,the ,mentor1 ,no4 #de1 ,makers of ,american ,art ,,makers ,,of ,,american ,,art ,by ,j4 ,,thomson ,,willing ,illustration3 ,,west ,illustration3 ,,copley ,illustration3 ,,stuart ,,the ,,mentor ,,serial ,,no4 #de ,,department ,,of ,,fine ,,arts ,illustration ,,mentor ,,gravures ,,lady ,,wentworth ,by ,john ,singleton ,copley--#agcg-ahae ,,christ ,,rejected ,by ,benjamin ,west--#agch-ahbj ,,george ,,washington ,by ,charles ,willson ,peale--#agda-ahbg ,,alexander ,,hamilton ,by ,john ,trumbull--#agef-ahdc ,,dolly ,,madison ,by ,gilbert ,stuart--#agee-ahbh ,a ,,spanish ,,girl ,by ,washington ,allston--#aggi-ahdc ,early art in ,america was distinctly commercial1 in that it conformed to the law of demand and supply4 ,in those prephotographic days records were desired of the appearance of people who were gradually coming into an easier mode of living than their ancestors1 the hardy pioneers1 had been able to acquire4 ,the ,colonial official1 the landowner1 the merchant1 all wished to emulate in little the great folk of the ,old ,world1 and have family portraits4 ,the craftsmen to supply the demand were few1 and the quality of their art far from fine4 ,the ,colonial period was barren of good production4 ,it is marvelous that in this pictorially uncultured time1 without the stimulus of good examples to be seen and of fellow strivers to instruct1 such wonderfully good workers in art should arise as ,copley in ,boston and ,west in ,pennsylvania1 and a little later ,malbone in ,newport1 who in miniature work outclassed anyone then working4 ,after study in ,europe these men's work was broader and better2 but yet much of their early work indicates their caliber4 ,,early ,,american ,,portraits ,illustration3 ,,mr4 and ,,mrs4 ,,izard 7,alice ,de,lancey7 ,by ,copley1 in ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts4 ,after the proclamation of peace the people were more prosperous and the portrait market was good4 ,not only family portraits were wanted1 but portraits of political heroes4 ,the commercial artist was there to take orders and deliver the goods4 ,the goods he delivered were of a very high grade of workmanship4 ,after the individual portrayal came the order for the historical picture1 the celebration of the dramatic moment and the great event4 ,further than these two classes of pictures the earliest art did not go4 ,the life of the day in all its human aspects of picturesqueness was ignored4 ,the genre picture did not come until about the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams ,by ,copley1 in ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts4 ,in ,england1 ,benjamin ,west1 who had gone there about his twenty-fifth year1 was painting biblical and mythological subjects1 inspired by his stay in ,italy2 for ,italy was yet the field for art inspiration4 ,he received extended patronage from ,king ,george1 and succeeded ,reynolds as president of the ,royal ,academy4 8,christ ,healing the ,sick10 in the ,philadelphia ,hospital1 and the 8,death on the ,pale ,horse10 in the ,pennsylvania ,academy1 are two of his best known works in ,america4 ,the latter is an immense canvas1 melodramatic in character1 and carrying no direct message to modern observers4 ,west seems to have wished to impress by size and industry4 ,in regard to color he always remained a ,quaker4 ,,the ,,generosity ,,of ,,west ,perhaps ,west's best contribution to the art development of ,america was the splendid generosity of his welcome to his young compatriots when they came to ,london to study4 ,his was the hand that gave them greeting1 his the studio and the home that were at their service1 and his the mind that directed their work4 ,to him came ,matthew ,pratt of ,philadelphia1 though his senior1 and stayed four years1 returning then to his native place and carrying on his profession there4 ,the ,peales1 father and son1 were indebted to him for their training4 ,dunlap and ,trumbull and ,stuart all studied under his tutelage4 ,allston sat at his feet as a devout disciple1 becoming a veritable legatee of his mode of thought and of his manner4 ,this manner was evolved from a contemplation of grand subjects1 allegorical1 religious1 mythical1 and historical4 ,neither he nor ,west was an observer of the life of their day2 though ,west did a radical thing1 a great service to natural art1 when he painted the ,death of ,wolfe with all the figures therein clad in the regimentals they then wore1 and not in classic garb1 as historic happenings had hitherto been painted4 ,his work had little beauty of color1 little atmosphere1 and no spontaneity4 ,it has not held its appreciation as have other more natural paintings of that time4 ,to ,boston1 in #agbe1 had come ,john ,smybert1 from ,london1 a protg of ,bishop ,berkeley4 ,he there painted many portraits until his death in #agea2 though his work had little merit4 ,he was the forerunner of ,copley1 the first able native artist4 ,,the ,,distinction ,,of ,,copley ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,daniel ,,denison ,,rogers ,by ,copley4 ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,ford ,by ,copley1 in ,hartford ,athenum4 ,in his youth ,copley had the slight advantage of some instruction from his stepfather1 ,peter ,pelham1 the engraver2 but early acquired a style of his own4 ,his technic was not very fluent2 but his design was good1 his drawing remarkably true1 and his characterization unusual4 ,a dignified formality pervaded his canvases1 as befitted the sitters of his native ,boston4 ,it is said that a ,copley portrait in a ,new ,england family is a certificate of aristocracy and social standing4 ,he painted textures well1 though somewhat laboriously4 8,large ruffles1 heavy silks1 silver buckles1 gold-embroidered vests1 and powdered wigs are blent in our imagination with the memory of patriot zeal and matronly influence10 writes ,tuckerman4 ,but those adjuncts to the personality would not be so associated with the patrician ,colonials had not ,copley rendered them so well4 ,none of the early painters so accurately gave the spirit of their time as he4 ,as we can glean from ,lely's portraits of the beauties of the ,carolean ,court the free and easy manners that were its atmosphere1 so from ,copley's portraits we get the moral atmosphere of that ,colonial time1 with the reserve and self-respect of its men and the virtue and propriety of its women4 ,he did not go abroad until he was thirty-seven years old4 ,in ,england he was well received1 and had many commissions4 ,he was made an ,a4 ,r4 ,a4 in #aggg1 and a full academician in #aggi4 ,shortly after this he was commissioned to paint 8,the ,siege of ,gibraltar40 ,his son1 ,baron ,lyndhurst1 became lord chancellor1 and collected many of his father's works4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,american ,,academy ,by ,matthew ,pratt1 in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,peales1 ,a ,,family ,,of ,,painters ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,west ,by ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 the ,english portrait painter4 ,charles ,willson ,peale's fame is almost wholly derived from his portraits of ,washington1 of which he painted fourteen from life1 extending in time from #aggb to #agie4 ,his earliest shows ,washington in the uniform of a ,british ,colonial colonel1 and is now in the possession of ,washington and ,lee ,university4 ,washington is known to have sat forty-four times to various painters4 ,based on these comparatively few sittings have been more portrayals on canvas than have been accorded to any man in history1 with the possible exception of ,napoleon4 ,a collection of engraved portraits of him has been made which included over four thousand plates4 ,rembrandt ,peale1 a son of ,charles ,willson ,peale1 contributed a cumulative fame to the name1 as he also painted ,washington1 as well as ,jefferson1 ,dolly ,madison1 and other political and social leaders4 ,he1 as well as his father and his uncle1 ,james ,peale1 all worked at times in miniature4 ,in the work of father and son there was little merit1 little invention1 but a creditable craftsmanship4 ,they recorded the appearance of the people of their day with uninspired fluency4 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,lear ,by ,benjamin ,west1 in ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,trumbull ,john ,trumbull's standing1 like ,peale's1 is attained largely on his renderings of ,washington4 ,he had much opportunity for observing the general1 and this contributed much to the accuracy of his compositions1 but little to the fineness of his art4 ,he is fortunate in having many of his works gathered together in the ,yale ,school of ,fine ,arts2 for in the aggregation they are impressive1 as being a dignified and graphic presentment of the important events of the ,revolutionary period4 ,these canvases are not large4 ,indeed1 much of his work was in the nature of miniatures in oil4 ,he made many careful studies from life of those persons he introduced into his historical compositions4 ,his picture of the signing of the ,declaration of ,independence was painted in #agia1 when most of the signers were yet living1 and from all of these he obtained sittings4 ,claim has been made that he was the greatest of the early painters in ,america4 ,he was1 in the sense of having made the truest record4 ,but in the sense of being the best according to our latterday conception of art1 as being something other than a labored and literal rendering of a fact1 he was inferior to both ,copley and ,stuart4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,w4 ,,peale ,portrait by the painter1 in the ,pennsylvania ,academy4 ,,gilbert ,,stuart1 ,,master ,,in ,,portraiture ,in ,gilbert ,stuart we had the most valuable art worker4 ,his portraits1 while good records1 had also beauty and charm4 ,his color was fresh and brilliant4 ,he gave his subjects poise and personality4 ,his pictures were vital4 ,he had not the faculty for design and composition to the extent of the great ,englishmen1 ,reynolds and ,gainsborough2 but he had a technic that was not inferior4 ,fortunate has been the nation that has known its heroic founders through the medium of ,stuart's picturing4 ,indeed1 much of our modern regard for those heroes has been engendered by these dignified yet very human presentments4 ,of ,philadelphia families he was the true historian1 and of ,boston society he was the splendid chronicler that outshone its own ,copley4 ,in ,england1 after studying with ,west1 he ranked high for several years in that1 the greatest period of ,english art4 ,he returned to ,america in #agib1 and after spending two years in ,new ,york went to ,philadelphia to paint ,washington4 ,apart from the several celebrated pictures of the first president1 his best work was done in the decade in which he resided in that city4 ,it has been the policy of the ,pennsylvania ,academy of ,fine ,arts to acquire as many of these works as possible4 ,more than a score are now in its possession1 including portraits of ,presidents ,monroe and ,madison1 and the famous ,dolly ,madison canvas4 ,stuart painted as many as three sets of the first five presidents1 one of which was destroyed by fire in ,washington4 ,one set is now privately owned in ,boston4 ,what is known as the ,lansdowne portrait is in the ,philadelphia gallery4 ,in design and general impressiveness1 though not in features1 it is one of the most satisfactory of all the presidential picturings4 ,the ,gibbs-,channing portrait1 now in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 is the finest in facial modeling4 ,stuart made many replicas of the few ,washingtons he painted from life--especially was this so of the ,athenum head4 ,much controversy has arisen as to which of the many ,washington portraits is the most accurate4 ,the fact of the absolute dimensions of any feature is of little moment to later generations4 ,what is of greatest moment is the poise1 the nobility1 the grandeur1 the serenity1 the faith1 the wisdom1 the ,homeric mold1 of the man1 and these a grateful people has come to think were intimated more fully by ,stuart than by any of the other portrayers4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,taking ,,leave ,,of ,,his ,,generals ,by ,trumbull1 in the ,yale ,school of ,fine ,arts4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,trumbull ,painted by himself4 ,,stuart',s ,,portraits ,,of ,,women ,stuart is quoted as saying 8,houdon's bust is the best1 and after that1 my portrait40 ,we can well be content to accept these as the two ideal renderings4 ,it has been claimed that he was not very successful in portraying female beauty4 ,this is a contention that is hard to controvert4 ,he did not prettify his sitters in the way ,lawrence did2 but he surely made them humanly lovely4 ,rebecca ,smith1 ,anne ,bingham1 ,frances ,cadwalader1 ,elizabeth ,bordley1 and ,sallie ,mc,kean1 all reputedly handsome in the written testimony of that period1 have certainly not suffered in that repute by ,stuart's painting of them4 ,and ,betsy ,patterson1 she of the wilful temperament and romantic career1 who married the brother of an emperor1 lives for all time as a beauty because of the ability of ,stuart4 ,of this handsome woman a contemporary writes1 8,mme4 ,jerome ,bonaparte is a model of fashion1 and many of our belles strive to imitate her2 but without equal clat1 as ,madame has certainly the most beautiful back and shoulders that ever were seen10 and again1 8,to her mental gifts were added the beauty of a ,greek1 yet glowing1 type1 which not even the pencil of ,stuart adequately portrayed in the exquisite portrait that he wished might be buried with him3 not yet on his other canvas which1 with its dainty head in triple pose of loveliness1 still smiles in unfading witchery40 ,whether or no he painted her as lovely as life1 he produced a canvas that has great individuality and charm4 ,illustration3 ,,elizabeth ,,beale ,,bordley ,,mrs4 ,,wm4 ,,jackson ,,frances ,,cadwalader ,women's portraits by ,stuart4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,gibbs-,,channing ,,portrait ,,of ,,washington ,by ,stuart1 in ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,culture ,,of ,,allston ,washington ,allston had a great reputation in his day2 but his product was inconsiderable and not of a quality to justify the standing he then had4 ,he had greater culture and a finer intellectuality than perhaps any other artist in the ,united ,states in its first century4 ,his was a sensitive nature4 ,he lived in the spirit4 ,for the high1 the lovely1 the perfect1 he strove all his days4 ,yet that high ideality and that earnest striving had little effect on the art of his time4 ,he was honored by his literary contemporaries2 but his work was not emulated to any extent by his fellow artists4 ,his work was an intellectual expression4 ,its tradition was continued by ,thomas ,cole1 who painted landscape as an allegorical message4 ,allston was born near ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 spent his youth at ,newport1 where he became intimate with ,malbone1 and after graduating from ,harvard went abroad to study4 ,the ,italians attracted him2 but he found his way to ,london1 where he associated with ,coleridge and other literary celebrities4 ,he was made an ,a4 ,r4 ,a42 but returned soon thereafter to ,boston1 working there from #ahah to his death in #ahdc4 ,he laid much stress on his technical processes in painting4 ,his pictures had none of the spontaneous quality of his sketches and studies4 ,his was an art totally at variance with the mode of the present day4 ,we feel in ,copley's canvases a very modern quality1 and in most of ,stuart's1 but not in ,allston's4 ,illustration3 ,,elizabeth ,,patterson1 ,,mme4 ,,jerome ,,bonaparte ,by ,stuart4 ,,vanderlyn ,,and ,,sully ,a more modern man1 though not so celebrated1 was ,john ,vanderlyn1 a native of ,kingston1 ,new ,york1 who spent many years in ,paris4 ,he had aspiration after beauty for its own sake4 ,his ,ariadne1 owned by the ,pennsylvania ,academy1 was really the first important nude painted here4 ,such subjects in those days caused much protest4 ,this artist's life was a stern struggle against adverse conditions2 though he greatly deserved success4 ,in the rotunda of the ,capitol at ,washington is his ,landing of ,columbus1 a work that does not well represent his ability4 ,his portrait work carried through the traditions of the ,revolutionary days to that period of the early half of the nineteenth century when ,thomas ,sully and ,henry ,inman were the leaders4 ,the latter was born in ,utica in #ahja1 and lived but forty-five years4 ,his work was uneven1 but at its best1 as in the ,henry ,pratt portrait in the ,pennsylvania ,academy1 is comparable to ,raeburn4 ,he painted ,wordsworth1 ,macaulay1 ,dr4 ,chalmers1 and other men of mark in ,england1 on commissions from their ,american admirers4 ,though ,sully was a pupil of ,stuart1 he entirely lacked the master's authority of manner4 ,his was a timid technic1 without freshness of color or firm characterization4 ,his life was a long and successful one1 spent chiefly in ,philadelphia1 and he had many celebrities as sitters1--,queen ,victoria1 ,fanny ,kemble1 and ,general ,jackson are among his best known canvases4 ,of the work of ,sully the ,pennsylvania ,academy has1 besides several portraits of the artist himself1 a large number of his canvases4 ,this policy of the chief galleries of ,boston1 ,new ,york1 and ,philadelphia1 of acquiring works of the several worthy artists of the older time1 has become a more difficult one to follow as the years go on1 and the ancestral portrait1 the family heirloom1 becomes precious beyond price4 ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,american ,,miniature ,,painting ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,allston ,miniature by ,malbone1 ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts4 ,illustration3 ,,dead ,,man ,,restored ,,to ,,life ,,by ,,touching ,,bones ,,of ,,prophet ,,elisha ,by ,allston1 ,pennsylvania ,academy4 ,treasured with even greater reverence is the old time miniature4 ,there was no production of this form of art in the ,colonial days1 but its practice developed after the ,revolution1 and had its chief exponent in ,malbone1 who1 though living but from #aggg to #ahjg1 is to this day one of the very best artists of the portrait in little4 ,excellent draftsmanship as well as good coloring gave his work a structural firmness unusual even in ,cosway's productions4 ,his best known picture was an imaginative composition entitled 8,the ,hours10 which is now in the ,athenum at ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,through his friendship with ,allston1 ,malbone accompanied him to ,charleston in #ahjj1 and there painted miniatures of prominent ,south ,carolinians1 including ,mrs4 ,ralph ,izard1 the beautiful ,alice ,delancey1 who had been previously pictured by both ,copley and ,gainsborough4 ,other beautiful women he painted were ,rachel and ,rebecca ,gratz of ,philadelphia1 the latter being the inspiration for ,rebecca in ,sir ,walter ,scott's 8,ivanhoe40 ,allston wrote of ,malbone1 8,he had the happy talent of elevating the character without impairing the likeness4 ,this was remarkable in his male heads1 and no woman ever lost beauty under his hand40 ,in ,charleston at that time was ,charles ,fraser1 a miniaturist of much ability1 whose work is now sought by collectors4 ,as the nineteenth century progressed the portrait gradually lost its preminence1 and the landscape1 the story telling picture subject1 and later the composition painted for its own sake became the chief expressions of the ,american artist4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,vanderlyn ,painted by himself1 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,edward ,g4 ,,malbone ,,supplementary ,,reading ,,art ,,in ,,america ,by ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,benjamin4 #ahhj--;,harper ,bros41 ,new ,york4 ,,american ,,painting ,by ,samuel ,isham4 ,the ,macmillan ,co4--#aiaj4 ,the most complete and modern work on the subject4 ,,artist ,,life ,by ,henry ,t4 ,tuckerman4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4--#ahdg4 ,not so much biographical as laudatory estimates4 ,,portraits ,,of ,,washington ,by ,elizabeth ,bryant ,johnston4 ,a most complete work of reference4 ,,heirlooms ,,in ,,miniatures ,by ,anne ,hollingsworth ,wharton4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company4--#ahih4 ,the standard work on the subject of ,american ,miniature ,art4 ,,life ,,of ,,benjamin ,,west ,by ,john ,galt4 ,published shortly after the death of the artist and long out of print4 ,,the ,,domestic ,,and ,,artistic ,,life ,,of ,,john ,,singleton ,,copley1 ,r4 ,a4 ,by ,m4 ,b4 ,amory4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 ,boston--#ahhb4 ,the standard work on ,copley4 ,difficult to procure4 ,,life ,,and ,,works ,,of ,,gilbert ,,stuart ,by ,george ,c4 ,mason4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons--#ahgi4 ,an elaborate work now out of print4 ,,life ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,washington ,,allston ,by ,jared ,b4 ,flagg4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons--#aijb4 ,interesting from a literary standpoint4 ,,life ,,portraits ,,of ,,george ,,washington ,by ,charles ,henry ,hart4 ,mc,clure's ,magazine--,february1 #ahig4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,issued ,,semi-,,monthly ,,by ,the ,mentor ,association1 ,inc4 #cha ,fourth ,ave41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,volume #a ,number #de ,,annual ,,subscription4 ,,four ,,dollars4 ,,single ,,copies ,,twenty ,,cents4 ,,foreign ,,postage1 ,,seventy-,,five ,,cents ,,extra4 ,,canadian ,,postage1 ,,fifty ,,cents ,,extra4 ,,entered ,,at ,,the ,,post ,,office ,,at ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,,as ,,second-,,class ,,matter4 ,,copyright1 #aiac4 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,,president1 ,,thomas ,h4 ,,beck2 ,,vice-,,president1 ,,walter ,p4 ,,ten ,,eyck2 ,,secretary4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,moffat2 ,,treasurer1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,campbell2 ,,asst4 ,,treasurer ,,and ,,asst4 ,,secretary1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,crowe4 ,editorial ,we have been asked more than once how the schedule of ,the ,mentor is planned and how our subjects are selected4 ,the question is a good one1 for in the answer is to be found the basic idea on which ,the ,mentor plan is established4 ,if the schedules were prepared hastily and without due thought1 and if the subjects were selected solely with consideration to the interest of the passing moment1 ,the ,mentor plan would have no more claim upon thoughtful and intelligent people than the most ephemeral journalistic enterprise4 ,as a matter of fact1 however1 the schedule of ,the ,mentor is prepared for more than a year in advance1 and the plan is worked out on broad lines of general education--and not with the thought of merely reflecting the interest of the hour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of course1 in some matters we observe timeliness4 ,our article on ,abraham ,lincoln will be published during the week in which ,lincoln's birthday occurs4 ,professor ,mc,elroy's article on ,george ,washington will appear on ,february #bcrd4 ,the advantage of selecting proper dates for these articles is obvious4 ,in general1 however1 we arrange the schedule so as to give a just balance of subjects1 and we endeavor to follow a certain mental logic in distributing the subjects through the year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and now we are asked how the schedule is made up4 ,the selection of subjects begins with the editors4 ,after considerable study a list is made that is large enough to form the basis of more than a year's reading4 ,this list is divided into departments1 and the subjects in each department are submitted to the member of our ,editorial ,board who has that department in charge4 ,in a number of cases changes are made and new subjects are suggested by the members of the ,advisory ,board4 ,not only are the subjects of the articles determined under their supervision1 but the names of the writers are often suggested by them1 and in many cases the illustrations are selected under their direction4 ,the association of the members of the ,advisory ,board with the ,editors of ,the ,mentor is close and continuous4 ,we give the readers of ,the ,mentor the direct benefits of this association4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but our answer would be incomplete if it failed to include mention of a most interesting source of suggestion--the readers of ,the ,mentor4 ,it is a great pleasure to say this1 for it is the best evidence in the world of the coperative spirit that exists in ,the ,mentor ,association4 ,that is the spirit we seek4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have had some of the most valuable suggestions from ,mentor readers4 ,only last week we received a letter from an interested reader who had been following the historical articles in ,the ,mentor4 ,she wanted to know what we had in store for a lover of history4 ,she suggested that it would be interesting to take up history from several special points of view--the great historic rivers for example4 ,the idea is good4 ,think of the historic value and of the human interest in the story of the ,rhine2 the story of the ,nile2 the story of the ,danube2 the story of the ,mississippi6 ,the great rivers of the world have borne some of the most important historic events along on their currents4 ,we are planning a set of articles on this subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is but one case in which a reader of ,the ,mentor has helped us4 ,we could cite many others4 ,and in acknowledging them we want to express our heartfelt appreciation of the earnest interest shown by our readers in ,the ,mentor4 ,our mail brims over with it every day4 ,illustration3 ,,lady ,,wentworth1 ,,by ,,john ,,singleton ,,copley--,,lenox ,,library1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,makers ,,of ,,american ,,art ,john ,singleton ,copley ,,one ,the parentage of ,john ,singleton ,copley was ,irish4 ,he was born in ,america4 ,the most active years of his art career were spent in ,england4 ,about the time of his birth in ,boston1 ,july #c1 #agcg1 his father died1 and the boy was named after his grandfather on his mother's side1 ,john ,singleton of ,quinville ,abbey1 ,county ,clare4 ,after ten years his mother married ,peter ,pelham1 a painter and mezzotint engraver4 ,from him ,copley received instruction and encouragement in art4 ,but ,pelham died when ,copley was fourteen1 and the boy had then to be his own master4 ,he was living in ,boston at a time when ,boston had but #ah1jjj inhabitants4 ,his skill in painting gained him renown through-out the city4 ,he was a handsome1 brilliant young man1 dressing and living in style1 and moving in the best society4 ,within the limited range of ,new ,england life he played something of the part that ,van ,dyck in his time played in the larger world of ,holland and ,england4 ,when ,copley was thirty-two years old he married the daughter of a wealthy merchant1 ,richard ,clark4 ,his father-in-law was the agent of the ,east ,india ,company1 to whom later was consigned that historic cargo of tea which was flung into ,boston ,harbor4 ,expecting trouble with ,england1 young ,copley1 who was now a thoroughly successful painter1 went to ,rome for a year's stay2 but in #agge he took up his residence in ,london4 ,he was received in a kindly and appreciative way by the great painter1 ,benjamin ,west1 and soon became popular with the art loving public4 ,after two years' residence he was made an associate member of the ,royal ,academy4 ,he became a full ,academician in #aggi1 after exhibiting his most famous picture1 the 8,death of ,chatham40 ,copley's life was one of success and happiness4 ,for him there were no struggles1 and no embittering disappointments4 ,his wife was beautiful and attractive1 and they drew about them1 in their home1 a set of interesting and distinguished people4 ,their house on ,beacon ,hill was surrounded by eleven acres of land1 which he called 8,copley's ,farm10 and in which he took great pride and satisfaction4 ,the ,revolutionary ,war was naturally a matter of great concern to ,copley1 living as he was among ,english friends2 but he remained steadfastly loyal to the land of his birth1 and rejoiced at the issue of the war4 ,as the ,revolution closed ,copley was working on the portrait of ,elkanah ,watson1 and in ,december1 #aghb1 he and ,watson listened together to ,king ,george's speech recognizing ,america's independence4 ,in the background of the ,watson portrait ,copley had introduced a ship1 and when the two returned to ,copley's house after hearing the king's speech1 the artist painted on the ship's mast the first ,american flag displayed in ,england4 ,copley died in #ahae1 full of years and of honors4 ,his son became ,lord ,chancellor ,lyndhurst4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,serial ,no4 #de ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,illustration3 ,,christ ,,rejected1 ,,by ,,benjamin ,,west--,,pennsylvania ,,academy ,,makers ,,of ,,american ,,art ,benjamin ,west ,,two ,the career of ,benjamin ,west has often been cited as a triumphant demonstration of genius1 which like lightning1 strikes where it will and develops in the most uncongenial surroundings4 ,he was born in #agch at ,springfield1 a little ,pennsylvania settlement1 and in his childhood he knew the rigor of frontier life4 ,he was the youngest child of a large family4 ,when six years old1 he began to draw with pen and ink1 showing the first signs of an inclination to art4 ,a year afterward a party of friendly ,indians1 amazed at the sketches of birds and flowers that the boy made1 taught young ,west to prepare the red and yellow colors with which they painted their ornaments1 ,mrs4 ,west furnished indigo2 house cats furnished the fur to make brushes2 and with these primitive materials the boy ,west produced some paintings that showed real worth4 ,as a result a box of paints was sent to him from ,philadelphia by a relative4 ,his delight knew no bounds1 and a few days later he set out to visit his relative in ,philadelphia1 a ,mr4 ,pennington1 who brought him in touch with the artist ,williams4 ,the boy's interest and enthusiasm about art impressed ,williams1 who asked him if he had read any books4 ,finding that young ,west's reading was limited to the ,bible1 the young artist lent him the works of ,dufresnoy 7,doo-frayn-wah7 and ,richardson on painting4 ,these books gave the boy the idea of an artist's career1 and soon afterward his skill brought him his first money4 ,at the end of ,west's ,philadelphia studies the question of settling him in some profession came up1 and as a result there was a solemn scene in the sober ,quaker home of his parents1 with discourses1 prayers1 and final dedication of the youth to art4 ,so launched1 ,benjamin ,west left home1 and worked as a portrait painter first in ,philadelphia and then in ,new ,york4 ,in #agfj1 when he was twenty-two1 he went to ,italy for study1 and remained there for three years4 ,then he settled in ,london1 and success came to him rapidly4 ,he was soon known as one of the leading portrait and historical painters of the time4 ,in #aggb he was appointed court historical painter4 ,he became one of the first members of the ,royal ,academy2 and later he had conferred upon him the final crown of art distinction when1 after the death of ,joshua ,reynolds1 he was elected president of the academy4 ,benjamin ,west in his old age was surrounded by a group of enthusiastic and talented young students4 ,washington ,allston was a pupil of his1 ,copley too1 and many other artists who afterward attained world wide fame4 ,he died at ,london in #ahbj4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,serial ,no4 #de ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,illustration3 ,,george ,,washington1 ,,by ,,charles ,,willson ,,peale--,,metropolitan ,,museum1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,makers ,,of ,,american ,,art ,charles ,willson ,peale ,,three ,peale has been a well known name in ,american art for one hundred and fifty years4 ,charles ,willson ,peale1 who lived from #agda to #ahbg1 was celebrated especially for his portraits of ,washington and other famous men of the time4 ,james ,peale1 his brother1 who lived during about the same period1 painted two portraits of ,washington1 one of which is in possession of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 and the other in ,independence ,hall1 ,philadelphia4 ,he also made a number of landscapes and historical pictures4 ,rembrandt ,peale1 the son of ,charles ,willson ,peale1 lived from #aggh until #ahfj4 ,he too was a portrait painter1 and among his works is an equestrian portrait of ,washington1 now in ,independence ,hall4 ,two brothers of ,rembrandt ,peale were artists likewise4 ,so when anyone speaks of the 8,american painter ,peale0 some further definition is needed1 and when a portrait of ,washington by ,peale is mentioned it is important to know which ,peale was the painter4 ,charles ,willson ,peale1 the most celebrated of them all1 was born in ,queen ,anne ,county1 ,maryland1 in ,april1 #agda4 ,his boyhood was spent at ,chestertown1 and then at ,annapolis1 where at thirteen years he was apprenticed to a saddler4 ,he was twenty-three years old before he began to study art4 ,his first teacher was a ,swedish painter1 ,hessellius4 ,peale's progress was rapid4 ,he sought out the master painter1 ,john ,singleton ,copley1 in ,boston1 studied under him for three years1 then went to ,london and became a pupil of ,benjamin ,west4 ,in #aggj he established himself in ,philadelphia1 and his studio soon became famous4 ,two years after he reached ,philadelphia he painted a three-quarter-length picture of ,washington in the uniform of a ,virginian military colonel4 ,this is the earliest known portrait of the great commander4 ,it is now in the chapel of ,washington and ,lee ,university4 ,peale painted a number of paintings of ,washington and two miniatures of ,mrs4 ,washington4 ,when the ,revolution broke out the artist turned soldier1 raising a militia company of which he was finally made captain1 and1 as such1 fought in the battles of ,trenton1 ,princeton1 and ,germantown4 ,he afterward entered the ,pennsylvania ,assembly1 where he was known as one of the first abolitionists4 ,he voted against slavery1 and freed his own slaves4 ,beloved and esteemed1 ,peale lived to be eighty-six years old1 enjoying a distinction in art shared only by a few other ,american painters4 ,his name is identified chiefly with portraits of ,washington4 ,by an odd coincidence1 the month and day of his death were the same as that of ,washington's birth4 ,he died at his home near ,germantown on ,february #bb1 #ahbg4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,serial ,no4 #de ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,illustration3 ,,dolly ,,madison1 ,,by ,,gilbert ,,stuart--,,pennsylvania ,,academy ,,makers ,,of ,,american ,,art ,gilbert ,stuart ,,four ,to many ,gilbert ,stuart is known as the 8painter of ,washington40 ,we know ,washington today as ,trumbull and ,stuart have painted him1 and ,stuart has been aptly called the 8prime painter to the president40 ,according to an anecdote1 ,stuart was said to regard ,washington as his own particular subject1 and valued him as any workman might a 8pay envelope40 ,whenever he lacked in income he could always paint a 8,washington head0 and get his price for it4 ,gilbert ,stuart was born at ,north ,kingston1 ,rhode ,island1 in ,december1 #agee4 ,he studied at ,newport for awhile1 then in #agge he went to ,england and studied under ,benjamin ,west4 ,four years were all that ,stuart needed for study1 even under this master4 ,he set up his own studio in ,london1 and from the beginning found success4 ,indeed1 it came to him so quickly that ,stuart was tempted into outrunning it1 and was soon beyond his means and in financial difficulties4 ,in #aghh ,stuart found it expedient to slip away to ,dublin4 ,when there he found success anew1 and remained in ,ireland for five years4 ,then he returned to ,america1 enticed by the commission to paint ,general ,washington4 ,experienced as he was at that time1 ,stuart confessed to genuine embarrassment in facing ,washington for the first time4 ,he said that though he had painted ,king ,george ,,iii and the future ,george ,,iv1 had painted ,louis ,,xvi and many others among the great1 he had never been disconcerted until he found himself in the presence of the ,american general4 ,as a result his first portrait was a failure4 ,but ,washington sat again for him1 and the result was the famous head on the unfinished canvas1 now known as the 8,athenum0 portrait4 ,the ,stuart portraits of ,washington are famous the world over2 so much so that some overlook the splendid work that ,stuart has done in portraiture for other celebrated men of ,america--,john ,adams1 ,jefferson1 ,madison1 ,monroe1 and the rest1 the list including nearly all the notables of his time4 ,stuart was more than a good technical painter4 ,he was a portrait maker in the finest sense4 ,he studied character1 and his portraits are living people4 ,in his art work and his associations ,gilbert ,stuart was a man of great simplicity4 ,his habits were sometimes a shock to his more fastidious art friends4 ,when ,trumbull in #aghj came to ,benjamin ,west1 the latter referred him to ,gilbert ,stuart for painting materials and casts to work with4 ,he found ,stuart1 as he states1 8dressed in an old black coat with one half torn off the hip and pinned up1 looking more like a beggar than a painter40 ,trumbull1 whose idea of what was fit for an artist had been gained from establishments like those of ,copley and ,west was much upset4 ,but he soon learned to appreciate the great painter under the shabby habit4 ,stuart is recognized not only as a leader in ,american art1 but as one of the greatest portrait painters4 ,his last years were spent in ,boston1 where he died in ,july1 #ahbh4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,serial ,no4 #de ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,illustration3 ,,alexander ,,hamilton1 ,,by ,,john ,,trumbull--,,metropolitan ,,museum4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,makers ,,of ,,american ,,art ,john ,trumbull ,,five ,john ,trumbull was the youngest of six children of ,jonathan ,trumbull1 who was once governor of ,connecticut4 ,to him ,george ,washington gave the name of 8,brother ,jonathan10 a name that has now become a national personification4 ,whether the people deliberately adopted this name in order to apply it to our national type is a subject of some discussion2 but it is a fact that ,washington called ,trumbull 8,brother ,jonathan10 and it is a fact that many affectionately employed the term thereafter as a familiar name for the ,united ,states4 ,so its origin in the incident seems probable at least4 ,john ,trumbull was born at ,lebanon1 ,connecticut1 in #agef4 ,he was a sickly child1 with a mind more active than his body1 an infant prodigy of learning1 who qualified to enter college at twelve4 ,he actually did enter ,harvard in the middle of the junior year at the age of fifteen4 ,his delicate health and his extreme youth prevented his making many close college friends4 ,he spent his spare money on ,french lessons1 and his spare time studying pictures in the fine art books that he could find in the college library4 ,when a student he visited ,copley1 and became imbued with the great painter's ideas of the dignity of an artist's life4 ,after graduation in #aggc ,trumbull tried to paint with home-made materials4 ,his art studies and experiments were interrupted by the opening of the ,revolution4 ,when war with ,england became imminent ,trumbull began training the young men of the school and village1 and1 after the battle of ,lexington1 when the first regiment of ,connecticut troops was formed1 he was made adjutant4 ,afterward he became second aide-de-camp to ,general ,washington1 and when ,general ,gates took command of the northern department he appointed ,trumbull adjutant general1 with rank of colonel1 and in that capacity he took part in the unfortunate expedition to ,albany and ,ticonderoga4 ,he resigned from the army in #aghj and went to ,london to study art under ,benjamin ,west4 ,then came the news of the arrest and execution of ,major ,andr1 which stirred ,england1 and suggested the arrest of ,john ,trumbull because he had been an officer of similar rank in the ,american army4 ,he was imprisoned for seven months4 ,in #aghd he was once more studying under ,west1 and when there painted his two great pictures1 the 8,battle of ,bunker ,hill10 and the 8,death of ,montgomery40 ,in #aghe ,trumbull visited ,paris1 and it was when there that he began his picture which is perhaps the most famous of all his work1 the signing of 8,the ,declaration of ,independence40 ,the years thereafter were active ones for ,trumbull4 ,he produced many portraits of celebrated men1 and many historic paintings that still hold leading places in the national art of ,america4 ,in #agid ,trumbull acted as secretary to ,john ,jay in ,london during the negotiations for the treaty between ,america and ,great ,britain4 ,he was a man of prominence in public life1 a leader in art in both ,england and ,america4 ,he was president of the ,american ,academy of ,fine ,arts from #ahaf until #ahbe1 and he died in ,new ,york1 ,november #aj1 #ahdc4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,serial ,no4 #de ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,girl1 ,,by ,,washington ,,allston--,,metropolitan ,,museum1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,makers ,,of ,,american ,,art ,washington ,allston ,,six ,the standard bearer of the group of young artists who studied under ,benjamin ,west was ,washington ,allston4 ,although several years of ,allston's active life were spent in ,england1 he was a native ,american1 and was born in the ,waccamaw region of ,south ,carolina in #aggi4 ,allston's father married twice1 and the painter was the son of the second wife4 ,his father died when ,allston was only two years old1 and when he was seven his mother married ,dr4 ,henry ,c4 ,flagg of ,newport1 who was chief of the medical staff of ,general ,greene's army4 ,allston as a boy showed unusual ability for drawing1 and he was fortunate in finding in ,newport two friends to assist and encourage him4 ,in particular there was a boy named ,malbone1 two years his senior1 who was already beginning to paint miniatures1 and in after years became known as ,edward ,g4 ,malbone1 a famous painter of portraits4 ,the friendship with ,malbone had much influence on ,allston's nature4 ,they remained good friends through life1 and gave to each other and took from each other the riches of sympathy and understanding that lie in an art kinship4 ,at college ,allston showed himself a genuine boy1 full of animal spirits4 ,he joined in college pranks1 and got the most that college life could give in fun and friendship4 ,he was in short a radiant young man1 graceful1 handsome1 with blue eyes1 silky black hair1 and pale1 clear complexion4 ,he was liked and honored by all his fellow students1 cordial to all1 yet with a certain aristocratic distinction that marked him as one of finer nature4 ,he loved not art alone1 but literature and romance4 ,his verses were creditable1 and brought him the honor of being elected class poet4 ,he graduated at ,harvard in #ahjj1 and for awhile studied art in ,charlestown with ,malbone4 ,in #ahja ,allston went to ,london with ,malbone4 ,he entered the ,royal ,academy1 and became a pupil of ,west4 ,allston admired ,west enthusiastically1 and got from him not only instruction but inspiration4 ,from #ahjd until #ahji ,allston was a traveler in ,europe1 spending part of the time in ,paris and part in ,italy1 and when he returned to his native country in #ahji he had already established himself among the painters of his day4 ,from #ahaa until #ahag he lived and worked in ,england1 and when there he came to realize his full powers4 ,he had developed greatly1 not only in artistic and poetic fields1 but in religious convictions4 ,and not only in painting but in writing he showed great ability4 ,coleridge1 who was for years a close friend1 pronounced him a leader in the art and thought of his time4 ,allston was elected an associate of the ,royal ,academy in #ahai1 after having just returned to ,america4 ,he spent the remaining years of his life in ,boston and in ,cambridge1 where he died in ,july1 #ahdc4 ,his paintings are to be seen in a number of the prominent galleries of this country and ,england4 ,the most celebrated of them are religious in nature4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor1 ,,vol4 #a4 ,no4 #de1 ,,serial ,no4 #de ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association