,! ,m5tor1 ,no4 #de1 ,mak]s ( ,am]ican  
,art          ,,mak]s ,,( ,,am]ican     
,,art    ,by ,j4 ,,?omson ,,will+       
,illu/ration3 ,,we/    ,illu/ration3    
,,copley    ,illu/ration3 ,,/u>t    ,,! 
,,m5tor        ,,s]ial ,,no4 #de        
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,f9e ,,arts             
,illu/ration    ,,m5tor ,,gravures      
,,lady ,,w5twor?      ,by ,john ,s+leton
 ,copley--#agcg-ahae        ,,*ri/      
,,reject$      ,by ,b5jam9              
,we/--#agch-ahbj        ,,george        
,,wa%+ton      ,by ,*>les ,willson      
,peale--#agda-ahbg        ,,alex&]      
,,hamilton      ,by ,john               
,trumbull--#agef-ahdc        ,,dolly    
,,madison      ,by ,gilb]t              
,/u>t--#agee-ahbh        ,a ,,spani%    
,,girl      ,by ,wa%+ton                
,all/on--#aggi-ahdc      ,e>ly art 9    
,am]ica 0 di/9ctly comm]cial1 9 t x     
con=m$  to ! law ( dem& & supply4 ,9 ^? 
prephotographic days records  7 desir$ (
 ! appe>ance ( p :o 7 gradually com+    
into  an easi] mode ( liv+ ?an _!       

ance/ors1 ! h>dy pione]s1  _h be5 able  
to acquire4 ,! ,colonial (ficial1 !     
l&[n]1 !  m]*ant1 all wi%$ to emulate 9 
little ! great folk ( ! ,old  ,_w1 & h  
family portraits4 ,! craftsm5 to supply 
! dem&  7 few1 & ! quality ( _! art f> f
 f9e4 ,! ,colonial  p]iod 0 b>r5 ( good 
production4 ,x is m>vel\s t 9 ?is       
pictorially uncultur$ "t1 )\t ! /imulus 
( good examples  to be se5 & ( fell[    
/riv]s to in/ruct1 su* wond]fully  good 
work]s 9 art %\ld arise z ,copley 9     
,bo/on & ,we/ 9  ,p5nsylvania1 & a      
little lat] ,malbone 9 ,newport1 :o 9   
m9iature  "w outclass$ anyone !n work+4 
,aft] /udy 9 ,europe ^! m5's  "w 0      
broad] & bett]2 b yet mu* ( _! e>ly "w  
indicates  _! calib]4      ,,e>ly       
,,am]ican ,,portraits    ,illu/ration3  
,,mr4 & ,,mrs4 ,,iz>d 7,alice           
,de,lancey7    ,by ,copley1 9 ,bo/on    
,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4    ,aft] !        
proclamation ( peace ! p 7 m prosp]\s & 
! portrait m>ket 0 good4 ,n only family 
portraits 7 want$1  b portraits (       

political h]oes4 ,! comm]cial arti/ 0   
!re to  take ord]s & deliv] ! goods4 ,! 
goods he deliv]$ 7 ( a  v high grade (  
workman%ip4 ,aft] ! individual portrayal
 came  ! ord] = ! hi/orical picture1 !  
celebration ( ! dramatic  mom5t & !     
great ev5t4 ,fur!r ?an ^! two classes ( 
pictures  ! e>lie/ art did n g4 ,! life 
( ! day 9 all its human  aspects (      
picturesqu5ess 0 ignor$4 ,! g5re picture
 did n come  until ab\t ! middle ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury4    ,illu/ration3 ,,john 
,,qu9cy ,,adams    ,by ,copley1 9 ,bo/on
 ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4    ,9 ,engl&1    
,b5jam9 ,we/1 :o _h gone !re ab\t 8     
tw5ty-fif?  ye>1 0 pa9t+ biblical &     
my?ological subjects1 inspir$ by 8  /ay 
9 ,italy2 = ,italy 0 yet ! field = art  
inspiration4 ,he  receiv$ ext5d$        
patronage f ,k+ ,george1 & succe$$      
,reynolds  z presid5t ( ! ,royal        
,academy4 8,*ri/ ,heal+ ! ,sick10 9 !   
,philadelphia ,hospital1 & ! 8,dea? on !
 ,pale ,horse10 9 !  ,p5nsylvania       
,academy1 are two ( 8 be/ kn[n works 9  

,am]ica4 ,!  latt] is an imm5se canvas1 
melodramatic 9 "*1 & c>ry+  no direct   
message to mod]n obs]v]s4 ,we/ seems to 
h wi%$ to  impress by size & indu/ry4 ,9
 reg>d to color he always rema9$ a      
,quak]4      ,,! ,,g5]osity ,,( ,,we/   
,p]haps ,we/'s be/ contribution to ! art
 developm5t ( ,am]ica  0 ! spl5did      
g5]osity ( 8 welcome to 8 "y compatriots
  :5 !y came to ,london to /udy4 ,8 0 ! 
h& t gave !m  greet+1 8 ! /udio & ! home
 t 7 at _! s]vice1 &  8 ! m9d t direct$ 
_! "w4 ,to him came ,mat!w ,pratt (     
,philadelphia1 ?\gh 8 s5ior1 & /ay$ f\r 
ye>s1 return+ !n  to 8 native place &   
c>ry+ on 8 pr(ession !re4 ,! ,peales1   
fa!r & son1 7 indebt$ to him = _! tra9+4
 ,dunlap &  ,trumbull & ,/u>t all /udi$ 
"u 8 tutelage4 ,all/on sat at  8 feet z 
a dev\t disciple1 becom+ a v]itable     
legatee ( 8  mode ( ?\ght & ( 8 mann]4  
,?is mann] 0 evolv$ f a  contemplation (
 gr& subjects1 allegorical1 religi\s1   
my?ical1  & hi/orical4 ,nei!r he nor    
,we/ 0 an obs]v] ( ! life (  _! day2    

?\gh ,we/ did a radical ?+1 a great     
s]vice to natural  art1 :5 he pa9t$ !   
,dea? ( ,wolfe ) all ! figures !re9     
clad 9 ! regim5tals !y !n wore1 & n 9   
classic g>b1 z  hi/oric happ5+s _h      
hi!rto be5 pa9t$4 ,8 "w _h little       
beauty ( color1 little atmosph]e1 & no  
spontaneity4 ,x has n  held its         
appreciation z h o!r m natural pa9t+s ( 
t  "t4 ,to ,bo/on1 9 #agbe1 _h come     
,john ,smyb]t1 f ,london1 a protg  (    
,bi%op ,b]keley4 ,he !re pa9t$ _m       
portraits until 8 dea?  9 #agea2 ?\gh 8 
"w _h little m]it4 ,he 0 ! =]unn] (     
,copley1 ! fir/ able native arti/4      
,,! ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,copley            
,illu/ration3 ,,mrs4 ,,daniel ,,d5ison  
,,rog]s    ,by ,copley4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,mrs4 ,,=d    ,by ,copley1 9 ,h>t=d   
,a!num4    ,9 8 y\? ,copley _h ! slight 
advantage ( "s in/ruction f  8 /epfa!r1 
,pet] ,pelham1 ! engrav]2 b e>ly acquir$
 a /yle  ( 8 own4 ,8 te*nic 0 n v flu5t2
 b 8 design 0 good1  8 draw+ rem>kably  
true1 & 8 *>act]ization unusual4 ,a     

dignifi$ =mality p]vad$ 8 canvases1 z   
befitt$ ! sitt]s (  8 native ,bo/on4 ,x 
is said t a ,copley portrait 9 a ,new   
,engl&  family is a c]tificate (        
ari/ocracy & social /&+4 ,he pa9t$      
textures well1 ?\gh some:at labori\sly4 
8,l>ge ruffles1 heavy  silks1 silv]     
buckles1 gold-embroid]$ ve/s1 & p[d]$   
wigs are  bl5t 9 our imag9ation ) !     
memory ( patriot zeal & matronly        
influ5ce10 writes ,tuck]man4 ,b ^?      
adjuncts to ! p]sonality  w\ld n be s   
associat$ ) ! patrician ,colonials _h n 
,copley  r5d]$ !m s well4 ,none ( ! e>ly
 pa9t]s s accurately gave  ! _s ( _! "t 
z he4 ,z we c glean f ,lely's portraits 
( ! beauties ( ! ,c>olean ,c\rt ! free &
 easy mann]s t  7 its atmosph]e1 s f    
,copley's portraits we get ! moral      
atmosph]e ( t ,colonial "t1 ) ! res]ve &
 self-respect (  its m5 & ! virtue &    
propriety ( its wom54 ,he did n g abroad
  until he 0 ?irty-sev5 ye>s old4 ,9    
,engl& he 0 well receiv$1  & _h _m      
commissions4 ,he 0 made an ,a4 ,r4 ,a4 9

 #aggg1 & a  full academician 9 #aggi4  
,%ortly aft] ?is he 0 commission$ to    
pa9t 8,! ,siege ( ,gibralt>40 ,8 son1   
,b>on ,lyndhur/1 became "l  *ancellor1 &
 collect$ _m ( 8 fa!r's works4          
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,academy   
,by ,mat!w ,pratt1 9 ! ,metropolitan    
,museum1 ,new ,york4      ,,! ,,peales1 
,a ,,family ,,( ,,pa9t]s                
,illu/ration3 ,,b5jam9 ,,we/    ,by ,sir
 ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 ! ,engli% portrait    
pa9t]4    ,*>les ,willson ,peale's fame 
is almo/ :olly d]iv$ f 8  portraits (   
,wa%+ton1 ( :i* he pa9t$ f\rte5 f life1 
ext5d+ 9 "t f #aggb to #agie4 ,8 e>lie/ 
%[s ,wa%+ton 9  ! uni=m ( a ,briti%     
,colonial colonel1 & is n[ 9 !          
possession  ( ,wa%+ton & ,lee           
,univ]sity4    ,wa%+ton is kn[n to h sat
 =ty-f\r times to v>i\s pa9t]s4  ,bas$  
on ^! comp>atively few sitt+s h be5 m   
portrayals  on canvas ?an h be5 accord$ 
to any man 9 hi/ory1 ) !  possible      
exception ( ,napoleon4 ,a collection (  
engrav$ portraits (  him has be5 made   

:i* includ$ ov] f\r ?\s& plates4        
,rembr&t  ,peale1 a son ( ,*>les        
,willson ,peale1 contribut$ a cumulative
 fame to  ! "n1 z he also pa9t$         
,wa%+ton1 z well z ,jeff]son1 ,dolly    
,madison1 & o!r political & social      
lead]s4 ,he1 z well z 8  fa!r & 8 uncle1
 ,james ,peale1 all work$ at times 9    
m9iature4 ,9  ! "w ( fa!r & son !re 0   
little m]it1 little inv5tion1  b a      
cr$itable craftsman%ip4 ,!y record$ !   
appe>ance ( !  p ( _! day ) un9spir$    
flu5cy4    ,illu/ration3 ,,k+ ,,le>     
,by ,b5jam9 ,we/1 9 ,bo/on ,museum (    
,f9e ,arts4      ,,! ,,art ,,(          
,,trumbull    ,john ,trumbull's /&+1 l  
,peale's1 is atta9$ l>gely on 8  r5d]+s 
( ,wa%+ton4 ,he _h mu* opportunity =    
obs]v+ !  g5]al1 & ?is contribut$ mu* to
 ! accuracy ( 8 compositions1  b little 
to ! f95ess ( 8 art4 ,he is =tunate 9   
hav+ _m  ( 8 works ga!r$ toge!r 9 !     
,yale ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts2 = 9  !       
aggregation !y are impressive1 z be+ a  
dignifi$ & graphic  pres5tm5t ( !       

important ev5ts ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod4
 ,^!  canvases are n l>ge4 ,inde$1 mu* (
 8 "w 0 9 ! nature (  m9iatures 9 oil4  
,he made _m c>eful /udies f life ( ^?   
p]sons he introduc$ into 8 hi/orical    
compositions4 ,8 picture (  ! sign+ ( ! 
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 pa9t$ 9     
#agia1  :5 mo/ ( ! sign]s 7 yet liv+1 & 
f all ( ^! he  obta9$ sitt+s4 ,claim has
 be5 made t he 0 ! greate/ ( !  e>ly    
pa9t]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,he 01 9 ! s5se ( hav+
 made !  true/ record4 ,b 9 ! s5se ( be+
 ! be/ accord+ to our  latt]day         
conception ( art1 z be+ some?+ o!r ?an a
 labor$  & lit]al r5d]+ ( a fact1 he 0  
inf]ior to bo? ,copley &  ,/u>t4        
,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,w4 ,,peale           
,portrait by ! pa9t]1 9 ! ,p5nsylvania  
,academy4      ,,gilb]t ,,/u>t1 ,,ma/]  
,,9 ,,portraiture    ,9 ,gilb]t ,/u>t we
 _h ! mo/ valuable art work]4 ,8        
portraits1  :ile good records1 _h also  
beauty & *>m4 ,8 color 0 fre% &         
brilliant4 ,he gave 8 subjects poise &  
p]sonality4 ,8 pictures  7 vital4 ,he _h

 n ! faculty = design & composition to !
  ext5t ( ! great ,engli%m51 ,reynolds &
 ,ga9sbor\gh2 b he _h a  te*nic t 0 n   
inf]ior4 ,=tunate has be5 ! nation t has
  kn[n its h]oic f\nd]s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 
,/u>t's pictur+4  ,inde$1 mu* ( our     
mod]n reg>d = ^? h]oes has be5 eng5d]$  
by ^! dignifi$ yet v human pres5tm5ts4  
,( ,philadelphia  families he 0 ! true  
hi/orian1 & ( ,bo/on society he 0 !     
spl5did *ronicl] t out%one its own      
,copley4 ,9 ,engl&1 aft]  /udy+ ) ,we/1 
he rank$ high = sev]al ye>s 9 t1 !      
greate/ p]iod ( ,engli% art4 ,he return$
 to ,am]ica 9 #agib1 &  aft] sp5d+ two  
ye>s 9 ,new ,york w5t to ,philadelphia  
to pa9t  ,wa%+ton4    ,ap>t f ! sev]al  
celebrat$ pictures ( ! fir/ presid5t1 8 
be/ "w 0 done 9 ! decade 9 :i* he resid$
 9 t city4 ,x  has be5 ! policy ( !     
,p5nsylvania ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts to   
acquire  z _m ( ^! works z possible4 ,m 
?an a score are n[ 9 its  possession1   
includ+ portraits ( ,presid5ts ,monroe &
 ,madison1 &  ! fam\s ,dolly ,madison   

canvas4 ,/u>t pa9t$ z _m z ?ree sets  ( 
! fir/ five presid5ts1 "o ( :i* 0       
de/roy$ by fire 9  ,wa%+ton4 ,"o set is 
n[ privately own$ 9 ,bo/on4 ,:at is kn[n
 z  ! ,lansd[ne portrait is 9 !         
,philadelphia gall]y4 ,9 design &  g5]al
 impressiv5ess1 ?\gh n 9 features1 x is 
"o ( ! mo/  satisfactory ( all !        
presid5tial pictur+s4 ,! ,gibbs-,*ann+  
portrait1 n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 
,new ,york1 is ! f9e/ 9  facial model+4 
,/u>t made _m replicas ( ! few ,wa%+tons
 he  pa9t$ f life--especially 0 ?is s ( 
! ,a!num head4 ,mu*  controv]sy has     
aris5 z to :i* ( ! _m ,wa%+ton portraits
 is  ! mo/ accurate4 ,! fact ( !        
absolute dim5sions ( any feature  is (  
little mom5t to lat] g5]ations4 ,:at is 
( greate/ mom5t  is ! poise1 ! nobility1
 ! gr&eur1 ! s]5ity1 ! fai?1 !  wisdom1 
! ,hom]ic mold1 ( ! man1 & ^! a grateful
 p has  come to ?9k 7 intimat$ m fully  
by ,/u>t ?an by any ( !  o!r portray]s4 
,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ton ,,tak+ ,,leave  
,,( ,,8 ,,g5]als    ,by ,trumbull1 9 !  

,yale ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts4              
,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,trumbull         
,pa9t$ by himself4      ,,/u>t',s       
,,portraits ,,( ,,wom5    ,/u>t is quot$
 z say+ 8,h\don's bu/ is ! be/1 & aft]  
t1 my portrait40 ,we c well be cont5t to
 accept ^! z ! two  ideal r5d]+s4 ,x has
 be5 claim$ t he 0 n v successful  9    
portray+ female beauty4 ,?is is a       
cont5tion t is h>d to  controv]t4 ,he   
did n prettify 8 sitt]s 9 ! way ,lawr5ce
  did2 b he surely made !m humanly      
lovely4 ,rebecca ,smi?1 ,anne  ,b+ham1  
,frances ,cadwalad]1 ,elizabe? ,bordley1
 & ,sallie ,mc,kean1  all reput$ly      
h&some 9 ! writt5 te/imony ( t p]iod1 h 
c]ta9ly n suff]$ 9 t repute by ,/u>t's  
pa9t+ ( !m4 ,&  ,betsy ,patt]son1 %e ( !
 wilful temp]am5t & romantic c>e]1  :o  
m>ri$ ! bro!r ( an emp]or1 lives = all  
"t z a beauty  because ( ! ability (    
,/u>t4 ,( ?is h&some woman a contempor>y
  writes1 8,mme4 ,j]ome ,bonap>te is a  
model ( fa%ion1 & _m ( our  belles /rive
 to imitate h]2 b )\t equal clat1 z     

,madame has  c]ta9ly ! mo/ beautiful    
back & %\ld]s t ev] 7 se510  & aga91    
8,to h] m5tal gifts 7 add$ ! beauty ( a 
,greek1 yet  gl[+1 type1 :i* n ev5 !    
p5cil ( ,/u>t adequately portray$  9 !  
exquisite portrait t he wi%$ might be   
buri$ ) him3 n  yet on 8 o!r canvas :i*1
 ) its da9ty head 9 triple pose  (      
lovel9ess1 /ill smiles 9 unfad+ wit*]y40
 ,:e!r or no he  pa9t$ h] z lovely z    
life1 he produc$ a canvas t has great   
individuality & *>m4    ,illu/ration3   
,,elizabe? ,,beale ,,bordley    ,,mrs4  
,,wm4 ,,jackson    ,,frances ,,cadwalad]
    ,wom5's portraits by ,/u>t4         
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gibbs-,,*ann+       
,,portrait ,,( ,,wa%+ton    ,by ,/u>t1 9
 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4 ,y4      ,,!
 ,,culture ,,( ,,all/on    ,wa%+ton     
,all/on _h a great reputation 9 8 day2 b
 8 product  0 inconsid]able & n ( a     
quality to ju/ify ! /&+ he !n  _h4 ,he  
_h great] culture & a f9]               
intellectuality ?an p]haps  any o!r     
arti/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 its fir/      

c5tury4 ,8 0 a  s5sitive nature4 ,he    
liv$ 9 ! _s4 ,= ! high1 ! lovely1  !    
p]fect1 he /rove all 8 days4 ,yet t high
 ideality & t  e>ne/ /riv+ _h little    
effect on ! art ( 8 "t4 ,he 0  honor$ by
 8 lit]>y contempor>ies2 b 8 "w 0 n     
emulat$  to any ext5t by 8 fell[ arti/s4
 ,8 "w 0 an intellectual  expression4   
,its tradition 0 cont9u$ by ,?omas      
,cole1 :o pa9t$  l&scape z an           
allegorical message4    ,all/on 0 born  
ne> ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 sp5t 8 y\?  
at  ,newport1 :]e he became intimate )  
,malbone1 & aft] graduat+  f ,h>v>d w5t 
abroad to /udy4 ,! ,italians attract$   
him2 b  he f\nd 8 way to ,london1 :]e he
 associat$ ) ,col]idge &  o!r lit]>y    
celebrities4 ,he 0 made an ,a4 ,r4 ,a42 
b return$ soon  !reaft] to ,bo/on1 work+
 !re f #ahah to 8 dea? 9 #ahdc4 ,he     
laid mu* /ress on 8 te*nical processes 9
 pa9t+4 ,8 pictures  _h none ( !        
spontane\s quality ( 8 sket*es & /udies4
 ,8  0 an art totally at v>iance ) !    
mode ( ! pres5t day4  ,we feel 9        

,copley's canvases a v mod]n quality1 & 
9 mo/ (  ,/u>t's1 b n 9 ,all/on's4      
,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe? ,,patt]son1    
,,mme4 ,,j]ome ,,bonap>te    ,by ,/u>t4 
,,v&]lyn ,,& ,,sully    ,a m mod]n man1 
?\gh n s celebrat$1 0 ,john ,v&]lyn1 a  
native ( ,k+/on1 ,new ,york1 :o sp5t _m 
ye>s 9 ,p>is4 ,he _h  aspiration aft]   
beauty = its own sake4 ,8 ,ariadne1 own$
 by !  ,p5nsylvania ,academy1 0 really !
 fir/ important nude pa9t$ "h4  ,su*    
subjects 9 ^? days caus$ mu* prote/4    
,?is arti/'s life  0 a /]n /ruggle aga9/
 adv]se conditions2 ?\gh he greatly     
des]v$ success4 ,9 ! rotunda ( !        
,capitol at ,wa%+ton is 8  ,l&+ (       
,columbus1 a "w t does n well repres5t 8
 ability4  ,8 portrait "w c>ri$ ?r\gh ! 
traditions ( ! ,revolution>y  days to t 
p]iod ( ! e>ly half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury  
:5  ,?omas ,sully & ,h5ry ,inman 7 !    
lead]s4 ,! latt] 0 born 9  ,utica 9     
#ahja1 & liv$ b =ty-five ye>s4 ,8 "w 0  
unev51  b at its be/1 z 9 ! ,h5ry ,pratt
 portrait 9 ! ,p5nsylvania  ,academy1 is

 comp>able to ,raeburn4 ,he pa9t$       
,wordswor?1 ,macaulay1 ,dr4  ,*alm]s1 & 
o!r m5 ( m>k 9 ,engl&1 on commissions f 
_!  ,am]ican admir]s4 ,?\gh ,sully 0 a  
pupil ( ,/u>t1 he entirely  lack$ !     
ma/]'s au?ority ( mann]4 ,8 0 a timid   
te*nic1  )\t fre%ness ( color or firm   
*>act]ization4 ,8 life 0 a  long &      
successful "o1 sp5t *iefly 9            
,philadelphia1 & he _h _m  celebrities z
 sitt]s1--,que5 ,victoria1 ,fanny       
,kemble1 & ,g5]al  ,jackson are among 8 
be/ kn[n canvases4 ,( ! "w ( ,sully !   
,p5nsylvania ,academy has1 besides      
sev]al portraits ( ! arti/  himself1 a  
l>ge numb] ( 8 canvases4 ,?is policy ( !
 *ief  gall]ies ( ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & 
,philadelphia1 ( acquir+ works  ( !     
sev]al wor?y arti/s ( ! old] "t1 has    
become a m  difficult "o to foll[ z !   
ye>s g on1 & ! ance/ral portrait1  !    
family heirloom1 becomes preci\s beyond 
price4      ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,am]ican  
,,m9iature ,,pa9t+    ,illu/ration3     
,,wa%+ton ,,all/on    ,m9iature by      

,malbone1 ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4  
,illu/ration3 ,,dead ,,man ,,re/or$ ,,to
 ,,life ,,by ,,t\*+ ,,bones ,,(         
,,prophet  ,,eli%a    ,by ,all/on1      
,p5nsylvania ,academy4    ,treasur$ )   
ev5 great] rev]5ce is ! old "t m9iature4
 ,!re  0 no production ( ?is =m ( art 9 
! ,colonial days1 b its  practice       
develop$ aft] ! ,revolution1 & _h its   
*ief expon5t  9 ,malbone1 :o1 ?\gh liv+ 
b f #aggg to #ahjg1 is to ?is day  "o ( 
! v be/ arti/s ( ! portrait 9 little4   
,excell5t  draftsman%ip z well z good   
color+ gave 8 "w a /ructural  firmness  
unusual ev5 9 ,cosway's productions4 ,8 
be/ kn[n picture  0 an imag9ative       
composition entitl$ 8,! ,h\rs10 :i* is  
n[ 9  ! ,a!num at ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4   
,?r\gh 8 fri5d%ip ) ,all/on1  ,malbone  
accompani$ him to ,*>le/on 9 #ahjj1 &   
!re pa9t$  m9iatures ( prom95t ,s\?     
,c>ol9ians1 includ+ ,mrs4 ,ralph ,iz>d1 
! beautiful ,alice ,delancey1 :o _h be5 
previ\sly pictur$ by bo?  ,copley &     
,ga9sbor\gh4 ,o!r beautiful wom5 he     

pa9t$ 7 ,ra*el  & ,rebecca ,gratz (     
,philadelphia1 ! latt] be+ ! inspiration
 =  ,rebecca 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's     
8,ivanhoe40 ,all/on wrote ( ,malbone1   
8,he  _h ! happy tal5t ( elevat+ ! "*   
)\t impair+ !  lik5ess4 ,?is 0 rem>kable
 9 8 male heads1 & no woman ev] lo/     
beauty "u 8 h&40 ,9 ,*>le/on at t "t 0  
,*>les ,fras]1  a m9iaturi/ ( mu*       
ability1 ^: "w is n[ s\ght by           
collectors4  ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury        
progress$ ! portrait gradually lo/ its  
prem95ce1 & ! l&scape1 ! /ory tell+     
picture subject1  & lat] ! composition  
pa9t$ = its own sake became ! *ief      
expressions ( ! ,am]ican arti/4         
,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,v&]lyn    ,pa9t$ 
by himself1 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4  
,y4    ,illu/ration3 ,,edw>d ,g4        
,,malbone      ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+    
,,art ,,9 ,,am]ica ,by ,s4 ,g4 ,w4      
,b5jam94        #ahhj--;,h>p]  ,bros41  
,new ,york4        ,,am]ican ,,pa9t+ ,by
 ,samuel ,i%am4        ,! ,macmillan    
,co4--#aiaj4        ,! mo/ complete &   

mod]n "w on ! subject4        ,,arti/   
,,life ,by ,h5ry ,t4 ,tuck]man4         
,d4 ,appleton  ,co4--#ahdg4        ,n s 
mu* biographical z laudatory e/imates4  
,,portraits ,,( ,,wa%+ton ,by ,elizabe? 
,bryant ,john/on4        ,a mo/ complete
 "w ( ref]5ce4        ,,heirlooms ,,9   
,,m9iatures ,by ,anne ,holl+swor?       
,:>ton4        ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott       
,company4--#ahih4        ,! /&>d "w on !
 subject ( ,am]ican ,m9iature ,art4     
,,life ,,( ,,b5jam9 ,,we/ ,by ,john     
,galt4        ,publi%$ %ortly aft] !    
dea? ( ! arti/ & long out (      pr9t4  
,,! ,,dome/ic ,,& ,,arti/ic ,,life ,,(  
,,john ,,s+leton ,,copley1 ,r4 ,a4      
,by ,m4 ,b4 ,amory4        ,h\ghton1    
,miffl9  ,co41 ,bo/on--#ahhb4        ,! 
/&>d "w on ,copley4 ,difficult to       
procure4        ,,life ,,& ,,works ,,(  
,,gilb]t ,,/u>t ,by ,george ,c4 ,mason4 
,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons--#ahgi4         
,an elaborate "w n[ out ( pr9t4         
,,life ,,& ,,lett]s ,,( ,,wa%+ton       
,,all/on ,by ,j>$ ,b4 ,flagg4           

,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons--#aijb4         
,int]e/+ f a lit]>y /&po9t4             
,,life ,,portraits ,,( ,,george         
,,wa%+ton ,by ,*>les ,h5ry ,h>t4        
,mc,clure's ,magaz9e--,febru>y1 #ahig4  
,,! ,,m5tor    ,,issu$ ,,semi-,,mon?ly  
,,by    ,! ,m5tor ,association1 ,inc4   
#cha ,f\r? ,ave41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4   
,volume #a      ,numb] #de              
,,annual ,,subscription4 ,,f\r ,,doll>s4
 ,,s+le ,,copies ,,tw5ty ,,c5ts4        
,,=eign ,,po/age1 ,,sev5ty-,,five ,,c5ts
 ,,extra4 ,,canadian ,,po/age1 ,,fifty  
,,c5ts ,,extra4 ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,! ,,po/  
,,(fice ,,at ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,,z 
,,second-,,class ,,matt]4 ,,copyright1  
#aiac4 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association1  
,,inc4 ,,presid5t1 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,beck2  
,,vice-,,presid5t1 ,,walt] ,p4 ,,t5     
,,eyck2      ,,secret>y4 ,w4 ,d4        
,,m(fat2 ,,treasur]1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,campbell2
 ,,as/4 ,,treasur]      ,,& ,,as/4      
,,secret>y1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,cr[e4             
,editorial    ,we h be5 ask$ m ?an once 
h[ ! s*$ule ( ,! ,m5tor is  plann$ & h[ 

our subjects are select$4 ,! "q is a    
good  "o1 = 9 ! answ] is to be f\nd !   
basic idea on :i* ,!  ,m5tor plan is    
e/abli%$4 ,if ! s*$ules 7 prep>$ ha/ily 
& )\t due ?\ght1 & if ! subjects 7      
select$ solely  ) consid]ation to !     
int]e/ ( ! pass+ mom5t1 ,! ,m5tor  plan 
w\ld h no m claim ^u ?\ghtful &         
intellig5t p  ?an ! mo/ ephem]al        
j\rnali/ic ent]prise4 ,z a matt] ( fact1
  h[ev]1 ! s*$ule ( ,! ,m5tor is prep>$ 
= m ?an a ye>  9 advance1 & ! plan is   
work$ out on broad l9es ( g5]al         
education--& n ) ! ?\ght ( m]ely        
reflect+ ! int]e/  ( ! h\r4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,( c\rse1 9 "s matt]s we obs]ve         
timel9ess4 ,our article on  ,abraham    
,l9coln w be publi%$ dur+ ! week 9 :i*  
,l9coln's  bir?day occurs4 ,pr(essor    
,mc,elroy's article on ,george ,wa%+ton 
w  appe> on ,febru>y #bcrd4 ,! advantage
 ( select+ prop] dates =  ^! articles is
 obvi\s4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 we arrange !  
s*$ule  s z to give a j balance (       

subjects1 & we endeavor to foll[ a      
c]ta9 m5tal logic 9 di/ribut+ ! subjects
 ?r\gh ! ye>4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,& n[ we are    
ask$ h[ ! s*$ule is made up4 ,!         
selection (  subjects beg9s ) ! editors4
 ,aft] consid]able /udy a li/ is  made t
 is l>ge en\gh to =m ! basis ( m ?an a  
ye>'s  read+4 ,?is li/ is divid$ into   
dep>tm5ts1 & ! subjects 9  ea* dep>tm5t 
are submitt$ to ! memb] ( our ,editorial
 ,bo>d  :o has t dep>tm5t 9 *>ge4 ,9 a  
numb] ( cases *anges are  made & new    
subjects are sugge/$ by ! memb]s ( !    
,advisory  ,bo>d4 ,n only are ! subjects
 ( ! articles det]m9$ "u _!  sup]vision1
 b ! names ( ! writ]s are (t5 sugge/$ by
 !m1  & 9 _m cases ! illu/rations are   
select$ "u _! direction4  ,! association
 ( ! memb]s ( ! ,advisory ,bo>d ) !     
,editors  ( ,! ,m5tor is close &        
cont9u\s4 ,we give ! read]s ( ,!  ,m5tor
 ! direct b5efits ( ?is association4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,b our answ] w\ld be incomplete if x    

fail$ to include m5tion ( a  mo/ int]e/+
 s\rce ( sugge/ion--! read]s ( ,!       
,m5tor4 ,x is  a great pleasure to say  
?is1 = x is ! be/ evid5ce 9 ! _w  ( !   
cop]ative _s t exi/s 9 ,! ,m5tor        
,association4 ,t  is ! _s we seek4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,we h _h "s ( ! mo/ valuable sugge/ions 
f ,m5tor read]s4  ,only la/ week we     
receiv$ a lett] f an int]e/$ read] :o _h
  be5 foll[+ ! hi/orical articles 9 ,!  
,m5tor4 ,%e want$ to  "k :at we _h 9    
/ore = a lov] ( hi/ory4 ,%e sugge/$ t x 
w\ld be int]e/+ to take up hi/ory f     
sev]al special po9ts (  view--! great   
hi/oric riv]s = example4 ,! idea is     
good4 ,?9k  ( ! hi/oric value & ( !     
human int]e/ 9 ! /ory ( !  ,rh9e2 ! /ory
 ( ! ,nile2 ! /ory ( ! ,danube2 ! /ory (
 !  ,mississippi6 ,! great riv]s ( ! _w 
h borne "s ( ! mo/  important hi/oric   
ev5ts along on _! curr5ts4 ,we are      
plann+ a  set ( articles on ?is subject4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,?is is b "o case 9 :i* a  

read] ( ,! ,m5tor has help$ u4 ,we  c\ld
 cite _m o!rs4 ,& 9 ackn[l$g+ !m we want
 to express  our he>tfelt appreciation (
 ! e>ne/ int]e/ %[n by our read]s  9 ,! 
,m5tor4 ,our mail brims ov] ) x e day4  
,illu/ration3 ,,lady ,,w5twor?1 ,,by    
,,john ,,s+leton ,,copley--,,l5ox       
,,libr>y1  ,n4 ,y4          ,,mak]s ,,( 
,,am]ican ,,art    ,john ,s+leton       
,copley    ,,"o      ,! p>5tage ( ,john 
,s+leton ,copley 0 ,iri%4 ,he 0 born 9  
,am]ica4 ,! mo/ active ye>s ( 8 art c>e]
 7 sp5t 9 ,engl&4  ,ab\t ! "t ( 8 bir? 9
 ,bo/on1 ,july #c1 #agcg1 8 fa!r di$1  &
 ! boy 0 nam$ aft] 8 gr&fa!r on 8 "m's  
side1 ,john  ,s+leton ( ,qu9ville       
,abbey1 ,c\nty ,cl>e4 ,aft] t5 ye>s 8 "m
  m>ri$ ,pet] ,pelham1 a pa9t] &        
mezzot9t engrav]4 ,f him ,copley        
receiv$ in/ruction & enc\ragem5t 9 art4 
,b ,pelham di$ :5  ,copley 0 f\rte51 & !
 boy _h !n to be 8 own ma/]4 ,he 0  liv+
 9 ,bo/on at a "t :5 ,bo/on _h b #ah1jjj
 inhabitants4 ,8  skill 9 pa9t+ ga9$ him
 r5[n ?r\gh-out ! city4 ,he 0 a  h&some1

 brilliant "y man1 dress+ & liv+ 9 /yle1
 & mov+  9 ! be/ society4 ,)9 ! limit$  
range ( ,new ,engl& life he  play$      
some?+ ( ! "p t ,van ,dyck 9 8 "t play$ 
9 !  l>g] _w ( ,holl& & ,engl&4    ,:5  
,copley 0 ?irty-two ye>s old he m>ri$ ! 
daught] ( a  weal?y m]*ant1 ,ri*>d      
,cl>k4 ,8 fa!r-9-law 0 ! ag5t ( !  ,ea/ 
,india ,company1 to :om lat] 0 consign$ 
t hi/oric c>go (  tea :i* 0 flung into  
,bo/on ,h>bor4 ,expect+ tr\ble ) ,engl&1
  "y ,copley1 :o 0 n[ a ?or\ghly        
successful pa9t]1 w5t to ,rome  = a     
ye>'s /ay2 b 9 #agge he took up 8       
resid5ce 9 ,london4 ,he  0 receiv$ 9 a  
k9dly & appreciative way by ! great     
pa9t]1  ,b5jam9 ,we/1 & soon became     
popul> ) ! art lov+ public4  ,aft] two  
ye>s' resid5ce he 0 made an associate   
memb] ( ! ,royal  ,academy4 ,he became a
 full ,academician 9 #aggi1 aft]        
exhibit+ 8  mo/ fam\s picture1 ! 8,dea? 
( ,*a?am40    ,copley's life 0 "o (     
success & happ9ess4 ,= him !re 7 no     
/ruggles1 & no embitt]+ disappo9tm5ts4  

,8 wife 0 beautiful  & attractive1 & !y 
drew ab\t !m1 9 _! home1 a set (        
int]e/+ & di/+ui%$ p4 ,_! h\se on       
,beacon ,hill 0  surr\nd$ by elev5 acres
 ( l&1 :i* he call$ 8,copley's ,f>m10  &
 9 :i* he took great pride &            
satisfaction4 ,! ,revolution>y  ,w> 0   
naturally a matt] ( great conc]n to     
,copley1 liv+ z he 0  among ,engli%     
fri5ds2 b he rema9$ /eadfa/ly loyal to !
 l&  ( 8 bir?1 & rejoic$ at ! issue ( ! 
w>4 ,z ! ,revolution  clos$ ,copley 0   
work+ on ! portrait ( ,elkanah ,watson1 
& 9  ,decemb]1 #aghb1 he & ,watson li/5$
 toge!r to ,k+ ,george's spee*          
recogniz+ ,am]ica's indep5d5ce4 ,9 !    
backgr\nd ( ! ,watson  portrait ,copley 
_h introduc$ a %ip1 & :5 ! two return$  
to  ,copley's h\se aft] he>+ ! k+'s     
spee*1 ! arti/ pa9t$ on  ! %ip's ma/ !  
fir/ ,am]ican flag display$ 9 ,engl&4   
,copley di$ 9 #ahae1 full ( ye>s & (    
honors4 ,8 son became ,"l  ,*ancellor   
,lyndhur/4        ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,!     
,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor      

,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,s]ial  
,no4 #de      ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by  
,,! ,,m5tor ,,association               
,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ ,,reject$1 ,,by    
,,b5jam9 ,,we/--,,p5nsylvania ,,academy 
,,mak]s ,,( ,,am]ican ,,art    ,b5jam9  
,we/    ,,two      ,! c>e] ( ,b5jam9    
,we/ has (t5 be5 cit$ z a triumphant    
demon/ration ( g5ius1 :i* l lightn+1    
/rikes :]e x w  & develops 9 ! mo/      
uncong5ial surr\nd+s4 ,he 0 born 9      
#agch at ,spr+field1 a little           
,p5nsylvania settlem5t1 & 9 8  *ildhood 
he knew ! rigor ( fronti] life4 ,he 0 ! 
y\nge/  *ild ( a l>ge family4 ,:5 six   
ye>s old1 he began to draw )  p5 & ink1 
%[+ ! fir/ signs ( an incl9ation to art4
 ,a ye>  aft]w>d a p>ty ( fri5dly       
,indians1 amaz$ at ! sket*es ( birds  & 
fl[]s t ! boy made1 taught "y ,we/ to   
prep>e ! r$  & yell[ colors ) :i* !y    
pa9t$ _! ornam5ts1 ,mrs4 ,we/  furni%$  
indigo2 h\se cats furni%$ ! fur to make 
bru%es2 &  ) ^! primitive mat]ials ! boy

 ,we/ produc$ "s pa9t+s  t %[$ real     
wor?4 ,z a result a box ( pa9ts 0 s5t to
 him  f ,philadelphia by a relative4 ,8 
delight knew no b\nds1 & a few  days    
lat] he set out to visit 8 relative 9   
,philadelphia1 a ,mr4  ,p5n+ton1 :o     
br\ght him 9 t\* ) ! arti/ ,williams4 ,!
  boy's int]e/ & en?usiasm ab\t art     
impress$ ,williams1 :o ask$  him if he  
_h read any books4 ,f9d+ t "y ,we/'s    
read+ 0  limit$ to ! ,bible1 ! "y arti/ 
l5t him ! works ( ,dufresnoy            
7,doo-frayn-wah7 & ,ri*>dson on pa9t+4  
,^! books gave ! boy  ! idea ( an       
arti/'s c>e]1 & soon aft]w>d 8 skill    
br\ght  him 8 fir/ money4    ,at ! end (
 ,we/'s ,philadelphia /udies ! "q (     
settl+ him  9 "s pr(ession came up1 & z 
a result !re 0 a solemn sc5e  9 ! sob]  
,quak] home ( 8 p>5ts1 ) disc\rses1     
pray]s1 &  f9al d$ication ( ! y\? to    
art4    ,s laun*$1 ,b5jam9 ,we/ left    
home1 & work$ z a portrait pa9t]  fir/ 9
 ,philadelphia & !n 9 ,new ,york4 ,9    
#agfj1 :5 he 0  tw5ty-two1 he w5t to    

,italy = /udy1 & rema9$ !re = ?ree      
ye>s4 ,!n he settl$ 9 ,london1 & success
 came to him rapidly4 ,he  0 soon kn[n z
 "o ( ! lead+ portrait & hi/orical      
pa9t]s  ( ! "t4 ,9 #aggb he 0 appo9t$   
c\rt hi/orical pa9t]4 ,he  became "o ( !
 fir/ memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy2 & lat]
 he _h  conf]r$ ^u him ! f9al cr[n ( art
 di/9ction :51 aft] !  dea? ( ,jo%ua    
,reynolds1 he 0 elect$ presid5t ( !     
academy4    ,b5jam9 ,we/ 9 8 old age 0  
surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( en?usia/ic  &      
tal5t$ "y /ud5ts4 ,wa%+ton ,all/on 0 a  
pupil ( 81  ,copley too1 & _m o!r arti/s
 :o aft]w>d atta9$ _w wide  fame4 ,he   
di$ at ,london 9 #ahbj4        ,,prep>$ 
,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,!     
,,m5tor ,,association      ,,illu/ration
 ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1  
,,s]ial ,no4 #de      ,,copyright1      
#aiac1 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association   
,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,wa%+ton1 ,,by  
,,*>les ,,willson                       
,,peale--,,metropolitan ,,museum1 ,n4   
,y4          ,,mak]s ,,( ,,am]ican ,,art

    ,*>les ,willson ,peale    ,,?ree    
,peale has be5 a well kn[n "n 9 ,am]ican
 art = "o hundr$ &  fifty ye>s4 ,*>les  
,willson ,peale1 :o liv$ f #agda to     
#ahbg1 0  celebrat$ especially = 8      
portraits ( ,wa%+ton & o!r fam\s  m5 ( !
 "t4 ,james ,peale1 8 bro!r1 :o liv$    
dur+ ab\t !  same p]iod1 pa9t$ two      
portraits ( ,wa%+ton1 "o ( :i* is  9    
possession ( ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical    
,society1 & ! o!r 9  ,indep5d5ce ,hall1 
,philadelphia4 ,he also made a numb] (  
l&scapes  & hi/orical pictures4 ,rembr&t
 ,peale1 ! son ( ,*>les ,willson        
,peale1 liv$ f #aggh until #ahfj4 ,he   
too 0 a portrait pa9t]1  & among 8 works
 is an eque/rian portrait ( ,wa%+ton1 n[
  9 ,indep5d5ce ,hall4 ,two bro!rs (    
,rembr&t ,peale 7 arti/s  likewise4     
,s :5 anyone speaks ( ! 8,am]ican pa9t] 
,peale0 "s fur!r  def9ition is ne$$1 &  
:5 a portrait ( ,wa%+ton by ,peale is   
m5tion$ x is important to "k :i* ,peale 
0 ! pa9t]4    ,*>les ,willson ,peale1 ! 
mo/ celebrat$ ( !m all1 0 born 9  ,que5 

,anne ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 9 ,april1 #agda4  
,8 boyhood 0 sp5t  at ,*e/]t[n1 & !n at 
,annapolis1 :]e at ?irte5 ye>s he  0    
appr5tic$ to a saddl]4 ,he 0 tw5ty-?ree 
ye>s old be=e  he began to /udy art4 ,8 
fir/ tea*] 0 a ,sw$i% pa9t]1            
,hessellius4 ,peale's progress 0 rapid4 
,he s\ght out ! ma/]  pa9t]1 ,john      
,s+leton ,copley1 9 ,bo/on1 /udi$ "u him
 =  ?ree ye>s1 !n w5t to ,london &      
became a pupil ( ,b5jam9 ,we/4  ,9 #aggj
 he e/abli%$ himself 9 ,philadelphia1 & 
8 /udio soon  became fam\s4 ,two ye>s   
aft] he rea*$ ,philadelphia he pa9t$  a 
?ree-qu>t]-l5g? picture ( ,wa%+ton 9 !  
uni=m ( a  ,virg9ian milit>y colonel4   
,?is is ! e>lie/ kn[n portrait (  !     
great comm&]4 ,x is n[ 9 ! *apel (      
,wa%+ton & ,lee  ,univ]sity4    ,peale  
pa9t$ a numb] ( pa9t+s ( ,wa%+ton & two 
m9iatures  ( ,mrs4 ,wa%+ton4 ,:5 !      
,revolution broke out ! arti/ turn$     
soldi]1 rais+ a militia company ( :i* he
 0 f9ally made  capta91 &1 z su*1 f\ght 
9 ! battles ( ,tr5ton1 ,pr9ceton1 &     

,g]mant[n4 ,he aft]w>d ent]$ !          
,p5nsylvania ,assembly1 :]e he  0 kn[n z
 "o ( ! fir/ abolitioni/s4 ,he vot$     
aga9/ slav]y1  & fre$ 8 own slaves4     
,belov$ & e/eem$1 ,peale liv$ to be     
eighty-six ye>s old1 enjoy+  a di/9ction
 9 art %>$ only by a few o!r ,am]ican   
pa9t]s4 ,8  "n is id5tifi$ *iefly )     
portraits ( ,wa%+ton4 ,by an odd        
co9cid5ce1 ! mon? & day ( 8 dea? 7 !    
same z t (  ,wa%+ton's bir?4 ,he di$ at 
8 home ne> ,g]mant[n on ,febru>y #bb1   
#ahbg4        ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,!         
,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor      
,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,s]ial  
,no4 #de      ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by  
,,! ,,m5tor ,,association               
,illu/ration3 ,,dolly ,,madison1 ,,by   
,,gilb]t ,,/u>t--,,p5nsylvania ,,academy
          ,,mak]s ,,( ,,am]ican ,,art   
,gilb]t ,/u>t    ,,f\r      ,to _m      
,gilb]t ,/u>t is kn[n z ! 8pa9t] (      
,wa%+ton40 ,we  "k ,wa%+ton today z     
,trumbull & ,/u>t h pa9t$ him1 &  ,/u>t 

has be5 aptly call$ ! 8prime pa9t] to ! 
presid5t40  ,accord+ to an anecdote1    
,/u>t 0 said to reg>d ,wa%+ton z  8 own 
p>ticul> subject1 & valu$ him z any     
workman might a  8pay envelope40 ,:5ev] 
he lack$ 9 income he c\ld always pa9t a 
8,wa%+ton head0 & get 8 price = x4      
,gilb]t ,/u>t 0 born  at ,nor? ,k+/on1  
,rhode ,isl&1 9 ,decemb]1 #agee4 ,he    
/udi$ at  ,newport = a:ile1 !n 9 #agge  
he w5t to ,engl& & /udi$ "u  ,b5jam9    
,we/4 ,f\r ye>s 7 all t ,/u>t ne$$ =    
/udy1 ev5  "u ?is ma/]4 ,he set up 8 own
 /udio 9 ,london1 & f !  beg9n+ f\nd    
success4 ,inde$1 x came to him s quickly
 t ,/u>t  0 tempt$ into outrunn+ x1 & 0 
soon beyond 8 means & 9  f9ancial       
difficulties4    ,9 #aghh ,/u>t f\nd x  
exp$i5t to slip away to ,dubl94 ,:5 !re 
he f\nd success anew1 & rema9$ 9 ,irel& 
= five ye>s4 ,!n  he return$ to ,am]ica1
 entic$ by ! commission to pa9t ,g5]al  
,wa%+ton4 ,exp]i5c$ z he 0 at t "t1     
,/u>t confess$ to  g5u9e emb>rassm5t 9  
fac+ ,wa%+ton = ! fir/ "t4 ,he  said t  

?\gh he _h pa9t$ ,k+ ,george ,,iii & !  
future ,george  ,,iv1 _h pa9t$ ,l\is    
,,xvi & _m o!rs among ! great1 he _h    
nev] be5 disconc]t$ until he f\nd       
himself 9 ! pres5ce ( !  ,am]ican g5]al4
 ,z a result 8 fir/ portrait 0 a        
failure4 ,b  ,wa%+ton sat aga9 = him1 & 
! result 0 ! fam\s head on !  unf9i%$   
canvas1 n[ kn[n z ! 8,a!num0 portrait4  
,! ,/u>t  portraits ( ,wa%+ton are fam\s
 ! _w ov]2 s mu* s t  "s ov]look !      
spl5did "w t ,/u>t has done 9           
portraiture  = o!r celebrat$ m5 (       
,am]ica--,john ,adams1 ,jeff]son1       
,madison1  ,monroe1 & ! re/1 ! li/      
includ+ ne>ly all ! notables ( 8  "t4   
,/u>t 0 m ?an a good te*nical pa9t]4 ,he
 0 a portrait  mak] 9 ! f9e/ s5se4 ,he  
/udi$ "*1 & 8 portraits are  liv+ p4    
,9 8 art "w & 8 associations ,gilb]t    
,/u>t 0 a man ( great  simplicity4 ,8   
habits 7 sometimes a %ock to 8 m        
fa/idi\s  art fri5ds4 ,:5 ,trumbull 9   
#aghj came to ,b5jam9 ,we/1 ! latt]     
ref]r$ him to ,gilb]t ,/u>t = pa9t+     

mat]ials & ca/s to "w  )4 ,he f\nd      
,/u>t1 z he /ates1 8dress$ 9 an old     
black coat )  "o half torn (f ! hip &   
p9n$ up1 look+ m l a begg>  ?an a       
pa9t]40 ,trumbull1 ^: idea ( :at 0 fit =
 an arti/ _h  be5 ga9$ f e/abli%m5ts l  
^? ( ,copley & ,we/ 0 mu*  upset4 ,b he 
soon le>n$ to appreciate ! great pa9t]  
"u !  %abby habit4    ,/u>t is recogniz$
 n only z a lead] 9 ,am]ican art1 b z "o
  ( ! greate/ portrait pa9t]s4 ,8 la/   
ye>s 7 sp5t 9 ,bo/on1  :]e he di$ 9     
,july1 #ahbh4        ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,!  
,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor      
,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,s]ial  
,no4 #de      ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by  
,,! ,,m5tor ,,association               
,illu/ration3 ,,alex&] ,,hamilton1 ,,by 
,,john ,,trumbull--,,metropolitan       
,,museum4 ,n4 ,y4          ,,mak]s ,,(  
,,am]ican ,,art    ,john ,trumbull      
,,five      ,john ,trumbull 0 ! y\nge/ (
 six *ildr5 ( ,jona?an ,trumbull1  :o 0 
once gov]nor ( ,connecticut4 ,to him    

,george ,wa%+ton gave  ! "n ( 8,bro!r   
,jona?an10 a "n t has n[ become a       
national  p]sonification4 ,:e!r ! p     
delib]ately adopt$ ?is "n 9  ord] to    
apply x to our national type is a       
subject ( "s discussion2  b x is a fact 
t ,wa%+ton call$ ,trumbull 8,bro!r      
,jona?an10  & x is a fact t _m          
affectionately employ$ ! t]m !reaft]  z 
a famili> "n = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s its  
orig9 9 ! incid5t  seems probable at    
lea/4    ,john ,trumbull 0 born at      
,lebanon1 ,connecticut1 9 #agef4 ,he 0 a
  sickly *ild1 ) a m9d m active ?an 8   
body1 an infant prodigy  ( le>n+1 :o    
qualifi$ to ent] college at twelve4 ,he 
actually did  ent] ,h>v>d 9 ! middle ( !
 junior ye> at ! age ( fifte54  ,8      
delicate heal? & 8 extreme y\? prev5t$ 8
 mak+ _m  close college fri5ds4 ,he sp5t
 8 sp>e money on ,fr5* lessons1  & 8    
sp>e "t /udy+ pictures 9 ! f9e art books
 t he  c\ld f9d 9 ! college libr>y4 ,:5 
a /ud5t he visit$ ,copley1  & became    
imbu$ ) ! great pa9t]'s ideas ( !       

dignity ( an  arti/'s life4    ,aft]    
graduation 9 #aggc ,trumbull tri$ to    
pa9t ) home-made  mat]ials4 ,8 art      
/udies & exp]im5ts 7 int]rupt$ by !     
op5+ ( ! ,revolution4 ,:5 w> ) ,engl&   
became imm95t  ,trumbull began tra9+ !  
"y m5 ( ! s*ool & village1 &1  aft] !   
battle ( ,lex+ton1 :5 ! fir/ regim5t (  
,connecticut  troops 0 =m$1 he 0 made   
adjutant4 ,aft]w>d he became second     
aide-de-camp to ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 & :5   
,g5]al ,gates took comm&  ( ! nor!rn    
dep>tm5t he appo9t$ ,trumbull adjutant  
g5]al1 )  rank ( colonel1 & 9 t capacity
 he took "p 9 ! un=tunate  exp$ition to 
,albany & ,ticond]oga4 ,he resign$ f !  
army 9 #aghj  & w5t to ,london to /udy  
art "u ,b5jam9 ,we/4 ,!n came ! news  ( 
! arre/ & execution ( ,major ,&r1 :i*   
/irr$ ,engl&1 &  sugge/$ ! arre/ ( ,john
 ,trumbull because he _h be5 an (fic] ( 
simil> rank 9 ! ,am]ican army4 ,he 0    
imprison$ = sev5 mon?s4  ,9 #aghd he 0  
once m /udy+ "u ,we/1 & :5 !re pa9t$  8 
two great pictures1 ! 8,battle ( ,bunk] 

,hill10 & ! 8,dea? (  ,montgom]y40 ,9   
#aghe ,trumbull visit$ ,p>is1 & x 0 :5  
!re t  he began 8 picture :i* is p]haps 
! mo/ fam\s ( all 8 "w1  ! sign+ ( 8,!  
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce40    ,! ye>s  
!reaft] 7 active ones = ,trumbull4 ,he  
produc$ _m  portraits ( celebrat$ m51 & 
_m hi/oric pa9t+s t /ill  hold lead+    
places 9 ! national art ( ,am]ica4    ,9
 #agid ,trumbull act$ z secret>y to     
,john ,jay 9 ,london dur+ !             
negotiations = ! treaty betwe5 ,am]ica &
 ,great ,brita94 ,he 0 a  man ( prom95ce
 9 public life1 a lead] 9 art 9 bo?     
,engl& &  ,am]ica4 ,he 0 presid5t ( !   
,am]ican ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts f  #ahaf 
until #ahbe1 & he di$ 9 ,new ,york1     
,novemb] #aj1 #ahdc4        ,,prep>$    
,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,!     
,,m5tor ,,association      ,,illu/ration
 ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1  
,,s]ial ,no4 #de      ,,copyright1      
#aiac1 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association   
,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,girl1 ,,by     
,,wa%+ton ,,all/on--,,metropolitan      

,,museum1 ,n4 ,y4          ,,mak]s ,,(  
,,am]ican ,,art    ,wa%+ton ,all/on     
,,six      ,! /&>d be>] ( ! gr\p ( "y   
arti/s :o /udi$ "u  ,b5jam9 ,we/ 0      
,wa%+ton ,all/on4 ,al?\gh sev]al ye>s ( 
,all/on's active life 7 sp5t 9 ,engl&1  
he 0 a native ,am]ican1  & 0 born 9 !   
,waccamaw region ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #aggi4
  ,all/on's fa!r m>ri$ twice1 & ! pa9t] 
0 ! son ( !  second wife4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5
 ,all/on 0 only two ye>s old1 &  :5 he 0
 sev5 8 "m m>ri$ ,dr4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,flagg (
 ,newport1 :o  0 *ief ( ! m$ical /aff ( 
,g5]al ,gre5e's army4    ,all/on z a boy
 %[$ unusual ability = draw+1 & he 0    
=tunate 9 f9d+ 9 ,newport two fri5ds to 
assi/ & enc\rage  him4 ,9 p>ticul> !re 0
 a boy nam$ ,malbone1 two ye>s 8 s5ior1 
:o 0 already beg9n+ to pa9t m9iatures1 &
 9 aft] ye>s  became kn[n z ,edw>d ,g4  
,malbone1 a fam\s pa9t] ( portraits4 ,! 
fri5d%ip ) ,malbone _h mu* influ5ce on  
,all/on's nature4 ,!y  rema9$ good      
fri5ds ?r\gh life1 & gave to ea* o!r &  
took  f ea* o!r ! ri*es ( sympa?y &     

und]/&+ t lie 9 an  art k9%ip4    ,at   
college ,all/on %[$ himself a g5u9e boy1
 full ( animal  spirits4 ,he jo9$ 9     
college pranks1 & got ! mo/ t college   
life c\ld give 9 fun & fri5d%ip4 ,he 0 9
 %ort a radiant "y  man1 graceful1      
h&some1 ) blue eyes1 silky black hair1 &
 pale1  cle> complexion4 ,he 0 lik$ &   
honor$ by all 8 fell[ /ud5ts1  cordial  
to all1 yet ) a c]ta9 ari/ocratic       
di/9ction t m>k$  him z "o ( f9] nature4
 ,he lov$ n art alone1 b lit]ature &    
romance4 ,8 v]ses 7 cr$itable1 & br\ght 
him ! honor ( be+  elect$ class poet4   
,he graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #ahjj1 & =     
a:ile /udi$ art 9  ,*>le/[n ) ,malbone4 
,9 #ahja ,all/on w5t to ,london )       
,malbone4  ,he ent]$ ! ,royal ,academy1 
& became a pupil ( ,we/4 ,all/on  admir$
 ,we/ en?usia/ically1 & got f him n only
 in/ruction  b inspiration4 ,f #ahjd    
until #ahji ,all/on 0 a travel] 9       
,europe1  sp5d+ "p ( ! "t 9 ,p>is & "p 9
 ,italy1 & :5 he  return$ to 8 native   
c\ntry 9 #ahji he _h already e/abli%$   

himself among ! pa9t]s ( 8 day4    ,f   
#ahaa until #ahag he liv$ & work$ 9     
,engl&1 & :5 !re he  came to realize 8  
full p[]s4 ,he _h develop$ greatly1 n   
only  9 arti/ic & poetic fields1 b 9    
religi\s convictions4 ,& n  only 9 pa9t+
 b 9 writ+ he %[$ great ability4        
,col]idge1 :o  0 = ye>s a close fri5d1  
pron\nc$ him a lead] 9 ! art &  ?\ght ( 
8 "t4    ,all/on 0 elect$ an associate (
 ! ,royal ,academy 9 #ahai1 aft]  hav+ j
 return$ to ,am]ica4 ,he sp5t ! rema9+  
ye>s ( 8  life 9 ,bo/on & 9 ,cambridge1 
:]e he di$ 9 ,july1 #ahdc4 ,8  pa9t+s   
are to be se5 9 a numb] ( ! prom95t     
gall]ies (  ?is c\ntry & ,engl&4 ,! mo/ 
celebrat$ ( !m are religi\s 9  nature4  
,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,(
 ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association              
,,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4   
#a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,s]ial ,no4 #de          
,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor    
,,association