegiving and heartsoothing one4 ,a rush of voices came breaking in upon his reverie at the ,tantum ,ergo1 and the surging sound was like a mighty utterance of his own feelings4 ,as the priest raised the ,host1 he bowed his head low1 and prayed for peace and guidance2 and when he lifted it again the first object his eye fixed on was a slight1 darkrobed figure1 standing aside in the aisle1 drooping her head against one of the columns4 ,he knew the figure well2 but1 with a strange thrill1 he asked himself why was she here8 ,for the music8 ,for the beauty of the sight8 ,for love of a creed she was half ashamed to embrace8 ,or from the curiosity of a chance passerby8 ,he watched her as she moved behind the shadow of the pillar1 and waited till she was enticed from her hidingplace by the quick desertion of the once crowded church4 ,now the light from a lamp streamed down on her2 the face was anxious and troubled1 as if weary with thought4 8,friday1 too60 he said to himself4 8,and she has come here on the very ,sabbath4 ,perhaps she has been to her own service first4 ,but what can it mean1 if she only were what this would point to80 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,odd ,stories4 ,,iv4 ,the ,white ,shah4 ,if thou wouldst hear a choice history of princes1 go into the garden of the shah's pleasurehouse1 and hearken to what the hummingbirds tell thee in sleep4 ,how else could thy servant have learned the memory of ,shah ,mizfiz1 the forgotten8 ,was it not he who built the palace of a hundred towers in the valley of groves8 ,beautiful beyond compare was that valley's lake which presented itself like a mirror before the pavilion of the shah2 and magnificent as a house in the sky were the hundred delicate towers that rose one above the other1 amid gardens and fountains1 and half lost in groves of venerable height and shade4 ,high hills whose sides were covered with woods and flowers1 and watered with streams and fountains1 shut out the valley from the world save where it was entered through a great gate crowned with towers2 and a long colonnade of loftiest trees pranked with beds of tulips1 hyacinths1 and roses1 and intertwined with flowering vines that here and there made curious arbors4 ,from the windows1 or from the balconies1 or from the pavilions of his palace1 the shah could see the lords and ladies who1 dressed in goldbroidered silks of all colors1 shook their plumes as they rode up to his gate1 or1 listening to the song of minstrels1 sailed upon the bosom of the lake4 ,naught now could the shah do but dream4 ,surrounded by hills that fenced him from mankind1 by waters that mirrored the skies or leaped into the sunlight1 by flowers whose odors inspired the sense1 by trees which everywhere made repose for him1 and by towers1 the intricacies and ingenuities of which rendered his palace ever new to him1 he forgot all common things4 ,the cares of state he left to his ministers at the gate of the valley2 while in one or other of the innumerable courts of his palace1 or among its unknown and invisible gardens1 he retired from the intrusion of mortals4 8,i went to seek the roseking10 said or sang a poet of the court2 8so ,i stripped a great rose of all its leaves1 one by one1 and in its heart of hearts ,i found the ,shah ,mizfiz40 ,now1 having captured the tenth of a number of white elephants1 the like of which was never seen1 except in the woods and by the lake of the imperial valley1 where they roamed in romantic innocence and tameness1 the ,shah ,mizfiz betook himself to his dreams as others do to their books4 ,at times1 seated high on his favorite white elephant1 the old shah rode in state through his grounds4 ,thence it came to pass that1 seeing his beard like almondblossoms1 and the milky color of his thronebearer1 they who visited the gardens of the lake remembered him as the ,white ,shah4 ,leaning on the cushions of his vineencircled pavilion1 his silken beard and silvery locks floating in the breath of the zephyr1 how often have the minstrels passed by beneath him over the mirror of the lake1 singing under their gorgeous sails or to the timebeat of their oars those songs which1 with a tinkling and rippling melody1 lingered in his ear4 ,less was it known how looked and fared the shah when he retired to the inmost bowers of the interior gardens of the hundred towers4 ,but what wonder if in one of those fine daydreams so celebrated by the poet ,bulghasel the flower fairies themselves did him veritable honor1 and1 circling gardens of roses1 tulips1 and lilies1 danced at his feet and round about him1 an illusion of humor and beauty8 ,ah6 the deepeyed1 fargazing ,white ,shah6 ,what dreams he dreamed of green ages in the youth of the world1 of faroff golden centuries to come1 of ships navigating the air of sunset1 of adventures in the stars1 and of nights with the great moonshah6 ,they were not to be told or counted2 the number and wonder of them would have tasked a hundred scribes1 and put as many dreamers to sleep4 ,howbeit1 the shah's visions persuaded him to become an oracle for all his empire4 ,statesmen consulted his dreams1 and poets made themes of them1 and doubtless the humane spirit of his visions found its way into the laws4 ,thanks to them1 the people had abundant feastdays1 and1 if a mine of precious stones were discovered1 or the caravans were richer than usual1 or the lords were moved to more than wonted bounty1 or new fountains were built on the dry roads1 or new temples set up here and there1 the shah's dreams were praised4 ,when he had completed the thousandth of a line of dreams1 the smallest of which would have made a paradise on earth again1 he dreamed that his people were prosperous like none other under the sun2 for his prime minister had artfully omitted to report that his eastern provinces were suffering the horrors of a famine1 and those of the west were threatened by war4 ,but on neither of these facts did the ,white ,shah lay the blame for that final eclipse which ruined his dreams4 ,in a fatal hour1 having too long slept among the poppies1 and drunk too much wine and coffee1 he dreamt that the demon ,sakreh had caught him up in a storm on the desert of ,lop1 out of which he let him drop into the ,lake of ,limbo1 whence1 fishing him up by the hair of his head1 he banged him against the ,caucasus and set him down to cool on the ,himalaya1 ere1 taking him to the topmost height of the palace of the hundred towers1 he allowed him to fall through the many colored glasses of the dome of delights4 ,his displeasure with the effects of this dream was heightened and consummated when the poet ,bulghasel1 in a moment of malediction1 trod on his particular corn4 ,from that moment1 peace forsook the couch of the ,white ,shah1 and dreams of glory visited not his slumbers4 ,henceforward what had been dreamland to the too happy shah became the saddest reality4 ,in a white age he had lost his visions as old men lose their teeth4 ,he wandered about the valley--no longer seated high on the pride of his white elephant1 but crownless and on foot--murmuring from hour to hour3 8,i have lost my dream--,i have lost my dream40 ,one day1 leaving palace and throne1 he passed out of his gate liked one crazed1 to seek1 as he said1 his dream4 ,far away among the ,parsees the poet ,bulghasel found him after many pilgrimages3 8,and ,o my whitehaired sire10 cried the affectionate poet1 8hast thou found the object of thy search80 8,yea1 son10 rejoiced the ,white ,shah1 8,i have found that which ,i never lost1 but would that ,i had possessed2 for then my dream was a fiction1 and now truth is a sufficient dream for me4 ,if the new shah would sleep well1 let him have this dream40 ,signs ,of ,the ,times4 ,in ,europe1 of late1 meetings have been the order of the day4 ,there have been meetings of emperors and ,internationalists2 of 8,old ,catholics0 and ,catholics2 of church congresses and congresses to disestablish the church2 of 8,home,rulers0 and ,dilkites4 ,the voluntary expatriation of the ,alsace ,lorraine population has followed close on the heels of the violent expulsion of the ,jesuits1 both influenced by the same motive power2 tradesunions have called together a society of ,german professors1 who1 by dint of powerful speeches of an explosive nature1 succeeded finally in showing1 in a very conclusive manner1 that they knew little or nothing of what they were talking about4 ,gambetta has found his voice again2 ,russia has mildly but decidedly objected to its inflammable utterances1 and in the midst of all the hubbub the eyes of the world have been attracted to the strange spectacle in these days of a nation1 by a sudden and spontaneous movement1 turning its steps to an humble shrine of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,as for the meeting of the emperors1 we were not present at the council1 and had no secret emissary concealed in the cupboard4 ,what was effected1 or what was intended to be effected1 is an utter mystery to us4 ,we very much doubt if anything were effected at all2 that is1 anything real1 lasting1 and permanent4 ,the composing elements were in themselves as incapable of mingling as oil and water4 ,if people looked to permanent peace or peace for any length of time from it1 we fear they will be sadly mistaken in view of what we have since seen4 ,the effective forces of ,austria are fixed at #hjj1jjj men4 ,the government1 actuated doubtless by peaceful motives2 finds it necessary to keep on hand a peace effective of #bej1jjj2 and1 that this force may be in fighting order at any moment1 the recruits must be kept for three years under colors4 ,to supply this contingency1 #cj1jjj more men are required1 which draws a sum of #a1hej1jjj out of the national chest1 a chest neither very deep nor very safe4 ,the measure was objected to1 whereupon ,count ,andrssy spurred them up by informing the astonished members that1 notwithstanding the imperial exhibition of brotherly love at ,berlin1 the speeches1 manuvrings1 fireworks1 and the rest1 he would not venture to answer for the continuance of peace even to the end of the present year4 ,as an echo of the truth of this1 ,prussia has just given an order for #c1jjj1jjj rifles of a new pattern1 on the strength1 doubtless1 of the discharge of the ,french debt4 ,russia is increasing her already vast army steadily and surely1 while ,france hopes by her new scheme of raising forces to show at the end of five years an active army of #gae1jjj1 and a territorial force of #gbj1jjj men4 ,so much for the effects of the imperial conference as regards peace4 ,the ,internationale1 true to the discordant elements of which it was composed1 adjourned without effecting anything or coming to any conclusion4 ,this was only to be expected2 but we should not judge from this that it is dead1 as has been too hastily done by many journals4 ,its life is disorder1 and1 if it can catch the tradesunions1 its influence would be paramount4 ,as for the meeting of the 8,old ,catholics0--we presume they call themselves 8,old0 ,catholics as the ,greeks called the furies ,eumenides--it will soon have passed out of memory4 ,we rejoice that it did occur1 in order to show the 8movement0 in its true light4 ,luther himself had not half the chance which ,dllinger and the rest enjoyed4 ,the strongest of governments at their back1 the whole anti,catholic world looking with eager eyes on this mountain in travail--parturiet2 and not even the ridiculus mus is born in recompense for all this labor1 storm1 fuss1 and anxiety4 ,we forget2 there issued a long string of resolutions1 which one or two newspapers published1 the generality very sensibly finding them of too great length and of too little importance to burden their leaders with them4 ,the whole affair was utterly ridiculous even to the mnu1 which1 as became a solid dinner1 composed for the most part of ,german professors with a few ,episcopal waifs and strays from ,england and ,america1 was in ,latin1 and commenced thus3 ,symposium4 ,gustatio3 ,pisciculi oleo perfusi et salmones fumo siccati ad cibi appetentiam excitandam4 ,mensa prima1 etc4 ,and this is the way in which the 8,old ,catholics0 meet to found or reform a church6 ,the effect of it all is shown in the comments of the secular press4 ,the cleverest journals in ,england and ,america1 those who expected much from it1 generally express themselves to the effect that1 though far from saying that the meeting was without significance1 it did not succeed in erecting a platform whereon a body could stand4 ,the fact is this3 ,we are far from denying to the majority of the men there assembled abundance of intellect and that sort of talent that can make a fine speech or perhaps compose a readable book1 but the world1 if it must be changed1 wants something more solid than this4 ,prince ,bismarck's measures are what ,strafford would call 8thorough02 and he is carrying out this 8thorough0 policy with far greater effect than the vacillating ,stuart4 ,the latter lost his head for too much heart2 the ,german chancellor is not likely to imitate him in that4 ,the ,jesuits had small respite4 ,we presume they are all out of ,germany by this time4 ,how much the country at large will gain in peace1 solidity1 and security by their expulsion it is impossible for us to say4 ,oddly enough1 in ,prince ,bismarck's stronghold1 ,prussia itself1 we find that the new order is not destined to run quite smoothly4 ,the diet is dissolved because the ,upper ,house refused to pass the country reform bill in the face of the emperor and an official intimation from the minister of the interior that if the measure were defeated the government would dissolve the diet and convoke a new one4 ,whether the members of the ,upper ,house will continue the fight1 and come into direct collision with the power which they so helped to make supreme1 we do not know yet1 but we expect not4 ,meanwhile1 the ,jesuits have not gone out of their fatherland alone4 ,the sympathy of the whole ,catholic world has gone out with them1 and its expression is gaining volume daily4 ,addresses of condolence and protestations against the legal violence which expelled them are rising up day after day from the hearthstones of the land they have quitted1 as well as from lands and multitudes to whom they as individuals are utterly unknown4 ,perhaps the most noticeable of the many which are continually appearing in their own land is that of the society of ,german ,catholics recently assembled at ,cologne1 which passed a series of resolutions protesting strongly3 #a4 ,against the assertion that the ,catholic population is indifferent to the interests of fatherland1 and hostile to the empire4 #b4 ,against the laic laws which would control the affairs of the churches4 #c4 ,against the state direction of the schools4 #d4 ,against the expulsion of the ,jesuits4 #e4 ,against the encroachment of the state on the jurisdiction of the bishops4 #f4 ,against the suppression of the temporal power of the ,pope4 ,such is the ,catholic voice all the world over4 ,if rulers can respect this voice1 they will have no more faithful1 earnest1 or devoted children than the children of the ,catholic ,church4 ,if they cannot respect it1 they have only to expect an unfailing legal opposition until they are compelled to respect it1 as ,ireland1 speaking in ,o',connell1 compelled ,england to do2 as ,germany1 by lawful agitation and peaceful though unceasing and determined protest1 will compel ,prince ,bismarck to do1 until we see again restored to the country which they love and which loves them the sons who1 by peaceful counsel and wise guidance1 and religious instruction1 will bring more glory1 solid prosperity1 enlightenment1 and peace to the nation than a cycle of ,bismarcks4 ,the ,bishop of ,ermeland still survives the terrible threats of the chancellor which have been gathering over his head in deepening thunder this long while for excommunicating heretic priests2 the bolt has not yet fallen4 ,perhaps ,jove finds himself a little puzzled how to fulminate it to a nicety4 ,to show the justice of the ,bismarck government1 and how equally it deals with all classes1 the ,consistory of ,magdeburg has quite recently decreed the excommunication of all ,protestants who by mixed marriages shall educate their children as ,catholics2 the decree has been carried into execution at ,lippspring2 the case brought before the civil courts1 and of course the pastor1 one ,schneider1 who wrought the excommunication publicly and openly in the church1 was supported by the just weight of the law4 ,now1 excommunication is excommunication whether you call it ,catholic or ,protestant4 ,why1 then1 threaten with impeachment8 ,why stop the salary which the government for the country bestows in the one case1 and let the other go entirely free8 ,and yet this is all according to law6 ,another anomaly according to law is displayed in the seizing of the schools by the government4 ,we have not space here to go into the whole question1 instructive though it would be1 as showing the determination of this government to uproot the ,catholic faith by every means in its power4 ,but we will mention one instance4 ,a ministerial circular accompanied the notice of the new arrangements1 informing the teachers that it was desirable that their scholars should belong to no religious confraternities--of the ,rosary1 ,blessed ,virgin1 and such like--and that if they persisted in belonging to them they should be dismissed4 ,we find it necessary to endorse this statement by informing our readers that it is plain1 unvarnished fact4 ,civil marriage is now in full sway2 that is to say1 it is no longer a sacrament according to law4 ,what wonder that the ,german bishops assembled at ,fulda gave utterance to their solemn protest1 an extract of which we cull8 ,it reads as though it had been penned in the days of ,diocletian1 or ,julian the ,apostate1 or ,henry ,,viii4 ,but in these days1 when mere human society has come to know its power1 and dream that it possesses freedom1 the protest jars on our ears as something out of tune1 out of time1 out of date altogether3 8,we demand1 as a right which no one can dispute to us1 that the bishops1 the parish priests of the cathedral churches1 and the directors of souls1 be only appointed in accordance with the laws of the church and the agreement existing between the church and state4 8,in accordance with these laws and agreements1 the ,catholic people and ourselves cannot consider as legal a director of souls or a teacher of religion one who has not been so named by his bishop2 and we1 the ,catholic people and ourselves1 cannot consider as legally recognized a bishop who has not been named by the ,pope4 8,we claim equally for ourselves and for all ,catholics the right of professing throughout ,germany our holy ,catholic faith in all its integrity1 at all times and in all freedom1 and to rest upon the principle that we are in no wise constrained to suffer within the bosom of our religious community those who do not profess the ,catholic faith1 and who do not submit entirely to the authority of the church4 8,we consider as a violation of our church and of the rights which are guaranteed to it every attack made against the liberty of religious orders4 ,we regard and vindicate1 also1 as an essential and inalienable right of the ,catholic ,church1 the full and entire liberty which it possesses of elevating its servants in accordance with ecclesiastical laws1 and we demand not only that the church exercise over the ,catholic schools 7primary1 secondary1 and higher7 the influence which alone can guarantee to the ,catholic people that its children shall receive in the schools a ,catholic education and instruction1 but we claim also for the church the freedom to found and direct in an independent manner1 certain private establishments ordained for the teaching of the sciences in accordance with ,catholic principles4 ,in fine1 we maintain and defend the sacred character of ,christian marriage as that of a sacrament of the ,catholic ,church1 as well as the right which the divine will has given to the church in connection with this sacrament40 ,the signatures of the bishops are affixed to this document1 which is addressed to all the ,german governments1 and produced a commotion and irritation among all the national liberal journals which were unexampled4 ,we have given this extract here in order to bring home to the minds of our readers how hard the church is driven in ,germany4 ,when the bishops and the laity combined feel themselves called upon to protest in this style1 the government which for no reason whatever can give rise to such a protest--signed by the saintly chiefs of a body of #ad1jjj1jjj1 and endorsed in meeting after meeting by those #ad1jjj1jjj and the countless numbers of their coreligionists outside of ,germany scattered through the broad world--must be one which does not govern1 but tyrannizes4 ,the same 8thorough0 policy prevailed in ,alsace and ,lorraine4 ,on the very day1 ,october #a1 when the option of declaring for ,france or ,germany arrived1 all the men who remained in the countries named were enrolled in the ,prussian service from that date4 ,this1 beyond what ,mr4 ,disraeli would call a 8sentimental grievance10 drove them from the country1 as it must have been intended to do4 ,service under the power that annexed them1 which they but yesterday fought against1 and a service the most rigorous and exacting that exists1 as it must be in order to retain its supremacy1 was something that seems to have been ingeniously invented in order to drive the people out4 ,the provinces are more than decimated2 the ,prussian army1 if increased at all1 is increased in the event of a renewed war by untrustworthy men1 and a new drop of gall is thrown into the already overbitter cup which ,france is compelled to swallow4 ,and yet the ,provinzial ,correspondenz 7official7 of ,berlin1 in view of ,october #a1 said3 8,the government has not hesitated an instant in calling without delay on the inhabitants of ,alsace and ,lorraine to serve in the ,german army1 as the best and surest means to evoke and develop speedily among the population newly reunited to ,germany the sentiment of an intimate community with the ,german people40 ,this smacks of excess of credibility4 ,if ,bismarck wanted really to annex the provinces in heart and soul1 he adopted the very surest means of emptying them in the speediest manner1 and letting in the ,germans1 who now1 sick of war and of the rumors of war1 wish to emigrate in such formidable numbers4 ,probably the chancellor proposes using the deserted provinces as a safetyvalve for these recreant spirits4 ,one of the most significant signs of the instability of the new empire is the desire of so many earnest workers to leave it just when it has been established in all its glory and power4 ,but glory and power do not last long in the eyes of men who look to a peaceful life and to which side1 in a popular phrase1 their bread is buttered4 ,instead of peace1 they find the service more rigorous than ever2 the money which was won by the blood of their kin and countrymen going to the pockets of the generals1 to carry out emperors' ftes1 and purchase millions of rifles of a new pattern4 ,evidently the business of the ,german ,empire wears a very martial look4 ,but the artisan and clerk have fought well1 and find no returns4 ,your ,german is of a logical bent1 so he determines on going elsewhere1 where he may live at peace1 and let ,bismarck look after his own empire4 ,in ,france1 we have had and are having the pilgrimages to ,lourdes4 ,not alone to ,lourdes1 and not alone in ,france1 but in ,belgium and ,germany also there have been numerous pilgrimages to various shrines4 ,of course the wits of the secular journals1 with a few honorable exceptions1 have had a fine time of it1 and have twisted the stories of the miracles of ,lourdes and ,la ,salette into every possible shape in which they might squeeze a laugh out of it4 ,they are at great pains to show what we were long ago convinced of--that they do not know what faith means4 ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 after a residence of seven years in full enjoyment and exercise of his ecclesiastical functions1 has suddenly come to be non recognized by the ,swiss government1 or1 more properly1 by the ,grand ,council of ,geneva1 and his pension stopped4 ,the ,grand ,council of ,geneva had already expelled the ,sisters of ,charity and the ,christian ,brothers4 ,it essays the rle of ,bismarck1 and where it purposes stopping we do not yet see4 ,but as the population of ,geneva is composed of #dg1jjj ,catholics against #dc1jjj ,protestants1 we may presume that the ,grand ,council of ,geneva will very speedily be brought to its senses4 ,its miserable pension of #aj1jjj francs was raised to #bc1jjj in two days by a voluntary contribution set on foot by ,m4 ,veuillot of the ,univers4 ,the ,grand ,council has incurred the contempt of all rational minds1 while ,mgr4 ,mermillod is supported in his action by all his fellowbishops1 by his ,holiness1 and by the ,catholic world4 ,it may be as well to remember that the ,protestant party in the ,swiss cantons voted1 but were happily outvoted1 for union with ,prussia4 ,it is not difficult to see whence the persecution of ,mgr4 ,mermillod starts4 ,gentlemen who have visited the ,alhambra in ,london1 or any one almost of the ,parisian theatres1 or ,niblo's in ,new ,york1 are not apt to be squeamish on the score of the decent and moral in theatrical representations4 ,things must therefore be at a very bad pass when we find the correspondents of the ,london ,times and the other ,english newspapers1 in common with those of our own and the ,parisian press1 uniting in condemning in the most unsparing terms the pieces which are now in vogue on the boards of the ,roman theatres4 ,cardinal ,patrizi addressed an official letter to ,minister ,lanza on the subject4 ,that gentleman1 who is extremely active in suppressing a ,catholic paper which dares to caricature his majesty's government1 sends back an answer which1 divested of its diplomatic wool1 is cowardly1 stupid1 and insulting4 ,we have been astonished to find 8religious0 newspapers in this city gleeful over these representations which the good sense1 if nothing more1 of the secular correspondents of all journals in all countries condemns as odious1 detestable1 and utterly unfit to be presented in any civilized1 or for that matter uncivilized1 community4 ,these journals which are religious see in them 8a new means of evangelizing ,italy40 ,another feature in 8united ,italy0 is the utter insecurity of life and property in ,rome1 ,naples1 and ,ravenna principally1 though1 in fact1 through the length and breadth of the land4 ,victor ,emanuel has held the country long enough now to give some account of his stewardship4 ,the government of the ,pope and of the ,bourbons1 we were told1 favored brigandage and every other atrocity2 yet the correspondents of the ,london ,times1 the ,london ,spectator1 and by this time most of the other anti,catholic journals1 are furnishing articles which must rather astonish the upholders of the blessings which were to flow from 8,italy united40 ,they picture scenes of rapine and blood before which the graphic ,arkansas letters of the ,herald pale1 while the doers of these deeds1 the thieves and murderers1 are 8well known to the police10 in fact1 on excellent terms with them1 and walk about in the open day with any man's life in their hands who dares frown on them4 ,the government is simply afraid of them1 afraid to use the only remedy now in its hands by proclaiming martial law1 a proceeding which the ,english journals strongly advise4 ,if such a state of things continues much longer1 we fear the inevitable verdict must come to ,victor ,emanuel1 8,now thou shalt be steward no longer40 ,of his ill gotten power1 indeed1 it may be said1 8blood hath bought blood1 and blows have answered blows40 ,people are apt to be logical2 if a government robs and kills and calls it law1 why should not they do the same8 ,italy will continue in a state of chronic anarchy until religion is restored to it2 then order will follow as it is following in ,france today4 ,in ,england1 though ,parliament has not been sitting1 questions of moment have been rife4 ,mr4 ,miall has again raised the warcry against the ,established ,church1 ably seconded by ,mr4 ,jacob ,bright4 ,the ,times and ,saturday ,review and other journals affect to laugh at ,mr4 ,miall1 as they and such as they laughed at the ,reform ,bill1 the ,act of ,catholic ,emancipation1 and the disestablishment of the ,irish ,church4 ,we believe ,mr4 ,miall's measure to be the logical sequence of the last of these measures1 a fact which ,mr4 ,disraeli in opposing it foretold4 ,it is an anomaly--a church supported by a majority which does not believe in it4 ,mr4 ,miall's measure is only a growth of time2 in fact1 it only requires the conversion of such organs as the ,times and ,saturday ,review to bring it to pass today4 ,as a corollary to ,mr4 ,miall's movement comes the annual ,church ,congress held this year at ,leeds under the presidency of the ,bishop of ,ripon4 ,this annual congress is a curious thing2 it is a meeting of everybody1 high and low1 church and lay1 to compare notes and see how the church is getting on--a very useful proceeding1 no doubt1 if there were only something faintly approaching unanimity among its members4 ,as it happened1 unanimity was the one thing wanting1 and certain stages of the proceedings were as warm as those of the 8,old ,catholics0 at ,cologne4 ,in fact1 the account of the whole proceedings reads like an extract from ,the ,comedy of ,convocation4 ,new ,publications4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,passion4 ,from the ,spanish of ,father ,luis de la ,palma1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,the ,translation revised and edited by ,henry ,james ,coleridge1 of the same ,society4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is the third volume of the ,quarterly ,series which the ,jesuit ,fathers are bringing out in ,london4 ,the series is beautifully got up1 and we wish it every success4 ,the present work on the ,passion has a prologue by the author1 in which he sets forth the end he has had in view4 ,the prologue is followed by a brief treatise on the method of meditation on the ,passion1 together with four sections suggestive of aids to the memory1 the understanding1 the will1 and the colloquy4 ,the whole is prefaced by the editor1 from whose remarks we transcribe the following3 8,that he 7the author7 was a man of sound and deep theological learning is sufficiently proved by the work which is now presented to the ,english reader4444 ,everything he has written is of the most sterling value1 and has always been very highly esteemed1 especially by those who have labored in illustrating and explaining the ,spiritual ,exercises of ,s4 ,ignatius4444 ,he tells us 7in the prologue7 that the book is designed both for simple reading and also for the purpose of furnishing matter to those who are in the habit of practising meditation and of preparing their meditation for themselves4 ,those who use the book for the firstnamed purpose will hardly discover that it is intended also to serve the other2 while those who practise meditation1 and refer to these pages for matter pregnant with such considerations and suggestive of copious affections and practical resolutions1 will not find it easy to exhaust the stores which are here so unostentatiously collected4 ,it may be worth while to point out that the design of the author1 that his book should thus serve the purpose of a storehouse for meditation on the ,passion1 accounts for the only kind of amplification which he has allowed himself4 ,this is the paraphrastic commentary which he generally substitutes for or subjoins to the words of our blessed ,lord in the various scenes of the ,passion4 ,the meaning of these sacred words is often very fully and lovingly brought out1 although the narrative form in which the whole work is cast might less naturally suggest this method of treatment1 so valuable to those who desire to feed on the sayings of our blessed ,saviour in all their rich fertility and meaning40 ,the editor expresses a fear 8that the translation will be found to be1 at least in parts1 rugged and unpolished02 but says he has 8tried1 on the other hand1 to make it as faithful as possible2 and to that object has been well content to sacrifice smoothness of style1 though the original deserves the most careful rendering in matter and in form40 8,palma belongs10 he adds1 8to what ,i believe is the best age of ,spanish religious literature--the age of ,louis of ,grenada1 ,john of ,avila1 ,louis of ,leon1 ,s4 ,teresa2 ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 ,louis da ,ponte1 and other famous writers4 ,in point of style he is1 perhaps1 not equal to them2 but he shares with many of these writers the characteristic of masculine common sense1 theological culture alike exquisite and solid1 and the tenderest and simplest piety4 ,happily1 these are qualities which do not easily evaporate in a translation40 ,he then goes on to say that he has 8thought it better not to attempt in any way to edit ,father ,palma as to points on which he would perhaps write differently were he living in the present century40 ,we quite agree with his decision2 and shall here close our notice of the book1 since1 after what we have borrowed from the preface1 any comments of our own would be superfluous4 ,,all,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,this book1 containing three tales1 ,all,hallow ,eve1 ,unconvicted1 and ,jenifer's ,prayer1 while it will doubtless afford much amusement to many readers during the long winter evenings1 will1 we trust1 have other and more decided effects4 ,by contrast1 it shows that fiction of the very highest order may be successfully written without the extraneous aid of bad taste and more than doubtful morality1 and by example it will encourage our aspiring writers who1 now overawed by the shadow of departed genius1 are unwilling or afraid to risk their reputations in endeavoring to rival the efforts of those who formerly delighted and instructed us by their compositions4 ,when the ,star of the ,north1 ,scott1 set1 it was feared that this species of literature had suffered an irreparable loss2 but soon a host of writers sprang up in ,england1 ,ireland1 and1 we may say1 ,america1 who not only compensated for the loss1 but more than repaid us for the decadence of the historicoromantic school4 ,when those in turn disappeared1 it was confidently predicted that the present generation1 barren of imagination and powers of observation and description1 could not produce anything equal to what adorned the pages of men like ,griffin1 ,dickens1 and ,hawthorne4 ,daily experience teaches us that this was a fallacy4 ,new buds of promise are constantly springing up around us which need but the encouraging voice of the press and the smiles of a discriminating public patronage to warm into fullblown vigor and loveliness4 ,the three tales before us are an earnest of this4 ,the story entitled ,all ,hallow ,eve1 the first in this collection1 as it is1 we think1 the first in merit1 is a tale of singular beauty1 power and truthfulness4 ,in construction artistic without the appearance of art1 in verisimilitude it is all that would be required by the most orthodox ,french dramatist4 ,the characters are few and clearly defined1 the plot simple1 the scene scarcely changes1 the time from beginning to end is short1 and the dnoment1 though tragic1 offends neither our sensibilities nor our sense of justice4 ,ned ,cavana and ,michael ,murdock are two aged welltodo ,ulster farmers whose lands lie contiguous4 ,the former has a daughter ,winifred or ,winny1 and the latter a son ,thomas2 and the natural desire of the fond parents is to form a matrimonial alliance between their children1 and thus unite the families and the farms4 ,tom ,murdock is handsome1 attractive1 cunning1 mercenary1 and unscrupulous1 while ,winny1 who is limned with more than a painter's art1 adds to her natural graces a noble heart and keen perception4 ,edmond ,lennon1 a young peasant rich in everything but money1 falls in love with her1 and1 besides encountering the secret or open hostility of the ,murdocks1 he finds an almost insurmountable barrier in the caste pride of the father of his ladylove4 ,aided1 however1 by the gentle and astute ,winny1 he partially succeeds in overcoming this difficulty1 when the machinations of his rival are employed against him1 and the result is--but we will not destroy the pleasure of our fair and necessarily curious readers by unfolding the catastrophe4 ,the contrasts of character of the two old men1 each in his way aiming at the best1 and also between the suitors1 are excellently drawn2 the interludes1 such as the ,all,hallow ,eve festival and the 8hurling0 match1 are accurate and lifelike1 and the bits of pathos which here and there dot the course of the story are so touching in their very simplicity that we venture to say many an eye unused to the melting mood will be none the less moistened on their perusal4 ,the style adopted by the author is easy and familiar1 a little too much so1 we imagine1 to suit the tastes of the more exacting reader2 and herein lies the only defect1 if it can be called one1 that we can perceive in this story4 ,unconvicted2 or1 ,old ,thorneley's ,heirs1 is a tale of an altogether different character1 illustrating what may be called a more advanced state of civilization4 ,the scene is laid in ,london1 and the principal personages occupy a high social position4 ,it is a story of suffering and affection1 of deep1 dark1 and unruly passion1 and undying love and friendship4 ,it would be vain to attempt to epitomize the plot1 which is woven so closely and so dexterously that our interest in the actors is kept constantly on the qui vive1 and it is only at the very last chapter that we are relieved from all anxiety on their account4 ,the tale opens with the death of old ,gilbert ,thorneley1 it is supposed by poison1 and the discovery of his murderer forms the principal theme of the entire narrative4 ,this involves a great deal of legal discussion and analysis1 and1 for the first time in the history of fiction1 as far as our knowledge goes1 we have a clear and accurate description of the niceties1 quibbles1 and profundity of ,english law4 ,though more curious and instructive than amusing1 this does not1 however detract from the interest of the novel as such1 but rather acts as an offset to the numerous scenes of connubial and filial affection with which it is replete4 ,the moral is of course unexceptionable and easily drawn4 ,jennifer's ,prayer1 a shorter but no less meritorious story of ,english life1 completes the volume1 which1 appearing at this season when good books become more a necessity than a luxury in the household1 will no doubt be warmly welcomed by those who1 from taste or inclination1 prefer the attractions of the novel to the more serious study of science and history4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac ,,for ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahgc1 calculated for different parallels of latitude1 and adapted for use throughout the country4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,there are something over five million ,catholics in the ,united ,states1 representing over five hundred thousand families4 ,this little ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 then1 should have a circulation of five hundred thousand4 ,if it has not1 the fault is not with the ,publication ,society1 but in the ,catholics themselves neglecting to diffuse it each in his own circle4 ,a few years ago such a little annual would have been regarded as an impossibility4 ,beautiful in typography1 with woodcut illustrations which in design and execution rival those of any work issued in the country1 it is something that a ,catholic can view with pride1 and can never blush to open before any one4 ,this is merely taking it at its mechanical value4 ,its scope is to give the yearly calendar of the church with what is locally interesting to us as ,catholics in ,america1 or associated with the trials and triumphs of the church in that ,old ,world to which by some degrees more or less we must all trace our origin4 ,in this year's little volume1 we find portraits of various ages1 with original sketches1 telling us of great prelates among ourselves1 ,archbishop ,spalding and ,bishop ,mc,gill1 representative men who knew the necessity of diffusing information among our people2 bishops of the last generation like ,milner1 whose works are familiar to all1 yet whose counterfeit presentment few have ever met2 or ,bishop ,doyle1 ,j4,k4,l41 whom ,ireland can never forget2 or like ,de ,haro1 who extended his kindness to ,american ,catholics in their early struggles2 or like the illustrious ,hughes1 whose large mind gave us a national life and position4 ,the ,venerable ,gregory ,lopez will be new to many1 great as was his fame in ,mexico4 ,crespel represents the ,french pioneer clergy at the frontiers in colonial times--a man who saw rough life by sea and land in his missionary career4 ,father ,mathew needs no comment4 ,the likeness is speaking and fine4 ,what part ,catholics bore in the days of the ,revolution we see in the sketch of ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 illustrated with a portrait and a view of the old mansion4 ,with his cousin1 a priest1 he was laboring to make our cause continental before the ,declaration of ,independence was debated in ,congress4 ,mrs4 ,seton1 as the lady of wealth and influence in ,new ,york society1 while ,washington as ,president resided there1 shows the wonderful hand of ,providence4 ,who that saw that young wife then could have said that she would be the foundress of a ,catholic sisterhood1 and not be deemed insane8 ,mother ,julia1 foundress of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame1 whom some people may have heard of1 and whose schools in this country alone contain sixty thousand pupils4 ,next comes the ,venerable de la ,salle1 founder of the ,christian ,brothers1 whose pupils in our land1 one might say1 8no man can number for multitude40 ,the portrait and sketch of this servant of ,god will be read in thousands of ,american families which owe the ,christian training of their boys to his devoted community of ,brothers2 and1 happily in the same work1 we have a portrait and sketch of the brilliant ,gerald ,griffin1 who closed his days as a ,christian ,brother4 ,the view of old ,s4 ,mary's1 the cradle of ,maryland1 the ,catholic settlement founded by the ,ark and ,dove1 is alone worth all the ,almanac costs4 ,and this is but a portion of its contents4 ,we have a stirring incident of the early missions1 the ,rock of ,cashel1 the ,church of ,icolmkill1 the ,cathedrals of ,sienna and ,chartres4 ,every ,catholic of means should feel it a bounden duty to order a number of copies of this ,almanac1 and distribute them among the families less likely to hear of its merits4 ,in this way much is yet to be done in the diffusion of popular ,catholic literature4 ,our laity have to feel that there is an apostolate incumbent upon them4 ,fas est et ab hoste doceri4 ,,tradition4 ,principally with reference to ,mythology and the ,law of ,nations4 ,by ,lord ,arundell of ,wardour4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is a work in which the chronologies1 mythologies1 and fragmentary traditions of many nations are gathered together and made to do service in the cause of ,revelation4 ,the opponents of revealed truth not unfrequently assume this department of knowledge to be their exclusive possession--they have been foremost in working this mine1 all it contains is theirs1 and must be made to sustain their theories4 ,lord ,arundell's book shows how utterly groundless is this assumption4 ,here we have facts and figures1 arguments and inferences1 taken from their own writings1 which go to establish the truthfulness of the sacred ,scriptures from the very standpoint whence it has been sought to convict them of falsehood4 ,the first chapter in ,genesis is a key to every cosmogony4 ,the rudest code of barbaric laws bears some impress of the ,almighty ,finger of ,sinai4 ,traditions1 however distant and vague1 point in one general direction4 ,these facts have long since been established4 ,lord ,arundell proves them anew1 and brings forth much new matter in his proofs4 ,indeed1 while in many books we often have occasion to note the absence of data and ideas1 this1 we may say1 is crowded with both4 ,we doubt not that this book will forward greatly the interests of truth1 and thus the zeal and devotion of its noble author will be fully requited4 ,,god ,,and ,,man4 ,conferences delivered at ,notre ,dame in ,paris4 ,by the ,rev4 ,pre ,lacordaire1 of the ,order of ,friar,preachers4 ,translated from the ,french by a ,tertiary of the same ,order4 ,london3 ,rivingtons4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the translator has already given us two volumes of the great ,dominican's ,conferences1 and promises more in the same readable form4 ,persons as yet unacquainted with ,lacordaire will find his papers kindle their enthusiasm beyond1 perhaps1 those of any other author--that is1 if they can at all appreciate the originality of his argument1 together with his giant grasp of thought and diction4 ,and especially do we commend these conferences to earnest thinkers outside the church1 with whom the supernatural is the question of questions4 ,indebted as we are to the translator1 he must not think us hypercritical if we complain of bad punctuation1 a comma being sometimes found where a colon or even a full stop ought to be2 or if we take leave to remind him that1 to render ,french idiomatically1 it will not do to preserve the sudden changes of tense which are forcible in that language1 as in ,latin1 but sound very strangely in ,english4 ,,the ,,hymnary1 ,,with ,,tunes3 ,a ,collection of ,music for ,sunday,schools4 ,by ,s4 ,lasar4 ,new ,york and ,chicago3 ,biglow ,main4 ,we could recommend this hymnbook to ,catholic schools1 and1 on account of its intrinsic worth1 would have been glad to do so1 if the compiler had excluded the few hymns1 of no special merit in themselves or in the tunes adapted to them1 which are anti,catholic in doctrine4 ,poison is dangerous1 and we cannot offer it even in the smallest quantities to our children4 ,,the ,,issues ,,of ,,american ,,politics4 ,by ,orrin ,skinner1 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgc4 ,attracted by the title of this book1 the fact of its dedication to a distinguished citizen of ,new ,york1 and by its comprehensive table of contents1 we took it up and read it from cover to cover4 ,in all candor1 we must say a more confused1 ungrammatical1 and shallower book it has seldom fallen to our lot to peruse2 and why any respectable publishing house should have been induced to bring it out in such good style1 or in any form at all1 passes our comprehension4 ,to grapple with the great issues of our ,american politics1 to state each leading question clearly and fairly1 and to draw deductions therefrom that will stand the test of justice and reason is a task requiring infinitely more experience1 judicial ability1 and knowledge of our language than the author displays or evidently ever will possess4 ,judging from this production1 ,mr4 ,skinner has not the faintest conception of the principles upon which rests the framework of our government4 ,though a lawyer1 he is sadly ignorant of law as a science2 and1 though ambitious of authorship1 he seems unable to write a paragraph intelligibly4 ,for instance1 take the following1 snatched at random3 8,the deduction from this criticism constitutes1 of course1 an advocacy of intelligent suffrage4 ,the plea is here urged that an unrestricted suffrage is its own incentive to the education of those who exercise it4 ,the assertion betrays an unpardonable ignorance of one of the most prominent characteristics of human nature4 ,frail humanity is so constituted that1 when it has presented to it two ways of effecting its purposes1 one with effort and the other without1 it invariably chooses the latter4 ,equality as a fundamental element of republican institutions is also urged1 ,let such a sciolist read his conviction in the quotations from ,burke already cited40 ,it were1 however1 useless to further attempt to criticise this most pretentious and least readable of books1 and the best wish we can afford the author1 and one that we have no doubt will be gratified1 is that it will be read by few and soon forgotten4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,american ,,literature3 ,a ,text,book for ,schools and ,colleges4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,hart1 ,,ll4,d4 ,philadelphia3 ,eldridge ,bro4 #ahgc4 ,mr4 ,hart has gathered considerable fresh material on ,american literature in this volume4 ,there is still much which he has omitted4 ,with the same industry and care which he has already bestowed on this manual1 he may render it complete4 ,there is a personality in some of his remarks which is uncalled for4 ,in spite of these defects1 this is the best work of the kind with which we are acquainted4 ,,the ,,marble ,,prophecy1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 ,when our holy church1 with its venerated head1 its divine sacraments and sacred ceremonies1 is chosen by a writer of merit as the object upon which he feels himself moved to pour forth his scathing abuse or stinging ridicule1 we bear his ponderous strokes or parry his keen thrusts as best we may1 confessing to the pardonable weakness of feeling complimented at being called to the lists by an adversary of some strength of arm or sharpness of weapon2 but1 when one from the common crowd of chance assembled knights1 like our quondam ,timothy ,titcomb1 presumes unchallenged to invite the attention of that respectable audience--the ,american public--to his little tilt against the giant of centuries1 and1 in his overeagerness to take a share in the fray1 disports himself upon such a sorry steed as the 8,marble ,prophecy10 laden with 8other poems0 as a makeweight1 we at once look about us to see if we have not a serviceable cane at hand for the use of the same discriminating public1 et voila6 ,,roundabout ,,rambles ,,in ,,lands ,,of ,,fact ,,and ,,fancy4 ,by ,frank ,r4 ,stockton4 #a vol4 small #dto4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 ,this is an instructive work1 compiled with much judgment and good taste from various authors1 and is beautifully illustrated1 making it a very desirable holiday present for the young folk4 ,,niagara3 ,its ,history and ,geology1 ,incidents and ,poetry4 ,with illustrations4 ,by ,george ,w4 ,holley4 ,new ,york3 ,sheldon ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this is something more than a mere ,murray1 or guidebook1 at the same time that it serves as a valuable reference to the intelligent tourist4 ,besides some historical and topographical descriptions1 for which he draws on the works of ,shea1 ,parkman1 ,marshall1 the ,relations of the ,early ,jesuit ,missionaries1 and ,state ,documents1 in addition to his own observations1 he indulges in some geological speculations which will attract the attention of scientific readers4 ,the whole is interspersed with anecdotes1 incidents1 and poetical scraps which will serve to relieve the tedium of travel1 and hotel life4 ,a ,,hidden ,,life1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,george ,macdonald1 ,,ll4,d41 ,author of 8,within and ,without10 8,wilfred ,cumbermede10 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgb4 ,there is true poetry in this volume4 ,the author possesses1 in our judgment1 powers of a high order4 ,his mind1 too1 is of a deeply religious cast2 and we wonder how he can remain a ,protestant after his struggles with doubt on the one hand1 as shown in the poem of 8,the ,disciple10 and his attractions to ,catholicity on the other1 as evinced especially in his poem on 8,the ,gospel ,woman10 and most in the opening one1 8,the ,mother ,mary40 ,but then he has a laudatory sonnet 8,to ,garibaldi40 ,the 8,catholic ,publication ,society0 has in press1 and will publish simultaneously with its appearance in ,england1 from advance sheets furnished by the author1 a new work1 entitled1 ,my ,clerical ,friends1 by the author of ,the ,comedy of ,convocation4 ,this will be the only authorized edition published in this country4 ,books and ,pamphlets ,received4 ,from ,,kreuzer ,,brothers1 ,baltimore3 ,the ,catholic ,priest4 ,by ,michael ,mller1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 #ahmo1 pp4 #afc4--,the 8,our ,father40 ,by the same4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bba4 ,from ,j4 ,a4 ,,mcgee1 ,new ,york3 ,sister ,mary ,francis' 7the ,nun of ,kenmare7 ,advice to ,irish ,girls in ,america4 #abmo1 pp4 #bja4 ,from ,,burns1 ,,oates ,,co41 ,london3 ,reflections and ,prayers for ,holy ,communion4 ,from the ,french4 ,with a preface by ,archbishop ,manning4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #ahmo1 pp4 xii41 #dih4 ,from ,r4 ,,washburne1 ,london3 ,a ,dogmatic ,catechism4 ,from the ,italian of ,frassinetti4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #ahmo1 pp4 xix41 #bdd4 ,from ,,james ,,duffy1 ,dublin3 ,sermons on ,ecclesiastical ,subjects4 ,by ,henry ,edward ,manning1 ,d4,d4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 pp4 viii41 #def4 ,from ,,george ,,routledge ,,sons1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,moral of ,accidents1 and other ,discourses4 ,by the late ,thomas ,t4 ,lynch4 #abmo1 pp4 xviii41 #dae4 ,from ,t4 ,t4 ,,clark1 ,edinburgh1 and ,,scribner1 ,,welford ,,armstrong1 ,new ,york3 ,biblical ,commentary on the ,books of the ,kings4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,keil4 #hvo1 pp4 viii41 #ebc--,sermons from #ahbh to #ahfj4 ,by the late ,wm4 ,cunningham1 ,d4,d4 #hvo1 pp4 xxxvi1 #daf4--,the ,old ,catholic ,church4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,killen1 ,d4,d4 #hvo1 pp4 xx41 #daa4--;,biblical ,commentary on the ,book of ,psalms4 ,by ,f4 ,deleutzsch1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #hvo1 pp4 #dbj4 ,from ,,holt ,,williams1 ,new ,york3 ,fly ,leaves by ,c4 ,s4 ,c4 #abmo1 pp4 vi41 #bcc4 ,from the ,,author3 ,key to the ,massoretic ,notes1 ,titles1 and ,index generally found in the margin of the ,hebrew ,bible4 ,translated from the ,latin of ,a4 ,hahn4 ,with many additions and corrections4 ,by ,alex4 ,merowitz1 ,a4,m41 ,professor of the ,hebrew language and literature in the ,university of ,new ,york4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,wiley ,son4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #bb4 ,from ,,eldredge ,,brother1 ,philadelphia3 ,a ,french ,verb ,book4 ,by ,e4 ,lagarde1 ,a4,m4 #abmo1 pp4 #acj4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,month of the ,holy ,rosary4 ,by ,rev4 ,p4 ,m4 ,chery1 ,o4,p4 #ahmo1 pp4 iv41 #bjj--,the ,scapular of ,mount ,carmel4 ,by ,rev4 ,p4 ,tissot1 ,s4,j4 #bdmo1 pp4 #aje4 ,from the ,,author3 ,the ,irish ,republic4 ,a ,historical ,memoir of ,ireland and her ,oppressors4 ,by ,p4 ,cudmore1 ,counsellorat,law4 ,st4 ,paul3 ,pioneer ,printing ,company1 #ahga4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,,no4 #id4--;,,january1 #ahgc4 ,a ,son ,of ,the ,crusaders4 444 8,on his breast a bloodie crosse he bore1 ,the deare remembrance of his dying ,lord1 ,for whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore1 ,and dead1 as living1 ever him ador'd3 ,upon his shield the like was also scor'd4 ,for soveraine hope which in his helpe he had1 ,right faithful true he was in deede and word40--,,spenser4 ,one day in the month of ,november1 #ahcc1 a stranger descended from the lumbering ,schnellpost at the little town of ,marburg 7,electoral ,hesse71 on the pleasant banks of the ,lahn4 ,looking around him1 he discovered but a single object of interest--the old cathedral of the place1 a noble ,gothic edifice1 which1 although stripped and cold in its modern dedication to the ,lutheran service1 still preserved the salient features of its inalienable beauty and majesty of form4 ,the traveller1 a young man of twentythree1 a ,catholic1 and an enthusiast in his intelligent and cultivated admiration of the grand architecture of his church1 recognized in the building a monument celebrated at once for its pure and perfect beauty1 and the first in ,germany in which the pointed arch prevailed over the round in the great renovation of art in the ,x,i,i,ith century4 ,contrary to ,lutheran observance1 the church happened on that day to be open1 in compliance with a traditional custom1 for the cathedral bore the name of ,s4 ,elizabeth1 and this was ,s4 ,elizabeth's ,day4 ,the stranger entered4 ,there was no religious service4 ,there were no worshippers1 and children were at play among the old tombs4 ,he wandered through the vast and desolate aisles1 which not even the devastation and neglect of centuries had robbed of their marvellous elegance4 ,naked altars from which no ministering hand now wiped the dust1 pillars1 defaced statues1 nearly obliterated paintings1 broken and defaced wood carvings1 successively struck his eye and attracted his attention4 ,all these remains of ,christian art1 even in their ruin telling the story of their origin in days of fresh and fervent faith1 appeared also to picture in a certain sequence the events of some devout life4 ,here was the statue of a young woman in the dress of a widow2 further on1 in painting1 a frightened girl showing to a crowned warrior her robe filled with roses2 yet further1 these two1 the young woman and the warrior1 tearing themselves in anguish from a parting embrace4 ,again1 the lady is seen stretched on her bed of death amidst weeping attendants1 and1 later1 an emperor lays his crown on her freshly exhumed coffin4 ,it was explained to the traveller that these pictured incidents were events in the life of ,s4 ,elizabeth1 queen of that country1 who1 that very day six hundred years ago1 had died in ,marburg and lay buried in the church4 ,a silver shrine1 richly sculptured1 was shown to him4 ,it had once enclosed the relics of the saint1 but one of her descendants1 turned ,protestant1 had torn them from it1 and scattered them to the winds4 ,the stone steps approaching the shrine were deeply hollowed by the countless pilgrims who1 more than three centuries agone1 had come here to kneel in prayer4 8,alas60 thought the stranger1 8the faith which left its impress on the cold stone has left none upon human hearts60 ,he desired to know more of the saintly patroness of ,marburg's cathedral1 and leaving the church sought out a bookseller1 and asked for a life of ,s4 ,elizabeth4 ,the man stared at him1 bethought himself a moment1 and then went up into a garret1 from which he presently emerged with a dustcovered pamphlet4 8,here it is10 he said1 8the only copy ,i have3 no one ever asked for it before40 ,the traveller resumed his journey1 reading his pamphlet to beguile the tedium of his way4 ,although written by a ,protestant in a cold1 unsympathizing1 matteroffact way1 the essential charm of its mere record of youthful selfdevotion laid a powerful spell upon him4 ,his artistic enthusiasm1 his heart1 his piety1 were all touched and aroused4 ,just emerging in sorrow from one of the most trying ordeals of the battle of life1 with repelled longings and disappointed hopes1 his pentup youthful energies were now seeking some outlet for escape1 some fresh field of action4 ,uncertain what this field1 this outlet1 might be1 he had vowed that1 with the choice before him of several different objects to pursue1 he would decide for that which was the most ,catholic4 ,he had found it4 8,to ,s4 ,elizabeth he would10 in his own words1 8sacrifice his fatigue and his hopes40 ,he would write her life1 and strive to place on record its touching story--at once a tender lovelegend1 a page of medival romance1 and the hallowed tradition of a saintly career4 ,at the first stopping place he left the diligence1 and1 taking a return carriage1 went immediately back to ,marburg4 ,this traveller1 this young stranger1 was ,charles1 ,count de ,montalembert1 peer of ,france4 ,his sudden impulse1 his enthusiastic vow1 were not as words written in water4 ,to what would at this day seem to many an inconsiderate1 quixotic rashness1 succeeded the deliberate realization of an undertaking full of labor and difficulty4 ,he ransacked libraries1 sought out chronicles1 legends1 and popular traditions1 read old books and longforgotten manuscripts1 and travelled far and wide throughout ,germany1 wherever a locality offered the attraction of the slightest association with the name of ,s4 ,elizabeth4 ,the charm and fascination of his theme grew upon him with every additional fact he learned regarding her4 ,beginning at the famous old castle of ,wartburg1 where ,elizabeth came a child1 the daughter of a race of kings1 from distant ,hungary1 he made a veritable pilgrimage1 taking for his route the itinerary of his heroine's life--to ,kreuzburg2 to ,reinhartsbrnn1 where1 a young wife and mother of twenty1 she parted in anguish from her husband1 a crusader setting out for ,palestine2 to ,bamberg1 where she was driven by persecution2 to ,andechs1 to ,erfurth1 and finally to ,marburg1 8whither10 as he says1 8he returned to pray by her desecrated tomb1 and to gather with pain and difficulty some remembrance of her from the mouths of a people who have renounced with the faith of their fathers the regard due to their benefactress40 ,bow down your heads1 ,o generation of stockbrokers and speculators in provisions and railway shares1 to the memory of this ,montalembert1 who1 in the flower of his youthful manhood1 for years went up and down the world with an idea in his head and heart6 ,but this book1 this life of ,s4 ,elizabeth4 you object1 was1 after all1 a mere pious legend of dubious trustworthiness8 ,on the contrary1 it was a work of the highest value1 even judged by the severest canons of historical criticism4 ,its introduction alone is sufficient to make the work classic4 ,sainte,beuve1 high academic and critical authority1 calls it majestic17#ahf7 and reviewers of all nations have contributed their verdicts of approval4 ,this was ,montalembert's first literary production--a success1 as it deserved to be1 worthy forerunner of his yet greater work1 ,the ,monks of the ,west1 and the firstfruit of a splendid literary and oratorical career1 whose main inspiration was always drawn from the sources of ,catholic truth and ,catholic faith4 ,montalembert died in ,march1 #ahgj1 leaving a name and a reputation which for all time to come will remain one of the proudest illustrations of ,france4 ,we are fortunate in already having an admirable memoir of his life17#ahg7 written by one of the most distinguished women of ,england4 ,it cannot but be gratifying to all who cherish the memory of ,montalembert that the task should have fallen into the hands of one so eminently capable as ,mrs4 ,oliphant4 ,personally intimate with his family and on terms of friendship with his wife 7ne ,comtesse de ,merode71 thoroughly familiar with the language1 modern history1 and politics of ,france1 and the successful translator of ,the ,monks of the ,west1 it would have been difficult to find a writer better fitted1 in knowledge and in sympathy1 to record the life of ,charles de ,montalembert4 ,let us add here that1 for reasons which the intelligent reader may easily divine1 we are glad that the biography has been written by a ,protestant4 ,although to a ,catholic reader it would be more pleasant to read a life in which nothing could be found which is not in perfect harmony with the spirit of faith and loyalty toward the church1 yet1 for the public generally1 the testimony of a fair and candid ,protestant in respect to certain very important events in the career of ,montalembert will be more free from the suspicion of bias1 and therefore of more value in establishing the fact of his essential devotion to the ,holy ,see to the end of his life4 ,we trust that the ladies of ,sorosis and of the various wings and vanguards of the grand army of 8,the ,rights of ,women0 will not take offence if we endeavor to compliment ,mrs4 ,oliphant by saying that we especially admire the style in which her memoir is written1 for a tone and quality which--turn whither we may--we cannot otherwise describe than as 8manly40 ,making due allowance for the almost inevitable partiality of the biographer for his hero1 there is a directness1 a solidity1 a sound commonsense view of practical questions1 and an absence of mere sentimentality1 all eminently to her credit and in admirable keeping with the dignity of her subject4 ,mrs4 ,oliphant's modesty1 too1 equals her ability4 ,referring to her translation of ,the ,monks of the ,west1 she tells us3 8,we are sorry to add1 to our personal humiliation1 that ,montalembert was by no means so much satisfied with at least the first part of the translation4 ,he acknowledged that the meaning was faithfully rendered2 #8but1' he wrote1 #8,i cannot admire the constant use of ,french or ,latin words instead of your own vernacular4 ,my ,anglo,saxon feelings are wounded to the quick by the useless admission of the article the or a2 and by such words as chagrin instead of grief1 malediction instead of curse1 etc4' ,the proofs of the translation came back from him laden with corrections in red ink--a circumstance which communicated to them a certain additional sharpness1 at least to the troubled imagination of the translator2 and the present writer may be perhaps allowed here to avow in her own person that up to this present moment1 when she happens to have the smallest ,french phrase to translate1 she pauses with instinctive alarm1 hastily substituting freedom for liberty when the word occurs2 and will cast about in her mind1 with a certain sensation of fright1 how to find words for authority1 corruption1 intelligence1 etc41 in other than the ,french form40 ,charles ,forbes ,ren de ,montalembert was born in ,london on the #aeth of ,may1 #ahaj4 ,his father was a noble ,french emigr2 his mother1 the daughter of ,james ,forbes1 an ,englishman of distinction4 ,the first nine years of his life were spent principally in ,england under the immediate care and in the personal companionship of his maternal grandfather1 and1 dating from this period1 the ,english language was always to him a second mother tongue4 ,at the age of fourteen we find him at the college of ,s4 ,barbe in ,paris4 ,the fact may be discouraging to many young gentlemen of the present day now at school and in sad possession of a class of ideas too generally accepted1 to the effect that men become useful and distinguished by reason of the possession of some unaided special gift rather than by study and the laborious acquisition of knowledge--we say the fact may be discouraging to them1 but nevertheless it remains a fact that the young ,montalembert laid the foundation of his future distinction as a man of letters1 an archologist1 a great orator1 a great writer1 an eminent political leader1 and the ornament of the ,chamber of ,peers1 in close1 unremitting1 laborious application to his studies while at school4 ,after he had completed his college course and entered society1 we find him writing to a friend3 8,it is usual to say that youth is the time for the pleasures of society4 ,i look upon this opinion as a complete paradox4 ,it seems to me1 on the contrary1 that youth should be given up with ardor to study1 or to preparation for a profession4 ,when a young man has paid his tribute to his country2 when he can appear in society crowned with the laurels of debate or of the battlefield1 or at least of universal esteem2 when he feels entitled to command respect1 if not admiration--then is the time to enter society with satisfaction40 ,soon there came for him the period of illusions perdues1 which1 commencing with the entrance into life of every intelligent and ambitious young man1 accompanies him with more or less persistence to the edge of the grave4 ,young ,montalembert spent some time in ,sweden1 at whose court his father was the ambassador of ,charles ,x4 ,on his return to ,france1 he wrote an article upon that country which ,m4 ,guizot1 the editor of the ,revue ,franaise1 advised him to cut down to half its length4 ,he complied1 sent in his abbreviated article1 and the editor suppressed the best portion of what remained6 ,about this time he met ,lamartine1 became intimate with ,victor ,hugo1 8then the poet of all sweet and virtuous things10 and numbered among his friends ,sainte,beuve1 who then shared ,montalembert's religious enthusiasm and his belief that ,europe was to be regenerated by the church4 ,ireland1 too1 came in for a full share of his sympathy4 ,he wrote an article on that country which ,guizot allowed to go in entire4 ,a friend tells him that his article on ,sweden is dull1 and that on ,ireland commonplace4 8,disappointing10 writes the young author in his diary1 8but better than if my friend had praised me insincerely40 ,o',connell1 then in the fulness of his powers and his popularity1 greatly attracted him4 ,he would go all the way to ,ireland to see him4 ,and he did4 ,crossing the two channels1 and traversing ,england1 he made the journey over the mountains of ,kerry on horseback1 with a little ,irish boy for his guide4 ,he visited ,o',connell at ,derrynane1 prepared and anxious to discuss with him the great subjects which filled his mind4 ,the ,liberator received him kindly1 and after dinner--looking at the ingenuous face of twenty before him--did what he thought precisely the proper thing to do--ushered him at once into the drawingroom1 where the young count was thrown on the tender mercies of a crowd of pretty and gay young ,irish women4 ,encore une illusion perdue6 ,he had crossed seas and mountains to discuss freedom1 the church1 ,english rule and ,irish emancipation1 with ,ireland's greatest man1 who1 without listening to a word from him1 thrust him into another room amid a bevy of laughing girls6 ,after ,montalembert's return from ,ireland came his intimacy with ,lacordaire and ,lamennais1 and the joint literary enterprise of the three in the establishment of the ,avenir1 whose motto was 8,god and ,liberty40 ,its first number was issued ,oct4 #ae1 #ahcj4 ,we will not dwell on its history1 so familiar to all ,catholics1 except to refer to the holy war waged by it and its friends against the monopoly of education by the government4 ,under the law1 every private school1 every educational institution not licensed and regulated by the ,university of ,paris1 was absolutely forbidden4 ,utter irreligiousness then pervaded the colleges and schools of ,france4 ,the generation which passed through those schools bears witness to their evil influences1 and confirms ,lacordaire's own record1 who says that he left college 8with religion destroyed in his soul10 and that he1 like almost all the youths of his period1 8lost his faith at school40 ,montalembert's picture of these evil influences was everywhere recognized as truthful4 8,is there a single establishment of the university where a ,christian child can live in the exercise of faith8 ,does not a contagious doubt1 a cold and tenacious impiety1 reign over all these young souls whom she pretends to instruct8 ,are they not too often either polluted1 or petrified1 or frozen8 ,is not the most flagrant1 the most monstrous1 the most unnatural immorality inscribed in the records of every college1 and in the recollections of every child who has passed as much as eight days there80 ,to test the law forbidding freedom in education1 ,lacordaire and ,montalembert opened a free school for poor children at ,paris in the ,rue des ,arts4 ,they were indicted for the offence1 and tried at the bar of the ,chamber of ,peers4 ,the audience1 as may well be imagined1 was made up from the nobility and intelligence of the land4 ,the prisoners defended their cause in person4 ,lacordaire1 who spoke first1 referred to the fact that the government had lately impeached the previous ministers by virtue of power in the charter not reduced to a special law4 8,if they could do it1 so could ,i10 said the brave priest1 8with this difference1 that they asked blood1 while ,i desired to give a free education to the children of the poor40 ,he ended by recalling to his judges the example of ,socrates 8in the first struggle for freedom to preach40 8,in that cause clbre by which ,socrates fell10 said ,lacordaire1 8he was evidently culpable against the gods1 and in consequence against the laws of his country4 ,nevertheless1 posterity1 both pagan and ,christian1 has stigmatized his judges and accusers2 and of all concerned have absolved only the culprit and the executioner--the culprit1 because he had failed to keep the laws of ,athens only in obedience to a higher law2 and the executioner1 because he presented the cup to the victim with tears40 ,with this proud and plain warning ringing in their ears1 the judges next heard ,montalembert4 ,he was just twentyone1 and by the recent death of his father but a few weeks in his place as a peer of ,france4 ,sainte,beuve saw that his youth1 his ease and grace1 the elegant precision of his style and diction1 veiled the fact that it was a prisoner--not a peer--who spoke1 and his judges were the first to forget it4 8,the entire chamber listened with a surprise which was not without pleasure to the young man's bold selfjustification4 ,from that day ,m4 de ,montalembert1 though formally condemned1 was borne in the very heart of the peerage--he was its ,benjamin40 ,the sentence was a gentle reprimand and a mild fine of a hundred francs4 ,the ,avenir1 it will be remembered1 had incurred no censure from ,rome4 ,nevertheless1 it had not prospered1 and it was resolved by its founders that they would appeal to the head of the church for his explicit approval4 ,accordingly1 the publication of the paper was suspended1 and its last number announced 8with pomp10 as ,lacordaire says1 that 8the purpose of its editors was to suspend it until they had gone to ,rome to seek sanction and authority for its continuation40 ,the biographer well remarks that 8neither from primitive ,ireland nor romantic ,poland had such an expedition set forth40 ,they asked the head of the church 8to commit himself1 to sanction a new and revolutionary movement1 to bless the very banners of revolt1 and acknowledge as pioneers of his army the ecclesiastical ,ishmaels who had carried fire and flame everywhere during their brief career40 ,there could1 of course1 be but one result--failure4 ,the ,avenir was condemned4 ,lacordaire and ,montalembert at once submitted to the decision4 ,poor de ,lamennais did not1 and unhappily persisted in his sad mistake4 ,in connection with this subject1 we cannot here refrain from repeating at length some reflections which1 coming as they do from an intelligent ,protestant1 have a peculiar force and value4 ,they are from the pen of ,montalembert's biographer1 and present so admirable1 so eloquent a rsum of the question of apostasy1 that we have not the heart to curtail the passage containing them by so much as the omission of a single word3 8,except at the ,reformation1 when the great overflow of spiritual rebellion was favored by such a combination of circumstances as has never occurred since1 no man or group of men have succeeded in rebelling against ,rome1 and yet continued to keep up a religious character and influence4 ,no man has been able to do it1 whatever the excellence of his beginning might be1 or the purity of the motives with which he started4 ,even in the ,church of ,england the career of a man who separates himself from her communion is generally a painful one4 ,he makes a commotion and excitement in the world for a time before he has fully made up his mind2 and at the moment of his withdrawal he is sure of remark and notice1 at all events1 from certain classes4 ,but after that brief moment he sinks flat as the spirits do in the ,inferno1 and the dark wave pours over him1 and he is heard of no more4 ,all that sustained and strengthened and gave him a fictitious importance as the member of a great corporation has fallen away from him4 ,he has dropped like a stone into the water--like a foundered ship into the sea4 ,in ,england1 however1 after all has been done1 there is a sea of dissent to drop into1 and though his new surroundings may please him little1 yet he will come out of the giddiness of his downfall to take some comfort in them--will accustom himself by degrees to the lower social level1 the different spiritual atmosphere4 ,but he who dissents from the ,church of ,rome has no such refuge4 ,the moment he steps outside her fold he finds himself in outer darkness1 through which awful salutations are shrieked to him by the enemies of religion1 by those whom he has avoided and condemned all his life1 and with whom he can agree only on the one sole article of rebellion4 ,if he ventures to hold up his head at all after what all his friends will call his apostasy1 the best that he can hope for is to be courted by heretics1 professed enemies of the church which he has been born in1 and which probably he loves most dearly still1 notwithstanding his disobedience4 ,to quarrel with your home is one thing--to find its domestic laws hard1 and its prejudices insupportable2 but to plunge into the midst of the enemies of that home1 and to hear it assailed with the virulence of ignorance--to join in gibes against your mother1 and mockery of her life and motives--is a totally different matter4 ,yet this is almost all that a contumacious priest has to look forward to4 ,a recent and striking example1 to which we need not refer more plainly1 will occur to every one who has watched the contemporary history of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,in this case a brilliant and remarkable preacher--a man supposed the other day to be one of the most eminent and promising sons of ,rome--after wavering and falling away in some points from ecclesiastical obedience1 suddenly appeared in an admiring circle of gentle ,anglicanism1 surrounded by a fair crowd of worshipping ,protestants1 ready to extend to him all that broad and universal sympathy which he had no doubt been trained to regard as vilest latitudinarianism1 or the readiness of ,pilate to make friends with ,herod4 ,this prospect must chill the very soul of a man who has received the true priestly training1 and who has been educated in that love of his church which is of itself a noble and generous sentiment4 ,the best thing that can happen to him is to fall among heretics2 the other alternative1 and the only one1 so far as events have yet made it apparent1 to fall among infidels3 and as his education has taught him to make but small distinction between them1 and the infidels are nearer at hand1 and his own countrymen1 what wonder if it is into their hands that the miserable man1 torn from all his ancient foundations1 ejected from his natural place1 heartweary with the madness which is wrought by anger against those we love1 should fall--what wonder if he should rush to the furthest extremity1 hiding what he feels to be his shame1 and endeavoring to take some dismal comfort in utter negation of that past from which he has been torn6 ,whether there are new developments in the future for the new ,protesters whom a recent decision has raised up1 we cannot tell4 ,but such has been the case in the past4 ,life is over for the rebellious priest who breaks with his church2 his possibility of service in his vocation has come to an end2 even the most careless peasant in his parish will turn from him4 ,he is a deserter from his regiment in the face of the enemy1 false to his colors1 a man no longer of any human use40 ,it was during ,montalembert's sojourn in ,italy1 on his remarkable ,avenir pilgrimage1 that he became the intimate friend of ,albert de la ,ferronays1 the hero of ,mrs4 ,craven's beautiful ,rcit d'une ,sur4 ,he appears in the book designated under the name of ,montal4 ,from the same period1 also1 dates his intimacy with ,rio1 the future historian of ,christian art4 ,the young peer's taste for art1 always strong1 and his enthusiastic admiration of the glorious remains of medival architecture1 were both developed and strengthened under the teaching and influence of ,rio4 ,in ,march1 #ahcc1 he published an article in the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 in which he energetically denounced the desecration and ruin of the grand old architectural monuments of ,france4 ,it was addressed in the form of a letter to ,victor ,hugo1 then leader of the ,romantic school1 who strongly sympathized with him on this subject1 and whose ,notre ,dame de ,paris had been reviewed in the ,avenir by ,montalembert with enthusiastic praise for the grand historical framework of the story4 ,during the autumn of that year1 ,montalembert went to ,germany1 and1 as we have seen1 accidentally stopped at ,marburg4 ,travel1 research1 and the collection of materials for the life of ,elizabeth now engrossed all his time1 until1 attaining the legal age1 twentyfive1 he took his seat in the ,chamber of ,peers4 ,his first appearance at the bar of this chamber had been in defence of the liberty of teaching1 and his first speech was in defence of the liberty of the press4 ,these two discourses prefigured his parliamentary career4 ,he was always the ardent advocate of liberty2 rarely heard on the side of the government2 and generally the leader of a conscientious and loyal opposition3 which1 well considered1 would have been found the most prudent adviser of the administration in power4 ,strongly imbued with ,english ideas1 he fully appreciated the conservative power of an energetic opposition1 ever ready to criticise1 to question1 to challenge1 or to expose whatever might seem arbitrary or unconstitutional in the acts of the government4 ,but this idea of an opposition at once loyal and lawloving1 was unfamiliar to his countrymen4 ,to them1 as a general thing1 opposition meant revolution1 and to many the spectacle of a peer of ,france1 a ,catholic1 and a proprietaire1 who was at once the friend of the proletaire1 the dissenter1 the oppressor1 and the slave1 was a paradox4 ,and yet paradox there was none1 for his declaration of principles was always clear and bold4 ,thus1 in striving to cull from the ,chamber of ,peers a public expression of sympathy for the ,poles1 he insisted that it was their right and their duty to make an avowal of national sentiments1 an expression of national opinion1 that it was an obligation imposed by humanity and required by wise policy4 8,what is it10 he asked1 8that has raised the ,british parliament to so high a degree of popularity and moral influence in ,europe8 ,is it not because for more than a century no grave event has happened in any country without finding an echo there8 ,is it not because no right has been oppressed1 no treaty broken anywhere1 without a discussion on both sides of the question before the peers and commons of ,england1 whose assemblies have thus become1 in the silence of the world1 a sort of tribunal where all the great causes of humanity are pleaded1 and where opinion pronounces those formidable judgments which1 sooner or later1 are always executed80 ,and his independence was that of the man as well as of the orator4 ,he was committed to no policy1 sought no party ends1 but always1 and at all cost1 maintained the good1 the just1 the honorable4 ,a lost or desperate cause1 if equitable1 was always sure of his support4 ,the three oppressed nations of the earth1 ,poland under ,russia1 ,ireland under ,england1 and ,greece under ,turkey1 were his most cherished clients4 ,the weaker side ever strongly attracted him4 8,penetrated by the conviction that just causes are everlasting10 says ,m4 ,cochin1 8and that every protest against injustice ends by moving heaven and convincing men1 he sought out1 so to speak1 every oppressed cause when at its last breath1 to take its burden upon himself1 and to become its champion4 ,there is a suffering race1 a race lost in distant isles1 the race of black slaves1 which has been oppressed for centuries4 ,he took its cause in hand1 and from the year #ahcg labored for its emancipation4 ,there are in all manufacturing places a crowd of hollowcheeked children1 with pale faces and worn eyes1 and the sight of them made a profound impression upon him2 he took their cause also in hand4 ,if you run over the mere index of his speeches1 you will find all generous efforts contained in it40 ,the year #ahcf brought two notable events in the life of ,montalembert--the publication of his first work1 his ,life of ,s4 ,elizabeth1 and his marriage to a daughter of the noble house of de ,merode in ,belgium4 ,meantime1 he continued his attacks on vandalism in art and his parliamentary labors1 and was mainly instrumental in the creation of the committee of historical art and the commission on historical monuments1 from both of which he was excluded under the ,empire1 which no more sympathized with his pure conceptions of ,christian art than it did with his conception of ,christian morals4 ,rio has recorded the result of the impression made by ,montalembert upon the ,english poet ,rogers1 which admirably illustrates the fact that ,montalembert's religion was not a sort of moral 8,sunday suit0 to be put off and on as occasion might require1 and at the same time reveals to us the old poet in an entirely new aspect4 ,the ,montalemberts had spent the evening with ,rogers1 8and after their departure10 ,rio relates1 8when ,i found myself alone with ,rogers1 the expression of his countenance1 which up to that moment had been smiling and animated1 changed so suddenly that ,i feared ,i had offended him by some word of doubtful meaning which ,i might not altogether have understood4 ,he paced about the room without saying anything1 and ,i did not know whether ,i might venture to break this incomprehensible silence4 ,at last he broke it himself1 and said to me that1 if he had the power of putting himself in the place of another1 he would choose that of ,montalembert1 not on account of his youth and his beautiful wife1 but because he possessed that immovable and cloudless faith that seemed to himself the most enviable of all gifts40 ,mr4 ,neale advised ,montalembert that he had been elected an honorary member of the ,cambridge ,camden ,society4 ,on receipt of the news of this 8unsolicited and unmerited honor10 ,montalembert replied in a letter protesting against the usurpation of the title 8,catholic0 by the ,camden ,society4 ,here are some of its trenchant passages3 8,the attempt to steal away from us1 and appropriate to the use of a fraction of the ,church of ,england1 the glorious title of ,catholic1 is proved to be an usurpation by every monument of the past and present1 by the coronation oath of your sovereigns1 by all the laws that have established your church4 ,the name itself is spurned with indignation by the greater half at least of those who belong to the ,church of ,england1 just as the ,church of ,england itself is rejected with scorn and detestation by the greater half of the inhabitants of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the judgment of the whole indifferent world1 the common sense of humanity1 agrees with the judgment of the ,church of ,rome1 and with the sense of her #aej millions of children1 to dispossess you of this name4 ,the ,church of ,england1 who has denied her mother1 is rightly without a sister4 ,she has chosen to break the bonds of unity and obedience4 ,let her therefore stand alone before the judgmentseat of ,god and man4 ,even the debased ,russian ,church--that church where lay despotism has closed the church's mouth and turned her into a slave--disdains to recognize the ,anglicans as ,catholics4 ,even the ,eastern heretics1 although so sweetly courted by ,puseyite missionaries1 sneer at this new and fictitious ,catholicism4 ,that the socalled ,anglo,catholics1 whose very name betrays their usurpation and their contradiction1 whose doctrinal articles1 whose liturgy1 whose whole history1 are such as to disconnect them from all mankind except those who are born ,english and speak ,english--that they should pretend on the strength of their private judgment alone to be what the rest of mankind deny them to be1 will assuredly be ranked among the first follies of the ,x,i,xth century4444 ,you may turn aside for three hundred years to come1 as you have done for three hundred years past1 from the fountain of living waters2 but to dig out a small channel of your own1 for your own private insular use1 wherein the living truth will run apart from its own docile and ever obedient children--that will no more be granted to you than it has been to the ,arians1 the ,nestorians1 the ,donatists1 or any other triumphant heresy4 ,i protest1 therefore1 against the usurpation of a sacred name by the ,camden ,society as iniquitous2 and ,i next protest against the object of this society1 and all such efforts in the ,anglican ,church1 as absurd40 ,we now have before us a period of seven years in the life of ,montalembert1 the record of which may be said to be the history of the great public questions which then agitated ,france2 so intimately was his entire parliamentary career bound up with their development4 ,the first and most important of these questions was that of education4 ,then1 as now1 the examination for the degree of ,a4,b4 7baccalaureat7 was the key to all public occupations4 ,but at that time1 from #ahcj to #ahdh1 no one had a right to present himself for this examination unless he had been educated in one of the public lyces1 or some school licensed by the university1 into whose hands the government had placed the monopoly of education4 ,a wealthy parent might educate a boy under his own supervision in the best universities of ,england or ,germany1 or by private tutors1 yet the youth would not be permitted to present himself for examination1 although able to pass it with ease4 ,and the degree resulting from this examination was the essential condition upon which the possibility of a public career was opened to every young ,frenchman4 ,without it he could by no possibility be admitted to any public employment1 the bench or the bar4 ,ability1 accomplishments1 acquirements1 had nothing to do with the question4 ,the young man must pass through a state school1 or he was for ever debarred from a public career in his own country4 ,but to pass through a state school1 as all ,christian parents1 both ,catholic and ,protestant1 then well knew in ,france1 was to leave it with the loss of his religious principles4 ,the biographer may well find it 8equally incredible that such restrictions should have been borne by any people1 and that a government founded upon liberal principles and erected by revolution should have dared to maintain them2 but so it was40 ,the parliamentary campaign on the educational question opened in #ahdd4 ,discussion soon reached a point of warmth4 8,there is one result given under the auspices of the university10 said ,montalembert1 8which governs every other1 and which is as clear as daylight4 ,it is that children who leave their family with the seed of faith in them1 to enter the university1 come out of it infidels40 ,the contradictions and mouvement incited by this statement pushed the orator to more emphatic statement4 8,i appeal10 he said1 8to the testimony of all fathers and mothers4 ,let us take any ten children out of the schools regulated by the university1 at the end of their studies1 and find one ,christian among them if you can4 ,one in ten6 and that would be a prodigy4 ,i address myself not to such or such a religious belief1 but to all4 ,catholics1 ,protestants1 ,jews1 all who believe humbly and sincerely in the religion which they possess1 it is to them ,i appeal1 whom ,i recognize as my brethren4 ,and all those who have a sincere belief1 and practise it1 will confirm what ,i have said of the religious results of the education of the university4 ,let us hear the testimony of the young and eloquent defender of ,french ,protestantism1 the son of our colleague ,m4 ,agenor de ,gasparin4444 #8,religious education1' he says1 #8has no existence in the colleges4444 ,i bethink myself with terror what ,i was when ,i issued forth from this national education4 ,i recollect what all my companions were4 ,were we very good citizens8 ,i know not1 but certainly we were not ,christians2 we did not possess even the weakest beginnings of evangelical faith4' 0 ,the results of the ,french compulsory anti,christian education may be read in current history4 8,the men it has brought up are the men who allowed ,france to be bound for eighteen years in the humiliating bondage of the ,second ,empire2 who have furnished excuses to all the world for calling her the most socially depraved of nations2 who have filled her light literature with abominations1 and her graver works with blasphemy2 and who have finally procured for her national downfall and humiliation40 ,montalembert planted his little band in battle array against the compact and overwhelming forces of the government1 under the inspiration and trumpettongued tones of his admirable fils des croiss speech in the ,chamber of ,peers4 ,here1 with its memorable termination1 are a few passages from it4 ,we regret we cannot give it entire4 8,allow me to tell you1 gentlemen1 a generation has arisen among you of men whom you know not4 ,let them call us ,neo,catholics1 sacristans1 ultramontanes1 as you will2 the name is nothing2 the thing exists4 ,we take for our motto that with which the generous ,poles in the last century headed their manifesto of resistance to the ,empress ,catherine3 #8,we1 who love freedom more than all the world1 and the ,catholic religion more than freedom1' 444 are we to acknowledge ourselves so degenerated from the condition of our fathers1 that we must give up our reason to rationalism1 deliver our conscience to the university1 our dignity and our freedom into the hands of lawmakers whose hatred for the freedom of the church is equalled only by their profound ignorance of her rights and her doctrines8444 ,you are told to be implacable4 ,be so2 do all that you will and can against us4 ,the church will answer you by the mouth of ,tertullian and the gentle ,fnelon4 #8,you have nothing to fear from us2 but we do not fear you4' ,and ,i add in the name of ,catholic laymen like myself1 ,catholics of the ,x,i,xth century3 ,we will not be helots in the midst of a free people4 ,,we ,,are ,,the ,,successors ,,of ,,the ,,martyrs1 ,,and ,,we ,,do ,,not ,,tremble ,,before ,,the ,,successors ,,of ,,julian ,,the ,,apostate4 ,,we ,,are ,,the ,,sons ,,of ,,the ,,crusaders1 ,,and ,,we ,,will ,,never ,,yield ,,to ,,the ,,progeny ,,of ,,voltaire60 8,mouvements divers0 might well--according to the reported proceedings of the day--follow this burst of indignant eloquence4 ,the words made the very air of ,france tingle2 they defined at once the two sides with one of those happy strokes which make the fortune of a party1 and which are doubly dear to all who speak the language of epigram--the most brilliantly clear1 incisive1 and distinct of tongues4 ,henceforward the fils des croiss were a recognized power1 but they were only known and heard by and through ,montalembert1 and1 so far as the public struggle was concerned1 might be said to exist in him alone4 ,montalembert fought almost singlehanded4 8,the attitude of this one man between that phalanx of resolute opponents and the shifty mass of irresolute followers1 is as curious and interesting as any political position ever was4 ,he stands before us turning from one to the other1 never wearied1 never flagging1 maintaining an endless brilliant debate1 now with one set of objectors1 now with another1 prompt with his answers to every man's argument1 rapid as lightning in his sweep upon every man's fallacy3 now proclaiming himself the representative of the ,catholics in ,france1 and pouring forth his claim for them as warm1 as urgent1 as vehement as though a million of men were at his back3 and now turning upon these very ,catholics with keen reproaches1 with fiery ridicule1 with stinging darts of contempt for their weakness4 ,thus he fought singlehanded1 confronting the entire world4 ,nothing daunted him1 neither failure nor abuse1 neither the resentment of his enemies1 nor the languor of his friends1 444 not always parliamentary in his language1 bold enough to say everything1 as his adversaries reproached him1 yet never making a false accusation or imputing a mean motive4 ,no one hotter in assault1 none more tremendous in the onslaught2 but he did not know what it was to strike a stealthy or backhanded blow40 ,time has strange revenges4 ,in ,april1 #ahdi1 came up the important question of the inamovibilit de la magistrature--the appointment for life of magistrates4 ,his old enemies were delighted to find that ,montalembert declared himself unreservedly in the affirmative1 and none more than ,m4 ,dupin1 the very man who uttered the memorable 8,soyez implacables40 ,again he had the government to contend with1 for under the law magistrates were no longer irremovable4 ,montalembert proposed1 as an amendment1 that all magistrates in office should be reappointed1 and that all new appointments should be made for life4 ,he pointed out the evils of a system which made judgeships tenable only from one revolution to another1 and made a noble office the object of a 8hunt0 for promotion dishonoring to all parties4 ,he spoke of the magistracy as the priesthood 7sacerdoce7 of justice1 and added3 8,allow me to pause a moment upon the word priesthood1 which ,i have just employed4 ,of all the weaknesses and follies of the times in which we live1 there is none more hateful to me than the conjunction of expressions and images borrowed from religion with the most profane facts and ideas4 ,but ,i acknowledge that our old and beautiful ,french language1 the immortal and intelligent interpreter of the national good sense1 has1 by a marvellous instinct1 assimilated religion and justice4 ,it has always said3 ,the temples of the law1 the sanctuary of justice1 the priesthood of the magistracy40 ,the cause was won by his eloquence1 and thus the first political success he ever gained was not for himself or his friends1 but for his enemies4 ,truly a fitting triumph for a son of the crusaders4 ,the peerage now being abolished1 ,montalembert was returned as deputy to the ,national ,assembly by the ,department of ,doubs4 ,here his career was1 if possible1 yet more brilliant than in the ,chamber of ,peers4 ,it would require a volume fitly to record them4 ,soon came the presidency of ,louis ,bonaparte4 ,himself the soul of honor1 with an eye single to the welfare of ,france1 deceived by solemn assurances which he unfortunately credited1 unsuspicious of a depth of treachery which he could not conceive1 and alarmed by the horrible spectre of socialism1 just arising from its native blood and mire1 ,montalembert became the dupe and the victim of ,louis ,napoleon4 ,when power had been fully secured1 the new president offered him the position of senator1 along with the dotation of #cj1jjj francs1 which was refused without hesitation4 ,a second and a third time the offer was renewed1 the last offer being urged by ,de ,morny in person4 ,the only position he held under the government of ,louis ,napoleon was the nominal one of a member of the ,consultative ,commission1 which he resigned on the publication of the decree for the confiscation of the property of the ,house of ,orleans4 ,he had already begun to suffer from the attacks of the disease to which he finally succumbed2 and it was from his sickbed that he went to receive at the hands of the ,french ,academy the highest and most dearly prized reward of ,french talent and genius4 ,montalembert was elected to the seat in the ,academy vacated by the death of ,m4 ,droz1 and his reception was an event4 ,being now freed from the absorbing engagements of life1 he made several journeys to ,england1 and travelled into ,hungary1 ,poland1 and ,spain4 ,his work entitled ,l',avenir ,politique de l',angleterre was the fruit of his ,english visits2 and was well received both in ,france and ,england4 ,in ,october1 #aheh1 the ,paris ,correspondant published a remarkable letter from ,montalembert1 describing a debate in the ,english ,parliament4 ,its every paragraph was so full of a subtle and powerful contrast between political liberty in ,england and the absence of it in ,france that the ,imperial government and its adherents were stung to the quick4 ,he speaks of leaving 8an atmosphere foul with servile and corrupting miasma 7charge de miasmes serviles et corrupteurs7 to breathe a purer air and to take a bath of free life in ,england40 ,referring to a former ,french colony1 he says3 8,in ,canada1 a noble race of ,frenchmen and ,catholics1 unhappily torn from our country1 but remaining ,french in heart and habits1 owes to ,england the privilege of having retained or acquired1 along with perfect religious freedom1 all the political and municipal liberties which ,france herself has repudiated40 ,a criminal prosecution was immediately begun against the count for this letter4 ,four separate accusations were brought4 ,among them were 8exciting the people to hate and despise the government of the emperor1 and of attempting to disturb the public peace40 ,the legal penalties were imprisonment from three months to five years1 fine from #ejj to #f1jjj francs1 and expulsion from ,france4 ,according to ,french custom1 the prisoner on trial was interrogated concerning the obnoxious passages1 and1 when ,montalembert answered1 it was discovered that the emperor and his government1 not the prisoner at the bar1 was on trial4 ,with calm gravity he acknowledged each damning implication as an historical fact not to be denied1 8enjoying1 there can be no doubt10 says his biographer1 8to the bottom of his heart1 this unlookedfor chance of adding a double point to every arrow he had launched1 and planting his darts deliberately and effectually in the joints of his adversaries' armor40 ,the foundation of ,montalembert's great work1 ,the ,monks of the ,west1 was laid in his studies for the life of ,s4 ,elizabeth1 and the remainder of his active life was now devoted to its completion4 ,it is sufficient to refer to it4 ,we need not dwell upon this greatest production of his literary genius4 ,besides this1 two other remarkable productions came from his pen toward the close of his career4 ,these were the long and eloquent addresses1 ,l',eglise libre dans l',etat libre1 delivered before the ,congress of ,malines1 and his ,victoire du ,nord aux ,etats,unis1 which1 says his biographer1 8is little else than a hymn of triumph in honor of that success which to him was a pure success of right over wrong1 of freedom over slavery40 ,it is well known that ,montalembert was one of those who opposed the proclamation of the dogma of infallibility4 ,on this point1 his biographer gives us this interesting information4 ,one of his visitors said to him1 while lying on what proved to be his deathbed3 8,if the ,infallibility is proclaimed1 what will you do80 8,i will struggle against it as long as ,i can10 he said2 but when the question was repeated1 the sufferer raised himself quickly1 with something of his old animation1 and turned to his questioner4 8,what should ,i do80 he said4 8,we are always told that the pope is a father4 ,eh bien6--there are many fathers who demand our adherence to things very far from our inclination1 and contrary to our ideas4 ,in such a case1 the son struggles while he can2 he tries hard to persuade his father2 discusses and talks the matter over with him2 but when all is done1 when he sees no possibility of succeeding1 but receives a distinct refusal1 he submits4 ,i shall do the same40 8,you will submit so far as form goes10 said the visitor4 8,you will submit externally4 ,but how will you reconcile that submission with your ideas and convictions80 ,still more distinctly and clearly he replied3 8,i will make no attempt to reconcile them4 ,i will submit my will1 as has to be done in respect to all the other questions of faith4 ,i am not a theologian2 it is not my part to decide on such matters4 ,and ,god does not ask me to understand4 ,he asks me to submit my will and intelligence1 and ,i will do so40 8,after having made this solemn though abrupt confession of faith10 says the witness whom we have quoted1 8he added1 with a smile1 #8,it is simple enough2 there is nothing extraordinary in it4' 0 ,the last years of the life of this distinguished man were one long protracted agony of physical suffering4 ,the symptoms of disease that first manifested themselves in #aheb had gone on increasing in severity until in #ahfi1 more than a year before his death1 he speaks of himself as vivens sepulcrum4 8,i am fully warranted in saying that the death of ,m4 de ,montalembert was part of his glory10 writes ,m4 ,cochin1 in describing his constancy and resignation4 ,he died on the #acth of ,march1 #ahgj4 ,at ,the ,shrine4 ,i4 ,the sunset's dying radiance falls ,on chancelgloom and sculptured shrine1 ,a splendor wraps the pictured walls1 ,where painted saints in glory shine6 ,and blent with sweettongued vesperbells1 ,through echoing aisles and arches dim ,the organ's solemn music swells1 ,the sweetly chanted evening hymn4 ,,ii4 ,low at ,our ,lady's spotless feet ,a whiterobed woman kneels in prayer3 ,the ,deus ,meus murmurs sweet1 ,while ,glorias throb on perfumed air2 ,before the circling altarrail ,she breathes her ,aves soft and low-- ,the golden hair beneath her veil ,wreathed like a glory on her brow4 ,,iii4 ,the sunset's purple splendors fade1 ,the dark'ning shades of twilight fall1 ,the moonbeam's silver touch is laid ,on sculptur'd saint and pictur'd wall2 ,and while the weeping watcher kneels1 ,and silence weaves her magic spells1 ,the gray dawn thro' the oriel steals1 ,and morning wakes the matinbells4 ,,advent1 #ahgb4 ,a ,christmas ,recognition4 ,we were oldfashioned people at ,aldred1 and ,christmas was our special holiday4 ,the house was always filled with guests1 not such as many of our grander neighbors asked to their houses1 but such as cared for good old fashioned cheer and antiquated habits4 ,not all were relations1 for we never asked relations merely on account of their kinship1 according to the regulation mixing of a conventional ,christmas party1 but among our own people were many whose presence at our ,christmas gatherings was as certain as the recurrence of the festival itself4 ,among them was a greataunt1 a soft1 mild old lady1 always dressed in widow's weeds1 but with a face as fresh as a girl's1 and hair white as the snowy cap she wore to conceal it4 ,she had not come alone1 for her adopted son was with her1 the promised husband of her only child1 dead years ago4 ,he had left his own home and people1 like ,ruth1 for the lonely1 childless woman whom he was to have called mother1 and remained her inseparable companion through her beautiful and resigned old age4 ,there were1 besides these1 a young girl whose aspect was peculiar and attractive1 and whose manner had in its mixture of modesty and selfreliance a piquancy that added to the fascination of her person4 ,she had come with a distant cousin of hers1 a widow of a different type from our dear old relative1 and whose object in chaperoning ,miss ,houghton must have been mixed4 ,she was small1 blonde1 coquettish1 and thirtytwo1 though no one would have taken her for more than twentyfive4 ,she looked soft1 pliable1 irresolute1 and tender1 and men often found in her a repose which was a soothing contrast to her cousin's energetic1 peculiar1 somewhat eccentric ways2 only it was the repose yielded by a downy cushion1 and people wearied of it after a while4 ,the secret of the apparent partnership between these two opposite natures was perhaps this3 the widow had a rich jointure1 and was an excellent parti1 while her cousin was portionless4 ,miss ,houghton was thus doubly a foil to ,mrs4 ,burtleigh4 ,i shall not speak of the other guests in detail1 with the exception of one whom it would be impossible to overlook4 ,he was a man nearer forty than thirtyfive1 goodhumored and careless to all appearance1 a hard worker in the battle of life1 a cosmopolitan philosopher1 and one of those handy1 useful men who can sew on a button1 cook an omelet1 and kiss a bride as easily and unconcernedly as they gallop across country or horsewhip a villain4 ,he had been in ,mexico1 surveying and engineering for an ,english railroad company1 and he had spent some years in the ,east as the land agent of a progressloving pacha4 ,europe he knew as well as we knew ,aldred1 while the year he had been absent from us had been filled by new and stirring experiences in ,upper ,egypt4 ,but ,i forget2 we have yet to speak of many little details of ,christmastide which preceded the gathering in of the whole party4 ,the kitchen department was1 of course1 conspicuous on this occasion4 ,this included the village poor1 who were regularly assembled every day for soup until ,christmas eve1 when each household received a joint of beef and a fine plumpudding4 ,some of us went round the village in a sleigh1 and distributed tea and sugar as supplementary items4 ,it was a traditional ,yuletide1 for the snow lay soft1 even1 and thick over the roads1 as it but seldom does in ,england2 then1 the school was visited and solidly provisioned1 the children were invited to a monster tea with accompaniment of a magiclantern show1 after which the prizes were to be distributed1 as well as warm clothing for the winter season4 ,nothing was said of the ,christmastree1 as that was kept as a surprise4 ,the decoration of house and chapel was a wonderful and prolonged business1 and afforded great amusement4 ,holly grew in profusion at ,aldred1 and a cartload of the brightberried evergreen was brought to the house the day preceding ,christmas eve4 ,the people we have made acquaintance with were already with us1 and vigorously helped us on with the preparations4 ,such fun as there was when ,miss ,houghton insisted upon crowning the marble bust of the ,indian grandee1 ,rammohun ,roy1 with a holly wreath1 and when ,mrs4 ,burtleigh gave a pretty1 ladylike little cry as she pricked her fingers with the glossy leaves6 ,the children of the house and those of another house in the neighborhood 7orphan children whose gloomy home made them a perpetual source of pity to us7 were helping as unhelpfully as ever1 but what of that8 ,it was a joyous1 animated scene1 and1 still more1 a romantic one2 for the traveller1 who had claimed a former acquaintance with ,miss ,houghton1 now seemed to become her very shadow--or knight1 let us say2 it is more appropriate to the spirit of a festival so highly honored in medival times4 ,the chapel1 a beautiful ,gothic building1 small but perfect1 was decorated with mottoes wrought in leaves1 such as 8,unto us a ,son is born1 unto us a ,child is given10 and ,gloria in excelsis ,deo1 etc41 while festoons of evergreens hung from pillar to pillar1 and draped the stonecarved tribune at the western end with a living tapestry4 ,round the altar were heaped in rows1 placed one higher than another1 evergreens of every size and kind1 mingled with islands of bright camellias1 the pride of the renowned hothouses of ,aldred4 ,white1 red1 and streaked1 the flowers seemed like stars among dark masses of clouds2 and1 when we lit a few of the tall candles to see the effect1 it was so solemn that we longed for the time to pass quickly1 till the midnight ,mass should call forth all the beauty of which we had seen but a part4 ,these decorations had been mainly the work of the traveller 7whom1 in our traditional familiarity1 we called 8,cousin ,jim07 and of our other friend1 the adopted son of our old aunt2 but1 though their brains had conceived1 it was ,miss ,houghton's deft fingers that executed the work best4 ,the last touch had just been put to an immense cross of holly which was to be swung from the ceiling1 to supply the place of the rood that in old times guarded the choirscreen4 ,a star of snowwhite camellias was to be poised just above it1 and a tall ladder had been put in readiness to facilitate the delicate task4 ,miss ,houghton stood at the foot1 one arm leaning on the ladder1 the other holding aloft the white star4 ,her friend was halfway up1 bearing the great cross1 when he suddenly heard a low voice1 swelling gradually1 intoning the words of the ,christmas hymn3 ,adeste fideles1 ,lti triumphantes2 ,venite1 venite in ,bethlehem3 ,natum videte ,regem angelorum3 ,venite adoremus1 ,venite adoremus1 ,venite adoremus ,dominum4 ,startled and touched1 he began the repeating words of the chorus1 pausing with his green cross held high in his arms4 ,the others who1 scattered about the chapel1 heard his deep tones1 answering1 took up the chorus1 and chanted it slowly to the end1 ,miss ,houghton looking round with tears in her eyes1 at this unexpected response to the suppressed and undefinable feelings of her heart4 ,it was an impressive scene1 the guests1 servants1 gardeners1 and a few of the choirboys1 all mingling in the impromptu worship so well befitting the beautiful work they had in hand4 ,at the end of the verse1 the traveller hastily gained the top of the ladder1 and1 having fastened the holly cross in its place1 intoned a second verse1 in which ,miss ,houghton immediately joined1 and the harmonious blending of their voices had1 if possible1 a still more beautiful effect than the unaccompanied chant of the first verse4 ,again the chorus chimed in1 ,venite adoremus1 ,venite adoremus1 ,venite adoremus ,dominum4 in full1 solemn tones1 and all sang from their places1 their festoons in their hands1 so that at the end of the hymn the traveller said thoughtfully to his companion3 8,laborare est orare should be our motto henceforth4 ,i wish all our work were as holy as this40 8,and why not80 she answered quickly2 8only will it so1 and so it shall be4 ,we are our own creators40 8,what a rash saying60 he exclaimed1 with a smile2 8but ,i know what you mean4 ,god gives us the tools and the marble2 it is ours to carve it into an angel or a fiend40 ,at last the chapel decoration was over1 and a few of the more venturesome among us went out in the snow for a walk4 ,meanwhile1 in the corridor 7so we called our favorite sittingroom71 the ,yulelogs were crackling cheerfully on the wide hearth1 and the fitful tongues of flame shot a red glimmer over the oldfashioned furniture4 ,one of the chairs was said to have belonged to ,cardinal ,wolsey1 and there was another1 a circular armchair1 that looked as if it also should have had a history connected with the great and learned4 ,fulllength portraits of the old possessors of ,aldred covered the walls1 and on the stainedglass upper compartments of the deep baywindow at one end were depicted the arms and quarterings of the family4 ,the ,yulelogs were oak1 cut from our own trees1 and perforated all over with large holes through which the flames shot up like firesprites4 ,the ,christmastree and magiclantern also had to be put in order to save time and trouble1 and a stage for tableaux occupied the rapt attention of the amateur mechanician 7our greataunt's son7 and of 8,jim10 the traveller and practised factotum4 ,miss ,houghton was never very far from the scene of these proceedings1 and1 when she was not quite so near1 8,cousin ,jim0 was not quite so eager4 ,almost all our guests had brought contributions for the ,christmastree1 of which our children had the nominal charge1 and with these gifts and our own it turned out quite a royal success4 ,presents of useful garments1 flannels1 boots1 mittens1 woollen shirts1 petticoats1 and comforters1 were stowed away beneath the lower branches1 while all visible parts were hung with the toys and fruits1 lights and ribbons1 that so delight children4 ,gilt walnutshells were a prominent decoration1 and right at the apex of the tree was fixed a 8,christchild10 that thoroughly ,german development1 an image of the ,infant ,saviour1 holding a starred globe in one hand and a standard in the other4 ,a crche had also been prepared in the ,ladychapel1 a lifelike representation of those beautiful ,christmas pictures seen to such perfection in the large churches of ,italy4 ,munich figures supplied the place of wax models1 however1 and were a decided improvement4 ,many people from the village had asked leave to come in and look at these peculiar decorations2 but1 as few of them were ,catholics1 it had been thought better to wait till the third ,mass on ,christmas day to open the chapel to the public4 ,christmas eve was a very busy day1 and towards five o'clock began the great task of welcoming the rest of the expected guests4 ,this was done in no modern and languid fashion2 the servants1 clad in fur caps and frieze greatcoats1 stood near the door with resinous torches flaring in the still night air--it was quite dark at that early hour--and the host and hostess welcomed them at the very threshold4 ,the children helped them to take off their wraps1 and held mistletoe sprigs over their bended heads as they reached up to kiss them4 ,indeed1 mistletoe was so plentifully strewn about the house that it was impossible to avoid it1 but we had so far eschewed the freedom of the past as to consider this custom more honored in the breach than in the observance4 ,the children and the servants1 however1 made up for our carelessness4 ,very little toilet was expected for a seven o'clock dinner 7we were not fashionable people71 but we found that our wellmeant injunctions had hardly been obeyed4 ,for the sake of the picturesque1 so much the better1 ,i thought4 ,one of our friends had actually donned a claretcolored velvet suit1 with slippers to match1 embroidered with gold2 and1 when we looked at each other in silent amusement1 the wearer himself smiled round the circle1 saying pleasantly3 8,oh6 ,i do not mind being noticed4 ,in fact1 ,i rather like it--this was a lady's fancy1 you see40 8,how1 how80 we asked eagerly4 8,well10 answered the ,londoner1 a regular drawingroom pet1 and a very clever society jester1 8,i was challenged to a game of billiards by a fair lady1 the ,duchess of ----4 ,she said to me1 #8,and pray do wear something picturesque4' ,i bowed and said1 #8,your grace shall be obeyed4' ,i happened to have some loose cash about me4 ,i could not wear uniform1 because ,i did not belong even to the most insignificant of volunteer regiments1 and ,i went to my tailor4 ,his genius was equal to the occasion1 and this was the result4 ,i played with the duchess1 and she won10--the hero of the velvet coat was an invincible billiard champion4--8,as ,i have the dress by me1 ,i take the liberty of wearing it occasionally in the country4 ,it is too good to be hidden1 isn't it80 ,so he rattled on till dinner was announced4 ,it was a merry but frugal meal4 ,the mincepies and plumpudding crowned with blue flame1 the holly wreathed boar's head of romance1 were not there2 they were reserved for tomorrow4 ,so with the 8wassailbowl10 the fragrant1 spirituous beverage of which each one was to partake1 his two neighbors standing up on each side of him1 according to the old custom intended as a defence against treachery2 for once it had happened that a guest whose hands were engaged holding the twohandled bowl to his lips was stabbed from behind by a lurking enemy1 and ever after it became de rigueur that protection should be afforded to the drinker by his neighbor on either side4 ,the fare tonight was still ,advent fare1 but1 after dinner1 ,christmas insisted upon beginning4 ,we were told that the 8mummers0 from the village were come1 and waited for leave to begin their play4 ,they were brought into the hall1 and the whole company stood on the steps leading up to the drawingrooms4 ,the scenery was not characteristic--a broad oaken staircase1 a ,chinese gong1 the polished oak flooring1 the massive halldoor4 ,the actors themselves1 seven or eight in number1 dressed in the most fantastic and extemporized costume1 now began the performance2 and but for the venerable antiquity of the farce1 it was absurd and obscure enough to excite laughter rather than interest4 ,the children were wild with delight1 and were with difficulty restrained from leaping the 8pit0 and mingling with the actors on the 8stage40 ,indeed1 for many days after nothing was heard among them but imitations of the 8mummers40 ,there was a grave dialogue about 8,king ,george10 then a scuffle ensued1 and one man fell down either wounded or in a fit4 ,the doctor is called2 the people believe the man dead1 the doctor denies this1 and says1 8,i will give him a cordial1 mark the effect40 ,the resuscitated man afterwards has a tooth drawn by the same quack1 who then holds up the tooth 7a huge1 unshapely equine one provided for the occasion71 and exclaims3 8,why1 this is more like a horse's tooth than a man's60 ,i never could make out the full meaning of the 8mummers'0 play2 but1 whether it was a corruption of some older and more complete dramatic form1 or the crude beginning of an undeveloped one1 it certainly was the characteristic feature of our ,christmas at ,aldred4 ,it took place regularly every year1 without the slightest deviation in detail1 and always ended in a mournful chorus1 8,the ,old ,folks at ,home40 ,after the actors had been heartily cheered1 and the host had addressed to them a few kind words of thanks and recognition1 they were dismissed to the kitchen1 to their much coveted entertainment of unlimited beer4 ,there they enacted their performance once more for the servants1 who then fraternized with them on the most amiable terms4 ,meanwhile1 our party were gradually collecting round the woodfire in the corridor4 ,it was a bitter cold night1 the snow was falling noiselessly and fast1 and the wind howled weirdly through the bare branches of the distant trees4 ,our old aunt remarked1 in her gentle way3 8,one almost feels as if those poor owls were human beings crying with cold40 8,we look like a picture1 mother10 somewhat irrelevantly answered her son after a slight pause2 8the antique dresses of many of us are quite worth an artist's study40 ,mrs4 ,burtleigh1 whose blonde beauty was coquettishly set off by a slight touch of powder on the hair1 and a becoming ,marie ,antoinette style of nglig1 here pointedly addressed the traveller4 8,sir ,pilgrim10 she said1 8did you ever think of home when you had to spend a ,christmas in outlandish countries80 8,sometimes10 answered 8,jim0 absently1 his eyes wandering towards ,miss ,houghton1 who stood resting her head against a carved griffin on the tall mantelpiece4 ,she caught his glance1 and said half saucily3 8,now1 if it was not too commonplace1 ,i should claim a story--,christmas eve is not complete without a story1 at least so the books say40 8,if it were required1 ,i know one that is not quite so hackneyed as the grandmothers' ghosts and wicked ancestors we are often surfeited with at ,christmas10 replied her friend quickly4 ,the whole circle drew closer around the fire1 and imperiously demanded an explanation4 8,but that will be descending to commonplace10 pleaded the traveller4 8,who knows8 ,it may turn out the reverse1 when you have done10 heedlessly said ,mrs4 ,burtleigh4 8,well1 if you will have it1 here it is4 ,mind1 now1 ,i am not going to give you a threevolume novel1 full of padding1 but just tell you one incident1 plain and unadorned4 ,so do not look forward to anything thrilling or sensational4 8,some years ago1 ,i was in ,belgium1 hastening home for ,christmas1 and spent three or four days in ,bruges4 ,i will spare you a description of the grand old city1 and come to facts4 ,i was just on the point of leaving1 and had got to the railway station in order to catch the tidal train for ,ostend1 when a man suddenly and hurriedly came up to me1 an old servant in faded livery1 who1 without breathing a word1 placed a note in my hand1 and was immediately lost to sight in the crowd4 ,the waitingroom was dimly lighted1 but ,i could make out my own name1 initials and all1 on the envelope4 ,in my confusion1 ,i hurried out of the station1 and1 stepping into a small htellerie1 ,i opened the mysterious note4 ,it was very short3 #8,come at once to ,no4 #bj ,rue ,neuve4' ,the signature was in initials only4 ,the handwriting was small and undecided4 ,i could hardly tell if it were a man's or a woman's4 ,i knew my way to the ,rue ,neuve1 not a really new street1 but one of ,bruges' most interesting old thoroughfares4 ,no gas1 a narrow street1 great gaunt portescochres1 and projecting windows on both sides1 the pavement uneven1 and a young moon just showing her crescent over the crazylooking houses--such was the scene4 ,i soon got to ,no4 #bj4 ,it was a large1 dilapidated house1 with every sign about it of decayed grandeur and diminished wealth4 ,two large doors1 heavily barred1 occupied the lower part of the wall2 above were oriels and dormers whose stone frames were tortured into weird halfhuman faces and impossible foliage4 ,no light anywhere1 and for bell a long1 hanging1 ponderous weight of iron4 ,i pulled it1 and a sepulchral sound answered the motion4 ,i waited1 no one came2 ,i thought ,i must have mistaken the number4 ,taking out the letter1 however1 ,i made sure ,i was right4 ,i pulled the bell again a little louder1 and heard footsteps slowly echoing on the stone flags of the court within4 ,sabots evidently2 they made a rattle like dead men's bones1 ,i thought4 ,a little grille1 or tiny wicket1 was opened1 and an old dame1 shading her candle with one brown hand1 peered suspiciously out4 ,apparently dissatisfied1 she closed the opening with a bang1 muttering to herself in ,flemish4 ,it was cold standing in the street1 and1 as the portress of this mysterious ,no4 #bj made no sign of opening the door for me1 ,i was very nearly getting angry1 and going away in no amiable mood at the unknown who had played me this too practical joke4 ,suddenly ,i heard the grille open again1 very briskly this time1 and a voice said in tolerably good ,french3 8 #8,monsieur's name is--8' 8 #8,yes1' ,i replied rather impatiently4 8 #8,then will monsieur wait an instant1 till ,i undo the bars8' ,a great drawing of chains and bolts on the inside followed her speech1 and a little gate1 threequarters of a man's height1 was opened in the massive and immovable portecochre4 ,i stepped quickly in1 nearly overturning the old dame's candlestick4 ,she wore a full short petticoat of bright yet not gaudy blue1 and over it a large black circular cloak which covered all but her clumsy sabots4 ,her cap was a miracle of neatness1 and her brown face1 wrinkled but cheery1 reminded me of ,s4 ,elizabeth in ,raphael's pictures4 ,she said glibly and politely3 8 #8,will monsieur give himself the trouble to wait a moment8' 8,she disappeared with her candle1 leaving me to peer round the courtyard1 where the moon's feeble rays were playing at hideandseek behind the many projections4 ,almost as soon as she had left1 she was with me again1 bidding me follow her upstairs4 #8,my master is bedridden1' she explained4 #8,since he got a wound in the war of independence against ,holland1 he has not been able to move4 ,monsieur will take care1 ,i hope1 not to excite him2 he is nervous and irritable since his illness1' she added apologetically4 8,i confess ,i was rather disappointed4 ,i had expected that everything would happen as it does in a play--it had looked so like one hitherto4 ,i thought ,i was going to meet a woman--young1 beautiful1 in distress1 perhaps in want of a champion--but it was only a bedridden old man after all6 ,well1 it might lead to an act of charity1 that true chivalry of the soul1 higher far than mere personal homage to accidental beauty4 ,i entered a darkened room1 scantily and shabbily furnished1 and the old woman laid the candlestick on the table4 ,the bed was in a corner near the fire2 the uneven parquet floor was covered here and there with faded rugs1 and books and papers lay on a desk on the old man's bed4 ,at first ,i could hardly distinguish his features1 but1 as my eyes grew accustomed to the gloom1 ,i saw that he was a martiallooking man1 with eyes so keen that sickness could hardly dull them1 and a bearing that indicated the stern will1 the clear intellect1 and the lofty bonhomie of an old ,flemish gentilhomme4 ,he looked at me with curious and prolonged interest1 then said1 in a voice full of bygone courtesy3 8 #8,will monsieur be seated8 ,i have made no mistake in the name8' 8 #8,no1' ,i answered1 wondering what the question meant4 8 #8,then1 monsieur1 ,i have important news for you4 ,the daughter of your brother--' 8,i was already bewildered1 and looked up4 ,he continued1 taking my surprise for interest3 #8,the daughter of your poor brother is now a great heiress1 and ,i hold her fortune in trust for her--do not interrupt me1' he said1 eagerly preventing me from speaking1 #8it tires me1 and ,i must say all this at once4 ,i do not know if you knew of her being taken from her parents when a child2 of course you recollect that1 after her mother's marriage with your brother1 there was a great fracas1 and poor ,marie's father disinherited her at once4 ,when the child was born--,i was her godfather1 by the bye--her parents being in great poverty1 ,i begged of the grandfather to help and forgive them1 the more so as your brother was making his poor wife very unhappy4 ,he refused1 and1 though he generally took my advice 7he was an an old college friend of mine71 he was obstinate on this point4 ,the child grew1 and the parents were on worse terms every year4 ,marie's father held out against every inducement2 your poor brother--forgive me1 monsieur6--fell into bad company1 and made his home a perfect hell2 his wife was brokenhearted1 but would not hear of a separation1 and her only anxiety was for her child4 ,i proposed to her to take the responsibility myself of putting the little one out of reach of this dreadful example of a divided household1 and she consented4 ,the father stormed and raved when he found the child was gone1 but for once his wife opposed him1 and refused to let him know her whereabouts4 ,every year ,i interceded with the grandfather1 who consented to support the little girl1 but would never promise to leave her a competency at his death4 ,one day1 suddenly1 your poor brother died4' 8,i could not help starting2 he saw my surprise4 8 #8,oh6' he resumed1 #8did you not know how he died8 ,pardon me1 monsieur1 ,i remember now that none of his ,english kin followed him to the grave1 but ,i had heard your name before4' 8 #8,monsieur1' ,i began1 fearing that he might be led on to talk of family secrets such as he might not wish to share with a stranger1 #8you have told me a strange tale2 but allow me to undeceive you--' 8 #8,how did you deceive me8' he asked impatiently1 and ,i1 remembering the old dame's warning not to excite him1 was puzzled how to act4 ,in the meanwhile1 he went on4 8 #8,eh bien6 ,the mother then went to ,england1 to the school where her child was1 and saw her1 but she did not long survive the wear and tear of her wretched life1 and the grief her husband's death caused her--for1 poor woman1 she loved him1 you see4' 8 #8,just like a woman1 ,god bless her6' ,i murmured involuntarily4 ,the old man bent his head in cordial assent1 but immediately resumed3 #8,her father blessed her before she died1 and promised to care for the little girl4 ,he then drew up this will'--here he laid his hand on a thick packet on the desk--#8and entrusted it me4 ,the child was nine years old then1 and that was fifteen years ago4 ,she was to be told nothing till her twentyfirst birthday1 and to be brought up in ,england1 unconscious of anything save that she was the child of honest parents4 ,this went on for some years1 and then my old friend died4 ,i continued to send regular remittances to the little girl's temporary guardians2 the bulk of the fortune ,i kept in the house--there in that chest2 perhaps it was a foolish fancy1 but ,i did not care to have it in a common bank4 ,the war came and passed over the flower of our land1 and you see1 monsieur1 what it has left of my former self4 ,well1 after a time1 five or six years ago1 ,i ceased hearing from my little ward2 ,i was unable to get up and search for her2 all that advertisements and correspondence could do ,i did1 and my chief endeavor was to find you4 ,i thought1 if anything were likely1 this was2 she would go to you1 her father's stepbrother1 a different man1 as ,i always heard her mother say1 from what her own unhappy parent had been4' 8 #8,but1' ,i said1 #8allow me to correct a mistake1 monsieur2 ,i never had a stepbrother1 or a brother either4' 8 #8,what6' the old man exclaimed nervously--#8what do you mean8 ,do not joke about such things4 ,your name is ----4 ,your hair is fair and wavy1 your figure tall and stalwart--that was the portrait of my poor little ward's uncle1 a different man1 of different blood1 as well as different name1 from her father4' 8 #8,do not tell me any names1 monsieur1' ,i here insisted1 #8until ,i have told you who ,i am4' 8,he looked at me1 still agitated1 his brows knitted1 and his lips quivered4 ,i told him my name1 birth1 country1 profession1 and assured him that ,i1 an only son1 had never heard of any story like his4 ,he seemed thunderstruck1 and could hardly take in the idea2 but1 recollecting himself1 said3 #8,pardon me1 monsieur1 but ,i have1 then1 caused you great inconvenience4' 8,his politeness now seemed overwhelming2 he was in despair2 he was dsol4 ,what could he do8 ,how could he apologize8 ,i quieted him as best ,i could by professing the utmost indifference about the delay1 and begged him1 though ,i would solicit no further confidence1 to consider my lips as sealed1 and1 if he wished it1 my services as entirely at his disposal4 8,he smiled curiously1 then said3 #8,the best apology ,i can make is to tell you the whole4 ,your name and initials misled me4 ,having heard that you were in ,bruges1 ,i sent my messenger1 who1 it seems1 only reached you as you were on the point of starting for ,ostend4 ,i thought it was my ward's uncle ,i had found1 and1 never having seen him1 ,i could not tell if you were the wrong man4 ,i must continue to try and find him2 if ,i fail--never mind1 ,i want to tell you her name4 ,she is ,philippa ,duncombe1 and1 when ,i saw her last1 she was a dark child1 quick1 peculiar1 and resolute4 ,it is so long ago that ,i could give you no idea of her exterior as she is now4 ,i think she must have suspected her dependence upon a supposed charity1 and have left school without the knowledge of any one4 ,anyhow1 ,i must still try to find your namesake2 as for you1 monsieur1 ,i cannot thank you enough for your forbearance4' 8,i left ,bruges the next day1 but1 as you may suppose1 the story of the ,baron ,van ,muyden never ceased to haunt me1 and a few months after ,i was glad and flattered to receive a letter from the old veteran saying that he had now ascertained that my namesake1 the child's halfuncle1 had been dead some years1 and that he felt that to none other but myself would he now wish to transfer the task of searching for the lost heiress4 ,of course ,i accepted40 ,our friend paused here1 and looked thoughtfully at the fire4 ,the ,yulelogs were burning so merrily that a ruin seemed imminent1 and while the silence was yet unbroken a sound of distant singing came towards the house4 ,it was the gay company of ,christmas carollers1 singing their old1 old ditties through the frosty night1 in commemoration of the ,angelsongs heard by the watching shepherds so many long centuries ago on the hills of ,juda4 ,but the company was too much absorbed in the traveller's tale to heed the faint echo4 ,miss ,houghton sat with her dark eyes fixed on the speaker1 and every vestige of color gone in the intensity of her excitement2 ,mrs4 ,burtleigh1 tapping the fender with her tiny gray satin slipper1 seemed strangely excited1 and glanced uneasily at her cousin2 the rest of us were clasping our hands in our unrestrainable curiosity1 and the provoking narrator actually had the coolness to hold his peace6 ,at last some one spoke1 unable to control his goaded curiosity4 8,well80 8,well80 repeated the artful 8,jim40 8,did you find her80 was the question that now broke from all lips1 in a gamut of increasing impatience4 8,i told you a story1 as we agreed10 he answered2 8but1 if ,i tell you the dnoment1 we shall fall into what we wish to avoid--the commonplace40 8,never mind1 go on10 was shouted on all sides4 ,miss ,houghton was silent1 but she seemed to hang on his words4 ,he had calculated on this emotion1 the wretch1 and was making the most of his points6 ,at last he resumed in a slow1 absent way3 8,yes1 ,i accepted the search2 ,i made it2 ,i did all ,i could think of--but ,i failed40 ,the bomb had burst1 but we all felt disappointed4 ,this was not commonplace1 not even enough to our minds4 8,he had cheated us10 we cried4 8,i can only tell you the truth2 remember this was all real1 no gotup ,christmas tale1 to end in a wedding1 bellringing1 and carolsinging4 ,hark6 do you hear the carollers outside80 ,no one spoke1 and he went on1 still meditatively3 8,i do not mean to give it up1 though40 ,miss ,houghton1 who1 till now1 had said nothing1 opened a small locket attached to one of her bracelets1 and1 keeping her eyes fixed on 8,cousin ,jim10 passed it to him1 saying3 8,did you ever see this face before80 ,he took it up1 and looked puzzled4 8,no10 he said2 8why do you ask80 ,we all looked at her as if she had been a young lunatic1 her interest in the story being apparently of no very lasting nature4 ,she then unfastened a companion bracelet1 the hanging locket of which she opened and handed to her friend again4 8,this face you have seen80 she asked confidently4 ,he started1 and a rush of color came over his bronzed cheeks4 8,yes1 yes1 that is the ,baron ,van ,muyden--younger1 but the same4 ,and here is his writing1 #8,to ,marie ,duncombe1 her sincere and faithful friend4' ,miss ,houghton80 8,yes10 she answered calmly1 as if he had asked her a question4 8,then what ,i have been looking for for three years ,i have found tonight80 he said1 looking up at her1 while we were all stupefied and silent4 8,and what ,i have never dreamt of10 she answered in a low voice1 8,i have suddenly learned tonight40 ,the carollers were now close under the windows1 and the words of a simple chorus came clearly to our hearing-- ,the snow lay on the ground1 ,the stars shone bright1 ,when ,christ our ,lord was born ,on ,christmas night4 ,after a few moments' silence1 our curiosity1 like water that has broken through thin ice1 flowed into words again4 ,many questions and a storm of exclamations rang through the room1 and the concussion was such that the ,yulelogs crashed in two1 and broke into a race across the wide hearth1 splinters flying to the side1 and sparks flying up the chimney4 ,then ,miss ,houghton spoke with the marvellous selfpossession of her nature4 8,i knew my own name and my mother's from the beginning10 she said1 8and ,monsieur ,van ,muyden1 and the old house1 and the ,flemish bonne in the ,rue ,neuve4 ,i remember them all when a child4 ,i used often to sleep there1 and the night before ,i left ,bruges ,i still remember playing with the baron's old sword4 ,i remember my mother coming to see me at school in ,england1 a conventschool1 where ,i was very happy1 and giving me these bracelets4 ,she told me never to part with them2 she said she would not be with me long4 ,they told me of her death some months afterwards4 ,the other portrait is that of my grandfather1 given by him to my mother on her fte day1 just before her marriage1 with a lock of his hair hidden behind4 ,she always wore it4 ,m4 ,van ,muyden's was done for her when ,i was born1 and was meant to be mine some day1 as he was my godfather4 ,the remittances he spoke of used to come regularly2 but1 when ,i grew older1 my pride rebelled 7just as he guessed1 you say71 and ,i hated to be dependent on those who1 kind as they were1 were not my bloodrelations4 ,i ran away from school1 and lived by myself for a long time in poverty1 yet not in absolute need1 for ,i worked for my bread1 and worked hard4 ,i had a great deal to go through because ,i dared not refer any one to the school where ,i had lived4 ,mrs4 ,burtleigh was very kind to me2 ,i told her my story1 as far as ,i knew it1 and somehow she found out that we were cousins through my father2 so she made me take her maiden name1 ,houghton1 instead of the one ,i had adopted before4 ,she1 of course1 thought as ,i did1 that the child of the disinherited ,marie ,duncombe and the unhappy ,englishman1 my poor father1 could be naught but a beggar4 ,she was kindness itself to me1 and1 though ,i was too proud to accept all she offered me1 ,i did accept her companionship and her home4 ,many little industries of my own1 pleasant now because no longer imperatively necessary1 help me to support myself1 as far as pecuniary support can be called such2 my home has been a generous gift--the gift ,i prize most40 ,she stopped1 and ,mrs4 ,burtleigh looked up in impatient confusion1 perhaps conscious that her feelings and motives had been too mixed to warrant such frank1 unbounded gratitude4 8,jim0 said nothing1 and ,miss ,houghton seemed so calm that it was almost difficult to congratulate her4 ,she was asked if she had recognized herself from the first in the story4 8,yes10 she said2 8,i knew it must be me40 8,you took it coolly10 some one ventured to observe4 8,i have seen too much of the revers de la mdaille to be much excited about this10 she said2 but1 if she was outwardly calm1 her feelings were certainly aroused1 for her strange eyes had a faraway look1 and the color came and went in her cheek4 ,our friend seemed almost crestfallen2 we thought he would have been elated4 ,presently she said to him1 giving him the bracelets3 8,you must take these to ,bruges1 and ,i think you had better take me1 too40 ,he stared silently at her4 ,just then the bell began to ring for the midnight ,mass4 ,what followed ,miss ,houghton told us herself4 ,the guests hurried to the chapel1 rather glad to get rid of their involuntary embarrassment4 ,those two remained behind alone4 ,she was the first to speak4 8,i think you are sorry you have found me40 8,yes10 he answered slowly1 8sorry to find it is you3 ,miss ,houghton was poor1 and ,miss ,duncombe is an heiress40 8,what matter6 ,if you like1 ,miss ,duncombe will give up the fortune1 or1 if you want it1 she will give it to you40 ,he looked offended and puzzled4 8,you do not understand me10 she said1 half laughing3 8,miss ,duncombe will let you settle everything for her1 and say anything you like to ,miss ,houghton40 8,you do not mean--0 he began excitedly4 8,i do10 she answered composedly4 ,and they were engaged then and there4 ,he wanted to be married before they left ,england1 but she refused1 saying their wedding must be in a ,flemish cathedral1 and their wedding breakfast in a ,flemish house4 ,and so it was2 and ,no4 #bj ,rue ,neuve is now their headquarters1 while the household of the ,belgian heiress is under the control of the old ,flemish woman who once shut that door in the face of the heiress' husband4 ,m4 ,van ,muyden is happy and contented1 and a merrier ,christmas day was never spent at ,aldred than the day of this unexpected recognition4 ,midnight ,mass1 ,christmastree1 schoolfeast1 and all succeeded each other to our perfect satisfaction2 the health of the heroine of 8,cousin ,jim's0 tale was drunk in the 8wassailbowl0 on ,christmas night1 and1 as the happy1 excited1 and tired ,christmas party separated on the day following ,new ,year's day1 every one agreed that it was a pity such things so very seldom happened in real life4 ,fleurange4 ,by ,mrs4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story40 ,translated ,from ,the ,french1 ,with ,permission4 ,part ,,iv4--,the ,immolation4 ,l4 ,while our travellers are completing the last stage of their journey1 we will precede them to ,st4 ,petersburg1 and transport our readers for a short time among scenes very different from those in which the incidents of our story have hitherto occurred4 ,the sentence of condemnation has been pronounced1 and for some days the names of the five persons who were to suffer death have been known and privately circulated2 privately1 for the trials which excited universal interest were seldom discussed in society4 ,at that epoch 7different in this respect from a subsequent one1 when liberty to say anything was allowed in ,russia before anywhere else71 whether through prudence1 servility1 or a fear resulting from the reign of the ,emperor ,paul1 rather than the one just ended1 every one refrained with common accord from any public expression of opinion whatever respecting the acts of the government4 ,flattery itself was cautious not to excite discussions that might give rise to criticism4 ,the sovereign authority did not require approval1 but only to be obeyed1 not judged4 ,this was generally understood1 and the consequence was a general silence respecting forbidden topics2 whereas1 on every other subject1 as if by way of indemnification1 ,russian wit was unrestrained1 and so keen that the nation which prides itself on being the most spirituelle in the world found a rival1 and only consoled itself by saying ,russian wit was borrowed4 ,it is incontestably certain that1 though there were still some survivors of the time of ,catherine's reign1 the ,french language was now so universally used in society at ,st4 ,petersburg1 that people of the highest rank1 of both sexes1 spoke it to the exclusion of their own tongue1 and wrote it with such uncommon perfection as to enrich ,french literature2 whereas they would have been very much embarrassed if required to write the most insignificant note1 or even a mere business letter1 in the ,russian language4 ,there is no intention of discussing here the causes that led to this engrafting of foreign habits1 or of examining whether the ,russians at that period1 in imitating the ,french1 were always mindful that when others are copied it should be from their best side4 ,still less would it be suitable to consider whether the people who possess the faculty of assimilation to such a degree are the most noble1 the most energetic1 and the most sincere4 ,this would lead us far beyond our modest limits1 to which we return by observing that1 in spite of a splendor and magnificence almost beyond conception1 in spite of a tone of good taste and a courtesy now almost extinct in ,france1 in spite of hospitality on a grand scale1 characteristic of ,slavonic countries1 an indefinable restraint1 felt by all1 prevailed in this attractive and brilliant circle1 insinuating itself everywhere like an invisible spectre1 modifying and directing the current of conversation--even the most trifling--and affecting not only the intercourse of fashionable life1 but the freedom of friendly converse and the very outpourings of affectionate confidence4 ,the ,marquis ,adelardi had had several opportunities of mingling in this society1 and found it congenial4 ,it was a society in which he was specially adapted to shine1 for he1 too1 as we are aware1 had passed his life in a school of enforced silence2 and1 if he was formerly numbered among those who revolt under such restrictions1 he had now renounced all efforts to break through them1 and learned to turn his attention elsewhere4 ,he understood1 better than any other foreigner at ,st4 ,petersburg1 how to navigate amid the shoals of conversation2 to be entertaining1 agreeable1 interesting1 and even apparently bold without ever causing embarrassment by an inadvertent remark2 and if1 in the ardor of discourse1 he approached a dangerous limit1 the promptness with which he read an unexpressed thought sufficed to make him change1 with easy nonchalance1 the direction of a conversation in which he seemed to be the most interested4 ,he was not1 however1 disposed to talk with any one the day1 or rather the evening1 we meet him again--this time at the ,countess de ,g----'s1 a woman of superior intellect1 already advanced in years1 whose salon was one of the most brilliant and most justly popular in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,everything1 indeed1 was calculated to facilitate social intercourse of every degree1 and1 if there was a place where the bounds we have just referred to were invisible1 though never forgotten1 it was here4 ,what could not be said aloud here1 more than elsewhere1 had a thousand facilities for private utterance4 ,on the other hand1 for the benefit of prudent people who preferred to say nothing at all1 there were tables where they could play whist or a game of chess4 ,a piano at one end of the spacious salon was always open to attract amateur performers1 then more numerous than now1 when no one ventures1 even in the family circle1 to play without unusual ability4 ,in this friendly atmosphere1 our marquis1 generally so social1 was silent and preoccupied4 ,seated in a corner on a sofa where no one else was sitting1 he took no part in the general conversation4 ,and yet1 as the room filled1 and various groups were formed1 here and there foreigners1 and especially the members of the diplomatic corps who frequented the house1 broached the great topic1 and by degrees were heard on various sides the names of ,mouravieff1 ,ryleieff1 ,pestel1 and two others likewise condemned to death1 as well as the names of those who were to be exiled--a punishment almost as terrible4 ,a young ,german attach1 perceiving ,adelardi1 approached1 and took a seat beside him4 8,and ,walden10 said he in a low voice1 8have you not had permission to see him twice80 8,yes40 8,have you seen him since he was informed of his fate80 8,no2 but ,i have reason to hope ,i shall obtain that favor40 8,he is not sorry1 ,i imagine1 to escape the gibbet40 8,not the gibbet2 but as to death1 ,i am sure he thinks it preferable to the fate that awaits him40 8,poor fellow6 but then1 qu'allaitil faire80-- 8,dans cette galre80 interrupted the marquis with displeasure4 8,the question is certainly apropos1 and ,i would ask him if ,i could obtain a reply that would avail him anything40 8,by the way10 said the other1 8,i suppose you know who has just arrived at ,st4 ,petersburg80 ,the marquis questioned him with a look of uncertainty1 for he was expecting more than one arrival that day4 8,why1 the fair ,vera1 who has returned to her post40 8,really60 exclaimed ,adelardi eagerly4 8,in that case perhaps we shall see her here1 for ,i am told she comes every evening when in the city40 8,yes1 but not till the empress dispenses with her services4 ,it is nearly ten o'clock4 ,she will probably be here soon4 ,our agreeable hostess is one of her relatives40 8,i was not aware of it4 ,i know the ,countess ,vera but little4 ,she was not at court when ,i was here three years ago4 ,i only saw her two or three times at the ,princess ,lamianoff's1 who was then here1 but was not presented to her40 8,at the ,princess ,catherine's8 ,i believe you4 ,it is said she wished ,vera to marry her son1 who was indeed very assiduous in his attentions4 ,the young countess did not appear wholly insensible to them at that time4 ,do you suppose she is still attached to him80 8,i do not know40 8,poor girl6 ,i pity her1 in that case1 but it is not very probable she will long be infatuated about a convict4 ,besides1 she will find others to console her1 if she makes the effort40 ,at that moment the piano was heard4 ,the young diplomatist was requested to take a part in a trio1 and the music put an end to the conversation that was becoming too ardent on every side1 through the interest caused1 not by the offence1 but by the misfortunes of the criminals4 ,every one knew them1 and several of them belonged to the same coterie which now scarcely dared utter their names aloud4 ,adelardi remained in the same place1 his head resting on his hand1 more absorbed than ever4 ,he pretended to be listening to the music1 and was mechanically beating time4 ,but he was thinking of something very different1 and only started from his reverie whenever the bell announced a new arrival4 ,then he eagerly raised his head and looked towards the door1 but only to resume his former position at the entrance of each new visitor--as if not the one whom he desired to see4 ,,li4 ,at the beginning of the same evening a different scene was occurring1 not far distant1 in a salon still more elegant and magnificent than the one we have just visited4 ,it was not1 however1 intended1 like that1 for the reception of visitors1 but solely for the pleasure and comfort of her who occupied it--a lady1 as was evident1 though there was no profusion of useless trifles or superfluous ornaments4 ,but it seemed as if her hands could only touch what was rare and costly4 ,gold1 silver1 and precious stones gleamed from every object destined to her constant use1 from the open cassette that contained her work to the sumptuous bindings of the books scattered over the embroidered covering of the table1 or lying on a small tagre of malachite near a large armchair4 ,this chair1 intended for reading1 was also adapted to repose by the soft cushion covered with the finest lace for the head of the reader to rest upon in an attitude at once convenient and graceful4 ,on all sides were flowers of every season in as great abundance as if they grew in the open air at the usual time4 ,they gave out an exquisite odor1 which1 with perfumes more artificial but not less sweet1 embalmed the apartment4 ,if1 as some think1 and we have already remarked1 places resemble those who inhabit them1 the reader may be eager to know the owner of this4 ,we will endeavor to describe her as she appeared to those who knew her at the time of our story3 a woman of that age when beauty is in all its freshness2 who was truly said to have the dignity of a goddess and the form of a nymph2 a face sweet and pale1 but with noble1 delicate features2 a complexion of charming purity2 a look and smile that were captivating2 and the whole picture was framed by hair floating in long curls over graceful white shoulders4 ,such was the person who1 at the sound of a manly and sonorous voice1 entered the salon just described1 and threw herself into the arms of him who had called her by name4 ,their first words were expressive of joy at seeing each other again after a long separation of some hours1 and for a time they seemed only to think of each other4 ,their glances1 their smiles met1 and it might have been supposed they had nothing in the world to do but love each other and tell each other so4 ,but the tone of conversation gradually changed4 ,she grew earnest and he became uneasy4 ,he made an effort to reply to the questions she addressed him and sometimes persistently repeated1 but he appeared to do so unwillingly1 as if he yielded out of condescension1 and with difficulty resisted a desire of imposing silence on her4 ,once he rose and left her1 but she followed him1 softly placed her arm within his1 and1 drawing herself up to her utmost height 7for1 though she was quite tall1 he was a whole head taller7 whispered in his ear4 ,he bent down to listen1 but while she was talking a frightful change suddenly came over his face4 ,she perceived it1 and looked at him with surprise and an anxiety she had never felt before1 as he leaned against the mantelpiece and remained there grave and silent with folded arms4 ,he was then twentynine years old1 and in the brilliancy of that manly beauty which suffering1 care1 the violent passions of a later age1 and time itself1 scarcely altered4 ,besides his lofty1 noble stature1 and features so regular that no sculptor could idealize them1 there was a charm in the expression of his face and the tone of his voice which inspired attachment as well as admiration4 ,hitherto resentment or anger had seldom been known to flash from his eyes or cause his voice to tremble1 and perhaps this was the first time she had ever seen his blue eyes light up with so threatening a gleam4 ,she did not dare persist in her request1 but waited for him to break the silence4 ,by degrees his ominous aspect gave place to profound and bitter melancholy4 8,ah60 said he at length1 8this is a sad beginning60 ,then after a short silence1 he looked around as he continued3 8,cherished home6 we shall perhaps often regret the happy days passed here60-- 8,we will not leave it10 replied she with a quickness that betrayed how unused she was to contradiction4 8,we will keep it as it is1 and always come back to it4 ,our grand days shall be passed1 if need be1 in the gloomy ,winter ,palace1 but our happiest days shall be spent here1 and they shall be in the future what they have been in the past40 ,he shook his head3 8,the past was ours3 the future does not belong to us4 ,we must henceforth devote ourselves to our great country1 and sacrifice all--all6 ,god requires it of us40 8,all60 repeated she with alarm4 8,what6 even happiness and mutual confidence8 ,oh6 no1 that portion of the past nothing shall infringe upon6 ,and there is still another right ,i shall never renounce--that of imploring favor and pardon for the guilty40 ,she hesitated1 and then went on1 clasping her hands and fixing her eyes on him with a supplicating expression3 8,will you no longer listen to me80 8,always in favor of the unfortunate1 but never for the ungrateful60 ,he frowned as he said these words1 and turned towards the door1 but she stopped him4 ,she felt it would not do to persist1 and with the adresse which is the lawful diplomacy of love1 she at once changed the subject1 and obliged him to listen while she discussed projects she knew he had at heart4 ,she spoke of herself1 of him1 of the happy past1 their brilliant future1 of a thousand things1 and indeed of everything except her whispered petition which she now wished him to forget4 ,the reader has already discovered himself to be in the presence of the young emperor and empress1 whose unexpected accession took place in the midst of a storm4 ,they were in the habit of meeting thus in the palace where they lived during the happy days of their early married life1 when no thought of the throne disturbed their youthful love67#ahh7 ,both hesitated a long time about leaving this charming palace for the sovereign residence1 and1 when constrained to do so by the necessity of their position1 they kept it as it was1 without allowing anything to be changed1 as a witness of the days that1 in spite of the imperial purple1 they continued to call the happiest of their life4 ,after the empress was left alone1 she remained thoughtful a moment1 then1 approaching the malachite tagre1 hastily rang a small gold bell4 ,a door concealed beneath the hangings instantly opened1 and a young girl appeared4 ,she stopped without speaking1 awaiting an order or some observation4 ,but there was nothing in her attitude to indicate the timidity that might have been expected in a maid of honor answering the bell of her sovereign4 ,on the contrary1 there was a majestic beauty and an air about her which might have seemed haughty had it not been modified when she spoke4 ,then1 there was a caressing glance in her eyes1 though they sometimes sparkled as if betraying more passion than tenderness2 but her fine form1 her black eyes1 her thick fair hair1 and the delicacy of her complexion1 rendered her at once striking and imposing4 ,she waited some moments in silence--then1 seeing her mistress did not address her1 she advanced and spoke first3 8,did your majesty venture to plead his cause80 said she4 ,the empress started from her reverie and sadly shook her head4 8,my poor ,vera10 she replied1 8you must renounce all hope40 ,the young girl turned pale4 8,renounce all hope60 exclaimed she4 8,o madame6 can that be your advice8 ,can it be there is no hope80 ,the empress1 without replying1 seated herself in her armchair1 took a book from the tagre1 and began turning over the leaves as if she wished to put an end to the conversation4 ,vera's eyes flashed for an instant1 and it was with difficulty she repressed an explosion of grief or irritation4 ,she remained silent1 however1 and stood beside the table absently plucking the petals from the flowers in a crystal vase before her4 ,the empress meanwhile kept her eyes fastened on her book1 but presently she raised them and looked at the clock4 8,i do not need you any longer1 ,vera4 ,it is ten o'clock4 ,you are going to the ,countess ,g----'s this evening1 ,i think40 8,yes1 madame1 if your majesty has no further orders to give me40 8,no1 ,i have nothing more4--,ah6 ,i forgot4 ,open that drawer10 pointing to the other end of the apartment4 8,you will find a letter there40 ,vera obeyed1 and brought the letter to her mistress4 8,be sure to forward it to the address10 said the latter4 8,it is the permission for the ,princess ---- to accompany her husband to ,siberia4 ,i am happy to be able to render that heroic woman this sad service4 ,but she is not the only one40 8,what a fate those women are bringing on themselves60 said ,vera1 shuddering with horror4 8,yes1 it is indeed fearful10 said the empress2 8but ,i admire them1 and will serve them every way in my power40 ,vera was silent1 and after a moment1 seeing the empress had nothing more to say1 she gravely approached to take leave of her4 ,as she bent down to kiss her hand1 the empress pressed her lips to her forehead4 8,come1 ,vera10 said she1 8look a little more cheerful1 ,i beg you4 ,to satisfy you1 ,i promise to make one more effort4 ,but ,i think1 my dear1 you are very generous to express so much anxiety about him1 for it is not the emperor alone who has reason to call him ungrateful60 ,at this1 ,vera's face crimsoned1 and she drew herself up at once4 8,your majesty has a right to say anything to me10 said she in a trembling voice1 8but this right has generally been used with kindness40 8,whereas you now find me cruel4 ,well1 be it so2 we will let the subject drop4 ,goodnight1 and without any illfeeling1 my dear40 ,she dismissed her maid of honor with a motion of the head4 ,vera bowed1 and without another word left the room4 ,,lii4 8,the ,countess ,vera de ,liningen60 ,at this name the ,marquis ,adelardi looked up1 but this time he did not resume his former attitude1 for the person he had so impatiently awaited at last appeared4 ,it was she6 ,the cause of this impatience1 if we would know it1 was a resolution to make an effort that evening in behalf of his friend through the ,countess ,vera1 but it was first indispensable to be sure of her feelings towards him4 ,he wondered if he should discover any traces of the illconcealed passion she once manifested for ,george1 or if time and indignation1 aided by the influence of the court1 had done their work8 ,or had his inconstancy inspired an indifference which had not been disarmed by his misfortunes8 ,all this ,adelardi flattered himself he should discover in a single conversation1 provided she consented to an interview4 ,as to any fear of her eluding his penetration1 he had too good an opinion of himself in that respect4 ,as soon as she appeared1 he looked at her with lively interest1 and an attention which he indulged in without scruple4 ,having seen her only twice some years before1 without speaking to her1 he thought she would not recognize him till he was formally presented4 ,vera crossed the salon without embarrassment1 and with the ease and grace of a person accustomed to high life and the sensation she produced4 ,she was dressed in black1 the court1 and even the citizens1 still wearing mourning for the ,emperor ,alexander4 ,this made the dazzling whiteness of her complexion and her golden hair the more striking1 and suited her form of perfect symmetry1 though noble rather than slender4 ,the only ornament she wore was a knot of blue ribbon on her left shoulder1 to which was attached the chiffre of diamonds 7her badge as maid of honor71 in which were woven together the initials of the three empresses3 ,alexandrine1 then reigning2 ,mary1 the empressmother2 and ,elizabeth1 ,alexander's inconsolable widow1 who was so soon to follow him to the tomb4 ,recent emotion still flushed the young girl's cheeks1 and the tears of wounded pride1 hastily wiped away1 gave her a mingled expression of melancholy and haughtiness which at once inspired a desire to pity and a fear of offending her4 ,she first approached the table where the lady of the house was playing whist4 ,the latter raised her eyes1 and merely smiled as she gave her a friendly nod of the head4 ,vera1 without offering her hand1 bowed1 and made a salutation at once graceful and respectful1 which was customary in that country when one lady is much younger than the other2 she pressed her lips to the edge of the black lace shawl which the elderly lady wore2 then she remained standing a moment near the cardtable1 looking around the room4 ,there was in this look neither eagerness1 nor curiosity1 nor coquetry3 it was a mere survey of the room and its occupants1 and it was easy to see she was seeking no one and expecting no one4 ,she only replied to the salutations addressed her by a slight inclination of the head1 sometimes by a smile4 ,presently1 seeing a vacant seat1 she went to take possession of it1 and thus found herself near the canap occupied by the ,marquis ,adelardi4 ,she was scarcely seated when the young diplomatist who had so recently spoken of her approached with lively eagerness1 to which she only responded by a look of indifference and giving him two fingers of her gloved hand4 ,the ,marquis ,adelardi took advantage of this favorable opportunity to approach the young ,german and beg to be presented to the ,countess ,vera4 ,adelardi's name was no sooner pronounced than it awoke a remembrance1 at first vague1 then distinct enough to make her blush4 ,this lively embarrassment was quite evident for a moment4 ,she bowed without speaking as he was presented1 and1 turning her face immediately away1 continued for some moments to converse with the other1 but only long enough to recover from her confusion4 ,she speedily put an end to this trifling conversation1 and1 suddenly turning towards ,adelardi1 she said1 without any trace of her recent embarrassment3 8,i remember very well1 ,monsieur le ,marquis1 your visit at ,st4 ,petersburg three years ago1 but ,i was so young then you had probably forgotten me40 ,adelardi replied1 as he would have done in any case1 but in this instance with truth1 that such a supposition was inadmissible4 8,and as for me10 he continued1 8never having had the honor of a personal acquaintance1 ,i necessarily thought myself wholly unknown to you40 8,your friends have so often spoken of you that your name was familiar1 but your features1 ,i acknowledge1 were somewhat effaced from my memory40 8,yours naturally clung to mine4 ,besides1 ,i also heard you constantly spoken of40 ,there was a moment's silence4 8,have you seen the ,princess ,catherine lately80 said she4 8,no1 ,i left ,florence at the beginning of ,december40 8,for ,st4 ,petersburg80 8,yes40 8,and have you been here ever since80 8,yes4 ,you were absent at my arrival1 otherwise ,i should not have waited till the present time to solicit the favor ,i have just obtained40 ,there was another momentary pause4 ,the young girl looked around1 and continued1 in a lower tone3 8,you were here1 then1 the twentyfourth of ,december80 8,i was40 ,she hesitated an instant1 then1 lowering her voice still more1 said3 8,and have you seen your friend since that fatal day80 8,yes1 and ,i hope to see him once more--alas6 for the last time40 ,vera bit her lips1 quivering with agitation1 but soon resumed1 with a coolness that surprised and1 for a moment1 disconcerted the marquis3 8,i formerly knew ,count ,george de ,walden1 but for some time had lost sight of him4 ,nevertheless1 his sentence fills me with horror1 and ,i would do anything in the world to deliver him from it--him and the rest40 8,him and the rest8 ,one as soon as the other80 8,one as soon as the other2 they all excite my pity4 ,i wish the emperor would pardon them all40 ,her voice by no means accorded with her words2 but ,adelardi continued as if he did not perceive it3 8,pardon them all6 ,that would be chimerical4 ,but there are some who are deserving of clemency40 8,the emperor is more lenient towards inferior criminals than to those who1 after being loaded with favors1 forget his kindness40 8,and yet there may be extenuating circumstances even in some cases of that number40 8,do you know of any that would be of any avail to ,count ,george80 said she eagerly4 8,not quite so loud2 we may be overheard40 8,yes2 you are right10 she said1 resuming her former tone4 8,let us change our seats2 we look as if we were plotting something here1 and should avoid attracting attention4 ,let us examine the albums on yonder table4 ,there we can continue our conversation with less restraint40 8,well10 continued she1 as soon as they had effected the change proposed1 and were seated before the albums1 which they pretended to be examining carefully4 8,well10 replied ,adelardi1 8what ,i mean is that many things of no avail in the eye of the law might not be without influence over him who is head of the law40 ,and while she was listening with interest1 unintentionally betrayed by her eager1 agitated expression1 her glowing cheeks1 and parted lips1 ,adelardi pleaded his friend's cause1 relating what we have already learned respecting his apparent1 rather than real1 complicity1 his ignorance of the actual designs of the conspirators1 and the circumstances that led to his presence among the insurgents on the twentyfourth of ,december4 ,in short1 he gave her all the details of which she had been totally ignorant1 having only heard1 during her absence1 of ,george's offence and the sentence he had incurred4 8,and the emperor10 said she eagerly1 8does he know it was he who saved his brother's life that dreadful day80 8,i doubt it2 there were only two witnesses who could attest it4 ,one of these did not come forward1 for fear of compromising himself2 the other was exceptionable40 8,who was the other80 8,a man named ,fabiano ,dini1 ,george's secretary2 but a great culprit1 not considered worthy of credit4 ,he told the truth1 however1 ardently hoping his testimony might save his master40 8,he is doubtless condemned to the same fate80 8,yes1 but to a more severe one2 his sentence is for life1 whereas ,george's is only for twentyfive years40 8,only twentyfive years60 repeated she1 with a shudder4 8,yes1 it is horrible2 it is worse than death6 ,and ,george will envy the wretch who was the prime cause of his misfortune1 for ,dini1 seriously wounded on the twentyfourth of ,december1 will probably die before the sad day fixed for their departure40 ,they were now interrupted by something not foreign to the subject of their discourse4 ,a lady1 unpretendingly clad1 who till now had remained aloof1 approached the young maid of honor1 and1 with a faltering1 respectful tone1 asked if the petition addressed his imperial majesty had been granted4 8,yes10 said ,vera eagerly4 8,permission has been accorded4 ,the ,princess ---- received it this very hour4 ,i left it myself at her door1 on my way here40 ,she kindly extended her hand to the person who addressed her4 ,the latter bent down as if to kiss it1 but ,vera prevented it by cordially embracing her4 8,behold a true1 faithful friend in misfortune10 said she1 as the other left them4 8,she herself is capable of going to ,siberia with her whose dame de compagnie she was in happier days4 ,but then1 the ,princess ---- has in her misfortunes the happiness of feeling herself beloved and respected by all40 8,assuredly10 said ,adelardi4 8,she is really an admirable woman40 8,so admirable that she is beyond my comprehension40 8,how so80 8,i do not understand how a person can resolve on the course she wishes to pursue--she and the others40 8,what60 said ,adelardi1 looking at her with surprise4 8,you do not understand how a woman can thus wholly devote herself to the man--the husband whom she loves40 ,vera shook her head4 8,no10 said she4 8,i do not wish to appear better than ,i am4 ,if ,i were in such a position1 if ,i had the misfortune of loving one of those convicts1 he might rely on my exertions to obtain his pardon1 and to use every means in my power to that end4 ,but1 as to sharing his lot and following him to ,siberia1 no1 my dear marquis1 ,i frankly acknowledge that is a proof of devoted affection ,i feel wholly incapable of40 ,another form at this moment passed before the marquis' mental vision1 beside which the beauty actually before him paled1 and slightly modified the lively admiration with which he regarded her4 8,well10 said he1 after a moment's reflection1 8,i know one of these convicts for whom a woman--a young lady of about your age--is ready to give a still greater proof of devotion than the ,princess ----1 for she is not his wife4 ,she is only--his betrothed1 and wishes to marry him on purpose to share his fate40 8,that is something entirely original10 said ,vera4 8,to do that10 pursued ,adelardi1 8she has a double favor to obtain1 and is coming to ,st4 ,petersburg for that purpose4 ,she will be here tomorrow1 or1 at the latest1 in a few days4 ,i have been commissioned to solicit for her an audience of the empress4 ,can ,i do so through your instrumentality80 8,certainly4 ,all these requests pass through my hands1 and none have been rejected4 ,but this is really the most singular case that has occurred40 ,she drew her tablets and a pencil from her pocket4 8,the name of your protge80 said she4 ,adelardi hesitated an instant1 then1 noting a little anxiously the effect produced1 said3 8,her name is--,fleurange d',yves40 ,he was relieved to hear the maid of honor say1 after carefully writing down the name3 8,fleurange6 that is a very singular name1 and one ,i never heard before4 ,tomorrow10 continued she1 rising1 and returning the tablets to her pocket1 8before noon you shall have a reply4 ,au revoir1 ,monsieur le ,marquis40 ,as she gave him her hand1 she added in a low tone3 8,i thank you for all your information1 and will endeavor to avail myself of it4 ,if you see ,count ,george1 tell him--but no1 tell him nothing4 ,if by the merest chance ,i succeed1 it will be time enough then to tell him what he owes to my efforts4 ,if ,i do not--it will be better for him to remain ignorant of my failure40 ,the ,marquis ,adelardi returned home greatly preoccupied1 and absently took up two letters lying on the table4 ,but after opening them1 he successively read them with equal interest4 ,first1 he looked at one of the signatures3 8,clement ,dornthal8 ,he is the cousin who accompanies the fair traveller4 ,they have arrived1 then4--,well1 the end of the drama is approaching3 we must all endeavor to play our parts with prudence4 ,mine is not the easiest60 ,he opened the other note1 and hastily ran over it4 8,thursday6 ,i shall see him on ,thursday at two o'clock4 ,poor ,george6 it will be a sad meeting1 in spite of the news ,i have to surprise and console him40 ,he had the satisfaction of learning by this note that1 thanks to the powerful influence brought to bear on the occasion1 he would be permitted to pass an hour with the prisoner every day during the week that yet remained before the sad train of exiles would set forth4 8,poor ,george60 he again repeated4 8,can it be he has really come to this8--,but who knows what may yet take place8 ,if the proverb1 #8,what woman wills1 ,god wills1' is true1 all hope is not lost1 for here are two women evidently with the will to aid him1 and energetic enough to overrule the most adverse destiny4 ,two--doubtless one too many1 and ,i have been rather bold to risk a fearful collision4 ,but things have come to such a point that they can hardly be worse4 ,if the fair ,vera succeeds1 it is ,george's affair to get out of the complication of gratitude to her who has saved him1 and the one ready to follow him4 ,but if she fails1 as seems only too probable1 then the case will be very simple3 our charming heroine will have no rival to fear40 ,,liv4 ,after the succession of disagreeable surprises ,mademoiselle ,josephine had experienced during her painful journey1 another of a different nature1 but the greatest of all1 awaited her at the end4 ,her imagination1 we are aware1 never furnished her with anything beyond the strictest necessity4 ,it was only with difficulty she succeeded in comprehending that her dear ,gabrielle had decided to marry a stranger condemned to the galleys1 and this inconceivable idea seemed to have penetrated her mind to the exclusion of all others4 ,she was going to join a prisoner1 and from the day of her departure from ,heidelberg she looked upon herself as on the way to a dungeon4 ,when therefore she heard the words1 8,we have arrived60 and their sledge passed under the arch of an immense porte cochre1 she shivered with fear4 ,it was1 consequently1 with a sort of stupefaction she found herself in a brilliantly lighted vestibule1 whence a broad staircase led to a fine long gallery opening into one salon after another1 at the end of which our travellers were ushered into a diningroom1 where supper was awaiting them of a quality to which mademoiselle was quite as unaccustomed as to the splendor with which it was served4 ,she looked around with mute surprise1 hardly daring touch the dishes before her1 and looking at her two companions with an interrogative expression of the greatest perplexity4 ,but they both seemed affected and preoccupied to such a degree as not to notice what was passing around them1 and mademoiselle1 faithful to her habits1 forbore questioning them for the moment4 ,the repast was made in silence2 after which ,clement wrote a note which she heard him ask a valet to send to ,m4 le ,marquis4 ,then the two ladies were conducted to the apartments prepared for them4 ,fleurange embraced her companion and wished her goodnight1 and ,mademoiselle ,josephine was left alone in a chamber surpassing any she had ever seen1 with large mirrors around her1 in which for the first time in her life she saw herself from head to foot4 ,there was also a bed baldaquin1 which she scarcely dared think destined for her modest person1 but in which at length she extended herself with a respect that for a long time troubled her repose4 ,never had the excellent ,josephine found herself so completely out of her element4 ,she wondered if it was really herself beneath those curtains of silk1 and1 when at last she fell asleep1 it was to dream that ,gabrielle1 splendidly apparelled1 was mounting a throne1 and she1 ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 arrayed in a similar manner1 was at her side4 ,her disturbed slumbers were not of long duration4 ,before day she was up1 and impatiently waiting for the hour when she could leave her fine chamber and sally forth to explore this strange dwelling which the night before seemed so much like a fairy palace4 ,this impression was not lessened by the light of day4 ,the rooms were really splendid1 and furnished with the taste the ,princess ,catherine everywhere displayed1 and which was as carefully consulted in the house where she only spent three months of the year1 as in her palace at ,florence1 which she made her home4 ,mademoiselle went from one room to another in a state of continually increasing admiration1 and1 while thus walking about1 she found everywhere the same mild temperature1 which seemed something marvellous1 for all the doors were open1 and not only were there no fires to be seen1 but no glass or even sashes in the windows4 ,apparently there was nothing to screen her from the frosty air without--freezing indeed1 for on their arrival at ,st4 ,petersburg the thermometer was down to fifteen or sixteen degrees1 and yet--what was the secret of this wonderful fact8 ,she was not cold in the least1 though the sight of the large windows made her shiver1 and she only ventured to stand at a distance and look at the view without4 ,she beheld a vast plain covered with snow1 with carriageways in every direction1 bordered with branches of fir4 ,vehicles of all kinds were crossing to and fro4 ,yonder was a succession of vast buildings1 and farther off were the gloomy walls of a fortress flanked by a church whose gilded spire glittered in the winter sun--a sun radiant1 but without warmth2 which imparted a dazzling brilliancy to the snow1 but whose deceptive light1 far from alleviating the severity of the season1 was1 on the contrary1 the surest sign of its merciless rigor4 ,while thus admiring and wondering at everything1 ,mademoiselle came to the last salon of the enfilade1 where1 before one of the large windows1 she perceived ,fleurange motionless and absorbed in such profound reverie that she did not notice her approach4 8,ah6 ,gabrielle1 here you are6 ,god be praised6 ,i was lost1 but no longer feel so1 now ,i have found you4 ,but1 for pity's sake6 what are you doing at that open window80 ,at this1 ,fleurange turned around with a smile4 8,open6 my dear mademoiselle8 ,we should not be alive long1 clad as we are40 8,i really do not understand why ,i do not feel the cold1 and yet--0 ,fleurange motioned for her to approach 7for the old lady still kept at a respectful distance from the dangerous openings71 and made her touch the thick glass1 one pane of which composed the window--a luxury at that time peculiar to ,st4 ,petersburg1 and which often deceived eyes more experienced than those of the simple ,josephine4 ,reassured1 but more and more amazed1 she remained beside ,fleurange at the window1 profiting by the occasion to ask all the questions hitherto repressed4 ,everything was gradually explained to her1 and she comprehended that this magnificent house belonged to ,count ,george's mother4 8,and he80 she ventured to say when ,fleurange had answered all the questions1--8he1 ,gabrielle1 where is he80 8,he60 repeated ,fleurange1 as a flush rose to her cheeks and her eyes filled with tears--8he is there3 there1 mademoiselle1 within the walls of the fortress before us60 ,poor ,josephine started with surprise4 8,pardon me60 said she4 8,if ,i had known that1 ,i should not have mentioned him40 8,why1 mademoiselle8--,the sight of those walls does not make me afraid6 ,on the contrary1 ,i long to enter them4 ,i long to leave all this splendor which separates me from him as it did before6 ,o my dear friend6 you must not pity me the day ,i am united to him60 ,the language of passion always had a strange effect on this elderly maiden1 but she only allowed herself to reply meekly3 8,well1 my dear child1 we will not pity you6 ,it is ,clement and ,i who will need pity when that day comes1 and you must not be vexed if--0 ,and in spite of herself1 great tears filled her eyes1 which she promptly wiped away4 ,she remained silent for some moments1 then spoke of something else1 feeling if she resumed the subject it would speedily lead to an explosion of grief which she resolved to restrain that she might not afflict her young friend4 8,what wide plain is that between the quay and the fortress80 she soon continued4 8,that is the ,neva10 replied ,fleurange1 smiling4 8,the ,neva80 8,yes1 the river that runs through the city40 8,the river80 repeated ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 8,come1 ,gabrielle1 ,i know ,i am very ignorant of everything relating to foreign countries1 but still1 not to such a degree as to believe that4 ,a river6--when ,i see with my own eyes hundreds of carriages on it1 sledges and chariots of all kinds1 going in every direction1 and houses and sheds6--,and what are those two great mountains ,i see yonder80 8,they are icehills1 such as they have in ,russia1 mademoiselle1 and which were imitated in wood three years ago at ,paris4 ,do you remember8 ,i am told these are only erected temporarily during the carnival40 8,very well2 but what you have said does not prove that to be the river1 and that you are right40 8,it seems incredible1 ,i know1 but everything we see there now will disappear in the spring1 leaving only a broad stream between that fine granite quay and the fortress4 ,but ,i confess ,i can scarcely realize it myself1 never having seen it40 ,clement now appeared4 ,he looked pale and disposed to be silent1 and gave every indication of having passed a no less restless night than ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 though for a different reason4 ,after exchanging some words with his companions1 his eyes glanced over the broad river1 and1 like those of ,fleurange1 fastened on the gloomy walls of the fortress4 ,it was a strange chance that led them all there precisely opposite4 ,clement gazed at the place with despair1 jealousy1 and horror1 but still was unable to turn his eyes away4 8,there1 then1 is the end10 thought he2 8for her1 the end desired3 for me1 the grave of my youth6 ,yes1 when she once enters those walls1 all will be at an end for me1 were ,i to live beyond the usual period4 ,my life will be ended at twenty years of age60-- ,these reflections and others of the same nature were not calculated to make ,clement very agreeable that morning4 ,he was not only serious1 which often happened1 but1 contrary to his habit1 he was gloomy and taciturn4 ,their breakfast was despatched in silence1 after which it was only by a great effort he gradually succeeded in regaining his usual manner4 8,cousin ,gabrielle10 said he then1 8,i appear morose this morning1 ,i am aware1 and ,i beg your pardon4 ,but ,i am only sad1 ,i assure you--sad in view of what is approaching4 ,this is pardonable1 ,i hope10 continued he1 taking ,mademoiselle ,josephine's hand2 8you will not require us1 will you1 to leave you without regret80 8,that is what ,i said to her a moment ago10 said poor ,josephine1 wiping away her tears4 8,she says she is happy2 that she longs to be there10 casting a glance across the river4 8,we only desire her happiness1 ,i am sure2 but then for us--0 8,yes10 said ,clement1 with a sad smile of bitterness1 8for us the few days to come will not be very happy1 and we really have reason to be sad4 ,as for me1 ,gabrielle1 ,i also regret those just ended2 for in this new sphere my rle is at an end4 ,i am now to be for ever deprived of the pleasure of being useful to you in any way40 ,he was still speaking when the ,marquis ,adelardi was announced2 and he hastily rose4 8,stay1 ,clement10 said ,fleurange eagerly--8stay4 ,i wish this excellent friend to become acquainted with you40 8,i also wish to make his acquaintance1 but not now4 ,tell him that to morrow1 yes1 tomorrow morning--or even this evening1 if he will receive me1 ,i will call at his residence4 ,do not detain me now40 ,and before the marquis appeared he was gone4 ,he felt he should be de trop at this interview of such deep import to ,fleurange1 for such it was4 ,to see ,george's friend once more1 his confidential friend--him who at this solemn period had become the intermediary authorized by his mother6--,there was great reason to be agitated at such a thought4 ,besides1 ,adelardi had always inspired her with sympathy and confidence1 and in this new sphere she realized how beneficial his experience would be1 for ,clement was right in saying he could no longer be of any use4 ,he was as ignorant as she of the habits and usages of the court4 ,and yet1 to obey the ,princess ,catherine's instructions1 her first object must be to obtain an audience of the empress--a formidable prospect1 which frightened her a thousand times more than all that afterwards awaited her4 ,she therefore received the marquis with such childlike confidence as to redouble the regard he had always felt for her4 ,there was the same beauty1 the same simplicity about her1 and1 above all1 the charm most attractive to eyes as blass as his--of resembling no one else in the world6 ,the extraordinary courage she showed herself capable of made him appreciate the more that which she manifested in separating from ,george1 and revealed to him the whole extent of the sacrifice then made with so much firmness4 ,the mission confided to ,adelardi assumed1 therefore1 a graver aspect in his eyes than before1 and he was for an instant tempted to reproach himself for having1 the night previous1 invoked the aid of a rival in ,george's behalf1 who might prove an enemy to the charming girl before him4 ,on all accounts1 however1 he could not regret this last effort for his friend's welfare4 ,in case ,vera failed1 and by chance was afterwards tempted to display any illwill at another's performing an act of devotedness she declared herself incapable of1 he had taken some precautions to defeat her1 and flattered himself the favor would be obtained before she discovered by whom it was implored4 ,meanwhile1 the maid of honor was punctual4 ,the marquis had already received her reply1 and now placed it in his young friend's hands4 8,your request is granted3 ,mademoiselle ,fleurange d',yves will be received by her majesty on ,thursday1 at two o'clock4 ,v4 ,l40 8,the day after tomorrow60 said ,fleurange with emotion4 ,then1 blushing as she continued3 8,but how happens it that the name which ,i have not borne for so long occurs in this note80 8,it is yours1 is it not80 replied the marquis evasively4 8,yes1 it is mine1 but--0 she stopped4 ,a particular remembrance was now associated with the name of ,fleurange4 ,no one had called her so but ,george for more than three years4 ,and the day for ever graven on her memory1 he told her he should keep that name for himself--himself alone4 ,she regretted to find it here written by a strange hand1 and felt an involuntary contraction of the heart4 8,i should have preferred the request made in the name ,i generally bear40 8,pardon me4 ,i am to blame in this10 said ,adelardi4 8,i supposed it a matter of indifference4 ,i thought the name of ,fleurange would particularly attract the attention of her whose favor you seek1 and remain more surely in her memory40 ,this was merely an excuse which occurred to him in reply to a question he had not anticipated4 ,his real motive was to conceal from the maid of honor another name perhaps more familiar1 and which might be connected in her mind with some prejudice injurious to the success of the petition of which she was the intermediary4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,sayings4 8,we serve ,god by climbing up to heaven from virtue to virtue2 we serve ,satan by descending into hell from vice to vice40--,s4 ,bonaventura4 ,he who reflects upon death has already cut short the evil habit of talkativeness2 and he who has received the gift of inward and spiritual tears1 shuns it as he would fire4--,s4 ,john ,climacus4 ,spiritual blessings attained by much prayer and labor are solid and durable4--,ibid4 ,the first degree of interior peace is to banish from us all the noise and commotion created by the passions1 which disturb the profound tranquillity of the heart4 ,the last and most excellent degree is to stand in no fear of this disturbance1 and to be perfectly insensible to its excitement4--,ibid4 ,the heart of the meek is the throne on which the ,lord reposes4--,ibid4 ,the day will belong to him who is first in possession4--,ibid4 ,prince ,von ,bismarck ,and ,the ,interview ,of ,the ,three ,emperors4 ,by ,m4 ,adolphe ,dechamps1 ,min4 ,d'tat ,from ,la ,revue ,gnrale ,de ,bruxelles4 ,,my ,,dear ,,friend3 ,you question me about the events which during the past two years have been subverting ,europe1 and you in particular ask me what ,i think of the meeting of the three emperors at ,berlin1 and of the policy of von ,bismarck4 ,your first inquiry is too general for me to take up in a letter which ,i wish to avoid making too long1 but in a work which ,i am writing at present ,i will endeavor to do so to the extent of my ability4 ,about the year #ahdi1 ,i went to work on an tude sur la ,france1 out of which1 during the second ,empire1 ,i put forth three separate publications47#ahi7 ,in these ,i followed the course of ,napoleon ,,iii41 both in the successes and in the blunders which brought about his fall2 and now in the midst of the obscurity of general politics which thickens more and more from day to day1 and wherein the attentive observer perceives more sinister flashes than gleams of sunshine1 ,i am about to complete the main work which ,i began more than twenty years ago4 ,in #ahei1 ,i sent my first publication on the ,second ,empire to the aged ,prince von ,metternich1 who honored me with his friendship1 and asked him for his views about the condition of ,europe1 which was then on the eve of being profoundly changed by the war in ,italy4 ,the following is an extract from the interesting reply which ,i received from him only a short time before his death3 8,after having been a witness and spectator of the catastrophes which burst forth between the years #aghi and #agie1 in the latter one ,i made my first entry into the higher walks of the political world1 and #ahja was the first year of my diplomatic career4 ,i consequently cannot be in ignorance of anything that has taken place since the two remote epochs above mentioned4 ,now1 am ,i thereby in advance of other living men8 ,can ,i consider myself capable of drawing up a prognostication of what will happen even so far only as regards the most immediate future8 ,certainly not6 ,but1 nevertheless1 one thing ,i know ,i can do1 ,i can venture to affirm that not during the course of the last seven decades has there been a single moment when the elements which make up social existence have found themselves plunged in so general a struggle as they are now40 ,since the prince thus wrote me1 we have had the campaign of ,italy against ,austria in #ahei2 the war in ,germany which ended in ,sadowa2 the civil war in the ,united ,states of ,n4 ,a42 the colossal war of #ahgj2 the astounding fall of the second ,french ,empire2 the rule of the ,commune1 and the conflagration in ,paris2 a ,republican government in ,france2 the setting up of the ,empire of ,germany2 the ,italian ,revolution in ,rome1 which keeps the ,pope a captive in the ,vatican and all the church in mourning2 we have had ,spain contended for by three dynasties and a prey to anarchy and civil war2 and we have a socialistic revolution stirring up everywhere the laboring masses and unsettling the deepest foundations of the society of our day6 ,what would old ,prince von ,metternich say if1 having before him the immense upheaving of which we are witnesses1 he could be now called upon to reply to the general inquiry which you have put to me8 ,he would decline giving an opinion2 he would refuse to make any predictions2 he would confine himself to the expression of deeper fears1 because of the general and formidable struggle now raging between all the elements which make up the very life of society4 ,i will do just as he would1 and for a hundredfold more reasons than he could have4 ,i feel1 as do all those who have any political instinct1 that decisive and dreadful events are drawing nigh2 though ,i cannot yet distinctly perceive them1 ,i feel them1 as one does the approach of a storm1 from the heaviness of the air before seeing the lightning flash or hearing the thunder roll4 ,i lay aside1 then1 your general inquiry1 and take up the second one1 which is more precise1 and which relates to the meeting at ,berlin and to the policy of von ,bismarck4 ,it is almost needless for me to mention that1 retired as ,i have been for a long time from politics1 any opinions which ,i may express are merely individual ones1 that ,i alone am responsible for them1 and that nobody can claim a right to extend that responsibility to my friends1 and still less to the political party which ,i have had the honor of serving4 ,i make this express reservation4 ,what is1 then1 the meaning1 the character1 and the bearing of the meeting of the three emperors8 ,is it a congress8 ,is it an alliance8 ,it is neither one nor the other1 and this has been carefully proclaimed4 ,it is not an ,european congress1 since ,england and ,france were not present at it1 the one having been left aside1 and the other naturally excluded4 ,it is not a congress1 since no treaty will sanction its views and results4 ,but1 besides1 ,prince von ,bismarck wants neither congress nor treaty4 ,he attached great importance to signing the treaty of ,prague alone with ,austria and the treaty of ,frankfort alone with ,france2 he refused1 with a certain hauteur1 to allow any interference of the other ,european powers in those treaties1 although they brought about a fundamental change in the status and equilibrium of ,europe4 ,in times past1 after a great war1 ,europe has always intervened through a solemn congress in which it dictated the terms of a general peace1 thereby securing for it solidity and duration4 ,thus the treaty of ,westphalia brought with it its consequent peace1 the treaty of ,vienna the peace of #ahae1 and more recently the treaty of the ,congress of ,paris in #ahef followed upon the war in the ,crimea4 ,heretofore ,europe has been subject to a system of equilibrium3 ,bismarck has done away with the latter1 and broken up the former4 ,but he perceived the danger of this attitude and this situation4 ,germany had vanquished ,austria1 crushed ,france1 and had won ,european supremacy1 but she stood alone4 ,austria1 forced out first from ,italy1 afterwards from ,germany1 could not1 without feeling a deep and natural jealousy1 see the ,german ,empire rise to the first rank while she sank to the second4 ,russia cannot see the ,german ,empire extend from the ,danube to the ,baltic1 and overtop the ,slavic ,empire1 without becoming also jealous4 ,england cannot look upon this state of things1 which leaves her nothing to do but to keep quiet and silent1 without feeling somewhat as ,austria and ,russia do4 ,there is felt1 then1 at ,st4 ,petersburg1 as at ,vienna1 and perhaps at ,london1 an invincible distrust of the predominance of ,germany and of the rupture1 for her benefit1 of the equilibrium of ,europe4 ,there are deep and opposing interests which are incompatible with a true alliance between the three emperors1 and1 albeit they have at ,berlin shaken hands1 toasted1 and fraternally embraced one another and exchanged certain general ideas1 they have not allied themselves on settled political views4 ,m4 von ,bismarck has himself pretty accurately defined the meeting at ,berlin3 8,it is of importance that no one should suppose that the meeting of the three emperors has for its object any special political projects4 ,beyond a doubt1 this meeting amounts to a signal recognition of the new ,german ,empire1 but no political design has directed it40 ,it amounts to this or very nearly this3 ,m4 von ,bismarck wanted neither a congress nor a treaty1 nor did he seek an alliance which was impossible of attainment just now2 but he was determined to put an end to his present isolation1 and he sought in particular to cut short the dream of retaliation in which ,france might indulge from a hopedfor alliance with ,russia or with ,austria4 ,the government of ,berlin has in the meeting of the three emperors sought two and perhaps three ends3 ,i4 ,to bring about the recognition of the ,german ,empire by the two great military powers of the ,north1 and in that way deprive ,france of all hope of finding an ally1 with a view to war1 either at ,st4 ,petersburg or at ,vienna4 ,,ii4 ,to discourage at the same time the particularism7#aij7 of ,bavaria and of ,south ,germany1 which has always looked for a support in the direction of ,vienna4 ,the third end may be to disarm the resistance of ,catholics to the absurd and odious persecutions organized against them1 by intimating to them that their cause has been abandoned by the ,apostolic ,emperor1 the head of the ,house of ,hapsburg4 ,the remarkable letter published in ,der ,wanderer of ,vienna1 under the heading of 8,the ,order of ,battle10 sets forth very cleverly each of these two hopes aforesaid of the ,berlin diplomats4 8,those diplomats10 says ,der ,wanderer1 8are rather barefacedly making game of ,austria's goodnature4 ,they calculate that this goodnature will have the effect of paralyzing two 7as ,m4 von ,bismarck considers them7 implacable enemies of the empire1 but heretofore friends of the ,hapsburg dynasty2 ,i mean the particularism of the minor states and the ,catholic opposition4 #8,thanks to the house of ,austria1' say they1 #8we are going to disarm those reptiles1 and pull out their venomous fangs4' ,at the same time1 those diplomats do not conceal their joy 7premature1 ,i hope7 at what they call the ,canossa7#aia7 of ,berlin and the retaliation of ,olmutz4 #8,we will get the old seal of the empire' 7,i quote their words textually7 #8affixed to our heritage by the ,house of ,austria4' 0 ,it would seem1 then1 that the ,emperor of ,austria1 by appearing at ,berlin1 meant to say to particularism and perhaps to the ,catholic body3 ,you need no longer count on me4 ,and the ,emperor of ,russia went there to offer a toast to the ,german army and to signify to ,france3 ,do not count on any alliance with me for a war hereafter4 ,this would indeed be the crowning of ,m4 von ,bismarck's policy4 ,since the two great wars against ,austria and against ,france which by their prodigious results assuredly far surpassed his hopes and previsions1 he has but one solicitude and one thought--to isolate ,france1 to secure her military and political impotence1 to file down the old lion's teeth and to muzzle him4 ,to this end1 he needed strong and impenetrable frontiers1 which he got by the acquisition of ,alsace and ,lorraine4 ,prince von ,bismarck cannot fail to perceive that the annexation of these two provinces to ,germany constitutes for it1 in a political point of view1 a source of weakness rather than of strength2 that it is an additional embarrassment to the difficulties following the organization of ,german unity2 that ,alsace and ,lorraine will be1 for a long time to come1 another bleeding ,poland on the flanks of the new empire2 nevertheless1 the conquest of these two provinces seemed to him1 in a military point of view1 indispensable as a first material guarantee against the possibility of retaliation on the part of ,france4 ,by the possession of those provinces1 he turns against ,france the formidable triple line of defence of the ,meuse1 the ,moselle1 and the ,vosges2 at ,strasbourg and at ,metz he holds the strategical keys of ,france2 these two strongholds are1 so to speak1 iron gates of which the bolts are kept at ,berlin4 ,the other ,rhenish frontiers are defended by the armed neutrality of ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,luxemburg1 and ,switzerland4 ,seated behind its impassable frontiers1 and relying upon its powerful military organization and the remembrance of its recent triumphs1 the ,german ,empire appears perfectly secure from attack4 ,but even all this was not enough for ,prince von ,bismarck4 ,he has just been repeating the policy which turned out so well for him in the war of #ahff against ,austria4 ,then1 through the guilty and senseless connivance of ,napoleon ,,iii41 he allied himself to ,italy2 he compelled ,austria to divide her forces1 to have two armies1 one at ,verona1 the other in ,bohemia--which was making sure beforehand of the defeat of ,austria4 ,m4 von ,bismarck has just begun a second time this skilful manuvre4 ,he has formed an offensive and defensive alliance with ,italy which owes its political life to ,france1 and repays the boon by treachery4 ,by means of this alliance he would compel ,france1 in the event of a war1 to have an army of the ,alps and an army of the ,rhine1 which would be equivalent to certain defeat4 ,any war of retaliation is consequently for a long time to come rendered impossible4 ,there would be left to ,france only one resource1 and that a distant one1 viz41 an alliance with a great military power1 such as ,austria1 or1 in particular1 ,russia1 whose secret jealousies she would turn to her account4 ,but such an alliance presupposes ,france raised up1 in a political1 military1 and moral sense1 from her present ruin1 and in possession of a settled government1 stable within and influential without4 ,can a republic1 even a conservative one1 and even if it always had at its head as capable a statesman as ,m4 ,thiers1 so raise ,france8 ,can a republic which is a good enough raft to take refuge on for a while1 a so to speak narrow bed1 which will do for ,france1 wounded and ailing1 to lie on during the period of convalescence--can it1 in a country which lacks manly habits and historical institutions1 unite enough solidity1 security1 wise liberty1 strength1 and grandeur to become the ally of so great an empire as ,russia8 ,to my mind1 the idea of an alliance between a ,french republic and one of the two empires of the ,north against the ,german ,empire is one of those impossibilities which need but to be asserted1 not to be argued4 ,if ,france could succeed in reuniting the separated links of her history1 in reconciling her present with her past1 if she were to again become a traditional1 representative1 and free monarchy1 one holding itself equidistant from the abuses of the old rgime and the errors of the ,revolution--oh6 then her situation would indeed be changed1 and great alliances at present impossible might become possible soon thereafter4 ,but such alliances would not have for their object neverending retaliations and new wars2 they would bear their fruits through social peace1 through the restoration of authority and order1 and through that true1 prudent1 and measured liberty which1 now that they have it not1 they talk so much about4 ,the greatness of ,france depends less on the extent of her frontiers than on her political1 social1 and religious renovation4 ,it is because ,m4 von ,bismarck understands perfectly that an alliance between one of the great military empires of the ,north and republican ,france is a chimerical project1 that he encourages the adherents of the republic at ,versailles to sustain their work4 ,anyhow1 ,m4 von ,bismarck1 having in view the nature of contingencies1 has sought to shut ,france out from hopes or temptations in this direction2 after1 having in her folly dreamt of getting a frontier on the ,rhine1 she has wretchedly lost1 through the folly of her emperor1 her eastern frontier2 after1 having sworn to tear in pieces the treaty of #ahae1 to which she had submitted with detestation1 she has had to sign at ,frankfort the treaty in virtue of which she was invaded and dismembered4 ,the new ,empire of ,germany1 resting on its formidable army1 protected by impenetrable frontiers1 certain of an alliance with ,italy which renders the undertaking of war against it almost impossible for ,france1 sustained by the official friendship of ,austria and of ,russia1 compels ,france to be resigned and peaceful2 condemns her to political and military impotence1 or1 what may sound better1 to walk in the ways of prudence4 ,m4 ,thiers1 in words which the ,french press has published1 has recently made a resolute profession of this policy of prudence1 by proclaiming that he desires peace--peace to build up and fructify2 and that ,france1 at all events1 will not seek to break it4 ,when1 from the balcony of the ,imperial ,palace at ,berlin1 it is proclaimed that the object and result of the meeting of three emperors is to sanction the statu quo of ,europe1 and to consolidate a general peace1 we believe that they mean what they proclaim2 but what is the signification of the proclamation8 ,why1 that they have thereby accepted the actual state of things which has grown out of the recent wars2 that is to say1 the ,european supremacy of the ,german ,empire1 founded on the powerlessness or the cautious prudence of ,france2 and that they think to have extinguished the centre of combustion from which the firebrand of war might be again hurled over ,europe4 ,this is assuredly a clever policy1 one in which ,prince von ,bismarck might allow himself to take a certain pride4 ,but in this serene sky there is one dark cloud1 and we may well suppose that this cloud has disturbed the optimism of the diplomats assembled at ,berlin4 ,this cloud is that dreaded unknown future when ,france will be no longer governed by ,m4 ,thiers4 ,salvation is not to come to ,france from the republic2 in ,france there is neither a republic nor a monarchy2 the forces which tend to a monarchy are disunited1 and consequently powerless1 and those which tend to a republic are still more divided2 the nation is living under an administration ad interim2 there is an absence of settled government and settled institutions1 and an impossibility of establishing either1 because of the wide divisions of irreconcilable parties1 of anarchy in principles and ideas4 ,the salvation of ,france for the time being is one man1 a leader whose hand is pliable1 firm1 and commanding enough to hold political parties in submission and keep down the rivalries which would give ,france over to another civil war4 ,m4 ,thiers believes that any present attempt to set up a monarchy would light up a civil war2 while the conviction of the majority of the ,assembly at ,versailles is just as strong that1 if the republic lasts1 this civil war will break out on the morrow of the day when ,france will have lost ,m4 ,thiers4 ,probably both are right2 it is rather to the condition itself of ,france than to the men that lead her that this lamentable state of affairs is to be attributed which finds its expression in the government of a provisional republic having nothing to look forward to in the future but unfathomable darkness and mystery4 ,m4 ,thiers is the embodiment of the conservative republic1 which will last just so long as he lives1 and ,i desire that his needed dictatorship be prolonged for a long while yet2 but can we reasonably entertain such a hope8 ,he has undertaken the admirable work of saving ,france2 he has in ,paris fought and won the great battle against anarchy2 he has carried the loans through1 reorganized the army and finances of ,france2 he is pushing forward the evacuation of her territory2 he maintains order4 ,all this is very fine and grand2 he is indeed acting the part of the saviour of his country2 but let him not seek to do more2 let him not be ambitious to become the founder of a government2 let him rather be content with merely playing the first part at the head of affairs4 ,i thoroughly appreciate the work ,m4 ,thiers is engaged in2 he directs his policy by the light of present events1 the only ones he can control2 he is going through the reparative period1 but what is he preparing8 ,what is he founding for the future8 ,what heritage will he leave after him1 and who will be his heir8 ,such are the questions which must come up to every reflecting mind1 and in particular to his1 so remarkably clear1 perspicacious1 and penetrating4 ,the weak side of his policy is that it leaves ,france on a political terra incognita4 ,the creation of a few additional institutions will not suffice to raise ,france out of the provisional status in which she lies since her fall2 ,i mean such as a vicepresidency1 the establishing of a lower house1 all which would be adding shadows to shadows4 ,it would never amount to anything more than an administration ad interim1 and a period of expectation of a definite1 stable1 regular government having influence abroad1 such an one as ,france feels that she does not but should possess4 ,the question for ,m4 ,thiers1 as well as for ,france and for ,europe1 remains the same3 ,what is being prepared1 what will the future bring8 ,as we know the tree by its fruits1 so do we judge a policy by its results1 and so will ,m4 ,thiers be judged4 ,if he leaves after him the heritage of a traditional and representative monarchy1 or if1 like a second ,washington1 he leaves as his successor to ,france a second ,john ,adams or ,thomas ,jefferson who will enter upon the work of consolidating a republic really conservative1 free1 ,christian1 and powerful1 he will indeed be a great man2 but1 if he is to be followed in power by a ,gambetta who will be the predecessor of the socialist commune of ,paris1 he will1 notwithstanding the immense services he has rendered1 be severely judged by history4 ,no one assuredly ought to understand this better than he4 ,is the second ,president of the fourth or fifth ,french ,republic to be a now unforeseen ,jefferson or a ,gambetta8 ,such is the dreaded question now before us4 ,these threatening eventualities have doubtless been attentively considered at the conference in ,berlin4 ,m4 von ,bismarck may have developed thereat the political plan which ,i have endeavored to analyze1 and which has for its object the founding of the peace of ,europe on ,france's inability to undertake another war2 but revolutionary and demagogical ,france1 bearing incendiarism from ,paris to ,madrid1 to ,rome1 and perhaps elsewhere1 must be opposed in some other way than by the establishment of impenetrable frontiers and the formation of alliances2 and on these other means of opposition the three emperors must have seriously conferred at ,berlin1 and ,i doubt much whether waging war against the ,catholic ,church has seemed to them the best way to avert the danger aforesaid4 ,,ii4 ,i have sought in this letter to set forth the character and import of the meeting at ,berlin1 and to show the policy which ,prince von ,bismarck has endeavored to inaugurate there4 ,i have not been eavesdropping at the doors of the chambers in which the three emperors and their chancellors held their deliberations2 but there is no difficulty in conjecturing what was talked about1 and1 ,i may add1 what was thought therein4 ,we must not overestimate the importance of these conversations2 the meeting at ,berlin will no more bring about positive results for the solution of pending questions in ,europe than did the numerous interviews which ,napoleon ,,iii4 had with the ,emperor of ,austria1 the ministers of ,great ,britain1 and the czar4 ,as we have stated before1 it is not a congress2 it forms no alliances1 and no treaty determining the new ,european equilibrium will come out of it4 ,what ,m4 von ,bismarck wished particularly to bring about was the presence of the two emperors with their counsellors in the capital of the new empire4 ,their mere presence signified1 in the eyes of the prince chancellor3 ,the recognition of the ,german ,empire2 the sanction of the treaties of ,prague and ,frankfort1 which were to form the basis of the new equilibrium of ,europe4 ,the impossibility for ,france to find a powerful ally that would enable her to attempt a war of retaliation4 ,on the part of ,austria1 the abandonment of all idea of returning to her old ,german policy1 and the repudiation of all connivance with the particularistic resistance of the lesser states of ,germany4 ,i will presently examine whether the presence at ,berlin of the head of the dynasty of ,hapsburg signifies also the repudiation of the ,catholic movement which the persecutions directed against the church have stirred up throughout entire ,germany4 ,assuredly this policy of ,m4 von ,bismarck shows1 ,i will not say grandeur1 but skill and audacity2 and it has been crowned by wonderful success4 ,when ,i saw ,prince von ,bismarck raise ,prussia1 that a few years ago could hardly rank among the great powers1 to the height of the ,empire of ,germany through the victories of #ahff and #ahga--when ,i contemplated these astounding results1 ,i was for a moment tempted to consider him as a great minister1 as one of the rare successors of ,richelieu or of ,stein4 ,i was the more inclined to this judgment because1 as a ,belgian1 ,i was grateful for the honest and upright policy which he had followed as regards ,napoleon ,,iii4 before the last war4 ,there is no longer any room for doubt1 now that the diplomatic documents are known1 that ,napoleon ,,iii41 in order to redeem the unpardonable blunder which he had committed by favoring the war of #ahfa between ,prussia and ,austria1 endeavored to obtain in ,luxemburg and in ,belgium the compensations which he considered needful for him in view of the aggrandizement of ,prussia4 ,we know about the rough draft of the ,benedetti treaty1 which no amount of equivocation and timid denial can do away with4 ,i had1 in my work published in #ahfe1 clearly denounced the plot2 and from the ,belgian tribune1 because ,i had pointed out these perils to its government1 ,i have been called a political visionary and almost a traitor to my country4 ,subsequent events have justified my allegations1 and now every one knows that the dangers which we ran for a time were more real1 nearer at hand1 and greater than even ,i imagined them to be4 ,the war of #ahgj was the consequence of the refusal of the government of ,berlin to yield to the guilty covetousness of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,i ascribe the honor of the former to ,m4 von ,bismarck and to the integrity of ,william ,,iv4 ,i had proclaimed the existence of two eminent perils3 a diplomatic peril1 viz41 an alliance of ,france with ,prussia1 of which ,belgium would have been the stakes and the victim2 the chance of a war between those two nations1 in which ,france might have been victorious4 ,we have1 almost by a miracle1 escaped those two perils2 through the war of #ahgj1 ,belgium has been preserved from diplomatic conspiracies1 and as a ,belgian ,i can never forget it47#aib7 ,belgium1 since the late war1 finds herself in a new position which has not attracted the attention it deserves4 ,belgium1 for a long time back coveted by ,france1 particularly by ,france under the ,empire and under the ,republic1 had1 above all1 to fear an alliance between ,france and ,prussia1 which latter might sacrifice her to the political combinations growing out of such an alliance4 ,that is what ,napoleon ,,iii4 attempted in the ,benedetti negotiation1 and it was this peril which before the recent war alarmed my patriotism4 ,now this peril has vanished4 ,an alliance between the ,german ,empire and ,france is now put off for a long time4 ,but there is another motive still more powerful1 and which constitutes our complete security1 which is this3 that the existence of a neutral and strong ,belgium has become henceforward for the ,german ,empire a necessity of the highest order4 ,since the government of ,berlin has thought it indispensable for strategic purposes to hold ,metz and the lines of the ,meuse and of the ,vosges1 it cannot allow1 under any consideration1 independent ,belgium to disappear and ,france to occupy that territory of ,belgium which is watered by the ,meuse and the ,scheldt4 ,our neutrality protects the ,rhine on the side of the gap between the ,sambre and the ,meuse1 but can afford this protection only provided our neutrality is politically and militarily strong to such an extent as our financial resources will warrant4 ,our neutrality1 in order to be one of the supports of the peace of ,europe1 must be ever an honest one2 it must stand as a barrier against aggression whether from the east or from the south2 it must be hostile to no power4 ,on the other hand1 it is plain that1 in order to fill this position of barrier and guarantee1 ,belgium must remain always armed and able to repel an attack at the outset2 otherwise1 she would become politically useless1 and1 in the event of a war1 the occupation of her territory would follow as the fatal result of such omission4 ,this was true before the late war1 and on this point my views have not changed2 but1 since the new ,european situation created by the war1 this truth is twice as plain1 and our duties to ,europe have increased twofold4 ,it is important that all our political men1 without distinction of party1 and that the entire nation1 understand well the position to which we have been brought by recent events4 ,far from being hostile to the ,german ,empire1 ,i find in it a new guarantee for the independence of my country4 ,our neutrality now rests on all the powers and on all the treaties that have been made3 it had become a habit1 after the advent of the ,napoleonic ,empire1 to consider ,england as the special protector of our national independence1 but now that ,germany has a particular and powerful interest in that independence1 instead of one special support only1 we now have two4 ,it is proper that ,i should make this statement1 as ,i am about to submit ,m4 von ,bismarck's policy to a severe criticism4 ,in this page of history which ,i have been rapidly writing1 ,i have not been wanting in praise2 and1 if these lines are ever read by ,m4 von ,bismarck1 he cannot complain of the appreciation which ,i have so far expressed of his policy4 ,in the pages that follow1 ,i shall not spare criticism4 ,much as ,i have admired the policy which prepared the war1 in equal degree does my mind fail to comprehend the policy followed at ,berlin since the peace1 and which appears to me to be a perfect antithesis of the former one4 ,this latter policy appears to me so incomprehensible that ,i ask myself whether ,prince von ,bismarck1 instead of being a political genius like ,stein1 is not entering upon the path of error in which ,napoleon ,,iii4 came to his ruin4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 has also been the ruler of ,europe2 the second ,empire for many years enjoyed preponderance in ,europe1 and might have retained it much longer but for the accumulated blunders of imperial policy4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 who had begun his reign isolated from other monarchs1 and to whom the appellation of my cousin had been disdainfully denied1 found himself1 immediately after the war in the ,crimea and after the ,congress of ,paris1 at the head of a great ,western alliance formed with ,england and ,austria and by isolating ,russia and annulling ,prussia4 ,he had reached the zenith of power in ,europe2 he had a star in which he and every one besides believed2 kings and emperors came to ,fontainebleau and to the ,tuileries to pay their court to the parvenu sovereign who had been transformed into a ,louis ,,xiv41 just as has happened at ,berlin4 ,when ,i saw ,napoleon ,,iii41 at the summit of such a situation1 break with his own hands1 like a hotbrained child1 this magnificent ,western alliance to which he was indebted for his high fortune2 conspire at the ,congress of ,paris with ,m4 de ,cavour to bring about that fatal war in ,italy against ,austria which was the first cause of his disasters2 turn out of the straight path of conservative principles which he had sworn to follow1 and then lose himself in the tortuous and obscure ways of revolution1 my judgment of him was definitively made4 ,a man who could commit such a folly was neither a statesman nor a political genius2 he was merely a lucky adventurer who had been helped on and spoiled by events1 but who did not know enough to turn them to account4 ,it was just then1 in #ahei1 on the eve of the war in ,italy1 that ,i wrote my first work on ,le ,second ,empire1 in which ,i did not hesitate to predict that this war1 no matter how much glory it might make for the emperor1 would nevertheless amount to a political defeat which would lead to the fall of the ,empire4 8,the heads of even the wisest men10 ,i said1 8are liable to turn when they have reached such an elevation as he has arrived at40 ,and ,i selected as the epigraph of my work1 the words which old ,prince von ,metternich had uttered when speaking of the extreme goodfortune of the ,emperor of the ,french3 8,he is successful10 said the prince to me2 8he has excellent cards in his hands1 and he plays his game well1 but he will be lost as a revolutionary emperor on the ,italian reef40 ,this remarkable prediction1 made long before the war in ,italy1 has been verified to the letter1 and my book1 written in #ahei1 was merely a commentary upon it which subsequent events have confirmed4 ,m4 von ,bismarck is also at the acme of his triumph2 he is presiding at his ,congress of ,paris4 ,behold ,prussia1 which but a few years ago had hardly any voice in the councils of ,europe1 now become the ,german ,empire1 and behold the ,emperor of ,germany getting the czar and the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph to sanction at ,berlin his victories1 his conquests1 and his political supremacy1 by leaving ,france isolated1 and making of no account ,england1 which had kept herself aloof in her policy of forbearance4 ,well1 ,i do not hesitate to select this hour of triumph1 when ,m4 von ,bismarck's policy has been crowned at ,berlin1 in the midst of festivities the splendor of which is talked of far and wide1 to predict its failure in the end if he does not change it4 ,my reason for asserting this in presence of a state of things so contrary to my prediction is that ,m4 von ,bismarck is committing one of those blunders1 ,i dare not say one of those political follies1 which astonish reason1 and which form the premises of a syllogism having for its conclusion an inevitable failure4 ,the blunder is precisely similar to that perpetrated by ,napoleon ,,iii41 who1 in consequence of having allied himself with revolutionary ,italy1 was led from ,mexico to ,sadowa1 and from ,sedan to ,chiselhurst4 ,this blunder on the part of ,m4 von ,bismarck1 and of which he will yet repent1 is his alliance with revolutionary ,italy1 which drags him into a war against the ,catholic ,church1 which has always proved fatal to those who have attempted it1 and which destroys the work of ,german unity which he had associated with his name4 ,the epigraph of my work on ,le ,second ,empire1 borrowed from ,prince von ,metternich1 might serve for this letter as well1 if applied to the ,emperor of ,germany and his chancellor2 if the head of the dynasty of the ,hohenzollerns continues in the path of revolution in which ,m4 von ,bismarck has led him1 8he will also perish1 like the revolutionary emperor on the ,italian reef40 ,is it rashness on my part to point out to ,prince von ,bismarck and to the ,german ,emperor the ,tarpeian rock so nigh to the capitol to which they have ascended8 ,am ,i unjust towards the prince chancellor8 ,no one had a higher opinion of his political merit than ,i1 and in appreciating1 as ,i have done in this letter1 his astounding successes1 ,i have not been sparing of praise nor indeed of admiration4 ,if1 then1 ,i am compelled to draw a comparison between ,napoleon ,,iii4 and him1 and to measure by the blunder committed by the ,emperor of the ,french in #ahei that which he is now committing1 ,i must ask his pardon1 for ,i make a great difference between those two contemporary personages4 ,in the same degree that ,napoleon ,,iii4 was irresolute1 beset by somnolent indolence and continual hesitation1 so does1 on the other hand1 ,prince von ,bismarck know how to show a tenacious persistence and audacity in the carrying out of his designs2 but this very tenacity may be a source of additional danger1 if he enters upon a road which leads to an abyss2 he will go forward in it quicker and more irremediably than another would1 because he knows neither how to stop nor to draw back4 ,let us1 then1 study the policy of ,m4 von ,bismarck4 ,and1 in the first place1 without wishing in the least to belittle the share which evidently belongs to him in the triumphs of ,prussia1 we must1 nevertheless1 admit that another important share falls to ,count von ,moltke1 the greatest warrior of our day2 and an equally considerable part is due to the blunders of his adversaries1 ,austria and ,imperial ,france4 ,if1 for example1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 had not betrayed ,austria in #ahff by allowing and favoring the alliance between ,prussia and ,italy1 a war against ,austria would have been impossible1 and the victory of ,sadowa would not have taken place2 the senseless war of #ahgj1 which grew out of the victory of ,sadowa1 would have been without either cause or pretext2 ,france would be now erect1 ,austria would have maintained its influential position in ,germany1 and the ,german ,empire would not have been established for the profit of ,prussian unitarisme4 ,with the foundation of ,german unity1 of the ,german ,empire1 ,napoleon has had almost as much to do as ,m4 von ,bismarck4 ,the great chancellor has found ready for him two instruments which he did not invent3 the military genius of von ,moltke1 and the folly of ,napoleon4 ,to complete the expression of my thought1 ,i will add that the ,german ,emperor has only been1 as he himself proclaimed after his victories1 a mere instrument in the hands of ,divine ,providence for the chastisement of ,france4 ,france has been unfaithful to her past history1 from which she has severed herself2 she has been unfaithful to the monarchical form of government which has rendered her glorious1 and to the church which has made her great2 she has lost1 by a twofold apostasy1 her political faith and her ,catholic faith2 she no longer possesses her institutions1 which have been1 one after the other1 destroyed either by the old rgime or by the ,revolution2 she no longer knows how to restore the monarchy1 the elements of which have been scattered in the tempests of revolution2 she knows not how to keep up a republic of which she has neither the habits1 the historical conditions1 nor the conditions social and political2 she is in that state through which nations1 condemned to perish1 fall and decay1 and out of which those nations which ,god wishes to save can get1 only through punishment by fire or by the sword4 ,m4 von ,bismarck has been1 and may become again1 that fire and that sword2 which may perhaps be an honor1 but does not justify pride4 ,the political work1 then1 which has produced the ,german ,empire undoubtedly deserves praise1 and assuredly does honor to the political merits of ,prince von ,bismarck1 but does not facilitate the forming of a definitive judgment in his regard4 ,it is in the work of peace that the statesman shows himself1 and ,i must say it1 that in this respect ,i do not find ,m4 von ,bismarck as great as events seemed to have made him out to be2 just as he has been seen to be intelligent1 fortunate1 almost great during the period of warfare1 so in like degree do ,i incline to consider him1 in the period of present organization1 improvident and blind4 ,this work of organization is a difficult one2 it requires wisdom and time4 ,m4 von ,bismarck has recourse to precipitation1 to force1 and to wrath4 ,german unity1 inuring to the benefit of ,prussia1 could not1 before the war of #ahff1 have been foreseen4 ,when1 in #ahfc1 the ,emperor of ,austria made his triumphal entry into ,frankfort1 bearing in his hand federal reform1 he was surrounded by all the princes of ,germany4 ,prussia stood alone1 abandoned by all ,germany2 and1 if ,napoleon had not foolishly thwarted the plans of the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph1 the ,emperor of ,germany would have been crowned1 not at ,berlin1 but at ,vienna4 ,after the war of #ahff1 ,prusso,germanic unitarism had not yet been accomplished4 ,saxony and the states of the ,south which had fought by the side of ,austria were defeated2 they submitted to1 rather than accepted1 the terms which ,prussia forced on them as the consequence of their defeat4 ,northern ,germany was bounded by the ,main1 and the minor states ever felt themselves drawn towards ,vienna1 their old centre of attraction4 ,it was the war of #ahgj1 declared by ,napoleon against the whole of ,germany1 notwithstanding the patriotic protest of ,m4 ,thiers1 which all at once created this unity2 this unity1 which brought all the ,germans together under one flag1 received thus the baptism of glory and of blood4 ,but the ,prusso,german unitarism1 extemporized and roughcast by the war1 was not consolidated2 many difficulties remained to be overcome4 ,m4 von ,bismarck saw before him two formidable adversaries3 the particularism of the middle states1 and socialist democracy1 which claims to abolish unity for its own gain1 by substituting the ,german ,republic for the ,german ,empire4 ,several symptoms go to show that the particularist movement1 which had been stopped by the war1 is reviving1 and certainly the hostile action directed against the ,catholics assists powerfully towards giving it new life4 ,the symptoms of the awakening of this movement are numerous2 it is needless that ,i should enumerate them2 they are perfectly known at ,berlin1 and have assuredly become aggravated since the religious war undertaken by ,m4 von ,bismarck4 ,the particularism of the states1 then1 is not dead1 and red democracy is full of life4 ,these are the two great difficulties which ,m4 von ,bismarck's policy finds in its way4 ,to these must be added a third one3 the assimilation of the two conquered provinces1 ,alsace and ,lorraine1 so thoroughly ,french by the ties of history1 of religion1 of habits1 and of interests4 ,to overcome these obstacles1 to organize unity1 the basis of the new empire1 to accomplish his great work1 ,m4 von ,bismarck needs prudence1 time1 and the hand of a true statesman4 ,now1 what does the ,prince von ,bismarck do8 ,to the three considerable existing obstacles he adds another one1 greater and more dangerous than the former1 a difficulty which did not exist1 which he of his own accord created1 which he wantonly got up1 and which will crush him2 ,i mean the religious difficulty1 the brutal war1 the veritable persecution which he is organizing against the ,catholics4 ,he had to fight against particularist opposition and radical opposition2 he himself1 with deliberate purpose1 needlessly and without reason1 raises up a third one--the opposition of sixteen millions of ,catholics united with their bishops2 that is to say1 almost half of the new empire which he thus unsettles and1 so to speak1 dissolves with his own hand4 ,can anything be imagined more incomprehensible or more thoroughly preposterous8 ,what end is ,m4 von ,bismarck pursuing8 ,by what thought and what views is he guided8 ,the prince chancellor is neither mad nor blind2 he has given abundant evidence of this2 and yet1 is it not folly1 is it not blindness1 to thus throw1 without any appreciable motive1 and with a heart as light as that of ,m4 ,emile ,ollivier1 sixteen millions of ,catholics1 including all their clergy and all their bishops1 into a resistance which will be all the more obstinate and formidable because it will derive its strength from the oppression of conscience1 from the suppression of liberty1 the rending of the constitution1 from the violation of justice and of rights8 ,i have put these questions to eminent ,germans of all parties1 but have never got clear and satisfactory answers4 ,the ,catholic ,germans behaved admirably during the war2 the ,bavarian1 ,westphalian1 and ,rhenish troops were everywhere foremost under fire and in earning honor and glory4 ,the priests and religious1 both men and women1 have shown a heroic devotedness on the battlefields1 in the ambulances1 and in the hospitals1 so that ,m4 ,windthorst was enabled to say in the parliament at ,berlin that many of those religious would go into exile wearing on their breasts the iron cross which they had earned during the last campaign47#aic7 ,the old antipathies against ,prussia which prevailed along the ,rhine and beyond the ,main among ,catholic populations were dying out2 the establishment of religious liberty in ,prussia on a more generous basis than in the lesser states had won the ,catholics over to unity under ,prussian hegemony2 and the illustrious ,bishop of ,mayence1 ,mgr4 de ,ketteler1 in an address which made a great noise in ,germany and throughout ,europe1 raised the standard of rallying and unity4 ,the ,german ,empire was consequently very near being established4 ,m4 von ,bismarck stirs up a religious war which divides it in two and breaks it asunder4 ,the war had brought together under the same flag ,germans of all nationalities and all religious beliefs4 ,should not1 then1 all manner of pains have been taken to keep them united in the mutual work of the organization of the empire8 ,should not the first thought of a politician1 after having achieved such wonderful success1 and having before him the obstacles which still remained to be overcome1 have been to begin by establishing peace in religious matters8 ,but ,i must repeat the question1 ,what did ,m4 von ,bismarck do8 ,he repulses the ,westphalians and people of the ,rhine who had become reconciled2 he revives in ,bavaria and in the ,south that particularism which was dying out2 and on the political grievance he grafts a religious one2 he doubles the obstacles of all kinds which lie in the way of his plans for ,germanizing ,alsace and ,lorraine1 so thoroughly ,french and ,catholic2 into their bleeding wounds he1 as it were1 introduces gangrene1 by entering upon an unheardof religious persecution1 and without any pretext that he dare avow2 he compromises in the most serious manner the work of unity1 towards the founding of which he had aided so much2 he acts as would the greatest adversary of that unity who could not contrive any better means for its destruction than to do just what ,prince von ,bismarck is doing--he drives into the ranks of opposition nearly half of the soundest population of the empire2 he sets against himself the two hundred million ,catholics spread throughout the world1 and who are everywhere protesting against his oppression2 he will also turn against him the old conservatives1 who have been deeply hurt by the enactment of the law in regard to schools1 as well as all sincere friends of religious and political liberty1 so audaciously ignored by him4 ,these friends of liberty are becoming scarce2 they maintain1 in the face of this odious violation of their principles1 a shameful silence which they will have to break1 if they wish to avoid making liberalism synonymous with hypocrisy4 ,have ,i erred in comparing the policy of ,m4 von ,bismarck with that of ,napoleon ,,iii41 and his present blunder with that committed by the ex emperor when1 after the ,congress of ,paris1 he broke up the splendid ,western alliance8 ,when ,i endeavor to interpret ,m4 von ,bismarck's conduct1 ,i can find but one motive which can serve for its explanation1 and that is his alliance with ,italy4 ,that alliance1 which he conceived necessary in order to keep the forces of ,france divided1 and to render a war of retaliation impossible1 has drawn him into a fatal hostility against the ,catholic ,church4 ,his ally1 ,victor ,emanuel1 has conquered the ,roman ,states by stratagem and by violence2 he has usurped in ,rome the throne of the pontiff king1 who among the monarchs of ,europe possesses assuredly the most ancient and most venerated titles to sovereignty2 he holds the ,pope captive in the ,vatican1 until such time as he can compel him to set out on the road to exile2 he deprives the ,sovereign ,pontiff of the church of that sovereignty on which his independence rests1 and thus throws the universal church into alarm and mourning4 ,this outrage against the church1 perpetrated at ,rome by the ,italian government1 has had its counterpart in ,berlin4 ,no doubt the condition which ,victor ,emanuel set upon alliance with him has been to make the ,german ,empire enter into the vast plot got up against the independence and liberty of ,catholicity4 ,well6 without being a prophet1 it is not difficult to predict that the ,italian alliance will prove as fatal to the ,german ,empire as it has been to the second ,napoleonic ,empire1 and that on the ,italian rock ,m4 von ,bismarck's work will be dashed to pieces1 if he allows it to remain in the evil path in which it is now so deeply sunk4 ,,iii4 ,prince ,bismarck considers himself to be the successor of ,stein1 to whom he has caused a statue to be erected1 and whose great policy he claims that he is continuing4 ,in this respect1 he is profoundly mistaken2 and1 very far from following that policy1 he abandons and betrays it4 ,stein and all his school have1 like ,burke and ,pitt1 combated the principles of the ,french ,revolution4 ,french ideas had1 at the close of the last century1 invaded ,germany1 and the armies of the first ,republic had no difficulty in conquering by their arms a country which they had before overrun with their ideas4 ,baron von ,stein1 that restorer of the ,german ,vaterland and liberty1 was a mortal foe of the ,french ,revolution4 ,his mission and his work were to withdraw ,germany from the fatal path into which1 following ,france1 she had strayed1 and to bring her back into the path laid out for her by her history4 ,he could not save ,prussia from the defeat at ,jena1 but he trained her1 by his thorough and excellent reforms1 for revenge at ,waterloo and ,sedan4 ,he it was who formed ,scharnhorst1 the organizer of military ,prussia1 and whose system ,count von ,moltke perfected2 he1 probably1 who became the soul of the patriotic movement in #ahac2 he it was who1 together with ,scharnhorst1 ,stadion1 and ,gagern1 gave to ,germany that powerful impulse out of which came the great present situation2 he it was who stood the distinguished protector of the ,german historical school1 that real antithesis of the ,french revolutionary school1 which former had as its influential organs ,niebuhr1 ,eichhorn1 ,schlegel1 ,grres1 the two ,grimms1 de ,savigny1 etc41 and which ,m4 de ,sybel represents still in our day4 ,stein was a conservative1 a patriot1 and a ,christian4 ,what he fought against in the ,french ,revolution was that philosophic and abstract method that ,france had adopted1 destructive of all national tradition2 that spirit of exclusive and narrow equality which influenced her course1 and in the pursuit of which1 according to ,m4 de ,tocqueville1 she has lost liberty2 that absolutism1 whether in democracy or in ,csarism1 that obliteration of the individual1 that indifference to rights1 that worship of brute force1 that extinguishment of all local1 provincial1 and autonomous life1 that exaggerated idea of the state1 that oppression of religious liberty1 of ,christian teaching1 and of the ,catholic ,church1 all of which characterized the ,french ,revolution4 ,stein wanted a ,germany united1 but federal1 ,christian1 liberal1 traditional1 and historical2 he wanted her1 as ,burke did ,england1 to be the reverse of revolutionary ,france4 ,now1 is it not ,stein's work1 that ,germany born of his reforming genius1 that ,m4 von ,bismarck is destroying8 ,the liberal national party1 on which he leans1 is merely a doctrinaire ,french party1 antihistoric1 ideological1 and antireligious1 the harbinger of levelling and radical democracy2 a party which inclines to absolutism and ,csarism1 adores centralization1 unconditional unification1 and the omnipotence of the state1 and which is the adversary of all proud and free consciences1 and of any independent church4 ,it is not the ,protestant idea1 but the ,masonic and ,hegelian one which this party represents4 ,stein was a ,christian1 a conservative1 and a ,german2 the ,prince von ,bismarck is sceptical1 revolutionary1 and belongs to the ,french school4 ,stein sought to found ,german unity on federal liberties1 in the alliance of the church with the school1 and on peace between religious denominations2 ,m4 von ,bismarck overturns that basis1 substitutes in its place absolutist and ,prussian unification1 secularized teaching1 and religious discord4 ,it is surprising that1 when in ,france the ideas which inspired the ,french ,revolution have been abandoned even by the most intelligent part of the school of liberalism2 by such men as ,tocqueville1 ,thierry1 and ,guizot1 who are discouraged1 and talk more openly of their disappointments than of their hopes2 when ,m4 ,renan asserts that the ,french ,revolution 8is an experimental failure02 when the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 through the pen of ,m4 ,montgut1 proclaims 8that the ,revolution is politically bankrupt02 on the very morrow of the final miscarriage of that ,revolution under its two forms of government1 the ,empire fallen at ,sedan1 and the social ,republic fallen under the ruins of the ,paris ,commune--it is at that very time that ,prince von ,bismarck thinks it skilful and profound to import that ,french revolutionary system into ,germany6 ,m4 ,renan has cause for rejoicing2 he has given utterance to a wish which ,m4 von ,bismarck has set about to fulfil4 8,france10 he said1 8need not be considered lost if we can believe that ,germany will be in her turn drawn into that witches' dance in which all our virtue has been lost40 ,to sum up3 ,german unity1 the great ,german ,empire1 which such an extraordinary concurrence of circumstances had created1 is being dissolved and ruined by ,prince von ,bismarck through the most inconceivable of political blunders4 ,he throws sixteen millions of ,catholics1 once friendly to the ,empire1 into opposition to it2 he gives a new food and new strength to the particularism of the ,southern ,states1 and to the ,polonism of ,posen2 he makes twofold the difficulties of accomplishing the assimilation of ,alsace and ,lorraine2 to political grievances he superadds religious grievances1 far more to be dreaded than the former2 he enkindles an implacable religious war upon the ruins of that denominational peace which ,king ,frederic ,william ,,iii4 had happily established1 and by aid of which the present emperor and the empress ,augusta had1 in the opening period of their reign1 won the hearts of the ,catholics of the ,rhine4 ,to cover this blunder1 ,m4 von ,bismarck enters into the ,italian alliance which destroyed the second ,napoleonic ,empire1 and will destroy the ,german ,empire2 and he abandons the historic ,german policy restored by ,stein1 to rush into the retinue of the national liberal party1 into the paths of the ,french ,revolution1 into that witches' dance to which ,m4 ,renan refers2 and he inoculates his own country with the poison which has killed ,france6 ,,iv4 ,but there is one final consequence of the policy of ,prince von ,bismarck to which ,i wish to call attention1 and which is not least in gravity4 ,austria1 after having lost ,italy1 had1 by the treaty of ,prague1 been excluded from ,germany4 ,nevertheless1 the ,german ,empire1 under the hegemony of ,prussia1 had not been set up2 there existed only a ,northern ,germany1 having the ,main as its boundary2 the ,southern ,states1 and even ,saxony1 preserved a certain autonomy2 and ,austria might hope by a wise policy to draw little by little into the sphere of her influence and attraction those countries which had been accustomed to look upon ,vienna as their political pole4 ,the war of #ahga against ,france1 which had united all the ,germans under one flag1 established ,german unity and the ,german ,empire4 ,the boundaries of the ,empire were moved from the ,main to the ,danube1 and all hope for ,austria to regain her old ,german position was gone4 ,austria accepted this situation2 the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph and his two counsellors1 ,count von ,beust and ,count ,andrssy1 worked together to bring about a sincere reconciliation between ,austria and the ,german ,empire4 ,they gave up the idea of bringing back the ,southern ,states into the circle of ,austrian influence2 they feared1 on the contrary1 lest the ,german provinces of ,austria1 detaching themselves little by little from the weakened rule of the ,hapsburgs1 might be irresistibly drawn towards ,berlin1 the powerful and glorious centre of the ,german ,vaterland4 ,those fears may at present be entirely set at rest4 ,there has been a complete reversal in the position of things4 ,the people1 for the most part so ,catholic1 of the ,tyrol1 of ,lower ,austria1 and of ,bohemia1 will lose all inclination to draw nearer to the ,german ,empire1 where a bitter persecution is being waged against their religious faith4 ,the bonds which unite them to ,austria will be drawn the tighter4 ,on the other hand1 will not the ,catholics of the ,rhine1 of ,westphalia1 of ,poland1 of ,suabia1 of ,franconia1 of ,wrtemberg1 of ,bavaria1 of ,alsace1 and of ,lorraine1 driven from the bosom of the ,german ,empire1 in which they are no longer citizens1 but pariahs1 be tempted to look again in the direction of ,austria1 the centre of their older sympathies8 ,all ,austria has to do is not to interfere2 ,m4 von ,bismarck is working for her4 ,the prince chancellor1 notwithstanding the elated confidence which he has in his strength1 has understood the danger of the situation4 ,in order to change it1 he had but one easy thing to do1 and that was to modify his policy1 to give up persecuting the ,catholics1 to admit that he had gone astray1 and to return to a calmer and wiser policy2 but this he would not do2 he has preferred to keep on1 and to try to drag ,austria into the same road4 ,last year1 at ,gastein1 he tried to induce ,count von ,beust to join in the campaign which he wished to begin against the internationale rouge and the internationale noire1 but the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph baffled the attempt4 ,the prince chancellor renewed it the same year with the emperor himself at ,salzburg1 but he failed a second time4 ,has he met with more success at ,berlin1 upon the occasion of the meeting of the three emperors8 ,has he tried to get ,russia and ,austria to recognize not only the ,german ,empire1 but to sanction by their adhesion to it his home policy against 8,romanism10 that is to say1 against the ,catholic ,church1 or has he at least succeeded in inducing the belief that he had not tried in vain8 ,has he sought to drag them into the war which he is carrying on against the ,jesuits1 against the religious orders1 against denominational liberty1 against ,catholic teaching1 against the clergy and the bishops1 until such time as he can make it break forth at ,rome1 by laying1 in the next conclave1 an audacious and sacrilegious hand on the pontifical tiara8 ,we shall find this out before long4 ,if ,austria follows the policy of the centralist party of the ,german professors at ,vienna and at ,prague1 to which ,count von ,beust has already yielded too much1 and which is identical with the policy of the national liberal party of ,berlin1 she will have advanced the interests of ,prince von ,bismarck1 and not her own2 she will have labored for him and against herself2 she will have turned aside the danger imminent to the ,german ,empire through ,m4 von ,bismarck's blunders1 and of which the ,austro,hungarian ,empire should have profited2 she will have1 with her historical goodnature1 served the views of ,prussia to the detriment of her own2 and ,francis ,joseph1 the ,apostolic ,emperor1 unfaithful to his traditions and to the arms of his house1 will have made his policy subordinate to that of a ,lutheran emperor6 ,i positively refuse to believe that any such result can come out of the interview at ,berlin1 albeit that our generation is accustomed to the realization of political impossibilities4 ,i would fain persuade myself that1 if the ,prince von ,bismarck has endeavored to draw ,austria into his war against the ,catholics and against ,rome1 he will have failed at ,berlin as he did at ,salzburg through the good sense of the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph4 ,v4 ,the more ,i study ,m4 von ,bismarck's policy1 the less ,i understand it4 ,if he were a sectarian pietist1 ,i could account to myself for the idea of perfecting the political and military unity of ,germany by a religious unity1 of creating a ,protestant state3 it would indeed be a sorry ,utopia1 and to attempt it would be to make the mistake of being three centuries behind his time4 ,but ,m4 von ,bismarck is neither a sectarian nor a fanatic2 he is rather1 ,i believe1 a sceptic who has little care for religious controversies1 and who probably understands very little about the question of the ,papal ,infallibility which he is wielding as a warlike weapon against the church4 ,m4 von ,bismarck is a politician2 politics he aims at and should be busied in2 his mission is to help found an empire and not a schism or a sect4 ,now1 it is the ,empire1 the political work1 which he gravely compromises by disturbing so profoundly through a denominational conflict the religious quiet which that work needed for its consolidation4 ,instead of the ,german state founded on unity and general assent1 it is the ,protestant state founded on the deepest and most incurable divisions that he seems to aim at creating4 ,there is no difficulty in predicting that he will lose the political unity in the pursuit of a religious unity which is but a chimerical and impossible anachronism4 ,this political course which the prince chancellor has inspired the ,emperor ,william to follow1 whose past one makes such a striking contrast with it1 is to me an insoluble enigma1 and raises doubts in my mind of ,m4 von ,bismarck's transcendent ability4 ,i will nevertheless try to make out this political enigma1 by studying the pretexts on which the government of ,berlin relies to justify itself1 the circumstances by which it has been enticed1 and the temptation to which it has yielded4 ,the pretext which it puts forward is the decision of the ,vatican ,council in regard to the authority of the ,sovereign ,pontiff in matters of doctrine4 ,the circumstances by which it was carried away are the ,italian alliance abroad and the alliance with the national liberal party at home4 ,the temptation that misleads it is the hope1 fortunately disappointed1 which the stand of the inopportunist bishops of ,germany and of ,austria caused it to form1 which stand the ,berlin government had mistaken for a real dissent from doctrine1 and destined to become the foundation of a national church separated from ,rome by that dissent4 ,i call the question of ,papal ,infallibility a pretext1 and1 in fact1 it is a groundless quarrel without any importance or earnest meaning4 ,i am not called upon to enter here into a theological dissertation upon the dogma of the infallibility of the church and of its sovereign magistracy1 etc4 ,i refer my readers to the excellent works which have been published on the subject1 and ,i trust to be excused for mentioning in particular those written by my brother the ,archbishop of ,mechlin4 ,i will say but one word en passant on the question4 ,for every ,catholic1 there is no longer any open question4 ,before the council1 discussion was allowable2 since the definition proclaimed by an cumenical council united to the ,pope1 all discussion is closed4 ,every one knows of the conversation between a very intelligent lady of great faith and the ,count de ,montalembert1 shortly before the death of that illustrious friend1 in which she asked him what he would do if the council together with the ,pope should define infallibility4 8,well1 ,i will quietly believe it10 replied the great orator1 with the firm accent of the ,christian who knows his catechism1 and who recites his act of faith4 ,in fact1 no father nor doctor of the church1 from ,origen and ,s4 ,cyprian down to ,s4 ,thomas and ,bossuet1 no council1 no theologian1 no ,catholic1 has ever doubted the doctrinal infallibility of the church4 ,the controversy lay with the ,gallicans1 who claimed that the words of the ,pope addressed to the church ex cathedr needed the assent of a council or of the church throughout the world to acquire the character of infallibility4 ,all the old ,catholics of all the schools1 ,gallican even included1 were agreed to accord to the definitions of a council united with the ,pope1 that is to say1 the church1 the divine privilege of infallibility set forth in ,holy ,scriptures and in all tradition4 ,on this point ,bossuet holds the same doctrine as ,fnelon and ,count de ,maistre4 ,now1 in the present instance we have a council united to the ,pope1 and no council1 from that of ,trent back to that of ,nica1 has been more numerously attended1 more solemn1 freer1 or more cumenical1 than that of the ,vatican4 ,to deny this is downright nonsense1 in which those take refuge who seek to hide their apostasy from their own eyes4 ,if the ,council of the ,vatican has not been cumenical and free1 then manifestly no council in the past has ever been4 ,to reject the doctrinal definition of the ,council of the ,vatican1 in which the ,sovereign ,pontiff and the bishops of all the world1 whether opportunist or inopportunist1 have agreed1 would undoubtedly be to abandon the church of ,christ1 and to renounce the ,catholic faith2 it would be going beyond ,gallicanism1 which never thought of calling in question the decisions of a council united to a pope2 even beyond the ,jansenism of ,port ,royal1 which would perhaps have accepted the ,bull of ,innocent ,x4 if sanctioned by a council2 it would be going beyond #afhb1 back to ,luther2 that is to say1 to open heresy1 and to the entire abandonment of the church1 our mother4 ,how can ,m4 ,dllinger not see this8 ,he who in #ahcb1 at ,munich1 where the encyclical of ,gregory ,,xvi4 reached ,m4 de ,lamennais1 insisted with the latter1 with all his force as a theologian1 that he should submit to the pontifical encyclical1 which1 in the doctor's eyes1 was binding on conscience1 although no council had adhered to it--how can he now1 in his own case1 resist the decisions of ,pius ,,ix4 and the ,council of the ,vatican8 ,he who has written so many works of grave learning1 and in particular that one on ,the ,church and the ,churches1 how comes it that he does not see that he is no longer in the church1 and that he is seeking a shelter for his revolt in the smallest1 the poorest1 and the most dilapidated of those churches of a day which1 in the name of history1 he has so severely condemned8 ,how can he find himself at ease and his soul tranquil in those ridiculous conventicles of ,munich and of ,cologne1 by the side of ,michelis1 of ,reinkens1 ,friedrich1 ,schulte1 the exabb ,michaud1 the exfather ,hyacinthe1 and surrounded by ,jansenist and ,anglican bishops1 by ,protestant and schismatic ministers1 by rationalists of all colors8 ,how comes it that his faith and his learning are not shocked when brought into the midst of that confusion of doctrines and of tongues1 and of ignorance of all kinds1 which rendered the ,congress of ,cologne so notorious2 that congress whereat the question was discussed 8of the reunion of the old ,catholics with the other churches having affinity of faith10 which means with all the sects separated from ,rome1 to the exclusion of the great universal church of ,s4 ,augustine1 ,s4 ,thomas1 ,pascal1 ,descartes1 ,bossuet1 ,fnelon1 de ,maistre1 ,lacordaire1 of the eight hundred bishops of the council1 and of the sainted ,pontiff ,pius ,,ix48 ,how can he1 a man of learning1 a priest1 advanced in years1 on the brink of eternity1 prefer to put himself under the pastoral crook and the jurisdiction of the ,jansenist ,archbishop of ,utrecht1 or of a schismatic ,armenian bishop1 and fraternize with the ,anglican bishops of ,lincoln1 ,ely1 and ,maryland1 rather than remain an humble priest1 but proud of that ,catholic ,apostolic and ,roman ,church whose admirable unity bursts forth in the midst of the vast persecution which is being begun and prepared for her1 and of which the ,provost of ,munich consents to be the guilty instrument8 ,this closes my parenthetical remarks on ,dr4 ,dllinger and the ,old ,catholics1 who are in reality merely old ,jansenists and very old ,protestants1 and ,i come back to ,m4 von ,bismarck and to his policy4 ,prince von ,bismarck and the governments of ,germany have no occasion to trouble themselves about the question of settling whether infallibility attaches to the ,pope speaking ex cathedr1 or to the ,pope united to the council2 these are all dogmatic theses with which they have no concern4 ,the pretext got up by politics for trespassing on the domain of religious faith is the following3 ,the politicians allege that the declaration of the council has conferred upon the ,pope a new authority1 that this authority is absolute and unlimited1 and that this state of things affects the relations between the church and the state1 which is thereby thrown upon its defence against possible usurpation4 ,the ,emperor of ,germany1 in a conversation which he recently had at ,ems with ,m4 ,contzen1 the courageous ,burgomaster of ,aixla,chapelle1 brought out this singular idea of the politicians when he alleged 8that the church1 by proclaiming the dogma of infallibility1 had declared war to the state40 ,how can this be8 ,in what respect does the question of the infallibility of the church touch the relations between the church and the state8 ,the declaration of the ,vatican ,council is not new2 it belongs almost textually to the ,council of ,florence when it proclaimed the faith which had existed for centuries2 it is ancient2 all1 or nearly all1 the bishops at the late council were agreed1 and are now all agreed1 as to the ground of the doctrine2 they were only divided on the question of opportuneness1 and ,mgr4 the ,bishop of ,orlans1 in his pastoral letter of assent1 declared that he has always professed the doctrine which had been proclaimed4 ,nothing1 then1 has been changed1 and church and state remain in precisely the same situation of reciprocal independence in their distinct spheres1 and of harmony in their relations1 in which they were before the council4 ,some either imagine1 through most admirable ignorance1 or hypocritically make show of believing1 that the pontifical infallibility is a personal privilege1 in this sense1 that it is conferred on a person who cannot err in anything1 that the ,pope is infallible in all that he says and in everything2 that he could lay upon the faithful the obligation of believing any decision that he might proclaim whether in the exclusive domain of science or in the exclusive domain of politics1 where faith is not at all involved4 ,the object of infallibility is the doctrine of the faith and of the revealed law4 ,the church has the deposit of revelation1 of the ,holy ,scriptures1 and of tradition2 the ,pope is its supreme guardian2 the evangelical promise of infallibility is nothing else than the promise of fidelity in the custody of this sacred deposit6 ,when the ,pope or the council united to the ,pope declares that a truth is contained in the deposit of revelation1 they do not invent matter1 they repeat and discern2 they do not create a new truth1 they confirm an old one1 and cause new light to beam from it4 ,infallibility is1 then1 not personal in the absurd sense in which the word is used2 neither is it absolute and without limits2 its domain1 which is that of faith and morals1 is clearly marked out by the constitution of the ,vatican ,council4 8,according to the perfectly clear text of the decree10 say the ,prussian bishops who met at ,fulda in #ahga1 8all allusion to the domain of politics is completely excluded from the definition of this dogma40 ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,antonelli1 in his despatch of the #aith of ,march1 #ahgj1 to the ,nuncio at ,paris1 is even more precise4 8,political affairs belong10 he says1 8according to the order of ,god and the teachings of the church1 to the province of the secular authority1 without any dependence whatever on any other40 ,but1 as between the secular power and the church1 relations are necessary1 these are settled by the two authorities through arrangements or concordats4 ,i allow myself to call ,prince von ,bismarck's attention to this point4 ,positive relations between the church and states have been settled by concordats only2 always1 at all periods of history1 the popes alone have negotiated concordats with the states2 pontifical infallibility has absolutely no connection with concordats1 and the ,pope when he signs them does not speak ex cathedr and as supreme doctor of the church4 ,how1 then1 can the declaration of the council have changed the relations between the church and governments1 and how can the church1 by proclaiming the dogma of infallibility1 be said to have declared war to the state8 ,it is1 then1 a mere matter of pretext4 ,in point of fact1 it is the ,german ,empire which is laying claim to absolute and unlimited power in the domain of religion as well as in the domain of politics2 it examines and judges dogmas1 intrudes itself into ecclesiastical discipline2 it closes the priest's mouth in his pulpit--by the lex ,lutziana2 it closes ,catholic colleges and schools2 it forbids religious to preach1 to hear confessions1 and even to celebrate ,mass2 it forbids the bishops to canonically exclude from the bosom of the church those who openly separate themselves therefrom2 it banishes1 for no crime1 without trial and in bodies1 the religious orders1 in the same way that ,louis ,,xiv4 7though he could give better reasons7 drove the ,huguenots from the soil of ,france2 it favors schism1 and aims at establishing a national church4 ,it is1 then1 the ,german state which is declaring war to the church1 and which is raising claim to political and religious infallibility by founding a veritable civil theocracy4 ,let us put aside the pretext1 which can in no wise serve either for the justification or for the explanation of the conduct of the government of ,berlin4 ,let us examine the real motives which governed that conduct1 the circumstances by which the emperor was carried away1 and the fatal temptations which deluded him4 ,,vi4 ,foremost among these reasons and temptations has been1 as ,i have said before1 the alliance with ,italy4 ,it was the first cause1 and was the signal for the sudden change which took place in the interior policy of the ,german ,empire4 ,this is evident from the fact that the political storm burst forth during the last session of ,parliament precisely upon the occasion of a paragraph in the draft of the address got up by the national liberal party1 and which was a stone hurled at the papacy4 ,this was taking place at ,berlin at the very hour when the ,italo,german alliance had been concluded at ,rome2 the coincidence is striking1 and proves that war against the ,catholic ,church and her head has been made a condition of this alliance4 ,the next temptation1 the second blunder of ,prince von ,bismarck1 has been his exclusive alliance with the national liberal party1 whose character ,i have defined above4 ,this alliance with pseudoliberalism is the corollary of his alliance with ,italy2 both rest within and without on the revolutionary and anti,christian principle4 ,war on ,rome and the papacy has been the condition of the alliance with ,italy2 war on the ,catholics in ,germany has been the condition of the alliance with the national liberal party4 ,prince von ,bismarck had1 for several years1 met a keen resistance to his plans from the national liberal party1 while during the same period he found a support in the conservative section of the ,prussian chambers1 with whom were joined the few ,catholics of note who happened to be members of them4 ,today he turns away from this weakened but still powerful conservative section1 and he wages the bitterest war against the centre section1 which is made up of ,catholics4 ,these two sections watch over the deposit of old ,german traditions2 they wish to preserve the federal and constitutional character of the ,empire1 to maintain the ,christian and denominational character of the schools1 and throughout the nation1 religious peace4 ,latterly the conservative section has become weak2 it has yielded to ,m4 von ,bismarck's policy2 but sooner or later its traditions will bring it to the side of the section of the centre1 in order that both may unite in sustaining the historic principles of the ,germanic race against the centralizing antireligious policy of the national liberal party1 which represents above all else the idea of the ,french ,revolution4 ,the section of the centre1 which1 in #ahgj1 in point of numbers amounted in the parliament to but very little1 has seen its power increase proportionately with the development of the pseudoliberal party of centralization1 of omnipotence of the state1 of political levelling1 and of anti,christian reaction4 ,the outrage committed on the papacy by the ,italian government gave increased energy to the ,catholic movement1 and the section of the centre1 which1 at the time it was first organized1 consisted of fifty members only1 saw its numbers increase after the elections to more than sixty1 all united together by strong convictions2 it can count today nearly eighty1 and it is safe to predict that1 unless the government sends into the interior1 or into exile1 or puts in prison the leaders of the ,catholic movement1 the party of the centre will1 after the next elections1 thanks to the war begun against the church1 have gained a force of more than one hundred votes1 which will thus counterbalance those of the national liberal party4 ,it is this growing power of the party of the centre1 the fruit of ,m4 von ,bismarck's policy1 which has impelled him to his policy of violence and anger against the ,catholic ,church2 he means to make the clergy1 the ,jesuits1 the religious orders1 and the bishops pay for the political loss of rest occasioned to him by this phalanx which is growing into a legion1 and at whose head stand such powerful leaders as ,reichensperger1 ,mallinckrodt1 and ,windthorst4 ,the eloquent words of these orators1 as in former times those of ,o',connell in ,england1 and ,montalembert in ,france1 spread beyond the boundaries of ,germany1 to arouse and stir up everywhere all lovers of right1 justice1 true liberty1 and the church of ,jesus ,christ4 ,the third temptation of the ,german government has been the stand taken in the ,vatican ,council by nearly all the bishops of ,germany and of ,austria4 ,these pious and learned prelates were all agreed1 along with those of the entire world1 as to the mere ground of the doctrine2 all or nearly all were infallibilists2 ,josephism1 ,fbronianism1 had been for a long time dying1 if not dead2 but these same bishops were nearly all inopportunists4 ,this ,m4 von ,bismarck misapprehended1 he believed that there was1 among the bishops in council1 a real dissent as to doctrine2 he imagined that the majority of the ,german and ,austrian bishops would separate from ,rome to follow ,m4 ,dllinger in the path of defection or of schism1 through which he is moving to his ruin4 ,the ,italian alliance and the alliance with the national liberal party carried ,m4 von ,bismarck into hostile action against ,rome2 the difference of opinion among the bishops on the question of the opportuneness of the decision by the council led him to hope that he would find therein the elements for a ,janist7#aid7 and national church4 ,in this he has been entirely mistaken4 8,he had left the ,holy ,spirit out of his reckoning10 said recently to me a learned ecclesiastic of ,berlin1 and ,i add that he had also not reckoned on the faith and virtue of the episcopate4 ,observe what is going on and how the ,catholic tide is rising and resisting4 ,m4 von ,bismarck met at ,sedan a splendid1 courageous ,french army1 which1 badly led and crushed by the fire of the ,german artillery1 was forced to capitulate2 he will henceforth find in opposition to him the ,catholic populations1 with their clergy and their bishops at their head1 who will rise1 in the name of ,god and of the liberty of the church1 who will resist and never surrender4 ,m4 von ,bismarck is about to have experience of what the ,catholic bishops are and of what they can do4 ,they will not conspire2 they will not sow rebellion and revolution2 they will not join themselves to the red international party1 but they will resist and will not yield4 8,in this present sad condition of things10 said the bishops met together at ,fulda in ,april1 #ahgb1 8we will fulfil our duty by not disturbing the peace between the church and the state40 8,as ,christians10 said the learned ,bishop of ,paderborn1 in his touching address to the exiled ,jesuits--8as ,christians1 we can oppose neither force nor overt resistance to the measures of governmental authority4 ,albeit such measures seem to us iniquitous and unjustifiable1 we may only meet them by that passive resistance which our divine ,master ,jesus ,christ has taught us by his words and example2 that silence1 calm and full of dignity2 that patience1 tranquil and resigned1 but abounding in hope2 that loving prayer which heaps burning coals on the heads of our persecutors40 ,such is the admirable language of the ,german bishops1 as it fell from the lips of the ,archbishop of ,cologne1 ,mgr4 von ,droste,vischering1 on the very day preceding that on which he was led captive by a guard of soldiers to the fortress of ,minden4 ,the calm and intrepid ,bishop of ,ermeland is deprived of his salary and injured in his authority2 he is marked out for punishment1 and he awaits the coming of the soldiers with the fetters to bind him4 ,i cannot recall the venerated name of ,mgr4 ,krementz without adding to it the illustrious one of ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 whom all ,europe will continue to address as ,bishop of ,hebron and ,geneva1 despite that decision of the council of state which forbids him to exercise any function whatever1 whether as bishop or as curate1 and which cuts him off from all salary4 ,here1 then1 we have this republican and liberal ,switzerland suppressing the ,jesuits and all cognate religious orders1 the brothers of the schools1 the sisters of charity2 closing seminaries1 as at ,soleure1 because the moral theology of ,s4 ,liguori was taught there2 unseating bishops1 as at ,geneva2 and the people that do these things are yet shameless enough to talk of liberty1 while all the speechmakers of liberalism1 whose hair stands erect at the mention of the revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes1 and who dinned the world with their clamors in the young ,mortara case1 cannot find a single word of liberality1 not a single protest1 not a single expression of indignation1 to stigmatize these unheardof outrages against all liberties at once1 and against all the rights of human conscience4 ,i have just been adverting to the passive resistance of the bishops in ,germany2 but the lay movement1 which is kept strictly within the law1 is less passive1 less resigned1 and is somewhat inflamed by politics4 ,the reaction against the unwarranted persecution set on foot a year ago is breaking out everywhere4 ,a committee of direction has been formed at ,mainz1 whose business is to centralize the legal resistance of ,german ,catholics for the defence of religious liberty thus threatened and assailed4 ,this committee1 in their address dated in ,july last1 call upon the ,catholics of ,germany to a crusade in opposition to the aggressions of the government4 8,we claim10 says this address1 8for our creed that liberty and independence guaranteed to it by the constitution2 and under the device1 ,for ,god and our ,country1 we will fight to the last for the maintenance of our rights40 ,this address is signed by some of the most illustrious names of ,germany1 foremost among which ,i may mention those of ,count ,felix de ,le1 of ,baron de ,frankenberg1 of ,count ,c4 de ,stolberg1 and of the ,prince of ,isenburg4 ,a numerous meeting of ,catholics voted to send the ,archbishop of ,munich an address praising him for his firmness and encouraging him in the contest which he is maintaining4 ,at ,breslau1 a ,catholic ,congress has just assembled with great clat4 ,all the ,catholic men of note in ,germany were present at it4 ,vent was therein given to the most energetic complaints and the most indignant protests1 resolutions of great firmness were adopted1 a new impulse was given to all those associations which1 like that of ,s4 ,boniface1 of ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo1 and of ,pius ,,ix41 have multiplied on ,german soil works of teaching and of charity2 powerful preparations were in this congress made for resistance1 while confiding in their rights and in ,god4 ,while the ,catholic laity were thus meeting and organizing at ,breslau and at ,mainz1 the bishops were quietly deliberating at ,fulda1 presided over by the ,archbishop of ,cologne1 who is mindful of his illustrious predecessor1 ,clement ,augustus4 ,there1 as the apostles of old in the cenaculum1 they tarry in prayer1 and they will come forth with a confidence and a courage such as have overcome adversaries far more powerful than the ,prince von ,bismarck4 ,,vii4 ,the old rgime1 before it died out1 made trial of rebellion against the church4 ,frederick the ,great was certainly as able as ,m4 von ,bismarck2 he had the world at his feet1 and the church in ,germany1 infected with the doctrines of ,fbronius1 was apparently in the pangs of death4 ,the last act recorded in history of the then three ecclesiastical electors of ,mayence1 ,cologne1 and ,trves had been to meet with the ,archbishop of ,salzburg1 ,primate of ,germany1 for the purpose of drawing up the ,punctuations of ,ems 7#aghf71 which were a code of rebellion against the ,holy ,see4 ,what a contrast with the present assembling of the ,german bishops at ,fulda6 ,these servile ,punctuations of ,ems were beginning to be carried out1 when the armies of the ,french ,republic came down and inflicted upon the authors of them the punishment they deserved4 ,every one knows about ,pombal1 ,choiseul1 and ,charles ,,iii41 who confined the ,jesuits within certain territorial limits1 drove them away1 cast them into prison1 or sent them into exile1 pretty much in the same way as ,m4 von ,bismarck is doing4 ,the power which did all this was swallowed up by the ,french ,revolution4 ,this revolution1 satanic1 to use ,m4 de ,maistre's term1 out and out anti,christian1 as ,m4 de ,tocqueville calls it1 in its turn drove out1 exiled1 put to death1 whether in the massacre of ,september1 the drownings of the ,loire1 by the axe of the guillotine or the dagger of ruffians1 the priests1 ,jesuits1 and religious whom the old rgime had spared4 ,but this sanguinary revolution went down in the slough of the ,directory1 and ,napoleon put an end to it4 ,that extraordinary man perceived that persecution wounds the hand which uses it2 he sought to make peace with the church2 he reopened the churches1 recalled the priests and the bishops1 and signed the concordat4 ,this was the great epoch of his reign3 ,ulm1 ,austerlitz1 and ,jena4 ,but the potent emperor1 intoxicated by glory and by pride1 having become master of the world1 thought he would be master of the church as well2 his rule was over bodies1 he sought to extend it over souls2 which is the dream of all founders of empire4 ,he stretched out his hand to the ,states of the ,church1 and annexed them to the ,french ,empire2 for which he was excommunicated by that gentle ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 ,he seized the pope1 bore him away from ,rome into exile at ,savona and at ,fontainebleau1 and he found that under the lamblike exterior of his victim there beat the heart of a lion4 ,he summoned together the council of #ahaa1 thinking that it would be an easy matter to form a national church of which he would be ,supreme ,pontiff4 ,this took place in #ahaa4 ,the next year brought the campaign of #ahab1 to be followed by the events of #ahac and #ahad2 ,leipsic1 ,elba1 ,waterloo1 and the rock of ,st4 ,helena last of all4 ,there is another example nearer to our times1 upon which ,i have looked as a witness1 and which ,i submit for the meditations of the ,emperor of ,germany4 ,king ,william ,i4 of ,orange fell into precisely the same blunder which ,william ,,iv4 is now repeating4 ,he ruled over the beautiful kingdom of the ,netherlands1 so easy for him to maintain1 and which through his mistakes was broken up4 ,he1 too1 sought to constitute national unity through unity of language and of religion4 ,so he suppressed1 in #ahbe1 the ,catholic schools and colleges in ,belgium1 drove out the ,jesuits and the brothers of the ,christian schools1 founded at ,louvain the ,philosophic ,college in which the clergy of the future national church were to be trained1 violated the right to teach and of association1 prosecuted the ,bishop of ,ghent1 ,mgr4 de ,broglie1 got him condemned1 and he was pilloried1 in effigy1 on a public square of ,ghent1 between two felons4 ,this reckless and blind policy excited in ,belgium a movement of resistance similar to that which we remark at the present moment in ,germany4 ,five years later1 in #ahcj1 the ,catholic liberal union was brought about1 and every one knows the events to which it gave birth4 ,this much is matter of history4 ,the ,german persecution is a trial for the church and for ,catholics1 but it will also bear with it the salvation which a trial properly borne always brings4 ,two results will come out of this trial3 the ,catholic ,church1 which they mean to weaken or prostrate1 will1 as always heretofore1 come out of the contest more united and more powerful2 ,protestantism1 in whose name the persecution is set on foot1 will be mortally wounded by it1 and will see its dissolution hastened2 pseudoliberalism1 which will have played the part of intolerance and persecution1 will be unmasked1 and all the friends of a prudent and sincere liberty will make their reconciliation with the persecuted1 one with that great ,catholic ,church1 ever militant1 ever attacked1 sometimes a martyr1 but which ever in the end comes out triumphant over these trials which temper her anew1 purify her1 and add to her greatness4 ,the world will understand that in trials such as she is now going through in ,germany she is fighting for the liberty of the conscience of the human race4 ,governments1 and in particular great empires founded on force1 look upon the independence of the universal church with feelings of jealousy and impatience2 the idea of a national church has always been a favorite and a pleasing one with despotisms1 because it promises them a servile instrument to carry out their designs4 ,but when the church is subject to the state1 there can be no church4 ,the high level of the consciences of the people sinks as freedom disappears4 ,the true and divine church can be contained within no boundaries and in no nationality2 it is the spiritual kingdom of consciences and of souls2 from the independence of the church1 the independence of consciences and souls derives its life4 ,if the church is under the yoke of the state1 all consciences must suffer like subjection4 ,the world will at last comprehend that national churches1 that is1 churches in subjection1 can have only enslaved souls as followers1 and that there can be no freedom for the conscience of man1 except upon the sole condition of the independence of a church1 accountable1 not to any human power1 but to ,god4 ,will the persecution which has been begun be kept up with the same tenacity and violence which the ,prince von ,bismarck now displays8 ,i fear less from it for the church than for himself and the ,german emperor1 whose good sense1 uprightness1 and religious conscience must feel out of place in the midst of a policy so outre1 revolutionary1 anti,christian1 and anticonstitutional1 so contrary to his instincts1 his natural disposition1 and his antecedents4 8,it cannot be10 said ,m4 ,a4 ,reichensperger1 8that a monarch1 crowned with the laurels of victory1 after having achieved external peace through the courage and the fidelity of the entire ,german nation1 will authorize the persecution of millions of ,germans on account of their faith1 and consent to destroy internal peace--that peace which in particular is the work of his royal brother1 whose memory is still blessed by all ,catholics40 ,i add my prayer and my hope to the prayer and the hope of the great ,german patriot and orator1 but ,i confess that his fears1 which are greater than his hopes1 are felt by me also1 and to like extent4 ,the times are gloomy4 8,the deluge is drawing nigh2 but on the waters ,i see the ark of the church10 said ,count de ,montalembert4 8,she will ride it out1 she will live1 and will preside at the funeral of the very powers that thought to have prepared her own40 ,let ,prince ,bismarck not forget the words recently uttered by ,pius ,,ix4 at one of those allocutions so sublimely eloquent and touchingly holy in spirit1 which1 from his prison in the ,vatican he addresses to the world4 ,he was addressing ,german ,catholics1 and he told them3 8,be confident1 be united2 for a stone will fall from the mountain1 and will shatter the feet of the ,colossus4 ,if ,god wills that other persecutions arise1 the church does not fear them2 on the contrary1 she becomes stronger thereby1 and she purifies herself1 because even in the church there are things that need to be purified1 and nothing contributes more thereto than the persecutions exercised on her by the great ones of the earth40 ,prince von ,bismarck may perhaps have smiled on reading these words fallen from the lips of the ,pontiff ,pius ,,ix42 if so1 he is sadly mistaken2 those old popes who are imprisoned and exiled1 but who1 to use the profound expression of the ,count de ,maistre1 always come back1 are also gifted with the command of words which are 8as burning coals heaped upon the heads of their persecutors40 ,the ,emperor ,napoleon ,i41 too1 smiled at the excommunication hurled at him by ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 then weak and disarmed1 and his complete ruin followed shortly after4 ,i advise the prince chancellor to bear in mind the stone falling from the mountain and breaking the feet of the ,colossus4 ,i had myself1 in my book published in #ahfj1 ventured to refer to that same passage of ,scripture3 8,that splendid figure10 ,i said1 8which ,daniel sets before us of kingdoms ,,with ,,feet ,,part ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,part ,,of ,,clay1 and of the church1 that stone1 cut out of a mountain1 without hands1 which broke in pieces the kingdoms1 and became a great mountain1 and filled the whole earth--that figure has its application in every age1 and should stand for all ,christians as a hope amid trials and a teaching to all the proud40 ,a ,christmas ,memory4 ,god did anoint thee with his odorous oil ,to wrestle1 not to reign2 and he assigns ,all thy tears over like pure crystallines ,for younger fellowworkers of the soil ,to wear for amulets4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,browning4 ,no more brilliant party ever assembled for ,christmas festivities in ,northern ,vermont than that which met on such an occasion1 very early in this century1 at the home of a young lawyer in the beautiful little village of ,sheldon1 since widely renowned for the efficacy of its healing waters4 ,the host and hostess were from families who came among the first settlers to ,vermont4 ,the company was gathered from all parts of the new and sparsely settled state1 with a sprinkling of students who were completing their legal course at the famous lawschool of ,judge ,reeves1 in ,litchfield1 ,conn4--of which their host was a graduate--and of young ladies and gentlemen from different places in ,massachusetts and ,connecticut4 ,several of these young ladies were passing the winter with acquaintances in ,sheldon1 and the whole country from the 8,province ,line0 7and even beyond it7 to ,st4 ,alban's was made merry with a succession of gay parties1 sleighrides1 dinners1 suppers1 and dances given in their honor4 ,even the sequestered hamlets of ,richford and ,montgomery1 nestled among their own green hills1 did not escape the general hilarity1 but were startled from their quiet decorum1 and resounded with a merriment which awakened unwonted echoes in their peaceful valleys4 ,among the guests at this ,christmas festival was a young lady of ,vermont1 ,miss ,fanny ,a----1 whose fair form rises before us as we write from the dim mists of childhood's earliest memories--a vision of gentle dignity and youthful loveliness which time has no power to efface4 ,though some years younger than the lady of the house1 she was her very dear and intimate friend1 and was now passing a few weeks with her4 ,her queenly manners1 the silver ripple of her low1 sweet voice in the flow of a conversation which held her listeners spellbound1 as it were1 by its clear and impressive utterances1 bore witness to her familiarity with the most refined circles of city and country society1 and the high culture of her splendid intellect4 ,other circumstances1 as will be seen1 combined with her personal charms at this time to make her the centre of interest and attraction wherever she appeared4 ,she was the youngest daughter of a ,green ,mountain hero whom ,vermont most delights to honor4 ,her father died when she was too young to realize her loss4 ,some years later1 her mother--from whom she inherited her remarkable beauty and graceful dignity--married a most amiable man1 who was capable of appreciating the rich treasure she committed to his charge in the person of her young daughter4 ,every advantage the country offered was secured to develop and polish the gem of which he was inexpressibly proud1 and over which he watched with a solicitude as tender as her own father could have exercised4 ,at that time1 the gay society in ,new ,england was strongly tinctured with the species of infidelity introduced and fostered by the writings of ,thomas ,paine and his disciples1 among whom ,fanny's father had been conspicuous4 ,her stepfather was not of that school1 but he detested the cant and ,puritanism of the only religious people he had ever known--regarding them as pretensions of which even those who adopted them were often the unconscious dupes4 ,he had never been drawn within reach of better influences1 then exercised only by the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in ,vermont1 to rescue intelligent thinkers from the grasp of infidelity4 ,he conducted the education of his gifted daughter1 therefore1 with the most scrupulous care to avoid entirely all considerations of religion in any form4 ,when her active and earnest mind would peer beyond the veil he had so carefully drawn between its pursuits and the interests of eternity1 and send her to startle him with some question touching those interests which he could only answer by evasive ridicule1 or an emphatic request that she would refrain from troubling her head about such matters1 she would retire to ponder within herself1 even while striving to obey her earthly father1 the higher obligations imposed by ,one in heaven4 ,light and wisdom from above soon illuminated the soul that surrendered itself a willing victim before the altar of eternal truth4 ,she was led by a divine hand1 through paths she knew not1 to a temple of which she had scarcely heard1 and1 while still living among those to whom the ,catholic religion was entirely unknown1 entered its portals to find herself--scarcely less to her own astonishment than to the amazement and horror of her devoted parents--a ,catholic1 as firmly established and steadfastly resolved as if she had been born and educated in the faith6 ,the grief and indignation of her parents knew no bounds4 ,they looked upon it as a most disgraceful infatuation4 ,peremptorily imposing silence upon her in relation to the subject1 they determined to suppress it1 if possible1 until every means had been used to divert her mind from the fatal delusion4 ,all the wiles and artifices of the gayest and most fashionable circles in various ,american cities to which she was taken1 were exhausted in vain to captivate her youthful fancy and deliver her soul from its mysterious thraldom4 ,in vain the ardent addresses of devoted admirers--who were destined in the near future to be the brightest ornaments the bench and bar of their state could boast--were laid at her feet4 ,in vain were all those worldly allurements1 generally so irresistible to the young1 spread before her4 ,her soul turned steadfastly away from each bewitching enticement1 to solace itself with thoughts of the humble sanctuary in ,montreal1 where the weary bird had found a place in which she might build her nest1 even within the tabernacle of thy house1 ,o ,lord of hosts6 ,in the autumn preceding the ,christmas festival of which ,i write1 the ramblers had returned from their fruitless wanderings4 ,fanny's parents1 discouraged and discomfited1 resolved at this crisis to enlist the zeal of a few very intimate friends in their cause1 by disclosing to them the great and unaccountable calamity which had befallen their child4 ,among those whom they earnestly entreated to aid them in efforts to extricate her from the grasp of the great deceiver1 was the lady with whom she was now passing the weeks of the early winter4 ,a ,connecticut ,episcopalian of the ,high,church stamp1 she occupied what they playfully called a 8halfway house10 at which they hoped she would be able to persuade ,fanny to stop4 ,she invited several gay young ladies to meet and enliven ,fanny's visit1 but took the greatest pains to conceal from them the religious tendencies of her beautiful guest4 ,she entered with great zeal upon every scheme for winter pastimes1 in the hope of diverting the mind of her young friend from its absorbing theme4 ,in their private conversations1 she exhausted every argument to convince ,fanny that the ,episcopal ,church offered all the consolations for which her soul was yearning4 ,in vain1 in vain6 ,she who had been called to drink from the fountainhead could not slake her thirst with draughts from scattered pools1 which brought no refreshment to her fainting spirit4 ,vain also were the precautions used for concealment4 ,suspicions soon arose among her young companions that there was something wrong with ,fanny4 ,a rosary had been partially revealed as she drew her kerchief from her pocket4 ,worse still1 a crucifix had been discovered under her pillow6 ,here were proofs of superstition indeed1 of rank idolatry in unmistakable form1 and no one knows to what unimaginable extent6 ,then it began to be whispered around the admiring and compassionate circle that she had not only taken the first step on the downward road1 but was even now contemplating the still more fatal and final one of religious immolation6 ,it was their apprehension of this direful result which imparted a new and melancholy interest in their eyes to all her words and actions4 ,though she maintained a modest reserve upon the subjects dearest to her heart1 they thought they could discover some mysterious connection with these in every expression she uttered4 ,on several occasions1 the most adventurous of her companions endeavored to penetrate the silence that sealed her lips in regard to her religious convictions1 by direct questions1 and1 when these failed1 by ridicule of such 8absurd superstitions02 but to no purpose4 ,her nearest approach to any satisfactory remark was in reply to one of these questions3 8,it is impossible to convey any clear idea to your mind1 in its present state1 concerning these matters4 ,your opinions are founded upon prejudice1 and your prejudices are the result of your entire ignorance in relation to them4 ,if you really desire to be better informed1 you need1 first of all1 to pray with humility for light and guidance1 and then seek for knowledge4 ,if you do this with sincerity1 you will surely be instructed1 and #8know of the doctrine'2 but1 if you refuse to take this first step1 all the teaching in the world will be of no avail4 #8,they have ,moses and the prophets2 let them hear them4 ,if they believe not ,moses and the prophets1 neither would they believe though one should come to them from the dead4' 0 ,she rebuked ridicule with such calm dignity that it was soon abandoned1 one of her assailants1 a very lively young lady1 remarking one day3 8,it is astonishing to see how terribly in earnest ,fanny is6 ,she certainly believes in the ,catholic religion with all her heart1 though how a person with her extensive information and splendid talents can receive such absurdities is a puzzle to common sense60 ,but her severe trials were in her home4 ,her parents were unutterably grieved when she persisted in accepting the ,catholic faith4 ,this further determination to forsake those who had so fondly loved and tenderly cherished her1 and who were so justly proud of the use she had made of the opportunities for improvement which their solicitude had secured for her1 was beyond all human endurance4 ,if she had been the victim of adversity or of disappointed hopes1 there might have been some excuse2 but that the idol of doting parents should abandon her elegant home to the desolation in which her departure would enshroud it1 and turn from all the advantages that wealth1 position1 and the homage of society could offer--dashing to the ground on the very threshold of life the brilliant prospects which were opening before her--was worse than madness6 ,they complained bitterly to her of her ingratitude and heartless disregard of their feelings and wishes2 poured unmeasured and contemptuous reproaches upon her for stifling the modest womanly instincts of her refined and delicate nature1 to strike out boldly upon a new road hitherto untrodden by any woman of ,new ,england4 ,remonstrances1 pleading1 reproaches1 and contempt were alike unavailing4 ,listening only to the persuasions of that 8invisible ,lover0 whose voice had called her to relinquish the seductive charms which surrounded her worldly course1 she turned away from them steadfastly to follow him and carry his cross up the steep and thorny paths of penance and self abnegation1 offering herself entirely to him on the ,calvary made glorious to her by his precious blood4 ,not 8immediately10 however1 like those whom he called of old1 did she 8leave the ship and her father1 to follow him40 ,weary years of waiting and yearning1 far from the tabernacles where her soul had chosen its home1 did she accord in tender regard for the feelings of those1 so truly and deeply beloved1 who could not give her up1 and who had no clue by which to trace the course her spirit was taking1 or power even to conjecture the motives that actuated her4 ,when at length the time arrived to which they had consented to limit her stay with them1 who shall describe the pangs that rent her heart in a parting so full of grief2 in severing these nearest and dearest ties1 and in witnessing the anguish which overwhelmed those around whom her tenderest earthly affections were entwined8 ,alone1 but full of peace1 8leaning on the arm of her ,beloved10 did she tread the painful path4 ,her parents could not accompany her to witness the sacrifice which prostrated their fondest hopes1 nor could they ever bring themselves to visit her in the sanctuary she had chosen4 ,her ,sheldon friend did so repeatedly1 and was amazed to find her radiant with a joy which her countenance had never before revealed--happy in the peaceful home that offered only poverty and an unceasing round of labors in the service of the sick and suffering1 with a happiness which the splendors of her worldly one could never impart4 ,multitudes of ,new ,england people visiting ,montreal flocked to the convent1 begging to see the lovely young nun of the ,htel ,dieu1 who was the first daughter ,new ,england had given to the sacred enclosure1 and whom they claimed as belonging especially to them through her connection with their favorite ,revolutionary hero4 ,so continual were these interruptions that she was driven at length to obtain the permission of the mothersuperior absolutely to decline appearing in answer to such calls1 except when they were made by the friends of former days1 for whom she still preserved and cherished the liveliest affection4 ,by a singular coincidence--or rather1 let us say1 through tender memories of the gentle nun long since departed from the ,htel ,dieu1 and the prevailing efficacy of her prayers--a large proportion of those who were present at the ,christmas party at ,sheldon1 including the mistress of the feast and many of her family1 were1 from time to time as years flew by1 received into the bosom of the ,holy ,catholic ,church4 ,and so does our gracious and mighty ,mother1 8ever ancient1 ever new10 win her triumphs1 one by one1 perpetually through all the ages--wins them often in the face1 nay1 even perforce1 of circumstances apparently the most directly opposed to her influence2 accomplishes them by means so weak and simple as would seem1 according to all human reasoning1 utterly inadequate4 ,in countries far remote from her gentle influence1 one is called--we hardly know how or why--in this place1 another in that1 as if the words of our divine ,lord found their fulfilment even in this3 8,two shall be in the field3 one shall be taken1 and one shall be left4 ,two women shall be grinding at the mill3 one shall be taken1 and one shall be left40 ,and every soul thus called to launch its eternal interests upon the ocean of infinite truth must encounter much the same appalling trials1 be haunted by the same startling doubts and dark forebodings4 ,over the sunken rocks of heresy and unbelief along this coast the billows break with a force that affrights the stoutest heart1 and many a wouldbe voyager shrinks back dismayed before their power2 but once pluck up heart of grace to pass the foaming barrier1 in the midocean all is 8peace1 and joy unspeakable1 and full of glory40 ,we cannot more fitly conclude this little sketch of a real event than by a quotation from ,montalembert's closing chapter on the 8,anglo,saxon ,nuns03 8,is this a dream1 the page of a romance8 ,is it only history--the history of a past for ever ended8 ,no2 once more it is what we behold and what happens amongst us every day4444 ,who1 then1 is this invisible ,lover1 dead upon a cross eighteen hundred years ago1 who thus attracts to him youth1 beauty1 and love8--who appears to them clothed with a glory and a charm which they cannot withstand8--who seizes on the living flesh of our flesh1 and drains the purest blood of our blood8 ,is it a man8 ,no2 it is ,god4 ,there lies the secret1 there the key of this sublime and sad mystery4 ,god alone could win such victories and deserve such sacrifices4 ,jesus1 whose godhead is amongst us daily insulted or denied1 proves it daily1 with a thousand other proofs1 by those miracles of selfdenial and selfdevotion which are called vocations4 ,young and innocent hearts give themselves to him1 to reward him for the gift he has given us of himself2 and this sacrifice by which we are crucified is but the answer of human love to the love of that ,god who was crucified for us40 ,the ,house ,that ,jack ,built4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 ,in ,two ,parts4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,concluded4 ,late in the afternoon1 ,bessie went down and leaned on the bars again1 looking up and down the road1 looking at the tracks left by ,father ,conners' carriagewheels--the smooth curve of their turning2 looking to see the shadows creep across the road as the sun went down4 ,the sadness of a lonely evening was upon her1 and1 though she had not lost her morning resolution1 she had lost the joyous hopefulness with which those resolutions were made4 ,at her left1 and quite near1 a fringe of young cedars made a screen between the ground that belonged to her house and the farmer next to it1 where her uncle ,dennis had lived when ,john ,maynard had wooed and won her4 ,pain came with that recollection1 and almost the old bitterness4 8,i must go home again1 and put my resolutions in practice right away1 or ,i shall lose them10 she said to herself4 8,it won't do for me to stay here and brood over my troubles4 ,i cannot bear loneliness2 and how terribly lonely it is here6 ,i wish ,i had some one to speak to besides poor ,aunt ,nancy40 ,she started1 hearing a soft1 clear whistling not far away4 ,the strain was familiar1 not to this region1 but to her city life4 ,while she listened1 the sound ceased1 or rather broke off suddenly4 ,bessie's eyes were wide open1 her face flushed4 ,was there more than one person who could whistle so marvellously clearly and sweetly8 ,some one began to sing then more sweetly still1 and coming nearer while he sang words written by the most melodious of poets3 8,hark6 a lover1 binding sheaves1 ,to his maiden sings2 ,flutter1 flutter go the leaves1 ,larks drop their wings4 ,little brooks1 for all their mirth1 ,are not blithe as he6 #8,tell me what the love is worth ,that ,i give thee4' 8,speech that cannot be forborne ,tells the story through3 #8,i sowed my love in with the corn1 ,and they both grew4 ,count the world full wide of girth1 ,and hived honey sweet2 ,but count the love of more worth ,laid at thy feet4 8 #8,money's worth is house and land1 ,velvet coat and vest6 ,work's worth is bread in hand1 ,ay1 and sweet rest4 ,wilt thou learn what love is worth8 ,ah6 she sits above1 ,sighing1 ',weigh me not with earth4 ,love's worth is love6' 0 ,the singer had come yet more near1 and would have been visible to her had not ,bessie ,maynard's looks been downcast and her head drooping low4 ,when the song ended1 and the step paused1 she lifted her eyes1 and saw ,james ,keene standing before her smiling and waiting for the greeting she was so slow to give4 ,surprise1 and perhaps fear1 deprived ,bessie for a moment of her self possession4 8,what6 you here60 she exclaimed1 without the least sign of courtesy2 and with that exclamation broke down the barrier of silence that had existed between them4 8,why should ,i not be here80 he asked quietly4 8,may not ,i also have memories connected with this place8 ,it was here ,i recovered health1 after an illness that nearly cost me my life4 ,it was here ,i shot my first bear4 ,and it was here ,i first saw you40 ,bessie perceived at once that1 if the old reserve was to be maintained1 she must immediately assume an air of decisive politeness4 ,for an instant she wavered4 ,silence may be best for those who are doubtful of themselves1 and1 not willing to commit any flagrant wrong1 are still not resolved to be absolutely honest4 ,but when we are strong in the determination to be sincere1 and to let the light of day shine not only on our actions1 but on our inmost thoughts1 then1 perhaps1 by speech we may most nobly and effectually establish our position4 ,bessie ,maynard1 therefore1 waited for the words which would give her an opportunity to put an end to the tacit and vague understanding existing between them4 ,he read her silence rightly2 it was a command for him to speak2 and he obeyed it1 though the pale face and large1 downcast lids gave little hope of any such answer as he might wish to receive4 8,in those old days1 so long ago1 when ,i came here to try what a half savage life would do for me1 and was astonished to find a delicate human flower in the wilderness1 ,i was a prophet40 ,he leaned on the cedar bar that separated them1 and looked dreamily off toward the woods4 ,he would not surprise in her face any involuntary expression she might wish to conceal from him2 he would take advantage of no impulse4 ,if she came to him1 she must come deliberately4 ,for1 setting aside ,christianity--and he did not pretend to believe in it--,james ,keene had an exceptionally honorable nature4 ,he would gladly have taken this woman away from a husband who1 he believed1 knew not how to value her1 and who made her miserable by his neglect1 but he held that it would be no wrong for him to do so4 8,yes1 ,i was a prophet10 he continued2 8for ,i believed then1 what ,i am sure of now1 that your marriage was a most unwise one4 ,give me credit1 ,bessie1 for having been sincerely pained to see that1 as years passed away1 you had reason to come to the same conclusion4 ,whatever selfish wishes ,i may have had1 ,i would at any time have renounced them could ,i have seen you happy with the man you chose to marry1 knowing no other40 ,bessie lifted her eyes1 and looked at him with a steady1 tearful gaze4 8,people might say that you are wicked to speak so to me10 she said2 8but ,i think that1 according to your belief1 you are very good2 only you have no faith in religion4 ,i esteem you so highly that ,i am going to make a confession which1 perhaps1 you may think ,i ought not to make4 ,there have been times during these last few years when1 if ,i had not had some little lingering faith1 ,i would have welcomed from you an affection which ,i have no right to receive4 ,there have been times when you might have spoken as lovingly as you could1 and ,i should not have been angry4 ,i tell you this partly because you must have at least suspected that it was so4 ,and more than this4 ,if ,i had seen you here a few days ago1 my impulse would have been to welcome you more ardently than ,i ever yet welcomed any friend4 ,you can understand how it all has been1 without my explaining4 ,i was so lonely1 so neglected6 ,i was so lonely60 ,she had spoken with a sad earnestness1 and there was something touchingly humble yet dignified in her manner2 but1 at the last words1 her voice trembled and failed4 ,he was looking at her now4 ,excitement and suspense showed in the sparkling of his clear blue eyes1 in the slight flush that colored his usually pale face1 in the lips firmly compressed4 8,all is changed now10 she went on4 8,i have been recalled to my religion1 to my duty4 ,i do not think that you should any more show me that sympathy which you have shown1 and ,i do not think that you should see me frequently4 ,i thank you for your kindness toward me4 ,it has often been a comfort4 ,but ,i am a wife0--she lifted herself with a stately gesture1 and for the first time a wave of proud color swept over her face--8and the sadness which my husband may cause me no other man may ever again soothe40 ,there was silence for a moment4 ,the gentleman's face had grown pale4 ,there was a boundless tenderness in his heart for this fair and sorrowful woman1 and he was about to lose the power to offer her even the slightest comfort1 while at the same time he must still retain the knowledge of her suffering4 8,i shall respect your wish and your decision10 he said1 with emotion4 8,forgive me if ,i have trespassed too much in the past4 ,it seemed to me very little2 for1 ,bessie1 if ,i had not known that you had a religious feeling which would have held you back1 or would have made you miserable in yielding1 ,i should long ago have held out my hand to you1 and asked you to come to me4 ,if ,i had felt sure of being able to convince you beyond the possibility of subsequent regret1 ,i should not have kept silence so long4 ,but ,i respect your conscience4 ,i should esteem myself a criminal if ,i could ask you to do what you believe to be wrong40 ,bessie ,maynard's face was covered with a blush of shame4 ,her thought had never gone consciously beyond the length of tender1 brotherly kindness1 and it was cruelly humiliating to see in its true light the position in which she had really stood4 ,at that moment1 too1 she first perceived what a gulf lay between her soul and that of the man who had seemed always so dangerously harmonious with her4 ,in principle1 in all that firmly underlies the changeful tide of feeling1 they were antagonistic2 for he could speak calmly and with dignity of a possibility from which she shrank with a protesting tremor in every fibre of her being4 8,i am going back to my husband10 she said1 8and ,i shall never again forget that his honor and dignity are mine4 ,i have been weak and childish1 and more wicked than ,i knew or meant1 and it all came because ,i loved my husband too much and ,god too little4 ,but ,i trust0--she clasped her hands1 and lifted her eyes--8,i trust that ,i shall have strength to begin now a new life1 and correct the mistakes of the past40 ,she forgot for a moment that she was not alone1 and stood looking away1 as if there stretched before her gaze the new and loftier pathway in which she was to tread4 ,her companion gazed at her unchecked1 with searching1 melancholy eyes1 not more because she was dearer to him in her impregnable fortress of ,christian will than she ever had been in her human weakness1 than because there rose from the depths of his restless soul a cry of longing for that firm foundation and trust which can hold a man in the place where conscience sets him1 no matter how the tempests of passion may beat upon his trembling heart4 8,there is1 then1 nothing left me but to say farewell40 ,the poignant regret his voice betrayed recalled her attention4 8,it has come to that10 she said gently4 8,but if you could know all ,i mean in saying farewell to you1 it would not seem an idle word2 for ,i hope and pray that you may fare so well as to come before long into the church4 ,it is a refuge from every danger and every trouble1 and ,i have only just found it out6 ,goodby40 ,she gave him her hand1 and they separated without another word4 ,but ,bessie did not stop to look after this visitor4 ,whatever regret she might otherwise have felt was swallowed up in the one thought--it had seemed to him possible that she might leave1 not only her husband1 but her sacred1 sainted babes1 and go to him6 ,to what a depth had she fallen6 ,when she had disappeared in the house1 he strolled slowly down the road4 ,unless you had looked in his face1 you would have taken him for a man who was calmly enjoying the contemplation of nature in that forest solitude4 ,but from his face looked forth a spirit weary and hopeless that hastened not1 because it beheld nowhere a place worth making haste to reach4 ,once only the gloom of his countenance lifted1 and then it was with no cheering brightness1 but as the cloud is momentarily illuminated by angry lightning4 ,a man was coming up the road1 not such a man as one usually sees in these wild places1 but one who bore the marks of city training and habits4 ,the uniform gray clothing1 the wide ,panama hat1 even the unobtrusive necktie1 belonged to the city4 ,this man was taller and broadershouldered than he whose eyes flashed out so scornfully at sight of him4 ,his face was dark1 vivid1 and cleanshaven1 the forehead was wide1 the darkbrown hair closely cut1 the gray eyes clear and penetrating4 ,it was a face fitter to carve in stone than to paint1 for its color and expression were less noticeable than its fine1 strong outlines4 ,yet now there shone a soft and eager light over that granite strength4 ,there was a look of glad surprise1 mingled with a certain amused self chiding1 as though of one who comes back from a long and gloomy abstraction1 and finds a halfforgotten delight still waiting at his side4 ,at sight of this man1 ,james ,keene's first emotion had been one of anger1 his first impulse to meet him boldly and with scorn4 ,but scarcely had he taken one quickened step before he stopped1 with a revulsion of feeling as unsuspected as it was confounding4 ,reason as he might1 emancipate himself as he might from what he considered the superstitions of religion1 he found himself now overwhelmed with confusion4 ,he strove to call up to his mind all those arguments on which he had founded himself1 but they fell dead4 ,whether it was the instinct of a noble heart that would not betray even an enemy1 or an irradicable root of that religious faith which had been implanted in his childhood1 or the strangeness of one who for the first time acts on principles long maintained in theory1 or only a sensitive perception of the esteem in which the faithful world would hold his action1 he could not have told4 ,he only knew that1 instead of standing1 lofty and serene1 in the dawn of this new light before which superstition and oppression were to pass away1 he felt as if he were surrounded by a baleful glare from the nether fires4 ,sudden and scathing1 it caught him1 and burned his courage out like chaff4 ,in his eagerness and preoccupation1 ,john ,maynard had scarcely observed the person who approached2 and1 when the stranger turned aside into a wood path1 he gave him no further thought4 ,there was the little crooked house squinting at him out of its two windows1 with the boards he had nailed1 the chimney he had built1 the door he had hung2 there was the whole wild1 rude place1 with everything askew1 that had once seemed a paradise--that had been a paradise--to him4 ,with his hands and eyes educated1 as they were now1 to the utmost precision of outline and balance1 the sight made him laugh out2 and yet the laugh expressed as much pleasure as mockery4 ,he was taking his first holiday since he had left this house1 and everything was delightfully fresh and novel yet familiar to him4 ,he did not see the beauty that a poet or a painter would have found in that unpruned rusticity1 for he was an artist of the exact2 but the wabbly framehouse1 the reeling fences1 the road that wound irregularly1 the straggling trees that leaned away from the northwest1 made a good background against which to contemplate the trim and shining creatures of his hands1 regular to a hair's breadth1 unvarying and direct4 ,coming to the bars1 he threw himself over instead of letting them down1 and found that he had grown heavier and less lithe than he was when last he performed that feat4 ,he walked up the rocky path1 his heart beating fast as he thought of the old time1 and of the slim1 brightfaced girl he had brought there as a bride4 ,if she could stand in the doorway now1 as she was then1 and smile at him coming home1 he felt that he could be the old lover again4 ,he had a vague idea that ,bessie had grown older1 and sober1 and pale4 ,come to think of it1 he hadn't known much of her lately1 and she had been dissatisfied about something4 ,why had she allowed him to get his eyes and ears so full of machinery8 ,surely he had lost and overlooked much4 ,he had a mind to complain of her1 only that he felt so goodnatured4 ,at sound of a step1 ,aunt ,nancy went to the door2 but at that sound ,bessie took her sewing1 and bent over it4 ,had ,james ,keene repented their hasty parting8 8,does ,miss ,bessie ,ware live here80 asked the gentleman1 with immense dignity4 8,bessie ,ware80 repeated ,aunt ,nancy1 in bewilderment2 then1 as the recollection of ,bessie's confessions flashed into her mind1 she stiffened herself up1 and answered severely3 8,no1 sir1 she does not60 8,the idea of his refusing to give her her husband's name60 she thought indignantly4 8,why1 ,john60 exclaimed ,bessie1 over the old lady's shoulder4 ,aunt ,nancy gave a cry of delight4 ,she would at any time have welcomed ,john rapturously2 but his coming now made her twice glad4 ,of course he and ,bessie would make it all up4 ,the exuberance of her welcome covered1 at first1 the wife's deficiency4 ,but when the excitement was over1 and they had gone into the house1 ,bessie's coldness and embarrassment became evident4 8,i am very much surprised to see you here10 she said1 when her husband looked at her4 ,she did not pretend to be glad4 8,are you sorry80 he asked1 with a laugh4 8,i am too much astonished to be anything else10 she replied quietly4 8,what made you come80 ,john ,maynard was disappointed and mortified4 ,that for years he had met his wife's affectionate advances as coldly he did not seem aware4 ,other things had occupied his thoughts4 ,he did not recollect1 as he had not noticed at the time1 that her manner was now just what it had long been4 ,supper was over1 eaten in an absent way by the husband1 who glanced every moment at his wife4 ,he found her very lovely1 though different enough from the glad1 girlish bride who had once brightened this humble room for him4 ,he could not understand her4 ,had she no recollection of those days8 ,she did not seem to have1 indeed1 for she made no reference to them by look nor speech1 but talked rapidly1 and with an air of constraint1 of things nearer in time1 and listened with affected interest while he told the latest city news1 and the latest news of his own work2 how high the engine spouted2 of the tiny model locomotive he had built1 all silver1 and gold1 and fine steel2 of the money he expected to make by his new patent2 of an accident that had happened in his shop--a ,german organist1 with two or three others1 had come to look at his machinery1 and got his hand crushed in it1 which would put a stop to his playing4 ,bessie looked up with an expression of pain4 8,poor man60 she murmured4 8,how miserable he must be60 8,yes2 ,i was sorry for him10 the husband replied4 8,they say he cared for nothing but music4 ,his name is ,verheyden40 8,poor man60 ,bessie sighed again1 looking down4 8,those machines are always hurting some one40 8,it was his own fault10 the machinist said hastily4 8,did he suppose that the engine was going to stop when he put his forefinger on it8 ,why1 that machine would grind up an elephant1 and never mismake its face4 ,but it is the first time any one was ever hurt by a machine of mine40 ,he did not understand the glance she gave him4 ,it was not pleasant1 but what it meant he knew not4 ,she was thinking3 8,it is not the first time one has been hurt so40 ,aunt ,nancy found business elsewhere1 and left the couple to themselves4 8,i forgot you were coming away that day1 ,bessie10 her husband said hastily1 the moment they were alone4 8,i never thought of it till ,i was five miles off1 and then ,i concluded that you must have changed your mind1 or you would have told me not to go40 8,you know ,i never tell you not to go anywhere10 she replied coldly4 ,he colored4 8,but you know that ,i didn't mean to have you go to the depot alone4 ,when ,i read what you wrote to ,jamie1 ,i felt sorry enough40 ,in all the long years that were past1 how generously would she have met an apology like this6 ,how quickly would she have disclaimed all sense of injury1 and even have tried to find some fault in herself6 ,but now her heart1 with all its impulses1 seemed frozen4 ,she only gave him a glance of surprise1 and a quiet word4 8,there was no need of company1 ,i knew the way40 ,there was silence4 ,gradually1 through the deep unconsciousness and abstraction of the man1 came out incident after incident of their late life1 slight1 but significant4 ,each had seemed a detached trifle at the time1 but now as he sat there1 abashed and ill at ease1 they began to show a connection and to grow in importance4 ,it was as when1 in a thick fog1 the sailor sees dimly a black speck that may be only a floating stick1 and another1 and another1 till1 looking sharply1 as the mist grows thinner1 he finds himself caught among rocks at low tide4 ,john ,maynard tried to throw off with a laugh the weight that oppressed him4 8,come1 ,bessie1 let the late past go1 and remember only the life we lived here4 ,let's be young people again40 ,he went to her side1 bent down1 and would have kissed her1 had she not evaded his touch1 not shyly1 but with a crimson blush and a quick flash of the eyes4 8,don't talk nonsense1 ,john60 she said1 in a low voice that did not hide a haughty aversion4 8,let us speak of something sensible4 ,i have been thinking that some of our ways should be changed at home4 ,i shall begin with myself1 and attend strictly to my religion4 ,besides1 ,i am not doing rightly in allowing ,james to grow up without any discipline1 and ,i think he should be placed in a ,catholic school1 where he will be taught his duty4 ,he is quite beyond my control40 ,her morbid humility and diffidence were gone4 ,the feeling that had made her give up all rights rather than ask for them did not outlive the moment of her reconciliation with the church4 8,i am willing he should go to any school you choose10 her husband replied gravely1 impressed by the change4 8,i suppose the boy is going on rather too much as he likes4 ,do whatever you think best about it1 and ,i will see that he obeys40 ,she thanked him gently1 and continued3 8,i shall go to ,high ,mass after this1 and ,i should be glad to have you go with me1 if you are willing4 ,it would be a better example for ,james than to see you go to the shop on ,sundays4 ,he is becoming quite lawless4 ,we have no right to give our children a bad example4 ,i would be glad to have you go with me1 if you will40 ,john ,maynard's face was glowing red4 ,he felt1 gently as she spoke1 as if he were having the law read to him4 8,i am willing to go with you1 ,bessie10 he said4 8,i am not a ,catholic1 but ,i am not anything else40 ,she thanked him again1 earnestly this time1 for it was a favor he had granted her1 and she knew that he would keep his word4 8,you are good to promise that10 she said4 ,he laughed uneasily4 8,have you anything else to ask80 8,i do not think of anything10 she replied1 and there was silence4 ,the husband got up1 and went to the door4 ,the sun was sinking down the west4 ,he looked at the glow it made1 and remembered how he had seen it there in the days that were past1 how quiet and peaceful his life had been1 how much happier1 had he but known it1 than in the turmoil of later years4 ,then the days had been full of healthful employment1 the nights of rest and refreshment1 untroubled by the feverish dreams that now swarmed in his sleeping hours4 ,and what was it that had made his life so happy8 ,what had been the motive1 the delight of everything8 ,nothing but ,bessie1 always ,bessie1 his help and his reward4 ,he turned his face1 and saw her still sitting there1 her head drooping1 her hands folded in her lap4 ,those hands caught his glance4 ,they were pale and thin4 ,they looked as though she had suffered4 ,he went to her impulsively as his heart stirred1 and put his arm about her shoulder4 8,bessie1 forget the last years1 and let's be as we were in the happy old time40 ,she did not look angry2 but she withdrew herself gently from him4 8,john10 she said1 8that is too much to expect at once4 ,years of pain cannot be forgotten in a moment4 ,when you came today1 you asked if ,bessie ,ware lived here4 ,she does not4 ,the ,bessie ,ware you married is dead4 ,i scarcely know yet who or what ,i am4 ,i only know that ,i shall try to do my duty by you1 and repair some of the faults and mistakes of the past4 ,but1 ,john1 ,i must warn you that it is harder to reconcile an estranged wife than to win a bride40 ,one piercing glance1 angry and disappointed1 shot from his eyes2 then he went to the outer door4 ,he stood a moment on the threshold1 then stepped on to the greensward4 ,another pause1 and he walked slowly back through the garden1 seeming not to know whither he went4 ,aunt ,nancy1 anxiously awaiting signs of reconciliation1 saw him wander about aimlessly1 then go and lean on a fence next the woods1 his back to the house4 ,she went into the front room at once4 ,she was on ,john's side now4 8,bessie10 she said decidedly1 8you mustn't stand too much on your dignity with ,john4 ,men are stupid creatures1 and do a good many hard things without meaning or knowing2 and1 if they come round1 it isn't wise to keep them waiting too long for a kind word40 ,bessie ,maynard laid down the work she was pretending to do1 and her hands trembled4 8,i am not acting a part1 ,aunt ,nancy10 she said1 8and ,i cannot be a hypocrite4 ,i feel cold toward ,john4 ,and ,i feel displeased when he comes and kisses me1 as if he were conferring a favor1 and expects me to be happy for that4 ,i could not give up if ,i would1 ,i ought not if ,i could4 ,there is something more required than a little sweet talk40 ,a half hour passed1 and still ,john ,maynard stood motionless1 with his elbows leaning on the fence1 and his head bowed4 ,if ,bessie had seen his face1 it would have reminded her of the time when he first studied mechanics1 and became so absorbed in the one subject as to be dead to all else4 ,but there was the difference that he studied then with a vivid interest1 and now with gloomy intentness4 ,an hour passed1 and still he stood there2 and the sun was down1 and the moon beginning to show its pearly light through the fading richness of the gloaming4 ,the birds had ceased singing1 and there was no voice of wild creatures in the woods4 ,it was the hour for prayer and peacemaking4 ,john ,maynard started from his abstraction1 hearing his name spoken by some one4 8,john60 said ,bessie4 ,she had been watching him for some time from the door1 and had approached slowly1 step by step1 unheard by him4 ,he turned toward her a pale1 unsmiling face4 8,how late it is60 he said4 8,i must make haste40 ,she spoke hesitatingly1 something doubtful and wistful in her face4 8,i have been thinking that ,i might have received you better1 when you came on this long journey4 ,won't you come in now and rest8 ,i didn't mean to turn you out of the house that you made--for me40 ,he turned his eyes away4 8,and ,i've been thinking1 ,bessie1 that ,i'd better go right back again2 ,i can go down to the postoffice tonight1 and take the stage tomorrow morning40 8,you will not go60 she said4 8,i should only spoil your visit10 he went on4 8,i don't want you to begin to #8do your duty' by me just now4 ,i know1 ,bessie1 that you had a good deal to complain of2 but ,i swear to you that ,i did not mean to be hard4 ,you know ,i had twentyfive years to make up2 and ,i was always looking for better times4 ,i was so blind that ,i was fool enough to think you would be glad to see me here1 and that we could begin over again where we began first40 ,she did not answer a word4 ,there is something confounding in the sudden humiliation of a man who has always been almost contemptuously dominant4 ,he looked at his watch4 8,i must make haste1 or they will be in bed10 he said4 8,make some sort of an excuse to ,aunt ,nancy for me4 ,and when you want to come back1 let me know1 and ,i will meet you at the depot or come after you40 ,he started1 and she walked beside him down the path to the road4 ,he seemed hardly able to hold his head up4 ,she walked nearer1 and slipped her hand in his arm1 speaking softly3 8,i said a little while ago that the pain of years cannot be forgotten in a moment4 ,but ,i was wrong4 ,i think it may40 ,he looked at her quickly1 but said nothing1 and they reached the bars4 ,neither made any motion to let down the pole4 ,they leaned on it a minute in silence4 8,the fact is1 ,bessie10 the husband burst forth1 8,i've been like a man possessed by an evil spirit4 ,i'm sorry1 and that is all ,i can say40 8,no matter1 ,jack6 ,let it all go60 his wife exclaimed1 clasping her hands on his arm1 and holding it close to him4 8,you weren't to blame60 7,oh6 wonderful feminine consistency67 8,let's forget everything unpleasant1 and remember only the good4 ,how you have had to work and study1 poor1 dear ,jack6 ,you must rest now1 and never get into the old drudging way again40 ,aunt ,nancy raked up the fire1 and put down the window1 looking out now and then at the couple who leaned on the bar below4 ,each time she looked1 their forms were less distinct in the twilight4 8,that's just the way they used to do fifteen years ago10 she muttered contentedly4 ,she sat a few minutes waiting1 but they did not come in4 ,aunt ,nancy sighed and laughed too4 8,it beats all how women do change their minds10 she said4 8,i did think that ,bessie would hold out longer4 ,well1 ,i may as well go to bed40 ,byandby she heard them come into the kitchen4 8,now1 ,i shut the doors and windows1 and you rake up the fire10 ,bessie said4 8,do you remember it was always so1 ,jack80 8,of course ,i do1 little one10 was the answer4 8,but ,aunt ,nancy has got the start of us tonight40 8,aunt ,nancy60 repeated ,bessie1 in a lower voice4 8,i declare1 ,jack1 ,i forgot all about her40 8,i'll warrant you did60 says ,aunt ,nancy to herself1 rather grimly1 perhaps4 8,we will be sure to keep all our good resolutions1 won't we80 ,bessie said4 8,all right60 says ,john4 ,the door shut softly behind them1 and there were silence1 and peace1 and hope in the house that ,jack built4 ,a ,retrospect4 ,concluded4 ,nothing of interest presented itself during the reign of ,philip the ,bold1 except the council held there in #abgh4 ,in #achc1 the unfortunate ,charles ,,vi41 wearied with state troubles that he was so ill fitted to cope with1 fled in despair from the ,louvre to ,compigne4 ,but he was not to find peace here more than in the busy turmoil of the city4 ,soon after his arrival he was attacked with insanity2 at first it was considered of no moment1 the natural consequence of a violent reaction or a weak and nervous temperament2 great pains were taken to conceal the fact from the public1 but after a time the symptoms became alarming1 and it was impossible to keep the secret4 ,after the festivities which followed his illstarred marriage with ,isabeau de ,bavire1 the disease broke through all bounds2 everything seemed to conspire to exasperate it3 the assassination of ,clisson by the ,baron de ,craon1 the apparition of the phantom in the forest that seized the king's bridle and uttered the mysterious message as it disappeared1 the bal masqu when the ,duke of ,orleans inadvertently set fire to the king's ,indian costume--a skin smeared with a tarry substance and stuck all over with feathers--all these shocks1 coming at short intervals1 irritated the disordered imagination to fury1 and the attacks became frequent and ungovernable4 ,the king's illness was imputed by popular superstition to the malefices of ,valentina of ,milan1 ,duchess of ,orleans1 who1 if she lacked the power1 no doubt had strong motives for evoking the powers of darkness to destroy the king's reason1 and thereby his authority4 ,the demon which had taken possession of ,charles' brain does not seem to have invaded his heart or changed the natural goodness of his disposition4 ,he was removed from ,compigne in one of his fits of madness1 and when some years later he reentered it1 it was by force of arms2 the ,bourguignons held the place4 ,charles laid siege to it2 after a desperate resistance it surrendered1 and he entered in triumph2 nothing however could induce him to punish the rebels1 he said there was blood enough upon the ground1 and he would take no vengeance on his subjects except by forgiving them4 ,compigne was soon to be the theatre of a more momentous struggle than these rough skirmishes between ,charles and his people4 ,shortly after the mock peace signed there by ,bedford1 it was attacked by the ,duc de ,bourgogne and the ,english with ,montgomery at their head4 ,jeanne d',arc on hearing of it evinced great sorrow and alarm1 but she flew at once to the rescue1 and appeared suddenly in the midst of the king's troops1 with the oriflamme of ,s4 ,denis in one hand1 and her 8good sword of liege0 in the other4 ,the sight of her whom they looked upon as the angel of victory raised the drooping spirits of the soldiers and filled them with new ardor2 they raised a cry of victory the moment they beheld ,jeanne4 ,enguerrand de ,monstrelet1 who was an eyewitness of the siege1 describes her attitude and the conduct of the troops throughout as 8passing all heroism ever before seen in battle40 ,but1 alas6 the star of the maid of ,orleans was destined to set in darkness at the hour of its greatest splendor2 her own prediction1 so often repeated to ,charles and those around him1 8,un homme me vendra0 7,a man will betray me71 was about to be fulfilled4 ,on the #bdth of ,may1 #adbi1 there was a formidable engagement between the two armies4 ,jeanne1 at the head of hers1 performed prodigies of valor2 after a brilliant sortie in which the enemy were repulsed1 she was reentering the town by the ,boulevard du ,pont1 and had almost reached the barrier through which hundreds of her own victorious soldiers had already passed1 when1 lo6 the gates swing forward on their hinges1 and are closed against her6 ,the maiden's cry of despair as she raised her sword and stretched both arms towards the gates was echoed by a yell of fiendish joy from the enemy2 in an instant she was surrounded1 disarmed1 and taken captive by ,montgomery4 ,guillaume de ,flavy1 governor of ,compigne1 was accused of having committed this act of treachery1 bribed by ,jean de ,luxembourg4 ,if the accusation be true1 and it has never been seriously challenged1 the traitor's punishment was as fitting as it was merited2 he was immediately destituted of his office and revenues by the ,conntable de ,richemont1 and driven to hide his base head in private life1 where the ,nemesis who was to avenge ,jeanne d',arc awaited him in the shape of his wife2 she was jealous of her husband1 who1 it would seem1 fully justified the fact2 after leading him a miserable life and failing to convert him by slow torture from his evil ways1 she bribed the barber to cut his throat one morning while shaving him1 and finished the operation herself by smothering him under a pillow4 ,for many years de ,flavy's effigy was burnt regularly at ,compigne on the #bdth of ,may4 ,louis ,,xi4 was liberated from the ,english1 and came to ,compigne time enough to embitter the last days of his father1 ,charles ,,viii41 who let himself die of hunger there from terror of being poisoned by his son4 ,comines says that his dutiful son and most amiable of men was so irritated by his courtiers for mocking 8his boorish manners1 his uncouth dress1 and his taste for low folk10 that to spite them he published an edict forbidding them to hunt or touch the game in the forest of ,compigne1 a prohibition against all precedent1 nor did he ever invite them to join him there in the chase4 ,but the pretty palace open to the four winds of heaven soon grew distasteful to him1 and he forsook it for the more congenial retreat of ,plessisles,tours1 where1 surrounded by spies and quacks and a moat filled with vipers and venomous snakes1 he ended in terror and suffering a life which presents a strange mixture of shrewdness and credulity1 bonhomie and ferocity1 impiety and the grossest superstition4 ,francis ,i4 took kindly to ,compigne1 which had been deserted by his two predecessors4 ,his first act on coming there1 as king1 was to do public homage to the ,holy ,shroud4 ,louis1 ,cardinal de ,bourbon1 granduncle to the king1 and abbot of ,s4 ,corneille1 exposed it to the veneration of the king and the people amidst great ceremony and prayer of thanksgiving4 8,he took the holy relic1 and laid it on the grand altar with sentiments of great devotion and tenderness1 which he expressed by abundant tears40 ,francis added to the shrine 8twentytwo rosebuds of pure gold1 enriched with precious stones and pearls1 and attached to twenty fleursdelys of gold10 says ,cambry1 in his ,dscription de l',oise4 ,there is also a letter of ,francis' giving a nave account of the ceremony1 quoted at length in the ,histoire du ,saint ,suaire de ,compigne4 ,francis passes from the scene1 and we see 8the noble burgesses of ,compigne10 as he was fond himself of calling them1 making great stir to receive his successor1 ,henri ,,ii41 on his return from ,rheims4 ,two years more1 and there is the same merry hubbub1 and the town is in gala dress to welcome ,catherine de ,medicis on her marriage4 ,this abnormal type of a woman fell ill not long after her arrival1 and vowed that if she recovered she would send a pilgrim to ,jerusalem to give thanks for her2 he was to start from ,compigne1 and perform the journey all the way on foot1 making for every three steps forward one step backward4 ,cambry says the vicarious pilgrimage was 8faithfully executed according to the queen's vow40 ,charles ,,ix4 was only a flying visitor at ,compigne4 ,an odd story is told by ,d4 ,carlier and others as occurring there during his time4 ,a man was discovered in the forest who had been brought up by the wolves1 and taken so completely to their way of life that he had nearly turned into a wolf himself4 8,he was hairy like a wolf1 howled1 outran the hounds at the hunt1 walked on all fours1 strangled dogs1 tore and devoured them40 ,for a time he made sport for the people1 who hunted him like other game1 but having shown a propensity to deal with men as he did with dogs1 they laid a trap for him1 chained him1 and took him before the king4 ,charles1 more humane than the noble burgesses1 refused to have him killed1 but ordered him to be shorn and confined in a monastery4 8,what reflections10 navely exclaims ,d4 ,carlier1 8does not this incident suggest on the danger of bad example1 and the pernicious effects of evil society60 ,it would be interesting to hear how the novice behaved himself in his new position1 whether he developed any latent dispositions for the mystic life1 and quite left behind him the habits of his early education which had corrupted his good manners2 but of this ,d4 ,carlier says nothing4 ,henri ,,iii41 who lived at ,st4 ,cloud making omelets1 expressed a wish to be buried near the ,holy ,shroud at ,compigne1 in the church of ,s4 ,corneille2 and as soon as ,henri ,,iv4 became master of his 8good town of ,paris0 he faithfully carried out this wish4 ,owing1 however1 to the dilapidated state of the finances1 he could not do so with the proper ceremonial4 8,it was pitiful10 says ,cheverny1 in his ,memoirs1 8to see the greatest king of the earth in a chapelle ardente with only one lamp1 one chaplain belonging to the late king1 named ,la ,cesnaye1 and a few shabby cus to keep up a shabby service40 ,instead of being removed to ,s4 ,denis after a temporary rest near the ,holy ,shroud1 the body remained on in the vaults of ,s4 ,corneille1 on account of a prophecy which said that ,henri ,,iv4 would be buried eight days after ,henri ,,iii42 a prediction which was actually accomplished1 8though not10 says ,bajin1 8in a manner apprehended by the king04 ,when ,henri ,,iv4 fell by the hand of ,ravaillac1 the ,due d',epernon advised ,marie de ,medicis to have the obsequies of the late king performed before those of her husband4 ,henri ,,iv4 was therefore kept waiting till his predecessor's grave was filled4 ,the first ceremony was performed quietly1 almost in secret2 and then the 8good ,barnias0 was taken to ,s4 ,denis1 all ,france weeping and refusing to be comforted4 ,louis ,,xiii4 was attracted to ,compigne solely by the pleasures of the chase4 ,we see him watching the meet from a window giving on the ,cour d'honneur1 and whispering to the ,marchal de ,praslin1 8,you see that man down there8 ,he wants to be one of my council1 but ,i cannot make up my mind to name him40 8,that man0 was ,richelieu4 ,the words were repeated to ,marie de ,medicis1 as all her son's words seem to have been1 and she1 counting on the prelate's influence in supporting her against the king and her other enemies1 vowed that he should be named1 and so he was4 ,a few days later we see ,louis1 equipped in his hunting costume1 stride into the room of the queenmother1 and proclaim in a boistering manner1 meant to vindicate the independence of his choice1 that he 8had named the ,bishop of ,luon member of his council as secretary of state40 ,marie de ,medicis looks coolly surprised1 and bows her approval4 ,byandby we have the ,earl of ,carlisle and ,lord ,holland presenting themselves at ,compigne to solicit the hand of ,henriette of ,france for the ,prince of ,wales4 ,they are received with every mark of cordial goodwill on the part of ,louis and entertained with great splendor2 but ,richelieu looked askance on their mission2 it was his way to begin always by mistrusting an offer1 whether it came from friend or foe2 in this case his piety was alarmed for ,henriette's faith1 and he suspected ,england of some sinister design in seeking alliance with ,france4 ,louis1 however1 overruled his fears and scruples1 and the minister contented himself with taking extraordinary precautions to ensure to the princess by contract the free exercise of her religion1 stipulating that she should have in all her chateaux a chapel 8large enough to hold as many people as she pleased40 ,the marriage was celebrated by proxy at ,notre ,dame1 ,buckingham representing the ,prince of ,wales1 and from thence the court escorted the bridal party on their way as far as ,compigne4 ,louis ,,xiii41 though he made but short sojourns at the palace1 kept up close and friendly intercourse with the inhabitants1 writing to them himself when any important event took place4 ,he announced to them1 for instance1 the siege of ,rochelle1 the war with the ,spaniards1 the peace with ,england1 and many other events in which the honor and safety of the state were interested4 ,louis ,,xiv4 was only eight years old when he paid his first visit to ,compigne1 accompanied by his little brother the ,duc d',anjou and the ,queen ,regent2 they were obliged to seek hospitality from the monks of ,s4 ,corneille1 because the ,carmelite nuns were at the palace1 which had been lent to them while their monastery was being repaired1 and ,anne of ,austria would neither intrude upon them nor suffer them to be disturbed4 ,what a checkered space intervenes between this first appearance of the grand monarque at ,compigne and his last1 when we see him passing the troops in review for the amusement of ,madame de ,maintenon6 ,he stands uncovered beside her chaise porteurs and stoops down to explain the various evolutions1 while she raises three fingers of the glass to catch the explanation without letting in the cold2 the ,duchesse de ,bourgogne and the ,princesse de ,conti1 and all the train of princes and princesses1 are grouped round the poles of the ,widow ,scarron's chair1 listening respectfully while the king speaks2 but he addresses none of them4 ,louis ,,xv4 made his entry into ,compigne preceded by a troop of falconers with birds on their wrists1 and accompanied by cannon and music of fife and drum1 and every demonstration of popular joy4 ,he was just eighteen then2 his life was like the beginning of a stream1 bright and clear to its depths2 soon it was to grow troubled1 darkening and darkening as it reached its middle course1 till at last the waters ceased to flow and there was nothing but a loathsome swamp4 ,compigne was associated with the brightest and happiest incidents of his life4 ,in #agdd1 after he had commanded the army with the ,marchal de ,saxe1 taken ,ypres1 ,furnes1 and ,menin1 and performed that series of brilliant feats of arms that raised him to the rank of a demigod in the eyes of the people1 ,louis was marching to ,alsace when he was suddenly stricken down with a malignant fever and obliged to lay up at ,metz4 ,the news of his illness was received as a personal calamity all over ,france4 ,never before nor since was such a spectacle given to the world of a nation wrestling with its agony beside the deathbed of a king4 ,the churches were filled day and night1 the people weeping as if every man were trembling for a wife1 every woman for a son2 unable to control their grief they wept aloud1 8filling the streets with lamentations02 public prayers were everywhere offered up2 processions were formed in every town and village1 and a universal concert of supplication was going up to the divine mercy for the life of the king4 ,when it was known that their prayers were heard1 and that he was restored to them from the jaws of death1 the reaction was like a national frenzy4 8,the nation10 says ,bajin1 8thrilled with joy from one end to another40 ,they christened their newfound prince le bienaim and henceforth he was called by no other name2 he entered ,paris like a conqueror bringing home the spoils of half of the world2 at every step his progress was impeded by the people falling at his horses' feet and struggling to clasp the hand of their beloved2 mothers held up their babes to kiss him1 and strong men clung to his hands and covered them with kisses and tears4 ,louis1 overcome by this great tide of love that was sweeping round him from his people's heart1 was heard to repeat constantly while the tears streamed down his cheeks1 8,o mon ,dieu1 qu'il est doux d'tre aim ainsi60 7,o my ,god6 how sweet it is to be thus loved67 ,it was a manifestation the like of which history has never chronicled4 ,another not less ardent1 though on a smaller scale1 awaited the king at ,compigne4 ,the town1 deeming itself entitled to make a special family rejoicing1 invited him to a ,te ,deum to be sung in the timehonored abbey of ,s4 ,corneille4 ,the king went and joined with deep emotion in the solemn hymn of thanksgiving4 ,a monster bonfire was lighted on a hill above the town1 a rainbow of colored lamps1 stretching over an enormous space1 symbolized the fair promise of delight which had risen upon ,france1 fountains of red and white wine flowed copiously on the great ,place1 and a ball was given at night to which every inhabitant of the town was invited1 and came2 gentle and simple1 rich and poor1 old and young1 all welded by a common joy without distinction of class into one kindred4 ,the victor of ,fontenoy responded nobly to this magnificent testimony of his people's trust4 ,alas6 that he should have outlived this glorious morrow1 and turned from his brave career into a slough of selfishness and vice to become a byword to the tongues that blessed him1 and accursed of the nation that had lavished such a wealth of love upon him6 ,the title of ,bienaim1 which had been spontaneously bestowed on him by the people1 and been regularly prefixed to his name in the almanac and elsewhere1 became a butt for squibmongers1 and was applied to the king only in mockery and scorn4 ,the following is a specimen3 8,le ,bienaim de l',almanach1 ,n'est plus le ,bienaim de ,france1 ,il fait tout ob ,loc et ab ,lac4 ,le ,bienaim de l',almanach3 ,il met tout dans le mme sac1 ,la justice et la finance1 ,le bienaim de l',almanach ,n'est plus le bienaim de ,france10 etc47#aie7 ,when ,marie ,antoinette came to ,france as the bride of the ,dauphin1 it was at ,compigne that their first meeting took place4 ,louis ,quinze greeted her with the most paternal affection2 but his great1 his sole preoccupation was1 not how the ,dauphin would like his fair young bride1 or how she would take to the timid and rather awkward youth who blushed to the roots of his hair when the king1 after raising her from her knees and embracing her1 desired him to do the same1 but how this pure young creature1 who was entrusted to his fatherly care1 would receive the ,marquise du ,barry4 ,he presented her after all the other ladies of the court1 and with a trepidation of manner that he was not able to conceal2 but the incident had been foreseen and discussed at ,vienna as well as at ,compigne4 ,marie ,antoinette1 sustained by her proud but polite mother1 proved equal to the occasion2 8she showed neither hauteur nor empressement10 but met the difficulty in a manner which put the king at ease1 and impressed the court with a high sense of her tact and discretion4 ,nor was this first impression belied by her subsequent conduct2 the ,dauphine proved1 on many trying occasions1 that her good sense and judgment were a match for the nobility of her spirit and the goodness of her heart2 the busybodies who worked so diligently to embroil her in a quarrel with ,madame du ,barry were foiled by her straightforward simplicity and the dignified reserve which she maintained alike towards them and towards the favorite4 ,an instance of this occurred a few weeks after her marriage4 ,the son of one of her women of the bedchamber1 a ,madame ,thibault1 killed an officer of the king's guard in a duel2 ,madame ,thibault threw herself at ,marie ,antoinette's feet1 and besought her to implore the king for her son's pardon2 the ,dauphine promised1 and after a whole hour's supplication she obtained it4 ,full of gratitude and delight the young princess told everybody how good the king had been1 and how graciously he had granted her request2 but one of the ladies of the court1 thinking to spoil her pleasure and excite her jealousy1 informed her that ,madame ,thibault had also gone on her knees to ,madame du ,barry to intercede for her1 and that the marquise had done so4 ,marie ,antoinette1 without betraying the slightest vexation1 replied very sweetly3 8,that confirms the opinion ,i always had of ,madame ,thibault1 she is a noble woman1 and a brave mother who would stop at nothing to save her child's life2 in her place ,i would have knelt to ,zamore7#aif7 if he could have helped me40 ,charles ,v4's old chateau1 which had been patched1 and mended1 and added to till there was hardly a stone of the original building left1 was thrown down by ,louis ,quinze1 and rebuilt as we now see it4 ,it was just finished in time to receive ,louis ,seize on his accession to the throne4 ,the new king came here often to hunt1 but he seldom stayed at ,compigne1 though it was dear to him as the place where he first beheld ,marie ,antoinette4 ,when the ,revolution broke out1 ,compigne suffered like other towns2 some of its churches were destroyed1 others pillaged2 the ,carmelites1 whose convent had been the prayerful retreat of so many queens of ,france1 were imprisoned in the ,conciergerie1 after appearing before ,fouquier ,tinville on a charge of having had arms concealed in their cellars4 ,to this preposterous accusation1 ,mre ,trse de ,s4 ,augustin1 their superioress1 drawing a crucifix from her breast1 answered calmly3 8,behold our only arms6 ,they have never inspired fear but to the wicked40 ,but what did innocence avail against such judges8 ,the ,carmelites were condemned to death1 and executed at the ,barrire du ,trne4 ,they ascended the scaffold singing the ,veni ,creator1 and had just reached the last verse as the last victim laid her head on the guillotine4 ,while awaiting in prison the day of their deliverance1 those valiant daughters of ,s4 ,teresa amused themselves composing a parody on the ,marseillaise1 of which the following is a couplet3 8,livrons nos curs l'allgresse6 ,le jour de gloire est arriv2 ,le glaive sanglant est lv1 ,prparons nous la victoire2 ,sous les drapeaux d'un ,dieu mourant ,que chacun marche en conqurant2 ,courans et volons la gloire6 ,ranimons notre ardeur1 ,nos curs sont au ,seigneur3 ,montons1 ,montons1 ,a l'chafaud1 et ,dieu sera vainqueur607#aig7 ,napoleon ,i4 furnished ,compigne for his young ,austrian bride1 ,marie ,louise2 she was on her way thither when he met the carriage in the forest1 and1 jumping in1 scared her considerably by the abrupt introduction4 ,at ,compigne took place ,alexander of ,russia's famous interview with ,louis ,,xviii42 the king entered the diningroom first1 and unceremoniously seated himself2 his courtiers1 scared at the royal discourtesy1 began to murmur amongst themselves1 which1 the czar noticing1 he observed with a smile3 8,what will you8 ,the grandson of ,catherine has not quarterings enough to ride in the king's coach60 ,charles ,x4 received at ,compigne ,francis and ,isabella of ,naples1 and gave for their entertainment a hunting fte1 at which #aa wild boars1 #i young boars1 #g stags1 #ef hind1 #aj fawns1 #aa bucks1 #aad deer1 and #bj hares fell victims to the will of the royal sportsmen4 ,charles1 who was on the eve of losing a more serious and brilliant royalty 7#ahcj71 was1 by common consent1 proclaimed king of the hunt4 ,the last circumstance of note connected with ,compigne is the camps held there by ,louis ,philippe in #ahdg1 and commanded by the ,duc de ,nemours4 ,under the ,empire the chateau was inhabited for a short time by the court every autumn1 and was the centre of brilliant ftes and hospitalities4 ,the ,cross ,through ,love1 ,and ,love ,through ,the ,cross4 ,concluded4 ,the next morning he went to the ,juden,strasse before the hour of the synagogue service1 and walked up unannounced into old ,zimmermann's room4 ,as he had hoped1 so it proved--she was there1 reading the ,psalms to the old man4 ,he wondered if she remembered him1 if she had noticed him when he had stood upon the landing last ,sabbath morning4 ,zimmermann greeted him with a nod that had not much recognition in it1 but said3 8,maheleth1 give the stranger a chair4 ,mein ,herr1 this is my good little nurse40 ,holcombe bowed1 and the girl looked at him in silence for a few seconds4 8,i remember10 she then said1 8you picked up my music for me in a storm1 nearly a month ago40 8,i thought you would not have known me again10 ,holcombe stammered4 8,oh6 yes1 ,i am not forgetful4 ,you have been very good to my patient1 and ,i am very grateful1 for he has eaten more this week than he has for a whole month40 8,i think ,i heard your father was ill1 frulein80 8,oh6 he has been so for many months4 ,is your ,english friend gone80 8,yes2 he has gone home to be married4 ,i wish1 frulein1 if you could suggest anything1 ,i could be of some use1 besides bringing fruit and flowers to this house4 ,do you know1 since ,i have been in ,frankfort1 ,i have never found anything to do80 8,do you mean10 she asked very gravely1 8you wish to be of use to us80 8,i mean1 if ,i could come and sit with ,herr ,lwenberg1 and read or write for him1 while you are away2 for they tell me you are out all day1 and it must be lonely for him40 8,that is very kind of you10 she answered1 looking at him in calm wonder2 8it is true he has no society1 for the little girls hardly count40 8,has he any books80 asked ,holcombe4 8,because ,i have plenty1 and they might amuse him2 and ,i have ,english newspapers1 too1 coming in regularly4 ,does he speak ,english80 8,he understands and reads it2 but you are a stranger1 and why should we place our burdens on your shoulders80 8,oh6 you must not mind my way2 this sort of thing is a mania with me1 you know40 8,it is a mania seldom found10 croaked out the old man4 8,i think10 put in ,maheleth1 8it is time for me to leave you4 ,how can ,i thank you1 ,mr4 ,holcombe8 ,perhaps1 when you leave my friend here1 you will stop at the next landing1 and go in and see my father80 8,i will1 and you must not think ,i am in a hurry40 ,the ice thus broken1 many visits followed1 and at night1 when ,maheleth was at home1 ,henry read to the family in the little plain room that was so beautiful in his sight4 ,more than once had he again seen the girl in the cathedral1 always standing1 and separated from the worshippers1 always with that same sad1 anxious look4 ,one night1 he noticed a certain constraint in the father's and daughter's manner1 and ,lwenberg was less cordial to him than usual4 ,after that1 ,maheleth seemed yet more troubled1 and grew paler and thinner4 ,he asked old ,zimmermann if he knew of any fresh trouble in the family1 but he could learn nothing from him4 ,rachel1 who always answered the bell1 detained him one evening1 and said3 8,i would not go in tonight1 if ,i were you4 ,don't be offended1 mein ,herr40 8,why1 ,rachel1 what is the matter80 8,frulein ,lwenberg went to the ,catholic ,church last night1 and her father found it out1 and he said it was your fault40 8,well1 ,i will go in all the same2 ,i had nothing to do with it1 and my friend must not be angry with his daughter40 ,lwenberg was alone1 and the room had a tossed look about it1 very different from the cosy aspect it usually wore4 ,the invalid lay on a couch1 with a discontented expression on his dark1 thin face4 8,are you worse tonight80 gently asked ,holcombe4 8,ay1 worse indeed1 and you must add to my troubles after ,i had treated you as a son60 8,i6 ,my friend1 do you think that of me8 ,don't you know me better80 8,ah60 said the invalid irritably1 8don't try to deceive me4 ,you know ,i have nothing left to care for but my daughter1 and you have been trying to convert her4 ,i know why1 too1 but you shall not see her any more40 8,you wrong me1 ,herr ,lwenberg4 ,i have never spoken to your daughter about religion1 because ,i did not know whether it might be agreeable to her or not1 and she never started the subject40 8,you know she goes to your church80 8,yes1 ,i have seen her there several times2 she never saw me1 however1 and ,i never hinted to her that ,i had seen her40 8,you speak very fairly about it2 but ,i know how unscrupulous you ,christians can be in this matter4 ,you would think it a grand thing to convert her40 8,undoubtedly1 if ,i could do it by sheer conviction4 ,but you should know me too well to believe ,i would do it by any undue or secret influence40 8,you do not know how dear she is to me2 you do not know how her defection from our ancient faith would break my heart2 how ,i should have to renounce her for my other children's sake60 8,and how you would stain your soul with the blackest ingratitude1 ,herr ,lwenberg1 if you did60 interrupted ,henry excitedly4 8,so you think that1 do you8 ,you don't know who she is1 and how such a thing would be so unpardonable in her that no consideration could influence me4 ,i never told you before1 but she is of another blood than you are--she is the descendant of martyred rabbis1 and her race is as pure as that of the old ,machabees4 ,we are not ,germans4 ,we are ,spaniards1 and1 though ruined1 our family pride is as great as it ever was--as great1 too1 as our love for our faith40 8,how long ago was it you were ruined80 8,only a year and two months1 and ,i fell ill six months ago2 my wife died almost as soon as we came here1 and my ,maheleth has earned our daily bread1 and taught her sisters1 and managed the housekeeping1 all alone4 ,it is enough to make one curse ,god60 8,hush1 hush60 said ,holcombe4 8,you do not mean that--you know you have too many blessings to thank him for40 8,and the best and only one you are seeking to take from me40 8,i swear to you that much as ,i should wish and pray for it--for that ,i will not conceal from you--yet ,i have never influenced your child in any way40 8,you have1 because you love her40 ,henry was staggered at the suddenness of his words4 8,you cannot deny it10 continued the invalid4 8,no10 answered the young man2 8,i have no desire to deny it1 but your daughter never heard it from my lips1 and never would40 8,never would60 echoed ,lwenberg1 firing up4 8,and do you1 too1 despise her for her race--she that is as far above you as you are above your lowest peasant60 8,god forbid60 said ,henry solemnly2 8for ,i think of her as of one of whom ,i am not worthy4 ,but my faith forbids our union1 and1 love her though ,i shall to my dying day1 my love should never cross my lips to stir and wound her heart40 8,you shall see her no more2 you have seen her too much already2 if you love her1 as you say1 desist at least now40 8,do you mean that she knows--perhaps returns--my love80 8,i have said enough1 and shall not gratify your vanity4 ,but promise me you will not see her again1 and ,i will even believe that you did not try to proselytize her40 8,no2 ,i cannot promise that4 ,circumstances might arise under which it would be death to keep that promise1 and yet ,i should have no hope of inducing you to give it me back40 8,you mean she might become a ,christian80 8,even so1 as ,i pray she may40 8,and you will marry her then1 and she feels it1 and yet you pretend you use no influence60 8,i would marry her if she would not think me unworthy40 8,i need say no more4 ,you have been my friend1 and ,i thank you for your kindness2 but henceforth our paths are separate4 ,if ,i lose my child1 ,i shall know you robbed me of her4 ,i only ask you now to consider what ,i told you of our family and fortunes as a sacred confidence40 8,my friend10 said ,henry sadly1 as he rose1 8,i will obey you1 and you may consider your secret as sacred as if it were my own4 ,but remember this is your own act1 and1 if ever you wish to call on my friendship again1 my services will be as willingly yours as though this breach had never been4 ,god bless you and your daughter ,maheleth60 ,he left the room as in a dream2 ,rachel scanned his face curiously as she let him out at the crazy door4 8,so10 he thought1 8thus ends my connection with that house2 and yet ,god knows how true my intentions were4 ,i dare not seek her1 still ,i know she may need me4 ,god grant it be true that ,maheleth is a ,christian at heart60 ,unconsciously he bent his steps towards the cathedral2 a few people were collected about the confessionals4 ,the stained windows were dark and blurred in the uncertain light2 only a lamp here and there hung from the pillars4 ,perhaps his prayers were more fervent in intention than full in form1 and mechanically he watched the shrouded confessionals4 ,suddenly from behind the green curtain of one of them issued the figure of the ,jewish girl1 a calm look lighting up her features1 and her deportment altogether unlike that which he had so often and so painfully noticed4 ,her eye fell upon him instantly1 and1 far from shunning him1 gave him a long glance of recognition and sympathy4 ,she knelt for some time1 then rose and walked down the nave4 ,he followed her1 and at the entrance door she paused as if to wait for him4 8,i have seen your father1 ,frulein10 ,holcombe said1 8and he told me a great many things40 8,i hardly think he quite knows how far things have gone10 she answered gently4 8,i could give up anything for him except my soul1 and for some months ,i have known that only by becoming a ,christian could ,i save it40 8,i have often seen you in church40 8,have you1 indeed80 8,your father accuses me of converting you40 ,she blushed1 and was silent for a few minutes4 8,you have helped me by your prayers1 ,i am sure10 she said at last4 8,tell me10 he asked1 8are you a ,catholic yet80 8,no2 ,i only went into the confessional to speak to the priest2 in a few days ,i shall be baptized40 8,i have a favor to ask you--will you let me be present80 8,certainly1 it will make me very happy1 believe me40 8,do you know that1 when your father hears of it1 he will turn you out of your home80 8,he said so--did he tell you so80 8,he did1 but he could not have meant it40 8,oh6 yes10 she said sadly1 8he would do it2 he would think it a duty1 a matter of principle40 8,it would be very ungrateful40 8,ungrateful6 ,was ,i not bound to work for him who gave me life8 ,he worked hard for us1 and in the time of trouble we owed it to him40 8,but if he throws you off1 what will become of him80 8,that is the saddest part2 but ,i know ,god will take care of him40 8,remember1 ,maheleth1 that either for yourself or for him 7for your sake7 you must never hesitate to call upon me4 ,promise me that40 ,it was the first time he had called her ,maheleth4 ,she blushed and looked down1 saying3 8,you have been very generous and very kind to my father2 but surely now you have parted friendship with him80 8,no1 ,i have not1 as ,i told even him2 but1 were it not so1 for your sake it should be40 8,i have ,god to look after me1 ,herr ,holcombe40 8,but ,i want to be his instrument40 8,his ,raphael1 as you have been to us through this desert of want and poverty40 8,and will you not be my ,sarah80 he asked suddenly1 but in a soft1 low voice4 ,her whole frame shook2 then she looked up in his face1 silent4 8,i have loved you since ,i knew you10 he went on to say2 8,i mean since ,i saw you first2 but ,i never meant to tell my secret1 for you know ,i could not wed a ,jewess4 ,but now1 thank ,god6 the bar is gone1 and ,i can be happy without sin40 ,she did not answer yet4 8,have ,i deceived myself1 then80 asked the young man sadly4 8,and do you not love me1 as ,i hoped80 8,i do10 she answered1 quickly looking up4 8,god knows ,i do1 but ,i cannot marry you40 8,why1 why1 ,maheleth8 ,you torture me40 8,because it would break my father's heart1 and because it would give him reason to say ,i had changed my faith for you40 8,but how could he80 8,i could not leave him in misery1 and my little sisters alone1 and go and live in peace and earthly comfort which they could not share40 8,they are most welcome to share it1 ,maheleth40 8,you are too good1 too noble10 she said2 8but it cannot be40 8,and you love me1 you say80 8,must we not love ,god better1 dear1 dear friend8 ,henry1 do not be angry with me4 ,you will be my dear brother in the faith always40 ,holcombe was too overcome to speak4 ,she stopped and entreated him to leave her4 8,i am paining you beyond necessity10 she said2 8you will be happier and calmer if you do not see me till the day of my baptism4 ,all things are ,god's will1 and1 bitter as the trial may be1 he gives us strength to bear it1 if we look to him4 ,farewell1 ,henry40 ,he wrung her hand in silence1 and saw the drooping figure pass quickly out of sight4 ,he felt how much harder her trial was1 and how selfish his own words had been1 yet he did not try to see her again until the day of her baptism4 ,the ceremony was to take place at the cathedral1 at four in the morning4 ,the sun had just risen1 and the quiet streets were golden with his light4 ,holcombe was watching at the door4 ,she came very soon1 wrapped in a long black cloak1 looking radiant and calm1 as if nothing more could be of any consequence to her1 nor stir her heart confusedly4 ,she held out her hand to her friend with a 8,god bless you60 that left him dumb4 ,her cloak was laid on a carved bench1 and her white robe gleamed under the rainbow from the great stainedglass window above her4 ,more beautiful than ever she seemed1 and more angellike4 ,the priest poured the saving waters upon her head1 and performed all the holy mystic ceremonies of the sacrament1 and she1 as if in a heavenly trance1 followed him throughout with her eyes and her lips4 ,mass was said directly after1 and she and ,henry knelt together at the altarrails to receive the ,bread of ,angels4 ,a long time passed after ,mass1 and when at length ,maheleth1 now ,mary1 rose from her knees1 it was only to go to the distant ,ladychapel1 and there offer up a golden brooch of ,spanish workmanship1 one of the few treasures saved from the wreck of her father's fortune4 ,as she left the church1 ,henry followed her4 8,are you going home80 he asked timidly4 ,she turned her dark eyes upon him very softly1 but with no sadness in them4 8,i have no home now10 she said slowly4 8,last night ,i bade my father farewell2 ,i am going to the convent40 ,a look of terror came into ,henry's face4 8,to stay there always80 he asked4 8,as ,god wills--,i do not know10 she replied4 8,but are you not sorry about your father and sisters80 8,it was a hard trial10 she answered1 with radiant calmness in her eyes1 8but ,god has taken the sorrow out of it now40 8,and shall ,i not see you again1 now your faith is mine8 ,i saw you often when there was a gulf between us60 8,it is better you should forget me4 ,but that shall be as ,god wills2 ,i leave it to him1 and will make no arrangements40 8,thank you for that1 anyhow2 remember all ,i told you1 dear ,maheleth2 so far1 at least1 you can make me happy40 8,i will remember it always1 and bless you for it1 but ,i do not promise to act up to it40 8,never mind1 you cannot help ,god protecting you1 no matter through what instrument40 ,and with these words he left her4 ,for some weeks they did not meet1 but ,henry was busy at correspondence with his ,english agents and bankers4 ,in the meanwhile1 regular remittances arrived at ,herr ,lwenberg's house1 which he at first refused to accept1 not knowing whether they came from his daughter whom he had thrown off1 or his friend whom he had insulted1 and not wishing to be beholden to either for his daily pittance4 ,but starvation was the alternative1 and1 had not ,rachel kindly shared her meals with his children1 and sent him little inexpensive dishes now and then1 hunger would have made him yield long ago4 ,as it was1 he missed his daily sustenance sorely1 and at last1 under protest1 and promising himself prompt repayment of these loans as soon as he should be well again1 he began to use the money sent to him4 ,many a time ,holcombe came to the door to inquire after him from the goodnatured ,rachel2 and every day1 in the dusk of the evening1 came his daughter1 almost always bearing a basket that held some little delicacy4 ,one night it happened that ,henry and ,maheleth met at the door4 ,she was the first to speak4 8,you see ,i am not yet immured in my convent60 she said gayly4 8,i have to thank you so much for coming here to look after my dear father4 ,i shall be leaving ,frankfort soon1 and then there will be no one to be so good to him as you40 8,but ,i shall not leave4 ,do you really mean you are going80 8,yes2 the good nuns have got me a governess' situation somewhere in ,bohemia with ,catholics4 ,i shall go next week40 8,may ,i come and bid you goodby80 8,oh1 yes6 come on a visiting day1 ,thursday4 ,have you seen my sisters8 ,how are they looking80 8,i saw them a week ago2 they looked tired1 ,i thought40 8,oh6 they don't know how to nurse him1 and he tires them1 ,i am afraid4 ,but ,god will see to them and him too40 8,will you be able to come back here for a vacation80 8,perhaps in a year--not before40 8,your father may be well again by that time40 8,god grant it6 ,but ,i must not stay any longer now40 ,and having made some inquiries of ,rachel1 she left the house4 ,henry ,holcombe longed for ,thursday4 ,he wanted to ask leave to write to ,maheleth1 to give her news of her father1 he would say4 ,when the time arrived1 the parlor at the convent was full1 and he hardly relished making his adieus in a crowd4 ,he was relieved to find a nun come and beckon him away1 and show him into a quiet little room1 with a polished floor1 a ,munich ,madonna1 and a few plain chairs round a dark table4 ,in a few minutes1 a pleasantlooking old religious came in1 followed by ,maheleth4 ,the girl reached her hand to ,henry1 saying3 8,sister ,mary ,ambrose knows you by name very well40 ,the talk was general for a short time1 then the old nun got up and walked to the window4 8,i wanted to ask you if ,i might write to you1 ,maheleth10 said the young man1 much relieved by the prospect of a comparative ttette4 8,if you wish to do so1 by all means40 8,and you don't wish it80 he said1 in disappointment4 8,i meant it might be painful to you after all4 ,what ,i wish is of no moment40 8,maheleth1 how can you say so1 when you know ,i shall always feel for you the same love ,i do now80 8,well1 my friend1 let that pass4 ,write to me1 then2 you know your letters will be welcome40 8,i will always let you know about your father40 8,you will not always stay in ,frankfort80 8,not quite1 but ,i shall be here again this time next year40 ,she smiled and said3 8,i might not be here myself40 8,then ,i shall see you wherever you are1 and ,i shall ask you the same question you have answered once40 8,ah6 ,henry1 do not trust to accidents6 ,it may never be2 forget me1 as ,i already told you40 8,we'll not argue about it2 we will wait and see4 ,look1 ,i have brought you something10 he added1 taking a tiny velvet case from his breastpocket4 8,it is not an engagementring1 do not be afraid10 he said1 as she seemed troubled2 8it is only a souvenir1 and ,i want you to promise me to wear it for one year1 till ,i see you again4 ,after that1 you shall do as you like about keeping it4 ,you know what a rosaryring is80 he asked1 as he showed her the broad yellow band notched by tiny bubbles of gold4 8,and here is the cross laid upon it1 and the cross is of pearls1 the emblem of innocence4 ,you read what is inside now40 ,she took it and read the device on the interior rim3 8,crux per amore2 ,amor per cruce40 8,the cross through love2 ,love through the cross10 he explained4 ,she replied by kissing the ring and handing it to him1 as she said3 8,put it on my finger1 ,henry1 and only you or ,god himself shall ever draw it off40 8,you do not mean--0 8,hush6 how can you question him8 ,but ,i fear he will not call me in that way4 ,who knows1 perhaps we shall meet next year8 ,i leave my father to ,god and you40 ,the old nun came back from the window4 8,my child1 ,i am afraid ,i cannot stay any longer10 she said4 ,the girl rose1 and took ,henry's hand in both her own4 8,god bless and reward you1 my dear1 dear friend4 ,you know all ,i would say and yet cannot40 ,he kissed her hand1 and1 with an ineffable look of holy calm1 the ,jewish convert left the room1 still glancing back at him4 ,two months passed1 and ,lwenberg grew better4 ,one morning1 a large letter was brought to him1 with the ,madrid postmark4 ,he opened it hastily1 and scanned its contents4 ,the letter fell from his hands as he read1 and a dizziness came over him2 he lay back on his couch1 deadly pale4 8,is it anything bad about ,maheleth80 timidly asked little ,thamar4 8,no10 he said1 momentarily roused to anger4 ,he took up the letter again and muttered1 8,a million dollars60 ,the children thought he was worse1 and looked on with scared faces4 ,the letter was from a banker at ,madrid1 saying that he was authorized by a person deeply in ,seor ,cristalar's debt1 but who wished to remain nameless1 to apprise him of a certain sum1 a million dollars1 lying in ready money at his command in ,hauptmann's bank at ,frankfort4 ,the person had long been wishing to make this restitution1 but had not till now been able to ascertain his hidingplace4 ,the invalid was in a fever2 he could not help thinking of the young ,christian he had spurned1 yet he tried to persuade himself it was not he1 but the man to whose knavery he had owed his total ruin4 ,several days passed1 and at last he wrote to ,holcombe at the hotel he had been staying at4 ,in ambiguous terms1 he spoke of a generous service undeserved by him1 and of his desire to see him1 if only once4 ,but the ,englishman was gone and had left no address4 ,he then wrote to his ,madrid correspondent1 urging him to try and discover the person from whom the money had been sent2 but the banker wrote word that the whole transaction had been kept very secret1 and that1 before it had become known to him1 it had passed through so many hands that it was impossible to find out the first person concerned4 ,there was a hint of some ,american bank connected with it1 and the money had been originally paid down in ,american gold2 but beyond this there was no clue4 ,cristalar thought the ,spanish banker had been probably bribed to keep silence1 and a few more weeks sped by without his taking any active measures about his newlyfound wealth4 ,he received and acknowledged a letter of advice from ,hauptmann's bank1 telling him of the sum at his disposal1 and ,hauptmann himself came to call upon him and offer him his congratulations4 ,the ,spaniard1 who still called himself by his ,german name1 received the visit of his former employer as a mere conventional act of courtesy1 and seemed in no wise elated by the sudden goodfortune he was being congratulated upon4 ,he did not change his lodgings1 but he hired a servant1 and sent his daughters to the best ,jewish school in the town4 ,as soon as he got well1 which was by rapid degrees1 after he had received the letter that once more made him a millionaire1 he left his children in charge of ,rachel1 and proceeded to ,london1 where he advertised daily for information of ,henry ,holcombe4 ,the weekly supplies in small sums had never discontinued1 but he felt assured that1 notwithstanding all these blinds1 he could not be mistaken as to the name of his benefactor4 ,meanwhile1 ,maheleth in her ,bohemian home heard from ,rachel of her father's fortune1 his restoration to health1 and his journey to ,england4 ,she1 too1 wrote to ,henry1 and asked him to tell her if it were he that had thus returned good for evil4 ,he simply said in reply that he was free to do as he liked with his money1 and that he thought ,seor ,cristalar knew better how to use it than he did4 ,summer came again1 and with it ,henry ,holcombe2 the old ,juden,strasse was once more before him1 and then he learnt that ,herr ,lwenberg had gone three months ago to ,madrid4 ,he had been travelling in ,italy and ,greece1 and had never gone home to his old ,english countryhouse1 which now was let to good and steady tenants4 ,he went to the convent2 she was not there1 but they expected her4 ,so there was nothing for it but to go and chat with ,rachel and old ,zimmermann about old times and old friends4 ,a week later he called again at the convent1 and the portress told him to wait4 ,in the same little parlor1 unchanged and clean1 he waited for a quarter of an hour1 hoping and dreading to see ,maheleth4 ,she came in this time alone4 ,he took her hand in his1 and looked a hungry look into her eyes4 ,she said to him1 smiling3 8,do you see ,i have kept my promise8 ,i have the dear ring on my finger1 and every day ,i have said the rosary with it for you4 ,and now1 you know1 ,i must thank you40 8,i cannot bear it2 don't1 for my sake1 ,maheleth6 ,have you heard from your father80 8,no2 he never will write1 ,i knew that2 but ,i have heard of him2 he is in ,spain4 ,he will begin again as a banker1 ,i feel sure1 and never rest till he has repaid you40 8,i don't want to be repaid1 except with interest1 and you know it is not from him ,i can ask that4 ,do you remember that ,i was to ask you the same question ,i asked once already80 8,yes1 ,henry1 but think what you are doing40 8,i shall ask it first1 and then think40 8,well1 ,henry1 if ,i should say that1 ,i will answer it as you wish1 provided you can gain my father's consent80 ,the young man looked blank4 8,i believe that is what ,god would wish me to do1 ,henry4 ,my father has no further need of me1 and he or ,i owe you a debt of gratitude we can never pay2 yet ,i should like his distinct permission1 if ,i could have it1 and you can obtain it more easily than ,i can40 8,i shall not rest till it be done10 said ,holcombe excitedly4 8,shall ,i write to him8 ,maheleth1 you have had #8,crux per amore'2 now ,god will give us #8,amor per cruce4' 0 ,he wrote that very day to ,madrid1 asking the hand of his daughter from the wealthy ,jewish banker1 and pleading as hard as though he were some poor outcast1 with never a roof to his head1 begging for the favor of a royal maiden's love4 ,cristalar was overjoyed at knowing at last where to find the man he owed health and fortune to1 and1 instead of a letter1 he sent a telegram to say he would be in ,frankfort in a week4 ,henry took the telegram to the convent2 ,maheleth turned very pale as she read it4 8,it is all right1 surely1 darling1 is it not80 asked ,holcombe4 8,i have never seen him since the eve of my baptism40 8,and10 interrupted the young man1 8please ,god1 you will see him again the eve of our marriage40 ,she hid her face in her hands4 8,god grant it60 she murmured1 under her breath4 ,ephraim ,cristalar1 for he called himself by his own name now1 went to the hotel where ,holcombe used to live1 and inquired for the young ,englishman4 ,he had not long to wait4 8,mr4 ,holcombe60 he exclaimed1 as he caught him in his arms1 8,i cannot speak to you--you are master of all ,i am and have2 can you but forgive me1 say80 8,my friend and father60 replied ,holcombe1 8you must not give way like this6 ,i only asked you a simple question1 a great favor1 it is true1 but that is all we have to speak of40 8,oh6 ,i know better than that1 ,henry4 ,what have you to ask of me1 when all ,i have is yours80 8,there is one thing ,i want1 you know what2 and my only other request is that you will see your daughter40 ,cristalar drew back4 8,she is yours1 ,henry ,holcombe10 he said solemnly1 8as far as she is mine to give2 but she is an alien to my faith1 and to my home40 8,no1 no1 it must not1 shall not be4 ,remember how she fed you1 worked for you1 brought up your little ones1 and sent you the little she earned1 even though you had cast her off40 8,it is cruel1 ,holcombe1 to remind me of that10 said ,cristalar reproachfully4 8,perhaps as your wife ,i may see her--as the wife of my benefactor1 not as my daughter40 8,i want to take her from your hands4 ,and think how she has wearied for you all this time60 8,i know--and do you think ,i have not missed her8 ,i have only half lived since she left me2 and ,i love her beyond description even yet1 but that is an unhallowed love40 8,say1 rather1 an unnatural delusion2 ,i mean your refusal to see her4 ,you will1 for my sake1 for your soninlaw's sake80 8,leave me now1 ,henry1 ,i must think40 ,need we tell the end8 ,how his better nature triumphed2 how prosperity had softened his heart1 and gratitude had bent his pride2 how at last his father's love could stand no longer the knowledge of his child's great sorrow2 and how ,henry's prophecy that ,maheleth should see her father on the eve of her marriage was anticipated by many weeks8 ,her sisters and ,seor ,cristalar accompanied her to the cathedral1 and1 after the ceremony1 the banker put into the hands of the officiating priest a check for #aj1jjj for the ,catholic poor of ,frankfort4 ,holcombe ,house was made ready soon after for the bride's reception1 and ,seor ,cristalar established a branch bank in ,london1 of which his sonin law was partner and responsible head4 ,in a very few years1 the ,holcombe income was the same it had been before the appalling drain the agents had spoken of1 when the young possessor had drawn the #ajj1jjj of ready money left him by his father1 and added to it an equal sum raised on the estate4 ,the old ,spaniard could never be induced to abandon the faith that was as much a part of his family pride as of the tradition of his race2 but ,thamar and ,agar1 ,maheleth's two sisters1 were baptized two years after the marriage1 under the names of ,elizabeth and ,magdalen1 and1 when they in their turn married into noble ,english houses1 their father certainly showed no sign of disapproval of their change of religion1 in the princely fortunes he allotted to each4 ,europe's ,angels4 ,it was night1 and the old year was passing away4 ,the angels had sung their anniversary strains of gladness1 and had announced anew the coming of the ,prince of ,peace1 only a week ago1 yet there was a solemn silence now in their serried ranks1 as they pressed around a group of their representatives4 ,i can hardly tell you where this was1 or whether it was 8in the body or out of the body0 that ,i fancied ,i saw the glorious vision2 ,i only know that it seemed as if infinite space were around them1 and an amphitheatre of angelic faces1 like living stones1 were making a barrier between them and space1 as the rainbow does between clouds4 ,there were many of those whom ,i have called representatives1 and each bore some strange emblem1 which ,i understood to be the badge of the nation over which he was set4 ,around each stood a host similarly distinguished1 the guardian angels of each individual soul composing the nation4 ,there was an awful stillness on this the last night of the year1 as the conclave of angels sat brooding over the events of the immediate past4 ,a few1 more prominent among their brethren1 presently stood forward1 while a figure of marvellous beauty1 but calm austerity of aspect1 presented a book to them1 which it supported as a deacon against its head4 ,the book was closely written on one side1 while the opposite page was blank4 ,an angel1 crowned with an iron crown1 and robed in a wonderful garment of deep azure17#aih7 curiously wrought in gold with stars and signs of lore and art1 such as only one land in ,europe can boast of being able to interpret1 taking a pen in his hand1 spoke to the assembled multitude4 8,brethren10 he said1 in a deep1 musical voice whose tones indicated both gravity and conscious strength1 8before ,i write my brief record of the year we have now added to our experience1 let me speak to you1 as fellow watchers over our ,god's earthly treasures4 ,my trust has been a bitter and a heavy one1 yet withal a glorious vindication of faith and truth4 ,we have risen among nations like a comet that for a moment eclipses the steadier and more lasting glory of the older planets1 but in our course there were obstacles which have now become almost the monument of martyrs4 ,unmindful of the lionhearted men to whom ,wilfrid1 and ,boniface1 and ,lioba preached1 and of whom the strongest bulwark of intellectual faith was built by their later and more national saints1 our new rulers have sought to renew the persecutions of the ,x,v,ith century1 and the absolutism of a ,state ,church4 ,but our ,god1 the #8dear ,god'7#aii7 of our people1 knew how to raise up defenders for himself in the fearless pastors of his flock2 knew how to inspire them with a bravery that scorned imprisonment and laughed at death1 that made them raise their voices against presumptuous and intrusive authority on the one hand1 and barefaced heresy on the other4 ,we have triumphed in persecution2 we have reechoed the non possumus of our earthly father and ,pontiff2 we have shown to our ,god the will of martyrs after having displayed before our sovereign the deeds of patriots4 ,he thought to weld a mighty nation into one empire2 he has riven it in twain in his unblest attempt1 and has called up against his puny military power the anger of that ,god who1 on the shores of the ,red ,sea1 did punish ,pharaoh and his host4 #8,who is like to thee1 among the strong1 ,o ,lord8 ,who is like to thee1 glorious in holiness1 terrible and worthy of praise1 doing wonders8' 07#bjj7 ,those that wore robes like that of the mighty angel who had spoken took up his last triumphant words1 and chanted them forth in two alternate choirs1 and the voice that came from this host of choristers seemed like the voice of the sea thundering amid caves and rocks4 ,it surged up and died away in long reverberating echoes1 a hymn of strength and defiance1 a prophecy of a magnificent and almost endless future4 ,then the angel who had spoken wrote a few words in the book1 and1 turning1 presented the pen to one who stood close beside him1 tall1 stately1 and calm1 in white raiment1 with the historical fleurdelis broidered thickly over his robe4 ,on his brows shone the same emblem1 wrought in gold and pearls1 while in his left hand he held a flamecolored standard1 the oriflamme of the ,crusades4 8,my brethren10 he began1 8this year has been a silent one compared with its last two predecessors2 but none the less a year of sacrifice1 of heroic expiation1 of patient humility of spirit4 ,we have lived amid perils as deep as religious persecutions2 amid the perils of a civilization that is unchristian1 and of refinements worse than heathen4 ,the worship of the false gods has come back1 and we are surrounded with a corruption as terrible as that of imperial ,rome or effeminate ,byzantium4 ,our name is no longer supreme1 our escutcheon no longer unstained1 our sword is broken in the hands of others1 our missions are unprotected1 and our influence no longer paramount among barbarians and plunderers1 and still our corruption flourishes as unblushingly and undauntedly as ever1 and our rivals1 nay1 our very captors1 come to learn it at our feet4 ,this is now our shameful supremacy2 but1 in the midst of these ,capuan revels1 is there still a hope for the nation8 ,yes1 my brethren1 the same hope that our glorious iron crowned compeer has told us was his hope--the church1 the faith1 the truth4 ,if our rulers1 like those of our whilom foes1 forget the ,christian heroes whom we call our forefathers1 the men who at the field of ,tolbiac vowed our nation to the ,god of armies1 and in a thousand fields in ,palestine1 ,syria1 and ,egypt redeemed that holy vow1 we do not and cannot forget it4 ,sons and daughters of the ,crusaders1 heirs and heiresses of the ,kings of ,jerusalem and the ,knights of ,rhodes and ,malta1 many of our nation are now in the holier army1 the holier knighthood of religion2 their habit is their coat of mail1 their swift prayers and their swifter sacrifices are their battleaxes1 their spears1 their maces2 in every land they are fighting the battle of their own1 in every breach defending the honor of their fallen country4 ,all eyes are still upon their acts2 their land1 like a magnet1 compels the glance of ,europe and the world4 ,the saviours who are working hiddenly at the regeneration of #8the eldest daughter of the church' are of no party1 own no secret master1 work for no wages1 and seek no reward2 they are soldiers of the cross1 children of ,god1 who1 in the hospitals1 the prisons1 the galleys1 the schools1 the ,chinese stations1 the ,canadian missions1 the cloistered monasteries1 under the names of ,sisters of ,charity1 ,order of ,preachers1 ,missions ,etrangres1 ,christian ,brothers1 ,benedictines of ,solesmes1 ,jesuits1 and ,sulpiciens1 work for ,god1 in ,god1 with ,god4 #8,seek ye therefore first the kingdom of ,god1 and his justice1 and all these things shall be added unto you4' 07#bja7 ,the choir of whiterobed angels that clustered round the one who had ceased speaking took up the grave refrain1 and chanted it as their brethren had done before1 and the song swelled majestically as it seemed to reach the uttermost bounds of the living barrier of angel faces round the central groups4 ,ere yet it had subsided1 the last of the heavenly speakers wrote his record in the book1 and gave the pen into the hand of a third angel who stood in grave expectancy by his side4 ,this one was tall and stalwartlooking1 a warriorangel1 one would involuntarily be sure to think1 yet his long trailing robe of crimson was woven not with dragons or golden leopards1 but with miniature cathedrals1 abbeys1 and priories4 ,the heaviness of this golden embroidery seemed to drag the garment into yet more statuesque folds1 as the mighty wearer drew himself slowly up and took the pen1 letting go1 as he did so1 his hold upon a silver shield bearing a bloodred cross4 ,his fair waving locks were uncrowned1 and he bent his head towards the two who had spoken before4 8,my brethren10 he began1 and his voice sounded clear and clarionlike1 8you have each of you sought in the continuation of the traditions of the past a pledge of the regeneration and safety of the future4 ,i1 too1 looked to the early past for the golden age ,i would fain see revived among us1 but1 unlike you1 it is neither persecution nor bloodshed that ,i have to record4 ,our nation is not eclipsed in power or in influence2 and although our rulers are hardly worthy of their chivalric forerunners1 yet there are yet among them some who are heirs to their fathers' greatness of soul1 though not to the integrity of their faith4 ,still1 our race has kept more unblemished than others that reverence for authority without which no faith is sure1 no empire stable4 ,our life flows more calmly on in our islandhome than does the troubled stream of our brethren's days beyond the sea4 ,still1 amid benefits without number1 amid the march of science and the progress of art1 things that in exchange for the ancient gift of faith our second fatherland every day gives us in return1 we have one fruitful source of dread and danger--the sordid love of gain which makes our people restless during life1 and leaves them hopeless in death4 ,to strive against this demon of the air--for we seem to breathe his spirit in the very atmosphere--is the constant endeavor of my being4 ,to knit art to ,god as it was joined to him in the olden days1 to put honor before wealth1 and conscience before success1 to raise principle triumphant over interest1 is my daily1 necessary1 but most wearisome task4 ,many voices erstwhile charmed our nation--that of the warrior1 the bard1 the monk2 the voice of glory1 the voice of learning1 the voice of holy love4 ,now one cry alone harshly calls our children together--the cry of gain4 ,our country has forgotten its ancient fanes of learning1 its island monasteries1 its townlike abbeys1 its glorious cathedrals1 colleges1 libraries1 and halls1 it has forgotten its tournaments of science1 its chants1 its liturgies1 even its earthly pageants1 and has run after the abject golden calf of these latter days4 ,not the poor alone1 but the noble and great have with less excuse come down into the new arena1 and lowered themselves to the level of moneyseekers1 till the chivalry of our race has become a forgotten dream1 a talisman that has lost its charm1 a thing as out of date as a crowded abbey with its holy pomps of daily service would be among the darkened1 busy streets of a modern goldcoining city4 ,and yet in many a nook1 in many an obscure street of a little town1 in many a shady1 peaceful country home1 are rising the fair progeny of our statelier fanes of old1 and beneath groined roofs and before carved altars rise prayers as beautiful and as divers as the trefoils and roses on capital and pillar4 ,in prayer1 whether petrified into fair churches standing for ever1 or moulded into golden altarplate rich with chasing and with gems1 or flying straight to ,god's feet in ardent1 winged words of love1 we place our last hope1 the hope of the only true conversion our land can ever know2 for #8there is a success in evil things to a man without discipline1 and there is a finding that turneth to loss4' 07#bjb7 ,here a countless host of angels1 as gravely radiant1 yet with the same solemn shade of sadness in their aspect1 as the last speaker1 took up his parting words1 and chanted them slowly4 ,i thought they caught unconsciously the ring of the holy words chanted so often through the ages of faith1 in that land of cathedrals and cloisters4 ,indeed1 the angel choir and their stately leader seemed none other than monastic champions turned into bright heavenly spirits1 so akin is everything in that isle to the claustral ideal from which sprang its life--civil1 collegiate1 ecclesiastical1 feudal1 and social4 ,as the chanted dirge grew less and less distinct1 another angel advanced to take the pen his predecessor had just laid in the folds of the book1 after having written his year's record within4 ,this one had stood so far in the background as to have escaped my awed notice until now4 ,he wore a long1 looselyfalling robe of black1 and bowed his head as if in grief2 his hands were clasped1 and a golden and a silver key were held between his fingers2 in his step there was no elasticity1 and in his eye no gladness4 ,all those who followed him seemed equally sorrowful1 but soon ,i heard why it was1 and no longer marvelled at it4 8,brethren10 he said1 in mournful tones1 8brethren of all climes1 who once envied me my proud position of warden over the land which holds the father of all ,christians1 envy me no longer the sad honors ,i must yet bear4 ,when ,i look at my nation1 ,i can see nothing through my tears4 ,once ,i saw treasures of art and beauty2 ,i can take pride in them no longer4 ,i saw fair landscapes1 the envy of the world1 the garden of ,europe1 the beautiful ,god'sacre of a past of heroic deeds1 buried in honorable oblivion as the seedlings of a more glorious crop of ,christian heroism--,i can take pleasure in these no more4 ,i saw a people mild1 inoffensive1 believing1 loving2 now ,i see them corrupted1 deluded1 led away1 and turned into furies4 ,i saw churches gorgeous with the many gifts of fervent piety and grateful wealth2 ,i see ruins now1 sacrilegiously used for godless purposes1 in derision and contempt of their lofty dedication4 ,i saw one city1 the jewel of the universe1 the city of sanctuary and refuge1 where faith reigned1 and grief was comforted1 and weakness was made strength2 a #8city of the soul1' where ,god held court mid thousands of earthly angels1 and where he found again the mingled worship of the mysterious ,hebrew temple and of the holy1 silent house of ,nazareth4 ,but now1 brethren1 rude men have scattered our treasures1 profaned our churches1 seized our cloisters1 driven away learning and charity to put lewdness and brutality in their place1 and have renewed1 with far more blasphemous intention1 the horrors of the barbaric invasions4 ,i see the father of the faithful with the crown of martyrdom surmounting his tiara1 waiting1 like the ,ecce ,homo eighteen hundred years ago1 the final verdict of an infuriate mob1 while other nations1 ,pilatelike1 wash their hands of the sacred1 helpless charge it were their first duty to defend4 ,my brethren1 weep with me1 weep for me1 and yet rejoice2 #8for the ,lord will not cast off for ever4'7#bjc7 #8,and in that day the deaf shall hear the words of the book1 and out of darkness and obscurity the eyes of the blind shall see4' 07#bjd7 ,many were the eager voices that took up the words of hope and sang them with a fervor which only guardian spirits can know4 ,as the strain swelled and spread1 then fell into a gentle murmur1 as if the singers were loth to leave off the prayer of faith and hope1 the angel had written his short record for the passing year1 and looked around to welcome his next successor4 ,there was a pause1 and among the angelic conclave a swaying to and fro denoted that some suppressed feeling was at work4 ,those who had spoken stood apart in a conspicuous group1 conferring among themselves2 but ,i looked with awe and interest at those who had hitherto been silent4 ,the old year's span was very short now4 ,on earth the snow was falling1 preparing a fitting shroud for the departing guest1 and a fitting cradle for the coming stranger2 there were revellers in many houses1 heedless sleepers in more1 and watchers in only a few2 there were monastic choirs filing into silent churches for the coming office of matins2 and there were also miserable outcasts1 some voluntary slaves of the world1 others unwilling watchers1 povertystricken1 hungersmitten1 desperately tempted creatures who might murmur at and even curse their fate1 yet would not begin the year by breaking ,god's commandments2 there were many sinners doing penance1 many happy deathbeds1 many freed souls rushing on the wings of longrepressed desire towards the goal that weary years of purgatory had hardly hidden from their longing gaze2 and well might the angelic host thrill with holy delight as all these sights and sounds struck upon their consciousness4 ,the good surely outweighed the bad6 ,just then an angel stepped from among the hitherto silent throng--an angel with a face full of suffering1 sweetness1 and patience1 yet withal a look of something deeper and stronger than mere patience2 and his black robe was sown with silver stars1 while a star glittered also on his forehead4 ,in quick accents1 full of strength1 he addressed his companions1 holding the pen in his hand4 8,brethren60 he said1 8the march of events1 as the world calls it1 has passed over and by our nation1 but in ,god's eyes we are not so soon forgotten4 ,the civilizer of ,eastern ,europe1 the bulwark of ,christianity against the ,moslem faith1 we have nevertheless suffered by the hands of ,christian princess and been annihilated in the name of civilization4 ,a martyrnation1 a victim to false diplomacy1 we stand in ,europe with the chains still about our feet1 while empires change hands and dynasties come and go2 exiled and dispersed like the ,hebrews of old1 we are known1 like them1 by our indomitable faith and ever hopeful patriotism4 ,within this year1 a gigantic empire has manacled us more cruelly1 gagged us more closely1 than before1 but we are steadfast yet1 for #8blessed are they that suffer persecution for justice' sake1 for theirs is the kingdom of heaven4' 07#bje7 ,the words were caught up and reechoed by the angel throng around their starcrowned leader1 while he wrote the brief record of another year's bitter wrongs still so heroically and silently borne4 ,he passed the pen to another clothed in purple1 who looked at him with angelic sympathy before he spoke4 ,his voice was still and low1 but clear as a silver bell4 8,my brethren10 he said1 8my task is hard and dreary2 a mist of prejudice hangs over those vast steppes which form my dominions2 a false civilization educates our nobles to a pitch of unnatural and seeming polish in which all truth is killed1 and all natural kindness crushed2 like the apples of the ,dead ,sea1 our country is fair to the eye of the world1 but ashes to the taste of ,god4 ,we have all to hope1 it is true1 but much to fear2 and1 while the desolate semblance of the true faith spreads its outward and deceptive gorgeousness before the barren and fettered nation1 the souls of our brethren perish of thirst1 as it were1 within sight of the ,fountain of ,life4 ,brethren1 pray for my unhappy charge1 and thou1 ,o ,god6 enlighten my people6 #8,how incomprehensible are thy judgments1 and how unsearchable thy ways6' 07#bjf7 ,the purplerobed choir around him took up the angel's last words1 and slowly chanted them1 as if in awe and expectation1 while their leader wrote a few brief words in the book4 ,another came forward1 gathering his golden robe together1 the hem of which was broidered with figures of ships and charts1 somewhat faded now1 but this was redeemed by the effulgent brightness of the scroll he held on his outstretched hand a scroll bearing the divine motto1 ,ad majorem ,dei gloriam4 ,looking swiftly around1 he began thus3 8,my brethren1 my provinces are narrowed and my nation lessened since her ships explored the ocean1 her fleet sent forth armadas1 and her leaders conquered new continents1 but the spirit of the missionary and the martyr has not followed that of the less successful and less lasting investigator4 ,chivalry still lives in the land of the ,cid1 and fires the hearts in whose veins flows the blood of the ,crusaders of ,granada4 ,saints took up the warrior's shield1 and won their spurs in distant1 dangerous services1 till the names of ,xavier1 ,loyola1 ,gaudia1 and ,teresa became the household words of a whole universe4 ,unbelief has poisoned our present position1 and for our sins we have suffered dire misfortune and perennial disturbance4 ,still1 our people are unchanged2 faithfully the sons of the ,visigoth martyrs keep the trust of their fathers1 and1 secure amid their mountain fastnesses1 within the last year have raised the standard of the cross wreathed with the golden lilies of a national and wellbeloved dynasty4 ,we have had triumphs of the soul and heroic deeds of patriotic daring mingled together in the annals of our peasant soldiers2 the spirit of another ,vende has spoken to our nation2 and ,god has rejoiced to find at last a human bulwark against human unbelief4 #8,judge me1 ,o ,god1 and distinguish my cause from the nation that is not holy2 deliver me from the unjust and deceitful man4' 07#bjg7 ,and while the angel wrote his record in the book1 his followers echoed his last words in tones of mingled triumph and supplication1 chanting them1 as all the others had done before them1 in two alternate choirs4 ,and now there was again a pause1 while the first groups of angels who had spoken drew closer to the book1 and gazed at the last records written in it4 ,one more representative came forward1 an angel robed in softest green1 and bearing a harp in his hand4 ,turning to the west1 he spoke in a voice full of deep emotion3 8,my brethren1 ,i look towards the sea1 and gaze at the land of the setting sun4 ,i see my people spreading over the earth1 so that ,i have more children in faraway lands than on my own soil4 ,i see them1 the pioneer nation of whom ,brendan was the first leader1 planting the cross and the shamrock in unfailing union1 wherever they go4 ,long ages of suffering have not reft them of the gift of faith1 the treasure of art1 or the strength of enterprise2 their arm hath upreared every throne and stayed every altar2 their women make a ,nazareth of every home and a tabernacle of every hovel2 their race links two worlds1 that of the past and that of the future1 that of culture and civilization1 to that of enterprise and freedom4 ,i look with pride on the ocean darkened by the barks of my people1 and forget1 as ,i look1 to sigh over the ruined fanes and dismantled castles of old4 ,children of impulse1 they carry their home in their hearts1 and make another ,erin round every cross they plant4 ,sea kings1 but ,christians1 they take from the ,norsemen their daring1 and from their own isle its poetry1 and1 blending the two1 bear the highest gifts of the ,old ,world to be the heirlooms of the ,new4 ,to my nation may it well and fittingly be said1 #8,they went out from thee on foot1 and were led by the enemies3 but the ,lord will bring them to thee exalted with honor as children of the kingdom4' 07#bjh7 ,these prophetic words were caught up by the numerous followers of the greenrobed angel1 and rang now in grand and now in softened cadence through the boundless field of space that encircled the heavenly throng4 ,as the tones died away1 the angel wrote his record in the book1 and the bells of earth sounded faintly in the still air4 ,the old year was passing away1 and the angels in silence gathered round the book4 ,as the last stroke of midnight was heard1 the bearer of it turned the leaf1 presenting a surface fair and smooth as the petal of a lily1 and the whole company of blessed spirits intoned the ,veni ,creator4 ,i heard as it were in a dream1 and saw forms of light and beauty disperse like the fleecy clouds of morning1 till the singing died away in faraway corners of our old1 prosaic1 yet blessed earth4 ,the songs of heaven were carried into the uttermost recesses where earthly misery was keenest and earthly revelry loudest on that fateful night2 and1 as its echoes passed over them1 the misery grew strangely bearable1 the revelry was unaccountably hushed4 ,everywhere the newborn year came in with a blessing and a promise1 reverently gathering its predecessor's lessons even while mourning its inevitable shortcomings2 and so once more1 according to the patience of ,god1 his ministers went forth to clear for every man a new field where1 past errors being forgotten1 he might renew his struggle in the battle of life1 and retrieve himself in the eyes of infinite purity and infinite justice4 ,such was the beautiful death of the old year #ahgb4 ,the ,nativity ,of ,christe4 ,behould the ,father is ,his daughter's ,sonne1 ,the bird that built the nest is hatched therein1 ,the ,old of ,yeares an hower hath not outrunne1 ,eternall life to live doth now beginnn1 ,the ,word is dumm1 the ,mirth of heaven doth weepe1 ,mighte feeble is1 and ,force doth fayntely creepe4 ,o dyinge soules6 behould your living ,spring6 ,o dazeled eyes6 behould your ,sunne of grace6 ,dull eares1 attend what word this ,word doth bringe6 ,upp1 heavy hartes1 with joye your joy embrace6 ,from death1 from darke1 from deaphnesse1 from despayres1 ,this ,life1 this ,light1 this ,worde1 this ,joy repaires4 ,gift better than ,himself ,god doth not knowe1 ,gift better than his ,god no man can see2 ,this gift doth here the giver given bestowe1 ,gift to this gift lett ech receiver bee3 ,god is my gift1 ,himself ,he freely gave me1 ,god's gift am ,i1 and none but ,god shall have me4 ,man altred was by synne from man to best2 ,beste's food is haye1 haye is all mortal fleshe2 ,now ,god is fleshe1 and lyes in maunger prest1 ,as haye the brutest synner to refreshe3 ,o happy fielde wherein this foder grewe1 ,whose taste doth us from beastes to men renewe6 ,,southwell4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,from ,the ,german ,of ,conrad ,von ,bolanden4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,continued4 ,once more the bell of the chairman was heard amid the tumult4 8,mr4 ,seicht1 officer of the crown1 will now address the meeting10 ,schwefel announced4 ,the audience were seized with amazement1 and not without a cause4 ,a dignitary of a higher order1 a member of the administration1 ascended the pulpit for the purpose of making an assault upon ,christian education4 ,he was about to make war upon morals and faith1 the true supports of every solid government1 the sources of the moral sentiment and of the prosperity of human society4 ,a remnant of honesty and a lingering sense of justice may have raised a protest in ,seicht's mind against his undertaking2 for his bearing was anything but selfpossessed1 and he had the appearance of a wretch that was being goaded on by an evil spirit4 ,besides1 he had the habit peculiar to bureaucrats of speaking in harsh1 snarling tones4 ,seicht was conscious of these peculiarities of his bureaucratic nature1 and labored to overcome them4 ,the effort imparted to his delivery an air of constraint and a sickening sweetness which were climaxed by the fearfully involved style in which his speech was clothed4 8,gentlemen10 said ,seicht1 8in view of present circumstances1 and in consideration of the requirements of culture whose spirit is incompatible with antiquated conditions1 popular education1 which in connection with domestic training is the foundation of the future citizen1 must also undergo such changes as will bring it into harmony with modern enlightened sentiment2 and this is the more necessary as the provisions of the law1 which progress in its enlightenment and clearness of perception cannot refuse to recognize as a fit model for the imitation of a party dangerous to the state--,i mean the party of ,jesuitism and ultramontanism--allow untrammelled scope for the reformation of the school system1 provided the proper clauses of the law and the ordinances relating to this matter are not left out of consideration4 ,accordingly1 it is my duty to refer this honorable meeting especially to the ministerial decree referring to common schools1 in accordance with which said common schools may be established1 after a vote of the citizens entitled to the elective franchise1 as soon as the need of this is felt2 which in the present instance cannot be contested1 since public opinion has taken a decided stand against denominational schools1 in which youth is trained after unbending forms of religion1 and in doctrines that evidently conflict with the triumph of the present1 and with those exact sciences which make up the only true gospel--the gospel of progress1 which scarcely in any respect resembles the narrow gospel of dubious dogmas--dubious for the reason that they lack the spirit of advancement1 and are prejudicial to the investigation of the problems of a ,god1 of material nature1 and of man40 ,here leader ,sand thrust his fingers in his ears4 8,thunder and lightning60 exclaimed he wrathfully1 8what a shallow babbler6 ,what is he driving at8 ,his periods are a yard long2 and when he has done1 a man is no wiser than when he began4 ,gospel--gospel of progress--fool--numskull--down6 down60 8,quite a remarkable instance1 this60 said ,gerlach to the banker4 8,evidently this man is trying might and main to please1 yet he only succeeds in torturing his hearers40 8,i will explain this man to you10 replied the banker4 8,heretofore ,mr4 ,seicht has been a most complete exemplar of absolute bureaucracy4 ,the only divinity he knew were the statutes1 the only heaven the bureau1 and the only safe way of reaching supreme felicity was1 in his opinion1 to render unquestioning obedience to ministerial rescripts4 ,suddenly ,mr4 ,seicht heard the cardhouse of bureaucracy start in all its joints4 ,his divinity lost its worshippers1 and his heaven lost all charms for those who were seeking salvation4 ,he felt the ground moving under him1 he realized the colossal might of progress1 and hastened to commend himself to this party by adopting liberal ideas4 ,he is now aiming to secure a seat in the house of delegates1 which is subsequently to serve him as a steppingstone to a place in the cabinet4 ,just listen how the man is agonizing6 ,he is wasting his strength1 however1 and the attitude of the audience is beginning to get alarming40 ,for some time past1 the chieftains in the chancel had been shaking their heads at the efforts of this official advocate of progress4 ,to avoid being tortured by hearing1 they had engaged in conversation4 ,the auditors in the nave of the church were also growing restive4 ,the speaker1 however1 continued blind to every hint and insinuation4 ,at last a tall fellow in the crowd swung his hat and cried1 8,three cheers for ,mr4 ,seicht60 ,the whole nave joined in a deafening cheer4 ,seicht1 imagining the cheering to be a tribute to the excellence of his effort1 stopped for a moment to permit the uproar to subside1 intending then to go on with his speech2 but no sooner had he resumed than the cheering burst forth anew1 and was so vigorously sustained that the man1 at length perceiving the meaning of the audience1 came down amid peals of derisive laughter4 8,serves the gabbler right60 said ,sand4 8,he's a precious kind of a fellow6 ,the booby thinks he can hoist himself into the chamber of deputies by means of the shoulders of progress1 and thence to climb up higher4 ,but it happens that we know whom we have to deal with1 and we are not going to serve as stirrups for a turncoat official40 ,the chairman wound up with a speech in which he announced that the vote on the question of common schools would soon come off1 and then adjourned the meeting4 ,the millionaires drew back to allow the crowd to disperse4 ,near them stood ,mr4 ,seicht1 alone and dejected4 ,the countenances of the chieftains had yielded him no evidence on which to base a hope that his speech had told1 and that he might expect to occupy a seat in the assembly4 ,moreover1 ,sand had rudely insulted the ambitious official to his face4 ,this he took exceedingly hard4 ,all of a sudden1 he spied the banker in the chancel1 and went over to greet him4 ,greifmann introduced ,gerlach4 8,i am proud10 ,mr4 ,seicht asseverated1 8of the acquaintance of the wealthiest proprietor of the country40 8,pardon the correction1 sir2 my father is the proprietor40 8,no matter1 you are his only son10 rejoined ,seicht4 8,your presence proves that you take an interest in the great questions of the day4 ,this is very laudable40 8,my presence1 however1 by no means proves that ,i concur in the object of this meeting4 ,curiosity has led me hither40 ,the official directed a look of inquiry at the banker4 8,sheer curiosity10 repeated this gentleman coldly4 8,can you not1 then1 become reconciled to the spirit of progress80 asked ,seicht1 with a smile revealing astonishment4 8,the value of my convictions consists in this1 that ,i worship genuine progress10 replied the millionaire gravely4 8,the progress of this community1 in particular1 looks to me like retrogression40 8,i am astonished at what you say10 returned the official2 8for surely ,shund's masterly speech has demonstrated that we are keeping pace with the age40 8,i cannot see1 sir1 how fiendish hatred of religion can be taken for progress4 ,this horrible1 bloodthirsty monster existed even in the days of ,nero and ,tiberius1 as we all know4 ,can the resurrection of it1 now that it has been mouldering for centuries1 be seriously looked upon as a step in advance8 ,rather a step backward1 ,i should think1 of eighteen hundred years4 ,especially horrible and revolting is this latest instance of tyranny1 forcing parents who entertain religious sentiments to send their children to irreligious schools4 ,not even ,nero and ,tiberius went so far4 ,on this point1 ,i agree1 there has been progress1 but it consists in putting a most unnatural constraint upon conscience40 ,gerlach's language aroused the official4 ,he was face to face with an ultramontane4 ,the mere sight of such an one caused a nervous twitching in his person4 ,he resorted at once to bureaucratic weapons in making his onslaught4 8,you are mistaken1 my dear sir--you are very much mistaken4 ,the spirit of the modern state demands that the schools of the multitude1 particularly public institutions1 should be accessible to the children of every class of citizens1 without distinction of religious profession4 ,consequently1 the schools must be taken from under the authority1 direction1 and influence of the church1 and put entirely under civil and political control4 ,such1 too1 is now the mind of our rulers1 besides that public sentiment calls for the change40 8,but1 ,mr4 ,seicht1 in making such a change1 the state despotically infringes on the province of religion40 8,not despotically1 ,mr4 ,gerlach1 but legally2 for the state is the fountainhead of all right1 and consequently possessed of unlimited right40 8,you enunciate principles1 sir1 which differ vastly from what morality and religion teach40 8,what signify morals--what signifies religion8 ,mere antiquated forms1 sir1 with no living significance10 explained ,seicht1 lavishly displaying the treasures of the storehouse of progressionist wisdom4 8,the past submitted quietly to the authority of religion1 because there existed then a low degree of intellectual culture4 ,at present there is only one authority--it is the preponderance of numbers and of material forces4 ,consequently1 the only real authority is the majority in power4 ,on the other hand1 authorities based upon the supposed existence of a supersensible world have lost their cause of being1 for the reason that exact science plainly demonstrates the nonexistence of an immaterial world4 ,cessante causa1 cessat effectus1 the supersensible world1 the basis of religious authority1 being gone1 it logically results that religious authority itself is gone4 ,hence the only real authority existing in a state is the majority1 and to this every citizen is obliged to submit4 ,you marvel1 ,mr4 ,gerlach4 ,what ,i have said is not my own personal view1 but the expression of the principles which alone pass current at the present day40 8,i agree in what you say10 said the banker4 8,you have spoken from the standpoint of the times4 ,the controlling power is the majority40 8,shund1 then1 accurately summed up the creed of the present age when he said1 #8,progress conquers death1 destroys hell1 rejects heaven1 and finds its god in the sweet enjoyment of life4' ,it is to be hoped that all powerful progress will next decree that there are no death and no suffering upon earth1 that all the hostile forces of nature have ceased1 that want and misery are no more1 and that earth is a paradise of sweet enjoyment for all40 ,mr4 ,seicht was rather taken aback by this satire4 8,besides1 gentlemen10 proceeded ,gerlach1 8you will please observe that the doctrine of state supremacy is a step backward of nearly two thousand years4 ,in ,nero's day1 but one source of right1 namely1 the state1 was recognized4 ,in the head of the state1 the emperor1 were centred all power1 all authority1 and all right4 ,in his person1 the state was exalted into a divinity4 ,temples and altars were reared to the emperor2 sacrifices were offered to him2 he was worshipped as a deity4 ,even human sacrifices were not denied him if the imperial divinity thought proper to demand them4 ,and1 now1 to what condition did these monstrous errors bring the world of that period8 ,it became one vast theatre of crime1 immorality1 and despotism4 ,slavery coiled itself about men and things1 and strangled their liberty4 ,matrimonial life sank into the most loathsome corruption4 ,infanticide was permitted to pass unpunished4 ,the licentiousness of women was even greater than that of men4 ,life and property became mere playthings for the whims of the emperor and of his courtiers4 ,did the divine ,caesar wish to amuse his deeply sunken subjects1 he had only to order the gladiators to butcher one another1 or some prisoners or slaves or ,christians to be thrown to tigers and panthers2 this made a ,roman holiday4 ,such1 gentlemen1 was human society when it recognized no supersensible world1 no ,god above1 no moral law4 ,if our own progress proceeds much further in the path on which it is marching1 it will soon reach a similar fearful stage4 ,we already see in our midst the commencement of social corruption4 ,we have the only source of right proclaimed to be the divine state4 ,conscience is being tyrannized over by a majority that rejects ,god and denies future rewards and punishments4 ,all the rest1 even to the divine despot1 has already followed1 or inevitably will follow4 ,therefore1 ,mr4 ,seicht1 the progress you so loudly boast of is mere stupid retrogression1 blind superstition1 which falls prostrate before the majority of a mob1 and worships the omnipotence of the state40 8,don't you think my friend has been uttering some very bitter truths80 asked the banker1 with a smile4 8,pretty nearly so10 replied the official demurely4 8,however1 one can detect the design1 and cannot help getting out of humor40 8,what design80 asked ,seraphin4 8,of creating alarm against progress40 8,indeed1 sir1 you are mistaken4 ,i1 too1 am enthusiastic about progress1 but genuine progress4 ,and because ,i am an advocate of real progress ,i cannot help detesting the monstrosity which the age would wish to palm off on men instead40 ,the church was now cleared4 ,greifmann's carriage was at the door4 ,the millionaires drove off4 8,pity for this ,gerlach60 thought the official1 as he strode through the street4 8,he is lost to progress1 for he is too solidly rooted in superstition to be reclaimed4 ,war against nature's claims2 deny healthy physical nature its rights2 reestablish the reign of terror of the seven capital sins2 permit the priesthood to tyrannize over conscience2 restore the worship of an unmathematical triune ,god--no6 no60 cried he fiercely1 8sooner shall all go to the devil60 ,a carriage whirled past him4 ,he cast a glance into the vehicle1 and raised his hat to ,mr4 ,hans ,shund4 ,the chief magistrate was on his way home from the townhall4 ,he could not rest under the weight of his laurels2 the inebriation of his triumph drove him into the room where sat his lonely and careworn wife4 8,my election to the assembly is assured1 wife40 ,and he went on with a minute account of the proceedings of the day4 ,the pale1 emaciated lady sat bowed in silence over her work1 and did not look up4 8,well1 wife1 don't you take any interest in the honors won by your husband8 ,i should think you ought to feel pleased40 8,all my joys are swallowed up in an abyss of unutterable wretchedness10 replied she4 8,and my husband is daily deepening the gulf4 ,yesterday you were again at a disreputable house4 ,your abominable deeds are heaped mountain high--and am ,i to rejoice80 8,a thousand demons1 wife1 ,i'm beginning to believe you have spies on foot60 8,i have not4 ,but you are at the head of this city--your steps cannot possibly remain unobserved40 8,very well60 cried he1 8it shall be my effort in the assembly to bring about such a change that there shall no longer be any houses of disrepute4 ,narrowminded moralists shall not be allowed to howl any longer4 ,the time is at hand1 old lady--socalled disreputable houses are to become places of amusement authorized by law40 ,he spoke and disappeared4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,progress ,grows ,jolly4 ,the agitators of progress were again hurrying through the streets and alleys of the town4 ,they knocked at every door and entered every house to solicit votes in favor of common schools4 ,thanks to the overwhelming might of the party in power1 they again carried their measure4 ,dependent1 utterly enslaved1 many yielded up their votes without opposition4 ,it is true conscience tortured many a parent for voting against his convictions1 for sacrificing his children to a system with which he could not sympathize2 but not a man in a dependent position had the courage to vindicate for his child the religious training which was being so ruthlessly swept away4 ,even men in high office gave way before the encroaching despotism1 for in the very uppermost ranks of society also progress domineered4 ,one man only1 fearless and firm1 dared to put himself in the path of the dominant power--the ,rev4 ,f4 ,morgenroth4 ,from the pulpit1 he unmasked and scathed the unchristian design of debarring youth from religious instruction1 and of rearing a generation ignorant of ,god and of his commandments4 ,he warned parents against the evil1 entreated them to stand up conscientiously for the spiritual welfare of their children1 to reject the common schools1 and to rescue the little ones for the maternal guardianship of the church4 ,his sermon roused the entire progressionist camp4 ,the local press fiercely assailed the intrepid clergyman4 ,lies1 calumnies1 and scurrility were vomited against him and his profession4 ,hans ,shund seized the pen1 and indited newspaper articles of such a character as one would naturally look for from a thief1 usurer1 and debauchee4 ,morgenroth paid no attention to their disgraceful clamor1 but continued his opposition undismayed4 ,by means of placards1 he invited the ,catholic citizens to assemble at his own residence1 for the purpose of consulting about the best mode of thwarting the designs of the liberals4 ,this unexpected fearlessness put the men of culture1 humanity1 and freedom beside themselves with rage4 ,they at once decided upon making a public demonstration4 ,the chieftains issued orders to their bands1 and these at the hour appointed for the meeting mustered before the residence of the priest4 ,a noisy multitude1 uttering threats1 took possession of the churchyard4 ,if a citizen attempted to make his way through the mob to the house1 he was loaded with vile epithets1 at times even with kicks and blows4 ,but a small number had gathered around the priest1 and these showed much alarm2 for outside the billows of progress were surging and every moment rising higher4 ,stones were thrown at the house1 and the windows were broken4 ,parteiling1 the commissary of police1 came to remonstrate with the clergyman4 8,dismiss the meeting10 said he4 8,the excitement is assuming alarming proportions40 8,commissary1 we are under the protection of the law and of civil rule10 replied ,morgenroth4 8,we are not slaves and helots of progress4 ,are we to be denied the liberty of discussing subjects of great importance in our own houses80 ,a boulder coming through the window crushed the inkstand on the table1 and rolled on over the floor4 ,the men pressed to one side in terror4 8,your calling upon the law to protect you is utterly unreasonable under present circumstances10 said ,parteiling4 8,listen to the howling4 ,do you want your house demolished8 ,do you wish to be maltreated8 ,will you have open revolution8 ,this all will surely follow if you persist in refusing to dismiss the meeting4 ,i will not answer for results40 ,stones began to rain more densely1 and the howling grew louder and more menacing4 8,gentlemen10 said ,morgenroth to the men assembled1 8since we are not permitted to proceed with our deliberations1 we will separate1 with a protest against this brutal terrorism40 8,but1 commissary10 said a much frightened man1 8how are we to get away8 ,these people are infuriated2 they will tear us in pieces40 8,fear nothing1 gentlemen2 follow me10 spoke the commissary1 leading the way4 ,the ultramontanes were hailed with a loud burst of scornful laughter4 ,the commissary1 advancing to the gate1 beckoned silence4 8,in the name of the law1 clear the place60 cried he4 ,the mob scoffed and yelled4 8,fetch out the slaves of the priest--make them run the gauntlet--down with the ,jesuits60 ,at this moment1 a man was noticed elbowing his way through the crowd2 presently ,hans ,shund stepped before the embarrassed guardian of public order4 8,three cheers for the magistrate60 vociferated the mob4 ,shund made a signal4 ,profound silence followed4 8,gentlemen10 spoke the chief magistrate1 in a tone of entreaty1 8have the goodness to disperse40 ,repeated cheers were raised1 then the accumulation of corrupt elements began to dissolve and flow off in every direction4 8,i deeply regret this commotion of which ,i but a moment ago received intelligence10 said ,shund4 8,the excitement of the people is attributable solely to the imprudent conduct of ,morgenroth40 8,to be sure--to be sure60 assented ,parteiling4 ,the place was cleared4 ,the ,catholics hurried home pursued and hooted by straggling groups of rioters4 ,the signs of the approaching celebration began to be noticeable on the towncommon4 ,booths were being erected1 tables were being disposed in rows which reached further than the eye could see1 wagonloads of chairs and benches were being brought from all parts of town1 men were busy sinking holes for climbingpoles and treacherous turnstiles2 but the most attractive feature of all the festival was yet invisible--free beer and sausages furnished at public cost4 ,the rumor alone1 however1 of such cheer gladdened the heart of every thirsty voter1 and contributed greatly to the establishment of the system of common schools4 ,bands of music paraded the town1 gathered up voters1 and escorted them to the polls4 ,as often as they passed before the residence of a progressionist chieftain1 the bands struck up an air1 and the crowd cheered lustily4 ,they halted in front of the priest's residence also4 ,the band played1 8,today we'll taste the parson's cheer10 the mob roaring the words1 and then winding up with whistling and guffaws of laughter4 ,this sort of disorderly work was kept up during three days4 ,then was announced in the papers in huge type3 8,an overwhelming majority of the enlightened citizens of this city have decided in favor of common schools4 ,herewith the existence of these schools is secured and legalized40 ,on the fourth day1 the celebration came off4 ,the same morning ,gerlach senior arrived at the ,palais ,greifmann on his way home from the ,exposition4 8,i am so glad60 cried ,louise4 8,i was beginning to fear you would not come1 and getting provoked at your indifference to the interests of our people4 ,we have been having stirring times1 but we have come off victorious4 ,the narrowminded enemies of enlightenment are defeated4 ,modern views now prevail1 and education is to be remodelled and put in harmony with the wants of our century40 8,times must have been stirring1 for you seem almost frenzied1 ,louise10 said ,conrad4 8,had you witnessed the struggle and read the newspapers1 you1 too1 would have grown enthusiastic10 declared the young lady4 8,even quotations advanced10 said the banker4 8,it astonished me1 and ,i can account for it only by assuming that the triumph of the commonschool system is of general significance and an imperative desideratum of the times40 8,how can you have any doubt about it80 cried his sister4 8,our town has pioneered the way3 the rest of ,germany will soon adopt the same system40 ,seraphin greeted his father4 8,well1 my son1 you very likely have heard nothing whatever of this hubbub about schools80 8,indeed1 ,i have1 father4 ,carl and ,i were in the midst of the commotion at the desecrated church of ,s4 ,peter4 ,we saw and heard what it would have been difficult to imagine40 ,he then proceeded to give his father a minute account of the meeting4 ,his powerful memory enabled him to repeat ,shund's speech almost verbatim4 ,the father listened attentively1 and occasionally directed a glance of observation at the young lady4 ,when ,shund's coarse ridicule of ,christian morals and dogmas was rehearsed1 ,mr4 ,conrad lowered his eyes1 and a frown flitted over his brow4 ,for the rest1 his countenance was1 as usual1 cold and stern4 8,this ,mr4 ,shund made quite a strong speech10 said he1 in a nonchalant way4 8,he rather intensified the colors of truth1 'tis true10 remarked ,louise4 8,the masses1 however1 like high coloring and vigorous language40 ,a servant brought the banker a note4 8,good6 ,shund is elected to the assembly6 ,the span of bays belongs to me10 exulted ,carl ,greifmann4 8,your bays ,seraphin80 inquired the father4 8,how is this80 ,mr4 ,conrad had twice been informed of the wager2 he had learned it first from ,seraphin's own lips1 then also he had read of it in his diary2 still he asked again1 and his son detailed the story a third time4 8,i should sooner have expected to see the heavens fall than to lose that bet10 added ,seraphin4 8,when a notorious thief and usurer is elected to the chief magistracy and to the legislative assembly1 the victory gained is hardly a creditable one to the spirit of progress1 my dear ,carl4 ,don't you think so1 ,louise80 said the landholder4 8,you mustn't be too rigorous10 replied the lady1 with composure4 8,rumor whispers many a bit of scandal respecting ,shund which does1 indeed1 offend one's sense of propriety2 for all that1 however1 ,shund will play his part brilliantly both in the assembly and in the town council4 ,the greatest of statesmen have had their foibles1 as everybody knows40 8,very true10 said ,gerlach dryly4 8,viewed from the standpoint of very humane tolerance1 ,shund's disgusting habits may be considered justifiable40 ,seraphin left the parlor1 and retired to his room4 ,here he wrestled with violent feelings4 ,his father's conduct was a mystery to him4 ,opinions which conflicted with his own most sacred convictions1 and principles which brought an indignant flush to his cheek1 were listened to and apparently acquiesced in by his father4 ,shund's abominable diatribe had not roused the old gentleman's anger2 ,louise's avowed concurrence with the irreligious principles of the chieftain had not even provoked his disapprobation4 8,my ,god1 my ,god6 can it be possible80 cried he in an agony of despair4 8,has the love of gain so utterly blinded my father8 ,can he have sunk so low as to be willing to immolate me1 his only child1 to a base speculation8 ,can he be willing for the sake of a million florins to bind me for life to this erring creature1 this infidel ,louise8 ,can a paltry million tempt him to be so reckless and cruel8 ,no6 no6 a thousand times no60 exclaimed he4 8,i never will be the husband of this woman1 never--,i swear it by the great ,god of heaven6 ,get angry with me1 father1 banish me from your sight--it would be more tolerable than the consciousness of being the husband of a woman who believes not in the ,redeemer of the world4 ,i have sworn--the matter is for ever settled40 ,he threw himself into an arm chair1 and moodily stared at the opposite wall4 ,by degrees1 his excitement subsided1 and he became quiet4 ,in fancy1 he beheld beside ,louise's form another lovely one rise up--that of the girl with the golden hair1 the bright eyes1 and the winning smile4 ,she had stood before him on this very floor1 in her neat and simple country garb1 radiant with innocence and purity1 adorned with innate grace and uncommon beauty4 ,and the lapse of days1 far from weakening1 had deepened the impression of her first apparition4 ,the storm that had been raging in his interior was allayed by the recollection of ,mechtild1 as the fury of the great deep subsides upon the reappearance of the sun4 ,scarcely an hour had passed during which he had not thought of the girl1 rehearsed every word she had uttered1 and viewed the basket of grapes she had brought him4 ,again he pulled out the drawer1 and looked upon the gift with a friendly smile2 then1 locking up the precious treasure1 he returned to the parlor4 ,he found the company on the balcony4 ,the sound of trumpets and drums came from a distance1 and presently a motley procession was seen coming up the nearest street4 8,you have just arrived in time to see the procession10 cried ,louise to him4 8,it is going to defile past here1 so we will be able to have a good look at it40 ,a dusky swarm of boys and halfgrown youths came winding round the nearest streetcorner1 followed immediately by the head of a mock procession4 ,in the lead marched a fellow dressed in a brown cloak1 the hood of which was drawn over his head4 ,his waist was encircled with a girdle from which dangled a string of pebbles representing a rosary4 ,to complete the caricature of a ,capuchin1 his feet were bare1 excepting a pair of soles which were strapped to them with thongs of leather4 ,in his hands he bore a tall cross rudely contrived with a couple of sticks4 ,the image of the cross was represented by a broken mineralwater bottle4 ,behind the cross bearer followed the procession in a double line1 consisting of boys1 young men1 factoryhands1 drunken mechanics1 and such other begrimed and besotted beings as progress alone can count in its ranks4 ,the members of the procession were chanting a litany2 at the same time they folded their hands1 made grimaces1 turned their eyes upwards1 or played unseemly pranks with genuine rosary beads4 ,next in the procession came a low car drawn by a wateryeyed mare which a lad bedizened like a clown was leading by the bridle4 ,in the car sat a fat fellow whose face was painted red1 and eyebrows dyed1 and who wore a long artificial beard4 ,over a prodigious paunch1 also artificial1 he had drawn a long white gown1 over which again he wore a manycolored rag shaped like a cope4 ,on his head he wore a high paper cap1 brimless2 around the cap were three crowns of gilt paper to represent the tiara of the pope4 ,a sorrylooking donkey walked after the car1 to which it was attached by a rope4 ,it was the rle of the fellow in the car to address the donkey1 make a sign of blessing over it1 and occasionally reach it straw drawn from his artificial paunch4 ,as often as he went through this manuvre1 the crowd set up a tremendous roar of laughter4 ,the fat man in the car represented the pope1 and the donkey was intended to symbolize the credulity of the faithful4 ,this mock pope was not a suggestion of ,shund's or of any other inventive progressionist4 ,the whole idea was copied from a caricature which had appeared in a widely circulating pictorial whose only aim and pleasure it has been for years to destroy the innate religious nobleness of the ,german people by means of shallow wit and vulgar caricatures4 ,and this very sheet1 leagued with a daily organ equally degraded1 can boast of no inconsiderable success4 ,the rude and vulgar applaud its witticisms1 the low and infamous regale themselves with its pictures1 and its demoralizing influence is infecting the land4 ,the principal feature of the procession was a wagon1 hung with garlands and bestuck with small flags1 drawn by six splendid horses4 ,in it sat a youthful woman1 plump and bold4 ,her shoulders were bare1 the dress being an exaggerated sample of the style dcollet2 above her head was a wreath of oak leaves4 ,she was attended by a number of young men in masks4 ,they carried drinkinghorns1 which they filled from time to time from a barrel1 and presented to the bacchante1 who sipped from them2 then these gentlemen in waiting drank themselves1 and poured what was left upon the crowd4 ,a band of music1 walking in front of this triumphal car1 played airs and marches4 ,not even the mock pope was as great an object of admiration as this shameless woman4 ,old and young thronged about the wagon1 feasting their lascivious eyes on this beastly spectacle which represented that most disgusting of all abominable achievements of progress--the emancipated woman4 ,and perhaps not even progress could have dared1 in less excited times1 so grossly to insult the chaste spirit of the ,german people2 but the social atmosphere had been made so foul by the abominations of the election1 and the spirits of impurity had reigned so absolutely during the canvass in behalf of common schools1 that this immoral show was suffered to parade without opposition4 ,the very commencement of this sacrilegious mockery of religion had roused ,seraphin's indignation1 and he had retired from the balcony4 ,his father1 however1 had remained1 coolly watching the procession as it passed1 and carefully noting ,louise's remarks and behavior4 8,what does that woman represent80 he asked4 8,a goddess of liberty1 ,i suppose80 8,only in one sense1 ,i think10 replied the progressionist young lady4 8,the woman wearing the crown symbolizes1 to my mind1 the enjoyment of life4 ,she typifies heaven upon earth1 now that exact science has done away with the heaven of the next world40 8,i should think yon creature rather reminds one of hell10 said ,mr4 ,conrad4 8,of hell60 exclaimed ,louise1 in alarm4 8,you are jesting1 sir1 are you not80 8,never more serious in my life1 ,louise4 ,notice the shameless effrontery1 the baseness and infamy of the creature1 and you will be forced to form conclusions which1 far from justifying the expectation of peace and happiness in the family circle1 the true sphere of woman1 will suggest only wrangling1 discord1 and hell upon earth40 ,the young lady did not venture to reply4 ,a gentleman made his way through the crowd1 and waved his hat to the company on the balcony4 ,the banker returned the salutation4 8,official ,seicht10 said he4 8,what6 an officer of the government in this disreputable crowd60 exclaimed ,gerlach1 with surprise4 8,he is on hand to maintain order10 explained ,greifmann4 8,you see some policemen1 too4 ,mr4 ,seicht sympathizes with progress4 ,at the last meeting1 he made a speech in favor of common schools2 he sounded the praises of the gospel of progress1 gave a toast at the banquet to the gospel of progress1 and has won for himself the title of evangelist of progress4 ,he once declared1 too1 that the very sight of a priest rouses his blood1 and they now pleasantly call him the parsoneater4 ,he is very popular40 8,i am amazed60 said ,gerlach4 8,mr4 ,seicht dishonors his office4 ,he advocates common schools1 insults all the believing citizens of his district1 and runs with mock processions--a happy state of things1 indeed60 8,his conduct is the result of careful calculation10 returned ,greifmann4 8,by showing hostility to ultramontanism1 he commends himself to progress1 which is in power40 8,but the government should not tolerate such disgraceful behavior on the part of one of its officials10 said ,gerlach4 8,the entire official corps is disgraced so long as this shallow evangelist of progress is permitted to continue wearing the uniform40 8,you should not be so exacting10 cried ,louise4 8,why will you not allow officials also to float along with the current of progress until they will have reached the ,eldorado of the position to which they are aspiring80 8,the corruption of the state must be fearful indeed1 when such deportment in an officer is regarded as a recommendation10 rejoined ,mr4 ,conrad curtly4 ,a servant appeared to call them to table4 8,would you not like to see the celebration80 inquired ,louise4 8,by all means10 answered ,gerlach4 8,the excitement is of so unusual a character that it claims attention4 ,you will have to accompany us1 ,louise40 8,i shall do so with pleasure4 ,when sound popular sentiment thus proclaims itself1 ,i cannot but feel a strong desire to be present40 ,the procession had turned the corner of a street where stood ,holt and two more countrymen looking on4 ,the religious sentiment of these honest men was deeply wounded by the profanation of the cross2 and when1 besides1 they heard the singing of the mock litany1 their anger kindled1 their eyes gleamed1 and they mingled fierce maledictions with the tumult of the mob4 ,next appeared the mock pope1 dispensing blessings with his right hand1 reaching straw to the donkey with his left1 and distorting his painted face into all sorts of farcical grimaces4 ,the peasants at once caught the significance of this burlesque4 ,their countenances glowed with indignation4 ,avenging spirits took possession of ,mechtild's father2 his strong1 stalwart frame seemed suddenly to have become herculean4 ,his fist of iron doubled itself2 there was lightning in his eyes2 like an infuriated lion1 he burst into the crowd1 broke the line of the procession1 and1 directing a tremendous blow at the head of the mock pope1 precipitated him from the car4 ,the paper cap flew far away under the feet of the bystanders1 and the false beard got into the donkey's mouth4 ,when the mock pope was down1 ,holt's comrades immediately set upon him1 and tore the manycolored rag from his shoulders4 ,then commenced a great tumult4 ,a host of furious progressionists surrounded the sturdy countrymen1 brandishing their fists and filling the air with mad imprecations4 8,kill the dogs6 ,down with the accursed ultramontanes60 ,some of the policemen hurried up to prevent bloodshed4 ,mr4 ,seicht also hurried to the scene of action1 and his shrill voice could be heard high above the noise and confusion4 8,gentlemen1 ,i implore you1 let the law have its course1 gentlemen60 cried he4 8,gentlemen1 friends1 do not1 ,i beg you1 violate the law6 ,trust me1 fellowcitizens--,i shall see that the impertinence of these ultramontanes is duly punished40 ,they understood his meaning4 ,sticks and fists were immediately lowered4 8,brigadier ,forchhaem10 cried ,mr4 ,seicht1 in a tone of command--8,forchhaem1 hither6 ,put handcuffs on these ultramontanes1 these disturbers of the peace--put irons on these revolutionists40 ,handcuffs were forthwith produced by the policemen4 ,the towering1 broad shouldered ,holt stood quiet as a lamb1 looked with an air of astonishment at the confusion1 and suffered himself to be handcuffed4 ,his comrades1 however1 behaved like anything but lambs4 ,they laid about them with hands and feet1 knocking down the policemen1 and giving bloody mouths and noses to all who came within their reach4 8,handcuff us60 they screamed1 grinding their teeth1 bleeding and cursing4 8,are we cutthroats80 ,the bystanders drew back in apprehension4 ,the confusion seemed to be past remedying4 ,a thousand voices were screaming1 bawling1 and crying at the same time2 the circle around the struggling countrymen was getting wider and wider2 and when finally they attempted to break through1 the crowd took to flight1 as if a couple of tigers were after them4 ,many of the spectators found a pleasurable excitement in watching the battle between the policemen and the peasants2 but they would not move a finger to aid the officers of the law in arresting the culprits4 ,they admired the agility and strength of the countrymen1 and the more fierce the struggle became1 the greater grew their delight1 and the louder their merriment4 ,holt had been carried on with the motion of the crowd4 ,when he dealt the blow to the fellow in the car1 he was beside himself with rage4 ,the genuine furor teutonicus had taken possession of him so irresistibly and so bewilderingly as to leave him utterly without any of the calm judgment necessary to measure the situation4 ,after his first adventure1 he had submitted to be handcuffed1 and had watched the struggle between ,forchhaem and his own comrades in a sort of absence of mind4 ,he had stood perfectly quiet1 his face had become pale1 and his eyes looked about strangely4 ,the excitement of passion was now beginning to wear off4 ,he felt the cold iron of the manacles around his wrists1 his eyes glared1 his face became crimson1 the sinews of his powerful arm stiffened1 and with one great muscular convulsion he wrenched off the handcuffs4 ,nobody had observed this sudden action1 all eyes being directed to the combatants4 ,shoving the part of the handcuff which still hung to his wrist under the sleeve of his jacket1 ,holt disappeared through the crowd4 ,the resistance of the peasants was gradually becoming fainter4 ,at length they succumbed to overpowering force1 and were handcuffed4 8,where is the third one80 cried ,seicht4 8,there were three of them40 8,where is the third one8 ,there were three of them10 was echoed on every hand1 and all eyes sought for the missing one in the crowd4 8,the third one has run away1 sir10 reported ,forchhaem4 8,what's his name80 asked ,seicht4 ,nobody knew4 ,a street boy1 looking up at the official1 ingenuously cried1 8',twas a ,tartar40 ,seicht looked down upon the obstreperous little informant4 8,a ,tartar--do you know him80 8,no2 but these here know him10 pointing to the captives4 8,what is the name of your comrade80 8,we don't know him10 was the surly reply4 8,never mind1 he will become known in the judicial examination4 ,off to jail with these rebellious ultramontanes10 the official commanded4 ,bound in chains1 and guarded by a posse of police1 these honest men1 whose religious sense had been so wantonly outraged as to have occasioned an outburst of noble indignation1 were marched through the streets of the town and imprisoned4 ,they were treated as criminals for a crime1 however1 the guilt of which was justly chargeable to those very rioters who were enjoying official protection4 ,the procession moved on to the ground selected for the barbecue4 ,a motley mass1 especially of factorymen1 were hard at work upon the scene4 ,the booths1 spread far and wide over the common1 were thrown open1 and around them moved a swarm of thirsty beings drawing rations of beer and sausages1 with which1 when they had received them1 they staggered away to the tables4 ,degradedlooking women were also to be seen moving about unsteadily with brimming mugs of beer in their hands4 ,there were several bands of music stationed at different points around the place4 ,the chieftains of progress1 perambulating the ground with an air of triumph1 bestowed friendly nods of recognition on all sides1 and condescendingly engaged in conversation with some of the rank and file4 ,hans ,shund approached the awning where the woman with the bare shoulders and indecent costume had taken a seat4 ,she had captivated the gallant chief magistrate1 who hovered about her as a raven hovers over a dead carcass4 ,moving off1 he halted within hearing distance1 and1 casting frequent glances back1 addressed immodest jokes to those who occupied the other side of the table1 at which they laughed and applauded immoderately4 ,the men whom ,seraphin had met in the subterranean den1 on the memorable night before the election1 were also present3 ,flachsen1 ,graeulich1 ,koenig1 and a host of others4 ,they were regaling themselves with sausages which omitted an unmistakable odor of garlic1 and were of a very dubious appearance2 interrupting the process of eating with frequent and copious draughts from their beermugs4 8,drink1 old woman60 cried ,graeulich to his wife4 8,drink1 ,i tell you6 ,it doesn't cost us anything today40 ,the woman put the jug to her lips and drained it manfully4 ,other women who were present screamed in chorus1 and the men laughed boisterously4 8,your old woman does that handsomely10 applauded ,koth4 8,hell and thunder6 ,but she must be a real spitfire40 ,again they laughed uproariously4 8,i wish there were an election every day1 what a jolly life this would be60 said ,koenig4 8,nothing to do1 eating and drinking gratis--what more would you wish80 8,that's the way the bigbugs live all the year round4 ,they may eat and drink what they like best1 and needn't do a hand's turn4 ,isn't it glorious to be rich80 cried ,graeulich4 8,so drink1 boys1 drink till you can't stand6 ,we are all of us bigbugs to day40 8,and if things were regulated as they should be10 said ,koth1 8there would come a day when we poor devils would also see glorious times4 ,we have been torturing ourselves about long enough for the sake of others4 ,i maintain that things will have to be differently regulated40 8,what game is that you are wishing to come at8 ,show your hand1 old fellow60 cried several voices4 8,here's what ,i mean3 ,coffers which are full will have to pour some of their superfluity into coffers which are empty4 ,you take me1 don't you80 8',pon my soul1 ,i can't make you out4 ,you are talking conundrums10 declared ,koenig4 8,you blockhead1 ,i mean there will soon have to be a partition4 ,they who have plenty will have to give some to those who have nothing40 8,bravo6 ,long live ,koth60 8,that sort of doctrine is dangerous to the state10 said ,flachsen4 8,such principles bring about revolutions1 and corrupt society40 8,what of society6 ,you're an ass1 ,flachsen6 ,koth is right--partition1 partition60 was the cry all round the table4 8,as you will6 ,i have nothing against it if only it were practicable10 expostulated ,flachsen2 8for ,i1 too1 am a radical40 8,it is practicable6 ,all things are practicable10 exclaimed ,koth4 8,our age can do anything1 and so can we4 ,haven't we driven religion out of the schools8 ,haven't we elected ,shund for mayor8 ,it is the majority who rule2 and1 were we to vote in favor of partition tomorrow1 partition would have to take place4 ,any measure can be carried by a majority1 and1 since we poor devils are in the majority1 as soon as we will have voted for partition it will come without fail40 8,that's sensible60 agreed they all4 8,but then1 such a thing has never yet been done4 ,do you think it possible80 8,anything is possible10 maintained ,koth4 8,didn't ,shund preach that there isn't any ,god1 or hell1 or devil8 ,was that ever taught before8 ,if the ,god of old has to submit to being deposed1 the rich will have to submit to it4 ,i tell you1 the majority will settle the business for the rich4 ,and if there's no ,god1 no devil1 and no life beyond1 well then1 you see1 ,i'm capable of laying my hand to anything4 ,if voting won't do1 violence will4 ,do you understand80 8,bravo6 ,hurrah for ,koth60 8,there must be progress10 cried ,graeulich1 8among us as well as others4 ,we are not going to continue all our lives in wretchedness4 ,we must advance from labor to comfort without labor1 from poverty to wealth1 from want to abundance4 ,three cheers for progress--hurrah6 hurrah60 ,and the whole company joined in frantically4 8,there comes ,evangelist ,seicht10 cried ,koenig4 8,though ,i didn't understand one word of his speech1 ,i believe he meant well4 ,although he is an officer of the government1 he cordially hates priests4 ,a man may say what he pleases against religion1 and the church1 and the ,pope1 and the ,jesuits1 it rather pleases ,seicht4 ,he is a free and enlightened man1 is he4 ,up with your glasses1 boys2 if he comes near1 let's give him three rousing cheers40 ,they did as directed4 ,men and women cheered lustily4 ,seicht very condescendingly raised his hat and smiled as he passed the table4 ,the ovation put him in fine humor4 ,though he had failed in securing a place in the assembly1 perhaps the slight would be repaired in the future4 ,such was the tenor of his thoughts whilst he advanced to the climbingpole1 around which was assembled a crowd of boys4 ,quite a variety of prizes1 especially tobaccopipes1 was hanging from the crosspieces at the top of the mast4 ,the pole was so smooth that more than ordinary strength and activity were required to get to the top4 ,the greater number of those who attempted the feat gave out and slid back without having gained a prize4 ,there were also grown persons standing around watching the efforts of the boys and young men4 8,it's my turn now10 cried the fellow who had carried the cross in the procession4 8,but1 first1 let me have one more drink--it'll improve the sliding40 ,he swallowed the drink hastily1 then swaying about as he looked and pointed upward1 8,do you see that pipe with tassels to it80 he said4 8,that's the one ,i'm going after40 ,throwing aside his mantle1 he began to climb4 8,he'll not get up1 he's drunk10 cried a lad among the bystanders4 8,belladonna has given him two pints of double beer for carrying the cross in the procession--that's what ails him40 8,wait till ,i come down1 ,i'll slap your jaws10 cried the climber4 ,the spectators were watching him with interest4 ,he was obliged to pause frequently to rest himself1 which he did by winding his legs tightly round the pole4 ,at last he reached the top4 ,extending his arm to take the pipe1 it was too short4 ,climbing still higher1 he stretched his body to its greatest length1 lost his hold1 and fell to the ground4 ,the bystanders raised a great cry4 ,the unfortunate youth's head had embedded itself in the earth1 streams of blood gushed from his mouth and nostrils--he was lifeless4 8,he's dead6 ,it's all over with him10 was whispered around4 8,carry him off10 commanded ,seicht1 and then walked on4 ,one of the bystanders loosed the crosspiece of the mock crucifix2 the corpse was then stretched across the two pieces of wood and carried off the scene4 ,as the body was carried past1 the noise and revelry everywhere ceased4 8,wasn't that the one who carried the cross80 was asked4 8,is he dead8 ,did he fall from the pole8 ,how terrible60 ,even the progressionist revellers were struck thoughtful1 so deeply is the sense of religion rooted in the heart of man4 ,many a one among them1 seeing the pale1 rigid face of the dead man1 understood his fate to be a solemn warning1 and fled from the scene in terror4 ,the progressionist element of the town was much flattered by the presence at its orgies of the wealthiest property owner of the country4 ,the women had already made the discovery that the millionaire's only son1 ,mr4 ,seraphin ,gerlach1 was on the eve of marrying a member of the highly respectable house of ,greifmann1 bankers4 ,but it occasioned them no small amount of surprise that the young gentleman was not in attendance on the beautiful lady at the celebration4 ,louise's radiant countenance gave no indication1 however1 that any untoward occurrence had caused the absence of her prospective husband4 ,the wives and daughters of the chieftains were sitting under an awning sipping coffee and eating cake4 ,when ,louise approached leaning on her brother's arm1 they welcomed her to a place in the circle of loveliness with many courtesies and marks of respect4 ,mr4 ,conrad strolled about the place1 studying the spirit which animated the gathering4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,not now for sleep1 ,o slumbergod6 we sue2 ,hypnus6 not sleep1 but give our souls repose6 ,of the day's music such a mellowing close ,as might have rested ,shakespeare from his art1 ,or soothed the spirit of the ,tuscan strong ,who best read life1 its passions and its woes1 ,and wrought of sorrow earth's divinest song4 ,bring us a mood that might have lulled ,mozart1 ,not stupor1 not forgetfulness1 not dreams1 ,but vivid sense of what is best and rarest1 ,and sweet remembrance of the blessed few2 ,in the real presence of this fair world's fairest3 ,a spell of peace--as 'twere by those dear streams7#bji7 ,boccaccio wrote of1 when romance was new4 ,a ,legend ,of ,saint ,ottilia4 ,attich1 ,duke of ,alsace1 had a lovely wife1 with whom he lived in great happiness1 desiring but one thing more than he possessed--this was the blessing of children4 ,his prayers1 however1 remained unanswered until he vowed that1 if the ,lord would grant his ardent wish1 he would dedicate the child entirely to his service4 ,at length a daughter was born to him1 but the parents' first joy was turned into sadness1 for the child was blind4 ,ottilia 7thus was she named7 grew up a lovely maiden1 with rare goodness and virtues1 showing1 from her earliest youth1 singular piety and devoutness of character4 ,one of her daily prayers was that ,god might bestow on her the gift of sight4 ,byandby1 to the great astonishment of all1 this prayer was answered4 ,beautiful before1 the new expression of her eyes so enhanced her charms that1 whereas previously she had no lack of suitors1 now she was wooed by many and most noble youths4 ,these dazzling prospects affected the mind of her father1 and led him to repent the vow he had made to give his sweet child to ,god4 ,then ,count ,adelhart1 a brave man1 and one who had performed great services for ,attich1 claimed the hand of ,ottilia1 and the duke resolved that his daughter should become his wife4 ,ottilia heard this with terror2 she told her father how wrong she believed it to be1 and how she feared the vengeance of heaven if they thus disregarded his vow4 ,seeing1 however1 that her entreaties were of no avail1 and that they meant to marry her by compulsion1 she fled she knew not whither4 ,then ,attich called out his servants to pursue her1 he himself1 in company with ,ottilia's suitor1 taking the lead4 ,they took the road to ,freiburg1 in ,breisgau4 ,the day began to decline1 and their efforts to find her had been in vain1 when1 on riding up a hill from whose top they could overlook the country1 they heard a cry2 turning their eyes toward the place from whence the sound came1 they saw her whom they were seeking standing on the summit4 ,they urged their steeds onward1 rejoicing in the certainty of capturing the fugitive4 ,then ,ottilia threw herself upon her knees1 and prayed to heaven for assistance4 ,the rock opened beneath her feet1 and1 in the sight of all1 she sank into the yawning depth4 ,the rock closed again1 and1 from the spot where it had been reft in twain1 a clear well flowed1 taking its course downward into the forest below4 ,the mourning father returned to his now desolate home4 ,never again did he behold ,ottilia4 ,the wonderful tale soon spread far and near4 ,the fountain became a place of pilgrimage4 ,people drank from its waters1 to which a wonderful healing influence for weak eyes was attributed4 ,a hermit built his hut in its neighborhood1 and 8,the ,well of ,s4 ,ottilia0 was and is much frequented by old and young4 ,the mountain itself bears the name of 8,ottilia,berg40 ,thus runs the simple legend which1 even after the lapse of centuries1 brings people to visit this famous spring1 partly drawn thither by religious faith in the curative power of its waters1 and partly attracted by the renowned beauty of the scenery which surrounds the spot where heaventrusting ,ottilia had thrown herself upon the intervention of ,providence4 ,the ,year ,of ,our ,lord #ahgb4 ,there lurks a grim sarcasm in our title for those who1 as the years grow and die out one after the other1 ask each in turn3 ,what have you brought us8 what growth of good and lessening of evil8 what new bond to link the scattered and divided masses of a humanity which should be common--but is not--more closely and firmly together8 ,have you brought us a step nearer heaven1 that is1 nearer the destiny which ,god marked out in the beginning for his creation1 or thrown us backward8 ,years are the days of the world1 of national life2 and as each closes1 even the superior minds which will not deign to believe in such oldfashioned words as a ,god1 a heaven1 or a hell1 cannot fail to ask themselves the question1 ,what has the world gained or lost in this its latest day8 ,we know that we shall be greeted at the outset by the old cry3--,catholics behind the age again3 it is plain their religion was not made for the ,x,i,xth century2 they will drift backward and sigh for the days that were1 the gloom and the mist and the superstition of the 8ages of faith03 they refuse to recognize the century1 to understand it and its glorious enlightenment3 they decline to march hand in hand with the great leaders1 the apostles of the day1 in politics1 science1 and religion--the ,bismarcks1 the ,lanzas1 the ,mills1 the ,fawcetts1 the ,bradlaughs1 the ,dllingers1 the ,beechers1 the ,huxleys1 the ,buckles1 the ,darwins1 the novelists1 and the newspapers2 the 8enlightened0 ideas of the age on marriage1 education1 civil government1 and the rest4 ,we humbly plead guilty to the greater portion of this charge4 ,modern enlightenment1 as preached by the apostles above enumerated1 and others such1 possesses still too few charms to win us from our benighted ignorance4 ,to us ,utopia appears as far off today as when it grew upon the mind of ,sir ,thomas ,more in the shape of a dream too splendid to be realized2 as far off as the fairyland which presented itself to our youthful imagination1 where everybody was goodygoody1 where all were kings and queens with crowns and sceptres1 or lovely princesses and amiable princes1 who loved each other with the most ardent nursery love1 and with only one crabbed old fairy to spoil the scene1 whose witcheries caused the amiable princes to undergo a certain amount of mild misfortunes1 creating a corresponding amount of misery in the bosoms of the lovely princesses1 till at length the old harridan was overridden to her shame and confusion1 truth and virtue triumphed1 everybody married everybody else1 and there was peace and joy for ever after4 ,to drop fancy3 the story of the year would not seem to bring happier tidings of the great joy which was announced at the coming of ,christ3 of 8peace on earth to men of goodwill40 8,civilized0 governments still hold fast by the good old rule1 ,that he may take who has the power1 ,and he may keep who can4 ,we purpose passing in review a few of the chief events which have moved the world during the past year and made its annals memorable in all time4 ,our review must necessarily be a rapid one1 a mere glance in fact1 at the multitude of events which confront us1 some like ghosts which we have summoned from their graves in the buried year1 others which accompany us into the new and the unknown to ripen or wither with us into their measure of good or of evil4 ,as the year opened1 the eyes of the world were fixed upon the sickbed of the ,prince of ,wales1 stricken down by fever apparently beyond hope of recovery4 ,the whole thing is long forgotten2 but the anxiety which his illness caused--in view of the possible political complications which might have resulted from the death of the heir to the ,english throne--and the enthusiasm which his recovery evoked from end to end of the land1 makes the event worthy of mention in the record of the year as significant of the innate as well as outspoken loyalty of the ,english nation for their crown and institution--a national trait which it is becoming fashionable to question4 ,our own year opened tragically with the murder of ,fisk by ,stokes1 his boon companion4 ,the man's end was in keeping with his life1 and his name should not have sullied our pages1 but for the consequent collapse of the long triumphant ,erie ,ring4 ,the era of blood thus commenced has flourished bravely4 ,quid novi8 quid novi8 was the daily cry at ,athens when ,s4 ,paul entered it4 ,we would not demean the commercial metropolis of the ,new ,world and of the new age by comparing it with the intellectual metropolis of paganism2 but as the cry of the ,athenians was each day3 ,what new system1 doctrine1 or philosophy is there8 the question of our more enlightened and ,christian capital might well be3 ,what new thing in the way of murder8 ,scarcely a day passes but some fresh horror greets our eyes in the morning4 ,nor is it left to the hand of man alone to take life as he pleases2 the privilege has passed to women1 and they make right good use of this latest form of their 8rights40 ,we read till our blood curdles of the political poisonings of the ,x,v,ith century in ,italy2 of their secrecy and the safety of their carrying out4 ,we are a more honest race than the ,italians2 we enshroud our deeds of blood in no false ,machiavellian veil2 we kill in open day4 ,the lady or gentleman who has just taken away a life politely hands the pistol to the officer1 who escorts him or her with the utmost courtesy to the police station1 where a cell is luxuriously fitted up according to the exigencies of the case2 the murderer stands up in open court1 with the ablest champions to defend him2 he calls upon the law to save him1 and the 8law0 does4 ,in the meantime obtuse people are beginning to inquire if there be such a thing as law in ,new ,york1 and in ,america generally1 and if the present administration of justice be not very closely allied to administering injustice4 ,we have felt compelled to touch on this point at some length2 for murder1 cool1 deliberate1 wilful murder1 has marked our year with a red stain which was never dry2 the murderers have either escaped or are living at ease and being 8lionized0 by the press in their prisons2 justice is not administered among us4 ,so true is this1 that outraged public feeling1 which requires a very heavy force to set its inertia in motion1 has at length found it necessary to begin to weed the judiciary4 ,until it does so thoroughly1 the law of ,new ,york is the law of the bullet and the knife4 ,if we were not above taking a lesson from people for whom we entertain1 of course1 a sovereign contempt1 we might find something commendable in the action of the populace in ,lima1 ,peru1 on the occasion of the murder of ,colonel ,balta1 the president1 by ,guttierez1 the minister of war2 who1 in order to attain supreme power1 caused ,balta to be assassinated1 having previously gained over the garrison of ,lima1 and had himself proclaimed dictator4 ,the people1 finding reason to object to this summary mode of settling questions1 refused to accept this dictatorship2 rose in revolt1 overpowered the garrison1 hanged the dictator and his brother to lamp posts in the public square1 and burned their bodies4 ,we1 are far from advocating the cause of 8,judge ,lynch02 but a slight touch of the sensible spirit displayed by the inhabitants of ,lima has a wonderfully wholesome effect on evil doers in power4 ,our political life for the past year has been absorbed in the presidential election and the settlement of the ,alabama claims4 ,this latter very vexed question has come at last to a final1 peaceful1 and satisfactory solution4 ,our claim for 8indirect damages0 against ,england was ruled out of court4 ,an adequate propitiation was made in the final decision1 given in our favor3 ,england was compelled to pay us #c1jjj1jjj2 she is supposed to have lost very much in prestige in consequence2 particularly as the ,san ,juan boundary question was also decided in our favor2 the whole thing was settled by peaceful arbitration1 and1 therefore1 no matter which party lost in prestige1 or diplomacy1 or pocket1 both have good reason to congratulate themselves on getting out of sight1 let us ardently hope1 for ever1 a very ugly question which was fast becoming a gangrene1 corroding and eating out all good feeling between the two nations4 ,it is one of the things which we sincerely trust may be buried with the dead year2 and the two rival claimants we hope to see enter on a new lease of friendship and goodwill4 ,general ,grant was reelected2 the opposition arrayed against him under ,mr4 ,greeley as candidate for the presidency1 and such very able secessionists from the republican ranks as ,messrs4 ,sumner1 ,schurz1 and others1 and the attempted coalescing of ,democrats with dissatisfied ,republicans1 who would not coalesce1 utterly broke down4 ,general ,grant's is undoubtedly a national election3 we trust1 therefore1 that his future term may correspond with the confidence placed in his rule by the nation2 may be productive of all the good which we expect of it for the nation at large2 may heal up old wounds still sore1 and may lead the country wisely into a new era of prosperity and peace3 the more so that the outer world is fast pouring in on us the most skilled artisans and lawabiding1 intelligent citizens of every ,european race4 ,having said so much for ourselves1 we turn to the workings of events in ,europe during the past year1 which indeed have occupied our attention more1 almost1 than our home questions4 ,our gaze has been riveted with an interest of almost painful intensity on the two contestants during the late dread struggle1 and the actions and bearing of each have brought out the inner character of the two nations in such strong relief that we can think of ,germany and ,france as two individualities4 ,on the one side1 we behold ,united ,germany1 the victor in the fight1 like a strong athlete glorying in his great strength1 setting on his own brow the laurels which he plucked from that of his fallen foe2 not resting on his honors1 and satiated for the time being with his glory1 but anxious1 careful1 trying his strength1 not letting his arms rust for want of practice1 preparing himself for new glories and new contests to come as though they were to come tomorrow1 and as a matter of course4 ,on the other1 we have ,france wounded and bleeding at every pore4 ,we thought its life had ebbed out1 stricken first by the terrible blows of a merciless conqueror1 after by a delirious contest with itself4 ,and what do we behold8 ,no longer a weak convalescent1 sick1 sore1 and spiritless1 but a great nation1 infused with a new life2 strong and gaining in strength every day2 cautious indeed and still uncertain1 but these are not bad signs in a nation which is recovering at however rapid strides1 and which fell from its overweening confidence4 ,it has almost exhausted its terrible debt to ,germany1 and rid the soil of the foot of the foe4 ,its loans were eagerly taken up and covered four times over3 its exports for the first six months of the year were in advance of those for the corresponding six months1 esteemed a period of great prosperity1 prior to the war2 its army is again on a firm and sound footing2 its children are peaceful1 calm and obedient to the law in the face of the tyranny and unnecessarily harsh measures and dictation of the conqueror and the rash declamations of ,gambetta1 biding their time with a calm good sense which we scarcely expected in the ,french people4 ,of course the nation is taxed and heavily2 but the wonder is that a nation can endure such blows and live2 can not only live1 but present to the admiration and astonished gaze of the world1 a year after what we considered its death and burial1 so glorious a resurrection into a powerful and wealthy country4 ,as these two nations have been the centre of attraction to the whole world during the year1 we feel called upon to touch upon each in a more special manner than on other nations4 ,on ,april #gth1 the ,emperor ,william delivered a speech from the throne1 from which we cull the following extract3 8,honored ,gentlemen3 ,you will share the satisfaction with which the ,confederate ,governments look back on the events of the first year of the newly founded ,german ,empire1 and the joyful confidence with which they look forward to the further national and state development of our internal institutions4 ,with equal satisfaction you will hail the assurance that the policy of his majesty1 the emperor and king1 has succeeded in retaining and strengthening the confidence of all foreign states2 that the power acquired by ,germany through becoming united in one ,empire is not only a safe bulwark for the fatherland1 but likewise affords a strong guarantee for the peace of ,europe40 ,now1 that sounds so well1 at least it did in ,april last1 that it is almost a pity to spoil it by the inevitable comments which cannot fail to present themselves to the minds of its readers in ,december1 in the face of one or two little events which have occurred since ,april4 ,but before commenting on it1 we must add a further exquisite little piece of irony from the same speech of ,bismarck's--we mean of the ,emperor ,william3 ,prince ,bismarck only read it3 8,the new administration in1 and the consolidation of the affairs of1 ,alsace and ,lorraine make satisfactory progress4 ,the damage done by the war is gradually disappearing with the aid of the subvention given in conformity with the law1 dated ,june #ae1 #ahga40 ,as it is not the purport of this article to go extensively into the various subjects which come under our notice1 we think that the best mode of dealing with the ,german question will be to read the above speech by the ,december light3 ,honored ,gentlemen3 ,you will share the satisfaction with which the ,confederate ,governments look back on the events of the intervening nine months since his majesty1 the emperor and king1 first found reason to congratulate you on the consolidation of the newly founded empire4 ,those events are1 in brief1 as follows3 #a4 ,as we consider national education to be the first means in making good1 sound1 and efficient citizens of the ,empire1 and as we consider it1 moreover1 to be the great moralizer of the masses in these days1 we have found it necessary to take this education from the hands in which it has rested for so long1 8which the ,prussia of the past encouraged1 and indeed enforced2 which have had the honor to receive the zealous support of two deceased monarchs1 the father and brother of the present sovereign2 which have received for the last two generations the approbation of all sorts of thinkers--who believed that the ,prussian state could only subsist by a strict military and religious organization1 that a definite church system must be chosen by the state1 and the people drilled in it as they were drilled for his majesty's armies407#baj7 ,notwithstanding the very solid proofs which our success in the late war gave us of the efficiency of this system1 when our soldiers went to battle under the double panoply of intelligence and faith in ,god1 we have since found it fit to divorce religion from education1 and place this moralizer of the masses in the hands of those to whom morality is a thing unknown1 or1 if it mean anything1 means blind obedience to the state in all things4 #b4 ,holding as we do that marriage is another powerful moralizer of the masses1 and the strongest bond for the welfare1 happiness1 and power of a nation1 we have thought fit to divorce it also from religion1 to strip it of the sacred character with which ,jesus ,christ invested it1 and which1 even were it false1 has been the chief means of restoring woman to her fitting station in life1 of civilizing man1 and substituting love and purity for sensuality and animal passion3 being perfectly alive to all this1 we have still seen fit to hand the power of the binding and the loosing of marriage into the hands of the magistracy1 to be dealt with for the future as a civil contract1 thus reducing it to the far more convenient form of a mere matter of buying and selling at will4 #c4 ,having already testified in the most direct and special manner our gratitude for the great services rendered us by the ,society of ,jesus and kindred orders recently on the fields of ,france1 and in the more lasting and beneficial fields of intellectual and religious culture under the educational system which obtained so long and with such profit to us1 but which we have since seen fit to put an end to1 we think it fit to prove their devotion still further to us by banishing them the ,empire1 breaking up their communities1 closing their churches1 appropriating their property to our own use and imprisoning them if we find them within our territory4 ,we mercifully spare them the further trial of immediate martyrdom4 #d4 ,having been compelled to meet the demands of two powerful bodies of our subjects whose interests on religious questions sometimes clash1 we have very wisely1 and very satisfactorily to both bodies1 met those demands by special articles in our legislative code which have hitherto answered their purpose so well that both bodies have been enabled to work harmoniously though in friendly rivalry together as common children of fatherland4 ,we have seen fit to erase those laws1 at least in the case of the ,catholics4 ,we cannot allow their bishops to excommunicate our subjects1 though we have hitherto allowed it1 and though we still allow it to the ,protestants47#baa7 ,honored ,gentlemen3 ,having thus succeeded in creating a profound and widespread agitation by outraging the feelings and the conscience of #ad1jjj1jjj of our most faithful subjects1 an agitation which has spread from these #ad1jjj1jjj to hundreds of millions of their coreligionists outside the ,empire1 and indeed of large bodies and powerful secular organs opposed to them in faith1 the confederate governments1 the most powerful of which is ,catholic1 may look forward with joyful confidence to the further national and state development of our institutions4 ,with equal satisfaction you will hail the assurance that the policy of his majesty1 the emperor and king1 has succeeded in retaining and strengthening the confidence of all foreign states17#bab7 that the power acquired by ,germany is not only a safe bulwark for the fatherland17#bac7 but likewise affords a strong guarantee for the peace of ,europe4 ,the new administration in1 and the consolidation of affairs in1 ,alsace and ,lorraine1 have made most satisfactory progress4 ,by careful and well devised management we have succeeded in driving out the population of these two provinces1 two of the wealthiest in the world1 in rendering their cities desolate and their smiling country a desert3 in gaining for ourselves a new legacy of hatred1 and arousing the disgust and1 what politically is worse1 the suspicion of all governments outside our own4 ,as a further comment on this speech we must add the dangerous symptoms of revolt exhibited by the ,upper ,house in the ,prussian diet1 and the dubiously constitutional mode adopted of bringing it to submission4 ,the influx of ,french gold would seem to have created a ,south ,sea ,bubble commotion in financial circles4 ,rent in the chief cities and towns has increased twofold2 the cost of living has risen with it4 ,this falls heaviest1 of course1 on the middle and lower classes1 so that we are not surprised to hear1 that the rate of living having increased #fj or #gj per cent4 for the poorer classes during the last six or seven years1 and the ,french gold never having filtered down to their pockets1 the poor have been unable to meet their new expenses1 and 8ever since the conclusion of peace with ,france10 to quote the special correspondent of the ,london ,times1 ,april #aath1 8the ,german workmen have been at war with their #8masters4' 0 ,as a last comment we see the ,german people fleeing from this glorious consolidation of confederate governments in such numbers that the central government is compelled to call into practice measures as harsh on the one side to restrain their own people from running away as they used to force out the inhabitants of ,alsace and ,lorraine4 ,we believe we have said enough of ,german 8,unity0 on its first two years of lease to show that its workings1 whether internal or external1 have been anything but satisfactory so far1 and far from hopeful to the world at large4 ,the strikes which were successful in ,germany were not restricted to that locality4 ,they spread through the greater part of ,europe1 and reached out here to us1 with varied success4 ,new ,york was in many departments of business at a standstill in what is generally esteemed as the busiest portion of the year4 ,fortunately with us and for the greater part elsewhere1 the 8strikes0 passed off peaceably1 and the masters and workmen succeeded in coming to a compromise at least for the time being4 ,this uprising of labor against capital formed one of the most significant1 we fear most threatening1 aspects of the year4 ,there was a union and a combination among the working classes of ,european nations and our own1 which enabled them to offer a persistent1 solid1 and bold front to their employers4 ,funds and a more perfect organization1 neither of which seem to us impossible1 would convert tradesunions into the most formidable power in the world4 ,christian education can alone hope to convert this into a legal power4 ,at present it wavers between the dictates of good sense and fair demands and the wild and impossible1 but1 to halfeducated men1 very fascinating1 dreams of the ,communists4 ,labor is beginning at last to feel its power1 its numbers1 its irresistible force2 that the world cannot get on without it1 as little as it can get on without the cooperation of the rest of the world4 ,let the laboring classes receive an education worthy of the name1 plant religion in their hearts while at school1 and1 when they come to face the hard problem1 the division of wealth1 they will be led away by no fallacious teachings that what is and always must be a necessity is a wrong done to humanity2 but divorce the schools1 as governments seem now resolved to do1 from religion1 and labor will merge into ,communism4 ,france has borne her terrible trials with a calmness1 a magnanimity1 and a selfdependence which have regained for her in the eyes of the world more than she ever lost at ,sedan4 ,we speak here of the nation1 not of its haphazard government4 ,thiers is at present a necessity2 and by the aid of the bogy 8resignation0 which he has conjured up so often1 and whereby he frightens the still cautious ,assembly into submission1 he has managed to hold the dangerous elements in such a state of order that the nation has been able so far to regain public confidence that its loans were caught up with avidity2 it has almost freed itself from the foot of the foe2 it has frowned down the folly of ,gambetta2 restored its army to a sound footing1 and won the admiration and goodwill of all by its truly patriotic bearing in the face of a rapacious1 dictatorial1 and merciless conqueror4 ,but ,thiers cannot last1 and what is to follow8 ,the country would not bear the rule of 8the man of ,sedan10 though1 undoubtedly1 his twenty years of firm government wrought it up to the pitch of material prosperity which even its terrible losses have been unable to destroy4 ,the speech of the ,duc d',audiffret ,pasquier on the army contracts1 showing a system of finance in the army somewhat similar to that which has recently greeted our eyes in the city government1 has killed ,napoleonism for the nonce4 ,we can only hope for the best in ,france from some other and nobler sprout of former dynasties2 we cannot foresee it4 ,we must not forget that the nation has been kneeling at its altars and shrines4 ,of course superior people and 8witty0 writers have laughed at and insulted a nation for being foolish enough and so far behind the age as to believe in the assistance of a ,god whom they could not contain in their capacious intellects4 ,france has survived the laughter and disregarded the laughers2 but her sons have been none the less obedient to the laws and constitution established1 and thus restored confidence in their country1 by acknowledging the efficacy of divine worship1 and the intercession of the blessed ,mother with her divine ,son4 ,the year has1 happily1 borne no war stain on its record2 for we cannot dignify the ,english expedition against the ,looshais in ,india by that title4 ,revolts among the natives have of late been cropping up again in ,british ,india1 while the silent but steady march of ,russia1 with all her vast forces1 nearer and nearer to the outline of the ,british possessions1 threatens at no distant date an inevitable collision between the two powers1 which1 in the not very doubtful event of ,russia's victory1 would avenge ,sebastopol1 and1 at the same time more than counterbalance the present supremacy of ,germany in ,europe4 ,while ,england was all aglow with the gorgeous story of pomp and pageantry coming from the far ,east1 of reviews of armies1 of gallant processions from end to end of the land1 of displays of splendor1 and more than royal magnificence flashing on the bewildered gaze of the ,easterns2 outshining in dazzling brilliancy their own 8barbaric pearl and gold0--wrought up to win over their allegiance by giving them some idea of the vast power of that empire far away1 whose representative could muster such a show of majesty--came a cruel little flash across the world telling us that the show was ended by the death of the chief performer at the hands of an obscure assassin4 ,a few feet in advance of his party1 in the gloom of evening1 as he is about to step from the pier into his boat1 the stroke of a knife from a hidden assailant1 and--,lord ,mayo1 the great ,viceroy1 is slain4 ,england viewed his death as a national calamity4 ,following close on the heels of the murder of ,mr4 ,justice ,norman by another native1 of the outbreaks of the ,kookas and the ,looshais1 it had a significance which the nation took to heart4 ,from a further corner of the ,east still comes a dread story of famine devouring #c1jjj1jjj of people in ,persia4 ,small succor was offered them by their ,christian brethren3 and such as was sent seems to have reached them with the greatest difficulty4 ,horrible tales are told of hunger overcoming all the ties of nature1 and mothers1 in their madness1 devouring even their own offspring4 ,the harvest for this season was a very excellent one2 but its effects cannot be felt till the coming year4 ,the ,east has not exhausted its romance yet1 though this time it wears a less grim visage4 ,we refer to the discovery of ,dr4 ,livingstone by ,mr4 ,stanley1 a reporter of the ,new ,york ,herald4 ,everybody believed ,dr4 ,livingstone dead3 ,mr4 ,bennett believed him living3 he despatched ,mr4 ,stanley to interview him somewhere in the middle of ,africa1 and ,mr4 ,stanley obeyed as successfully as though he had only been despatched to one of our hotels to 8interview0 a political man4 ,of course nobody believed either ,stanley or the ,herald2 and of course there has been much consequent laughing at the 8easychair geographers10 when white1 after all1 turned out to be white and not black1 as the learned gentlemen thus designated demonstrated to a nicety4 ,but we should imagine that the persistent doubts of these gentlemen were the highest compliment which could be paid1 either to ,mr4 ,stanley or ,mr4 ,bennett1 as indicating the almost utter impossibility of their stupendous and brilliant enterprise4 ,to the world at large1 the finding of a man1 whom1 with all due respect1 we cannot but look upon as selflost1 is the least part of the undertaking4 ,mr4 ,stanley's expedition and disclosures of the horrors of the slave trade have awakened a new interest in that horrible traffic1 and promises to enlist the sympathies of nations in unison against it4 ,after a sleep of centuries ,japan has reopened her gates to ,christian influences and civilization--gates closed since the work so gloriously commenced by ,s4 ,francis ,xavier was marred by the narrowness and selfishness and unchristian spirit of ,european traders4 ,the ,mikado despatched an embassy under the leadership of one of his chief statesmen1 ,iwakura1 in order to study this boasted civilization and see what it was like4 ,in the meantime1 ,christians are still suffering persecution and even death in ,japan4 ,but why should ,iwakura interfere to stop it when he finds 8civilized0 governments1 such as ,germany and ,italy1 setting ,japan a brilliant example in the same line of policy8 ,correspondents give us reason to dread a fresh outbreak in ,china similar to the ,tientsin massacre4 ,we trust that the representatives of the ,european powers and our own will be alive to this4 ,nothing of great import has occurred in the empire beyond the marriage of his ,celestial ,majesty4 ,going back to ,europe1 we find ,spain in much the same state as the opening year found her2 restless1 dissatisfied1 and disunited4 ,a ,carlist rising was effected in the spring1 which at one time threatened to be formidable2 but1 after showing itself in fitful bursts at different points1 it finally died out1 for the time being at least1 with a greater loss of gunpowder than of life4 ,it was mismanaged4 ,there were and still are a variety of little eruptions here1 there1 and everywhere4 ,an attempt on the life of ,king ,amadeo was got up for the purpose of arousing some loyalty in his favor4 ,it created a little sensation at first2 but people speedily suspected something1 and the subject dropped4 ,all parties in ,spain are still at daggers drawn4 ,even if ,amadeo could1 by his influence1 which we very much doubt after his sufficient trial1 conciliate them1 they would not be conciliated4 ,we do not expect to find ,amadeo's name at the head of the ,spanish government this day twelvemonth4 ,a good regent1 not ,montpensier1 might bring about the restoration of ,don ,alfonso2 but where is such a regent8 ,don ,carlos possesses the greatest amount of genuine loyalty to his name and cause1 and he would be the winning man1 could he only manage his rising in a more efficient manner4 ,even the ,saturday ,review1 the other day1 almost lamented the loss of ,queen ,isabella4 ,the state of ,italy is perhaps on a par with that of ,spain1 with the advantage of the utter lawlessness touched upon in our last number4 ,we are now informed that a bill for the suppression of religious orders is introduced4 ,of course it will pass4 ,a government which shakes hands with the ,garibaldini1 which is hand and glove with the murderer and assassin whom it fears1 is strong when it comes to the spoliation of religious houses and the persecution of ,christian men who it knows will not resist4 ,we cannot pass ,italy by--alas6 what an ,italy it has become6--without one word of admiration for the ,holy ,father4 ,men1 journalists1 all sorts of people1 would have driven ,pius ,,ix4 from ,rome long ago4 ,but the pilot is still at the helm of the barque of ,peter1 though pirates tread the decks4 ,and never during the successive storms which have made his long reign so dark with trial has our great pontiff presented to the angry world a more forcible spectacle of a man utterly above all the pettiness1 all the trials1 all the misery1 which human malice can inflict upon humanity1 than at this moment in his own person2 looking afar over the troubled waters for the calm which shall come from heaven1 and bring men back from their insane mood at the old whisper1 8,peace1 be still60 ,he stands there the truest and purest living protest of justice shackled by injustice1 and around that prisoned throne range the hearts of all true ,catholics and all true men in the world4 ,in ,england1 the ,gladstone ,ministry after many threatenings has managed to hold its own1 in consequence probably of the successful termination of the ,alabama claims4 ,the ,ballot ,bill has at length passed1 and in future we hope to be spared the degrading scenes which were wont to accompany ,english elections4 ,the ,irish ,church ,establishment has falsified ,mr4 ,gladstone's high hopes of new life1 vigor1 efficiency1 and so forth1 on being deprived of its 8temporalities10 which came into act this year4 ,it has come to a miserable collapse1 and is now a pauper asking alms to live4 ,the agitation for the disestablishment of the ,english ,church is gaining ground1 as is also the ,home,rule movement in ,ireland1 which undoubtedly received a fresh impetus from the attack made by a renegade ,catholic judge on the ,irish clergy and on one of their leaders1 ,archbishop ,mc,hale1 whose name is venerated wherever his fame is known4 ,there has been a cry of a coal failure1 and a much more serious one1 because better founded and more immediate1 of a potato failure in ,ireland as well as ,england1 which1 coupled with the strike of the agricultural laborers and the coming winter1 threatens an ugly season4 ,serious riots incurring a lamentable loss of life and property occurred in ,belfast on the repeal of the ,parties ,processions ,act4 ,the rioters held the city in a state of terrorism for days4 8,of course the ,orangemen began it10 commented the ,london ,spectator2 8the worst murder committed1 that of ,constable ,morton1 was the murder of a ,protestant by ,protestants1 because he upheld the law40 ,in ,mexico1 the death of ,president ,juarez1 the murderer of the unhappy ,maximilian1 as well as of countless others1 whom 8people who ought to know0 were never tired of calling the saviour of his country1 the true patriot1 and the like1 oddly enough put an end to the internecine strife which was ravaging the country1 and everybody suddenly collapsed into peace3 8,yet ,juarez was an honorable man40 ,in the natural order1 there have been terrible convulsions1 followed1 in the closing year1 by a succession of tempests on sea and land1 productive of dismal disasters4 ,in the spring1 an earthquake shook ,antioch1 and half the city was gone1 with a loss of #a1ejj inhabitants4 ,in the same month1 ,vesuvius belched forth torrents of burning lava for days1 causing a vast destruction of property and loss of life to a few overcurious sightseers4 ,later on came the inundations of the ,po1 accompanied by losses more grievous still4 ,then storms swept the country1 and1 indeed1 all ,europe1 strewing the shores with wrecked vessels and their crews4 ,fire touched and marred1 but1 fortunately1 did not succeed in destroying1 two of the grandest monuments of ,european art--the ,escurial of ,philip ,,ii4 in ,spain1 and the ,cathedral of ,canterbury in ,england1 doubly consecrated--the second time by the blood of the martyred ,s4 ,thomas4 ,it was more successful among ourselves2 and a few hours' blaze in the month of ,november destroyed the finest portion of our most ancient city1 ,boston4 ,among what might be termed the curiosities of the year figured the ,boston ,jubilee2 an assembling together of ,european bands and singers1 with a native chorus of #bj1jjj4 ,it was called music4 ,a second curiosity was the epidemic which recently broke out among the horses1 and brought life in ,new ,york to a standstill1 or at least to a walking pace1 for several days4 ,it is to be hoped that means of transit may be devised to prevent the effects of such a casualty in future4 ,a third curiosity was an assembly of recreant priests and others to the number of #djj at ,cologne in order to do something4 ,what the something was never appeared4 ,they dined1 quarrelled1 and separated2 while the world was agape to see something arise which should crush ,god's ,church4 ,other curiosities were the great trials1 civil and military1 which took place during the year4 ,among the former class that of the man known as the 8,tichborne ,claimant0 stands preeminent4 ,the story is too well known to be commented on here2 the 8claimant's0 case broke down2 he was committed to ,newgate prison1 bailed out1 and is now 8starring0 the country to procure funds for a new trial4 ,the case was remarkable for the strangest and oddest disclosures of character and hidden life from the highest almost to the lowest classes1 not only in ,england1 but in many other countries4 ,the trial of ,marshal ,bazaine for the surrender of ,metz1 which is still pending1 stands foremost in the rank of military trials4 ,v victis6 ,many of ,bazaine's comrades were condemned for premature surrender by the ,committee of ,inquiry2 we shall see whether the once great marshal will be able to come off with a clear escutcheon4 ,other trials were those of the ,communists and the murderers of the ,archbishop of ,paris and the clergy4 ,as a rule1 a more villanous set never stood face to face with justice4 ,they have had full1 fair1 and exhaustive trials2 such as could offer any excuse for their crimes escaped2 the others were shot4 ,death has been mowing right and left among us with indiscriminating scythe4 ,in ,persia he grew weary of his own grim harvest4 ,eastern ,europe was threatened with cholera1 but escaped4 ,some tall heads have fallen among the mean2 many whose names are memorable for evil as well as good2 many others whose places it would seem hard to fill4 ,the ,catholic ,church has lost ,archbishop ,spalding1 ,bishops ,mc,gill and ,o',connor in ,america1 ,morris and ,goss in ,england1 ,cardinal ,amat in ,italy4 ,their names will live in the church and in her prayers4 ,anderson and ,meade have gone1 ,seward and ,morse1 and ,bennett1 the founder of the ,new ,york ,herald1 and ,greeley1 the founder of the ,tribune4 ,persigny1 and ,conti1 and ,mazzini1 each memorable in his way1 dropped out during the year4 ,lever1 one of the most genial of ,irish novelists1 is dead1 and his muchlamented countryman1 ,maguire1 of ,cork4 ,the only surviving son of the ,duc d',aumale1 a promising young man1 was snatched away--an important event1 as the claims of this branch of the family to the ,french throne fall now to the ,count de ,chambord4 ,bernadotte1 ,charles ,,xv4 of ,sweden1 has gone1 and was succeeded on the throne by his brother ,oscar4 ,and now1 passing from the old1 we look to the new1 not without anxiety4 ,the war against the church1 in reality against the rights of man1 the freedom of conscience1 commenced in ,germany1 has spread thence to ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and ,spain1 and1 under the form of the educational question1 wider and further still4 ,if ,catholics would save the souls of their children1 and of their children's children1 from the infidelity and the moral decay which we see around us1 even in this free breathing atmosphere1 they must be firm and united in their resistance to the encroachment of the state1 where states possess no rights--over the dictates of conscience4 ,the uprise of labor against capital1 which was the real cause of the first ,french ,revolution and its mad excesses1 we have already touched upon4 ,it should be a deep source of anxiety and care to true statesmen4 ,war looms on the ,european horizon1 gathers in silent thunderclouds all around4 ,a flash is enough to kindle the combustion and make the thunder speak4 ,who shall say when or whence it comes8 ,europe is arming1 and we have good authority for saying that 8the next war will rage over half a century0--,bismarck himself4 ,for the church we foresee an increase of bitter and severe trials4 ,we can only appeal to that enlightenment which the age vaunts2 to its common sense and common fairness to allow us the freedom in our own worship which they1 if they possess any1 claim for themselves4 ,public opinion is1 to a great extent1 the lever of the age4 ,we must work at that until we shame it into powerful and persistent action to remove and overthrow the mountain of intolerance1 bigotry1 and opposition1 which rulers1 who are neither ,protestant nor ,catholic1 are raising up in order to overwhelm all religion1 all right1 all freedom4 ,new ,publications4 ,,my ,,clerical ,,friends4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgc4 ,we need not say more than that the above is by the author of that production of exquisite humor and satire1 ,the ,comedy of ,convocation1 to awaken a profound interest in its appearance4 ,this new book from his pen is somewhat similar4 ,it is a choice compound of argument1 history1 and wit4 ,its object is to represent the ,english clerical body as it is1 with a special intention of showing the ridiculousness of the claim made by some of its members to the character of ,catholic priesthood4 ,the author is the son of a clergyman1 and was himself a clergyman1 and is at home in his subject4 ,we promise our readers a rare treat in this new and spicy volume4 ,,conversion ,,of ,,the ,,teutonic ,,race4 ,,conversion ,,of ,,the ,,franks ,,and ,,english4 ,,sequel ,,to ,,the ,,same4 ,s4 ,,boniface ,,and ,,the ,,conversion ,,of ,,germany4 ,by ,mrs4 ,hope4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,dalgairns1 of the ,oratory4 ,london3 ,washbourne4 #ahgb4 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,few readers of ,english books know much of those most splendid and important chapters of history1 of which these two volumes contain a summary within a moderate compass4 ,the lady who has written them is a very competent and graceful narrator of historical scenes and events4 ,she has given us the cream of authentic and truly scientific historical works with care and skill1 and at the same time she has clothed her narrative with a flowing and agreeable diction4 ,there are scarcely two volumes to be found in the whole mass of recent ,english literature better worth reading than these4 ,we are delighted1 also1 to meet again1 in the preface of the second volume1 with ,f4 ,dalgairns1 from whose pen nothing ever comes which is not choice both in matter and style4 ,his editorship adds a most satisfactory sanction to the historical and critical accuracy of these volumes1 over which he has exercised a supervision1 and some pages of which have been written by himself4 ,these volumes which have gained great repute and favor in ,england will1 we trust1 have also a wide circulation in this country1 and help to diffuse sound historical knowledge1 which1 as ,f4 ,dalgairns remarks1 is such a powerful auxiliary to religious truth4 ,,life ,,and ,,times ,,of ,,sixtus ,,the ,,fifth4 ,from the ,french of ,baron ,hbner4 ,by ,james ,f4 ,meline4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgc4 ,the dying ,gregory ,,xiii41 worn out with the difficulties and responsibilities of his position1 raised his weary hands to heaven1 and exclaimed3 8,thou wilt arise1 ,o ,lord1 and have mercy on ,zion02 prophetic words that were realized in the election of ,pope ,sixtus ,v41 who1 as ,ranke justly observes1 possessed in the highest perfection the moral and intellectual qualities demanded for the suppression of the prevalent disorders of the times4 ,perhaps there is no other pope whose life is of more universal interest4 ,his striking individuality of character appeals to the popular mind1 and has given rise to a variety of fables respecting him which fasten themselves on the memory and1 though not literally true1 yet embody a certain truth of their own4 ,his rise from obscurity to become a link of that august dynasty beside which 8the proudest royal houses are but of yesterday10 his ability to cope with all the difficulties of his position at a critical period in the political and religious world1 his astuteness in dealing with the most wily diplomatists1 his clear notions as to the necessity of balance of power among different nations1 his financial ability and genius for statesmanship1 have all commanded the very admiration of the enemies of the papacy4 8,a grand old man10 the ,british ,quarterly styles him1 and with reason4 8,a great pope1 to whom posterity owes a debt of gratitude in consideration of the whole results of his pontificate10 says the ,edinburgh ,review4 ,the extraordinary events of the life of ,sixtus ,v4 were the result of his wonderful energy and persistency4 ,people like decision of character--a man with a purpose1 and the ability of putting it into execution4 ,this is why all admirers of 8selfmade0 men like to retrace the upward steps of the life of this eminent pope1 from the rustic boyhood of ,felice ,peretti on the shores of the ,adriatic2 his thirst for knowledge that impelled him to study by the lamp of the sanctuary2 his girding himself with the cord of the humble ,francis while yet a mere boy2 his career as a young friar preacher1 drawing crowded ,roman audiences to listen to his fervid eloquence1 among them such men as ,s4 ,ignatius de ,loyola and ,s4 ,philip ,neri2 his promotion to a cardinalship by a sainted pope who was his benefactor1 and whose last moments he had the happiness of witnessing2 his temporary retirement to his villa1 where he gave himself up to quiet observation of the needs of the times1 especially of his own country1 the study of architecture and the improvements needed in ,rome1 and all those pursuits which tended to fit him for his subsequent elevation to the papacy4 ,sixtus ,v4 did not look upon his success in life as solely due to his own merit4 ,he recognized the finger of ,divine ,providence1 and chose as his motto3 8,thou1 ,o ,god1 hast been my defender1 even from my mother's womb40 ,the ,life of ,sixtus ,v4 by ,baron ,hbner1 though written from a ,catholic point of view1 is acknowledged by the ,edinburgh ,review to be one of the most valuable contributions to the literature of the age1 so rich in historical biography4 ,its superiority to the previous lives of that pope is partly due to his access to the archives of ,simancas1 not open to research at the time of ,ranke4 ,though the pontificate of ,sixtus ,v4 was only about five years long1 it embraced a rapid succession of extraordinary and tragical events1 as is evident when we remember he was contemporary with ,queen ,elizabeth of ,england1 ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 and ,henry of ,navarre1 whose names recall the persecution of the ,church in ,england1 the execution of ,mary ,stuart1 the ,armada1 the overthrow of the ,league1 and the accession of ,henri ,quatre to the throne of ,france1 and show us what a weight of responsibility rested upon the ,head of the ,church4 ,no wonder he was soon worn out by the pressure4 ,the tiara is but a thorny crown at the best1 as befits him who stands in ,christ's stead4 ,the very condition of the ,pontifical ,states was an affair of no slight difficulty4 ,only a man of extraordinary energy and decision of character could have surmounted it4 ,sixtus ,v4 has been called pitiless from the terrible punishments he inflicted for apparently trivial offences1 but he was personally humane1 for at the murder of his nephew he was the first to entreat the pope 7,sixtus being at that time ,cardinal ,montalto7 to drop his investigations1 and when he had cleared the ,roman ,states of brigandage1 he endeavored to conciliate the nobles4 ,his inflexible severity seemed imperiously demanded4 ,twentyseven thousand brigands ravaged his dominions2 the castles of noblemen were their strongholds2 they were protected by neighboring princes2 and the very streets of ,rome often witnessed the attacks of peaceful citizens by armed bands4 ,sixtus himself when a cardinal had nearly lost his life in encountering a band of lawless young nobles as he was going home one night4 ,he saw the absolute necessity of putting an end to such disorders and the terror of the inhabitants4 ,accordingly1 one of his first acts after his election was to forbid the carrying of firearms in the streets1 and1 when he found his order disobeyed by four young men1 he had them hung the very next morning4 ,but he was strictly impartial in administering justice4 ,no clerical offender was screened by the sacredness of his garments4 ,the friar who imposed on the piety of the faithful was scourged from one end of the ,corso to the other2 the cardinal who was desirous of protecting a guilty servant was threatened with the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo2 the traitorpriest who gave ,queen ,elizabeth information of what was occurring at ,rome was executed in such a manner as to strike terror into every treacherous breast4 ,no wonder ,sixtus became a terror to evil doers1 and his very name sufficed to put an end to the brawls in the streets4 ,the time arrived when he could say with grim humor3 8,fugit impius nemine persequente0--8,the wicked flee when no man pursueth40 ,sixtus ,v4 left proofs of his genius and energy all over ,rome4 ,he kept thousands of men constantly employed4 ,the dome of ,s4 ,peter's was completed in twentytwo months1 though the architect said it would require ten years4 ,he restored a colossal aqueduct that had fallen to ruin1 and brought the ,acqua ,felice into ,rome from a distance of about twenty miles4 ,he opened great thoroughfares all through the city1 built the ,lateran ,palace1 erected monuments1 undertook to drain the ,pontine ,marshes1 encouraged agriculture and the manufacture of silk1 established the ,congregation of ,rites and several others1 limited the number of cardinals to seventy1 and partly revised the ,vulgate with his own hand4 ,his practical nature by no means made him insensible to softer influences4 ,his soul was so alive to music that at the exciting time of his election he lent an ear to ,palestrina's music hastily composed for the occasion1 and remarked that ,pierluigi had forgotten ,pope ,marcello's ,mass--a criticism that mortified the great composer1 but which has since been acknowledged to be true4 ,he won the gratitude of the ,israelites by his favor4 ,amazed ,rome saw a ,gentile actually scourged on the ,corso for insulting a member of that ancient race4 ,to another ,israelite was granted special privileges for his success in increasing the production of silk4 ,col4 ,meline's book is not a literal translation of ,baron ,hbner's ,life of ,sixtus ,v43 it is rather a rsum1 as the preface explains4 ,it consists of three parts3 the first reviews the life of that pope1 giving such details as are of interest to the general reader2 the second portrays the experience of a ,transalpine traveller to ,rome three centuries ago2 and the third is a vivid picture of ,rome at that time3 the whole being an improved edition of three essays already given to the public4 ,the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world are already too familiar with ,mr4 ,meline's felicitous style and his power of analysis to require any commendation on our part4 ,and to the public at large he has recommended himself by his chivalrous defence of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,the strong lance he has wielded in the defence of her fair name against that doughty writer of fiction1 ,mr4 ,james ,anthony ,froude1 has been too universally applauded not to secure a general welcome to whatever comes from his able pen4 ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,myrrha ,,lake2 or1 ,into the ,light of ,catholicity4 ,by ,minnie ,mary ,lee4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,the enthusiastic author of this charming little story has succeeded in presenting much logic which is usually dull1 in very attractive attire4 ,the arguments and conclusions are so wonderfully clear1 that it is to be hoped the book will fall frequently into the hands of the class most in need of it1 but1 alas6 least likely to read it4 ,there is in it much of quiet humor which is irresistible and very 8telling02 as1 for instance1 when to the question1 8,what ,catholic books have you read1 sir80 the sturdy ,methodist1 ,abner ,white1 replies3 8,fox's ,book of ,martyrs1 ,maria ,monk1 ,six ,months in a ,convent1 ,romanism at ,home1 ,priest and ,nun1 etc40 ,and again1 in the interview between ,aunt ,ruth and the committee of ,methodist ladies who had come to wait upon her after her husband's conversion1 human nature1 and especially ,methodist nature1 is painted with a very clever pen4 ,who has not known just such spinsters as ,miss ,nancy and ,miss ,sarah8 ,and what a keen dash is this3 8 #8,then we shall report that you choose to follow your husband1 rather than the goodly rules of our ,methodist discipline8' 8 #8,i shall go with my husband certainly1' was the firm1 respectful answer4 8 #8,and may ,god have mercy on your soul1' solemnly added the spinster1 as if addressing a person about to be hanged4 8 #8,thank you6' absently and innocently responded the quiet ,quakeress4 8 #8,i suppose1 then1 we need not even pray for you8' said one4 8 #8,you always was a little queer1 ,sister ,white1 you and ,brother ,white1 too1 now that we come to think it over1' said another4 8 #8,extremely odd it is for one to lose all sense of propriety1 and assume the responsibility of such a fearful step1' rapidly spoke little ,sarah4 8 #8,we pity you1 and would help you1 but you won't let us1' was ,mrs4 ,sand's trembling goodby4 8 #8,we wash our hands of all sin in this matter4 ,it lies at your own door1' were the last consolatory words of ,miss ,nancy40 ,many another reader might say with ,myrrha1 8,when ,i took up that small book called ,a ,general ,catechism of the ,christian ,doctrine1 ,i little dreamed upon what a study ,i had entered4 ,again1 after reading it through1 ,i as little dreamed upon what a sea of speculation ,i had launched40 ,may the result of such reading prove as fruitful of good to all readers as to ,myrrha6 ,but such results seem to happen oftener in books than in real1 selfish life4 ,the best of this story is its ending1 which1 this time1 is neither marriage nor death for the lovers4 ,,fleurange4 ,by ,mme4 ,augustus ,craven4 ,translated by ,m4 ,p4 ,t4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,rarely1 indeed1 have we met a work whose author exhibits so many of the qualities indespensable in a good novelist1 as the one under consideration4 ,artistic in conception1 pure and elevated in style1 it is withal faultless in tone and sentiment4 ,it is not our purpose to give an outline of the plot of this tale1 or to enlarge on the actors through whom it is evolved1 but we shall confine ourselves to some observations on certain characteristics of the writer as developed in her work4 ,the author manifests a high degree of insight and the sthetic sense1 an intimate knowledge of feminine nature1 and more of that of the opposite sex than its members may dream of--in acquiring which the delicate intuitions of her own sex doubtless serve a better purpose than the mere logic and learning of ours4 ,although the story introduces the reader into the highest social circles1 and its incidents are of the most absorbing interest1 there is no sacrifice of the dramatic unities1 or any departure from the essential simplicity of the narrative4 ,this severity of style1 we may say1 is at once the most winning quality of a work of genius1 and the best test of its success2 making the latter dependent on inherent excellence1 rather than adventitious aids4 ,in works of this character1 art in letters reaches its highest development--that in which it becomes the most natural4 ,a noticeable feature is the epigrammatic conciseness with which a sentiment or description is finished4 ,the reader is never wearied with platitudes or overminuteness of limning4 ,whatever idea occurs to the writer which she is willing to share with the reader is expressed in the fewest possible words4 ,is a scene to be presented to the mind's eye8--a few touches of the artist's pencil bring it vividly before us4 ,the reader finds himself moved alternately to mirthfulness1 or tears1 or astonishment1 as he encounters an unexpected bit of humor1 and exquisite burst of pathos1 or some reflection almost startling in depth or suggestiveness4 ,some passages are open to obvious inference1 while others constitute studies if we would probe their philosophy4 ,it was a question with those who watched the serial progress of the story1 how the author could bring order and harmony out of the complications in which she had involved her principal characters2 and the way this has been accomplished will be acknowledged as not the least of her achievements4 ,no characters are interchanged or lose their identity4 ,each acts his part as naturally1 and retains his individuality1 as in real life2 so that1 when the dramatis person are at length summoned to the footlights for a final adieu1 we feel inclined to protest1 in the name of all the delighted auditors1 against the call1 as a premature termination of a very pleasant intercourse4 ,the reception ,fleurange has met with thus far is very flattering4 ,it has commended itself to the favorable judgment of the ,london ,saturday ,review1 and other authorities of like critical acumen2 has been crowned by the ,french ,academy2 and received the general approval of the press and public1 so far as we have learned1 while passing through the pages of ,le ,correspondant and ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,we know of no recent imaginative work of which we could speak in terms of more unqualified approbation1 or better deserving a permanent place in our literature1 both as a work of art and for the sound principles by which it is pervaded and informed4 ,on the translation1 we do not know that we could bestow higher praise than to say that it reads like an original work of the first order2 while we are convinced that it is a faithful and conscientious rendering from the ,french text4 ,,legends ,,of ,,st4 ,,patrick ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,dublin3 ,mc,glashan ,gill4 ,london3 ,henry ,s4 ,king ,co4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 8,if the ,ireland of early times is ever understood1 it will not be till after thoughtful men have deemed her legends worthy of their serious attention40 ,this remark ,mr4 ,de ,vere makes in his preface1 and not until we had read through his ,legends did we fully realize its truth4 ,it is a most certain fact that the twilight of ,irish history can be changed into day only by the profound study of its legendary lore4 ,we have read several lives of ,s4 ,patrick1 and more than one history of ,ireland have we studied1 but from none of them did we get so clear an insight into the character of the saint and the genius of his people as from ,mr4 ,de ,vere's ,legends1 few and short though they be4 ,the subjects are beautiful and poetic1 and the author's conception of them lofty and spiritual4 ,there is indeed a sacred melody about early ,irish song which only a spiritual bard can evoke4 ,chords there are in ,erin's ancient harp which a hand of mere flesh and blood may not touch4 ,mr4 ,de ,vere has sung those songs2 he has touched these chords1 and they have given forth their true melody4 ,it is not to his beautiful diction and varying metres1 it is not to his wonderful descriptive powers and high poetic gifts1 that we attribute this success1 but it is to those two passions of his soul which impress themselves on all that he writes--love of ,god and love of ,ireland4 ,and here an opportunity is afforded us of speaking of ,mr4 ,de ,vere as the poet of ,ireland4 ,that he is far superior to any ,irish poet of the present day is beyond all question1 and that his equal1 in everything save popularity1 to any ,english poet of the day is a verdict competent judges have not hesitated to give4 ,we often ask ourselves1 ,how is it1 then1 he is so little known and read by his countrymen in ,america8 ,for twenty years he has scorned 8the siren's tinsel lure10 and devoted all his talents to sounding the praises of ,ireland and of ,ireland's ,catholicity4 ,his sole aim through life has been to enshrine ,ireland's faith and ,ireland's song in the temple of fame4 ,patriotism is his only incentive to labor2 he seems indifferent to popularity1 and perhaps this is one reason why he enjoys so little4 ,but there are other reasons1 we think1 and they also are in his favor4 ,mr4 ,de ,vere is too polished1 too thoughtful1 and too spiritual to be a popular poet4 ,if he would descend from his high poetic ideal to sing love songs1 he would soon be popular2 but he will never prove a recreant bard4 ,those for whom he has so long and so faithfully labored must disenthrall themselves from the spirit of the age1 and ascend to his level2 then will they find in him all they can desire1 and proclaim him their laureate4 ,they will not find in him1 it is true1 the inimitable sweetness of ,moore or the poetic fire of ,davis1 but they will find in him the patriotism of both1 a polish superior to either1 and1 over all and above all1 they will find a muse ennobled by the highest sentiments of religion and morality4 ,,the ,,truth4 ,by ,field ,marshal the ,duke of ,saldanha4 ,translated from the ,portuguese1 by ,william ,john ,charles ,henry4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this little volume will be found to contain not only some of the most forcible arguments for ,christianity that have ever been advanced1 but particularly a collection 7in the first chapter7 of testimonials from ancient heathendom to what is only realized in ,christ and his religion4 ,nothing can be more interesting1 surely1 than the study of the great tradition of expectation which fulfilled the prophecy of the dying ,israel3 8,and ,he shall be the expectation of the nations0 7,gen4 xlix4 #aj74 ,our noble author opens his first chapter with this sentence3 8,from the east to the west1 from the north to the south1 in every language1 in the literature of all nations1 with a voice spontaneous1 universal1 and unanimous1 the entire human race cried aloud for the coming of a ,divine ,teacher40 ,and when we have delightedly perused this first chapter1 we as heartily endorse its concluding sentence3 8,this we believe to have most clearly demonstrated that1 444 with one voice1 unanimous1 spontaneous1 and universal1 the human race cried out for the coming of a ,god of revelation40 ,the work is designed for a defence of ,christianity against the infidelity of the day4 ,and we think it a most able and a singularly attractive one4 ,let our young men especially read it4 ,it will make them a match for any sceptical show of learning4 ,,catholic ,,worship4 ,a ,manual of ,popular ,instruction on the ,ceremonies and ,devotions of the ,church4 ,by ,frederick ,canon ,oakeley4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,recent converts and inquirers after religious truth frequently experience some difficulty in understanding the ceremonies of the church and the various devotional practices of ,catholics4 ,we know of no more suitable book to place in the hands of such persons than this little treatise of ,canon ,oakeley4 ,it is concise1 clear1 and methodical4 ,nothing is left unexplained1 from the practice of taking holy water upon entering the church to the consecration of a bishop4 ,this book will be found to be of great use not only to converts1 but to ,catholics in general1 containing as it does a thoroughly reliable explanation of everything connected with our worship4 ,this second edition is an evidence of the favor with which it has been received by the ,catholic public4 ,,the ,,shadow ,,of ,,the ,,obelisk1 and ,other ,poems4 ,by ,thomas ,william ,parsons4 ,london3 ,hatchards1 ,piccadilly4 #ahgb4 ,this modest volume is from the author whose translations from ,dante1 that have appeared in our magazine1 are attracting deserved attention4 ,mr4 ,parsons' powers as a lyric poet are considerable4 ,his verse has1 for the most part1 the easy and often careless diction of a school which many think gone out1 but which we believe destined to revive4 ,yet here and there we see the influence of ,tennyson4 ,the lines1 8,to ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow10 are in the latter style4 ,for strength his sonnets are his best efforts4 ,we wish he had favored us with more of them4 ,there is ample variety in the pieces collected4 ,the poet has travelled much4 8,the ,shadow of the ,obelisk0 sets us musing in ,rome4 8,the ,birthplace of ,robert ,burns0 takes us to 8bonnie ,scotland40 8,st4 ,james' ,park0 tells us the writer has philosophized in ,london4 ,while the 8,willey ,house10 8,on the ,death of ,daniel ,webster10 and 8,hudson ,river0 are themes from his native ,america4 ,the lines1 8,on a ,magnolia ,flower10 are fragrant with the ,south--the pale1 sad ,south--and one of the gems of the book4 ,mr4 ,parsons is a ,unitarian1 as he takes care to indicate2 but1 like ,longfellow1 he has ,catholic sympathies4 ,however1 there is one short translation from ,dante1 entitled 8,a ,lesson for ,easter10 the last two lines of which seem to talk ,protestantism3 8,ye have the ,testament1 the ,old and ,new1 ,and this for your salvation is enough40 ,but the preceding lines should throw light on the ,catholic poet's meaning3 8,christians1 be staid3 walk wisely and serene3 ,be grave1 and shun the flippant speech of those ,who think that every wave will wash them clean-- ,that any field will serve them for repose4 ,be not a feather to each wind that blows3 ,there is a ,shepherd and a ,fold for you3 ,ye have a ,leader when your way is rough40 ,all this is unmistakable orthodoxy2 and1 therefore1 the two lines quoted1 which come next1 speak of the evidence of the ,old and the ,new ,testament for the 8one ,fold and one ,shepherd0 and the infallible 8,leader40 ,we conclude by hoping that ,mr4 ,parsons will vouchsafe us another volume of minor poems1 and especially of sonnets4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,father ,,mathew1 ,,the ,,people',s ,,soggarth ,,aroon4 ,by ,sister ,mary ,francis ,clare1 ,author of ,the ,illustrated ,history of ,ireland1 ,advice to ,irish ,girls in ,america1 ,hornehurst ,rectory1 etc4 ,the indefatigable ,nun of ,kenmare could not have employed her pen on a worthier subject than the life and labors of the ,apostle of ,temperance4 ,she will have accomplished a great end if this work serves to keep green in the hearts of her countrymen and of all ,catholics the memory of one who accomplished more good than many who possessed more brilliant abilities1 yet who neglected to employ their talents in that usurious activity which wins a blessing4 ,,daily ,,steps ,,to ,,heaven4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgb4 ,this1 as well as the preceding work1 belongs to a series of publications by the same author1 embracing religious1 historical1 and miscellaneous books1 which have attained an extraordinary popularity in the old country and in the ,united ,states4 ,a ,,biographical ,,dictionary4 ,by ,rev4 ,reuben ,parsons1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,this work has been compiled 8for the use of colleges1 schools1 and families40 ,it contains short biographical sketches of the principal characters of history1 together with chronological tables4 ,the subjects are for the most part well selected1 and1 as far as we have read1 are well and correctly treated4 ,the style of the author is terse and vigorous1 and well adapted to this kind of composition4 ,the printing is excellent1 the binding neat1 but the figure in the frontispiece has suffered not a little at the hands of the artist--an accident which mars somewhat the general appearance of the book4 ,,the ,,new ,,god4 ,translated from the ,german of ,conrad von ,bolanden1 by ,very ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen1 ,v4,g4 ,albany3 ,m4 ,o',sullivan4 #ahgb4 ,our readers have already had a sufficient taste of this author's quality in 8,the ,progressionists10 now going through our pages1 to desire the further treat to be found in the new products of his pen4 ,we do not recall any series of fictitious writings1 designed to combat vicious principles and actions1 more admirable as specimens of vigorous and effective composition4 ,the most obtuse progressionist could scarcely fail to comprehend the drift of the underlying argument1 while the more fastidious reader will be carried along by the interest of the tale through which it is conveyed4 ,father ,noethen is performing an acceptable service in making these works known to the ,english reader4 ,bolanden's works fairly palpitate with the gravity of themes of living interest4 ,the new ,german ,government1 the burthen of the present tale1 has given evidence of their telling effect by ordering their suppression4 ,,geraldine3 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,conscience4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,a4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,geraldine was one of the first successful religious novels which followed the revival of ,catholic doctrine in ,england1 and bids fair to hold its own for many a year to come4 ,it enjoys a wider reputation than either of ,miss ,agnew's other works1 one of which1 ,rome and the ,abbey1 forms a sequel to this4 ,mr4 ,o',shea also issues a reprint of ,cardinal ,wiseman's ,lectures on the ,connection between ,science and ,revealed ,religion2 intended1 apparently1 as the commencement of an uniform series of the great author's works4 ,it is to be regretted that this work had not undergone a thorough revision by some competent hand before its reappearance1 in order to adapt it to the present state of scientific investigation4 ,although true science can never be out of harmony with revelation1 its successive developments may enable us to see the conditions of that harmony and relation in a clearer light than when the ,lectures were originally published4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,translated from the ,french of the ,abb ,orsini1 by the ,very ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,husenbeth1 ,d4,d41 ,v4,g4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,this work is already known to many readers in the presentation edition issued by the ,messrs4 ,sadlier some years since1 and the recent ,english edition of which the above is a facsimile4 ,we are glad to see an edition like this made accessible to the great body of readers1 though the fire in which the publisher was involved1 will interfere for a time with that consummation4 ,it has a number of pictorial illustrations1 and there are appended the letters apostolic concerning the dogmatic definition of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,,liza4 ,by ,ivan ,s4 ,turgenieff4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,williams4 #ahgb4 ,liza is another work from the pen of ,m4 ,turgenieff1 the distinguished ,russian novelist1 several of whose works are already familiar to us4 ,his quiet sarcasm in depicting the ,russian of the old school1 who needs no scratching to reveal the genuine ,tartar--crafty and brutal1 but with a kindly streak withal--and the ,russian of the present generation who has imbibed foreign habits and theories by no means elevating1 is admirably calculated to correct the evils of a transition state of society4 ,the former affords us two affecting pictures in this book of women of repressed lives1 who humbly kiss with their dying lips the hand that has crushed them4 ,one of them leaves a young son1 ,fedor ,lavretsky1 who never forgets his pale and gentle mother1 who in turn hardly dared caress him for fear of the sharp eyes and cutting tongue of her sisterinlaw1 ,glafira1 who had taken charge of the child4 ,he is brought up under a system of repression1 and1 when his father dies1 he goes to ,moscow determined to repair the defects of his education4 ,there he falls in love with the face of a beautiful girl who regards him as a schne ,partie and marries him4 ,he gives himself up to the happiness of his new life1 and is induced by his wife to leave his estate1 and1 after various changes1 to go to ,paris1 where admiration seems to have intoxicated her4 ,fedor1 becoming aware of her real character1 settles an annuity on her1 leaves her1 and returns to his native land4 ,he cannot bear1 however1 to go to his own seat where he passed the first happy days of his married life1 but betakes himself to his aunt's place--the stern ,glafira1 who had died during his absence4 ,the desolate house is once more opened1 and he stands alone in the room where she breathed her last1 and looks with softened heart on the sacred icons in their gilded frames in the corner1 and the worn carpet1 covered with drippings from the wax candles she had burned before them1 and on which she had knelt to pray4 ,his old servant waits on him1 he drinks tea out of the great cup he had used in his boyhood1 looks over the large book full of mysterious pictures which he had found so wondrous in childish days4 ,everything recalls the earlier remembrances of his life4 8,on a woman's love my best years have been wasted10 thought he4 ,going to pay his respects to his greataunt1 who is admirably drawn with a few vivid touches1 he meets with ,liza1 whom he left a child1 but is now nineteen years of age4 ,there is a natural grace about her person2 her face is pale1 but fresh2 her eyes lustrous and thoughtful1 her smile fascinating1 but grave1 and she has a frank1 innocent way of looking you directly in the face4 ,lavretsky is instantly struck with her appearance1 and the impression is deepened the oftener he sees her4 ,liza's mother is one of those women1 qui n'a pas invent la poudre1 la bonne dane1 as one of her visitors ungratefully remarks4 ,her daughter owes the elevation and purify of her character to the nurse of her childhood1 who gave herself up to penitential observances4 ,instead of nursery tales1 she told ,liza of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the holy hermits who had been fed in their caves by the birds1 and the female martyrs from whose blood sprang up sweet flowers4 ,she used to speak of these things seriously and humbly1 as if unworthy to utter such high and holy names1 and ,liza sat at her feet with reverent awe drinking in the holy influences of her words4 ,aglafia also taught her to pray1 and took her at early dawn to the matin service4 ,liza grew up thoroughly penetrated with a sense of duty1 loving everybody1 but loving ,god supremely and with tender enthusiasm4 ,till ,lavretsky came1 no one had troubled the calmness of her inner life4 ,after some time1 learning through a newspaper that his wife is dead1 he confesses his love to ,liza4 ,she feels drawn towards him1 her heart seems to respond to his love1 but it is hardly with genuine passion2 it is rather the agitation of a lily too rudely stirred by the breeze4 ,not that she has no depth of feeling2 but1 as she afterwards acknowledges1 when she did indulge in hopes of happiness1 her heart shuddered within her4 ,love seemed almost a profanation1 as if a stranger had entered her pure maiden chamber4 ,suddenly1 the wife1 supposed to be dead1 reappears4 ,it is all a mistake4 ,her husband is stunned4 ,he feels he can never give back his love to one who has no longer his respect4 ,and ,liza is lost to him4 ,after several attempts1 he sees her again4 ,her eyes have grown dimmer and sunken1 her face is pale1 and her lips have lost their color4 ,she implores him to be reconciled to his wife1 and they part without her allowing her hand to meet his4 ,six months later1 ,liza takes the veil in a remote convent in ,russia4 ,the ,greek as well as the ,latin convent seems to be the ideal refuge of startled innocence and purity4 ,once ,lavretsky goes there1 hoping to catch a glimpse of her4 ,he sees her as she is leaving the choir4 ,she passes close by him with the quick1 noiseless step of a nun1 but keeps steadily on without looking at him4 ,but he sees the almost imperceptible tremor of her eye2 she bends her emaciated face still lower1 and the hands that hold the rosary are clasped more tightly together4 ,but the chief value of ,m4 ,turgenieff's novels to a ,catholic lies not in the stories themselves certainly1 but in the delightful pictures of ,russian life and manners they present1 and the influence they have had in softening the rugged manners of the north and changing the condition of the serfs4 ,,wonders ,,of ,,the ,,moon4 ,translated from the ,french of ,amde ,guillemin1 by ,miss ,m4 ,g4 ,mead4 ,edited1 with additions1 by ,maria ,mitchell1 of ,vassar ,college4 ,illustrated with fortythree engravings4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgc4 ,this little book contains a tolerably full account of all that is known about the moon1 and that is of interest to the general reader4 ,our knowledge of our satellite is in some respects hardly equal to that which we have recently acquired of the much more distant sun2 though so near1 comparatively1 to us1 it is still too far away for the telescope ever to give us as clear a view of it as we need2 and the spectroscope is of little use in its examination4 ,we shall never know much about it1 and especially about its other side1 unless we go to see it2 and a trip to the moon1 chimerical as it may seem1 may not always remain an impossibility for some adventurous person who is willing to run his chance of finding in the apparently uncomfortable little place the necessary conditions for human life4 ,however1 not a few of us will be content with the information given in this book1 which is vastly greater than what most persons would probably acquire by examining the moon with the finest telescope2 for a telescope is of little service to one unaccustomed to use it1 and few things are more provoking to an experienced moongazer than evident failure of others to see what seems to him so plain4 ,to those1 then1 who really wish to get a good idea of the moon1 and especially of its physical constitution and probable scenery1 in really the most satisfactory way1 this little volume1 notwithstanding a few slight inaccuracies 7such as the placing of ,petit's bolide at #i1jjj1jjj miles from the earth71 will be quite interesting and valuable4 ,these inaccuracies1 if in the original1 should have been corrected in the translation4 ,,the ,,great ,,problem3 ,the ,higher ,ministry of ,nature viewed in the ,light of ,modern ,science1 and as an aid to advanced ,christian ,philosophy4 ,by ,john ,r4 ,leifchild1 ,a4,m41 author of ,our ,coal ,fields and our ,coal ,pits2 ,cornwall3 ,its ,mines and ,miners1 etc41 etc4 ,with an introduction by ,howard ,crosby1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,chancellor of the ,university of ,new ,york4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam ,son4 #ahgb4 ,dr4 ,crosby introduces this really able and valuable essay with a just and manly rebuke of the unparalleled absurdity and impudence of our modern materialistic scientists2 and it is high time for him1 considering what balderdash he is obliged to listen to from his chancellor's chair4 ,the essay of ,mr4 ,leifchild is a series of arguments on the topics of natural theology1 in which some of the principal manifestations of the power and wisdom of ,god in the physical world are pointed out and referred to their true cause and end4 ,the author most absurdly saws off the limb of the tree on which grows all the fruit he admires so much and gathers so carefully1 by denying the value of metaphysics4 ,but1 in spite of that1 his sound mind holds implicitly the very metaphysics he ignorantly despises1 and he is therefore able to reason very well and conclusively4 ,most persons who read books of this kind are more ready to listen to a geologist teaching theology than to a professed theologian1 and they prefer the roundabout method of coming to a point by induction to the straight road of logical deduction4 ,this book is likely to be useful1 therefore1 and is1 besides1 printed in very clear1 legible type1 which makes it a pleasant book to read1 though laboring under the sad inconvenience of having neither index nor table of contents4 ,there are a good many interesting facts and statements about eminent writers interspersed1 e4g41 ,spinoza and ,leibnitz2 but the author is seriously mistaken in ascribing any pantheistic doctrines or tendencies to ,henry ,suso and ,tauler4 ,we are happy to welcome such books from ,english writers who are adepts in the physical sciences4 ,for these sciences1 and the men who are really masters of them1 we have a great respect in their own sphere4 ,and we consider it a very praiseworthy and useful task for men of this kind1 to undertake to show the conformity of these sciences with the queen over all the scientific realm--,christian philosophy4 ,,the ,,minnesinger ,,of ,,germany4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,kroeger4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahgb4 ,in this little book we have a very charming1 as also very learned1 exposition of medival art4 ,the ,minnesinger or minstrelknights of the latter half of the ,x,i,ith and earlier half of the ,x,i,i,ith centuries are but little known outside of ,germany4 ,in this book we are introduced to the principal masters of this beautiful and ephemeral school of song1 ,gottfried von ,strassburg1 ,walter von der ,vogelweide1 ,ulrich von ,lichtenstein1 ,hartmann von der ,aue1 ,regenbogen1 ,conrad von ,wrzburg1 and ,henrich von ,meissen1 known as 8,frauenlob10 or 8ladies' praise40 ,these poets sang chiefly of religion and love4 ,but foremost among all women1 the great ,mother of ,god chiefly claimed their enthusiastic homage1 as we see by the long extracts given by ,mr4 ,kroeger of some of their glorious 8,hymns to the ,virgin40 ,here is an example1 from 8,the ,divine ,minnesong10 attributed sometimes to ,gottfried of ,strassburg3 8,thou art the blooming heavenbranch1 ,which blooming1 blooms in many a grange2 ,great care and strange ,god lavished1 ,maid1 on thee40 ,we have1 unfortunately1 no space for a selection of the beauties collected for us in this book1 and can only recommend our readers to procure it for themselves4 ,it is full of gems1 and is especially welcome to us as evidence of the high degree to which the burning faith of those days had led and guided lyrical art4 ,hartmann von der ,aue's 8,poor ,henry0 is1 so we are told1 8the original of that sweet story of selfsacrifice which ,longfellow has made universally known as the #8,golden ,legend1' 7p4 #aij740 ,the same hymn we have already quoted has this allusion to the 8living wine of true remorse0 and the following words3 8,he whom ,god's love has never found ,is like a shadow on the ground1 ,and does confound ,life1 wisdom1 sense1 and reason40 ,conrad von ,wrzburg1 in his 8,golden ,smithy10 represents himself as a gold smith working an ornament for the ,queen of ,heaven1 and says1 8,if in the depth of the smithy of my heart ,i could melt a poem out of gold1 and could enamel the gold with the glowing ruby of pure devotion1 ,i would forge a transparent shining and sparkling praise of thy work1 thou glorious ,empress of ,heaven40 ,walter von der ,vogelweide sings these grand words3 8,who slays the lion8 ,who slays the giant8 ,who masters them all1 however defiant8 ,he does it who himself controlleth2 ,and every nerve of his body enrolleth1 ,freed from passion1 under strict subjection40 ,mr4 ,kroeger has done a service to art1 to history1 and to religion in opening thus before our eyes a few of the treasures of the socalled dark ages4 ,,college ,,journal4 ,georgetown ,college3 ,dec41 #ahgb1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,no4 #a4 ,this is as elegant a little paper in outward appearance as we remember to have seen4 ,the articles are written with taste and correctness1 and we offer a hearty welcome to the young gentlemen of classic ,georgetown on their editorial dbut4 ,we have only one piece of advice to give them1 which is1 to be careful that their wit and humor be as classic and scholarly as their serious pieces4 ,most papers1 especially juvenile ones1 break down on this point4 ,we wish our young friends honor and success in their enterprise4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will publish in a few days ,wild ,times1 a story by ,miss ,caddell4 ,books ,and ,pamphlets ,received4 ,from ,c4 ,,dareau1 ,quebec3 ,francis ,parkman4 ,par ,l',abb ,h4 ,r4 ,casgrain4 #ahmo1 paper1 pp4 #hi4 ,from ,a4 ,,williams ,,co41 ,boston3 ,the ,blazing ,star2 with an appendix treating of the ,jewish ,kabbala4 #abmo1 pp4 #ahj4 ,from ,,james ,r4 ,,osgood ,,co41 ,boston3 ,the ,masque of the ,gods4 ,by ,bayard ,taylor4 #abmo1 pp4 #dh4 ,from ,,lee ,,shepard1 ,boston3 ,humanity ,immortal4 ,by ,l4 ,p4 ,hickok1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo1 pp4 #cfb4--;,god,man4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,townsend1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #ddf4--;,autobiography of ,amos ,kendall4 ,edited by his ,soninlaw1 ,wm4 ,stickney4 #ahgb4 ,from ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,boston3 ,paul of ,tarsus3 ,an ,inquiry into the ,times and the ,gospel of the ,apostle of the ,gentiles4 ,by ,a ,graduate1 #abmo1 pp4 #dja4 ,from ,d4 ,,van ,,nostrand1 ,new ,york3 ,a ,treatise on ,acoustics in ,connection with ,ventilation4 ,by ,alexander ,saeltzer4 #abmo1 pp4 #ajb4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia3 ,thoughts on ,paper ,currency1 etc4 ,by ,wm4 ,brown4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bdj4--;,black ,robes2 or1 ,sketches of ,missions and ,ministers in the ,wilderness and on the ,border4 ,by ,robert ,p4 ,nevin4 #abmo1 pp4 #cff4 ,from ,a4 ,d4 ,f4 ,,randolph ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,scripture ,doctrine in ,reference to the ,seat of ,sin in the ,regenerate ,man4 #ahmo1 pp4 #abe4 ,from ,,desforges ,,lawrence1 ,milwaukee3 ,a ,religion of ,evolution3 ,letters of 8,internationalist0 ,reviewing the ,sermons of ,j4 ,l4 ,dudley1 ,pastor of ,plymouth ,congregationalist ,church1 ,milwaukee1 #hvo1 pp4 #db4 ,from ,c4 ,c4 ,,chatfield ,,co41 ,new ,haven3 ,hints to ,young ,editors4 #abmo1 pp4 #ca4 ,from ,,carroll1 ,wheeling3 ,pastoral ,letter of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,richard ,vincent ,whelan1 ,bishop of ,wheeling1 to the ,clergy and ,laity of the ,diocese4 #hvo1 pp4 #ab4 ,ninth ,annual ,report of the ,new ,york ,catholic ,protectory4 ,paper1 #hvo1 pp4 #ff4 ,constitution and ,by,laws of the ,catholic ,total ,abstinence ,union of ,america1 with the ,journal of ,proceedings and ,address of the ,first ,general ,convention held at ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,feb4 #bb1 #bc1 #ahgb4 #hvo1 pp4 #eg4 ,library ,work in the ,army4 ,united ,states ,military ,post ,library ,association4 ,annual ,report1 #ahgab4 ,paper1 #abmo1 pp4 #eg4 ,the ,english ,inquisition worse than the ,spanish4 ,by an ,english ,priest4 ,montreal4 #ahmo1 pp4 #cd4 ,from ,hon4 ,,eugene ,,casserly3 ,papers relating to the ,foreign ,relations of the ,u4 ,s4 transmitted to ,congress with the ,annual ,message of the ,president1 ,dec4 #d1 #ahga4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,,no4 #ie4--;,,february1 #ahgc4 ,who ,made ,our ,laws8 ,it is a characteristic of every succeeding century to consider itself much wiser than any or all that have preceded it4 ,in this respect our beloved ,,nineteenth is no exception2 in fact1 with a vanity that may be palliated1 if not excused1 it considers that1 comparatively speaking1 the world has hitherto been in its schoolboy days1 and only attained its majority on the first day of ,january1 #ahjj4 ,it is true that the great advances made in the physical sciences1 in chemistry1 astronomy1 and geology1 and in the application of steam and electricity1 have marked our age as one of true progress in a certain direction1 and are substantial subjects of self congratulation2 but it must also be remembered that very little of the genuine happiness of mankind in general depends upon any or all of these discoveries and appliances4 ,man1 being an intellectual as well as an animal being1 must look to spiritual discoveries and mental agencies for his chief sources of enjoyment2 and1 as the soul controls the body1 as his main duty in this life is to qualify that soul for an eternity of bliss1 as the unlimited future is superior to the limited present1 it follows that the things merely of this world play a small and insignificant part in the real drama of the life of a human being4 ,the sad misconception of this solution of the problem of man's destiny has been the principal mistake of materialists1 and their consequent punishment here below has been so marked that the criticism of the charitable is considerately withheld4 ,fortunately for us ,catholics1 the great desideratum--the law that includes all laws--is immovably fixed1 and no new discoveries1 no alleged progress1 no experiment1 can disturb it4 ,immutable as the eternal hills1 it stands today as when promulgated in ,juda over eighteen hundred years ago by its ,divine ,founder1 and though the heavens and earth may pass away1 we have the assurance that it shall not4 ,but there have sprung out of the operation of this great law other laws which may be called secondary or subsidiary1 which have long affected the welfare of ,christendom1 and upon the observance or rejection of which much of the welfare or misery of nations has depended and must for ever depend4 ,political justice1 social order1 art1 science1 and literature1 everything which relates to the relations of man with his fellows1 and brightens and beautifies life1 have a great deal more to do with forming the character and insuring the purity of a people1 as well as the regulation of their actions justly1 than railroads1 telegraphs1 and ansthetic agents4 ,respect for the memory of the dead and charity for the living prevent us from pointing out individual instances where men1 remarkable for their skill and perseverance in forwarding the latter projects1 have neither been distinguished for their truthfulness1 liberality1 nor for any moral quality typical of intelligent ,christians4 ,the best of these men are simply clever mechanists1 increasing1 it is true1 our sum of knowledge of the effect of certain forces in nature1 yet without being able to reveal the nature of the forces themselves1 which seems impossible2 but whoever teaches us true ideas regarding the active agencies that govern ordinary life is the true benefactor of his species1 and is the governor of his audience or race4 ,have our discoveries in this science of making mankind more moral1 humane1 and refined kept pace with our more intimate acquaintance with the secrets of nature and the laws of mechanism1 or have we to look back to the despised past for all our ideas of rectitude in legislation1 honesty in the administration of government1 and truthfulness in the plastic arts8 ,we fear that a candid answer to this question would involve some loss of our selfesteem4 ,while1 like the degenerate ,hebrews1 we have been worshipping graven images1 the work of men's hands1 we have been neglecting the ,tables of the ,law4 ,all national governments reflect more or less correctly the ideas of the people governed4 ,the absolutism of ,russia is as much the reflex of the mental status of the inhabitants of that vast and semicivilized empire as that of the ,united ,states is of our busy1 hasty1 and heterogeneous population4 ,the first is a necessity growing out of a peculiar order of things1 wherein many tribes and barbarous races are to be found struggling towards light and civilization2 the other is the creation of the matured minds of experienced and profound statesmen1 acting as the delegates of a selfreliant and selfsustaining people4 ,still1 though the framework of the government is unique1 the ideas of justice and equality which underlie it are old4 ,in one sense they are not ,american1 but ,european1 for it cannot be denied that the principles of our constitutions1 state and national1 the laws accepted or enacted in harmony therewith1 and the modes of their interpretation and administration1 are taken from the civil polity of the nations of the ,old ,world1 as those again have been the direct and palpable result of the teachings of the ,catholic ,church4 ,russia today is mainly barbarous1 and subject to the unfettered will of one man1 because centuries ago the ,east broke away from the centre of ,catholic unity1 and1 in losing the ,apostolic authority1 lost all its vivifying power1 and the ministers of the socalled ,greek ,church their capacity and efficiency as civilizers and lawgivers4 ,the ,west was more loyal1 and consequently more fortunate4 ,if we consider for a moment the chaotic condition of the greater part of ,europe when the church commenced to spread far and wide the teachings of the ,gospel1 slowly but steadily pursuing her holy mission1 we may be able to appreciate the herculean task before her4 ,then1 in every part of ,europe1 from the pole to the ,mediterranean1 from the ,carpathians to the ,atlantic1 disorder1 ignorance1 and rapine prevailed4 ,wave after wave of ,northern and ,eastern hordes had swept over the continent and most of the islands1 submerging the effete nations of the ,south1 and carrying destruction and death wherever they surged4 ,the old ,roman civilization1 such as it was1 was entirely obliterated1 all municipal law was abolished1 the conquered masses were reduced to the condition of serfs1 and1 as each successive leader of a tribe rested from his bloody labors and built a stronghold for his occupancy1 he reserved to himself the exclusive monopoly of plunder and spoliation in his own particular neighborhood4 ,this of course led to rivalry and unceasing warfare between rival marauders1 and the incessant slaughter and oppression of their retainers and tenants4 ,it was with these fierce and lawless nobles1 as they loved to style themselves1 that the church for centuries waged most persistent and uncompromising warfare1 and against them she hurled her most terrible anathemas4 ,it was she who taught the sanguinary barons and chieftains that there was a moral power greater than armed force and stronger than moated and castellated tower1 who took by the hand the downtrodden1 impoverished serf1 freed him from his earthly bonds1 taught him the knowledge of ,god's law1 the principles of eternal justice and the rights of humanity1 and instilled into his heart those ideas of human liberty which have since fructified and now permeate every free or partially free government in both hemispheres4 ,those great results were achieved in many ways1 as local circumstances required2 by teaching and exhorting1 by persuasion or threats1 by taking the serf into the ministry of the church and thereby making him the superior of his former master1 by introducing gradually just and equitable laws1 and when necessary forcing their adoption on unwilling sovereigns and reluctant nobles1 and1 perhaps1 most potently by the example of her own organization1 which permitted the humblest of her children to be crowned by a free election with the tiara of the successors of ,s4 ,peter4 ,the influence of the church in secular affairs was particularly remarkable in ,england1 from which we have drawn so many of our political opinions and principles4 ,the early missionaries to the ,britons and ,saxons were doubtless men of high intelligence as well as sanctity2 but the ,norman and ,anglo,norman ecclesiastics who came into the country with ,william the ,conqueror and clustered around his sons and successors were still more remarkable for astuteness and breadth of view4 ,for many generations after the ,conquest they may be said to have governed ,england in so far as they framed her laws1 conducted her ordinary jurisprudence1 and mainly directed her foreign and domestic policy4 ,the most interesting1 though by no means the most impartial1 chapters in ,hallam and ,blackstone are those devoted to the struggles between the lay lawyers supported or subsidized by the nobility1 and the clerical jurists who defended the privileges of their order and the natural rights of the oppressed masses4 ,the ,great ,charter1 of which we hear so much from persons who very probably never read it1 was undoubtedly the work of the latter1 though signed by all the barons with their seal or mark2 trial by jury1 the germs of which may be traced into remote antiquity1 was systematized and as far as possible perfected under their auspices2 courts of equity1 for the rectification of 8injustice which the law from its generality worketh to individuals10 were their creation1 and even until comparatively late years were presided over by them2 and representative or parliamentary government may justly be said to have been the fruit of their fertile and everactive brains4 ,its founder1 in ,england at least1 was de ,montfort1 who1 though not in orders1 was the follower1 if not the pupil1 of the great ,s4 ,bernard4 ,it is thus that we1 the ungrateful or forgetful eulogists of the ,x,i,xth century1 while laying the flattering unction to our souls that we have done more than put a girdle round the earth in forty minutes1 ignore the long1 painful1 and continuous efforts of our spiritual forefathers to christianize1 civilize1 and make free our ancestors in the order of nature whom pagan despotism and barbaric cupidity sought to degrade and brutalize4 ,in our selfglorification we forget that all we have in legislation1 of which we are naturally so proud and for which we never can be too thankful1 is the product of long years of toil and reflection of humble priests and learned prelates1 whose names are now scarcely remembered4 ,the ideas of justice and clemency generated in the minds of those men of the past by the spirit of ,catholicity are the same which govern our daily actions1 and regulate the most important affairs of our lives and of those most dear to us1 though we are so occupied or so ungrateful that we fail to acknowledge the sources from whence they arose4 ,for instance1 the possession of real estate forms one of the principal attractions for the ambition of industrious ,americans1 yet how few of them ever think that the laws regulating its disposition1 acquisition1 and inheritance are the very enactments framed by monks1 hundreds of years ago1 and recognized by armed laymen after long and at times doubtful contests with the advocates of the arbitrary feudal system4 ,personal liberty1 speedy trial by our peers1 were first secured in an incontestable form by an archbishop of the church which some of our socalled and 8loudly called0 preachers are never tired of denouncing as tyrannical4 ,that the right of the people governed1 to elect representatives to make laws affecting their 8lives1 liberty1 and pursuit of happiness10 was obtained and carried into practical effect by a ,catholic statesman many centuries before ,thomas ,jefferson or ,benjamin ,franklin were born1 seems to have been forgotten by our pseudoliberals2 while the grand principle of political equality which lies at the foundation of our republic1 instead of being less than a hundred years old1 is coeval with ,christianity itself1 and in its operation within the church is more expansive and less discriminating as regards social rank and condition4 ,but though1 in this inconsiderate age1 we fail to acknowledge the deep debt of gratitude we owe to the workers and thinkers of the past for our laws1 civilization1 and correct ideas of government1 we cannot if we would deny that we are still ruled by those very ideas1 and that none of our boasted1 and in their way valuable1 discoveries have had the effect to give us a new or a better scheme of jurisprudence1 whereby mankind can be made better1 wiser1 or happier4 ,the people of the ,united ,states are not generally considered a profoundly reflective people2 we are too much engaged with the present to care much about either the past or future2 but we respectfully suggest that1 while we may be justly proud of our laws and system of government1 it is hardly fair or generous to assume to ourselves all the credit for their formation and existence4 ,we have done enough to secure the liberty of our fellow men1 and maintain our authority in the family of nations1 not to be able to be just1 if not generous1 to the memory of the men who have bequeathed to us so invaluable a legacy2 and let us therefore accord to our ,catholic ancestors due credit for the conception and transmission of the laws under which we all so happily live4 ,after all1 their ideas rule more than our own1 whether we will or not4 ,dante's ,purgatorio4 ,canto ,sixth4 ,when from the game of hazard men depart1 ,the loser stays1 and1 casting o'er his throws1 ,learns a hard lesson with a heavy heart2 ,while with the winner all the assembly goes3 ,one runs before1 one plucks his robe behind1 ,but he delays not1 though beside his way ,another comrade calls himself to mind2 ,and every one perceives that he would say3 8,press me no more60 to whom he lifts his hand1 ,and by so doing keeps the crowd at bay2 ,such ,i was1 freeing me from that dense band1 ,to this and that one bending my survey1 ,and promising to answer each demand4 ,here was that ,aretine whose lethal wound ,the savage hands of ,ghin' di ,tacco made2 ,also that knight who in pursuit was drowned4 ,here with stretched palms ,frederic ,novello prayed1 ,the ,pisan1 too1 at whose defeat his sire1 ,good old ,marzucco1 showed a strength sublime4 ,i saw ,count ,orso1 and that soul whom dire ,envy and spite1 but no committed crime ,tore from his mortal frame1 as he declared2 ,pierre de la ,brosse ,i mean3 so1 while she may1 ,be that bad woman of ,brabant prepared ,lest she go join a far worse flock than they4 ,when ,i had freed me from the gathering press ,of shadows praying still that others' prayers ,might hasten forward their own blessedness1 ,i thus began3 8,thy page1 my ,light6 declares ,expressly1 in one text1 that ,heaven's decree ,to no beseeching bendeth47#bad7 ,yet this race ,prays with such purpose3 will their praying be ,without avail8 or have ,i in that place ,misread thy word80 ,he answered3 8,it is gross ,and plain to reason3 no fallacious hope ,is theirs1 if thy sound mind consider close2 ,the topmost height of judgment doth not slope1 ,because love's fire may instantly complete ,the penance due from one of these3 but where ,i closed that point with words which you repeat1 ,a gulf betwixt the ,most ,high was and prayer3 ,no praying there could cover past defect4 ,yet verily1 in so profound a doubt ,rest not1 till she who1 'twixt thine intellect ,and truth1 shall be thy light1 herself speak out4 ,dost understand me8 ,beatrice ,i mean3 ,thou shalt behold her in a loftier place1 ,this mountain summit1 smiling and serene40 8,good ,guide10 said ,i1 8then let us mend our pace1 ,i feel no more my weariness3 o'er us ,the mountain shadow grows and hides mine own40 8,we will go forward0--he gave answer thus-- 8,far as we can1 ere this day's light be gone2 ,but thy thought wanders from the fact4 ,that height ,ere thou canst gain1 thou shalt behold the day's ,returning orb1 who now so hides his light ,behind the hill that thou break'st not his rays4 ,but yonder look6 one spirit1 all alone1 ,by itself stationed1 bends toward us his gaze3 ,the readiest passage will by him be shown0 ,sordello4 ,we came up tow'rds it3 ,o proud ,lombard soul6 ,how thou didst wait1 in thy disdain unstirred1 ,and thy majestic eyes didst slowly roll6 ,meanwhile to us it never uttered word1 ,but let us move1 just giving us a glance1 ,like as a lion looks in his repose4 ,then ,virgil1 making a more near advance1 ,prayed him to show us where the mountain rose ,with easier slope1 and still that soul replied ,nothing to his demand2 but question made ,about life1 and our country4 ,my sweet ,guide ,began to answer3 8,mantua0--and the shade ,from where it had been1 separate from his band1 ,all rapt in self1 sprang up towards him in haste1 ,saying3 8,o ,mantuan1 ,i am of thy land1 ,i am ,sordello40 ,and the twain embraced4 ,ah slavish ,italy6 thou common inn ,for woe to lodge at6 without pilot1 thou ,ship in great tempest6 not what thou hast been1 ,lady of provinces1 but brothel now6 ,that gentle soul so quickly1 at the dear ,sound that recalled his country1 forward came ,to grace his townsman with a greeting here2 ,and now thy living children1 to their shame1 ,are all at war1 and they who dwell most near ,prey1 each on each1 with moat and wall the same6 ,search1 wretched6 search all round thine either coast1 ,and then look inland1 in thy bosom1 see ,if peace in any part of thee thou know'st6 ,what though ,justinian made new reins for thee1 ,what boots it if the saddle remain void8 ,without his mending thy disgrace were less4 ,and ,o ye tribe that ought to be employed ,in your devotions1 and let ,csar press ,the seat of ,csar if ,god's word you heed1 ,see1 since your hand hath on the bridle been1 ,how wanton grown and wicked is the steed1 ,through want from you of the spur's discipline4 ,o ,german ,albert6 who abandonest ,her now run wild1 unchecked by curb of thine1 ,when thou shouldst ride her with thy heels hardpressed2 ,may heaven's just judgment light upon thy line1 ,and be it something strange1 and manifest1 ,to make him tremble that comes after thee1 ,because1 for lust of barren fiefs out there17#bae7 ,thou and thy ,father have not shamed to see ,the empire's garden desolate and bare4 ,come see the ,capulets and ,montagues1 ,monaldi and ,filippeschi1 ,o thou being ,without concern6 these wan with fears1 and those ,already crushed3 come sate thyself with seeing1 ,thou cruel man1 the outrage that is done ,to thy best blood1 and make their bruises well6 ,and thou shalt see too1 thou cold lookeron1 ,santafiore's lords how safe they dwell4 ,come see thy ,rome that mourning all alone ,weepeth1 a widow1 calling day and night1 ,why1 ,o my ,csar1 dost thou leave thine own8 ,come see what love there--how all hearts unite6 ,and if no pity move thee at our moan ,blush for thy fame beholding such a sight4 ,and1 lawful if ,i speak1 ,o most high ,jove ,who wast for our sakes crucified on earth1 ,are thy just eyes who watchest men above ,turned elsewhere8--,or is this before the birth ,of some great good a preparation hid ,from us in the abyss of thy intent1 ,that all the ,italian towns are tyrantrid1 ,and every clown that comes on faction bent ,makes as much clamor as ,marcellus did8 ,my ,florence6 well may'st thou remain content ,at this digression2 it concerns not thee1 ,thanks to thy people1 great in argument6 ,many with justice in their hearts there be ,who stay the shaft lest1 coming to the bow ,without discretion1 it might err2 but they ,on their lips wear it4 ,many men are slow ,to serve the state1 and turn from place away2 ,thy people do not--every one bends low1 ,crying before he's called for3 8,i obey40 ,now make thee joyful1 who may'st triumph well2 ,thou who art rich--so wise6 and so at peace6 ,if ,i speak true in this--let the truth tell4 ,athens and ,sparta1 that raised civil ,greece ,to such a height1 and framed the ancient laws1 ,towards the wellordered life made small beginning ,compared with thee1 whose legislation draws ,threads out so fine that thy ,october spinning ,comes before mid,november to a pause4 ,how many times hast thou renewed thy men1 ,yea1 within days that in thy memory dwell1 ,and changed thy laws and offices1 and then ,customs and coins6 if thou remember well ,thou wilt behold thyself1 unless quite blind1 ,like a sick woman1 restless1 that in vain ,seeks on her pillow some repose to find1 ,and turns and turns as 'twere to parry pain4 ,the ,church ,the ,champion ,of ,marriage4 8,there is nothing new under the sun10 least of all the continued crusade the church has headed and now heads against the enemies of ,christian marriage4 ,what marriage is1 what duties it involves1 what holiness it requires1 what grace it confers1 we leave to other pens more learned or more eloquent to define4 ,what are the ,scripture authorities and allowable inferences concerning the married state1 its indissolubility and its future transformation in heaven1 we leave to theologians to state4 ,those who may feel curious as to that part of the question1 or as to the local and civil enactments concerning marriage and divorce1 we refer to two able articles published in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world of ,october1 #ahff1 and ,july1 #ahfg47baf7 ,but as witnesses are multiplied when a strong case has to be made out in favor of some important issue1 let us turn to the tribunal of history1 and look over the record of the church's battles4 ,witnesses without number rise in silent power to show on which side the weight of church influence has ever been thrown--the side of the oppressed and weakly4 ,every liberty1 from ecclesiastical immunities to constitutional rights1 she has upheld and enforced1 and it would be impossible that she1 the knighterrant of the moral world1 should have failed to break a lance1 through every succeeding century1 for the integrity of the marriage bond4 ,take1 for instance1 the history of the new ,frankish kingdom in the ,v,ith century1 at the time when the church was laboriously moulding pagan hordes into ,christian and civilized nations4 ,the times were wild and unsettled1 the very laws hardly established1 heathen license barely reined in by the threatening barrier of solemn excommunication4 ,they were times of great heroism1 it is true1 but none the less of great abuses and of startling crimes4 ,the bishops of the ,christian church stood alone in the midst of the universal depravity1 like mighty colossi1 defying the civil power and rebuking royal license4 ,s4 ,nicetus1 the ,bishop of ,trves1 was one of these4 ,the young ,king of the ,franks1 ,theodebert1 who was betrothed to ,wisigardis1 the daughter of the ,lombard king ,wakon1 had1 during a war against the ,goths1 taken a beautiful captive named ,denteria4 ,he made her his mistress1 and1 forgetful of his solemn betrothal1 lived with her for seven years4 ,the bishop never ceased boldly to admonish him and warn him1 but to no purpose4 ,after a while1 his powers of persuasion failing to effect his charitable design1 he resorted to the penalties of the church1 and excommunicated him4 ,but1 instead of suspending his evil career1 the king persuaded many of his courtiers to follow his example4 ,the holy bishop excommunicated them all with calm impartiality4 ,despite the censures under which they lay1 they insolently attempted to assist at ,high ,mass one ,sunday in the bishop's presence4 ,s4 ,nicetus turned to meet the sacrilegious throng1 and undauntedly announced that1 unless those who were excommunicated left the church1 the ,mass would not be celebrated4 ,the king publicly demurred to this1 but a young man in the crowd1 possessed by the devil1 suddenly started up1 and in impassioned language gave testimony to the holiness of the bishop and the vicious and debased character of the king himself4 ,four or five stalwart men got up to hold him1 but were unable to do so2 his strength defied their utmost efforts1 and burning words of condemnation continued to fall from his lips4 ,the king1 abashed1 was forced to leave the church1 while ,s4 ,nicetus caused the young man to be brought to him4 ,the touch of the holy bishop's hand1 and his efficacious prayer breathed over him1 cured him at once of the grievous affliction which had beset him for ten years4 ,finally1 the displeasure of the ,franks at the insult offered to the ,king of the ,lombards and his daughter grew so serious that1 with ,s4 ,nicetus at their head1 they called a general meeting to denounce his conduct4 ,he listened to their reproaches1 and at last agreed to dismiss his mistress and fulfil his contract with the ,lombard princess47#bag7 ,an eminent ,french writer1 ,de ,maistre1 says of the part played by the popes in the middle ages3 8,never have the popes and the church rendered a more signal service to the world than they did in repressing by the authority of ecclesiastical censures the transports of a passion1 dangerous enough in mild and orderly characters1 but which1 when indulged in by violent and fierce natures1 will make havoc of the holiest laws of marriage4444 ,the sanctity of marriage1 the sacred foundation of the peace and welfare of nations1 is1 above all1 of the highest importance in royal families1 where excesses and disorders are apt to breed consequences whose gravity in the future none can calculate40 ,in the early part of the ,v,i,ith century1 ,s4 ,columbanus1 the great ,irish monk who founded the powerful monastery of ,luxeuil in ,burgundy1 began that opposition to royal license which finally cost him his exalted position1 and made him an exile and wanderer from his chosen abode4 ,queen ,brunehault was practically reigning in ,burgundy under the name of her grandson ,theodoric4 ,she connived at the young sovereign's precocious depravity1 and herself furnished him with attractive mistresses1 thereby preventing his marriage with a suitable princess1 for fear of losing her own influence over him in public affairs4 ,one day1 as ,s4 ,columbanus1 whose monastery the king had munificently enriched1 came to see ,theodoric on matters of importance1 the queen rashly presented the king's illegitimate children to the saint1 and begged him to bless them4 ,columbanus refused1 turning away his eyes and saying sternly1 8,these children are the offspring of guilt1 and they will never sit upon their father's throne40 ,another time1 after many vain threats and remonstrances1 the saint again visited ,theodoric1 but1 instead of accepting the hospitality of his palace1 took up his quarters in a neighboring house4 ,brunehault and her grandson1 keenly alive to the implied rebuke1 and resenting the public slight thus put upon them before their court and subjects1 sent some officers of their household with costly vases and golden dishes1 full of delicacies from the royal table1 to ,columbanus1 at the same time entreating him to come to them4 ,the saint made the sign of the cross1 and spoke thus to the messengers3 8,tell the king that the ,most ,high spurns the gifts of the unjust2 heaven is not to be propitiated by precious offerings1 but by conversion and repentance40 ,and as he spoke the vases fell to the earth and broke1 scattering the food and wine that had been brought to bribe the servant of ,god4 ,the king1 afraid of the divine judgments1 promised to amend1 but did not fail to relapse into sin1 upon which ,columbanus wrote to him again1 and finally excommunicated him4 ,theodoric then visited the monastery of ,luxeuil1 and in retaliation publicly accused the saint of violating his rule4 ,columbanus answered1 8,if you are come here to disturb the servants of ,god1 and stir up confusion among them1 we will relinquish all your aid1 countenance1 and presents1 ,o ,theodoric2 but know that you and all your race shall perish40 ,the king retired1 awed for this time into silence2 but1 being further incensed against ,columbanus by his grandmother ,brunehault1 he had him exiled to ,besanon4 ,the saint's reputation was such that no one would venture to guard him1 and he of his own accord soon returned to ,luxeuil4 ,theodoric1 growing more obstinate the firmer he saw his judge become1 again ordered him to leave1 even threatening force4 ,columbanus defied him1 and announced that physical violence alone could drive him from his post2 but1 upon the persecution of the monastery continuing unabated1 he judged it more perfect and charitable to exile himself for the peace of his community4 ,three years after1 ,theodoric and his children were all killed1 and ,clotaire1 his relative and ruler of a neighboring kingdom1 reigned in ,burgundy in his stead4 ,the ,byzantine ,empire also was constantly torn by schisms and dissensions originating in the unbridled passions of its ignoble sovereigns4 ,in the ,v,i,i,ith century1 ,constantine ,,vi41 surnamed ,porphyrogenitus1 the son of the ,empress ,irene1 married at his mother's instigation an ,armenian woman of low birth but irreproachable morals1 named ,mary4 ,it was not long1 however1 before he became enamored of one of his wife's attendants1 ,theodota1 whereupon he proceeded to divorce the ,empress ,mary and force her to take the veil4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 ,tarasius1 refused to dissolve the first marriage and perform the second1 as required by the dissolute emperor1 who then attempted to blind him by alleging that his wife had conspired to poison him4 ,this the patriarch firmly refused to believe1 and1 moreover1 represented to the emperor the scandal of his conduct1 the infamy that would attach to his name in consequence1 and especially the incalculable evil his bad example would cause among his not too chaste courtiers and people4 ,constantine lost his temper1 and violently replied that he would close the ,christian churches1 and reopen the temples of the heathen gods4 ,the patriarch threatened to refuse him the right of entering the sanctuary1 and of assisting at the sacred mysteries2 but when an unworthy priest1 ,joseph1 the treasurer of the church of ,constantinople1 was found willing to celebrate between the emperor and ,theodota an invalid 8marriage0 in one of the halls of the palace of ,s4 ,maurice1 ,tarasius hesitated to pronounce the excommunication4 ,at this distance of time1 it is not easy to point out the reasons and excuses which the unsettled state of things in the ,byzantine ,empire may have furnished for this act of seeming compromise2 much less should we rashly condemn a holy and zealous bishop2 but it is noticeable that such instances have never been repeated when it was the popes themselves who were directly appealed to4 ,as the patriarch had foretold1 evil results followed the sovereign's licentious example1 a frightful laxity of morals prevailed1 and insubordination to the church went hand in hand with the violation of the marriage bond4 ,tarasius excommunicated the priest ,joseph two years after1 but1 although he had refrained from directly and publicly censuring the principal culprit1 he was none the less persecuted by him4 ,in the following century1 a still worse case of the kind took place1 the chief actors in it being ,bardas1 the ambitious uncle of the wretched ,emperor ,michael the ,drunkard1 and the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 ,s4 ,ignatius4 ,the former1 who had the practical control of the state1 and had induced his sottish nephew to give him the title of 8,csar0 of the ,byzantine ,empire1 deliberately left his lawful wife1 and lived in publicly incestuous union with the wife of his own son4 ,s4 ,ignatius indignantly reproved him1 and when the prince1 braving his censures1 presented himself in church on the ,feast of the ,epiphany1 the patriarch publicly refused to admit him to the ,holy ,communion4 ,bardas furiously threatened him before the faithful1 but the holy prelate boldly presented his breast to the blows he seemed about to receive1 and in a few solemn words invoked the wrath of ,god on the sacrilegious 8,csar40 ,he was promptly exiled to the ,island of ,teberinthia1 where ,bardas1 partly by threats and partly by hypocritical promises1 induced all his suffragans to repair in a body1 and entreat him to resign the patriarchate4 ,with holy firmness he resisted the treacherous appeal1 whereupon ,bardas had him put in irons1 deposed1 and replaced on the patriarchal chair by ,photius1 a creature of his own and a layman4 ,the famous schism of ,photius thus sprang from the same cause as later heresies1 and everywhere we see contumacy to ecclesiastical authority making common cause with abandoned passion and shameless license4 ,the ,photian schism was abetted in the ,west by another rebellious son of the church1 ,lothair1 ,king of ,lorraine1 who was anxious to get rid of his wife ,thietberga4 ,this was one of the most famous cases of the sort during the middle ages1 and was prolonged over many years1 breeding not only the utmost moral disorder1 but threatening also to bring about even political convulsions4 ,lothair had conceived a criminal passion for one of his wife's maids1 ,waldrade1 and to marry her his first endeavor was to prove the queen guilty of incest before her marriage with him4 ,for this purpose he summoned his bishops three times at ,aixla,chapelle1 in #hfj1 and had ,thietberga condemned to the public penance usually inflicted in those days on a fallen woman4 ,the timeserving prelates1 after a superficial examination of the evidence1 allowed the divorce on the plea that 8it is better to marry than to burn02 thus giving an early historical proof of the old saying about a certain person 8quoting ,scripture40 ,widalon1 ,bishop of ,vienne1 who had not concurred in this iniquitous decree1 wrote to the pope for guidance4 ,the pope1 ,nicholas ,i41 firmly standing by the tradition of the church1 and vindicating the fundamental dogma of the sanctity of marriage1 replied uncompromisingly that the divorce was null and void1 the bishops blamable for their servility1 and that even were it proved beyond doubt that ,thietberga had been guilty of incest or any other sinful intercourse before marriage1 yet the marriage itself could never on that account be legally dissolved4 ,the queen herself then appealed to the pope1 who appointed two legates to inquire into the matter4 ,baffled in his first attempt1 ,lothair now trumped up a second pretext1 and pretended that he had been previously married to ,waldrade1 and that the queen had therefore never been his lawful wife4 ,the pope replied that1 until this matter was disposed of1 the queen should be sent with all honor to her father1 and suitably provided for from the royal treasury4 ,thietberga was now arraigned before a packed and bribed tribunal1 and forced to acknowledge herself an interloper1 but found secret means of sending word to the pope that she had acted under compulsion4 ,nicholas then wrote an indignant letter to the king and bishops1 annulled all previous decisions1 and commanded a new and fair trial of the case to be held4 ,he then wrote to the ,emperor of ,germany1 ,louis ,,ii41 and the ,king of ,france1 ,charles the ,bald1 as well as to all the bishops of the four kingdoms1 ,lorraine1 ,france1 ,germany1 and ,provence1 whom he ordered to repair to a council at ,metz1 where his legates would meet them4 ,he charged them to have more regard to the laws of ,god than the will of men1 and to protect the weak and innocent with all the dignity of their influence4 ,lothair1 however1 succeeded in corrupting the legates themselves1 and the council merely met to confirm the previous infamous decrees and condemnations4 ,two of the prelates were chosen to report to the pope and bear hypocritical and falsified messages to him1 but in vain4 ,nicholas1 secretly advised of this treachery1 and no doubt also divinely inspired1 detected the imposition1 abrogated the decrees of the false council1 and canonically deposed the two guilty prelates from all their functions and dignities4 ,they immediately took refuge at ,benevento with the ,emperor ,louis ,,ii41 who1 hotly espousing their cause1 marched with his army against ,rome1 and surprised the clergy and people in the act of singing the litanies and taking part in a penitential procession at ,s4 ,peter's4 ,his soldiers dispersed the people by force of arms1 and blockaded the pope in his palace4 ,nicholas escaped in disguise1 and for two days lay concealed in a boat on the ,tiber1 with neither covering for the night nor scarcely food enough to sustain nature4 ,thus the conflict between a sovereign's unbridled passions and the calm and immutable principles of the ,gospel was carried so far as to entail actual persecution on the sacred and representative person of the pontiff4 ,the emperor1 repenting of his hasty attack1 sent his wife to the pope to negotiate a reconciliation4 ,the two insubordinate bishops at the same time sent an embassy to ,photius1 the sacrilegious successor of ,s4 ,ignatius in the ,see of ,constantinople1 to demand his support and countenance4 8,and thus10 says ,rohrbacher1 to whom we are indebted for these graphic pictures of the early struggles of the church1 8did the schism born of the adultery of ,lothair in the ,west join hands with that born of the incest of ,bardas in the ,east40 ,lothair and the rebellious bishops now quarrelled among themselves1 and one of the deposed prelates1 the ,archbishop of ,cologne1 repaired in haste to ,rome to reveal the duplicity1 the plotting1 and insincerity that had characterized the whole of the proceedings4 ,the king himself1 however1 showed a disposition to submit1 most of the bishops begged the pope's forgiveness1 and the former legate1 ,rodoaldus1 having been excommunicated for his collusion with the king1 a new one1 ,arsenius1 ,bishop of ,orta1 was appointed4 ,the conditions he was charged to demand were explicit--either ,waldrade must be dismissed1 or the excommunication until now delayed in mercy would be pronounced4 ,unwilling to submit entirely1 yet dreading the consequences if he did not1 ,lothair actually recalled ,thietberga to her lawful position1 and allowed ,waldrade to accompany the legate to ,rome1 as a public token of her repentance and obedience4 ,but although his royal word was plighted1 he soon found his blind appetites too much for his reason and his faith1 and1 sending messengers to bring back his mistress1 relapsed into his former sins4 ,waldrade herself was now publicly excommunicated4 ,in the meantime1 ,pope ,nicholas died1 and was succeeded by ,adrian ,,ii41 who proved himself no less strenuous an opponent of royal license than his holy predecessor had been4 ,lothair1 naturally inclined to temporize1 offered to go to ,rome and plead his own cause with the new pontiff4 ,in a preliminary interview held at ,monte,casino1 the pope reiterated his firm intention of coming to no understanding before the king had made his peace with ,thietberga and finally dissolved his criminal union with ,waldrade4 ,the next day was ,sunday1 and the king hoped to hear ,mass before he left for ,rome1 but he could find no priest willing to celebrate it for him1 and was forced to take his departure in diminished state for ,rome1 where no public reception awaited him1 so that he had to enter the ,holy ,city almost as a pilgrim and a penitent4 ,in those days of princely hospitality and profuse pageantry1 such an occurrence was rare1 and1 therefore1 all the more significant of the majestic and practical power of the church4 ,lothair1 now thoroughly sensible of his sin1 and warned by the terrible dissensions of the past of what further misery to his country and people his prolonged obstinacy might involve1 signified his intention to submit unconditionally to the pope's decree4 ,high ,mass was then celebrated in his presence and that of all his noble followers by the pope in person1 and when at the moment of communion the king approached the altar1 ,adrian impressively addressed to him the following unexpected adjuration3 8,i charge thee1 ,o ,king of ,lorraine1 if thou hast any concealed intention of renewing thy shameless intercourse with thy concubine ,waldrade1 not to dare approach this altar and sacrilegiously receive thy ,lord in this tremendous sacrament2 but if with true repentance and sincere purpose of amendment thou dost approach1 then receive him without fear40 ,the king1 evidently moved by this solemn address1 knelt down and communicated1 and his retainers and courtiers took their places at the sacred board4 ,that no pretext might remain for further equivocation1 the holy pontiff warned them also1 before administering the ,blessed ,sacrament to them1 saying3 8,if any among you have wilfully aided and abetted the king1 and are ready wilfully to aid and abet him again in his wicked intercourse with ,waldrade1 let him not presume to receive sacrilegiously the body of the ,lord2 but you that have not abetted him1 or that have sincerely repented of having done so1 and are resolved to do so no more1 approach and receive without fear40 ,a few of them shrank back at these awful words1 but the greater part1 whether in sincerity or in contempt1 followed the king's example and received4 ,after this1 which did not take place till #hfi1 we hear no more of ,lothair's passion for ,waldrade4 ,germany1 too1 had her ,lothair1 and1 in the ,x,ith century1 ,king ,henry ,,iv41 one of the most abandoned sovereigns that ever reigned1 brought upon himself not only the papal anathema1 but the displeasure of his electors and confederated vassals themselves by his shameless trifling with his marriage vows4 ,his wife ,bertha1 a beautiful and virtuous woman1 the daughter of ,otho1 ,marquis of ,italy1 never found favor in his sight2 and1 in concert with some of his simoniacal bishops1 ,siegfried1 the ,archbishop of ,mayence at their head1 ,henry held a diet at ,worms in #ajfi to procure a divorce from her4 ,siegfried1 however1 feeling uneasy at the part allotted him1 sent to the ,pope ,alexander ,,ii4 for advice1 and received from him a severe reprimand for having countenanced the dissolute king4 ,the papal legate1 an austere and holy man1 ,peter ,damian1 arrived during the session of a diet at ,frankfort1 where the king's cause was to be finally judged4 ,despite ,henry's protestations that his divorce would enable him1 as he hypocritically said1 to marry lawfully a wife that would please him1 and to abandon his numerous harem of favorites1 whom he would have no excuse any longer to retain1 the stern sentence of ,rome was passed against him--either excommunication or reconciliation with his wife4 ,he reluctantly submitted1 but only in appearance1 for he refused even to see ,bertha1 and soon gave himself up to his former illicit pleasures4 ,his brutal treatment of his second wife1 ,praxedes of ,lorraine1 whom he married according to his own choice after the death of ,bertha1 drew upon him further ecclesiastical censures1 and he left a memory justly branded by all historians as more infamous still than that of the notorious ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england4 ,at the same time that his passions were revolutionizing the ,german ,empire1 ,philip ,i4 of ,france was showing an equally deplorable example to his vassals and subjects4 ,he was married to ,bertha1 daughter of ,hugh1 ,count of ,frisia1 by whom he already had two children1 one of whom1 ,louis le ,gros1 succeeded him2 but1 blinded by a sinful affection1 he carried off1 in #ajib1 ,bertrade1 the wife of ,fulk1 ,count of ,anjou1 and lived with her in a doubly adulterous union4 ,hugh of ,flavigny1 a contemporary historian1 says of this occurrence3 8,even if our book were silent1 all ,france would cry out1 nay1 the whole of the ,western church would reecho like thunder in horror of this crime4 ,it is truly monstrous that an anointed king1 who should have defended even with the sword the indissolubility of marriage1 should on the contrary wallow shamelessly for years in intolerable disorder40 ,the ,blessed ,yves1 ,bishop of ,chartres1 immediately lifted his voice against the enormity of the crime2 but though his fervent reproaches fell upon a deadened conscience1 and his letter to the king was in vain1 still among the bishops of ,france none could be found1 at least for a long time1 to perform a scandalous 8marriage0 between the king and his mistress4 ,at last the ,archbishop of ,rouen allowed himself to be blinded1 and consented to unite them1 but a prompt and sharp interference on the part of ,rome punished him by a deposition from all his ecclesiastical dignities1 which lasted for several years4 ,the whole of the controversy had now come clearly to the knowledge of the ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 ,the ,count of ,anjou had declared war against the ravisher1 and the king had put the ,b4 ,yves in irons under the guard of the ,viscount of ,chartres4 ,in the meanwhile1 the pope wrote a scathing letter to the metropolitan of ,rheims and the episcopate of ,france4 8,you10 he says1 8who should have stood as a wall against the inroads of public immorality1 you have been silent and allowed this great crime2 for not to oppose is to consent4 ,go now1 speak to the king1 reproach him1 warn him1 threaten him1 and1 if necessary1 resort boldly to the last measures40 ,from #ajib to #ajid the pope never ceased publicly and privately to oppose ,philip's unlawful passion1 and1 sending as his legate ,hugh1 ,archbishop of ,lyons1 convoked an assembly at ,autun for the #aeth of ,october1 #ajid1 to decide the matter4 ,the king insolently attempted to forestall the papal decision by calling a council for the #ajth of ,september previous1 which accordingly took place1 and in which a few contumacious bishops confirmed the king in his obstinate resistance to the head of the church4 ,as the queen had died a short time before1 ,philip presumptuously began to hope that his marriage with ,bertrade would now be legalized2 but1 since she herself was the wedded wife of the ,count of ,anjou1 it will be easy to see how vain were his expectations4 ,the ,council of ,autun met1 and1 finding the king determined to continue in sin1 solemnly excommunicated him4 ,philip then wrote a threatening letter to the pope1 declaring that1 if he did not absolve him from the church's censures1 he would go over to the antipope ,guibert1 styled ,clement ,,iii4 ,philip now attempted to secure immunity for himself in another way3 he promised all sorts of reforms1 both ecclesiastical and moral1 if he could only obtain permission to indulge his guilty passion undisturbed4 ,to this proposal the ,b4 ,yves replied1 like ,s4 ,columbanus to ,theodoric1 that it was impossible to compound for sin by costly gifts1 that ,god desires ourselves1 not our treasures1 and that heaven is won by penance and not by gold4 ,at length1 in #ajie1 the ,council of ,placentia was held4 ,philip pleaded for a delay1 which was granted him1 but at the following council1 that of ,clermont1 he and his concubine were at last rigorously excommunicated4 ,and here ,rohrbacher takes occasion to remark1 propos to the crusade which was then occupying ,christendom3 8,indeed1 of what use would a crusade against the ,turks have proved if the popes had not1 at the same time1 resolutely opposed the introduction of ,turkish disorders into ,christian society80 ,in #ajif1 ,philip consented to submit1 and went in state to the ,council of ,nismes to meet the pope1 and be absolved from the excommunication1 which1 as he found1 weighed very heavily on his conscience4 ,throughout the middle ages this one trait1 a lively faith1 proved1 indeed1 the only barrier against excesses which1 had they been unrestrained by the fear of ecclesiastical censures1 would have simply produced a state of license worse than that of the latter days of the ,roman ,empire4 ,but ,philip's repentance was shortlived2 he recalled ,bertrade1 and even gave away benefices and church dignities to her favorites1 seculars1 and persons of questionable morality4 ,urban ,,ii4 died1 and was succeeded by ,paschal ,,ii41 who again sent his legates to the king1 and1 at the ,council of ,poictiers1 excommunicated the guilty pair a second time4 ,at this council a strange scene took place4 ,a layman threw a stone at one of the legates1 and1 though it missed him1 it split open the head of another bishop who was standing near4 ,this was the signal for a violent attack on the prelates2 the unruly crowd outside the church battered down the doors1 and rushed in1 throwing stones and missiles of all kinds among the deliberating bishops4 ,of these a very few1 seized with panic1 hastily made their escape1 but the greater part stood like heroes at their post1 and even took off their mitres that their heads might present a better mark to the infuriated and partisan mob4 ,nor was this the only act of violence perpetrated in the name of ,philip and ,bertrade4 ,shortly after this scene1 while staying at ,sens1 they remained a fortnight without hearing ,mass1 which so incensed ,bertrade that she sent her servants to break open the doors of the church1 and caused one of her priests1 a tool of her own1 to celebrate the ,holy ,sacrifice in her presence4 ,philip now noisily proclaimed that he was going to ,rome to receive absolution1 but ,yves of ,chartres warned the ,pope of the king's insincerity1 and the pontiff remained conscientiously cold to all his advances until he had wrested from him a solemn oath not only to cease his criminal intercourse with ,bertrade1 but also to abstain from seeing her or speaking to her unless in the presence of a third person4 ,nevertheless1 the solemn absolution was not pronounced in his favor before the ,council of ,beaugency1 assembled in #aajd1 twelve years after his first sin in carrying off the lawful wife of his own vassal and kinsman4 ,the ,x,i,ith century1 so stormily begun1 was disturbed later on by yet another controversy of the same kind4 ,it has been noticed by ,protestant writers1 says ,de ,maistre1 that it was almost invariably marriage1 its indissolubility and the irregularities against its integrity1 that have provoked the 8scandal0 of excommunication4 ,in this admission1 made rather to criminate than to honor the church1 made indeed to throw the obloquy of schism upon the popes themselves1 is there not an unwilling testimony to the ,papacy's unflinching championship of virtue8 ,in #aadj1 ,louis ,,vii4 of ,france1 surnamed ,le ,jeune1 refused to sanction the canonical nomination of ,peter1 ,archbishop of ,bourges1 whom ,thibault1 ,count of ,champagne1 valiantly defended and upheld4 ,at the same time1 ,raoul1 ,count of ,vermandois1 a man advanced in years1 who had long been married to ,thibault's niece1 wished to dissolve his marriage in order to contract another with ,petronilla1 the sister of the ,queen of ,france1 ,louis' wife1 ,eleanor of ,antioch4 ,he succeeded in persuading a few bishops to grant him this permission on the plea of relationship between him and his first wife1 which1 if true1 would have made that union illegal from the first4 ,s4 ,bernard1 in a fervid letter to ,pope ,innocent ,,ii41 denounces his vile conduct1 giving a most lamentable picture of the state of the kingdom of ,france4 8,that which is most sacred in the church10 he says1 8is trodden underfoot40 ,the pope1 through his legate1 ,cardinal ,yves1 excommunicated the ,count of ,vermandois1 and laid his whole territory under an interdict4 ,mass could no longer be said1 the sacraments were not administered1 the churches were closed1 the bells silent4 ,the king revenged himself by declaring war on the ,count of ,champagne1 who had given shelter to the archbishop1 and appealed to ,rome against the ,count of ,vermandois4 ,he devastated ,thibault's territory with fire and sword1 and behaved1 says ,rohrbacher1 rather like a ,vandal chief than a ,christian king4 ,in #aadb1 he arrived before the town of ,vitry1 sacked it1 and set fire to its church and castle4 ,in the former were no less than #acjj persons1 men1 women1 and children1 who had sought safety in the sanctuary4 ,he ruthlessly closed all avenues to the church1 and burnt the miserable inhabitants as they vainly strove to escape4 ,the town was hereafter called ,vitry le ,brle4 ,the ,count of ,champagne1 weakened by this terrible onset1 sued for peace1 and promised to exert his influence to have both excommunication and interdict taken off the person and fiefs of ,raoul de ,vermandois4 ,it was1 in fact1 provisionally suspended1 but1 as the culprit still refused to dissolve his criminal union1 he was excommunicated for the second time4 ,s4 ,bernard was a prominent actor in this controversy1 and powerfully worked for the preservation of peace4 ,but greater troubles were yet in store for ,france and the church4 ,in #aaic1 ,philip ,augustus lost his first wife1 ,isabella of ,hainault1 and soon afterwards sent the ,bishop of ,noyon1 ,stephen1 with great pomp to the ,king of ,denmark1 ,canute ,,iii41 to ask the hand of his sister ,ingeburga in marriage4 ,the request was joyfully granted1 and the queenelect brought back to ,france with all possible honor4 ,the marriage took place at once1 and the king confessed himself much pleased with his new consort4 ,the next day he caused her to be solemnly crowned1 a ceremony to which great importance was attached in those days2 but1 strange to say1 during the service itself he was seen to turn pale as if with horror1 and to cast sudden looks of aversion towards the queen4 ,he1 however1 retired with her to ,meaux1 and lived with her a short time1 still unable to conquer his dislike1 which many did not fail to attribute to witchcraft1 for ,ingeburga was both comely1 virtuous1 and accomplished4 ,the king now called together his parliament at ,compigne1 his uncle1 the ,archbishop of ,rheims and legate of the ,holy ,see1 presiding4 ,the queen1 who did not understand ,french1 and whose ,danish attendants had all been sent away1 was present at the deliberation4 ,unheard1 therefore1 and even unchallenged1 she was speedily declared too closely related to the king through his former wife ,isabella to be united to him in lawful marriage4 ,this seems to have been the favorite pretext for dissolving inconvenient marriages in those times1 as it was also later in the too famous case of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england and ,catharine of ,aragon1 but even in this we see the spirit of subordination to the general authority of the church still underlying the partial revolts of her unruly sons4 ,when ,queen ,ingeburga was made acquainted by an interpreter with the sentence rendered against her1 she was painfully astonished1 and1 bursting into tears1 cried out in her broken ,french1 ,male ,france6 ,male ,france6 ,some pitying hearts there must have been in that assembly of lords spiritual and temporal1 some remorseful consciences among that gathering of ,frenchmen1 who1 as ,rohrbacher quaintly says1 8forgot even to be courteous to a stranger and a woman40 ,ingeburga1 rising1 then added1 8,rome6 ,rome60--sublime appeal of oppressed innocence to the fountainhead of justice and honor6 ,philip had her immured in the ,abbey of ,cisoing4 ,pope ,celestine ,,iii4 sent legates to inquire into the rights of the case1 but the king succeeded in intimidating them1 and no conclusion was arrived at in the council held at ,paris4 ,the pope then wrote an energetic letter to the bishops1 concluding by a decision to this effect1 that1 having carefully examined the genealogy upon which turned the question of the alleged close relationship between the king's first and second wives1 he solemnly annuls the unlawful act of divorce passed at the ,parliament of ,compigne1 and decrees that1 if the king should attempt to marry any other woman during ,ingeburga's lifetime1 he should be proceeded against as an adulterer4 ,this speedily came to pass4 ,not content with repudiating his wife1 he attempted1 in #aaif1 to marry another1 ,agnes of ,merania 7,tyrol74 ,ingeburga instantly appealed to the pope1 saying that for this outrage her husband 8allegeth no cause1 but of his will maketh an order1 of his obstinacy a law1 and of his passion une fureur10 as ,rohrbacher rather untranslatably puts it4 ,the ,protestant historian ,hurter says3 8,in this instance1 the pope stands face to face1 not with the king1 but with the ,christian4 ,innocent ,,iii4 7he had succeeded ,celestine7 would not sacrifice the moral importance of his office even to procure help for the ,crusade or to prepare for himself an ally in his dissensions with the ,german emperors40 ,pope ,innocent remonstrated with the king first through the ,bishop of ,paris1 ,eudes de ,sully1 then personally by letter1 and threatened him with the last and most awful punishment1 excommunication4 ,the king temporized1 and would give no satisfactory answer1 until in #aaih the papal legate1 ,peter of ,capua1 was directed to give him his choice between submission within one month or the imposition of an interdict upon the whole kingdom4 ,this appalling measure had never before been so sweepingly resorted to1 and the preparations for it were as solemnly magnificent as if they had portended the funeral of a nation4 ,the council met at ,dijon in #aaii1 and1 during its seven days' session1 once more invited the king to attend and avert the doom his sin had wellnigh brought upon the realm4 ,but ,philip remained inflexible1 despite the last and urgent letters of the pope1 and the interdict was accordingly pronounced4 ,four archbishops1 eighteen bishops1 and a great number of abbots composed the august assembly1 and on the seventh day of the council a strange and impressive scene closed the unavailing deliberations4 ,at midnight the great bell of the cathedral tolled out the knell of a parting soul1 the prelates repaired in silent and lugubrious procession to the high altar1 now divested of all its ornaments1 the lights were extinguished and removed1 the figure of ,christ on the great rood was veiled in penitential guise1 the relics of the patron saints were removed into the crypt below1 and the consecrated hosts yet unconsumed were destroyed by fire4 ,the legate1 clothed in purple1 advanced to the foot of the denuded altar1 and promulgated the awful sentence that was to deprive a whole ,christian kingdom of the consolations of religion4 ,the assembled people answered with a great groan1 and1 says a historian of the times1 it seemed as if the ,last ,judgment had suddenly come upon men4 ,a respite of twenty days was allowed before the interdict was publicly announced1 but after ,candlemas ,day1 #abjj1 it was not only announced1 but rigorously enforced4 ,the effect was terrible2 thousands flocked to ,normandy and other provinces belonging to the ,king of ,england1 to receive the sacraments and perform their usual devotions2 the king's own sister1 on the occasion of her marriage with the ,count of ,ponthien1 had to remove to ,rouen to have the ceremony canonically performed4 ,the king1 meanwhile1 vented his fury on the bishops1 imprisoned some1 confiscated the temporalities of others1 and caused many to be even personally maltreated4 ,queen ,ingeburga was dragged from her convent1 and barbarously imprisoned in the ,castle of ,etampes1 near ,paris4 ,philip's wrath extended to all classes2 the nobles he oppressed1 the burghers he taxed beyond their means1 until his very servants left him as a ,god forsaken man4 ,the pressure at last became so terrible that he was heard to exclaim in a transport of rage1 8,i shall end by becoming a ,mussulman6 ,fortunate ,saladin6 he at least had no pope over him60 ,at a meeting of the lords and prelates of the kingdom1 at which ,agnes of ,merania assisted1 ,philip moodily asked1 in the midst of an ominous silence1 what he was to do4 8,obey the pope10 was the instant and uncompromising reply of the assembly2 and1 when the king further obtained a confession from his uncle the ,archbishop of ,rheims that the decree of divorce passed by him had been invalid from the first1 he exclaimed in illconcealed anger1 8,you were a fool to give it1 then60 ,at this juncture1 both ,agnes and the king sent ambassadors to ,rome to ask for a suspension at least of the interdict1 but the pope was inflexible1 and would hear of no negotiation before an unconditional submission4 ,this ,philip reluctantly promised2 the interdict had now lasted seven months1 and he could no longer withstand the dangerous and threatening attitude of his dissatisfied subjects4 ,in the summer of the year #abjj1 ,cardinal ,john ,colonna1 ,cardinal ,octavian1 of ,ostia1 and several others repaired first to ,vezelay1 then to ,compigne1 where they met the king and received his overtures4 ,on the eve of the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the assembly of lords spiritual and temporal met at the ,castle of ,s4 ,lger1 where the legate insisted on the deliberations being held in public4 ,the anxious people crowded round the doors of the great hall1 eager to watch every fluctuation in the proceedings4 ,at last1 on the legate's urgent advice1 and in his presence1 ,philip consented to visit ,queen ,ingeburga in state4 ,she had been sent for to be present1 but had not yet seen her husband4 ,it was their first meeting since their separation six years before4 ,at sight of her1 the king recoiled1 crying out1 8,the pope is forcing me to this40 8,nay1 my lord10 replied the injured wife1 calmly and meekly1 8he seeks but justice40 ,philip soon afterwards swore by proxy to receive the queen as his only and lawful wife1 and to render her all the honors due to her rank4 ,as soon as this was done1 the bells rang out a joyous peal1 and the people knew that peace had been made4 ,the sacred images were again uncovered1 the church doors were opened1 and ,mass was everywhere celebrated with great pomp4 ,the people were frantic with joy1 but the king1 though he had bent under the weight of influence that had been brought to bear upon him1 still persisted in asking for a divorce from his wife on the beforementioned plea of relationship4 ,the pope delayed an answer1 and1 the better to satisfy the reason of the refractory king1 appointed another meeting to be held at ,soissons1 six months after the date of the recent one at ,s4 ,lger4 ,to this meeting ,canute ,,iii4 of ,denmark sent bishops and learned doctors to plead his sister's cause1 but1 as on the king's side was arrayed the best--though servile--talent of ,france1 the case seemed not very hopeful1 until an unknown and obscure ecclesiastic arose1 and1 towards the end of the council1 which had already lasted a fortnight1 modestly asked leave of the august judges to speak in favor of ,queen ,ingeburga4 ,his address startled and moved all who listened1 and they agreed with one voice that this sudden and almost inspired burst of eloquence was surely a sign of the will of ,god directly urging the queen's rights4 ,philip1 anticipating the papal decision1 determined to surprise the assembly by forestalling it4 ,he accordingly appeared on horseback very early one morning at the gate of the palace of ,notre ,dame1 the queen's residence1 and in public--and shall we not say primitive8--token of reconciliation took ,ingeburga away with him1 making her sit on a pillion behind him4 ,they rode away quietly and almost unattended1 but soon after it became known that he had again imprisoned her in an old castle1 and that1 having thus broken up the council before a public decision had been rendered1 he still considered himself free to seek the divorce4 ,soon after the difficulty was lessened by the death of the unfortunate ,agnes of ,merania1 whose health had been shattered by the terrible and infamous publicity necessarily brought upon her during her recent pregnancy4 ,it was not1 however1 for many years after her death1 not until #abac1 that ,philip was sincerely and permanently reconciled to ,ingeburga1 whom he calls in his will his dear wife1 and to whom he left a suitable provision as queendowager4 ,hurter and ,schlegel both give witness to the admirable conduct of the medival popes in these and kindred struggles4 ,the former says3 8,if ,christianity was not reduced to a vain formula like the religion of the ,hindoos1 or relegated to one corner of the globe like a common sect1 or sunk altogether in the mire of oriental voluptuousness1 it was entirely owing to the vigilance and constant efforts of the popes40 ,and ,schlegel1 in his ,concordia1 speaks thus3 8,we hardly dare to liken the ,guelphs1 with the popes at their head1 to anything approaching liberalism1 so degraded has the term become in connection with modern liberals2 yet they alone1 because they had religion and the church on their side1 were the true liberals of the middle ages4 ,indeed1 if we look at the position of the popes in its highest type1 we shall find that they were always either gentle peacemakers and arbiters in times of unnecessary and foolish wars1 or stern champions of the oppressed1 and austere censors of morals40 ,we pass over a few other less important cases1 and come at once to the last and most fatal1 those connected with the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,in the ,x,v,ith century1 the old story of ,bardas and ,photius was lamentably repeated in ,england4 ,germany was in open revolt2 ,philip1 ,landgrave of ,hesse1 was extorting shameful permissions for polygamy from the married monk ,luther2 religious were trampling their vows underfoot2 ,wittenberg1 according to the ,lutheran chronicler ,illyricus1 was no better than a den of prostitution2 troops of 8apostate nuns10 as ,luther himself called them1 were constantly arriving1 begging1 says ,rohrbacher1 for food1 clothing1 and husbands2 ,luther1 their prophet1 was hawking his mistress1 ,catharine ,boris1 about among his disciples1 offering her as a wife first to one1 then to the other1 till he was at last forced to take her himself1 to the no small disgust of his best friends1 who remonstrated in the following graphic words3 8,if any1 at least not this one40 ,the ,germanic world was crazy with a new revolution1 and henceforth the struggle was no longer to be a partial one1 a revolt of the flesh1 but a radical onset upon everything divine1 upon revelation and faith1 as well as upon moral restraints and social decencies4 ,philip of ,hesse1 petitioning in #aeci for permission to marry a second wife while the first was living1 says that 8necessities of body and of conscience obliged him thereto02 that 8he sees no remedy save that allowed of old to the chosen people0 7polygamy72 that 8he begs this dispensation in order that he may live more entirely for the glory of ,god1 and lie more ready to do him earthly services2 that he is ready to do anything that may be required of him in reason 7as an equivalent71 whether concerning the property of convents or anything else40 ,he also hints that he will seek this permission from the emperor1 8no matter at what pecuniary cost10 if it be denied him by the ,wittenberg divines1 and alleges as a sufficient reason that it is too costly for him to take his wife to diets of the empire1 with all the honors due to her rank1 and equally too hard for him to live without female society during such times of gaiety4 ,the permission was granted at last1 reluctantly1 it must be admitted1 for even the first ,reformers1 lax as they were1 were not ,mormons4 ,melancthon drew it up1 and eight divines1 including ,bucer and ,luther1 signed it1 but made secrecy a condition4 ,the shameful 8marriage0 was performed on the #dth of ,march1 #aedj1 between the landgrave and ,marguerite de ,saal1 and perhaps the most revolting feature of the proceeding was the consent of ,philip's lawful wife1 the ,duchess ,christina4 ,in ,chambers' ,book of ,days1 a collection of curious information1 we read that a still more liberal dispensation from the ordinary rules of morality was in the last century accorded by the ,calvinistic clergy of ,prussia to the reigning ,king1 ,frederick ,william1 successor of ,frederick the ,great1 to have three wives at the same time1 the ,princess of ,hesse1 the ,countess ,euhoff1 and ,elizabeth of ,brunswick4 ,the progenitor of the ,prussian dynasty had already given a similar example of licentiousness4 ,in ,luther's time1 ,albert of ,brandenburg1 ,grand ,master of the religious order of chivalry1 the ,knights of ,s4 ,mary1 otherwise called the ,teutonic ,order1 broke his vows and took a wife1 having already abjured his faith4 ,prussia1 then only a province dependent on the ,order1 he seized as his own1 ,protestantizing it1 and making moral disorder the rule there rather than the exception4 ,but we must glance at ,england1 though the story of its defection is so well known that we will not do more than pencil the outlines of the conflict on this occasion4 ,after twenty years of married life1 without a scruple to mar his domestic peace1 without a breath of scandal to sully the fair fame of the queen1 ,henry ,,viii4 suddenly strives to obtain a divorce from his wife1 ,catharine of ,aragon1 that he may marry one who is already his mistress and the acknowledged head of his court4 ,a faithful son of the church until a personal test of fidelity is demanded from him1 he had already refuted ,luther's errors1 and gained the title of 8,defender of the ,faith40 ,but passion blinds him1 and everywhere he seeks a sanction for his unrestrained license4 ,he applies to ,rome and to ,wittenberg3 the latter answers in a deprecatory tone1 8,rather than divorce your wife marry two queens02 the former1 in the person of ,clement ,,vii41 urges him to desist from his unlawful courses4 ,repulsed the first time1 the pope sends ,cardinal ,campeggio1 his legate1 to treat of the matter with ,cardinal ,wolsey2 they summon the queen to their presence2 she refuses pointblank1 and appeals directly to ,rome4 ,in #aeca1 ,cromwell1 the astute and traitorous protg of ,wolsey1 suggests schism to the king as a means to the desired end4 ,henry1 knowing the corrupt and venal state of the clergy in ,england1 eagerly accepts the proposals1 and instantly attempts to enforce a declaration of his supreme headship of the ,english ,church by putting in force1 against the clergy1 several obsolete statutes of ,norman origin1 named 8prmunire02 the whole ecclesiastical body is threatened with the punishment of attainder due to high treason1 and to save the rest they offer the king a ransom of #ajj1jjj 7equal at that period to at least four times that sum according to modern computation74 ,the king only accepts this amount with the supplementary condition of the 8oath of supremacy40 ,at one stroke the episcopate is gagged1 and schism practically effected4 ,meanwhile1 ,cranmer is sent to ,rome to apply anew for the divorce4 ,his mission proved unsuccessful1 and on his return a final council was held at ,dunstable1 ,bedfordshire1 where1 however1 the queen refused again to appear1 and was therefore condemned as contumacious4 ,shortly after1 at ,lambeth1 her marriage was annulled1 and her daughter1 the ,princess ,mary1 declared illegitimate4 ,pope ,clement ,,vii4 threatened to excommunicate the king2 ,henry never heeded him4 ,a public consistory1 held at ,rome in #aecd1 reversed the ,lambeth decision1 but the die was already cast1 and the complaisant parliament was ready to confirm ,henry in all his desires4 ,more's and ,fisher's were the only dissentient voices heard throughout the kingdom2 we know at what cost their courageous protest was raised4 ,a reign of blood was inaugurated2 confiscations enriched the royal treasury1 and the servile episcopate bent to the shameful yoke like one man4 ,of the ,franciscan friars1 ,peyto and ,elston1 who dared to preach to the king's face against his adulterous union1 the ,protestant historian ,cobbett says3 8,they were not fanatics1 as some have said2 they were the defenders of morality and order1 and ,i know of no instance in ancient or modern history of a greater and nobler heroism than this407#bah7 ,in #aecf1 ,queen ,catharine died1 and the same year was performed the marriage of ,henry with ,anne ,boleyn by a ,catholic chaplain1 who was ordered to say ,mass early one morning by the king1 ,henry falsely alleging that he had in his possession the newly arrived permission from ,rome4 ,but passion is no foundation whereon to build a permanent and happy domestic life4 ,anne's immorality matched ,henry's1 and ere long she was accused1 vaguely1 it is true1 of treason1 adultery1 and incest4 ,her supposed accomplices and lovers were all executed1 and she herself1 in cruel derision1 condemned on the #aeth of ,may1 #aecf1 to be executed on the #aith1 while1 on the intermediate #agth1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 according to his royal master's orders1 declared her marriage annulled1 and her daughter ,elizabeth illegitimate4 ,thus she was first proved to have never been the king's lawful wife1 and then beheaded for infidelity to the man who had never been her husband4 ,of ,henry's subsequent wives and his methods of disposing of them we need say nothing2 the separation from ,rome had won him a sad independence of the only tribunal once recognized by kings1 and divorce1 adultery1 and consequent murder had already begun the dark record which has ever since steadily increased in ,england4 ,the church was the only bulwark adequate to resist that flood of violent and powerful passions which kingly supremacy naturally incites and fosters1 and1 in breaking with the church1 the licentious sovereigns of the ,x,v,ith century acted indeed with the wisdom of the children of this world4 ,still the church stood fast1 sad but not conquered2 the ,mosaic law stood fast1 passing into the dicta of society even where it was exiled from the legal courts--for who does not attach even now some idea of obloquy to a divorced or impure person8--still history pointed to the inevitable punishments that fall on the adulterer1 and of which the 8churches0 socalled1 born of royal adultery1 have invariably been palpable monuments4 ,in our days1 who can doubt that that church alone which guarantees the sanctity and indissolubility of marriage can hope to become the saviour and regenerator of modern society2 that that church alone which protects and ennobles woman can remain triumphant in lands where woman's influence is slowly leavening the whole social mass2 who can doubt that that church alone which can trace its uncompromising laws back to ,mount ,sinai can hope to retain the moral mastery over the unruly ages to come1 even to that age which shall witness the ,last ,judgment and the final condemnation8 ,fleurange4 ,by ,mrs4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story40 ,translated ,from ,the ,french1 ,with ,permission4 ,part ,,iv4--,the ,immolation4 ,,lv4 ,the clock had just struck two4 ,vera1 according to her custom1 was waiting in the anteroom of the empress' audiencechamber4 ,the door was soon opened by an usher1 and the person she was waiting to introduce appeared4 ,there was an involuntary movement of surprise on the part of both4 ,fleurange stopped as if in doubt4 ,vera's appearance did not correspond with the idea she had formed of the ladyinwaiting she expected to find at her majesty's door1 and for an instant she thought she was in the presence of the empress herself4 ,vera1 on her side1 expected still less to see a petitioner like the one who now appeared4 ,the ,princess ,catherine1 with her usual forethought1 had1 in view of this important occasion1 carefully prepared a dress for her who was to be regarded as her son's fiance1 and1 when the day came1 the young girl opened a coffer which had a special place among her luggage1 and followed with docility the instructions she there found in the princess' own handwriting1 with the dress she was to wear4 ,it was black1 as etiquette then required1 but a court dress1 and the princess took pleasure in having it made as magnificent as possible4 ,fleurange thus arrayed was dazzling4 ,nevertheless1 her only ornaments were a gold chain from which was suspended a cross concealed in her corsage 7a precious gift from her father which she never laid aside71 and on her right arm a bracelet the ,princess ,catherine had taken from her own wrist the eve of the young girl's departure1 assuring her it would bring her good luck4 ,she wore no ornament on her head1 but her beautiful hair was turned back and plaited in a way not common at that time1 though so becoming and striking as to add another peculiar charm to that of her whole person1 which was as noble as if she was entitled to a place at court1 but simple enough to show that she now appeared there for the first time4 ,the two young girls looked at each other1 and1 as we have said1 their surprise was mutual4 ,but it was only for an instant4 ,vera advanced4 8,mademoiselle ,fleurange d',yves1 ,i suppose80 ,fleurange bowed4 8,the empress awaits you3 follow me40 ,she turned towards the door1 but before opening it she said3 8,take off the glove on your right hand--that is etiquette--and hold your petition in that40 ,fleurange mechanically ungloved her beautiful hand in which trembled the paper she held4 ,she stopped a moment1 pale and agitated4 8,do not be afraid1 mademoiselle10 said the maid of honor to her in an encouraging tone4 8,her majesty is kindness itself4 ,you have nothing to fear2 she could not be better disposed to give you a favorable reception40 ,there was not time to utter another word4 ,the door then opened4 ,vera entered first4 ,she bowed1 and made ,fleurange advance2 then retired herself with another profound reverence1 leaving the young girl alone with the empress4 ,the audience lasted over half an hour1 and ,vera1 though accustomed to wait1 was beginning to find the time long1 when the door again opened1 and ,fleurange came out4 ,her face was agitated1 her eyes brilliant and tearful4 ,perceiving ,vera1 she stopped1 and took her by the hand4 8,oh6 you were right10 she said4 8,her majesty treated me with wonderful kindness4 ,but ,i know how much ,i am also indebted to you4 ,it was owing to you she was disposed to be gracious even before ,i was heard4 ,may ,god reward you1 mademoiselle1 and repay you for all you have done for me60 ,vera replied to this effusion with unusual cordiality1 and accompanied ,fleurange to the door4 ,as they took leave of each other1 their eyes met2 a common impulse caused them both to make a slight movement3 but a little timidity on one side1 and some haughtiness on the other1 stopped them1 and the young girls parted without embracing each other4 ,vera slowly retraced her steps1 and entered the empress' salon4 ,as soon as the latter perceived her1 she said3 8,well1 ,vera1 what have you to say8 ,did you ever see a more charming apparition80 8,the young lady was beautiful indeed10 said ,vera1 with a thoughtful air4 8,i never saw such eyes40 8,that is true--eyes that look you directly in the face1 with an expression so innocent1 so frank1 and almost of assurance1 were it not so sweet4 ,i was not reluctant1 ,i assure you1 to take charge of her petition1 and promise to favor it4 ,here1 take it3 ,i would not even read it4 ,i am ready to grant all this charming girl requests4 ,it is sufficient to know she loves one of those criminals1 and wishes to marry him in order to share his fate4 ,such a terrible favor will not be refused1 ,i am sure40 ,the empress seated herself in her large armchair4 8,but what fools men are10 she continued1 after a moment's silence1 8to thus foolishly risk the happiness of others as well as their own6 ,really1 ,i admire these women whom nothing daunts1 nothing discourages1 and who thus sacrifice themselves for such selfish beings40 8,yes10 replied ,vera1 8their devotedness is certainly admirable2 but the women who implore1 who supplicate1 and at length avert the punishment of the guilty1 have also a noble rle1 madame1 and one which the unfortunate have reason to bless40 8,i understand you1 ,vera4 ,your large beseeching eyes have nothing to remind me of1 or reproach me for4 ,i have already told the emperor all ,i learned from you yesterday4 ,we must now leave it to his magnanimity1 and importune him no more40 ,these words were uttered with a slight accent of authority1 and some moments of silence followed4 ,vera1 with mingled sadness and displeasure1 stood motionless with her eyes cast down1 awaiting her sovereign's order4 ,in this attitude1 she perceived a bracelet on the carpet1 which she picked up to give her mistress1 who recognized it4 8,ah60 said she1 8it is the talisman that charming creature1 just gone1 wore on her arm4 ,keep it1 ,vera1 you can return it tomorrow with the reply ,i promised her40 ,vera examined the bracelet with curiosity4 ,it was a massive gold chain with a deepred cornelian clasp on which was graven some talismanic figure4 ,it looked natural4 ,she had seen some one wear a similar bracelet1 she was sure2 who could it be8 ,for the moment1 she could not remember4 ,while thus examining it1 the empress continued3 8,take a seat at that table1 and write ,prince ,w---- in my name1 without any further delay--in my name1 you understand4 ,send this petition with your letter1 and say it is my wish it should be granted1 and that ,i beg him to send me an answer--a favorable answer--tomorrow morning at the latest4 ,as soon as it arrives1 you will forward it in my name without any delay to that lovely girl4 ,she is staying at the ,princess ,catherine ,lamianoft's house on the ,grand ,quay40 ,vera could not resist a slight start3 8,the ,princess ,catherine's80 8,yes2 but make haste1 and do what should be done at once40 ,vera again looked at the bracelet2 the princess' name clearly recalled the remembrance so vague a moment before4 ,it was hers4 ,she had seen the ,princess ,catherine wear the bracelet4 8,come1 ,vera1 what are you thinking of80 8,nothing1 madame2 excuse me40 8,then make haste and write what ,i tell you1 and send the letter and the petition without any delay40 ,vera obeyed without reply2 she took the petition1 and went to a table in one of the deep embrasures of the windows1 before which a gilt trellis covered with a vine formed a genuine screen4 ,as soon as she was seated in this place where she could not be seen1 she eagerly opened the petition1 and glanced over it before beginning the letter4 ,this glance was sufficient to justify the suspicion just excited4 ,a deadly paleness came over her face2 her features1 generally so calm1 were suddenly transformed by a violent explosion of anger and hatred4 ,she crushed the paper1 and remained motionless on the chair into which she had fallen1 incapable of acting1 thinking1 or realizing where she was and what she had to do4 ,at length she returned to herself1 and made an effort to collect her thoughts4 ,the moments were passing away2 the empress would be astonished at the time it took to accomplish her wishes4 ,she therefore took up her pen1 but had scarcely written a few words with a trembling hand1 when a noise1 unusual at that hour1 was heard in the court--the sound of a drum1 and the guards shouldering arms4 ,vera rose with surprise1 and looked out of the window4 ,the emperor had arrived in his sledge1 alone and without any escort1 according to his custom1 though this was not his usual time of coming4 ,shortly after1 the doors of the salon were thrown open--a signal for ,vera to leave the room4 ,she tore up the note1 put the petition in her pocket1 and1 while the empress was advancing to meet her husband1 the lady of honor disappeared through a side door1 and hurried to her room next the empress' apartment4 ,a whole hour passed away1 she could not tell how4 ,she had been able to control and generally to effectually disguise the strong feelings which pique had not suppressed--feelings which gave her assurance of some day overcoming all obstacles4 ,and then1 what were these obstacles8 ,it was not long since ,george1 her chosen husband from childhood1 plainly testified the attraction he felt for her1 and seemed as much as she to regard the union arranged in their infancy as the realization of his wishes4 ,it is true a cloud had since passed across that brilliant horizon1 and1 when she met ,george again1 he was not the same4--,why was it so8--,she had often sought the reason1 but all she was able to ascertain was that a young girl1 an obscure demoiselle de compagnie in his mother's service1 fascinated him for a while1 and some one had whispered the name of ,gabrielle1 but the haughty ,vera was not disturbed by so trifling an affair4 ,the future was hers1 and she was awaiting it without any fear1 when the news of ,george's crime and misfortune came like a thunderbolt1 enabling her to estimate the depth of her affection for him by the very liveliness of her grief4 ,from that time she had but one thought--to prevail over the emperor1 obtain ,george's pardon1 and win him back to herself4 ,her first repulse did not destroy all hope of success4 ,but while her influence1 her passion1 and her efforts were still without any result1 another--and what a rival6 7for ,vera1 in spite of her pride1 was not so vain or so stupid as not to recognize the redoubtable charm against which she had to struggle7--another1 young1 as beautiful as herself1 and even more so1 had eclipsed in an instant1 by an heroic act1 all her own devotedness had even dreamed of1 and gone beyond the limits which she dare not cross6 ,how could she doubt ,george's feelings when the young lady she had just seen appeared in his prison4 ,how could she thwart her8 ,what was to be done8 ,besides1 who was this girl who suddenly appeared in their midst--who had the air of an angel1 but whom she hated as if she were a demon8 ,all at once an idea flashed into her mind4 8,can this be ,gabrielle80 she exclaimed aloud4 ,but before ,vera had time to dwell on this idea1 and calm the fresh agitation which it caused1 the sound of the little bell interrupted her painful reverie4 ,she rose1 but with some surprise1 for she had not heard the usual signal of the emperor's departure1 and she was very seldom admitted when he was present4 ,but her hesitation was only momentary1 for the bell again hastily repeated the summons4 ,vera hastened to answer it1 but1 confused at the sight of the emperor1 she stopped at the door1 and bowed profoundly4 ,the empress1 with mingled kindness and impatience1 exclaimed3 8,why do you not come in1 ,vera8 ,the emperor wishes to speak to you1 and you are making him wait60 ,,lvi4 ,while all we have just related was occurring at the palace1 the ,marquis ,adelardi was on his way to the fortress1 considering as he went what it was advisable to say to ,george4 ,after much reflection1 he resolved not to announce ,fleurange's arrival till he knew the result of her interview with the empress4 ,he must not torture ,george in his misfortunes with vague hopes2 above all1 he must avoid arousing expectations that might prove vain4 ,this would delay the communication but little1 for the young girl's audience was the same day1 and on the morrow he could act with a complete knowledge of the case4 ,strong apprehensions were mingled with these thoughts as he reflected1 on the new position in which his friend now stood4 ,his fate was decided1 the prolonged excitement of the trial was over1 and the time come for him to resign himself to his lot4 ,in what disposition should he find him8 ,with a nature ardent and impetuous1 but at the same time delicate1 sensitive to the least restraint1 and excessively fond of the comforts of life1 how would he endure the horrors of this new prospect--he whose very object in his studies1 and in the gratification of his tastes and passions1 was only enjoyment8 ,pleasure by means of his intelligence1 his affections1 his intellect1 and his senses--such had been the sole motive of his actions1 even the best2 and1 in the dangerous risks that led to his destruction1 he had rather sought to satisfy a thirst for a new sensation than the realization of a chimerical though generous scheme4 ,how would he1 for whom the words duty1 sacrifice1 and restraint had no meaning1 now bear up in the presence not of danger1 but of misfortune under so merciless a form8 ,the marquis asked himself these questions with an anxiety founded perhaps on some resemblance between his own nature and that of him whom he comprehended so thoroughly4 ,both were men of the world3 one more refined and cultivated1 more captivating2 the other with more acuteness1 more sagacity1 and more judgment4 ,both were generous and noble1 and1 apart from the political entanglements that had misled them one after the other1 incapable of a base action unworthy of their noble birth4 ,but there exists in the human soul a chord whose tone is the echo of the divine voice2 this chord gave out no sound in these men1 otherwise accomplished2 or1 if not voiceless with the elder of the two1 at least1 according to the expression of the great poet of his country1 inert and feeble from 8silence too prolonged40 ,this mysterious and hidden chord never resounds very loudly1 it is true1 and the tumult of the world with its passions1 pleasures1 wit1 talent1 and glory1 often deadens its tone and prevents its being heard2 but when the silent hour of adversity comes1 then it awakes to a sweet1 powerful harmony which sometimes transforms the soul it fills4 ,at such a time its want is felt1 and excites a horror1 the cause of which is not comprehended by those who experience it4 ,george was not confined in a dungeon1 but in a narrow cell lighted only by a high grated window4 ,there was nothing in it but a bed1 a table1 and two strawbottomed chairs4 ,in his former visits1 the marquis had found his friend sad1 but always calm1 courageous1 and1 as it were1 contemptuous of the danger of his position4 ,though grown pale and thin1 his features hitherto retained their lofty1 noble character1 and the disorder of his hair and even of his garments did not at all detract from the aristocratic appearance which1 in the very best sense of the word1 characterized his whole person4 ,but this was no longer the case4 ,he could not have been more changed by a long illness1 or the inroads of time1 than he was since they last met4 ,seated beside his table in an attitude of deep dejection1 he hardly raised his head at his friend's entrance4 ,after pressing his hand1 the latter remained some moments too much affected himself to break the mournful silence4 ,george waited till the warden who ushered the visitor in had left the cell4 8,you have come at last1 ,adelardi10 said he at length1 with an altered voice4 8,i have been surprised not to see you since--since everything was decided40 8,i could not obtain permission to enter any sooner2 but1 to make up for it1 ,i am allowed to come every day1 till--0 ,he stopped4 8,till ,i give up the enjoyments of this place for those that await me when ,i leave it10 said ,george1 with a bitter smile4--8,adelardi10 continued he1 changing his tone1 and rising abruptly1 8can a friend like you come to me today with empty hands8 ,is it possible you have not divined my wants1 and are here without bringing me the means of escaping my doom1 and meeting death1 which they have had the cruelty to refuse me80 ,he strode up and down his cell two or three times as if beside himself4 8,answer me1 then1 ,adelardi60 exclaimed he1 in a violent manner4 8,why have you not rendered me this1 the greatest of services8 ,in a similar position1 you would have expected it of me1 and ,i assure you it would not have been in vain40 ,the marquis was not ignorant of the religious principles that should have inspired his reply1 but he had long lost the habit of appealing to them4 ,he therefore simply replied3 8,you know well1 ,george1 what you ask would have been impossible40 8,ah6 yes1 ,i forgot4--,it is just4 ,they take precautions to prevent their victims from finding another way out of these walls than that opened by their murderers2 but they do not consider all the resources of despair10 continued he1 with agitation4 8,when a man is determined to die1 they must be sharper than they are now to prevent him1 and oblige him to accept the odious life they would inflict upon him40 ,adelardi allowed him without any interruption to give vent for some time to the despair that burdened his heart1 but at last he turned to him with sudden firmness3 8,george1 ,i have always found you calm and courageous till today1 but now your language is unworthy of you40 ,a slight flush rose to the prisoner's brow1 and he resumed his seat4 8,you are right1 my friend1 ,i acknowledge4 ,i am no longer what ,i was4 ,i must indeed astonish you1 for ,i no longer recognize myself40 ,he remained thoughtful for some moments1 and then continued3 8,it is strange6 for1 after all1 ,adelardi1 in saying that till now ,i never knew what fear was1 or shrunk in the presence of danger or death1 saying ,i had courage1 was not laying claim to any extraordinary merit1 for there are but few men who lack it4 ,yes1 if any virtue fell to my lot1 it was certainly that1 it seems to me4 ,why1 then1 am ,i so weak today8--,courage10 repeated he1 after a pause4 8,is it true8 ,was it really courage1 or was ,i merely brave1 which seems to be another thing8 ,what is the difference between them80 8,i know not10 replied the marquis1 as if in a dream2 8but there is a difference1 certainly40 ,neither of them possessed the true key to the enigma2 neither of them now thought of searching for it4 ,but ,adelardi1 glad to see his friend's excitement somewhat allayed1 continued the subject to which the conversation had led4 ,besides1 he saw it would afford an opportunity of touching on a point he did not wish to introduce directly4 8,no10 he resumed1 8bravery and courage are not the same thing4 ,what proves it is that the most timid woman can be as courageous as we when occasion requires it1 and often more so40 8,yes1 ,i acknowledge it40 8,for example10 continued ,adelardi1 looking at him attentively1 8more than one of your companions in misfortune have had a signal proof of such courage today40 8,how so80 8,do you not know that their wives have fearlessly and unhesitatingly requested and obtained the favor of sharing their lot8 ,some are to accompany them in their sad journey2 others will follow them40 8,and have their husbands accepted such a sacrifice80 8,they who inspire such great devotedness can generally comprehend and accept it4 ,it was only yesterday1 one of them conversing with a friend admitted to see him1 as ,i to see you1 said3 #8,i can submit to anything now2 ,i can endure my fate without murmuring2 ,i shall not be separated from her4 ,the only intolerable sorrow in life will be spared me4 ,i am grateful to the emperor1 and will no longer complain6' ,i must add that he was recently married1 and adores his wife40 8,the only sorrow10 repeated ,george slowly--8the only one6--that is really something ,i cannot understand4 ,to love a woman to such a degree as to feel her presence could alleviate such a lot as ours1 and that never to behold her again1 would be a misfortune surpassing that which awaits us6 ,no1 ,i do not understand that1 ,i frankly confess40 8,and yet10 said ,adelardi1 with some eagerness4--,but he stopped and did not continue his thought--that one can accept and admire heroic affection1 but not suggest it4 8,and yet10 continued ,george1 smiling1 8how often you have seen me in love1 you were going to say4 ,yes1 ,i acknowledge it1 though perhaps ,i was sincerely so but once1 only once1 and yet--shall ,i confess it1 ,adelardi8 ,love even then was a holiday in my life2 it added to its brightness2 it was an additional enjoyment1 another charm4 ,her beauty2 her rare1 nave intelligence2 even her virtue1 which gave a mysterious attraction to the passionate tenderness sometimes betrayed1 in spite of herself1 by her eyes1 so innocent and frank in their expression2 ,oh6 yes1 that time ,i was in love and ready to commit a folly ,i am now glad to have avoided4 ,poor ,fleurange6 ,if ,i had married her1 what a fate ,i should have reserved for her1 as well as for myself40 8,for her6 ,yes1 indeed2 it was a very different lot your affection promised her when you displayed it without any scruple2 but if she--she1 charming1 devoted1 and courageous1 were there with you1 do you not imagine she could sweeten yours80 8,mine8--my lot8--the frightful lot that awaits me80 asked ,george1 with a bitter laugh4 ,then he resumed the previous tone of their conversation4 8,no1 no2 ,i am not one of those men whom love alone can suffice--stripped of all that outwardly adorns and adds to its value4 ,in short1 think of me as you please1 ,adelardi1 but ,i do not resemble in the least my companion in misfortune you have just referred to4 ,no human affection could make me endure the life ,i lead here2 judge how it would be elsewhere40 ,he rose1 and began again to walk around in an excited manner4 ,adelardi remained silently absorbed in anxious1 painful thoughts4 ,george soon resumed1 in a kind of fury3 8,here1 ,adelardi1 speak to me only of one thing2 give me only one hope--death6 death6 that is all ,i desire40 ,and touching1 with a gesture of despair1 the black cravat negligently fastened around his neck1 he said1 in a hoarse voice3 8,this will be a last resort1 if in a week ,i do not succeed in finding some means more worthy of a gentleman of escaping from their hands40 ,his friend preserved a gloomy silence4 ,what could he say8 ,what reply could he make at a time when every earthly hope failed1 and there was none felt in heaven8 ,adelardi was now fully conscious2 he had a lively sense of what was wanting4 ,he was born in a land where the impressions of childhood are always religious1 and the longest period of indifference or forgetfulness seldom effaces them completely from the soul in which they were profoundly graven in early life4 8,my dear friend10 said he1 with a melancholy gravity not habitual to him1 8to be of service to you at such a time1 ,i feel ,i should be different from what ,i am4 ,yes1 ,george2 in the fearful temptation that now besets you1 in your despair in view of the frightful lot that awaits you1 there is only one resource1 and but one4 ,i feel unworthy of suggesting the only remedy40 ,his voice faltered1 as he continued1 with emotion3 8,george1 you must believe--you must pray40 ,george was for a moment surprised and affected4 ,after a pause1 which neither seemed disposed to interrupt1 he said1 in a softened tone3 8,well1 ,adelardi1 let it at least be permissible1 in praying1 to implore a favor not refused to a man more guilty than ,i3 ,fabiano is dying40 8,i know he cannot recover from his wound40 8,but perhaps he would not be in immediate danger had he not been violently attacked with typhus fever the day before yesterday4 ,i hoped something myself from the contagion2 but1 doubtless afraid of shortening our heavy chain1 they sent him last night to die at a hospital1 ,i know not where40 ,at that moment the bolt flew back1 the hour had elapsed1 and they were obliged to separate1 but with an effort scarcely lessened by the thought that it was not a final farewell1 and that this sad interview would be repeated more than once before the last4 ,as the marquis was about to leave the prison1 the warden said in a low tone1 as he was opening the last door3 8,i do not think ,i am acting contrary to my duty in confiding this letter to you1 sir4 ,the dying prisoner who was taken away last night gave it to me one day1 begging me to forward it to the address after his departure4 ,he has gone away1 and ,i wish to fulfil the poor fellow's request40 8,give it to me10 said ,adelardi1 as he took it4 8,i will see that it is forwarded40 ,after leaving the fortress1 he looked at the letter confided to him1 and was greatly surprised to find it addressed to ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle d',yves1 at ,professor ,dornthal's1 ,heidelberg4 ,,lvii4 ,the ,marquis ,adelardi entered the sledge awaiting him at the gate of the fortress1 but gave no orders to his coachman1 uncertain where he should go4 ,fleurange by this time must have returned from the palace4 ,should he go to see her1 as was agreed upon the evening before1 to learn the result of the audience1 and at the same time remit the letter confided to him8 ,this was the plainest course to pursue1 and1 if he hesitated1 it was because his interview with ,george had left a certain dissatisfaction or1 at least1 uneasiness which he feared to betray4 ,in the singular mission confided to him1 he began to feel that the love and courage of the two parties were unequally divided1 and he would have anxiously questioned whether it was certain that the gratitude of one would finally correspond to the devotedness of the other1 had he not been reassured by several reflections4 ,it was not1 perhaps1 very surprising that ,george depreciated a happiness he considered beyond his reach4 ,but if she whom he was by no means expecting suddenly appeared in his prison1 would he then complain that his bride was too beautiful8 ,the marquis thought not4 ,he knew better than any one else how ,fleurange once charmed him4 ,no woman had ever held such empire over ,george's mobile heart1 and he was sure the very sight of her again would suffice to revive the powerful attraction4 ,as to this1 his perfect knowledge of his friend's character prevented all doubt1 and therefore1 though wounded by his coldness in speaking of ,fleurange1 he came to the conclusion his indifference would vanish like snow before the sun as soon as she appeared4 ,she would never perceive it or suffer from it4 ,he regarded this as the most important point4 ,the interest ,fleurange inspired him with was one of the best and purest sentiments he had ever experienced in his life4 ,without suspecting it1 and without aiming at it1 she exercised a beneficent influence over him4 ,a thousand early impressions1 effaced and almost stifled by the world1 awoke in the pure atmosphere that surrounded this young girl1 and he welcomed them with a feeling that surprised himself4 ,therefore1 from the time of meeting her again1 he seriously assumed1 more for her sake than ,george's1 the quasipaternal rle the ,princess ,catherine had entrusted to him with respect to both4 ,the considerations referred to having1 therefore1 completely reassured him respecting ,george's probable if not actual dispositions1 he returned to his first intentions1 and gave orders to be taken to the house on the ,grand ,quay4 ,he had scarcely descended and asked to see ,mademoiselle d',yves1 when he saw ,clement crossing the hall4 ,he bethought himself it might be better to consult him first4 ,clement was gloomy and preoccupied4 ,he had just seen his cousin return from the palace in all the brilliancy that dress and the joy resulting from success added to her beauty4 ,but the marquis had not time to notice the young man's physiognomy1 nor the effort with which he replied to the first questions addressed him as soon as they were alone together in a room on the ground floor4 8,i wish to speak to4 you1 ,dornthal1 about an unexpected incident4 ,but first1 has your cousin returned from the palace80 8,yes40 8,do you know whether she is satisfied with the audience80 8,yes2 the empress promised to have her petition granted by tomorrow40 8,i did not doubt it4 ,the empress is always so kindly disposed to grant a favor2 and1 were it otherwise1 the sight of her who presented the petition could not fail to ensure its success40 ,clement made no reply to this observation4 8,you said1 ,monsieur le ,marquis1 that an unexpected incident--0 8,yes1 ,i am coming to it4 ,i must first tell you what perhaps you are ignorant of4--,that miserable ,fabiano ,dini1 who so cruelly compromised ,george1 and was confined with him--0 ,clement1 surprised1 interrupted him with emotion4 8,the unfortunate man is actually dying1 ,monsieur le ,marquis4 ,he was removed from the fortress last night1 and--0 8,parbleu6 ,i know it2 that was precisely what ,i was going to tell you4 ,but how did you find it out80 8,i made inquiries respecting him40 8,you knew this ,fabiano1 then80 8,yes1 a little1 and was interested in knowing what had become of him40 8,and do you know now80 8,yes1 ,i know in what hospital he is1 and that1 thanks to his illness which makes flight impossible1 and the fear of contagion which keeps every one away from him1 he is only guarded by the infirmarians4 ,i hope to get admittance to him today40 8,you know him80 repeated the marquis after a moment's reflection4 8,then that explains what seemed so mysterious4 ,your cousin ,gabrielle1 in that case1 perhaps knows him also80 8,yes1 she knows him--the same4 as ,i40 8,that explains everything2 and1 since it is so1 here1 ,dornthal10 said the marquis1 giving him the letter of which he was the bearer1 8have the kindness to give her this40 ,at the sight of his cousin's writing1 ,clement was unable to conceal his emotion1 and1 seeing the marquis' observant eye fastened on him1 it seemed useless to conceal the truth4 ,without any hesitation1 therefore1 he briefly related all the circumstances of the life of him who was now expiating his faults by the final sufferings of a miserable death4 8,i am not afraid1 ,monsieur le ,marquis1 to confide to you the secret of his sad life4 ,you will keep it1 ,i am sure1 and will never forget1 ,i hope10 added he in a faltering tone1 8that it is ,fabiano ,dini1 and not ,felix ,dornthal1 who will be delivered by death from an infamous punishment40 ,the marquis pressed his hand4 8,rely on my silence1 ,dornthal40 ,after a moment1 he continued3 8,this unfortunate man showed great courage during his trial1 and absolute contempt of danger for himself4 ,he only seemed preoccupied with the desire of saving him whose destruction he had caused4 ,god forgive him60 8,yes1 truly1 ,god forgive him60 gravely repeated the young man4 ,adelardi again extended his hand1 and was about to leave the room when ,clement stopped him4 8,monsieur le ,marquis1 will you allow me now to ask you a question80 8,certainly40 8,well1 may ,i ask if ,count ,george has been informed of ,gabrielle's arrival80 8,no1 not yet40 8,but he is doubtless aware of her intentions80 8,no1 my friend1 he is likewise ignorant of them4 ,though ,i had no doubt as to ,gabrielle's success in her interview with the empress today1 nevertheless1 before giving ,george such a surprise1 ,i wished to be absolutely sure there was no uncertainty to apprehend40 8,oh6 yes1 ,i comprehend you4 ,to lose such a hope1 after once conceiving it1 would indeed be more frightful than death60 said ,clement1 with a vivacity that struck the other4 ,he soon continued in a calmer tone3 8,one more question1 ,monsieur le ,marquis--an absurd question1 ,i acknowledge1 but one ,i cannot resist asking at such a time4 ,you know my position with regard to ,gabrielle is that of a brother4 ,can you assure me that he whom she loves1 and is thus going to wholly immolate herself for--can you assure me on your honor that he is worthy of her8--that he loves her8--that he loves her as much as a man ever loved a woman8 ,i certainly cannot doubt it1 but then ,i must see her happy in return for so much suffering--,i must60 repeated he almost passionately1 8and ,i beg a sincere reply to my question40 ,the marquis hesitated a moment4 ,clement's vehemence struck him1 and under the impression of his recent interview with ,george1 he did not at first know how to reply4 ,should he betray his friend8 ,ought he to deceive him whose noble1 upright look was fastened upon him8 ,he remained uncertain for some moments2 at length1 he decided to be frank1 and reply as candidly as he was questioned4 8,you ask for the truth1 ,dornthal4 ,well1 it is not in my power to affirm that ,george's love is at this moment all you desire4 ,according to my impression1 ,gabrielle is now only a sweet dream of the past4 ,but be easy1 my dear friend2 as soon as this dream becomes a reality1 as soon as she appears before him--is with him--his--oh6 then there is no doubt but the almost extinguished flame will revive and become as brilliant as it once was1 and this charming creature will have no cause to suspect a shadow of forgetfulness had ever veiled her image4 ,what do you expect1 ,dornthal8 ,as to love and constancy1 women far surpass us1 and they are not the less happy for that4 ,adieu6 my dear friend1 till tomorrow40 ,clement only replied by taking the hand the marquis again extended before going out4 ,he listened to him1 pale and shuddering1 but1 as soon as he was alone1 he exclaimed1 endeavoring with an effort to suppress the sobs that stifled his breast3 8,ah6 my ,god6--my ,god6--,is that love80 ,,lviii4 ,fleurange1 to the great regret of ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 laid aside the rich dress which seemed to realize the old lady's dreams of the previous night1 and had just reappeared clad in the simple highnecked dress of dark cloth which was her usual costume1 when ,clement1 who had told her he should not return till late in the evening1 suddenly reentered the salon he left only half an hour before4 ,his intention was to consecrate the remainder of the day to the sad duty he felt he owed his cousin1 and thought it useless to mention it to ,gabrielle1 from whom he concealed all he had learned respecting ,felix4 ,but the letter just given him altered the case1 and made it indispensable to inform her at once4 ,he therefore explained to her without much preamble the actual situation of their unhappy cousin2 he informed her of the attempt he was about to make to see him1 and then related what he had learned from the ,marquis ,adelardi1 giving her the letter of which he was the bearer4 ,it was not without lively emotion ,fleurange broke the seal and hurriedly read it aloud3 8,,cousin ,,gabrielle3 ,i am condemned to the mines for life1 but as1 at the same time1 ,i am dangerously wounded1 ,i shall probably have long ceased to exist when this letter reaches you1 if it ever does4 ,i regret the misfortunes ,i have brought on so many1 and especially on my last benefactor1 and ,i particularly regret this on your account1 for it will perhaps be a source of suffering to you4 ,i should have thought of this sooner1 but1 seeing you unexpectedly pass by in a calche one evening at ,florence1 ,i waited at the door of the hotel where ,i saw you stop1 and yielded to the irresistible desire of making you think of me by throwing you some lines concealed in a bouquet4 ,a few days after1 my patron1 who was very far from suspecting my acquaintance with the original1 imprudently showed me his beautiful ,cordelia4 ,i confess ,i was seized with a keen desire to tear him away from contemplating it1 which irritated me4 ,lasko opportunely arrived4 ,but ,i did not think that would go so far4 ,as to the rest1 ,gabrielle1 believe me1 my love which you rejected 7and ,i confess you acted wisely7 was perhaps more worthy of you than his2 for ,i feel if ,i had met you sooner1 and you could have loved me1 you would have made me better1 whereas he6--,but it is too late to speak to you either of him or myself6--,it is all over4 ,it is to you--you alone1 dear cousin1 ,i address these last words2 you must repeat them to all to whom they are due2 uttered by you they will be heard4 ,forgive and ,farewell4 ,f4 ,d40 ,fleurange wiped away the tears that filled her eyes4 ,the letter affected her in more than one way1 and ,clement1 it may be imagined1 did not listen to it with indifference4 ,but now one thought overruled all others1 and1 after a moment's silence1 he said3 8,this letter was written when he expected to die from his wound4 ,illness is now hastening his end1 and perhaps he is no longer living while we are talking4 ,this evening1 at all events1 you will know whether ,i found him dead or alive40 ,fleurange interrupted him3 8,clement1 listen to me4 ,if ,felix is still alive1 as is by no means impossible1 ,i should like to see him again1 and will go with you40 8,you6--no1 that cannot be2 the danger from contagion is too great4 ,that hospital6 you cannot go there2 it is a place provided for criminals and miserable creatures of the lowest grade4 ,i cannot expose you to so much danger4 ,i will not40 8,but1 perchance10 said ,fleurange1 8this preference1 this sort of sympathy he has always expressed for me in his way1 might give me the power of consoling the last moments of his wretched life4 ,who knows but my voice might utter some word to soothe the despair of his last agony8 ,clement1 ,clement1 do you dare tell me ,i should not attempt it8 ,can you conscientiously venture to dissuade me from it1 because thereby ,i shall incur some danger80 8,gabrielle10 said ,clement1 with a kind of irritation1 8you are always the same6 ,do you not understand that you are merciless towards those that love you80 8,come1 reflect a moment10 persisted she1 8and answer me1 ,clement40 ,a moment of silent anguish followed these words4 ,then1 with a troubled voice1 he said3 8,be quick2 lose no time4 ,you may perhaps have an influence over him no one else could have4 ,make haste1 ,i will wait for you40 ,before he ended1 ,fleurange was gone from the room4 ,in less time than it takes to relate it1 she returned wrapped in her cloak1 her velvet hat on her head1 her face concealed by a veil1 ready to go4 ,they went down without speaking a word4 ,clement's sledge was waiting at the door4 ,he took a seat beside her1 and they set off with the almost frightful rapidity which is peculiar to that mode of conveyance4 ,it was no longer light1 being after four o'clock1 but the brilliant clearness of the night1 increased by the reflection of the snow1 sufficiently lighted the way1 and the horses went as fast as in the daytime4 ,the place of their destination was on the opposite bank of the ,neva1 much lower down than the ,princess ,catherine's house4 ,they therefore crossed the river diagonally1 following a road traced out by the pine branches which from time to time indicated the path4 ,they were thus transported in the twinkling of an eye from the splendor of the city into the midst of what looked like a vast white desert4 ,in proportion as they descended the river1 the palaces1 the numerous gilded spires of the churches1 with the immense succession of buildings whose effect was heightened by the obscurity1 were lost in the distance1 and1 when they at length stopped at the very extremity of a faubourg on the right bank of the river1 they found themselves surrounded by wooden hovels1 with here and there some larger buildings1 but all indicating poverty1 and none more than a story high4 ,clement aided his cousin in alighting1 and looked around for the person he expected as his guide4 ,a man approached4 8,m4 ,clement ,dornthal80 said he in a low voice4 8,it is ,i40 8,you are not alone40 8,what difference does that make80 8,i have no permission1 and a woman--it is forbidden40 8,i suppose1 however1 more than one has entered the place80 8,oh6 yes1 but they must have permission--or else--0 8,here10 said ,clement in a low tone1 8mine will answer for both40 ,the guide seemed to find the reply satisfactory2 he pocketed the gold piece ,clement slipped into his hand and made no further objection4 ,they walked swiftly after him towards one of the buildings just referred to which was the best lighted4 ,as they approached1 they saw the light proceeded from a large fire kindled in the open air1 around which quite a number were warming themselves1 some squatting down1 others standing1 and some asleep near enough to the fire not to freeze to death2 all lit up with the wild light which revealed their bearded faces1 their angular fur caps1 and their sheepskin caftans4 ,here and there were some venders of brandy1 who furnished them with a more efficacious means of resisting the cold even than the fire in the brazier4 ,clement and his companion passed rapidly by this group1 not1 however1 without being assailed by some annoying words4 ,a vigorous blow from ,clement sent a curious winebibber flying back who attempted to lift ,fleurange's veil4 ,this lesson was sufficient1 and they arrived without any further annoyance at the door of the building decorated with the name of hospital1 which was only a long1 spacious wooden gallery4 ,they entered4 ,passing thus suddenly from the light of the great fire1 and the sharpness of the extreme cold1 into the obscurity and warmth of the ambulance1 their first sensations were caused by the darkness and stifling atmosphere4 ,fleurange hastily threw back her veil1 then took off her hat and unclasped her cloak1 for she could not breathe2 she felt nearly ready to faint from the effects of this sudden transition1 but she almost immediately recovered4 ,clement was alarmed at first1 but soon saw she was able to continue their sad search4 ,as soon as their eyes became accustomed to the dim light around them1 they saw the long row of pallets on which lay1 in all the frightful varieties of suffering1 nearly two hundred human beings whose mingled groanings rose on all sides like one sad cry of pain1 enough to chill the veins with horror1 and excite the pity of the most courageous and most hardened heart4 ,that of ,fleurange beat painfully as they slowly advanced through the obstructed space4 ,clement was remorsefully regretting his consent to bring her to such a place1 when all at once a moan1 followed by some words indicative of delirium1 checked every other thought1 and kept them motionless where they stood4 ,they listened--which of these unfortunate beings had uttered those words8 ,they looked around as well as the poor light permitted1 but on all these sickbeds so close to each other they did not perceive one whose features bore the least resemblance to those of the unhappy man whose voice they thought they recognized4 8,i beg you to lend me your light only for a moment10 said ,fleurange1 in a low1 supplicating tone to an infirmarian to whom she had just heard some one speak in ,german1 and who was rudely passing by her1 lantern in hand4 ,the infirmarian stopped at hearing his language spoken1 and looked at the young girl with surprise1 then1 as if softened by her aspect1 he gave her the lantern1 saying3 8,you can have it while ,i am gone to the other end of the ward2 ,i will take it when ,i return40 ,as ,clement took it1 the light flashed across ,fleurange's face and uncovered head4 ,instantly there was a cry1 an almost convulsive movement1 and ,gabrielle's name was pronounced by the voice they had just heard4 ,this indicated which of the miserable beds contained him whom they sought4 ,they both approached with full hearts4 ,by the aid of the lamp they gazed at the dying man4 ,was it really he8--was that ,felix8 ,his voice and words left no doubt1 and yet there was nothing in that face1 disfigured by agony and a horrible wound1 to recall him whom they saw last in all the fulness of strength and the pride of youth4 ,after his exclamation1 he fell back almost lifeless1 and ,clement trembled as he bent down to ascertain if he still breathed4 ,his heart was beating1 though feebly and irregularly4 8,felix10 said he1 8do you hear me8 ,do you know me80 ,felix opened his eyes4 8,what a strange dream60 murmured he4 8,it seems as if they were all here4 ,that vision a moment ago1 and now this voice--,o my ,god1 would ,i might never awake60 ,fleurange took the dying man's hand1 and bent over him to catch his words4 ,her features thus became distinctly visible in the light1 and his eyes fastened with frightful tenacity on those of the young girl4 8,it is impossible60 said he4 8,but what illusion is this which makes me see and hear what cannot be80 8,felix10 said ,fleurange1 with a penetrating accent of sweetness1 8it is not an illusion4 ,we are here4 ,god has sent us that you may not die alone without a friend to pray for you1 without begging and obtaining pardon and peace40 ,a ray of perfect clearness of comprehension now lit up his eyes1 hitherto fixed or wandering4 ,he seemed to comprehend1 but did not reply4 ,clement and ,fleurange were afraid to break the solemn silence4 ,felix's eyes soon wandered from one to the other1 and1 taking the young girl's hand and that of ,clement1 he pressed them together upon his heart1 saying3 8,o my ,god6 what a miracle60 ,then he added in a feeble voice3 8,what a comfort that it is he1 and not the other60 ,they both understood his mistake1 but were not equally affected4 ,fleurange slightly blushed1 and withdrew her hand with a faint smile1 but ,clement's face became almost as pale as that of the dying man4 ,but graver thoughts prevailed over both at such a time4 ,after a short silence1 ,fleurange again addressed ,felix some words1 but he made no reply1 and his head1 which she tried to raise1 fell on his shoulder4 ,he continued faint for some moments1 then opened his eyes1 and saw her beside him4 8,god be praised60 said he4 8,the vision is still here60 8,yes1 ,i am here1 ,felix10 said ,fleurange in a fervent tone3 8,i am here to pray with you4 ,listen to me10 continued she1 speaking softly and very distinctly4 8,say with me that you repent of all the sins of your life40 8,of all the sins of my life60--repeated the dying man4 8,and if your strength were restored1 you would make a complete and satisfactory avowal of them1 with a sincere repentance4 ,do you understand me80 ,the hand she held pressed hers4 ,a tear ran down ,felix's cheek4 ,a voice which was a mere whisper repeated the words3 8,a sincere repentance0--another faintness seemed to announce his end4 8,o my ,god60 said ,fleurange1 fervently raising her eyes to heaven1 8if the sacred absolving words could only be pronounced over him60 ,at that moment the infirmarian returned and abruptly took the lantern from ,clement's hand4 8,excuse me1 ,i need it for some one who has come to visit a patient40 ,in the narrow space that separated the two rows of beds1 there could be indistinctly seen a person of majestic1 imposing appearance1 whose long beard and floating hair1 whose ample robes of silk and gold cross1 clearly indicated his character2 he was1 in fact1 a priest of the ,greek ,church4 ,he had not1 however1 come to this sad place to exercise his ministry4 ,one of the poor men suffering from the contagious disease was the object of his charity1 and he had come to visit him4 ,he was passing along without looking around1 even turning his eyes away as much as possible from the sad spectacle that surrounded him1 when ,clement's hand on his arm stopped him as he was passing ,felix's bed4 8,what do you wish of me1 young man80 he asked1 with surprise4 8,i implore you10 said ,clement1 8to come to this dying man who is truly contrite for his sins1 with a sincere desire to confess them if he had the strength4 ,have the kindness to give him sacramental absolution60 ,in spite of the place1 the hour1 the awful solemnity of the moment1 the young ,catholic girl started at hearing these words2 her large eyes opened with an expression of the keenest surprise1 and turned towards ,clement with a mute glance of anxiety4 ,he understood her1 and1 while the infirmarian was interpreting his words which had been heard but not understood1 he replied3 8,this is a priest1 ,gabrielle1 invested with all the authority of ,holy ,orders4 ,in the presence of death1 we can avail ourselves of it1 without regard to anything else40 ,he knelt down4 ,fleurange did the same4 ,the dying man clasped his hands1 and1 whilst the word 8forgive0 once more trembled on his lips1 the ,greek priest raised his right hand with a majestic air1 and pronounced over him the merciful1 divine words of holy absolution6 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,cologne4 ,what is more familiar than the name of ,cologne8 ,what is more delicious than the perfume of the veritable ,jean ,maria ,farina8 ,what is more delightful than the receipt of a box1 with the stereotyped picture on the cover of the ,rhine lazily flowing under the bridges1 of the cathedral looming up to the sky1 of the houses clustering around it as though for protection8 ,no one need be ashamed to avow his or her love of it2 it is acknowledged to be indispensable4 ,bishop or priest1 sage or philosopher1 can use it without being thought undignified4 ,imagine a pope1 or cardinal1 or bishop1 or priest1 or senator1 or judge scented with 8,mille ,fleurs10 or 8,jockey ,club10 or 8,bouquet de ,nilsson06 ,the bare thought is revolting6 ,to be sure1 for some years1 8,bouquet d',afrique0 has been the fashion among the 8potent1 grave1 and reverend seigniors0 at ,washington who make our laws and amuse themselves by adding 8,fifteenth ,amendments0 to the highly respectable and evertoberespected ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,but that will pass away with ,time1 the healer and destroyer2 the reconstructionist will make all right2 the 8,fifteenth0 will be amended with the 8,sixteenth02 and1 with the sway of lovely woman1 ,cologne1 without which no wellbred1 welldressed woman's toilette is complete1 will resume its reign over heads and hearts2 and 8,bouquet d',afrique0 will perhaps return to the hot and happy home where the indefatigable ,stanley recently discovered the wandering1 longsought ,livingstone--who did not care to be found1 as he certainly appeared perfectly content among dusky darkbrowed brothers and sisters1 hunting lions and tigers1 and imagining each little rivulet and lake the source of the ,nile1 or ,congo1 or ,niger1 or any other meandering river taking its rise in the great watershed by the ,mountains of the ,moon4 ,if mothers are to be judged by the character of their sons1 the mother of ,nero1 in whose honor ,cologne was named1 could not have been the mildest and gentlest of her sex4 ,says ,lacordaire1 8,the education of the child is commenced in the womb of the mother1 continued on her breast1 completed at her knees40 ,sweet must have been the reveries1 refreshing the instructions1 edifying the conduct of ,julia ,agrippina1 who brought into the world the finished despot that drenched the soil of ,rome with the blood of the ,christian martyrs1 who persecuted unto death the heroes of the faith that now people heaven4 ,cologne owes its origin to a ,roman camp established by ,marcus ,agrippa4 ,the ,emperor ,claudius1 at the request of his wife1 ,julia ,agrippina1 daughter of ,germanicus and mother of ,nero1 sent a colony of ,roman veterans1 ,a4,d4 #ej1 named the town after her ,colonia ,agrippina1 and it then became the capital of the ,province of ,germania ,secunda4 ,vitellius was here proclaimed ,emperor of ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #fi2 ,trajan here received from ,nerva the summons to share his throne2 the usurper ,sylvanus was also proclaimed emperor here in #cec2 a few years later ,cologne was taken by the ,franks2 ,childeric made it his residence in #dfd2 and ,clovis was here proclaimed king in #ejh4 ,during the reign of ,pepin1 it was the capital of the kingdoms of ,neustria and ,austrasia4 ,bruno1 ,duke of ,lorraine1 was the first of its archbishops who exercised the temporal power1 with which he was invested by his brother1 ,otho the ,great4 ,from that time the town increased rapidly in wealth and splendor1 and shortly after became one of the principal emporiums of the ,hanseatic ,league2 the commerce of the ,east was here concentrated1 and direct communication with ,italy constantly kept up4 ,in #abei1 the town acquired the privilege by which all vessels were compelled to unload here and reship their cargoes in ,cologne bottoms4 ,at this period it had a population of #aej1jjj1 and could furnish #cj1jjj fighting men in time of war4 ,in the ,x,i,i,ith century1 there was a mutiny among the weavers2 #ag1jjj looms were destroyed2 the rebellious workmen were banished from the city2 and that1 together with the expulsion of the ,jews in #acdi1 did great injury to the town1 the number of whose inhabitants was reduced in #agij to #db1jjj1 of whom nearly onethird were paupers4 ,then came the devastating wars which succeeded the maelstrom of the ,french ,revolution1 when in the general upheaval empires and kingdoms disappeared1 new political combinations were made which changed the map of ,europe1 and the ,rhine became the frontier of the ,french ,empire4 ,cologne was nominally ,french1 but the hearts of the people were ,german--as ,german as the most ardent worshipper of the 8,new ,god10 as ,von ,bolanden calls the new ,empire1 the child of ,bismarck and ,von ,moltke4 ,after ,waterloo1 the ,holy ,alliance made another partition of the kingdoms and peoples1 and ,cologne shook off the ,french yoke1 and returned to her national ways and customs4 ,one great cause of its decay had been the closing of the navigation of the ,rhine1 which restriction was removed in #ahcg1 and1 since then1 trade has greatly revived1 and the town been much improved4 ,many of the old streets have been widened and paved1 and a considerable portion of waste ground covered with new buildings4 ,the opening of the railways to ,paris1 ,antwerp1 ,ostend1 ,hamburg1 and ,berlin has greatly added to its commercial prosperity1 and ,cologne bids fair to resume its former position among the chief cities of ,europe4 ,cologne was formerly called the 8,holy ,cologne10 and the 8,rome of the ,north0--titles which she owed to the number of relics and churches she possessed4 ,at one time1 the city contained #bjj buildings devoted to religious uses4 ,these gradually diminished1 until in #agij their number was reduced to #acg4 ,during the ,french ,revolution1 they were shamefully plundered1 the convents suppressed1 and their property confiscated2 so that at present there are not more than twenty churches and seven or eight chapels2 but many other ecclesiastical buildings still remain1 used as warehouses and chapels4 ,maria im ,capitol1 so named from its having been built on the site of the ,roman capitol1 stands on an eminence reached by a flight of steps4 ,the ,frankish kings had a palace close by1 to which ,plectruda1 the wife of ,pepin1 retired in #fif1 having separated from her husband on account of his attachment to ,alpais1 the mother of ,charles ,martel4 ,in #gjj1 she pulled down the capitol1 and erected a church on its site1 to which she attached a chapter of canonesses4 ,until #agid1 the senate and consuls repaired hither annually on ,s4 ,john's day to assist at ,mass1 when the outgoing ,burgomasters solemnly transferred the insignia of office to the newly elected1 who were each presented with a bouquet of flowers by the abbess4 ,the convent no longer exists1 but there is a large cloister of the ,x,ith century at the west end of the church1 which was restored a few years ago4 ,in this church1 there are mural paintings of the early ,cologne school1 representing the wise and foolish virgins1 numberless saints1 the raising of ,lazarus1 and the founders of the church with their children4 ,as in duty bound1 ,plectruda is properly conspicuous2 her effigy in bassorilievo beneath the great east window is a very interesting work of the ,xth century1 and1 on one of the towers1 her sculptured figure appears between two angels1 who are conducting her to her eternal home4 ,all the churches are more or less interesting1 none more so than that of ,s4 ,gereon1 founded in the ,i,vth century4 ,s4 ,gereon was the commander of a ,roman legion1 and he and his companions1 #gjj in number1 were murdered by order of ,diocletian upon the spot where the church was built by the ,empress ,helena1 the mother of ,constantine4 ,the style is ,byzantine1 and very singular4 ,the body of the church1 preceded by a large portico1 presents a vast decagonal shell1 the pillars of whose internal angles are prolonged in ribs1 which1 centring in a summit1 meet in one point and form a cupola1 one of the latest examples known4 ,a high wide flight of steps1 rising opposite to the entrance1 leads to an altar with an oblong choir behind it1 from whence other steps again ascend to the sanctuary1 a semicircular apse1 belted1 like the cupola1 by an open gallery with small arches and pillars resting on a panelled balustrade4 ,the rotunda is surrounded by ten chapels1 in which are the tombs of the martyrs4 ,the walls are encrusted with their skulls1 and1 in the subterranean church1 the pavement and walls are formed by the tombstones covering the holy dust4 ,in the lower church is the tomb of ,s4 ,gereon1 and in one of the chapels is a mosaic pavement laid in the time of the ,empress ,helena4 ,behind the stalls of the clergy are hangings of ,gobelin tapestry1 portraying the history of ,joseph and his brethren4 ,the baptismal font of porphyry1 immensely large1 was a present from ,charlemagne2 and1 as the lid is too ponderous for any one to lift1 there is a little machine that takes it off when required4 ,we remained a long while in this very delightful church1 and1 by the time we left1 what with ,helen and ,constantine1 ,diocletian and ,charlemagne1 we felt quite like an animated verdantique1 so intensely ,roman and ,catholic had we become4 ,afterwards we proceeded to ,s4 ,ursula's1 where the cruel ,roman emperor was exchanged for the barbarian ,huns4 ,s4 ,ursula's history was done in ,english by the old sexton1 who finished every sentence by assuring us that ,s4 ,ursula and her eleven thousand virgins met with their untimely fate from the barbarian ,huns1 who massacred them in cold blood4 ,we made a stride of a few centuries1 became ,gothic1 and extended our hatred to the barbarian ,huns4 ,as in ,s4 ,gereon1 the bones of the martyrs are built in the walls for a space of two feet the whole extent4 ,in the ,golden ,chamber we saw the shrine of ,s4 ,ursula1 the relics of ,s4 ,margaret1 a thorn from the crown of ,our ,lord1 and one of the vases used at the marriage feast of ,cana1 that witnessed the first miracle of the ,god man4 ,link by link we were carried to the days when ,our ,lord was incarnate on the earth2 we do not need such testimony to assure us of the truth of our holy faith1 but1 when we touch the vase that has been touched by ,our ,lord1 our senses are awed by the thought of the ,godlike condescension of him who became man1 who lived like us1 who mingled in our joys and sorrows1 that we might become greater than the angels4 ,the ,cathedral of ,cologne1 the queen of pointed architecture1 erected on the site of a church founded in #had by ,archbishop ,hildebold1 and more beautiful than even we could imagine it1 familiar as we were with it by picture and description1 was commenced in ,august1 #abdh1 by ,archbishop ,conrad1 of ,hochstaden4 ,the works were for some years pushed on with great activity under the direction of ,master ,gerard von ,rile1 a builder of whom nothing more is known than that he died before #acjb4 ,in #acbb1 the choir was completed and consecrated2 then the building went slowly on until #aceg1 when the works were discontinued for a long time4 ,in #agif1 the cathedral was converted by the ,french into a warehouse1 and it had very nearly become a ruin in #ahjg1 when the brothers ,sulpice and ,melchior ,boissere drew attention to it by their illustrated work on its history4 ,in #ahbd1 the work of restoration was commenced1 but little progress was made until1 in #ahdb1 the idea of completing the cathedral was conceived1 and an association was formed to collect subscriptions for this purpose2 and now the entire edifice will soon be finished if the works are carried on as zealously as they have been of late4 ,the glorious roof1 arching #aej feet in the air1 is magnificent2 every day new beauties are added2 four hundred men are daily at work1 the stones are all cut1 and in ten years at least this triumph of genius will be ready to receive the homage of all true lovers of art4 ,the shrine of the ,three ,kings is superb--gold adorned with precious stones4 ,there are the heads of the three men who came in faith1 and bowed in all their pride and majesty before the infant ,jesus in the manger2 their names1 ,gaspar1 ,melchior1 and ,balthazar1 are encrusted in rubies above the crowns that encircle their brows4 ,their bodies were brought from ,s4 ,eustorgio1 in ,milan1 by the ,emperor ,frederick ,barbarossa1 after the taking of that city1 and presented by him to ,archbishop ,rainoldo1 who deposited them in the ancient cathedral ,july #bc1 #aafd2 from whence they were removed into the present chapel in #accg4 ,among the treasures of the cathedral is a splendid ostensorium1 one of the finest in the world1 presented by some sovereign2 another1 not so handsome1 sent by ,pius ,,ix42 and the cross and ring1 given to the present archbishop by ,kaiser ,william2 both are of diamonds and emeralds1 the ring1 an immense emerald1 surrounded by four circles of diamonds4 ,the man who showed the church prided himself upon his ,english2 would call the archbishops architects3 8,this is the statue of ,engelbert1 the first architect from ,cologne40 ,and when we innocently inquired if the architects wore mitres and copes1 he impressively repeated his remark2 so we are still in doubt whether the archbishops built the cathedral or the architects dressed like bishops6 ,wandering one day through the aisles of the cathedral1 we paused for a while to gaze upon something beautiful that attracted our attention4 ,it was behind the high altar2 we were standing between it and the ,chapel of the ,magi1 when1 by chance1 we looked down1 and on the slab at our feet we saw in large letters1 8,marie de' ,medici0--no date1 no epitaph4 ,so much for human greatness6 ,under that stone1 trodden daily by hundreds1 was the heart of ,marie de' ,medici1 one of the powerful family that gave to the church ,leo ,x4 and ,clement ,,vii41 the descendant of ,lorenzo the ,magnificent1 the widow of ,henri ,quatre1 the mother of ,louis ,,xiii41 the ex,regent of ,france4 ,banished from ,france1 the inexorable hostility of ,richelieu pursued her wherever she sought refuge4 ,no crowned head dared shelter her4 ,one heart was true1 one man was found who remembered in her adversity that she had favored him in the days of her prosperity4 ,when1 in the zenith of her power1 she built the ,luxembourg1 she sent for ,rubens to adorn it with the creations of his genius2 she loaded him with favors1 sent him on diplomatic missions to restore peace between ,philip ,,iv4 of ,spain and ,charles ,i4 of ,england4 ,both monarchs responded to her wishes1 showered honors upon the artistdiplomat1 and ,charles ,i4 knighted him1 and then presented him with the sword which had been used for the ceremony4 ,genius is a power4 ,richelieu could command kings on their thrones1 and the refugee queen was abandoned by all--by those who should have been bound to her by the ties of kindred1 of position1 by the claims of misfortune4 ,england1 ,spain1 ,holland1 refused her entrance2 only in the free city of ,cologne could she find sanctuary1 and that sanctuary was the house of the noble1 chivalric artist1 ,pierre ,paul ,rubens1 whose brave heart quailed not before the wrath of the most powerful man of his age4 ,with loving care and respect he watched over her1 soothed her in her dying agony1 and held her in his arms when she breathed her last sigh4 ,the house of ,rubens still remains1 and the room in which ,marie de' ,medici died is preserved with the greatest care4 ,when we visited it1 we felt as though we were treading on holy ground1 as in a shrine made sacred by a noble deed2 for what more royal1 more heroic1 more ,christian1 than the brave1 grateful heart that dared power to shelter misfortune8 ,meanwhile that ,marie de' ,medici lived and died in poverty in ,cologne1 ,richelieu was at the apogee of his glory4 ,king1 nobles1 courts1 cowered beneath his glance4 ,the conspiracy of ,cinq,mars was quelled2 his head had paid the penalty of his youthful folly4 ,richelieu1 satisfied and avenged1 left ,lyons for ,paris1 carried on the shoulders of his attendants in a kind of furnished room1 for which the gates of the cities through which he passed were demolished if they were too narrow to admit it4 ,but the triumph was shortlived4 ,a few months after the death of ,marie de' ,medici1 her relentless persecutor followed her to the tomb1 and her poor wearied body was removed to ,france and buried in ,s4 ,denis2 but the heart was left in the ,cathedral of ,cologne--a mausoleum sufficiently splendid for any mortal dust4 ,soon after leaving the house of ,rubens1 we came to another famous in ,cologne2 a large building1 where1 from one of the windows of the third story1 two stone horses were contemplating the busy scene in the ,neumarkt below2 and then we heard the legend of the horses4 ,once upon a time this house was the residence of the wealthy family d',andocht4 ,richmodis1 the wife of ,herr ,mengis d',andocht1 died during the plague of #aceg1 and was buried with great pomp in the ,church of the ,apostles on the ,neumarkt4 ,her dressing attracted the notice of the sexton4 ,he fancied he would like to have some of the gold and silver adornments2 so the night after she was put into the vault he descended into it1 opened the coffin1 and took off some of the jewels4 ,one of the rings would not move4 ,to make the task easier1 he cut her finger2 she was only in a trance1 and this summary process restored her2 she sat up2 the man rushed off affrighted4 ,she managed to get out of the coffin4 ,in his haste he had left his lantern behind2 with it she made her way out of the church1 and reached her home near by4 ,she knocked at the door2 a servant opened it1 and scampered off half dead with terror4 ,she went to her husband's room4 ,he thought she was a ghost or devil2 she told him she was his wife1 as surely as that their horses would come upstairs and jump out of the window4 ,as she spoke1 the horses galloped upstairs1 threw themselves out of the window2 whereupon the husband acknowledged her to be his veritable wife4 ,she soon recovered her health1 lived for many years1 and1 to commemorate the wonderful event1 the husband had the two horses done in stone and put in their respective panes of glass1 where they have ever since remained1 looking out of the window4 ,now the house is a hospital1 and we hope the patients are as much amused as we were at the effigies of the two wellbred1 obedient horses1 who were as good at vouching for identity as ,dame ,crump's little dog4 ,in the ,church of the ,apostles1 a faded ,lent hanging is still preserved that was presented by ,richmodis in gratitude for her wonderful deliverance from a living death4 ,the ,rathhaus or ,town ,hall is a curious building1 erected at different periods2 the ,hansa,saal is a fine room on the first floor1 in which the meetings of that once powerful mercantile confederation were held2 and at one end of it are nine statues holding escutcheons emblazoned with the arms of the ,hanse ,towns4 ,the ,muse1 a comparatively new creation1 erected partly by the government1 and partly by private subscription1 contains many works of art4 ,in the lower story are numerous ,roman antiquities1 found in or near ,cologne2 amongst them are busts of ,csar1 ,germanicus1 ,agrippina1 a statuette of ,cleopatra1 and a very fine head of ,medusa1 said to be larger and more beautiful than the ,medusa ,rondinini in the ,glyptotheca at ,munich4 ,one gallery is filled with exquisite specimens of stained glass2 the upper rooms are devoted to statuary and paintings1 many of which are of the ,dsseldorf school4 ,we were particularly struck with one1 the 8,triumph of ,s4 ,michael over ,lucifer40 ,s4 ,michael is radiant1 his sword flaming2 and ,lucifer1 who is sinking into darkness1 is terrible4 ,there he is--no horned demon1 but the beautiful fallen archangel1 majestic and powerful2 profound despair and gloom on his noble features1 as the darkness overshadows him1 and hell opens to receive him4 ,the people of ,cologne are gay and sociable2 in the afternoons1 the ,zoological ,gardens are filled with children and nurses admiring the giraffes1 elephants1 and every other kind of animal belonging to earth1 air1 or water4 ,an immense lion was a particular object of interest1 as he had distinguished himself the day before we had the pleasure of seeing him by devouring his keeper4 ,the ,flora or ,winter ,garden is charming--a crystal palace1 filled with fragrant plants1 green vines garlanding the sides and roof1 fountains playing1 beautiful music well rendered by a good orchestra1 and hundreds of people drinking coffee and smoking1 who don't bother themselves by receiving at home1 but meet and gossip in the ,flora1 or the ,opera ,house1 to which they generally adjourn4 ,the ,opera ,house is very pretty but miserably lighted1 only two feeble gas lights by the door4 ,prussian officers1 however1 abounded1 and the glittering uniform shone in the clairobscur like fireflies in ,florida on summer evenings4 ,perhaps it was to add to the effect of 8,la ,dame ,blanche10 which was the opera we chanced to hear1 that we were kept in such gloomy darkness2 but1 as the music was well executed1 the time passed pleasantly4 ,one extraordinary event must be chronicled--we did not buy one bottle of ,cologne in ,cologne2 we left the city of ,jean ,maria ,farina1 and only saw the outside of his shop4 ,what with ,gothic churches and relics1 ,roman towers and antiquities1 time flew1 and we found ourselves also flying off from ,cologne on an express train1 without one drop of the veritable ,eau de,cologne in our possession4 ,mirabile dictu6 ,john4 ,in beauty1 not above criticism2 in courage1 undaunted2 in love1 most generous and most forgiving2 in patience1 rivalling ,job2 in constancy1 unswerving2 in humility1 without an equal4 ,after the above enumeration of qualities1 it should be superfluous to add that ,john is a dog4 ,it would be ridiculous to expect so much of a man4 ,he is1 moreover1 a ,skyeterrier1 wellborn and wellbred4 ,to announce to ,john's acquaintances that one was about to eulogize the dog would be to incur and deserve some such reply as that made by the ,spartan to a rhetorician who announced his intention to pronounce an eulogium on ,hercules3 8,an eulogium on ,hercules80 repeated the ,spartan4 8,who ever thought of blaming ,hercules80 ,our reply would be that we write1 not for those who deny1 but for those who never heard4 ,there is no shifting of scenes in our little drama4 ,the unities are preserved with almost ,grecian strictness2 the writer1 however1 as chorus1 claiming the privilege of being occasionally discursive4 ,scene4--,a suburban summer residence in that most magnificent of seasons1 autumn1 8in that month of all months in the year10 ,october2 furthermore1 the most perfect of ,octobers4 ,the stonecolored house is the only neutral bit in the landscape2 all else is a glow of color4 ,the fresh greensward recedes under flowerbosses of solid brilliancy4 ,a flower carpet1 gayer than any loom of ,turkey1 ,brussels1 or ,france ever wove1 lies under the clump of evergreens in a far corner of the estate4 ,tapestries of woodbine hang over balconies1 and porches1 and baywindows2 and the noble trees that stand1 two and two1 in stately pairs1 all about the place1 and up the avenue1 are a torchlight procession1 which sunshine1 instead of quenching1 fires to a still more dazzling blaze4 ,it is that picturesque time when ladies throw gay scarfs over the summer dresses they still wear2 when the sky shakes out her violet mists to veil the too divine beauty of earth2 that season of exquisite comfort when one has open windows and open fires2 that delicious season when fruit is brought to the table still warm with the sunshine in which it finished ripening five minutes before4 ,above all1 it is that season when people who are at all sympathetic are inclined to silence4 ,mrs4 ,marcia ,clay was not at all sympathetic4 ,she was simply herself1 a frivolous woman1 with a strong will1 and a ,chinese wall of selfishness and selfcomplacence built up on all sides of her4 ,the soft 8,hush60 on the lips of the ,indian summer1 when the soul of ,nature plumes her wings for flight1 she heard not4 ,the suspense1 the regret1 the melancholy1 the fleeting rapture of the season she perceived not4 ,to her it was surely the fall of the year1 when people get ready for the winter1 lay in coal1 buy new clothes1 and go back to town4 ,flounced to the waist in rattling silk1 her fair hair furbelowed all over her head1 and1 apparently1 pounds of gold hanging from her ears1 thrust through her cuffs1 dangling at her belt1 strung about her neck1 and fastened to the pin that held her collar1 this lady sat in one of the pleasant parlors of her house1 and talked as fast as her tongue could run4 ,the woman who listened was of another kind1 one who might have come to something if she had been possessed of will and courage1 but who1 having a small opinion of herself1 was only somebody by little spurts1 which did no good1 since they were always followed by unusual selfabasement4 ,she was not without a despairing sense of this incongruity1 and had more than once bewailed in her own mind the fact that she was neither fish1 flesh1 nor fowl1 but inclined to each in turn2 had little wings which1 as she spread them1 changed to little fins1 which1 as she moved them1 became little feet1 that1 when she would have walked1 collapsed utterly1 and left her floundering--a woman without moral vertebr1 who had been all her life the prey of people in whom the moral vertebr were in excess4 ,she was nothing in particular1 physically1 either1 being gayish1 oldish1 tallish1 weakish1 and dressed in that timehonored1 thin plain black silk gown which is the infallible sign of genteel poverty1 and which1 at this instant1 adorns the form that owns the arm that moves the hand that holds the pen that writes this history4 ,mrs4 ,marcia ,clay4--8,it is very provoking1 my dear1 but it can't be helped4 ,if ,i should intimate to him that our trunks are all packed to go in town1 he would leave instantly4 ,he is the most touchy of mortals4 ,to be sure1 ,i have invited him here again and again1 but ,i expected him in summertime1 not when we were on the point of moving1 and had our very beds half made in the city4 ,there's nothing for it but to unpack1 and pretend to be delighted4 ,fortunately1 he amuses himself40 ,the uncertain person in the black silk gown ventured to suggest that ,mr4 ,bently might accompany them to town1 and was met by a little shriek which made her jump4 8,fancy him in my blue satin or pink satin chamber6 ,why1 my dear1 he smokes1 and--chews6 chews1 dear6 ,between you and me1 he is a bear in his habits1 a positive bear4 ,if you will believe me1 ,i have seen him wear slipshod shoes and crumpled linen4 ,you should see him at home1 in his den4 ,an inky dressinggown that he wipes his pens on1 old slippers with holes in them1 books piled all about1 and dust that you could write your name in6 ,in that state he sits and writes hour after hour40 ,ah6 ,mrs4 ,clay ,co41 who look at littleness through magnifying glasses1 and are blind to all true greatness1 the sole of this man's slipshod shoe is cleaner than your tongue4 ,there is no dust on his thoughts2 there are no holes in the fabrics his brain weaves2 and when he writes1 faraway lands that know you not1 and kindred greatness nearer by1 feel the electric spark that slips from his pen's point4 8,what a shocking person he must be60 says ,miss ,uncertainty1 meaning to please4 8,i don't wonder you won't have him in town40 8,goodness gracious1 ,miss ,bird60 cried the lady1 coloring up4 8,what can you be thinking of6 ,why1 ,mr4 ,bently is famous4 ,he can afford to be eccentric4 ,it is an honor to have him in one's house4 ,people have turned and looked at me when they heard that ,i am his cousin2 and his name opens to me places that--well1 everybody can't enter4 ,then it is a very fine thing to have a gentleman in one's parlors who can talk to those lions whom one doesn't know what to say to1 and who can tell what one's pictures1 and bronzes1 and marbles mean1 and translate from every language under the sun4 ,i well remember a time when he won for me a perfect triumph over ,mrs4 ,everett ,adams4 ,it was delicious4 ,mrs4 ,everett ,adams is always picking up lions1 especially learned and scientific ones1 and1 when ,professor ,porson came here1 she monopolized him at once4 ,you cannot conceive how odiously she behaved1 nor what airs she assumed4 ,one heard nothing but ,porson1 ,porson1 till ,i was sick of the name2 and it was impossible to go anywhere1 to theatre1 opera1 or concert1 without seeing her sail down to the most conspicuous place1 after everybody was seated1 with ,prof4 ,porson in her train4 ,well1 one evening she brought him to our house1 just to plague me1 and we had half a dozen or so persons to meet him4 ,it was an evening of torment1 my dear4 ,the professor was in the clouds1 with ,mrs4 ,everett ,adams fluttering behind him1 like a tail after a kite1 and all the rest were in raptures1 except me--,i was extinguished4 ,the professor knew what every bronze and marble was1 and who made it1 and if it was an original or a copy2 and1 in short1 everything ,i had seemed as common as possible4 ,as a last desperate resort1 ,i brought out some old books in foreign languages that poor dear ,clay had picked up4 ,he was always collecting things of that sort4 ,the professor turned them over with the tips of his fingers1 and read a word here and there4 ,oh6 he knew all about them4 ,yes2 he had read them when he was a boy4 ,but ,i had begun to suspect him4 ,my poor husband used to say that1 when a man will not own that there is anything he doesn't understand1 root and branch1 he was always sure that that man was an impostor4 ,so ,i took up two of the books that ,i saw he had passed over1 and asked him to translate a passage for me4 ,they looked about as much like a printed language as the figures on my carpet do4 ,to my joy1 he had to own that he couldn't4 ,they were ,chaldaic1 he said1 and he had made but little study in that language4 ,mrs4 ,adams glanced angrily at me1 and ,i smiled4 ,just at that moment1 as good luck would have it1 the door opened1 and in came ,cousin ,bently4 ,i flew at him with the books4 ,triumph1 my dear6 ,never did ,i have such a rapturous moment4 ,cousin took the books up in his slow way1 put up his eyeglasses1 and looked them over in such a superior manner that really my hopes rose4 ,they were ,arabic1 ,i've forgotten what about1 and he read out some passages1 and translated them1 all the company looking on4 ,my dear1 the ,porson and ,adams stock sank to less than one per cent4 in an instant4 ,the professor was red1 and ,mrs4 ,adams was pale4 ,i could have hugged ,cousin ,bently on the spot1 though his boots were not blacked1 and his collar was in a positively shocking state40 8,how charming it must be to have him visit you60 says ,miss ,bird1 wheeling about as the wind veered4 ,poor thing6 ,she did not mean to be insincere4 ,she merely wanted to say the right thing1 and didn't care a fig about the matter1 one way or the other4 8,charming60 repeated ,mrs4 ,clay1 with emphasis4 8,it gives a tone4 ,besides1 it draws some people one likes to know4 ,you should see ,madame de ,soi1 the most exclusive of women1 flutter round him like a butterfly round a--round a--well1 really1 ,i am at a loss for the word4 ,it is impossible to call ,cousin ,bently a flower1 unless one should make a pun about the seedy contents of his valise4 ,i studied botany once1 and ,i know a pun can be made of it4 ,madame knows no more and cares no more about his learning than a cat does1 but she has tact1 and does contrive to smile at the right time4 ,i never could do that4 ,when ,i smile1 ,cousin ,bently is sure to push out his under lip1 and stop talking4 ,but she will look and listen with such rapture that you would positively think he were describing the dress the empress wore at the last ball2 and sometimes she even says something that he will seem pleased with4 ,that very evening of the ,porson collapse she talked with him half an hour of molecules1 whatever they are4 ,i actually thought they were speaking of people4 ,fancy being called a molecule6 ,yes1 ,cousin ,bently is a great credit1 and a great convenience to me4 ,why1 but for him1 ,i couldn't have gone to those stupid exclusive lectures of ,mr4 ,vertebrare's1 where ,i yawned myself to death among the very cream of society40 ,the lady paused for breath1 and her companion1 feeling obliged to say something1 faltered out that she always feared those very clever persons4 8,i should think you would after the experience you had with that dragon10 replied ,mrs4 ,clay significantly4 ,miss ,bird colored1 and was silent4 8,that dragon0 was a rather difficult old lady1 a ,miss ,clinton1 with whom she had lived and suffered many years1 and who had lately died4 8,and so10 ,mrs4 ,clay summed up1 8,i have ,cousin ,bently on my hands for a week or ten days1 and must make the best of it4 ,and0--suddenly lowering her voice--8speak of angels--ahem6 ,cousin ,bently1 allow me to make you acquainted with ,miss ,bird1 an old schoolmate of mine40 ,miss ,bird rose with a frightened air1 dropped her eyes1 blushed deeply1 half extended her hand1 and half withdrew it again1 and stammered out1 8,goodmorning1 sir60 which was not a very felicitous greeting1 the time of day being near sunset4 ,mr4 ,bently acknowledged the introduction with rather a stately bow1 gave the person before him a calm and exhaustive glance1 protruded his under lip very slightly1 without meaning to1 and walked to the further end of the room4 8,why need people be such fools80 he muttered1 half philosophical1 half impatient4 ,he had been1 as all learned and even merely clever people must be1 too much looked on as an ogre by the simple4 ,it was rather provoking to see people shaking at his approach1 as if he were going to compel them to talk ,greek and calculus1 or have their lives4 ,as the gentleman seated himself in an armchair before a delightful bay window1 and facing the window1 there was another addition to the company1 and--enter our hero6 ,reader1 ,john6 ,a longish1 curlyhaired quadruped with bright dark eyes full of merriment and kindliness1 and teeth so beautifully white and even that it would be a privilege to be bitten by them4 ,of course he has undergone those improvements which man finds it necessary to make in the oldfashioned plan of the ,creator1 and his clipped ears stand up pointed and pert1 and his clipped tail is indeed less a tail than an epigram4 ,but the bounding grace of his motions no scissors can curtail4 ,do not imagine that ,john has entered the room properly1 and stood still to be presented and described4 ,far from it4 ,he bounced in through the window1 as though shot from a mortar1 and1 while we have been writing this brief sketch of his person1 has flown into the learned gentleman's arms1 kissed him enthusiastically a dozen times1 pawed his hair into fearful disorder1 made believe bite his nose and hands1 with the utmost care not to hurt him in the least1 pulled one end of his cravat out of knot1 and threatened to overturn him1 chair and all1 by drawing back and rushing at him again like a little blue and yellow batteringram4 ,his manner was1 indeed1 so overpowering that ,mr4 ,bently had half a mind to be vexed1 and could not help being disconcerted4 ,his affection for dogs was entirely ,platonic1 and he had a theory that bipeds and quadrupeds should have separate houses built for them2 but this creature had struck him as being the most honest and sensible being in the house1 and had1 moreover1 taken to him4 ,miss ,bird looked askance at the scene in the baywindow1 and ,mrs4 ,clay looked askance at ,miss ,bird1 and wondered at her impudence and folly4 ,bird had blushed and dropped her eyes when she was introduced to the gentleman1 and she was now watching him out of the corners of her eyes4 ,bird was an old maid1 with a moderate annuity2 ,mr4 ,bently was an old bachelor1 with next to nothing beside brains and a name4 ,bird must be set to rights4 ,so much the lady's actions told of her thoughts4 8,i wish ,i dared send for ,marian ,willis here10 she whispered confidentially1 watching the effect of her words4 8,nothing would please me better than to bring those two together again4 ,but ,cousin ,bently would suspect my drift1 and1 as likely as not1 start off at once4 ,nothing annoys him so much as to see that any one is trying to get him married4 ,marian is in every way suitable1 and between you and me1 dear1 ,i think they would both be glad to have a mediator1 only they are too proud to own it4 ,everybody thought about ten years ago that they were engaged1 and they certainly were in a fair way to be1 when some lovers' quarrel occurred1 and they parted4 ,you have never seen ,miss ,willis1 have you80 ,yes2 ,bird had seen her at ,miss ,melicent ,yorke's wedding1 and she was the grandest looking lady there4 ,she wore a black velvet dress1 buttoned up high with diamonds1 and not another jewel about her4 ,she had a pink half open camellia in her bosom1 and a wideopen one in her hair4 ,clara ,yorke said that the beautiful plainness of ,miss ,willis' toilet made everybody else look all tags and ends4 ,she gave the bride a rare engraving of some picture of ,the ,visitation1 which ,miss ,melicent didn't half like1 because the ,s4 ,elizabeth was on her knees1 and because there was a crown carved in the frame just over the ,virgin's head4 ,but the bridegroom had reconciled her to it1 saying that motherhood is a crown to any woman4 ,mrs4 ,edith ,yorke1 ,carl's wife1 who is now abroad1 was very fond of ,miss ,willis1 and used to call her 8,your ,highness40 8,oh6 their intimacy was because ,mr4 ,carl ,yorke was a ,catholic10 interposed ,mrs4 ,clay rather abruptly4 ,when ,bird got talking of the ,yorkes1 she never knew when to stop2 and the subject was not pleasant to her listener4 ,mrs4 ,clay had tried to be intimate with the family1 and had signally failed4 ,always kind and courteous1 there still seemed to be an invisible crystalline wall between them and her4 8,marian's religion is her one fault4 ,it may be possible that she and ,cousin ,bently disagreed about that1 though it would be hard to find out what he believes1 or if he believes anything4 ,he defends every religion you attack1 and attacks every religion you defend40 8,but do you think she would marry him80 asked ,bird incredulously2 and her glance toward the window became depreciatory and critical1 instead of awful4 ,mr4 ,bently1 as a learned man1 was to be regarded with fear and admiration2 but as a bridegroom--that was another thing4 8,why1 she is handsome and rich40 8,what if she is80 asked the other tartly4 8,it only makes her more suitable4 ,but she is not rich1 though she lives with a rich old uncle1 who may leave her something4 ,she is in every way suited to ,cousin ,bently4 ,he would never marry an inferior woman40 ,this last assertion ,mrs4 ,clay made very positively1 for the reason that she was mortally afraid it was not true4 ,her private opinion was that ,mr4 ,bently must have been very lonely in his bachelor lodgings before he came to visit her1 and that he might easily be induced to marry even ,bird1 rather than live alone any longer4 ,meantime1 the object of their conversation1 having put the vociferous ,john away1 and induced him to lie at his feet1 instead of pervading his neck and face1 sat gazing out through the window4 ,he certainly was not an eminently beautiful man1 neither was he a pink of nicety in his dress1 though he abhorred untidiness in others1 particularly in women4 ,his form was rather fine1 but his features were too strong for grace1 his hair was growing gray1 and his teeth were discolored by his odious beloved tobacco4 ,there was something a little neglected in his appearance4 ,evidently he needed some one with authority to remind him1 when occasion demanded1 that his cravat was horribly awry1 that he had forgotten to smooth his hair down since the last time he combed it up with his ten fingers1 and that1 really1 that collar must come off4 ,in fine1 he needed an indulgent wife1 who would look out for him constantly1 but with discretion1 never intruding the cravat and collar question into his sublime moments4 ,was he conscious of something lacking in his life1 that his expression was less the gravity of the man of thought than the sadness of the lonely man8 ,something ailed him--physical sickness1 no doubt1 for his face was flushed1 and his eyes heavy--but some trouble of the mind also4 ,he looked across the lawn1 that was bounded by a dense line of autumncolored trees1 with a sky of brilliant clearness arching over4 ,betwixt sapphire and jasper the low purple dome of a mountain pushed up1 making a background for a shining cross that might be suspended in air for any support visible to him who gazed on it4 ,but he had seen that cross before1 and his mind1 leaping over the few intervening miles1 followed down from its sunlighted tip and touched a slim gray tower and a vinecovered church1 and1 looking through the gay rosewindow over the chancel1 saw a tiny lambent flame floating in and fed by sacred oil of olives4 ,mentally he stood before the church door1 saw the grove of beeches that hid it from the road1 saw through those heavy boughs the green slope of a lawn near by and the mansion that crowned its summit4 ,but in one respect the eyes of the seer were less true to the present than to the past1 for they beheld roses1 instead of autumn colors1 wreathing pillar1 porch1 and balcony4 ,in this house ,marian ,willis lived4 ,he sat and recollected all his intercourse with her1 from the first pleasant dawn of friendly regard and sympathy1 growing up to something brighter and closer1 yet scarcely defined1 to its sudden extinguishment4 ,his acquaintance with her had been like a day that breaks in silent and cloudless light1 and is shut in by a cold and smothering fog before its noon4 ,what had been expressed to her of all that sweetness he found in her society8 ,what to him of the pleasure she seemed to feel in his8 ,nothing that had other utterance than silent looks and actions4 ,what had separated them8 ,a mist1 a fog1 an impalpable yet irresistible power4 ,some tiny wedge had been inserted that gave a chance for pride to rush in and thrust their lives apart4 ,there had been a slight reserve that grew to coldness and thence to alienation4 ,who does not know how those many littles make a mickle8 ,possibly a certain gallant officer1 just home from the wars1 with his arm in a sling1 and a sabre scar across his temple1 had had something to do with the trouble4 ,certainly the last mental picture ,mr4 ,bently had carried away from his last visit at ,mr4 ,willis' was of this same officer walking in the garden with ,marian ,willis leaning on his sound arm1 and listening to the tale of his adventures as women always do and always will listen to soldiers who bring their wounds to illustrate their stories4 ,on that occasion1 ,mr4 ,bently had returned to his cousin's house and behaved in what he considered a very reasonable manner4 ,he locked himself into his chamber1 let in all the light possible1 placed himself before the mirror1 and critically examined the reflection he saw there4 ,there was no glorious sabrewound across his temple1 showing where he had once wrestled with death1 and come off conqueror2 but1 instead1 there were long1 faint1 horizontal lines beginning to show on his forehead--mementoes of the silent combat with time1 and of anxious quest in search of hidden truth4 ,there were no crisp1 fair curls shining over his head2 the brown hair was straight and short1 and here and there a white hair rewarded the search for it4 ,the soldier's large violet eyes flashed like jewels2 but these eyes in the mirror were no brighter than wintry skies1 a calm1 steady blue that a planet might look through1 perhaps1 but that were not used to lightning4 ,the soldier was clad in a trim uniform that set off well a form of manly grace1 the stripe that glimmered down the leg1 the band1 like a lady's bracelet1 that bound the sleeve1 the golden eagle outspread on either shoulder1 all helping to make a gallant picture2 the raiment reflected with pitiless fidelity by the mirror before him was decidedly neutral4 ,no one could call it picturesque nor even elegant of its kind4 ,it was simply calculated to escape censure4 ,having made a full survey and1 as he thought1 a fair comparison1 this selfelected judge then pronounced sentence on the person whose reflection he gazed at4 8,you are a fool60 he said1 with a conviction too deep for bitterness4 8,what is there in you that a fair and charming woman could prefer8 ,bah6 ,she prizes you as she does those vellum ,platos and ,homers that she admires because others do1 but cannot read a word of4 ,when she sinks into her arm chair for that hour of rest before dressing for dinner1 does she take with her a book of ,greek or of logic8 ,no2 she reads the poet or the novelist4 ,you have nothing to do with her more intimate life40 ,thus had the scholar decided1 gazing at his own reflection in the mirror1 seeing there only the shell of the man1 and that not at its best1 at its worst rather4 ,the kindling of intelligence1 the scintillating of sharp intellectual pursuit1 the soft radiance which dawning love gave him when he was shone upon by the beloved object--those he saw not4 ,he saw only a fool4 ,so far1 so good4 ,but he had not finished the work4 ,a fool may be miserable1 may be ruined by his folly1 even while owning it4 ,he must not only prove the vanity of hoping1 but the vanity of loving4 ,he must remove the halo from his idol's brow1 not rudely1 but with all the coolness and gentleness of reason4 ,what1 after all1 were beauty and grace1 a sweet voice and smile1 and gracious speaking8 ,he set himself to analyze them1 physiologically1 chemically1 and morally4 ,so the botanist analyzes a flower1 and when he has destroyed its ravishing perfume1 and that exquisite combination which constituted its individuality--a combination man can separate1 but which only ,god can form--he points to the fragments1 and says1 8,that is a rose60 ,but suppose that1 even while he speaks1 those withering atoms should stir and brighten1 the anthers should gather again their golden pollen1 and hang themselves once more on each slender filament1 the petals blush anew1 and rustle into fragrant crowding circles1 and a most rosy rose should rise triumphantly before him6 ,some such experience had ,mr4 ,bently when he had finished his work of demolition4 ,turning coldly away from the ruins of what had been so fair1 he walked to the window to take breath1 and saw there before him the living woman complete1 her soul welding with immortal fire every characteristic and mood into a being irresistibly lovely1 baffling1 and--disdainful4 ,she stood in the garden where ,mrs4 ,clay had purposely detained her beneath his window1 and she stood there unwillingly4 ,only a social necessity had brought her to the house1 and she had determined that she would not1 if it could be helped1 meet that gentleman who1 from being a daily visitor of her own1 had suffered three days to pass during which he had once or twice talked with her uncle over the gate1 but had never approached her4 ,since that hour when1 looking from his window1 he had seen her sail past without raising her eyes1 ,mr4 ,bently had been haunted at times by two antagonistic visions--the rose dissected1 which he viewed with indifference1 succeeded by the rose fullblown1 triumphant in unassailable sweetness4 ,he thought it all over now as he sat looking out of ,mrs4 ,clay's eastern baywindow4 ,and having thought it over once1 it began to go through his mind again1 and still again4 ,the various scenes passed1 one by one1 slowly1 like persons in a procession1 and he gazed at them from first to last2 and there was the first again6 ,he had had enough of it1 but it would not stop4 ,his head was aching1 and feeling somewhat light besides4 ,he pressed his forehead with his hands1 and tried to think of something else1 even if it were no more pleasant subject than the cold he must have taken to make him so sore from head to foot4 ,but still that procession moved with accelerating speed4 ,he spoke to ,john1 tired and annoyed himself a little with the creature's antics1 then leaned back in his chair1 and let his brain whirl4 ,certainly he was ill2 but nothing else was certain4 ,whether to go or stay1 to speak or remain silent1 he could scarcely decide4 ,when dinner was announced1 instinct kept him conventional4 ,he ate nothing1 but he went through all the proper forms1 with no more abstraction than might be attributed to his intellectual oddities4 ,but dinner1 with its inanities1 over1 he made haste to escape to his own room4 8,going out for a walk1 cousin80 asked ,mrs4 ,clay1 as he passed her4 ,how the trivial question irritated him6 ,he bowed1 afraid to utter a word1 lest it should be an offensive one4 ,his nerves felt bare1 his teeth on edge4 ,miss ,bird looked more deeply than her friend had1 and in the one timid glance she gave the gentleman saw a painful trouble underneath his cool exterior4 8,i hope he didn't hear what we were saying of him before dinner10 she remarked apprehensively4 8,no1 indeed60 was the confident response4 8,he scarcely hears what you say to him1 still less what is said of him40 8,but he looked displeased10 persisted the anxious ,bird4 ,mrs4 ,clay cast a sarcastic glance on her subordinate4 8,my dear10 she said with decision1 8the less you occupy yourself with my cousin's feelings1 the better for you4 ,your solicitude will be quite thrown away40 ,bird sighed faintly1 and resigned herself to being snubbed4 ,mr4 ,bently walked upstairs slowly1 dreading to be alone1 and shut himself into his room2 and1 when there1 desolation settled upon him4 ,it is not pleasant to be sick in one's own home1 with loving and solicitous friends surrounding one with their cares1 and taking every task from the weak hands2 it is still less pleasant when1 though friends are near1 they are powerless to lift the burden which only those helpless hands can carry2 but how far more miserable1 how far more cruel than any other desolation on earth1 is it when sickness falls upon one who must work1 and the sick one is not only oppressed by the burden of duties unperformed1 but is himself a burden1 coldly and grudgingly tended1 or tended not at all8 ,mr4 ,bently knew well the extent of his cousin's friendship1 and the worth of her ,chinese compliments1 and he would far rather have fallen in the street1 and been left to the tender mercies of strangers1 than fall ill in her house4 ,morning came1 and it was breakfasttime1 by no means an early hour4 ,mrs4 ,clay had put off the meal half an hour on her cousin's account4 8,he has at least one polite habit--he does not rise early10 she said4 8,but then he is as regular as a clock in his late hour40 ,he was not prompt this morning1 however1 for they waited ten minutes after breakfast was on the table1 and rang a second bell1 and still their visitor did not appear4 ,miss ,bird suggested that he had looked unwell the evening before1 and might be unable to come down4 8,really1 how thoughtful you are60 ,mrs4 ,clay said with cutting emphasis4 8,i had quite forgotten4 ,perhaps1 my son1 you will go up and see if ,miss ,bird is right40 8,my son0 objected to being made a messenger of4 8,if the old fellar wanted to sleep1 let him sleep4 ,don't you say so1 ,clem80 ,clementina always agreed with her brother2 the two prevailed1 and the 8old fellar0 was left to sleep1 or toss and moan1 or be consumed with fever and thirst1 or otherwise entertain himself as he or fate should choose1 while the family breakfasted at their leisure4 ,it is scarcely worth while to put ,clementina and ,arthur ,clay in print4 ,they are insignificant and1 in a small way1 disagreeable objects1 and their like is often met with to the annoyance of many4 ,the mental ignorance and lack of capacity which we lose sight of when they are overmantled by the loveliness of goodwill1 in such as these become contemptible by being placed on pedestals of presumption and illnature1 and hateful when they are set as obstacles and stumblingblocks in the way of souls who would fain walk and look upward4 ,breakfast over1 and no ,mr4 ,bently appearing1 ,mrs4 ,clay felt called on to make inquiries1 and1 accordingly1 dispatched a servant to her cousin's door1 while she herself listened at the foot of the stairs4 ,she heard a knock1 but no reply1 then a second knock1 followed by the servant's voice1 as if in answer to some one within4 8,paper under the door1 sir8 ,yes1 sir60 ,she was half way up the stairs by this time1 and snatched the slip of paper which the man had found pushed out under ,mr4 ,bently's door4 8,what in the world can be the matter8 ,where are my eyeglasses8 ,cousin ,bently is such a frightful writer that1 really--0 ,while the lady is adjusting her glasses1 and her children and companion are gathering about her1 we will read this document1 for there will be no time afterward4 ,it is short1 and is strongly scented with camphor4 8,i am ill1 and1 it is possible1 may have smallpox4 ,it has been where ,i was a fortnight ago4 ,keep away from me1 and send for a doctor40 ,confusion ensued4 ,screams resounded from the parlor2 orders and counter orders were given1 only one fixed idea penetrating that chaos--to get away from the house as quickly as possible4 ,carriages were got out1 silver and valuables piled into them by ,bird1 who alone would go upstairs1 and who was made to do everything1 and in less than half an hour the whole family started for the city4 ,the servants1 all but the gardener1 had already fled4 8,but who is to take care of ,mr4 ,bently80 ,bird asked1 pausing at the carriage door4 8,i shall give the gardener orders to get a doctor and nurse10 ,mrs4 ,clay said impatiently1 fuming with selfish terror4 8,but ,i'm not afraid10 ,bird hesitated4 8,i've been vaccinated4 ,and it's hard to leave him alone40 8,nonsense60 cried the lady4 8,i shall allow nothing of the sort4 ,it is not necessary1 and1 besides1 it is not proper4 ,do get in1 if you are going to town4 ,it really seems to me1 ,miss ,bird1 that you are altogether too much interested in ,mr4 ,bently40 ,then1 at last1 ,bird perceived what was in the speaker's mind1 and1 as most women would in such circumstances1 laid down her better impulses at the feet of meanness4 ,crushed and ashamed1 and1 at the same time1 weakly and despairingly angry1 she took her place in the carriage1 and listened in silence to the lamentations and complaints of her companions4 8,how could ,cousin ,bently do such a thing8 ,how could he come to me when he knew he had been so exposed80 ,that ,mr4 ,bently had only learned from the paper of the evening before to what he had been exposed1 and had only thought during the night what might be the meaning of his illness1 the lady did not inquire into4 ,at the garden gate stood ,james1 the gardener4 ,mrs4 ,clay stopped long enough to give him hurried directions to get a doctor and nurse1 and do all that was necessary for the invalid1 then ordered the coachman to drive on4 8,i hope ,john isn't with us10 one of the young ones said presently4 8,he was round ,cousin ,bently all day yesterday40 ,no2 ,bird1 recollecting that fact also1 had shut ,john into one of the chambers1 and left him there4 ,she ventured to hope that he would not be left to starve1 but no one responded to her merciful wish4 ,the cause of all this terror and confusion had seen the departure of the family without being surprised at it4 ,he had not undressed1 but had lain on a sofa all night1 and1 when morning came1 had written the warning which proved so effectual1 and then sank into an armchair near the window1 longing for air4 ,he expected the family to keep away from him1 and was neither sorry nor indignant that they had removed themselves still further4 ,of course a doctor would be sent1 and of course there was some one to take care of him4 ,he sat and waited for that some one to enter4 ,perhaps it was ,james4 ,he saw the gardener shut and fasten the gate after the carriage went out1 and he heard the locking of the stable door4 ,he waited1 but no one came4 ,well1 the house must be attended to first1 and he would be patient1 though thirst1 and alternate fever and chills1 and racking pains were tormenting him4 ,he was annoyed1 too1 by ,john's efforts to escape from the next room1 and would have gone to release the creature but for the fear of spreading contagion4 ,a distant door opened and shut2 he heard a distant heavy step1 and thanked ,god that relief and companionship were at hand4 ,but the sounds ceased1 and no one came near him4 ,he saw ,james1 the gardener1 laden with packages1 hurry down the avenue1 and disappear into the public road1 and a thrill of fear shot through him4 ,the scene outside swam before his eyes1 and grew dark for a moment4 ,could it be that they had all gone away1 and left him to die alone8 ,no2 he could not believe it6 ,james had perhaps gone to bring the doctor4 ,he would wait patiently1 since wait he must4 ,an hour passed1 and no one came4 ,there was no sound in the house but that occasional whining and barking from the next room2 no sound outside except when a carriage rolled swiftly by in the road4 ,he saw no person coming4 ,it was impossible to endure that thirst any longer4 ,he went into the bathroom1 and wet his hands and face1 and drank of the tepid water there4 ,his head reeled at sight of the stairs1 and he did not dare to attempt to descend4 ,returning to his chamber1 he fell on to the sofa1 and1 for the first time in his life1 fainted2 coming back to life again as though emerging from outer darkness1 but not into light--into a sickening half light1 rather4 ,so hours passed1 and he knew without a doubt that he was utterly deserted1 and that a lonely and terrible death threatened him4 ,could he do nothing to avert it8 ,he recollected that ,mrs4 ,clay had a medicine closet in the bathroom4 ,possibly1 if he could reach it1 something might be found there to relieve1 if not to cure1 him4 ,what mountains molehills can change into sometimes6 ,this man1 so strong and full of life but a day before1 now lay and gave his whole mind to planning how he should save himself a few steps in going to the bathroom again1 how he could avoid the stairs1 lest he should fall1 and whether he could this time cross the corridor to release that troublesome1 whining dog4 ,whenever1 weary and confused1 he lost himself a moment in a half sleep1 that whining and scratching assumed terrible proportions in his imagination1 and became the fierce efforts of wild beasts to reach him4 ,he started up now and then1 with wideopen eyes1 to assure himself that he was not in a menagerie2 to fix in his mind the picture of that airy chamber1 with its clear tints of green and amber1 its open windows showing the long veranda outside1 and the bright perspective of foliage and sky4 ,but when his eyelids drooped again1 and he sank back into half sleep and half fainting1 back came the painful phantoms to torment him till they were once more chased away for a time4 ,toward evening he roused himself to make that difficult pilgrimage of fifty paces in search of healing and refreshment1 bathed eagerly his face and head1 and found his cousin's medicine closet4 ,but when he had reached that1 his strength was nearly exhausted4 ,he had only enough left to take down the laudanum bottle1 and get back to his room with it4 ,laudanum might dull this pain1 and quiet the excited nerves4 ,once more ,john must wait4 ,he could not stop to release him4 ,the room in which the dog was confined had a window on the balcony that ran past ,mr4 ,bently's room4 ,that window was open1 but the blind was shut1 and ,john1 despairing of escape through the door1 had turned all his efforts toward unfastening this blind1 and had several times been near success1 when the spring1 flying back1 had defeated him4 ,the invalid's bath of cold water had refreshed him somewhat4 ,he hated to take the laudanum4 ,he had never been an intemperate man1 and had always shrunk from swallowing anything which could in the least degree isolate his mind from the control of his will4 ,he would bear the pain a little longer4 ,he lay there and thought1 and visions of happy homes rose up before him4 ,at this hour of early twilight1 the lamps were being lighted1 or people sat by firelight1 and children1 grown languid and sleepy with the long day's play1 leaned silent on their mothers' laps4 ,at this hour1 men of thought1 intellectual workers1 laid aside the weightier labors of their profession to indulge in an exhilarating contention of wits1 so much happier than other workers1 in that their recreations do not retard1 but rather accelerate their work4 ,it is but dancing at evening with ,terpsichore1 or pacing with ,calliope along the margin of the same road which he had travelled by day in a dusty chariot1 or walked encumbered by his armor4 ,in their lighter intellectual contests1 what sparks were sometimes struck out to live beyond the moment that gave them birth6 ,what random beams of light shot now and then into seeming nothingness1 and revealed an unsuspected treasure6 ,all these scenes of social comfort and delight rose before the sufferer's mind with tantalizing distinctness1 fairer and fuller in the vision than he had ever known the reality to be4 ,he felt like a houseless wanderer who1 freezing and starving in the street1 sees through lighted windows the warmth and joy of the home circle4 ,mr4 ,bently was not a pious man4 ,he had a deep sentiment of reverence1 and a firm belief that somewhere there is an inflexible truth that deserves an obedience absolute and unquestioning4 ,but controversy had spoiled him for religious feeling1 which is1 perhaps1 too delicate for rough handling1 and in the clash of warring creeds some freshness and spontaneity had been lost to his convictions4 ,reaching truth1 winning battles for truth1 he had been like a traveller at the end of a long journey1 when he scarcely cares in his weariness for the goal attained1 but must needs eat and sleep4 ,he had spent too much time and strength in wiping away the mire flung on the garments of religion to be any longer quick in enthusiastic homage4 8,pity 'tis1 'tis true40 ,the butterfly you would save from the net loses the down from its wings with your most careful handling2 the friend you defend from calumny you dethrone even while defending4 ,the feeling that dictated that brutal egotism1 8,csar's wife must not be suspected10 dwells in a less arrogant form in most human hearts1 and rare indeed is that soul which sets its love as high1 after even the most triumphantly refuted accusation1 as it was before4 ,desertion and imminent death chilled this man's heart1 and he had no mind to turn to ,god1 save in a cold recognition of his power and wisdom4 ,love entered not into his thoughts1 but despair did4 ,the pain increased1 the dizziness came back4 ,he stretched his hand for the glass and vial of laudanum1 and tried with a shaking hand to pour out what he could guess to be an ordinary potion4 ,there was no reason why he should suspect that that bottle might have been standing in the house so long as to have made even the smallest dose of its contents deadly4 ,as he measured1 and tried to recollect how much he should take1 pouring out unknowingly what would have been for him ,lethe indeed1 a louder rattle and bang at the blind of the next room proclaimed the success of the four footed prisoner4 ,there was a scampering on the veranda1 a dog's head1 eager and brighteyed1 was thrust in at the window of the sickroom1 then1 with an almost human cry of joy1 ,john flew at its occupant4 ,away went bottle and glass1 breaking and spilling--no laudanum for ,mr4 ,bently that day4 ,down went ,mr4 ,bently among the sofa pillows1 prostrated by the unexpected onset2 and love1 and delight1 and absolute devotion1 in the form of an uproarious ,skye terrier unconscious and uncaring for risks1 nestled in the breast of the deserted man1 were all over his face and neck1 and through his hair1 and speaking as plainly as though human speech had been their interpreters4 ,when the man comprehended1 recovering from his first confusion1 reason and endurance stood aside and veiled their faces1 and a greater than they took their place4 ,through a gush of tears which were but the spray of a subsiding wave of bitterness1 this soul raised its eyes1 and beheld a new light4 ,it lost sight of the ,almighty in a vision of the ,heavenly ,father4 ,the flight that followed was painful1 but not unsoothed4 ,the dog1 perceiving at once that his friend was ill1 became quiet4 ,he lay with head pressed close to the restless arm1 and1 if the sick man moaned1 he answered with a pitying whine4 ,once he left the room1 and wandered through the whole house in search of help1 whined and scratched at every closed door1 and1 finding no one1 came back with an air of distress and perplexity4 ,later1 when ,mr4 ,bently seemed very ill1 ,john ran out onto the balcony1 and barked loudly1 as if calling for relief4 ,morning came again1 and the sick man's pain gave place to a deathlike faintness1 resulting from lack of nourishment4 ,for thirtysix hours nothing had passed his lips but water1 and that no longer ran from the faucet when he tried it4 ,he crept downstairs1 stair by stair1 holding by the balusters1 like a little child4 ,there was no water to be seen in the diningroom1 and he did not know where to find any4 ,he reached the parlor1 lay down on the floor1 and prayed for death or for life--anything to put an end to that nightmare of misery4 ,it seemed that death was coming4 ,his hands and feet grew cold with an unnatural chill1 and1 though the morning sunshine poured through the windows1 all looked dim to his eyes4 ,his senses seemed to be slowly receding1 without pain1 without any power or wish on his part to recall them4 ,he lay and waited for death4 ,and while he waited1 as one hears sounds in a dream he heard a door open and shut1 then a quick1 light step that ran upstairs4 ,john1 standing over his friend1 left him1 and rushed to the parlor door1 barking wildly1 but was unable to get out1 the door having swung to4 ,in vain he tried it with his paws1 and thrust his small nose into the crack4 ,it was too heavy for him to move4 ,suddenly1 while ,mr4 ,bently gazed with languid1 half unconscious eyes at the creature1 the door was pushed wide open1 and a woman stood on the threshold4 ,she was neither young nor old1 but simply at the age of perfection1 which is a variable age1 according to the person4 ,her face was a full oval1 but white now as hoarfrost4 ,all its life seemed to centre in the large hazel eyes that were piercing with a terrified search4 ,she wore her fair hair like a crown1 piled high above the forehead in glossy coils like sculptured amber4 ,over one temple a black and gold moth was poised1 as though it had just alighted there1 its wings widespread4 ,the long black folds of a velvet robe fell about her superb form1 sweeping far back from her swift but suddenly arrested step4 ,scintillating fringes of gold quivered against the large white arms1 edged the short ,greek jacket1 and ran in a single flash down either side of the train4 ,a diamond cross lay like a sunbeam on her bosom1 a single diamond twinkled in each small ear4 ,there was but an instant's pause1 then she crossed the room quickly1 and knelt by him4 8,my ,god6 my ,god60 she murmured1 and lifted his head on her arm4 8,what fiendish cruelty60 ,her touch and voice recalled him to himself4 ,he tried to put her away4 8,leave me1 ,marian1 ,i beg of you6 ,do not endanger yourself for me60 ,but even while bidding her go1 every nerve in him grew alive with the joyous conviction that he would not be obeyed1 and that1 danger or no danger1 she would not desert him4 ,here were strength1 help1 and the power to command4 ,she brought the world with her1 this queenly woman1 who had not even snatched the gloves from her hands since last night's ball1 but had hurried to seek news of him1 after the first confused rumor1 to call doctor and nurse1 to rush to him herself with all the speed her panting horses could make4 8,leave you8 ,never60 ,he asked no questions1 but resigned himself4 ,how delightful the sickness1 how sweet the pain1 that led to this6 ,how thrice blessed the desertion that gave her to him6 ,in half an hour1 the doctor had come and given his decision4 ,mr4 ,bently's illness was merely a violent cold with fever1 and a few days of careful nursing would make all right4 ,in another half hour1 he was established in a pleasant chamber in ,mr4 ,willis' house1 with a nurse in close attendance1 the whole family anxiously ministrant1 ,john an immovable fixture in the sickroom2 and1 later1 ,mrs4 ,marcia ,clay besieging the house for news of poor dear ,cousin ,bently1 and protesting and explaining to the very coldest of listeners1 declaring that nothing but her duty to her family1 etc42 and what was the meaning of that broken bottle and glass1 and ineradicable laudanum stain on the carpet in her house8 ,was it possible that ,cousin ,bently had thought of taking any of that terrible stuff that she meant to have thrown away ages before8 ,and would they bring down ,john8 ,arthur had asked for him4 ,some one went to ,mr4 ,bently's room for ,john1 but came back without him4 ,the invalid was reported to have flown into something like a passion on learning the messenger's errand1 and to have held the dog firmly in his arms4 ,john was his6 ,no one else should have him4 ,whatever crime it might be called to refuse to give him up--stealing1 embezzling1 false imprisonment--he was ready to be accused and convicted of it1 and would go to jail for it with the dog in his arms4 ,mrs4 ,clay was enchanted to be able to oblige her cousin in such a trifle1 and would he speak freely when he wanted anything8 and then went home and told all her family in confidence that ,mr4 ,bently was a raving maniac4 ,reader1 according to our promises at the beginning of this history1 we should stop here4 ,the scene has changed1 the time already exceeds twenty four hours1 and only the characters remain the same4 ,but we have not done4 ,there is something more which we are pining to tell4 ,shall we stop1 then1 and perish in silence1 rather than transgress rules made by a people 8dead and done with this many a year10 whose whole country1 with themselves on it1 could have been thrown into one of our inland seas without making it spill over8 ,no6 ,perish the unities6 ,scene ,,ii4--,large parlor1 rosytinted all through with reflections from sunset1 from firelight1 and from red draperies4 ,afterdinner silence pervading1 open foldingdoors giving a view through a suite of rooms1 in the furthest of which an old gentleman sleeps in his armchair4 ,or1 perhaps1 it is a picture of a library1 with an old gentleman asleep in it4 ,the stillness is perfect enough for that4 ,mr4 ,bently1 convalescent1 first dinner downstairs since his illness1 stands near a window looking out1 but watchful of the inside of the parlor1 and of a lady who sits at an embroideryframe near the same window4 ,the lady is superficially dignified and tranquil1 but there is an unusual color in the cheeks1 and a slight unsteadiness in the fingers1 which tell her secret conviction that something is going to happen4 ,this is the first time the two have met since ,miss ,willis found the deserted man lying half senseless on ,mrs4 ,clay's parlor floor4 ,he is thinking of that time now1 and that an acknowledgment is due1 and wondering how it is to be made1 half a mind to be angry1 rather than grateful1 for the service4 ,such is man4 ,all the bitterness of his lonely life rises up before him4 ,gray hairs are on his head1 lines of age mark his face1 but his heart protests against being set aside as too old for anything but dry speculation and love of abstract truth4 8,i have been seeking for some proper terms in which to express to you my grateful sense of your humanity in coming to me when ,i was left sick and alone1 but ,i cannot find them10 he said at length1 facing her4 8,there is no need to say anything about it10 she replied quietly1 setting a careful silken stitch4 8,i could not have done otherwise40 ,having begun1 the gentleman could not stop1 or would not4 8,i am sure you meant well1 but did you do well80 he went on4 8,could you not have been content to send the doctor1 without coming yourself8 ,did you reflect that you were apparently incurring peril1 and that for a man who had a heart as well as a head1 and1 worse yet1 for a man whose heart had for years striven vainly to forget you8 ,you have deprived me of the shield and support of even attempted indifference4 ,i can no longer try to forget you1 or think of you coldly1 without the basest ingratitude40 ,will the reader pardon ,mr4 ,bently for expressing himself so grammatically8 ,it was through the force of a long habit1 which even passion could not break4 ,it is true that1 according to ,gerald ,griffin1 ,juno herself1 when angry1 spoke bad ,latin2 but then1 ,juno was a woman4 ,allons1 donc4 ,we are ourselves interested in this conversation1 and are pleased to observe that1 though the speaker's moods and tenses are not flagrant1 his eyes and cheeks are4 ,the lady glanced up swiftly with that smile1 half shy1 half mirthful1 with which a woman who knows her power1 and means to use it kindly1 receives the acknowledgment of it4 8,why should you think coldly of me1 or forget me80 she asked4 ,mr4 ,bently met her glance with stern eyes4 8,does a man willingly submit to slavery80 he demanded4 ,he had not suspected ,marian ,willis of coquetry4 ,she looked down at her work again1 the smile fading1 but the mouth still sweet1 slowly threaded her needle with a rosepink floss1 and said as slowly1 8,i do not wish you to forget me40 ,one who has seen the sun strike through a heavy fog1 stop a moment1 then fling it asunder1 all in silence1 without breath of breeze1 but making a bright day of a dark one1 knows how ,mr4 ,bently's clouded face cleared at those words1 and the look of her who spoke them4 ,no more was said then4 ,enough is as good as a feast1 and both tasted in that moment the full sweetness of a happiness the more perfect because apparently incomplete4 ,on one point our mind is made up--this story shall not end with a marriage4 ,a marriage there was1 at seven o'clock one spring morning1 in the little suburban church1 with only three visible witnesses2 and the marriage feast was--be it said with all reverence and adoration--manna from heaven1 the ,bread of ,angels6 ,mrs4 ,clay was1 of course1 shocked at this affair4 ,where was the trousseau1 where the fuss1 the presents that might have been1 the rehearsal at a fashionable church1 the organ music1 the crowd of dear criticising friends1 the reception1 cake and wine1 journey1 what not--all the parade1 weariness1 and extravagance which have so often changed a sacrament into a ceremony8 ,where1 indeed8 ,they had no existence outside of the lady's disappointed wishes4 ,she did not even see what she called this 8positively shabby affair10 and we will not dwell on it4 ,turn we to the final scene4 ,does the reader object that ,john bears too small a part in the story named for him8 ,on the contrary1 the whole story is because of ,john4 ,you have1 perhaps1 seen a painting of the procession at the coronation of ,george ,,iv41 pages and pages of magnificent persons1 names1 and costumes1 the brilliant pageant of the longextended queue1 all because of one person in it4 ,the figure is rather large1 apparently1 for use in this place1 but only apparently2 for ,john's record is better than any king's1 in that it is unstained4 ,a year has passed4 ,in the midst of a fair area of gardens and trees stands a pleasant house4 ,only a window or two are open1 for the spring is not yet far advanced4 ,underneath a large old pine1 tree not far from the porch1 a hole has been dug1 and at one side of it stands ,mr4 ,bently1 spade in hand1 and at the other his wife4 ,this little pit is lined with green boughs1 and the lady stoops and carefully and soberly adds one more4 ,on the heap of earth thrown up rests a box4 ,this much is visible to a young man who comes strolling up the path from the gate4 ,he pauses1 and looks on in astonishment4 ,he recollects of having heard somewhere that ,cousin ,bently's dog ,john was accidentally shot1 and that ,mrs4 ,bently cried about it4 ,can it be possible that they are making a funeral over ,john8 ,that would be too funny4 ,mr4 ,bently stooped1 took the box in his arms1 and placed it carefully down among the green boughs4 ,standing upright then1 he wiped his eyes1 and muttered a trembling1 8,poor fellow60 8,goodmorning60 said a brisk voice at his elbow4 8,i'm sorry ,johnnie met with a mishap4 ,are you burying him here80 ,the vapid1 mean1 supercilious face gave them both such a shock that they reddened and frowned4 ,no one could have been less welcome at that moment than ,arthur ,clay4 ,mrs4 ,bently answered his question with a brief1 8,yes40 8,oh6 well1 there are dogs enough in the world10 said the young man1 meaning to be consoling4 8,there are puppies enough60 muttered ,mr4 ,bently1 and began shovelling the earth savagely into the grave4 8,please go into the house1 and wait for us1 ,arthur10 the lady said1 with polite decision4 ,she had no mind to have this last touching rite spoiled by such an intrusion4 ,but young ,mr4 ,clay was in an obliging mood4 8,thank you2 ,i'd just as lief stay1 and rather4 ,i never attended a canine funeral before40 ,there was a momentary silence1 then ,mrs4 ,bently spoke again1 with still more decision and far less suavity3 8,on the whole1 you must excuse us from seeing you any longer this morning4 ,if you had gone to the door1 the servant would have told you that we do not receive any one today40 ,the young man gave an angry laugh4 8,oh6 certainly6 ,i wouldn't for the world intrude on your sorrow4 ,goodmorning6 ,it's a pity1 though1 that dogs are not immortal1 isn't it8 ,you might have ,john canonized40 ,mr4 ,bently flashed his eyes round at the speaker4 8,what60 he thundered1 8you immortal1 and my ,,dog ,,not60 ,if they had been two ,parrott guns1 instead of two eyes and a mouth1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,clay could not have retreated more precipitantly4 ,the grave was filled in and covered over with boughs1 two sighs were breathed over it1 then the couple walked1 arm in arm1 slowly toward the house4 8,he was a perfect creature60 ,mr4 ,bently said1 after a silence4 8,yes60 assented the wife4 8,only he would bounce at one so40 8,marian10 said her husband solemnly1 8if it hadn't been for ,john's habit of bouncing at his friends1 you would have had no husband40 ,it was well meant1 but unfortunately worded4 ,the lady pouted1 being by no means an ideal1 perfect1 pattern woman1 but only a natural and charming one1 with varying moods and whims playing1 spraylike1 over the deeps of principle and religion4 8,don't be too sure of that60 she made answer to him4 ,mr4 ,bently never bristled with virtues when his wife made such remarks4 ,he smiled now1 full of kindness4 8,i meant to say that ,i should have had no wife10 he corrected himself4 ,at that1 the pout1 which was only a rebellious muscle1 not a rebellious heart1 disappeared4 8,it means the same thing1 you most patient of men60 exclaimed his wife fervently4 ,they reached the porch1 and stood there a moment1 looking back to the mound under the pinetree4 8,it is a comfort to think10 said the wife1 8that for one year of his life we made him such a happy dog40 ,then they went in1 and the door closed behind them4 ,the ,international ,congress ,of ,prehistoric ,anthropology ,and ,archaeology4 ,from ,la ,revue ,generale ,de ,bruxelles4 ,the ,international ,congress of ,prehistoric ,anthropology and ,archology held its sixth meeting at ,brussels1 in #ahgb4 ,the idea of this congress originated in ,italy4 ,some eminent ,swiss1 ,italian1 and ,french naturalists1 assembled at ,spezzia in #ahfe1 resolved to hold the first session the following year at ,neufchtel4 ,this meeting1 entirely confined to explorations1 created no sensation out of the scientific world1 but it was agreed there should be another at the time of the ,international ,exposition at ,paris in #ahfg4 ,the congress1 thenceforth established1 appointed a committee to organize the next meeting4 ,more than four hundred savants responded to the invitation4 ,at ,paris it was decided to meet again the next year at ,norwich1 at the same time as the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science4 ,the programme of questions proposed for discussion at ,norwich presents a striking similarity to that at ,paris4 ,the congress held at ,copenhagen in #ahfi was distinguished by a more local and practical character than the preceding4 ,finally1 the ,congress of ,bologna1 in #ahga1 enlarged still more the extent of its programme2 according1 however1 the first place to objects that particularly interested ,italy4 ,the programme of the ,congress of ,brussels was1 so to speak1 determined by ,m4 ,e4 ,dupont's important discoveries in the caverns of the province of ,namur1 and the questions were drawn up from the ,belgian point of view1 in order to give our savants an opportunity of acquainting foreign scientific men with the researches and facts relating particularly to our country4 ,similar proceedings had taken place at ,copenhagen and ,bologna4 ,but the programme of ,brussels by no means excluded points of general interest4 ,here is the list of those proposed3 ,i4 ,what discoveries have been made in ,belgium to attest the antiquity of prehistoric man8 ,,ii4 ,what were the manners and pursuits of the people who lived in the caverns of ,belgium8 ,did their manners and pursuits vary during the quaternary epoch8 ,what analogy is there between their manners and pursuits1 and those of the troglodyte population in other parts of ,western ,europe and of the savages of the present day8 ,,iii4 ,what were the pursuits of the people who inhabited the plains of ,hainault during the quaternary epoch8 ,can it be proved they held any communication with their contemporaries of the caverns of the provinces of ,lige and ,namur1 or with the quaternary peoples of the valleys of the ,somme and the ,thames8 ,,iv4 ,what characterized the age of polished stone in ,belgium8 ,what was its connection with previous ages1 and with the age of polished stone in ,western ,europe8 ,v4 ,what were the anatomical and ethnical characteristics of man in ,belgium during the age of stone8 ,,vi4 ,what characterized the age of bronze in ,belgium8 ,,vii4 ,what characterized the appearance of iron in ,belgium8 ,excursions to the caverns of the valleys of the ,lesse1 the flintworks of ,spiennes and ,mesvin1 and the entrenched camp of ,hastedon near ,namur1 formed a practical demonstration of the problems discussed at the meeting4 ,many illustrious coworkers responded to the invitation of the ,committee of ,arrangements4 ,england was represented by ,messrs4 ,prestwich1 ,owen1 the great palontologist1 ,dawkins1 ,lubbock1 ,franks1 the ,director of the ,department of ,antiquities and ,ethnography at the ,british ,museum1 etc42 ,france1 by her most eminent anthropologists1 archologists1 and geologists1 ,messrs1 ,quatrefages1 ,broca1 ,belgrand1 ,hbert1 ,de ,mortillet and ,bertrand of the ,muse de ,s4 ,germain1 ,general ,faid'herbe1 the ,marquis de ,vibraye1 ,cartaillac1 ,de ,linas1 ,doctors ,lagneau et ,hamy1 one ,president and the other ,secretary of the ,society of ,anthropology1 ,deshayes1 ,gaudry1 ,gervais1 the ,abbs ,bourgeois and ,delauny1 one ,superior and the other ,professor at the ,college of ,pont,levoy1 ,oppert1 the celebrated explorer of ,khorsabat1 and many others1 among whom we must not omit the inevitable ,mlle4 ,clemence ,royer1 at least as a curiosity4 ,the northern countries sent the founders of prehistoric archology in the ,north--,messrs4 ,worsa1 ,engelhardt1 ,de ,wichfeld1 ,steenstrup1 ,waldemar,schmidt1 from ,denmark2 ,messrs4 ,hildebrand1 ,landberg1 ,lagerberg1 ,nillson1 ,d',oliviecrona1 from ,sweden2 ,italy was brilliantly represented by ,messrs4 ,capellini1 ,fabretti1 ,biondelli1 ,count ,conestabile1 ,gozzadini1 etc42 ,spain and ,portugal by only a few2 ,holland by several1 among whom was ,m4 ,leemans1 ,director of the ,museum of ,leyden2 ,austria by ,count ,wurmbrand2 ,germany by the ,baron de ,ducker1 ,professors ,fraas1 of ,stuttgart1 ,schafthausen1 of ,bonn1 the celebrated ,virchow1 of ,berlin1 ,lindenschmidt1 of ,mayence2 ,switzerland by ,desor1 one of the founders of prehistoric archology4 ,belgian science was represented in the committee by ,messrs4 d',omalius d',halloy1 the venerable ,president of the congress1 ,van ,beneden1 ,de ,witte1 ,dupont1 with the lite of our savants1 attended by a constellation of archologists de circonstance belonging to the various orders of the literary1 artistic1 and political world1 and even the commercial2 for philosophy does not daunt ,m4 ,jourdain in these days4 ,as for the rest1 it was a spectacle of no slight interest to behold the extraordinary concourse of hearers that thronged the sessions at the ducal palace1 attentively listening to discussions sometimes very abstract1 and again participating in the excursions of the learned assembly with a genuine interest apart from the mere pleasure of the excursions themselves4 ,in proportion as man adds to his knowledge of the globe he inhabits1 instead of being satisfied1 the greater ardor and interest he manifests to know more4 8,the surface of both land and water explored in every sense of the word2 mountains measured2 oceans sounded1 and their secrets brought to light2 inorganic substances and organized bodies analyzed and described2 plants1 animals1 and the human races studied under every aspect2 historical traditions investigated and revised2 the dead languages brought into use1 and the words derived from them traced back to their original roots--all this is not enough4 ,knowing what he is1 and with a thousand theories as to his destination1 man wishes to pierce the mystery of his origin2 he asks whence he came1 and how he began the career so laboriously pursued1 and into which he was thrust by a destiny of which he had no consciousness407#bai7 ,the truths that we grasp in our day were perhaps only guessed at by the ancients4 ,lucretius has drawn a very correct picture1 for those days1 of the wretched condition of the earlier races1 their struggles with the elements1 and even the primitive weapons of stone which they wrought before the age of bronze and iron4 ,but this is only a poetical conception to which must be attached no more importance than it merits4 ,the science of prehistoric ages then had no existence4 ,this science1 scarcely known twenty years ago1 has now quite a literature of its own1 several reviews1 and an annual ,international ,congress 7in future it will be biennial71 splendid museums in all our capitals1 and a society whose labors have contributed not a little to so prodigious a result--the ,society of ,anthropology4 ,some persons are troubled at the discussion of grave and delicate questions that seem to set revelation and science at variance4 ,as for us1 who can never admit the possibility of a conflict between the ,bible and nature--those two divine revelations--or that they ought ever to be completely separated1 we deeply regret the complete absence of our clergy at these great sessions1 while those of ,france and ,italy were represented in a brilliant manner4 8,i am well aware10 says ,m4 ,chabas1 in an able preface1 8that the materialistic tendency of savants of very considerable attainments in anthropology and other branches of prehistoric research1 withholds many men whose concurrence would be of value to science from entering the arena where such points are discussed40 ,but timid minds are becoming more reassured4 ,therefore1 as the ,abb ,bourgeois happily remarked at the ,congress of ,paris1 8,we shall perhaps have to add to the antiquity of man1 but we ought also to detract from that of fossils40 ,besides1 hitherto1 in spite of so much research1 man alone has been found intelligent and with a moral sense of his acts2 and in the animal kingdom there is not a single proof to confirm even remotely ,lamarck's theory of transmutation revived by ,darwin4 ,when so many are appealing to science to the exclusion of ,god from the universe1 it would be well for others to endeavor to make him manifest by the aid of science4 8,what60 exclaims ,mgr4 ,meignan1 in his brilliant work on ,the ,world and ,primitive ,man according to the ,bible1 8ought the exegete to make no account of the progress of human knowledge8 ,can the savant find neither profit nor light in the wisdom of ,holy ,writ8 ,we think otherwise4 ,the theologian who first studies nature will be better enabled to explain certain passages of the ,bible2 and the naturalist and archologist1 in their turn1 will find it advantageous to study the real meaning of ,genesis40 ,the human mind enters upon a course of examination more or less legitimate in subjecting religion itself to the trial of controversy2 it is almost a duty imposed on the conscience of all who are not vainly endowed with reason to enable themselves to give a reason for the belief that is within them4 8,the task of the apologist10 says the eminent prelate just quoted1 8is never at an end in our restless age40 ,the disagreement that some seem to apprehend only exists in superficial or sceptical minds4 ,if the ,bible is not a scientific revelation1 neither does it contradict science1 and especially in the bold outlines drawn by ,moses4 ,science1 as it progresses1 sets up its landmarks1 so to speak1 beside the immutable bounds of faith2 it is so with the laws of light1 as well as the fundamental principles of geology4 ,revelation assigns no limits to the antiquity of the world1 and allows the beginning in which ,god created it to recede to as remote a period as is wished1 and geology corroborates the ,scripture account of successive creations4 ,is not the unity of origin of the human species1 distinctly declared in both ,testaments1 connected with all the hypotheses that have excited so much opposition in our day8 ,i do not mean the unity of the human species1 a doctrinal question very different from the other1 and not necessarily connected with it4 ,but the unity of origin of the human race is now taught and demonstrated by the greater part of those versed in natural history2 it is a scientific truth4 ,as to the existence of man in the tertiary epoch1 it is far from certain1 though sustained by many highly respectable men47#bbj7 ,m4 ,evans1 the ,secretary of the ,geological ,society of ,london1 whose name is an authority on things pertaining to anthropology and palontology1 expressed himself in these terms at a meeting of the ,british ,association at ,liverpool last year #ahga3 8,we cannot10 said he1 8possibly make any prediction as to the discoveries that still await us in the soil beneath our feet2 but we certainly have no reason to conclude that the most ancient traces of man on the earth1 or even on the soil of ,western ,europe1 have been brought to light4 ,at the same time1 ,i must confess that the existing evidence of man in the miocene period1 and even in the pliocene1 in ,france 7it will be seen further on that this has since been asserted in ,portugal71 appears to me1 after the most careful examination on the spot1 very far from convincing40 ,besides1 the word prehistoric has only a relative exactness of meaning4 ,in ,belgium1 prehistoric man comes down to the century before the ,roman ,conquest4 ,a vast number of the monuments and remains so discussed in our day might be included in the historic period4 ,in most cases1 too absolute a signification is given to the word prehistoric1 conveying an idea of remote antiquity far beyond the bounds of chronology4 ,it is under the influence of this preconceived opinion that the most distinguished and independent investigators have allowed themselves to be carried away with the apparent revelation of an entirely new world4 ,in hearing of the millions of ages attributed to quaternary man1 one feels greatly behind the times1 and asks himself anxiously if there really is a science that has a good right to make man so old1 and that affords means of ascertaining1 as has been stated1 what our ancestors were observing in the heavens on the #bith of ,january1 #aa1edb years before ,christ4 ,this feeling of astonishment must be still livelier in those for whom the insoluble problems of antiquity extend back to less than two thousand years4 ,we do not know the site of ,alesia1 and we pretend to know the habitat and manners of villages of more than three hundred thousand years before the downfall of the ,gallic nationality6 ,it should be confessed that the science which has so recently sprung up1 and which has for its object the study of human labor anterior to the use of metals1 is neither so firmly established nor so positive in its deductions that we should blindly accept such bold theories4 ,this is one of the reasons that should encourage more men of serious pursuits to take a part in these debates1 as to which it is allowable to hope that the truth will some day be discovered at an equal distance from any exaggeration4 ,we shall have occasion to return to these questions which occupied the ,congress of ,brussels4 ,this preamble appeared necessary as a justification for confining ourselves to a plain1 simple analysis of the proceedings of the congress--others can review them better than we4 ,we will only add one word more4 ,the field for discussion had been prepared in a wonderful manner by the recent publication of the excellent work in which the learned and active director of our ,royal ,museum of ,natural ,history has condensed his researches47#bba7 ,the opening session took place the #bb;d of ,august4 ,the day was spent in receptions1 speeches of welcome1 replies1 the installation of the board1 and other official courtesies which we spare the reader4 ,the following days there were two sessions a day4 ,the morning of the #bc;d of ,august was devoted to the first question in the programme4 ,there was no one better fitted to develop it than ,m4 ,dupont1 the ,chief ,secretary of the congress1 and the most active of its organizers4 ,he had already given a clear outline of its history in his discourse at the first session of the day before4 ,it was started in ,belgium in #ahbi1 and kept up by the researches of ,schmerling1 who may be regarded as the ,champollion of prehistoric anthropology2 but our illustrious fellowcitizen was not encouraged in his discoveries1 and it may be said that he was1 to a certain degree1 a martyr to the scientific prejudices of his time4 ,his labors1 occurring at a time when ,cuvier's authority was at its height1 could not counterbalance the influence of that great genius1 who declared that man could not be found among fossils' bones1 and that the vestiges of the human race in the caverns came under the general rule4 ,no one then could have dreamed of referring these remains to the epoch of the mammoth1 and it was scarcely admitted1 till within a dozen years1 that man was contemporary with the animals of the geological periods which preceded ours4 ,schmerling1 but little befriended by circumstances1 was deceived as to what caused the introduction of this dbris into the caverns4 ,he attributed it to sudden inundations4 ,some years later1 ,mr4 ,spring opened the way to the true theory1 which allows the reconstruction of the ethnography of geological epochs2 but he could not continue his researches1 and it was not till #ahfa that ,lartet's report concerning the caverns of ,aurillac at length established a collection of decisive facts4 ,in #ahfc1 ,m4 ,dupont was appointed to explore the caverns of the province of ,namur1 which gave promise of discoveries of unusual interest2 it was important that our country1 after having taken so large a part in establishing the first principles of this new science1 should not remain inactive in the movement to which it had led4 ,the immense result of researches continued without relaxation for seven years1 summer and winter1 and the valuable remains thus found1 which are the ornament of our principal museum1 prove that the direction of the task could not have been confided to better hands4 ,m4 ,dupont1 laying aside the arbitrary classifications that had hitherto been adopted for determining the antiquity of remains found in caverns1 introduced the geologic method in his researches1 which is founded upon principles almost incontestable and evidences of indubitable truth4 ,the chronological data furnished by this method are generally of mathematical exactitude4 8,with this point to start from10 says ,m4 ,dupont1 8,i was sure of clearly determining the fauna and ethnographical remains of each epoch to which the objects discovered in the various subterranean explorations belonged407#bbb7 ,in pursuing the application of this method1 our young and already illustrious savant was enabled to show the evolution of physical and biological phenomena1 and to reconstruct the ethnography of the age of stone4 ,whatever may be thought of the reality of the facts brought forward1 it must be confessed that no ordinary mind could have formed such bold conceptions4 ,after a communication from ,dr4 ,hamy on the flintworks of ,france and ,england at the time of the mammoth1 the ,abb ,bourgeois discussed the question of tertiary man4 ,the learned professor's clear1 fluent language1 the distinction of his manners1 and his open1 animated countenance so completely won the goodwill of the audience that thenceforth1 whenever he spoke1 his appearance in the tribune was hailed with unanimous applause4 ,the ,abb ,bourgeois and ,m4 de ,launay1 his colleague1 are the true heralds of tertiary man4 ,the chronological discussion they so boldly excite seems to embarrass them but little2 on the other hand1 they almost banish the hope some still seem to cling to of finding the manmonkey4 ,in #ahff1 ,m4 ,bourgeois described and presented to the ,academy of ,sciences some wrought flints found in the tertiary deposits in the commune of ,thenay near ,pont ,levoy 7,loiret,cher74 ,m4 ,desnoyers had already1 in #ahfc1 pointed out bones found in strata incontestably pliocene1 on which were stri1 or very distinct and regularly marked incisions4 ,worked flints are beginning to be found1 we are assured1 in the bottom of the calcareous deposits of ,beauce2 that is to say1 in chalk4 ,they are identical in form with those found on the surface2 as in other places1 there are utensils for cutting1 piercing1 scraping1 and hammering4 ,many of these instruments have been injured by the action of fire4 ,finally1 says the ,abb ,bourgeois1 8,i find in them almost every proof of man's agency1 to wit3 aftertouches1 symmetrical grooves1 grooves artificially made to correspond with natural ones1 and especially the multiplied reproduction of certain forms4 ,this is a peculiar1 unheardof fact of the highest importance1 but1 to me1 an indubitable one40 ,m4 ,bourgeois exhibited to the competent judges assembled at ,brussels what he considered the proofs of the authenticity of his discovery4 ,to him they are convincing1 but what he seeks1 above all1 is truth1 and he asked that a special committee be appointed to elucidate the question4 ,this committee pronounced a verdict two days after1 without deciding the point4 ,of thirtytwo specimens presented for examination1 some appeared to them evidently wrought1 but most of them were unanimously rejected4 ,there was no difference of opinion as to ,m4 ,bourgeois' sincerity of belief1 but they were divided as to the authenticity of the deposit4 ,those who have seen the place had no doubts2 the remainder were incredulous4 ,m4 ,capellini proposed that a new committee be appointed to make researches on the spot4 ,the general conclusion was that no solution is at present possible4 ,the existence of prehistoric man in ,greece next became the subject of lively discussion1 giving rise to the most contradictory opinions4 ,the conclusion was that there are no decided proofs4 ,the same doubt was manifested with respect to a skull from ,california1 said to have been found in tertiary formation4 ,it is not even certain it is a human skull4 ,the second session of the day opened with an account from ,m4 ,rivire of the discovery of a complete skeleton in a grotto at ,menton1 found among the remains of various animals of the quaternary epoch1 such as the lion1 bear1 rhinoceros1 etc4 ,then ,m4 de ,mortillet gave a detailed description of the fauna1 and the utensils1 arms1 pursuits1 manners1 and even the first manifestation of art1 of man in the quaternary period1 and he proposed a still further subdivision of the classes than is now admitted4 ,the speaker mentioned a very singular circumstance calculated to excite reflection--an inexplicable hiatus between the last period of the age of cut stone and the age of polished stone1 in which new races appeared of greater industry and more intelligence1 agriculture was developed1 the industrial pursuits were extended1 and art disappeared4 ,it is the era of lacustrine villages and of dolmens4 ,m4 de ,mortillet's sketch of prehistoric civilization was picturesque but far from convincing4 ,the ,abb ,bourgeois did not think ,m4 de ,mortillet's classification correct1 because the progress of civilization in ,france and ,belgium was unequal4 8,the ,belgians10 he said1 8were more advanced40 ,and the orator added with charming bonhomie3 8,i cannot say it is otherwise now40 ,m4 ,fraas1 professor at ,stuttgart1 stated that he had made some explorations in the grotto of ,hollenfelz near ,ulm1 in ,wrtemberg4 ,the ,homo unius cavern was refuted in his conclusions by ,m4 ,hbert1 the celebrated professor at the ,sorbonne1 and by other savants4 ,m4 d',omalius was of the opinion that two geologists of different countries1 desirous of identifying beds contiguous to their fields of exploration1 were never able to agree4 ,between two strata there are always deposits that partake of the distinctive characteristics of both4 ,we pass from the grave to the entertaining4 ,the following day1 at seven o'clock in the morning1 all the learned assembly1 glad1 it may be imagined1 to get away from the pretentious paintings of the ducal palace1 took flight by steam for the valley of the ,lesse4 ,we would be the first to confess that1 if the country excited the sincere admiration of the excursionists1 the latter were equally a delightful source of curiosity to the native inhabitants4 ,they will not readily forget the picturesque sight of our long caravan traversing the good town of ,dinant all decked out with flags1 parading in elegant equipages lost among the coucous1 fiacres1 and calches of wondrous construction1 or perched on the imperials of the most extraordinary vehicles1 omnibuses1 and pataches truly prehistoric1 filing along the banks of the ,meuse towards the valleys amid laughter1 jests1 joltings1 and the vociferations of our ,automedon4 ,charming landscapes1 but detestable roads4 ,this region has been so often described that ,i need not attempt to depict it2 it is with the pencil and brush it should be undertaken4 ,sometimes the road winds around with disagreeable undulations through the deep ravines bordered by appletrees whose fruitladen branches sweep the imperials of the carriages1 endangering the silken hat2 sometimes rolling over broad grassy roads walled in by immense cliffs crowned with ruins and verdure1 or affording vistas through the neighboring valleys1 lit up by the sun streaming through the woods with a mild radiance that recalls the ,elysian ,fields of mythological memory4 ,at length we come to the ,lesse1 which bars the way with its clear1 rapid current4 ,the carriages have to ford the capricious and petulant waters of the little winding torrent4 ,the horses sheer in the very middle of the stream1 causing a deafening noise of laughter1 shouts of alarm1 and blows of the whip4 ,all ends by crossing without any great difficulty1 but the same scene is reproduced five or six times with varied incidents2 for there are that number of fords to cross4 ,it was in one of these places1 where we were obliged to cross the river in boats in order to reach the grottoes1 that we saw the overloaded skiff capsized that bore among others ,m4 d',omalius and ,mlle4 ,royer4 ,the apostle of woman's emancipation clung with shrill screams to the neck of a small gentleman1 her chevalier servant for the time1 and1 when she found a footing with the water up to her chin1 she contributed somewhat to save her assistant by keeping his head out of water--a fine opportunity for quoting ,la ,fontaine1 with a kind variation3 8,that is nothing2 it is not a woman that is drowning40 ,the nonagenarian president of the congress was taken out safe and sound1 and it was with extreme difficulty he was induced to change his chaussures1 but nothing could prevail upon him to accept dry garments4 ,happily1 the weather was superb1 and the shipwrecked travellers could get dry in the sun4 ,we returned by way of the plateaux that overlook the valley4 ,nothing could be imagined more fantastically beautiful than that immense panorama bathed in the purple light of the setting sun4 ,the visitors1 under the guidance of ,m4 ,dupont1 had been through all the principal caverns described in his book4 ,his learned explanations were greatly relished1 and added a keen interest to an excursion of which the unexpected and the amusing had heightened the charm4 ,we will not speak of the banquet that crowned so delightful a day1 or of the ovations that were lavished on the savants and others4 ,for such details1 we refer you to the newspapers that published the reports4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,in ,our ,next ,number4 ,the ,see ,of ,peter4 ,not unto hirelings1 ,prince of ,shepherds1 leave ,this distant flock4 ,the wolf1 long kept at bay1 ,no longer in sheep's clothing seeks its prey1 ,nor prowls at midnight round the fold's low eave1 ,its weak1 unwary victim to deceive2 ,but rampant in the flock at noon of day1 ,careering leaps1 to scatter1 mangle1 slay1 ,while from afar the banished shepherds grieve4 ,how long must sycophants wax blandly wise1 ,and meekfaced aspirants rebuke the cries ,of outraged faith6 ,on ,peter1 8,feed my sheep1 ,my young lambs feed10 the charge benignant lies1 ,and we whose vigils cheat the night of sleep1 ,on ,peter1 still1 calm eyes expectant keep4 ,atlantic ,drift--,gathered ,in ,the ,steerage4 ,by ,an ,emigrant4 ,to most of the sons and daughters of ,columbia the few days they pass in returning from the ,old ,country represent but a period of wearisome delay--an interval sometimes nauseous and always irksome between the pleasures of travel and those of their own fireside1 passed perhaps in recollection of the pleasures of ,paris1 the classic grandeurs of the ,eternal ,city1 or the picturesque beauties of ,switzerland and the ,rhine2 not unfrequently1 perhaps1 by our belles1 whose elegance and social value have received their last gilding in the grand tour of ,europe1 in anticipation of the effect of their costumes at ,newport or ,saratoga1 or of their adventures and experiences in the great circle of their country friends4 ,all that wealth and skill can do is lavished on the accommodations of ocean steamers1 and nothing is spared to make the traveller independent of the caprice or illtemper of the watery god2 and nowadays a passage from the ,mersey to our ,empire ,city is to the ordinary passenger almost as comfortable and quite as devoid of unusual interest as a sojourn of so many days at the ,st4 ,nicholas or the ,fifth ,avenue4 ,there is1 however1 another class of voyagers whose hardearned savings form the staple of the receipts of the owners of these splendid vessels2 they usually belong to a sphere where literature hardly penetrates and whence come few who wield a ready pen2 hence perhaps the general ignorance that seems to prevail as to their treatment and accommodation4 ,the cabin passenger sees them only in squalid groups1 encumbering the decks of the great ship1 beyond the middle enclosure reserved to the saloon2 and if he dives into the close and halflit steerage1 a very brief glance round its dim precincts satisfies his curiosity4 ,believing1 however1 that many of our adopted countrymen will feel some interest in knowing how the great army of emigrants who flock in hundreds of thousands to our shores fare on their ocean transit1 one of us lifts a voice from the steerage to relate some of the realities of life in an emigrant ship4 ,naught have we extenuated or aught set down in malice1 and1 such as it is1 our little narrative is a true history of personal and actual experience4 ,to the reader it matters little what illfortune cast from his quiet anchorage a ,london clerk who had already seen three decades1 and whose life had hitherto run in the tranquil groove of uniform official duty1 sufficiently well remunerated to furnish the comforts of a middleclass ,english home4 ,unable to regain a similar position in his native land1 he goes to seek his fortune in the ,west1 and1 thither wending1 finds himself in the steerage of one of our principal ocean steamers4 ,candor requires this avowal1 for those interested in the great liners think they dispose of the numerous complaints as to their treatment of their emigrant passengers1 by retorting that they provide for the workingclasses1 and not for clerks out of place or penniless gentlemen4 ,hence what is here stated as to their discomfort deals not with the writer's own feelings1 but speaks of what he saw endured by others1 and he gives voice not merely to his own opinions1 but to the sentiments of the mechanics1 artisans1 and farm laborers who were his fellowvoyagers4 ,every emigrant has to provide himself with bedding1 plate1 basin1 drinking and water can1 and a knife and fork4 ,our first experience of emigrant life consisted in the purchase of these articles at a ,liverpool slopshop2 some ten shillings covered the entire outlay1 except for the blanket1 the most indispensable of all2 for this purpose1 the dealer persuaded us to buy a horserug1 which he solemnly assured us was worth double the money across the ,atlantic3 as a copy of the ,times would give about as much warmth and shelter as the common covering sold with the bed1 we invested in it4 ,an addition to our comfort it certainly has been in the bunk1 and in the long nights in the emigrant trains1 and it still remains our property2 no market have we been able to discover for the article1 and we conclude that a certain spice of ,americanism had communicated itself to the mercantile mind of the seller4 ,many of the inmates of our steerage dispensed with all or most of these domestic utensils4 ,one gentleman's luggage1 whose world wide travels we may hereafter refer to1 consisted of a limited brownpaper parcel2 in his subsequent oceanic career his ,irish suavity usually procured him the loan of one of the tins of an acquaintance2 that failing1 he borrowed any neighboring utensil whose owner was not for the moment at hand2 or1 driven to his last resource1 abjured coffee or soup and ate his portion of meat on a piece of brown paper4 ,some had but one vessel which served indifferently for a drinkingcan1 soupbasin1 plate1 teacup1 or wash handbasin1 while a few comfortloving people1 more frequently1 however1 in the after or family steerage than in our bachelor quarters1 carried heavy loads of comfortable bedding and neatlyarranged baskets of tableware4 ,nearly all this apparatus of bedding and tinware is thrown overboard or given to the crew when the vessel arrives at its destination2 only the frugal ,germans carefully preserve their vessels1 and1 shaking out its straw or moss contents1 preserve the ticking of the bed either as a wrapping for their baggage or some ulterior purpose4 ,it certainly seems strange that an expenditure of from two to three hundred pounds should be incurred by every shipload of emigrants for articles of such brief utility4 ,could not this outlay be converted to the benefit of the ship owners by the permanent provision of requisites of this description at a moderate charge8 ,the great landing stage at ,liverpool on the morning of our embarkation was crowded with some two thousand persons--the passengers of three mail steamers1 their friends1 and the swarm of porters1 carters1 and pedlers in attendance on them4 ,everything was confusion2 here mothers seeking a stray little one1 there the husband anxiously gathering together his motley property of boxes1 bedding1 cans1 baskets1 and packages of every description1 as they were roughly tossed out of the cart from some boardinghouse4 ,the boxes had to be placed in one tender1 the passengers and lighter luggage in another2 porters drove greedy bargains with females helplessly encumbered with immovable boxes4 ,women with baskets full of articles for sale--combs and brushes1 knives1 scissors1 and soap--pushed their way here and there4 ,to single men1 careful of small change1 it was a problem how to move the box or trunk in one direction and yet secure the safety of the other articles while doing so4 ,we despaired of solving the problem1 and trusted to the honesty of a badge porter1 who undertook for sixpence to place our box on the luggage tender2 afterwards1 nervous as to the actual presence there of our little all1 we spent two weary hours in watching the baggage discharged into the hold4 ,a thousand trunks and chests of every conceivable size1 shape1 color1 and dimensions passed down the hatchway before us--handsome ,american boxes1 ribbed and gay with bright nails2 immense ironbound chests of unpainted deal1 containing the whole household goods of some ,swedish or ,norwegian family1 directed in quaint letters to some faroff town in ,minnesota or ,wisconsin2 flimsy papered trunks1 with sides already creaking and gaping1 threatening to disgorge their finery before they touch the ground in ,castle ,garden2 and ,german packs of strong ticking or canvas about the size of a small haystack--and1 with a sigh of relief1 we at last saw our property shot with a crash into the hold4 ,nearly two long hours did we spend on the open stage under a drizzling rain1 that soaked the beds and blankets before the tenders moored alongside2 then all made for the gangways1 tugging their luggage with them2 produced their tickets as they passed on1 and pushed1 tumbled1 and scrambled pellmell on board2 a similar scene was enacted at the steamer's side2 and when at last we reached her spacious decks we felt like soldiers passed unscathed through some hardfought field2 not all unscathed1 however2 a considerable number of missing tins1 blankets1 and even beds attested the severity of the struggle and gave zest to the satisfaction of the more fortunate4 ,arrived at last on our floating home for the coming fortnight1 we pushed our way into the steerages to find our berths and enter into possession3 and here let us try to describe4 ,the steamer was a magnificent vessel1 advertised to be of #c1gjj tons1 and celebrated for the luxury of her saloon accommodation and her almost unrivalled speed--qualities1 as experience taught us1 attained somewhat at the expense of the comfort of her emigrant passengers4 ,right aft the forecastle or forward part of the deck was roofed over with what sailors call a whaleback1 to the entrance of the forward steerage2 a small deck house1 with doors on each side1 and on one side a small closet with a half door and a few racks for clothes served as a deck bar2 behind it1 that is1 towards the stern1 was the forward fresh water pump2 walking still sternwards1 we next encounter another small house containing the washhouse for the forward steerage1 entered from below1 and two or three cabins for some of the officers or petty officers opening on the deck2 on one side of this was a hot water tap2 a few feet further is the main deck house1 extending about half the length of the ship2 in the streetlike passages between its sides and the bulwarks--open iron railings in our vessel--are the doors to the galleys1 boilers1 enginerooms1 officers' berths1 and saloon1 which1 unlike most other steamships1 is in this situated amidships2 from the saloon a handsome double staircase led on to the deck above1 which1 however1 like the tops of all the other deck houses1 was tabooed ground to the emigrants4 ,at the end of the main deck house was the entrance to the forward or sternmost steerage1 and at the side of it the after fresh water pump2 still further aft another deck house contained the washhouse belonging to this steerage1 and1 as in case of the forward steerage1 entered from below1 and one or two officers' berths1 and provided outside with a second hot water tap2 still further1 the stern deck house contained the wheel house1 with the engine for working the rudder1 the butcher's shop1 ice and meat house1 and vegetable storehouse2 and between its semicircular end and the bulwark round the stern ran a low gallery1 always considered among us as the most desirable place to settle for the day4 ,we were free to ramble or squat ourselves on the deck where we listed1 except the extreme forecastle forward of the entrance to the sailors' cabin2 there an incautious intruder paid his footing with the penalty of a bottle or two of beer to the nearest sailor who could catch him4 ,under the whaleback1 also1 either by custom or some rule of the ship1 was forbidden ground to children or the fair sex1 and always the chosen resort of old hands who liked to smoke a quiet pipe sheltered from the wind1 chat with those of the crew who were off duty1 and be comfortably near the deck bar4 ,enter the forward or bachelors' steerage--the after one being reserved to married couples and single women2 leaving the bright day1 we can hardly distinguish the objects in the dim light1 and feel our way down the first flight of steps2 this brings us on the main deck2 here it is not open to the sides of the ship1 along which run the berths of the saloon passengers4 ,entered from the saloons at the fore part1 where they terminate by the hospital1 two neat rooms1 each with three or four bunks with bedding1 washbasins1 etc41 similar to those of a saloon berth1 and in one of which1 in the absence of patients1 our two stewards sleep2 and at the other or after end a narrow flight of steps leads up to the wash house on deck4 ,the main deck is lighted only by the stairs and the hatchway2 when the wooden grating covering the latter is in its place1 it is dim2 when it is covered with tarpaulin to prevent the entrance of the rain or spray1 too dark to see4 ,we have still another flight of steps to descend to reach the cavernous abyss of the steerage itself1 which is situated betweendecks2 when our eyes grow accustomed to the obscurity1 we see a central open space about ten feet wide1 running from end to end2 in this are three narrow wooden tables with benches1 two lengthwise and one crosswise1 each capable of seating about twenty people2 on each side are the bunks1 reaching to the roof1 entered by narrow streets or passages leading off on either hand1 and again benches in the central space all round the outer side of the bunks4 ,each street of bunks contained twenty upper and lower rows of five each1 on either hand2 the inmates therefore1 lay side by side1 parallel with the ship's length1 with their feet to their own street1 and their heads adjoining those of their neighbors in the adjoining street4 ,the bunks themselves consisted simply of shelves of unpainted boards1 with an opening of about an inch between each1 and were about six feet and a half wide1 and divided into the spaces for each bunk1 and fenced at the foot by upright boards about a foot high2 in short1 an emigrant's bunk means a slightly fenced off space of hard board rather more than six feet by two4 ,the lower row are about two feet from the ground2 the upper about three feet above the lower1 and the same distance from the roof4 ,they are not attached to the side of the ship1 but to a framework a few inches from it1 the interstices of which served to stow hats or tins4 ,inside this coffinlike area of the bunks you stow bed1 bedding1 cans1 and all smaller impedimenta1 while such boxes as found their way down are pushed under the lower berths1 piled in corners of the central space1 or serve in the streets as seats or footsteps to the upper berths4 ,in our steamer the bunks seemed to have been just put up2 they were free from vermin1 the timbers had nothing dirtier about them than sawdust2 indeed1 as we believe1 the number of steerage passengers who cross eastwards is much less than in the other direction1 the greater part of the boards are often knocked down on the ship's arrival in ,new ,york1 and the steerage filled with cargo1 and then reerected when she is again prepared for the westward trip4 ,the berths next to the central space were the most in request1 on account of their being nearer the fresh air1 and the lower range everywhere objected to2 but nearly all the tickets had a number affixed1 and no liberty of choice was permitted4 ,ours was in the upper berth in one corner1 and consequently very far removed from any ventilation2 as a slight compensation1 being next to the side of the ship1 we could look through the little window over the surging water1 with which it was almost level and frequently covered4 ,the gaps between the planks were very annoying1 as small articles readily fell through them1 and if they fell beneath the lower range it was too dark and the space too narrow to readily recover them4 ,from about nine till twelve every day the steerage was closed1 all the inmates sent on deck1 and the floor brushed and laid down with fresh sawdust2 this process1 we think1 was confined to the central space and the streets1 and did not extend to the spaces underneath the bunks2 and it was daily inspected or supposed to be inspected by one of the doctors1 of whom there were two on board4 ,the washhouse to the forward steerage was of decent size1 with tiled floor1 and contained eight closet pans1 five wash handbasins1 each with a tap of cold water and one with a hot water tap1 and four sinks1 also with salt water taps3 putting aside the absence of any privacy1 the arrangements were suitable1 and the fittings generally clean2 but1 as in so many other instances1 the carelessness or inattention of the crew made the admirable equipments of the ship almost useless4 ,except early in the morning there was rarely any water in the taps1 and in the hot water cistern1 which also supplied the hotwater tap outside1 often none for two or three days3 the engineer1 the steward told us1 would not waste the steam by putting his cistern into communication with the boilers2 and then often1 when turned on1 the tap poured out so much more hot steam than water that one was likely rather to get scalded hands than a full can4 ,the aftersteerage was similar in character to that of the single men1 but much larger1 occupying both the main and betweendecks2 the married men and women slept on one side1 the single women on the other2 their privacy being supposed to be secured by a canvas curtain let down at night the whole length of the cabin4 ,in the other lines1 we believe the men and women1 married or single1 are quite separated1 but ours put it forward as one of their attractions that husbands and wives are berthed together2 as this simply means that their bunks are allotted side by side1 the wife is really no more berthed with her own husband than with the spouse of her next neighbor4 ,many of the more respectable women complained much of being misled by the announcement1 and of their being unable to undress to rest during the whole of the voyage1 as they might have done if a cabin had been really and exclusively reserved for children and females4 ,to the after steerage two washhouses were attached1 one for the women with closed private closets1 and one for the men similar to ours4 ,the routine of one day's life may serve for all4 ,as the mornings were generally damp and chilly1 like most in our steerage we slept till towards eight o'clock1 and did not rise till breakfast was announced2 as dressing consisted in knocking off the rugs and donning coat1 waistcoat1 and boots1 it was not a long process2 then we scramble down into our street1 seize our can and wait2 in our corner we are too far removed from the tables--which would not seat half the number the cabin contains--to try to obtain seats at them2 so we sit in the bunks on the chests in our street1 or stand till the steward comes round to the entrance1 and sings out1 8,who is for coffee80 ,each holds out or passes on his can1 and he ladles into it about a pint of a boiling hot decoction1 sweetened but without milk1 and bearing a distant but still recognizable relationship to the article one had hitherto known under the name4 ,a few minutes afterwards he comes round with the fresh bread1 and over its distribution there were always much squabbling and bad language1 partly because the bakers disliked the trouble of baking more than the strictly necessary quantity1 and were given to restricting both the number and size of the loaves1 and partly because many could neither eat the waxy potatoes nor hard seabiscuits2 so that all sorts of tricks were resorted to to secure additional loaves for their dinner or tea4 ,of all the articles of diet the warm fresh bread every morning was decidedly the favorite1 and any shortcoming in its supply more resented than any other infliction2 both in size and quality the loaves varied very much according to the caprice of the bakers1 but they were generally good4 ,great pyramids of butter were placed in tins on the tables2 most of the men would not eat it on account of its tallowlike flavor2 for our own part1 on obtaining our coffee and bread1 we cut the latter open1 put a lump of butter to melt inside1 and pressed it together to distribute it equally as it melted1 and then proceeded on deck1 and under the influence of the keen sea air rarely failed to eat with a good appetite this not very luxurious fare in some quiet corner out of the wind4 ,after breakfast1 warmed with the steaming coffee1 we obtained a can full of fresh water from the pump1 produced the toilet requisites from our satchel1 and in one corner of our street performed our ablutions2 we always took as near an approach to a spongebath as circumstances permitted1 and found the practice more refreshing even than sleep4 ,though the steward never interfered with me1 it was1 however1 we believe1 against the rules to wash elsewhere than in the washhouse1 or to use fresh water for the purpose4 ,the first day or two we had to wash in the washhouse before breakfast1 but the crowd there for various purposes was so great and there was so little convenience for putting down the different articles that we gave it up2 and after breakfast there was rarely water for the purpose4 ,the decks always presented a more crowded and busy appearance in the forenoon than in any other period of the day2 the steerages were empty1 and all their inmates perforce on deck1 huddled here and there1 wherever the deck houses offer shelter from the winds1 in compact groups three or four deep4 ,the ,german and ,scandinavian mothers perform the ablutions of their numerous families deliberately and in public--an amusing1 if to some disgusting1 process2 first1 the whiteheaded urchin is held between his mother's or perhaps his eldest sister's knees1 and his poll carefully and methodically examined with the fingers--not a comb1 and any strangers summarily executed4 ,then he is taken to the scuppers by the side of the ship1 his head held over a tin of hot water and lathered till he is red in the face and his eyes full of soap2 then washed and taken back again1 his head combed down into smoothness1 and released for the day with a weight off his mind1 the process being varied in the case of a little girl by the plaiting of her long flaxen locks into ribbonadorned tails4 ,the majority1 however1 treated their abode on shipboard as a time when the ordinary rules of civilized life were temporarily suspended1 and eschewed washing1 shaving1 and all the vanities of dress until they again felt themselves on terra firma4 ,dinner took place at twelve2 we mustered as for breakfast1 but with a more careful marshalling of cans1 for two1 if not three1 were necessary1 and a sharp watch was requisite to prevent some hungry but tireless prowler from summarily appropriating the nearest ware2 first came the soup1 dealt out as the coffee at breakfast--a hot compound with a faint reminiscence of gravy and mutton bones1 some grains of barley1 and fragments of celery and cabbage2 sometimes1 instead1 a thick mixture of ground peas2 such as it was1 with plenty of salt which one of our street usually fetched from the table for the general benefit1 it was the most reliable part of the dinner2 it was always drinkable1 and many came down to obtain it who would taste no other article provided by the ship beyond the soup and bread4 ,next came the meat1 cut up into chunks in an immense tin1 and shovelled out by the steward with a saucer on to the tin plates4 ,sometimes it was eatable2 say1 perhaps1 on five out of the ten days a hungry stomach and a stern will could manage it2 and once or twice we had fresh beef as good1 allowing for the roughness with which it was served1 as any one could desire2 the salt junk and salt fish1 however--and the latter1 in deference to the feelings of the ,catholic passengers1 always appeared on ,friday--were vile2 the junk could not be cut with a knife1 and had to be torn into shreds along the grain1 while the fish in taste and smell was simply abominable4 ,the potatoes were one of our standing grievances2 as there were but two stewards to assist some hundred and sixty people1 they had to form a course of themselves1 or the meat got cold while waiting for them2 and instead of being boiled1 they were steamed by some hasty process into the taste and consistency of a tallow candle4 ,to the natives of the ,emerald ,isle1 accustomed to consider their potato the pice de resistance of their humble fare1 this misusage of their favorite food was particularly aggravating1 and their complaints were loud and endless4 ,boiled rice was generally served after the potatoes with coarse sugar or treacle2 as long as the latter lasted it was palatable1 but the sweetening generally bore the same relation to the rice as did ,falstaff's bread to his sack1 and our ingenuity had to be taxed to procure a double or treble allowance of the sugar by changing places while the serving took place or holding the plate over the shoulders of the steward who carried it4 ,on ,sundays plum duff1 a heavy pudding pretty liberally supplied with raisins1 was dealt out1 and to stomachs accustomed to steerage fare seemed something faintly approaching the luxuries of the table appropriate to the day4 ,the tea1 which took place at five1 may be dismissed in two words3 taste it had none1 and its smell was beastly2 however1 it was always boiling hot1 and in the cold1 damp evenings anything warming was grateful4 ,with it we had biscuits and butter4 ,without a detailed notice of that indispensable and omnipresent article the seabiscuit1 any account of our food would be incomplete2 a barrel of them always stood at the head of the staircase on the main deck1 and any one could help himself as often and as liberally as he thought proper2 they formed our sole fare at tea1 and our dernier ressort1 when the dinner was1 as it usually was every other day1 altogether uneatable4 ,more fortunate than most of our fellowpassengers1 we could combine recreation and humble fare by gnawing at their hard sides4 ,of wooden consistency they certainly were2 to make any impression on their hard edges it was necessary first to break them with a smart blow of the fist1 put a piece between two sound molars1 shut your eyes1 hold fast to one of the stanchions of the bulwarks1 and bring your jaws together with a determined and persevering grind6 ,the result1 to our taste1 was not unsatisfactory2 they were perfectly sweet1 and when once pulverized not ill tasted2 and on several occasions1 when we found the other provisions inedible1 two or three biscuits1 washed down with a bottle of porter1 served us for a tolerable meal4 ,few1 however1 shared our liking or would touch them1 except at the last extremity1 and by those whose teeth were not in first rate order they were unassailable4 ,as a souvenir1 we pocketed a couple on leaving the ship1 and as we munched them on the following night on the platform of the emigrant car jolting along the side of the broad and mist clad ,hudson1 hoped that ,dame ,fortune would never reduce us in the ,far ,west to more unpalatable fare4 ,on the whole1 it was possible to subsist on the ship's provisions1 particularly when the transit was regarded in a purgatorial or penitential sense2 and that statement1 too1 must be qualified by the admission of the necessity of malt liquor3 without two or three bottles of beer or porter a day1 we could not have survived2 they served as a tonic1 which made greasy meat digestible1 and biscuits possible to swallow2 few1 however1 lived entirely on the steerage fare1 nor must it be supposed that the grumblers or discontented were generally those who had1 as it is termed1 seen better days4 ,men of that class were slow to complain1 because ignorant of what they ought to tolerate or endure in their altered circumstances4 ,it was the welltodo artisans or workingmen who showed the greatest disgust and were the bitterest in their complaints4 ,many families were provided with wellfilled baskets of good bread1 ham1 and bottles of preserves1 and had their own store of tea and sugar1 for which they obtained hot water from the galley2 while others bought the whole of their food4 ,buying1 begging1 and stealing food was one of the most interesting and to some the most engrossing of occupations2 it required a little money1 a deal of diplomacy1 and very hardened feelings1 and was accomplished in very various ways4 ,at the commencement of the voyage1 little cliques were formed of four or five people1 who made up a purse of two or three pounds for one of the cabin stewards1 who in return sold to or stole for them a regular supply of cabin provisions2 we were asked to join a little party of this sort1 but declined2 nor did we observe much of their subsequent fortune1 except that they professed to have plenty of good food1 and seemed to spend most of their time in watching for the opportunity when their steward could safely convey it to them2 others peeled potatoes or apples and carried water for the galleys1 and got fed in return2 some reduced it to a system1 bought meat from the butchers1 and got it cooked in the galley1 or1 for a consideration1 got liberty to go in at an idle time and cooked it themselves2 the ordinary way1 however1 was to buy a bottle of beer at our deckbar1 hand it in to one of the cooks with a tin1 and ask him to give you something1 the best time being immediately after breakfast1 when the hot scouse or ,irish stew--far better food than any provided for us--was served out for the sailors' breakfast1 or after the saloon dinner2 you then slunk about the galley door1 cursed for being in their way by all the cooks except the recipient of the beer1 until that gentleman saw the head cook or chief steward out of the way1 filled the tin with anything at hand--generally scouse in the morning1 cold beef and chicken in the evening--shoved it under your coat1 and told you to clear out instantly4 ,one's feelings suffered much in this process2 but a few days of steerage fare blunt the sensibilities and whet the animal appetite to an extent that requires to be experienced to be appreciated4 ,another want that is keenly felt in consequence of the salt food and dry biscuit is that of something green or succulent4 ,one craves an apple or an orange or lemon2 and so well aware were the experienced travellers among us of this want that fresh fruit generally occupied a large space in their wellstuffed baskets4 ,we had only the slender resource of pulling pieces of celery through the grating of the vegetable store1 peeling them and eating them as an addendum to the coffee and bread of our breakfast4 ,unfortunately either the demand for that cool vegetable was unexpectedly great in the saloon1 or we emigrants were too successful in extracting it through the bars of the always open store2 for before the voyage was half over the supply was exhausted1 we then had raw carrots and onions from the same source1 but the result was not satisfactory4 ,many of the passengers who had no money suffered much from their inability to cope with our daily fate4 ,one young man of about twentytwo or three years of age particularly attracted our attention4 ,short and slight1 of perfectly gentlemanly manners and quiet address1 he had little of the typical ,american about him1 though as we afterwards learned from himself he belonged to a ,western family engaged in commerce and of considerable means4 ,some strange star must have presided over his birth1 for he had the rarest of all dispositions in the ,new ,world1 a dislike to traffic and moneymaking1 and an unconquerable yearning for a life of literary labor4 ,he was returning westward after residing in ,dresden and ,florence1 full of enthusiasm for ,goethe and ,schiller1 ,tasso and ,dante1 and proudly conscious of a vocation himself as a dramatic poet4 ,he had shot1 he said1 in the lakes of ,minnesota1 hunted in the ,adirondacks1 become familiar with the most beautiful and intellectual of the ,european capitals1 and now felt that his endowment for his career was enriched by the novel experiences of the steerage of an emigrant ship4 ,fine conceptions1 except perhaps among saints or hermits1 do not thrive on an empty stomach4 ,our poet looked daily more pallid and spiritless4 ,he listened uninterestedly to everything except prospects of better fare or prophecies of the speedy diminution of the irksome voyage4 ,one night one of the cooks in the emigrant galley gave us a tin crammed to overflowing with fragments of meat and fowl1 and1 additionally armed with a bottle of porter and a biscuit1 we had settled in a quiet leeward corner to make a hearty supper1 when we thought of the famishing poet4 ,we found him tending a little singingbird he was taking out with him1 and invited him to share our meal2 and the enjoyment with which he ate the broken meat--a biscuit serving for a plate1 and a claspknife for an instrument--was quite refreshing4 ,we took alternate pulls at the porter1 and felt pleased with ourselves and the world4 ,his inner man refreshed1 our poet became another person4 ,the charm of his conversation well repaid our little sacrifice1 and we talked art and literature1 music and the drama1 until the loneliness of the deck1 the chill night breeze1 and the bright moon mounted high in the starspangled heaven warned us of the approach of midnight4 ,a few hours after we had landed in ,new ,york1 we met our poet in ,broadway1 in all the elegance of clean raiment1 and happily conscious of a welllined purse4 ,though our rough garb assorted ill with his gentility1 he insisted on our drinking glasses together to the memory of our meeting4 ,as we drank1 he expatiated on the advantages of a varied experience of the manysided life of our poor humanity4 ,nevertheless1 we opine1 to cross the ,atlantic in the steerage of an emigrant ship with an empty pocket1 is one of those phases of existence which he will never voluntarily again investigate4 ,another instance of suffering was that of an ,englishman--a quietvisaged1 silent man1 past middle age1 whose velveteen coat and corduroy trowsers bespoke him a ploughman or gamekeeper from some ,old ,world country neighborhood4 ,he had with him his little daughter1 a fair haired1 sweetfaced little girl of about twelve1 genteelly dressed4 ,neither he nor his child could eat the ship's food1 and the little girl used to sit all day quietly pining by her father's side4 ,they met1 however1 worse fortune on shore4 ,bound to some town in ,ohio1 he was apparently ignorant that a long journey separated it from their landing place1 and landed in ,castle ,garden penniless4 ,too shy or too proud to beg1 the man and his little girl starved for a day1 until some fellowpassenger accidentally found out their condition and supplied them with food4 ,no account of a sea voyage would be faithful without noticing the dread malady1 the sufferings of which form the traveller's introduction to the domain of ,neptune2 but it is a life over which we must perforce draw a veil4 ,to the voyager who has a comfortable berth1 every convenience that wealth can produce1 attentive stewards1 and the command of each luxury that his fancy or fears can suggest1 the horrors of seasickness are sufficiently nauseous4 ,what they are in the steerage of an emigrant ship1 where your pangs are intensified by the maladies and filth1 the groans and curses1 of some scores of other victims1 can be better imagined than described2 it is too disgusting4 ,for the first two or three days1 to eye1 ear1 and nose our steerage was insufferable2 there was no remedy but to avoid it as much as possible1 and either abandon the meals altogether1 or rush down1 snatch a hasty portion of whatever came nearest to hand1 and beat a hasty retreat to the fresh air of the deck before your rising gorge added you to the ranks of the inconsolable4 ,but this rough initiation had its practical advantage4 ,many of the younger passengers of the better class at the commencement of their voyage endeavored to keep up appearances in spite of all difficulties1 and to present themselves on deck fresh from a careful toilette and in all the neatness of clean linen and wellarranged dress2 but1 when they had once succumbed to the qualms of the malady1 their vanity went overboard4 ,languid and weary1 they crowded on deck1 unwashed and uncombed1 muffled in a waterproof1 or huddled in twos and threes in a corner in the warm folds of a blanket or horserug2 and as their spirits revived they thought no more of struggling against adverse circumstances1 and were content to 8peg along0 7pardon1 kind reader1 the expression7 until their feminine instincts revived at the welcome sight of the wishedfor land4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,in ,our ,next ,number4 ,a ,daughter ,of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,if she had been condemned to have her life written1 and been given the choice of a name under which to appear before the world1 this would probably have been the one she would have taken4 ,but who could have persuaded the humble child of the grand ,s4 ,dominic that such a fate was in store for her1 or induced her humility to accept it8 ,well1 it matters little to her now whether men speak of her or for her1 she is alike beyond the reach of their hollow praise and their jealous criticism4 ,but to us it matters much4 ,the teaching of such a life as ,amlie ,lautard's is too precious to be lost2 it is a lesson to be sought out and hearkened to1 for it is full of beauty1 and light1 and encouragement to those whom she has left behind4 ,amlie was born at ,marseilles on the #abth of ,april1 #ahjg4 ,her father was a medical man1 eminent in his profession1 an honorable man1 and a good ,christian4 ,she lost her mother at the age of seventeen4 ,early in life she met with an accident which injured her spine so seriously as to render her by degrees quite humpbacked2 the progress of the deformity was slow and very gradual1 but even when it had grown to its worst it never looked grotesque or repulsive1 nor did it1 strange to say1 take away from the singular dignity of her appearance or from the grace of her movements4 ,in person she was tall and dark1 not handsome1 though her features had so much charm and expression that most people considered her so4 ,her intelligence was of a very high order1 and preeminently endowed with that delightful and untranslatable gift called esprit4 ,from her earliest childhood she began to develop an angelic spirit of piety and a sensitiveness to the sufferings of others that is generally the outgrowth of maturer years4 ,the sufferings of the poor claimed her pity especially1 but not exclusively4 ,the range of her sympathies was wide enough to embrace every kind and degree of sorrow that came within her knowledge4 ,this characteristic of her charity1 as rare as it is attractive1 may be considered as the keynote of her life1 and explains1 humanly speaking1 the extraordinary influence she exercised over all classes indiscriminately4 ,after her mother's death ,amlie became the chief delight and interest of her father1 and she repaid his tenderness by the most absolute devotion4 ,offers of marriage were not wanting for the accomplished and spirituelle young lady1 but ,amlie turned a deaf ear to them all2 filial duty as much as filial love had wedded her to her father1 and she declared her intention never to separate from him1 or let any other love and duty come between those she had vowed unreservedly to him4 ,it was probably at this period of her life that she bound herself exclusively to the service of ,god by a vow of perpetual virginity4 ,during many years ,dr4 ,lautard's health was such as to require constant and unremitting care4 ,amlie nursed him with the tenderest affection1 never allowing her devotions or her work amongst the poor to interfere with her first duty to him4 ,he expired in her arms1 blessing her and declaring that she had been the model of filial piety1 the joy and solace of his widowhood4 ,amlie generously made the sacrifice of this one great affection to ,god1 she drank the chalice with a broken heart1 but with an unmurmuring spirit1 and entered bravely on the new life that was before her4 ,hers was to be the mission of an apostle1 and she must go forth to it unshackled by even the holiest and purest of natural ties4 ,she had long been a member of the ,third ,order of ,s4 ,dominic1 to whom from her childhood she had had a great devotion4 ,to her previous vow of virginity she now added a vow of poverty1 which1 in the midst of abundance1 she observed rigorously to the end of her life4 ,dr4 ,lautard1 knowing her propensities1 and suspecting rightly that1 if her fortune were left completely in her own power1 she would despoil herself of everything and leave herself without the means of subsistence1 tied it up in annuities which could not be alienated4 ,but while binding herself henceforth to the practice of the most rigid austerities1 ,amlie did not break off from her accustomed intercourse with her friends4 ,she continued to receive them as hitherto in her father's house4 ,dr4 ,lautard used to say that hospitality was a virtue which it behooved ,christians living in the world to exercise towards each other1 and he imbued ,amlie with the same idea4 ,mindful of his precepts and example1 she went on inviting her friends1 and enjoyed having them with her1 and surrounding them with attentions and seeing them well and hospitably served2 at table she endeavored to disguise her own abstinence under a semblance of eating1 or would sometimes apologize on the plea of her health1 which had always been extremely delicate1 for not setting them a good example4 ,some rigid persons1 unable to reconcile this frank and genial sociability with the crucifying life of penance and prayer and unremitting service of the poor and the sick which ,amlie led1 ventured to remonstrate with her on the subject4 ,she replied with unruffled humility that it was a pleasure to her to continue to cultivate the friendships contracted for her and bequeathed to her by her father1 and that she felt satisfied there was nothing wrong in her doing so1 and that it did neither her nor them any harm2 on the contrary1 hospitality was often a means to her of doing good2 a worldly man or woman who would fly from her if she approached them with a sermon1 accepted an invitation to dinner without fear or arrire pense1 thus enabling her to bring them under desirable influences in a way that awoke no suspicion and roused no antagonism1 and often led to the most salutary results2 a friendly dinner was1 moreover1 not unfrequently an opportunity of bringing people together and reconciling those who were at variance2 in fact1 ,amlie pleaded so convincingly the cause of ,christian hospitality as it was practised in the ,rue ,grignan1 that the critics withdrew thoroughly converted and rather ashamed of their censoriousness4 ,this thirst for doing good was1 moreover1 so unobtrusive and so free from anything like an assumption of superiority1 that it was impossible to resent it2 the tact and simplicity that accompanied all her efforts to benefit others prevented their ever being looked upon as indiscreet or meddling4 ,she had a way of rousing your sympathies in a charitable scheme1 or your indignation against some act of injustice or cruelty1 and drawing you into assisting in the one or redressing the other without your suspecting that she had laid a trap for you2 never preaching1 never dictating1 she had that rare grace1 whose absence so often foils the most praiseworthy intentions1 of doing good without being disagreeable4 ,her conversation was so sympathetic1 and1 owing to her mind being so abundantly stored by reading under her father's direction1 could be1 when the opportunity occurred1 so brilliant1 that the most distinguished men delighted in it1 and flocked to the ,rue ,grignan1 counting it a privilege to be invited to its unpretending hospitalities4 ,amongst the many illustrious men who admired ,amlie's esprit and virtues and who courted her cooperation in their apostolic labors1 one of the most prominent was the ,pre ,lacordaire4 ,the history of their first work in common deserves special record1 not only because of its being associated with 8the cowled orator of ,france10 but because it is peculiarly identified with the history of ,provence1 that land so dear to us all as the birthplace and cradle of the devotion to ,s4 ,joseph4 8,beautiful ,provence6 ,it rose up in the west from your delightful land like the cloud of delicate almond blossoms that seems to float and shine between heaven and earth over your fields in spring4 ,it rose from a confraternity in the white city of ,avignon1 and was cradled by the swift ,rhone1 that river of martyr memories1 that runs by ,lyons1 ,orange1 ,vienne1 and ,arles1 and flows into the same sea that laves the shores of ,palestine4 ,the land which the contemplative ,magdalen had consecrated by her hermit life1 and where the songs of ,martha's school of virgins had been heard praising ,god1 and where ,lazarus had worn a mitre instead of a gravecloth1 it was there that he who was so marvellously ,mary and ,martha combined first received the glory of his devotion40 ,we all know the passage by heart1 but we quote it not so much for its sweetness as because it so appropriately introduces the story of the work in question1 viz41 the restoration of the pilgrimage of ,ste4 ,baume1 a pilgrimage once so celebrated throughout ,christendom1 but of late years fallen into neglect and almost total oblivion4 ,tradition tells us the story of its origin1 its growth1 its glories1 and its decay4 ,its origin dates from a little bark that eighteen centuries ago came floating down the sunny waters of the ,nile and rode into the blue ,mediterranean1 freighted with a legacy from ,palestine to ,france1 bearing in its frail embrace none other than the family who had their dwelling on the shores of the ,lake of ,galilee1 and whose names have come down to us with the halo of that simple and unrivalled title1 8,friends of ,jesus of ,nazareth40 ,villagers and the simple folk of the place welcomed the exiles more kindly1 let us hope1 than ,bethlehem had welcomed the ,virgin ,mother and reputed father of their ,friend some fiveandthirty years before2 at any rate1 ,lazarus and his sisters remained in ,provence4 ,the people gathered round the dead man whom ,jesus had wept over and raised to life1 and hearkened to his teaching2 he planted the cross upon their soil1 and sowed the seeds of the ,gospel in their hearts1 and in return they thanked him as the ,jews had thanked his ,master1 by putting him to death4 ,lazarus opened the first page of the martyrology of ,france4 ,martha on her side withdrew to ,avignon1 where1 on the ruins of a pagan temple situated on the ,rocher des ,doms1 she built a ,christian church1 and dwelt there in the midst of a school of virgins1 teaching the ,gospel4 ,she died at an advanced age1 venerated as a saint1 and renowned as much for her sublime gift of eloquence and her bountiful hospitality as for the austere sanctity of her life4 ,we are not told how far1 if at all1 ,magdalen shared the apostleship of her brother in ,marseilles2 the only trace of her that remains in that city is an altar in the vaults of the ,abbey of ,s4 ,victor4 ,these vaults are like catacombs1 and the most ancient monument of ,christian faith that ,marseilles possesses4 ,the legend says that ,magdalen1 immediately on landing on the shores of ,provence1 took up her abode upon the rocky heights of ,ste4 ,baume and lived there for thirty years1 her life divided between agony and ecstasy1 between tears that had never ceased to flow since that day when at ,simon's house she broke the alabaster vase over the feet of ,jesus1 and heard from his lips those words that have been the strength and the hope of sinners ever since3 much had been forgiven her because she had loved much1 and kept long vigils that were but a continuation of her faithful watch under the cross and at the door of the sepulchre4 ,it seems strange1 when we think of it1 that she should have left the country where ,jesus had lived and died1 the home at ,magdala that he had hallowed so often by his presence1 and whose friendly hospitality had often been a rest and a comfort to him in his weary journeys round ,jerusalem2 that she should1 above all1 have torn herself from the companionship1 or at least the neighborhood1 of his ,mother and the disciple whom he loved2 for surely the one remaining solace of her purified passionate heart must have been to speak of her brother's ,friend and her own dear ,saviour with those who had known and loved him best1 to revisit the places he had frequented1 the site of his miracles and his sufferings1 and that hill of solemn and stupendous memories where she and they had stood together in a common agony of woe1 hushing their breaths to catch the last throb of his sacred heart4 ,but perhaps this voluntary exile from those beloved associations was the last sacrifice1 the crowning act of renunciation1 that ,jesus asked of her before he bade her farewell8 ,perhaps he expressed a wish that she and ,lazarus should be in a humble way to the ,west what ,mary and ,s4 ,john were to be to the ,east1 and that they should forsake the land and the friends of their youth and go forth bearing the good news of his ,gospel to ,france8 ,he had raised her once to the rank of an apostle that morning after the resurrection1 when he gave her a message to the disciples and bade her go and tell them and ,peter that he was risen1 and before ascending to his ,father he may have told her once more to go and be the harbinger of his resurrection to disciples who knew him not and were yet dwelling in darkness4 ,we shall one day know1 please ,god1 what her motive was1 but meantime we may reverently conjecture that there was some such understanding between ,our ,lord and ,magdalen which induced her to leave the country that was so full of the fragrance of his divine humanity1 and where his ,immaculate ,mother still lingered in childless desolation4 ,magdalen came to ,provence1 and withdrew to a wild and barren spot1 upon a mountain called1 in memory no doubt of her first interview with ,jesus1 ,ste4 ,baume2 it rises above a valley that runs towards the ,alps from the busy city of ,marseilles4 ,here she dwelt in solitude1 communing only with her ,saviour1 and shut away from cruel men who had crucified him4 ,many and beautiful are the legends grouped by the simple piety of the inhabitants around the lonely watcher of ,ste4 ,baume2 they tell you still in reverent and awestricken tones how seven times a day the saint was rapt into ecstasy1 and carried from her cave in the mountain side to the summit of the mountain1 and held there suspended between heaven and earth by angels1 but seeing more of heaven than of earth1 and hearing the music of the angelic choirs4 ,the peasants show you1 even in these unmystical days of ours1 the precise spot of an abrupt sally of the mountain where the angels used to come every day at their appointed hours to commune with the penitent and lift her off the earth4 ,for thirty years she lived here in penance and expectation1 then the term of her exile closed1 the day came when she was to be set free from the bondage of the flesh1 and admitted once and for ever into the presence of her risen ,lord4 ,perhaps ,jesus himself whispered the glad tidings to her in prayer2 or perhaps it was only the angels who were charged with the message2 but anyhow1 tradition tells us--and who dreams of doubting it8--that ,magdalen knew by divine inspiration when the hour of her death was at hand1 and that she was filled with a great longing to receive the body and blood of her ,redeemer before entering his presence as her ,judge4 ,s4 ,maximin1 who had been the companion of ,lazarus and shared his labors and his pilgrimage1 dwelt in the narrow plain which forms the base of the three adjoining mountains1 ,ste4 ,baume1 ,st4 ,aurelian1 and ,ste4 ,victoire--,ste4 ,victoire under whose shadow ,marius fought and defeated the ,teutons and the ,cimbrians4 ,the dying penitent was unable to traverse herself the distance that separated her own wild solitude from the hermitage of ,s4 ,maximin1 so the kindly angels came and performed a last office of love for the friend of their ,king1 and bore her across the hills and the floods and the valleys to the oratory of the saint3 he too had been warned1 and was ready waiting for her4 ,he heard her confession1 pronounced again the words of pardon that had been spoken first to her contrite soul by ,jesus himself1 and gave her the holy communion4 ,then she died1 and ,s4 ,maximin laid her in an alabaster tomb that stood ready prepared for her in his oratory4 ,the piety of the faithful surrounded the tomb with enthusiastic reverence and devotion2 pilgrims flocked from all parts of the world to venerate the remains of the queen of penitents1 and to visit the grotto where she had lived and the oratory where she died4 ,cassian1 the monk1 who was himself a native of ,marseilles1 after graduating in the school of the ,egyptian anchorites1 returned to his native city1 and raised the ,abbey of ,s4 ,victor over the crypt where ,lazarus slept4 ,ste4 ,baume and ,st4 ,maximin soon drew him with irresistible attraction2 he founded two noble monasteries there1 and he and his monks kept vigilant guard for a thousand years1 from the ,i,vth to the ,x,i,i,ith century1 over the ground where ,magdalen had wept1 and over the tomb where she rested4 ,at the beginning of the ,v,i,i,ith century1 the ,saracens invaded the fair land of ,provence1 and for nearly three hundred years it was a prey to their devastating fury4 ,during this long period of invasion1 the ,cassianites1 terrified lest the precious remains of ,magdalen should be discovered by the enemy and desecrated1 thought best to remove them from the place where they were known to be to one of greater secrecy and safety4 ,they took the body1 therefore1 out of its famous alabaster tomb and laid it in the tomb of ,s4 ,sidonius1 having previously translated elsewhere the relics of the holy bishop4 ,with a view to future verification1 the monks placed on the coffin an inscription testifying to the two translations1 and narrating the manner of their accomplishment and the circumstances which led to it4 ,the entrance to the crypt itself was then walled up with plaster1 and overlaid further with a quantity of rubbish4 ,but six centuries were to roll over the arid heights of ,st4 ,maximin before the entrance was to be broken open and the written testimony of the ,cassianites invoked4 ,when the wars of the ,saracens were over1 and men began to breathe in peace1 and turn their thoughts once more to the worship of ,god and the veneration of his saints1 the fact of the translation of the body of ,magdalen from its original restingplace to the sarcophagus of ,s4 ,sidonius had faded from their recollection2 it was only repeated in a vague sort of way that the illustrious penitent had been removed to a place of safety1 which was supposed to be at a distance2 some local coincidences pointed to the ,abbey of ,vezelay as the spot which had been privileged to receive and shelter her4 ,by degrees this belief took root in the public mind1 and the stream of pilgrims began to flow once more and with renewed enthusiasm towards the venerable old ,abbey of ,burgundy2 crusaders met there to invoke before starting for the defence of the ,holy ,sepulchre the protection of her whom the evangelists had handed down to us as the heroine of the ,sepulchre2 kings and prelates1 warriors and poets1 sinners and saints1 flocked to the supposed tomb of ,magdalen1 8till10 in the words of a chronicler of the time1 8it seemed as if all ,france were running to ,vezelay40 ,god is slow to tell his secrets4 ,it was not until the close of the ,x,i,i,ith century that the illusion1 which had evoked so much piety and so many manifestations of faith from ,christendom1 was dispelled1 and the truth revealed4 ,this is how it happened4 ,we will translate from the ,pre ,lacordaire1 whose ,sainte ,marie ,madeleine has supplied us almost exclusively with the foregoing details3 8,s4 ,louis had a nephew born of his brother1 ,charles of ,anjou1 ,king of ,sicily1 and ,count of ,provence4 ,this nephew1 who was likewise called ,charles1 and who on the death of his father became king of ,sicily and the county of ,provence1 under the title of ,charles ,,ii41 had for ,s4 ,magdalen a tenderness which he inherited from his race1 and which1 though common to all the chivalry of ,france1 attained in him the highest degree of ardor and sincerity4 ,while he was still ,prince of ,salerno1 ,god inspired him with a great desire to solve the mystery which for six centuries had hung over the grave of her whom he loved for the sake of ,jesus ,christ4 ,he set out therefore to ,st4 ,maximin without any display1 and accompanied only by a few gentlemen of his suite1 and having interrogated the monks and the elders of the place1 he caused the trenches of the old basilica of ,cassian to be opened4 ,on the #ith of ,december1 #abgi1 after many efforts which up to that time had been fruitless1 he stript himself of his chlamyde1 took a pickaxe1 and began to dig vigorously into the ground with the rest of the workmen4 ,presently they struck upon a tombstone4 ,it was that of ,s4 ,sidonius1 to the right of the crypt4 ,the prince ordered the slab to be raised1 and it was no sooner done than the perfume which exhaled from it announced to the beholders that the grace of ,god was nigh4 ,he bent down for a moment1 then caused the sepulchre to be closed1 sealed it with his seal1 and at once convoked the bishops of ,provence to assist at the public recognition of the relics4 ,nine days later1 on the #ahth of ,december1 in the presence of the archbishops of ,arles and of ,aix1 and of many other prelates and gentlemen1 the prince broke the seals which he had prefixed to the sarcophagus4 ,the sarcophagus was opened1 and the hand of the prince1 in removing the dust which covered the bones1 encountered something which1 as soon as he touched it1 broke with age in his fingers4 ,it was a piece of cork from which fell a leaf of parchment covered with writing that was still legible4 ,it bore what follows3 #8,l'an de la ,nativit du ,seigneur #gaj1 le sixime jour du mois de ,dcembre1 sous le rgne d',eudes1 trs pieux ,roi des franais1 au temps des ravages de la perfide nation des ,sarrasins1 le corps de la trs chre et venerable ,marie ,madeleine a t trs secrtement et pendant la nuit transfr de son spulchre d'albtre dans celuici1 qui est de marbre et d'o l'on a retir le corps de ,sidoine1 afin qu'il y soit plus cach et l'abri de la dite perfide nation4'7#bbc7 ,a deed setting forth this inscription and the manner of its discovery was drawn up by the prince1 the archbishops1 and bishops present1 and ,charles in great joy1 after placing his seals again upon the tomb1 summoned for the fifth of ,may of the following year an assembly of prelates1 counts1 barons1 knights1 and magistrates of ,provence and the neighboring counties to assist at the solemn translation of the relics which he had been instrumental in raising from the obscurity of a long series of ages40 ,the news of the event was hailed with a shout of joy by all ,christendom2 kings and prelates vied with each other in doing honor to the newfound treasure2 gold and precious stones poured in in quantities to adorn the shrine which was destined to replace the alabaster tomb of ,s4 ,maximin4 8,when the appointed day arrived10 continues the ,pre ,lacordaire1 8the ,prince of ,salerno1 in the presence of a vast and illustrious assembly1 opened for the third time the monument which he had sealed1 and of which the seals were certified to be intact4 ,the skull of the saint was whole except for the lower jawbone1 which was wanting27#bbd7 the tongue subsisted1 dried up1 but adhering to the palate2 the limbs presented only bones stripped of the flesh2 but a sweet perfume exhaled from the remains that were now restored to light and to the piety of souls4444 ,the fact had already been made known of a sign altogether divine having been seen upon the forehead of ,magdalen4 ,this was a particle of soft1 transparent flesh on the left temple1 to the right1 consequently1 of the spectator2 all those who beheld it1 inspired at the same moment by a unanimous act of faith1 cried out that it was there1 on that very spot1 that ,jesus must have touched ,magdalen when he said to her after the resurrection1 ,noli me tangere6 ,there was no proof of the fact1 but what else could they think who beheld on that brow so palpable a trace of life which had triumphantly resisted thirteen centuries of the grave8 ,chance has no meaning for the ,christian2 and when he beholds ,nature superseded in her laws1 he ascends instinctively to the ,supreme ,cause--the ,cause that never acts without a motive1 and whose motives reveal themselves to hearts that do not reject the light4444 ,five centuries after this first translation1 the noli me tangere1 as that instinct of faith had irrevocably named it1 subsisted still in the same place and with the same characters2 the fact was authenticated by a deputation of the ,cour des ,comptes of ,aix4 ,it was not until the year #aghj1 on the eve of an epoch that was to spare no memory and no relic1 that the miraculous particle detached itself from the skull2 and even then the medical men who were called in by the highest authority in the county certified that the noli me tangere had adhered to the forehead by the force of a vital principle which had survived there40 ,the piety of ,charles of ,anjou raised a stately temple to the penitent of ,bethany on the site of the oratory of ,s4 ,maximin4 ,boniface ,,viii41 who had beheld with his own eyes the miraculous presence of the noli me tangere1 endowed the basilica munificently1 and authorized the king to transfer the custody of the relics from the ,order of ,cassianites1 who had formerly held it1 to that of the ,sons of ,s4 ,dominic1 since become renowned through the world under the name of ,frres prcheurs4 ,a great number of popes visited the shrine1 and every king of ,france held it a duty and a privilege to come to ,s4 ,maximin and ,ste4 ,baume1 and invoke the aid and protection of the saint2 up to ,louis ,,xiv41 hardly a sovereign neglected this public tribute of respect and devotion to her2 but with the ,grand ,monarque the procession of royal pilgrims came to an end4 ,the red tide of revolution arose1 and waged war against men's faith1 and destroyed its most touching manifestations and its noblest monuments4 ,it broke1 however1 harmless1 at the foot of ,s4 ,maximin4 ,not a stone of the grand old pile was touched1 not an altar profaned1 not even a picture stolen from the mouldy and unguarded walls2 the most precious part of its treasure1 the relics of ,magdalen1 which had been carefully concealed1 were found intact1 and duly authenticated as before4 ,ste4 ,baume was less fortunate2 the storm that respected the tomb showed no mercy to the grotto which had witnessed ,magdalen's ecstatic communings with her ,lord2 the hospital1 the convent1 and the church adjoining it were completely destroyed2 nothing remained but a barren rock and a portion of the neighboring forest4 ,in #ahbb1 a partial restoration was effected2 the vast and massive monastery was replaced by a temporary building of the lightest and cheapest materials1 little better than a lath and plaster shed1 to keep the monks under cover2 the grotto itself1 once so sumptuously adorned by the piety of pilgrims1 was left in a state of nakedness and neglect1 its costly lamps once abundantly fed with aromatic oils were gone1 their lights extinguished1 like the faith that had kindled them4 ,the church was rebuilt in the same superficial style as the convent1 and solemnly reconsecrated in the presence of forty thousand souls assembled in the forest and down in the plain4 ,but the material temple1 great or small1 is more easily rebuilt than the spiritual one2 the temple of stone was raised up again1 but where was the temple of the spirit which had animated it8 ,where was the architect who would rebuild this1 who would collect the scattered fragments1 and breathe upon the dead bones1 and make them live1 and bind them as of yore into a body of devout and simplehearted worshippers8 ,many1 remembering the bygone glories of ,ste4 ,baume1 wished that a prophet would arise and work this wonder in ,provence4 ,perhaps the wish took the form of a prayer in some loving hearts1 and so brought about its accomplishment4 ,the valianthearted son of ,s4 ,dominic1 the ,pre ,lacordaire1 was to be the prophet of their desires4 ,he rose up and upbraided the people of ,provence for their ingratitude to the memory of their illustrious patroness1 and for their decayed faith1 and exhorted them to stir up the dead embers of a devotion that had formerly been the edification and joy of ,christendom to repair and beautify the deserted grotto of ,mary ,magdalen1 and rekindle its lamps1 and restore the pilgrimage of ,ste4 ,baume in its ancient fervor4 ,the work was one that appealed strongly to the sympathies of the ,marseillese2 but this was not enough to ensure its success4 ,in order to make the sympathy effectual1 the ,pre ,lacordaire needed a helpmate who would go about amongst the people and put their goodwill into a practical form for him--some one who would second his exertions by docile and zealous and intelligent cooperation4 ,he looked around him1 and his choice fell upon ,amlie4 ,he knew her1 and thought she was of all others the person best suited to his purpose4 ,it was no easy or pleasant task the setting on foot of a movement such as this2 the preliminaries were sure to be full of difficulties1 often of the sort that make selflove wince and smart2 there was plenty of ridicule in store1 a goodly harvest of sneers and snubs to be garnered at the outset1 rude opposition to be endured from those who had no faith at all1 and chilling indifference from those who looked upon anything like a return to the forms and symbols of the middle ages as poetic enthusiasm not practicable in the ,x,i,xth century4 ,it was just the kind of work to put the daughter of ,s4 ,dominic to4 ,she did not disappoint the ,pre ,lacordaire2 but responded as promptly to the call as his own fiery spirit could have wished4 ,it was in ,amlie's house that the eloquent ,dominican inaugurated the uvre of ,s4 ,baume1 and told the story of the great penitent's life and death4 ,from the salon in the ,rue ,grignan the burning words of the orator went forth to all ,provence and stirred many hearts4 ,a committee was soon formed for raising the necessary funds towards the restoration of the grotto as a preliminary to the reopening of the pilgrimage4 ,the ,pre ,lacordaire1 as if the more prominently to record the services ,amlie had rendered in the work so far1 and to associate her name with its progress1 desired that the meetings should be held at her house2 and so they were1 and continued to be regularly until she left ,marseilles for ,rome4 ,she lived to see their joint labors crowned with success2 the grotto assumed gradually something of its ancient beauty2 an inn was built on the plain at the foot of the mountain for the accommodation of travellers who came from a distance1 pilgrims were once more seen toiling in great numbers up the steep paths of the forest leading to the grotto1 and filling the glade with the sound of canticles1 and the feast of ,s4 ,magdalen1 the #bb;d of ,july1 was again celebrated with something of the pomp and fervor of olden times4 ,but events of this stirring and1 so to speak1 romantic interest were rare in ,amlie's life4 ,her path lay rather along the valleys than upon the heights above4 ,the doors of the ,rue ,grignan were often open indeed to the wise and learned1 and occasionally to the great ones of the earth2 but the visits of these were few and far between compared to those of the poor and humble1 who besieged it at all hours of the day and night4 ,the poor looked upon it as a centre of their own1 where they had a right to come at all times and seasons and make themselves at home4 ,they did this at last so completely that ,amlie was sometimes obliged to slip out by a back door in order to escape from their precious but pitiless importunity4 ,but no importuning1 however persistent or unseasonable1 could ruffle her unalterable sweetness1 or surprise her into a sharp answer or an abrupt ungraciousness of manner4 ,hers was the charity that is not easily provoked3 it made her stern to self1 but longsuffering towards others1 slow to see evil1 softly forbearing to the weaknesses of all4 ,this home work was only an episode in her everyday labors4 ,there was not a mission1 or a hospital1 or a refuge1 or a good work of any sort in the town1 that she had not to do with in one way or another4 ,just as we often hear it said of a woman of the world1 8,she is of every fte10 so it used to be said in ,marseilles of ,amlie1 8,she is of every charity40 ,one of the most venerable fathers of the ,society of ,jesus declared that it was chiefly to her zeal and intelligent exertions that the ,jesuits owed the establishment of their mission at ,marseilles4 ,the ,pre de ,magdalon looked upon her as his right hand2 he enlisted her cooperation in all his undertakings1 and he used to say that it was to her he owed in a great measure the success of the ,maison de ,retraite of ,s4 ,barthlmy1 the last work of his apostolate1 and which he lived to see blessed with such abundant fruits4 ,the ,filles de la ,charit were long the special objects of her liberality and devoted exertions2 then came the ,sisters of ,hope1 whose services to the sick are so praiseworthy1 and whose presence amongst them was hailed so gratefully by the ,marseillese4 ,when the ,petites ,surs des ,pauvres were in any difficulty1 they looked to ,amlie to help them out of it1 and they speak with effusion still of the many proofs of generosity they received from her1 and of her unfailing readiness to assist them whenever they appealed to her4 ,she seemed to hire herself out as a beast of burden to do the work and the bidding of every one who wanted her4 ,when there was a question of establishing the ,frres ,prcheurs at ,marseilles1 she multiplied herself tenfold4 ,no obstacles could deter her in the service of the sons of her beloved ,s4 ,dominic2 she found a house for them1 and paid all the expenses of their installation4 ,but whatever the work was that came under her hand1 she did it1 and as promptly and earnestly as if it were the one of all others she most delighted in2 there was no exclusiveness1 no narrowing of her sympathies to an ide fixe either in piety or in charity2 those who had the privilege of being her fellowlaborers for many years declare they never once knew her charity to flag or fail to answer a fresh demand upon it2 the supply was inexhaustible1 and seemed to increase in proportion as it spent itself4 ,her health was wretched and kept her in almost constant physical pain2 yet her activity was extraordinary1 and1 considering the chronic sufferings she had to contend with for the greater part of her life1 the amount of work she contrived to get through may be regarded as little short of miraculous4 ,she rose habitually at five1 spent several hours in prayer1 and assisted at the ,holy ,sacrifice before beginning the active duties of the day4 ,these lay wherever there were sick to be tended1 and sorrowing ones to be comforted1 and sinners to be converted4 ,she was a member of the ,congregation of ,s4 ,elizabeth for visiting the hospitals1 and gave a good deal of time to this work1 for which she had a particular devotion4 ,her gentleness and singularly attractive manner fitted her especially for dealing with aching bodies and sorrowing hearts1 and it was not a very rare thing to see ,amlie succeed in melting the heart of some obdurate sinner with whom the entreaties and repeated efforts of the chaplain and the nuns had failed4 ,the same sympathetic responsiveness that she threw into so many different good works marked her intercourse with individuals2 those whom she was tending or consoling or advising always felt that for the time being they were the chief object of interest to her in life1 and that she was giving her whole heart to them4 ,she made this impression perhaps more especially on the poor1 to whom the sympathy of those above them has such a charm and such a gift of consolation4 ,an amusing instance of it occurred once in the case of an old woman whom ,amlie had been nursing for some time2 she put so much goodwill into all she did1 and performed the offices of a sicknurse so affectionately1 that the poor old soul believed she had inspired her with some unaccountable personal attachment2 she returned it enthusiastically1 and was never tired testifying her gratitude and love4 ,one day1 however1 ,amlie arrived in the poor little garret--tidy and clean1 thanks to her--but1 instead of being welcomed with the usual smiles and embraces1 the old woman set her face like a flint1 and preserved a sullen silence4 ,for some time she obstinately refused to say what was amiss with her1 but finally1 shamed by the coaxing and evident distress of her nurse1 she confessed that the day before she had had a bitter disappointment4 8,i thought10 she said1 8that you loved me1 but ,i find ,i was under a delusion2 you don't care a straw for me2 they tell me you do for every sick body in the town just what you have been doing for me40 ,it was with great difficulty that ,amlie was able to console her and obtain her forgiveness for being so universal in her charity4 ,but though her creed dealt in no exclusions1 there were two classes of her fellowcreatures who above the rest had a decided attraction for ,amlie3 these were prisoners and soldiers4 ,she yearned towards the former with the true spirit of him who loved the publicans and sinners1 who gave the firstfruits of his death to one of them on ,calvary1 and who prayed for them all with his last breath1 saying3 8,father1 forgive them1 for they know not what they do60 ,the wonders that ,amlie worked in the gloomy cells of the ,fort ,st4 ,nicholas1 the sudden and admirable returns to ,god that she obtained from the condemned1 are not to be counted2 not by men1 at least4 ,day after day she was to be found in the midst of them1 teaching old men their catechism1 comforting and exhorting all1 preparing them for death1 washing and dressing their sores1 combing their hair1 performing cheerfully and affectionately the most disgusting offices4 ,her labors in behalf of the troops are perhaps the most remarkable part of her life4 ,she had for many years been very zealous in her endeavors to promote religious instruction amongst the soldiers1 but her mission in this direction dates chiefly from the ,crimean war4 ,during this brilliant campaign1 which brought so much glory and cost so much blood to the ,allied armies1 the thought of the sufferings of the soldiers in the trenches and on the battlefields filled ,amlie's heart to the momentary exclusion of all other interests and preoccupations4 ,her whole time was spent working for them1 and begging and praying for them4 ,she inspired all who came near her with something of her own ardor and tenderness in the cause4 ,she set up societies among her friends for making clothes and lint for the sufferers1 and for collecting money to procure all that could comfort and alleviate them4 ,her efforts were crowned with abundant success4 ,now1 as on many other occasions1 money flowed in to her from all sides1 sometimes from strangers at a distance1 for the fame of her charity had spread much further than the humble daughter of ,s4 ,dominic herself suspected1 and many benevolent people who wished to give1 and knew not how to apply their offerings1 sent them to her1 satisfied that they would be well and wisely employed4 ,the way in which large sums of money sometimes dropped into her lap1 as it were from the sky1 at some opportune moment when she was in dire want of it for some case of distress1 led many of her humble protgs to believe that it came to her miraculously4 ,but1 while mindful of their bodies1 ,amlie's first solicitude was for the souls of the brave fellows who were going out to face death in the service of their country2 while working so hard to procure all that could heal and solace their temporal sufferings1 she was laboring still more assiduously in behalf of their spiritual interests4 ,nor did her efforts confine themselves exclusively to the soldiers1 they extended to the officers as well1 and much more difficult she often found them to manage than the roughand ready men under their command4 ,many a droll story is still told at ,marseilles of the tricks by which they sometimes evaded her attempts to catch them in her zealous toils and make them remember that they had another enemy to fight and to conquer besides the soldiers of ,holy ,russia4 ,once two young officers of good family and fortune1 whose lives were not the most edifying to the community1 were pointed out to ,amlie by one of their brother officers1 a fervent ,catholic1 as fitting subjects for her zeal4 ,he undertook to bring them to the ,rue ,grignan under the pretence of introducing them to an old and charming friend of his1 if ,amlie would promise to try and convert them4 ,she promised of course to try1 and the two scapegraces made their appearance1 never suspecting that a trap had been laid for them4 ,the conversation dwelt upon the great topic of the day1 the war1 ,amlie carefully avoiding the most distant allusion to the spiritual condition of her visitors4 ,the young men were charmed with her affability and esprit1 and1 when she asked them to return with their friend in a few days and dine with her1 they accepted her invitation with delight4 ,during dinner their hostess alluded to the numerous pilgrimages that were being performed every day to ,notre ,dame de ,garde2 few of the soldiers or sailors started for the ,crimea from ,marseilles without climbing up the hill to salute ,our ,lady and ask her blessing on their arms4 ,the young men confessed that they had never made the pilgrimage and evinced little admiration for their more devout comrades2 ,amlie seemed surprised1 but not at all scandalized1 at the frank admission1 and proposed that they should both make the pilgrimage next morning and hear ,mass there with her at eight o'clock4 ,they assented with ready courtesy1 inwardly treating the expedition as a harmless joke1 and took leave of their hostess1 very much delighted with her1 and not much terrified by the salutary projects that might be lurking in her breast with regard to the morrow4 ,they were at the bottom of the hill punctually at halfpast seven1 and toiled up to the church1 where they expected to see ,amlie already on the lookout for them4 ,but they looked round the church and saw no sight of her4 ,taking for granted that she was not there1 and that something had interfered to prevent her keeping the appointment1 they took themselves off with the comfortable feeling of having done their duty1 and behaved like gentlemen1 and come safe out of it4 ,the morning was raw and cold1 and they were both tired after the long pull uphill1 so on their way down they turned into a little dairy where hungry pilgrims were comforting themselves with cups of coffee4 ,there was a good fire in the place1 and they sat down to enjoy it1 and dawdled a good while over their hot coffee1 wondering what kind trick of ,fortune had prevented the enemy from appearing in the field2 when lo6 looking up suddenly1 they beheld the truant peering in at them through the window4 ,the pair started as if they had seen a ghost4 ,but ,amlie knew human nature too well to press her advantage at such a moment2 she smiled1 shook her finger threateningly1 and went her way down the hill1 leaving the two young men less triumphant than she had found them1 and very anxious to clear themselves of having broken their word to a lady1 and eager to redeem it a second time if ,amlie desired4 ,she did desire it1 and it was not long before one of the two blessed her for having done so4 ,he was ordered off with his regiment soon after1 and before setting sail ascended once more to the shrine of ,notre ,dame de ,garde in a different spirit and with a very different purpose4 ,her intercourse with the troops during this period gave ,amlie an insight into the deplorable ignorance in matters of faith that existed in the majority of them1 and the absence of all religious instruction in the army2 it filled her with surprise and grief1 and she determined to set to work and bring about a change in both4 ,reforms are proverbially difficult1 and in any branch of the public service preeminently so4 ,but difficulties only stimulate strong hearts to more strenuous efforts4 ,amlie was1 owing to her high intelligence1 her wellknown virtue1 and her widespread relations1 better calculated than most people perhaps to succeed in the undertaking2 besides1 whatever the obstacles were1 she never reckoned with human means when ,god's work was to be done2 she called him to the rescue1 and left the issue in his hands4 ,it would be impossible to recount all she did and suffered in this most arduous undertaking1 the journeys she took1 the petitions she drew up1 the letters she wrote1 the disappointments and antagonism that attended it in the beginning1 and the physical and moral fatigue that it involved all through4 ,the frequent and successive journeys of eighteen hours to ,paris and the same back would have been a serious trial of strength to a strong person2 but to ,amlie1 whose health was extremely delicate1 and who hardly ever knew the sensation of being without pain1 most frequently acute and intense pain1 the wear and tear of those journeys in the sultry heat of summer and the bitter cold of winter alike must have been terrible4 ,but she made small account of her body1 she drove it on like a beast of burden1 goading it with the ardor of her spirit1 and never gave in to its lamentations until it positively refused to go on4 ,her own shortcomings were1 however1 the lightest portion of her difficulties4 ,she had obstacles to overcome on every side1 especially in quarters where it was most essential for her to find approval and assistance4 ,silvio ,pellico said it was easier to traverse a battlefield than the antechamber of a king1 and the same may be said most likely of the antechamber of a minister4 ,at least ,amlie found it so4 ,many a brave spirit might well have given up in despair before the contemptuous rudeness and petty opposition of small functionaries1 and the inaccessible coldness of great ones1 and the disheartening predictions of wellwishers who had gone through similar experiences1 and knew what it was to want anything1 even in the natural course of things1 done at the ,war ,office2 but ,amlie's courage never flagged for a moment4 ,by degrees her perseverance began to meet with some signs of success4 ,it was known that one military man in high repute supported her views1 and was doing his best to enable her to carry them out2 this converted others4 ,several who had in the first instance treated her project as impracticable1 or unnecessary1 or simply absurd1 one after another came over to her2 it was not always because she convinced them1 but she won them2 they might resist her arguments1 but it was impossible to come often in contact with her without feeling the contagion of her earnestness and sincerity of purpose4 ,her labors were finally crowned with abundant success4 ,she obtained all the concessions she asked1 and every facility for carrying them out and improving the spiritual condition of the soldiers4 ,one of her chief anxieties had been for the condemned prisoners in the ,fort ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,she obtained permission for one of the dungeons to be turned into a chapel there1 and it was henceforth her delight to go there on the great feasts and decorate the altar1 and make it gay with lights and flowers for the captives4 ,a chaplain was appointed to the fort1 and he was allowed every facility for the exercise of his ministry4 ,the little enfants de troupe whose youth recommended them to ,amlie's solicitude were provided with the needful means of religious instruction by the establishment of a school1 over which she herself presided from time to time1 cheering on the pupils by good advice1 and occasional presents to the most industrious and deserving4 ,general de ,courtigis1 who commanded the garrison for many years at ,marseilles1 and left behind him a memory respected by all good men1 had been from the first a staunch ally of ,amlie's in her endeavors to introduce a ,christian spirit amongst both the officers and men4 ,at her suggestion he organized a military ,mass every ,sunday at the ,church of ,s4 ,charles1 and there a great number of men1 with the general at their head1 assisted regularly at the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,it was a great treat to ,amlie1 whenever she could find time1 to go and assist at it with them4 ,she enjoyed the martial appearance and reverent bearing of the soldiers with a sort of motherly pride1 and the sharp word of command1 and the clanking of the bayonets when they presented arms at the solemn moment of consecration1 used to send a thrill of emotion through her frame that often melted her to tears4 8,oh60 she was heard once to exclaim1 on coming out of ,s4 ,charles'1 8what a grand and consoling spectacle it is1 to see our soldiers publicly worshipping ,god6 ,one feels that they must be invincible in battle when they set out with the blessing of ,god on their arms40 ,the troops1 on their side1 repaid her interest in them by the most enthusiastic affection4 ,they used to call her notre mre amongst themselves1 and it delighted ,amlie to hear a grizzly old veteran address her by this familiar name4 ,sometimes the brave fellows' gratitude expressed itself in a way that was rather trying to their adopted mother4 ,a regiment which had been quartered at ,marseilles1 and received many proofs of zeal and kindness from ,amlie during its stay there1 happened to hear1 when passing through ,lyons some years later1 that she was stopping there4 ,they started off at once in full force1 and gave her a military serenade under her windows4 ,amlie1 of course1 showed herself at the window1 and acknowledged the honor1 but this did not satisfy the soldiers3 nothing would do them but she should come out and shake hands with every man in the regiment4 ,much as ,amlie shrank from public notice or praise1 her humility could not prevent her extraordinary exertions in behalf of the troops1 and the success which had attended them1 from shining out before men4 ,the nature of the undertaking had necessarily brought her in contact with the most influential military men of the day1 both at ,marseilles and in ,paris4 ,these gentlemen had ample opportunity to appreciate her character and judge of the value of her services2 and though so many had opposed her in the beginning1 when they saw her labors triumphant1 success raised her so highly in their estimation that they thought it would be becoming to offer a public tribute of their esteem and gratitude by decorating her with the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,accordingly1 a letter was despatched one day from the ,war ,office1 informing the quiet1 unpretending friend of the poor soldier that the government1 to testify their approval of her conduct1 invested her with the most honorable mark of distinction it was in their power to bestow4 ,amlie received the announcement at first as a joke4 ,the idea of her going about the world with the ,cross or the red ribbon fastened to her black gown1 and being greeted with the military salute and presented arms to whenever the symbol caught the eye of a soldier or a sentry1 while she threaded her way through the busy streets of ,marseilles1 struck her as so altogether comical that she could only laugh at it4 ,but neither the authorities nor her friends saw any laughing matter in it2 the latter combated her refusal so strongly that ,amlie was perplexed2 she knew not how to reconcile her deference to their wishes with what appeared to her little short of an act of treason to ,christian humility and common sense2 they argued that1 by accepting the ,cross1 she would excite a good feeling in the minds of many towards the government1 a result which in those turbulent and antagonistic times was always desirable1 and1 in the next place1 it would invest her with a halfofficial position in certain circumstances that she might find very useful to others in her relations with minor functionaries4 ,this last consideration had some weight with ,amlie2 she turned it to account1 though not in the way her friends desired4 ,she wrote to the minister1 declining gratefully an honor which she did not feel qualified to accept1 but requested that he would reward what he was pleased to call her services by granting her a droit de grace4 ,this would entitle her to present petitions for a commutation of sentence in case of military prisoners1 and even on certain specified occasions to commute the sentence herself4 ,the privilege was granted at once1 and1 if ever virtue had a sweet reward in this world1 it was when ,amlie exercised it for the first time in favor of one of the captives of ,fort ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,her friends rejoiced with her1 and almost forgave her for refusing the sterile honor of the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,they never knew1 so carefully did her humility keep its secret1 that the government1 when granting her the droit de grace1 exacted as a condition that she should submit to become a member of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,it was years after that a friend1 who had heard something in high quarters which aroused his suspicions1 and who was intimate enough with ,amlie to take the liberty of catechising her on the subject1 asked pointblank if she was decorated1 and under promise of secrecy learned the truth4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,in ,our ,next4 ,the ,progressionists4 ,from ,the ,german ,of ,conrad ,von ,bolanden4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,progress ,grows ,jolly4 ,concluded4 ,in passing near the tables ,gerlach overheard conversations which revealed to him unmistakably the communistic aspirations and tendencies prevailing among the lower orders1 their fiendish hatred of religion and the clergy1 their corruption and appalling ignorance4 ,on every hand he perceived symptoms of an alarmingly unhealthy condition of society4 ,he heard blasphemies uttered against the ,divinity which almost caused his blood to run cold2 sacred things were scoffed at in terms so coarse and with an animus so plainly satanical that his hair rose on his head4 ,it was clear to him that the firmest supports1 the only true foundations of the social order1 were tottering--rotted away by an incurable corruption4 ,in ,gerlach's life1 also1 as in that of many other men1 there had been a period of mental struggle and of doubt4 ,he1 too1 had at one time found himself face to face with questions the solution of which involved the whole aim of his existence4 ,during this period of mental unrest1 he had thought and studied much about faith and science1 but not with a silly parade of superficial scepticism4 ,he had resolutely engaged in the soul struggle1 and had tried to end it for once and all4 ,supported by a good early training and a disposition naturally noble1 instructed and guided by books of solid learning1 he had come out from that crisis stronger in faith and more correct in his views of human science4 ,the scenes which he was witnessing reminded him vividly of that turningpoint in his life2 they were to him an additional proof that man's dignity disappears as soon as he refuses to follow the divine guidance of religion4 ,grave in mood1 he returned to the table around which were gathered the chieftains4 ,the marks of respect shown to the millionaire were numerous and flattering4 ,even the bluff ,sand exerted himself unusually in paying his respects to the wealthy landholder1 and ,erdblatt1 whose embarrassed financial condition enabled him beyond them all to appreciate the worth of money1 filled a glass with his own hand1 and reached it to ,mr4 ,conrad with the deference of an accomplished butler4 ,gerlach was pleased to speak in terms of praise of the nutbrown beverage1 which greatly tickled ,belladonna1 the fat brewer4 ,naturally enough1 the conversation turned upon the subject of the celebration4 8,i confess ,i am not quite clear respecting the purpose of your city in the matter of schools10 said ,mr4 ,conrad4 8,how do you intend to arrange the school system80 8,in such a way as to make it accord with the requirements of the times and the progressive spirit of civilization10 answered ,hans ,shund4 8,an end must be put to priest rule in the schools4 ,the establishment of common schools will be a decided step towards this object4 ,for a while1 of course1 the priests will be allowed to visit the schools at specified times1 but their influence and control in school matters will be greatly restricted4 ,education will be withdrawn from the church's supervision1 and after a few years we hope to reach the point when the schoolrooms will be closed altogether against the priests4 ,there is not a man of culture but will agree that children should not be required to learn things which are out of date1 and the import of which must only excite smiles of compassion40 8,whom do you intend to put in the place of the clergy80 inquired ,mr4 ,conrad4 8,we intend to impart useful information and a moral sense in harmony with the spirit of the age10 replied ,hans ,shund4 8,it seems to me the elementary branches have been very competently taught heretofore in our schools1 consequently ,i do not see the need of a change on this head10 said ,gerlach4 8,but you have not understood my question4 ,i mean1 who are to fill the office of instructors in morals and in religion80 ,the chieftains looked puzzled1 for such a question they had not expected to hear from the wealthiest man of the country4 8,you see1 ,mr4 ,gerlach10 said ,sand bluntly1 8religion must be done away with entirely4 ,we haven't any use for such trash4 ,children ought to spend their time in learning something more sensible than the catechism40 8,i am not disposed to believe that what you have just uttered is a correct expression of the general opinion of this community on the subject of the school question10 returned the millionaire with some warmth4 8,it is impossible to bring up youth morally without religion4 ,you are a housebuilder1 ,mr4 ,sand4 ,what would you think of the man who would expect you to build him a house without a foundation--a castle in the air80 8,why1 ,i would regard him as nothing less than a fool10 cried ,sand4 8,the case is identically the same with moral education4 ,morality is an edifice which a man must spend his life in laboring at4 ,religion is the groundwork of this edifice4 ,moral training without religion is an impossibility4 ,it would be just as possible to build a house in the air1 as to train up a child morally without a religious belief1 without being convinced of the existence of a holy and just ,god40 8,facts prove the contrary10 maintained ,hans ,shund4 8,millions of persons are moral who have no religious belief40 8,that's an egregious mistake1 sir10 opposed the landholder4 8,the repudiation of a ,supreme ,being and the violent extinction of the idea of the ,divinity in the breast are of themselves grave offences against moral conscience4 ,i grant you that1 in the eyes of the public1 thousands of men pass for moral who have no faith in religion4 ,but public opinion is anything but a criterion of certainty when the moral worth of a man is to be determined4 ,a man's interior is a region which cannot be viewed by the eye of the public4 ,you know yourselves that there are men who pass for honorable1 moral1 pure men1 whose private habits are exceedingly filthy and corrupt40 ,hans ,shund's color turned a palish yellow2 the eyes of the chieftains sank4 8,besides1 gentleman1 it would be labor lost to try to educate youth independently of religion4 ,man is by his very nature a religious being4 ,it is useless to attempt to educate the young without a knowledge of ,god and of revealed religion2 to be able to do so you would previously have to pluck out of their own breasts the sense of right and wrong1 and out of their souls the idea of ,god1 which are innate in both4 ,were the attempt made1 however1 believe me1 gentlemen1 the yearning after ,god1 alive in the human breast1 would soon impel the generation brought up independently of religion to seek after false gods4 ,for this very reason we know of no people in history that did not recognize and worship some divinity1 were it but a tree or a stone1 that served them for an object of adoration4 ,in my opinion1 it would be far more indicative of genuine progress to adhere to the ,god of ,christians1 who is incontestably holy1 just1 omnipotent1 and kind1 whilst to return to the sacred oaks of ancient ,germany or to adopt the fetichism of uncivilized tribes would be a most monstrous reaction1 the most degrading barbarism40 ,the chieftains looked nonplussed4 ,earnest thinking and investigation upon subjects pertaining to religion were not customary among the disciples of progress4 ,they looked upon religion as something so common and trivial that anybody was free to argue upon and condemn it with a few flippant or smart sayings4 ,but the millionaire was now disclosing views so new and vast1 that their weak vision was completely dazzled1 and their steps upon the unknown domain became unsteady4 ,mr4 ,seicht1 observing the embarrassment of the leaders1 felt it his duty to hasten to their relief4 ,his polemical weapons were drawn from the armory of bureaucracy4 8,the progressive development of humanity10 said ,mr4 ,seicht1 8has revealed an admirable substitute for all religious ideas4 ,a state well organized can exist splendidly without any religion4 ,nay1 ,i do not hesitate to maintain that religion is a drawback to the development of the modern state1 and that1 therefore1 the state should have nothing whatever to do with religion4 ,an invisible world should not exert an influence upon a state--the wants of the times are the only rule to be consulted40 8,what do you understand by a state1 sir80 asked the millionaire4 8,a state10 replied the official1 8is a union of men whose public life is regulated by laws which every individual is bound to observe40 8,you speak of laws2 upon what basis are these laws founded80 8,upon the basis of humanity1 morality1 liberty1 and right10 answered the official glibly4 8,and what do you consider moral and just80 8,whatever accords with the civilization of the age40 ,a faint smile passed over the severe features of ,mr4 ,conrad4 8,i was watching the procession10 spoke he4 8,i have seen the religious feelings of a large number of citizens publicly ridiculed and grossly insulted4 ,was that moral8 ,was it just8 ,you are determined to oust ,god and religion from the schools2 yet there are thousands in the country who desire and endeavor to secure a religious education for their children4 ,is it moral and just to utterly disregard the wishes of these thousands8 ,does it accord with a profession of humanity and freedom to put constraint on the consciences of fellowcitizens80 8,the persons of whom you speak are a minority in the state1 and the minority is obliged to yield to the will of the majority10 answered ,seicht4 8,it follows1 then1 that the basis of morality and justice is superior numbers80 8,yes1 it is6 ,in a state1 it appertains to the majority to determine and regulate everything40 8,gentlemen10 spoke ,gerlach with great seriousness1 8as ,i was a moment ago strolling over this place1 ,i overheard language at several tables1 which was unmistakably communistic4 ,laborers and factorymen were maintaining that wealth is unequally distributed2 that1 whilst a small number are immensely rich1 a much greater number are poor and destitute2 that progress will have to advance to a point when an equal division of property must be made4 ,now1 the poor and the laboring population are in the majority4 ,should they vote for a partition1 should they demand from us what hitherto we have regarded as exclusively our own1 we1 gentlemen1 will in consistency be forced to accept the decree of the majority as perfectly moral and just--will we not80 ,there was profound silence4 8,i1 for my part1 should most emphatically protest against such a ruling of the majority10 declared ,greifmann4 8,your protest would be contrary to morals and equity2 for1 according to ,mr4 ,seicht1 only what the majority wills is moral and just10 returned the landowner4 8,and1 in mentioning partition of property1 ,i hinted at a red monster which is not any longer a mere goblin1 but a thing of real flesh and bone4 ,we are on the verge of a fearful social revolution which threatens to break up society4 ,if there is no holy and just ,god2 if he has not revealed himself1 and man is not obliged to submit to his will2 if the only basis of right and of morals is the wish of the majority1 this terrible social revolution must be moral and just1 for the majority wills it and carries it out40 8,of course1 there must be a limit10 said the official feebly4 8,the demands of the majority must be reasonable40 8,what do you understand by reasonable1 sir80 8,i call reasonable whatever accords with the sense of right1 with sound thinking1 with moral ideas40 8,sense of right--moral ideas8 ,i beg you to observe that these notions differ vastly from the sole authority of numbers4 ,you have trespassed upon ,god's kingdom in giving your explanation1 for ideas are supersensible2 they are the thought of ,god himself4 ,and the sense of right was not implanted in the human breast by the word of a majority2 it was placed there by the ,creator of man40 ,the official was driven to the wall4 ,the chieftains thoughtfully stared at their beerpots4 8,it is clear that the will of the majority alone cannot be accepted as the basis of a state10 said ,schwefel4 8,the life of society cannot be put at the mercy of the rude and fickle masses4 ,there must be a moral order1 willed and regulated by a supreme ruler1 and binding upon every man4 ,this is plain40 8,i agree with you1 sir10 said the millionaire4 8,let us continue building on ,christian principles4 ,as everybody knows1 our civilization has sprung from ,christianity4 ,if we tear down the altars and destroy the seats from which lessons of ,christian morality are taught1 confusion must inevitably follow4 ,and ,i1 gentlemen1 have too exalted an opinion of the ,german nation1 of its earnest and religious spirit1 to believe that it can be ever induced to fall away completely from ,god and his holy law4 ,infidelity is an unhealthy tendency of our times2 it is a pernicious superstition which sound sense and noble feeling will ultimately triumph over4 ,we will do well to continue advancing in science1 art1 refinement1 and industry1 in true liberty and the right understanding of truth2 we will thus be making real progress1 such progress as ,i am proud to call myself a partisan of40 ,the chieftains maintained silence4 ,some nodded assent4 ,hans ,shund gave an angry bite to his pipestem1 and puffed a heavy cloud of smoke across the table4 8,i have confidence in the enlightenment and good sense of our people10 said he4 8,you have called modern progress #8a pernicious superstition and an unhealthy tendency of the times1' ,mr4 ,gerlach10 turning towards the millionaire with a bow4 8,i regret this view of yours40 8,which ,i have substantiated and proved10 interrupted ,gerlach4 8,true1 sir6 ,your proofs have been striking1 and ,i do not feel myself competent to refute them4 ,but ,i can point you to something more powerful than argument4 ,look at this scene2 see these happy people meeting and enjoying one another's society in most admirable harmony and order4 ,is not this spectacle a beautiful illustration and vindication of the moral spirit of progress80 8,these people are jubilant from the effect of beer1 why shouldn't they be8 ,but1 sir1 a profound observer does not #8suffer himself to be deceived by mere appearances4' 0 ,an uproar and commotion at a distance interrupted the millionaire4 ,at the same instant a policeman approached out of breath4 8,your honor1 the factorymen and the laborers are attacking one another60 8,what are you raising such alarm for10 said ,hans ,shund gruffly4 8,it is only a small squabble1 such as will occur everywhere in a crowd40 8,i ask your honor's pardon3 it is not a small squabble1 it is a bloody battle40 8,well1 part the wranglers40 8,we cannot manage them2 there are too many of them4 ,shall ,i apply for military80 8,hell and thunder--military60 cried ,hans ,shund1 getting on his feet4 8,are you in your senses80 8,several men have already been carried off badly wounded10 reported the policeman further4 8,you have no idea how serious the affray is1 and it is getting more and more so2 the friends of both sides are rushing in to aid their own party4 ,the police force is not a match for them40 ,women1 screaming and in tears1 were rushing in every direction4 ,the bands had ceased playing1 and noise and confusion resounded from the scene of action4 ,louise ran to take her brother's arm in consternation4 ,the wives and daughters of the chieftains huddled round their natural protectors4 8,hurry away and report this at the military post10 was ,seicht's order to the policeman4 8,the feud is getting alarming4 ,one moment60 ,tearing a leaf from a memorandum book1 he wrote a short note1 which he sent by the messenger4 8,off to the post--be expeditious60 ,louise hastened with her brother and ,gerlach senior to their carriage1 and her feeling of security returned only when the noise of the combat had died away in the distance4 ,the next day the town papers contained the following notice3 8,the beautiful celebration of yesterday1 which1 on account of its object1 will be long remembered by the citizens of this community1 was unfortunately interrupted by a serious conflict between the laborers and factorymen4 ,a great many were wounded during the mle1 of whom five have since died1 and it required the interference of an armed force to separate the combatants40 ,chapter ,x4 ,brown ,bread ,and ,bonnyclabber4 ,seraphin had not gone to the celebration4 ,he remained at home on the plea of not feeling well4 ,he was stretched upon a sofa1 and his soul was engaged in a desperate conflict4 ,what it was impossible for himself to look upon1 had been viewed by his father with composure3 the burlesque procession1 the public derision of holy practices1 the mockery of the ,redeemer of the world1 in whose place had been put a broken bottle on the symbol of salvation4 ,he himself had been stunned by the spectacle2 and his father8 ,was it his father8 ,again1 his father had accompanied the brother and sister to the infamous celebration4 ,was not this a direct confirmation of his own suspicions8 ,his father had become a fearful enigma to his soul6 ,and what if1 upon his return from the festival1 the father were to come and insist upon the marriage with ,louise1 declaring her advanced notions to be an insufficient ground for renouncing a pet project8 ,a wild storm was convulsing his interior4 ,he could not bear it longer1 he was driven forth4 ,snatching his straw hat1 he rushed from the house1 ran through the alleys and streets1 out of the town1 onward and still onward4 ,the ,august sun was burning1 and its heat1 reflected from the road1 was doubly intense4 ,the perspiration was rolling in large drops down the glowing face of the young man1 whom torturing thoughts still kept goading on4 ,holt's whitewashed dwelling became visible on the summit of a knoll1 and gleamed a friendly welcome as he came near it--a welcome which seemed opportune for one who hardly knew whither he was hastening4 ,the walnuttree which could be seen from afar was casting an inviting shade over the table and bench that seemed to be confidingly leaning against its stem4 ,a flock of chickens were taking a sandbath under the table1 flapping their wings1 ruffling their feathers1 and wallowing in the dust4 ,seated on the sunny hillock1 the cottage appeared quiet1 almost lonesome but for a ringing sound which came from the adjoining field and was made by the sickle passing through the corn4 ,a broadbrimmed straw hat with a blue band could be noticed from the road moving on over the fallen grain1 and presently ,mechtild's slender form rose into view as she pushed actively onward over the harvest field4 ,hasty steps resounded from the road4 ,she raised her head1 and her countenance first indicated surprise1 then embarrassment4 ,whom did her eyes behold rushing wildly by1 like a fugitive1 but the generous rescuer of her family from the clutches of the usurer ,shund4 ,his hat was in his hand1 his auburn locks were hanging down over his forehead1 his face was aglow1 his whole being seemed to be absorbed in a mad pursuit4 ,to her quick eye his features revealed deep trouble and violent excitement4 ,she was frightened1 and the sickle fell from her hand4 ,not a day passed on which she would not think of this benefactor4 ,perhaps there was not a being on earth whom she admired and revered as much as she did him4 ,all the pure and elevated sentiments of an innocent and blooming girl united to form a halo of affection round the head of ,seraphin4 ,at evening prayer when her father said1 8,let us pray for our benefactor ,seraphin10 her soul sent up a fervent petition to ,god1 and she declared with joy that she was willing to sacrifice all for him4 ,but behold this noble object of her admiration and affection suddenly presented before her in a state that excited the greatest uneasiness4 ,with his head sunk and his eyes directed straight before him1 he would have rushed past without noticing the sympathizing girl1 when a greeting clear and sweet as the tone of a bell caused him to look up4 ,he beheld ,mechtild with her beautiful eyes fixed upon him in an expression of anxiety4 8,goodmorning1 ,mr4 ,seraphin10 she said again4 8,goodmorning10 he returned mechanically1 and staring about vaguely4 ,his bewilderment soon passed1 however1 and his gaze was riveted by the apparition4 ,she was standing on the other side of the ditch4 ,the fear of some unknown calamity had given to her beautiful face an expression of tender solicitude1 and whilst a smile struggled for possession of her lips her look indicated painful anxiety4 ,mechtild's appearance soon directed the young man's attention to his own excited manner4 ,the dark shadow disappeared from his brow1 he wiped the perspiration from his face1 and began to feel the effect of his walk under the glowing heat of midsummer4 8,ah6 why1 here is the neat little white house1 your pretty country home1 ,mechtild10 he said pleasantly4 8,if you had not been so kind as to wish me goodmorning1 ,i should actually have passed by in an unpardonable fit of distraction40 8,i was almost afraid to say goodmorning1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 but--0 ,she faltered and looked confused4 8,but--what8 ,you didn't think anything was wrong80 8,no6 ,but you were in such a hurry and looked so troubled1 ,i got frightened10 she confessed with amiable uprightness4 8,i was afraid something had happened you40 8,i am thankful for your sympathy4 ,nothing has happened me1 nor1 ,i trust1 will10 he replied1 with a scarcely perceptible degree of defiance in his tone4 8,this is a charming situation4 ,cornfields on all sides1 trees laden with fruit1 the skirt of the woods in the background--and then this magnificent view6 ,with your permission1 ,i will take a moment's rest in the shade of yon splendid walnuttree planted by your greatgrandfather40 ,she joyfully nodded assent and stepped over the ditch4 ,she shoved back the bolt of the gate4 ,together they entered the yard1 which a hedge separated from the road4 ,the cock crew a welcome to the stranger1 and led his household from the sandbath into the sunshine near the barn4 8,this is a cool1 inviting little spot10 said the millionaire1 as he pointed to the shade of the walnuttree4 8,no doubt you often sit here and read80 8,yes1 ,mr4 ,seraphin2 but the dirty chickens have scattered dust all over the bench and table4 ,wait a minute1 you'll get your clothes dusty40 ,she hurried into the house4 ,his eyes followed her receding form1 his ears kept listening for her departing steps1 he heard the opening and closing of doors3 presently she reappeared1 dusted the bench and table with a brush1 and spread a white cloth over the table4 ,seraphin looked on with a smile4 8,i do not wish to be troublesome1 ,mechtild60 8,it is no trouble1 ,mr4 ,seraphin6 ,sit down1 now1 and rest yourself4 ,i am so sorry father and mother are not at home4 ,they will be ever so glad to hear that you have honored us with a visit40 8,is nobody at home80 8,father is in town1 and mother is at work with the children in the harvest field40 8,are you not afraid to stay here by yourself80 8,what should ,i be afraid of8 ,there are no ghosts in daytime10 she said with a bewitching archness2 8and as for thieves1 they never expect to find anything worth having at our house40 ,she was standing on the other side of the table1 looking at him with a beautiful smile4 8,won't you have a seat on this bench80 said he1 making room for her4 8,you need rest more than ,i do4 ,you have been working1 and ,i am merely an idle stroller4 ,do take a seat1 ,mechtild40 8,thank you1 ,mr4 ,seraphin--,i could not think of doing so6 ,it would not be becoming10 she answered with some confusion4 8,why not becoming80 8,because you are a gentleman1 and ,i am only a poor girl40 8,your objection on the score of propriety is not worth anything4 ,oblige me by doing what ,i ask of you40 8,i will do so1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 since you insist upon it1 but after a while4 ,i would like to offer you some refreshments beforehand1 if you will allow me40 8,with pleasure10 he said1 nodding assent4 ,a second time she hurried away to the house1 whilst he kept listening to her footsteps4 ,the extraordinary neatness and cleanliness which could be seen everywhere about the little homestead did not escape his observation4 ,on all sides he fancied he saw the work of ,mechtild4 ,the purity of her spirit1 which beamed so mildly from her eyes and was revealed in the beauty of her countenance and the grace of her person1 seemed embodied in the very odor of roses wafted over from the neighboring flower garden4 ,he was unconscious of the rapid growth within his bosom of a deep and tender feeling4 ,this feeling was casting a warm glow1 like softest sunshine1 over all that he beheld4 ,not even the chickens looked to him like other fowls of their kind2 they were ennobled by the reflection that they were objects of ,mechtild's care1 that she fed them1 that when they were still piping little pullets she had held them in her lap and caressed them4 ,he abandoned himself completely to this sentiment2 it carried him on like a smooth current2 and he could not tell1 did not suspect even1 why so wonderful a reaction had in so short a time taken place in his interior4 ,beholding himself seated under the walnuttree surrounded only by evidences of honorable poverty and rural thrift1 and yet feeling a degree of happiness and peace he had never known before1 he fancied he was performing a part in some fairy tale which he was dreaming with his eyes open4 ,and now the fairy appeared at the door having on a snowywhite apron1 and carrying a shallow basket from which could be seen1 protruding above the rest of its contents1 a milk jar4 ,she set before him a pewter plate1 bright as silver4 ,then she took out the jar and a cup1 next she laid a knife and spoon for him1 and finished her hospitable service with a huge loaf of bread4 8,don't get dismayed at the bread1 ,mr4 ,seraphin6 ,i am sorry ,i cannot set something better before you4 ,but it is well baked and will not hurt you60 8,you baked it yourself1 did you not80 8,yes1 ,mr4 ,seraphin60 ,he attacked the loaf resolutely4 ,from the dimensions of the slice which he cut off1 it was plain that both his appetite and his confidence in her skill were satisfactory4 ,she raised the jar of bonnyclabber1 which lurched out in jerks upon his plate1 whilst he kept gayly stirring it with the spoon4 ,then she dipped a spoonful of rich cream out of the cup and poured it into the refreshing contents of the plate4 8,let me know when you want me to stop1 ,mr4 ,seraphin40 ,mechtild poured spoonful after spoonful2 he sat immovable1 seemingly observing the spoon1 but in reality watching her soft plump fingers1 then her wellshaped hand1 next her exquisitely turned arm1 and1 when finally he raised his eyes to her face1 they were met by a mischievous smile4 ,the cup was empty1 and all the cream was in his plate4 8,may ,i go and fetch some more80 she asked4 8,no1 ,mechtild1 no6 ,why1 this is a regular yellow sea60 8,you wouldn't cry #8enough6' 0 8,i forgot about it10 he replied1 somewhat confused4 8,to atone for my forgetfulness1 ,i will eat it all40 8,i hope you will relish it1 ,mr4 ,seraphin60 8,thank you6 ,where is your plate80 8,i had my dinner before you came40 8,well1 then1 at any rate you must not continue standing4 ,won't you share this seat with me80 ,she seated herself upon the bench1 took off her hat1 smoothed down her apron1 and appeared happy at seeing him eating heartily4 8,don't you find that dish refreshing1 ,mr4 ,seraphin80 8,you have done me a real act of charity10 he replied4 8,this bread is excellent4 ,who taught you how to make bread80 8,i learned from mother2 but there isn't much art in making that sort of bread1 ,mr4 ,seraphin4 ,the food which people in the country eat does not require artistic preparation4 ,it only needs good1 pure material1 so that it may give strength to labor40 8,i suppose you attend to the kitchen altogether1 do you not80 8,yes1 ,mr4 ,seraphin4 ,that's not very difficult1 our meals are of the plainest kind4 ,we have meat once a week1 on ,sundays4 ,when the work is unusually hard1 as in harvest time1 we have meat oftener4 ,we raise our own meat and cure it40 8,you have assumed household cares at quite an early age1 ,mechtild40 8,early8 ,i am seventeen now1 and am the oldest4 ,mother has a great deal of trouble with the small ones1 so the housework falls chiefly to my share4 ,it does not require any great exertion1 however1 to do it4 ,plain and saving is our motto4 ,mother specially recommends four things3 industry1 cleanliness1 order1 and economy4 ,she advises me not to neglect any one of these points when once ,i will have a household of my own40 8,do you think you will soon set up a separate household80 asked he with some hesitation4 8,not for some time to come1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 yet it must be done one day4 ,if my own inclination were consulted1 ,i would prefer never to leave home4 ,i should like things to continue as they are4 ,but a separation must come4 ,death will pay us a visit as it has done to others1 father and mother will pass away1 and the course of events will sever us from one another40 ,her head sank1 the brightness of her face became obscured beneath the shadow of these sombre thoughts1 and1 when she again looked up1 there appeared in her eyes so touching and childlike a sadness that he felt pained to the soul4 ,and yet this revelation of tenderness pleased him1 for it made known to him a new phase of her amiable nature4 ,for a long time he continued conversing with the artless girl4 ,every word she uttered1 no matter how trifling1 had an interest for him4 ,besides her charming artlessness1 he had frequent occasions to admire the wisdom of her language and her admirable delicacy4 ,the setting sun had already cast a subdued crimson over the hilltops1 hours had sped away1 the chickens had gone to roost1 still he remained riveted to the spot by ,mechtild's grace and loveliness4 8,father is just coming10 she said1 pointing down the road4 8,how glad he will be to find you here60 ,his head bent forward1 ,holt came wearily plodding up the road4 ,his right hand was hidden in the pocket of his pantaloons1 and his head was bowed1 as if beneath a heavy weight4 ,as ,mechtild's clear voice rang out1 he raised his head1 caught sight of his highhearted benefactor1 and smiled in joyful surprise4 8,welcome1 ,mr4 ,seraphin2 a thousand times welcome60 he cried from the other side of the road4 8,why1 this is an honor that ,i had not expected60 ,he stood uncovered1 holding his cap in the left hand1 his right hand was still concealed4 ,mechtild at once noticed her father's singular behavior1 and her eye watched anxiously for the hidden hand4 8,your daughter has been so kind as to offer refreshments to a weary wanderer10 said ,gerlach1 8and it has been a great pleasure for me to sit awhile4 ,we have been chatting for several hours under this glorious tree1 and may be ,i am to blame for keeping her from her work40 ,holt's honest face beamed with satisfaction4 ,he entirely forgot about his secret1 he drew his hand out of his pocket1 ,mechtild turned pale1 and a sharp cry escaped her lips4 8,for mercy's sake1 father60 ,and she pointed to the broken chain4 8,what are you screaming for1 foolish girl8 ,don't be alarmed1 ,mr4 ,seraphin6 this chain has got on my arm in an honorable cause4 ,i will tell you the whole story2 ,i know you will not inform on me40 ,seating himself on the bench1 he related the adventures of the day4 ,the mock procession passed before ,mechtild's imagination with the vividness of reality4 ,the narration transformed her4 ,her mildness was changed to noble anger4 ,she had heard of the vicar of ,christ being insulted1 of holy things being scoffed at1 of the ,redeemer being derided by a horde of wretches4 ,with her arms akimbo1 she drew up her lithe and graceful form to its full height1 and with flashing eyes looked at her father while he related what had befallen him4 ,seraphin could not help wondering at the transformation4 ,such a display of spirit he had not been prepared to witness in a girl so gentle and beautiful4 ,when her father had ended his account1 she seized his hand passionately1 pressed it warmly between her own hands1 and kissed the chain4 8,father1 dear father10 she exclaimed in a burst of feeling1 8,i thank you from my heart for acting as you did6 ,those wretches were scoffing at our holy religion1 but you behaved bravely in defence of the faith4 ,for this they put chains on you1 as the heathen did to ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul40 ,once more she kissed the chain1 then1 turning quickly1 hastened across the yard to the house4 8,mechtild isn't like the rest of us10 said ,holt1 smiling4 8,there's a great deal of spirit in her4 ,i have often noticed it4 ,but ,i am not astonished at her being roused at the mock procession--,i was roused myself4 ,i declare1 ,mr4 ,seraphin1 it is a shame1 a crying shame1 that persons are permitted to rail at doctrines and things which we revere as holy4 ,one would almost believe ,satan himself was in some people1 they take so fanatical a delight in scoffing at a religion which is holy and enjoins nothing but what is good40 8,it is incontestable that infidelity hates and opposes ,god and religion10 replied ,gerlach4 8,the boasted culture of those who find a pleasure in grossly wounding the most sacred feelings of their neighbors1 is wicked and stupid40 ,mechtild returned with a file in her hand4 8,right1 my child6 ,i was just thinking of the file myself4 ,here1 cut the catches of the lock40 ,he laid his arm across the table4 ,a few strokes of the file caused the lock and remnant of chain to fall from his wrist4 8,we will keep this as a precious memento10 said she4 8,only think1 father1 that wicked official ordered you to be manacled1 and he is the representative of authority4 ,how can one respect or even pray for authorities when they allow religion to be ridiculed80 8,pray for your enemies10 answered the countryman gravely4 8,i will do so because ,god commands me2 but ,i shall never again be able to respect the official60 ,her anger had fled2 she appeared again all light and loveliness4 ,he did not fail to observe a searching look which she directed upon him1 but its meaning became clear to him only when1 as he was taking leave1 she said in a tone of humility3 8,pardon my vehemence1 ,mr4 ,seraphin6 ,don't think me a bad girl40 8,there is nothing to be forgiven1 ,mechtild4 ,you were indignant against godless wretches1 and they who are not indignant against evil cannot themselves be good40 8,we are most heartily thankful for this visit10 spoke ,holt4 8,i need not say that we will consider it a great happiness as often as you will be pleased to come40 8,goodnight60 returned the young man1 and he walked away4 ,deeply immersed in his thoughts1 ,seraphin went back to town4 ,what he was thinking about1 his diary does not record4 ,but the excitement under which he had rushed forth was gone--dispelled by the magic of a rural sorceress4 ,he walked on quietly like a man who seems filled with confidence in his own future4 ,the recent painful impressions seemed to his mind to lie far back in the past2 their place was taken up by beautiful anticipations which1 like the aurora1 shed soft and pleasing light upon his path4 ,he halted frequently in a dreamlike reverie to indulge the happiness with which his soul was flooded4 ,the full moon1 just peering over the hills1 shed around him a mystic brightness that harmonized perfectly with the indefinable contentment of his heart1 and seemed to be gazing quizzingly into the countenance of the young man1 who almost feared to confess to himself that he had found an invaluable treasure4 ,as he stopped before the ,palais ,greifmann1 all the bright spirits that had hovered round about him on the way back from the little whitewashed cottage1 fled4 ,he awoke from his dream1 and1 ascending the stairs with a feeling of discomfort1 he entered his apartment1 where his father sat awaiting him4 8,at last10 spoke ,mr4 ,conrad1 looking up from a book4 8,you have kept me waiting a long time1 my son40 8,i was in need of a good long walk1 father1 to get over what ,i witnessed this morning4 ,the country air has dispelled all those horrible impressions4 ,there is only one thing more required to make me feel perfectly well1 dear father1 which is that you will not insist on my allying myself to people who are utterly opposed to my way of thinking and feeling40 8,i understand and approve of your request1 ,seraphin4 ,the impressions made on me1 too1 are exceedingly disagreeable4 ,the advancement of which this town boasts is stupid1 immoral1 detestable4 ,how this state of society has come about1 is inexplicable to me who live secluded in the country4 ,society is diseased1 fatally diseased4 ,many of the new views professed are sheer superstition1 and their morality is a mere cloak for their corruption and wickedness4 ,all the powers of progress socalled are actively at work to subvert all the safeguards of society4 ,and what your diary reports of ,louise1 ,i have found fully confirmed4 ,though it cost the sacrifice of a long cherished plan1 a son of mine shall never become the husband of a progressionist woman40 8,o father6 how deeply do ,i thank you60 cried the youth1 carried away by his feelings4 8,i must decline being thanked1 for ,i have not merited it10 spoke ,mr4 ,conrad earnestly4 8,a father's duty determines very clearly what my decision upon the matter of your marriage with ,louise1 ought to be4 ,but ,i am under obligations to you1 my son1 which justice compels me to acknowledge4 ,your discernment and moral sense have prevented a great deal of discord and unhappiness in our family4 ,continue good and true1 my ,seraphin60 ,he pressed his son to his bosom and imprinted a kiss on his forehead4 8,tomorrow we shall start for home by the first train4 ,fortunately your prudent behavior makes it easy for us to get away1 and the final breaking off of this engagement ,i will myself arrange with ,louise's father40 ,seraphin ,gerlach ,to ,the ,author4 ,,dear ,,sir3 ,two years ago1 ,i took the liberty of sending you my diary1 with the request that you would be pleased to publish such portions of its contents as might be useful1 in the form of a tale illustrative of the times4 ,i made the request because ,i consider it the duty of a writer who delineates the condition of society1 to transmit to posterity a faithful picture of the present social status1 and ,i am vain enough to believe that my jottings will be a modest contribution towards such a tableau4 ,the meagre account given by the diary of my intercourse with ,mechtild1 will probably have enabled you to perceive the germ of a pure and true relation likely to develop itself further4 ,i shall add but a few items to complete the account of the diary1 knowing that poets1 painters1 and artists have rigorously determined bounds1 and that a twilight cannot be represented when the sun is at the zenith4 ,i am emboldened to use this illustration because your unbounded admiration of pure womanhood is well known to me1 and because the brightness of ,mechtild's character1 were it further described1 would no more be compatible with the sombre colorings in which a true picture of modern progress would have to be exhibited1 than the noonday sun with the shadows of evening4 ,my memoranda concerning ,mechtild1 which1 despite studied soberness1 betrayed a considerable degree of admiration1 made known to my parents1 naturally enough1 the secret of my heart4 ,hence it came that a quiet smile passed over my father's face every time ,i commenced to speak of ,mechtild4 ,holt's manly deed at the mock procession had already gained for him my father's esteem1 and1 as ,i spoke a great deal about ,holt's thoroughness as a cultivator1 my father began to look upon him as a very desirable man to employ4 8,we want an experienced man on the #8green farm1' 0 said father1 one day4 8,offer the situation to ,holt1 and tell him to come to see me about it4 ,i want to talk with him40 8,give the good man my compliments10 said mother2 8tell him ,i would be much pleased to become acquainted with ,mechtild1 who sympathized with you so kindly on that memorable day60 ,i wrote without delay4 ,holt came1 and so did ,mechtild4 ,but few moments were necessary to enable mother to detect the girl's fine qualities4 ,father1 too1 was delightfully surprised at her modesty1 the beauty of her form1 and grace of her manner4 ,he visited the farm accompanied by ,holt4 ,the cultivator's extraordinary knowledge1 his practical manner of viewing things1 and the shrewdness of his counsels in regard to the improvement of worn out land and the cultivation of poor soil1 completely charmed my father4 ,a contract containing very favorable conditions for ,holt was entered into1 and three weeks later the family took charge of the 8green farm40 ,upon mother's suggestion1 ,mechtild was sent to an educational institution1 where she acquired in ten months' time the learning and culture necessary for associating with cultivated people4 ,father and mother had received her on her return like a daughter4 ,this reception was given her not only in consideration of ,holt's skilful and faithful management of business1 but also on account of ,mechtild's own splendid womanly character--perhaps1 too1 partly on account of my unbounded admiration for the rare girl4 8,the girl is an ornament to her sex10 lauded my father4 8,her polished manner and ease in company do not suffer one to suspect ever so remotely that she at any time plied the reapinghook1 and came out of a stubblefield to regale a weary wanderer with brown bread and bonnyclabber4 ,i am quite in harmony with your secret wishes1 my dear ,seraphin6 ,at the same time1 ,i am of opinion that a step promising so much happiness ought not to be longer deferred4 ,i think1 then1 you should ask the father for his daughter without delay1 so that ,i may soon have the pleasure of giving you my blessing40 ,from my father's arms1 into which ,i had thrown myself in thankfulness1 ,i hastened away to the 8green farm10 where ,mechtild with maidenly blushes1 and ,holt in speechless astonishment1 heard and granted my petition4 ,i am now four months married4 ,i am the blest husband of a wife whose lovely qualities are daily showing themselves to greater advantage4 ,mechtild presides over ,chateau ,hallberg like an angel of peace4 ,towards my father and mother she conducts herself with filial reverence and neverceasing delicate attentions4 ,mother loves her unspeakably1 and no access of ill humor in father can withstand her charming smile and prudent mirth4 ,concerning the bankinghouse of ,greifmann1 ,i have only sad things to tell4 ,carl's father had entered into very considerable speculations which failed and drove him into bankruptcy4 ,carl saw the blow coming1 and saved himself in a disgraceful manner4 ,there was a savings institution connected with the bank in which poor people and servants deposited the savings of their hard labor4 ,carl appropriated this fund and made off a short time before the failure of the house4 ,thousands of poor persons were robbed of the little sums which they were saving for old age1 by denying themselves many even of the necessaries of life4 ,the maledictions and curses of these unfortunate people followed across the ocean the thief whose modern culture and progressive humanity did not hinder him from committing a crime which no ,christian can be guilty of without losing his claim to the title4 ,carl1 however1 still continues to pass for a man of culture and humanity notwithstanding his deed4 ,and why should he not1 since without faith in the ,deity moral obligations do not exist1 and consequently every species of crime is allowable8 ,the old gentleman ,greifmann died shortly after his ruin2 ,louise lost her mind4 ,my father felt the misfortune of the ,greifmanns deeply1 without1 however1 regretting in the smallest degree the wise determination which their godless principles and actions had driven him to4 ,formerly he could never find time to take part in the elections4 ,but now he is constantly speaking about the duty of every respectable man to oppose the infernal machinations and plans of wouldbe progress4 ,he intends at the next election to use all his influence for the election of conscientious deputies1 so that the evil may be put an end to which consists in trying to undermine the foundations of society4 ,accept1 dear sir1 the assurance of the esteem with which ,i have the honor to be our most obedient servant1 ,,seraphin ,,gerlach4 ,,chateau ,,hallberg1 ,jan4 #d1 #ahgb4 ,two chapters have been omitted in this translation of 8,the ,progressionists40--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,f4 ,james ,marquette1 ,s4,j4 ,among the names that have become immortalized in the history of our country1 there are few more certainly destined for perpetual fame than those connected with the discovery and exploration of that mighty river which courses so boldly and majestically through this vast continent4 ,thus it is probable that there never will be a time when even children at school will not be familiar with such names as ,de ,soto1 ,marquette1 and ,la ,salle4 ,james ,marquette was born in the city of ,laon1 near a small branch of the ,oise1 in the department of ,aisne1 ,france1 in the year #afcg4 ,his family was the most ancient of that ancient city1 and had1 during many generations1 filled high offices and rendered valuable services to their country1 both in civil and military life4 ,we have accounts of eminent services rendered to his sovereign by one of his ancestors as early as #acfj4 ,the usefulness and public spirit of the family1 we may well suppose1 did not expire with the distinguished subject of this memoir2 for we find that1 in the ,french army that aided our fathers in the achievement of ,american ,independence1 there were no less than three ,marquettes who laid down their lives in the cause of liberty4 ,his maternal name was no less distinguished in the annals of the church4 ,on the side of his mother1 ,rose de la ,salle1 he was connected with the good and venerable ,john ,baptist de la ,salle1 founder of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools1 so distinguished for their successful services in the cause of popular religious education4 ,it was this pious mother that instilled into her illustrious son that tender and fervid devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin which so ravished his soul and adorned his whole life4 ,in #afed1 when but seventeen years old1 he entered the ,society of ,jesus1 in which the time of his novitiate1 the terms of teaching and of his own theological studies1 consumed twelve years4 ,he had chosen for his model ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 and in studying his patron's life1 and meditating on his virtues1 the young priest conceived a holy longing to enter the field of missionary toil4 ,he was enrolled in the province of ,champagne2 but1 as this had no foreign missions1 he caused himself to be transferred to the province of ,france4 ,his cherished object was soon attained4 ,in #afff1 he was sent out to ,canada1 and arrived at ,quebec on the #bjth of ,september of that year4 ,f4 ,marquette was at first destined for the ,montagnais mission1 whose central station was at ,tadousal1 and on the #ajth of ,october he started for ,three ,rivers1 in order to study the ,montagnais language1 a key to many neighboring ,indian tongues1 under that celebrated philologist as well as renowned missionary1 ,f4 ,gabriel ,druilletes4 ,his intervals of leisure were here employed in the offices of the holy ministry4 ,f4 ,marquette was thus occupied till ,april1 #affh1 when his destination was changed1 and he received orders to prepare for the mission on ,lake ,superior1 known as the ,ottawa mission4 ,he accordingly returned to ,quebec1 and thence set out for ,montreal on the #bast of ,april1 with ,brother ,le ,boesme and two other companions2 and from the latter place he embarked on the ,ottawa flotilla4 ,he was accompanied by other missionaries on this toilsome and dangerous voyage up the ,ottawa1 through ,french ,river1 to and across ,lake ,huron1 and to the ,sault ,st4 ,mary4 ,this region had long before been dedicated to ,god by the erection of the cross by ,fathers ,jogues and ,raymbault1 and twenty years later1 #affj1 ,f4 ,mnard became the founder of the ,ottawa mission2 and when ,f4 ,marquette arrived in ,canada1 ,f4 ,allouez was then pushing his spiritual conquests beyond any points reached by his zealous predecessors4 ,on the advent of ,f4 ,marquette to the shores of ,lake ,superior1 it was found expedient to establish two missions1 one of which should be located at the ,sault ,st4 ,mary1 and the other at ,green ,bay4 ,erecting his cabin at the foot of the rapids on the ,american side1 ,f4 ,marquette opened his mission at the ,sault1 where he was joined the following year by ,f4 ,dablon1 ,superior of the ,ottawa mission4 ,these two zealous missionaries soon gathered a ,christian flock around them1 and the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass was now offered up in that wild region in 8a sanctuary worthy of the faith40 8,it is10 says ,bancroft1 8the oldest settlement begun by ,europeans within the present limits of the commonwealth of ,michigan40 ,so rich was the harvest which the enthusiastic and apostolical ,marquette saw before him that he writes in one of his letters3 8,two thousand souls were ready to embrace the faith1 if the missionary were faithful to his task40 ,yet knowing the uncertainty of the ,indian character1 he proceeded cautiously and prudently in his undertakings4 ,though his ardent hopes were not fully realized1 the harvest was not a fruitless one2 and ,fathers ,dablon and ,marquette labored on with undaunted courage and undiminished zeal1 instructing the people1 baptizing such as were in danger of death1 and laying the solid foundations of a future ,christian commonwealth4 ,in ,august of #affi1 ,f4 ,marquette was transferred from the ,sault to ,lapointe1 to conduct the missions of the ,holy ,ghost among the ,ottawas1 and to fill the place recently occupied by ,f4 ,allouez1 who had gone to ,green ,bay4 ,after a perilous and exhausting navigation1 amid snow and ice1 of a month's duration1 he reached ,lapointe in safety1 and full of ardor for the work before him4 ,a few extracts from the account of this mission1 which ,f4 ,marquette gave to his superior in his letter of the following year1 will be more acceptable to the reader than any synopsis we could prepare from it3 8,divine ,providence having destined me to continue the mission of the ,holy ,ghost begun by ,allouez1 who had baptized the chiefs of the ,kiskakonk1 ,i arrived there on the thirteenth of ,september1 and went to visit the ,indians who were in the clearings1 which are divided into five towns4 ,the ,hurons1 to the number of about four or five hundred1 almost all baptized1 still preserve some little ,christianity4 ,a number of the chiefs assembled in council were at first well pleased to see me2 but ,i explained that ,i did not yet know their language perfectly1 and that no other missionary was coming1 both because all had gone to the ,iroquois1 and because ,f4 ,allouez1 who understood them perfectly1 did not wish to return that winter1 as they did not love the prayer enough4 ,they acknowledged that it was a just punishment1 and during the winter held talks about it1 and resolved to amend1 as they tell me4 8,the nation of the ,outaouaks ,sinagaux is far from the kingdom of ,god1 and being above all other nations addicted to lewdness1 sacrifices1 and juggleries4 ,they ridicule the prayer1 and will scarcely hear us speak of ,christianity4 ,they are proud and undeveloped1 and ,i think that so little can be done with this tribe that ,i have not baptized healthy infants who seem likely to live1 watching only for such as are sick4 ,the ,indians of the ,kinouch tribe declare openly that it is not yet time4 ,there are1 however1 two men among them formerly baptized4 ,one1 now rather old1 is looked upon as a kind of miracle among the ,indians1 having always refused to marry1 persisting in this resolution in spite of all that had been said4 ,he has suffered much1 even from his relatives1 but he is as little affected by this as by the loss of all the goods which he brought last year from the settlement1 not having even enough left to cover him4 ,these are hard trials for ,indians1 who generally seek only to possess much in this world4 ,the other1 a newmarried young man1 seems of another nature than the rest4 ,the ,indians1 extremely attached to their reveries1 had resolved that a certain number of young women should prostitute themselves1 each to choose such partner as she liked4 ,no one in these cases ever refused1 as the lives of men are supposed to depend on it4 ,this young ,christian was called2 on entering the cabin1 he saw the orgies that were about to begin1 and1 feigning illness1 immediately left1 and1 though they came to call him back1 he refused to go4 ,his confession was as prudent as it could be1 and ,i wondered that an ,indian could live so innocently1 and so nobly profess himself a ,christian4 ,his mother and some of his sisters are also good ,christians4 ,the ,ottawas1 extremely superstitious in their feasts and juggleries1 seem hardened to the instructions given them1 yet they like to have their children baptized4 ,god permitted a woman to die this winter in her sin2 her illness had been concealed from me1 and ,i heard it only by the report that she had asked a very improper dance for her cure4 ,i immediately went to a cabin where all the chiefs were at a feast1 and some ,kiskakonk ,christians among them4 ,to these ,i exposed the impiety of the woman and her medicine men1 and gave them proper instructions4 ,i then spoke to all present1 and ,god permitted that an old ,ottawa rose to advise granting what ,i asked1 as it made no matter1 he said1 if the woman did die4 ,an old ,christian then rose and told the nation that they must stop the licentiousness of their youth1 and not permit ,christian girls to take part in such dances4 ,to satisfy the woman1 some child's play was substituted for the dance2 but this did not prevent her dying before morning4 ,the dangerous state of a sick man caused the medicine men to proclaim that the devil must be invoked by extraordinary superstitions4 ,the ,christians took no part4 ,the actors were these jugglers and the sick man1 who was passed over great fires lighted in every cabin4 ,it was said that he did not feel the heat1 although his body had been greased with oil for five or six days4 ,men1 women1 and children ran through the cabins1 asking1 as a riddle1 to divine their thoughts1 and the successful guesser was glad to give the object named4 ,i prevented the abominable lewdness so common at the end of these diabolical rites4 ,i do not think that they will recur1 as the sick man died soon after4 8,the nation of ,kiskakous1 which for three years refused to receive the ,gospel preached them by ,f4 ,allouez1 resolved in the fall of #affh to obey ,god4 ,this resolution was adopted in full council1 and announced to that father1 who spent four winter months instructing them4 ,the chiefs of the nation became ,christians1 and1 as ,f4 ,allouez was called to another mission1 he gave it to my charge to cultivate1 and ,i entered on it in ,september1 #affi4 8,all the ,christians were then in the fields harvesting their ,indian corn2 they listened with pleasure when ,i told them that ,i came to ,lapointe for their sake and that of the ,hurons2 that they never should be abandoned1 but be beloved above all other nations2 and that they and the ,french were one4 ,i had the consolation of seeing their love for the prayer and their pride in being ,christians4 ,i baptized the newborn infants1 and instructed the chiefs whom ,i found well disposed4 ,the head chief having allowed a dog to be hung on a pole near his cabin1 which is a kind of sacrifice the ,indians make to the sun1 ,i told him that this was wrong1 and he went and threw it down4 8,having invited the ,kiskakous to come and winter near the chapel1 they left all the other tribes1 to gather around us so as to be able to pray to ,god1 be instructed1 and have their children baptized4 ,they all call themselves ,christians2 hence in all councils and important affairs ,i address them1 and1 when ,i wish to show them that ,i really wish what ,i ask1 ,i need only address them as ,christians2 they told me even that they obeyed me for that reason4 ,they have taken the upper hand1 and control the three other tribes4 ,it is a great consolation to a missionary to see such pliancy in savages1 and to live in such peace with the ,indians1 spending the whole day in instructing them in our mysteries1 and teaching them the prayers4 ,neither the rigor of the winter nor the state of the weather prevents their coming to the chapel2 many never let a day pass1 and ,i was thus busily employed from morning till night1 preparing some for baptism1 some for confession1 disabusing others of their reveries4 ,the old men told me that the young men had lost their senses1 and that ,i must stop their excesses4 ,i often spoke to them of their daughters1 urging them to prevent their being visited at night4 ,i knew almost all that passed in two tribes near us2 but1 though others were spoken of1 ,i never heard anything against the ,christian women1 and when ,i spoke to the old men about their daughters1 they told me that they prayed to ,god4 ,i often inculcated this1 knowing the importunities to which they are constantly exposed1 and the courage they need to resist4 ,they have learned to be modest1 and the ,french who have seen them perceive how little they resemble the others from whom they are thus distinguished4 8,after ,easter1 all the ,indians dispersed to seek subsistence2 they promised me that they would not forget the prayer1 and earnestly begged that a father should come in the fall when they assemble again4 ,this will be granted1 and1 if it please ,god to send some father1 he will take my place1 while ,i1 to execute the orders of my fathersuperior1 will go and begin my ,illinois mission4 8,the ,illinois are thirty days' journey by land from ,lapointe by a difficult road2 they lie southsouthwest of it4 ,on the way you pass the nation of the ,ketchigamins1 who live in more than twenty large cabins2 they are inland1 and seek to have intercourse with the ,french1 from whom they hope to get axes1 knives1 and ironware4 ,so much do they fear them that they unbound from the stake two ,indian captives1 who said1 when about to be burned1 that the ,frenchman had declared that they wished peace all over the world4 ,you pass then to the ,miamiwek1 and by great deserts reach the ,illinois1 who are assembled chiefly in two towns containing more than eight or nine thousand souls4 ,these people are well enough disposed to receive ,christianity4 ,since ,f4 ,allouez spoke to them at ,lapointe to adore one ,god1 they have begun to abandon their false worship2 for they adored the sun and thunder4 ,those seen by me are apparently of good disposition1 and they are not night runners1 like the other ,indians4 ,a man kills his wife if he finds her unfaithful4 ,they are less prodigal in sacrifices1 and promise me to embrace ,christianity1 and do all ,i require in their country4 ,in this view1 the ,ottawas gave me a young man recently come from their country1 who initiated me to some extent in their language during the leisure given me in the winter by the ,indians at ,lapointe4 ,i could scarcely understand it1 though there is something of the ,algonquin in it2 yet ,i hope1 by the help of ,god's grace1 to understand and be understood if ,god by his goodness leads me to that country4 8,no one must hope to escape crosses in our missions1 and the best means to live happily is not to fear them1 but1 in the enjoyment of little crosses1 hope for others still greater4 ,the ,illinois desire us1 like ,indians1 to share their miseries and suffer all that can be imagined in barbarism4 ,they are lost sheep1 to be sought amid woods and thorns1 especially when they call so piteously to be rescued from the jaws of the wolf4 ,such1 really1 can ,i call their entreaties to me this winter4 ,they have actually gone this spring to notify the old men to come for me in the fall4 8,the ,illinois always come by land4 ,they sow maize1 which they have in great plenty2 they have pumpkins as large as those of ,france1 and plenty of roots and fruit4 ,the chase is very abundant in wild cattle1 bears1 stags1 turkeys1 duck1 bustard1 wild pigeon1 and cranes4 ,they leave their towns at certain times every year to go to their huntinggrounds together1 so as to be better able to resist if attacked4 ,they believe that ,i will spread peace everywhere if ,i go1 and then only the young will go to hunt4 8,when the ,illinois come to ,lapointe1 they pass a large river almost a league wide4 ,it runs north and south1 and so far that the ,illinois1 who do not know what canoes are1 have never yet heard of its mouth2 they only know that there are very great nations below them1 some of whom raise two crops of maize a year4 ,eastsoutheast of the country is a nation they call ,chawawon1 which came to visit them last summer4 ,they wear beards1 which shows intercourse with ,europeans2 they had come thirty days across land before reaching their country4 ,this great river can hardly empty in ,virginia1 and we rather believe its mouth is in ,california4 ,if the ,indians1 who promise to make me a canoe1 do not fail to keep their word1 we shall go into this river as soon as we can1 with a ,frenchman and this young man given me1 who knows some of these languages1 and has a readiness for learning others2 we shall visit the nations which inhabit it1 in order to open the way to so many of our fathers who have long awaited this happiness4 ,this discovery will give us a complete knowledge of the southern or western sea4 8,the ,illinois are warriors2 they make many slaves1 whom they sell to the ,ottawas for guns1 powder1 kettles1 axes1 and knives4 ,they were formerly at war with the ,nadouessi1 but1 having made peace some years since1 ,i confirmed it1 to facilitate their coming to ,lapointe1 where ,i am going to await them1 in order to accompany them to their country40 ,much as he loved his children at ,lapointe1 and faithfully as he had served them1 the voice of his superior had ordered him to this new1 vaster1 and more laborious field1 which to his true ,jesuit obedience was a task of love4 ,the ,illinois at once become dear to his heart as his future children2 he studies their language1 loses no opportunity of learning all about their country1 its tribes and their customs1 sends them presents of pious pictures and the loving messages of a father1 welcomes every member of their nation who might visit ,lapointe with open arms1 and presses him to his heart1 and devotes every moment of leisure afforded him from his labors to sedulous preparation for the contemplated mission of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,his intelligent mind fully comprehended the vast importance of the undertaking in its relations to the church and the civilized world1 and conceived at once the bold and daring project of a thorough exploration of the great river around which so much mystery1 intermingled with romantic fables and dim traditions1 still hung4 ,it is with equal truth and justice that ,bancroft writes3 8,the purpose of discovering the ,mississippi1 of which the tales of the natives had published the magnificence1 sprang from ,marquette himself40 ,it has already been stated that ,f4 ,marquette had sent some pious pictures to the ,illinois1 and by the same messenger to the ,sioux1 whom he expected to be embraced in his intended mission4 ,the messenger who carried the father's presents also bore his request for protection and a safeconduct to such ,european missionaries as might visit or pass through their country1 and a message1 8,that the blackgown wished to pass to the country of the ,assinipoils and ,kilistinons2 that he was already among the ,outagamis2 and that he himself was going in the fall to the ,illinois40 ,sad indeed must have been the feelings of the good father1 when1 early in the winter1 the ,sioux returned to him the pious pictures he had sent them1 in which he saw an ominous forerunner of impending war4 ,the ,ottawas and ,hurons had by their insolence aroused the indignation of the ,sioux1 and the latter had seized the tomahawk and prepared for the bloody and revengeful strife4 ,his hopes of reaching the cabins of the ,sioux by an overland route now vanished before the approaching storm4 ,the ,indians at ,lapointe could not withstand the fierce onsets of the ,dakotah warparties1 and first the ,ottawas1 abandoning their village1 launched their canoes upon the lake1 and were soon gathered in ,ekaentoulon ,island4 ,the ,hurons remained alone at ,lapointe1 and ,f4 ,marquette remained in the midst of them to minister to their spiritual wants1 share their dangers1 and uphold their faith and courage4 ,and when they too were forced to depart1 the good father1 ever true to his spiritual flock1 was content to 8turn his back on his beloved ,illinois to accompany his ,hurons in their wanderings and hardships40 ,the ,hurons settled at ,mackinaw1 a bleak and desolate spot1 but the abundance of fish the neighboring waters afforded was certain to secure the fugitives from starvation1 while the very desolation of the scene seemed a protection from hostile bands4 ,scarcely had the ,hurons thrown up their cabins on this dreary shore1 when a rude sylvan chapel1 surmounted by a cross1 graced and cheered the scene1 and became the cradle of religion at the mission of ,s4 ,ignatius4 ,such was the early origin of ,michilimackinac4 ,beside the enclosure of cabins and chapel arose a palisade fort for defence4 ,for several years ,f4 ,marquette labored in this remote and arduous station1 cheered only by the consolations which spring from faith and by the bountiful harvests of souls he reaped4 ,though longing to proceed on his mission to the ,illinois1 as all his letters so earnestly manifest1 ,f4 ,marquette found ample work both for his mind and hands in arranging matters at ,lapointe1 so that his departure should cause as little damage as possible to that mission1 to which he had been so faithful and devoted1 and which he was now about to confide to the care of another1 and in making the necessary preparations for his departure2 for his time seemed now near at hand4 ,the dreary days of winter were enlivened by recounting the projected plans of the coming spring1 and in gathering all the information within his reach concerning the ,mississippi and the nations inhabiting its banks4 ,most of the actual knowledge then possessed on the subject was derived from the accounts and relations of the ,jesuit missionaries of the ,northwest1 and from the reports of the ,canadian traders among the ,indians4 ,his inquiries of the more northern tribes were eagerly answered by startling fables of various hues and contradictory generalities1 but nothing definite could be learned from them as to the course of the great river1 its direction or outlet1 or of the natives along its course4 ,all was conjecture and theory4 ,as early as #afci the ,sieur ,nicolet1 who was the interpreter of the ,french colony of ,new ,france1 had penetrated westward to the furthest grounds of the ,algonquins1 and had encountered the ,winnebagoes1 8a people called so because they came from a distant sea1 but whom the ,french erroneously called ,puents40 ,and we learn from ,f4 ,vimont that 8the ,sieur ,nicolet1 who had penetrated furthest into those distant countries1 avers that1 had he sailed three days more on a great river which flows from that lake 7,green ,bay71 he would have found the sea40 ,and although the ,indians called the ,mississippi itself 8the sea10 and the ,sieur ,nicolet may have fallen into the same error1 in either case it seems quite certain that he was the first to reach the waters of that river4 ,in #afda1 ,fathers ,isaac ,jogues and ,charles ,raymbaut carried their missionary labors to the ,sault ,st4 ,mary1 and received distinct accounts of the ,sioux1 and of the great river on whose banks they lived4 ,in #afeh1 after ,f4 ,garreau had suffered martyrdom on the ,st4 ,lawrence on his way to renew the ,western missions destroyed by the recent ,iroquois war1 ,de ,groseilles and another ,frenchman penetrated to ,lake ,superior1 and passed the winter on its shores4 ,they visited the ,sioux1 learned with greater clearness and particularity of the course of the great river on whose banks they stood4 ,their annalist writes3 8,it was a beautiful river1 large1 broad1 and deep1 which would bear comparison1 they say1 with the ,st4 ,lawrence40 ,the missionaries of the ,saguenay had also 8heard of the ,winnipegouek1 and their bay whence three seas could be reached40 ,and war parties of the ,iroquois told the missionaries of ,new ,york of their wars with the ,ontoagannha1 8whose towns lay on a beautiful river 7,ohio71 which leads to the great lake1 as they called the sea1 where they traded with ,europeans who pray to ,god as we 7the ,french7 do1 and have rosaries and bells to call men to prayer407#bbe7 ,f4 ,mnard1 the founder of the ,ottawa mission1 also heard1 in #affj1 of the ,mississippi and the nations on its banks1 and was only prevented from visiting them by meeting with a martyr's death while prosecuting his work4 ,f4 ,allouez1 his successor1 also writes of the great river1 8which empties1 as far as ,i can conjecture1 into the sea of ,virginia10 and was the first to reveal to ,europeans its ,indian name2 for1 in speaking of one of its tribes1 he says3 8,they live on a great river called ,messipi40 ,at the time that ,f4 ,dablon was appointed ,superior of the ,ottawa missions1 and ,f4 ,marquette appointed to establish the intended ,illinois mission1 and the exploration of the river was about to be undertaken1 the latter1 as already stated1 was for some time engaged in gathering information concerning its course and outlet4 ,three principal conjectures prevailed at this time3 first1 that it ran towards the southwest1 and entered the ,gulf of ,california2 second1 that it flowed into the ,gulf of ,mexico2 third1 that it took a more easterly direction1 and discharged itself into the ,atlantic ,ocean1 somewhere on the coast of ,virginia4 ,to ,f4 ,marquette belonged the glory of solving the problem1 and thus of opening the interior of the continent to ,christianity and civilization4 ,the war which was raging in the country rendered it impossible for the missionaries of themselves to undertake the opening of the longdesired mission of the ,illinois1 and they had accordingly applied for assistance to the ,french government to further this great enterprise4 ,f4 ,marquette1 as we have seen from his letters1 remained ever ready at a moment's notice from his superiors to advance into this dangerous field4 ,he was not deterred by a consciousness of his own declining health1 already enfeebled by labors and exposures1 nor by the hostile character of the nations through whose country he would have to pass1 nor by the danger of a cruel death at the hands of the fierce ,dakotah4 ,this last only made the prospect more enticing to one whose highest ambition was to win the glorious crown of martyrdom in opening the way for his brother ,jesuits to follow in the battle of the faith4 ,the same flotilla that carried his letter to ,f4 ,dablon to ,quebec in the summer of #afgb1 on its return conveyed to him the joyous news that the petition of the missionaries had found favor with the government2 that the ,sieur ,jolliet was designated to undertake the exploration of the ,mississippi2 and that ,f4 ,marquette was chosen the missionary of the expedition4 ,it was the ,blessed ,virgin whom1 ,f4 ,marquette says1 8,i had always invoked1 since my coming to the ,ottawa country1 in order to obtain of ,god the favor of being able to visit the nations on the ,mississippi ,river40 ,it was on the feast of the ,immaculate ,conception of the same ,blessed ,virgin ,mary that he received the glorious tidings that the realization of his hopes and prayers was at hand4 ,he bestowed upon the great river the name of the ,immaculate ,conception1 which1 however1 as well as its earlier ,spanish name of ,river of the ,holy ,ghost1 has since yielded to its original ,indian appellation4 ,the exploring party1 consisting of 8the meek1 singlehearted1 unpretending1 illustrious ,marquette1 with ,jolliet for his associate1 five ,frenchmen for his companions1 and two ,algonquins as guides1 lifting their canoes on their backs1 and walking across the narrow portage that divides the ,fox ,river from the ,wisconsin10 set out upon their glorious expedition4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,shea1 to whom we are so much indebted for his researches into this interesting part of the history of our country1 describes the voyage in the following graphic and eloquent manner3 8,in the spring they embarked at ,mackinaw in two frail bark canoes2 each with his paddle in hand1 and full of hope1 they soon plied them merrily over the crystal waters of the lake4 ,all was new to ,marquette1 and he describes as he went along the ,menonomies1 ,green ,bay1 and ,maskoutens1 which he reached on the #gth of ,june1 #afgc4 ,he had now attained the limit of former discoveries2 the new world was before them2 they looked back a last adieu to the waters which1 great as the distance was1 connected them with ,quebec and their countrymen2 they knelt on the shore to offer1 by a new devotion1 their lives1 their honor1 and their undertakings to their beloved ,mother1 the ,virgin ,mary ,immaculate2 then1 launching on the broad ,wisconsin1 sailed slowly down its current1 amid its vineclad isles and its countless sandbars4 ,no sound broke the stillness1 no human form appeared1 and at last1 after sailing seven days1 on the #agth of ,june they happily glided into the great river4 ,joy that could find no utterance in words filled the grateful heart of ,marquette4 8,the broad river of the ,conception1 as he named it1 now lay before them1 stretching away hundreds of miles to an unknown sea4 ,soon all was new2 mountain and forest had glided away2 the islands1 with their groves of cottonwood1 became more frequent1 and moose and deer browzed on the plains2 strange animals were seen traversing the river1 and monstrous fish appeared in its waters4 ,but they proceeded on their way amid this solitude1 frightful by its utter absence of man4 ,descending still further1 they came to the land of the bison1 or pisikiou1 which1 with the turkey1 became sole tenants of the wilderness2 all other game had disappeared4 ,at last1 on the #beth of ,june1 they descried footprints on the shore4 ,they now took heart again1 and ,jolliet and the missionary1 leaving their five men in the canoes1 followed a little beaten path to discover who the tribe might be4 ,they travelled on in silence almost to the cabindoors1 when they halted1 and with a loud halloa proclaimed their coming4 ,three villages lay before them2 the first1 roused by the cry1 poured forth its motley group1 which halted at the sight of the newcomers and the wellknown dress of the missionary4 ,old men came slowly on1 step by measured step1 bearing aloft the allmysterious calumet4 ,all was silence2 they stood at last before the two ,europeans1 and ,marquette asked1 #8,who are you8' #8,we are ,illinois1' was the answer1 which dispelled all anxiety from the explorers1 and sent a thrill to the heart of ,marquette2 the ,illinois missionary was at last amid the children of that tribe which he had so long1 so tenderly yearned to see4 8,after friendly greetings at this town of ,pewaria1 and the neighboring one of ,moingwena1 they returned to their canoes1 escorted by the wondering tribe1 who gave their hardy visitants a calumet1 the safeguard of the ,west4 ,with renewed courage and lighter hearts1 they sailed in1 and1 passing a high rock with strange and monstrous forms depicted on its rugged surface1 heard in the distance the roaring of a mighty cataract1 and soon beheld ,pekitanoui1 or the ,muddy ,river1 as the ,algonquins call the ,missouri1 rushing like some untamed monster into the calm and clear ,mississippi1 and hurrying in with its muddy waters the trees which it had rooted up in its impetuous course4 ,already had the missionaries heard of the river running to the western sea1 to be reached by the branches of the ,mississippi1 and ,marquette1 now better informed1 fondly hoped to reach it one day by the ,missouri4 ,but now their course lay south1 and1 passing a dangerous eddy1 the demon of the ,western ,indians1 they reached the ,waboukigou1 or ,ohio1 the river of the ,shawnees1 and1 still holding on their way1 came to the warm land of the cane1 and the country which the mosquitoes might call their own4 ,while enveloped in their sails as a shelter from them1 they came upon a tribe who invited them to the shore4 ,they were wild wanderers1 for they had guns bought of ,catholic ,europeans at the ,east4 8,thus1 after all had been friendly1 and encouraged by this second meeting1 they plied their oars anew1 and1 amid groves of cottonwood on either side1 descended to the #cc;d degree1 when1 for the first time1 a hostile reception was promised by the excited ,metchigameas4 ,too few to resist1 their only hope on earth was the mysterious calumet1 and in heaven the protection of ,mary1 to whom they sent up fervent prayers4 ,at last the storm subsided1 and they were received in peace2 their language formed an obstacle1 but an interpreter was found1 and after explaining the object of their coming1 and announcing the great truths of ,christianity1 they embarked for ,akamsea1 a village thirty miles below on the eastern shore4 8,here they were well received1 and learned that the mouth of the river was but ten days' sail from this village2 but they heard1 too1 of nations there trading with ,europeans1 and of wars between the tribes1 and the two explorers spent a night in consultation4 ,the ,mississippi1 they now saw1 emptied into the ,gulf of ,mexico1 between ,florida and ,tampico1 two ,spanish points2 they might1 by proceeding1 fall into their hands4 ,thus far only ,marquette traced the map1 and he put down the names of other tribes of which they heard4 ,of these1 in the ,atotchasi1 ,matora1 and ,papihaka1 we recognize ,arkansas tribes2 and the ,akoroas and ,tanikwas1 ,pawnees and ,omahas1 ,kansas and ,apiches1 are well known in afterdays4 8,they accordingly set out from ,akensea1 on the #agth of ,july1 to return4 ,passing the ,missouri again1 they entered the ,illinois1 and1 meeting the friendly ,kaskaskias at its upper portage1 were led by them in a kind of triumph to ,lake ,michigan2 for ,marquette had promised to return and instruct them in the faith4 ,sailing along the lake1 they crossed the outer peninsula of ,green ,bay1 and reached the mission of ,s4 ,francis ,xavier just four months after their departure from it4 8,thus had the missionaries achieved their longprojected work4 ,the triumph of the age was thus completed in the discovery and exploration of the ,mississippi1 which threw open to ,france the richest1 most fertile and accessible territory of the ,new ,world4 ,marquette1 whose health had been severely tried in this voyage1 remained at ,st4 ,francis to recruit his strength before resuming his wonted missionary labors2 for he sought no laurels1 he aspired to no tinsel praise4 8,the distance passed over by ,f4 ,marquette on this great expedition1 in his little bark canoe1 was two thousand seven hundred and sixtyseven miles4 ,the feelings with which he regarded an enterprise having so grave a bearing on the future history and development of mankind may be appreciated from the following closing passage of the ninth section of his ,voyages and ,discoveries3 8 #8,had all this voyage caused but the salvation of a single soul1 ,i should deem all my fatigue well repaid4 ,and this ,i have reason to think2 for1 when ,i was returning1 ,i passed by the ,indians at ,peoria4 ,i was three days announcing the faith in all their cabins1 after which1 as we were embarking1 they brought me to the water's edge a dying child1 which ,i baptized a little before it expired1 by an admirable ,providence1 for the salvation of that innocent soul4' 0 ,f4 ,marquette prepared a narrative of his voyage down the ,mississippi 7from which the foregoing quotation is taken71 and a map of that river2 and on his return transmitted copies to his superior1 by the ,ottawa flotilla of that year4 ,it is also probable that ,frontenac1 the ,governor of ,new ,france1 as he had promised1 sent a copy of them to the ,french government4 ,the loss of ,jolliet's narrative and map gave an inestimable value to those of ,marquette4 ,yet the ,french government did not publish them1 probably in consequence of the discontinuance of the publication of the ,jesuit ,relations about this time2 and thus the great interests involved in the discovery were neglected4 ,fortunately1 ,f4 ,marquette's narrative fell into the hands of ,thevenot1 who had just published a collection of travels1 and such was his appreciation of it that he issued a new volume1 entitled ,recueil de ,voyages1 in #afha1 containing the narrative and map of the ,mississippi47#bbf7 ,mr4 ,sparks1 in his life of ,f4 ,marquette1 speaks thus of the narrative3 8,it is written in a terse1 simple1 and unpretending style4 ,the author relates what occurs1 and describes what he sees1 without embellishment or display4 ,he writes as a scholar and as a man of careful observation and practical sense4 ,there is no tendency to exaggerate1 nor any attempt to magnify the difficulties he had to encounter1 or the importance of his discovery4 ,in every point of view1 this tract is one of the most interesting of those which illustrate the early history of ,america40 ,having reached ,green ,bay1 the exhausted voyager sank down under the effects of his recent travels and exposures4 ,his disease was so obstinate and protracted that he suffered during the entire winter1 though with patience and resignation1 and did not recover before the end of the following summer4 ,having received from his superior the necessary orders for the establishment of the ,illinois mission1 he started on the #beth of ,october1 #afgd1 for ,kaskaskia4 ,he was accompanied and assisted by two faithful and devoted ,frenchmen1 and by a number of ,pottawattomies and ,illinois ,indians4 ,they coasted along the mouth of ,fox ,river1 and then1 advancing up as far as the small bay breaking into the peninsula1 they reached the portage leading to the lake4 ,as the canoes proceeded along the lake shore1 the missionary walked upon the beach1 returning to the canoes whenever the beach was broken by a river or stream2 and their provisions were obtained from the abundant yield of the chase4 ,on the #bc;d of ,november1 the courageous missionary found his malady returning1 but pushed on1 amid cold and snow1 until1 on the #dth of ,december1 he reached the ,chicago ,river1 which was closed with ice4 ,here again the unpropitious elements and his own infirmities compelled him to stop and spend the winter4 ,but his time was not idly spent during this detention1 for his missionary zeal found occupation in the spiritual care of his ,indian companions1 whom he instructed as well as he could1 and sent them forward on their journey4 ,his faithful ,frenchmen remained now alone with him2 but at a distance of fifty miles was an ,illinois village1 where there were two ,frenchmen1 traders and trappers2 and these1 hearing of the forlorn condition of the missionary1 arranged that one of them should go and visit him4 ,they had prepared a cabin for him1 and the ,indians1 alarmed for his safety1 were also anxious to send some of their tribe to convey their father and his effects to their village4 ,touched by their attentions1 he sent them every assurance of his visiting them1 intimating1 however1 the uncertainty of his doing so in the spring1 in consequence of his continued illness4 ,these messages only added to the alarm of the ,indians1 and the sachems assembled and sent a deputation to the blackgown4 ,the presents they bore were three sacks of corn1 dried meat1 and pumpkins1 and twelve beaver skins4 ,the objects of their visits were1 first1 to make him a mat to sit on2 second1 to ask him for powder2 third1 supply him with food2 fourth1 to get some merchandise4 ,the good father made answer in characteristic terms1 as follows3 8,first1 that ,i came to instruct them by speaking of the prayer2 second1 that ,i would not give them powder1 as we endeavor to make peace everywhere1 and because ,i did not wish them to begin a war against the ,miamis2 third1 that we did not fear famine2 fourth1 that ,i would encourage the ,french to bring them merchandise1 and that they must make reparation to the traders there for the beads taken from them while the surgeon was with me40 ,presenting them with some axes1 knives1 and trinkets1 he dismissed them with a promise to make every effort to visit them in a few days4 ,bidding their good father to 8take heart10 and beseeching him to 8stay and die in their country10 the deputation 8returned to their winter camps40 ,the ensuing winter months1 though marked by every bodily suffering and privation1 were replete with religious consolation4 ,his whole time was spent in prayer4 ,admonished by his disease that his last end could not be far off1 he offered his remaining days entirely to ,god4 ,he lost sight of the sufferings of his body in the overflow of heavenly consolations with which his soul was ravished4 ,still the recollection that he had been appointed missionary of the ,illinois1 and the duty this seemed to impose upon him of laboring for the conversion of those noble but benighted souls1 filled his heart with the desire of visiting them1 if it should be the will of ,god1 and the establishment of the ,illinois mission became the absorbing thought of his mind and the burden of the prayers which he addressed to the throne of heaven4 ,his sufferings he bore not only with patience1 but with joy2 if he prayed for their cessation1 it was only with the view that he might thus be enabled to encounter the new sufferings1 labors1 and hardships of his mission1 and that he might devote his remaining days to the salvation of his beloved ,illinois4 ,to obtain this privilege from heaven1 he induced his companions to unite with him in a novena of prayers in honor of the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,some time after ,christmas1 #afge1 his ,patroness in heaven obtained the desired boon of health for her devoted client2 for he soon began to recover from his disease1 and1 though still feeble1 was enabled by the #bith of ,march1 when the snow and ice began to melt1 and the inundations compelled them to move1 to set out for ,kaskaskia1 in the ,upper ,illinois4 ,he arrived at that ,illinois town on the #hth of ,april1 but his journal was discontinued from the #fth of ,april1 and we have no record of his movements from that time4 ,he was received by his children as an angel from heaven1 for they scarcely supposed he had escaped alive the rigors of the winter4 ,it was ,monday in ,holy ,week1 and the good man immediately commenced his work4 ,he visited the chiefs and ancients of the town1 and gave them and the crowds who assembled in the cabins he visited the first necessary instructions in the ,gospel4 ,so great were the throngs that assembled to hear him preach that the narrow accommodations of the cabins could not hold them4 ,on ,maundy ,thursday he called a general assembly of the people in the open field1 a beautiful prairie near the town1 which was decorated after the fashion of the country1 and spread with mats and bear skins4 ,he formed a little rustic altar by suspending some pieces of ,indian taffety on cords1 to which were attached1 so as to be seen on all four sides1 four large pictures of the ,blessed ,virgin1 under whose invocation the mission was placed4 ,the assembly was immense2 composed of five hundred chiefs and ancients seated in a circle around the missionary1 and around these stood fifteen hundred young men4 ,besides these1 great numbers of women and children attended4 ,he addressed his congregation with ten words or presents1 according to the ,indian fashion1 associating each word or present1 which represented some great truth or mystery1 with one of the ten beads on the belt of the prayer which he held in his hand4 ,he explained the object of his visit to them1 preached ,christ crucified--for it was the eve of ,good ,friday--and explained to them the principal mysteries of the ,christian religion4 ,the ,holy ,mass was then celebrated for the first time in this new mission4 ,on each of the following days he continued his instructions1 and on ,easter ,sunday he celebrated the great ,feast of the ,resurrection1 offering up ,mass for the second time4 ,he took possession of the land in the name of his risen ,lord1 and bestowed upon the mission the name of the ,immaculate ,virgin ,mary4 ,his former malady now returned with renewed violence4 ,his strength was wasting away4 ,to remain would accomplish no good for his children1 for he was unable to discharge the duties of the missionary1 and no alternative was left but to make an effort to reach his former mission1 ,mackinaw1 where he hoped to die in the midst of his fellowmembers of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,he was the more willing now to seek rest in the bosom of his ,redeemer and in the ,society of his ,blessed ,mother in ,heaven1 because he had performed his promise1 the mission of the ,illinois had been founded1 his words had been lovingly received by his people1 the good seed had been sown in their hearts1 the ,holy ,sacrifice had been offered up in their presence and for their salvation1 and future missionaries might now advance to cultivate the field and reap the harvest he had prepared4 ,his docile ,indians1 with the devotion of children1 begged him to return to them as soon as his health should permit4 ,he repeatedly promised them that he or some other missionary would come to continue the good work amongst them4 ,the people followed him on his journey1 escorted him thirty leagues on his way with great pomp1 showing him every mark of friendship and affection1 and many contended among themselves for the honor of carrying the scanty baggage he possessed4 ,taking the way of the ,st4 ,joseph's ,river and the eastern shore of ,lake ,michigan1 along which he had yet to travel over a hundred leagues through an unknown route1 his strength soon began to fail entirely4 ,he could no longer help himself2 his two faithful ,french companions had to lift him in and out of his canoe when they landed at night2 and so exhausted had he become under his wasting disease that they had to handle and carry him like a child4 ,in the midst of his sufferings and the hardships of such a journey in his enfeebled health1 his characteristic equanimity1 joy1 and gentleness never for a moment left him4 ,he could even forget his own sufferings to console his companions4 ,he encouraged them to sustain the fatigues of the way1 assuring them that ,god would protect and defend them4 ,his native mirthfulness was even in this extreme crisis conspicuous in his conversations4 ,he now calmly saw the approach of death1 and joyfully and heroically welcome it as the reward of his toils and sacrifices4 ,he had some time before prepared a meditation on death1 to serve him in these last hours of his life1 which he now used with great consolation4 ,he said his office to his last day4 ,his devotions frequently assumed the shape of colloquies with his merciful ,lord1 with his ,holy ,mother1 with his angel guardian1 and with all heaven4 ,he repeatedly pronounced with fervor the sublime words1 8,i believe that my ,redeemer liveth02 and again1 8,mary1 ,mother of grace1 ,mother of ,god1 remember me40 ,perceiving a river on whose banks loomed up a prominent eminence1 he ordered his companions to stop1 that he might die and be buried there4 ,he pointed out the spot on this eminence in which he desired them to inter his remains4 ,this river1 until recent years1 bore his name4 ,his companions still desired to press forward1 in the hope of reaching ,mackinaw2 but they were driven back by the wind1 and1 entering the ,river ,marquette by its former channel1 they erected a bark cabin1 under which ,marquette1 like his great model1 ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 was stretched upon the shore1 and1 like him1 sighed only to be dissolved and to be with ,christ4 ,so cheerfully did he realize his approaching dissolution that he gave all the necessary directions to his companions touching his burial4 ,he had a week before blessed some water1 which he instructed them how to use on the occasion1 how to arrange his hands1 feet1 and head1 with what religious ceremonies to bury him1 even telling them that they should take his little altar bell1 and ring it as they carried him to the grave4 ,on the eve of his death1 he told them with a countenance radiant with joy that the morrow would be his last day on earth4 ,still mindful of his sacred ministry1 and anxious to be doing good1 he administered the sacrament of penance to his two companions for the last time4 ,he thanked them for their charity to him during this arduous and eventful voyage1 begged their pardon for the trouble he had given them1 and directed them to ask pardon for him and in his name of all the ,fathers and ,brothers of the ,society of ,jesus in the ,ottawa country2 he also gave them a paper in which he had written all his faults since his last confession1 which he begged them to give to his superior1 that he might pray the more earnestly for him4 ,he promised not to forget them in heaven4 ,ever mindful of others in this trying moment1 and overflowing with charity for his neighbor1 he insisted upon his companions taking some rest1 leaving him to commune with heaven1 assuring them that his hour was not yet at hand1 and that he would call them in due time4 ,this he did2 summoning them to his side1 just as his agony was approaching4 ,hastening to him1 they fell melting into tears at his feet4 ,he embraced them for the last time1 called for the holy water he had blessed and his reliquary1 and1 taking his crucifix from around his neck1 and handing it to one of them1 he requested him to hold it up before him1 so that he could behold it every moment he had yet to live4 ,clasping his hands1 and fixing his eyes affectionately on the image of his expiring ,saviour1 he pronounced aloud his profession of faith1 and thanked ,god for the favor he enjoyed in dying a ,jesuit1 a missionary of the cross1 and1 above all1 in dying in a miserable cabin1 amid forests1 and destitute of all human consolation and assistance4 ,he then communed secretly for some time with his ,creator1 but his devotion from time to time found vent in the ejaculations1 8,sustinuit anima mea in verba ejus10 and 8,mater ,dei1 memento mei40 ,these were his last words before he was taken with the agony of death4 ,his companions frequently pronounced the names of ,jesus and ,mary1 as he had previously requested them to do1 and1 when they saw he was about to expire1 they called out 8,jesus1 ,maria10 whereupon he repeated those enrapturing names several times with distinctness1 and then suddenly1 as if his ,saviour and ,mother had appeared to him1 he raised his eyes above the crucifix1 gazing with a countenance lit up with pleasure at those blissful apparitions4 ,he expired as peacefully and gently as a child sinking into its evening slumber4 8,thus he died1 the great apostle1 ,far away in regions ,west2 ,by the ,lake of the ,algonquins ,peacefully his ashes rest2 ,but his spirit still regards us ,from his home among the blest40 ,the devoted companions of the illustrious missionary1 happy1 in the midst of their bereavement1 in the privilege of witnessing one of the most heroic and saintly deaths recorded in the history of our race1 carried out every injunction of their departed father1 and added every act that love and veneration could suggest1 and that their impoverished condition in the wilderness could afford4 ,they laid out his remains as he had directed1 rang the little altar bell as they carried him with profound respect to the mound of earth selected by himself1 interred him there1 and raised a large cross to mark the sacred spot4 ,the surviving companions of the deceased now prepared to embark4 ,one of them had been ill for some time1 suffering with such depression of spirits and feebleness of body that he could neither eat nor sleep4 ,just before embarking he knelt at the grave of his saintly friend1 and begged him to intercede for him in heaven as he had promised1 and1 taking some earth from the breast of the departed1 and placing it upon his own breast1 it is related that he felt his sadness and bodily infirmity immediately depart1 and he resumed his voyage in health and gladness4 ,many are the pious traditions of miraculous results attributed to the sanctity of ,f4 ,marquette2 many of them are still handed down among the ,western missionaries1 and some of them have found a place in the pages of serious history4 ,the remains of the saintly ,jesuit were1 two years afterwards1 disinterred by his own flock1 the ,kiskakons1 while returning from their hunting grounds1 placed in a neat box of bark1 and reverently carried to their mission4 ,the flotilla of canoes1 as it passed along in funeral solemnity1 was joined by a party of the ,iroquois1 and1 as they approached ,mackinaw1 many other canoes1 including those of the two missionaries of the place1 united in the imposing convoy1 and the deep1 reverential chant1 ,de ,profundis1 arose heavenward from the bosom of the lake until the body reached the shore4 ,it was carried in procession with cross1 burning tapers1 and fragrant incense to the church1 where every possible preparation had been made for so interesting and affecting a ceremony2 and1 after the ,requiem service1 the precious relics were deposited in a vault prepared for them in the middle of the church1 8where he reposes10 says the pious chronicler1 8as the guardian angel of our ,ottawa missions40 8,ever after10 says ,bancroft1 8the forest rangers1 if in danger on ,lake ,michigan1 would invoke his name4 ,the people of the ,west will build his monument40 ,the following notice of the character of ,f4 ,marquette is from the gifted pen of ,mr4 ,shea3 8,such was the edifying and holy death of the illustrious explorer of the ,mississippi1 on ,saturday1 the #ahth of ,may1 #afge4 ,he was of a cheerful1 joyous disposition1 playful even in his manner1 and universally beloved4 ,his letters show him to us as a man of education1 close observation1 sound sense1 strict integrity1 a freedom from exaggeration1 and yet a vein of humor which here and there breaks out in spite of all his selfcommand4 8,but all these qualities are little compared to his zeal as a missionary1 to his sanctity as a man4 ,his holiness drew on him in life the veneration of all around him1 and the lapse of years has not even now destroyed it in the descendants of those who knew him4 ,in one of his sanctity we naturally find an allabsorbing devotion to the ,mother of the ,saviour1 with its constant attendants1 an angelical love of purity1 and a close union of the heart with ,god4 ,it is1 indeed1 characteristic with him4 ,the privilege which the ,church honors under the title of the ,immaculate ,conception was the constant object of his thoughts2 from his early youth he daily recited the little offices of the ,immaculate ,conception and fasted every ,saturday in her honor4 ,as a missionary1 a variety of devotions directed to the same end still show his devotions1 and to her he turned in all his trials4 ,when he discovered the great river1 when he founded his new mission1 he gave it the name of the ,conception1 and no letter1 it is said1 ever came from his hand that did not contain the words1 ',blessed ,virgin ,immaculate'2 and the smile that lighted up his dying face induced his poor companions to believe that she had appeared before the eyes of her devoted client4 8,like ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 whom he especially chose as the model of his missionary career1 he labored nine years for the moral and social improvement of nations sunk in paganism and vice1 and1 as he was alternately with tribes of varied tongues1 found it was necessary to acquire knowledge of many ,american languages3 six he certainly spoke with ease2 many more he is known to have understood less perfectly4 ,his death1 however1 was1 as he had always desired1 more like that of the apostle of the ,indies2 there is1 indeed1 a striking resemblance between their last moments2 and the wretched cabin1 the desert shore1 the few destitute companions1 the lonely grave1 all harmonize in ,michigan and ,sancian40 ,prayer ,of ,custance1 ,the ,persecuted ,queen ,of ,alla ,of ,northumberland4 ,mother1 quod she1 and maiden bright1 ,mary6 ,soth is that through womanne's eggement ,mankind was lorn1 and damned aye to die1 ,for which thy ,child was on a cross yrent3 ,thy blissful eyen saw all his torment2 ,then is there no comparison between ,thy woe and any woe man may sustain4 ,thou saw'st thy ,child yslain before thine eyen1 ,and yet now liveth my little child parfay1 ,now1 lady bright6 to whom all woful crien1 ,thou glory of womanhood1 thou faire ,may1 ,thou haven of refute1 bright star of the day6 ,rue on my child1 that of thy gentleness ,ruest on every rueful in distress4 --,chaucer4 ,acoma4 8,mr4 ,s----1 would you like to visit ,acoma80 asked the commandant4 8,most assuredly10 ,i replied2 8,i came out here to see all ,i could see4 ,but what or who is ,acoma807#bbg7 8,a town built on the top of a rock rising from a level plain to a height of over two hundred feet is ,acoma--the home of the ,acoma ,indians1 a tribe of the great ,pueblo family4 ,i am ordered thither to have a talk with the principal men1 and induce them to give up some ,navajo children--captives--they are said to have taken in a recent skirmish40 ,i had been enjoying the hospitality of the commandant for some days at old ,fort ,wingate1 near the ,ojo del ,gallo1 in the northwestern part of ,new ,mexico4 ,acoma lies about fifty miles to the southeast of the fort1 by a very rough trail across the mountains4 ,it was somewhat further by the regular trail4 ,as we started1 the sun was creeping over the brow of lofty ,san ,mateo4 ,the party consisted of the commandant1 ,don ,juan ,brown1 a ,castilianized ,american1 who speaks ,spanish like a native1 and went with us as volunteer interpreter2 ,messrs4 ,jim ,durden and ,joe ,smithers1 gentlemen loafers2 a sergeant and twenty cavalry as escort in case of unexpected and undesired rencounters with hostile ,apaches or ,navajoes2 last1 the writer1 a denizen of the city of ,gotham1 general tourist1 grand scribe and chronicler4 ,we all rode on horseback1 except ,don ,juan ,brown1 who1 being a trifle over #bbe lbs41 divided his weight between a pair of good horses attached to a light buggy4 ,the order of march was3 two cavalrymen five hundred yards in advance2 the commandant1 with ,jim and ,joe and the writer2 the main body of the escort2 ,don ,juan ,brown with his buggy1 and a rear guard of two cavalrymen five hundred yards behind4 ,a brisk trot of three miles brought us to the ,puertocito1 or ,little ,door1 which leads from the ,valley of the ,gallo into the ,mal ,pas1 a petrified sea of lava1 which lies between the ,puertocito and the mountains4 ,the lava stream seems to have been suddenly turned to stone by a wave of some enchanter's wand while it was a raging1 seething torrent4 ,we halted and dismounted1 tightened girths1 etc4 ,jim and ,joe1 unused to the equitating mood1 and evidently disliking particularly the trotting tense1 had fallen back to the rear guard1 and looked somewhat shaken4 ,the relief of a walk of some miles was in store for them1 as the trail through the ,mal ,pas admitted only of that gait and of single file4 ,the ,puertocito is formed by two rocks about twenty feet high4 ,we wound our way through tortuous passages1 through lava spires1 at a slow walk4 ,we could not see more than a few yards ahead4 ,it was a dreary pathway4 ,the knowledge that it was a haunt for ,indians bound on robbery or revenge gave imagination an opportunity to put her darkest colors on the natural gloom4 ,an hour's slow walking brings us to the ,bajada1 or ,descent1 where our path is up and down the steep sides of a lava rock thirty feet high4 ,we dismount and lead our horses carefully down4 ,half a dozen men holding on to the buggy behind make sufficient drag to let it down in safety1 though with some wrenching of the wheels in the channelled surface of the rock4 ,thence our way lies on the eastern skirt of the lava1 which runs along with the stream known as the ,san ,jos through a deep and winding gorge named ,los ,rmanzos4 ,i have seen some wild scenery in my time1 but never before nor since so savage a piece of landscape as ,los ,rmanzos4 ,the mountains rise perpendicularly on either hand--their barren sides dotted with huge boulders which seem ready to fall instantly on the traveller beneath4 ,you wonder why they do not fall4 ,the winding caon shuts out all view beyond twenty yards in advance4 ,a trail barely wide enough for one vehicle to pass creeps between the ,san ,jos and the mountains on one side2 and from the stream to the mountains on the other the lava piles up its grim and threatening forms4 ,we halted at the picket to wait for the escort1 the buggy1 and ,jim and ,joe1 beguiling the time by a comforting draught of hot coffee from a military quart cup which the commander of the picket hospitably offered us4 ,the laggards soon arrived4 ,jim and ,joe took advantage of the pause before starting again to enter a solemn protest against trotting3 8,for heaven's sake1 commandant60 said they with one voice and in a tone that showed acute feeling1 8either walk or lope2 we cannot endure that confounded trot4 ,we shall be as raw as uncooked beefsteaks40 ,a bright thought struck them both simultaneously1 and1 without any further ceremony1 they rushed to the buggy1 leaving their horses to take care of themselves or be taken care of by some goodnatured dragoon4 ,another mile brought us to the crossing of the ,san ,jos4 ,here was a check to our proceedings3 the crossing was not fordable4 ,the stream1 usually about two feet wide and three inches deep at the crossing1 had in consequence of recent heavy rains and the melting of snows filled its steep bed and overflowed its banks for fifty yards on either side4 ,a powerful eddy made it impossible for a horse to strike ground on the other side4 ,a dragoon dashed in and tried it1 but it was with great difficulty we saved him and his horse from being carried down the swollen stream1 and got them safe on our side again4 8,that settles it1 gentlemen10 said the commandant2 8we shall have to cross the mountains--a rough trail1 but we have no choice40 ,it was now proposed to leave the buggy behind1 but ,joe would not hear of it4 ,the commandant was too polite to insist1 as he ought to have done4 ,crossing a narrow but steep cut1 however1 the buggy went over1 spilling ,don ,juan and ,jim over the mountainside4 ,the buggy stood on its top--wheels in the air4 ,the horses--good and gentle animals--came to a full stop and stood perfectly quiet4 ,otherwise1 there would have been as little left of the buggy as of ,dr4 ,holmes' onehorse shay1 the last time the deacon rode in it4 ,neither the ,don nor ,jim was hurt1 though the latter was somewhat frightened4 ,don ,juan took the matter with the coolness of an old hand4 ,the buggy was uninjured2 it had merely met with a reverse4 ,it was soon put upon its legs--or1 rather1 its wheels--again4 ,its progress was so aggravatingly slow when even our fastest possible gait was a walk1 that1 dividing the escort1 we went on1 leaving it to proceed at its leisure4 ,it was about nightfall when we reached the edge of a precipitous descent where all marks of a trail disappeared4 ,the descent was probably two hundred feet in perpendicular height1 and alarmingly steep4 8,the buggy can never go down there10 was the general remark4 8,confound the buggy1 we shall have to sleep out in the cold all night with nothing but a saddleblanket1 on account of it10 also translates a very general sentiment4 8,we cannot desert them1 however10 said the commandant2 8as the buggy has come with us we must stand by it4 ,we shall wait here until it comes up40 ,we had a long and weary wait for that anathematized buggy4 ,at length1 as the shades of night were falling1 the longlookedfor buggy was seen1 its top bumping up and down like a buffalo with a broken foreleg4 ,the don walked on one side of the vehicle holding the reins2 ,joe walked on the other side as gloomily as a chief mourner4 ,the remainder of the escort with dismal visages followed behind4 ,a glance over the steep brink did not give any radiance to their gloomy countenances4 ,don ,juan expressed his regrets that we should have been detained by the slow and difficult progress of the buggy4 ,joe said nothing1 but evidently felt ashamed of himself4 ,we were still twenty miles from ,acoma4 ,within about five miles1 the commandant said there was a little ,indian hut--a sort of outpost of the ,pueblo--the owner of which1 old ,salvador1 was one of the notables of the ,pueblo4 ,the commandant had notified ,salvador by courier some days before of our intended visit4 ,he had proposed to meet us at the ranchito and guide us over the remainder of the mountain trail4 ,here we could pass the night under cover at least1 though we should be pretty closely packed4 ,joe had resumed the saddle after the steep descent had been accomplished4 ,he and ,jim now led the party1 and1 as the rest of us stayed with ,don ,juan and the buggy1 they got considerably in advance4 ,thus they had reached the ranchito some twenty minutes before we did4 ,we found them knocking at the door and calling loudly and indignantly on the inmates to open4 8,we have been knocking and shouting here for half an hour1 and the confounded old ,indian has not taken the slightest notice of us4 ,i believe he would let us freeze40 8,salvador does not know you10 said the commandant4 8,he is too wise an ,indian to open his doors to strangers in this country after nightfall4 ,salvador is reputed wealthy1 and it behooves him to be careful what nocturnal visitors he receives4 ,i think ,i can get ,salvador to open4 ,is ,seor ,don ,salvador within80 asked the commandant1 in ,spanish4 8,is it the ,seor ,comandante who is without80 asked ,don ,salvador1 in the same language1 with the usual ,pueblo peculiarities of pronunciation--the use of l for r1 etc4 ,being satisfied on this point1 ,salvador opened the door to receive us4 ,salvador was a stout1 middlesized1 grayheaded ,indian of the ,pueblo type4 ,the presence of the commandant being a voucher for the rest1 ,salvador now proceeded to shake hands with the whole party--in the order of rank1 as he understood it--taking first the commandant1 next the bugler1 then the sergeant and the men of the escort1 and then the civilians1 ,don ,brown and the writer1 and lastly ,jim and ,joe2 conscientiously repeating in each individual case1 8,como le va60 and 8,bueno60 ,indians believe in uniforms and brass buttons4 ,they don't understand official dignity without outward and visible signs4 ,the ranchito was a little structure of tierrones1 or sods1 roofed with poles laid across from wall to wall1 and covered with brush and earth4 ,there were no windows4 ,the door was the only aperture1 ,i think4 ,i am not quite sure whether there was a hole in the roof to let out a little of the smoke2 there may have been4 ,the edifice was about large enough for a fair sized poultryhouse4 ,it was perched on the steep mountainside1 the earth being cut away on the upper side to give an approach to a level foundation4 ,there was a small shed for animals1 the fodder for whose use being piled on top of it4 ,there was the usual corncrib4 ,our best horses were honored with the hospitality of the shed1 ,salvador's pony and burros being turned out to make room for them4 ,the other animals were tied to logs in front of the ranchito1 and a guard placed over them4 ,it required some stooping to enter ,salvador's residence4 ,this was very hard on the stout ,don1 who had not seen his own knee for a number of years1 but he accomplished it as if he had been in the daily habit of touching his toes without bending his knees4 ,but a further trial still awaited him4 ,the hut was divided into two rooms4 ,the passage between the two rooms was a blighted door1 cut short in its youth to the proportions of a small fireplace4 ,we had to come down to allfours to get into the inner chamber4 ,when the commandant1 the staunch ,don1 and the writer had entered1 the place seemed full4 ,but ,salvador1 on hospitable thoughts intent1 insisted on ,jim and ,joe entering4 ,then ,salvador wriggled in4 ,the room was replete4 ,after a meagre supper and a quiet smoke1 we arranged the details of the morrow's trip4 ,with our saddles for pillows1 and our saddleblankets and overcoats for beds and bedcovering1 we lay down to sleep4 ,brown1 with ,jim and ,joe1 in the inner room2 the commandant1 the old ,pueblo1 and myself in the outer4 ,jim and ,joe lay perpendicularly to ,brown1 and ,salvador described a horizontal to the commandant and myself4 ,i slept well1 considering1 though ,i was waked two or three times by a roaring noise1 which seemed to me to be that of the house falling1 as ,i was endeavoring to force myself through the passage between the two apartments1 in which1 more than once during the night1 ,i dreamt that ,i was stuck fast4 ,on waking1 ,i discovered that the sound proceeded from the resounding ,aztec nose of our host1 ,salvador4 ,we were roused before day by the old ,indian4 ,dressing took no time1 as we had not undressed the night before--a great saving of time1 labor1 and discomfort4 ,breakfast was to be got ready1 however4 ,salvador made the fire4 ,the commandant detailed himself and myself as cooks for the morning4 ,at suppertime1 ,don ,juan1 assisted by ,jim and ,joe1 would officiate culinarily4 ,slices from a haunch of bacon we had brought with us1 cooked on the end of a stick1 with 8hard tack0 and coffee1 made in a camp kettle1 furnished a delicious breakfast4 ,what is there in the odor of unctuous bacon that makes it so pleasant to the nostrils when one is camping out or 8roughing it08 ,there are people who cannot abide the smell of bacon within the confines of civilization4 ,but put them on the ,plains1 or in the field1 and a daily dose of the appetizing grease is necessary to 8settle their stomachs40 ,i have known men who1 in long trips in the wilds1 forsook chickens and returned to first principles and bacon4 ,we made an early start4 ,the buggy was left behind4 ,don ,juan saddled one of his horses4 ,he borrowed from the old ,indian a saddle1 so angular and so full of sharp points that it must have been hard even for an ,indian's seat4 ,but ,brown1 though heavy1 was a good horseman1 and he bore the infliction like a hero4 ,salvador was our guide4 ,when we were all mounted1 and ready to start1 we looked around for him4 ,after some hunting we saw him above us1 mounted1 and seemingly emerging from the roof of the ranchito4 ,he went straight up the side of the mountain1 beckoning to us to come on1 and shouting 8,caballeros6 por aqu607#bbh7 ,an ,indian does not understand flank movements4 ,he does not go around obstacles4 ,he goes straight over them on the direct line of his objective4 ,we followed our guide1 dismounting1 however1 leading our horses1 and zigzagging up the steep ascent like ,christians and white men4 ,our course was over mountain and across ravine on a beeline of ascent or descent for ,acoma4 ,there was some growling by ,jim and ,joe1 but as our general gait was a slow walk1 and they made much of their progress on foot1 they did not grumble much4 ,i noticed moccasin tracks in several places where the ground was soft4 ,the distance between the footprints was very great4 ,it astonished me4 ,i rode to the commandant's side1 and called his attention to the wonderful tracks4 ,he pointed them out to ,salvador1 who said they were the tracks of a muchacho he had sent to the ,pueblo last night with the news of our arrival at the ranchito4 ,what a stepper that muchacho must have been6 ,his average bound must have been at least ten feet4 8,how long will it take him to go to the ,pueblo1 ,salvador80 asked the commandant4 8,oh6 not long10 replied ,salvador1 8long as a good horse40 ,experientia docet4 ,before ,i saw those tracks ,i used to set down the accounts ,i read in my ,grecian history of wonderful time made by messengers to ,athens and other classic centres as antique yarns4 ,i now believe in the fastest ,grecian time reported4 ,thus1 the torch of faith is often lit by the merest straying spark--a lesson to us not to limit our belief to what is within the scope of our knowledge4 ,we know so little4 ,jim and ,joe had begun to growl over the continual ups and downs of the journey when we saw ,salvador1 who was some three or four hundred yards ahead1 dismount at the foot of what seemed to be the steepest ascent yet4 8,this must be a stiff one10 said the commandant4 8,i see ,salvador has dismounted4 ,it takes a pretty steep ascent to make an ,indian or a ,mexican dismount4 ,they hold to the saddle until the animal begins to bend backward40 ,it was a steep and toilsome ascent1 winding in and out through huge boulders just wide enough apart to let a horse squeeze through4 ,it was not always easy to convince the horses that there was room enough for them to pass4 ,they would refuse to be convinced1 and obstinately draw back1 to the discomfort and danger of those leading them1 and more so of those following4 ,at last we reached the top of the ascent4 ,the descent on the other side was a worthy pendant to it4 ,we halted on the crest to enjoy the landscape before us4 ,from the base of the height a level plain spread away for miles1 unbroken save by a cluster of lofty perpendicular white rocks1 each rising independently from the level plain4 ,on the top of the highest of these rocks stood a little town1 the smoke from its chimneys mingling with the clouds4 ,this was ,acoma4 ,we descended slowly and carefully4 ,a brisk trot of about two miles brought us to two lofty natural columns1 through which the trail passed4 ,they seemed the pillars of a gigantic portal--a resemblance which had struck the ,indians1 for they named it ,el ,puerto3 ,the ,gate4 ,we had now reached the base of the inhabited rock4 ,an excavation near the base was pointed out to us by ,salvador as the trace of an attempt to mine the position by the ,spanish invaders6 ,i think the story rather a doubtful one4 ,i judged the rock to be about two hundred and fifty feet in height4 ,the path up the rocky side to the village was steep and narrow4 ,no wheeled vehicle has ever entered the ,pueblo4 ,the primitive carreta1 with its clumsy wheels of solid disks cut from the trunk of some gigantic cotton wood1 stopped short at the base--going thus far and no further4 ,provisions and other necessaries are packed up on the backs of surefooted donkeys4 ,water for drinking purposes is carried up on the heads of the ,indians in large earthen vessels named tinajas2 for other uses rainwater is carefully gathered in natural tanks or hollows in the summit of the rock4 ,there is a bypath or shortcut up to the ,pueblo which the ,acomas generally use when unburdened or in a hurry4 ,a glance showed us that it was only practicable for ,acoma ,indians4 ,this shortcut is in the most nearly perpendicular of any of the rocky sides4 ,it consists of holes in the smooth and vertical side of the rock1 in which the ,indians place their hands and feet1 and climb up after the fashion of sailors clambering up rigging1 and with no less rapidity4 ,we returned to the common highway1 which now seemed by comparison a flowery path of dalliance4 ,it was slow and tiresome work1 however4 ,after a rest or two1 to breathe our animals and ourselves1 we finally reached the comparatively level space1 some acres in area1 on the summit of the rock4 ,here we were met by ,francisco1 our guide's son1 the governor1 matadores1 alguazils1 and other functionaries of the ,pueblo4 ,this is as good a place as any other to say that the governor and all other officials are elected annually4 ,they were dressed in the usual ,pueblo fashion4 ,their heads were uncovered4 ,they were draped in large blankets1 which gave them a very dignified appearance4 ,we received a most cordial reception4 ,the commandant had been a good friend to the ,acomas--had protected them in their little trading operations1 and helped them in the long1 hard winters when their granaries were empty4 ,the entire male population was assembled in the ,plaza or central square4 ,the squaws and children were at their front doors1 that is to say1 on the roofs1 for the entrance to a ,pueblo's dwelling is from above4 ,a fire for the dragoons to cook their rations by was made in the centre of the ,plaza4 ,the horses were picketed around4 ,a contribution of corn and firewood was levied by the governor for the use of the escort4 ,the ,indians came in cheerful1 laughing groups1 bearing their costals of corn or their bundles of wood4 ,the escort being provided for1 we went to the house of ,francisco1 the most comfortable house in the ,pueblo2 for ,francisco was the wealthiest member of the little community4 ,the governor's dwelling was a poor one1 and himself a poor man who was unable to entertain us as comfortably as ,francisco could4 ,he accompanied us thither4 ,francisco's dwelling1 like most of the others in the ,pueblo1 was a two storied adobe building1 whitewashed inside and out4 ,the mode of access was a ladder placed against the outer wall of the lower story4 ,having reached the top of this1 you walk across the roof and enter the house by a door on the second story1 the faade of which is somewhat retired from the front line of the first4 ,here we found some rosy1 applefaced squaws1 engaged in culinary and other domestic operations4 ,one was kneeling grinding corn with the primitive matata4 ,they smiled with all their countenances on us2 and a halfdozen of the whitest sets of teeth1 that dentist or dentifrice never touched1 gleamed a bright welcome to us4 ,they wore the usual dark woollen robe1 made of two pieces1 about five feet long and three broad1 sewed together at one of the narrow ends1 but with an aperture for the head to pass through4 ,the robe is then gathered round the waist and tied with a string4 ,their nutbrown arms were bare1 and encircled at the wrist by from one to a dozen brass rings2 their feet were bare4 ,the thick swathing of buckskin1 with which they wrap their lower limbs when journeying1 and which gives them the appearance of being terribly swollen1 were laid aside1 much to the furthering of a graceful effect4 ,we were invited to descend to the sittingroom1 situated beneath1 through a very narrow trapdoor4 ,don ,juan walked fearlessly toward the aperture4 ,we begged him to pause before he rushed into a place whence he could never hope to return4 ,the ,indians understood the joke1 and enjoyed it hugely4 ,so the ,don entered the aperture1 and by judicious squeezing actually succeeded in passing4 ,his coattails got through about the same time as his head4 ,the others1 being of the lean and hungrylooking kind1 had no difficulty in descending4 ,from the room into which we had descended ventilation was completely excluded4 ,light was only admitted through one or two small panes of glass in apertures like portholes in the walls4 ,we took seats on sheepskins spread in a circle around the floor4 ,the commandant made known his business in passable ,spanish2 the governor replied1 through ,francisco1 as interpreter4 ,the worthy ,don intervened1 from time to time1 between the high contracting parties1 when there was a lack of language or danger of misunderstanding4 ,the business was completed satisfactorily and in short order4 ,while the floor was being set for dinner--tables not being in vogue here--we endeavored to obtain the ,acoma's idea of the antiquity of the ,pueblo4 ,francisco1 though he had learned to read and write1 had not got beyond the ,indian idea of time1 space1 or number4 ,there is no medium between 8many0 and 8few0--very far1 muy lejos2 and near1 cerca4 8,how many years old is the ,pueblo80 8,muchos aos4--,many years40 8,about how many80 8,who knows1 seor80 with a shrug4 8,a great many40 8,who is the oldest man in the ,pueblo80 8,the cacique40 ,the cacique1 we were informed1 is the official historian of the ,pueblo4 ,his records consist only in oral traditions1 which he teaches to a youth selected for the purpose1 who is to succeed him in his office when he dies4 8,is the cacique very old80 8,si1 seor6 ,very old40 ,it is useless to ask an ,indian how old he or any other ,indian is1 as he never knows4 ,so we did not ask how old the cacique was4 8,was the cacique he succeeded very old80 8,yes1 sir2 very old40 8,was the ,pueblo in existence as long as he can remember80 8,yes1 sir2 and as long as the cacique before him and the cacique before him could remember4 ,but we shall have the cacique here shortly1 and then after dinner we'll have a good big talk about the many years ago40 ,francisco1 the governor1 and his father now engaged in an earnest conversation in their ,indian tongue1 the result of which was that ,francisco unlocked a vast trunk1 of antique form and solidity1 and took therefrom a pile of manuscript1 which he handed us with great solemnity4 ,the ,indians looked upon this venerable pile with great reverence4 ,it was probably the first time it had been touched by 8outsiders40 ,we owed the permission to examine it to the many kind acts the commandant had performed for the ,acomas4 ,the first portion of the manuscript examined was a ,missal4 ,the ,office of the ,mass was copied in ,latin in a fair plain hand1 the work of some ,spanish missionary4 ,the ink had turned yellow1 but the text was clear and legible throughout4 ,nothing in the ,,ms4 ,missal indicated the date of its writing4 ,a further examination of the venerable pages furnished us some information4 ,besides the ,missal1 they comprised a register in ,spanish of births1 marriages1 and deaths4 ,the earliest written record of the ,pueblo which we found is the record of a baptism1 #agbe4 ,having gleaned what knowledge we could from the precious manuscripts1 they were carefully and reverently put away in the ponderous chest1 and secured by a padlock nearly as large as a travelling satchel4 ,dinner was now served4 ,it was very good4 ,it consisted of a chicken stew1 good white bread1 and very passable tea4 ,the stew was made so intensely hot1 however1 by chile colorado17#bbi7 that ,i did not enjoy it as much as ,i might have done had it been less fiery4 ,i never could relish chile either colorado or verde4 ,but on this occasion1 ,i determined to eat it if it burned me to a shell to show my appreciation of ,acoma hospitality6 ,the cacique--an old1 whitehaired1 bleareyed ,indian1 at least ninety--came in toward the close of the meal1 accompanied by the youth whom he was instructing in the historical and legendary lore of the ,pueblo4 ,he evinced no inclination to be communicative1 but showed a determination to make a rousing meal--something to which he was evidently not accustomed4 ,after dinner he devoted himself to smoking our cigars2 but not a word could we get out of him about the history of ,acoma4 ,joe said that as a storyteller he considered the cacique a decided failure4 ,the governor signified that he was now ready to show us the church4 ,so thither we proceeded4 ,the church is1 of course1 of adobe4 ,it was unused at the time we visited it4 ,no priest had been attached to the ,pueblo for some years4 ,but it was not suffered to fall into decay4 ,on one side of the altar was a painting of the ,virgin and ,child2 on the other1 one of ,s4 ,joseph4 ,on the ceiling above the altar were large paintings of the sun and moon4 ,here we got another chronological glimmer--the last we found4 ,it was an inscription which stated that the church had been renovated in #ahjb4 ,the ,indians told us it was done by some artistpriest who came from far away--probably ,spain or ,italy4 ,there are a pair of bells in the belfry4 ,the ,acoma tradition is that these bells were a gift to the ,pueblo from a ,queen of ,spain4 ,of course they do not know the date of their reception4 ,they say1 however1 that it was some time before the renovation of the church4 ,we next went to the southern edge of the rock to look at the 8short cut0 from above4 ,this was not easy or pleasant pedestrianism4 ,the rock here ceased to be level1 throwing up sharp craggy points4 ,the ,indians stepped from point to point1 erect and graceful and without difficulty4 ,the pale faces were compelled by a due discretion to abandon erect attitudes1 and proceed bending down1 and using hands as well as feet4 ,a look down the rocky side was sufficient4 ,the commandant shook his head1 and said in ,spanish3 8,that is no way for a white man to come up0--a remark which the ,indians seemed to consider remarkably humorous4 ,they laughed and 8howhow0ed vehemently4 ,as we returned1 we remarked that on one side of the rock it was bevelled down from the summit about forty or fifty feet1 and then resumed its general steep and vertical character4 ,some houses were situated near the superior edge of this bend4 ,a thrill ran through me from head to foot as ,i saw a child roll from the front of one of the houses down the incline4 8,he will be dashed to atoms60 ,i cried in horror4 ,the ,indians looked in the direction to which ,i frantically pointed1 and then united in a goodhumored laugh4 ,soon another urchin1 and another1 and another followed the first1 who picked himself up just at the deadly brink1 and mounted the incline1 to roll down again and again1 as we used to on a hillside in snow with our sleds1 in our younger days4 ,this was play for the infantine ,acomas4 ,they were 8keeping the pot abilin'40 ,the ,indians told us that no fatal accident had ever happened to any ,acoma either while rolling down the dread incline 8in pretty1 pleasant play10 or climbing the steep path the mere sight of which had made us dizzy4 ,tradition records that only one ,indian ever 8went over the side40 ,he was saved by a projecting stump catching him by the breechclout and holding him suspended until he was rescued--unhurt4 ,our next visit was the ,estufa4 ,here the sacred fire was burning4 ,the ,estufa was an underground apartment4 ,we descended through a trapdoor1 which also served as a chimney1 and down a smokebegrimed ladder4 ,the chamber was some thirty feet in length and perhaps fifteen in width4 ,we were informed that it was the general place of meeting--the public hall--the clubroom of the ,pueblo4 ,it was pretty hot and not very sweet down there4 ,we found four ,indians seated around the fire1 each with a loom in front of him1 weaving a blanket4 ,their only covering was the breechclout4 ,the ,indians told us1 through ,don ,juan1 that these men watched the fire1 which was always kept burning--waiting for the coming of ,montezuma4 ,they were relieved by four others at stated times4 ,we shook hands with the naked watchers1 and 8howhow0ed with them in the usual way4 8,do you think ,montezuma will come80 asked ,joe1 through ,don ,juan1 of one of the vigilants4 ,the worthy1 shrugging his naked shoulders1 looked up sidewise at ,joseph1 and replied3 8,quizas8 ,quien sabe8--,may be6 ,who knows80 ,joe withdrew4 ,we all followed him4 ,we had now seen all the lions of the ,pueblo of ,acoma4 8,boots and saddles0 and 8to horse0 were sounded1 and with many handshakes1 some embraces1 and general 8howhows10 we bade adieu to the hospitable ,acomas and their rocky home1 and began our return march4 ,new ,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,demetrius ,,augustin ,,gallitzin1 ,,prince ,,and ,,priest4 ,by ,sarah ,m4 ,brownson4 ,with an ,introduction by ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,pustet4 #ahgb4 ,women of talent and cultivation make admirable biographers4 ,in religious biography we know of nothing more charming than the lives written by ,mre ,chauguy4 ,in recent ,english literature1 the ,lives of ,mother ,margaret ,mary ,o',halloran1 by a lady whose name is unknown to us1 and of ,s4 ,jane ,frances de ,chantal1 by ,miss ,emily ,bowles1 are among the most perfect specimens of this very agreeable species of writing which we have met with in any language4 ,this new and carefully prepared biography of a priest who was illustrious both by birth and ,christian virtue1 by a lady already known as the author of several works of fiction1 well deserves to be classed with the best of its kind in ,english ,catholic literature4 ,it is a work of thorough1 patient1 and conscientious labor1 and for the first time adequately presents the history and character of ,prince ,gallitzin in their true light4 ,certainly1 we never knew before how truly heroic and admirable a man was this ,russian prince who came to pass his life as a missionary in the forests which crowned in his day the summit of the ,alleghanies in ,pennsylvania4 ,the charm of a biography is found in a certain fulness and sprightliness of style and manner1 a picturesqueness and ideality of ornament and coloring1 a warmth and glow of sentiment1 which give life and reality to the narrative4 ,miss ,brownson still possesses the juvenile lan which naturally finds its expression in the style we have indicated1 and has also attained that sobriety and maturity of judgment which give it the rightly subdued tone and finish4 ,in several matters of considerable delicacy which she has been obliged to handle1 we think she has shown tact and discretion1 while at the same time using enough of the freedom of a historian to bring out the truth of facts and events which needed to be told in order to make a veritable record and picture of the life of her subject4 ,the prince is fortunate in his biographer4 ,would it were the lot of every great man in the church to find a similar one6 ,miss ,brownson's book seems to us the best religious biography which has been written by anyone of our ,american ,catholic authors4 ,we would like to see more works of this sort from feminine writers1 to whom we are already so much indebted for works both of the graver and the lighter kind1 and particularly from ,miss ,brownson1 who has fully proved her ability in the volume before us4 ,,bibliographia ,,catholica ,,americana4 ,a list of works written by ,catholic authors and published in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,rev4 ,joseph ,m4 ,finotti4 ,part ,i41 #aghd to #ahbj inclusive4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 #hvo4 pp4 #cai4 ,it was said of ,bartlett's ,dictionary of ,americanisms that it was the first dictionary that a man could read through with pleasure4 ,the same in the way of bibliography may be said of this2 for1 if any of our readers supposes that the title tells the truth1 he is mistaken4 ,it is not a mere list1 as the author modestly calls it4 ,some twelve years ago1 ,mr4 ,shea published in one of our ,catholic papers a list of titles of 8,the ,first ,catholic ,books printed in this ,county10 coming down to the same date and including the same period as our author1 and giving sixtyeight titles4 ,this meagre beginning of ,american ,catholic bibliography has in ,f4 ,finotti's hands grown to nearly five hundred titles1 including some few imprints later than #ahbj4 ,it is not merely a collection of titles of ,catholic works1 but of all works by ,catholic authors printed in the country1 with notes of the highest interest to ,catholics who care at all for what was done by our fathers in the faith in this republic4 ,biographical notices1 notices of celebrated books1 accounts of controversies of the time1 anecdotes illustrative of ,catholic life in the earlier days1 notes of ,catholic printers and journalists1 all find their place in these notes1 in which the abundant knowledge of our earlier men and times1 and things acquired by the patient and loving research of years1 fairly bubble out spontaneously4 ,it is not a history indeed1 but to the historian will be invaluable as an authority and a guide4 ,on some points this work is absolutely exhaustive4 ,the collection of pamphlets and works growing out of the ,hogan affair in ,philadelphia1 considering their perishable nature1 is perfectly wonderful1 and his library alone can enable any one to go thoroughly into the history of that unhappy matter which was destructive to so many souls4 ,of the writings and publications of the celebrated ,mathew ,carey1 we have also here by far the most accurate and comprehensive account ever drawn up1 comprising nearly twentyfive pages4 ,many will be amazed to see how many sterling ,catholic books were issued early in the century1 and thus be able to judge of the zeal and true religious feeling of the little body of ,catholics who so generously sustained the publishers1 as well as of the public spirit of a man like ,bernard ,dornin--in our mind1 as in ,f4 ,finotti's1 the type of what a ,catholic publisher should be4 ,of him as of many other ,catholics our author gives biographical notices that we should look for in vain in all the cyclopdias and biographical dictionaries4 ,book notices often end with the assertion that the book should be in every family2 we hardly suppose the publishers ready to supply every ,catholic family in the country with a copy1 for the edition is small1 and must be taken up at once4 ,it is by no means merely a book for the ,dryasdust collector or antiquarian4 ,it must find its place in the libraries of many of our gentlemen who love their religion and love books1 as well as in our college libraries4 ,we trust that it will impel all to endeavor to have some of the early printed ,catholic books1 as matters of laudable pride4 ,if they can even find some that have escaped the ,argus eyes of the reverend collector and his associate bookhunters1 they will1 we trust1 be good enough ,christians to bear with equanimity even that severe trial to a bibliographer4 ,this ,bibliography commends itself to those interested in the bibliography of the country or the history of printing in the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,historical ,magazine some months since there was a ,bibliography of works on ,unitarianism1 but it was silent as to ,father ,kohlmann's work1 and to a sermon by a ,catholic clergyman of ,pittsburg4 ,so1 too1 ,sabin's ,bibliopolist recently gave a list of books printed in ,brooklyn1 but was silent as to a ,catholic ,doctrine printed there in #ahag1 as well as of ,coate's very curious ,reply to ,rev4 ,f4 ,richards' supposed reasons for becoming a ,catholic4 ,there is one strange point about ,american bibliography1 and that is that the laborers in it have been almost exclusively from ,europe4 ,ludewig gave the ,bibliography of ,indian ,languages and that of ,local ,history2 ,o',callaghan1 that of ,american ,bibles2 ,harisse1 that of the earliest ,american2 ,rich was a pioneer in the same field2 and now ,finotti gives us the ,catholic element4 ,where are our native bibliographers8 ,,le ,,liberalisme4 ,,lecons ,,donnees ,a ,l',,universite ,,laval4 ,par l',abb ,benjamin ,paquet1 ,docteur en ,theologie1 et ,professeur la ,facult de ,theologie4 ,quebec3 ,de l',imprimerie du ,canadien4 ,brochure1 pp4 #ajj4 #ahgb4 ,lower ,canada1 considered both in respect to the condition of the ,catholic ,church therein1 and to the political wellbeing of its people1 is an eminently fortunate region1 despite the rigor of its climate4 ,it is especially preeminent in respect to the ,catholic education given to young men of the leisured classes1 and others who go through the intermediate and higher courses4 ,laval ,university is truly a splendid institution among many others which make ,quebec an unique city in ,northern ,america4 ,these remarks are suggested by the pamphlet before us1 which is a specimen of the sound and opportune instruction given at the ,laval ,university4 ,the ,lectures contained in it give an exposition which is both learned and clear of that most important portion of the ,syllabus which relates to the errors of modern liberalism condemned in the ,pontifical ,acts of ,pius ,,ix4 ,when will the ,catholics of the ,united ,states enjoy privileges similar to those which are the portion of the ,catholics of ,lower ,canada8 ,the ,abb ,paquet's ,lectures were delivered as a part of his course on the law of nature and of nations1 and were attended not only by his pupils1 but by a numerous and select audience1 several of whom requested their publication4 ,we have already sufficiently expressed our approbation of their doctrine and style1 and they have been favorably noticed in ,europe4 ,we are confident that a considerable number of our readers will hasten to procure them1 and receive great profit from their perusal4 ,,cardinal ,,wiseman',s ,,works4 ,new ,edition1 first #c vols4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,this is a reissue of a new ,london edition which we most cordially commend4 ,the first two volumes1 containing the ,lectures on the ,connection between ,science and ,revealed ,religion1 have already been noticed in these pages4 ,the third volume contains the splendid treatise on the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,cardinal ,wiseman was a great writer1 a great prelate1 and a remarkably devout and holy man4 ,his works are among our choicest treasures1 and as such ought to be everywhere circulated and continually perused by those who wish to imbue their minds with the purest doctrine and the most valuable knowledge4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,s4 ,,augustine1 ,,bishop1 ,,confessor1 ,,and ,,doctor ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,by ,p4 ,e4 ,moriarty1 ,d4,d4 ,ex,assistant ,general ,o4,s4,a4 ,philadelphia3 ,cunningham4 #ahgc4 ,this is a popular biography1 though proceeding from the pen of a learned man1 and showing marks of erudition4 ,the sketch is a complete one1 and shows great power of generalization and condensation in the writer1 with vigor and impetus of style4 ,it is not1 however1 minute in respect to the saint's public life1 or his great work as a philosopher and doctor of the church4 ,this could not be expected in a work of moderate size adapted for popular reading4 ,there is1 however1 a brief summary of the saint's writings1 with a synopsis1 and an account of the ,augustinian ,order1 all of which are of interest and value to the general reader4 ,,photographic ,,views2 ,,or1 ,,religious ,,and ,,moral ,,truths ,,reflected ,,in ,,the ,,universe4 ,by ,f4 ,x4 ,weninger1 ,d4,d41 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgc4 ,a handsomely printed volume1 with a very ornamental titlepage quite appropriate to the nature of the book4 ,the views of truth presented in this book are expressed in aphorisms4 ,good taste1 poetic sensibility1 spiritual wisdom1 and the purest ,christian feeling are their chief characteristics4 ,we are disposed to think this the best of ,f4 ,weninger's works4 ,there are many persons who take great delight in aphorisms of this kind1 and we think all such readers will like this book4 ,it is good also as a help to meditation1 and a treasury of short spiritual readings for those who have not time for long ones2 and will be useful to those who like to stop occasionally in more laborious occupations of the mind1 and gather a little spiritual nosegay4 ,,memoirs ,,of ,,madame ,,desbordes,,valmore4 ,by the late ,c4 ,a4 ,sainte ,beuve4 ,with a ,selection from her ,poems4 ,translated by ,harriet ,w4 ,preston4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgc4 ,madame ,valmore was one of those poets of the affections who 8,learn in suffering what they teach in song40 ,no one can look for a moment at her portrait as depicted in this touching book without feeling that the thorn is continually pressing against her gentle breast4 ,her poetry and her letters are the very outcry of impassioned love and grief4 8,i am like the ,indian that sings at the stake10 she says4 ,one of her volumes is entitled ,tears1 every line of which is a pensive sigh4 ,her poems are full of 8the charm of that melancholy which ,m4 de ,segur calls the luxury of grief40 ,m4 ,michelet says3 8,she alone among us had the gift of tears--that gift which smites the rock and assuages the thirst of the soul60 ,m4 ,sainte,beuve calls her 8the ,mater ,dolorosa of poetry10 but that title1 consecrated to a higher1 diviner type of sorrow1 is one that most of us would shrink from applying to ordinary mortals4 ,it would almost seem as if the highest1 purest notes--8half ecstasy1 half pain0--only spring from the soul overshadowed by sorrow1 as the eyes of some birds are darkened when they are taught to sing4 ,mme4 ,valmore herself1 in allusion to a brother poet1 wonders 8if actual misery were requisite for the production of notes that so haunt one's memory40 ,the tombs among which she used to play as a child in the old churchyard at ,douai seem to have cast their funereal shadows over her whole life--shadows that lend to her sad muse so attractive a charm4 ,one of her poems thus begins3 8,do not write4 ,i am sad and would my life were o'er4 ,a summer without thee8--,oh6 night of starless gloom6-- ,i fold the idle arms that cannot clasp thee more-- ,to knock at my heart's door1 were like knocking at a tomb4 ,do not write40 ,mme4 ,valmore's nature was eminently feminine4 ,her heart was her guide4 ,she was a being of impulse and sympathy4 ,but her instincts were so delicate and true that they were to her what reason and philosophy are to colder natures4 ,her imagination was thoroughly ,catholic4 ,it is only ,catholicity that develops souls of such tender grace and beauty1 and she was brought up under its influences4 ,a cheerful piety1 ,catholic in tone1 seems to have pervaded her life1 and consoled and sustained her in its many dark hours4 ,she loved to pray in the deserted aisle of some shadowy church full of mystery and peace4 8,she had her ,christ--the ,christ of the poor and forsaken1 the prisoner and the slave1 the ,christ of the ,magdalen and the good ,samaritan1 a ,christ of the future of whom she herself has sung in one of her sweetest strains3 #8,he whose pierced hands have broken so many chains1' 0 --a line that appeals to all who have sinned and been forgiven6 ,in her last years she thus writes3 8,i see at an immense distance the ,christ who shall come again4 ,his breath is moving over the crowd4 ,he opens his arms wide1 but there are no more nails--no more for ever60 ,her devotion to ,mary is constantly peeping out in her letters4 ,after visiting a church at ,brussels1 she writes thus to her daughter3 8,today we saw the black ,virgin with the ,child ,jesus also black like his mother4 ,these ,madonnas wring my heart with a thousand reminiscences4 ,they are nothing in the way of art1 but they are so associated with my earliest and sweetest faiths that ,i positively adore those stiff pinklined veils and wreaths of perennial flowers made of cambric so stout that all the winds of heaven could never cause a leaf to flutter40 ,she writes her brother3 8,lift up your hat when you pass the ,church of ,notre ,dame1 and lay upon its threshold the first spring flowers you find40 ,one of the most touching features of her life is her devotedness to this brother1 an old soldier and pensioner in the hospital at ,douai1 whom she aided out of her own scanty purse1 and still more by the moral support she was continually giving him in the most delicate manner2 trying to ennoble his unfortunate past so as to give him dignity in his own eyes--a thing so often forgotten in our intercourse with those who are in danger of losing their selfrespect4 ,mme4 ,valmore's charity and sympathies were not confined to her own kindred4 ,they responded to every appeal4 ,the condemned criminal and prisoners of every degree excited the compassion of her heart4 ,at a time of great distress at ,lyons1 she says she is 8ashamed to have food and fire and two garments when so many poor creatures have none40 ,and yet she seems not to have had too many of the comforts of life herself4 ,one ,christmas eve she speaks of kneeling on her humble hearth--8a hearth where there is not much fire save that of her own loving1 anxious heart--0 to pray4 ,it is sad to see a woman with such a refined1 poetical nature1 and a heart sensitive to the last degree1 condemned to a fate so chilling and unkind4 ,but she never lost courage4 ,living in narrow lodgings1 and on limited means1 she contrived to give a certain artistic air to everything around her1 and received her visitors with polished ease and selfpossession1 hiding her griefs under the grace of her manner and the vivacity of her conversation4 ,her courage and fortitude were admirable under adverse circumstances and such afflictions as the loss of her daughters4 ,no book not strictly religious could teach a more forcible lesson of patient1 cheerful endurance--how 8to suffer and be strong40 ,the work is elegantly translated1 and is a welcome addition to the lives of celebrated ,french ladies already issued by the same publishers4 ,,the ,,english ,,in ,,ireland ,,in ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a4 ,in #b vols4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgc4 ,we have here the first volume of a new and very elaborate work by the adventurous historian of ,england1 and chivalrous champion of ,henry ,,viii4 and his daughter ,elizabeth4 ,it might perhaps have been hoped that enough had been said of ,mr4 ,froude in these columns1 and that our readers had done with him4 ,his reputation as a faithful historian had been sorely damaged1 and indeed irretrievably ruined1 by several indignant critics in ,england1 in ,scotland1 and in ,ireland1 as well as in the ,united ,states 7by the short1 sharp and decisive onslaught of ,mr4 ,meline72 so that it has been an actual surprise to the literary world to find him once more tempting ,providence in a new book1 heralded and advertised by a course of lectures in ,new ,york4 ,but this is the nature of the man3 he must surprise and startle1 or he dies2 he must provoke the most wondering and angry contradiction and comment1 and gratify the small feminine spite that possesses him1 provided he can sting and wound like a hornet4 ,for him1 to scold is to live4 ,the present volume1 although entitled ,the ,english in ,ireland in the ,eighteenth ,century1 is in fact occupied1 for more than two hundred pages1 with an account of the dealings of his country with ,ireland during the ,x,v,i,ith century1 and presents his views of ,irish history at the notable periods of the insurrection--or alleged 8massacre0--in #afda1 as well as the short reign of ,james ,,ii4 ,the narrative ends at the time of the small ,french invasion under ,thurot1 shortly after the middle of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century2 leaving ,still to be treated the whole era of the ,volunteering1 the ,insurrection of '#ih1 and the ,union1 socalled4 ,indeed1 if the author carry forward his subject into the present century1 as he has carried it backward into the one before the last1 he will have the great famines to deal with1 and the multitudinous emigration2 so that we may expect a vast picture1 covering the whole canvas1 portraying from the strictly ,english point of view that ghastly history in its full perspective4 ,the ,froude theory is1 on the whole1 quite simple2 nothing can be more easily understood4 ,it is1 in few words1 that the ,english nation having been 8forced by situation and circumstances0 to take charge of ,ireland and its people1 when it suited the ,english to change their religion1 or to come back to it1 or to change it again1 they were bound in duty to compel the ,irish to change along with them each time1 by means of pains and penalties1 from heavy fines to transportation and death on the gallows2 also that the ,english having a strong wish to possess themselves of all the lands of ,ireland1 everything was lawful and right to effect that object4 ,the reader will remark1 with surprise 7and the more surprise1 the better for ,froude71 that in his lectures lately delivered in ,new ,york1 which were a kind of abstract of the work then in press1 he did not venture to say before an intelligent audience of freemen some of the things which he has dared to print in the book then just ready to burst upon the world4 ,for example1 he did not say1 even before the 8,christian young men10 such words as these which are found in the book 7p4 #fji73 8,the consent of man was not asked when he was born into the world3 his consent will not be asked when his time comes to die4 ,as little has his consent to do with the laws which1 while he lives1 he is bound to obey40 ,this sentiment he perhaps thought it unnecessary to enunciate here2 because1 in fact1 he intended it solely for the ,irish1 not by any means for the ,americans1 although it reads like a universal maxim for the human race4 ,again1 he did not think it necessary to say in so plain words what he has laid down clearly enough in this passage 7p4 #bac73 8,no government need keep terms with such a creed meaning the ,catholic ,church when there is power to abolish it4 ,to call the repression of opinions which had issued so many times in blood and revolt by the name of religions persecution is mere abuse of words40 ,,elevations ,,po,,tiques ,,et ,,religieuses4 ,par ,marie ,jenna4 ,deuxime ,edit4 #b vols4 ,paris3 ,adrien le ,clerc et ,cie4 #ahgb4 ,as the eye lingers upon a beautiful landscape1 spring clad and fair in the clear light of the newrisen sun2 as the ear loiters unwilling to lose the last echoed link of some simple melting melody2 as the hand tarries loth to quit the gentle grasp that speaks unspoken sympathy1 so have we--reluctant to lose such fair pictures1 such moving lays1 such deep and tender feeling--lingered and loitered and tarried with ,marie ,jenna1 8the ,poet of the ,vosges40 ,gifted with the nice perception of a true poet1 ,marie ,jenna clothes the simplest ideas in language of such rare delicacy1 so fresh1 tender1 vivid1 and withal so musical1 that mind1 heart1 eye1 and ear1 all are at once engaged4 ,a bird1 a butterfly1 a flower1 gains new interest in her hands2 she flings a grace around it1 she vests it with a dignity it never had before2 she makes it live again4 ,take1 for instance1 the opening stanzas of 8,le ,papillon03 8,pourquoi t'approcher en silence ,et menacer mon vol joyeux8 ,par quelle involontaire offense ,aije pu dplaire tes yeux8 8,je suis la vivante tincelle ,qui monte et descend tour tour2 ,la fleur qui ,dieu donne une aile1 ,un souffle1 un regard1 un amour4 8,je suis le frre de la rose2 ,elle me cache aux importuns1 ,puis sur son cur je me repose ,et je m'enivre de parfums4 8,ma vie est tout heureuse et pure1 ,pourquoi dsirestu ma mort8 ,oh6 dismoi1 roi de la nature1 ,seraistu jaloux de mon sort8 8,va1 je sais bien que tu t'inclines ,souvent pour essuyer des pleurs1 ,que tes yeux comptent les pines ,o je ne vois rien que des fleurs4 8,je sais que parfois ton visage ,se trouble et s'assombrit soudain1 ,lorsqu'en vain je cherche un nuage ,au fond de l'horizon serein4 8,mais ,celui dont la main divine ,a daign nous former tous deux1 ,pour moi parfuma la colline1 ,et de loin te montra les cieux4 8,il me fit deux ailes de flamme1 ,a moi1 feu follet du printemps2 ,pour toi1 son fils1 il fit une me ,plus grande que le firmament4 8,ecoute ma voix qui t'implore1 ,loin de moi dtourne tes pas444 ,laisse moi vivre un jour encore1 ,o toi qui ne finiras pas6 8,mon bonheur moi1 c'est la vie1 ,la libert sous le ciel bleu1 ,le ruisseau1 l'amour sans envie3 ,le tien 444 c'est le secret de ,dieu40 ,what can be fresher or more charming than this nave1 earnest appeal for life and liberty8 ,and again1 in 8,pour un ,oiseau10 beginning with3 8,il est toi1 c'est vrai 444 ,frre1 veux tu qu'il meure8 ,sa beaut1 sa chanson1 tout est l 444 dans ta main2 ,et l'arbuste o sa voix gazouillait tout l'heure ,au bosquet1 si tu veux1 sera muet demain4 8,tu le tiens3 sa faiblesse ta force le livre2 ,mais aussi ta piti peut le laisser aller2 ,ne le fais pas mourir6 il est si bon de vivre ,lorsque l't commence et qu'on peut s'envoler10 we find the same delicacy of thought1 the same rippling1 flowing language2 and what joyousness and how cheery it sounds3 il est si bon de vivre4 ,but ,marie ,jenna strikes deeper chords1 awakes more solemn strains1 than these2 and through them all1 the graver as the lighter1 binding them in one harmonious whole1 there sings out the same clear note of firm1 enlightened faith that never wavers2 it penetrates each thing she handles1 giving that breadth and largeness to her field of view that it alone can give4 ,in some beautiful stanzas1 8,beati qui lugeant10 she draws near to one bowed down with sorrow1 and fearlessly1 yet oh6 how tenderly touching the wound because she knows its cure1 she speaks3 8,va1 ton sein cache en vain le glaive qui le blesse3 ,j'ai compris ton silence et j'ai pri pour toi4 ,laisse aller ta fiert comme un poids qui t'oppresse1 ,et pleure devant moi4 8,il est1 je le sais bien1 des jours o la souffrance ,trouve en sa solitude une pre volupt2 ,et le monde lger voit passer en silence ,sa ple majest4 8,et la main d'un ami s'arrtant incertaine1 ,n'ose carter les plis de son voile de deuil4 ,il est des maux si grands1 que la parole humaine ,expire sur le seuil4 8,mais deux jours sont passs2 il est temps que je vienne2 ,oh6 laisse un front d'ami pench sur ta douleur6 ,ne te dtourne pas3 ,mets ta main dans la mienne1 ,ton me sur mon cur4 8,si je ne t'apportais qu'une amiti fidle1 ,mes pas avec respect s'loigneraient d'ici4 ,j'attendrais que la tienne enfin se souvint d'elle1 ,mais j'ai souffert aussi444 8,je ne te dirai point cette vaine parole ,que la douleur accueille en son muet ddain4 ,non1 ce que j'ai pour toi1 c'est un mot qui console1 ,c'est un secret divin40 ,already we seem to see awaked attention1 a gleam of hope flit across the stern1 wan face that marks such helpless1 hopeless misery2 now softening the hard1 cold look that bid defiance to all sorrow1 repelled all sympathy2 now changing it to one of anxious longing and of mute entreaty for the proffered gift1 le mot qui console4 ,and see1 or is it fancy only1 or are there really tears now falling1 8gemlike1 the last drops of the exhausted storm08 ,space forbids us to give it in its fulness1 this secret divin1 to curtail it would spoil it3 so we send the reader to the original1 and would ask him only if in the last stanza he does not hear two voices singing3 8,heureux les affligs6 dit la ,vrit mme4 ,heureux1 c'est vrai1 mon ,dieu6 quand vous avez parl4 ,nous voulons bien souffrir si le bonheur suprme1 ,est d'tre consol40 ,then look at this exquisite little picture1 8,l',enfant ,ressuscit40 ,rarely have we met with one more pathetic4 ,it is very delicately painted1 with shades so subtile that1 in the simplicity of the whole1 we are apt to overlook them4 ,and here also we have a glimpse of that reverential love for childhood that is by no means the least characteristic trait of ,marie ,jenna3 8,elle avait tant gmi1 sa mre1 et tant pleur6 ,tant press sur son sein le front dcolor1 ,que dans le corps glac l'me tait revenue1 ,et qu'en bnissant ,dieu1 palpitante1 perdue1 ,comme un trsor qu'on cache elle avait emport ,dans ses deux bras tremblants l'enfant ressuscit6 ,trois mois s'taient passs depuis44444mais1 chose trange6 ,on eut dit que le ciel avait fait un change4 ,l'enfant penchait son front comme un bouton fltri1 ,et depuis ces trois mois1 jamais il n'avait ri4 ,il prfrait aux jeux l'ombre silencieuse2 ,sa mre en l'embrassant n'osait pas tre heureuse4444 8,des volets entr'ouverts s'lancent des chansons2 ,dans les clochers frmit la voix des carillons4 ,ecoute1 mon ,louis1 ces chants1 ces joyeux rires4444 ,vois2 c'est le jour de l'an2 dis ce que tu dsires4 ,chaque enfant pour trenne a des jouets nouveaux4 ,en veuxtu de pareils8 en veuxtu de plus beaux8 ,veuxtu ce blier gris qu'on trane et qui va patre ,au printemps dans les prs l'herbe qui vient natre8 ,mais regarde plutt2 des pinceaux1 des couleurs1 ,qui d'un papier tout blanc font un bouquet de fleurs4 ,oh6 vois donc ce ballon de laine tricolore ,qui s'lve et retombe et se relve encore6 ,tu n'aimes pas courir44444 ,que puisje te donner8 ,dis44444ta mre prsent ne sait plus deviner4 ,veuxtu ce sabre d'or qui dj ferait croire ,que mon petit ,louis mdite une victoire8 ,aimestu ce chalet d'un long toit recouvert8 ,mais non4444qu'en feraistu8 ,veuxtu ce livre ouvert1 ,o prs de chaque histoire on regarde une image1 ,ou l'on rit1 o l'on pleure1 o l'on devient plus sage8 ,ah6 voici des oiseaux6 tu les aimerais mieux6 ,les oiseaux sont vivants2 tu les ferais heureux6 ,si tu voulais des lisandes roses fleuries1 ,j'en saurais bien trouver1 ,louis1 pour que tu ries4 ,rponds2 je t'aime tant6 n'osestu me parler8 ,tu pleurais ce matin2 je veux te consoler4 ,dismoi ce doux secret pendant que je l'embrasse4 ,que veuxtu1 mon ,louis8 ,et l'enfant1 voix basse3 ,des ailes pour m'envoler60 ,no one can fail to be struck with the sudden stillness that follows the mother's anxious striving to drive away the cloud that would hang over her little one2 with the awe and fear1 too1 that fill her heart2 with the mystery in the whispered answer of the strange mysterious child given back from death in answer to her passionate prayer4 ,it sets us thinking of that other mother whose grief so touched the ,master's heart that he spoke the word1 8and he that was dead sat up and began to speak4 ,and he delivered him to his mother40 ,did that young man go home so grave1 with never a smile to light his face1 so strangely altered1 that1 after the first burst of gladness1 his mother1 clasping him to her bosom1 dared not rejoice8 ,of the more serious pieces1 perhaps not one equals in force 8,la plus grande ,douleur40 ,it is the old tale1 always new though so oft repeated3 the old tale that startles1 shocks1 and brings sharp pain as for the first time it comes home to each one1 telling that that strong bond which binds friends closer1 draws classes nearer1 makes nations firmer1 has snapped and riven two hearts asunder2 that the newlyawakened intellect first meeting early faith has turned aside1 has chosen a road far other than that on which till now both friends had travelled hand in hand2 that that 8little superficial knowledge of philosophy that inclines man's mind to atheism0 has come between them like an icy barrier1 chilling the old friendship and making everything so dark and strange which before was warmth and light between them2 and with effect so drear1 so piercing1 too1 and sharp1 that the unchanged heart feels any pain than that would be light to bear3 8,oui mon ,dieu6 nous pouvons1 sans que l'me succombe1 ,laisser notre bonheur ce pass qui tombe2 ,nous pouvons au matin former un rve pur1 ,tout d'amour et de paix1 tout de flamme et d'azur1 ,puis livrer les dbris de sa beaut ravie ,a ce vent du dsert1 qui laisse notre vie ,sans fleur et sans pi comme un champ moissonn2 ,meliner notre front ple et dcouronn1 ,et devenir semblable cette pauvre plante ,qui n'est pas morte encore1 et qui n'est plus vivante1 ,nous pouvons voir gisant sur un lit de douleur1 ,celui qui nous restait1 l'ami consolateur1 ,compter chaque moment de son heure dernire1 ,poser nos doigts tremblants sur sa froide paupire1 ,et baiser son visage1 et nous dire2 ,il est mort6 ,nous le pouvons1 mon ,dieu6 ,parfois le cur est fort4 8,mais aimer une autre me1 et la trouver si belle ,qu'on frmit de bonheur en se penchant vers elle1 ,puis un jour contempler d'un regard impuissant ,sur sa beaut cleste une ombre qui descend2 ,de cette me o passaient les souffles de la grce1 ,sentir parfois monter quelque chose qui glace1 ,douter1 prier tous bas1 pleurer d'anxit1 ,craindre1 esprer44444 ,longtemps marcher son ct ,sans oser voir au fond4444 ,puis un jour o l'on ose1 ,reculer de partout o le regard se pose1 ,o fut le feu sacr toucher de froids dbris1 ,murmurer en tremblant un langage incompris ,o ,dieu passa1 chercher sa lumineuse trace1 ,et n'y trouver plus rien 444 rien6 pas mme un soupir1 ,pas un cri douloureux vers l'aube qui s'efface1 ,c'est trop souffrir60 ,the two volumes before us contain many poems1 both short and long1 of such great freshness and beauty1 so full of original turns and delicate touches1 that it is difficult to choose from amongst them4 ,however1 we have said enough to give a fair notion of ,marie ,jenna's style1 and quite enough to show that it is her own1 with its own peculiar charm4 ,and so our task is done4 ,if it be said that1 having uttered only praise and found no fault1 we have but half fulfilled the critic's task1 we answer that we never meant the tone of criticism4 ,all know that man's most perfect work is not without its blemish2 but in our first walk through so fair a garden1 meeting new beauties on every side1 it would have been ungracious in us to have sought defects3 that task we leave to others4 ,ours has been to welcome1 and to tell of fresh flowers of much loveliness offered to us from across the sea1 with the certainty that no one can read her 8,elvations ,potiques0 without feeling that he is indebted for some real enjoyment to the charming 8,poet of the ,vosges40 ,,the ,,two ,,ysondes1 ,,and ,,other ,,verses4 ,by ,edward ,ellis4 ,london3 ,pickering4 #ahgb4 ,it takes but a short while to read this thin volume2 nor will any one with a taste for true poetry find the perusal a task4 ,the author undoubtedly possesses 8the vision and the faculty divine10 and belongs to the subjective school of which ,tennyson is king--a school peculiarly capable of teaching a subjective age4 ,the more the pity1 then1 say we1 that ,mr4 ,ellis should have made his chief poem1 8,the ,two ,ysondes10 hang on the idea that love is fate4 ,his 8,two ,ysondes0 are the two 8,isolts0 of ,tennyson2 but ,tennyson does not attempt to excuse the passion of ,mark's wife for ,tristrem4 ,our author makes it originate in ,tristrem and ,ysonde having 8drunk10 8by an evil chance10 a philtre which had been placed 8in ,tristrem's charge0 as 8a weddinggift for ,ysonde and ,king ,mark0 7p4 #g74 ,now1 it may be said that this does away with the guilty aspect of the romance1 and throws over the whole a veil of fary4 ,yes2 but we insist that it is1 therefore1 the more mischievous1 as teaching the doctrine of fatality4 ,neither is this the only1 or even the most1 objectionable feature of the poem2 for1 together with descriptions of emotions and caresses which would be chaste if the theme were lawful love1 all idea of sin is kept away1 and especially as regards its eternal consequences4 ,there is not a word about remorse during life1 or of repentance at death4 ,but ,tristrem dies in despair of beholding the object of his passion2 and ,ysonde1 in turn1 expires on the breast of her dead lover1 declaring that she will 8go with him beyond the bars of fate40 ,now1 we should not have troubled ourselves to make these strictures but that ,mr4 ,ellis shows powers for the misuse of which he will be very responsible4 ,moreover1 as is clear from some of his shorter lyrics1 particularly 8,at a ,shrine10 his mind has a religious bent1 with 7of course7 ,catholic sympathies4 ,with regard to his verse1 it is less ,tennysonic than his thought4 ,better if1 while originating metres 7with which we have no quarrel whatever71 he modelled both his lines and his diction on the peerless accuracy of ,england's laureate4 ,books ,and ,pamphlets ,received4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,money ,god4 ,by ,m4 ,a4 ,quinton4 ,from ,,lynch1 ,,cole ,,meehan1 ,new ,york3 ,english ,misrule in ,ireland3 ,a ,course of ,lectures4 ,by ,v4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,n4 ,burke1 ,o4,p4 #abmo4 pp4 #bii4 ,from ,j4 ,a4 ,,mcgee1 ,new ,york3 8,thumping ,english ,lies03 ,froude's ,slanders on ,ireland and ,irishmen4 ,with ,preface and ,notes by ,col4 ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,gee1 and ,wendell ,phillips' ,views of the ,situation4 #abmo4 pp4 #bbd4--;,half ,hours with ,irish ,authors3 ,selections from ,griffin1 ,lover1 ,carleton1 and ,lever4 #abmo4 pp4 #ccj4 ,from ,a4 ,d4 ,f4 ,,randolph1 ,new ,york3 ,christ at the ,door4 ,by ,susan ,h4 ,ward4 #abmo1 pp4 #bcb4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia3 ,expiation4 ,by ,mrs4 ,julia ,c4 ,r4 ,dorr4 ,from ,j4 ,r4 ,,osgood ,,co41 ,boston3 ,the ,romance of the ,harem4 ,by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,leonowens4 #abmo4 pp4 viii4#bgg4 ,from ,,roberts ,,bros41 ,boston3 ,what ,katy ,did4 ,by ,susan ,coolidge4--,thorvaldsen3 ,his ,life and ,works4 ,by ,eugene ,plon4 #abmo4 pp4 xvi4#cbj4--,the ,world ,priest4 ,by ,leopold ,schefer4 #abmo4 pp4 xv4#cga4 ,from ,,the ,,author3 ,sermon at the ,month's ,mind of the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,preached at the ,church of the ,american ,college 7,rome74 ,by the ,v4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,chatard1 ,rector4 ,paper1 #hvo4 pp4 #cj4 ,from ,e4 ,h4 ,,butler ,,co41 ,philadelphia3 ,the ,etymological ,reader4 ,by ,epes ,sargent and ,amasa ,may4 ,from ,s4 ,d4 ,,kiernan1 ,clerk1 ,department of ,public ,instruction3 ,report of the ,board of ,public ,instruction of the ,city and ,county of ,new ,york1 for the year ending ,dec4 #ca1 #ahga2 with ,addenda to ,may1 #ahgb4--,manual of the ,department of ,public ,instruction1 #ahgab4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bfb4 ,from ,,holt ,,williams1 ,new ,york3 ,sermons by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,r4 ,hawes1 ,m4,a4 #abmo1 pp4 xiv4 #cdg4 ,from ,,american ,,baptist ,,society1 ,philadelphia3 ,the ,baptist ,short ,method1 with ,inquirers and ,opponents4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,t4 ,hiscox1 ,d4,d4 #ahmo1 pp4 #baf4 ,from ,,hurd ,,houghton1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,city of ,god and the ,church ,makers4 ,by ,r4 ,abbey4 #abmo1 pp4 xx4 #cae4 ,from ,,burns1 ,,oates ,,co41 ,london 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society73 ,the ,life of ,monseigneur ,berneux1 ,bishop of ,capse4 ,vicar,apostolic of ,corea4 ,by ,m4 l',abb ,pichon4 ,translated from the ,french1 with a ,preface by ,lady ,herbert4 ,from ,,john ,,hodges1 ,london3 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society73 ,the ,lives of the ,saints4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring ,gould1 ,m4,a4 ,march4 ,from ,j4 ,r4 ,,osgood ,,co41 ,boston3 ,his ,level ,best1 and ,other ,stories4 ,by ,edward ,e4 ,hale4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,,no4 #if4--,,march1 #ahgc4 ,the ,relation ,of ,the ,rights ,of ,conscience ,to ,the ,authority ,of ,the ,state ,under ,the ,laws ,of ,our ,republic4 7,a ,,lecture ,,before ,a ,,catholic ,,society ,,of ,s4 ,,patrick',s ,,church1 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn41 ,,oct4 #bj1 #ahgb47 ,,reverend ,,gentlemen ,,and ,,my ,,friends3 ,before ,i speak particularly of the relation of the rights of conscience to the laws existing in our republic1 ,i consider it necessary to make a few preliminary remarks and to lay down a few principles regarding the nature of law and government in general1 and the relation which they hold to religion4 ,i shall best illustrate the difficulties which envelop this subject1 and also give a clue to the way by which it may be extricated1 by making a supposition4 ,let us suppose that a large number of men come together for the purpose of founding a new state with all its institutions of civil society and government4 ,some of these are ,christians1 among whom are ,quakers2 others are ,mohammedans1 ,hindoos1 ,thugs1 idolaters practising human sacrifices1 and communists4 ,it is necessary that they should agree and concur with each other in regard to the rights which respect life1 liberty1 property1 the pursuit of happiness in general and particular1 and the means of protecting all these rights1 otherwise no society or government is possible4 ,but this cannot be done by any general consent among these different parties4 ,the ,christian holds the sacredness of life and property1 and the force of the law of monogamy4 ,the ,mohammedan rejects this last1 and maintains the right to a plurality of wives4 ,the ,hindoo regards it as a sacred right and duty of a widow to offer herself on the funeral pile of her husband1 that her spirit may rejoin his spirit in another world4 ,the ,thug considers it a most holy and meritorious act to murder as many persons as possible in honor of the cruel goddess whom he worships2 while the idolater looks on the sacrifice of children or captives as the means of placating his offended deities and procuring success in war4 ,the ,quaker will not allow of any bloodshed whatever1 either for avenging crime or repelling aggression4 ,and the communist would abolish all rights of property1 reconstruct society on a wholly different plan from that which has heretofore existed1 and banish all religion as noxious to the wellbeing of man4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that society cannot be constituted without religion1 and that society constituted with religion1 and on the basis of religious ideas1 requires some agreement in these religious ideas1 and the incorporation of some fixed and definite religious principles into its very structure and conformation4 ,if we consult history1 we shall find that no state or perfect society has ever been established on the atheistic principle4 ,every one that has ever existed has had a religious basis1 and all political and social constitutions have proceeded from religious ideas and been founded upon them4 ,the civilization of ,christendom in general has received its specific form from the influence of the ,christian religion moulding and modifying in the ,eastern world its previous and ancient laws1 and in the ,west to a great extent creating a new order out of a preexisting state of imperfect civilization or semibarbarism4 ,to this ,christendom we belong1 and the laws of our republic are a product of this ,christian civilization4 ,this cannot be denied1 considered as a mere historical fact respecting our origin2 for we are the offspring of ,christian ,europe1 and in the beginning distinctly professed to be a ,christian people4 ,but it may be said that we have changed1 have undergone a political regeneration as a nation1 and in the process of transformation have thrown out all religion from our organic constitution as a republic4 ,by our organic constitution and the laws of our republic ,i intend not merely the federal constitution and laws which bind together the ,united ,states1 but also the laws and constitutions of the states1 the tout ensemble of our common and statute laws of every kind1 which form the regulating code of our whole society as one political people4 ,and in regard to this organic law1 ,i affirm that we do not form an exception among human societies to the universal rule ,i have above laid down1 that the state in political society is based on religious ideas4 ,in support of this proposition1 ,i cite the opinion of a most competent and impartial judge1 ,prof4 ,leo1 of ,halle1 and borrow from him a definition of that which constitutes our state religion4 ,this great historian1 in the introductory portion of his ,universal ,history1 where he is discussing the universal principles which underlie all political constitutions1 analyzes in a masterly way the elements of our own system of government2 and he points out that which is the religious element1 namely1 the rule or law of morals1 derived from the common law of ,christendom1 or a certain standard of moral obligation1 conformity to which is enforced by the state with all its coercive power4 ,all churches or voluntary associations which include this moral code or religion of the state within their own specific religious law possess complete equality and liberty before the civil law4 ,with their doctrines1 rites1 regulations1 and practices the state does not interfere1 and gives them protection from any infringement upon their rights on the part of any private members of the community4 ,but let them1 on pretext of doctrine1 of ecclesiastical law1 of liberty of conscience1 or even of any divine revelation1 violate by any overt acts the rule of moral obligation recognized by the state1 they come into direct collision with her authority1 and must suffer the consequences4 ,so far1 therefore1 as concerns that portion of ,christian law1 namely1 the moral precepts of the ,christian religion1 which are incorporated into our civil law1 all churches are in vital union with the state4 ,even ,jews1 because they hold1 with ,christians1 the decalogue2 and societies based on purely natural religion1 because they hold the law of nature1 are in the same vital union1 so far1 with the state4 ,and beyond this1 within the limits which this law sanctions or permits1 all these churches or societies are in union with the state1 as lawful1 voluntary associations over which her protection is extended4 ,but let a ,mohammedan community be formed among citizens or resident foreigners1 and attempt the introduction of polygamy1 our laws require the civil magistrate to interfere and suppress by force this exercise of the privileges granted by their prophet4 ,let a community of ,hindoos1 ,thugs1 or idolaters establish itself within our bounds1 and commence any of the murderous practices of those false religions1 and the gibbet or the sword would be called on to execute vengeance upon them4 ,we have in our borders the sect of ,mormons1 whose doctrines and practices are contrary to our fundamental laws and subversive of them4 ,obviously1 we cannot1 consistently with our safety1 our wellbeing1 or our essential principles of political and social order1 tolerate the enormities of ,mormonism1 much less permit the formation of a ,mormon state4 ,the right to life1 liberty1 property1 and the pursuit of happiness1 must be exercised in conformity to certain laws1 which are to the state as her axioms or first principles1 and are held as inviolable4 ,and the exercise of this right1 in this due and legitimate manner1 must not be hindered by force and violence under any pretext4 ,therefore no pretence of conscience or religion can avail to cover any violation of law by an individual or a society1 or any such infringement on the rights of others as has been just alluded to4 ,all this presupposes that the state recognizes and bases its laws upon certain fixed ideas concerning the rights which ,god has really granted to men1 and the obligations which he has imposed upon them4 ,but this has also been distinctly and expressly declared by a body of men1 representing the whole political people of the nascent republic which was afterwards developed into the ,united ,states of ,north ,america4 ,the declaration was made in the very act which constituted the ,united ,colonies free and independent states1 and which was published to the world on the fourth day of ,july1 #aggf4 ,in the first sentence of this ,declaration of ,independence1 the ,congress affirms that the people of the ,united ,states have judged it necessary 8to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,nature ,,and ,,of ,,nature',s ,,god entitle them40 ,this august body then proceeds to lay down the foundation and basis of the entire argument of the document1 as follows3 8,we hold these truths to be selfevident1 that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain inalienable rights2 that among these are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness2 that to secure these rights governments are instituted among men40 ,it then proceeds to argue that those governments which fail to fulfil this end1 and pursue a contrary end by invading and destroying these rights1 forfeit their powers2 and makes an application of this principle to the casus belli between the colonies and the ,british crown4 ,in this most momentous crisis1 amid the very birthpangs of our infant republic1 the people of the ,united ,states solemnly declared that the origin of all right1 all law1 all political organization1 all government1 and specifically of those which constitute the ,united ,states a separate political people1 is to be found in the lex terna1 the law of ,god2 that is to say1 it is in religion4 ,for what is religion8 ,according to ,cicero's definition1 it is a bond which binds men to ,god and to each other4 ,this is the very meaning of the word1 which comes from ligare1 to bind1 whence we have the terms ligament1 ligature1 and obligation4 ,human right is1 therefore1 something conferred by ,god4 ,the right to govern must come from ,god1 for we are created equal1 and therefore without any natural right of one over another to give him law4 ,the rights of the governed come from ,god1 and are therefore inviolable2 but liberty is the unhindered possession and exercise of the rights conferred by ,god1 under the protection of lawful government2 and liberty of conscience is freedom to obey the law of the ,creator1 and to enjoy the blessings which he has imparted to the creature by that law4 ,these rights and liberties belong to each individual man as a grant from the ,creator1 which he can maintain in the face of any government1 be it that of a monarch1 of an aristocracy1 or of a majority of the people4 ,if a monarch1 or one who executes by delegated power the sovereignty of a majority1 invades the right of an individual1 he violates a law4 ,this law can be no other than that of the ,sovereign ,lord of the universe4 ,there is1 therefore1 a higher law than human law1 a higher sovereignty than human sovereignty1 to which both governments and the governed are subject and amenable1 and which are acknowledged as supreme by this ,american ,republic of which we are citizens4 ,and as another proof of this recognition1 ,i may cite the law of oaths1 or the solemn appeal to ,almighty ,god as the ,supreme ,judge1 by which a religious sanction is given to judicial testimony and the engagements of public officers4 ,there is1 therefore1 in our republic a religion of the state1 but one embodied in civil and political society only1 which leaves to citizens perfect freedom to organize churches and act out what they profess to be the dictates of their individual consciences1 provided they do not violate the laws which constitute the religion of the state4 ,under this law1 the ,catholic ,church possesses in essential matters theoretical liberty and equality of rights with the various religious bodies existing in the country1 with some trivial exceptions to be found in the laws of some of the states4 ,to a great extent1 this theoretical liberty is also a practical liberty1 really possessed and enjoyed1 and only occasionally invaded4 ,this is a remark which is quite specially verified in the instance of your own state of ,connecticut4 ,this has not always been the case either here or in other portions of our country4 ,catholics have not always enjoyed freedom of conscience and liberty of religion4 ,if we go back to the early history of the colonies which became afterwards the ,united ,states1 we shall find that their founders did not intend to grant that liberty which now exists4 ,in some of these colonies1 the ,church of ,england1 in others the ,church of the ,puritans1 and in those of ,spain and ,france1 which were admitted at a later period1 the ,catholic ,church was the established religion of the state4 ,in all the ,english colonies the ,catholic religion was proscribed and persecuted4 ,the ,puritan fathers of ,new ,england intended to establish a theocracy4 ,there was a strict union of church and state under their old colonial governments4 ,only professed members and communicants of the church could vote1 and the legislatures regulated the affairs of parishes1 and decided doctrinal questions4 ,our ancestors therefore had a ,christian ideal of the state before their minds which they attempted to make an actual reality1 and which they dreamed should become the kingdom of ,christ our ,lord upon the earth which the prophets and apostles foretold4 ,the attempt failed from causes which lay within the bosom of the community itself1 and not because of any external force2 and the same community which had by tacit agreement or positive statutes enacted the original law combining a specific form of religion with the state1 repealed the same by its own free will4 ,in the ,puritan state1 the first change came about by the multiplication of baptized persons who never became communicants4 ,the number of citizens who were thus deprived of the highest rights of citizenship was felt to be a grave anomaly and inconvenience in a democratic state1 and caused the adoption of the halfway covenant4 ,by this arrangement1 those baptized persons who publicly acknowledged their baptism were considered as quasimembers of the church1 entitled to all political rights4 ,when1 in the course of time1 the number of unbaptized persons increased1 and other sects of ,protestantism began to flourish1 new changes were brought about by which in the end the connection between the state and the ,puritan ,church was dissolved4 ,similar causes produced similar effects in other parts of the country1 and1 so far as the federal union was concerned1 there was obviously from the first an utter impossibility of making any specific form of ,christianity the religion of the entire republic4 ,thus1 by the very law which the necessity of the case imposed upon the separate states and the entire federal republic1 that liberty of religion became established under which the ,catholic ,church could come in upon a footing of perfect equality with the other religious denominations4 ,catholics have not come into ,new ,england and ,connecticut either to demand religious liberty as a right or to beg toleration as a favor4 ,we have not obtained our rights or privileges by any agitation or revolution stirred up by ourselves in our own interest4 ,the work was done before there was a number of ,catholics worth estimating either in ,connecticut or ,new ,england4 ,it was done by the old manorborn citizens for their own advantage and the welfare of the state4 ,so also1 in regard to the political privileges conceded to foreignborn immigrants4 ,these are1 in their nature1 distinct and separate from the rights of conscience conceded to ,catholics4 ,yet they have an actual connection1 arising from the fact that so very large a proportion of our ,catholic citizens are of foreign birth1 and so large a proportion of our adopted citizens are of the ,catholic religion2 and therefore1 in the public mind1 these two matters are very much blended together1 and even confused with each other4 ,it is1 therefore1 quite fitting that ,i should speak of the two things in relation with each other4 ,and ,i remark on this point that the privileges possessed by the ,catholics of this state who are of foreign birth1 by which they are made equal to the nativeborn citizens in regard to both religious and political rights1 have not been extorted by themselves1 but freely conceded for the good of the state and of all citizens generally4 ,the original inhabitants had the power to exclude the ,catholic religion from all toleration4 ,they had the power and the right to exclude all foreigners from the privileges of nativeborn citizens1 or to make the conditions of being naturalized more stringent than they now are4 ,they took another course1 having in view their own good and the wellbeing of the state1 and ,catholics as well as foreigners have profited by it4 ,catholics have profited by the religious liberty conceded to citizens1 which is something essentially distinct from the privileges conceded to residents of foreign origin4 ,and in point of fact1 although the extent and prosperity of the church in ,connecticut have proceeded principally and in very great measure from the immigration of ,irish ,catholics into the state1 yet its rights1 and liberty1 and equality do not depend on anything necessarily and essentially but the religious liberty granted to citizens1 and which is the birthright of ,catholics as well as ,protestants who are born on the soil of the republic4 ,it would be easy to show1 in respect to our country at large1 that the first beginnings of the ,catholic ,church have an intertwined radical grasp with the first fibres of national life in our own soil2 and that there is a truly glorious ,catholic chapter in the history of the ,united ,states4 ,we can find something of this even in the history of this state4 ,the first ,mass celebrated in ,connecticut was said in an open field within the bounds of ,wethersfield1 by the chaplain of the ,french troops who came here to aid our fathers in fighting the battle for independence4 ,the first ,catholic sermon in ,english was preached by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,matignon1 of ,boston1 in the ,centre ,congregational ,church of ,hartford1 at the invitation of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,strong1 the pastor of the church4 ,the first ,catholic church was formed at ,hartford in #ahbg1 by ,mr4 ,taylor1 a respectable citizen of that town1 who was a convert1 and who organized the few ,irish1 ,french1 and ,german ,catholic residents in the place into a congregation1 which assembled on ,sunday for worship4 ,in #ahcj1 ,bishop ,fenwick1 of ,boston1 a native of ,maryland1 purchased and blessed a small frame church1 over which he placed ,f4 ,fitton1 a native of ,boston1 who was the pastor of the entire state1 and who is still actively engaged in the duties of the priesthood at ,boston4 ,during the first five years of his ministry at ,hartford1 ,f4 ,fitton received eighty adult converts1 who1 with their families1 made a considerable portion of his little flock1 since1 in #ahce1 there were only #gcj ,catholics in the whole state4 ,the first bishop of the diocese of ,hartford was a native of ,new ,england4 ,the present distinguished prelate who rules the church in ,connecticut is a native of ,pennsylvania2 and of the #aej1jjj ,catholics under his jurisdiction nearly onehalf must be natives of the state or of the ,united ,states4 ,we have1 then1 some #fg1jjj nativeborn ,catholics in this state1 most of whom are nativeborn ,yankees47#bcj7 ,if you wish to see a fair sample of these1 you have only to visit ,st4 ,patrick's ,church at nine o'clock of a ,sunday morning1 where you will see the church filled with them1 and to go into the schoolhouse behind the church any day in the week1 where you will find #a1ajj of these young ,catholic ,yankees busily conning their lessons1 and learning to love ,god and their native ,columbia4 ,all these have their liberty of conscience and their other rights as citizens secured to them by their birthright1 and therefore1 on this ground alone1 the ,catholic ,church is equal to the ,protestant churches before the law4 ,and as regards foreignborn citizens1 the state having conceded to them equal rights to those of nativeborn citizens1 their conscience or religion is included among these rights4 ,the original concession was a privilege1 but1 having been once conceded1 it has become a right4 ,and it was conceded1 as ,i have said1 for the good of the state which conceded it1 and in view of a compensation or equivalent which the party of the grantor expected to receive4 ,you did not intrude yourselves upon the soil of the state1 or come uninvited to beg food and shelter4 ,you were invited1 and that not from motives of pure philanthropy4 ,doubtless many had a kind and philanthropic feeling in the matter1 but the prime and urgent motive was that you were needed and wanted for your labor4 ,you were told that your services were wanted for the upbuilding of the material prosperity of the state1 and1 as an inducement to come1 you were offered citizenship1 and with that1 freedom to bring your religion with you and enjoy it4 ,this was a favor to you without question2 but not a purely gratuitous one4 ,it was something advanced to you1 but for which you were expected to make a future compensation4 ,and you have well purchased your rights1 not only by what you have done in the peaceful arts of industry1 but by fighting for your adopted country and shedding your blood for its integrity and the consolidation of its power4 ,you have fought for the state1 and for the ,united ,states1 and1 therefore1 the compact has been sealed and made inviolable by your blood4 ,now1 what is the point ,i have been coming to and have at length reached8 ,it is this3 that you possess the full freedom and equality of your ,catholic religion1 not by toleration1 but as an absolute right1 inhering in your character as citizens whether by birth or adoption4 ,catholics are legally domiciled here by virtue of our laws1 which recognize1 maintain1 and protect their religious rights as standing on an equal footing with those of ,congregationalists or ,episcopalians4 ,no doubt1 we should cherish a kind feeling toward those who have granted these most precious and valuable rights1 and respect their similar rights4 ,but we must not permit ourselves to be placed in any position of inferiority to other classes of citizens4 ,we must insist upon the full recognition of our equality in the state1 and maintain with a manly bearing all our rights of conscience to their fullest extent1 claiming and demanding from our fellowcitizens a complete respect and observance of these rights1 and from the state that protection in their exercise which it is bound to give4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence avows as an article of the national creed that the right of life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness has been conferred by the ,creator1 and is inalienable1 and that government is instituted for the purpose of securing to us the possession and exercise of this right4 ,the right to liberty includes freedom to keep the commandments of ,god1 to observe his law1 to make use of all the means which he has granted to us for obtaining grace1 acquiring virtue1 and fulfilling the end of our creation4 ,the right to happiness includes the undisturbed enjoyment of all the privileges of our religion1 which alone can make us truly happy in this world1 and enable us to obtain eternal happiness4 ,the right to liberty and happiness gives freedom1 to those who choose to do so1 to devote themselves to the sacred duties of the altar and the cloister4 ,it gives freedom to practise all the rites and ceremonies of religious worship1 to dedicate our wealth to the service of ,god and our fellowmen1 to constitute and regulate our churches according to our own canonical law1 to establish and hold possession of colleges1 seminaries1 convents1 and charitable institutions1 to educate our children1 to profess and practise the ,catholic religion wholly and entirely4 ,it is the end of government to secure these rights1 so that1 if it fails to do so by extending an efficacious protection to their free and peaceable exercise1 it is negligent of its duty2 and if it impairs or violates them by unjust and tyrannical legislation1 it commits a positive act of wrong and usurpation4 ,the government1 the sovereign power in the state from which the government holds its authority1 are amenable to the eternal law1 as well as the individual citizen2 and they may violate it by neglecting to secure and protect1 or by infringing upon1 the rights of conscience conferred by the ,creator4 ,wherefore it is necessary to keep a watchful guard over these rights1 to proclaim and defend them loudly when they are assailed or in danger of being impaired1 and by all lawful means to hinder any attempt to interfere with their exercise by unjust legislation or a tyrannical exercise of authority by the governing power and its official agents4 ,it is a universal and constant tendency of the sovereign power in the state to usurp unjust authority and to invade the rights of its subjects4 ,the liberty of the individual man and of the class which is governed is always in danger1 and1 therefore1 eternal vigilance is the price of liberty4 ,this is true where the people retains its sovereignty1 as well as where the sovereignty has been entrusted to a monarch or an aristocracy4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose that a popular form of government and republican institutions are a perfect and adequate guarantee of liberty in general or of liberty of conscience in particular4 ,the political majority or ascendant party can tyrannize over the minority or weaker party and over private citizens4 ,magistrates elected by a popular vote can misuse their power to oppress those whom they ought to protect4 ,legislatures chosen by the people can pass the most unjust and despotic laws4 ,the ,athenian democracy banished ,aristides the ,just1 and poisoned ,socrates1 the wisest man of pagan antiquity1 the father and founder of philosophy4 ,in our own day we have seen the most perfidious violation of guaranteed rights1 and the most tyrannical oppression of the religious freedom of ,catholics1 perpetrated by the ,swiss ,republic4 ,catholics are always liable to oppression where they are the weaker party1 and have never any sufficient guarantee for the acquisition and preservation of their full religious liberty1 except in their own numbers and strength1 made available by their own energetic activity in their own cause4 ,according to the principles and spirit of our laws and political institutions1 the ,catholic ,church possesses in the ,united ,states a greater degree of the liberty which belongs to her by divine right than in most other countries4 ,and in practice this liberty has been to a great extent secured to her by the justice of the people at large1 and the fidelity of those to whom the administration of law has been entrusted4 ,we may say of ,connecticut especially that1 considering the old and deeply rooted prejudice of her native inhabitants against the ,catholic religion1 it is remarkable with what comity they have received and made place for the new and mercurial race who have come in to replenish their staid old towns and quiet villages with fresh life1 and with what composure they have beheld the multiplication of the crosses which gleam in the sunlight1 on their hilltops and in their valleys1 over the churches and convents of that which to them was a new and strange religion4 ,nevertheless1 we cannot and ought not to be content with anything short of that full and complete liberty and equality which of right belong to us1 and which do not in the least degree prejudice the same rights in those who profess a different religion4 ,there are some things in regard to which it is our duty as well as our right to demand a greater measure of justice than that which has hitherto been yielded1 and to exert ourselves to prevent a still further diminution of our rights as ,catholic citizens4 ,one of these is the right of those unfortunate persons who are inmates of prisons1 houses of reformation1 and similar institutions to enjoy all the privileges and fulfil all the duties of their religion1 if they are members of the ,catholic ,church4 ,closely connected with this is the right of the ,catholic clergy to have access to all the members of their flock1 and to exercise the functions of their sacred ministry wherever their duty calls them1 unhindered1 and1 if necessary1 fully protected by the law and all official persons4 ,another is the complete and untrammelled freedom of ,catholic education in all its departments4 ,the state has no right either to prescribe and enforce religious instruction beyond those first principles of morality and civic obligation which are the foundations of our political order1 or to interfere with the religious instruction which the ,catholic conscience demands for those who are in a state of pupilage4 ,far less has it the right to prescribe an irreligious and atheistical system of instruction4 ,i cannot enlarge upon this most important topic in this place4 ,i will here simply recall what ,i have said of the possibility and danger of usurpation over the rights of conscience even in popular governments1 and point out a direction from which we ourselves are threatened by this very danger4 ,i refer to a project entertained by some persons in high positions of establishing under the authority of the federal government a national and compulsory system of education1 thus depriving not only ,catholics1 but ,protestants and ,jews also1 of their essential right as citizens to give their children a religious education4 ,i do not attribute this policy to the party of the administration as a party1 but it is most undoubtedly the policy of a considerable and very active section of what is called the ,republican party1 and is part and parcel of a scheme for modifying most essentially the relations between the federal and the state governments1 for extending the authority of the governing power and restricting the private liberty of citizens4 ,the men who are possessed by these ideas are in sympathy with that party in ,europe selfstyled the progressive party4 ,the idea which they have of liberty is their own freedom to drive the people on the path which they themselves have surveyed and marked out as the straight road to happiness and wellbeing1 and this compulsory march they dignify by the name of ,progress4 ,in this country1 they are avowedly not content with existing institutions and laws1 but are restless to try their improving hand upon them4 ,they desire to secure uniformity according to their own ideal standard1 by consolidation1 concentration1 unification of the legislative and executive powers in the federal government1 and the reduction of the states into the condition of subordinate1 dependent provinces in a republican empire4 ,education by the state and for the state1 and in accordance with socalled progressive ideas1 is an essential part of this ,prussianizing plan--an education wholly secular1 from which instruction in positive1 revealed dogmas and a positive religious discipline are wholly excluded1 on the plea that all these are sectarian2 and one1 of course1 which is really anti,christian and godless--an education like that of the ,university of ,paris1 which made a whole army of infidels among the lettered class in ,france4 ,it is on this ground of education that the tyrannical and infidel power of the state is waging a battle with the point of the lance against the church and the ,catholic religion in ,europe4 ,in ,england1 also1 as ,i know from those who have heard it from the lips of the leaders of this party1 it is the fixed purpose of these leaders to work for the establishment of this infidel system by the coercive power of the state4 ,the necessary sequel of all this is the commune2 and1 if such a system should prevail here1 we have in prospect the confiscation of ecclesiastical property1 the destruction of those institutions of learning which will not conform to the ideal of the state1 the overthrow of the most essential rights of conscience1 and finally the proscription of religion1 followed by the war of the masses upon the rights of property and upon the order of civil society itself4 ,we want none of these improvements of ,boston doctrinaires1 and no meddling of political charlatans with our constitution4 ,our private rights we hold from the ,creator1 and not from any social compact or grant of government4 ,state rights1 the strongest safeguard we have against usurpations upon our liberty1 we hold from the fundamental law which first constituted us a political people--the law of unity in multiplicity1 which is our strength1 and the geometrical principle1 of our harmonious and symmetrical structure4 ,there was a time when our centralizing principle was in danger2 when1 so to speak1 the centrifugal force threatened to become too strong1 and to make a rupture of our system4 ,now it is the opposite danger we have to fear--the increase of the centripetal force4 ,as we were in danger of flying away from our sun and becoming separated1 wandering political orbs1 so we are now in danger of running into our sun1 and thus losing our proper orbits1 becoming absorbed into the central mass1 and thereby suffering the extinction of the life of liberty in the individuals who form our population4 ,therefore1 as the exorbitant demands of state rights have been repressed1 it should now be our study to prevent the encroachment of federal power upon the just domain of these state rights1 of state power over municipal freedom1 and of all these powers upon the personal and private liberty of the citizen4 ,it is for the interest of all to do this1 but my special purpose has been to show why ,catholics in particular are bound to do it1 in order to preserve that liberty which ,god has given to them1 and their rights of conscience1 among which this right of education is one of the most precious and the most imperilled4 ,this leads us to another point4 ,all religious societies being equal before the law1 and entitled to an equal protection1 so long as they do not violate those fundamental principles of morality which constitute the religion of the state1 ,catholic institutions have an equal claim to a share in the distribution of the public money with those which are not ,catholic4 ,in this state1 large sums have been granted to institutions which are under the control of particular denominations2 for instance1 to ,yale ,college4 ,the state is bound to be impartial1 and whatever it determines to do in support of education or for the nurture and relief of the helpless and destitute1 and the reformation of the depraved1 it is bound to carry out on this impartial principle4 ,therefore grants to useful institutions ought never to be opposed or withheld on the ground that the ,catholic clergy have the control over them1 and that within their walls the ,catholic religion is taught and practised4 ,nor has the state any right to prefer1 much less to enforce1 what is falsely called a nonsectarian system of religious and moral instruction4 ,this is one of the most patent fallacies by which the common mind in our time and country is duped and deluded4 ,if there is one only true church1 all other socalled churches are sectarian1 or sections cut off from the church4 ,the true church cannot be a sect or have anything sectarian about it4 ,but the state is incompetent to judge or decide that the ,catholic ,church is a sect in this sense2 and1 therefore1 incapable of determining that the public money which is granted to a ,catholic institution is devoted to sectarian purposes4 ,the state is equally incompetent to decide that there is no one true church1 and that1 therefore1 all denominations are sections of the true church1 or sects considered in the sense of parts included in a whole4 ,but if it were competent to decide this point in the sense indicated1 the only just conclusion would be that all should be impartially treated and protected4 ,the state is also incompetent to decide that a particular party of men1 having a system differing from that of any one sect1 and professing to retain the common elements of all1 is not itself a sect1 and that its system is nonsectarian4 ,it is1 in fact1 only another sect4 ,regular association1 government1 and special rites are not essential to the nature of a sect4 ,there were the sects of ,pharisees1 ,sadducees1 and ,herodians among the ,jews4 ,there are philosophical sects4 ,a sect is a party of men holding certain particular opinions4 ,those men who profess to hold what they call the essential parts of religion and morality1 and to teach the same without any sectarian doctrines1 simply mean that they do not hold the tenets of any of the ,protestant sects around them1 by which they differ from each other4 ,but they belong to the genus ,protestant nevertheless1 and have their own specific differentia4 ,they cannot discriminate the essential from the nonessential parts of ,christianity without a criterion1 and the criterion which they adopt and apply makes their specific doctrine1 which constitutes them a distinct1 if not a separate1 sect4 ,they assume that the specific doctrines and laws of the ,catholic ,church are not essential4 ,but in this they deny a fundamental ,catholic doctrine3 they place themselves in opposition to ,catholics in respect to the essentials of faith and practice1 and thus they are1 relatively to us1 a sect4 ,the state cannot decide this question1 and cannot1 without injustice1 prefer one party to the other4 ,it is1 therefore1 a violation of ,catholic rights to compel ,catholics to listen to the teaching which calls itself nonsectarian1 or in any way to adopt and sanction it as a system exclusively entitled to the support and protection of the state4 ,the truth is that the state has nothing to do directly with religious instruction4 ,formerly1 in this state of ,connecticut1 it had to do with it1 because the ,puritan form of ,protestantism was the established religion of the state1 and made part of the law4 ,but now the state has only to protect the religious corporations and societies which have legal existence in the enjoyment of their vested rights4 ,grants of money and other legal provisions must be made in view of the utility to society and the state which lies in the nature of the object which any institution aims at accomplishing4 ,education1 the care of the orphaned1 the poor1 the sick1 and other destitute persons1 and the instruction of all classes in moral and civic virtues and the fear of that ,creator who is acknowledged in our ,declaration of ,independence as the ,author of our natural rights1 are useful to the state and society1 and even necessary to their continuance and wellbeing4 ,therefore the state may exercise a supervision within certain limits over these things1 and grant subsidies for the purpose of sustaining them4 ,but this must be done in such a way that no violence is committed upon the rights or the liberty of conscience guaranteed by law4 ,religion must be left free1 and not interfered with by the state4 ,but non interference is something quite incompatible with exclusion4 ,the state cannot confiscate the property which it has once granted to ,yale ,college because the clergy of one particular denomination control the religious instruction of the college4 ,nor can it justly refuse to treat ,catholic institutions of education with a favor equal to that which it shows to others1 because the ,bishop of ,hartford will have control of their religious teaching4 ,it is for the interest and wellbeing of the state and of all classes of its citizens that the ,catholic ,church should fully exercise all its rights1 and enjoy the most perfect freedom of growth and development4 ,the ,catholic ,church is fully and unchangeably committed to those essential principles of morality on which our laws are founded4 ,by the very principle of the ,catholic religion1 those who profess it can never abandon or change these principles1 and they thus receive the strongest guarantee of their perpetuity in the number and the moral power of those citizens who profess this religion4 ,by our religion we must hold and profess that human rights are conferred by the ,creator1 that they are inviolable1 and that civil society has been established by ,almighty ,god1 with its institutions of government1 in order that these rights may be secured4 ,we must profess that peoples and governments are accountable to ,god for the just administration of the trust committed to them1 and responsible to a higher law than mere human laws1 the eternal law itself1 which is written on the conscience and clearly promulgated by a divine revelation4 ,we must profess the sanctity of life1 of marriage1 of the rights of property1 of oaths1 contracts1 treaties1 and civic obligations1 and the duty of allegiance and obedience to the laws and the lawful authorities in the state4 ,all that ,i have shown to be the religion of the state1 which is indeed nothing more than a portion of the universal common law of ,christendom1 is involved in the religion of ,catholics and taught by it with an authority which they acknowledge as unerring and supreme4 ,here is1 therefore1 a principle of stability to the state1 and to the rights of all classes of citizens1 which is involved in the education and popular instruction which is given by the ,catholic clergy4 ,moreover1 as the pastors of #aej1jjj of the inhabitants of the state1 and wielding a moral influence over them far superior to that of any other body of clergy1 it is for the interest and advantage of their fellowcitizens that their education1 training in their special functions1 and other qualifications and advantages for exercising their civilizing power upon such a large and increasing mass of the population1 should be elevated to the highest possible grade4 ,therefore the schools1 academies1 seminaries1 and religious houses in which the clergy are trained are deserving of encouragement as sources of intellectual1 moral1 and social benefit and improvement to society at large1 which accrue to the benefit of the state4 ,the same is true of institutions of religious women1 who are a kind of female clergy in a wider sense of the word1 of schools of all kinds1 of orphanages and charitable asylums4 ,in the care of the poor and the sick especially1 the ,catholic ,church can do a work which cannot be done so well by any other society1 and thus relieve the state of a burden as well as heal a sore on the body politic which is frequently dangerous as well as distressing4 ,besides these more necessary services to humanity1 the ,catholic ,church contributes to the decoration and embellishment of life1 to the refinement of taste1 and to the increase of innocent and elevating enjoyment4 ,it ornaments towns and villages with specimens of fine architecture1 multiplies statues and paintings1 cultivates sacred music1 and by its multifarious ceremonies acts most powerfully not only on the souls of men to raise their minds to an unseen world1 but1 in their human sentiments and manners1 to give grace and refinement as well as enjoyment to a life rendered too dull and prosaic by the everlasting drudgery of an industrious and material existence4 ,all this would not weigh a feather with the severe ,puritan ancients who founded this commonwealth4 ,the ,catholic religion is a religion of error1 they would have said2 error is fatal to the soul1 and cannot be tolerated in a state where laws are framed according to the laws of ,god4 ,but times are changed1 and both laws and the minds of the descendants of the ,puritans are changed with them4 ,even a great light among the descendants of the ,scottish ,presbyterians1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hodge1 has declared that the ,catholic religion teaches the essentials of ,christianity1 exercises a wholesome moral influence1 and cannot be refused the same countenance and aid by the state which is given to the ,protestant religion1 without the usurpation of an authority to determine what is religious error4 ,although the ,new ,york ,observer has raised an outcry against this candid statement of a learned and honest man1 and has vehemently denounced the ,catholic religion as worse than infidelity1 ,i am persuaded that ,yale ,college will not be satisfied to take a more illiberal position than ,princeton1 and that the general sense of the ,protestant people of ,connecticut will accord with that of ,dr4 ,hodge1 and reject the contrary extreme of the ,observer4 ,the religious people of ,connecticut cannot fail to see that they have a common cause with us against atheism and progressive radicalism1 and that we are a bulwark against a devastating flood which would sweep away their rights with ours if it once broke over the surface of our society4 ,our rights stand upon a common basis4 ,they depend from a common chain1 which is fastened by the same ring4 ,they have nothing to fear from any violation of their liberty or usurpation of their rights on our part1 even should we obtain power enough to be able to attempt such an enterprise4 ,we always respect vested rights and established laws1 when these are not contrary to the law of ,god4 ,the order which is now established is the only one that is good for a state in which the inhabitants are divided in religion1 and it enables these divided religious communities to live together in political harmony and social peace4 ,we will not disturb this harmony1 and we denounce those who attempt to stir up the passions of the people to destroy it as the enemies of the state as well as impious transgressors of the law of ,god4 ,the rights of conscience and the liberty of religion which we possess under our laws are invaluable and precious to all of us4 ,and there is indeed a common bond between the descendants of the ,puritan founders of this commonwealth and the descendants of the persecuted ,catholics of ,ireland who have settled on this soil1 of which perhaps you have not thought sufficiently4 ,it is the bond which has been made by a conflict which the fathers of both these lines of descendants have maintained against a common enemy4 ,that enemy was the despotic tyranny of the successors of ,henry ,,viii4 and their ministers4 ,our ancestors drew the sword against an invasion of rights which1 they avowed1 had been conferred upon them by their ,creator1 and the issue of the war was the establishment of this republic1 in which the rights of conscience are declared to be sacred4 ,the ancestors of the 8exiles of ,erin0 who have found a new home in this republic fought1 both with the sword and with the patient resistance of martyrdom1 against the same despotic violence which invaded all their rights both civic and religious4 ,it is fitting1 therefore1 that their descendants should dwell together in the land rescued by the blood of heroes from tyranny1 and that here should flourish the religion rescued from the same tyranny by the blood of martyrs4 ,i conclude with the eloquent apostrophe of the ,bishop of ,orleans to the ,belgians1 which came from his mouth like the electric flash1 amid thunders of applause1 at the ,congress of ,malines in #ahfg1 where ,i had the privilege of being present4 8,vous avez une patrie1 sachez la garder60--8,you have a country1 know how to keep it60 ,when we look abroad and see the dark1 threatening clouds overhanging older nations1 threatening new tempests to follow those which have lately burst upon them1 and then look at home on the peace and liberty we enjoy2 our church and religion free1 priests1 bishops1 and the ,holy ,father from his prison in the ,vatican1 exercising their lawful jurisdiction without hindrance1 we can esteem at their proper worth the blessings we enjoy4 ,we learn how to value order1 good government1 and civilization founded on religious ideas1 as the most precious of all earthly possessions after the faith and the means of eternal salvation4 ,these advantages we possess in the laws and institutions which are summed up in the one word our country--our native land1 or the land of our refuge and our children's nativity4 ,let us all1 therefore1 prize1 cherish1 guard1 and loyally serve it during life2 prepared and resolved1 if necessary1 to give our blood and our lives in its defence1 in emulation of the patriotic bravery of our noble brothers and ancestors from whom we have received this fair inheritance4 ,the ,widow ,of ,nain4 8,the only son of his mother1 and she was a widow40 ,i4 ,the dust on their sandals lay heavy and white1 ,their garments were damp with the tears of the night1 ,their hot feet aweary1 and throbbing with pain1 ,as they entered the gates of the city of ,nain4 ,,ii4 ,but lo6 on the pathway a sorrowing throng ,pressed1 mournfully chanting the funeral song1 ,and like a sad monotone1 ceaseless and slow1 ,the voice of a woman came laden with woe4 ,,iii4 ,what need1 stricken mothers1 to tell how she wept8 ,ye read by the vigils that sorrow hath kept1 ,ye know1 by the travail of anguish and pain1 ,the desolate grief of the widow of ,nain4 ,,iv4 ,as he who was first of the wayfaring men ,advanced1 the mute burden was lowered1 and then ,as he touched the white gravecloths that covered the bier ,the bearers shrank back1 but the mother drew near4 ,v4 ,her snowsprinkled tresses had loosened their strands1 ,great tears fell unchecked on the tightly clasped hands2 ,but hushed the wild sobbing1 and stifled her cries1 ,as ,jesus of ,nazareth lifted his eyes4 ,,vi4 ,eyes wet with compassion as slowly they fell-- ,eyes potent to soften grief's tremulous swell1 ,as1 sweetly and tenderly1 8,weep not10 he said1 ,and turned to the passionless face of the dead4 ,,vii4 ,white1 white gleamed his forehead1 loose rippled the hair1 ,bronzetinted1 o'er temples transparently fair2 ,and a glory stole up from the earth to the skies1 ,as he called to the voiceless one1 8,young man1 arise60 ,,viii4 ,the hard1 rigid outlines grew fervid with breath1 ,the dull eyes unclosed from the midnight of death2 ,weep1 weep1 happy mother1 and fall at his feet3 ,life's pale1 blighted promise grown hopeful and sweet4 ,,ix4 ,the morning had passed1 and the midday heats burned3 ,once more to the pathway the wayfarers turned4 ,the conqueror of kings had been conquered again3 ,there was joy in the house of the widow of ,nain4 ,fleurange4 ,by ,mrs4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story40 ,translated ,from ,the ,french1 ,with ,permission4 ,part ,,iv4 ,the ,immolation4 ,,lix4 ,several hours had passed since ,fleurange's return4 ,anxiety1 horror1 sadness1 and emotion1 which by turns filled her heart during the affecting scene we have just described1 now gave place to a feeling in which a sweet1 profound sense of gratitude predominated4 ,ah6 no one could comprehend1 without the experience faith alone gives1 the mysterious joy that penetrates the heart when the salvation of a soul seems assured2 when1 in a tangible manner1 as it were1 the abyss of divine mercy which ever surrounds us1 opens and allows us to sound its depths2 when1 in answer to our tears1 we almost behold the heavens open2 when1 in return for pardon implored1 we are made to comprehend the ineffable signification of two other words1 sweet as mercy and boundless as infinitude--pardon obtained4 ,fleurange therefore felt1 if not happy--for the impressions of the day had been too solemn not to have left a veil of sadness on her soul--at least calm and serene4 ,the sight of that deathbed had put to flight some of the dreams she so often abandoned herself to now without scruple--dreams of passionate joy at her approaching sacrifice1 mingled with the perspective of a brighter future1 in which her happiness with ,george would be increased and consecrated by the sufferings they first shared together--the cherished theme on which lingered her imagination1 her heart1 and even her soul1 which had faith in the efficacy of sacrifice1 and instinctively made it the basis of its hopes4 ,everything1 even this1 was forgotten for the moment4 ,it was as if a graver1 purer1 holier strain had put to flight the mingled harmony in which heaven and earth seemed almost confounded4 ,hitherto1 the idea of immolating herself with and for another had seemed noble2 but at this quiet hour1 after a day of so much agitation1 a sublimer thought sprang up in her soul in spite of herself2 it was that of a sacrifice unknown to the person for whom one immolates one's self6 ,was not the greatest of sacrifices--the sacrifice which is our example--of such a nature8 ,was it not made for those who were unaware of it8 ,and has not this very ignorance been regarded by the eternal goodness as a plea for disarming eternal justice8 ,fleurange did not attempt to thus define her confused thoughts2 she allowed them to float in her mind without welcoming or rejecting them4 ,she was in that frame of mind which unconsciously enfolds a latent disposition in the depths of the soul1 that suddenly develops into efforts and sacrifices which seem impossible an hour before they have to be made4 ,she was alone in one corner of a large1 white marble fireplace in which blazed a good fire4 ,she preferred this salon to the others1 which were heated invisibly1 though it was the smallest in the house1 and it was the one she habitually occupied4 ,clement1 after accompanying her home1 had returned to the sad place they visited together to obtain1 if not an honorable1 at least a separate burial of his unfortunate cousin's remains4 ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 at her usual hour1 had gone to her fine chamber1 which she now occupied with less uneasiness than the first night1 and had been for an hour in the capacious bed1 where she had learned to sleep as comfortably as under the muslin curtains which generally guarded her slumbers4 ,it was nearly ten o'clock1 and ,fleurange in her turn was about to retire1 when the noise of a carriage was heard1 the bell rang1 and a few minutes after a card was brought her4 ,she looked at it3 8,the ,countess ,vera de ,liningen0--and beneath1 written with a pencil3 8,will ,mademoiselle ,fleurange d',yves have the kindness to see me a moment80 8,vera6--the ,countess ,vera6--0 ,fleurange repeated the name twice4 ,it was the first time she had thought of it since she left ,florence4 ,she remembered hearing it once in a conversation between the ,princess ,catherine and the marquis1 the first time she ever saw the latter4 ,from that time1 ,vera's name had never been mentioned before her4 ,the marquis instinctively avoided it in talking with her the day before1 as he did that of ,gabrielle in conversing with ,vera1 and no one mentioned it at the palace4 ,fleurange's surprise was therefore inexpressible4 ,she remained with her eyes fixed on the card1 till the valet de chambre took the liberty of reminding her the ,countess ,vera was waiting in her carriage for an answer4 8,certainly4 ,ask her to come up40 ,then she waited1 with a mixture of curiosity and embarrassment1 for the entrance of the visitor1 without knowing exactly why4 ,she was almost breathless from agitation2 but when the door opened1 and she saw the beautiful maid of honor1 she felt partially relieved4 8,ah6 it is you1 mademoiselle10 she exclaimed joyfully4 8,pardon me for not having divined it immediately1 but ,i did not know this morning the name of her who received me so kindly40 ,it now occurred to ,fleurange that the maid of honor had been sent by the empress sooner than she expected with the favorable reply promised1 but the visitor's pale face and silence struck her and checked the words on her lips4 8,you were unaware of my name this morning1 but did you never hear it before80 ,fleurange blushed4 8,never would be incorrect10 replied she4--,and she stopped4 8,no matter10 continued ,vera4 8,i do not care to know when or how you heard it4 ,i can imagine they did not say much to you about me4 ,but allow me to ask you in my turn if you have not another name besides that under which ,i had the honor of presenting you to her majesty60 8,my name is ,fleurange10 replied the young girl simply1 8but it is not the one ,i habitually bear40 8,and your other name80 asked ,vera1 with a trembling voice4 ,fleurange was astonished at the manner in which this question was asked1 and still more so at the effect of her reply1 which produced a frightful change in the listener's face4 8,gabrielle60 repeated she4 8,i guessed rightly1 then40 ,an embarrassing silence followed this exclamation4 ,fleurange did not know what to say4 ,she awaited an explanation of the scene which appeared more and more strange4 ,but while she was looking at ,vera with increased surprise during this long silence1 a sudden apprehension seized her1 and a faint glimpse of the truth flashed across her mind4 ,nothing could have been more vague than the remembrance of the name mentioned before her but once1 but that time it was in a conversation respecting ,george1 and she bethought herself that she understood it to be a question of a marriage the princess desired for her son4 ,was it with reluctance ,vera had now brought the permission for another to accompany him8 ,such was the question ,fleurange asked herself4 ,approaching ,vera1 therefore1 she said to her softly3 8,if you have come with a message1 how can ,i thank you sufficiently1 mademoiselle1 for taking the trouble of bringing it yourself60 ,vera hastily withdrew her hand1 and retreated several steps2 then1 as if suffering from an emotion she could not overcome1 she fell into an arm chair beside the table1 and for some moments remained pale and breathless1 with a gloomy1 forbidding air1 wiping away from time to time with an abrupt gesture the tears which1 in spite of all her efforts1 escaped from her eyes4 ,fleurange1 motionless with surprise1 looked at her with mingled interest and astonishment1 but1 the frank decision of her character prevailing over her timidity1 she came at once to the point4 8,countess ,vera10 said she1 8if ,i have not guessed the motive that brings you here1 tell me the real one2 there is something in all this which ,i do not understand4 ,be frank2 ,i will be likewise4 ,let us not remain thus towards one another4 ,above all1 do not look at me as if we were not only strangers1 but enemies40 ,at this word1 ,vera raised her head4 8,enemies60 she said4 8,well1 yes1 at present we are40 ,what did she mean8 ,fleurange crossed her arms1 and looked at her attentively1 trying to guess the meaning of her enigmatical words1 and the still more obscure enigma of her face1 which expressed by turns the most contradictory sentiments2 the enigma of her eyes1 which sometimes gazed at her with hatred1 and then with sweetness and a humble1 beseeching look4 ,at length ,vera seemed decided to continue4 8,you are right10 she said2 8,i must put an end to your suspense1 and explain my strange conduct2 but ,i need courage to do this4 ,to come here as ,i have1 to appeal to you as ,i am going to do1 ,i must--,i must1 without knowing why--0 8,well10 said ,fleurange with a faint smile1 8continue4 ,you must what80 ,vera went on in a low tone1 as if affected3 8,i must have had a secret instinct that you were kind and generous40 ,this result of so much hesitation did not throw any light on the subject1 but only made it more obscure4 8,there has been preamble enough10 said ,fleurange1 with a calm accent of firmness4 8,speak clearly now1 ,countess ,vera1 tell me everything without reservation4 ,you may believe nothing to fear4 ,though your words do me an injury ,i can neither foresee nor comprehend1 speak1 ,i insist upon it4 ,hesitate no longer40 8,well1 here10 said ,vera1 suddenly throwing on the table a paper till now concealed4 ,fleurange took it1 looked at it1 and blushed at first1 then turned pale4 8,my petition60 she said4 8,you have brought it back8 ,it has been refused1 then80 8,no2 it was not sent40 8,you mean that the empress1 after showing me so much kindness1 changed her mind and refused to present it80 8,no2 on the contrary1 she ordered me to forward your petition1 and to add her recommendation40 8,well80 8,i disobeyed her orders40 8,i await the explanation you doubtless intend giving me4 ,go on without any interruption2 ,i am listening40 8,well1 first1 did you know that ,george de ,walden was the husband promised me--to whom my father destined me from infancy80 8,who was promised you6--from infancy6 ,no1 ,i did not know that4 ,no matter2 go on40 8,no matter1 indeed2 that is not the point1 though it is proper to inform you of it4 ,neither is it a question of his misfortune1 or his frightful sentence1 or that terrible ,siberia where you wished to accompany him and participate in a lot the severities of which you could neither alleviate nor perhaps endure4 ,this is the point3 to preserve him from that destiny1 to save him1 to enable him to regain life1 honor1 and liberty--in a word1 all he has lost4 ,his property1 name1 and rank can all be restored to him4 ,it is this ,i have come to tell you and ask you to second40 8,all can be restored to him80 repeated ,fleurange1 in a strange voice4 8,by what means8--what authority80 8,the emperor's4 ,i have appealed to his clemency1 and my prayers have prevailed1 but on two conditions1 one of which is imposed on ,george1 and the other depends on me4 ,to these two conditions1 there is a third which depends on you--you alone60 ,fleurange's large eyes fastened on ,vera with an expression of profound astonishment and anguish4 8,finish1 ,i conjure you1 if you are not mad in speaking to me so1 or ,i in listening to you--if we are not both deprived of our reason60 ,vera clasped her hands1 and passionately exclaimed3 8,oh6 ,i beg you to have pity on him60 ,she stopped1 choked with emotion4 ,fleurange continued to gaze at her with the same expression1 and1 without speaking1 made a sign for her to continue4 ,she seemed to concentrate her attention in order to comprehend the words addressed her4 8,i am waiting10 she said at last4 8,i am listening attentively and calmly2 speak to me in the same manner40 ,vera resumed in a calmer tone3 8,well1 this morning just as ,i had finished reading your petition and learned for the first time who the exile was you wished to accompany--at that very moment the emperor arrived at the palace and sent for me40 8,the emperor60 said ,fleurange1 with surprise4 8,yes1 and can you imagine what he wished to say to me8 ,you could not1 and ,i am not surprised1 for you are not aware how earnestly ,i had solicited ,george's pardon1 and1 to this end1 how zealously ,i had sought out every circumstance calculated to conciliate his sovereign4 ,well1 what the emperor wished to inform me was that this pardon would be granted me--me1 do you understand8--but on two conditions40 8,his pardon60 exclaimed ,fleurange4 8,go on1 ,i am listening4--0 8,the first1 that he should pass four years on his estates in ,livonia without leaving them4--0 ,vera stopped4 8,i hear2 and next80 said ,fleurange1 raising her eyes4 8,next10 said ,vera slowly and anxiously1 8that the will of my father and his should be fulfilled before his departure40 ,fleurange shuddered4 ,an icy chill struck to her heart1 and her head swam as if with dizziness4 ,but she remained perfectly motionless4 8,his pardon is at this price80 said she in a low voice4 8,yes2 the emperor has taken an interest in me from my childhood2 he loved my father1 and it has pleased him to make this act of clemency depend on the accomplishment of my father's wish40 ,there was a long silence4 ,vera herself trembled at seeing ,fleurange's pale lips1 and colorless cheeks1 and her eyes looking straightforward1 lost in space4 8,and he80--she said at last4 8,he accepts his pardon on this condition--without hesitation80 8,without hesitation60 repeated ,vera1 blushing with new emotion4 8,that is what ,i cannot say4 ,it is this doubt that humiliates and alarms me1 for the emperor would regard the least hesitation as fresh ingratitude1 and perhaps would annul his pardon40 8,but why should he hesitate80 said ,fleurange1 in an almost inaudible tone4 8,fleurange10 said ,vera1 in that passionate tone she had used two or three times during this interview1 8let us rend each other's hearts1 if need be1 but let us go on to the end4 ,have you had permission to see ,george since you came80 8,no40 8,but he expects you2 he knows you have arrived1 and the devotedness that has brought you here80 8,no1 he is still ignorant of all this2 he was to be informed of it to morrow40 ,a flash of joy lit up ,vera's black eyes4 8,then it depends on you whether he hesitates or not--whether he is saved4--,yes1 ,fleurange1 let him remain ignorant of your arrival1 let him not see you again--let him never behold you again10 she continued1 looking at her with a jealous terror she could not conceal1 8and his life will again become brilliant and happy--as it was--as it always should be--and the remembrance of the last few months will disappear like a dream60 8,like a dream60 repeated ,fleurange mechanically1 passing her hand over her brow4 8,i have told you everything now10 said ,vera4 8,i have done you an injury ,i can understand better than any one else4 ,but10 she continued1 with an accent that resounded in the depths of the listener's soul1 8,i wished to save ,george1 ,i wished to win him back to me6 ,and ,i thought1 ,i know not why1 for ,i am generally distrustful--yes1 ,i thought ,i could induce you to aid me against yourself60 ,fleurange1 with her hands clasped on her knees1 and her eyes gazing before her with a fixed expression1 seemed for some moments insensible to everything4 ,she was listening1 however--she was listening to that clear1 distinct voice which resounded in her soul in a tone so pure--a voice she had never failed to recognize and obey4 ,if ,george were free1 if he recovered his name1 rank1 and former position1 would she not still be in the same position as before8 ,in that case1 could she treacherously usurp the consent obtained from his mother1 and that to the detriment of the one before her--the wife chosen from his infancy8 ,would it not be treachery to him to present herself before him at the moment of recovering his liberty1 and thereby endanger its loss with the momentary favor that conferred it8 ,she placed her icy hand on ,vera's1 and turned towards her with a sweet expression of resolution4 8,that is enough10 she said1 in a calm tone4 8,you have done right4 ,be easy1 ,i understand it all40 ,vera1 astonished at her expression and accent1 looked at her with surprise4 8,do not be afraid10 continued ,fleurange1 in the same tone4 8,act as if ,i were far away--as if ,i had never come40 ,and1 taking the petition lying on the table1 she tore it in pieces1 and threw it into the fire6 ,there was a momentary blaze1 which died away1 and she looked at the ashes as they flew4 ,vera1 with an irresistible impulse1 pressed her lips to the hand she seized1 then remained mute and confounded4 ,she had come determined to prevail over her rival1 to convince her1 to use every means of contending if she failed in her first efforts1 but her victory suddenly assumed an aspect she had not anticipated4 ,it had certainly been an easy one1 and yet ,vera felt it had left a bleeding wound4 ,she experienced for a moment more uneasiness than joy1 and her attitude expressed no more of triumph than that of ,fleurange of defeat4 ,while one remained with her head and eyes cast down1 the other had risen4 ,a passing emotion colored ,fleurange's cheek1 the struggle of the sacrifice gave animation and an unusual brilliancy to her face4 8,i think10 said she1 8you have nothing more to say to me40 8,no--for what ,i would like to say ,i cannot1 dare not40 ,vera rose and turned towards the door4 ,a thought occurred to her4 ,she approached ,fleurange4 8,excuse my forgetfulness10 said she2 8here is the bracelet you lost this morning4 ,i was commissioned to restore it to you40 ,at the sight of the talisman1 ,fleurange started2 her momentary color faded away1 she became deadly pale1 and1 as she looked at it silently1 some tears1 the only ones she shed during the interview1 ran down her cheeks4 ,but it was only for an instant4 ,before ,vera realized what she was doing1 ,fleurange clasped the bracelet around her rival's arm4 8,this talisman was a present from the ,princess ,catherine to her son's betrothed4 ,she said it would bring her good luck4 ,it no longer belongs to me4 ,i return it to you2 it is yours40 ,fleurange held out her hand4 8,we shall never see each other again10 she continued2 8let us not bear away any bitter remembrance of each other40 ,vera took her hand without looking at her4 ,she had never felt touched and humiliated to such a degree2 gratitude itself was wounding to her pride4 ,but ,fleurange's sweet1 grave voice was now irresistible1 and spoke to her heart in spite of herself4 ,she hesitated between these two feelings4 ,fleurange resumed3 8,you are right4 ,it is not my place to wait for you at this time--you have nothing more to forgive me for1 ,i believe1 and ,i forgive you everything40 ,and as ,vera still remained motionless with her head bent down1 ,fleurange leaned forward and embraced her4 ,,lx4 ,the ,marquis ,adelardi often declared he had witnessed so many extraordinary and unexpected events that he was seldom surprised at anything that happened4 ,but the day that now dawned brought a surprise of the liveliest kind1 and even a second one in the course of a few hours4 ,he rose late1 according to his custom1 and was breakfasting beside the fire when a note was brought him which put a premature end to the repast just begun4 ,after reading it1 he fell into deep thought1 then rose and strode around his room4 ,finally he went to the window1 and read the following note a second time4 8,,my ,,kind ,,friend3 ,i have changed my mind4 ,i earnestly beg you when you see ,count ,george not to mention my name1 and1 above all1 to take the greatest precaution to keep him for ever ignorant of the plans ,i formed and the journey ,i have made4 ,this will be easy1 for no one knows ,i am here1 and tomorrow1 before night1 ,i shall have left ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,everything will be explained to you1 but ,i only write now what is most essential for you to know without any delay40 ,in vain he read and reread4 ,such were the words1 signed ,fleurange1 which he held in his hands4 ,for once the marquis was completely at a loss4 ,nothing--absolutely nothing--could account for this sudden change4 ,the success of her petition presented the empress the day before was certain4 ,he recalled every detail of his recent interview with her1 during which1 having nothing more to conceal1 she navely revealed all the depth and sincerity of her sentiments towards ,george4 ,he had long been aware of her firmness and courage1 and the idea of her drawing back at the last moment in view of the trial never occurred to him4 ,there was1 then1 an impenetrable mystery1 and he impatiently awaited the hour he could go for the promised explanation4 ,but he must first keep his engagement with ,george4 ,poor ,george6 he inspired him now with fresh pity1 though he had doubted1 the evening before1 if he was worthy of the consolation in store for him4 ,it seemed now as if he could not live without it1 and that a new and more frightful sentence had been pronounced against him4 ,the marquis was about to start for the fortress to fulfil more sadly than ever the painful duty of his powerless friendship1 when another letter was brought him4 ,the mere sight of this second missive made him start1 and he examined with extreme astonishment the address and the very envelope that bore it1 the impression on the seal1 and the slight perfume it gave out4 ,all this was a source of surprise1 and1 for once1 it was not unreasonable1 as it generally is1 to dwell on these exterior signs before solving the mystery by opening the letter4 ,the reader may judge1 after learning that the ,marquis ,adelardi recognized his friend's writing in the address4 ,since ,george's imprisonment1 he had neither had permission to write1 nor the means4 ,in the second place1 the paper1 the arms on the seal1 the perfume--all these things belonged to a different condition1 for certainly none of these elegances had been allowed him in prison4 ,the mere exterior of the letter1 therefore1 had something inexplicable1 and1 when he opened it to solve the enigma1 he read as follows3 8,,my ,,very ,,dear ,,friend3 ,perhaps the very sight of this letter has given you a suspicion of its contents4 ,if not1 know that ,i am free1 or1 at least1 ,i shall be so tomorrow6 ,meanwhile1 ,i have left the frightful cell where you found me yesterday1 and now1 thanks to the governor of the fortress1 am established in his own apartment and surrounded once more by all the delightful accessories of civilized life of which ,i thought myself for ever deprived--accessories which are only a dawn of the delightful day before me4 ,yes1 ,adelardi1 free6 by the favor of the emperor1 against whom ,i eagerly pledge myself never to enter into a conspiracy as long as ,i live4 ,free on two conditions3 one to live at my home in ,livonia four years2 the other--guess what it is6 ,it is not more severe than the first3 it is to return to my first love--to her to whom ,i owe my pardon4 ,in a word1 to end where ,i began1 by marrying ,vera de ,liningen6 ,what do you say to that8 ,is not this a dnoment worthy of a romance8 ,you predicted it once1 do you remember it8 #8,you will renounce this folly which tempts you1 and keep the promise you made4' ,i was far from believing it then1 and perhaps it is well even now that that beautiful siren is seven hundred leagues off1 for ,i know not what would be the result were ,i subjected to the fascination of those eyes which turned my head1 whereas ,i am now wholly absorbed in the happiness that awaits me4 ,vera still loves me4 ,she is also beautiful in her way1 and1 above all1 possesses a charm which makes me forget all others4 ,she has the beautiful eyes of liberty which ,i owe her4 ,therefore ,i am not tempted to refuse the hand she is ready to accept1 or even my heart1 though somewhat blas1 but now filled with gratitude strong enough to sufficiently resemble the love she has a right to expect4 8,au revoir1 ,adelardi6 ,come when you please2 ,i am no longer a prisoner1 though ,i have pledged myself not to leave here till ,i go to the empress' chapel to meet her who is to accompany me into the mitigated exile to which we are condemned40 ,it would be difficult to describe the strange effect of this letter1 coming so soon after the other1 upon the person to whom they were both addressed4 ,it would be impossible to say whether he was glad or sorry1 indignant or affected1 relieved or overwhelmed1 by such sudden news2 and1 though only imperfectly enlightened respecting some of the circumstances he wished to know1 he felt that somehow ,fleurange had been informed of ,george's pardon before himself1 and the conditions attached to it4 ,this was the evident meaning of her note1 which now seemed to the marquis so generous1 so touching1 and even so sublime1 that his whole interest centred1 with a kind of passion1 in this charming1 noble girl4 ,her letter1 which lay beside ,george's before him1 displayed the greatest contrast imaginable to the cold1 selfish levity of the latter4 ,at all events1 he had no reason now to be anxious about him on whom everything seemed to smile1 but rather about her who was immolating herself today as much as yesterday--unsuspected by the object--and with a devotedness a thousand times more disinterested and more generous than before4 ,at that moment the door opened1 and the marquis uttered an exclamation of joy and welcome at hearing ,clement announced4 ,he was just thinking of him1 and wishing he could see him at once4 ,as soon as he looked at him he perceived he was unaware of what had occurred4 ,clement returned home at a late hour the night before1 and had not seen ,fleurange since their return from the hospital4 ,he now came from the burial of his unfortunate cousin in a distant1 obscure spot1 to beg the marquis to use his influence to obtain permission to place a simple stone cross on his forlorn grave4 ,but he could not find any opportunity of introducing the subject1 the marquis was so eager to enter on that which absorbed him4 ,he informed ,clement of ,george's pardon and the conditions on which it was granted2 but in his eagerness he did not at first perceive the effect of the news on his listener4 ,the latter remained motionless1 and for moments his excessive surprise prevented him from replying4 ,the aspect of everything was so changed by the intelligence that his mind refused to take it in4 ,he looked at the marquis with so singular an expression that he was struck by it1 and clearly saw he had unguardedly touched a deeper and more vital point than he supposed4 8,pardon me1 ,dornthal1 ,i have excited you more than ,i wished or expected40 8,yes10 said ,clement1 in a strange voice1 8,i acknowledge it2 but does she know what you have just informed me of80 ,the marquis in reply gave him ,fleurange's note4 ,he read it with a still more lively emotion than he had just experienced2 but he succeeded better in controlling it4 8,poor ,gabrielle6 ,this is evidently a generous1 spontaneous impulse1 worthy of her4 ,but10 continued he1 in quite a different accent1 in which trembled an indignation he repressed with difficulty1 8,i cannot comprehend how this--how ,count ,george can unhesitatingly consent to the conditions proposed1 for really ,i can never believe them rigorously imposed by the emperor1 still less that they could be accepted if he appreciates as he ought the sentiments which ,i should suppose would prevent him from accepting them40 ,the marquis hesitated a moment1 and then said3 8,here1 ,dornthal1 time presses2 it is better you should know everything without delay40 ,and he gave him ,george's letter4 ,as ,clement read it1 contempt and anger were so clearly displayed in his face that the marquis was confounded at the flash of indignation with which he crushed the letter and threw it on the table4 8,that is exactly what ,i should have expected from the man you told me of yesterday4 ,poor ,gabrielle60 he continued1 in a voice trembling with emotion and tenderness1 8it is thus that the precious treasures of thy heart have been lavished and wasted60 ,he leaned on the table1 and hid his face in his hands4 ,for some instants there was a silence neither sought to break4 ,at length ,clement returned to himself4 8,once more pardon me1 ,m4 le ,marquis4 ,i really do not know what you will think of me after the weakness ,i have shown before you4 ,but no matter1 it is not a question of myself1 but of her4 ,there is one point ,i recommend to you which there is no need of insisting upon3 she must remain ignorant of the contents of this letter4 ,she must never know--never1 do you understand8--what kind of a love she thought worthy of hers40 ,the marquis looked at him with astonishment4 8,and it is you1 ,dornthal1 who are so anxious as to your cousin's remembrance of ,count ,george60 ,this total absence of vulgar triumph and selfish hope added another notable surprise to those of the morning4 ,clement neither noticed ,adelardi's tone nor the kind1 affectionate expression of regard which accompanied the words he had just uttered4 8,i wish her to suffer as little as possible10 said he briefly2 8that is my only aim and thought40 ,he rose to go out4 ,the marquis pressed his hand with a cordiality he rarely manifested1 and after ,clement's departure he remained a long time thoughtful4 ,perhaps at that moment he was thinking how much more satisfaction there was in meeting and studying such a noble heart than most of those whose acquaintance he had hitherto sought and cultivated with so much eagerness4 ,,lxi4 ,at ,clement's return1 he learned that his cousin had asked for him several times4 ,he immediately went up to the room she occupied4 ,his emotion at seeing her again1 though less sudden than that he had just experienced1 was deeper than he anticipated1 for he was unprepared for the change wrought within so short a time4 ,she was1 however1 as calm and resolute as the night before1 though she had passed through what might be called the agony of sacrifice--that hour of inexpressible suffering1 not when the sacrifice of one's self is decided upon1 not even that in which it is consummated1 but the intermediate hour in which repugnance still struggles against the will4 ,it was this hour endured by our common ,master in the order of his sufferings after he took upon himself our likeness4 ,fleurange had only taken a short hour of repose before day4 ,the remainder of the night she passed wholly in conflict with suffering4 ,she then allowed the repressed sobs that filled her breast during her interview with ,vera to burst forth without restraint as soon as she was alone for the night2 she gave herself up to the poor solace of tasting at leisure the bitterness of sacrifice1 repelling every consoling thought--almost allowing the waves of despair to gather round her1 and1 if not to break over her1 at least to threaten her4 ,the chamber she occupied was more spacious and sumptuous than ,mademoiselle ,josephine's1 being that of the ,princess ,catherine herself4 ,it was lighted only by a lamp which burned before the holy images enshrined in gold and silver in one corner1 according to the ,russian custom4 ,fleurange threw herself on a couch1 and there1 with her head buried in the cushions1 her long hair dishevelled1 and her hands clasped to her face inundated with tears1 she gave vent to her grief for a long time without any attempt to moderate it4 ,once before in her life she had abandoned herself to a similar transport of grief1 though certainly with much less reason4 ,it was when she left ,paris two years before1 and it seemed as if she was alone in the world1 and all the joys of life had come to an end4 ,those who have not forgotten the beginning of this story may remember that on that occasion the sight of a star suddenly appearing in the clear sky brought her a message of peace4 ,god knows1 when it pleaseth him1 how to give a voice to everything in nature1 and to speak to his creatures by the work of his hands1 and even of theirs4 ,an impression of such a nature now infused the first ray of calmness into the tempest that completely overwhelmed her soul4 ,suddenly raising her head from the attitude in which she had so long remained1 her eyes naturally turned towards the light diffused by the lamp before the images in the corner of the chamber1 the richest of which sparkled in its ray4 ,in these ,greek paintings1 as we are aware1 the heads alone on the canvas stand out from the gold and precious stones that surround them4 ,that which now attracted ,fleurange's attention was the image of ,christ--that sacred face of the wellknown type common to all the representations of ,byzantine art4 ,that long1 grave face1 those mild eyes1 with their calmness and depth1 have a thrilling1 mysterious effect which surpasses a thousand times every reproduction of human beauty4 ,this impression1 which a pious love of art enables every one to comprehend1 was associated with a tender remembrance of ,fleurange's childhood4 ,she had often prayed before a face of similar aspect in the chapel of ,santa ,maria al ,prato4 ,she now looked steadfastly into those divine eyes gazing at her1 and it seemed as if that sweet penetrating look pierced to the depths of her soul1 and infused a sudden1 marvellous1 inexpressible consolation4 ,changing gradually her previous attitude1 she remained for some time seated with clasped hands1 transfixed4 ,at last1 her eyes still fastened on the holy face1 she fell on her knees1 bent down her head1 and remained a long time buried in profound recollection4 ,her immoderate grief seemed to diminish and change its character4 ,her tears1 without ceasing to flow1 lost their bitterness and changed their object2 for in the mildness of that majestic look she read a reproach which she comprehended6-- 8,o my ,saviour and my ,god6 pardon me60 exclaimed she1 with fervor1 bending down till her forehead touched the floor4 ,pardon6--,yes1 in spite of her purity1 her piety1 and the uprightness of her soul1 it was a word ,fleurange was likewise obliged to utter4 ,in it she felt lay solace and peace for her heart4 ,she perceived it now for the first time4 ,a new light began to rise in her soul1 like the faint flush of aurora which precedes day1 and her grief seemed a punishment merited for forgetfulness1 her tears an expiation4 ,these thoughts were still confused2 but their influence was already beneficent1 and she soon felt really springing up within her the courage and fortitude which she outwardly manifested during her interview with ,vera4 ,she had always been capable of action in spite of suffering1 and she now sought it1 realizing its benefit4 ,the night was far advanced1 but she did not feel the need of repose1 and before seeking it she would give her heart and mind1 even more fatigued than her body1 the relief they needed4 ,under the impression of all the incidents and varied emotions of the day1 she wrote the ,madre ,maddalena a letter which was the faithful transcript of all she had passed through4 ,the joy of the morning1 the sacrifice of the evening1 her despair scarcely subsided1 nothing was concealed or suppressed1 not even a fresh ardent aspiration towards the cloister which she thought could no longer be shut against her1 and which now seemed the only refuge of her broken heart4 ,there is a certain art in reading the hearts of others2 but it is as great a one to be able to read one's own1 and this art ,fleurange possessed in the highest degree when in the presence of that great soul which afar off as well as near watched over hers4 ,this outpouring soothed her4 ,she afterwards slept awhile1 and1 on awaking1 courageously despatched the letter which we have just seen the ,marquis ,adelardi read and communicate to ,clement4 ,but such a night leaves its traces4 ,fleurange's swollen eyes1 her contracted features1 her pale1 trembling lips1 and her sad expression indicated suffering which was an insupportable torture to ,clement4 ,he would have spared her this at the expense of his life1 as it is allowable to say he had proved4 ,but now that the arduous duty of earnestly desiring her happiness through the affection of another was no longer required of him1 the impetuous cry of his own heart became almost irresistible in its power1 and ,clement never manifested more selfcontrol than this morning in subduing the impulse which prompted him a thousand times to throw himself at his cousin's feet1 and passionately tell her she loved and regretted an ungrateful man1 and that she herself was even more ungrateful than he6 ,but instead of that1 he silently pressed her hand4 ,fleurange saw he was aware of everything1 and it was a relief to have nothing to tell4 ,in a few words they made arrangements for their departure1 and ,clement promised her to start within twentyfour hours4 ,meanwhile1 ,mademoiselle ,josephine appeared1 and ,clement1 too preoccupied to use any circumlocution1 simply announced the change in his cousin's intentions1 without giving her any explanation4 ,but when1 in the height of her joy1 mademoiselle exclaimed1 8,she is going back with us6--,o mon ,dieu6 what happiness60 ,clement frowned and pressed her hand in so expressive a manner that the poor demoiselle stopped short and1 according to her custom1 buried her joy in utter silence1 saying to herself that the day would perhaps come when she would understand all these inexplicable things1 and1 among others1 why1 when she wept at ,gabrielle's leaving them1 it was necessary to conceal her sorrow2 and now she was to remain1 it was not permitted to manifest her joy4 8,all this is very singular--,i always seem to take aim at the wrong moment4 ,and yet1 ,clement allow me to say that ,i suspect that1 as to this ,monsieur le ,comte1 it was ,i--and ,i alone--who was right40 ,this last reflection did not escape her1 it is reasonable to suppose1 till later1 at one of those seasons of special unburdening her mind to ,clement which she sought now and then1 and we should add that the smile in return amply repaid her for the frown we have just noted4 ,the evening passed away almost in silence4 ,the ,marquis ,adelardi spent it with them4 ,the frightful alteration in ,fleurange's features did not allow him to mistake the extent of her sufferings2 and her calm1 simple manner redoubled the enthusiasm she had always inspired him with--an enthusiasm which gradually ripened into solid friendship1 and ultimately wrought a durable1 beneficent effect on his life4 ,before ,clement and his cousin separated for the night1 they spoke of ,felix's sad burial1 and its lack of any religious ceremony4 ,the marquis had promised to obtain the last favor ,clement asked--that a cross should mark the spot where he reposed4 ,the following morning ,mass was to be celebrated for him in the ,catholic church4 8,we will attend this ,mass together10 said ,fleurange4 8,yes1 ,gabrielle1 that was my expectation40 ,the next morning1 at an early hour1 ,fleurange and her cousin were prostrate at the foot of the altar in the large ,catholic church on the ,nevskoi ,prospekt4 ,after all the sorrow that had overwhelmed the young girl's soul since the night before1 this was an hour of sad consolation and repose4 ,her long journey1 after all1 in spite of the bitter deception1 in spite of the grief and sacrifice at the end1 had not been made in vain4 ,he whose last hours she had consoled1 and for whom they were now praying1 had carried away with him the blessed influence of her presence into those regions to which repentance opens the door6 ,repentance6 the salvation of the soul that feels it1 the benediction of the soul that seconds it1 the mysterious joy of the angels that inspire it and rejoice over it as one of the delights of their eternal beatitude6 ,they left the church1 and slowly descended the long avenue bordered by trees called the ,nevskoi ,prospekt4 ,they found their way impeded by a numerous crowd in front of the gate of the ,anitschkoff ,palace1 which they had to pass4 ,fleurange1 lost in thought1 was walking slowly along without looking around1 and ,clement also was absorbed in his own reflections1 when they were both startled as if by an electric shock4 8,the newly married pair are coming out10 said a voice4 8,married6--condemned1 you mean10 replied another1 laughing4 8,you know they are both going into exile40 ,they heard no more4 ,clement's sudden effort to lead ,fleurange away was powerless4 ,she resisted it1 and1 leaving his arm without his being able to prevent it1 she swiftly made her way to the front1 and leaned against a tree4 ,she saw the grille open--the carriage appeared2 it drew near2 at last she saw him6 ,yes2 she saw ,count ,george's noble features1 his smiling face1 his radiant look1 and she caught a glimpse of the black eyes and golden locks of the bride4 ,then it seemed to grow dark around her1 and everything vanished from her thoughts as well as from her sight6 ,epilogue4 --8,no1 my ,fior ,angela1 ,i once more say no1 as when you made the same request at ,santa ,maria that lovely evening in ,may while we were gazing at the setting sun over the cloisters4 ,what has been changed8 ,and why should ,god call you now to this retreat if he did not call you then8--,because you suffer still more8 ,but1 my poor child1 you were suffering then4 ,life1 you said1 seemed #8empty and cheerless1 unsatisfactory and imperfect4' ,and1 indeed1 you were not wrong4 ,that is its real aspect when we compare it with the true life that awaits us4 ,from that point of view nothing truly can give it the least attraction2 but with this kind of disgust there is no sadness mingled4 ,we are not sad when an object seems poor and valueless compared with another object wonderful and divine of which we are sure4 ,as ,i have already told you1 this is the disgust of the world whence springs the irresistible call to the cloister2 but1 as ,i likewise said1 this divine voice1 when it speaks to the soul1 resounds alone1 to the exclusion of all earthly voices4 ,a flame is kindled that absorbs and extinguishes all others1 even those earthly lights that are attractive and pure4 ,that divine call has not been made to you4 ,the earthly happiness you dreamed of has failed you1 that is all4 ,and this disappointment for the second time has inspired you with the same wish as before2 but1 as on that occasion1 ,i believe if ,god claimed your life he would not have permitted such a heart as that of my ,fleurange to be divided for a day6 8,this time1 it is true1 everything is at an end1 and without remedy4 ,you are irrevocably separated from him to whom you gave your heart--allow me to say now1 to whom you gave it unreasonably6--,you shudder1 my poor child1 you find me cruel1 and all the false brilliancy which fascinated you1 now lights up anew the image still present and still dear to your imagination2 nevertheless1 ,i will go on4 8,there is an earthly love which1 if it lengthens the road that leads to ,god1 does not1 however1 turn one from it--which1 by the very virtues it requires1 the sacrifices it imposes1 and the sufferings that spring from it1 often seconds the noblest impulses of the soul4 8,do you not feel now1 ,fleurange1 that the foundation of such a love was wanting to yours8 ,i perceived it at ,santa ,maria as soon as ,i heard your story to the end1 and looked into the most secret recesses of your heart4 ,i then understood why ,god had placed obstacles in your way1 and imposed a sacrifice on you4 ,your sufferings appeared to me the expiation of an idolatry you did not realize the extent of4 8,if you had shown any doubt or hesitation as to the course to be pursued1 if you had been weakly desirous of sparing yourself and escaping the sacrifice imposed1 perhaps ,i should at that time have expressed myself more severely4 ,but you acted with firmness and uprightness1 and ,i deferred revealing to you the secret malady of your heart till1 with time1 peace should be restored to you4 ,till then1 what you suffered seemed to me a sufficient punishment4 8,but it was not to be so4 ,the temptation was to be renewed1 and under a form impossible for my poor child to resist4 ,she yielded to the generous1 passionate impulse of her heart1 and found in the very excess of her devotedness a means of satisfying her conscience which she confusedly felt the need of4 ,but something more was essential3 she must suffer still more--more than before4 ,in short1 the idol must be shattered1 and this destruction seemed to involve the very breaking of her own heart6-- 8,but it is not so1 ,fleurange4 ,across the distance that separates us ,i would make my voice heard1 and wish it possessed a divine power when ,i say to you3 #8,rise up and walk4' ,yes2 resume your course through the life ,god gives you1 and courageously bless him for having snatched you from the snare of a love not founded on him1 which must have proved hollow sooner or later4 ,then look around1 see whom you can console and aid2 see also whom you can love2 especially notice who loves you1 and banish from your heart the thought1 equivalent to blasphemy1 which you express in saying1 #8,my life is stripped of all that made it desirable6'-- 8,some day1 my ,fior ,angela1 you will again recall these bitter1 ungrateful words1 and will1 ,i assure you1 see their falsity4 ,if ,god did not create you to love him to the exclusion of those lawful affections which reflect a ray of his love1 you were still less created to find rest in a love deprived of that light--a love whose sudden rending and keen anguish preserved you from proving its perishable nature and spared you the pain of irreparable deception6 8,once more1 ,fleurange1 prostrate yourself before ,god1 and give thanks3 then rise up and act4 ,no lingering pity over yourself1 no dwelling regretfully on your deceived hopes and the pain you have suffered4 ,courage6 ,your heart has been weak1 it yielded to fascination2 but your volition as yet has never ceased to be strong4 ,however rough the path of duty1 it was enough for you to see it in order to walk in it without faltering4 ,courage1 ,i say6 ,you will live4 ,you will do better than live--you will recover from all this1 and recall the time that seemed so dark as that which preceded the real day that is to illumine your life4 8,at first this letter will add to your sadness4 ,you will feel yourself deprived of everything1 even of the consolation you expected of me2 but do not yield to the temptation of burning this letter after reading it4 ,keep it to read over again1 and be sure that sooner or later the day will come when a sweet promise of happiness will respond at the bottom of your heart at reading it4 ,you will then comprehend what were the prayers of your ,madre ,maddalena for you1 dear ,fleurange1 for they will on that day have been heard6--0 ,this reply to the letter ,fleurange wrote during the night of agitation which followed her interview with ,vera we lay before our readers at its arrival at ,rosenheim after her return from her sad journey2 but one summer evening1 two years after1 the young girl1 seated on a bench overlooking the river1 read it over the second time4 ,she was in her old seat1 but her appearance was somewhat changed4 ,a severe illness1 resulting from the emotion and fatigue endured two years before1 endangered her life1 and to her convalescence had succeeded a malady slower1 deeper1 and more difficult to heal1 against which all remedies1 though energetically seconded by a resolute will1 long remained ineffectual4 ,during this period of weakness ,fleurange had never known before1 life assumed a new and formidable aspect4 ,for a long time she was unable to struggle actively against the double languor of illness and depression2 she had to endure inaction without making it an additional torture to herself and others2 in short1 she was obliged to be constantly and silently on her guard against herself4 ,she succeeded1 however1 accepting with grateful docility all the care that surrounded her4 ,she did not repel her friends from her crushed heart1 but1 on the contrary1 endeavored to convince them that their affection was sufficient1 and that1 once more with them1 nothing was wanting4 ,by degrees1 it required no effort to say this4 ,as the sun in springtime melts away the snow1 then warms the earth and covers it with flowers1 so1 under the influence of their beneficent tenderness1 everything began to revive in her heart and soul4 ,was it not delightful1 as she lay half asleep on her chaise longue for long hours1 to hear around her1 like the warblings of birds1 ,frida's caressing voice mingled with the tones of her cousin's little children whom she loved to hold in her arms and caress when they awoke her8 ,was it not a consolation to rest her weary head on a bosom almost maternal8 ,was it not salutary to converse with her ,uncle ,ludwig when he wheeled his chair near the young invalid1 and spoke of so many things worthy of her attention without ever turning it away from the highest of all8 ,and ,hilda8 ,and ,clara8 ,and ,julian and ,hansfelt8 ,did they not all come with their constant affectionate interest1 each one bringing1 as it were1 a flower to add its perfume to the air she breathed8 ,finally1 was it nothing when she opened her eyes to meet the kind glance of her old friend who1 after fearing to lose her1 was never weary of gazing at her now she was again restored to life8 ,and what shall we say of him whom we have not yet named--him whose solicitude for her was not apparently greater than that of his parents and sisters1 but who1 during her long convalescence1 ended by taking a place beside her which no one thought of disputing8 ,clement's character has been badly delineated if1 after the unexpected occurrence that restored freedom to his hopes1 it is supposed he was prompt to admit them1 and especially to express them4 ,nevertheless1 since it was no longer an absolute duty to maintain a strong1 constant control over himself2 since the fear of betraying himself no longer obliged him to a restraint with his cousin which had extended to every subject1 and ended by frequently obliging him to partially conceal from her the superiority of his mind and the rare nature of his intelligence1 a change was wrought in him which he did not realize himself1 and now gave to his physiognomy1 the tone of his voice1 and his whole person a wholly different character than before in the eyes of her to whom he thus appeared for the first time4 ,she noticed it with surprise1 and1 when he stopped reading to express the thoughts that sprang spontaneously from his heart when moved1 or his mind unimpeded in its flight1 and touched on a thousand subjects hitherto deemed forbidden1 she became thoughtful1 and1 in spite of herself1 compared his eloquence of soul1 whose source was so profound1 and whose flight was sometimes so elevated1 with the eloquence of another which once dazzled her1 the only charm of which sprang from his carefully cultivated mind1 and his mind alone4 ,every day she impatiently awaited this hour for reading or conversation4 ,she already appreciated her cousin's devotedness1 the incomparable kindness of his heart1 his trustworthiness1 his energy1 and his courage4 ,she had given him credit for all these qualities before1 and yet1 all at once1 it seemed as if she had never known him4 ,she even asked herself one day if she had ever looked at him1 so completely did the expression of his countenance--which beamed with what is most divine here on earth--a double nobleness of mind and soul--so fully did his look and smile atone for the imperfections already alluded to in ,clement's features1 but which time had greatly modified to his advantage4 ,she soon felt that1 though she had always cherished a strong regard for her cousin1 she had been unjust to him and never appreciated his real worth4 ,but the day1 the hour1 the moment when she discovered she had been not only unjust1 but ungrateful1 and even cruel1 we cannot state1 and perhaps she did not know herself4 ,was it the day when1 after reading in a tremulous tone a passage that expressed what he dared not utter1 he suddenly raised his eyes and looked at her as he had never done before8 ,was it on another occasion1 when1 playing one tune after another on his violin1 he ended with that song without words which ,hansfelt called ,hidden ,love1 and suddenly stopped1 incapable of continuing8 ,or was it when1 towards the end of the second spring after their return1 she had fully recovered1 and he saw her for the first time in the open air standing near a rosebush with her hands full of flowers8 ,was it when he knelt to pick up one that had fallen at her feet1 and remained in that position till she extended her hand and blushingly bade him rise8 ,no matter4 ,that day came1 and not long before the one when we find her seated on the bench by the riverside1 attentively reading over the letter ,madre ,maddalena had written her two years before4 ,the young girl1 as we have said1 had changed somewhat since we last saw her4 ,her long illness had left some traces1 but those traces which are an additional charm in youth1 betokening the complete return of brilliant health4 ,fleurange's form was more slender and supple2 her complexion more transparent2 her long hair1 cut off during her illness1 and now growing out again1 encircled her youthful face with thick1 silky curls--all this gave her something of the grace of childhood1 and when she stood beside her cousin1 whose tall stature and manly1 energetic expression added the appearance of several years to his real age1 it would never have been supposed she was not the younger of the two4 ,motionless and absorbed1 from time to time as she read her face colored and expressed a variety of emotions4 ,but when she came to her own words3 8,my life is now stripped of all that made it desirable10 and what follows1 8,some day1 my ,fior ,angela1 you will recall these bitter1 ungrateful words1 and will1 ,i assure you1 see their falsity10 she stopped short1 and1 raising her eyes full of tears to heaven1 she said3 8,yes1 ,madre mia1 you were right60 ,she covered her face with her hands1 and remained a long time absorbed and overpowered by a flood of thoughts4 ,in the depths of her memory1 there were vague recollections of the past traced as if by lightning2 and some almost forgotten scenes now rose before her like a confused dream4 ,that violent outburst of grief2 the sobs he could not repress when he learned she was determined to go to ,george2 and1 later on1 the words murmured on the ice when he thought the last hour of his life had come1 scarcely heard at the time1 and then speedily forgotten1 came back today like invisible writing brought out by the application of heat4 ,the sentiments she had discovered only within a few days perhaps had long been experienced by ,clement1 if not always--and1 if so1 oh6 then1 how great had been his love and constancy1 and what sufferings had he not endured for her sake6 ,alas6 what had she not inflicted on that noble1 faithful soul6 8,oh60 cried she aloud1 8was there ever a person more blind1 more ungrateful1 more cruel than ,i80 ,she stopped1 started1 and raised her head2 she thought she heard her cousin's step4 ,she was not mistaken4 ,he sought her in her favorite seat1 and now stood before her in the same place where1 three years before1 she unwittingly caused him so much suffering as he looked at her4 ,it was the same place1 and the same season1 and also the same hour4 ,daylight was fading away1 and now1 as then1 the rising moon cast a silver ray over the charming face which he was again seeking to read4 ,but this time his questioning look was comprehended1 and the silent response of her beautiful eyes1 as expressive as words1 imparted to the heart that understood it one of those human joys reserved here below for those alone who are capable of a pure1 constant1 peculiar love--a love only worthy of being named after that for ,god4 ,we might now end this story1 and lay down our pen1 without attempting to describe the joy of the family when1 as night came on1 they saw the two absent ones return1 and each one divined from their looks the nature of the conversation which tonight had detained them so long on the banks of the river4 ,but towards the end of an evening so happy1 ,mademoiselle ,josephine unintentionally made an exclamation it may not be useless to add3 8,see6 see60 she cried1 in the exultation of her happiness1 mingled with secret pride at her penetration1 8how right ,i was in thinking ,count ,george6--0 ,she stopped confounded1 suddenly recalling all past precautions1 and fearing she had been imprudent in neglecting them4 ,but ,fleurange unhesitatingly exclaimed3 8,go on1 dear mademoiselle1 go on without any fear1 and boldly pronounce a name ,i now neither shrink from nor seek to hear40 ,and1 as she spoke1 the remembrance of his past tortures crossed ,clement's memory1 giving him a keener sense of his present happiness4 ,she asked him1 in a calm tone1 8,is he still in exile1 or has he been pardoned80 ,clement replied with a smile3 8,no1 he has not been pardoned2 he is still undergoing his sentence to the full extent40 ,after a moment's silence1 he added3 8,i had a letter from ,adelardi this very morning which speaks of him4--,would you like to read it80 ,at an affirmative nod from her1 he took out his pocketbook to find the letter4 ,as he opened it1 a little sprig of myrtle fell out4 ,fleurange immediately recognized it4 8,what6 you still keep that80 said she1 blushing4 ,clement made no reply4 ,he looked at it with emotion2 it was a part of a carefully hoarded treasure1 and for a long time the only joy of his hidden love6 8,never1 no never60 murmured he4 8,that was my reply that evening1 ,gabrielle1 when you promised me a beautiful bride4 ,do you remember it80 8,yes1 for ,i had said the same words an hour before1 and the coincidence struck me40 8,what can we think of it1 now you are really the fiance ,i dreamed of as impossible80 8,that our presentiments are often illusory--and our sentiments also1 ,clement10 added she1 turning towards him her eyes veiled with tears which seemed to implore his pardon4 ,we will not say what ,clement's reply was2 only1 that it made them both completely forget ,adelardi's letter4 ,we will1 however1 lay it before our readers1 who may be less indifferent to its contents than he to whom it was addressed was for the moment4 ,it was dated at ,florence4 ,the marquis1 whose visits at ,rosenheim had become annual1 announced his speedy arrival1 after which he continued3 8,the poor ,princess ,catherine1 after whom you inquire1 has had a return of her malady1 so many times cured1 and it is now increased by dissatisfaction and annoyance more than by age4 ,no one succeeds in taking care of her so well as she whom she still remembers4 ,each new attack renews her regrets1 which have found no compensation in the gratification of her wishes4 ,i have often remarked1 however1 that there is nothing like the realization of a desire to efface the remembrance of the ardor with which it was sought1 and even the transport that hailed its fulfilment4 ,it is certain the princess' actual relations with her son are by no means satisfactory2 they are affected by the illhumor of both parties4 ,george's exile would seem enviable to many2 for the place he inhabits has everything to make it delightful excepting the liberty of leaving it1 and this mars the whole4 ,he can enjoy nothing1 he says1 because everything is forced upon him4 ,there is reason1 therefore1 to fear the future he is preparing for himself and his wife is very ominous4 8,the ,countess ,vera is a beautiful1 noble woman1 capable of selfsacrifice to a certain point1 but haughty1 hightempered1 and jealous to the last degree4 ,she thought the sacrifice she made in marrying ,george in the position he was then in1 would secure his unsteady heart1 and bind him faithfully to her through gratitude4 ,she saw only too soon it was not so1 and that the comparative liberty he had regained was soon regarded as a weary bondage4 ,thence resulted scenes which more than once have disturbed the life whose monotony they are not allowed to break4 ,will you credit it8 ,in one of them1 ,vera1 in the height of her irritation and jealousy1 betrayed the secret hitherto so well guarded1 and declared in her anger that she regretted not having left him to the fate another was so ready to share with him4 ,she afterwards had reason to regret her imprudence1 for ,george exacted a complete revelation1 and the remembrance thus suddenly revived and clad with the double charm of the past and the unattainable caused him in his turn to overwhelm her with the most bitter reproaches4 ,i am not sure but he had the cruelty to tell her he should a thousand times have preferred the fate she saved him from to that he now had to endure with her6--,there can only be one opinion as to this mirage of his imagination2 but1 after all this1 you will not be surprised to hear that they both long with equal ardor for their liberty1 which they must wait for two years longer4 ,according to appearances1 it will be as dangerous for one as for the other4 ,the princess has realized and predicted this since her visit to ,livonia last summer1 where ,i accompanied her4 8,during her stay1 ,george did not spare her any reproaches1 and they were the more keenly felt because she had for a long time seen that the result of her wishes had been a sacrifice of her own comfort and happiness through her opposition to what had at once deprived her of her son and the only companion that had ever satisfied her4 ,and when she is dissatisfied1 she must always vent her anger on some one besides herself4 ,whom do you think she reproached the other day before me for all her troubles8 ,gabrielle6--who1 she said1 did not know how to avail herself of her ascendency three years ago as she should1 and to retain it6 8,since she has seen that ,i by no means sympathize in her regrets--which will not be shared by you either1 ,i suppose1 nor1 ,i like to think1 by her who inspires them--she is offended with me in my turn1 and declares in a melancholy tone that all friends are unfeeling and all children ungrateful6--0 ,clement's reply to this letter hastened the marquis' arrival4 ,he had seen his young friend's hopes spring up and develop1 and would not for the world have been absent from ,rosenheim on the day of their realization4 ,william and ,bertha1 the discreet confidant who knew how to console ,clement in his sufferings without questioning him1 were the only friends1 besides the marquis1 who were admitted that day into this happy family4 ,the wedding was as gay as ,clara's1 but the newly married pair were graver and more thoughtful4 ,they had both passed through severe trials1 which now gave a certain completeness to their happiness1 often wanting here below in the most joyful of festivals4 ,and they also1 in their turn1 set off for ,italy1 and it may be imagined that1 among the places they visited together1 the first to which their hearts led them was that where awaited the ,madre ,maddalena's welcome and blessing4 ,at their return1 ,mademoiselle ,josephine's house1 improved and embellished1 became their home1 on the condition imposed by their old friend that she should dwell under their roof the remainder of her days4 ,was their destiny a happy one8 ,we can safely reply in the affirmative4 ,was it exempt from pains1 sufferings1 and sacrifices8 ,we can deny that still more positively4 ,but it was1 however1 enviable2 for of all earthly happiness1 they possessed what was most desirable1 without ever forgetting that 8life can never be perfectly happy because it is not heaven1 nor wholly unhappy because it is the way thither407#bca7 ,american ,catholics ,and ,partisan ,newspapers4 ,to ,catholics1 as such1 the political discussions of a ,presidential campaign have no special significance4 ,thus far no issues between the two chief parties have particularly affected us4 ,both have generally been careful not to offend us2 and although in local elections questions touching our schools and charities have sometimes become prominent1 in the larger contest our votes have been fairly divided between the ,republican and the ,democratic candidates4 ,if there ever unfortunately arise a distinctively ,catholic party in ,american politics1 it will not be because ,catholics are unwilling to cooperate freely with their ,protestant fellow citizens in secular affairs1 but because we have been thrown upon the defensive by some combination directly and designedly hostile to our religious interests4 ,none know better than we do that there is no excuse in this country for uniting religious with political issues4 ,our constitution gives equal liberty and protection to all1 and we should be sorry to have it otherwise1 for we know that the church makes all the more rapid progress in the ,united ,states by reason of her absolute independence4 ,asking nothing of the state but fair play1 she gives no excuse to her enemies for making any discrimination against her children4 ,her position has been generally understood and approved2 and although there are fiery bigots at all times who rave about the dangerous designs of the papists1 and affect to dread a crusade with torch and sword as soon as we get to be a little stronger1 the good sense of the ,american people has usually treated these sectaries with the indifference they deserve4 ,we have intimated1 however1 in former numbers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 that the chronic anti,catholic agitation might assume a new character which would require on our part a new attitude of resistance4 ,a few years ago1 when the settlement of the issues of the war first seemed to menace the dissolution of the ,republican party1 the most active leaders of that party began to cast about for a 8new departure10 and one of their favorite plans for keeping the organization alive was the scheme of compulsory education by the general government4 ,of this project the ,hon4 ,henry ,wilson was a prominent advocate4 ,it has not yet been formally brought into politics1 for the party has been able to get along without it2 but it has not been abandoned1 and we need not be surprised if it be strongly pushed within the next few years4 ,now1 ,catholics look upon the question of religious education as one of paramount importance4 ,they will not surrender the teaching of their children into the hands of ,protestants and infidels2 they will not consent1 so far as their young people are concerned1 to the separation of religious and secular instruction4 ,any party which seeks directly or indirectly to limit the usefulness or hamper the operations of ,catholic schools1 must prepare to encounter in ,catholics a united and determined resistance4 ,thus far no such conflict has arisen4 ,we may hope that it never will arise4 ,and yet1 during the canvass that has recently closed1 two of the leading organs of ,republican opinion have opened a bitter and apparently concerted warfare upon the ,catholics of the ,united ,states which we cannot help regarding as highly significant4 ,in the midst of a ,presidential campaign1 political organs never make such attacks except for political reasons4 ,the papers to which we refer are in close relations with the party leaders4 ,the ,new ,york ,times became for a time1 when ,the ,tribune abandoned orthodoxy1 the principal ,republican newspaper of the principal state in the ,union4 ,it is known to have reflected with tolerable accuracy the sentiments of the ,republican managers in ,new ,york1 and it has always said what it assumed to be acceptable at the ,white ,house4 ,for a long time it has been notoriously unfriendly to ,catholics4 ,it has amused itself1 in its heavy1 witless way1 laughing at what they hold sacred and abusing all that they respect4 ,until a few months ago1 its offensive utterances seemed to be merely the occasional vulgarities of a bigotry that1 did not know enough to hold its tongue4 ,but when ,mr4 ,francis ,kernan was nominated for ,governor of the ,state of ,new ,york1 its assaults became more methodical1 more vehement1 and apparently more malicious4 ,mr4 ,kernan is a ,catholic2 so ,the ,times instantly denounced him as 8a bigot40 ,an utterly untrue pretence was made that ,democrats were asking ,irishmen to vote for him on account of his religion1 and thus the point was insinuated rather than openly pressed that on account of his religion ,protestants ought to vote against him4 ,for the first time1 to our knowledge1 since ,know,nothing days1 the question of religious belief was dragged into the dirty arena of politics4 ,happily1 the ,catholics as a body kept their temper and their judgment during these infamous proceedings4 ,they refused to be drawn into the discussion which ,the ,times wanted to provoke1 and even when that paper surpassed all its former disreputable acts by reproducing in its columns a forged handbill1 showing the name of ,francis ,kernan surrounding a huge black cross1 and told the public that such were the devices by which the ,democratic candidate sought to inflame the fanatical zeal of his followers1 the ,catholics contented themselves with one word of indignant denial4 ,it would have been a rash display of political courage to which we do not believe ,the ,times capable of rising1 if an open attack had been made upon the ,catholic faith or ,catholic morals4 ,the ,times was even frightened at its own frankness in scolding at ,mr4 ,kernan for a bigot4 ,it professed to be shocked at the introduction of religious affairs into the discussions of the campaign1 and carried on a cowardly anti,catholic warfare under cover of repelling purely imaginary assaults4 ,of course this subterfuge was well understood by all parties4 ,the ,catholics knew that they had done nothing to draw this fire2 the ,protestants also knew it1 and a great many of them were indignant at the transaction4 ,was ,the ,times itself deceived8 ,that is a question which perhaps we should not attempt to answer4 ,in its wild bigotry1 it is capable of believing almost any preposterous falsehood against us2 but it is equally capable of inventing one4 ,some familiarity with the course of political controversies in the ,united ,states has convinced us that in a fight ,the ,times sticks at nothing4 ,it would rather stab an enemy in the back than kill him in open battle4 ,it never gives fairplay2 it never makes amends for a wrongdoing2 it never withdraws a calumny4 ,everybody who has had a controversy with it will bear witness that it is not in the habit of telling the truth about its adversaries4 ,that it is in the habit of consciously1 or1 to speak more correctly1 deliberately1 lying we do not go so far as to say4 ,but there is a kind of falsehood very common with people of strong prejudices to which ,the ,times is greatly addicted4 ,it bears about the same relation to truth that hyperbole bears to historical statement4 ,let us suppose that ,the ,times really imagines the ,catholic ,church to be a dangerous and immoral organization1 and its bishops and supporters in this country to be engaged in an enterprise which ought to be resisted2 with this conviction of the general wickedness of ,catholic principles1 it imagines itself justified in charging upon individual ,catholics a variety of specific crimes for which it has no evidence whatever4 ,catholics are none too good to commit murder1 we can imagine it saying2 therefore let us accuse ,francis ,kernan of killing his grandmother4 ,the ,pope is an impostor2 therefore it cannot be wrong to call ,archbishop ,mc,closkey a thief4 ,indeed1 men who would blush to tell an untruth in private intercourse with their fellowmen have no hesitation in publishing slanderous accusations which they suppose may 8help their party02 and1 if we should say that their conduct in doing so was to the last degree infamous1 they would affect to be shocked by our strong language4 ,the editor of ,the ,times would think twice before he went into a club parlor1 and publicly accused some prominent citizen of a criminal action1 unless he had the strongest possible proof of the commission of the offence4 ,but he makes such accusations every day in his newspaper1 without knowing1 and we presume without caring1 whether they are true or not4 ,anybody whom he dislikes he regards as an outlaw4 ,anybody who comes in his way is a fit subject for the penitentiary4 ,we saw a striking illustration of his entire insensibility to the demands of truth and honor in his behavior towards a rival newspaper a few weeks ago4 ,at the close of the year1 ,the ,times made great efforts to secure the old subscribers of ,the ,tribune1 who were supposed to be dissatisfied with that paper's recent declaration of political independence1 and the means which it took to secure them was one which in any other business would have resulted in a suit for slander and a verdict in very heavy damages4 ,the ,times first circulated a report that ,the ,tribune had sold itself to one of the most disreputable stockgamblers in ,wall ,street1 and then assured the public that the circulation of its competitor had fallen away more than half1 and was rapidly going down to nothing at all4 ,both these stories were well known to be entirely untrue1 and1 if the editor of ,the ,times was not conscious of their falsity when he penned them1 he might easily have learned the truth by a moment's inquiry4 ,but he did not want the truth4 ,he wanted to say something damaging1 and these were the most damaging things he could think of4 ,how much he succeeded in damaging ,mr4 ,kernan by his campaign slanders against ,catholics1 we can guess from the figures of the election4 ,mr4 ,kernan received about #e1jjj more votes for ,governor than ,mr4 ,greeley received in this ,state for ,president2 but he received #e1jjj fewer than the candidate for ,lieutenant,governor on the same ticket4 ,this loss is probably attributable directly to the anti,catholic feeling1 for ,mr4 ,kernan is a gentleman to whom no personal objection could possibly be made except on religious grounds4 ,no doubt an equally large number of voters were repelled1 by the bigotry ,the ,times fostered1 from supporting the ,democratic and ,liberal ticket at all2 so that we shall not pass the bounds of probability if we estimate the fruit of prejudice and falsehood in this case as equivalent to ten thousand votes4 ,catholics are used to injustice1 and they are not quick to resent it4 ,in ,america1 the church has prospered under every sort of obstacle and discouragement short of the direct hostility of the government1 and it is not likely that her course will be stayed by ,the ,new ,york ,times4 ,but it is well for us to look at the situation carefully1 and judge who are our friends4 ,if any political party is to make bigotry part of its stock in trade1 we cannot help taking notice of such a declaration of hostilities1 and we shall govern ourselves accordingly4 ,we have said that ,the ,times and ,harper's ,weekly appear in this matter to have acted in concert4 ,perhaps it is unfair to hold the party managers fully responsible for the utterances of these two violent newspapers2 but we cannot forget that both journals are in close communion with the ,republican administration1 and that both have been governed during the campaign by the judgment of the ,republican leaders4 ,the editor of ,the ,times enjoys the most intimate association with the federal organization popularly known as the 8,customhouse faction0 in ,new ,york ,city2 the editor of ,harper's ,weekly is the personal friend of the ,president1 and speaks the mind of the ,president's chief advisers in ,washington4 ,if1 then1 these two papers have made a systematic assault upon the ,catholic ,church in the midst of a sharp political controversy1 and have taken pains to give their furious ,protestantism a direct political bearing1 the party for which they speak must be prepared to face the responsibility4 ,it should be observed1 however1 in justice to the sensible and unprejudiced members of the party1 that ,harper's ,weekly1 though it may have been encouraged in its bitterness by partisan considerations1 did not draw from such motives its first anti,catholic inspiration4 ,it has always been our enemy4 ,a spirit1 of commercial fanaticism1 the hatred of a religion which it will pay to abuse1 has distinguished the firm of the ,harpers ever since the public has known anything about them4 ,the political campaign of #ahgb made no difference in the tone of their paper2 it merely gave force1 and concentration1 and regularity to the attacks which had previously been spasmodic4 ,how coarsely it attempted to turn to political account the religious bigotry upon which it had always traded may be seen in an article entitled 8,our ,foreign ,church10 published in ,harper's ,weekly of the #adth of ,september last4 ,the writer starts with the assumption that all religious denominations in this country1 except 8the ,romish ,church10 patriotically renounced the authority of their ,european rulers when the ,american republic was founded4 ,the ,methodists 8rejected the control in political and ecclesiastical matters of their founders02 the ,presbyterians repudiated the ,general ,assembly of ,scotland2 ,episcopalians revolted from the ,archbishop of ,canterbury2 the ,jews 8threw themselves boldly into the tide of ,american progress02 while the ,catholic ,church alone stood aloof1 and 8refused to separate itself from its ,european masters10 and conform its organization to the ,declaration of ,independence and the constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,ridiculous as this complaint sounds1 it is no burlesque1 but a faithful synopsis of the nonsense which ,mr4 ,eugene ,lawrence is permitted to print in ,harper's ,weekly4 ,a church of divine origin1 according to this preposterous person1 is to change its divine laws to conform to the requirements of temporary human institutions2 and the political theories of ,thomas ,jefferson are to govern the ordinances of ,jesus ,christ4 ,it is the glory of the true church that she is above all secular constitutions4 ,she has seen the rise and fall of countless dynasties and states2 she will survive the ruin1 if every form of government now known upon earth shall be eventually overthrown4 ,empires1 kingdoms1 republics1 are all alike to her4 ,she was founded for all ages and all climes2 she was not created1 as ,mr4 ,eugene ,lawrence seems to think she ought to have been1 for the exclusive benefit of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,this is a great country2 but we presume that our constitution1 amendments and all1 occupies but an insignificant place in the divine order of the universe4 ,obeying its heavenappointed head1 who did not see fit to choose either ,europe or ,america for the place of his human birth1 the ,roman ,catholic ,church in ,america1 according to ,harper's ,weekly1 is a foreign body1 and1 therefore1 dangerous 7as all foreigners are7 to the peace of society4 8,it is loud in its denunciations of ,american civilization20 it 8furnishes threefourths of the criminals and the paupers who prey upon the ,protestant community02 it never intermits its 8attacks upon the principles of freedom02 and 8its great mass of ignorant voters have been the chief source of our political ills40 ,moreover1 8the unpatriotic conduct of the ,romish population in our chief cities during the rebellion is well known4 ,they formed a constant menace and terror to the loyal citizens2 they thronged the #8peace meetings'2 they strove to divide the ,union2 and when the war was over they placed in office their corrupt leaders1 and plundered the impoverished community40 ,we are almost ashamed to copy1 even for the purpose of denouncing it1 this insult to the memory of our dead ,catholic soldiers4 ,there is not a man in the ,united ,states who does not know of the noble share of these outraged 8,romish0 troops in the terrible struggles of the civil war2 not a man who is ignorant of the splendid record of the ,irish regiments under the ,union flag on every hardfought field from the first ,bull ,run to the last conflict before ,richmond4 8,the ,romish population of our chief cities0 furnished the bone and sinew of more than one gallant army during those four sad years4 ,they gave up their lives for the country of their birth or their adoption with a heroism that stirs every sensitive heart4 ,their priests followed the army on the march and into the fight4 ,their ,sisters of ,charity nursed the wounded and the sick4 ,the greatest of their prelates1 aided by another bishop who is still living1 spent the last remains of his strength in defending the cause of the ,union in hostile foreign capitals4 ,nothing1 in fine1 could be more magnificent than the patriotism with which the adherents of this 8foreign church0 sacrificed life and fortune for their country during its hour of need2 and we have no language to define the infamy of endeavoring to make capital for ,gen4 ,grant by maligning the devoted men whom he led to death at ,shiloh and in the wilderness1 and whose bravery1 we are sure1 he would be the last man to depreciate4 ,and now1 continues the writer in the ,weekly1 as the ,presidential election approaches1 8our foreign church has assumed more openly than ever before the form of a political faction40 8,romish priests0 and 8,romish bishops0 have taken the field as the partisans of ,mr4 ,greeley1 8the candidate of disunion and of religious bigotry06--the italics are ours--and the church is engaged in an attempt 8to place the fallen slaveholders once more in power40 ,for these statements we deliberately declare that there is no justification whatever4 ,mr4 ,eugene ,lawrence invented them out of his own bigotry and malice2 and when he had the folly and insolence to threaten us1 as he did at the close of his article1 with 8the vengeance of the people10 he added to his untruthfulness a degree of hypocrisy which we have rarely seen equalled even in the publications of the house of ,harper ,brothers4 ,we say hypocrisy2 but perhaps that is unfair4 ,mr4 ,lawrence may be silly enough to tremble at the bogies of his own devising4 ,he may imagine that the rest of the world is as much afraid of the ,pope as he is4 ,he may fancy that the whole party of which he is such a hardworking member is burning with desire to take the ,jesuits by the throat and hang them on the nearest lamppost4 ,if he did not suppose that a profitable market could be found for his sensational wares1 he probably would not be at the trouble of the manufacture4 ,if the 8vengeance of the people0 do not menace the ,jesuits1 it will certainly not be the fault of ,mr4 ,lawrence4 ,in the issue of the ,weekly for ,oct4 #ab1 he had a furious narrative of 8,the ,jesuit ,crusade against ,germany10 the points of which are substantially these3 ,the ,jesuits1 with the aid of the ,inquisition 7of which they are the directors7 and of a hired band of convicts and brigands1 obtained the absolute mastery of the city of ,rome and the papal government4 ,the wretched people 8cowered before their ,jesuit rulers10 and within the crumbling walls of the guilty capital 8priests and cardinals perpetrated their enormities unchecked and unseen40 ,they then1 by means of their 8lawless police10 overpowered the cumenical ,council1 and forced it1 8by intimidation and bribes10 to accept the doctrine of infallibility1 to curse liberty and education1 and to set on foot a bloody crusade against political and intellectual freedom4 ,this was in accordance with the ,jesuits' timehonored policy4 8,the fierce and fanatical ,loyola0 used to burn heretics in ,spain and ,italy1 and taught his followers that no mercy should be shown to such offenders4 ,it was the ,jesuits who set on foot the persecutions under ,charles ,v4 and ,philip ,,ii41 and 8excited the unparalleled horrors of the ,thirty ,years' ,war40 ,in #ahgj1 they were getting ready for a new religious war4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 was their chief backer4 ,in fact1 the attack upon ,germany in #ahgj was the result of a conspiracy between ,rome and ,paris1 concluded at the council1 and the purpose of the war was nothing less than the establishment of the ,jesuit ,order on the ruins of prostrate ,germany6 ,for this scheme the ,irish ,catholics of ,dublin1 ,london1 and ,new ,york 8furnished men1 sympathy1 and possibly money40 ,and now that the conspiracy has failed1 and that the papists of ,france have been beaten 7in spite of all the sinews of war so lavishly furnished by the ,irish laborers and servantgirls of ,new ,york71 the ,jesuits are getting1 up another ,european convulsion4 8,the ,romish ,church1 organized into a vast political faction1 is stirring up war in ,europe1 calls upon ,france to lead another religious crusade1 and promises the aid of all the chivalry of ,catholicism in avenging the fall of ,napoleon upon the ,german ,empire40 ,it purposes to involve all the great states of ,europe in a common ruin1 8and erect the ,romish ,see upon the wrecks of the temporal empires40 ,the pilgrimage of ,lourdes is a part of this scheme4 ,the ,catholic ,union is another4 ,the ,international ,society of ,workingmen 7of which the ,jesuits are the secret instigators67 is another4 ,mr4 ,lawrence exhibits the venerable fathers in the unfamiliar garb of communists1 and substitutes the red cap for the beretta with all the effrontery and nonchalance in the world4 ,the ,order which in one column is the detested safeguard of absolutism becomes in the next the raving propagandist of social anarchy1 revolution1 and universal democracy4 ,can any rational person after this condescend to dispute with ,mr4 ,lawrence8 ,as in the other cases to which we have referred1 there was a political moral to this story also4 ,if we would avert this horrible era of blood and fire1 said ,harper's ,weekly1 we must vote for ,general ,grant1 and stand up for the straight ,republican ticket4 ,grant is the firm ally of ,germany against ,jesuitism4 ,grant is the champion of public schools against religious education4 ,grant is the enemy of all manner of ,romish fraud and violence4 ,greeley is the friend of priests and persecutors1 the foe of the ,bible and education1 the accomplice of that infamous 8,jesuit faction0 which 8would rejoice to tear the vitals of ,american freedom1 and rend the breast that has offered it a shelter02 and if he should be elected the 8,jesuit ,society0 would celebrate the victory 8like a new ,s4 ,bartholomew1 with bells1 cannon1 processions1 prayers at the ,vatican10 and hasten 8the rising of the ,catholic chivalry 444 in their sanguinary schemes against the peace and independence of ,germany40 ,such was the wicked nonsense with which ,harper's ,weekly in the autumn of #ahgb attempted to make political capital out of the ignorance and bigotry of its readers4 ,but this was not the worst4 ,the ,jesuits were not only conspirators against political and mental freedom1 they were the principal enemies of the freed people of the ,south4 ,their society 7risum teneatis1 amici7 had 8allied itself with the ,kuklux of ,georgia and ,mississippi06 ,and so infatuated was the ,weekly with the monstrous folly of this tale that week after week it returned to the same slander4 ,on ,oct4 #bf it printed a portrait of the ,most ,reverend ,father,general1 accompanied with one of the most outrageous pages of falsehood and defamation ever put into type4 8,in our country10 says the author of the article1 8the ,jesuit faction has allied itself with the ,ku klux40 8,the ,jesuit ,society assumes the guise of liberalism1 and cheers on the rebel and ,kuklux in their plots against the ,union40 8,in ,america the ,jesuits link themselves with the ,kuklux40 ,they do this because they hate the republic4 ,they denounce1 8with maledictions and threatenings1 the course of modern civilization40 8,the world is in danger from the mad schemes of the triumphant society2 it is rousing ,france to a new crusade with omens and pilgrimages2 it threatens the ,german ,empire with a war more disastrous and destructive than ,europe has ever seen4 ,it summons its adherents to the polls in ,italy2 it guides the elections of ,ireland1 terrifies ,spain1 and even disturbs the repose of ,london2 and in our own country1 so recently torn by civil war1 the papal crusaders1 linked by the tie of perfect obedience1 stand ready to profit by our misfortunes1 and to stimulate our internal dissensions2 to crush those institutions that have ever reproached their own despotism1 and destroy that freedom which is the chief obstacle to their perpetual sway40 ,the picture which the ,weekly draws of these dangerous brethren is horrible enough to throw a child into fits3 8,a dreadful mystery still hangs over them4 ,their proceedings are secret1 their purposes unknown4 ,at the command of an absolute master1 they wander swiftly among the throngs of their fellowmen1 eager only to obey his voice4 ,obedience is to the ,jesuit the first principle of his faith1 instilled into his mind in youth1 perfected by the labors of his later years2 he hears in the slightest intimations of his chief at ,rome the voice of his ,god1 the commands from heaven2 and in the long catalogue of fearful deeds which history ascribes to the disciples of ,loyola1 the first impulse to crime must always have come from the absolute head of the ,order1 and its single aim has always been to advance the power of the ,romish ,church4 ,scarcely had its founder gained the favor of the ,pope1 and fixed his seat at ,rome1 when he revived the ,inquisition4 ,italy trembled before the spectacle of ceaseless autosdafe2 the tortures and the cries of dying heretics1 the ruin of countless families1 the flight of terrified and hopeless throngs from their native land to the friendly shelter of ,germany and ,switzerland1 were the earliest fruits of the relentless teachings of ,loyola4 ,the ,jesuits led the armies of the persecutors into the beautiful ,vaudois valleys1 and the worst atrocities of that mournful example of human wickedness are due to their brutal fanaticism4 ,soon they spread from ,italy through all the kingdoms of ,europe2 everywhere they brought with them their fierce and cruel hatred of religious freedom1 their cunning1 their moral degradation1 their bold and desperate policy4 ,they ruled in courts2 they terrified the people into submission2 they were the most active politicians of their time2 their wealth was enormous2 their schools and colleges spread from ,paris to ,japan2 and for three centuries the name of the ,jesuits1 covered with the infamy of the massacres of the ,vaudois1 the ,huguenots1 the ,hollanders1 and the ,germans1 surrounded by its terrible mystery1 the symbol of a dark and dreadful association1 has filled mankind with horror and affright40 ,the practical conclusion to be drawn from all this rhetoric was that everybody1 and especially every ,german1 ought to vote for ,gen4 ,grant and the straight ,republican anti,jesuit ticket4 ,it was the ,jesuits who 8nominated ,mr4 ,greeley1 a person known to be in friendly connection with the ,romish leaders and closely linked to the ,papal ,church40 ,the ,jesuits 8cover ,grant with monstrous calumnies1 and celebrate the erratic ,greeley40 8,let every ,german beware lest he lend aid to the enemies of his country4 ,let him shrink from the support of any candidate who is maintained by the influence of the ,jesuits40 8,we trust every sincere ,protestant 444 will labor ceaselessly to defeat the schemes of the ,jesuits1 and drive their candidate back to a merited obscurity40 ,and in the same number we find the following wicked paragraph3 8,a ,jesuit1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,renaud1 was appointed some time ago by ,archbishop ,mc,closkey to superintend the ,romish interest in our city charities4 ,the result was at once apparent4 ,the ,jesuits excited a revolt in the ,house of ,refuge4 ,one of the keepers was murdered4 ,one of the convicts was sent to the ,state prison4 ,the rebellion was subdued2 but the ,jesuits still defend the murderer1 and assail with calumnies the ,house of ,refuge1 one of the most valuable and successful of our city institutions4 ,this is a curious confirmation of that dangerous character of the ,jesuit ,society which is painted upon a larger scale in our article in the present number on #8,the ,jesuits4' 0 ,the next slander of the ,weekly was to identify ,tweed with the ,jesuits4 8,when the ,romish priests10 says this astonishing journal 7,nov4 #b1 #ahgb71 8at the command of their foreign master1 began their assaults upon the public schools1 they found a ready ally in the ,tammany ,society4444 ,tammany became the representative of a foreign influence and a foreign church4 ,it was ,european rather than ,american4 ,it teemed with the coarse prejudices1 the dull ignorance1 the intense moral blindness that to ,american sentiment are so repulsive1 with that mental and moral feebleness that belongs to populations racked by the despot and oppressed by the priest40 ,an infamous compact was now struck between ,tammany and the ,papal ,church4 ,the 8,romanists0 supported the political leaders in riotous license1 gross vices1 and indecent corruption2 while an enormous debt was laid upon the city 8to satisfy the demands of the ,romish priests40 ,thus ,tammany1 by the aid of its foreign allies1 became despotic master of ,new ,york4 8,covered with the ineffaceable stains of treason and of public robbery1 its members attempted to rule by force1 and in the spring of #ahga ,new ,york lay at the mercy of rebels1 peculators1 and foreign priests4 ,the press was threatened1 whenever it complained1 with violence1 lawsuits1 and the frowns of infamous courts4 ,the ,common ,council was imported from ,ireland1 and foreign assassins threatened the lives of those ardent citizens who planned reform40 ,the overthrow of the ,tweed and ,connolly ,ring was a stunning defeat for the ,pope and his agents4 ,the nomination of ,greeley and ,kernan 7the one openly1 the other secretly2 a slave of the ,jesuits and the ,inquisition7 was a desperate attempt of the ,jesuits to recover what they had lost4 ,and then followed the usual homily1 8,vote for ,grant10 etc4 ,in this bitter political campaign against the church the writers for ,harper's ,weekly were zealously assisted by their artist1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,nast4 ,this individual has done more to degrade his profession than any other draughtsman we know of1 except1 perhaps1 the makers of lascivious pictures for some of the flash newspapers4 ,he has made a practice of ridiculing the religious belief of hundreds of thousands of honest people who came to ,america1 as he did1 from a foreign land1 because ,america offers to all immigrants the fullest measure of political equality and religious freedom4 ,it has been his pleasure to depict the priest invariably as a sleek1 sensual1 brutal1 and repulsive rogue2 the bishop as a grim1 overbearing1 and cunning despot1 or now and then as a crocodile crawling with open jaws towards a group of children4 ,in the ,weekly of ,oct4 #ab1 he represents ,brother ,jonathan attempting to sever the tie which binds an ,american bishop to the ,pope1 holding out1 as he does so1 a naturalization paper inscribed 8,this ends the foreign allegiance40 ,the ,pope has his arms full of papers3 8,orders to all state officials that are ,roman ,catholics02 8,down with the ,american public schools02 8,the promised land1 ,u4 ,s410 etc42 and the bishop carries similar documents3 8,orders from the ,pope of ,rome to the ,catholics in ,america02 8,vote for ,horace ,greeley02 8,vote for ,kernan2 he is a ,roman ,catholic1 and will obey the orders of the church40 ,another picture1 entitled 8,swinging around the circle10 was intended to represent all the disreputable supporters of ,mr4 ,greeley in company4 8,free love and ,catholicism0 were side by side1 in the persons of ,theodore ,tilton and a priest1 and 8,mass and ,s4 ,c40 figured as a conventional ,irishman with one of the ,kuklux4 ,mr4 ,kernan was drawn 7,nov4 #b7 kneeling1 in an abject attitude1 at the feet of the ,pope 78,our ,foreign ,ruler071 and swearing1 8,i will do your bidding1 as you are infallible02 in the background stood a priest loaded with papal orders against the public schools2 and on the wall was a copy of the forged handbill1 with the legend1 8,for governor1 ,francis ,kernan10 surrounding a black cross4 ,in a picture of the 8,pirates under ,false ,colors10 a priest with a cross held aloft in one hand1 and a tomahawk half hidden in the other1 is a conspicuous figure in a gang of ruffians4 ,in another cartoon a vulgar looking priest is seen sprinkling the ruins of ,tammany ,hall with holy water4 ,now1 we know very well that from one point of view the introduction of these calumnies into politics was fraudulent4 ,mr4 ,greeley certainly had no leaning towards the ,catholic ,church and no affiliations with ,catholic leaders1 and ,gen4 ,grant1 we venture to affirm1 is insensible to the bigotry which his unworthy followers brought up as a reason for his re election4 ,we have nothing to ask of any ,president1 and we give our votes according to our individual preferences4 ,but while we do not purpose acting as a religious body in any political movement1 we do not purpose either to be set aside by any political party as an outlawed and degraded people1 upon whom venal pamphleteers and ignorant politicians may trample at pleasure4 ,if party organs take pains to attack us1 and pour out1 day after day1 and week after week1 their filthy libels upon us1 the party which sanctions such a warfare and tries to reap the fruits of it shall bear the responsibility4 ,the ,catholics of the ,united ,states are too numerous1 too intelligent1 and too publicspirited to be treated with contempt by any faction1 whether that faction call itself ,liberal1 or ,republican1 or ,democratic4 ,we prefer1 as we have often said before1 to let the politicians alone1 and go our various ways in quiet1 some after one leader1 some after another4 ,but it may as well be understood that1 if any of these parties invite an irrepressible conflict with us1 they will find out1 we trust1 that we are not disposed to flinch from the defence of our rights1 which are identical with the rights of all other ,american citizens4 ,brussels4 8,there was a sound of revelry by night1 ,and ,belgium's capital had gather'd then ,her beauty and her chivalry1 and bright ,the lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men4 ,a thousand hearts beat happily2 and when ,music arose with its voluptuous swell1 ,soft eyes look'd love to eyes which spoke again1 ,and all went merry as a marriage bell2 ,but hush6 hark6 a deep sound strikes like a rising knell60 ,childe ,harold4 ,the roar of cannon that ushered in the day of ,waterloo--the deadly ,waterloo1 big with the fate of empires--the fatal ,waterloo1 that sealed the doom of the mighty conqueror1 that hurled him on the prisonisland in the fardistant ocean1 where expiation could be the only consolation of the proud1 haughty heart that knew no law but the iron will1 which1 irresistible to all else1 was shivered on the ,rock of ,peter--was not the first1 and may not be the last1 sound of fearful strife there heard1 as ,belgium has ever been the chosen battlefield of ,europe4 ,and so well is the fact recognized1 that the sole condition on which she now exists as an independent state1 is that of perfect neutrality4 ,no matter what may be her sympathies1 what may be her interests1 she cannot take the sword3 she can only defend her frontier1 and prevent the entrance of either friend or foe4 ,this it is that gives her importance2 her central position1 which makes her the key of the ,continent1 causes ,england to watch over her with tender interest1 gives the mistress of the seas a piedterre in case of a general war--a contingency which may arise at any moment4 ,the late ,king ,leopold ,i41 the ,nestor of the ,european sovereigns1 held an exceptional position2 the head of one of the smallest states1 he had perhaps the largest personal influence4 ,his sagacity and experience made his advice sought and respected by all4 ,when1 in the revolution of #ahdh1 thrones were tumbling down1 and kings flying in every direction1 of course ,brussels had to follow the prevailing fashion1 and1 without knowing exactly what was wanted1 the ,bruxellois assembled around the palace2 but before they could state their grievances1 ,leopold appeared upon the balcony1 told them there was no necessity of any demonstration2 he had come to ,brussels at their invitation1 and was ready to leave1 if his departure would make them happier4 ,whereupon they reconsidered the question1 and concluded to let well enough alone4 ,after the separation of ,holland and ,belgium1 ,brussels increased rapidly1 and is now one of the pleasantest capitals in ,europe4 ,the new part of the city1 the ,quartier ,leopold1 is a beautiful faubourg1 and the boulevards that encircle the city with a belt of green verdure1 furnish a delightful promenade4 ,the park1 a portion of the forest of ,soignes1 is charming2 the great trees meet in arches1 and shade the crowds of ladies and children1 who live in the open air on fine days4 ,on ,sundays1 the military bands play from #b to #c ,p4,m42 and every summer evening1 from the #ast of ,june to the #ast of ,september1 the orchestra of the ,grand ,opera gives concerts in the kiosk of the ,quinconce1 the flowergarden of the park4 ,life in ,brussels is very pleasant1 easy1 and independent2 all the appliances of modern civilization are within reach1 botanical and zoological gardens1 picture galleries1 theatres2 the opera is a permanent fact1 at a reasonable rate2 the orchestra led by ,hanssens 7recently departed for another world7 was admirable2 numbered among the violinists ,de ,beriot1 blind1 but playing always with rare skill1 and the other artists were of equal merit4 ,of late years ,brussels has become a foyer for discontented spirits-- 8,black spirits and white1 ,red spirits and gray4 ,mingle1 mingle1 mingle1 ,you that mingle may40 ,and mingle they do without fear of mouchards1 and air their opinions1 no matter how wild and dangerous4 ,if they go a little too far1 the government or persons attacked interchange a few diplomatic notes with the ,belgian authorities1 and then the police politely request them either to be silent or try another dwellingplace4 ,prim was for a long time resident1 but one fine morning was advised to take his departure1 as his intrigues were becoming too open and dangerous1 but had been kept secret long enough to lay the mine that exploded and blew the ,queen of ,spain into ,france2 and ,henri ,rochefort1 driven from ,france1 issued his ,lanterne1 which threw light on many facts then thought to be false1 but which events proved to have been only too true4 ,brussels is a paradise for women of taste2 for where else can be found such laces and fairy webs1 such garnitures of point de ,bruxelles1 of ,valenciennes1 of ,malines1 of ,duchesse8 ,a morning stroll down the ,montagne de la ,cour and the ,madeleine is a feast for the eye1 for lacemaking is one of the fine arts2 the large houses employ three or four firstclass artists to draw the designs1 and1 as the competition is great1 the efforts to surpass are immense4 ,in making up a bride's trousseau1 it is etiquette for the mother of the bride to give the white laces1 the happy bridegroom the black2 and the prices where the parties are wealthy run up to an enormous amount4 ,the gold embroideries are equally beautiful2 in one fabrique we saw a set of vestments just finished for the ,cathedral of ,tournai2 they were for ,lent1 and were violet1 with the instruments of the ,passion exquisitely done in raised embroidery4 ,the effect was admirable2 on the back of the chasuble was the cross with the spear and the sponge1 and so perfect was the sponge it seemed as though it could be grasped4 ,the column was on the front of the vestment4 ,it was a complete set for priest1 deacon1 and sub deacon1 with five copes1 so that the artist had full opportunity for the display of his talent4 ,the same house had recently sent off the dresses for the ,empress of ,austria and the ladies of her court1 to be worn when they walked in the procession on the ,feast of ,corpus ,christi4 ,specimens of the embroidery1 which was of silver on white satin1 were shown us1 and1 judging by what we saw1 the effect of the whole must have been charming4 ,the ,muse ,ancien is devoted to the artists of the past4 ,hubert and ,jean ,van ,eyck1 whose discovery of the use of oil in mixing colors revolutionized art1 are represented by the 8,adam and ,eve0 and the 8,adoration of the ,magi40 ,holbein's portrait of ,sir ,thomas ,more is worthy of the subject and the artist4 ,crayer's ,saints and ,martyrdoms abound2 one1 the 8,apparition of ,our ,lord to ,s4 ,julien10 illustrates the beautiful legend of ,s4 ,julien and his wife1 ,s4 ,basilisse1 who founded a hospital1 where they received and tended the sick poor4 ,one winter night1 hearing sighs and groans at the door1 ,s4 ,julien went out1 and found a man nearly frozen to death4 ,he carried him in1 warmed him before the fire1 restored him to consciousness1 and then laid him in his own bed4 ,the next morning the holy couple went in to see their guest4 ,the bed was empty1 and1 as they approached it1 ,jesus1 for it was he who had taken the form of the poor sick man to try their charity1 appeared to them1 and said1 8,julien1 ,i am your ,lord and ,saviour1 who announces to you that ere long you and your wife will repose in ,god40 ,the 8,martyrdom of ,s4 ,peter10 by ,van ,dyck1 is terrible4 ,the saint is fastened to the cross1 and three men are placing it in the ground4 ,one1 kneeling1 is endeavoring to push the end of the cross into the hole prepared to receive it1 another supports the cross on his shoulders1 the third steadies it4 ,meanwhile1 all the blood in ,s4 ,peter's body seems to have descended into his head and face1 which is brickdust color1 and looks as though it would burst4 ,altogether it is a fearful picture1 so lifelike that one waits to hear the thump the cross will give when finally placed4 ,such pictures make us appreciate our featherbed ,christianity1 the comfortable way we try to gain heaven and at the same time keep up an agreeable acquaintance with the world1 and perhaps its friend1 the devil4 ,the finest ,rubens in this ,muse is 8,christ ascending ,calvary40 ,it is when he is met by ,s4 ,veronica and some other women1 who are magnificently dressed1 thus making the contrast greater between them and the exhausted1 bloodstained figure of ,our ,lord1 who is sinking beneath the weight of the cross1 and the agonized face of his blessed ,mother1 who1 supported by ,s4 ,john1 is advancing with outstretched hands to the assistance of her beloved ,one4 ,the flowerpieces by ,seghers1 the famous ,jesuit painter1 are exquisite2 interiors by ,cuyp and ,teniers1 displaying their delicate care and finish1 are numerous2 pictures by ,rembrandt1 with all his wonderful effects of light and shade2 some charming faces by ,velasquez--two lovely little girls handinhand1 who look as if they would step out of the frame and speak2 two splendid halflengths of ,albert and ,isabella1 by ,rubens1 whose portraits are always admirable2 and some very good specimens of the ,italian school1 among which are a ,madonna of ,sassoferrato1 and a portrait of a young woman1 by ,guercina1 which is very beautiful4 ,the ,muse ,moderne is a collection of the modern ,belgian school1 which deservedly ranks among the first4 8,hagar in the ,desert10 by ,navez1 is as touchingly beautiful as any of the masterpieces of the great past2 ,leys1 ,wiertz1 ,gallait1 ,portaels1 whose 8,fuite en ,egypte0 is found everywhere1 are men whose genius is recognized by all ,europe2 ,van ,schendel has produced effects of light as remarkable as ,rembrandt2 ,willems and ,stevens in finish rival ,cuyp and ,teniers2 and ,verboekhoven's cattlepieces are unsurpassed4 ,art is encouraged and fostered by the government2 every year there is a grand competition for the 8,prix de ,rome02 a committee is appointed by the crown to decide upon the merit of the pictures1 and the successful one receives the ,prix de ,rome1 which is four thousand francs1 a sum sufficient to maintain a student in ,rome1 in artist style1 three years1 while he continues his studies4 ,brussels is comparatively modern2 it was a mere village when ,malines1 ,louvain1 and other towns had acquired importance4 ,in #ajje1 it passed by marriage into the possession of the ,comtes de ,louvain1 under whom it rapidly increased2 in #ajdj1 it was surrounded by massive walls1 of which some portions still remain in the garden of the ,cur of ,s4 ,gudule4 ,in #aajf1 ,comte ,godfrey le ,barbu acquired the title of ,duc de ,brabant1 but ,louvain continued the most important town in the duchy1 and preserved the title of capital until the time of ,albert and ,isabella1 who preferred ,brussels on account of its healthful climate and the vicinity of the well stocked forest of ,soignies4 ,the ,grande ,place of ,brussels is unique2 any change is forbidden by law2 as it has been for generations1 so it must remain2 and when one descends suddenly from the park and boulevards1 brilliant and gay with all the sparkle of modern life1 into the ,grande ,place1 it is like another world4 ,the ,htel de ,ville is on one side2 opposite is the ,maison du ,roi1 adorned with a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 beneath which is the legend1 ,a ,feste1 ,fame et ,bello1 libera nos1 ,maria ,pacis1 placed there in #afbe by ,isabella in gratitude to our ,lady of ,peace1 for having delivered the city from plague1 famine1 and war4 ,in the place immediately below1 is the noble monument erected in reparation to the memory of the unfortunate ,comtes d',egmont and de ,hornes1 on the spot on which1 as the inscription runs1 8they were unjustly executed by the decree of the cruel ,duc d',albe40 ,it was unjust and cruel1 but still we cannot judge the past by the present4 ,then1 principles were positive facts1 not vagaries expected to give way at any moment to expediency1 but realities plain and palpable1 upon which depended not only this perishable present1 but the neverending future1 with its eternity of weal or woe4 ,as men were expected to live up to their principles1 so were they expected to die for them4 ,it is a high standard by which to live1 but it is the safest4 ,we fancy nowadays that the cruelty then dealt out for thoughts and opinions was abominable1 but we forget that those ideas1 those thoughts1 produced the frightful effects of the ravages of the ,gueux1 of the orgies of ,john of ,leyden2 that from religious they degenerated into social excesses of the lowest kind--excesses which1 if prolonged1 would have reduced ,christian ,europe to ,vandal barbarism4 ,and so the brave1 unfortunate ,comte d',egmont1 the hero1 whose valor contributed so signally to the brilliant victory of ,philip ,,ii4 at ,st4 ,quentin1 lost his life for having tampered with the political sectaries1 or rather by being led into the snare by the ,prince of ,orange2 when too late1 he saw his error1 which was only political2 his faith he ever kept pure and untarnished4 ,the ,prince of ,orange1 on the eve of leaving ,brussels to join the enemy in ,germany1 urged him to go1 but ,egmont refused2 the prince told him if he remained he would be lost2 that he was a fool to run the risk4 ,friends until then1 they parted in anger4 ,egmont spurned him1 and said1 8,adieu1 prince sans terre02 the prince replied1 8,adieu1 comte sans tte0--words which were too fatally verified soon after4 ,the ,maison du ,roi is now occupied by the ,cercle ,artistique et ,littraire1 and it was in a small room in the second story that ,comte d',egmont passed the night preceding his death1 and wrote those touching farewell letters to his wife and the ,king of ,spain which reveal the nobleness of his character4 ,the famous picture by ,gallait1 8,la tte d'un supplici10 is a portrait of ,egmont4 ,we have seen the original in the atelier of ,gallait1 and he assured us it was an accurate resemblance4 ,requiescat in pace4 ,the ,htel de ,ville on the ,grande ,place is the finest of the municipal palaces found in almost every city of ,belgium4 ,it is built round a quadrangle1 and the oldest part is the wing to the east of the tower1 commenced in #adjb1 at the angles of which are elegant turrets2 the faade consists of a gallery of open arches1 surmounted by the ,grande ,brtque1 a balcony from whence proclamations were made2 above this are two rows of windows1 and an enormous battlemented roof1 pierced with thirtyseven dormer windows4 ,the tower is #ccj feet high2 the lower half1 from the basement to the summit of the roof1 is square2 the upper part1 built in #addd1 is octagonal1 surmounted by a magnificent spire of openwork1 remarkable for its lightness and delicacy2 on its apex is fixed a table of stone1 twelve feet in circumference1 and on this stone a globe of copper1 supporting a colossal figure of ,s4 ,michael trampling on the devil1 thirteen feet high1 made of a number of thin plates of coppergilt1 in #aded1 which serves as a weathercock1 and turns with the least breath of wind4 ,there is a shocking tradition1 currently reported1 but not positively confirmed1 that the architect of the beautiful tower hung himself on its completion1 because he had not placed it exactly in the centre of the faade2 which certainly did not remedy the evil1 as putting himself out of the world did not put the tower in the right place4 ,the first story of the ,htel de ,ville contains a gallery in which are magnificent fulllength portraits of ,philippe le ,beau1 ,charles ,v41 ,philip ,,ii41 ,albert and ,isabella1 and other dignitaries2 the councilroom1 audiencechamber1 and all the other apartments are splendidly ornamented1 the walls hung with ,gobelin tapestry1 representing scenes in the life of ,clovis and ,clotilda4 ,the ceiling of the councilchamber is a masterpiece of ,janssens1 in which the most extraordinary effects of light and shade are produced2 it represents an assembly of the gods1 and their majesties vary in their positions as they are seen from different points4 ,the remainder of the ,grande ,place is lined with venerable old houses1 terminating in fantastic gables1 most of which were originally the halls of various guilds and corporations2 their faades pierced with numerous odd little windows and covered with quaint designs1 basreliefs1 pilasters1 balustrades1 and inscriptions2 some of the houses are gilded1 which adds to the picturesque appearance of the place1 and on the summit of the ,brewers' ,guild is a fine equestrian statue of ,prince ,charles of ,lorraine--the good prince1 as he is still affectionately called4 ,in medival times1 the ,grande ,place was the ordinary scene of tournaments and executions2 here the ,knights of the ,golden ,fleece held their brilliant runions1 and ,philip l',asseur and ,charles ,v4 gave splendid ftes1 which in the reign of ,philip ,,ii4 were succeeded by very different scenes1 under the stern rule of the ,duc d',albe4 ,just behind the ,htel de ,ville1 at the corner of the ,rue du ,chne and the ,rue de l',etuve1 is the beloved little statue of the 8,premier ,bourgeois de ,bruxelles40 ,the present bronze statue1 after a model by ,duquesnoy1 was made in #afai1 and this replaced an old stone statue which is said to have existed in the ,i,xth century4 ,its origin is not known1 but the favorite tradition is that it represents a youthful ,duc de ,brabant1 whose father dying left him an infant of three years under the regency of his mother1 the ,duchesse ,lutgarde4 ,the neighboring ,comte de ,malines coveted the fair inheritance1 declared war against the boyduc1 and approached ,brussels1 determined to take it by force of arms4 ,the ,brabanons flew to defend the rightful heir1 and1 when the decisive day arrived1 they besought the duchesse to let them carry the little fellow in his cradle1 and suspend it from a great oaktree that overlooked the battlefield4 ,the duchesse in tears consented1 accompanied them to the field of ,ransbeek1 and remained by the tree1 from the highest branch of which the cradle was suspended4 ,the battle raged with fury2 three times the ,brabanons were driven back to the tree1 but the sight of the brave little boy1 who looked on with intense interest1 never exhibiting fear or impatience1 spurred them on to fresh efforts2 at last the day was won1 and the cradle carried back in triumph to ,brussels1 the duchesse radiant with joy4 ,to commemorate the event1 the oaktree was transplanted to ,brussels1 placed at the corner of a street1 since then called ,rue du ,chne1 and the statue erected at its side2 in the course of time1 the tree has disappeared1 but the statue remains1 the object of undying love and interest4 ,to steal it is considered an impossibility2 in #aehe1 he was seized and carried off to ,antwerp1 but was speedily recaptured and brought home in triumph by a small party of ,bruxellois2 again he was taken away in a baggagewagon by the ,english troops after the battle of ,fontenoy1 and1 on being recovered1 was allowed for a short time to delight by his presence the inhabitants of ,grammont1 until he was reclaimed by the ,bruxellois4 ,in #agdg1 he was stolen by some soldiers of ,louis ,,xv41 and again a few years later by two ,english soldiers1 who1 however1 found him too heavy to carry away2 the last time he was disturbed was in #ahag1 but the same good fortune attended him1 and he was again recovered1 to the great joy of the ,bruxellois1 who look upon him as the good genius of the city1 and consider his loss a public calamity4 ,in the ,x,v,ith century1 ,louvain and ,brussels gave him two splendid dresses for ftedays2 ,charles ,v4 presented him with a complete suit1 and settled a pension on him4 ,in #afih1 the ,elector of ,bavaria not only gave him a uniform1 but invested him with a military order1 and appointed a valetde chambre to wait on him4 ,peter the ,great visited him1 and added to his pension4 ,in #agdg1 ,louis ,,xv4 made him a knight1 and solemnly decorated him with the ,order of ,s4 ,louis1 at the same time presenting him with a suit of goldlaced uniform1 a chapeaubros1 and a sword2 and in #aghj he was the first who wore the national cockade of ,brabant1 hence his present title1 8,le ,premier ,bourgeois de ,bruxelles40 ,on national ftes1 and during the ,kermesse in ,july1 he is always dressed in the uniform of the ,garde ,civique1 which he has worn since #ahcj1 his numerous orders displayed on his infant breast4 ,in addition to these gifts1 several persons have made him presents1 while some have actually remembered him in their wills4 ,he thus possesses a positive revenue which is regularly paid1 a treasurer who is responsible for his disbursements1 a lawyer1 and a valetdechambre2 and let any stranger beware of ever speaking disrespectfully or slightingly to any ,bruxellois of the 8,premier ,bourgeois de ,bruxelles06 ,brussels abounds in charitable institutions and convents of every order2 some are peculiar to the place4 ,there is but one house in the world of the 8,dames de ,berlaimont0--an order of canonesses who follow the rule of ,s4 ,augustine--and it was founded by the ,comtesse de ,berlaimont1 whose husband was one of the great officers of the court of ,charles ,v4 ,it is eminently aristocratic in its design4 ,any number of quarterings was required for the fair candidates in the palmy days of the old rgime1 but ideas have been modified by the wheel of the revolution1 and now1 if the head and heart are right1 whether the blood is more or less blue is not strictly considered4 ,the convent is splendid1 the canonesses charming1 and the education received by the young ladies under their charge leaves nothing to be desired4 ,convents of ,poor ,clares are now few and far between2 one is still found in ,brussels4 ,the rule is very strict--the strictest1 we believe1 for women in the world1 not even excepting those of the ,trappistines and ,carmelites4 ,it is forbidden to see strangers1 but the superioress graciously relented in our favor1 drew aside the heavy serge curtain behind double iron grilles armed with spikes1 and told us we could look at her1 but not speak4 ,this announcement was made before the curtain was drawn4 ,we kept profound silence1 and for a few moments contemplated the figure1 that stood motionless and speechless4 ,what could have carried her there1 from family1 from home with all its charms8 ,at the moment of solemn choice1 the world enters but little into the thoughts3 it is the strong ties that ,god and nature have implanted in the human heart that are the hardest to unloose4 ,she had left all for the rigid rule1 for the selfdenying life1 of a ,poor ,clare2 the happy unbroken sleep of youth for the broken night of prayer and meditation2 and1 when sleeping1 not even to lie down1 but to sit half upright2 to go barefooted1 never to touch meat1 never to speak--only imagine it1 a woman1 and never to speak6--never to her fellowbeings--ever to ,god4 ,it was for him she had left home and friends1 to find her eternal home and the neverfailing ,friend2 to be thirteen hours a day in prayer and adoration before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 to expiate by her life the sins of the world around her4 ,it is a wonderful life1 a supernatural life2 but1 when truly desired1 supernatural grace is given to lead it courageously to the grave4 ,the oldest church in ,brussels is ,notre ,dame de la ,chapelle1 in the ,rue ,haute1 which derives its name from having been at first a simple oratory in which the great ,s4 ,boniface1 the apostle of ,germany1 had said ,mass4 ,the style is ,gothic1 and recently the choir1 which is very fine1 has been restored2 it had been disfigured by an atrocious high altar in the style of the ,renaissance2 but in this reign of good taste it was decided to remove it1 and in making the changes it was found there was a false wall1 which1 on being destroyed1 disclosed the beautiful circle of the apse1 which is remarkable for having the presbyterium and the credencetable cut in the wall1 something that has only been found in two other churches--one in ,france1 another in ,germany4 ,notre ,dame des ,victoires--or ,notre ,dame du ,sablon1 as it is more generally called from its situation on the ,place du ,petit ,sablon--is in the form of a ,latin cross1 with a polygonal apse to the choir4 ,the ,place du ,petit ,sablon during several centuries was the favorite residence of the aristocracy1 and is yet surrounded by the ,htel de ,merode1 and the palace of the ,duc d',aremberg1 which was formerly occupied by ,comte d',egmont4 ,consequently in this church the monuments are very fine1 especially the mortuary chapel of the ,princes of ,tour and ,taxis1 in which is an exquisite statue of ,s4 ,ursula1 by ,duquesnoy1 and the tombs of the ,de ,hornes1 d',egmonts1 and ,de ,chimay4 ,the beautiful collegiate church of ,,ss4 ,michel and ,gudule is built on a height formerly called ,mont ,st4 ,michel1 and its great towers dominate the city1 and can be seen from every point4 ,its plan is cruciform4 ,the choir is entirely surrounded by chapels1 from which it is separated by double rows of columns2 on one side is the ,chapel du ,saint,sacrement de ,miracle1 on the other the ,chapel of the ,blessed ,virgin1 behind that of ,s4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,it is a magnificent church1 one of the richest in ,belgium1 and the vestments and appointments are superb4 ,the laces are a treasure in themselves--laces which now cannot be bought1 are used in the sanctuary1 and the vestments and antependiums are of corresponding magnificence4 ,one antependium1 which is the ,lamb surrounded by the symbols of the four evangelists1 is considered the finest piece of embroidery in ,belgium4 ,but the glory of ,s4 ,gudule is not the gold1 and silver1 and lace1 but the ,trs,saint,sacrement de ,miracle1 which is there preserved1 and which is the object of the profoundest love and veneration4 ,for it did ,charles ,v4 build the exquisite chapel whose four splendid windows were presents from his sisters1 the ,queens of ,portugal and ,hungary1 his brother ,ferdinand1 ,king of the ,romans1 and ,francis ,i4 of ,france4 ,sovereigns1 princes1 nobles1 and people for five hundred years have adored the sacred ,body of our ,lord1 so cruelly profaned and outraged by the ,jews1 on ,good ,friday of #acgj1 who on that day1 the day of ,redemption1 assembled in their synagogue1 and stabbed the consecrated hosts stolen from ,s4 ,catherine's1 and1 when they stabbed them1 the blood which had flowed for them on ,calvary1 flowed again beneath their sacrilegious hands4 ,day and night reparation is offered2 the synagogue is now a chapelle expiatoire1 attached to which is a community for perpetual adoration1 and the ,confrrie du ,trs,saint,sacrement de ,miracle1 established in ,s4 ,gudule1 embraces thousands4 ,the ,duc d',aremberg gave the monstrance1 which is a cross of diamonds1 surmounted by a triple crown of diamonds1 from which hangs a little ship of the same precious stones1 presented by the captain and crew of a vessel1 in gratitude for delivery from shipwreck4 ,marie ,antoinette sent her wedding necklace of diamonds to be suspended around it1 and the lamps around the sanctuary are kept burning by the children of the family d',aremberg4 ,the great ornament of the nave is the pulpit1 elaborately and exquisitely carved in oak by ,verbruggen in #afii1 originally in the church of the ,jesuits1 in ,louvain1 and1 on the suppression of the ,order1 given to ,s4 ,gudule by ,maria ,theresa1 in #aggf4 ,the lower part represents the expulsion of ,adam and ,eve from ,paradise by the angel of the ,lord1 armed with a flaming sword4 ,on the left is seen ,death gliding around with his dart4 ,the pulpit itself1 in the hollow of the globe1 is supported by the tree of knowledge1 crawling up which is the serpent1 while on the extreme summit stands the ,blessed ,virgin holding her divine ,son1 whom she is assisting to bruise the serpent's head with a large cross4 ,on either side the railing of the steps is formed by a hedge in which numerous birds are enjoying themselves2 on the side of ,adam are the eagle1 the jay1 and a monkey2 while in the vicinity of ,eve are the peacock1 the ape1 and the parrot4 ,and why these birds are there is the result of a little domestic disagreement between the artist ,henri ,verbruggen and his wife ,martha ,van ,meeren1 whom he married1 hoping to find a tenth muse1 but who only proved a prosaic everyday somebody1 who fretted herself to death because ,henri loved pleasure even more than art1 and1 while amusing himself with his friends1 forgot there was no money in the house1 nothing in the larder1 nothing wherewith to dress ,mme4 and ,mlle4 ,verbruggen4 ,poor ,martha1 who loved order1 and would have been the treasure of some honest burgher1 only provoked and irritated ,henri by her occasional plain statement of facts4 ,affairs were in this sad condition when the ,jesuits of ,louvain1 knowing the splendid talent of ,verbruggen1 ordered a pulpit for their church4 ,the artist was enchanted4 ,here was a field for his genius2 he immediately conceived an admirable work1 which should contain1 as in a book1 the whole history of the ,christian religion4 ,said he1 8,i will make a globe1 which will represent the earth1 under which ,i will place ,adam and ,eve1 the moment after their fatal disobedience1 which entailed on us such misery4 ,this globe will be the pulpit1 the canopy of heaven will cover it1 the tree of knowledge will overshadow it1 around which will creep the serpent1 and above1 ,mary1 crowned with stars1 the moon at her feet1 her infant ,son before her1 will bruise the serpent's head with the cross4 ,by the side of the man ,i will place the cherubim with the flaming sword2 near the woman1 young and beautiful1 hideous death--that will be a contrast60 ,the artist commenced his work with ardor4 ,the wood grew animated beneath his fingers4 ,but pleasure for ever distracted him2 the more people admired1 the more he amused himself4 ,martha was miserable2 she could see no hope of order and plenty4 ,irritated by the complaints of his wife1 ,verbruggen determined to revenge himself in his chefd'uvre1 and so perpetuate his vengeance4 ,he was making the stairs of the pulpit4 ,in his angry malice1 ,verbruggen thought he would punish ,martha by placing satirical emblems to characterize women4 ,on the staircase1 by the side of ,eve1 who has just sinned1 and who still holds the apple1 he placed1 as symbols1 a peacock for pride1 a squirrel for destructiveness1 a cock for noise1 an ape for malice--four defects of which poor ,martha was totally innocent4 ,man he made with pleasure4 ,on his side he placed1 first1 an eagle1 to typify genius--but just then ,martha bade adieu to the world and her troubles1 and ,verbruggen was a happy widower4 ,too late1 the sculptor understood his loss2 the gentle1 patient wife was gone1 and now he only remembered her good qualities2 his courage and energy forsook him2 he could not work4 ,months rolled on2 his friends pitied him1 and tried to rouse him from his deep despondency4 8,you weep for ,martha10 said they2 8there are others as good2 you are only thirtysix--marry ,cecile ,byns4 ,she is joyous and lively like you4 ,she will be a mother to your daughter1 a charming companion for you40 ,verbruggen listened to the good advice2 he asked the hand of ,cecile ,byns1 who was one of those women that rule while laughing1 that carry the point while appearing to submit4 ,cecile knew her power over ,verbruggen1 and made him obey4 8,i love you10 said she1 8but ,i will not marry you until the work which will make me proud of the name of ,verbruggen is finished40 8,only say the word10 replied ,henri1 8and ,i will complete it40 ,accompanied by her mother1 she visited his atelier4 ,she asked the explanation of the emblems he had placed on the side of ,eve4 ,the sculptor blushed4 8,when ,i made what astonishes you10 he stammered1 8,i did not know ,cecile ,byns40 8,very well10 replied the young lady2 8but after the symbols of our defects1 which perhaps we have not1 how do you intend to designate your own noble sex80 8,i had just commenced10 he answered1 blushing redder than before4 8,you already see the eagle1 perhaps it typifies vanity40 8,not at all10 interrupted ,cecile4 8,the eagle is a bird of prey1 an emblem of brutal tyranny4 ,what do you intend adding80 ,verbruggen was silent4 ,cecile continued3 8,to be just to men1 as you fancied you were towards us1 you will place near the eagle a fox1 a symbol of vain gossip2 a monkey eating grapes1 for drunkenness2 a jay1 for foolish pride4 ,you must avow1 my dear ,verbruggen1 these defects belong to men as much as the faults you have given to us1 and which adorn the other staircase4 ,and now1 when this great work is completed1 ,i will accompany you to the altar40 ,the sculptor did not reply4 ,he obeyed1 fulfilled faithfully the orders given1 and received for reward the hand of ,cecile ,byns2 since which happy event he was never known to offer any further insult to the devout female sex4 ,and so the pulpit was finished and placed in the church of the ,jesuits in ,louvain1 where it was the object of universal admiration1 as it still continues to be in beautiful ,s4 ,gudule the pride and joy of ,brussels4 ,sayings ,of ,s4 ,john ,climacus4 ,it is better to displease our relatives than displease ,god4 ,obedience is simply going about anything without any judgment of our own4 ,let your conscience be the mirror in which you behold the nature of your obedience4 ,a new wound is easily closed and healed2 but the old wounds of the soul are cured1 if ever1 with great difficulty4 ,he is truly virtuous who expects his death every day2 but he is a saint who desires it every hour4 ,marriage ,in ,the ,nineteenth ,century4 8,heaven and earth shall pass1 but my words shall not pass40--,matt4 xxiv4 #ce4 ,it is only truth that is immutable in this world1 and only truth's representative that dare speak today the same language it spoke eighteen1 twelve1 or three centuries ago4 ,truth cannot progress1 for it partakes of the nature of ,god's perfection2 it is not an ideal of our own evolving1 susceptible of improvement as our knowledge grows wider1 but a type towards which we are1 on the contrary1 making slow stages of assimilation4 ,of all individual parts of truth1 hardly one of which remains in our day unassailed1 none is so fiercely attacked as the truth about marriage4 ,and yet1 as we have shown in a previous paper17#bcb7 almost every argument against it has repeatedly been put forward by barbarians and ,romans1 ,byzantine emperors and feudal chiefs1 and borne out by all the imposing display of military force1 legal servility1 and even ecclesiastical truculence4 ,one might almost say of the agitation against marriage in our day1 8,what has been will be1 and what will be has been40 ,if it is no longer in the individual passions of kings and nobles that the conflict centres1 it is still a 8sovereign0 who plays the part of ,philip ,augustus or ,henry ,,viii4--the 8sovereign people40 ,instead of one mighty colossus1 it is a legion of personally obscure individuals which the church finds opposed to her2 but the principle is the same1 the issue is identical4 ,what councils and embassies did formerly is now done oftener and in privacy2 new agencies have widened the possibilities of communication1 of discussion1 and of adjustment1 and causes are more rapidly multiplied1 as well as more speedily settled4 ,the press has lent its power to the altar1 and redeemed1 in part1 its too wellearned reputation as a pander and a tempter2 and besides these new helps1 we have1 as of old1 all those ofttried resources of personal eloquence1 canonical censures1 and grievous penances4 ,still the question is exactly the same in the nineteenth as it was in all preceding centuries3 ,shall passion or reason rule mankind8 ,shall the most sacred of all rights of property be protected and maintained1 or shall communism be allowed gradually to extirpate the human race8 ,the historian ,rohrbacher1 whom we have often quoted in the paper referred to above1 specially insists upon the confusion which the legalized disruption or total disregard of the marriage vow would introduce into society1 and supports his opinion by that of ,de ,maistre4 ,he also adduces the argument that1 since the creation of man in the earthly ,paradise was a perfect and complete act1 and only one woman was there joined to one man1 therefore the union of one man and one woman was distinctly ,god's type of what he meant all future unions to be4 ,we might speak of many ,scripture proofs of the original institution of marriage being a state of perpetual monogamy until death1 but such proofs would involve too lengthy a sketch of one portion of the subject1 and this aspect has been so often discussed that we turn with a feeling of relief to any less hackneyed view of the question4 ,speaking broadly1 we may say that the ,hebrews were the first1 as they were for a long time the only1 people whose laws protected both the honor and the property of women4 ,because they did so1 they were also most stringent as regards the tie of marriage4 ,again1 with them ancestry and descent were of paramount importance1 and every family jealously guarded its record and registers2 this also implied a strict protection of marriage1 and1 in fact1 would have been impossible without it4 ,even when dispensations were allowed the ,jews 8because of the hardness of their hearts10 the son of the first wife was not to be put aside for the son of the second1 if the latter were more pleasing to her husband than the former1 and this because the sacred rights acquired at her betrothal were absolutely inalienable47#bcc7 ,in the marriages mentioned in the ,old ,testament1 the consent of the woman is always formally asked17#bcd7 and she is considered competent to inherit property and transfer it to her husband47#bce7 ,among other nations of antiquity1 the more truth was obscured in their religious forms1 the more degraded became their ideal of marriage4 ,this is patent even among such civilized nations as the ,greeks and ,romans2 the whole of mythology is a deification of the passion of lust1 and a caricature on marriage4 ,still1 where greater genius abounds1 there also we find glimpses of a higher morality4 ,for instance1 in ,homer's magnificent poems1 conjugal love and fidelity stand out nobly as the themes of his especial admiration4 ,it would require a thorough examination of many of the passages of the ,iliad1 and greater space than we have now before us 7since this idea can only be used here as a collateral one71 to bring out the full force of this striking fact1 and some day perhaps it may be our good fortune to return to this topic2 suffice it to say at present1 that any one who reads ,homer attentively will be struck by the majestic attitude of ,juno1 the constant protectress of the ,greeks1 and by the hearty sympathy shown by the poet in a struggle undertaken purely to vindicate the dignity of marriage and the rights of hospitality4 ,this is perhaps even more obvious from the fact that even the good personages of the poem1 the selfsacrificing and devoted ,andromache1 the noble ,hector1 the infirm and guiltless ,priam1 are all included in the sweeping misfortune which is the swift and just retribution of the cowardly rape of ,helen4 ,the vindication of the principle of marriage is evident1 while in the ,odyssey its glorification is even more obvious4 ,this illustration1 for which we have to thank a very zealous and learned religious whose kindness put the suggestion entirely at our own disposal1 is one which it is worth while for thoughtful persons to consider1 as it gives a far greater moral importance1 and consequently a more perfect artistic interest1 to one of the few colossi of the intellectual world4 ,the law of ,jesus ,christ succeeded the preparatory dispensation of ,moses1 and perfected all its enactments1 marriage among the rest4 ,it gave the marriage contract an added dignity by making it the image of the union--single and indivisible--of ,christ and the church1 and by elevating it into a sacrament2 in other words1 a means of sanctifying and special grace4 ,in this is certainly the secret of the church's inflexibility with regard to marriage4 ,since by it a distinct and sacramental grace was vouchsafed1 it followed that this grace in itself was sufficient to enable the contracting parties1 provided they faithfully corresponded to it1 to remain holily in the state of matrimony until death2 so that1 whenever any serious breach took place between them1 the church could reasonably argue that the fault lay with their dispositions1 not with the contract itself4 ,in the old law1 marriage1 though holy1 was not a sacrament1 and was susceptible of greater relaxations2 but in the new law1 with a higher dignity added to it1 and more abundant grace attached to it1 it is too strong to need concessions and too noble to wish for them4 ,the ,hebrews also1 in propagating their own race1 used the only means then in their power of propagating the knowledge of the true ,god2 but in the new dispensation we have substituted a generation according to the spirit for the previous generation according to the flesh4 ,polygamous marriages among the ,jews were a mysterious channel provisionally used for the increase and maintenance of ,god's worship upon earth2 but1 since the coming of ,christ1 men have been won by the ,word of ,god1 the preaching of his servants1 the sufferings of his martyrs1 and the learning of his disciples4 ,those who are now constantly born into his fold are born 8not of blood1 nor of the will of the flesh1 nor of the will of man1 but of ,god407#bcf7 ,having said so much upon the historical and ,scriptural aspect of marriage1 we leave it to others to dispute the particular meaning of such and such texts1 and the particular inferences to be drawn from the context1 and go back to the church's firm stand upon this matter4 ,not only has she been the foremost champion of the integrity of marriage in past ages1 but she is now almost its only one4 ,no body of such force or numbers exists in the world1 which alone gives her the priority among the upholders of ,christian marriage2 and when the tenets of the few other bodies to whom marriage is sacred are examined1 they will be found to be inspired and created by her principles1 so far as they refer to this matter4 ,of the ,anglican communion1 especially in its more advanced branches1 it is sufficient to say that1 having better than any other body preserved the forms1 it has as its reward attained to more of the spirit1 of a 8church10 and consequently inculcates a higher morality4 ,but the following testimony1 which1 from the name of the sheet furnishing it 7the ,reformed ,missionary71 we suppose represents some other ,protestant body1 is more interesting because more unexpected4 ,a ,catholic paper of ,nov4 #af1 #ahgb1 the ,standard1 has preserved this testimony for us4 ,under the title of 8,the ,divorce ,question ,again10 it discusses church authority and its relation to the civil law1 and uses the following strong language3 8,spiritual interests and spiritual discipline belong to that supernatural order of grace which has its home in the bosom of the ,christian church4444 ,there are many things besides loose divorce legislation which the state either tolerates or legalizes1 but which the church cannot sanction or countenance for a single instant without committing spiritual suicide4 ,and if the state should expressly dictate to the church a line of action at variance with the plain teaching of ,christ1 then it would be our solemn duty to obey ,god rather than men4444 ,the church must interpret ,god's ,word1 and exercise spiritual discipline in accordance therewith1 no matter what course the state may take in disposing of kindred questions4 ,as ,dr4 ,woolsey has expressed it3 #8,whatever be the attitude of the state1 the church must stand upon the principles of the ,new ,testament as she expounds them1 and apply them to all within her reach6' 0 ,what is here said of the 8state0 may be applied to the people1 the press1 popular license1 and all the modern agencies which the evil one has added to his former royal and learned tools4 ,but if among earnest though mistaken ,christians we find such auxiliaries as the ,reformed ,missionary and the eloquent sermons of ,anglican divines17#bcg7 we have also to encounter such authorities as the following on the side of passion and licentiousness3 8,dr4 ,colenso1 embarrassed by the obstinate adherence to polygamy which he observed among the ,kaffirs1 came to the resolution1 after conference1 it is said1 with other ,anglican authorities of the highest rank1 to remove the difficulty by a process which1 though adopted in a wellknown case by ,luther and ,melancthon1 had not previously received the official sanction of ,anglican bishops4 ,as polygamy would not yield to ,protestantism1 ,dr4 ,colenso agreed to consider polygamy #8a ,scriptural mode of existence4' ,here are his own words3 #8,i must confess that ,i feel very strongly that the usual practice of enforcing the separation of wives from their husbands1 upon their conversion to ,christianity1 is quite unwarrantable1 and opposed to the plain teaching of our ,lord4' ,and then he proves1 of course from the ,bible1 that polygamy is not inconsistent with the allholy religion of the ,gospel4 ,here is the proof3 #8,what is the use1' he asks1 #8of our reading to them 7the heathen7 the ,bible stories of ,abraham1 ,israel1 and ,david1 with their many wives8' ,but ,dr4 ,colenso was not without support in his view on polygamy4 #8,the whole body of ,american missionaries in ,burmah1' he observes1 #8after some difference of opinion1 came to the unanimous decision to admit in future polygamists of old standing to communion1 but not to offices in the church 7as if the last were a greater privilege than the first67' #8,i must say1' he continues1 #8that this appears to me the only right and reasonable course6' 0 ,at the beginning of this extract1 we read that ,dr4 ,colenso was embarrassed by the obstinate adherence to polygamy among the ,kaffirs4 ,this means1 we infer1 that he had originally withstood this heathen practice4 ,why had he done so8 ,if he believed it sufficiently immoral to attack it1 he was guilty of violating his conscience in ceasing his attack2 if he had always believed it 8,scriptural0 or allowable1 he was guilty of hypocrisy in attacking it at all4 ,then1 when he asks1 8,what is the use of our reading to them the ,bible stories of ,abraham1 ,israel1 and ,david1 with their many wives80 he gives us unconsciously another advantage by tacitly confessing the necessity of a divinely inspired interpreter of the ,bible4 ,if ,dr4 ,colenso had been a ,catholic1 the difficulty would not have existed4 ,does he suppose that ,catholic converts among savage nations do not hear the same stories8 ,but in their case1 a teaching and speaking church comes to their rescue1 and explains what otherwise would seem dark4 ,it is strange to hear a ,protestant ,christian1 bred up on the rule of 8the ,bible1 the whole ,bible1 and nothing but the ,bible10 hesitate as to the effect of certain stories in the ,bible4 ,if the poor ,kaffirs were to be evangelized upon the principle that a ,bible precedent was practically a permission for all time1 they would soon have ,judiths and ,jaels among them1 as well as ,abrahams1 ,israels1 and ,davids4 ,in the ,times 7,london7 of ,dec4 #bj1 #ahgb1 on the occasion of a public 8,day of ,intercession0 for more missionaries1 we read the following stringent criticism upon the body which of all others most nearly approaches the ideal of a church3 8,the ,church of ,england10 says the ,times1 8utterly abandons large regions on the ground that in tropical climes there will be polygamy or an equivalent disregard of the marriage ties1 and that no preaching can prevail against it0--a confession of powerlessness which quite coincides with what we have said of ,dr4 ,colenso4 ,still it is not fair to class the ,anglican communion1 despite this weak shrinking from a difficult task1 with the more systematic deserters from the championship of duty2 but1 if we are grieved and astonished at her defection under certain circumstances1 what shall we say of the following breach of ecclesiastical discipline on the part of those whose very names argue in this case a departure from the path of known duty8 ,in the ,new ,york ,world of the #eth of ,january1 #ahgc1 we read among the announcements of business transacted in the mayor's office the previous day this startling disclosure3 8,during the day the mayor was waited upon by a weddingparty1 the principals of which were ,michael ,m',clannahan and ,mary ,donovan1 who wished to be united in matrimony without going to the trouble of getting up a public church celebration4 ,mr4 ,h---- performed the duty according to the statute1 and the bride and bridegroom went on their way rejoicing40 ,it is not for us to judge these persons1 nor speculate upon the motives that led them to take such a step2 but the occurrence is nevertheless a sign of the demoralization which is every day on the increase among our people4 ,polygamy1 under the name of ,mormonism1 is still tolerated and protected in the ,united ,states1 and the annals of divorce in the states where ,mormonism is illegal quite make up the deficiency4 ,in ,connecticut1 according to the deposition of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,woolsey1 ,president of ,yale ,college1 made before the ,western ,social ,science ,congress in ,chicago1 the ratio of divorce is one in every eight marriages4 ,we were told by a distinguished ,new ,england convert that the ,vermont marriage law was practically so lax that the following 8cause0 for a divorce was considered legal3 ,a couple1 not very long married1 mutually wished for a separation1 simply on the score that they were dissatisfied with their bargain4 ,they went to a lawyer to ascertain the technicalities of the case1 and were told--appearances having to be saved6--that some specific cause must be alleged4 ,the easiest was cruelty4 ,but the parties had never been violent2 so the lawyer suggested that the husband should1 in his presence1 give his wife a 8blow40 ,this was soon accomplished by a light slap on the cheek of the willing 8victim02 cruelty was pleaded1 and the divorce obtained4 ,in ,rhode ,island1 the proportion of divorces to marriages in #ahfi was one to fourteen1 and the law of that state leaves it practically to the discretion of the courts to annul any illassorted marriage on the ground of uncongenial temper1 desertion1 drunkenness1 or any sort of bad conduct4 ,in that year1 out of #aff divorces1 only #ff were granted on the plea of adultery1 while it must also be borne in mind that this grave charge is often unjustly and maliciously made to cover some shameful behavior on the part of the plaintiff1 or to gratify his or her revenge4 ,speaking of a clergyman who was reported to have married one man successively to five wives1 all of whom were living at the same time1 a ,protestant paper comments thus on the story3 8,it may be true or false4 ,it is not altogether improbable4 ,it suggests very serious reflections1 as indicating what is possible under our laws1 and the course things are taking in ,american society40 ,the paper goes on to speak of the clergyman's responsibility in such a case1 and although advocating the desirability1 8for many reasons10 of the office of solemnizing marriage being 8confined almost entirely to ministers of the ,gospel10 does not see that it stultifies itself directly after by explaining that 8the trust is reposed in them1 not by any right to it on their part1 as holding an ecclesiastical office1 but on account of their position and general character7674 ,they are able to guard marriage1 and give it a religious character and sanction4 ,but they act1 so far as the law goes1 simply as civil magistrates40 ,and let us add that here is precisely the evil1 and that as long as clergymen are lowered to the level of magistrates1 loose morals will never be uprooted4 ,the ,nation of ,march #b1 #ahga1 has the following3 8,we cut from the marriage notices of the ,philadelphia ,press the following illustration1 omitting names1 of the way in which attempts to reduce human marriages to the level of those of the lower animals are dressed up in fine language3 8 #8,in ,philadelphia1 ,february #bc1 ,s---- and ,s----1 the parties protesting against all marriage laws1 whether legal or conventional1 which subject either the wife or the husband to any control or influence on the part of the other which is not in accordance with the dictates of pure and mutual love4' 8,this is1 of course1 simple #8pairing4' ,marriage means the assumption by a moral agent of an obligation to perform certain duties1 even after they become disagreeable4 ,the arrangement by which the parties live together as long as they find it thoroughly pleasant is that common among birds1 beasts1 and fishes1 and has nothing human about it40 ,the ,independent1 a ,protestant religious paper1 sneers at all barriers to divorce1 ,catholic1 ,protestant1 or civil1 as 8shallow10 and declares that 8no matter with what solemn ceremony the twain may have been made one1 yet when love departs1 then marriage ceases and divorce begins40 ,a certain unhappy section of those waifs of womanhood1 the advocates of woman's rights1 is known as the champion of 8freelove10 that is1 in plain words1 adultery4 ,mrs4 ,stanton1 one of the leaders1 has said somewhere that 8marriage is but a partnership contract terminable at the will of the parties10 and has advocated marriages for three years4 ,to this last proposition we have only one objection4 ,why three years8 ,if a marriage is based on mere passion1 three months or six at the furthest would be enough to exhaust the cohesive element1 for if the adage be true that 8no man is a hero to his valet10 it is equally certain that no man and woman could by any human possibility live together for that time in the familiar intercourse implied by marriage1 without discovering to each other certain asperities of temper1 inequalities of disposition1 in short1 all the little meannesses of our poor human nature4 ,this disenchantment1 following the close and daily companionship that is almost inevitable in married life1 is enough to kill passion1 though it cannot even daunt principle4 ,again1 in a marriage based on passion1 the satiety that follows in the train of unlawful love would be reproduced1 and would break up the connection in far less than three years4 ,in fact1 when we come to sift the question1 we find that1 putting aside the religious spirit presiding over marriage1 that state of life has no appreciable sign to distinguish it from the score of illicit connections punished by law or branded by society4 ,we find here almost a parallel to the question lately agitated in ,england among ,episcopalians1 as to the reason why the ,church of ,england should be called a 8church10 and not1 like all other independent ,protestant bodies1 a 8sect40 ,we ask1 ,what is to distinguish such a 8marriage0 as our modern reformers advocate from the 8liaisons0 at which society pretends to be so virtuously shocked8 ,where is the intrinsic difference between a woman who sells her honor to many men at once and one who surrenders it to a single man at a time for just that period during which pleasure shall keep her constant to him8 ,another form of attack upon the sanctity of marriage is the trade of the great journals in daily advertisements such as these1 which meet our eyes every morning3 8,absolute divorces legally obtained in different states4 ,desertion1 etc41 sufficient cause4 ,no publicity4 ,no charge until divorce is obtained4 ,advice free4 ----1 ,attorney1 ---- ,broadway40 ,or1 with slight variations1 thus3 8,also ,commissioner for every ,state4 ----1 ,counsellorat,law1 ---- ,broadway40 ,here we see the press and the law conspiring to lend aid--and1 more than that1 encouragement--to the loosest and most devastating of passions4 ,then1 again1 the tone of the newspapers with regard to moral irregularities is a painful sign of the times4 ,thus we read in a great 8daily03 8,out ,west they call divorces #8escapes4' ,a speedy and safe #8escape' is guaranteed for a very low figure1 and1 as usual1 a great many parties figure for it40 ,there is a levity about such remarks that is saddening1 when taken in connection with the future of a great people4 ,the morbid curiosity of the public is thus excited under the convenient plea of satisfying it1 while1 with regard to the institution of marriage itself1 the saying is exemplified1 8,give a dog a bad name1 and then shoot him40 ,marriage is ridiculed1 conjugal affection put down as antiquated1 homelovingness pitied as oldfashioned1 family reunions voted dull1 and1 as a natural consequence1 youth is more or less alienated from the unfashionable circle4 ,it is easy1 then1 to turn on marriage as a principle1 remove the stumblingblock altogether1 paint in seductive colors a substitute for home1 and familiarize the public with socalled legal but transient unions4 ,once this principle is established in the abstract1 it will be merely a question of time as to its practical extension4 ,granted that a man or woman may change companions as often as they choose1 who is to regulate how often8 ,like the husband of ,scheherazade in the ,arabian ,nights1 every day8 ,why not8 ,again1 if one man may have many 8wives10 why should not a woman have many 8husbands08 ,and so on ad infinitum the license might spread unchecked1 till there would be as many conflicting interpretations of marriage as there are already of the ,bible4 ,absolute communism would be quite a logical sequence1 and1 in a society so utterly confused as to parentage1 there could be little question as to inheritance6 ,christian marriage1 on the contrary1 has both a social and a sanitary1 as well as a religious aspect4 ,it creates a strong and healthy race1 and at the very outset of each man's career gives him a position by investing him with a responsibility4 ,he feels that the pride which his old father and mother have in him must not be shamed2 that the honor of his family is bound up in his actions2 and that his behavior may influence for good or for evil both the moral and temporal prospects of his near kindred4 ,a man so weighted feels a just pride1 which1 in default of higher motives1 may even yet guide him into greatness2 and though such a man may yield to temptation1 fall into vice1 and disgrace himself1 so much at least of his early training will survive as to make him feel keenly the shame of his position4 ,this alone has saved hundreds4 ,it has been the serpent in the wilderness to many1 but it would no longer be an imaginable motive were the ideal of ,christian marriage1 with its attendant responsibilities1 to be swept away4 ,there is another aspect under which the frequency of divorce and the condoned irregularities of intercourse between the sexes are a constant threat to public security--we mean in provoking murder4 ,three parts of the fearful murders committed in ,new ,york1 and also in many other parts of the ,union1 are traceable more or less to illassorted marriages and a spirit of unchristian rebellion against lawful restraints4 ,lately there has been a glaring case in point1 the details of which are fresh in the memory of every one4 ,a man is deliberately shot dead on the very threshold of what is practically a 8,divorce ,court02 the murderer is a brutal husband incensed at the victim's testimony against himself4 ,in #ahgb1 three of the most famous ,new ,york 8characters0 figured in a terrible drama ending in death1 imprisonment1 and disgrace4 ,what was the reason that set two of the most unscrupulous speculators in the world at deadly enmity8 ,the disputed favor of a woman who1 according to the new code1 only asserts her rights1 and claims to change 8husbands0 as often as she pleases4 ,god help the age and nation in which such things are daily done1 and where animal passion laughs in the teeth of law6 ,who does not see how every right and security hangs by the sanctity of marriage8 ,marriage1 in the proper sense of the word1 implies exclusive and permanent possession1 and represents the first and greatest right of property4 ,if that property is to be made movable1 salable1 takable1 in a word1 why not other less sacred and less valuable property also8 8,property is theft10 say the socialists1 and certainly it is1 if we can previously agree to consider marriage so4 ,if all kinds of possessions 7life itself included7 are to be thus transferable1 every individual will be reduced to protect them singlehanded against the world1 and from this state of things will grow a monster system of organized murder and legalized rapine4 ,the early ,californian society would be nothing to this imaginary community4 ,in ,france1 ,italy1 and ,spain1 the infamous laws not only encouraging but actually enforcing civil marriage are sapping the foundations of society2 and in ,england1 a country hitherto held as a model for its conjugal and homely tendencies1 the tenets of 8freelove0 are making giant inroads into social life1 and leavening the mass of everyday literature4 ,bigamy and divorce are almost wornout sensations2 they have supplied the ablest pens with thrilling subjects1 and have furnished the best theatres with the only dramas that really 8take40 ,something new and more monstrous yet is needed1 and the prurient imagination that shall first succeed in originating a new version of social sin will become the power of the moment4 ,such is the present situation4 ,we do not know if there ever has been a worse stage of immorality1 except1 perhaps1 that before the ,flood2 for at all times of unparalleled license there have been some extenuating circumstances1 of which we are afraid we must own ourselves bereft4 ,in the beginning of the ,christian era1 license was confined to pagans2 for in the tottering ,roman ,empire the ,christians were all soldiers of the cross1 and their watch for the ,bridegroom was too eager to allow them time for temptation2 in the transition state that followed1 the church's power already made itself felt1 and though barbarian kings still defied their pastors1 the latter had at hand ecclesiastical terrors that seldom failed in the end to subdue the halfconverted ,goth or ,lombard4 ,in the days of the illstarred ,renaissance1 when a spirit of neoclassicism threatened once more to deify sin under the garb of art1 the ,council of ,trent sat in solemn judgment1 and condemned abuses which had unhappily paved an easy way for heresy3 while later on1 even in the days of the wicked and brilliant court of ,versailles1 there was found a ,bourdaloue to rebuke the public sinners who sat in the high places1 and to eulogize ,christian marriage in the midst of a gathering which seemed to have utterly forgotten its meaning4 ,faith still lingered--the faith that made the middle ages what they were--that faith that condemned public sin to as public a penance1 and out of great excesses drew great examples4 ,louise de la ,vallire was almost the last representative of this medival spirit of generous atonement2 and her heroic words1 when told in her cloister of the death of her son1 8,i should weep rather for his birth than for his death10 were the genuine outcome of a faith that could restore a prostitute to innocence1 and place upon a once guilty brow almost a virgin's crown4 ,with ,voltaire1 the work that ,luther had begun was perfected1 and henceforth it was not ,europe that believed1 but only a few scattered exiles who here and there kept the lamp of the faith dimly alight in the stifling atmosphere of universal and fashionable doubt4 ,even among believers the spirit of ready sympathy1 with the slightest indication of the church's unspoken meaning was gone1 and there remained only the too selfconscious effort of unquestioning loyalty4 ,still1 thank ,god6 it did and does remain1 and1 though shorn of all poetry1 it is none the less vigorous in selfdefence4 ,but we may now say that indeed the flood has broken loose1 the ,philistines are upon us1 the whole array of the world's newest forces is brought to bear against us1 and behind her dismantled outposts the church retreats to her citadel1 the naked ,rock of ,peter4 ,men say that the ,council of the ,vatican was inopportune1 presumptuous1 and imprudent2 let the world's gracefully lapsing course be a living refutation to such words4 ,every outward stay is gone2 every difficulty in the way of the reunion of pastors is trebled2 every see is hedged about with physical bars that are insurmountable2 nothing remains free but what cannot be fettered--the tongue4 ,who can wonder if the church1 in this dire emergency1 delegates to one man the power she can no longer collectively exercise in peace8 ,as in old ,flemish cities there sits up in the lonely belfry of the cathedral a watcher whose duty it is to guard the city against fire1 and to warn the people through a brazen trumpet at which spot he descries the first appearance of danger1 so in the heart of the ,city of ,god there sits now the watchman whose eye and voice are bound to raise the alarm and direct the remedies through the length and breadth of listening ,christendom4 ,the ,council of the ,vatican has made the word of the ,pope the brazen tocsin of the ,christian world4 ,and now1 having said so much of the possibilities opened up by the present lax spirit in morals and equally lax interpretation of what remains in the shape of legal restraints upon vice1 let us speak of what ,christian marriage ought to be4 ,we will be brief1 for the position almost defines itself4 ,of the indissolubility of marriage under all circumstances1 even in the case of one of the parties breaking the marriage vow1 we will not speak1 nor even of the fidelity which marriage requires in every thought and slightest intention4 ,but we would insist upon that which ensures a happy and holy union1 namely1 the preliminary motive4 ,we have seen how bad marriages and an unworthy idea of this state of life lead to shame1 to socialism1 to violence1 sometimes to a criminal ending in a common jail2 let us see now what leads to bad marriages themselves4 ,two motives there are--one mercenary1 and one sensual4 ,we heard a very impressive ,jesuit preacher say a few years ago1 in the pulpit of one of the most beautiful and frequented churches in ,london1 that to make a good marriage both prayer and seemly preparation are necessary4 ,some parents1 he said1 in their pious anxiety to leave all things to ,providence1 and to avoid that solicitude for worldly things which the ,gospel condemns1 neglect to avail themselves for their children of the allowable means and legitimate opportunities of social life2 but to these he would say1 ,remember the words of ,christ3 8,not every one that saith to me1 ,lord1 ,lord1 shall enter into the kingdom of heaven407#bch7 ,on the other hand1 many parents sinned far more grievously and--he was loth to say it--more frequently by altogether leaving the ,creator out of the question in the serious matter of their children's settlement in life4 ,which of these two extremes is the prominent one in this country8 ,we need not answer the question4 ,we know too well how ninetenths of those marriages are made which within a few months or years are broken in the divorce courts1 or otherwise dissolved by a shameful esclandre4 ,we know how wealth especially1 position1 associations1 beauty1 and accomplishments all rank before moral worth in what is called lightly but too truly the 8marriagemarket40 ,we know how marriage is looked forward to through girlhood1 not as the assumption of a sacred responsibility1 but as the preliminary step to emancipation2 we know how it is heartlessly canvassed by men as an expensive but advantageous luxury1 its cost being in proportion to the social figure it will enable them to make1 but its essence of no deeper moral account to them than the purchase of one trotter or the undertaking of one speculation more or less4 ,we do not say that there are no exceptions to this rule--far from it2 but that is just the point3 however honorable these cases are1 the fact still remains that they are exceptions4 ,again1 where the motive is not directly mercenary1 it is often selfish2 old men will marry for mere comfort1 physical luxury1 and the regularity of a well appointed home--things which the presence of a handsome1 thoughtful1 and tolerably intellectual woman alone can ensure2 women no longer young1 but still hungering for the whirl of fashion1 will marry unsuitably for the sake of an assured position and means to continue the frivolous course of their former lives2 in fact1 all shallow disguises of selfishness have their representatives in the 8marriagemarket10 from that of the millionaire who wants a wife to sit at the head of his table and wear his diamonds1 to that of the daylaborer who wants one to cook his dinner1 mend his clothes1 and eke out his week's earnings by her own hard work4 ,marriages made in this spirit are unblest and always end badly3 the millionaire will divorce his wife1 and the laborer murder his in a fit of intoxication2 the end is the same1 the means differ only according as natural temperament and habits of education diverge4 ,how far otherwise with marriage in the true ,scriptural1 ,christian sense of the word6 ,in poverty or in riches1 alike sacred and full of dignity2 always conscious of its sacramental crown2 ever mindful of its holy ministry1 the salvation of two souls1 the ladder to heaven of two lives that without it might have made shipwreck of their eternal interests6 ,a thing apart from the common unions of earth1 different from a commercial partnership1 stronger than a political coalition1 holier than even a spontaneous friendship4 ,a thing which1 like the riddle of ,samson1 is 8sweetness out of strength10 and whose grace is so sublime that in heaven it can only find one transformation worthy of itself4 8,you err1 not knowing the power of ,god2 for in the resurrection they shall neither marry nor be married2 but shall be as the angels of ,god in heaven407#bci7 ,we are not told that the tie will be like brotherhood or like friendship2 we are left to infer that between husband and wife some more peculiar link will exist hereafter than will be common to us all as children of the same ,father1 and it is plainly foretold that this relation will be as that of the angels towards each other4 ,we have only to look into the gospels and the teachings of the ,apostle of the ,gentiles to see by what means we may in the married state so sanctify our lives as to deserve this heavenly transformation2 we have only to read the marriageservice to learn the plain1 straightforward1 but most solemn duties1 the performance of which will secure us spiritual peace and joy in this life or the next4 ,to use the sacrament worthily1 we must come to it with worthy preparation and steadfast intention1 first as ,christians resolved never to perjure themselves before ,god1 then as rational beings willing to abide by whatever unforeseen consequences their deliberate vow may entail in the future4 ,for it is an idle pretext to allege that1 if one party breaks the engagement1 the other is de facto absolved from it4 ,where in the formula1 ,catholic or ,protestant1 is this proviso8 ,the only qualifying sentence is this1 8,until death do us part40 ,how1 then1 can any reasonable person interpret 8death0 to mean sin1 incompatibility1 or any other incidental unpleasantness8 ,we think that those who are so ready to foist unwarrantable meanings on the plain and naked oath they have sworn in full possession of their senses at the altar1 would hardly be the persons we should like to trust as men or women of unimpeachable honor in the ordinary transactions of life4 ,if mercenary motives are uppermost in the majority of marriages in this age and in this nation1 sensuality is none the less responsible for a share of the misery attendant upon modern unions4 ,we have already spoken of the evil of marriages founded on passion1 and of the shameful way in which the colloquial adage1 8,marry in haste1 and repent at leisure10 is thus frequently illustrated4 ,to this also the remedy lies in a serious ,christian spirit of preparation for marriage4 ,the root of all evil developments in the relations between the sexes lies in the early education of the contracting parties1 and it is here that the only radical cure can be tried4 ,the church bids her children be especially circumspect at the juncture of marriage1 but she also teaches them to reverence the sacrament from childhood upward as a type of the union between herself and her divine ,spouse4 ,if1 as children1 marriage appears to us in the shape of the angel of home1 watching over the existence it has created1 and dignifying the parental authority it has built up2 if in youth the goal of marriage is looked forward to as the toga virilis of life1 the reward of a dutiful childhood1 the ennobling badge of our enrolment among the soldiers of the cross1 then and only then will our country find in us efficient citizens1 earnest patriots1 and reliable defenders4 ,if among men there is revived the chivalrous spirit of deference and forbearance towards women which sealed the middle ages as a charmed cycle among all divisions of time1 and among women there is cultivated that generous and true womanliness which made ,,ss4 ,monica and ,paula1 and ,blanche of ,castille1 the typical heroines of the wedded state1 then may we expect to see 8a new heaven and a new earth40 ,marriage means reverence for each other on the part of the persons married1 as representing in themselves the sacrament typical of ,christ's union with the church2 it means reverence for the children who are entrusted to their care by ,god and their country1 and whom they are bound by the solemn adjuration of ,christ not to scandalize2 it means reverence for themselves1 as the tabernacles of a special grace and the progenitors of new worshippers at ,god's feet1 new subjects of the kingdom of heaven4 ,it is the woman especially who is bound to feel and express this reverence1 for woman is1 as the ,french poetically say1 the priestess of the ideal4 ,besides1 the highest perfection ever reached in the married state was reached by a woman1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,mother of ,god4 ,among married saints there have always been more women canonized than men4 ,the women of a nation form the men2 and1 if marriage is to be reformed1 it must be done first through the women4 ,we hope and pray that it may soon be so1 but we fear that outside the church1 where the reform is1 in the abstract1 not needed1 there is not sufficient impetus to ensure its being made4 ,we say in the abstract1 because practically there are many marriages made among ,catholics1 celebrated in ,catholic churches1 and decorously observed through the course of a blameless life1 which yet call loudly for reform1 and sadly lack the noble ,christian spirit that made perfect the unions of ,delphina and ,eleazar1 and of ,s4 ,louis of ,france and ,margaret of ,provence4 ,but however deficient in some cases our practice may unhappily be1 our doctrine remains ever unchanged1 and our laws ever inflexible4 ,thanks to the church1 marriage is still recognized as an act not purely animal nor yet purely civil2 and1 thanks to the infallibility of the church and her calm expectancy of eternal duration1 it will remain to the end of time an honored institution4 ,if threatened1 it will still live2 if derided1 it will nevertheless conquer4 ,christian marriage is the mould in which ,god has chosen to throw the lava of natural passion1 and without whose wholesome restraints we should have a shapeless torrent of licentiousness1 scathing mankind with its poisonous breath1 carrying away all landmarks of ancestry1 property1 and personal safety1 and finally exterminating the human race long before the appointed time for the dread judgment in the ,valley of ,josaphat4 ,a ,pearl ,ashore4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 ,if one should wish to enjoy perfectly a fugue of ,bach's1 this is perhaps as good a way as any3 listen to it on a warm afternoon1 in a ,gothic ,protestant church1 in a quiet city street1 with no one present but the organist and one's self4 ,if any other enter1 let him be velvetfooted1 incurious1 and sympathetic4 ,it would be better if each listener could suppose himself to be the only listener there4 ,the woodwork of the church is dark1 glossy1 and richly carved4 ,rose1 purple1 and goldcolored panes strain the light that enters1 full and glowing up in the roof1 but dim below4 ,on the walls1 tinted with such colors as come to us from ,eastern looms1 and on the canvas of the old painters1 are texts in letters of dull gold--those beautiful letters that break into bud and blossom at every turn1 as though alive and rejoicing over the divine thought they bear4 ,a sunbeam here and there1 too slender to illumine widely1 points its finger at a word1 touches a dark cushion and brings out its shadowed crimson1 or glimmers across the organ pipes1 binding their silver with gold1 as though ,light would say to ,song1 8,with this ring ,i thee wed60 ,those clustered1 silvery pipes are surrounded by a border of dark1 lace like carving1 and a screen of the same hides the keyboards4 ,through this screen shines the lamp on the musicdesk4 ,some one is stirring there4 ,you lean back on the cushions1 so that the body can take care of itself4 ,mentally1 you are quiescent with a delightful sense of anticipation4 ,if the situation should represent itself to you fancifully1 you might say that your soul is somewhat dusty and weary1 and has come down to this beach of silence for a refreshing bath4 ,knowing what you are to hear1 watery images suggest themselves2 for in the world of music it is the ocean that ,bach gives us1 as ,beethoven gives us the winds1 and ,handel the statelyflowing streams4 ,we have made a ,protestant church our musichall1 because1 though not the dwellingplace of ,god on earth1 it is often the temple of religious art1 and1 having nothing within it to which we can prostrate ourselves in adoration1 it can yet1 by signs and images1 excite noble and religious feeling4 ,indeed1 we would gladly banish to such concertrooms all that music1 however beautiful in itself1 which intrudes on the exclusive recollection proper to the house of ,god4 ,this1 we repeat1 is as good a way as any to hear a fugue of ,john ,sebastian ,bach's4 ,so also thought ,miss ,rothsay2 and she was one who ought to know1 for she was a professional singer1 and as sensitive musically as well could be4 ,it was an afternoon in early ,september1 and she had only the day before reached her native city1 after a prolonged residence abroad4 ,hers had been that happy lot which seems to be the privilege of the artist3 her work1 her duty1 and her delight were the same4 ,that which she must and ought to do she would have chosen above all things as her recreation4 ,now1 with a perfected voice1 and a will to use truly and nobly that gracious power1 she had returned to her native land4 ,her first contact with the ,new ,world had given her a slight jar4 ,utility seemed to mean here something rough and harsh1 and the utility of beauty to be almost unrecognized4 ,she had as yet met with only two kinds of people3 those who regarded her talent as beautiful indeed and useful1 in so far as it brought her money1 but otherwise superfluous2 and that yet more depressing class who were enthusiastic in hailing a new amusement1 a new sensation1 and who valued the singer as a necessity to elegant dissipation4 ,as yet1 she had met with no serious disciple of music4 ,yet1 when she stepped from her door to walk about1 to renew her knowledge of familiar scenes1 and make acquaintance with changed ones1 she was pleased to perceive some of that tranquillity which1 in her foreign life1 had been so conducive to a steady growth in art4 ,the fine streets she traversed were quiet1 distant from the business world1 and out of its track4 ,the ,september air was golden1 and the sun so warm as to make the shade welcome4 ,here and there1 through openings between the houses1 or at the ends of long avenues1 were to be seen glimpses of country2 and a thin haze1 so exquisite that it might be the castoff mantle of ,beauty herself1 half veiled1 while it embellished1 the landscape4 ,it was quite in keeping to see an open church door4 ,one who loitered on the steps explained that there was to be an organ recital1 but could not say who the organist was to be4 ,miss ,rothsay entered1 scarcely seeing her way at first1 seated herself1 and looked about4 ,the atmosphere of the place suited her taste4 ,none but noble and sacred images presented themselves4 ,art was there in its sublimity1 and in its nave simplicity4 ,here was a form full of austere beauty1 there one whose grace verged on playfulness4 ,the scene had the effect of a sacred picture1 in the corner of which one can see children playing or birds on the wing4 ,miss ,rothsay1 without knowing it1 made1 herself1 a lovely picture in the place4 ,her oval1 pale face was lighted by liquid gray eyes1 now lifted1 and drinking in the upper light4 ,on her fair hair was set a foreign looking black hat1 turned up over the left temple with an aigrette and feather4 ,a slight and elegant figure could be perceived beneath the dark blue mantle4 ,wondering a little1 while she waited1 who the organist might be1 she ran over in her mind those she had known before going abroad4 ,from that1 dismissing the present1 her thoughts glanced over those she had known abroad1 and at last rested on one she had not seen nor heard of for eight years4 ,eight years before1 ,laurie had gone to ,germany to study1 and he was probably there yet4 ,she recollected his face1 more youthful than his years1 and full of a dreamy beauty2 the figure1 tall and graceful1 yet wanting somewhat in manly firmness4 ,she heard again1 in fancy1 that changeful voice1 so low1 eager1 and richtoned when he was in earnest2 she met again the glance of his sparkling blue eyes1 full of frankness and enthusiasm4 ,where was he now8 ,had he been a common acquaintance1 she would have inquired concerning him freely2 but he was a rejected lover1 and she would not1 by mentioning his name1 remind people of that fact4 ,why had she rejected him8 ,simply because he had seemed to her not to reach her ideal4 ,it had occurred to her since that time that possibly his manner and not his character had been at fault4 ,at twenty years of age1 she had been more mature than he at twenty five4 ,she liked an appearance of dignity and firmness1 and had made the mistake often made by those older and wiser than herself1 of thinking that dignity of soul must always be accompanied by a grave manner1 and that an air occasionally or habitually demonstrative and variable1 which is merely temperament1 indicates a fickle or superficial mind4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 the strongest and most profound feelings1 in reserved and sensitive persons1 seek to veil themselves under an affectation of lightness or caprice1 and the soul looks forth with a sad scorn through that flimsy mask on the hasty and egotistical judge who pronounces sentence against it4 8,and you must love him1 ere to you ,he will seem worthy of your love10 is true of some of the finest natures4 ,miss ,rothsay1 during these eight years of her separation from ,laurie1 had more than once felt a misgiving on his account1 lest she had done him injustice4 ,observing and studying the manners of those she met1 she saw that what passed for dignity was sometimes only the distrustfulness of the suspicious1 the caution of the worldlywise1 the unsympathizing coldness of the selfish1 or the vanity of the conceited4 ,she had lost not only her admiration1 but her respect for that unchangeable loftiness which chills and awes the demonstrative into silence2 and she had remembered1 with a growing regret1 ,laurie's cordial ways1 that seemed to expect friendliness and sympathy from all1 and to appreciate the purity of his soul1 that never looked for evil1 and turned away from it when it intruded itself1 and thus seemed scarcely aware that evil existed4 ,still she had been too deeply engrossed in her studies to give him much thought1 and it was only now that she became conscious of regret4 ,meantime1 the organist had taken his place1 and was arranging his music4 ,the light of the lamp shone on a face wherein were exquisitely blended strength and refinement4 ,one could see there passion purified by prayer1 and enthusiasm too deep for trivial excitement4 ,the face showed1 too1 when studied1 that tranquil reserve1 not without sadness1 which is learned by those who have too often cast their pearls before swine1 yet who do not despair of finding sympathy4 ,he placed the music1 sat an instant in fixed recollection1 as though he prayed1 then lifted his tapering hands1 so nervous1 light1 and powerful1 and let them fall on the keys4 ,to the listener beyond the screen1 it was as though her reverie had been broken by a burst of thunder4 ,then the sea rolled in its waves of sound1 strong1 steady1 a long1 overlapping rhythm4 ,what did it mean1 that fugue8 ,did it symbolize the swiftcoming assaults of evil that seek to drag the race of man downward1 as the persistent sea eats away1 grain by grain1 the continents8 ,was it1 perhaps1 the ceaseless endeavor of the faithful will that1 baffled once1 returns ever to the charge1 and dies triumphantly struggling8 ,did it indicate the generations of men flowing on in waves for ever1 to break at the feet of ,god2 or the hurrying centuries1 cut short1 at last1 by eternity8 ,however it might be interpreted1 the music lifted and bore the listener on1 and the silence that followed found her otherwhere than the last silence had left her4 ,she was the same in nature1 but her mood was higher2 for music does not change the listener1 it merely intensifies what is positive in his nature1 whether it be good or bad1 to its superlative degree4 ,vibrating and breathless still with the emotion caused by that grand composition so grandly rendered1 ,miss ,rothsay perceived a slip of paper on the cushion1 and reached her hand for it4 ,it proved to be a programme of the ,recital4 ,she glanced along the list1 and read the name of the organist at the end--it was ,duncan ,laurie6 ,she heard1 as in a dream1 the softtoned ,vorspiele that followed1 and only came back to music when the third number1 a toccata1 began4 ,but the music had now to her a new meaning4 ,it seemed to triumph over and scorn her4 ,she heard through that melodious thunder the voice of ,nemesis4 ,but when the closing piece1 a noble concerto by ,handel1 sang out1 it reproved that fancy of hers4 ,there was no spirit of revenge nor mean triumph in ,laurie's nature4 ,the audience1 small and select1 went out quietly4 ,the organist closed the instrument1 and prepared to follow1 yet waited a moment to recover full consciousness of the everyday world he was going to meet4 ,the air seemed to pulse about him still1 and wings of flying melodies to brush his face4 ,never had he felt less inclined to meet idle compliment or talk commonplace4 8,i hope no one will wait for me10 he muttered1 going out into the vestibule4 ,but some one was waiting1 a palefaced1 lovely woman1 who looked at him1 but spoke not a word4 ,the look1 too1 was short2 for when he exclaimed and reddened up to the eyes1 and held out a trembling hand1 her eyes dropped4 ,there is a commonplace which is but the veil to glory or delight1 like ,minerva in her russet gown4 ,the conventional questions that ,laurie properly asked of the lady1 as they walked on together1 were of this sort4 ,when did she come home8 was as one should say1 ,when did ,joy arrive8 ,when do the stars come8 ,and the steamer that brought her could be as worthy of poetical contemplation as the cloud that wrapped a descending ,juno1 or the eagle that bore away a ,ganymede4 ,not long after1 when some one asked them who was their favorite composer1 each answered 8,bach60 and1 when alone together1 each asked the other the reason for that answer4 8,because10 said the lady1 blushing1 8it was on the waves of one of ,bach's fugues that ,i reached the ,happy ,islands40 8,and because10 returned the lover1 8when some of ,bach's music had rolled back into the ocean1 it left a pearl ashore for me40 ,the ,benefits ,of ,italian ,unity4 ,from ,the ,etudes ,religieuses4 ,revolution is a dangerous syren4 ,the nations of the earth have yielded to her seductions1 but the day is coming when with one voice they will curse the great enchantress who has lured them on to apostasy4 ,for a century she has not ceased to announce an era of prosperity to the rising generation1 but at length we see her promises are as deceptive as her principles are corrupt4 ,from the heart of all nations rise up groans and maledictions against her teachings1 and against her agents who have betrayed the hopes of their partisans1 brought death instead of life1 ruin instead of prosperity1 and dishonor instead of glory4 ,in a word1 revolution is in a state of bankruptcy4 ,this is not acknowledged by the politicians of the tiersparti and their followers4 ,they still continue to proclaim the sovereignty of the 8immortal principles10 declare revolution a success1 celebrate its material and moral benefits1 and boast that 8real social justice was for the first time rendered in #aghi0--;after eighteen centuries of ,christianity6 ,but people are ceasing to be duped by any such political sophisms2 they are beginning to regret profoundly the peace1 order1 and security1 and all the benefits assured to the world by the supremacy of religion1 and lost through social apostasy4 ,the wisest of politicians are tired of revolutions4 ,people who have lost their sacred heritage1 and find themselves deprived of the highest blessings of life1 are beginning to remember their baptismal engagements1 and to feel the necessity of putting an end to revolution1 and returning to the social order established of ,god4 ,the prodigal son1 famished with hunger1 makes an energetic resolution3 ,surgam et ibo ad patrem6 ,hesitation is no longer possible4 ,weary of your modern theories1 we will return to our ,father's house--to ,christ and his church6 ,the man who comprehended most thoroughly the ,satanic nature of the revolutionary spirit--,count ,joseph de ,maistre--had an intuitive assurance of the calamities that would avenge the disregard of the laws of order1 and lead future generations back to the sacred principles of their ancestors4 ,the foresight and warnings of this eminent writer are well known4 ,addressing the ,french1 he says3 8,undeceive yourselves1 at length1 as to the lamentable theories that have disgraced our age4 ,you have already found out what the promulgators of these deplorable dogmas are1 but the impression they have left is not yet effaced4 ,in all your plans of creation and restoration you only leave out ,god1 from whom they have alienated you4444 ,how has ,god punished this execrable delirium8 ,he has punished it as he created light--by a single word--,fiat6--and the political world has crumbled to atoms4444 ,if any one wishes to know the probable result of the revolution1 they need only examine the point whereon all its factions are united4 ,they all desire the degradation1 yea1 the utter subversion1 not only of the monarchy1 but of ,christianity2 whence it follows that all their efforts must finally end in the triumph of ,christianity as well as the monarchy407#bdj7 ,in these few words the great philosopher gives us a complete history of the era of revolution in the past as well as the future4 ,he declares it a widespread overturning of order1 necessarily followed by terrible misfortunes1 till a counterstroke turns the nations back to the way appointed by ,god47#bda7 ,while ,m4 de ,maistre was regarding the progress of events from the heights of his genius1 he gave the most minute attention to the ravages of the revolutionary spirit in every department4 ,in the ,mlanges ,indits1 for which we are indebted to ,count ,joseph's grandson1 and which appeared on the very eve of our great disasters 7#ahgj71 we find more than a hundred pages devoted to reviewing the benefits of the ,french ,revolution4 ,they contain an inventory drawn up by the aid of the republican papers of the time1 in which the moral and material results of revolutionary barbarism are attested by the avowal of the barbarians themselves4 ,a certain historian of the ,revolution would have done well to examine this catalogue before officially undertaking1 in the presence of the ,national ,assembly1 the awkward apology so generally known4 ,and what if he had continued to verify the benefits of the revolutionary syren1 still beloved of certain politicians1 till the end of the year #ahgb8 ,how glorious would be the balancesheet of the 8immortal principles0 in the eightyfourth year of their reign6 ,every ,frenchman knows what it has cost to be the eldest son of the ,revolution6--,as statistics are held in such high honor in our day1 why not draw up the accounts of '#hi1 and establish clearly the active and passive of the revolutionary spirit now spreading throughout the world8 ,we lay before our readers some notes that may be of service in this vast liquidation1 taken from two valuable works that have been kindly brought to our notice47#bdb7 ,we do not feel at liberty to designate the eminent person who wrote these ,notes1 which1 if we are rightly informed1 were first published in the ,messager ,russe4 ,all we feel permitted to state is that we can place full confidence in the probity of this traveller4 ,he belongs to the diplomatic corps1 but unfortunately is not of the ,catholic religion4 ,we will let him testify for himself4 ,it will at once be seen by the frequent quotations we shall make that he is a man of superior mind1 decision and honesty of character1 and of an upright and incorruptible conscience4 8,eleven years ago1 ,i witnessed the foundation of the kingdom of ,italy4 ,i have just seen the work completed--the edifice crowned--,rome made the capital4--,my observations have been made in person1 and are impartial1 as ,i had no preconceived opinions4 ,my numerous quotations are taken in a great measure from ,italian sources1 nay1 even the most ,italian4 ,my position as an independent observer1 unbiassed by any feeling of responsibility1 enables me to judge events in a cooler manner than might be done by an opponent of the various publicists that have treated of the successive phases of the great ,italian drama407#bdc7 ,here1 then1 is contemporaneous ,italy studied by an observer of incontestable impartiality--studied on the spot1 and from authentic sources4 ,it is by no means uncommon to hear the correspondents of ,catholic journals accused of exaggeration4 ,certain newspapers under party influence1 like the ,journal des ,dbats and the ,indpendance ,belge1 are paid to divert public attention from facts that cannot be denied4 ,we are sure the ,italo,parisian and the ,italo,belgian press will not say a single word about the ,etudes sur l',italie contemporaine47#bdd7 ,i4 ,how shall we characterize the ,italian crisis as a whole8 ,is it merely one of those accidental revolutions which history is full of1 or is it a genuine revolution with its systematic hatred of ,christian society8 ,our readers must not be astonished at such a question4 ,i know some ,catholics--a little too liberal1 it is true--who have not thereon1 even in these times1 perfectly correct notions4 ,we remember certain unfortunate expressions respecting the governments of the ancien rgime which committed the unpardonable fault of injuring ,italian liberty1 and even respecting that venerable ,christian administration that has been dragged through blood and fire4 ,did not the honorable ,m4 ,dulaurier recently confess in an ingenuous manner the illusions he was under before he set foot on ,italian soil1 and how he believed in the possibility of a reconciliation between the ,pope and the excommunicated king8 ,he says he heard on all sides a sentiment to which he gave credence without much reflection3 8,why interpose between the two parties contending for ,rome8 ,pius ,,ix4 and ,victor ,emmanuel are both ,italians3 they will end by settling the difficulty1 and we shall trouble ourselves for nothing40 ,the reality1 the sad reality1 forces us to a different opinion4 ,it was a beautiful illusion--once greatly dwelt upon in official papers--to think ,piedmont sincerely and uniquely preoccupied about the freedom of ,italy2 to believe in the ,subalpine posture of disinterested chivalry1 and in ,napoleon ,,iii4 going to war in a great cause merely for the glory of being a liberator4 ,doubtless there was1 for some time1 a liberal party in ,italy dreaming at once of a confederacy and of national independence4 ,but ,mazzinism and its ideas of unity prevailed1 and it was manifest to those whose eyes were not blinded that the ,piedmontese government superseded ,giovane ,italia by taking advantage of the navet of honest liberals47#bde7 ,all sincere and upright minds must free themselves from so illusive a deception4 ,the mask has fallen off1 so must the scales from their eyes4 ,the ,italian movement is essentially revolutionary--or ,satanic4 ,it is not one of those transformations so frequent in the political life of a nation3 it is a work of subversion1 a war on the church1 a religious persecution1 and 8pure impurity10 to use ,joseph de ,maistre's words4 ,it has been demonstrated quite recently in this magazine that the whole tendency of the ,italian ,peninsula1 and its providential destiny1 are opposed to unity2 that the ,revolution has done violence to nature and religion1 to the institutions and traditions of the past1 and to the faith and morals of the people weighed down by the yoke of unity2 and that it has lied to history1 to the world1 and to ,god4 ,les ,etudes sur l',italie contemporaine takes a similar view of the case3 8,the unity of ,italy was not a national necessity2 444 the movement was not spontaneous1 but forced4444 ,the ,piedmontese government has shown some shrewdness 7unscrupulous shrewdness7 in borrowing its programme from ,mazzini4 ,the campaign of #ahei led the way to this political intrigue4 ,as to the nation1 it imagined the promised regeneration would produce a new era of happiness when the foreigner was once got rid of4 ,the masses have given in to the ambition of the minority4 8,in the transformation of ,italy1 we see action precede reflection2 we see what ,frederick the ,great said of ,joseph ,,ii4--the second step taken before the first4444 ,it must be remembered that the geography of ,italy was one of the causes of its division1 the length being so disproportionate to its width1 which prevented a common centre1 and led to separate developments and outlets4444 ,even if railways are now a means of greatly shortening distances1 the union of the remote parts ought to be the result of a natural and progressive tendency--not revolutionary4 8,the first idea of ,rome as the capital sprang from the classics4 ,it was a rhetorical expression 7according to ,senator ,stefano ,jacini74444 ,if official ,italy had need of ,rome1 ,rome by no means had need of ,italy4444 ,and what do they wish to do with ,rome8 ,the unionists in favor of a monarchy wish to transform it into a modern capital that it may become the centre of the general action and influence which united ,italy is ambitious of exercising in the world4 ,the ,mazzinians1 the socialist republicans1 and the free thinkers wish to make it the centre of the doctrines they are desirous of substituting for ,christianity4 ,these new apostles are not agreed among themselves1 but they are all fighting in the breach against the ,catholic organization1 and their real object is the destruction of ,christian principles407#bdf7 ,to effect the unification of ,italy1 it was therefore necessary to conspire against the natural inclinations of the inhabitants1 against the rights of local principalities1 and against the real interests of the nation1 to conspire not only against the temporal1 but the spiritual power of the papacy4 ,where they do not find the normal conditions of assimilation1 they do not hesitate to resort to deeds worthy of brigands4 ,conspirators1 alas6 have never been wanting in the country of ,machiavelli4 ,in the present age they superabound4 8,it has been the misfortune of ,italy--its robe of ,nessus--that for twelve years all who have succeeded to power1 even the best1 have been conspirators407#bdg7 ,yes2 and foremost among them is the great and good ,cavour1 whom a ,french diplomatist--an honest man1 however--has lately depicted1 with an enthusiasm that has hardly died away1 as struggling to promote the greatness of his country47#bdh7 ,we do not dispute ,cavour's ability1 or his perseverance in striving after a certain end1 or his subtleness and patience in the execution of his designs1 or his skill in availing himself of the very passions he pretended to yield to4 ,he succeeded--is it not a glorious title to fame8--in keeping ,napoleon ,,iii4 in leadingstrings till a ,prussian ,cavour is found to continue the rle and lead the emperor on to ,sedan4 ,but herein ,cavour showed himself crafty1 deceitful1 and--why should we not say it8--criminal4 ,has not ,m4 ,guizot called a certain writer a 8malfaiteur de la pense80 ,besides1 ,cavour spoke of himself to his friends somewhat as we do4 ,our ,french diplomatist1 ,m4 ,henry d',ideville1 in a curious page of his ,notes ,intimes1 lets us into the secrets of the game and those who took part in it4 8,you see1 my dear d',ideville 7it is ,cavour who is speaking71 your emperor will never change4 ,his fault is a disposition to be for ever plotting4444 ,with a country as powerful as yours1 a large army1 and ,europe at peace1 what is he afraid of8 ,why is he for ever disguising his intentions1 going to the right when he means to turn to the left1 and vice versa8 ,ah6 what a wonderful conspirator he makes60 ,m4 d',ideville is a man of wit4 ,with all possible courtesy1 he replied3 8,but1 ,m4 le ,comte1 have you not been a daring conspirator also80 8,i8 ,certainly10 replied ,m4 de ,cavour4 8,i have conspired1 and how could ,i do otherwise at such a time8444 ,we had to keep ,austria in the dark1 whereas1 your emperor1 you may be sure1 will remain for ever incorrigible4 ,i have known him a long time6 ,to plot1 for ever plot1 is the characteristic of his nature4 ,it is the occupation he prefers1 and he pursues it like an artist--like a dilettante4 ,in this rle he will always be the foremost and most capable of us all407#bdi7 ,,us ,,all6 ,yes1 there it is ably expressed in a word3 all conspirators and accomplices1 not to speak of the dupes4 ,on the #bdth of ,march1 #ahfj1 ,m4 de ,cavour1 after signing the treaty that ceded ,nice and ,savoy to ,france1 approached ,m4 de ,talleyrand1 and1 rubbing his hands1 whispered in his ear3 8,we are accomplices now1 baron1 are we not807#bej7 ,alas6 wrongfully acquired1 and never any benefit1 we now see why we have lost ,alsace and ,lorraine6 ,the entire route from ,turin to ,rome is marked by the deeds of these conspirators1 by their tricks and intrigues1 and by their crimes and doubledealings1 which have resulted in the profit of ,piedmont and ,prussia1 and the disgrace of our poor ,france4 ,m4 d',ideville's conscience evidently reproached him at last for having liked ,cavour so well1 and for imprudently interesting himself in the ,italian scheme4 ,the other diplomatist1 who has anonymously given his ,etudes sur l',italie to the public1 seems never to have had the least sympathy with the iniquitous and sacrilegious ambition of the ,sardinian government4 ,it is true he does not belong to the ,french diplomacy infatuated with the ideas of '#hi67bea7 ,he finds nothing seductive in the policy of the conspirators4 ,the fiction disguised under the attractive title of national rights1 the age of annexations1 the trick of the plebiscites1 the system of moral agency1 the socalled exigencies of civilization and progress1 and the revolutionary messianism which constitutes the foundation of the ,napoleonic ideas1 have no attraction for him4 ,his style is tolerably forcible when he speaks of all these stratagems3 8,such tactics are nothing new4 ,they have always been resorted to in order to palliate schemes of ambition and hypocrisy407#beb7 ,,ii4 ,a government given to conspiracy condemns the nation that supports it1 as well as itself1 to degradation--to moral and material ruin4 ,if for a while it flatters itself with the hope of systematizing the revolution and directing its energies1 it soon becomes its slave and finally its victim4 ,when the hand is caught in machinery1 the whole body is soon drawn after it1 the head as well as the rest4 ,our diplomatic traveller states some aphorisms in connection with this subject that are full of significance1 and reveal the genuine statesman4 8,a government that owes its existence to a revolution is not viable in the long run unless it has the power and wisdom to sunder all the ties that connect it with the party to which it owes its origin4 8,every government that has a similar origin to the ,napoleonic ,empire1 and1 still more1 one which owes its existence thereto1 will find itself in danger when traditionary principles once more assert themselves for the safety of society4 8,governments of a revolutionary origin have been known to become conservative and renounce their former principles of action4 ,the ,italian government may likewise wish to do this1 but it cannot4 8,all who have risen to power in ,italy have had some connection with the revolutionary party1 and are obliged to favor it4 ,in particular instances1 they have sometimes manifested a certain firmness towards its factions1 but in essentials they have yielded to the inevitable pressure4 8,revolution leads to disorder1 and1 when it triumphs1 the destiny of the country is thrown into the hands of its adherents4 ,political bias must take the place of capacity and often of honor itself407#bec7 ,one of the first material disasters produced by a triumphant conspiracy is the squandering of the finances4 ,there is an immediate necessity of enriching itself1 repairing all deficiencies1 paying traitors1 buying consciences and votes1 keeping a secret reserve of ready money to reward the zeal of journalists1 and stimulate or lull the passions according to the exigencies of the moment4 ,the wretched state of the budgets in ,united ,italy will become as proverbial as the marchs of the #dth of ,september in ,france4 ,with all the domains ,piedmont has received from the annexed states1 it ought to be rich--rich enough to pay the debt its accomplice1 the ,empire1 has bequeathed to us4 ,the finances of the different states1 especially of ,rome1 were in perfect order1 and1 with the exception of the kingdom of ,sardinia1 the receipts surpassed the expenses4 ,now the credit of ,italy is destroyed1 and nothing is heard of but duties and taxes1 such as were unknown throughout the ,peninsula in #ahei1 more particularly at ,rome4 ,figures are eloquent--we must refer to them3 8,previous to #ahfj1 there were seven states in ,italy1 each with its court1 ministers1 administration1 and diplomatic corps4 ,all these governments expended about five hundred millions of francs a year1 and the imposts amounted to nearly the same sum4 ,these seven states had a debt of about two milliards and a half4 ,at the present time1 without reckoning the interest on the floating debt to the ,national ,bank1 ,italy annually pays about three hundred millions of interest1 corresponding to a debt of seven milliards1 and all this notwithstanding the sale of domanial property amounting to six hundred and fifty millions1 notwithstanding the alienation of the railways of the state and the manufacture of tobacco1 and notwithstanding the seizure of ecclesiastical property1 all of which have amounted in nine years to nine milliards three hundred and sixteen millions of francs received at the state treasury4 ,nevertheless1 the public debt amounts to the aforesaid sum of seven milliards4 ,and yet the army is badly maintained1 the navy poorly organized1 and the administration in a state of chaos and unparalleled demoralization407#bed7 ,and here is ,m4 ,quintino ,sella1 who has just made known the projected budget for #ahgc2 he acknowledges a deficit of sixty millions1 as had been anticipated1 while the ordinary receipts amount to eight hundred and five millions4 ,if the kingdom of ,italy were administered as economically as in the time of the seven sovereigns1 a budget of eight hundred and five millions would leave a surplus of three hundred millions4 ,and yet one of the pretexts of unification was that it would save the expense of so many courts1 which bore hard on the people6 ,poor people6 they know now what to think of cheap governments1 and will soon see that the ministration of the imposts is leading to bankruptcy1 in spite of the fresh confiscations and appropriation of conventual property about to be made at ,rome47#bee7 ,and it must be remembered that1 in spite of these great budgets1 the army is badly maintained and the navy poorly organized4 ,custozza and ,lissa had previously convinced us of this4 ,austria was well aware of it1 and even the ,france of ,m4 ,thiers suspects that1 in spite of the valor of the old ,piedmontese soldiery1 and the discipline of the ,neapolitan army2 in spite of the aptitude of the ,genoese and ,venetian sailors1 the military forces of ,italy are a mere illusion1 particularly on account of the inefficiency of the leaders of the army and navy4 ,since the time of ,m4 de ,cavour1 whose ability is by no means beyond doubt1 there have been only secondrate men beyond the ,alps--not a statesman1 not an orator1 not a minister1 not a financier1 not a genuine soldier--everywhere and in everything there is the same disgraceful deficiency4 ,facundum sed male forte genus4 8,i knew well the men of #ahdh1 some of whom are still remaining1 but they must have degenerated through ambition and the necessity of sustaining their position1 for even in the revolutionary ranks there was more elevation in #ahdh than at the present time4 8,previous to #ahfj1 the armies of the different states1 including1 of course1 the ,piedmontese army1 constituted a more powerful and better organized force than is now under arms4 #8,our army1' says ,general ,la ,marmora1 #8has the traditional reputation of being disciplined1 but it is demoralized by a want of stability in its organization1 and a lack of moral influences4' ,la ,marmora opposes among other things the exclusion of chaplains and of the religious element among the troops4 8,the ,sardinian and ,neapolitan navies greatly surpassed the ,italian4 ,the men were better drilled1 and the shipping in better order4 ,such is the opinion recently expressed by the ,english naval officers in port at ,naples who were at the exposition of the present year407#bef7 ,and yet the military forces are the only remaining bulwark of order in ,italy--,i mean material order1 for moral order no longer exists anywhere4 ,the socalled conservative party1 that is to say1 the moderate revolutionists1 rely on the army4 ,but the ultra revolutionary element is also to be found there1 and some day the advanced party will1 for its own designs1 entice away the officers that followed the hero of ,caprera in his campaigns4 ,it will not be sufficient to name ,cialdini1 ,cadorna1 or even ,la ,marmora1 to counteract the fatal consequences of ,castelfidardo and the ,porta ,pia4 ,by excluding religious influences from the army1 and giving it a false idea of patriotism1 the source of courage and energy is dried up4 ,after all1 revolution will never be friendly to the army1 and the genuine soldier will always execrate revolution1 whether instigated by princes1 citizens1 or the mob4 ,a soldier who entered ,rome through the breach1 lately wrote to the ,libert3 8,the day the ,king of ,italy is satisfied with mere volunteers1 as the ,pope was1 we shall see whether it is the ,pope or the king that is loved and esteemed the most by the ,italian people40 ,in opposing the system of territorial divisions on account of the army1 which he considers unsuited to the ,peninsula1 ,general ,la ,marmora's opinion is founded on a proof that has the misfortune to prove too much4 8,if there were small territorial armies10 says he1 8in addition to separate administrations in the various regions of ,italy1 the unity for which we have done so much1 and ,providence still more than we1 would incur great danger407#beg7 ,why not boldly declare1 general1 that there are two ,italys--the ,reale and the ,legale1 one of which has a tendency to revolt against the other8 ,and1 above all1 why utter a blasphemy against the sovereign providence of ,god87#beh7 ,italia legale labors in vain2 the revolutionary impulse given to it by ,cavour is an accelerated movement2 it will never reascend the declivity that leads al fondo4 ,it will always have against it not only the betrayed interests and the revolted conscience of ,italia reale1 but1 above all1 ,divine ,providence1 who will one day show that the favors and proofs of protection accorded to the 8regenerators0 were merely for them1 as for ,napoleon ,,iii41 the snares of avenging justice4 ,in insidiis suis capientur iniqui4 8,as to greatness and political importance1 admitting even the possibility of indefatigable and intelligent effort1 ,italy will never equal the glorious traditions of its past history4 ,italian glory is the glory of the different states of the ,peninsula4444 ,to acquire fresh glory1 there must be1 besides unity1 a strength of organization it does not possess1 and cannot1 because it is a mirage and not a reality4 8,the ,north invades the ,south3 this cannot be called community of interests4 ,it is an attempt at absorption on the part of the ,north1 and at the expense of the ,south4 8,once at ,rome1 the programme was to have ended4 ,a new life was to commence2 fresh energy was to be the signal of an era of grandeur and prosperity2 interiorly1 there was to be a more perfect administration2 exteriorly1 a prudent national policy1 that is to say1 the ,napoleonic idea of the ,latin races that ,italy was to revive4 ,rome was to be the great centre of liberal influences4444 ,all this had been announced and promised4 ,as for me1 ,i see no choice between a blind alley and a politique d'aventure4 8,it seems to me the union1 at a critical moment1 should find protection in the wishes of the inhabitants4 ,i can testify that if the former sovereigns of ,naples1 ,florence1 ,parma1 and ,modena could return1 the day would be hailed by a majority of the inhabitants as one of deliverance4 ,in ,lombardy it is different1 ,i acknowledge4 ,the noblesse say1 as ,i myself heard a personage of great note3 ,we are badly governed1 but at least it is no longer by foreigners4 ,the middle classes are republicans1 and in the country the ,austrian rule is regretted4 ,the people of ,venice either aspire to a republic or regret the unfortunate ,archduke ,maximilian1 whom they would have liked as an independent sovereign4 ,in the old pontifical provinces called the ,legations1 they would not care to return to the former condition of things as they were1 but some would be satisfied with the ,pope and a local autonomy2 the remainder form a sufficiently numerous republican party40 8,in a word1 ,,there ,,is ,,everywhere ,,dissatisfaction ,,as ,,well ,,as ,,disappointment1 ,,after ,,twelve ,,years ,,of ,,experience407#bei7 ,it is not astonishing1 therefore1 that at an audience on the #ahth of last ,nov41 the ,grand ,duke ,nicholas1 nephew of the ,emperor of ,russia1 said to ,pius ,,ix41 with all a young man's frankness3 8,most holy ,father1 since ,i have been in ,italy1 everywhere ,i go1 ,i hear nothing but evil of ,king ,victor ,emmanuel and his government407#bfj7 ,we need only open our eyes to see the interior condition of united ,italy as soon as there was any question1 no longer of conspiring and declaiming1 but of organizing and governing4 ,and its exterior political relations compare quite as unfavorably with the programme of emancipation4 ,by a kind of divine irony1 ,italy has become a mere humble vassal of ,germany--of the ,holy ,protestant ,empire of ,berlin--and the future ,king of ,rome was only acting his part when he proclaimed himself the ,king of ,prussia's hussar47#bfa7 ,it is well known at the ,quirinal that1 though influenced for the moment by the dominant party1 the authorities may some day return1 even through interest1 to traditional principles and the old political code which does not recognize the revolutionary schemes of nations or parties4 ,besides1 the ,italian princes1 who represent the law1 are still living4 ,francis ,,ii4 may be found to be a genuine ,neapolitan1 ,ferdinand ,,iv4 a very good ,tuscan1 ,robert ,i4 an excellent ,parmesan1 and ,francis ,v4 the best of ,modenais4 ,and1 lastly1 is not ,pius ,,ix4 more of an ,italian than the ,savoyard who styles himself the ,king of ,italy8444 ,and if the ,french1 whose connivance can no longer be expected1 even under ,m4 ,thiers1 should favor the restoration of the throne to a prince1 8qui a la justice dans le sang et dans l'me10 and would at need have it in his hand1 the ,italian framework1 which merely stands through toleration1 would be threatened with sudden and ignominious ruin4 ,it is all this that recently induced the princehritier to mount like a ,hungarian footsoldier behind the triumphal chariot of the ,german ,csar4 ,another evil3 the ,prussians are not the most scrupulous people in the world about other people's property1 and their investigations in the ,peninsula have excited suspicions as to the object of their cupidity4 ,let ,m4 de ,bismarck1 more audacious and grasping than the late ,m4 de ,cavour1 once succeed in driving the ,hapsburgs from ,germany1 will it not occur to him to take advantage of the title of the ,lombardo,venetian kingdom for the benefit of the ,csar of ,berlin8 ,for it is skilfully demonstrated in ,germany that the ,germanic race has the power1 and1 therefore1 the right1 to a powerful navy1 and1 for the benefit of this navy1 an outlet on the ,adriatic4 ,and there is no other possible ally but ,prussia to protect what calls itself the kingdom of ,italy6 8,alliances are beneficial when the parties unite their influence for a common end4 7,allies1 in our day1 no longer seek to know each other's principles or origin47 ,but when they are not formed inter pares1 or nearly so1 and especially when they are intended to guarantee the very existence--the vital principle--of the weaker ally1 then the alliance loses its true character1 and soon ends in subjection on the ground of politics or economy1 and sometimes both407#bfb7 ,such are the glories of ,italy free from the ,alps to the ,adriatic6 ,if1 in spite of her presumptuous far da se1 she was obliged to have recourse to a foreign hand in order to rise1 and still needs a foreign arm to stand erect1 she will1 according to appearances1 have need of no one to aid her in falling3 she will topple over of herself4 ,the socalled free country is only an enslaved kingdom--a vassal1 a satellite without strength and without prestige4 ,,iii4 ,of all the ,italian formulas that have served to mislead the liberal mind1 there is not one more odiously false and deceptive than the too famous expression1 ,a free church in a free country4 ,history has already interpreted it1 ,a persecuted church in an enslaved country4 ,the revolutionary factions that have assumed the authority have imposed thereon the complete execution of their plan1 and we know that the ,masonic lodges1 though they denounce ,mazzinian deism1 have fallen into the atheism of ,renan1 al fondo6 ,the sacrilegious frenzy of the ,revolution1 and the madness of those that encouraged it1 have been stigmatized in forcible terms by the august prisoner of the ,vatican3 8,unbelief assumes an air of authority1 and proudly stalks throughout the length and breadth of the earth1 doubtless imagining it is to triumph for ever4444 ,woe to those who are linked with the impious1 and dally with the ,revolution under the pretence of directing it6 ,sooner or later they will be drawn into the abyss4 ,the recent disasters at ,naples may be adduced as an example4 ,a great number of curious people1 heedless and devoid of all prudence1 hastened to get a nearer view of the devouring flames issuing from the fearful mouth of ,vesuvius1 and many of them became victims of mistaken curiosity4 ,so it is with those who covenant with the ,revolution and the revolutionists1 hoping to overrule the former and keep down the latter4 ,rash people6 they will all become a prey to the flames that surround them on every side407#bfc7 ,the revolutionary lava floods the streets of ,rome and covers the whole ,peninsula4 ,it began in the cities1 spread into the country1 and will end by swallowing up the army4 ,the universities and common schools are invaded1 the torrent engulfs the workshops and stalls1 and undermines the walls of palaces4 ,princes even have opened their gates at its approach4 ,in vain the ,holy ,father sounds the cry of alarm2 in vain his prime minister publicly denounces the progress of the deadly current--party spirit seems to have paralyzed all in authority4 ,we will not describe the exploits of this new ,islamism against the papal power4 ,the history of its ambuscades and pillages is sufficiently well known4 ,there never was a richer treasure of dishonor for revolution to endow a people with4 8,the title of liberators was all the same retained40 ,yes1 all the same6 ,joseph de ,maistre somewhere refers to an ,english functionary as saying that every man who spoke of taking an inch of land from the ,pope ought to be hung4 8,as for me10 adds the witty writer1 8,i cheerfully consent1 in order to avoid carnage1 that hung should be changed to hissed407#bfd7 ,let us wait4 ,an avenging ,god will do both3 subsannabit1 conquassabit4 ,had the plots of the unionists merely aimed at the temporal power1 perhaps divine justice would have been satisfied with a hiss at the hour of some ,italian ,sedan1 but the gibbet--it is a law of history--is reserved for persecutors and apostates4 ,when the ,sardinian government knocked at one of the gates of ,rome1 as it awaited a propitious moment for battering it down1 it bound itself before all ,europe to solve the problem of the separation of church and state which had puzzled all the doctors of liberalism1 and of which it pretended to have found the key4 ,it was said the ,roman question and the ,italian question were to cease to be antagonistic1 or1 at least1 they were to resemble those rivers that1 while mingling their waters1 preserve their own colors1 as we see in the ,rhne and the ,sane4 ,it was promised a channel should be made wide enough for this double current of opinions4 ,hence the origin of the famous law of the ,guarantees4 ,this scheme of conciliation is properly appreciated in the ,etudes sur l',italie ,contemporaine3 8,how many times ,i have heard it said that the ,papacy and the ,italian government1 even though they never came to an agreement1 might at least be like two parallel lines indefinitely and pacifically prolonged6 ,this is a mistake arising from a judgment founded on impressions--and when ,i say impressions1 ,i mean appearances4 8,from the beginning1 this law of ,guarantees was a onesided and fruitless attempt4444 ,the government and the ,chambers never had any doubt as to the refusal of the ,pope4 ,this law was like an olive branch presented at the point of the sword as a suitable corrective to palliate the violent occupation of ,rome4444 ,i do not think a single statesman could really have believed in the success of this law1 otherwise than as the decree of the conqueror4 8,besides the moral1 juridical1 and historic reasons to hinder an understanding between the ,pope and a sovereign master of ,rome1 there was also the impossibility of coexisting with a power that rests on an unstable foundation4 8,even from the point of view of modern but not subversive ideas1 ,a ,,separation ,,more ,,important ,,than ,,that ,,of ,,state ,,and ,,church ,,is ,,the ,,separation ,,of ,,state ,,and ,,revolution407#bfe7 ,these are golden words4 ,but our diplomatic traveller is forced to acknowledge that the ,italian government cannot break its iniquitous bonds1 that it lacks honesty and force1 and that all the factions seek their own good first and then the evil of others4 ,our author1 though1 unfortunately1 too indifferent a spectator to ,italian persecution1 at least has the advantage of being an unexceptionable witness4 8,practically1 it is not the state1 it is society1 that modern ,italy separates from the church4444 ,one of the greatest mistakes the unionists have made since the beginning of the ,revolution has been the war declared against the clergy and the church4 ,it is at once a political and historical error1 and the greater for being committed at ,rome4 8,tolerance 7practised from time to time according to orders7 has its reaction1 and of the deepest die1 in a recrudescence of insults1 sequestrations and confiscations imposed on the ministers of the sanctuary and even the sanctuaries themselves4 8,anti,christianity has established itself with a bold front at ,rome--with its schools of freethinkers1 speeches in which atheism is proclaimed without the least reticence1 burial without any religious ceremony1 and irreligious books sold at low prices4 8,in everything relating to teaching1 the choice generally falls on the unbeliever4 8,materialism is taught ex cathedra in all the universities4 8,they have not yet touched on the most vital question--the suppression of the convents 7at ,rome7 and the incameration of the property of the clergy4 ,but they will come to that1 and speedily4444 ,the attempt at what is called a conciliation must sooner or later end in an outbreak407#bff7 ,they did come to it--to that shameful encroachment of the government on the religious corporations4 ,the party demanded it1 ,m4 de ,bismarck advised it1 and the diplomatic corps tolerated it4 ,what will not diplomacy tolerate8 ,it was1 however1 clearly demonstrated to the representatives of different governments the urgent necessity there was of taking under their united protection the independence of the ,sovereign ,pontiff so poorly guaranteed by the usurper1 of declaring the inviolability of church property1 the possession of which--and it is a wholly legitimate one--is a sine qua non condition of pontifical independence1 without considering that most of these establishments have a double claim as to their origin and destination1 to be regarded as international property47#bfg7 ,nothing was done4 ,the tolerance of official ,europe towards the ,piedmontese filibustering has been unlimited1 though unrestricted usurpation has been followed by open persecution4 ,pius ,,ix4 had good reason to severely allude to 8the socalled governments0 that find amusement in the ,revolution4 ,europe seems to have sent its diplomatists to the court of the usurper in the capital of the ,christian world1 that they might close their eyes to all the schemes of ,freemasonry1 and the numberless vexations and spoliations1 that they might play the rle of stagedancers in the sacrilegious comedy6 ,such base complacency justifies the expression of a ,catholic writer3 8,europe is in a state of mortal sin60 ,i am almost ashamed to be obliged to refer to the authority of a diplomatist who belongs neither to our nation nor our religion4 ,i wish ,i could quote some official report of a minister from ,france6 ,might not ,m4 ,fournier have employed his time better than in figuring at banquets offered to a renegade1 and in listening to heretical and atrocious speeches from the professors of the ,romano,piedmontese university8 ,i will console myself in transcribing a page from ,m4 ,dulaurier1 the honorable member of the ,institute1 likewise an ocular witness1 and a witness worthy of credit1 even from a subscriber to the ,dbats3 8,these grievances and many others are aggravated by the excesses to which the press--the illustrated press1 above all--has given itself up1 and by the incessant war it wages against religion4 ,ignoble caricatures are daily exposed for sale in the sight of the police1 and to their knowledge1 in all the ,kiosques and newspaper shops1 and on the walls1 or are hawked around by miserable creatures in rags4 ,the ,don ,pirloncino1 a humorous paper1 obsequious to the government1 diffuses three times a week its abominations on the most august mysteries of the ,christian faith and the ministers who dispense them4 ,the cross itself--the cross before which ,christians of all communions bow with respect--not only ,catholics1 but schismatics1 ,greeks1 and ,orientals1 and even ,protestants--is not safe from its insults4 ,my heart swells with horror when ,i recall one of these pictures--a caricature of the ,crucifixion4 ,in the place of the ,god,man is ,dr4 ,lanza1 ,minister of the ,interior4 ,the words put in his mouth1 and on the lips of his murderers1 are untranslatable4 ,under his feet1 at the lower extremity of the tree of the cross1 is fastened transversely an instrument that ,i dare not designate otherwise than by saying it is made a burlesque use of at the end of the first act of ,m4 de ,pourceaugnac4 ,our ,french revolutionists1 in their senseless fury1 have broken the cross in pieces1 but it never occurred to them to defile it in such a manner4 ,so revolting an idea could only spring from imaginations the country of ,aretino alone is capable of producing4 8,in the presence of these abominations echoed by the political press devoted to the advancement of freethinking1 the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 the clergy1 and the ,roman people who are fundamentally religious1 can only veil their faces1 resign themselves1 and have recourse to prayer4 ,and prayer rises unceasingly to heaven in expiation of so many horrors4 ,it is the only consolation left to all these afflicted souls4 ,there is a constant succession of triduos1 announced by blank notices1 headed ,invito sacro1 and signed by ,mgr4 ,patrizi1 the ,cardinal ,vicar4 ,one of these notices1 which ,i saw affixed to the columns at the entrance to his eminence's palace near the ,church of ,sant' ,agostino1 gives an idea1 in the very first line1 of the indignation that is fermenting in every ,catholic breast3 #8,the earth is full of the most horrible blasphemies4 ,la terra piena della pi orrende bestemmie4' 0 ,,iv4 ,we will not deny one benefit--and this time a real one6--that has sprung from the ,italian ,revolution3 it has served to revive the fidelity and fervor of all true ,italians4 ,it can be rightly said of it1 as ,m4 ,guizot says of the ,reformation of the sixteenth century1 ,it has awakened1 even among its adversaries we must correct this ,protestant writer's mistake--he should have said among its adversaries alone1 religious faith and civil courage4 ,some natures that were formerly nonchalantes1 timid1 and delicate1 are no longer satisfied with groaning over the evil1 but take a bold stand against the inroads of impiety4 ,italy1 somewhat inclined to the far niente1 might of itself have yielded2 sustained by the hand of a great ,pope1 she is roused to withstand the unloosed tempest4 ,she no longer falters before the responsibility of a religious manifestation or an anti revolutionary vote4 ,no longer afraid of the threats of the poniard1 or of conciliating1 through culpable prudence1 her temporary masters1 she at last ventures to show herself openly1 as she really is--the cherished and faithful daughter of the ,church of ,rome4 ,roused by provocations and blasphemies1 her filial piety towards the ,papacy has become more lively and aggressive4 ,she protests solemnly against the schemes of the adventurers who have trampled under foot their faith1 honesty1 morality1 and honor4 ,at the sight of these sublime outbursts of a spirit at once ,catholic and ,roman1 the church is consoled1 and observant ,christendom begins to hope the reaction will be the more salutary from the extreme violence of the crisis4 ,one of our colaborers has expressed all this much better than we can3 8,if there is a country we have reason to conceive such consoling hopes of1 assuredly it is ,italy1 in spite of all the scandals and all the infamy that now degrade it4 ,all who have had a favorable opportunity of observing the moral condition of the country agree in declaring the greater part of the inhabitants faithful to their belief4 ,it is merely the froth and pestilential impurities that are seething on the surface4 ,some day it will doubtless be with this impure froth as with the stagnant waters for which ,pius ,,ix4 some years ago made an opening to the sea1 giving fresh fecundity to the old ,italian soil4 ,purified by trials1 as by a new baptism1 this nation1 in many respects so highly gifted1 will once more have acquired a beneficial discipline of mind and character1 the advantages of a robust and manly training1 the practice of energetic individual action1 and especially of great combined efforts which she is beginning to give us the consoling spectacle of in the recently formed ,catholic associations407#bfh7 ,in ,france we think lightly1 or rather we have an incorrect idea1 of what our brethren in ,italy are effecting4 ,the very people among us who only talk of harmony and compromise reproach the ,catholics of the ,peninsula for being inactive and inefficient4 ,they even make them partly responsible for the national misfortunes and the decay of moral principle beyond the ,alps4 ,we protest against such superficial judgments4 ,we know ,italy too well not to have a right to speak in favor of those who are so unjustly accused4 ,catholics in ,italy decline public offices1 ne eletti1 ne elettori2 and they do well1 because the ,sardinian government imposes an oath after the style of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,elizabeth4 ,tell us if it is proper for a ,catholic to take a seat in a parliament established at ,rome between the ,vatican where the ,pope is imprisoned1 and the ,quirinal where the ,piedmontese has established himself by the aid of a false key4 ,does the military career offer much attraction when he might be ordered to assassinate the pontifical zouaves1 open a breach in the walls of ,rome1 bombard ,ancona or even the quarter of the ,vatican8 ,he might without any great difficulty present himself at the municipal and provincial ballotboxes4 ,the faithful ,neapolitans1 at the invitation of their archbishop1 formed a majority there1 and this is not an isolated case4 ,but do you1 who are the safety of ,france1 set the example of hastening to the polls8--,no2 good ,christians in ,italy are far from being inert1 nor do the clergy inculcate inertness4 ,abstaining is quite a different thing from inaction4 ,is the public aware that the ,catholic press is one of the glories of the ,peninsula8 ,there are a hundred journals and reviews on the other side of the ,alps consecrated to the service of the truth1 and some of these publications are of unequalled merit4 ,it is sufficient to name the ,civilt ,cattolica1 the ,unit ,cattolica1 and the ,voce della ,verit4 ,we confess our admiration for the courageous journalists who keep their own course in spite of arrests1 lawsuits1 fines1 imprisonment1 and threats of coltellate4 ,and the tone of these papers1 with some insignificant exceptions1 is healthier than with us1 the union of sentiment stronger1 and their adhesion to the apostolic constitutions more sincere and open4 ,associations have spread from one end of the ,peninsula to the other1 and everywhere produce the most beneficial results4 ,i need only mention the ,society of ,catholic ,youth at ,bologna1 celebrated on account of the generous filial stand it has taken from the first in favor of ,pius ,,ix41 and the ,roman ,society for the promotion of ,catholic interests1 which1 by its branches and parish committees1 exercises so prodigious an influence over the city of ,rome as to excite the anxiety of those in authority4 ,but let us once more listen to our unexceptionable witness1 whom ,i think every one will feel indebted to us for quoting so much at length3 testimonium anim naturaliter ,christian4 8,the religious reaction is more and more decided1 even in the middle and lower classes1 owing to the zealous associations that have assumed the direction4 ,this movement is worthy of study4444 ,at ,rome1 and throughout ,italy1 this reaction has given rise to societies composed for the most part of men still young1 whose object is to oppose all pernicious doctrines4 ,these societies are to be found at ,rome1 ,florence1 ,venice1 ,milan1 ,naples1 ,turin1 ,verona1 ,genoa1 ,lucca1 ,padua1 ,pisa1 and ,bologna4 8,in ,january1 #ahga1 the following statement was made in the ,riforma1 the organ of ,rattazzi3 #8,the clerical party is being more and more reinforced at ,rome2 the clerical press every day acquires more strength1 its organs increase in number and boldness4'444 ,the clerical press is really well sustained1 and1 in spite of the persecutions and illtreatment of all kinds the editors of these journals have to undergo1 they do not cease their energetic efforts4 8,the administering of the oath has caused wholesale resignations in all the dicastres 7at ,rome74 ,many of these functionaries are left without any means of subsistence4444 ,as early as the year #ahga1 there were more than four thousand resignations4 8,thousands of ,romans go to the ,vatican to give their plebiscites1 and to the basilica of ,st4 ,peter to offer solemn prayers for hastening ,,the ,,day ,,of ,,deliverance407#bfi7 ,the day of deliverance will arrive1 and1 in spite of the sneers about our wailing over disappointed hopes1 it will come soon6 ,but how will this deliverance be effected8 ,united ,italy has against it the upper and nether fires--the ,catholic reaction that will never stoop to parley1 and the exertions of the demagogues1 which are continually increasing4 ,at present the nether fires seem like the prelude of the ,internationale4 ,the intermediate party1 which would like to consolidate le fait accompli1 and which recruits adepts from the very opposers of the mezzi morali1 is not sufficiently free from all alloy of party spirit to constitute a government capable of resistance and of exacting respect from the league of destruction4 ,unhappy but beloved ,italy6 ,great and holy city of ,rome6 shall we have the sorrow of seeing the enemy flamber your palaces1 your museums1 your churches8 ,not long since we were asked at ,florence to read the prophecy of ,joel1 so applicable to the future of ,italy3 8,hear this1 444 tell ye of this to your children1 and let your children tell their children1 and their children to another generation4 ,that which the palmer worm hath left1 the locust hath eaten2 and that which the locust hath left1 the bruchus hath eaten2 and that which the bruchus hath left1 the mildew hath destroyed4 ,awake1 ye that are drunk1 and weep1 and mourn1 all ye that take delight in drinking sweet wine2 for it is cut off from your mouth40--,joel4 i4 #be4 ,it is true too large a part of the ,italian nation have grown giddy from the intoxicating draught of liberalism1 and it is to be feared they may be condemned to drink the bitter cup of expiation to the dregs4 ,the international 8locusts0 will devour that which the ,sub,alpine 8palmerworm0 hath left4 ,today1 the taxes of ,sella2 tomorrow1 the communism of ,castellani3 yesterday1 a political revolution2 tomorrow1 a radical revolution3 yesterday and today1 the hypocrisy of the tribune2 tomorrow1 the bloody scenes of the national ,comitia4 ,after the physicians and lawyers1 after the members of the ,consorteria and the friends of ,rattazzi1 the lowest grade of society--the 8bruchus0 and the 8mildew0--like a barbarous horde1 will overturn1 and destroy1 and deluge with petroleum4 ,italy1 more than ,france or ,spain1 has abused the divine gift4 ,she has 8the light of ,rome and the sun10 but has been ungrateful1 proud1 impious1 shameless1 and reckless4 ,the whole land is now a mere haunt for banditti1 traitors1 and buffoons4 ,alas6 it is so3 but ,pius ,,ix4 still prays for his beloved ,italy6 ,following the example of its lawful ruler1 the nation--at least1 the better portion of the nation--have multiplied their holy prayers1 which daily grow more frequent from the delay of the benefit and the example of ,france4 ,it has a clearer sense of equity and justice2 it already feels disposed to renew its former covenant with ,god1 return to the path of order1 and take up its national traditions of glory4 ,it is awakening from its dreams of moral and social primacy4 ,it will be satisfied with1 and glory in1 being the patrie environnante of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,would that ,france1 once more regenerated1 might speedily aid her in breaking loose from the tyranny of lodges1 and shaking off the ,prussian suzerainty6 ,in #ahfj1 the unhappy ,king of ,sardinia said to ,m4 de la ,tour d',auvergne1 the ,french minister at ,turin3 8,i do not wish you to leave me under false impressions4 ,i feel sure you regard me as impious--as an infidel1 as people persist in saying4 ,you are wrong4--,if ,i number kings among my ancestry1 there are likewise saints4 ,here1 look around4--,well1 do you think that in yonder world all these sainted relatives of mine have any other occupation than to pray for me807#bgj7 ,our ,saviour prayed for those who knew not what they did6 ,pater dimitte illis4 ,may all the saints in heaven and on earth pray for poor ,italy6 ,it has need of it4 ,sonnet4 ,,from ,,the ,,italian ,,of ,,giovanni ,,battista ,,zappi1 ,,upon ,,the ,,moses ,,of ,,michael ,,angelo ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,san ,,pietro ,,in ,,vincoli1 ,,at ,,rome4 ,whose form there1 sculptured in such mass of stone1 ,sits like a giant1 carrying art so far ,beyond all works most beautiful and known8 ,on those quick lips life's very accents are6 ,that man is ,moses3 on the awful front ,the double ray17#bga7 the glory of his beard1 ,reveal as much3 'tis ,moses from the ,mount ,when much of ,deity in his face appeared6 ,so looked he once when he the vasty fount ,of sounding waters with his one word stayed4 ,such was his aspect when the sea obeyed ,and swallowed ,egypt4 ,o ye tribes that bent ,before the calf6 had you an image made ,like this to worship1 less were to repent4 ,recollections ,of ,pre ,hermann4 ,france has a strange1 magnetic power of attracting to herself1 and absorbing into her mould1 all the great talent of the world4 ,how many men there are in ,paris1 who1 from the ends of the earth1 come together to lose their nationality in her appreciative bosom1 and to gain there instead a reflected light of popularity ensured by her endorsement alone6 ,all countries have adopted citizens1 it is true1 some by social1 some by artistic1 some by political adoption1 but no country has a larger share of adopted intellect than ,france4 ,to all intents and purposes1 the famous artistconvert and artistmonk1 ,pre ,hermann1 was a ,frenchman1 though he was born a ,german ,jew1 in the free city of ,hamburg4 ,his biographers have told us all the striking incidents of his life2 they have dwelt on his intoxicating success during youth1 his mad extravagance of opinion1 of expenditure1 and of depravity1 and1 lastly1 on his almost miraculous conversion and religious vocation4 ,his death1 which was a fitting crown to his life1 and can be dignified by no lesser title than martyrdom1 has endeared his memory still more to all those who knew him personally and had many secret reasons to admire his sanctity and feel grateful for his spiritual direction4 ,his was a figure not easily forgotten1 and perhaps a few touches of personal reminiscences will not be unacceptable to our readers1 since all that links us to the saints1 and brings the shadow of their sanctity nearer to our littleness1 can hardly fail to be of interest4 ,the first time we were brought in contact with him was in the summer of #ahfb1 when he came by special invitation to spend a few days with us in the country4 ,the house itself had a monastic appearance and origin4 ,it had been1 so said tradition1 a rural dependency1 half farm1 half infirmary1 of a great ,franciscan convent4 ,it had been restored in #ahdi and #ahej1 or thereabouts1 and thanks to the good taste of the owner and the talent of the architects employed1 had developed into a gem of ,elizabethan ,gothic and of domestic comfort4 ,the little markettown adjoining1 once a centre of wealthy woolmerchants and a great medival mart1 contained several ,x,i,vth century buildings in a state of entire preservation1 besides the later pile of the almshouses 7,x,v,i,ith century71 which1 both as a building and an institution1 was the pride of the surrounding country4 ,twelve old and destitute people1 six men and six women1 invariably widows or widowers1 are generously supported on the fund left in perpetuity for this purpose by ,joanna1 ,lady ,c----1 wife of the great loyalist ,baptist1 ,viscount ,c----1 who burnt down his manorhouse 7opposite the almshouses71 rather than let it fall1 with its treasures of plate and furniture1 into the hands of ,cromwell's ,roundheads4 ,it was the yearly custom to feast these good people at the manor1 the restored ,franciscan dependency1 and thither they were conveyed one day during the summer in question1 in a large covered cart provided with seats like a ,french charbanc4 ,pre ,hermann had been in the house since the previous evening1 and had stipulated with his cordial host and hostess that he should wear his ,carmelite habit while within the limits of the private grounds4 ,the sight of this alone had in it something homely2 it was a rest to the eye to see the cowled figure pacing the terrace in the early morning1 ,breviary in hand1 and to lapse into beautiful daydreams of what might have been had ,england kept true to the faith4 ,the ,carmelite was delighted at the prospect of seeing this annual feast given to the almshouse people1 and no sooner had they all assembled round the ample board spread for them on a shady part of the terrace at the back of the house1 than he made his way towards them1 and1 saluting them1 showed how much he sympathized in their enjoyment4 ,his ,english was1 of course1 very imperfect2 indeed1 he never grew to any proficiency in speaking that language1 but his interest in the scene was none the less vividly expressed4 ,the old people still wear the costume appointed by the foundress of the institution3 for the men1 gaiters and a long coat of rough black cloth1 with a silver badge or medal2 for the women1 a narrow1 oldfashioned dress of the same material1 and a similar badge4 ,these badges1 we believe1 have never been renewed since the original endowment1 and are handed down from one bedesman to his successor1 and so on2 the clothes are renewed every two years4 ,if we mistake not1 ,pre ,hermann said grace for these poor people1 who1 though all ,protestants1 seemed not at all shocked at the 8popish0 apparition4 ,indeed1 he gained the hearts of all who ever saw him1 his gentleness and recollection inspiring a respect for his person which was little short of veneration4 ,he seemed as though he were walking with angels and listening to heavenly converse even while charitably lending his time and his bodily presence to earth4 ,when he had enjoyed1 with the simplicity of a child1 the sight of the innocent sports and merriment of the old people1 he left us for the chapel1 where he spent a great part of his time4 ,we cannot help adverting to a little occurrence which took place at one of these almshouse feasts 7we believe this very one71 and which was certainly very pathetic4 ,a monk might well take pleasure in such unaffected simplicity and gentleness among those whose ancestors had been so intimately linked of old with monastic patrons4 ,one of the old women1 speaking to one of her host's daughters of her little grandchild1 a baby girl who was just dead1 said1 in the broad dialect of the county of ,gloucester 7which1 however1 we dare not imitate in print73 8,when the child was born1 my daughter made me notice how long the little thing's fingers were1 and said1 ',bless its little heart6 they are long enough for the baby to be a waitingmaid on the queen4' ,and we agreed1 laughinglike1 that a waitingmaid the child would surely be4 ,but when it died1 ,i said to my daughter1 said ,i1 #8,jane1 we were mistaken about the baby's fingers1 you see4 ,i tell you the ,lord gave her those beautiful long fingers1 not to attend on any great lady or queen on earth1 but to play on the golden harps in his kingdom of heaven4' 0 ,no truer nor more reverent poetry can be found anywhere than that simple utterance of an unlettered old woman who had not even that instinctive education which belongs to all those who learn the ,catholic catechism4 ,such women and such poetry used to abound in the ,england of historic times1 but error and materialism have but too well succeeded during the last three centuries in making the type rare and not easily discoverable1 save in some forgotten nook of the rural districts4 ,pre ,hermann that evening allowed us to enjoy our treat1 after giving him his among the bedesmen1 by playing a little on a cottage pianoforte in what we called the oak drawingroom4 ,the servants were all collected in the next room 7the library71 and this seemed to give him particular satisfaction1 as he was ever most fastidiously thoughtful of the comforts and pleasures of those in inferior station4 ,his playing1 though not comparable to his triumphant successes as an artist nearly twenty years before1 was still admirable1 and1 above all1 so sympathetic4 ,he played1 among other things1 the 8,prayer of ,moses0 with great solemnity and expression1 and also some of his own ,cantiques1 which for blending passion with religious earnestness are something unique4 ,he never played anywhere save in private1 and then only to small audiences in an informal manner1 and never touched the organ save by obedience in his own church1 or for the ,forty ,hours' ,exposition1 saying that he wished to have his art ever sanctified by a religious inspiration4 ,the fascination and temptation of artistic triumphs must still have been appreciable stumblingblocks in his spiritual career4 ,therefore1 to hear him play at all was no slight favor1 and1 while on this visit1 he repeated this favor more than once4 ,on the last day1 he said ,mass in the domestic chapel1 and distributed the ,scapular to the household1 enrolling nearly every member in the ,confraternity4 ,he gave a short address on the origin and meaning of this devotion1 the distinctive one of his ,order1 and which was further made interesting on this occasion by the fact of the host's having in former years rescued a picture of ,s4 ,simon ,stock in the act of receiving the first miraculous ,scapular4 ,the figures were lifesize1 and the painting after the manner of the later ,italian school2 the canvas was found riddled with holes1 having been used as a target by ignorant or fanatical possessors4 ,the restored picture was hung in the drawingroom1 where it became a great source of interest to the zealous convert ,carmelite1 our dear guest4 ,during this visit was laid the foundation of a spiritual friendship between him and the writer--a friendship which proved a great benefit and guidance in our afterlife4 ,meeting him again in ,london a few months later1 we learnt a singular occurrence connected with his influence over souls4 ,a young girl1 not much over seventeen1 and of a wilful and rebellious nature1 who was under ,pre ,hermann's spiritual direction1 happening to come up to town for a few days1 experienced a strange phase of religious excitement4 ,careless as she was about all serious matters regarding the future state1 she was nevertheless seized with a strong feeling of inadequacy in her religious efforts4 ,she rose suddenly 7it was a bright moonlight night71 and went to the window1 where the chastened beauty of the moon made even the monotonous landscape of ,london roofs and chimneys shine with a weird charm and take on suggestive shapes of startling vividness4 ,something--the grace of ,god1 we ought no doubt reverently to say--seemed to take hold of her heart and shake her whole being4 ,it was not the fear of punishment1 the blank of unsated frivolity1 that moved her2 only one cry burst from her heart--8,i have never loved ,god enough--,i have never loved him at all40 ,if any but the saints ever feel perfect contrition1 she did at that moment2 for in that one sin she saw all others contained4 ,sobs came from the depths of her heart2 she paced her room with naked feet1 unmindful of discomfort1 unheeding the autumn chill that is never long absent from ,london atmosphere1 repeating again and again1 like a dirge1 those words1 8,i have never loved ,god enough--,i have never loved him at all40 ,then came a wondering feeling as to what this awakening meant2 was it conversion1 or the beginning of a vocation1 or a sign that some special selfdevotedness would be required of her through life8 ,she said to herself1 8,i will see ,pre ,hermann1 and tell him2 ,i wonder if this will last60 ,strange to say1 the blessed excitement passed away1 and the next morning1 though she tried to revive it1 it was impossible4 ,not a trace of emotion was left1 although the mind recalled distinctly what an ecstasy of sorrow it had been1 and how it had shaken the soul to its very centre4 ,the young girl1 however1 saw ,pre ,hermann1 and told him of it1 and in the parlor of the nuns of the ,assumption1 ,kensington ,square1 he gave her the advice of a father and a saint4 ,she is still living1 and none can tell if that prophetic call may not yet have unexpected fulfilment through the prayers of one who is now a saint in heaven4 ,this occurrence led to a very interesting and intimate correspondence1 which we have examined ourselves1 and of which we would gladly give some extracts were the letters not unfortunately beyond our reach at the present moment4 ,pre ,hermann was peculiarly fond of children1 as indeed all saints are4 ,going one day to the ,brompton ,oratory1 which the finest organ in ,london and a very perfect and numerous surpliced choir contribute to make one of the leading ,catholic churches of the ,english capital1 he was prevailed upon to play a voluntary after the ,offertory4 ,there sat a child in that choir1 only a little chorus singer1 but whose early dream it had ever been to become a musician and play upon an organ such as that majestic1 imperial instrument which he listened to with vague awe every ,sunday4 ,he knew the story of the great artist who now sat at the organ in his ,carmelite habit1 and he drank in eagerly the grand strains he could but dimly understand1 yet admired so intensively4 ,things which he never knew technically till many years after1 yet seemed not unknown to his sympathetic ear1 and1 if he understood but little of the science that created those rolling chords and modulations1 he could worship the beauty they expressed4 ,a few days later1 the little chorister1 with six or seven companions from the ,oratory ,school1 was taken to the temporary ,carmelite chapel in ,kensington4 ,it was all very poor and unpretending1 but the spirit of recollection and peace made an ,eden of the temporary refuge of these 8knights of poverty10 and the children were very much impressed4 ,pre ,hermann came to the parlor to see them1 and inquired severally after each one from the ,oratorian ,father in whose special charge they were4 ,our little chorister was dumb with awe and delight1 expecting the holy ,carmelite to notice him particularly2 but when the ,oratorian was questioned about this boy1 he answered laughingly3 8,oh6 this fellow is going to be a tinker40 ,pre ,hermann looked amused but incredulous1 and the child grew hot and uncomfortable under the laughing gaze of his companions4 ,he had long made up his mind as to what he would like to be1 and the tinker suggestion was peculiarly hateful to him1 because systematically used by his wise instructor to 8break his pride40 ,but the gentle monk saw the boy's discomfiture1 and came skilfully to the rescue4 8,and will you really be a tinker1 my little man80 he said1 smiling4 8,no1 father10 readily answered the little one4 8,a musician40 8,you mean a tinker1 ,peter10 teasingly suggested the ,oratorian1 and the boy blushed with annoyance4 8,no1 no10 said ,pre ,hermann2 8he will be a musician1 as he says1 and a good one4 ,and now10 he continued1 8it is nearly time for ,benediction1 and ,i am going to play the harmonium2 would you like to stay for that80 ,the child was speechless with delight1 and then the holy monk added3 8,you shall pull out the stops for me1 ,peter10 which was done1 and1 though it seemed the acme of happiness to ,peter1 it probably did not improve the music4 ,after the service1 the father called one of the lay brothers1 and entrusted the children to his care1 saying1 with simple glee1 and in the broken accent which all who knew him remember as a characteristic of his otherwise terse and appropriate language3 8,now1 brother1 go and feed these little ones1 and mind you give them plenty of good things40 ,the order was well obeyed1 for the tradition of ample and eager hospitality has never been lost among religious orders1 be they poor and struggling and even proscribed1 or rich1 powerful1 and influential4 ,rich plumcake and good wine1 with candies of every sort1 were set before the little musician and his friends1 but the child was even then thinking exultingly that ,pre ,hermann had really said he should be an artist4 ,in later years1 when studying his art in ,flanders1 or earning his bread by it in ,england1 this saying1 that from such holy lips seemed a prophetic blessing and an earnest of success1 often and often recurred to his mind1 and encouraged him in the many dark days through which he had to pass4 ,to all those who learned to love ,pre ,hermann from personal intercourse with him1 every remembrance of his words1 however trifling1 is now doubly treasured2 his death1 uniting as it did in itself the heroism of philanthropy1 of patriotism1 and of divine charity1 has already practically canonized him in the eyes of his friends and spiritual children2 and as we lay this slender wreath of praise among the more important tributes that literature1 art1 and religion have heaped around his memory1 we are fain to exclaim1 with the wise man of ,israel1 8,blessed are they that saw thee1 and were honored with thy friendship407#bgb7 ,a ,daughter ,of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,concluded4 ,it was a singular proof1 not only of respect for her character1 but of confidence in her judgment and discretion1 on the part of the government1 to have entrusted her with this right of mercy2 knowing1 as no one who knew anything about her could fail to know1 her extraordinary tenderness of heart and compassion for suffering1 especially in the case of the soldiers4 ,it seemed a risk to invest her with a sort of judicial right to interfere in their behalf at the hands of law and justice2 but they never had reason to regret it4 ,she showed herself to the last worthy of the trust reposed in her4 ,in the exercise of a privilege whose application was one of the keenest joys of her life1 ,amlie evinced a mind singularly well balanced1 a judgment always clear1 and a prudence ever on the alert to guide and control the impulses of her heart4 ,but when her judgment approved the promptings of charity1 no consideration could deter her from obeying them4 ,she was by nature very timid1 and of late years1 owing to her having quite broken off intercourse with the world1 properly speaking1 this timidity had grown to a painful shyness4 ,whenever there was a necessity1 however1 she could brave it1 and face a gay crowd or a doughty magnate with as much ease and cheerfulness as if the act demanded no effort or sacrifice of natural inclination4 ,such sacrifices were frequently required of her4 ,her name had a prestige that gained entrance through doors closed to persons of infinitely higher social position and importance2 and when a community1 or a hospital1 or a family wanted a mediator in high quarters1 they turned quite naturally to ,amlie4 ,on one occasion her courage and goodnature were put to a rather severe test4 ,it was in the case of a poor man who had been condemned to a long term of punishment for some fraudulent act4 ,the circumstances of the case1 the hitherto excellent character of the man1 the fierce pressure of want under which the fraud was committed1 and certain points which threw doubts on the extent to which he had been consciously guilty1 along with the misery his condemnation must entail on a wife and young family1 roused strong sympathy for him1 and a general impulse seized the townspeople to appeal to the emperor for his pardon4 ,but how to do it so as to make the appeal efficacious--who to entrust with the delicate mission8 ,every heart turned instinctively to ,amlie4 ,her name rose to every tongue4 ,the most influential of the petitioners went to her1 and besought her to go to ,paris and obtain an audience of the emperor1 and implore of his clemency a free pardon for the convict4 ,her first impulse was to draw back in dismay at the mere contemplation of such a feat2 but the petitioners brought out an array of arguments that it was not in ,amlie's nature to resist4 ,she called up her courage1 recommended the success of her mission to the prayers of the ,marseillese and the protection of ,n4 ,dame de ,garde1 and started off to ,paris4 ,thanks to her previous relations with the ministerial world1 she was able to obtain1 after some delay1 an audience of the emperor4 ,he received her with the most flattering marks of personal consideration1 and granted her at once the pardon she sued for4 ,amlie telegraphed the good news to ,marseilles on leaving his majesty's presence1 and was met on her arrival there the following day by her protg and his family in tears of joy and gratitude4 ,on another occasion1 she was applied to for a rather large sum of money for a very pressing charity4 ,she happened for the moment to have exhausted all her own and her friends' resources1 and knew not where to turn for the necessary sum4 ,some enterprising person proposed that she should go and beg it at the house of a banker who was giving a grand ball that night1 and at which all the wealthy notabilities of the town were to be present4 ,it was quite an unprecedented proceeding1 and one that it required the humility and the courage of ,amlie to undertake4 ,she hesitated as usual at first1 and as usual1 seeing that the thing had to be done1 and that no one else would do it1 she consented4 ,a preliminary step was to obtain the host's permission4 ,this he at first emphatically refused2 and1 seeing that it required nearly as much courage on his part to allow his guests to be waylaid as for ,amlie to waylay them1 it is not much to be wondered at4 ,courage1 however1 is catching4 ,amlie pleaded1 and the banker gave way4 ,he opened her list of contributions by a handsome sum1 and consented that she should come the same evening and beg the rest at his house4 ,it was a strange episode in the brilliant scene--the pale1 darkeyed woman1 in her homely black gown and neat little black net cap1 standing at the door of the ballroom2 and stretching out her little bag to the votaries of pleasure as they passed her3 8,pour les pauvres1 mesdames6 ,pour les pauvres1 messieurs60 ,the words must have struck in oddly enough through the clanging of the orchestra1 and the rustling of silken robes1 and the hum of laughter as the merrymakers swept round in the mazes of the dance4 ,but the low1 sweet voice of the beggar rose above the music and the din loud enough to reach many hearts that night2 no one turned a deaf ear to the suppliant2 the gentlemen gave money1 or pledged themselves to give it2 the women dropped rings and bracelets into the velvet bag that soon overflowed with its own riches2 and when all the guests had arrived1 and the festivity was at its height1 ,amlie1 after admiring1 as she was always ready to do1 everything bright and beautiful that was not sinful--the brilliancy of the scene1 the bright jewels and the pretty toilets1 and the artistic decoration of the rooms--bade goodnight to it all and to her host1 and went home with her heart full of love and gratitude towards her kindly fellowcreatures4 ,but we should never end if we were to narrate all the acts of charity and zeal that she was never tired of performing4 ,the following1 however1 are too characteristic to be omitted3 ,late one evening1 in her rounds through one of those dark centres of misery and crime that are to be found in all big cities1 ,amlie heard that a mountebank was dying in a neighboring cellar1 all alone and in great pain4 ,she made her way to the place at once4 ,the dying man was lying on a heap of a straw1 but he was not alone2 a bear and a monkey shared his wretched abode2 they had enabled the poor mountebank to live1 and now they stood by while he was dying1 watching his deaththroes in dumb sympathy4 ,nothing scared by the presence of his strange company1 ,amlie went up to the man and spoke to him gently of his soul4 ,if he had ever heard of such a thing as an essential part of himself1 he seemed to have altogether forgotten it1 but he did not repulse her2 he let her sit down beside him on the live1 fetid straw and try to soothe him in his pains1 and instruct him in the intervals1 and prepare him to make his peace with ,god4 ,by the time her part of the task was done1 the night was far spent1 but there was no time to lose4 ,amlie went straight to the priest's house and woke him up4 ,on the road1 she told him what he would find on arriving4 ,the two went in together4 ,amlie knelt down in the furthest corner of the place and prayed1 and the bear and the monkey looked on while the sweet and wondrous mystery between ,jesus and the good thief was renewed before their blank1 unintelligent eyes4 ,the mountebank made a general confession of his whole life1 and received the last sacraments4 ,then the priest went home1 and ,amlie remained alone with the dying man1 who expired a few hours later with his head resting on her shoulder4 ,on another occasion1 she heard that a woman whose life had been a public scandal in the town was at the point of death4 ,she rose at once to go to her1 and1 in spite of the remonstrances of those present1 she did go4 ,the character of the woman and her associates1 and the place where she lived1 were indeed enough to deter a less daring spirit than ,amlie1 but whenever an objection was raised on prudential grounds to her visiting here or there1 she would playfully point to her hump1 and say3 8,with a protector like that1 a woman may go anywhere40 ,the woman at first repulsed her fiercely and bade her begone1 and refused to hear the name of ,god mentioned2 but ,amlie held her ground1 pleading with all the eloquence at her command--and those who have heard it in moments when her soul was stirred by any great emotion declare that it was little less than sublime4 ,she caressed the wretched creature1 calling her by the most endearing names1 till at last the obdurate heart was softened1 she let ,amlie stay and speak to her1 and even asked her to come back the next day4 8,but10 she added1 8you'll find a monsieur at the door1 and he's capable of beating you if you try to come in against his will40 ,but ,amlie was not likely to be deterred by this4 ,she came the following morning1 and found the monsieur4 ,he met her with insulting defiance1 and dared her to enter1 and1 on her attempting to do so1 he raised his hand and clenched it1 with a savage oath threatening to strike her4 8,hit here60 said ,amlie1 coolly turning her hump to him4 ,confounded by the words and the action1 the man let his arm drop4 ,before he had recovered from his surprise1 she had passed into the sick room1 and he stood silently looking on and listening in wonder to what was going on before him4 ,amlie left the house unmolested1 and returned a few hours later with a priest4 ,the unhappy woman had been a ,christian in her youth4 ,she made a general confession in the midst of abundant tears1 and died the next day in admirable sentiments of contrition and hope4 ,the example was not lost on her companion2 he made a sudden and generous renunciation of his sinful life1 and ,amlie had to rejoice over the return of two souls instead of one4 ,as we have said before1 her charity was essentially catholic1 universal in every sense4 ,she was ready to pity everybody's troubles1 and1 with ,amlie1 to pity meant to help4 ,the poor widow toiling brokenhearted for her children in the courts and alleys of the big town2 the father struggling with adversity in another sphere1 trying to educate his sons and marry his daughters and pay the inexorable debt of decency that society exacts from a gentleman2 the poor1 lone girl battling with poverty1 or perhaps writhing in agonized shame at having fallen in the battle2 the rich mother weeping over the wanderings of a son2 the poor orphan without bread or friends2 the rich orphan pursued by designing relations1 or in danger of falling into the hands of a worthless husband2 high and low1 rich and poor alike1 all came to ,amlie for sympathy and counsel1 and no one was ever repulsed4 ,even those difficulties which are the result of culpable weakness1 and which meet generally with small mercy1 not to say indulgence1 from pious people1 found ,amlie full of indulgent pity and a ready will to help4 ,an officer on one occasion was drawn inadvertently into contracting a debt of honor which he had no means of paying4 ,in his despair he thought of ,amlie1 and1 half maddened with shame and remorse1 he came to her to ask for pity and advice4 ,the sum in question was two thousand francs4 ,amlie happened to have it at the moment1 and1 touched by the distress of the man of the world1 she gave it to him at once4 ,there was no spirit of criticism1 no censoriousness in her piety1 no fastidious condemnation of things innocent in themselves1 however apt to be dangerous in their abuse4 ,she loved to see young people happy and amused1 and would listen with real interest and pleasure to an account of some fte where they had enjoyed themselves after the manner of their age4 ,this simplicity and liberty of spirit enabled her often to take advantage of opportunities for doing good that never would occur to a person whose piety turned in a narrower groove2 she was wont to exclaim regretfully against good people for being so overnice in the choice of opportunities1 and thus cramping their own power and means of usefulness4 ,with regard to the choice of tools in the same way1 she would often deprecate the fastidiousness of certain pious people1 urging that1 when there was a work to do1 an aim to accomplish1 an obstacle to overcome1 we should take up whatever tools ,providence put in our way1 not quarrelling with their shape or quality1 but doing the best we can with them1 profiting by a knave's villany or a fool's folly to further a just purpose1 or a noble scheme1 or a kind action1 making1 as far as honesty and truth can do it1 evil accomplish the work of good4 ,faithfully bearing in mind that we may do no evil that good may come of it1 ,amlie had withal an ingenious gift of turning to good account the evil that was done by others2 but she was slow to see the evil1 and1 when it was forced upon her1 she had always more pity than censure for it4 ,her lamp was always lighted1 and she was ever ready to help the foolish ones who go about this world of ours crying out to the wise ones3 8,give me of your oil60 ,for it is not only when the ,bridegroom comes that we need to have our lamp lighted1 we want it all along the road1 for others as well as for ourselves2 we must even adapt it to the necessities of the road by changing the color of its light4 ,this we can do by changing the oil4 ,we must use the oil of faith when we want a strong1 bright blaze to keep our feet straight amidst the ruts and snares and pools of muddy water that abound at every step2 we must burn the oil of hope to frighten away despondency and cheer us when our hearts are heavy and our courage ebbing2 but we must be chiefly prodigal of the rich and salutary oil of charity1 for the flame it sends out is often more helpful to others than to ourselves4 ,sometimes1 when our lamp is so low that it hardly shows the ground clear under our own feet1 it is shedding--thanks to this marvellous oil of charity--a heavenly radiance on the path of those journeying behind us2 its flame is luminous as a star and soft as moonlight2 people on whom we turn its roseate glow rejoice in it as in sunshine3 it softens them1 it heals them1 it takes the sting out of their worst wounds4 ,the lamp fed with this incomparable oil is1 moreover1 often brightest when we ourselves are sick at heart1 and when it costs us an effort to pour in the oil and set the wick in order4 ,we do not realize it1 but we can believe it by recalling the effect of kindness on our own souls in some wellremembered hour1 when it came from one in great sorrow1 and who we knew was setting aside her own grief to enter into ours4 ,let us be brave1 then1 to hold up our lamp armhigh to the pilgrims who are toiling footsore and faint up the steep and rugged path of life along with us2 its flame soars on to heaven1 and shines more brightly before ,god than the fairest and loveliest of his stars4 ,we mentioned already that ,amlie1 on her father's death1 made a vow of personal poverty4 ,she observed this vow with the utmost rigor as far as was consistent with decorum and the absence of anything approaching to a display of holiness--a thing of which she was almost morbidly afraid4 ,her usual dress was a black woollen gown and a shawl of the same material2 her appearance in the street was that of a respectable housekeeper1 but no one who saw the outward decency of her attire suspected the sordid poverty that often lay beneath it4 ,she limited herself to a pittance for her clothes1 and she would submit to the most painful inconvenience rather than exceed it4 ,once she gave away her strong boots and a warm winter petticoat to a poor person at the beginning of the winter1 and1 though the cold set in suddenly with great severity1 she bore it rather than replace either of them till her allowance fell due4 ,how her health bore the amount of labor and austerities that she underwent it is difficult to explain without using the word miraculous4 ,when1 under the pious auspices of ,monseigneur de ,mazenod1 the devotion of the ,perpetual ,adoration was established at ,marseilles1 ,amlie at once had herself enrolled in the confraternity2 unable to spare time from her multiform works of mercy during the day1 she entrenched upon her nights1 and used to spend hours in adoration before the ,tabernacle4 ,fatigue and bodily suffering were no obstacle to the ardor of her soul2 her spirit seemed to thrive in proportion as her body wasted4 ,after a day of arduous labor1 constantly on her feet1 going and coming amongst the poor and the sick1 breathing the foul air of hospital wards1 and dingy cellars1 and garrets1 fasting as rigorously as any ,carmelite1 and grudging her body all but the bare necessaries of life1 she was able to pass an entire night on her knees before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and be apparently none the worse for it4 ,such wonderful things are those who love ,god strengthened to do for him4 ,yet this woman was made of the same flesh and blood as ourselves2 she had the same natural shrinkings and antipathies2 her body was not made of different clay from ours1 or supernaturally fashioned to defy the attacks of the devil and the repugnances of nature1 to endure hunger1 and pain1 and fatigue without feeling them2 she had the same temptations to fight against1 the same corrupt inclinations to overcome1 and the same weapons of defence against her enemies that we have--faith and prayer and the sacraments4 ,what1 then1 is the difference between us8 ,only this1 she was generous and brave1 and we are mean and cowardly4 ,we bargain and hang back1 whereas she made no reserves1 but strove to serve ,god with all her heart and all her strength1 and he did the rest4 ,he always does it for those who trust him and hearken unconditionally to that hard saying3 8,take up thy cross and follow me60 ,for them he changes all bitter things into sweet1 all weakness into strength2 for the old ,adam that they cast aside he clothes them with the new1 thus rendering them invincible against their enemies1 and repaying a hundredfold1 even in this life1 the miserable rags that we call sacrifices2 he fills the hungry with good things1 and in exchange for creatures and the perishable delights which they have renounced for his sake he gives them himself and a foretaste of the bliss of ,paradise4 ,during her solitary vigils before the altar1 the thought of the ingratitude of men and their cruel neglect of our ,saviour in his ,eucharistic prison sank deeply into ,amlie's heart1 and filled it with grief and an ardent desire to make some reparation to his outraged love4 ,we have all read the wonderful chapter on ,thanksgiving in that wonderful book1 ,all for ,jesus4 ,most of us have felt our hearts stirred to sorrowful indignation at the sad picture it reveals of our own unkindness to ,god1 and the tender sensitiveness of the ,sacred ,heart to our ingratitude1 and his meek acceptance of any crumb of thanksgiving that we deign once in a way to throw to him2 we have felt our tepid pulses quicken to a momentary impulse of generosity and passionate desire to call after the nine ungrateful lepers1 and constrain them to return and thank him2 we watch them going their way unmindful1 and we cast ourselves in spirit at the feet of ,jesus1 gazing after them in sad surprise1 and we pour out our souls in apologies--so bold does the passing touch of love make the meanest of us in consolations to him for the unkindness of his creatures4 ,alas6 with most of us it ends there4 ,next time he tries us we follow the nine selfish lepers1 and leave him wondering and sorrowing again over our ingratitude4 ,but with ,amlie it was different4 ,no inspiration of divine grace ever found her deaf to its voice2 her love knew no such things as barren sighs and idle mystic sentimentalities4 ,her whole heart was stirred by that touching and powerful appeal of ,father ,faber's1 and she began to consider at once what she could do to respond to it4 ,the idea occurred to her of instituting a community1 to be called ,surs ,rparatrices1 whose mission should be to give thanks and to console our divine ,lord for the ingratitude of the world by perpetual adoration before the ,tabernacle1 and at the same time of getting up a regular service of thanksgiving among the faithful at large1 to have short prayers appointed and recommended by the church to their constant use1 for the sole and express purpose of thanking ,god for his countless mercies to us all1 but more especially to those among us who never thank him on their own account4 ,both suggestions were warmly approved of by many pious souls to whom she mentioned them4 ,in order1 however1 to carry them out effectively1 it was deemed advisable that ,amlie should go to ,rome and obtain the authorization and blessing of the ,holy ,father4 ,she had never been to ,rome1 but it was the desire of her life to go there2 it drew her as the magnet draws the needle2 ,rome1 to her filial ,catholic heart1 was the outer gate of heaven2 it held the ,father of ,christendom1 the ,vicar of ,christ2 it held the tombs of the martyrs1 its soil was saturated with their blood1 all things within its walls were stamped with the seal of ,christianity1 and told of the wonders that it had wrought4 ,amlie1 glad of the necessity which compelled her to fulfil her longcherished desire1 set out for the ,eternal ,city4 ,she received the most affectionate welcome from the ,holy ,father1 who had been long acquainted with her by name1 and knew the apostolic manner of life she led4 ,with regard to the community which she desired to found1 and of which she was to become a member1 but not superioress1 ,his ,holiness approved of it1 but beyond this1 of what passed between him and ,amlie on the subject1 no details have transpired4 ,she said that the ,holy ,father encouraged her to carry out the design and gave her his blessing on it1 and promised her his fatherly countenance and protection2 but whether she submitted any rule to him at this period we have not been able to ascertain4 ,as to the scheme of general thanksgiving that she proposed to inaugurate1 he gave her abundant blessings on it1 and indulgenced several prayers that she submitted to his inspection4 ,unfortunately1 we have not been able to procure a copy of the little book which contained them all2 this is the more to be regretted1 that some of them were drawn up by ,amlie herself and full of the spirit of her own tender piety2 they were also preceded by a preface in which she appealed very lovingly to the children of ,mary and the members of the ,confraternity of the ,sacred ,heart1 and begged their zealous cooperation in the service of thanksgiving4 ,we may mention1 however1 that she was in the habit1 during the few remaining years of her life1 of constantly recommending to her friends the use of the ,gloria ,patri and the ejaculation ,deo ,gratias6 as having been particularly commended to her devotion by the ,holy ,father himself4 ,an incident occurred to ,amlie during her stay in ,rome which she often narrated as a proof of the extreme need we have of a service of thanksgiving4 ,she went one morning to an audience at the house of a cardinal1 and while she was waiting for her turn she got into conversation with the ,superior of the ,redemptorist ,fathers in ,france4 ,always on the watch to gain an ally to the cause1 she told him the motive of her journey to ,rome1 and begged that he would use his influence in his own wide sphere to forward its success amongst souls4 8,ah6 madame60 exclaimed the ,redemptorist1 8it was a good thought to try and stir up men's hearts to a spirit of thanksgiving1 for there is nothing more wanted in the world4 ,the story of the nine lepers is going on just the same these eighteen hundred years4 ,i have been forty years a priest1 and during that time ,i have been asked to say ,masses for every sort of intention1 but only once have ,i been asked to say a ,mass of thanksgiving60 ,yes1 truly the story of the nine lepers is being enacted now as in the old days when ,jesus exclaimed sorrowfully1 8,is there no one but this stranger found to return and give thanks80 ,but for all her clearsighted sensitiveness to the sins and shortcomings of her day1 ,amlie was full of hope in it2 nothing annoyed her more than to see good people lapse into that lugubrious way so common to them of always crying anathema on their age and despairing of it2 she used to say that she mistrusted the love and the logic of such2 that those who love ,god and their fellowcreatures for his sake never despair of them1 but work for them1 trusting in ,god's help and in the ultimate triumph of good over evil2 that despair was a sign of stupidity and cowardice4 ,and was she not right8 ,surely every age has in its ugliness some counterbalancing beauty1 some redeeming grace of comeliness1 in the tattered raiment that hangs about its ulcers and its nakedness4 ,god never leaves himself at any time without witnesses on the earth1 and it is our fault1 not his1 if we do not see them4 ,there are always bright spots in humanity1 and those who cannot discern them should blame their own dull vision1 not their fellow men4 ,as poets who have the mystic eye see beauties of hue and color in the material world where common men see nothing but ruin and decay1 so do the saints and the saintlike1 with the keen vision of faith and hope1 alone penetrate the external darkness and decay of humanity1 and discover in the midst of gloom and evil much that is promising and fair2 they see elemental wines boiling up in the cauldron of travail and suffering1 and they know that their bitterness is salutary and their fire invigorating unto life4 ,amlie returned to ,marseilles well satisfied with her visit to the ,holy ,city1 and resumed her labors with renewed zest4 ,but she had left her heart behind her1 and from the day she left ,rome she had but one desire1 and that was to return and end her days there4 ,her health had of late grown so feeble that it was more and more a subject of wonder to those who witnessed it how she was able to continue her life of superhuman activity without flagging for a day4 ,amlie felt1 however1 that it could not last much longer now4 ,she had frequently expressed in the midst of her busy1 active life a longing for a life of contemplation1 and in proportion as the end drew near1 the yearning for an interval of silence and solitude increased4 ,she was often heard to say to her fellowlaborers3 8,it is time ,i left off looking after other people's souls1 and attended a little to my own2 ,i feel the want of more prayer1 of more time before the ,blessed ,sacrament2 really1 ,i must begin to get ready40 ,in the year #ahfi1 she determined to carry this desire into execution1 and begin to get ready1 as she said1 by withdrawing into a more solitary life4 ,her love for the church had taken a new impetus from her intercourse with the ,holy ,father2 from the first the ,denier de ,s4 ,pierre counted her among its most zealous promoters1 but more so than ever now4 ,an abundant collection which she made just at this time offered a plausible pretext to her for going to ,rome1 in order to lay it at the feet of ,pius ,,ix4 ,so after putting her affairs in order1 and bidding goodby to only her immediate and intimate friends1 so as to avoid anything like resistance or a demonstration on the part of the multitude of people to whom she knew her departure would be painful1 ,amlie took leave of the hospitable old home in the ,rue ,grignan1 and set her face once more toward the ,eternal ,city4 ,but she had a last work to do for her native town on the road4 ,the splendid military hospital of ,marseilles1 in which she had taken so deep and active an interest1 was served by lay nurses1 and both the soldiers and the civil authorities were anxious to have these replaced by ,sisters of ,charity4 ,easy as the thing seemed1 up to the present all endeavors to effect the substitution had failed4 ,it rested with the government to make the appointment and to grant a certain sum for the maintenance of the community when attached to the hospital1 but1 owing either to the case not being properly represented1 or to the illwill of certain officials who put obstacles in the way1 every application on the subject had been met by a refusal4 ,the authorities1 seeing all else fail them1 turned to ,amlie4 ,they remembered her success on a former occasion1 and requested her to take the affair in hand on arriving in ,paris1 and get from the minister the desired concession4 ,the mission was repugnant to her1 because she foresaw it would involve her having to come forward and put herself in the way of notabilities and magnates2 but1 as there seemed just a chance of being able to perform a last service to the soldiers1 she accepted1 and promised to do her best4 ,she had a military friend in ,paris1 who1 though a practical ,catholic1 occupied a distinguished position in the service1 and was on good terms with its chiefs4 ,this gentleman procured an audience for her of ,marshal ----1 who was then in the ministry1 and the person to whom she was directed to apply in the first instance4 ,the marshal1 who had been made aware of the subject of her visit1 received her1 according to his custom1 in shirtsleeves and a towering rage1 asked her a dozen questions1 one on top of another1 without giving her time to edge in a word of protest1 wondered very much what she or anybody else meant by interfering with soldiers and their hospitals and the supreme wisdom of the government1 of dictating to them what they ought to do2 but that was the way with women2 women were always meddling with what didn't concern them2 they were the most difficult subjects to govern2 for himself1 he would rather have the management of ten armies than a village full of women1 etc4 ,in fact1 his excellency bullied his visitor after the usual manner of his peculiar courtesy1 and ,amlie was obliged to take her leave after a very brief audience1 during which she had been rated like a naughty schoolboy and not allowed to say three sentences in selfdefence4 ,clearly there was not much to be done in that quarter4 ,her friend then proposed getting her without further preamble an audience of the emperor4 ,amlie preserved a grateful recollection of the reception she had met with from his majesty some years before1 and the idea of entering his presence again inspired her with less terror than the prospect of a second edition of the marshal2 she thought1 moreover1 that there might be a speedier and better chance of success by applying directly to the emperor than by beating about the bush with his ministers1 admitting even that they were not all of the same type as the one she had tried4 ,amlie accepted the offer1 therefore1 and1 after a shorter delay than any one but a cabinet minister might have been obliged to undergo1 she received a letter from the ,lord ,chamberlain notifying the day and hour when she was to present herself at the ,tuileries4 ,she was shown into the antechamber1 where generals1 dignitaries of the state1 bishops1 and other important personages were waiting their turn to enter the imperial presence4 ,his majesty was giving audience to an ambassador when ,amlie arrived1 and there was rather a long delay before the door opened4 ,when it did1 it was not his chamberlain1 but the emperor himself who appeared on the threshold2 he stood for a moment1 and looked deliberately round the room1 where he recognized many noble and influential personages1 and then1 perceiving an elderly lady in a rusty black gown sitting at the furthest end of it1 he walked straight up to her1 and held out both his hands4 8,mademoiselle ,lautard10 said his majesty1 8,i thank you for the honor you do me by this visit2 ,i am sure ,i have only to mention your name for every one present to admit your right to pass before them40 ,there was a general murmur of assent1 though it must have puzzled most if not all of the spectators of this strange scene who this povertystricken1 humpbacked elderly lady was to be thus greeted by ,napoleon ,,iii41 and handed over their heads to the presencechamber4 ,as soon as they were alone1 the emperor drew a chair close to his own1 and1 inviting his visitor to sit down1 he said3 8,now1 tell me if1 over and above the pleasure of seeing you1 ,i am to have that of doing something that can give you pleasure80 ,amlie1 in relating the interview to her friend1 said that1 when she saw his majesty bearing down upon her before the assembled multitude in the antechamber1 she felt ready to sink into the ground1 and wished herself at ,hongkong2 but the moment he spoke her terrors vanished1 and she had not been two minutes with him before she felt perfectly at her ease1 and talked on as fearlessly as if he had been an old friend4 ,she told him her wishes about the hospital1 and he promised unconditionally that they should be carried out4 ,for certain formalities1 however1 it was necessary to refer her to his minister4 8,you will call on ,marshal ----10 said his majesty2 8he is the person to do it40 8,sire60 exclaimed ,amlie1 throwing up her hands in dismay1 8anything but that2 your majesty must really manage it without sending me again to ,marshal ----40 8,ah6 you have been to him already10 said the emperor1 with a quiet smile2 8well1 try him again1 and this time ,i warrant you a better reception2 he is bon enfant au fond1 but you must not let him think that you're afraid of him40 ,thus warned and encouraged1 ,amlie promised to take her courage in both hands1 as the emperor said1 and beard the lion once more in his den4 ,before letting her go1 his majesty questioned her minutely about the condition of the hospitals and other charitable institutions at ,marseilles1 concerning all of which he appeared to be singularly well informed4 ,the next day1 she presented herself at the ministre1 and was ushered into the marshal's presence4 ,he had his coat on this time2 whether the fact was due to accident1 or to a desire to propitiate the lady who had complained of him to his master1 history does not say2 but1 as soon as ,amlie entered1 his excellency accosted her with3 8,well1 so you were affronted with me1 it seems6 ,what did you say about me to the emperor80 8,excellency10 replied ,amlie1 8,i told his majesty that ,i had expected to find a minister of ,france1 but ,i found instead a man in a passion40 ,the marshal grunted a laugh1 and told her to sit down and explain her business4 ,she did so1 this time with perfect satisfaction to both parties1 and they parted the best friends in the world4 ,this closed her career of usefulness in ,france2 she waited to make the needful arrangements for the departure of the nuns1 their reception at ,marseilles1 etc41 and then she started for ,rome4 ,on setting out for the ,eternal ,city1 ,amlie seemed to have had the presentiment that she had entered on the last stage of her pilgrimage4 ,the sense of her approaching end1 which betrayed itself1 perhaps unconsciously1 in conversing both by word and letter with her most intimate friends1 was accompanied by an increase of fervor and a serenity which struck every one who approached her as something almost divine4 ,the project which she had formed of founding and entering a community of ,surs ,rparatrices was still unrealized1 but she hoped now to carry it into effect1 to make the remainder of her life a perpetual ,deo ,gratias6 and to die in the outward livery of the religious state whose spirit her whole life had so faithfully embodied4 ,but ,god had other designs upon her4 ,meantime1 in the twilight interval of comparative leisure that she had looked forward to so long and enjoyed so thankfully1 ,amlie did not give up all active work2 she prayed more1 and lived in greater retirement2 but she still gave a fair proportion of each day to her accustomed service of the poor and the sick4 ,these were troubled days that she had fallen upon in ,rome4 ,the sacrilegious hand of parricides had robbed the church of her possessions1 and reduced ,pius ,,ix4 to the nominal sovereignty of the capital of ,christendom1 as a prelude to making it1 what it is now1 his prison4 ,catholic hearts were sad2 but1 amongst all his children1 the ,vicar of ,christ had no more faithfully sorrowing heart than ,amlie's1 none who entered more keenly into his griefs or responded with more filial alacrity to their claim on her sympathy and participation and righteous anger4 ,she beheld the persecutions of ,god's church1 the hatred and malice of its enemies1 the cowardice of those who called themselves its friends1 but stood by passive and cold while the crime perpetrated outside ,jerusalem eighteen hundred years ago was renewed before their eyes on the body of that church which ,christ had died to found2 she saw pride and materialism everywhere at work striving to undo his work1 to prevent the coming of his kingdom1 and to establish the kingdom of sin upon earth2 and the sight of all this filled her heart with grief1 but not with despair4 ,it was indeed an hour of unexampled grief for ,christendom1 but it was also an hour for activity1 and zeal1 and renewed courage2 it was a time for each individual member to prove himself1 for all to put their hand to the plough that was furrowing the bosom of the church1 and to water the travailed soil with fertilizing tears1 and1 if need be1 blood1 thus preparing it for the future harvest that was inevitable4 ,for even as ,god's enemies of old had stood at the foot of ,calvary1 and shook their heads at the bleeding victim of their own hate and envy1 and bade him come down from the cross1 knowing not the dawn of the ,resurrection was nigh1 when the victim would arise triumphant over death1 and compel his murderers to acknowledge that this man must indeed have been the ,son of ,god--so now the enemies of his church had their hour of triumph1 and clapped their hands for joy to see the church that he had built upon the ,rock1 and promised that the gates of hell should not prevail against1 tottering and crumbling under the blows of progress and an enlightened civilization and the force of arms4 ,but their triumph was but the hour of the powers of darkness that was not to endure1 but would perish at the appointed time before the manifestation of the ,sun of ,justice4 ,still1 even faithful hearts quailed before the storm1 and were scandalized at the way in which ,god seemed to forsake his own1 not recognizing in this mysterious abandonment another trait of resemblance between his ,vicar and the divine ,model1 who cried out in his dereliction1 8,why hast thou forsaken me80 ,amlie was forced to hear and see much that was unutterably painful to hear as a true child of the church2 many who called themselves such1 and who were glad enough to draw upon her magnificent sacramental treasury1 and to praise and serve her in the days of peace1 were not stouthearted enough to share her tribulations or even to understand them1 and stood aloof when they ought to have acted1 or remained dumb when they ought to have spoken1 or spoke what they had better have left unsaid4 ,but alongside of this indifference or treachery she witnessed a great deal that was beautiful and consoling4 ,pilgrims were flocking from the four quarters of the globe to lay at the feet of ,pius ,,ix4 the tribute of their fidelity and abundant offerings1 often collected in perilous journeys at great risk and sacrifice4 ,then there were the ,zouaves1 nos chers ,zouaves1 as ,amlie always called them1 presenting a noble example to us all by their heroic devotion to the cause of ,god1 their spirit of immolation1 their chivalrous valor in action1 and the marvellous purity of their lives4 ,these modern crusaders replaced the suffering soldiers of ,marseilles in ,amlie's solicitude during her stay in ,rome4 ,she tended them and worked for them indefatigably1 and dwelt continually in letters home on the consolation the spectacle of their childlike piety afforded her4 ,early in ,december she wrote to a friend at ,marseilles3 8,our dear ,zouaves have made their entry into ,rome4 ,they passed under my windows4 ,they are the flower of the ,french nation4 ,they are full of that energy which nothing but the spirit of the faith gives4 ,it is beautiful to see them receive ,holy ,communion before arming themselves4 ,this morning eighteen hundred of them1 bent on shedding their blood in the cause of ,god1 marched proudly into the ,eternal ,city with the band playing and colors flying2 they reminded one of the ,theban legion4 ,i witnessed a touching sight4 ,the ,holy ,father met them on their way1 and they fell on their knees like one man to get his blessing4 ,he blessed them with visible emotion4 ,how could a father not be moved at seeing the devotion of his children8 ,the ,flemish and the ,bretons are particularly conspicuous2 ancient traditions have been preserved amongst them1 and have come down from the fathers to the sons4 ,this evening they accompanied ,his ,holiness to the ,vatican1 where they cheered him with the enthusiasm of ,christian hearts4 ,it was impossible to withhold one's tears as one beheld the venerable ,pontiff rest his loving and gentle gaze on all this youth1 so devoted to him1 and burning to prove their fidelity4 ,in these days1 the position of the ,zouaves amongst ,christian soldiers is a noble one4 ,oh6 if the idle youth of ,france knew what a happiness it is to serve ,god1 how many families would be happy and blest even in this world as well as the next6 ,i see here numbers of young men who had strayed away from the right path for a time1 but who had the grace to return to it1 and are now as happy as children1 pure as angels1 attached to the church and the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,their sole ambition is martyrdom2 their joy is to look forward to it4 ,oh6 ,i see here admirable things4 ,adieu1 dear friend4 ,let us pray always40 ,sinister reports and wild alarms1 sometimes the result of malice1 sometimes of fear1 were constantly starting up in ,rome1 terrifying the weak1 and stimulating the brave to greater vigilance and courage1 but keeping every one on the qui vive from day to day4 ,in the midst of the general excitement of expectation or terror1 the serene confidence of ,pius ,,ix4 remained unshaken1 like the rock on which it rested4 ,amlie1 who was admitted frequently to the honor and happiness of speaking to the ,holy ,father1 was lost in wonder at it--at the unearthly peace that was visible in his countenance and pervaded every word of his conversation4 ,shortly before the date of the foregoing letter1 she wrote to the same friend3 8,the most contradictory stories are current here1 but the peace1 the calm1 the abandon of the ,holy ,father are indescribable1 and go further to inspire confidence than the most sinister conjectures to create terrors4 ,the daughters of ,jerusalem followed our ,redeemer to ,calvary3 a sort of filial sentiment holds me in ,rome4 ,i cannot go away4444 ,let us pray6 ,the power of prayer obtains all things40 ,let us pray6 ,this had been the lifelong burthen of her song1 and the cry grew louder and more intense as she drew near the close4 ,it was not the shrill cry of those who say1 ,lord6 ,lord6 but the irrepressible voice of a soul whom the spirit of prayer possessed in the fulness of its availing power1 and side by side with whose growth grew the spirit of sacrifice1 the thirst for selfimmolation4 ,she clung firmly to hope as the anchor of courage and resignation in the present trials of the church1 but the sense of the outrages that ,god's glory was enduring in the person of ,his ,vicar increased in her soul to positive anguish4 ,the consideration of her own nothingness and utter inability to lighten the cross that was pressing on the saintly ,pontiff1 pursued her day and night with the mysterious pain that is born of the love of ,god4 ,what a wonderful thing the soul of a saint or even a saintlike human being must be6 ,how one longs to go within the veil and get a glimpse of the life that is lived there6 ,it is so strange to us to see a creature take ,god's cause to heart1 and pine and suffer about it as we do about our personal cares and sorrows4 ,it sets us wondering what sort of inner life theirs can be1 and through what process of grace and correspondence and mysterious training they have grown to that state of mind when the things of ,god and his eternity are poignant realities1 and the things of earth hollow phantoms that have lost the power to charm1 or terrify1 or touch4 ,we see them hungering after justice as we hunger after bread1 pining actually for the accomplishment of ,god's will as eagerly as we pine for the success of our puny enterprises and the triumph of our small ambitions2 and we are astonished1 as it behoves our stupidity and hardness of heart to be1 at the incomprehensible character of their faith and love4 ,when life presses heavily upon us1 and the cross is bruising our shoulders1 and all things are dark and dreary1 we catch ourselves occasionally sighing for death4 ,this is about our nearest approach to that homesick yearning expressed in the words of the apostle3 8,i long to die1 to be dissolved1 and to be with ,christ60 ,what an altogether different feeling it must be with these saintlike souls when they long for death6 ,they are not impatient of life1 or1 like tired travellers1 angry with the dust and sun of the road1 and disgusted with the uncomfortable wayside inn where they put up2 they are impatient of heaven and of the vision that makes the bliss and the glory of heaven4 ,too jealous of their ,creator's rights to rob him even in desire of one year1 or day1 or hour of their poor service while he sees good to employ them1 they are willing to go on toiling through eternity if he wishes it2 but they are homesick1 they long to see him1 they yearn after his possession with a sacred unrest that we who have but little kinship with their spirit cannot understand4 ,they are saddened by their exile and by the sight of sin and of the small harvest their ,lord's glory reaps amidst the great harvest of iniquity that overruns the world4 ,they watch the sea of humanity rolling its waves along time1 moaning with conscious agonies of sin1 stormlashed and terrible1 breaking in billows of impotent rage against the ,rock of redemption1 and dashing headlong past it into the gulf1 where it is sucked down into everlasting darkness2 and seeing these things as ,god sees them1 and as they affect his interests1 they are filled with sorrow1 and call out for the end1 that this mighty torrent may be stayed4 ,they call out to the stars to rise on the faroff heights1 that loom dim and gloomy through the swirl and vapor of the storm4 ,they would fain hush the winds and the waves1 and hasten the advent of the ,judge before whose splendor the dark horizon will vanish1 and whose glory will outshine the sunrise and fill the universe with joy4 ,it is not their own selfish deliverance or the world's annihilation that they long for1 but its consummation in man's happiness and the ,creator's glory4 ,amlie longed with all the strength of her generous heart to do something for her ,lord1 to help ever so little towards hastening the coming of his kingdom before he called her away4 ,one morning1 after communion1 as she was praying very fervently for the ,holy ,father1 whose health just then was a source of great anxiety amongst the faithful1 this longing came upon her with an intensity that she had never felt before2 she was seized with a sudden impulse to make the sacrifice of her life in exchange for his1 and to offer herself as a victim that he might be spared yet awhile to guide and sustain the church through the trials and temptations that were afflicting her4 ,the impulse was so vehement that it was with difficulty she restrained herself from obeying it on the spot2 the desire1 however1 to obtain the blessing of obedience in her sacrifice enabled her to do so4 ,she quietly continued her thanksgiving1 and1 on leaving the church1 went straight to the ,vatican4 ,there1 kneeling at the feet of the suffering ,vicar of ,christ1 she told him of the desire that had come to her1 and begged him to bless it1 and to permit her to offer herself up next day at ,holy ,communion as a victim in his place if it should please ,god to accept her4 ,pius ,,ix4 was silent for some moments1 while ,amlie1 with uplifted face and clasped hands1 awaited his reply4 ,then1 as if obeying a voice that had spoken to him in the silence1 he laid his hand upon her head1 and said1 with great solemnity3 8,go1 my daughter1 and do as the ,spirit of ,god has prompted you40 ,he blessed her with emotion1 and ,amlie left his presence filled with gladness and renewed fervor4 ,she spent the greater part of the day in prayer4 ,in the afternoon she wrote two letters3 one of them1 of too private a character to be given at length1 contained the foregoing account of the morning's occurrences2 the other we transcribe4 ,it is a revelation beyond all comment of the state of her soul as it stood on what she believed to be the threshold of eternity4 ,,saturday1 ,dec4 #ae--,,rome4 8,we still continue in the greatest calm4 ,nos chers ,zouaves have the courage of lions2 they draw their strength from the blood of the martyrs4 ,generally speaking1 they are pious as angels4 ,you see them constantly during their free hours slipping off their knapsack and their arms to go and kneel at the feet of the priest in the confessional1 or to pray at the shrine of the queen of martyrs2 they are truly the children of the church1 and--0 ,here the letter broke off4 ,the next morning was ,sunday4 ,amlie repaired1 as usual1 to early ,mass at ,s4 ,peter's4 ,she received ,holy ,communion1 and then1 with the ,eucharistic ,presence warm upon her heart1 she offered up her life to him who had been its first and last and only love4 ,the words were hardly cold upon her lips1 when she was seized with sudden and violent pain1 and fell with a cry to the ground4 ,she was surrounded immediately1 and carried home4 ,priests and religious of both sexes who were in ,s4 ,peter's at the moment1 and knew her1 filled with alarm and distress1 accompanied her to the ,strada ,ripresa dei ,barberi4 ,medical aid was sent for1 but it was soon evident that her illness was beyond the reach of human skill4 ,all that day and the next she continued in agonizing pain1 unable to speak or to thank those about her except by a smile or a pressure of the hand4 ,early on the following morning1 ,wednesday1 she grew calmer1 the pain subsided1 and ,amlie asked for the last sacraments4 ,she received them with sentiments of ecstatic devotion1 and for some time remained absorbed in prayer4 ,her thanksgiving terminated1 she took leave tenderly of those friends who surrounded her1 and then begged they would begin the prayers for the dying2 they did so1 and she joined in the responses with a fervor that went to every heart4 ,when they came to those grand and solemn words with which the church speeds her children into the presence of their merciful ,judge1 8,depart1 ,christian soul1 in the name of the ,father who created thee1 in the name of the ,son who redeemed thee1 in the name of the ,holy ,ghost who sanctified thee10 ,amlie bowed her head and died4 ,the news was conveyed at once to the ,vatican4 ,when ,pius ,,ix4 heard it1 he evinced no sudden surprise1 but raised his eyes to heaven1 and murmured with a smile3 8,si tosto accetato607#bgc7 ,the announcement of ,amlie's death was received with universal expressions of dismay and sorrow4 ,it was not only the poor1 who had been her chief and most intimate associates in ,rome1 that mourned her1 all classes of society joined in a chorus of heartfelt regret1 and proved how well they had appreciated the gentle ,french sister who had dwelt humbly amongst them doing good4 ,the house where she lay in her beautiful and heroic death sleep was besieged by people from every part of the city2 all were anxious to gaze once more upon her face1 to touch her hands with crosses and rosaries1 to kneel in prayer beside the victim who had offered herself for the sins of the people1 and been accepted by him who delighteth not in burntofferings1 but in the sacrifice of a contrite heart4 ,to her truly it had been answered3 8,o woman1 great is thy faith3 be it done unto thee according to thy word60 ,the miraculous circumstances of her death were soon proclaimed4 ,in the minds of those who had known her well they excited no surprise4 ,from all they called out sentiments of admiration and praise4 ,tears flowed uninterruptedly round the austere court where the virgin tabernacle rested from its labors1 but they were tears sweeter than the smiles and laughter of earth2 prayers for the dead were suspended by common impulse1 and the spectators1 exchanging the ,de ,profundis for the ,te ,deum and the ,magnificat1 broke out into canticles of triumph and hymns of rejoicing4 ,the ,zouaves1 her beloved ,zouaves1 hurried in consternation to the house as soon is the news reached them that the gentle1 devoted friend of the soldier was no more2 and it was a beautiful and stirring sight to see them sobbing like children beside her1 touching her hands with their sword hilts and their rosaries1 and swelling in broken but enthusiastic voices the hymns of thanksgiving4 ,the ,holy ,father1 wishing to pay his tribute to the general testimony of love and admiration1 commanded that the child of ,s4 ,dominic should be carried to her grave with a pomp and splendor befitting the holiness of her life and the heroic character of her death4 ,the remains were conveyed accordingly first to the ,basilica of the ,apostles in solemn state1 escorted by a vast concourse of people1 priests and religious1 and exposed there throughout the morning to public veneration2 a requiem ,mass and the office of the dead were chanted2 in the afternoon1 the body1 followed by all that ,rome held of greatest and best1 was transported to the ,church of ,santa ,maria in ,ara ,cli4 ,the ,zouaves claimed the privilege of bearing the precious remains upon their shoulders1 and it was granted them4 ,by special permission of ,his ,holiness1 ,amlie was interred in ,santa ,maria2 but her death was no sooner known at ,marseilles than the townspeople spontaneously demanded that the body should be returned to them4 ,but ,pius ,,ix4 replied that ,rome had now a prior claim to its guardianship2 ,amlie had made the sacrifice of her life at ,rome and for ,rome2 it was fitting that the ashes should remain where the holocaust had been offered and consumed4 ,marseilles yielded to the decision of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 and the daughter of ,s4 ,dominic was left to sleep on under the august dome of the ,ara ,cli1 there to await the angel of the resurrection1 whose trumpet shall awake the dead and bid them come forth and clothe themselves with immortality4 ,the following is the authentic record of this miraculous death1 as copied from the original1 legalized by ,cardinal ,patrizi1 ,vicar of ,his ,holiness3 8,je soussign1 cur de la trssainte basilique constantinienne des douze saints aptres de ,rome1 certifie que dans le registre ,,xii4 des dfunts1 lettre ,n1 page #bhc1 se trouve l'acte dont l'extrait mot mot suit3 8,le vingtdeux dcembre milhuit cent soixante six4--,mademoiselle ,claire ,franoise,amlie ,lautard de ,marseille1 fille de ,m4 ,jean ,baptiste ,lautard1 vierge trs pieuse1 pendant quelle offrait ,dimanche dernier ,dieu sa propre vie pour le salut du souverain ,pontife1 ,pie ,,ix4 de ,rome et de la sainte glise1 a t saisie sur le champ par la maladie1 et ayant reu trs pieusement les sacraments de l'glise1 jouissant de la plenitude de ses facults1 en prire1 entoure de plusieurs prtres et vierges1 a rendu son me a ,jsus ,christ son poux1 avec la plus grande srnit1 le ,mercredi dixneuf neuf heures et demie du matin dans la maison ,rue ,ripresa dei ,barberi #age1 l'ge de cinquante neuf ans2 son corps1 le lendemain vingt1 aprs le completuum a t conduit accompagn par un grand nombre de religieuse en cette basilique et y a t expos pendant la matine suivant l'usage des nobles1 l'office et la ,messe ont t dit1 dans l'aprsmidi le corps a t transport l'glise de ,sainte ,marie in ,ara ,cli1 u il a t enseveli dans le tombeau des ,surs de ,st4 ,joseph de l',apparition4 8,donn ,rome10 etc47#bgd7 ,the ,international ,congress ,of ,prehistoric ,anthropology ,and ,archology4 ,from ,la ,revue ,generale ,de ,bruxelles ,concluded4 ,the sessions of ,august #be began with fresh discussions concerning the troglodytes of ,menton and the socalled tertiary skull from ,california already spoken of4 ,m4 ,desor entered into extensive details concerning the hatchets of nephrite and jade found in the ,alps1 and apparently of ,oriental origin4 8,i do not believe10 said he1 as he ended1 8that these hatchets were utensils1 but merely objects of display1 like the dolmens767--precious memorials and relics of the first ages of humanity40 ,m4 de ,quatrefages thought these hatchets a proof of ancient commercial relations with the ,east4 ,a great deal was said in this discussion of the use of stone knives by the ,egyptians in embalming the dead1 and among the ,jews for circumcising4 ,only one thing was forgotten--neither the ,egyptians nor the ,jews ever attached any religious importance to the use of stone1 and they likewise made use of bronze and iron knives in these operations4 ,the instrument of circumcision at the present day is a steel blade47#bge7 ,m4 ,leemans1 director of the museum at ,leyden1 thought these hatchets came from ,java4 ,he reminded us that there has always been constant intercourse between ,switzerland and that island1 and that the majority of the soldiers of the ,east ,india ,company were traditionally recruited in ,switzerland4 ,the ,abb ,delaunay refuted ,m4 ,desor's opinion by merely referring to the collection at ,pont,levoy1 where there are fourteen hatchets of jade found in that vicinity4 ,it was thought desirable to ascertain the as yet unknown source of jade4 ,they now returned to the hiatus mentioned by ,m4 de ,mortillet at the previous session1 in order to oppose it by bringing forward an intermediary race1 for whom ,m4 ,broca was the sponsor1 though without flattering it much4 ,he engaged in a long1 subtile argument on the way tertiary flints were introduced into the valleys and caverns4 ,they were not agreed on this question1 which is one we can only regard with speculative interest4 ,the excursions to the ateliers of ,spiennes and ,mesvin were not as pleasant as the one to the ,lesse4 ,for that1 the country around ,mons should be as charming as that of the ,meuse--and the people likewise4 ,there is a very complete work by ,m4 ,dupont concerning these excavations1 in which have been found millions of rough flints1 to which he does not hesitate to assign a quaternary origin of the mammoth period4 ,when one has a taste of the mammoth1 he cannot get too much of it4 ,i know of sceptics and controversialists who through speculations of another kind are plunged into foolish incredulity4 ,here is an instance3 from time immemorial our forefathers made use of flints for striking fire1 and many of us can still remember the custom1 which may not have wholly disappeared4 ,for centuries1 households had to be supplied with flints for the tinderbox1 and in abundance1 for this stone is soon worn out by iron2 it becomes furred and smooth1 and is soon unfit for use4 ,if we compare the considerable traffic in flints that must have been carried on with the enormous consumption that supports the fabrication of chemical matches1 we can easily see that the sites of the workshops where flints for striking fire were cut must have been heaped with millions of rough ones--nodules1 chips1 and dbris of all kinds2 that excavations must have been made by pits1 which necessarily extended to considerable depth1 and crossed very old geologic strata1 for silex is found imbedded in chalk at a depth of thirty or forty metres in some places2 that to argue from the stratification of surrounding formations1 in order to decide on the synchronism of the excavations1 would expose us to conclude post hoc1 ergo propter hoc4 ,and ,i have not mentioned all the common uses made of flints in a household4 ,for many years they were used for firearms1 and silex is still used in ceramic manufactures1 the origin of which is lost in the darkness of ages4 ,a great many of the flints that appear cut are only fragments that may have been owing to spontaneous fracture4 ,now1 whence came all the flints used for striking fire during the historic periods that go back from our time to the middle ages and to antiquity8 ,has it been proved that these remains1 socalled prehistoric1 do not come within the domain of history2 nay1 even of modern history8 ,at all events1 the age of the quaternary deposits is by no means established1 and it is on the mere presence of human remains1 or of the productions of human labor among these deposits1 that certain anthropologists found the millions of ages they attribute to our species4 ,these remains do not indicate the site of ancient settlements2 they have been washed away from those settlements by currents of water1 and the question is1 ,what epoch produced these changes8--a question not solved1 and perhaps never will be4 ,besides1 the primary defect of the whole prehistoric system is the indissolubly confounding of two orders of very evident facts1 but which may by no means have any correlation as to time4 ,wrought flints show evident traces of human labor1 and there is no unprejudiced person who cherishes the least doubt about it4 ,the evidence of design shown by the examination of two or three specimens is in itself a proof of some value1 but this proof makes an irresistible impression on the mind when1 in addition1 we see an accumulation of specimens4 ,it is1 then1 no longer possible to attribute the uniform shape of the flints to a mere accident4 ,but were they fashioned at the time of the formation of the terrains in which they are embedded8 ,that is another problem1 the solution of which is liable to controversy4 ,mr4 ,taylor1 who is very respectable authority in such matters1 declares1 after much conscientious research1 that the gravelbeds of ,st4 ,acheul were deposited in the earlier part of the ,christian era4 ,people of the historic period1 such as the first inhabitants of ,umbria and the ,egyptians1 made flints precisely like those of ,st4 ,acheul4 ,the prodigious antiquity of man must be greatly shaken by these observations4 ,at ,sinai1 flint has been used to effect immense excavations in the rock2 it is again utilized under the form of hammers and chisels in the ancient copper mines of the ,aztecs1 in ,canada1 ,spain1 ,wady,maghara1 and ,bethlehem1 as well as on ,lake ,superior1 in ,tuscany1 and in ,brittany4 ,the ,bedouins of ,africa and the ,indians of ,texas still make use of them2 and ,m4 ,reboux1 who gave the ,congress a practical demonstration of the mounting and use of the utensils of the stone age1 received his inspiration from those savages4 ,they make the handles out of the sinews of the bison1 covered with a wide strip of the animal's skin recently taken off4 ,this band is wound around grooves made in the middle of the hammer4 ,the skin1 as it dries1 contracts1 and the stone1 the extremities of which alone are uncovered1 is enclosed in a sheath so tight that it cannot be drawn out47#bgf7 ,it must be acknowledged1 then1 that the authenticity of these beds at ,spiennes1 as prehistoric ateliers1 appears exceedingly doubtful1 and there is a tinge of similar incredulity in the behavior of the people around the ,camp des ,cayaux3 8,countrymen1 and even little peasant girls10 says a reporter of one of our principal journals1 8were selling the finest stones to the travellers1 making superhuman efforts to repress smiles that threatened to explode into loud laughter4 ,a singularly ironic expression was legible in the large eyes of these fillettes and broke through their pretended seriousness4 ,it was very evident that the benighted villagers in the vicinity of ,mons were not sufficiently initiated into the new gospel of science1 and by no means had implicit faith in it4 ,the irreverence of the population was still more evident at the entrance of the hamlet1 where a group of young women manifested quite an uncivil merriment at the sight of some of the princes of science who were toiling along under the heavy burden of quaternary flint40 ,as an example of moral contrasts1 ,i will merely allude to ,hennuyer and the peasant of ,furfooz1 one sceptical and contemptuous of everything1 and the other with genuine respect for the traditions of his beloved valleys4 ,the morning of the twentyseventh was mostly taken up with a report from ,general ,faid'herbe on the dolmens of ,algeria4 ,a burst of applause greeted the illustrious and genial hero of ,lille4 ,popular sentiment seemed an embodiment of the 8,placuit victrix causa diis1 sed victa ,catoni0 in the very teeth of the ,borussians47#bgg7 ,general ,faid'herbe assigned a historic epoch to the origin of the dolmens4 ,these monuments1 which are tombs1 were the work of one race found on every shore from ,pomerania to ,tunis1 and which1 according to him1 proceeded from the north to the south4 ,the dolmens of ,africa are like those of ,europe4 ,but what race was this8 ,a blonde race from the shores of the ,baltic1 as the speaker proved by three facts3 #a4 ,blondes are still to be found in ,barbary4 #b4 ,ancient historians speak of the blonde people who lived there before the ,christian era4 #c4 ,fifteen centuries before ,christ the blonde inhabitants of that country attacked ,lower ,egypt4 ,m4 ,faid'herbe stated that when he lived in ,senegal there were two powerful negro tribes in the countries on the upper ,niger having a political organization of relative advancement4 ,the complexion of the royal family was somewhat clear1 and they prided themselves on their descent from white ancestors4 ,etymological indices lead us to believe that this dynasty descended from the blonde race of the dolmens4 ,m4 ,worsaae opposed the general's opinion1 and maintained that the builders of the dolmens1 on the contrary1 proceeded from the south to the north1 where they attained the height of their civilization4 ,m4 ,cartailhac1 however1 stated an important fact that weakens this objection3 the dolmens of the ,south of ,france contain metallic objects whose place of fabrication could not have been far off2 those of the interior and the ,north only contained articles of polished stone4 ,a small man now sprang into the tribune1 fierce as ,orestes tormented by the ,eumenides1 with black eyes1 long streaming hair1 and a person of incessant mobility4 ,it is one of the princes of oriental philology--,m4 ,oppert1 who began a demonstration of the chronology of remote historical times1 which he continued in the afternoon session4 ,he assured us1 as he began1 that he did not intend to offend any one's religious convictions1 or to discuss the chronology of the ,bible1 which1 in his eyes1 is eminently respectable4 ,in his opinion1 the difference of the dates pointed out in different chronological tables can be explained without any difficulty4 ,m4 ,oppert showed us how the chronologies of ,egypt and ,chaldea1 which were calculated by cycles of unequal length1 begin with the same date--the #aith of ,january1 ,gregorian 7the #bgth of ,april1 ,julian71 of the year #aaedb ,b4,c46 ,he therefore concluded that the people of those regions must have observed the important astronomical phenomena of that time1 the risings of ,sirius perhaps1 which would indicate a degree of civilization somewhat advanced for a period still antehistoric4 ,i like to recall the very words he used2 they are full of meaning4 ,m4 ,ribeiro had made researches in ,portugal that appeared to him conclusive as to the existence of pliocene man1 and he produced tertiary flints which he believed to be cut4 ,the ,abb ,bourgeois1 who could not remain indifferent to any proof of tertiary man1 allowed an unexpected declaration to escape his lips4 8,i should like10 said he1 8to consider these fragments as authentic proofs of the truth of my theory1 but the truth obliges me to declare that ,i cannot discover any evidence of human labor in them40 ,m4 ,ribeiro sank into his seat under this coup de hache polie1 and tertiary man was properly buried1 after a later correction from ,m4 ,bourgeois1 who admitted that one of ,m4 ,ribeiro's flints bore marks of human labor1 but he had doubts as to its bed4 ,anthropology and ethnography had the honors during the greater part of this session4 ,m4 ,lagneau said the researches made in ,belgium showed there were three perfectly distinct species of men in this country1 and he opposed ,m4 ,dupont's opinion that the skulls of ,furfooz belong to the ,mongoloid race4 ,m4 ,hamy demonstrated anatomically that a particular race1 the ,australioid1 is spread throughout ,europe4 ,the jaw from ,naulette appears to belong to this race2 the skull from ,engis belongs to another4 ,m4 ,hamy thought he discovered some of the characteristics of the ,australioid race in certain inferior types in ,belgium and ,france4 ,these primitive races are not extinct4 ,they still peep out in isolated cases of atavism1 and he exhibited a curious instance--the hideous portrait of a boatwoman of the neighborhood of ,mons1 with all the characteristics of the ,australioid race of the mammoth period4 ,in this selection of a ,montois type there was a spice of revenge evident to every one4 ,m4 ,virchow found a manifest difference between the skulls at the ,british ,museum and those of criminals in the collection at the university4 ,the ,flemish skulls present the same prognathism as those of ,furfooz1 and certain types have characteristics that might cause them to be classed with the ,mongoloid race4 ,as to the size of the skull1 it is not owing to the development of the psychical faculties1 and we should be cautious about drawing premature conclusions concerning the primitive races of this country4 ,m4 ,virchow cited the example of the two skulls found in a ,greek tomb of the ,macedonian epoch1 the form and size of which induced him to class them unhesitatingly with the ,mongoloids of the caverns of the ,lesse4 ,now1 one of these skulls was that of a ,greek woman of great distinction1 both as to her social condition and intellectual culture4 ,the learned professor from ,berlin expressed a doubt as to the ,germanic origin of the ,flemings4 ,m4 ,lagneau also thought we should not decide too hastily about the races that first inhabited ,belgium4 ,he could not see why the ,flemings and ,germans should have the same origin4 ,in ,germany1 ,belgium1 and ,france the races are excessively mixed up4 ,germany was repeatedly invaded by people from ,gaul4 ,prognathism alone is not typical any more than the temperament1 color of the hair1 etc4 ,m4 ,vanderkindere thought the ,flemish of ,germanic origin1 and the ,walloon of ,celtic4 ,blondes do not belong to the ,aryan races4 ,prognathism is more common in them than in the dark people of the country1 in which the speaker finds ,ligurian traces1 as in the basin of the ,loire 7,liger ,liguria74 ,now1 the blonde race1 has always thought itself superior1 and this belief was so strong in ,flanders in the heart of the middle ages that the mother of ,berthulphe de ,ghistelles1 displeased at the alliance her son had contracted with the beautiful ,godelive1 a native of ,boulonnais1 whom her contemporaries reproached solely on account of her black hair and eyebrows1 expressed her contempt in these significant terms3 8,cur1 inquit1 cornicem de terra aliena eduxisti80 ,she thought it disgraceful to defile the pure blood of her antique ,germanic race 7alti tui sanguinis7 by such an alliance4 ,in a subsequent session1 this question of races came on the carpet again4 ,m4 ,dupont1 combining the observations made in the three excursions 7that to ,namur had taken place the day before71 established a filiation between the different peoples who inhabited ,belgium in different periods of the stone age4 ,the people of ,mesvin1 the ,somme1 the ,tamise1 and the ,seine were contemporaries4 ,the race of ,mesvin inhabited ,hainault at the same time as the troglodytes1 whom they did not know4 ,it might have been the people of ,mesvin and the ,somme1 who1 gradually attaining to polished stone1 invaded the country occupied by the less advanced people of the caverns4 ,m4 ,virchow could not recommend too much prudence to those who are investigating the science of anthropology4 ,in prehistoric times1 as in our day1 there were variations of the same race1 but that is not accounted for by atavism4 ,it must be concluded that men were simultaneously created or born in several places1 and different types sprang from the commingling of the actual races4 ,we take pleasure in collecting these indirect acknowledgments from the lips that dared say1 8,there is no place in the universe for a ,god1 nor in man for a soul40 ,m4 de ,quatrefages thought1 like ,m4 ,virchow1 that all the various races cannot be owing to atavism4 ,crossing has a good deal to do with it4 ,it is allowable to refer the variety of types to the more or less commingling of the ancient races1 as they are everywhere mingled now4 ,we can hardly deny1 however1 that the present population partly descended from the troglodytes4 ,the people of ,furfooz must still have some representatives in ,belgium1 especially among the women4 ,science proves that woman retains the type of the race to which she belongs longer than man4 ,at a later day we shall doubtless succeed in deciphering the origin of the human races4 ,in these researches we must also consider the action of les milieux4 ,mlle4 ,royer expressed a disbelief in the unity of the human species4 ,unfortunately1 the inevitable crossing is always obstructing her observations4 ,she absolutely refuses to admit that the white man is ,aryan1 or at least ,asiatic4 ,she hopes1 however1 some day to obtain a solution of these great problems4 ,how far1 madame1 your knowledge extends1 and how astonishingly you have retained the persistent type of madame la guenon from whom you flatter yourself to have descended6 ,after other discussions concerning the bronze utensils found in various parts of ,europe1 and the influence of ,etruscan art1 which extended even to the ,north1 ,m4 ,baudre undertook the demonstration of a point singular enough4 ,primitive man1 he said1 doubtless possessed the musical faculty1 and it is impossible with his knowledge of the flint he daily used that it should not have occurred to him to apply the sonorousness of that stone to some practical use4 ,no one can positively declare this was so1 but who can deny it8 ,m4 ,baudre has constructed an instrument composed of accordant flints--a prehistoric piano--on which he executed a brabanonne that would have excited the envy of the ,moncrabeaux4 ,it is neither more nor less insupportable than the modern instrument of torture of which some unideal creature1 with bent body and a prey to convulsive jerks1 strikes the senseless ivory with his skinny phalanges till it shrieks under the touch4 ,of the excursion to ,namur we will only allude to what bore on the scientific labors of the ,congress2 that is1 the visit to the ,camp of ,hastedon4 ,the delightful1 cordial reception given us in that pleasant town1 the banquet and concert which followed1 will not soon be effaced from the memory of the excursionists4 ,the plateau of ,hastedon1 close to ,namur1 rests on a solid mass of dolomite1 and is surrounded by a bastion composed of fagots calcined--it is not known how1 huge boulders1 and a thick layer of earth and stones4 ,the ,romans occupied it for a certain time1 but the parapets that surround it are much more ancient4 ,it is an immense plain1 eleven hectares in extent1 strewed with flints1 both wrought and polished1 that came from ,spiennes1 while those of the caverns of the ,lesse came from ,champagne4 ,the troglodytes of the ,lesse and the people of ,spiennes were contemporaries in the age of cut stone1 but there was no intercourse between them4 ,during the age of polished stone1 on the contrary1 the importation of flints from ,champagne ceased in the region of the caverns1 and the flint of ,spiennes was diffused among the plateaux of upper ,belgium4 ,the inhabitants of ,spiennes extended their former bounds1 penetrated to that region1 and fortified it4 ,according to ,m4 ,dupont1 the ,camp of ,hastedon must have been one of their fortresses4 ,the final sance of the ,congress opened with a very interesting and animated discussion as to the first use of bronze and iron4 ,where did the bronze come from8 ,m4 ,oppert thought it of ,european origin4 ,the ,phnicians went to ,england for tin rather than to the ,east4 ,m4 ,worsaae was convinced it came from ,asia1 and that a bronze age will be discovered in ,egypt4 ,m4 ,leemans was of the opinion that the iron age preceded the bronze in ,india and ,ceylon4 ,m4 ,conestabile was inclined to think the ,phnicians obtained their tin from the ,caucasus rather than ,england4 ,m4 ,franks said they might have found it in ,spain and ,portugal1 and ,m4 ,waldemar,schmidt thought the ,egyptians obtained theirs from ,africa4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages afterwards summed up the character of the ,congress of ,brussels3 it appears from scientific evidence in every direction that certain existing types have an incontestable resemblance to the people of the quaternary period4 ,in the second place1 it now seems established that man of the stone age travelled much more than has been supposed4 ,the close of the session was marked by two occurrences that produced a strong impression on the assembly4 ,the two workmen who so ably assisted ,m4 ,dupont in the exploration of the caverns had1 at the solicitation of the committee1 the dcoration ouvrire conferred on them by ,messrs4 de ,quatrefages and ,capellini4 ,then a letter from ,m4 ,g4 ,geefs was read1 stating that he had made a bust of ,m4 d',omalius unbeknown to the latter1 which he offered as a mark of homage to the ,congress4 ,this bust1 concealed at the end of the apartment1 was uncovered and presented to the venerable president1 old in years but youthful in feeling1 whose fine noble career ,m4 de ,quatrefages retraced in an address sparkling with wit4 ,then1 after some isolated communications1 the ,congress passed a resolution to hold its seventh meeting at ,stockholm1 in #ahgd1 under the effective presidency of ,prince ,oscar of ,sweden1 and the ,congress was declared adjourned4 ,we cannot better end this report1 which ,i should have liked to make more complete1 than by quoting ,m4 ,dupont's rsum 7a little indefinite1 in my opinion7 of the labor of the ,sixth ,international ,congress of ,prehistoric ,anthropology and ,archology3 8,after the weighty discussions that have taken place at the ,congress of ,brussels10 says ,m4 le ,secrtaire ,gnral1 8it is proper to lay before the public the chief problems discussed by the learned assembly4 ,these problems have not all been definitely solved4 ,that was not to be expected1 for the result of such scientific meetings is seldom the decision of questions1 but rather stating them with clearness and precision4 ,the discussions at such meetings lead to the opening of new paths1 and preparing the way1 by throwing new light on it1 for calm and persevering labor in the study4 ,there alone is it possible to weigh the value of arguments1 elucidate obscure points1 and arrive at conclusions4 ,in this spirit six principal points have been drawn up3 8#a4 ,did man really exist in the middle of the tertiary period8 ,several of the specialists present at the ,congress declared in the affirmative4 ,but it appeared1 especially from the flints discovered by the ,abb ,bourgeois1 that further researches should be undertaken before science can decide on a point so important in the history of mankind4 ,the bed of the flints in question was ultimately regarded as incontestable4 8#b4 ,the formation of the valleys and the filling of the caverns were regarded as the result of fluvial action4 ,the study of these phenomena may be considered as the fundamental point of research respecting man of the quaternary epoch4 8#c4 ,the bones of goats1 sheep1 and oxen1 discovered in the deposits of the mammoth age in the ,belgian caverns1 were acknowledged to be similar to our goats1 sheep1 and certain species of our domestic cattle4 ,an opinion was advanced that perhaps they originated these domestic species1 whose origin has often been sought in vain4 8#d4 ,communications between different tribes of the stone age in ,western ,europe were for the first time distinctly stated4 ,the people of the quaternary epoch were divided into two classes1 one of which1 by the regular development of its industrial pursuits1 arrived at such a degree of progress that it was thought they must have invaded the region of the ,belgian caverns in the age of polished stone1 and subjugated our troglodytes4 8#e4 ,the discovery at ,eygenbilsen gave occasion for recognizing the ,etruscan influence in our region previous to the ,roman conquest4 ,there was a disposition to admit that the intercourse between ,italy and the ,scandinavian countries must have been much later4 8#f4 ,the opinion that the anthropological types of the quaternary epoch have survived1 and constitute an essential element of existing ,european nations1 was admitted in principle by all the anthropologists who expressed any opinion on the subject4 ,the problem of the origin of ,european races is thus placed in an entirely new light40 ,atlantic ,drift--,gathered ,in ,the ,steerage4 ,by ,an ,emigrant4 ,concluded4 ,the generally fortunate voyage of our vessel was varied by two or three days of very rough weather1 and the miseries of our first night at sea were intensified by a violent gale4 ,the fast steamer1 built with lines calculated for excessive speed1 cut through rather than breasted the waves4 ,tons of clear water washed over the whaleback1 knocking over one or two hapless wights1 and drenching many others4 ,her windward side was incessantly swept by blinding showers of heavy spray4 ,to pass from the shelter of the main deck to the entrance of our steerage was a veritable running the gauntlet4 ,you watched till the ship rose1 and then ran at full speed for the shelter of the whaleback1 happy if you reached it without being rolled by a sudden lurch into the scuppers1 or losing your balance and clinging to the nearest rope or stanchion1 being soused by the spray from the next wave that struck her4 ,the storm raged more fiercely as the evening advanced1 and from timid lips came stories of the lost ,city of ,boston and the hapless ,london1 while more experienced hands regretted their precipitancy in selecting a vessel of a line in which every other quality was said to have been sacrificed to that of excessive speed1 and indulged in uncomfortable surmises as to the consequences of the shaft snapping or the engines breaking down4 ,when the damp and chill of the advancing night drove us to our bunks1 we clambered downstairs1 and1 staggering away into our respective streets1 crawled in4 ,to realize my first impression of the steerage of our vessel at night1 when its cavernous space was lit1 or rather its grim darkness made visible1 by a single lantern1 would require the pen of ,dickens or the graphic pencil of ,gustave ,dor4 ,crouching between those bunks and the roof grotesque forms1 dimly seen in the obscure light1 threw weird shadows on the cabin sides4 ,here one busily engaged1 under innumerable difficulties1 in making up a neat bed of sheets and blankets1 into which he afterwards burrows by an ingenious backward movement1 like a shore crab hiding himself in the sand left uncovered by the receding tide2 while his next neighbor retires to rest by the simple process of kicking off his boots1 pulling his battered nightcap over his eyes1 and stretching himself on the bare boards1 with a muttered string of curses on the ship1 the weather1 and the world in general1 for his evening orisons4 ,at a corner of one of the tables appear a group of players poring over their cards in a chiarooscuro that recalls a scene of ,teniers or ,van ,ostade1 while at another a group are gathered round a young vocalist who quavers out in a dull monotone a curious medley of sentimental ditties and musichall vulgarities4 ,gradually all drop away into their bunks1 and everything is still1 save the deep breathing of some hundred souls1 and the groans of the sufferers from the malady of the sea4 ,occasionally the heavy plunge of the ship1 as she dashes into some mountainous wave1 extinguishes the lamp with the shock1 and buries the little windows under water1 leaving the cabin for a few seconds in profound darkness4 ,in the gale during the first night of our voyage1 one tremendous billow struck the ship1 burying us in black night1 and rolling trunks1 tins1 and clothes cluttering to leeward with the lurch of the vessel1 and awakening all in a moment from their slumbers4 ,a general consternation prevailed1 and while some called in angry tones for the lamp to be relighted1 others could be heard muttering the unfamiliar words of a halfforgotten prayer4 ,as the great ship shook in her conflict with the raging sea1 and we heard overhead the rush of many feet and the swash on deck of a heavy mass of water1 ,i felt nervous enough till she rose again and1 creeping to the little window1 ,i could see the cold moon throwing a silvery track across the waste of raging1 wind lashed surges4 ,i thought of the great ships that had gone down1 crowded with hundreds of unprepared and unthinking souls1 into the cruel bosom of the great ocean2 perhaps their unknown fate was to sink in the darkness of the night1 crushed in a moment by an iceberg1 or1 maimed and helpless1 battered to pieces and submerged by the angry waves4 ,what a horrible deathagony must be that of the doomed1 who1 after the sudden crash of a collision1 or battened down in their dark prison in a raging storm1 heard the cataract of water roar down the hatchway1 greedy to engulf them6 ,for a few moments what fearful struggles would take place in the crowded cabin to mount the bunks and gain the last mouthful of the retiring air1 until the flood buried all in the bosom of the deep1 in a silence to be broken only by the trumpet of the ,judgment ,day6 ,should ,i1 ,i pondered1 in such a dark hour1 have the strength of mind or grace of ,god to lie still on my bed and let the rising water cut short the prayer on my lips1 or1 hoping against hope1 with angrily raging heart die fighting to breathe a few seconds longer the vital air8 ,of a truth1 to die suffocated in the darkness1 without a last look at the great vault of heaven1 a last breath of the pure air1 seemed to me to be to doubly die4 ,if ,i suffered some discomfort and perhaps a little anxiety from the occasional anger of the mighty main1 it was far more than compensated for by its aspect in its calmer and more peaceful moods4 ,i cannot understand how in a few days voyagers can learn to complain of the monotony of the sea2 to me1 its different moods in calm and storm1 the snowy crests of the dancing waves1 the foaming and often phosphorescent wake of the great steamer1 and the everchanging aspects of the cloudladen heavens1 were objects of untiring interest4 ,if ,i had the magic pen of the author of the ,queen of the ,air1 ,i would write a book on the cloudscenery of the ,atlantic4 ,never1 even in the purest ,italian sky or the cloudless heavens above the vast expanse of a ,western prairie1 have ,i seen ,diana so purely fair1 ,lucifer so bright1 or ,aurora clad in such varied garments of purple and rose2 such a wonderful vault lined with innumerable flakes of spotless wool left by the dying wind2 such masses of cumulus1 sometimes as solidly white as ,alpine summits1 sometimes before the rainstorm luridly gray black with the gathered water1 like the massive bulk of ,snowdon seen through a driving rain2 and1 once or twice1 the pall of the thunderstorm rising over the leeward heaven and advancing towards us1 its ragged edge momentarily lit up with the blazing tongues of the lightning1 until it rolled over1 deafening with its dread artillery and hiding all around in mist and blinding rain4 ,the grandeur of sunset and of sunrise1 when not obscured by the mistiness of a moist atmosphere1 was indescribable4 ,every night1 with renewed pleasure1 we watched the god of day sink beneath the western horizon4 ,turner1 in his wildest dreams of those gorgeous heaven pictures that he had not seen on earth but felt that he would love to see1 imagined no greater luxury of gold1 carmine1 purple1 crimson1 rose1 and rosetinged snow1 than was afforded by some of the spectacles of the setting sun4 ,one evening still holds my memory entranced3 the heavy curtain of dull gray mist that all day had lain low over the sea rolled eastward before the evening breeze2 the emerging sun1 low on the horizon1 dyed the receding masses of cloud with a thousand shades of livid purple2 the peaks and shoulders of the eastern range of mountains of dark vapor caught the light1 while between them sank valleys and depths more sombre by the contrast4 ,westward1 below the rosy1 almost bloodred sun1 ran two long narrow filaments of purple cloud1 dark across the glow of the heavens1 like bars across a furnace4 ,a few moments1 and the shining orb sinks beneath them1 fringing their edges with refulgent gold1 then falls into a sea of liquid fire4 ,a little longer the crimson hues linger on the eastern curtain of clouds1 then grow fainter and fainter1 and die away into the gray hues of a moonless night4 ,among the five hundred emigrants our good ship carried there were1 it is needless to say1 many men of different speech1 and almost every diversity of occupation and character4 ,besides the four nations of ,great ,britain1 we had ,germans1 ,danes1 ,swedes1 and ,norwegians in considerable numbers1 a few ,french1 ,poles1 and ,russians1 a ,levantine ,jewess and her children1 and a solitary ,american4 ,with the ,teutons my ignorance of their language prevented me holding further converse than to learn their nationality and their destination--generally ,illinois1 ,minnesota1 or ,wisconsin4 ,unlike the ,irish1 with whom ,new ,york seemed to fulfil all their notions of ,america1 the ,germans and ,scandinavians appeared all westward bound1 in large parties1 organized for agricultural life2 and while they were in a considerable minority on the vessel1 they formed much the larger proportion of the passengers in the emigrant cars4 ,the amount of their baggage was something prodigious4 ,nearly all apparently peasants in their native land1 they seemed on leaving it to transport everything they possessed except the roof over their heads to their adopted country4 ,what would not break they enclosed in immense bags of ticking and rough canvas1 and the residue of their property in arklike chests1 the immense weight and sharp ironbound corners of which moved the sailors to multiform blasphemy4 ,for my part1 ,i had read so much of the contented prosperity of the peasantry in ,norway and ,sweden that ,i speculated not a little as to what cause could lead them to make the long and expensive migration from ,christiania or ,gottenburg to the so far off shores of the ,mississippi4 ,with the ,germans1 who came principally from the neighborhood of ,mannheim1 the case was different4 ,several of them could speak a little ,french1 nor were they reticent as to the principal cause that led them to desert their fatherland3 it was the man tax1 levied by the empire of blood and iron on their youth and manhood1 that drove them from their farms in the sweet ,rhine valley to seek abodes in the new and freer world4 ,several of them had followed the ,bavarian standard under ,von ,tannen through the hardships and carnage of the ,franco,german war2 but to the shrewd sense of the peasant the halo of military glory and the pomp of wide empire meant but conscription and taxation1 fields untilled1 and wife and children starving1 while the blood of father and son was poured out to indite a new page in the gory annals of warlike fame4 ,by the way1 one of them assured us that never in the fiercest time of that deadly strife1 even when1 in long forced marches1 driving ,bourbaki's broken bands through the snows of ,jura1 had they fared so badly as he did then1 to which ,i may add the experience of an ,englishman--whose sinister countenance and shabby attire gave increased weight to his testimony--who averred that we fared little better than in a workhouse and worse than in a jail4 ,amongst us there were many mechanics1 principally ,irish1 who were returning from visits to their friends2 nor can ,i omit to chronicle their uniform and emphatic testimony as to the benefit they had received from their emigration4 ,in ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 or ,chicago1 they were sure of work1 could live and dress comfortably1 and lay by a large proportion of their earnings1 while in ,england1 and still more in ,ireland1 they were happy when their earnings kept them in lodging1 food1 and clothing1 and saving was neither thought of nor possible4 ,from what ,i could learn1 the position of the unskilled laborer appeared by no means so bright4 ,the different system of hiring in ,america made the nominally higher wages more precarious than in the old country2 and ,i suspect that everywhere the untaught man1 who1 ignorant of any distinct branch of industry1 brings only his thews and sinews to market1 is1 and will ever be1 but 8a hewer of wood and drawer of water0--an illpaid and little valued drudge4 ,for one class of the ,irish emigrants1 of whom we had a certain number on board1 their countrymen entertained a profound and not unfounded contempt4 ,youths from ,cork or ,dublin shops or offices1 whom dissipation or misconduct had thrown out of place1 or the desire of novelty or adventure had attracted to the ,new ,world--unfit for manual labor1 and without any special qualification for commerce--their heads were turned with tales of the giddy whirl of ,new ,york life1 in their notions of which gallantry1 whiskey1 politics1 calico balls1 and rowdy patriotism made a curious medley4 ,their general ambition was to be bartenders1 and with some exceptions their usual behavior showed them to be little fitted for any better avocation4 ,one of the characters that most attracted my attention1 though ,i elicited but little response to my advances from his taciturn nature1 was a miner from ,montana--a man of short stature but powerful build1 with1 a determined1 weatherbeaten face1 and a decidedly sinister squint1 who had rambled over the greater part of ,california1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,washington1 and ,montana1 and apparently returned no richer from his wanderings4 ,having been a seaman before he took to a mountain life1 his gait had acquired an indescribably curious mixture of the outkneed walk of a man constantly on horseback with the roll of a sailor1 while he had1 too1 a curious habit of involuntarily working the fingers of his right hand as if they held a six shooter4 ,he usually restricted himself to the bachelor society under the whaleback1 and1 chary of his words1 amused himself with an amateur surveillance of the operations of the men1 or occasionally exchanged reminiscences in brief sentences with two or three other returned ,californians3 how he and his mates had killed a grizzly at the foot of ,mount ,helena2 how he had made #a1bjj in eight months from a claim in ,siskiyou ,county1 and lost it all in working another in ,el ,dorado ,county1 at which he persevered fruitlessly for three years1 while the claims on each side brought heavy piles to their workers2 how he had seen twentysix 8road agents0 hanged together in ,montana2 and other tales of far ,west mining1 murder1 and debauchery4 ,once only his hard face relaxed into a laugh at a story he told of two men who quarrelled in a ,california saloon1 and1 dodging round the table1 while the rest of the company made for the door or skulked behind the beer barrels1 emptied their revolvers at each other with no worse effect than one slight scratch4 ,that twelve barrels should go off and no one be killed seemed to be too ridiculous1 and his risible faculties overcame him accordingly4 ,strangely enough1 while he spoke with the most hearty enthusiasm as to the pleasures of a mountaineering life1 which he declared1 with a good horse1 a trusty rifle1 and staunch mates1 was the finest in the world1 and to judge from appearances had certainly not made his pile1 he never intended to return westward1 but was bound for some city of the ,south4 ,possibly some episodes in his checkered existence had caused him to bear in mind the shortened career of the twentysix road agents with a distinctness that determined his preference for this side of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,the most lively time of the day was the evening after the five o'clock tea2 the sailors during the dogwatches--from four to eight--do not turn in1 but remain on deck1 and they amused or persecuted the female passengers with a coarse gallantry that generally made the more modest women remain below2 the cooks1 engineers1 and firemen stood at their doors in the deck house and greeted with horsebanter the passersby2 while on the open space before the wheelhouse a few couples danced to the music of an accordion1 or tried to tire each other out to the whistled tune of an ,irish jig4 ,a pair of professional singers1 husband and wife1 to whose retinue ,i usually attached myself1 used to sit at the door of the saloon and favor us with selections from their repertory1 often with a success that brought metallic appreciation from the gentlemen in the neighboring smokingroom2 till after sunset--generally interpreted with extreme liberality--one of the stewards of the aftersteerage literally hunted the women downstairs2 and then often on fine nights the sailors would cluster round the open hatchway and sing for or banter with their favorites below4 ,the behavior of the sailors towards the women was the subject of constant complaint by the more respectable of the passengers throughout the voyage2 in the evening1 no woman without her husband was safe from their persecution1 and not always with him at her side2 as they stood by each other1 and always had the sheathknife at their side1 the men were not very ready to commence a quarrel with them2 if their advances were resented1 they were apt to change from coarse goodhumor to the most revolting and obscene abuse4 ,hence1 as ,i have mentioned1 many of the women would not return to the deck after the evening meal4 ,in short1 if other steamers are like the one in which we made the passage1 no young woman could cross in the steerage without her modesty being daily shocked1 and1 if she was unprotected1 running great risk of actual insult4 ,i have mentioned that the deck bar was at the head of our staircase and consequently near the sailors' cabin2 one night it was broken open and cleared of its contents2 whether the culprits were either sought for or detected1 ,i never heard2 but certainly the seamen next day were in a state of extreme conviviality3 and1 under the emboldening influence of liquor1 one lively young mariner put his arm round the waist of a very handsome young ,englishwoman1 whose ladylike dress and appearance had so far prevented her from being molested in this way4 ,a fight between her husband and the delinquent was with difficulty prevented by the bystanders1 and the former went to complain to the chief officer2 he mustered the watch and read them a lecture on their not interfering with the female passengers1 and told the culprit he would hand him over to the authorities at ,castle ,garden on his arrival at ,new ,york1 who would certainly send him for six months to prison4 ,the latter did not seem much discomposed at the intimation1 and the day ,i landed in the ,empire ,city he appeared at our boardinghouse on ,washington ,street in a state of great hilarity and beer1 and informed us with much blasphemy that he had cut his connection with the ship4 ,the emigrant passengers on board our ship suffered much annoyance and discomfort2 but ,i do not hesitate to say that most of our troubles arose from the crew and attendants rather than the arrangements of the ship itself4 ,much of the accommodation provided--for instance1 in the case of the washhouses and freshwater pumps--was made useless by the negligence or surliness of the men by whom they were controlled2 the victuals seemed generally to be of good quality1 and1 except in the case of the fresh bread and sugar1 were provided with lavish if not wasteful abundance1 but they were usually carelessly cooked1 if not actually uneatable1 and served in the roughest and most heedless manner4 ,the crew were a most disorderly set--quarrels were of constant occurrence4 ,i saw two fights--one between the interpreter attached to the aftersteerage and one of the stewards2 and another1 which took place between the headcook and the butcher in the saloon galley2 and ,i heard of several others4 ,the cooks and bakers in the steerage galley were changed once or twice during the voyage1 but no change for the better resulted4 ,i attribute this want of anything like discipline or attentiveness to their duties to the constant change of the men on board these steamers2 they only sign articles for the run out and home1 rarely remaining more than one or two voyages in the ship1 and many go the westward voyage merely to get to ,new ,york and desert the ship the moment they arrive there4 ,i was told the chief officer called the milors together and promised them1 as the ship was shorthanded 7she had seven less than her complement of #bh seamen71 they should receive #e #ajs4 per month instead of the #d #ajs4 for which they had shipped2 but in spite of this1 nearly half of them would desert when the ship came to her moorings4 ,the cooks1 bakers1 and stewards are engaged in the same way1 and the consequence is1 before they can all be got to understand their positions and work well together1 they are paid off and a new set come on board4 ,if the companies could form a permanent staff for their vessels1 and go to the same care and expense over their organization as they give to the material equipment of their splendid vessels1 an immense change for the better would be effected in the comfort and convenience of the emigrant4 ,as to the distribution of provisions1 the passengers might be arranged in messes of ten or twenty1 some of whose number would fetch their food from the galley for allotment among themselves1 and thus give them an opportunity of eating their meals at table in a more ,christianlike and less piggish manner than the majority are at present compelled to do4 ,nor do ,i see any great difficulty or additional expense in a different arrangement of the bunks1 by which1 at the sacrifice of the wide space in the middle of the steerage1 they could be grouped on each side of a central table1 so that each twenty or thereabouts would form a partially separated room1 with its own table and its own mess4 ,at last1 early on the second ,sunday morning1 the thunderlike roll of the cable paid out over our heads awoke us as the ship came to anchor off ,staten ,island1 and later in the day she moored alongside the company's wharf in ,new ,jersey4 ,in sight of the promised land1 the fatigue and annoyance of the voyage were soon forgotten4 ,a liberal meal of fresh and unusually wellcooked beef and plumduff1 eaten undisturbed by the vessel's motion1 made the memory of the disgusting messes we had endured or revolted at less poignant4 ,the entire passengers went on shore in the forenoon1 but none of the emigrants were allowed to leave1 or any one to come on board the ship4 ,boatfuls of friends of the passengers came alongside1 and the word passed along the deck that ,mrs4 ,brady's husband or ,mary ,cahill's brother was seeking her4 ,numberless inquiries were shouted as to ,mike1 or ,mary1 or the children1 until the gray twilight hid the spires and streets of the great city across the river4 ,the chief officer came round early with a lantern1 and summarily dismissed all the women below1 and all went quietly to rest4 ,often1 ,i believe1 the last night on board the emigrant ship is a scene of wild revelry1 if not actual debauchery2 but the want of liquor--none was sold after the vessel came to her moorings--and the absence of the fairer sex1 effectually quenched any convivial tendencies4 ,at an early hour next morning the luggage was run out of the hold1 and tumbled pellmell on deck2 and the youth of either sex1 hitherto contented with the shabbiest and most negligent of attire1 watched eagerly for their boxes1 dragged them to a convenient corner1 and made an elaborate toilette1 either for the benefit of their ,american friends or to give the coup de grce to the sweethearts they had encountered on the voyage4 ,it was like the transformation scene in a pantomime1 and ,i could hardly recognize my lady acquaintances in their gay bonnets and neat dresses4 ,much of their finery1 however1 suffered serious damage before they emerged on the ,bowery4 ,in the afternoon1 the customhouse officer came on board and took his place near the gangway1 alongside of which lay a tender for the passengers and a barge for the luggage4 ,the boxes were scattered all over the deck1 and to get them examined one had to drag them to the officer1 open them and close them1 obtain a ,castle ,garden check from an official at the head of the gangway1 and then they went over the side on to the barge1 and the passenger on to the tender4 ,every one was anxious to be off1 and all scrambled at once towards the gangway1 dragging boxes and bundles with them4 ,never did we see such a scene of tumult and confusion4 ,such a babel of tongues2 such despair at boxes that either would not open1 or more frequently1 being opened1 would not shut2 such lamentations over their often hopelessly shattered contents--the married women imploring some one to mind their children while they dragged their boxes to the gangway2 the single ones begging quondam admirers to help them to move their heavy trunks--appeals to which the latter1 sufficiently engrossed with their own struggle to be off1 generally turned a deaf and unkind ear4 ,the custom house officer seemed to discharge his duty with as much goodhumor as the necessity of examining some thousand boxes in a limited time would allow4 ,we got off with the first tenderful1 and after waiting an hour or two in ,castle ,garden1 where we at once cleared the refreshment stall of what we then thought delicious coffee and pies1 we were told to fetch our luggage on the following day1 and then passed out into ,broadway to seek our various fortunes4 ,in the boardinghouse where ,i spent the night in ,new ,york1 ,i met passengers from most of the other lines4 ,all complained of their accommodations1 and affected to believe that they had unfortunately selected the most uncomfortable service4 ,for my own part1 ,i believe that on the whole there is but little to choose between the accommodations and provisions supplied by the different companies1 and that the description ,i have given of the arrangements of one line would generally apply to the rest4 ,martyrs ,and ,confessors ,in ,christ4 ,nor let any of you be sad1 on the ground that he is less than those who1 before you having suffered torments1 have come by the glorious journey to the ,lord1 the world being conquered and trodden down4 ,the ,lord is the searcher of the reins and heart1 he sees the secret things1 and looks into things hidden4 ,the testimony of him alone1 who is to guide1 is sufficient for earning the crown from him4 ,therefore each thing1 ,o dearest brethren1 is equally sublime and illustrious4 ,the former1 namely1 to hasten to the ,lord by the consummation of victory1 is the more secure2 the latter is more joyful1 to flourish in the praises of the church1 having received a furlough after the gaining of glory4 ,o blessed church of ours1 which the honor of divine condescension thus illumines1 which in our own time the glorious blood of martyrs thus makes illustrious6 ,before1 it was white in the works of the brethren2 now1 it is made purple in the blood of martyrs4 ,neither lilies nor roses are wanting to its flowers4 ,let all now contend for the most ample dignity of both honors4 ,let them receive crowns1 either white from their works1 or purple from their martyrdom4 ,in the heavenly camp peace and war have their respective flowers1 by which the soldier of ,christ is crowned for glory4 ,i pray1 bravest and most blessed brethren1 that you be always well in the ,lord1 and mindful of us4 ,farewell4--,s4 ,cyprian4 ,the ,roman ,empire ,and ,the ,mission ,of ,the ,barbarians4 ,third ,article4 ,so the great ,roman world sinned on to the last4 ,christianity1 with a cry of fear and alarm1 pointed to the stormful ,north1 and exhorted to repentance2 but her voice was drowned in the mad shouts of revelry and the wild din of reckless passion4 ,the mistress of nations would not consent to show signs of fear or alarm4 ,she cast her farseeing eye over her wide1 rich provinces towards the frowning horizon1 and she had some knowledge of what sort of elements were hidden behind the black cloudwall there4 ,never yet had the whole terrible ferocity of latent wrath burst forth2 but still1 from time to time1 as she had watched for some centuries back1 the stormcloud had opened for a moment1 and the low thunderpeal had been heard1 and the lightningfires had scathed her frontiers1 and sometimes even had touched the very heart of some of her outlying provinces4 ,but the fiery sword had been sheathed4 ,the rent seemed to close again1 and the thundermurmurs died away4 ,still no brightness tinged the angry ,north4 ,but darker1 wilder1 more fiercely threatening the stormcloud grew4 ,there was an angry ,god behind it1 with his warrior hosts1 hidden1 and biding the solemn1 predetermined moment4 ,if the queen of empire felt1 at times1 a thrill of alarm1 she tried to shake it off again4 ,for proudly she gazed around on her widespreading dominions1 and counted her almost countless monuments of conquest and glory1 and appealed to the long past for her claim to live on immortally2 and then took consolation and confidence to herself that the pillars of the firmament would crumble to dust1 and the heavens fall1 before she could be moved from her everlasting foundations4 ,but still there were hearts that trembled for fear1 conscious that something terrible was coming upon the world4 ,the cry of the rapt seer of ,patmos seemed still to be rising from the bosom of the gean ,sea1 and ringing in the ears of those who had faith in a ,god of justice4 ,all those terrible woes foretold in the sixteenth and seventeenth chapters of the ,apocalypse seemed about to be accomplished4 ,with strange wailing sound1 as of a warning archangel's trumpet1 the prophetic voice appeared to repeat3 8,thou art just1 ,o ,lord1 who art1 and who wast1 the holy one1 because thou hast judged these things3 for they have shed the blood of saints and prophets1 and thou hast given them blood to drink4444 ,and great ,babylon came in remembrance before ,god1 to give her the cup of the wine of the indignation of his wrath40 ,louder still that voice seemed to rise in tones of merciful warning3 8,go out from her1 my people2 that you be not partakers of her sins1 and that you receive not of her plagues4 ,for her sins have reached unto heaven1 and the ,lord hath remembered her iniquities4444 ,she saith in her heart3 ,i sit a queen1 and am no widow2 and sorrow ,i shall not see4 ,therefore shall her plagues come in one day1 death1 and mourning1 and famine1 and she shall be burned with fire2 because ,god is strong1 who shall judge her40 ,so appeared to sound out clear the sad1 wailing voice of the prophet in these sorrowful days4 ,and the people of ,god took warning4 ,full of fear and dread1 they fled from the 8great ,babylon0 and the other principal cities of the empire1 and hid themselves from the wrath that was to come4 ,those who remained behind laughed with mocking incredulity at their fears1 and1 as if in defiance of a mighty ,god1 drained the sparkling goblet with an intenser relish1 and the din of revelry waxed louder1 and the ,circensian games were applauded with a wilder joy4 ,countless numbers of ,christians1 who still had faith in ,god's ,word and fear of his justice1 hurried with rapid steps from these scenes of reckless dissipation and pleasure4 ,they went to kneel with uplifted hands amid the sands of the ,libyan ,desert1 or the wooded mountains of ,lebanon2 to implore mercy on a wicked world1 amid the islets of the ,tyrrhenian ,sea1 or in the rocky caves of the ,thebaid4 ,at intervals another warning voice is heard1 sounding1 with the vehemence of the ,baptist's cry1 from the holy precincts of ,bethlehem4 ,s4 ,jerome is meditating and commenting1 in his convent cell1 on the prophecy of ,ezekiel4 ,as he ponders on the judgments of ,god on ,jerusalem of old1 he cannot but think of ,rome in his own day4 ,as the images of ruin and destruction grow before his mind1 and his great heart burns with compassion for sinful1 sinning man1 he pauses in his reading1 and lifts his voice in warning of the vials of wrath that are about to be poured out upon the empire4 ,through the voluptuous palaces of ,rome which he once knew so well1 the loud warning voice of the holy anchoret of ,bethlehem pierces with an awakening sound1 and helps to persuade many a patrician beauty 8to exchange the dream of pleasure1 so soon to be interrupted by the clangor of the ,gothic trumpet1 for the sacred vigils and austerities of the ,holy ,land40 8,read10 he cries out1 8the ,apocalypse of ,s4 ,john3 mark what is written of the woman clothed in scarlet1 with the mystic inscription on her forehead1 and seated upon seven hills1 and of the destruction of ,babylon4 #8,go out of her1 my people1' saith the ,lord2 #8that you be not made partakers of her crimes1 and partners in the plagues that shall afflict her4' ,leave the proud city to exult in everlasting uproar and dissipation1 satiating her bloodthirstiness in the arena1 and her insane passion in the circus4 ,leave it to her to trample under foot every sense of shame in her lascivious theatres40 ,after these words of startling vehemence1 he attunes his voice to gentler accents4 ,and pours out his enthusiastic soul in language of sweetest music1 winning and captivating both ear and heart4 ,he throws a ravishing fascination and sweetness around his life at ,bethlehem that must have been irresistible to souls in which yet lingered any purity of sentiment or love for the holy and beautiful4 8,how different10 he exclaims1 8the scenes that invite you hither6 ,the most rustic simplicity is characteristic of the natal village of our ,redeemer1 and sacred hymns and psalmody are the only interruptions of the heavenly stillness and serenity which reign on every side4 ,walk forth into the fields3 you startle with mingled astonishment and delight to find that #8,alleluia' is the burden of the ploughman's song2 that it is with some inspired canticle the reaper recreates himself1 in reposing at noontide from his overpowering toil2 and that it is the royal ,psalmist's inspiration that attunes the voice of the vinedresser1 as1 scroll in hand1 he plies his task all day40 ,thus does he paint in charming colors the immediate neighborhood in which he lived so happily4 ,his words take us back to the days of ,eden1 and make us realize what unfallen and sinless mankind would have been4 ,then he passes on to those scenes and names which are interwoven into the history of our ,lord's life1 and round these again he casts the fascination of his poetical outpourings4 ,we are carried on as by a magic spell1 and we feel ourselves drawn captives after the mighty heart that glows with such a fiery heat of love in that grotto of ,bethlehem4 ,we cannot wonder that many souls felt the wondrous spell of that clear1 sweet voice1 as it broke with its musictones of penetrating power into the palaces of ,rome4 ,the loudwailing trumpettones of the ,apocalyptic seer1 as they rose with terrific warning from the bosom of the gean1 and the melodious music of the anchoret of ,bethlehem1 as it was carried westward on the breeze1 both conveyed a message from a merciful ,god to the children whom he yet loved4 ,but we will listen again to that winning voice from ,bethlehem1 as it pleads on1 trying to draw ,christians from the perils that were so near3 8,oh6 when shall that blessed day arrive10 it continues1 8when it shall be our own delight to conduct you to the cave of the ,nativity2 together to mingle our tears with those of ,mary and of the ,virgin ,mother in the sepulchre of our ,lord2 to press the wood on which he redeemed us to our throbbing lips2 and1 in ardent desire1 to ascend with him from ,mount ,olivet80 ,we will hasten thence to ,bethany to see ,lazarus come forth in his windingsheet1 and to the banks of that blessed stream sanctified by the baptism of the ,word made flesh4 ,thence to the huts of the shepherds who heard the canticle of 8,glory to ,god on high0 and 8,tidings of great joy10 as they were keeping their nightwatch over their flocks4 ,we will pray at the tomb of ,david1 and meditate under the steep precipice where inspiration used to come on the prophet ,amos1 until we hear again the living clangor of his shepherdhorn4 ,in ,mambre1 we shall commune in spirit with the great patriarchs and their consorts who were buried there2 visit the fountain where the eunuch was baptized by ,philip2 and in ,samaria honor the relics of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 of ,abdias and ,eliseus1 and devoutly explore the caverns where the choirs of the prophets were miraculously fed1 in the days of famine and persecution4 ,we will extend our pilgrimage to ,nazareth1 and1 as the name implies1 behold the flower of ,galilee4 ,hard by is ,cana1 where he changed water into wine4 ,thence to ,mount ,tabor1 where our prayer shall be that our rest may not be with ,moses and ,elias1 but in the eternal tabernacle1 where we shall enjoy the beatific vision of the ,father and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,thence returning1 we shall see the ,lake ,genesareth1 and the wilderness where the merciful ,jesus feasted the multitudes2 and ,naim shall not be passed by unheeded1 where he gave back to the disconsolate mother 8her only son40 ,hermon shall be pointed out1 and the torrent of ,endor where ,sisera was overcome2 and ,capharnaum1 the theatre of so many miracles4 ,thence going up to ,jerusalem1 as it were in the retinue of our ,lord1 as the disciples were wont to do1 we will pass through ,silo and ,bethel2 and having made the circuit of so many scenes1 consecrated by the presence1 the preaching1 and the miracles of the ,son of ,god1 to that grotto where he was born to us a ,saviour1 we shall at last return2 perpetually to hymn his praises1 to deplore our trespasses with frequent tears2 to give our days and nights to holy orisons1 as if smitten with the same love which exclaimed1 8,him whom my soul hath yearned for1 have ,i found4 ,i will hold him1 and will not let him go407#bgh7 ,such wondrous music did the spiritual enchanter pour forth from his lonely grotto4 ,in such words as these1 throbbing with love and holy zeal1 did the great heart of the worn ascetic of ,bethlehem gush forth4 ,and they depicted in such vivid colors the sweet peace and purity and happiness of a new earthly paradise far away in the ,eastern land1 that many souls were lured away by the charmer's voice out of the great ,western ,babylon in time to escape the tempest that was just about to descend upon it4 ,many illustrious names appear among the fugitives4 ,paula forgot her lofty pedigree and her more than princely fortune1 and fled eastward1 and ,s4 ,melania and many others of patrician rank hurried away to ,bethlehem to escape the impending doom4 ,and there1 whilst the mighty ,god thundered1 and hurled his flaming arrows of vengeance1 and the great sinful empire tottered and crashed under the awful blows of his wrath1 did those favored ,christians tremble and pray amid holy scenes and sweet associations1 round the grand spiritual figure of ,s4 ,jerome4 ,but it was not only among the believers in ,god's ,word1 and those who observed the signs of the times from their watchtowers in the heart of the empire1 that the belief in the imminent catastrophe had taken a strong hold4 ,the idea that vengeance was close at hand was agitating with fierce intensity the barbaric nations themselves4 ,whence that idea came1 they themselves could not have told4 ,it had long been working in their minds like a living fire2 it had gone on inflaming their souls till they felt their whole being on fire with an ungovernable passion for destruction and vengeance4 ,they had been kept for long centuries by an overruling power in their northern forests1 waiting for an unknown moment in the future4 ,but that moment1 they felt1 was now at hand4 ,they were ready for it1 for they knew they were the scourges of wrath in the hands of a mighty ,god4 ,but before that fierce1 black stormcloud up yonder in the ,north pours out its fiery wrath upon the doomed empire1 we will try to get a glimpse behind it to see what elements are hidden there4 ,let the reader open his historical atlas1 and follow with his eye the boundaries of the ,roman ,empire in the ,west4 ,he will see that the east1 west1 and south of ,europe are lying at the feet of ,rome1 the heart and centre of the world4 ,as he casts his glance over his chart1 he will be struck by the countless names that cover the face of ,italy and ,gaul and ,spain1 and all those countries that are comprehended within the rule and civilization of the great capital of the empire4 ,but as he raises his eye northwards1 he marks the outlines of ,roman power4 ,he might say that the ,rhine and the ,danube are the boundaries in that direction of imperial dominion4 ,and what does he see beyond8 ,nothing that denotes that civilization has ever set a firm foot there4 ,the great ,hercynian forest begins at the ,rhine1 and stretches far away1 with its dense1 impenetrable blackness1 as far as the ,vistula4 ,it looks like a long1 broad line of fortification thrown up by nature to guard the ,north from ,roman ambition4 ,beyond this1 again1 is a wild unknown land4 ,the student becomes bewildered as he tries to gain an accurate knowledge of it4 ,it is a dreary wilderness of forest1 and swamp1 and vast tracts of land that have known no tillage4 ,he finds no name of city or town1 but only the hard names of countless barbaric tribes4 ,these seem to fill1 without order or defined limit of dominion1 the vast area from the borders of the ,rhine and ,danube to the ,baltic ,sea1 and the mainland and innumerable islets of ,scandinavia4 ,if he cast his eye towards the ,northeast1 the prospect is of a land still less known1 and1 at the same time1 less thickly peopled4 ,but the barbaric names are there1 though few in number1 and the wild waste seems to stretch away interminably into the darkness4 ,the map calls it ,scythia1 and that is almost all the student can gather from looking at it2 but it seems to him that it is the highroad by which the countless barbarian tribes have come into ,europe4 ,we may well believe ,gibbon when he tells us that this vast1 unknown northern land1 cut off from the ,roman ,empire by the ,rhine and the ,danube1 and shrouded in gloom and darkness by its widespreading forests1 extended itself over a third part of ,europe47#bgi7 ,tacitus describes it as a country under a gloomy sky1 rude1 dismal in aspect and cultivation2 more humid than ,gaul1 more stormy than ,noricum and ,pannonia47#bhj7 ,it was a country where the waters were often covered with thick ice1 and the mountains with snow1 where the air was cold and sharp1 and the storms blew fierce and strong4 ,it was1 in a word1 a country where no delicate1 soft races could have lived1 but where only men of stalwart frame and hardy natures could have their home2 men who could bound up the snowy mountain heights with a feeling of luxury1 could hunt with delight among the frozen swamps1 and run in the teeth of the sharp blast through thick forests where the warm sunrays never penetrated4 ,and what was this strange1 unknown land1 so dark and impenetrable1 so vast in its extent1 so defended by rivers and ocean and farreaching fortification of ,hercynian forest1 so wild and uncultivated1 so dismal and cold1 and overhanging with its savage1 frowning aspect the empire of ,rome8 ,it was the camp of the ,god of battles4 ,with a divine purpose of his own1 he had kept it free from ,roman conquest4 ,he had marked it off for himself by those wide rivers and stormy seas1 and planted that thick long line of forest trees on its frontier1 and shrouded its vast area in secrecy and mystery by widespreading woods4 ,and under the shadow of these thick forests he had1 for long generations1 been gathering his warriorbands4 ,the great empire had been growing for centuries in power and riches1 and had piled up her monuments to tell the ages of her glories1 and had come to think herself everlasting2 but whilst she thus developed her power so mightily1 her destroyers were being gathered together in secret in that ,northern land4 ,it was not by chance that the ,roman ,empire had built herself up in such glory and imposing magnitude on the ruins of the great empires that had preceded her1 and not for a barren purpose4 ,god had marked with his finger the boundaryline of her dominions long before she extended her power so far1 and he had appointed her the work which she was to do for him4 ,but he had marked out1 also1 the term in the future whereunto she should endure1 and had chosen beforehand the instruments which he would use for her destruction4 ,as she was to be the most mighty of all empires which the world had ever seen1 so would her destroyers have to be mighty and terrible in their powers of destruction4 ,and those destroyers ,god will have ready at the right moment4 ,no human eye could see what was going on under that dense darkness in the ,north2 its mysterious depth was impenetrable to mortal kin4 ,it was the secret laboratory of ,god1 where he was fashioning his instruments of wrath4 ,he had long been there amidst the terror and gloom beckoning the wild races of the earth to come to him1 and they had obeyed his call1 though they knew not why4 ,far back in the ages of time1 before history had taken up her pen1 there was a great breaking up of the ,aryan family in the ,eastern land1 and they divided themselves into two great sections4 ,they moved in opposite directions1 one towards the ,east1 the other towards the ,west4 ,though that breaking up seems1 at first sight1 to have nothing providential about it1 yet it was no accidental separation4 ,bringing our ,catholic principles to bear upon it1 we soon see that it was the work of ,god4 ,the wild tribes wandered on1 they knew not whither4 ,but they had a guide as real and definite as the ,israelites in aftertimes4 ,it was1 perhaps1 no pillar of fire nor mysterious moving cloud1 but yet as unerring in its leading4 ,the ,eastern ,aryans took possession of ,persia1 and1 invading ,india1 gradually made themselves masters of the country as far as the ,ganges4 ,in this rich and fertile region they soon advanced1 with rapid steps1 to a high state of civilization4 ,when we first meet them in history1 they are a powerful nation1 with welldisciplined armies1 and arts and sciences highly cultivated4 ,of those who took the westerly course1 some settled down in the southern parts of ,europe1 and at the opening of history are found in a state of civilization4 ,one section of them1 wild1 bold1 and free1 remain in a nomadic state4 ,they wander on towards the ,northwest1 never settling down1 ever restless4 ,they feel themselves drawn ever onward1 as by some mysterious power which they cannot resist4 ,that strange1 unseen power is he who dwells amid the darkness of the ,scandinavian and ,suabian forests4 ,and as they pour into that weird gloom1 band after band1 they are lost to view4 ,god wants them there for a time4 ,they are one day to rush forth again1 at his bidding1 wild and fierce as ever1 to do their appointed work4 ,of these multitudinous tribes1 hidden under the dark covering of those ,northern forests1 we cannot undertake to give any detailed account4 ,the student who has ever pored over his historical chart representing the home of the barbarians1 knows well how impossible it is to obtain accurate ideas about them4 ,he is simply bewildered with the number of tribes1 and the hard names by which they are designated4 ,he is content to let ,dr4 ,latham and ,mr4 ,kingsley dispute at their pleasure as to whether the ,goths were ,teutons or a separate tribe4 ,some authors1 with ,gibbon1 would make the ,teutons the great tribe which included and absorbed almost all the rest1 whilst ,dr4 ,latham insists that they were far less in numbers than is commonly supposed4 ,it is not now our purpose to enter on a question of this nature4 ,our view of them is simply as a fourmillement des nations1 confused1 indistinguishable1 undefinable4 ,we cannot pretend to speak with accuracy as to what territory was occupied by each tribe4 ,what they do we can only guess at4 ,they do not regard themselves as in their settled home4 ,they wander about restless1 and unsatisfied in their wild forest lands4 ,they have only an indistinct idea whence they came1 but they have a mysterious instinct whither they are to go when the appointed day comes4 ,at one time they are on the ,baltic shore1 at another on the ,danube bank4 ,they never think of marching back ,eastward1 whence they came2 their faces are turned towards the ,south1 and they dream of a rich1 golden city in which they are one day to revel and feast to their heart's content4 ,it is something bewildering to pause over and think upon1 in our historical studies1 is this ,northern land of darkness1 with its hidden millions of wild savages silently wandering about in their gloomy forest1 under the eye of ,god1 and waiting for the signal to rush forth upon the sinladen empire of ,rome6 ,there never was anything more mysterious in history4 ,they hang for long years1 like a suspended curse1 over a sinful world4 ,they would have come down thundering like a crushing avalanche long before they did1 if ,god had not held them back4 ,it is wonderful to think how really they were in the hand of the great ,overruler4 ,suddenly it had entered into their minds1 as we have seen1 to break up their home in the far ,east1 in prehistoric times1 and they had obeyed the instinct4 ,they moved away from their native land1 and set out upon their wanderings4 ,they knew no land beyond their own1 nor had they reason to expect that they would discover anything better than what they enjoyed in the country of their birth4 ,but still they wandered on4 ,whither they were journeying they had no knowledge1 but they were obeying an overmastering power4 ,they found themselves1 at last1 gathered together in a mysterious land of darkness1 and there they paused4 ,they felt they were at the rendezvous to which they had been called4 ,they were at the feet of him who had beckoned to them to leave their homes in the ,eastern land4 ,their instinct now was to remain hidden there for a time behind the great fortification of the ,hercynian forest4 ,from beginning to end all through their history these barbarians are in the hand of ,god1 under his generalship1 and used to execute his designs4 ,such teaching as this will1 no doubt1 appear puerile to the sneering atheism of men like ,herbert ,spencer4 ,he and those of his school have discovered that ,god has nothing to do with the course of human events or the government of the universe47#bha7 ,social ,science has led them far beyond the oldworld ideas of ,god and divine government2 but1 thanks to the sound and safe teaching of ,catholic principles1 there are yet men in these days who refuse to run after the ignis fatuus of ,spencerian philosophy4 ,but when we consider how the great civilized world of the ,roman ,empire and this world of the barbarian tribes bordered so close on one another for so long a time1 and when we think what conquests ,christianity had made wherever civilization had set its foot1 we wonder how that dark ,northern land could remain still heathen4 ,were not the citadels of the ,christian religion planted all along the borders of the ,roman ,empire8 ,did no gleams1 then1 of ,christian light shoot forth into the darkness beyond8 ,we know that such certainly was the case in the ,northwestern portion1 where the ,goths dwelt1 for we read of ,ulphilas and his apostolic labors among that tribe4 ,but for the most part1 the darkness was unpenetrated1 and we are struck by the sight of two worlds running so close up to one another and yet remaining so isolated in a religious point of view4 ,the fact was1 the time for the conversion of the ,northmen had not yet come4 ,their apostles were to be a race of heroes born on the mountainheights1 and nourished in the pure1 bracing air of monastic solitude4 ,the barbarians were waiting for the monks4 ,it is true that these wild tribes had already a worship of their own1 and deeply religious in their way they certainly were4 ,it was a religion quite in keeping with their wild1 free character4 ,men who were so restless and active in their disposition1 who delighted in storm and mountain and roaring torrents1 would have no temple of wood or stone for their place of worship4 ,their temple was out in the open air1 under the driving clouds1 within hearing of the tumbling waterfalls1 in sight of nature's face2 for nature to them was ,god4 ,they saw him in the great mountain towering up on high1 in the rocking foresttrees1 in the wide stretching plain1 in the flowing river1 in the gushing fountain4 ,he was in every object around them2 in every speck of light in the overarching heavens2 in the glistening streamlet2 in the variegated flowers bedecking nature's face2 in the rock that stood out to break the power of the rushing seawaves2 in the very stones scattered around them on the plain4 ,there was a divinity of some kind in everything they saw47#bhb7 ,it would1 perhaps1 be more true to say that their religion was polytheism rather than pantheism4 ,we find1 moreover1 that the tendency of their religious belief was to keep alive in their souls the warlike spirit4 ,the greatest and highest of their gods were beings of mighty power and terrible violence4 8,woden1 or ,odin1 as he was called in ,scandinavia1 was the omnipresent1 the almighty creator1 the father of gods and men2 who ruled the universe1 riding on the clouds1 and sending rain and sunshine2 in whom were centred all godlike attributes1 of which he imparted a share to the other gods2 and from whom proceeded all beauty1 wisdom1 strength1 and fruitfulness1 the knowledge of agriculture and the arts1 the inspirations of music and song1 and all good gifts4 ,he was the giant hunter1 who in the darkest nights rushed through the air on his white charger1 clad in a brown mantle1 his white locks streaming from beneath his slouching hat1 followed by a train of wild huntsmen1 the horses snorting fire1 the bloodhounds baying1 announcing war and carnage1 danger and distress1 as he passed along with lightning speed4 ,but he was in a more special way the god of war1 revelling in blood and slaughter1 giving courage and victory to his votaries1 and admitting to his ,valhalla1 or hall of bliss1 none but those who died by the sword4 8,next to him was his son ,thor1 who rode on the thundercloud and whirlwind1 whose hammer was the thunderbolt1 whose arrows were the lightning flashes1 and whose wagon dashed through the heavens with crashing noise and ungovernable fury407#bhc7 ,then there was ,saxnt1 another son of ,woden1 who occupied the third place among the gods4 ,his name is afterwards associated with those of ,woden and ,thor in the abjuration of paganism made by those who were converted to ,christianity4 ,he is designated under many different names4 ,he is ,eor1 or ,are1 or ,ere1 or ,cheru1 ,tyr1 ,zio1 ,tuisco1 or ,tuis4 ,he was the god of war1 fierce and terrible1 rushing to battle1 at ,woden's side1 and bearing down whole hosts with his mighty sword of iron or stone4 ,war1 blood1 and violence1 then1 were ever1 in the minds of the barbarians1 associated with the greatest of those beings whom they worshipped and admired4 ,the character and the deeds of these gods were the highest and the noblest they could conceive4 ,to be mighty in battle like them2 to wield their warweapon as ,thor wielded his huge hammer2 to mow down enemies as ,tuisco did with his terrible sword1 would be the grand object of their soul's desire4 ,we may judge how little there was in their religious worship to tone down their fierce natures4 ,everything symbolized war2 their deities were almost all warlike4 ,even ,freyja1 the ,northern ,venus1 was pictured to their imagination as delighting in war4 ,she was believed to be ever present in the battlefield1 wielding her flaming sword1 with frantic joy1 over the heads of their enemies1 and ready to bear off the souls of the slain to ,odin's ,valhalla4 ,in that imaginary ,elysium the joys of their fallen heroes were also of a warlike and savage character4 ,they revelled there in 8constantly massacring visionary foes1 and drinking without satiety1 out of the skulls of the slain1 brimming alecups presented by lovely ,valkyrja40 ,what shall we expect1 then1 when these wild warriors are turned loose upon the ,roman ,empire8 ,but is it possible to obtain a further glimpse behind that vast1 dark line of pinetrees8 ,can we1 by any means1 get a glance at the wild indwellers of the mysterious land beyond8 ,what are those men like whom ,god has so long kept hidden there8 ,from time to time they have come forth from their forest homes and stood on the boundaries of the civilized world1 and rolled their glaring eyes around over the rich empire that was to be their booty4 ,but that has been1 as it were1 only for a moment4 ,they have plunged again into their native darkness4 ,yet such writers as ,apollinaris and ,ammianus ,marcellinus have told us something of them4 ,by their aid we can picture to ourselves what those terrible hosts of avengers will be like1 who will presently come down with such a headlong sweep upon the doomed empire of ,rome4 ,all that we can imagine savage and terrible and extraordinary in figure and habit is found in real fact among those barbaric hordes4 ,there are among them tribes who are small of stature1 and thin and brawny1 but quick and fierce as the wildcat4 ,there are1 too1 men of giant height and strength1 who can wield their huge clubs like playthings1 and shiver the hard rock like glass4 ,they have blue1 flashing eyes1 and bathe their flaxen hair in limewater1 and anoint it with the unsavory unguent of rancid butter4 ,some of them roam about nude and uncovered as the wild animals of the forest1 proud of their iron necklaces and golden bracelets2 others are partially clothed with the skins of savage beasts1 cut and shaped after the most odd and fantastic fashions4 ,some give additional terror to their appearance by wearing helmets made to imitate the muzzles of ferocious beasts4 ,plutarch tells us that all the ,cimbrian horsemen wore helmets made in the form of the open jaws and muzzles of all kinds of strange and savage animals1 and surmounted these by plumes shaped like wings1 and of a prodigious height4 ,this gave them the appearance of monstrous giants4 ,they were armed with cuirasses of most brilliant metal1 and covered with bucklers of uniform whiteness4 ,some shaved their chins1 and1 what must have added much to their hideousness1 the back of their heads1 whilst their hair was drawn to the front and hung down over their eyes like the forelock of a horse4 ,so says ,apollinaris1 8,ad front em coma tracta jacet1 nudata cervix ,setarum per summa nitet407#bhd7 ,others1 again1 allowed their hair to grow1 and wore long mustachios and beard4 ,their weapons of war were various and strange as their own appearance4 ,some fought on foot1 wielding with savage fury the huge club1 or crushing mallet1 or heavyheaded hammer2 or they did fierce work with their rude sword1 or long javelin with its two points1 or doubleedged hatchet2 or they were skilful in the use of the sling or the arrow pointed with sharp pieces of bone4 ,others rushed to battle on high warsteeds barded with steel1 or on small horses1 ugly and wretched to look at1 but swift as eagles in their course4 ,if they fought on the level plain1 these barbarians were sometimes scattered over a large space1 or they formed themselves into cuneiform bodies1 or they pressed together into compact1 impenetrable masses4 ,if the contest was waged in the forests1 they clomb the trees1 which they worshipped1 with the agility of monkeys1 and there combated their enemies with wild ferocity1 thus borne on the shoulders and in the arms of their gods4 ,if they were conquerors in the battle1 they abandoned themselves to acts of the most savage cruelty4 ,to illustrate this we need only think of the tragic deeds that were done amid the swamps and the wooded hills of the ,teutoberger ,wald in the latter days of ,augustus4 ,it is sad1 indeed1 to read in ,tacitus and the pages of ,dio of the fate of that noble ,roman army over which ,varus held command4 ,yet we cannot regret to see the wellconcerted rising of the ,german tribes1 under the splendid military genius of ,arnim1 to throw off the ,roman yoke4 ,we hold in deepest horror the wrongs1 the oppressions of the ,romans from the first ravages of ,csar to the judicial murders of ,varus4 ,we think with feelings of indignation of the treachery and the bloody cruelty of ,csar when the ,usipetes and the ,teuchteri were all but annihilated on the banks of the ,rhine1 and the ,roman general rejoiced at his own unprovoked atrocity4 ,we recall with sorrow all that the barbarians had had to suffer from their ,roman conquerors through succeeding years1 and our souls are on fire at the recollection of it4 ,when1 then1 we see that the day of deliverance is at hand1 we carrot but rejoice with ,arnim and his brother ,adelings at the prospect of future freedom4 ,our sympathies are with the ,germans1 not with their ,roman oppressors4 ,whilst the ,romans1 then1 are hungry and starved in the long1 boggy valley between the sources of the ,ems and the ,lippe1 and the rain falls in torrents through the cold night1 and the soldiers' spirits sink as they find themselves hemmed in by the enemy on all sides1 we are1 meantime1 in imagination and feeling with the barbarian chiefs holding high festival as they recall the memory of ancient freedom and the deeds of former days1 and we join in the war songs as they echo among the wild1 dreary hills1 and swell above the howlings of the storm4 ,and when the morning breaks ominously and darkly over the ,teutoberger ,wald1 and the tempest rises higher1 and the heavyarmed ,romans cannot advance1 and find it difficult1 even1 to keep their footing in the wet and slippery swamp2 when we see their bows now useless from the wet1 and their spears and shields no longer glittering in military pride1 and their entire armor and clothing drenched and made too heavy for the poor benumbed and hungerstricken soldiers to bear1 we can scarcely feel one pang of sorrow4 ,on the contrary1 our heart leaps with gladness when ,arnim from his watcheminence gives the signal1 and the trumpets ring out and the warweapons clang1 and the terrible ,barritum described by ,tacitus7#bhe7 is heard rising above the howlings of the storm4 ,we know how that tragic day ended1 and how the evening saw the ,roman host covering1 with their dead bodies1 the length and breadth of the battlefield4 ,never had there been1 in the annals of military warfare1 such a terrible massacre of ,roman legions4 ,the news of it seized upon ,augustus like a madness1 and the old man1 during the short remainder of his life1 wandered sad and disconsolate through the apartments of his palace1 sometimes dashing his white head against the walls1 and murmuring1 ,quintili ,vare1 legiones redde67#bhf7 ,but the barbarians were not content with such terrific slaughter as nearly annihilated the ,roman army2 their wild ferocity and cruelty showed themselves in their treatment of the captives4 ,tacitus in his ,annals tells us7#bhg7 that in the neighboring woods the barbarians had altars erected to their gods1 and there the surviving ,roman tribunes and the centurions of the first class were offered in sacrifice4 ,around ,varus's camp ,roman heads were fixed1 in cruel mockery1 on the trunks and branches of trees1 and in the midst arose a huge mound of ,roman bones1 left to be stripped of their flesh by the wild birds of prey1 and then to whiten under that northern sky into a long enduring monument of a great barbarian victory4 ,if1 on the contrary they were conquered1 their fury was boundless1 and was even turned against each other4 ,when ,marius overcame the first ,cimbrian league1 those who composed it were found on the field of battle bound fast to each other1 so that they could not fall back before the enemy1 and thus were compelled to conquer or die4 ,their wives were armed with swords or hatchets1 and1 shrieking and gnashing their teeth with rage and grief1 they struck both ,cimbrians and ,romans4 ,they rushed into the thickest of the fight1 snatching with their naked hands at the sharpcutting ,roman sabres2 they sprang upon the legionaries like tigers1 tearing from them their bucklers1 and thus purposely drawing upon themselves their own destruction4 ,it was a dreadful sight also to witness some of them when the fortune of the day had turned against them1 rushing to and fro with dishevelled hair1 their black dresses all torn and bloody1 or to see them mounted like mad fiends on the chariots1 killing their husbands and brothers1 fathers and sons1 strangling their newborn infants and casting them under the horses' hoofs1 and then plunging the dagger into their own bosoms47#bhh7 ,some of the barbarians delighted in eating human flesh4 ,ammianus ,marcellinus gives us a picture in his history which freezes our blood and haunts us with its horrid memory4 ,he tells us that1 after the defeat of ,valens under the walls of ,constantinople1 a barbarian was seen rushing among the imperial troops1 naked down to his waist1 sword in hand1 and uttering a hoarse1 lugubrious cry4 ,he sprang with savage fury upon an enemy whom he had slain1 and1 applying his lips to his throat1 sucked out his lifeblood with a wild beast's relish4 ,the ,scythians of ,europe were amongst those who showed this same instinct of the weasel and the hyena4 ,we have the authority of ,s4 ,jerome for believing that the ,atticoti also were accustomed to feed on human flesh4 ,when they were wandering about in the woods of ,gaul1 and happened to meet herds of swine or other cattle1 they cut off the breasts of the shepherdesses1 and large pieces from the bodies of the shepherds1 and ate them as dainty bits47#bhi7 ,the ,alans tore off the heads of their enemies1 and caparisoned their horses with the skins of their bodies4 ,the ,budini and ,geloni were accustomed to do much the same1 being particular in reserving their enemies' heads for themselves4 ,the appearance of the ,geloni was a sickening sight to look upon4 ,they were accustomed to have their cheeks cut and gashed2 and their proudest distinction was a face all covered with wounds that were scaly1 and livid and crowned with bloodred crests4 ,but if there is something terrible in the appearance and customs of the barbarians whom we have mentioned1 it is surpassed by what we are told of the ,huns4 ,we shall not be able to form a true idea of the dreadful avengers who are to come down out of that ,northern gloom1 unless we look for a moment at this most terrible of the barbaric tribes4 ,the ,goths themselves1 the stalwart giants of the ,scandinavian forests1 who knew no fear of men1 could not but be terrified when they first fixed eyes on the hideous forms of the ,huns4 ,jornandes1 the ,gothic historian1 tells us that 8the livid color of their skin had in it something shocking to the sight2 theirs was not a face1 but a deformed mass of flesh1 provided1 instead of eyes1 with two black sinister spots4 ,their cruelty wreaked itself even upon their own newborn offspring1 whose cheeks they lacerated with iron before they had tasted their mother's milk2 and from this cause no down graced their chin in youth1 no beard gave dignity to their old age40 ,we are told by ,ammianus that 8they looked not like men1 but like wild beasts standing on two legs1 as if in mockery of the human species40 ,they were1 in truth1 the wildest and most savage of all the barbarian hordes4 ,they loved to be free and unrestrained as the wandering blasts of their native solitudes4 ,they ate and slept on the ground under the open sky4 ,they took their food raw and uncooked1 like the tigers of the forest4 ,no temples of worship had they2 their ,god was a naked sword fixed in the ground4 ,they were devoured by an insatiable thirst for gold1 which they were ever ready to procure through blood1 and smoke1 and wholesale ruin4 ,but the characteristic of their race was a ferocious delight in cruel massacre1 and they gloried in pillaging1 burning1 and levelling down to the ground every monument of civilization that came in their path1 till the regions over which they swept bore a resemblance to their native deserts4 ,the rest of the barbarians were amazed at their inhumanity1 and looked upon them as fiends under the likeness of men4 ,but we need say no more4 ,we have caught some few glimpses of what is behind the dark stormcloud1 and we can form some idea of the horrors that are hidden there4 ,well may men tremble as they look northwards in the ,vth century4 ,well may ,christians think they hear now again1 ringing out more clearly than ever1 the warning voice of ,s4 ,john1 and flee to faroff hidingplaces4 ,the sinful empire herself feels1 at times1 as if under the horrors of a nightmare2 in her frightful dreams she thinks she is trampled upon1 and crushed under the feet of fierce1 wild men of terrible aspect1 and torn and hacked by their strange weapons of war4 ,as the tempest lowers over her darker and darker1 and threatens to become allenveloping in its wrath1 a deep shudder runs through her mighty frame4 ,and well may she stagger and quake for fear4 ,the reckoningday is close at hand1 so long waited for by the holy martyrs of foregone centuries4 ,and a day of dreadful destruction it will be4 ,but lo6 the hour has already struck4 ,god has given the signal to his warriorhosts4 ,the ,goth has given a ringing blast on his horn1 and the ,german has shouted the first notes of his terrible warsong1 and the pine trees of the ,hercynian forest are trembling at the sound4 ,the avengers of the martyrs and the ,christian name are coming1 and the whole ,north is shaking under their tread4 ,at last the stormcloud bursts1 and fiery destruction sweeps down upon the doomed empire of ,rome4 ,new ,publications4 ,,ireland',s ,,case ,,stated3 ,,in ,,reply ,,to ,,mr4 ,,froude4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,t4 ,n4 ,burke1 ,o4,p4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,m4 ,haverty4 #ahgc4 ,ireland's case has been stated1 argued1 vindicated1 and1 so far as the verdict of the ,american people is concerned1 adjudicated4 ,mr4 ,froude has given his last scowl and his last growl1 and gone back to his own country--which he has damaged by his foolish escapade--the most badly beaten man of the present decade4 ,it is rather late in the day to revert to the topic of ,f4 ,burke's combat with this obstinate champion of bad characters and bad causes1 and we will1 therefore1 let it pass with these few words4 ,we are hoping to see soon issued ,mr4 ,haverty's promised second volume of ,f4 ,burke's ,discourses and ,lectures1 and we once more express our regret that any should be found so unmindful of propriety and courtesy1 to say the least1 as to interfere with ,f4 ,burke's control of the publication of his own works4 ,the eloquent ,dominican preacher may be assured that the respect and sympathy not only of all ,catholic ,irishmen1 but of all other ,catholics of the ,united ,states1 will be his while he remains here as our honored guest1 and will follow him when he returns to his native land1 or to his own beloved and imperial ,rome4 ,,keel ,,and ,,saddle3 ,a ,,retrospect ,,of ,,forty ,,years ,,of ,,military ,,and ,,naval ,,service4 ,by ,joseph ,w4 ,revere4 ,boston3 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgb4 ,we are so often disgusted1 in reading books of entertainment1 with a revelation of positive rascality and impiety1 or at least of a want of high moral and religious principle in the author1 that it is a relief to meet sometimes with a happy disappointment4 ,this is a lively1 entertaining book of varied adventures on field and flood4 ,yet we always find the author1 when his personality comes into view1 not only a bold and brave soldier1 but a gentleman1 an honorable man1 and a frank1 staunch ,catholic ,christian1 who never obtrudes yet never hides his faith and his principles of virtue4 ,his views of ,spanish affairs strike us as rather defective1 and occasionally there is a narrative concerning persons of depraved morals which would have been better omitted for the sake of his youthful readers4 ,the 8,golondina0 episode in chapter xxiv4 relates an adventure whose lawfulness1 we suspect1 though perhaps admitted by quarterdeck theology1 would not stand the test of a strict examination4 ,sometimes we are at a loss to discover whether the author intends us to understand his narrative as historical1 or is merely relating a conte for our amusement4 ,in his own personal adventures and the descriptions he gives of what he has seen1 we discover at once that his narrative is real as well as picturesque4 ,and it is certainly most interesting4 ,the offhand1 unstudied1 and unaffected style reveal the character of the true1 genuine1 frank sailor and soldier2 while at the same time1 the refinement of taste and the cultivation of mind which are manifest throughout give these sketches from the diary of a long and adventurous life the literary finish which belongs to the work of a scholar4 ,notwithstanding certain exceptions we have made1 we reiterate our commendation of the high tone of moral principle1 the unaffected religious reverence1 and the generally healthful and invigorating spirit which pervades the book which the gallant ,general ,revere has given to the public as the retrospect of his forty years of naval and military service4 ,,hymns ,,and ,,poems3 ,,original ,,and ,,translated4 ,by ,edward ,caswall1 of the ,oratory4 ,second ,edition4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co42 ,pickering4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,father ,caswall's hymns are as well known as ,father ,faber's4 ,indeed1 if we mistake not1 many of them are popularly attributed to the departed writer4 ,in the present volume we have a complete collection of the ,breviary hymns1 in the first place4 ,this is especially valuable as the only one in the language 7as far1 at least1 as we are aware74 ,and the author deserves the more praise for this labor of love1 because of the great difficulty of rendering the terse1 stiff ,latin4 ,then1 secondly1 we have 8,hymns and ,sequences of the ,roman ,missal02 followed by 8,hymns from ,various ,offices and other ,sources40 ,thus the translated portion of the volume is quite sufficient to make it worth possessing4 ,the execution1 too1 is very happy1 on the whole4 ,no one who has attempted to translate these hymns himself will insist overmuch on the absence of phrases commonplace or prosaic4 ,the second portion of the volume1 8,original ,hymns and ,meditative ,pieces10 also contains much that entitles it to a place in every household4 ,the devout ,catholic1 and more especially the convert1 will find many things said for him which have come into his mind1 but without his being able to express them4 ,moreover1 several pieces turn on topics which are generally supposed themes for the dryest meditation4 ,they are here proved suggestive of true poetry4 ,the only fault we have to find with ,father ,caswall's verse is the same that we find with ,wordsworth's3 the too frequent sacrifice of poetic diction and the use of too many long ,latin words4 ,but this defect is unimportant compared with the value of the thoughts and teachings conveyed1 and we fervently thank ,father ,caswall for his contribution to our scanty ,catholic poetry4 ,,the ,,poet ,,at ,,the ,,breakfast,,table4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgb4 8,once ,i wrote because my mind was full2 ,but now ,i write because ,i feel it growing dull10 or1 8,i have lived long enough10 or1 8,poor old man1 thou prun'st a rotten tree ,that cannot so much as a blossom yield ,in lieu of all thy pains and husbandry10 or some such saw1 this ,poet at the ,breakfasttable should have affixed to these four hundred pages of incomparable drivelling4 8,i talk half the time10 says the poet1 in his opening paragraph1 8to find out my own thoughts1 as a schoolboy turns his pockets inside out to see what is in them40 ,and what does the schoolboy find there8 ,rusty nails1 old shoestrings1 copper pennies1 dead bugs1 crumbs of bread1 broken knives1 and other trash neither beautiful nor useful4 ,the similitude is just4 ,the contents of the ,poet's brain are as precious as those of the boy's pocket2 and if we wish to push the comparison further1 the wares of both are often of doubtful ownership4 ,the only serious thing in the book is its humor4 8,i don't suppose my comic pieces are very laughable10 writes this poet1 philosopher1 sage2 8at any rate1 the man who makes a business of writing me down says the last one ,i wrote is very melancholy reading2 and that if it was only a little better1 perhaps some bereaved person might pick out a line or two that would do to put on a gravestone40 ,he has a most infallible instinct for the right comparison2 as1 for instance3 8,i love to talk1 as a goose loves to swim4 ,sometimes ,i think it is because ,i am a goose40 ,this is the first evidence of intelligent thought in the whole book4 8,my book and ,i10 he informs us1 8are pretty much the same thing4 ,sometimes ,i steal from my book in my talk1 without mentioning it1 and then ,i say to myself3 #8,oh6 that won't do2 everybody has read my book1 and knows it by heart4' ,and then the other ,i says3 ,you know there are two of us1 right and left1 like a pair of shoes6 ,the other ,i says3 #8,you're a--something or other--fool4' 0 ,the other ,i is evidently a sensible fellow4 8,they haven't read10 continues the other ,i1 8your confounded old book2 besides1 if they have1 they have forgotten all about it40 ,again1 the other ,i says3 8,what a ,balaam's quadruped you are to tell 'em it's in your book2 they don't care whether it is or not1 if it's anything worth saying2 and if it isn't worth saying1 what are you braying for80 ,this is the question the reader asks himself all along1 as the evidence that the poet has nothing to say worth the saying becomes more and more overwhelming4 ,this kind of criticism1 we know1 is little better than trifling2 but the performance deserves no other treatment1 for we candidly think that a sorrier book could not proceed from a mind untouched4 ,why did this ,poet1 when he meant to write a book1 seat himself at the breakfasttable8 ,did he not know that a full stomach does not argue a mind replete8 ,had not ,shakespeare said long ago that fat paunches have lean pates1 or was he not physician enough to know that the mens divinior is not to be found in hot rolls and coffee8 ,we shall conclude with one other brief quotation from the ,poet3 8,what do you do when you receive a book you don't want from the author8 said ,i3 #8,give him a goodnatured adjective or two if ,i can1 and thank him1 and tell him ,i am lying under a sense of obligation to him4 ,this is as good an excuse for lying as any1 ,i said4' 0 ,as we do not believe there can be an excuse for lying1 and as we are certain that in this case there is no obligation under which to lie1 we cannot give the author 8a goodnatured adjective or two02 but we shall thank him to give us no more such nonsense4 ,,young ,,america ,,abroad4 ,second ,series3 ,cross and ,crescent2 or1 ,young ,america in ,turkey and ,greece4 ,a ,story of ,travel and ,adventure4 ,by ,william ,t4 ,adams 7,oliver ,optic71 author of 8,outward ,bound10 8,shamrock and ,thistle10 8,red ,cross10 8,down the ,rhine10 etc4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard1 ,publishers4 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 #ahgc4 ,this is the third volume of the second series of ,young ,america ,abroad1 and1 like all the rest of the series1 is most instructive and entertaining4 ,,the ,,treasure ,,of ,,the ,,seas4 ,by ,prof4 ,james ,de ,mille1 author of 8,the ,b4 ,o4 ,w4 ,c410 8,the ,boys of ,grand ,pre ,school10 8,lost in the ,fog10 8,fire in the ,woods10 8,among the ,brigands10 etc4 ,illustrated4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard1 publishers2 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 #ahgb4 ,this is one of the best of the 8,b4 ,o4 ,w4 ,c4 ,series10 and will certainly be a favorite with the boys4 ,,the ,,polytechnic3 ,a ,collection of ,music for ,schools1 ,classes1 and ,clubs4 ,compiled and written by ,u4 ,c4 ,burnap and ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,wetmore4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,schermerhorn ,co4 ,,the ,,athen,,um3 ,a ,collection of ,part,songs for ,ladies' ,voices4 ,arranged and written by ,u4 ,c4 ,burnap and ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,wetmore4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,schermerhorn ,co4 ,the best criticism of both these musical publications is found in the preface to the first one cited3 8,collections of school music are already sufficiently numerous and bulky1 but too often they are found to contain very little that is available for the ordinary or the extraordinary occasions of school life40 ,,hart',s ,,manual ,,of ,,american ,,literature--,a ,,mistake ,,corrected4--,since writing the brief notice of this really valuable work which appeared in our ,december number1 we have observed a very serious misstatement in it respecting a distinguished convert to the ,catholic faith1 the late ,dr4 ,ives1 formerly ,protestant ,bishop of ,north ,carolina4 ,prof4 ,hart states that he returned to the ,episcopal ,church4 ,he never dreamed of such an act of superlative folly4 ,he died1 as he had lived1 a most fervent and devout ,catholic1 we might almost say--a saint1 and was buried with all the rites and all the honors of solemn obsequies in ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral1 ,new ,york4 ,prof4 ,hart1 who always endeavors to be fair1 and whose notices of ,catholic writers are marked by their courtesy1 would never have made this incorrect statement unless he had been misled by some false information1 and we rely on his rectifying it in his next edition4 ,the following circular has been sent to us1 and we publish it because we think there is nothing more hostile to such nefarious projects than free and early ventilation4 ,why does not ,mr4 ,abbot renounce his popish name1 in his zeal to abolish every vestige of ,christianity8 ,our readers will not fail to see how apposite an illustration this document furnishes of some of the remarks in our first article4 ,we have also received an article from the ,cincinnati ,gazette advocating the persecution of ,catholics in this country1 with a trenchant reply by ,f4 ,callaghan4 7,from ,,the ,,index1 ,january #d1 #ahgc47 ,organize6 ,liberals ,of ,america1 ,the hour for action has arrived4 ,the cause of freedom calls upon us to combine our strength1 our zeal1 our efforts4 ,these are ,the ,demands ,of ,liberalism4 #a4 ,we demand that churches and other ecclesiastical property shall no longer be exempted from just taxation4 #b4 ,we demand that the employment of chaplains in ,congress1 in state legislatures1 in the navy and militia1 and in prisons1 asylums1 and all other institutions supported by public money1 shall be discontinued4 #c4 ,we demand that all public appropriations for sectarian1 educational1 and charitable institutions shall cease4 #d4 ,we demand that all religious services now sustained by the government shall be abolished2 and especially that the use of the ,bible in the public schools1 whether ostensibly as a textbook or avowedly as a book of religious worship1 shall be prohibited4 #e4 ,we demand that the appointment1 by the ,president of the ,united ,states or by the ,governors of the various states1 of all religious festivals and feasts1 shall wholly cease4 #f4 ,we demand that the judicial oath in the courts and in all other departments of the government shall be abolished1 and that simple affirmation under pains and penalties of perjury shall be established in its stead4 #g4 ,we demand that all laws directly or indirectly enforcing the observance of ,sunday as the ,sabbath shall be repealed4 #h4 ,we demand that all laws looking to the enforcement of 8,christian0 morality shall be abrogated1 and that all laws shall be conformed to the requirements of natural morality1 equal rights1 and impartial liberty4 #i4 ,we demand that not only in the constitutions of the ,united ,states and of the several ,states1 but also in the practical administration of the same1 no privileges or advantage shall be conceded to ,christianity or any other special religion2 that our entire political system shall be founded and administered on a purely secular basis2 and that whatever changes shall prove necessary to this end shall be consistently1 unflinchingly1 and promptly made4 ,liberals6 ,i pledge to you my undivided sympathies and most vigorous cooperation1 both in ,the ,index and out of it1 in this work of local and national organization4 ,let us begin at once to lay the foundations of a great national party of freedom1 which shall demand the entire secularization of our municipal1 state1 and national government4 ,let us boldly and with high purpose meet the duty of the hour4 ,rouse1 then1 to the great work of freeing ,america from the usurpations of the church6 ,make this continent from ocean to ocean sacred to human liberty6 ,prove that you are worthy descendants of those whose wisdom and patriotism gave us a constitution untainted with superstition6 ,shake off your slumbers1 and break the chains to which you have too long tamely submitted4 ,,francis ,e4 ,,abbot4 ,,toledo1 ,,ohio1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahgc4 ,liberals ,of ,new ,york1 ,shall the coming 8,national ,association to secure a ,religious ,amendment to the ,united ,states ,constitution10 to be held in ,new ,york in ,february1 find us unorganized for resistance8 ,let us at once form a 8,liberal ,league10 in which we may arrange a campaign offensive and defensive for our liberties4 ,send me at once the addresses of those who sympathize with us1 that a meeting may be called at an early day3 remember that 8he who is not for me is against me10 and that our liberties are threatened4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,dinsmore1 #cf ,dey ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,agent of ,the ,index4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected4 ,,footnotes #a ,alfred de ,musset4 #b ,the ,life and ,labors of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,roger ,bede ,vaughan1 ,o4,s4,b41 ,cathedral,prior of ,s4 ,michael's1 ,hereford4 #b vols4 ,london3 ,longmans2 ,hereford3 ,james ,hull4 #ahgab4 #c ,proverbs vi41 vii4 #d ,adv4 ,prax41 c4 #b4 #e ,bishop ,wilson1 ,sacra ,privata4 #f ,homil41 in ,s4 ,ignat41 vii4 p4 #eic4 #g 1 4 #h 4 1 1 1 444 #i ,eusebius' ,eccl4 ,hist41 l4 #b1 c4 #be4 #aj 4--,eusebius1 l4 #e1 c4 #h2 also1 ,s4 ,irenus1 ,adv4 ,hreses1 l4 #c1 c4 #c4 #aa 1 444--,eusebius1 l4 #b1 c4 #be4 #ab ,eusebius1 l4 #c1 c4 #a4 #ac 8,edant ergo origines ecclesiarum suarum2 evolvant ordinem episcoporum suorum1 ita per successiones ab initio decurrentem1 ut primus ille episcopus aliquem ex apostolis1 vel apostolicis viris1 qui tamen cum apostolis perseveraverit1 habuerit auctorem et antecessorem4 ,hoc enim modo ecclesi apostolic census suos deferunt3 sicut ,smyrnorum ,ecclesia ,polycarpum ab ,joanne collocatum refert2 sicut ,romanorum1 ,clementum a ,petro ordinatum itidem40--,tertulliani1 ,de ,prscriptione ,hreticorum1 c4 #cb4 #ad 8,si autem ,itali adjaces1 habes ,romam1 unde nobis quoque auctoritas prsto est4 ,ista quam felix ecclesia1 cui totam doctrinam apostoli cum sanguine quo profuderunt6 ubi ,petrus passioni ,dominic adquatur2 ubi ,paulus ,joannis exitu coronatur40--,tertulliani1 ,de ,prscriptione ,hreticorum1 c4 #cf4 #ae 8,videamus quod lac a ,paulo ,corinthii hauserint2 ad quam regulam ,galat sint recorrecti2 quid legant ,philippenses1 ,thessalonicenses1 ,ephesii2 quid etiam ,romani de proximo sonent1 quibus evangelium et ,petrus et ,paulus sanguine quoque suo signatum reliquerunt40--,tertulliani1 ,adv4 ,marcionem1 l4 #d1 c4 #e4 #af #a ,s4 ,peter v4 #ac3 8,the church that is at ,babylon1 elected together with you1 saluteth you2 and so doth ,marcus1 my son40 #ag ,s4 ,john xxi4 #ah3 8,verily1 verily ,i say unto thee1 when thou wast young1 thou girdedst thyself1 and walkedst whither thou wouldst3 but when thou shalt be old1 thou shalt stretch forth thy hands1 and another shall gird thee1 and carry thee whither thou wouldst not40 ,also1 #b ,s4 ,peter i4 #ad3 8,knowing that shortly ,i must put off this my tabernacle1 even as our ,lord ,jesus ,christ hath showed me40 #ah 8,seven ,roman cities strove for ,homer dead ,through which the living ,homer begged his bread40 #ai 8,veteres omnes in errorem abrepti sunt40 #bj ,instit41 l4 #d1 c4 #f1 n4 #ae4 #ba 8,de ,babylone dissident veteres et novi interpretes4 ,veteres ,romam interpretantur1 ubi ,petrum fuisse nemo verus ,christianus dubitavit3 novi1 ,babylonem in ,chaldea4 ,ego veteribus assentior40 #bb ,prof4 ,stuart1 ,andover ,biblical ,repository1 ,jan41 #ahcc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aec4 #bc ,lectures on ,ecclesiastical ,history4 #bd ,introduction to the ,study of the ,holy ,scriptures1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfa4 #be ,a ,new ,literal ,translation1 from the ,original ,greek1 of all the ,apostolic ,epistles2 with a ,commentary and ,notes4 #bf ,prior ,vaughan1 ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 i4 #dfd4 #bg ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 ,introduction4 #bh ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 ii4 #bj1 #ba4 #bi ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 i4 #cfi4 #cj ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 ii4 #cbe4 #ca ,ibid4 #cb ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 i4 #iaa4 #cc ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 i4 #acd4 #cd ,montalembert1 ,monks of the ,west1 i4 ,edin4 ed4 #ce ,monks of the ,west4 #cf ,ibid4 #cg ,monks of the ,west4 #ch ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 ii4 #dbf4 #ci ,monks of the ,west1 ii4 #dj ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 i4 #da ,ibid4 #db ,ibid4 #dc ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #dd ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 i4 #de ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west1 iii4 #aie1 #aig4 #df ,monks of the ,west4 #dg ,monks of the ,west4 #dh ,monks of the ,west4 #di ,monks of the ,west4 #ej ,ibid4 #ea ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #eb ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ec ,ibid4 #ed ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ee ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ef ,ibid4 #eg ,ibid4 #eh ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ei ,monks of the ,west4 #fj ,gladstone4 #fa ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #fb ,monks of the ,west4 #fc ,monks of the ,west4 #fd ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 #fe ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ff 8,all the more reason40 #fg ,term for the peasants and workingmen4 #fh 8,go1 my son1 there are now no ,pyrenees40 #fi ,the queen's bedchamber4 #gj ,the king's bedchamber4 #ga 8,i am the state60 #gb 8,an instant more1 and ,i should have had to wait60 #gc 8,the king is dead1 long live the king40 #gd ,the ,duchesse de ,polignac4 #ge ,louis only knew how to love and to forgive2 had he known how to punish1 he would have known how to reign4 #gf ,bancroft4 #gg ,bancroft4 #gh ,shea4 #gi ,lake ,george4 #hj ,caughnawaga4 #ha ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 i4 #cbg4 #hb ,ibid4 #hc ,ibid4 #hd ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #he ,life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 #hf ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 #hg ,ibid4 #hh ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 #hi ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ij ,ibid4 #ia ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ib ,ibid4 #ic ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 ii4 #cgj4 #id ,see ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 i4 #db4 #ie ,montalembert1 ,monks of the ,west1 v4 #aei4 #if ,ibid41 v4 #ig4 #ig ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ih ,ibid4 #ii ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ajj ,for all these and the following details1 see ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #aja ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 #ajb ,ibid4 #ajc ,the ,condition of the ,catholics under ,james ,i4 ,father ,gerard's ,narrative of the ,gunpowder ,plot4 ,edited1 with his ,life1 by ,john ,morris1 ,priest of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 #ahga4 ,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,her ,majesty's ,tower4 ,by ,william ,hepworth ,dixon4 ,second series4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahfi4 ,reprinted4 #ajd 8,the great house then rising at ,charing ,cross was said1 in reference to these gifts1 to be plated with ,king ,philip's gold4 ,much of ,don ,juan's money passed in ,cecil's pocket4444 ,northampton and ,suffolk also obtained the most princely sums40--,her ,majesty's ,tower1 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 #aje ,history of ,england1 ix4 #cf4 #ajf ,statutes of ,elizabeth1 chap4 i41 v41 xiii41 xxi41 xxiii41 xxvii41 xxviii41 xxix41 xxxv4 #ajg ,the ,life of ,father ,john ,gerard1 xcvii4ix4 #ajh ,fifth ,examination of ,fawkes1 ,november #ith and #ajth1 ,state ,paper ,office1 ,no4 #ed4 #aji ,life of ,father ,john ,gerard1 p4 clxxviii4 #aaj ,page #bba4 #aaa ,a ,narrative1 etc41 pp4 #gfgg4 #aab ,told to the writer as a fact4 #aac ,this incident is authentic1 and occurred at ,no4 #ac ,rue ,royale4 #aad ,the ,life and ,labors of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,roger ,bede ,vaughan1 ,o4,s4,b4 #b vols4 ,london3 ,longmans2 ,hereford3 ,james ,hull4 #ahgab4 #aae xiv4 #ae1 #af4 #aaf 8,stop1 traveller40 #aag 8,behold1 traveller40 #aah 8,farewell10 or 8,hail1 for ever40 #aai ,sit tibi terra levis4 #abj ,locus1 loculus4 #aba ,matt4 xii4 #cb4 #abb #a ,cor4 iii4 #ac1 #ae4 #abc #a ,pet4 #abd ,apocalypse xxi4 #bg4 #abe #b ,mach4 xii4 #dcdf4 #abf xvi4 #ad4 #abg xxxv4 #ai1 #bj4 #abh #b ,chron4 xxi4 #ai4 #abi 8,les morts ne sont pas les oublis3 ils ne sont que les absents40 #acj ,sismondi1 ,his4 ,ital4 ,rep4 #aca ,see ,,catholic ,,world1 vol4 xiii41 ,no4 #gc1 ,april1 #ahga1 p4 #a4 #acb ,the ,following of ,christ1 b4 iii4 chap4 v4 #acc ,following of ,christ1 b4 iii4 chap4 v4 #acd ,the ,marquisate or ,march of ,ancona was then governed by ,charles of ,valois1 who held ,naples4 #ace ,that is1 in the territory of ,padua1 founded1 as the student will remember1 by the ,trojan ,antenor1 whose tomb is shown in ,padua to this day4 #acf ,that is to say1 the hermitage of the ,camaldolites in ,milton's ,vall'ombrosa4 #acg ,oriental and ,linguistic ,studies4 ,the ,veda2 ,the ,avesta2 ,the ,science of ,language4 ,by ,william ,dwight ,whitney1 ,prof4 of ,sanskrit and ,comparative ,philology at ,yale ,college4 ,one vol4 #hvo1 #daf pp4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgc4 #ach ,oriental and ,linguistic ,studies4 ,the ,veda2 ,the ,avesta2 ,the ,science of ,language4 ,by ,william ,dwight ,whitney1 ,prof4 of ,sanskrit and ,comparative ,philology at ,yale ,college4 ,one vol4 #hvo1 #daf pp4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgc4 #aci ,title of the work given at head of this article4 #adj ,still stronger in the original3 8,vielleicht ist noch kein ,europer so tief in diese ,sprache eingedrungen als er40--,mithridates1 vol4 i4 p4 #acd4 #ada ,sidnarubam seu ,grammatica ,samscrdamica1 cui accedit dissertatio historicocritica in linguam ,samscrdamicam1 vulgo ,samscret dictam1 in qua hujus lingu existentia1 origo1 exarati critice recensentur1 et simul aliqu antiquissim gentilium orationes liturgic paucis attinguntur et explicantur autore ,paulino a ,s4 ,bartolomo4 ,rom1 #agij4 #adb ,catalogo de las ,lenguas de las ,naciones conocidas4 ,madrid1 #ahjjahje4 ,six large #hvo volumes4 #adc ,these lectures1 printed in bookform at ,london1 were soon after first published in the ,united ,states by the ,presbyterian ,college of ,andover4 #add 8,wouldst thou the young year's blossoms and the fruits of its decline1 ,and all by which the soul is charmed1 enraptured1 feasted1 fed1 ,wouldst thou the earth and heaven itself in one sole name combine8 ,i name thee1 ,o ,sakuntula1 and all at once is said40 #ade ,l',aryanisme1 et de la trop grande part qu'on a faite son influence1 etc4 #adf ,how such information could have been had from the ,fasti ,consulares is difficult to say2 the suppression was probably a lapsus memori for ,josephus ,flavius4 ,the date of ,s4 ,paul's coming to ,rome is too uncertain to be fixed at #fa1 yet we accept this year on the authority of those who put it forward in the discussion4 #adg ,see ,op4 ,s4 ,ireni1 ,ed4 ,cong4 ,s4 ,mauri1 ,ven4 an4 #agcd4 #adh ,de ,viris ,illustribus1 c4 i4 #adi ,ap4 ,eusebium1 ,h4 ,e4 lib4 iii4 c4 i4 #aej ,via ,appia da ,porta ,capena a ,boville4 ,descritta dal ,commendatore ,l4 ,canina4 #b vols4 ,roma4 #ahec4 #aea ,la ,roma ,sotterranea ,christiana4 ,descritta ed illustrat dal ,cav4 ,g4 ,b4 de ,rossi4 ,roma4 #ahfd4 #aeb ,defense de l',esprit des ,lois1 #c;e partie4 #aec ,aringhi1 ,roma ,subterr4 lib4 iii4 c4 #b4 #aed ,ner4 #dh4 #aee ,pro ,cluent4 #ac4 #aef ,i cimeteri sotteranei di ,roma sono stati scavati dai cristiani fossari tranne pochissime eccezioni1 le quali importanti per la storia1 nell'ampiezza per della sotteranea escavazione scompajono2 e possono veramente dirsi quello1 che i matematici appellano una quantiti infinitesima e da non essere tenuta a calcolo4--,app4 p4 #ci4 #aeg ,psalm xxiii4 #aeh ,s4 ,john x4 #adaf4 #aei ,o prclarum diem1 cum ad illud divinum animorum concilium ctumque proficiscar1 cumque ex hac turba et colluvione discedam6 ,proficiscar enim1 non ad eos solum viros1 de quibus ante dixi1 sed etiam ad ,catonem meum4--,de ,senectute1 #be4 #afj ,coleridge's ,piccolomini1 scene iv4 #afa xii4 #dj4 #afb ,newman's ,church of the ,fathers1 ,introduction4 #afc ,jonas iv4 #b4 #afd ,s4 ,augustine says3--8,love the men1 destroy the errors3 be bold without pride in the maintenance of truth2 strive for the truth without harshness2 pray for those whom you rebuke and confound40--,contra lit4 ,petiliani1 l4 i4 #afe xx4 #bc4 #aff ,romans vi4 #c1 #d4 #afg ,s4 ,augustine1 ,serm4 #bif1 p4 #aaie1 tom4 v4 #afh ,tertullian1 ,scorpiace1 p4 #fbh4 #afi #a ,epist4 iii4 #b4 #agj ,am4 ed4 p4 #hb4 #aga ,an ,eirenicon1 ,eng4 ed41 p4 #aja4 #agb 8,if there be one writer in the ,anglican ,church who has discovered a deep1 tender1 loyal devotion to the ,blessed ,mary1 it is the author of ,the ,christian ,year4 ,the image of the ,virgin and ,child seems to be the one vision upon which both his heart and intellect have been formed2 and those who knew ,oxford twenty or thirty years ago say that1 while other college rooms were ornamented with pictures of ,napoleon on horseback1 or ,apollo and the ,graces1 or ,heads of ,houses lounging in their easychairs1 there was one man--a young and rising one--in whose rooms1 instead of these1 might be seen the ,madonna di ,sisto or ,domenichino's ,s4 ,john--fit augury of him who was in the event to do so much for the revival of ,catholicism40--,newman's ,essays1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dec4 #agc ,memoir of ,keble4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,t4 ,coleridge1 ,eng4 ed41 p4 #cje4 #agd ,dr4 ,nevin1 one of the leaders of religious thought in the ,german ,reformed communion1 of which the ,mercersburg ,review is the organ1 has said3 8,the man cannot be right at heart in regard to the faith of the ,incarnation1 whose tongue falters in pronouncing ,mary ,mother of ,god60 #age ,a ,letter to ,dr4 ,pusey on his recent ,eirenicon1 p4 #ei4 #agf ,the late ,dr4 ,faber1 when an ,anglican1 said3 8,thus ,i hold it pious to believe that in pagan times many a wandering beam1 many a pitying angel1 many a rent in heaven1 many a significant portent1 many an overflow of the appointed channels of grace1 were vouchsafed1 whereon a poor glimmering faith might feed1 and grow1 not wholly of itself1 into a feeble yet steady light1 acceptable for his sake who sent such faith its food40--,foreign ,churches and ,peoples1 p4 #ece4 #agg ,horace1 ,de ,arte ,poetica1 #cia4 #agh ,keble's ,christian ,year--,easter ,eve4 #agi ,lib4 iv4 c4 #d4 #ahj ,a ,hist4 de l',art4 #aha ,page #cf4 #ahb ,page #cj4 #ahc ,the scourge used by one of the executioners at the pillar was amongst the number1 and is now to be seen in the cathedral of ,aachen4 ,it is composed of narrow leathern thongs1 terminated by an iron point1 the whitish color of the leather bearing manifest stains of the precious blood that bespattered it4 ,constantine's signet1 the eagle and ciphers1 is distinctly visible on the timeworn1 faded seal1 that looks like a sort of hard chalk4 ,the reliquary is a crystal vase1 encased in gold and gems4 #ahd ,it is not within the limits of this sketch to follow the 8,saint ,suaire0 through its subsequent translations1 but it may interest such of our readers as are not acquainted with the fact1 that it is now at ,aixla,chapelle1 where every seven years it is opened by the chief prelates of ,catholic ,germany1 and in the presence of princes and bishops exposed to the veneration of the faithful for three days1 the church bells ringing all the time1 and the cathedral crowded day and night4 #ahe ,the ,russian ,clergy4 ,translated from the ,french of ,father ,gagarin1 ,s4,j4 ,by ,ch4 ,du ,gard ,makepeace1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgb4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #ahf 8,l'ouvrage s'ouvre par une introduction majestueuse sur le treizime sicle40 #ahg ,memoir of ,count ,de ,montalembert1 ,peer of ,france1 ,deputy for the ,department of ,doubs4 ,a ,chapter of recent ,french ,history4 ,by ,mrs4 ,oliphant1 author of ,the ,life of ,edward ,irving1 ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi1 etc4 ,in two volumes4 ,william ,blackwood ,sons1 ,edinburgh and ,london4 #ahgb4 #ahh ,the ,anitchkoff ,palace1 on the ,nevskoi ,prospekt4 #ahi ,in #ahei1 ,le ,second ,empire2 in #ahfj1 ,la ,france1 l',autriche et l',angleterre2 in #ahfe1 ,france et l',allemagne4 #aij ,particularism here means the tendency and policy on the part of ,bavaria and the ,southern ,states of ,germany to resist absorption of their autonomy in certain matters by ,prussia4--,translator4 #aia ,the town where ,henry ,,iv41 of ,germany1 performed a penance imposed by ,pope ,gregory ,,vii4--,trans4 #aib ,in the work1 published in #ahfe1 which procured me the honor of being made the subject of a parliamentary debate1 ,i had dwelt upon the twofold danger to be feared1 whether from an alliance which might reopen the ,belgian question1 or from a war on our frontiers1 it might be1 on our invaded territory4 ,i advised appeasing our political discords1 the better to resist this double peril4 ,this sums up in a few words the purport of my pamphlet4 ,my adversaries in the tribune and in the press denied the existence of these dangers which they asserted were merely imaginary2 they charged me with having got up a sham ,belgian question1 and with having1 in that way1 spread the knowledge of it abroad4 8,with what have ,i charged the ,honorable ,m4 de ,champs80 said ,m4 ,dolez4 8,it is with having pretended that our nationality was environed by perils1 and that a ,belgian question was on foot in which our independence might be taken away from us40 ,m4 ,frre,orban ridiculed in a pleasant way my forebodings4 ,he said that ,i was 8a lookout man who1 in his tower1 descries that which no one else can possibly see1 444 who imagines that he has discovered that which nobody had seen before4 ,today10 he added1 8when there is nothing1 absolutely nothing1 of a nature to cause uneasiness to the country1 we are told1 in consequence of a party scheme3 ,let us hold our tongues and appease our discords4 ,the liberal party must1 in order to save ,belgium from a danger which does not exist1 cease resisting the pretensions of the clerical party40 ,well1 what does ,m4 ,frre,orban think now8 ,while he1 as minister1 was uttering in the tribune the above quieting and optimist statements1 ,m4 ,benedetti had entered with ,m4 von ,bismarck into a parley1 the subject of which was the ,belgian question4 ,this was the diplomatic peril4 ,the other peril has been clearly revealed to us after ,sedan4 ,general de ,wimpfen has stated to ,general ,chazal that the question of invading or not the territory of ,belgium had been earnestly discussed at ,sedan4 ,this would have been bringing the war on our violated soil4 #aic ,priests and religious1 men and women1 numbering together #a1iji1 have given corporeal and spiritual attendance to #ba1jjj sick and wounded1 and this only out of love for ,god and their neighbor4 #aid ,referring to the very bitter attack on the definition of infallibility and the doings of the council which appeared about that time in pamphlet form from a writer under the nom de plume of ,janus4--,translator4 #aie ,the bienaim of the ,almanac is no more the bienaim of ,france1 ,he does everything ab hoc and ab hac1 puts all in the same sack1 ,justice and finance1 this bienaim of the ,almanac1 etc41 etc4 #aif ,zamore was a negro who repaid by the basest treachery the favors lavished on him by ,madame du ,barry2 he was the immediate cause of her execution1 having betrayed her hidingplace to the convention4 ,she is the only woman of that period who died like a coward1 struggling to the last4 #aig 8,let our hearts be light and gay1 ,glory's hour is here today2 ,the bloodred blade is raised on high1 ,we conquer when we die-- ,rally to victory4 ',neath the flag of a dying ,god6 ,we tread the path he trod2 ,we run1 we fly ,to glory nigh4 ,behold our ardor rise1 ,our hearts are in the skies1 ,arise1 arise6 ,the scaffold mount--and ,god's the victory40 #aih ,blue is the color of knowledge4 #aii ,der liebe ,gott1 the received formula in ,germany1 as the 8good ,god10 le bon ,dieu1 in ,french1 and ,almighty ,god in ,english4 #bjj ,exod4 xv4 #aa4 #bja ,matt4 vi4 #cc4 #bjb ,eccl4 xx4 #i4 #bjc ,lam4 iii4 #ca4 #bjd ,is4 xxix4 #ah4 #bje ,matt4 v4 #aj4 #bjf ,rom4 xi4 #cc4 #bjg ,ps4 xlii4 #a4 #bjh ,baruch v4 #f4 #bji ,the ,arno1 ,chiana1 and ,mugnone4 #baj ,london ,times1 ,feb4 #c4 #baa ,as was shown in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world last month1 excommunication is not only recognized by the law in the case of ,protestant excommunicators1 but has been sanctioned and confirmed by law1 on an actual case being brought into court4 ,of course we shall be met by the objection that the formal declaration of ,papal ,infallibility has altered the connection between the ,catholic ,church and the state4 ,unfortunately for this easy method of explaining away difficult matters1 excommunication has not been a whit altered in force1 relation1 or form from the days of the ,apostles to ,pius ,,ix4 #bab ,in proof of which read the declaration of ,count ,andrssy to the ,austrian ,parliament that1 notwithstanding the friendly assurances with which the three emperors parted at the breaking up of their recent conference at ,berlin1 he could not guarantee peace even up to ,christmas4 ,observe also the significant rearming of all the great ,european powers and the recent order from ,berlin of #c1jjj1jjj rifles of a new pattern4 #bac ,witness ,bavaria's remonstrance1 which was disregarded1 at the sudden imposition of the severe military code of ,prussian service without allowing it time to recover4 ,as a more recent comment on that1 read the very able and interesting letters which appeared in the ,new ,york ,herald1 ,nov4 #bb1 on the ,european situation1 a short extract from which1 of a ,bavarian view on ,german unity1 we give3 8,germany accepts it1 because it in some respects realizes the ,german dream of unity4 ,that1 of course1 every ,german wants4 ,but no one wants a united despotism1 a military code that turns the whole nation into a camp1 and takes half a million ablebodied men away from the farms and industrious callings4 ,we want a ,germany for the good of the fatherland1 not for the glory of a little upstart ,prussian prince whose name is not much older than the ,bonapartes' crown40 #bad 8,desine fata dem flecti sperare precando40--,virg4 n4 vi4 #cgf4 #bae ,in ,germany4 #baf 8,divorce ,legislation in ,connecticut10 and 8,the ,indissolubility of ,christian ,marriage40 #bag ,for this and the following references1 see ,rohrbacher's ,histoire ,universelle de l',eglise ,catholique4 ,this work is so comprehensive1 and so full of the most learned and accurate researches1 that we have relied entirely upon its lengthened narratives for the facts mentioned in this article4 ,the work is excessively voluminous 7#bh vols #hvo71 and to verify personally each separate reference given by the author would be almost impossible1 besides being a very tedious undertaking4 ,we have preferred1 therefore1 to rely upon the single authority of one who is confessedly the best modern church historian4 #bah ,history of the ,reformation4 #bai ,e4 ,dally4 #bbj 8,it is an error to suppose that the ,catholic faith limits the existence of man to about six thousand years4 ,the church has never decided this delicate question1 and this abstention is full of wisdom4 ,nothing positive1 in fact1 has been revealed to us on this point4 ,the various chronological systems are the work of man2 they rest on bases often hypothetical4 ,nevertheless1 we cannot admit even the possibility of the arbitrary theories of several distinguished geologists who date the appearance of man on the earth twenty and even thirty millions of years back4 ,goodsense alone should incline one to be moderate on this point40--,mgr4 ,meignan1 ,le ,monde et l',homme primitif1 chap4 vi4 #bba ,l',homme pendant les ,ages de la ,pierre dans les ,environs de ,dinant sur,meuse4 #b;e dition4 ,bruxelles3 ,muquardt4 #ahgb4 #bbb ,this is true1 at most1 of the formations previous to the quaternary deposits2 in the latter1 the synchronism of the fauna becomes wholly uncertain1 and only founds the emigration or disappearance of certain species of animals on inductions that have a hypothetical basis4 ,as to their emigration1 we have had too many instances in the historic period1 as ,m4 ,chabas justly observes1 to make us regard that necessarily the index of vast chronological intervals4 ,where are the elephants that abounded in ,mauretania ,tingitana1 according to ,solinus' ,polyhistor2 the hippopotami of ,lower ,egypt1 the boas of ,calabria1 the lions1 aurochs1 and bears of ,macedonia1 the beaver1 etc48 ,in the ,x,v,i,ith century of our era1 the stag1 roebuck1 wild boar1 wolf1 and bear still formed a part of the fauna of the ,cevennes4 ,the reindeer lived in the ,black ,forest in the time of ,csar1 who describes this animal from hearsay1 but characterizes it sufficiently by the peculiarity of the male and female having the same kind of horns4 ,m4 ,lartet is also inclined to the opinion that the age of the reindeer is perhaps not so ancient as was once supposed4 ,the mammoth is no longer found alive1 but has been discovered with its flesh and skin still remaining1 embedded in ice1 and affording nourishment to dogs and other animals4 ,struck with this preservation1 ,m4 d',orbigny expresses a doubt as to the antiquity of the mammoth4 ,he thinks it may have existed five or six thousand years ago1 and believes it may still live in some unexplored locality4 ,at least1 it lived in ,america till a comparatively recent period4 ,its remains1 and those of the mastodon1 have been found in the auriferous deposits of ,california1 among remarkable traces of human labor4 ,at the ,congress of ,copenhagen1 ,m4 ,schaffhausen expressed the opinion that the lost species should rather be regarded of a more recent date than that the antiquity of man should be extended to hundreds of thousands of years4 ,as to the wretchedness and inferiority evident from the primitive pursuits of man and the conformity of his organs1 the enemies of ,christianity triumph over the discovery4 ,we believe with ,mgr4 ,meignan that 8a proof of the authenticity of the ,bible has been lightly transformed into an objection against it4 ,the revolt and disobedience of man explain the wretched state in which he at first lived2 and the hardships he underwent during the period he inhabited caverns and lacustrine dwellings prove to all who believe in the goodness of ,god that a great crime must have armed ,his justice40 #bbc 8,in the year of the ,nativity of our ,lord #gaj1 the sixth day of the month of ,december1 under the reign of ,eudes1 most pious ,king of the ,french1 during the ravages of the perfidious ,saracen nation1 the body of the most dear and venerable ,marie ,madeleine was secretly and by night transferred from its alabaster sepulchre into the present one1 which is of marble1 and whence the body of ,sidonius has been withdrawn1 in order that the other may be better concealed and be beyond the reach of the abovenamed perfidious nation40 #bbd ,seven years later1 when the head was taken to ,rome by ,charles1 ,boniface ,,viii4 sent to ,s4 ,john of ,lateran for a relic which had long been venerated there as the maxillar bone of ,magdalen2 on adjusting it to the broken part1 it fitted in so exactly as to leave no doubt as to where it had originally been taken from4 #bbe ,shea4 #bbf ,see the narrative and map in ,shea's ,history of the ,discovery and ,exploration of the ,mississippi4 #bbg ,pronounced ,acoma--the accent on the first syllable4 #bbh 8,this way1 gentlemen40 #bbi ,red pepper2 chile verde1 green pepper4 #bcj ,this estimate1 which was considered as too high by some of the clergymen present1 is given only as conjectural4 ,it is based on the census of #ahgj1 according to which there are in the state1 in round numbers1 #bjc1jjj persons of foreign parentage at least on one side1 of whom #aac1jjj are foreignborn4 ,it would seem probable that we might allow out of this number #hc1jjj foreignborn and #fg1jjj nativeborn ,catholics4 ,it is certain1 from other evidence1 that the number is over #ajj1jjj1 and1 whatever the correct number may be1 ninetwentieths is very near the proportion of the nativeborn to the whole number4 ,the entire population of the state is #ecg1jjj4 ,nearly twofifths of the whole are1 therefore1 of foreign parentage4 #bca ,eugnie de la ,ferronnays4 #bcb 8,the ,church the ,champion of ,marriage10 ,,catholic ,,world1 ,february1 #ahgc4 #bcc ,deut4 xxi #af1 #ag4 #bcd ,gen4 xxiv4 #ci1 #eg1 #eh4 #bce ,numb4 xxvii4 #h2 xxxvi4 #c1 #h4 #bcf ,s4 ,john i4 #ac4 #bcg ,jeremy ,taylor's 8,on the ,marriage ,ring10 besides many modern ones1 especially by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,morgan ,dix1 ,new ,york4 #bch ,matt4 vii4 #ba4 #bci ,matt4 xxii4 #bi1 #cj2 ,mark xii4 #bd1 #be4 #bdj ,considrations sur la ,france1 chapter x4 et alibi passim4 #bda ,m4 de ,maistre is sometimes quoted as taking a different view2 for example1 in an article in the ,correspondant for ,nov4 #aj1 ,joseph de ,maistre declared revolution an epoch and not an event4 ,but this by no means signifies that the illustrious publicist meant that revolution was about to prevail4 ,he says3 8,the ,french ,revolution is an important epoch1 and its manifold consequences will be felt far beyond the time of its outbreak and the limits of its original sphere4444 ,if there is not a moral revolution throughout ,europe1 if the religious spirit is not strengthened in this part of the world1 the bonds of society will dissolve40 ,the clergy of ,france1 in particular1 are called to 8the essential work0 of reacting against the influence of the ,goddess of ,reason4 ,see ,considrations sur la ,france1 chap4 ii4 #bdb ,etudes sur l',italie contemporaine1 and ,notes d'un ,voyageur4 ,premire ,etude1 ,june1 #ahga2 ,seconde ,etude1 ,july1 #ahgb4 ,paris3 ,amyot4 #bdc ,premire ,etude1 p4 #c4 #bdd 8,except the ,univers1 which has a correspondent at ,rome1 and keeps up constant communications with that city in other ways1 and1 on the other side1 the ,journal des ,dbats1 which is supplied with information by the ,italian government1 and1 as we have been assured1 receives a handsome subsidy for the patronage accorded1 most of the ,french papers have no other source of supplying their readers with news than the conjectures1 more or less unreliable1 of the ,havas agency1 a succursale1 as to what concerns ,italy1 of the ,stefani agency at ,florence4 ,it is supposed1 however1 that nothing is easier than to obtain information about a country at our very doors40--,m4 ,ed4 ,dulaurier1 member of the ,institute1 8,impressions et ,souvenirs de ,rome10 in the ,gazette du ,languedoc for ,sept4 #ai4 ,i take the liberty of recommending to ,m4 ,dulaurier1 and all who wish to know the state of affairs in ,italy1 the valuable ,correspondance de ,genve4 ,the ,journal of ,florence1 recently combined with the ,cattolica of ,rome1 affords instructive reading4 ,besides information peculiar to itself1 this paper reproduces in each number interesting extracts from various ,italian journals4 #bde 8,the ,french1 under ,napoleon ,i41 introduced the idea of centralization into ,italy and the code of the ,revolution which the restored princes had the want of foresight to retain4 ,the old municipalities were destroyed1 and never recovered their former independence even in the ,states of the ,church4 ,piedmont1 of all the states of the ,peninsula1 was the longest under the poisonous influence of foreign ideas4 ,hence it became the centre of the ,revolution40--,quel est l',avenir de l',europe8 pages #djda4 ,geneva3 ,grosset1 #ahga4 ,the author of this remarkable work is of the school of the ,count de ,maistre1 and worthy of his master4 #bdf ,premire ,etude1 pp4 #f1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae2 ,seconde ,etude1 pp4 #d1 #aj1 #aa4 #bdg ,premire ,etude1 p4 #aj4 #bdh ,journal d'un ,diplomate en ,italie4--,see the ,etudes for ,july1 #ahgb4 #bdi ,journal d'un ,diplomate en ,italie1 pp4 #cje1 #cjf4 #bej ,journal d'un ,diplomate en ,italie1 pp4 #aaf1 #aag4 #bea ,les ,diplomates ,franais sous ,napolon ,,iii41 by ,b4 d',agreval4 ,paris3 ,dentu4 #ahgb4 ,a work we recommend to all publicists who wish to add to their knowledge4 #beb ,premire ,etude1 p4 #aj4 #bec ,premire ,etude1 pp4 #e1 #aj1 #aa2 ,seconde ,etude1 p4 #d4 #bed ,premire ,etude1 p4 #g4 #bee ,the minister has laid before the ,parliament the account of the expense of opening the breach in the walls of ,rome4 ,this crime cost nearly fortyeight millions4 #bef ,premire ,etude1 p4 #aa2 ,seconde ,etude1 p4 #ab4 #beg ,cf4 ,premire ,etude1 p4 #aj4 #beh ,see a forcible and eloquent article in the ,civilt ,cattolica on the ,caresses de la ,providence4 ,sr4 viii4 vol4 v41 ,no4 #eai1 ,feb41 #ahgb4 #bei 7,premire ,etude1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #bg2 ,seconde ,etude1 pp4 #aa1 #ab47 8,the invaders take the stand of masters1 but the people have not joined them4 ,they remain isolated in their midst in the position of a military and administrative colony1 about as favorably regarded and received as the ,prussians in those departments of our country where they are still encamped4 ,the ,romans1 it cannot be denied1 love their ,pope40--,m4 ,ed4 ,dulaurier1 loc4 cit4 #bfj ,union1 ,nov4 #bf4 #bfa 8,we continue to be regarded at ,berlin with the most favorable dispositions1 as the demonstrations of which our princes were the object prove40--,speech of ,m4 ,visconti,venosta in the ,chamber of ,deputies1 ,nov4 #bg1 #ahgb4 #bfb ,seconde ,etude1 p4 #ac4 #bfc ,address1 ,april #bh1 #ahgb4 #bfd ,correspondance ,diplomatique in the year #ahae4 #bfe ,premire ,etude1 p4 #ag2 ,seconde ,etude1 pp4 #d1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 #bff ,premire ,etude1 pp4 #be1 #bf2 ,seconde ,etude1 pp4 #ae1 #af1 #bf4 #bfg ,see1 in the ,etudes for ,oct41 #ahga1 the article by ,fr4 ,ch4 ,clair1 who1 in an address to the government of ,m4 ,thiers1 carries on a vigorous argument ad hominem respecting the 8necessary liberties0 of the ,pope4 #bfh ,p4 ,toulement1 ,la ,providence et les ,chtiments de la ,france1 ch4 xvii4 #bfi ,premire ,etude1 pp4 #bd1 #be1 #bf3 ,seconde ,etude1 pp4 #ag1 #bb1 #cd4 #bgj ,journal d'un ,diplomate en ,italie1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #bga ,this alludes to the indication of superhuman power by the budding horns which ,michael ,angelo has represented upon the head of ,moses1 adopting the ,jewish symbol of strength so frequent in ,scripture4 #bgb ,ecclus4 xlviii4 ,,ii4 #bgc ,so soon accepted6 #bgd 8,i1 the undersigned1 parish priest of the most holy ,constantinian ,basilica of the ,twelve ,apostles of ,rome1 certify that in ,register ,,xii4 of the dead1 letter ,n1 page #bhc1 is to be found the deed of which the following is the copy1 word for word4 8,the twentysecond of ,december1 eighteen hundred and sixtysix1 ,mademoiselle ,claire,franoise,amlie ,lautard1 of ,marseilles1 daughter of ,m4 ,jean ,baptiste ,lautard1 a most pious virgin1 while offering last ,sunday her life to ,god for the ,holy ,father1 ,rome1 and the church1 was seized on the spot by illness1 and having received most piously the sacraments of the church1 in the full possession of her faculties1 in prayer1 and surrounded by several priests and virgins1 gave up her soul to ,jesus ,christ1 her spouse1 with the greatest serenity1 ,wednesday the #aith1 at halfpast nine in the morning1 in the house ,rue ,ripresadei,barberi #age1 at the age of fiftynine years4 ,the following day1 the #bjth1 her body was carried1 after the completuum1 accompanied by a great number of religious1 to this basilica1 and was here exposed during the morning after the manner of nobles1 the office of the dead and a solemn ,mass being performed2 in the afternoon it was conveyed to the ,church of ,santa ,maria in ,ara ,cli1 and there interred in the tomb of the ,sisters of ,st4 ,joseph of the ,apparition4 8,given at ,rome10 etc4 #bge ,this mistake is awing to a wrong meaning given to a word in the ,book of ,joshua in the ,septuagint2 where the word tsorim is translated knife of stone1 when it also means a sharp knife2 tsor only means stone in the sense of rock or block4 #bgf ,simonin1 ,la ,vie ,souterraine4 #bgg ,ancient name of the ,prussians4--,trans4 #bgh ,s4 ,jerome's ,epist4 #dd1 #de4 #bgi ,hist4 of ,decline and ,fall of ,rom4 ,emp41 vol4 iv4 ch4 ix4 p4 #bfb1 #ast ed4 #bhj ,germania1 i4 #e4 #bha 8,the ,study of ,sociology10 by ,h4 ,spencer1 in the ,may ,no4 of ,the ,contemporary ,review1 #ahgb4 #bhb ,see ,mrs4 ,hope's ,conversion of the ,teutonic ,race1 ch4 i4 #bhc ,conv4 of ,teut4 ,race1 p4 #bj4 #bhd ,apollin41 ,paneg4 ,major4 #bhe ,germania1 iii4 #bhf ,suet41 in ,oct4 xxiii4 #bhg ,i4 #fa4 #bhh ,plutarch1 ,vita ,marii4 #bhi ,s4 ,jer4 adv4 ,jovin4 ii4