,! ,m5tor1 ,no4 #cj1 ,furniture & its   
,mak]s          ,,! ,,m5tor    8,a ,wise
 & ,fai?ful ,guide & ,fri5d0            
,vol4 #a                      ,no4 #cj  
,,furniture ,,& ,,its ,,mak]s           
,,*>les ,,&r ,,b\lle        ,,daniel    
,,m>ot        ,j4 ,,h5ri ,,ries5]       
,,?omas ,,*ipp5dale        ,,?omas      
,,%]aton        ,,george ,,heppel:ite   
,illu/ration    ,by ,,pr(essor ,c4 ,r4  
,,ri*>ds ,director ( ,coop] ,union1 ,new
 ,york4      ,x is r surpris+ to f9d h[ 
late a developm5t furniture is  9 !     
mod]n s5se4 ,up to ! sev5te5? c5tury    
*airs 7 f>  f common4 ,outside ( ! l>ge 
& heavy arm*airs res]v$ = !  head ( !   
family1 b5*es1 *e/s1 & /ools 7 ! only   
seats 9  all b ! weal?ie/ h\seholds4    
,be=e ! sixte5? c5tury fix$  tables 7   
unusual4 ,d9+ tables 7 almo/ always     
compos$ ( a  set ( bo>ds plac$ ^u       
tre/les at mealtime4 ,go+ a little fur!r
  back to ! f\rte5? c5tury we f9d       
furniture1 ev5 9 ca/les (  ! nobility1 (
 ! scantie/ & simple/4 ,9 ! sleep+ rooms

 !  pieces 7 limit$ to a b$1 "o or two  
*e/s1 a b5* be=e !  fireplace1 & seats  
built into ! wall1 commonly "u ! w9d[s4 
,9 ! hall :]e meals 7 s]v$ ! only       
indisp5sable article  besides ! tre/le  
tables & b5*es 0 a dressoir or buffet = 
! display ( plate4 ,all ( ^! pieces 7   
exce$+ly heavy &  massive1 & (t5times   
built into ! /ructure ( ! room4 ,n      
until ! sev5te5? c5tury did furniture   
become light]1 m easily  movable1 & m   
com=table4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t *airs    
began  to be made ) slop+ backs &       
furni%$ ) cu%ion$ seats (  lea!r or wov5
 /uff4    ,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,xiv    
,,cab9et    ,,example ,,( ,,b\lle    ,e 
age has impress$ its arti/ic /&>ds      
/rongly ^u !  furniture ( ! p]iod4 ,long
 aft] ,go?ic ca!dral build+ _h  ceas$1 !
 cab9etmak]s ( nor!rn ,europe cont9u$ to
 c>ve _!  delicate w9d[ trac]y ^u !     
panels ( *e/s & buffets & to  copy !    
mold+s ( pi] & mullion4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,fr5* ,,or ,,flemi% ,,cab9et ,,( ,,!  
,,fifte5? ,,c5tury    ,! ,r5aissance    

br\ght a great *ange 9 ! surface        
appe>ance (  furniture1 & 9 ,italy1     
,france1 ,fl&]s1 & ,g]many ! new art  _s
 manife/$ itself 9 diff]5t =ms1 ea* (   
:i* reflect$  ! peculi> g5ius ( ! p ( ! 
l&4    ,b all ! e>li] developm5ts 9     
furniture 7 ov]%ad[$ by  ! spl5did      
a*ievem5ts ( ,fr5* art 9 ! latt] "p ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! began "u ,l\is     
,,xiv1 & cont9u$ )  undim9i%$           
productiv5ess & ref9em5t ( design ?r\gh 
! reigns  ( ,l\is ,,xv & ,l\is ,,xvi1 to
 a decl9e "u ! ,empire4      ,,l\is     
,,xv--,,furniture ,,( ,,! ,,b\doir    ,!
 f\ndation by ,colb]t1 m9i/] ( ,l\is    
,,xiv1 ( ! ,manufactures  ,royales des  
,meubles de la ,c\ronne1 commonly call$ 
! ,gobel9s1  br\ght toge!r = !          
production ( furniture & tape/ry = !    
royal palaces ! mo/ tal5t$ design]s &   
exp]t craftsm5 ( !  "t4 ,( ^! ,*>les ,&r
 ,b\lle 0 ! ma/] cab9etmak]4 ,8  "n is  
commonly id5tifi$ ) m>quetry ( tortoise 
%ell &  brass1 :i* he c>ri$ to a high   
/ate ( p]fection2 b he 0 mu*  m ?an a   

craftsman4 ,he develop$ a furniture /yle
 t h>moniz$  p]fectly 9 its vigor &     
magnific5ce ) ! spl5did proportions  ( !
 great royal resid5ces4 ,l>ge 9 scale & 
massive 9  con/ruction1 8 pieces rely = 
_! effect ^u bold & /rik+  decoration ( 
gild$ bronze & m>quetry4                
,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,example ,,(        
,,ries5] ,,m>quetry    ,,/yle ,,( ,,l\is
 ,,xv    ,b\lle's pieces accord ?or\ghly
 ) ! ye>s ( pomp & spl5dor  ( ,le ,gr&  
,mon>que2 b ev5 be=e ! dea? ( ,l\is a   
notable  *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( furniture
 set 94 ,! nobility1 ^:  res\rces _h be5
 sev]ely /ra9$ to ma9ta9 ! spl5dor set  
by  ! k+1 f\nd x necess>y to sub/itute  
small] ap>tm5ts = _!  great rooms &     
gall]ies4 ,moreov]1 ! h]oic quality ( ! 
e>li]  ,l\is ,,xiv decorations 0 no     
long] suit$ to ! gr[+ s(tness  &        
effem9acy ( ! age4 ,small] & m delicate 
furni%+s 7  dem&$4 ,! ,l\is ,,xiv *airs 
_h borr[$ ! high uphol/]$ backs1  toge!r
 ) ! ,s curves = arms & legs1 f !       
,italians--lat]  on ! bold bomb curve   

appe>$ 9 ! supports ( ! tables4  ,by !  
"t ( ! ,reg5cy ^! outl9es _h become m   
sl5d]  & ref9$ & ! reign ( ! curv$ l9e 9
 furniture became  e/abli%$1--a reign t 
la/$ = fully half a c5tury1 dur+  :i* "t
 "s ( ! able/ ma/]s ( design t h ev]    
liv$  play$ & conjur$ ) curves delicate 
& curves bold1 n[ br++  =? an outl9e    
pure & exquisite 9 quality1 & aga9 )    
amaz+  inv5tiv5ess int]lac+ curve )     
curve 9 comb9ations ( inf9ite  v>iety & 
bewild]+ ri*ness4    ,mo/ ,l\is ,,xv    
furniture develops naturally f t ( ,l\is
 ,,xiv1 &  is built ^u ?or\ghly         
/ructural l9es4 ,! reaction1 h[ev]1     
aga9/ sev]ity & ! increas+ dem& ( a     
frivol\s ari/ocracy  = new & m /rik+    
effects1 gradually produc$ a /yle 9 :i* 
decoration 0 (t5 n subord9at$ to        
/ructure1 b made an end 9  itself4      
,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,xv ,,table    ,! 
rococo 7f rocaille1 rock1 & coquille1   
%ell7 ran its  extravagant c\rse )      
increas+ exagg]ation & lic5se dur+ !    
fir/ half ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv2 b x   

%\ld n be ?\ght ( z  affect+ all !      
furniture ev5 ( ?is p]iod1 = its        
manife/ations  7 ma9ly 9 ! field ( !    
c>v] & bronze work]1 & !  outl9es (     
furniture 7 v little influ5c$1 except 9 
! case  ( ! small] & light] pieces1 su* 
z console tables4 ,ab\t !  middle ( !   
reign ! limit ( arti/ic lic5se _h be5   
pass$ &  a reaction set 94 ,! ormolu1   
:i* _h rea*$ excessive size &  _h become
 ov]load$ on ! surface1 0 )drawn to !   
edges1 &  made small] & m suitable = !  
delicate proportions ( !  pieces4 ,9 its
 place m>quetry ( beautiful color$      
woods1 m or less  practis$ = ov] a      
c5tury1 0 br\ght to a p]fection nev]    
be=e  equal$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,l\is   
,,xv ,,commode      ,,l\is ,,xvi--,,!   
,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,classic    ,!      
reaction aga9/ ! excesses ( ! rococo :i*
 _h set 9  z e>ly z ! middle ( !        
eighte5? c5tury cont9u$ to ga9  /r5g?   
dur+ ! next two decades1 & to c>ry !    
design (  furniture f>!r & f>!r f !     
fa%ion ( ! e>ly ye>s (  ,l\is ,,xv4     

,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,xvi ,,commode    
,! new impulse turn$ naturally to !     
/raight cont\r4 ,?is meant  almo/       
inevitably ! adoption ( classic l9es4   
,at fir/ ! *ange  %[$ itself 9 !        
/raight5$ bodies ( commodes1 cab9ets1 & 
writ+ tables1 :i* /ill reta9$ _! curv$  
supports4 ,f9ally !  legs !mselves 7    
made /raight or r tap]+2 until by ! end 
( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv ! curv$ outl9e _h
 q disappe>$ &  ! /yle call$ ,l\is ,,xvi
 0 fairly laun*$4    ,illu/ration3      
,,l\is ,,xvi ,,table    ,! ormolu takes 
new =ms4 ,x is limit$ to ! edges & to   
frames  ( panels1 to friezes1 & to      
important c5t]s1 & foll[s !  classic _s3
 n an outright imitation ( ,roman or    
,greek =ms1 b  a *>m+ ,fr5*             
int]pretation ( ! antique4 ,! designs ( 
!  metal work] _h nev] be5 m delicate1  
or 8 execution f9]4  ,delicacy &        
appropriat5ess ( ornam5t1 f95ess (      
proportion1 &  sobriety ( treatm5t 7 !  
ideals ( ! new cab9etmak]s4 ,!  art (   
m>quetry 0 /ill fur!r advanc$1 & rea*$  

p]haps its  culm9at+ expression 9 ! f9e 
examples ( ,ries5] & ,rntg54    ,x 0    
dur+ ?is reign t mahogany began to be   
ext5sively &  almo/ exclusively us$ z a 
cab9et wood1 9 place ( ! walnut         
previ\sly employ$4 ,:]e walnut 0 /ill   
us$1 z 9 ! case (  *airs1 x 0 g5]ally   
gild$ or enamel$4 ,! *air & ! canape  or
 s(a /& out z among ! mo/ successful    
a*ievem5ts ( !  ,l\is ,,xvi design]s4   
,simple z to /ructural l9es1 _! details 
7  work$ out ) scrupul\s c>e &1 f flut$ 
tap]+ legs to !  c>v$ frames inclos+ !  
beautiful tape/ry backs1 !y repres5t    
extreme elegance & consi/5cy ( /yle4    
,t[>d ! end ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi !   
quality ( furniture  design deg5]at$4   
,in/ead ( *>m+ adaptations &            
int]pretations  ( ! classic _s1         
me*anical imitations ( ,greek & ,roman  
=ms  appe>1 & heavy bronze c>yatids     
ov]weigh & di/ort ! outl9es  ( cab9ets &
 tables4 ,dull heav9ess takes ! place ( 
elegance &  ! play ( f]tile inv5tion4 ,!
 decl9e _h begun4    ,illu/ration3      

,,l\is ,,xvi ,,table      ,,empire--,,! 
,,imitation ,,( ,,! ,,classic           
,illu/ration3 ,,empire ,,arm*airs    ,! 
new ord]1 built on ! ov]?r[ ( mon>*ical 
society & )  no sympa?y = delicacy &    
ref9em5t1 desir$ a sett+ free f  !      
traditions ( ! pa/4 ,! cab9etmak]s1     
h[ev]1 _h only _!  tra9+ ( ! reign (    
,l\is ,,xvi1 & ?is !y c\ld n transc5d4  
,= motives !y _h only _! k1 or :at !y   
consid]$  k1 ( ! antique4 ,on ?is !y    
endeavor$ to build a new  /yle by direct
 adoption ( classic =ms4 ,9 *airs &     
c\*es !y  attempt$ to reproduce ! actual
 %ape us$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans4       
,figures ( c>yatids & sph9xes take !    
place ( simpl] /ructural  supports 9    
tables & /&s4    ,ormolu 0 no long]     
employ$ 9 an ar*itectural mann] 9 :i* "o
  decorative detail is set (f aga9/     
ano!r 9 a play ( rhy?m &  contra/2 b 0  
appli$ z s+le figures or small ornam5tal
 motives  on a pla9 surface ( mahogany4 
,(t5times ?is ornam5t has s little      
relation to ! space decorat$ t x c\ld   

well be omitt$ )\t  loss ( real         
effectiv5ess4 ,?is en?usiasm = ! antique
 pass$  ?r\gh ,egyptian1 ,greek1 &      
,roman phases4 ,heavy & unimag9ative  z 
mo/ ( ! ,empire pieces seem1 x c at lea/
 be said t !y  are m consi/5t & satisfy+
 ?an ! inh>moni\s mixture t  *>act]iz$ !
 furniture ( ! la/ ye> ( ,l\is ,,xvi4   
,_m ( !  ,empire *airs inde$ are ( real 
dignity & beauty ( proportion4 ,9  "s ( 
^! ormolu1 introduc$ = ! fir/ "t 9      
*airs1 0 us$  9 comb9ation ) poli%$     
mahogany2 b 9 mo/ cases ! woodwork  0   
sp>+ly c>v$ ) rosettes & enamel$ 9 :ite 
& gold4 ,=  ! cov]+s1 silk brocade &    
appliqu 9 ! prevail+ colors (  yell[ &  
r$ took ! place ( tape/ry4              
,illu/ration3 ,,jewel ,,cab9et ,,(      
,,m>ie ,,l\ise    ,,late ,,empire       
,illu/ration3 ,,empire ,,arm*air        
,illu/ration3 ,,empire ,,commode        
,,*ipp5dale--,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,l9e       
,illu/ration3 ,,*ipp5dale ,,piecru/     
,,table    ,! ,fr5* /yles 7 ! result (  
_m design]s work+ ^u common  l9es2 b 9  

,engl& dur+ ! la/ half ( ! eighte5?     
c5tury  c]ta9 not$ individual           
cab9etmak]s set ! fa%ion1 & = a  p]iod (
 ye>s ! designs ( ,*ipp5dale1           
,heppel:ite1 & ,%]aton  7 ea* 9 turn    
recogniz$ z ! e/abli%$ vogue4    ,?omas 
,*ipp5dale began bus9ess 9 ,london on 8 
own acc\nt ab\t  #agce1 & evid5tly      
rapidly built up a v fl\ri%+ e/abli%m5t1
  inasmu* z ! 8,g5tleman &              
,cab9et-mak]'s ,director10 :i* he       
publi%$ 9 #aged1 conta9s a wide v>iety (
 designs suitable only =  weal?y        
cu/om]s4    ,illu/ration3 ,,*ipp5dale   
,,settee--,,fretwork    ,! 8,director0  
conta9s _m designs t are fanta/ic1 & _m 
t  are difficult & ev5 impossible to    
execute4 ,=tunately ,*ipp5dale's  fame  
does n re/ ^u ^! designs1 made to cat* !
 eyes ( 8  ri*] patrons1 b ^u ! pieces  
actually made1 & x is refre%+  to see h[
 mu* f9] are ^! latt]1 evolv$ by ! tra9$
  craftsman1 und]/&+ e limitation & e   
possibility ( 8  mat]ial4 ,*ipp5dale's  
*airs repres5t by f> ! be/ expression  (

 8 g5ius4 ,/>t+ ) ! modifi$ ,dut* =ms   
introduc$ by  ,william & ,m>y & ,que5   
,anne1 9 :i* ! cabriole leg )  ball &   
claw feet & ! fl[+ curv$ back ) solid   
splat are  ! prom95t features1 he soon  
develop$ an individual /yle m>k$  by    
great dignity1 /r5g?1 & orig9ality4 ,8  
e>lie/ *airs are  p]haps ! f9e/4 ,9 ^! !
 cabriole leg is always employ$1  & !   
side frames ( ! back curve outw>d z !y  
run up to m  or less pron\nc$ e>s at !  
top4 ,! top rail takes m or less (  a   
cupid b[ %ape1 & ! c5tral splat fills 9 
! inclos$ space4  ,x is 9 ! design ( ^! 
c5tral splats & ! inclos$ framework  t  
,*ipp5dale is at 8 be/4 ,! almo/        
inexhau/ible v>iety (  figure 9 ^! pi]c$
 & int]lac$ c5t]s1 always 9 ! happie/   
relation to ! framework1 gives !        
pr9cipal int]e/ to ^!  *airs1 & /amps   
,*ipp5dale z "o ( ! great ma/]s (       
design4    ,illu/ration3 ,,*ipp5dale    
,,arm*air    ,*ipp5dale's /yles repres5t
 _m influ5ces4 ,8 e>ly "w 0  patt]n$    
closely ^u ,que5 ,anne models2 b ) !    

8,director0  appe>$ _m examples ( ,go?ic
 & frett$ furniture4 ,! ,go?ic1         
unsuitable z x 0 = dome/ic use1 obta9$  
little vogue2 b !  ornam5tation ( *airs 
& tables1 ei!r by op5 or1 m commonly1   
appli$ fretwork1 0 popul> = a doz5 ye>s 
or m1 & is  *>act]i/ic ( "s (           
,*ipp5dale's mo/ successful if n mo/    
%[y productions4    ,dur+ ?is same p]iod
 a rage = ?+s ,*9ese possess$ ! popul>  
ta/e1 & 9 _m lattic$ *air backs &       
canopi$ tops ( cab9ets  ! v]satile      
cab9etmak] cat]$ to ?is new int]e/4     
,besides 8 *airs1 ! "n ( ,*ipp5dale is  
closely associat$ )  ! *>m+ tripod      
tables1 g5]ally made ) tilt$ top & (t5  
) mold$ or 8piecru/0 bord]1 ) ! flat c>d
 tables s mu*  us$ 9 ! gam+ ( ! p]iod1 &
 ) ! all-*9a cab9ets &  bookcases )     
glass fronts1 & (t5times ) a *>act]i/ic 
brok5 p$im5t at ! top4    ,! two o!r m5 
:o id5tifi$ _! names ) ,engli% /yles    
work$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! classical       
revival br\ght ab\t 9  ,engl& l>gely by 
! influ5ce ( ! bro!rs ,adam4 ,9 ! case (

  ,heppel:ite ?is influ5ce greatly      
affect$ b did n absolutely  det]m9e !   
/yle2 = ?is practical cab9etmak] 0 a man
 (  indep5d5t if n orig9al ideas1 & 8 "w
 be>s a /rong /amp  ( individuality4    
,heppel:ite di$ 9 #aghf1 & !            
8,cab9et-mak] &  ,uphol/]]'s ,guide10   
publi%$ by 8 wid[ & p>tn]s 9 #aghh1  %[s
 u 9 ! =m ( a trade catalogue mu* ( ! _s
 &  quality ( 8 "w4    ,illu/ration3    
,,*ipp5dale ,,table    ,?is table %[s   
/rong ,*9ese influ5ce4                  
,,heppel:ite--,,! ,,expon5t ,,(         
,,elegance    ,illu/ration3 ,,heppel:ite
 ,,corn] ,,cab9et    ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic  
designs ( ,heppel:ite are 8 *air backs4 
,^! are commonly %ield or oval %ap$1 )  
op5 c5t] splats1  9 ! c5t] ( :i* 7 (t5  
introduc$ ! o/ri* plumes (  ! ,pr9ce (  
,wales4 ,ano!r =m ( back frequ5tly      
employ$ by  ,heppel:ite 0 t ) slightly  
curv$ sides & /rongly b[$ top1  kn[n z !
 8camel back40    ,! legs (             
,heppel:ite's *airs are almo/ always    
tap]+ &  squ>e 9 sections & end 9 a     

spade foot4 ,! proportions ( ^!  *airs  
give an effect ( extreme elegance &     
ref9em5t4 ,!y seem  almo/ fragile2 b !  
mat]ial is dispos$ ) su* skill & !      
workman%ip is s excell5t t 9 reality !y 
are f> /rong] ?an  might appe>4         
,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,(            
,,heppel:ite ,,*airs    ,f ! "t ( !     
,middle ,ages ! buffet has exi/$ z an   
important  article ( furniture2 b to    
,heppel:ite is due ! cr$it (  p]fect+ ! 
sidebo>d 9 its pres5t ,engli% =m4 ,he   
comb9$ !  p$e/al cell>et & side table ( 
,rob]t ,adam 9 "o /ructure1 &  effect$ a
 union ( utility ) elegance1 :i* he     
execut$ 9 _m  pleas+ designs ( b[ &     
s]p5t9e front4    ,to ,heppel:ite we mu/
 also give cr$it = ! mo/ ref9$ &        
ta/eful use ( inlay & ( v5e]s to be f\nd
 9 ,engli% furniture4  ,on ! doors (    
w>drobes & on ! front ( draw]s he       
employ$  v5e]s ( ! beautiful curl       
mahogany t came into favor ab\t  #agfj1 
& on ! front ( 8 solid mahogany tables1 
sidebo>ds1 &  bookcases he sub/itut$ =  

c>v+ ! inlay ( l[-ton$ color$  woods 9 !
 =m ( l9es & n>r[ b&s & o!r ornam5tal   
motives4    ,illu/ration3 ,,heppel:ite  
,,commode      ,,%]aton--,,! ,,puri/    
,! la/ ( ! ?ree great cab9etmak]s       
repres5ts ! culm9ation  ( ! classic _s  
d]iv$ bo? f ! bro!rs ,adam & !  ,fr5*   
,l\is ,,xvi /yle4 ,%]aton's productions1
 or r 8 designs1  depict$ 9 !           
8,cab9et-mak] & ,uphol/]]'s             
,draw+-,book10 h  little ( ! vigor &    
/r5g? ( ,*ipp5dale's "w2 b !y are       
always *>act]iz$ by delicacy & ref9em5t4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,(        
,,%]aton ,,*airs    ,%]aton design$     
furniture bo? 9 mahogany & 9 sat9wood1  
decorat$ by inlay & by pa9t+1 & x is )  
?is la/ /yle1 !  introduction ( :i* 0   
l>gely due to ! popul>ity ( ! gift$  "y 
arti/ ,anglique ,kauffmann1 t he is     
p>ticul>ly id5tifi$4  ,8 "w 9 mahogany  
is *>act]iz$ by simplicity ( =m & by !  
ta/eful use ( inlay1 9 :i* respect he 0 
p]haps ! equal (  ,heppel:ite4    ,8    
*air backs are almo/ always bas$ ^u !   

/raight l9e1 &1  al?\gh sometimes made  
petty by ! introduction ( inappropriate 
classic ornam5t1 !y exhibit on ! :ole   
mu* skill & ref9em5t  9 composition4 ,9 
! legs ( *airs & tables he almo/        
inv>iably  us$ turn$ & tap]+ supports1  
:i* 7 frequ5tly decorat$ by  re$+4 ,9 ! 
sides & (t5 ! backs ( 8 *airs he        
re9troduc$  ! vogue ( canework1 :i* _h n
 appe>$ 9 fa%ionable furniture  s9ce !  
sev5te5? c5tury4    ,%]aton's sat9wood  
furniture took ! =m ma9ly ( commodes or 
bureaus1 small writ+ desks1 toilet      
tables1 & o!r light] articles  = !      
b\doir4 ,! da9t9ess & elegance ( "s ( ^!
 pieces  decorat$ by ! bru% ( ,anglique 
,kauffmann or ,p]golesi *all5ge         
comp>ison ) "s ( ! exquisite furniture  
made dur+ ! reign  ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 & !y  
m>k ! f9al culm9ation ( ,engli%         
furniture  be=e its deg5]ation into !   
m$iocrity ( lat] times4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,%]aton ,,sidebo>d      ,,supplem5t>y 
,,read+        ,fr5* ,furniture         
,a4 ,saglio      ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engli%   

,furniture                        ,p]cy 
,macquoid      ,fr5* ,furniture 9 !     
,eighte5? ,c5tury                ,lady  
,dilke      ,colonial ,furniture 9      
,am]ica                  ,luke ,v9c5t   
,lockwood      ,engli% ,furniture ( !   
,eighte5? ,c5tury        ,h]b]t         
,cesc9sky      ,furniture               
,e/h] ,s+leton      ,fr5* & ,engli%     
,furniture                        ,e/h] 
,s+leton      ,! ,furniture ,designs (  
,?omas ,*ipp5dale            ,j4 ,munro 
,bell          ,illu/ration3 ,,antique  
,,*e/--,,?irte5? ,,c5tury               
,,furniture ,,& ,,its ,,mak]s    ,old   
,furniture    ,,"o      ,p h always us$ 
furniture2 b ! k9d ( furniture we use   
today is ( comp>atively rec5t orig94    
,wood1 ivory1 preci\s /ones1  bronze1   
silv]1 & gold h be5 us$ f e>lie/ times 9
 !  con/ruction & = ! decoration (      
furniture1 b mod]n furniture  is a      
developm5t ( little m ?an f\r c5turies4 
,furniture has always v>i$ 9 k9d & /yle1
 accord+ to ! ne$s  & cu/oms ( its us]s4

 ,!re are few examples left ( really    
anci5t  furniture4 ,?is is due p>tly to 
! p]i%able mat]ials us$ 9 its  mak+1 &  
p>tly to ! fact t ! p ( old5 times _h   
little furniture ( any k9d4 ,ev5 !      
poore/ home ( today is bett]  suppli$ ) 
"s h\sehold appliances ?an ! mo/        
ari/ocratic  h\se ( spl5did ,egypt1     
ta/eful ,greece1 or luxuri\s ,rome4     
,& 9 ! long p]iod betwe5 ! de/ruction ( 
^! anci5t  civilizations & ! ,r5aissance
 ! mak+ ( furniture develop$  v little4 
,! rul]s ( ,egypt 7 z well h\s$ z ! e>ly
  k+s ( ,engl&4 ,h\sehold furni%+s 7 !  
privilege ( !  great alone4 ,no p]son ( 
mean degree c\ld or w\ld d>e to h us$  a
 *air--"o ( ! commone/ objects 9 e mod]n
 home4 ,active  p1 z !y 71 liv+ mu* 9 ! 
op5 air1 !y ne$$ b  b5*es on :i* to sit 
at meals1 & b$s on :i* to sleep4 ,our   
luxuries 7 n only unkn[n1 b unnecess>y  
to !m4    ,! ,egyptians us$ wood5       
furniture1 c>v$ & gild$2 !y also us$    
*e/s 9 :i* to keep ?+s4 ,! tables &     
c\*es ( ! ,assyrians  7 inlaid ) ivory &

 preci\s metals4 ,! wood us$ 0 mo/ly    
c$> & ebony4 ,solomon's b$ 0 ( c$> (    
,lebanon4 ,! furniture  ( ,greece 0     
ori5tal 9 =m1 & f ?is ! ,romans absorb$ 
_m  ideas4 ,! ,roman tables 7 ( m>bles  
or r>e woods4 ,!y us$ gold  & silv]     
pl5tifully1 ev5 cook+ ut5sils be+ made (
 ^!  preci\s metals4    ,mo/ m$ieval    
furniture ( ,italian make 0 ri*ly gild$ 
& pa9t$4  ,9 ! nor? ( ,europe c>v$ oak 0
 us$ to a great] ext5t4 ,!  feudal halls
 7 furni%$ ) b5*es c>v$ & panel$4 ,*e/s 
( oak or ,italian cypress 7 us$ z       
receptacles = clo!s &  tape/ries4 ,! oak
 c(f] ) wr\ght iron b&s %[n 9 ! picture 
is ( ,fr5* make1 ( ! latt] half ( !     
?irte5? c5tury4    ,! ,r5aissance made a
 great *ange 9 furniture mak+4 ,cab9ets 
&  panel+ 7 done 9 ! outl9es ( palaces &
 temples4 ,9 ,flor5ce1  ,rome1 ,v5ice1 &
 ,milan !re began on a l>ge scale !     
manufacture  ( sumptu\s cab9ets1 tables1
 *airs1 & *e/s4 ,spa91 ,france1 &       
,g]many soon foll[$ ! fa%ion1 & 9 ,engl&
 ,h5ry ,,viii greatly  enc\rag$ ! art ( 

furniture mak+4    ,!n came ! great     
p]iod ( furniture1 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,f
  be+ massive & exce$+ly sc>ce & co/ly1 
furniture became  light1 pl5tiful1 &    
*eap4        ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,!          
,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor      
,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #cj1 ,,s]ial  
,no4 #cj          ,illu/ration3 ,,l\is  
,,xiv ,,arm*air          ,,furniture ,,&
 ,,its ,,mak]s    ,b\lle & ,m>ot        
,,two      ,!re 0 no limit to ! prices a
 reckless & pr(ligate c\rt 0  will+ to  
pay = luxuri\s beauty dur+ ! sumptu\s1  
extravagant  reign ( ,l\is ! ,magnific5t
 ( ,france4 ,= mu* t 0 mo/  spl5did &   
beautiful 9 furniture mak+ at ?is p]iod 
/&s !  "n ( ,*>les ,&r ,b\lle4 ,8       
imag9ation & skill 7 giv5 full  play1 & 
he prov$ equal to ! dem&s made ^u him4  
,b\lle 0 a rem>kable man4 ,9 a c\rt ^:  
only ?\ght 0 (  pleasure & display1 he  
realiz$ t 8 furniture mu/ n only  excel 
all o!rs 9 ri*ness1 beauty1 & co/2 x mu/
 also be bo?  com=table & useful4 ,he 0 

appo9t$ cab9et mak] to ! ,dauph91  !    
heir to ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,?is         
di/9ction1 toge!r ) 8  own ta/es1 l$ him
 to copy "s ( ! mann]s & be>+ ( 8 ri*   
cu/om]s4    ,he 0 an ari/ocrat among    
furniture mak]s4 ,he sp5t ! great] "p  (
 8 l>ge =tune 9 fill+ 8 work%op ) works 
( art4 ,8  w>eh\ses 7 pack$ ) preci\s   
woods & f9i%$ & unf9i%$  pieces (       
magnific5t furniture4 ,9 8 own rooms 7  
priceless works  ( art1 ! collection ( a
 lifetime--gems1 m$als1 draw+s1 &       
pa9t+s1 :i* includ$ =ty-eight draw+s by 
,raphael4    ,b\lle's ru9 came 9 a s+le 
night4 ,:5 he 0 sev5ty-eight ye>s  old  
all 8 prop]ty 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,8 loss
 0 n only (  =tune1 b ( reputation z    
well2 = :5 he 0 d[n & out he  resort$ to
 tricks & que/ionable deal+s :i* br\ght 
him _m  lawsuits4 ,he di$ 9 debt &      
pov]ty1 a discr$it$ & brok5 man4    ,!  
,engli% c\rt vi$ ) ,france 9 its        
extravagance1 & heap$  honors & weal? on
 ! man :o1 l ,b\lle1 9 ,france1 0 =emo/ 
among design]s ( furniture 9 t c\ntry4  

,! au?orities on f9e  furniture         
frequ5tly speak ( ,m>ot's "w 9          
connection ) t (  ! great ,b\lle4       
,daniel ,m>ot 0 ! son ( ,jean ,m>ot1 an 
ar*itect  & engrav]4 ,aft] he w5t to    
,engl& ) ,william ,,iii he pr9cipally   
conc5trat$ 8 tal5t ^u ! adornm5t (      
,hampton ,c\rt ,palace4  ,mu* ( !       
furniture at ,hampton ,c\rt be>s        
unmi/akable traces (  8 au?or%ip4 ,at   
,w9dsor ,ca/le also !re is a silv] table
 t is  attribut$ to him4    ,m>ot's "w  
diff]s f t ( ,b\lle 9 t he ins]t$1 9    
m$allion =m1 pictorial subjects 9 a     
heavy framework ( ornam5t4  ,9 o!r      
pieces ! inlay took ! =m ( geometrical1 
floral1 &  animal patt]ns1 comb9$ ) !   
w>m] & m beautiful t9ts (  ! exotic     
woods4 ,! :ole 0 m>k$ by an unsurpass$  
degree (  excell5ce 9 workman%ip4       
,besides furniture1 ,m>ot design$ c>v$  
*imney pieces1 panels =  walls1 ceil+s1 
& wall brackets4 ,he 0 also fam\s z a   
design] (  gold & silv] plate1 & he ev5 
made tea urns & cream jugs4             

,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,(
 ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association              
,,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4   
#a1 ,no4 #cj1 ,,s]ial ,no4 #cj          
,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,xv               
,,sidebo>d--,,made ,,by ,,ries5]        
,,furniture ,,& ,,its ,,mak]s    ,j4 ,h4
 ,ries5]    ,,?ree      ,! e>ly ye>s ( !
 life ( ,jean ,h5ri ,ries5] w\ld seem to
  indicate t he 0 born "u a lucky />4 ,b
 long be=e 8  dea?1 at ! age (          
sev5ty-"o1 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5?  
c5tury1 8 /> _h set4 ,be=e ! outbreak ( 
! ,fr5* ,revolution  he comm&$ enorm\s  
prices = 8 "w4 ,"o small table t he     
con/ruct$ is said to h be5 sold = m ?an 
a ?\s& doll>s4  ,yet 9 8 old age he 0   
only sav$ f utt] ru9 by 8 son1 a        
portrait pa9t]4    b51 ! fam\s &        
successful furniture mak]1 "u :om       
,ries5]  s]v$ z an appr5tice1 di$ &     
left1 besides a "y & h&some  wid[1 "o ( 
! l>ge/ work%ops 9 ,p>is & a l>ge =tune4
 ,!  "y man promptly m>ri$ ! wid[1 & ^u 
h] dea?1 six ye>s  lat]1 came into      

possession ( bo? ! prop]ty & ! =tune4   
,?ree  ye>s lat] he m>ri$ ! daught] ( a 
citiz5 ( ,p>is2 b aga9  8 m>riage prov$ 
( %ort duration1 = aft] a few /ormy ye>s
 (  w$d$ life he took refuge 9 ! new    
divorce laws ( ! c\ntry1 &  return$ aga9
 to ! /ate ( s+le bless$ness4    b51 8  
ma/]1 _h be5 commission$ by ,k+ ,l\is   
,,xv ( ,france  to make a bureau4 ,k+   
,l\is 0 call$ ! 8well belov$10 al?\gh   
he 0 really hat$ by ! majority ( 8      
subjects4 ,?is bureau  contribut$       
greatly to ,ries5]'s fame2 = its        
con/ruction took ?ree  ye>s1 &1 b5 hav+ 
di$ 9 ! meantime1 8 pupil complet$ x4   
,! massive bronze doors ( ?is royal     
bureau 7 ornam5t$  ) elaborate &        
intricately model$ figures1 & ! :ole 0  
fa%ion$ aft] a complete & p]fect        
m9iature model4 ,! degree  (            
craftsman%ip t 0 br\ght to be> ^u ?is   
hi/orical piece  ( furniture 0 ( su* a  
"* t a second bureau1 built  simil>ly1 0
 begun & complet$ by a competitor be=e !
 orig9al  0 f9i%$4    ,ries5] became a  

great] arti/ ?an 8 tea*]1 b51 & 0       
recogniz$ z "o ( ! lead+ furniture mak]s
 ( 8 "t4 ,8  great activity is %[n by ! 
quantity & elaborate detail ( !         
furniture he made4    ,at ! beg9n+ ( !  
,fr5* ,revolution evil days came ^u     
,ries5]4  ,^? weal?y cu/om]s :o did n   
flee & escap$ ! guillot9e  7 made       
bankrupt4 ,9 #agic he held a sale ( 8   
priz$ collection (  furniture2 b he 0   
=c$ to buy mo/ ( x back himself4 ,a     
little  lat] he tri$ aga9 to realize "s 
money on ! furniture2 b ?is  also 0 a   
failure4    ,8 son1 :o _h jo9$ ! army1  
return$ to ,p>is & sav$ ! ag$  furniture
 mak] f />vation4        ,,prep>$ ,,by  
,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor  
,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #cj1 ,,s]ial  
,no4 #cj          ,illu/ration3         
,,int]ior ,,%[+ ,,?ree ,,*ipp5dale      
,,*airs          ,,furniture ,,& ,,its  
,,mak]s    ,?omas ,*ipp5dale    ,,f\r   
,a "y art /ud5t came to a furniture %op 
9 ,london & ! talk  0 ( beauty ( l9e1 ! 

dignity ( proportion1 & ! introduction  
( mahogany 9 ! manufacture ( furniture4 
,! art /ud5t aft]w>d  became ,sir ,jo%ua
 ,reynolds1 ! _w fam$ pa9t]4 ,!         
furniture  mak] 0 ,?omas ,*ipp5dale1    
kn[n z 8,k+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury       
,furniture ,design]s40 ,& to ^! e>ly    
fri5dly talks & argum5ts  ,*ipp5dale    
attributes 8 reputation z a ma/] ( l9e &
 a g5ius  ( proportion4    ,be=e ! "t ( 
,*ipp5dale mo/ ( ! furniture 0 made ( ! 
heavi] native woods1 su* z walnut or    
oak4 ,mahogany made a p[]ful  appeal to 
him1 because ( its highly poli%$ surface
 & ! exquisite  beauty ( ! wood itself2 
= ! "y cab9et mak] :o came up to        
,london f ,worce/]%ire _h a passionate  
love ( beauty & he 0  a ma/] workman4 ,f
 8 fa!r1 :o _h a*iev$ consid]able local 
fame1 he inh]it$ ?is love1 & he _h le>n$
 h[ to make ! wood  c>v+s t are         
*>act]i/ic ( 8 designs4    ,aft] a fire 
he conv]t$ f\r adjac5t dwell+ h\ses into
 a %op1  :i* 0 situat$ on ,/4 ,m>t9s    
,lane1 9 ! fa%ionable section (         

,london2 & because he prote/$ aga9/ !   
am\nt ( 8 taxes x  seems probable he 0  
prosp]\s4 ,moreov]1 he belong$ to !     
,society  ( ,arts1 ) ,gibbon ! hi/orian1
 ,ri*>dson ! noveli/1 ,dr4  ,johnson !  
lexicograph]1 & ,horace ,walpole !      
politician4 ,if y  add to ?is t he m>ri$
 9 #agdh & di$ 9 #aggi1 !re is summ$  up
 practically all !re is kn[n ( ,?omas   
,*ipp5dale himself4    ,*ipp5dale made  
beautiful furniture4 ,he 0 recogniz$ by 
bo? !  nobility & g5try1 n only z an    
au?ority on ! subject1 b z  an arti/4   
,he 0 probably bett] kn[n z a design] ( 
*airs ?an  ( any o!r =m ( furniture4    
,*ipp5dale 0 famili> ) arti/ic  designs 
9 ,japan1 ,italy1 & ,spa91 & 0 ready    
always to take ideas  f ! humble z well 
z ! great1 z is %[n f ! fact t          
subscrib]s to 8 book1 8,! ,g5tleman &   
,cab9et-mak]'s ,director10  range f !   
,duke ( ,nor?umb]l& to a local          
bricklay]4 ,a l>ge  "p ( 8 reputation is
 attribut$ to ?is book1 :i* 0 n s  mu* a
 guide to 8 f9i%$ productions z an      

outl9e ( ! designs  he w\ld l to make4  
,& ^! designs h s]v$ z a guide to       
furniture mak]s ev] s9ce4               
,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,(
 ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association              
,,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4   
#a1 ,no4 #cj1 ,,s]ial ,no4 #cj          
,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,xvi ,,*air1 ,,)  
,,beauvais ,,tape/ry                    
,,furniture ,,& ,,its ,,mak]s    ,?omas 
,%]aton    ,,five      ,at =ty ye>s (   
age ,?omas ,%]aton 0 a pov]ty-p9*$      
j\rneyman  cab9et mak] & ,bapti/ prea*] 
9 ,/ockton-on-,tees4 ,!n 9 #agij  he w5t
 to ,london1 :]e he f\nd ev5 a great]   
pov]ty1 b :]e he  made = himself z a    
design] ( furniture a "n t w la/ z  long
 z ! _w loves beautiful ?+s4 ,! fifte5  
rema9+ ye>s  ( 8 life 7 tragically sad4 
,%]aton's k 0 ga9$ ?r\gh ye>s ( h>d%ip &
  privation4 ,he liv$ to see 8 *os5 art 
rea* its z5i?1 & !n to  see x fall away4
 ,he _h sc>ce p]fect$ 8 creations :5 !y 
7  ov]:elm$ by a wave ( bad ta/e t swept
 mu* beauty f ,engli%  furniture4    ,:5

 ,%]aton rea*$ ,london he hadn't en\gh  
money to set up %op1  mu* less to employ
 skill$ workm54 ,s1 in/ead ( mak+       
furniture1  he wrote ab\t x1 v>y+ ?is   
occasionally by writ+ s]mons or  tracts4
 ,he made little money1 b _m enemies1 = 
he _h a bitt]  tongue4    ,adam ,black1 
aft]w>d ! fam\s publi%]1 0 !n a pr9t]'s 
appr5tice1 & liv$ = a "t 9 ,%]aton's    
humble home4 8,! night  ,i arriv$10     
,black wrote1 8!re 7 b two cups &       
sauc]s1 "o (  :i* ,i us$1 ,%]aton's wife
 %>+ h] "y daught]'s porridge  b[l40    
,black publi%$ ,%]aton's 8,encyclop$ia (
 ,furniture40 ,?is br\ght  ,%]aton "s   
fame1 b little food4 ,! big "w %[$ !    
great  range & v>iety ( ,%]aton's art4  
,we love 8 furniture = its f9ely curv$  
surfaces1 graceful sweeps  ( sidebo>ds &
 cab9ets reflect+ ! light4 ,aside f its 
beauty1  ,%]aton's furniture 0          
ess5tially practical--sometimes 9 mo/   
orig9al fa%ion4 ,= example1 he inv5t$ a 
summ] b$1 divid$ 9 !  c5t] s z to give a
 great] circulation ( air4 ,!re 0       

likewise  a holl[-front sidebo>d t      
became popul> = ! ease ) :i*  a butl]   
c\ld rea* across = a /ray glass or piece
 ( *9a w>e4  ,8 8conv]sation *air0 0    
design$ = ! beaux ( ,georgian times1  ^:
 coat-tails 7 too co/ly to be sat ^u4 ,!
 prop] position  9 ?is *air 0 = ! sitt] 
to face ! back ( ! *air1 )  8 arm re/+  
on ! top rail1 s t 8 coat-tails c\ld    
hang4 ,!  s-call$ 8,p\* ,table10 mu*    
belov$ today by neat h\sewives1 0       
,%]aton's inv5tion4 ,x 0 a "w table ) a 
p\* ( silk on ea*  side4    ,besides 8  
great book1 ,%]aton got up a h&book = ! 
b5efit (  8 bro!r craftsm51 9 :i* he    
gave 9 a helpful mann] m9ute            
descriptions ( 8 v>i\s pieces4 ,! _s t  
prompt$ him to d  ?is 0 ! f9e/ ?+ 9     
,%]aton's nature4 ,he _h 8 faults4 ,he  
0 n>r[1 self-c5t]$1 & bitt]ly res5tful (
 ! success (  o!rs1 b he believ$ x to be
 a man's duty to give to ! _w !  b5efit 
( 8 full k1 & he sacrific$ himself ?r\gh
 life  to d ?is4        ,,prep>$ ,,by   
,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor  

,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #cj1 ,,s]ial  
,no4 #cj          ,illu/ration3 ,,l\is  
,,xvi ,,cab9et          ,,furniture ,,& 
,,its ,,mak]s    ,george ,heppel:ite    
,,six      ,george ,heppel:ite 0 "o ( ! 
great names 9 furniture mak+4  ,8 wife  
publi%$ aft] 8 dea? a book1 8,! ,cab9et 
,mak] &  ,uphol/]]'s ,guide1 or         
,repository ( ,design = ,e ,article (   
,h\sehold ,furniture 9 ! ,newe/ & ,mo/  
,approv$ ,ta/e10 on :i*  8 reputation   
re/s4 ,?is book w5t ?r\gh ?ree editions 
9 #aghh1  two ye>s aft] ! au?or's own   
dea?4    ,! designs 9 8 book are        
*>act]iz$ by com=t r ?an  artificiality4
 ,) ?is is comb9$ great te*nical        
excell5ce &  extreme lightness &        
durability4 ,curi\sly1 h[ev]1 ^! designs
 are  n all ( equal value4 ,"s are z    
good z ! be/ "w ( any era1  :ile o!rs   
are mo/ commonplace4    ,al?\gh ev5 at t
 "t tea co/ five doll>s a p\nd1 its use 
_h become v popul> ?r\gh\t ,engl&4      
,heppel:ite introduc$  _m articles t _h 

to d ) ! tea s]vice4 ,_m peculi>ly      
con/ruct$ & *oice urn /&s1 tea trays1   
*e/s1 & caddies are  attribut$ to him4  
,heppel:ite's furniture _h an int]e/+   
*>act]i/ic4 ,! legs  tap]$ delicately on
 ! inside faces only1 & 7 f9i%$ ) a     
squ>e foot4 ,?is gave ! impression (    
grit & p[] to o!rwise  fragile          
furniture4    ,!re 7 sev]al /ock        
designs1 or ornam5ts1 ( :i* ?is         
furniture  mak] made frequ5t use4 ,he 0 
p>ticul>ly fond ( ins]t+ ovals 9  !     
backs ( 8 *airs4 ,frequ5tly a c>v$ e> ( 
corn 0 us$ z  a decoration4 ,heppel:ite 
also made abundant use ( a ,pr9ce (     
,wales  fea!r 9 delicate c>v+1 comb9$ ) 
an inlay ( color$ woods4  ,?is use ( !  
royal plume 0 attribut$ to 8 loyalty to 
! ,pr9ce  ( ,wales4 ,x 0 conclusive pro(
 ( ! popul>ity ( ! ,pr9ce's  p>ty :5 !  
illness ( ,george ,,iii caus$ su*       
national /rife4    ,! fact t ,heppel:ite
 0 accus$ by 8 enemies ( plagi>ism does 
n detract a bit f 8 real position4 ,x   
%[s r t1 l  all real arti/s1 he rema9$ a

 /ud5t until ! close ( 8 c>e]4  ,he nev]
 disda9$ to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce & tea*+s
 ( o!rs1  ev5 ^? less em95t ?an himself4
        ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,editorial   
,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association    
,,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4   
#a1 ,no4 #cj1 ,,s]ial ,no4 #cj