,transcriber's ,notes ,text printed in italics1 in bold face type and underlined have been transcribed as text1 text and text1 respectively4 ,small capitals have been transcribed as all capitals4 ,t represents a ,t-shaped symbol rather than the letter ,t4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes and a list of changes made may be found at the end of this text4 ,,manual ,,of ,,library ,,economy ,illustration3 ,,james ,,duff ,,brown ,,manual ,,of ,,library ,,economy ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,james ,,duff ,,brown ,,chief ,,librarian1 ,,islington ,,public ,,libraries ,,author ,,of #8,,subject ,,classification1' #8,,library ,,classification ,,and ,,cataloguing1' #8,a ,,biographical ,,dictionary ,,of ,,musicians1' ,,etc4 ,,third ,,and ,,memorial ,,edition ,,revised ,,and ,,rewritten ,,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick ,,sayers ,,chief ,,librarian1 ,,croydon ,,public ,,libraries ,,lecturer ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,london ,,school ,,of ,,librarianship ,,author ,,of #8,,canons ,,of ,,classification1' #8,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,classification1' #8,,the ,,children',s ,,library1' ,,etc4 ,,with ,,illustrations1 ,,forms1 ,,and ,,bibliographies ,,grafton ,,co4 ,,coptic ,,house1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#a #aibj ,,dedicated ,,to ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,james ,,duff ,,brown #ahfb-aiad ,he lived and died1 content to view ,his labours making knowledge free2 ,he opened every book he knew ,for other men to see4 ,,preface ,this work was published by the late author in #aijc1 and a second1 and largely remodelled1 edition appeared in #aijg4 ,for some years past it has been out of print1 to the loss of more recent students4 ,the delay1 however1 has not been without its compensations1 as librarianship has made several advances which have been generally accepted1 and has made many experiments1 the issue of which is not yet decided1 in the twelve years since the publication of the second edition4 ,the work has been regarded with much justice as the most comprehensive complete treatise on library economy1 and is the standard to which most ,british libraries conform in general2 indeed1 it is not too much to say that the whole modern school of librarians here has been moulded by the work4 ,when1 therefore1 ,i was asked to prepare a new edition ,i was faced with the question of how best to preserve its comprehensive character4 ,i might have revised it conservatively1 merely touching up the statistics1 adding to the bibliographies1 and correcting statements which have been modified by later experience2 but that would have left the book partial and incomplete4 ,rightly or wrongly1 ,i have rewritten almost every chapter1 have added sections on questions touched upon only lightly or not at all in previous editions1 and have omitted several statements in which strong personal views were expressed2 in fact1 ,i have tried to preserve everything that seemed to be of permanent value1 to excise everything merely controversial1 and to avoid obtruding any idiosyncrasies of my own4 ,i cannot hope to have succeeded completely1 and any suggestions for the improvement of future editions will be welcomed4 ,both of the earlier editions retain their value for students1 but the criticism which may fairly be levelled at them is that ,brown rarely contemplated the needs of a library of more than #dj1jjj volumes1 and1 therefore1 omitted much that is necessary in the administration of such libraries4 ,i have tried to balance this4 ,it is perhaps desirable to set out the particulars in which the third edition differs from the second4 ,the following chapters have been rewritten in their entirety3 ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,xv41 ,,xviii41 ,,xx4 and ,,xxvii4 ,the following are new3 all ,divisions ,i41 ,,xiii4 and ,,xiv42 and ,chapters ,,vii41 ,,xxvii41 ,,xxviii41 ,,xxix4 and ,,xxx4 ,everything else has been retouched1 except the chapter on museums and art galleries2 that ,i have left1 because although the librarian ought to have a knowledge of curatorship1 that knowledge is not library economy2 and1 within its limits1 the chapter is good common sense4 ,i have dealt drastically with the bibliographies1 which consisted in the main of lists of articles in library periodicals4 ,every library student knows that textbooks and treatises are supplemented by periodical literature1 and a reference to the indexes of library journals should be an obvious thing for him to make on any subject2 and seeing that we have ,cannons's ,bibliography of ,library ,economy1 #ahgf-aiji1 for the years covered by the title1 and that the best articles are now indexed in the ,library ,association ,index1 it seemed sufficient to make a general reference to ,cannons and otherwise restrict the lists with few exceptions to separate publications4 ,appendix ,,ii1 8,the ,librarian's ,library10 has been revised by ,mr ,richard ,wright1 ,m4,c41 to whom my thanks are due4 ,an important omission is the ,appendix of 8,factors and ,percentages10 which gave figures for calculating the size1 cost1 output1 etc41 of libraries4 ,this has been deliberate2 the conditions created by the ,war are so fluid that factors which are likely to have a permanent value are impossible to compile4 ,brown's ,guide to ,librarianship gives the pre-war factors1 and it is unnecessary to reprint them here4 ,the ,memoir is based upon the obituary notices and appreciations which were collected and edited by ,mr ,l4 ,stanley ,jast for ,the ,library ,association ,record1 the biographical facts in particular being drawn from the memoir by ,brown's nephew1 ,mr ,james ,douglas ,stewart1 which is included in those notices4 ,others will share my regret that his preoccupation with his new work at ,manchester prevented ,mr ,jast from revising this ,manual4 ,i cannot but perceive1 now that my work is finished1 how much better it would have been had he filled my place4 ,a few notes1 prepared by ,mr ,jast for ,chapters ,i4-,,ii41 have been included4 ,usually1 when one has written a book1 one has to acknowledge much help from other librarians1 but1 owing to the extraordinary circumstances in which this revision has been made1 ,i felt that ,i ought not to call for help from others already overburdened4 ,my own task has been completed under great pressure1 most of the work being done between #f4cj and #h4cj a4m4 ,my wife has saved me from many blunders1 and her experience as a former member of ,mr ,brown's staff has been most valuable to me4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick ,,sayers ,,postscript4--,as the final proofs are leaving my hands ,i learn that the long-expected ,government ,bill to remove the penny rate limitation was introduced into the ,house of ,commons by ,mr ,herbert ,lewis and read a first time on the #bhth of ,november4 ,the second reading occurred on the #bnd of ,december1 and the ,bill became law on the #bcrd of ,december #aiai4 ,it is now practically certain that the powers in regard to ,public ,libraries which were held by the ,local ,government ,board now accrue to the ,ministry of ,education1 and1 consequently1 wherever the ,local ,government ,board is mentioned in the ,manual1 the ,ministry of ,education should be understood4--,w4 ,c4 ,b4 ,s4 ,,croydon1 #aiai ,the ,publishers desire to thank those who have kindly allowed them the use of illustrations and have lent blocks1 or have offered other facilities for reproduction2 especially the following3 ,the ,librarians of ,bristol1 ,bromley1 ,cardiff1 ,chelsea1 ,coventry1 ,croydon1 ,fulham1 ,glasgow1 ,lambeth1 ,liverpool1 ,montrose1 ,st ,pancras1 and ,southend2 ,the ,library ,association2 ,messrs ,cedric ,chivers ,ltd41 ,messrs ,fordham ,co41 ,messrs ,kenrick ,jefferson1 ,mr ,arthur ,w4 ,lambert of ,croydon1 ,messrs ,libraco ,ltd41 and ,sir ,isaac ,pitman ,sons4 ,,contents ,,page ,,preface v ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations1 ,,forms1 ,,etc4 xii ,,division ,i4--,,introductory ,,memoir #a ,,introduction #aa ,,division ,,ii4--,,foundation1 ,,committees ,,and ,,finance ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,legislation #ai ,,ii4 ,,adoption ,,of ,,acts1 ,,foundation ,,and ,,committees #cd ,,iii4 ,,finance1 ,,loans ,,and ,,accounts #dc ,,iv4 ,,statistics ,,and ,,reports #fj ,,division ,,iii4--,,staff ,v4 ,,the ,,librarian #ga ,,vi4 ,,assistants #hc ,,vii4 ,,library ,,associations #ii ,,division ,,iv4--,,buildings ,,viii4 ,,theory ,,and ,,general ,,remarks #ajf ,,ix4 ,,sites ,,and ,,plans #aaj ,,division ,v4--,,fittings ,,and ,,furniture ,x4 ,,miscellaneous ,,fixtures ,,and ,,fittings #acb ,,xi4 ,,shelving ,,and ,,accessories #ada ,,xii4 ,,furniture #aed ,,division ,,vi4--,,book ,,selection ,,and ,,accession ,,xiii4 ,,book ,,selection #afg ,,xiv4 ,,accession ,,methods #ahi ,,division ,,vii4--,,classification ,,and ,,shelf ,,arrangement ,,xv4 ,,general ,,principles4 #bjf ,,xvi4 ,,systematic ,,classification ,,schemes #bji ,,xvii4 ,,practical ,,application #bbf ,,division ,,viii4--,,cataloguing1 ,,filing ,,and ,,indexing ,,xviii4 ,,cataloguing ,,methods1 ,,rules ,,and ,,codes #bda ,,xix4 ,,mechanical ,,methods ,,of ,,displaying ,,catalogues #bei ,,xx4 ,,filing ,,and ,,indexing #bha ,,division ,,ix4--,,maintenance ,,and ,,routine ,,work ,,xxi4 ,,stationery ,,and ,,records #bif ,,xxii4 ,,bookbinding ,,and ,,repairing #cjc ,,division ,x4--,,rules ,,and ,,regulations ,,xxiii4 ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations #cbb ,,division ,,xi4--,,the ,,lending1 ,,or ,,home ,,reading1 ,,department ,,xxiv4 ,,registration ,,of ,,borrowers #cda ,,xxv4 ,,issue ,,methods #cej ,,xxvi4 ,,book ,,distribution #cff ,,division ,,xii4--,,the ,,reference ,,department ,,xxvii4 ,,general ,,reference ,,library ,,method #cge ,,xxviii4 ,,local ,,collections #cii ,,xxix4 ,,libraries ,,of ,,municipal ,,reference #dae ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,commercial ,,library2 ,,the ,,technical ,,library #dah ,,xxxi4 ,,reading ,,room ,,methods #dbd ,,division ,,xiii4--,,library ,,work ,,with ,,children ,,xxxii4 ,,the ,,children',s ,,department #dci ,,xxxiii4 ,,the ,,library ,,and ,,the ,,school #deg ,,division ,,xiv4--,,library ,,development ,,xxxiv4 ,,lectures1 ,,readings ,,and ,,exhibitions #dfg ,,xxxv4 ,,rural ,,libraries #dgg ,,division ,,xv4--,,museums ,,and ,,art ,,galleries ,,xxxvi4 ,,museums ,,and ,,art ,,galleries #dhf ,,appendices ,i4 ,,the ,,nomenclature ,,of ,,library ,,positions #die ,,ii4 ,,the ,,librarian',s ,,library #dih ,,index #eaa ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations1 ,,forms1 ,,etc4 ,,fig4 ,,page ,james ,duff ,brown ,frontispiece #a4 ,form for ,annual ,estimates #df #b4 ,returns of ,library ,expenditure #dg #c4 ,suggestion ,slip #ef #d4 ,rulings for ,issue ,record ,books #fb #e4 ,table of ,librarians' ,salaries #gg #f4 ,staff ,time ,sheet #hi #g4 ,staff ,work ,book #ib #h4 ,salaries paid in #aiaa #ic #i4 ,sketch ,plan for ,small ,town ,library #aaf #aj4 ,north ,islington ,library--,reading ,room #aag #aa4 ,north ,islington ,library--,lending ,department #aah #ab4 ,lambeth 7,herne ,hill7 ,open ,access ,lending ,department #aai #ac4 ,montrose ,lending ,library #abj #ad4 ,bromley ,lending ,library #aba #ae4 ,islington ,central ,library--,ground ,floor #abb #af4 ,islington ,central ,library--,first ,floor #abc #ag4 ,north ,fulham ,library #abd #ah4 ,st ,pancras ,central ,library #abe #ai4 ,glasgow 7,woodside7 ,library #abf #bj4 ,glasgow 7,townhead7 ,library #abg #ba4 ,wolverhampton ,library #abh #bb4 ,southend-on-,sea ,library #abi #bc4 ,back of ,library ,counter #acc #bd4 ,west ,islington ,library #acc #be4 ,north ,islington ,barrier #acd #bf4 ,lambeth 7,herne ,hill7 ,barrier #ace #bg4 ,croydon ,central ,library #acf #bh4 ,triple ,open ,access ,barrier #acg #bi4 ,treadle ,latch for ,wicket #ach #cj4 ,barrier for ,dividing ,rooms #ach #ca4 ,double ,bay ,standard ,metal ,book-,case #adc #cb4 ,wood ,wall-,case #add #cc4 ,tonks' ,fittings #ade #cd4 ,details of ,adjustable ,metal ,shelving #adf #ce4 ,metal ,shelving 7,patent ,office7 #adg #cf4 ,rack for ,bound ,newspapers #adh #cg4 ,case for ,large ,folio ,books #adi #ch4 ,lattice-work ,steps #aej #ci4 ,short ,steps #aej #dj4 ,continuous ,wooden ,step and ,handles #aea #da4 ,spring ,step #aeb #db4 ,swinging ,step1 with ,improved ,handle #aec #dc4 ,desk-,topped ,table #aed #dd4 ,british ,museum ,reading ,table #aee #de4 ,reference ,room ,table #aef #df4 ,table with ,elevated ,periodical ,rack #aeg #dg4 ,periodical ,rack on ,table #aeh #dh4 ,reading ,table with ,partition for ,titles #aei #di4 ,periodical ,rack #afj #ej4 ,rack for ,odd ,periodicals #afa #ea4 ,railway ,time-,table ,rack #afb #eb4 ,metal ,reading ,easel #afc #ec4 ,wooden ,reading ,easel #afc #ed4 ,chair with ,anchorage #afd #ee4 ,arm ,chair with ,hat ,rail #afe #ef4 ,chair with ,folding ,tray #afe #eg4 ,donation ,acknowledgment #aij #eh4 ,donation ,book ,ruling #aia #ei4 ,proposition ,book ,ruling #aia #fj4 ,book-,order ,sheet #aic #fa4 ,book-,order ,tray #aid #fb4 ,accessions ,number ,book #aie #fb;,a4 ,accessions ,routine ,book #aif #fc4 ,manila ,book ,card #aig #fd4 ,board ,label #aih #fe4 ,date ,label #aii #ff4 ,warning ,label #bjj #fg4 ,map and ,plate ,label #bjj #fh4 ,process ,stamp #bja #fi4 ,stock ,book--,left folio #bjb #gj4 ,stock ,book--,right folio #bjb #ga4 ,abstract ,sheet for ,stock #bjc #gb4 ,withdrawals ,book #bjd #gc4 ,lettering of ,class ,numbers #bbf #gd4 ,colour ,marking of ,books #bbh #ge4 ,tier ,marking of ,books #bbi #gf4 ,shelf ,front1 with labels #bcj #gg4 ,tier ,guide #bcj #gh4 ,tier ,guide ,lettering #bca #gi4 ,class ,guide #bcb #hj4 ,bookcase with ,classification ,guides #bcc #ha4 ,shelf-,check ,register #bcd #hb4 ,shelf ,dummy #bce #hc4 ,millboard ,dummy #bcf #hd4 ,xylonite ,label-holder #bcg #he4 ,tongued ,metal ,book-rest #bcg #hf4 ,flanged ,metal ,book-rest #bcg #hg4 ,combined ,book-rest and ,shelf ,guide #bch #hh4 ,yale ,book-rest #bch #hi4 ,book-carrier in front of ,book-case #bci #ij4 ,book-truck #bci #ia4 ,hand-printing ,models #bef #ib4 ,catalogue ,shelves1 ,british ,museum #bfj #ic4 ,adjustable ,screw ,binder #bfa #id4 ,rudolph ,indexer ,book #bfb #ie4 ,card ,catalogue ,cabinet1 with extension runners #bfc #if4 ,cabinet of ,card ,trays #bfd #ig4 ,sideless ,card ,catalogue ,tray #bfe #ih4 ,cards for ,bonnange ,catalogue ,trays #bfg #ii4 ,bonnange ,card ,catalogue ,trays #bfh #ajj4 ,staderini ,card ,trays and ,cards #bfi #aja4 ,duplex ,card ,catalogue #bgj #ajb4 ,leyden ,slip ,holder #bga #ajc4 ,volume of ,staderini ,sheaf ,catalogue #bga #ajd4 ,staderini ,sheaf ,catalogue #bgb #aje4 ,sacconi ,sheaf ,catalogue #bgc #ajf4 ,adjustable ,sheaf ,catalogue #bgc #ajg4 ,adjustable ,sheaf ,catalogue #bgd #ajh4 ,adjustable ,sheaf ,catalogue1 with ,cradle and ,key #bgd #aji4 ,front of ,sheaf ,catalogue ,author ,slip #bge #aaj4 ,reverse of ,sheaf ,author ,slip #bgf #aaa4 ,sheaf ,title ,slip #bgf #aab4 ,sheaf ,subject ,slip #bgg #aac4 ,adjustable ,placard ,catalogue #bgh #aad4 ,folder for ,vertical ,file #bhb #aae4 ,a ,drawer of a ,correspondence ,filing ,cabinet #bhc #aae;,a4 ,specimen of ,jast ,classification of ,library ,economy #bhd #aaf4 ,address1 and ,correspondence1 ,index ,card #bhf #aag4 ,pamphlet ,box #bhg #aah4 ,prints ,box #bhi #aai4 ,lantern-slide ,index ,card #bij #abj4 ,supplies ,location ,card #bib #aba4 ,withdrawals ,card #bic #abb4 ,missing ,books ,index ,card--front #bid #abc4 ,missing ,books ,index ,card--back #bid #abd4 ,inventory ,book #bii #abe4 ,inventory ,slip--front #cjj #abf4 ,inventory ,slip--back #cjj #abg4 ,class ,lettering and ,numbering #caj-cac #abh4 ,class ,lettering and ,numbering #cad #abi4 ,binding ,sheet #cag #acj4 ,binding ,order ,book #cah #aca4 ,binding ,slip #cai #acb4 ,renewal ,slip #ccg #acc4 ,ratepayer's ,voucher #cdc #acd4 ,non-,ratepayer's ,voucher--front #cdd #ace4 ,non-,ratepayer's ,voucher--back #cde #acf4 ,non-,resident's ,voucher #cde #acg4 ,borrower's ,card #cdg #ach4 ,borrowers' ,number ,register #cdh #aci4 ,book ,issue ,card #cea #adj4 ,book and ,borrower's ,cards in ,pocket #cec #ada4 ,book ,pocket and ,card #ced #adb4 ,borrower's ,card with ,pocket #cee #adc4 ,borrower's ,card and ,book ,card conjoined #cee #add4 ,elevation ,plan of ,card ,charging ,tray #cef #ade4 ,card-charging ,trays in ,position #ceg #adf4 ,diagram of ,elliot ,indicator #cei #adg4 ,a ,library ,indicator #cfj #adh4 ,diagram of ,periodicals ,indicator #cfc #adi4 ,quick ,reference ,collection1 ,glasgow #cfg #aej4 ,branch ,library ,return #cfi #aea4 ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow #cgf #aeb4 ,plan of ,islington ,reference ,library #cgg #aec4 ,islington ,reference ,library #cgi #aed4 ,reference ,library ,application ,form #cha #aee4 ,picton ,reading ,room1 ,liverpool #chd #aef4 ,reading ,room1 ,royal ,society of ,medicine #chg #aeg4 ,reading ,room1 ,reading ,table1 ,chair1 etc4 #chi #aeh4 ,clippings ,index ,slip #cia #aei4 ,application for ,loan of ,reference ,book #cic #afj4 ,application for ,loan of ,reference ,book--back #cic #afa4 ,application for ,loan of ,reference ,book--,refusal ,form #cid #afb4 ,application for ,loan of ,reference ,book--,refusal ,form1 with reasons #cid #afc4 ,label of ,photographic ,survey #daa #afd4 ,print ,index ,slips #dab #afe4 ,double ,newspaper ,stand1 ,chelsea #dbg #aff4 ,double ,newspaper ,stand #dbh #afg4 ,wall ,newspaper ,stand #dbh #afh4 ,simplex ,newspaper ,holder #dcj #afi4 ,revolving ,newspaper ,holder1 with ,clips #dcj #agj4 ,adjustable ,periodicals ,list #dcc #aga4 ,periodicals ,check ,card1 ,monthlies #dce #agb4 ,periodicals ,check ,card1 ,weeklies #dce #agc4 ,periodicals ,check ,card1 ,dailies #dcf #agd4 ,periodicals ,file #dcg #age4 ,cathays ,children's ,hall1 ,cardiff #ddb #agf4 ,voucher for ,children #ddd #agg;,a4 ,school ,libraries ,return ,card--front #dfb #agg;,b4 ,school ,libraries ,return ,card--back #dfc #agh4 ,lecturer's ,memorandum #dgj #agi4 ,privilege ,issue ,notice #dga #ahj4 ,privilege ,issue ,notice1 ,information ,slip #dgb #aha4 ,rural ,library ,board ,label #dhj #ahb4 ,rural ,library ,board ,label1 ,charging ,card #dhb #ahc4 ,rural ,library ,board ,label1 ,charging ,card--back #dhb ,,division ,i ,,introductory ,,memoir ,on ,christmas ,day #ahgh a ,scottish lad of seventeen1 having realized a cherished desire and obtained an appointment as junior library assistant at the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 presented himself before the then unimposing portals of that institution at the north corner of ,ingram ,street1 and found them closed4 ,he concluded characteristically that this was because the librarian was an ,englishman4 ,the lad who endeavoured to begin what was his real life-work on this unusual day was ,james ,duff ,brown1 who was to become in many ways the greatest practical influence of his time in the ,british public library movement1 who lived through its most expansive period1 codified and published its methods and results1 experimented boldly1 faced and overcame a remarkable force of opposition1 and left behind him a memory which present librarians revere1 and works which will not easily be forgotten4 ,we have no record of his earliest years1 other than that he was born at ,edinburgh on #fth ,november #ahfb1 and during boyhood showed tenacity and mental acquisitiveness4 ,at thirteen he became an apprentice in the publishing house of ,edmonstone ,douglas in his native city1 and in the same year1 when ,mr ,douglas left that firm at the establishment of that of ,douglas ,foulis1 he remained with ,mr ,douglas4 ,a year later found him at ,glasgow with the firm of ,w4 ,r4 ,mc,phun ,sons4 ,the work done for these firms gave him an initiation of a kind into literature1 but the earlier ,glasgow period was never a happy memory of his1 and his true career began at the ,mitchell ,library4 ,here he spent ten years1 enlarging his knowledge1 specializing thoroughly in librarianship1 devoting much of his leisure to musical lore1 and by ability and purposefulness working his way to responsible positions on the library staff4 ,when he was twenty-one he began to collect material for his ,biographical ,dictionary of ,musicians1 which appeared four years later in #ahhf2 at twenty-three was ,glasgow correspondent to ,the ,musical ,standard2 and he was the editor and reviser of the six large quarto volumes of ,chalmers's ,caledonia which appeared #ahhg-ij4 ,the industry thus shown was inherent in his character4 ,he told ,mr ,t4 ,a4 ,aldred that he acquired the early-rising habit in youth1 and that most of his work was done in the mornings before he began his official day's work at #i a4m42 and the ,mitchell was at some distance from his home4 ,this habit1 which few of us ever acquire1 he retained through life4 ,it is interesting to know that he served from #ahhf to about #ahhh in the ,third ,lanark ,volunteers2 a little booklet from his pen1 ,a ,volunteer ,reconnaissance1 records his experiences4 ,a large library1 however liberally administered1 does not often offer opportunities for a man's larger initiative unless he occupies one of the chief positions2 and the exercise of his gifts did not come fully until his appointment in #ahhh to the newly-established ,clerkenwell ,public ,library in ,london4 ,the building is a comparatively small edifice occupying a triangular site1 and hardly one in which experiments little short of epoch-making might be expected2 but ,brown was a man of ideas and courage who could make the most of such a building4 ,moreover1 ,london offered him openings which he did not hesitate to take4 ,retiring in person as a rule1 nervous in speech1 and in appearance of no special significance1 he yet threw himself with quiet energy into the work of the ,library ,association4 ,it must be remembered that from about #ahhh to #ahih the public library movement in ,england received its greatest impetus1 probably because in those years the full effects of the ,education ,act of #ahgj came into play4 ,few of the libraries founded in that period are entirely without marks of his influence4 ,in #ahia he conceived the idea--very old in itself1 but quite new in its application to municipal libraries in this country--of throwing open the shelves to the choice of readers2 and he formulated a scheme1 which he called by the somewhat tautological name of 8safe-guarded open access10 and published it anonymously in ,the ,library in a paper entitled 8,a ,plea for ,liberty to ,readers to ,help ,themselves40 ,a visit to ,america in #ahic1 where he attended the ,chicago ,conference of the ,american ,library ,association as a delegate of the ,library ,association1 confirmed him in his opinion of the practical desirability of the system1 although he says1 8,there was no such thing as proper safe-guarded open access as now understood anywhere in ,america when ,i was there02 but free access there was1 without the locking wickets and other safeguards which he introduced at ,clerkenwell4 ,in brief1 his method was to admit readers to the shelves1 but by way of a wicket at which their credentials were checked unobtrusively1 and to allow them to pass out at another wicket at which the books chosen were charged4 ,thus the reader was locked in the library while making his choice4 ,the results of his experiment were presented to the ,belfast ,conference in a paper he wrote in collaboration with one of his ,committee1 ,mr ,henry ,w4 ,fincham1 entitled 8,the ,clerkenwell ,open ,lending ,library10 which was modest and restrained in tone2 but although the discussion that ensued was generous and appreciative to an extent1 it was the fiercest yet known amongst librarians1 and the question became the most contested one in our work4 ,so sharp were the divisions the simple suggestion created that the municipal library profession went into two armed camps1 and friendships and good-feeling were frequently destroyed by it4 ,it is difficult for younger librarians to realize the courage and confidence that were needed to champion open access twenty-five years ago against the active antagonism of #ij per cent4 of the profession4 ,there were not wanting men1 however1 who were drawn to the champion1 amongst them ,mr ,l4 ,stanley ,jast1 then librarian of ,peterborough1 ,mr ,t4 ,johnston1 librarian of ,croydon1 and ,mr ,brown's own assistants1 ,mr ,charles ,riddle in particular1 who opened the first library outside ,london on this system at ,bournemouth in #ahie4 ,in #ahif ,croydon adopted it1 ,hornsey followed in #ahih1 and although progress was slow at first1 to-day it has so far won the battle that the opening of a new library on any other system is a matter for surprise1 and many of the more conservative libraries1 even in the largest cities1 have adopted it at least in some part of their system2 moreover1 the question itself has become impersonal1 and no librarian to-day would criticize another for any views he might hold in connexion with it4 ,it was1 as ,sir ,j4 ,y4 ,w4 ,mac,alister declared in #ahid1 8the dawn of a new epoch2 a hundred years hence the authorities of the greater municipal ,london1 which will then be carrying on the work now only attempted by the present congeries of village communities1 will pass a resolution ordering a tablet to be fixed to the wall of a quaint three-cornered building in ,clerkenwell1 to commemorate the fact that here1 in #ahid1 the revolution had begun which in a few years had changed the entire system of public libraries throughout the land40 ,although safe-guarded open access was the principal practical contribution of ,brown to library practice1 he introduced other things of great importance4 ,his ,quarterly ,guide was the first annotated library bulletin published in ,england4 ,he invented an indicator1 more compact and perhaps as effective as most others1 as a challenge to another similar inventor4 ,he improved the sheaf catalogue1 and indeed many of the commonest appliances now in use were of his contriving4 ,a description of these1 and others1 he gave in his ,handbook of ,library ,appliances1 #ahib1 published by the ,library ,association4 ,as open access abolished the need for alphabetical indicator-keys1 he was at liberty to consider the question of catalogues radically2 and he advocated the classified catalogue and class-lists as fulfilling the needs of students and readers better than other forms4 ,in this advocacy he secured the vigorous co-operation of ,mr ,jast2 and in this matter also a great controversy ran for some years1 dignified amongst librarians as 8the battle of the catalogues40 ,the issue is still in doubt as to the entire desirability of the classified catalogue for all purposes and places1 but to-day the classified catalogue is certainly as common as any other form4 ,his brain and pen were active throughout life4 ,in #ahig he published1 in conjunction with ,stephen ,stratton1 a ,british ,musical ,biography1 another valuable biographical dictionary4 ,in #ahih he founded1 and for many years was to edit1 ,the ,library ,world1 an independent and radical journal of library methodology and politics1 which has held its own to this day4 ,opinions of all kinds were expressed in its pages2 ,brown wrote innumerable articles for it2 and many librarians of present distinction first saw themselves in print in its pages4 ,especially did ,brown encourage through its pages the struggles of young and unknown men at a time when encouragement was of priceless value to them4 ,a list of his works is given at the end of this chapter1 and will be sufficient to show his energy2 but the appearance of his ,manual of ,library ,classification and ,shelf ,arrangement1 #ahih1 which contained his ,adjustable ,classification1 was a real event1 because it was the first comprehensive treatment of a till then little understood and much abused subject2 as was that of his greatest work1 the ,manual of ,library ,economy1 which first appeared in #aijc1 and has influenced all library methodology4 ,quiet as he was in many ways1 he was of a social disposition1 a trait which found an outlet to some extent at the ,library ,association1 of which he was a councillor from #ahij to #aiaa2 but for closer purposes of camaraderie he founded1 with ,mr ,jast1 the well-known ,pseudonyms1 a dining-club of librarians and their friends1 which had its origin in the #8nineties1 and flourished for many years4 ,the meetings were held in various ,bohemian restaurants in ,soho1 professional and literary topics were debated1 and ,brown reported them in ,the ,library ,world4 ,the reports had little relation to the actual proceedings1 and few people were more entertained1 and1 incidentally1 astonished at their own wittiness 7as reported7 than the ,pseudonyms themselves4 ,this is but one instance of his humorous way of regarding all things4 ,in conversation1 and in writing of even the most dryasdust subjects1 it seemed impossible for him to talk or write without humour4 ,brown's sixteen years at ,clerkenwell made the library perhaps the most reputed in the country4 ,mr ,jast may be quoted upon this3 8,mr ,brown's influence and reputation extended far beyond his own country4 ,foreign librarians visiting ,london almost invariably made for two places2 one was the large and handsome room overlooking a stately west-end square1 which ,mr ,j4 ,y4 ,w4 ,mac,alister occupied for so many years2 and the other was a small room1 high up in a rather dingy-looking triangular building1 overlooking a dingier street in ,clerkenwell1 which was so hidden away that one rather stumbled upon it than found it1 where ,mr ,j4 ,d4 ,brown worked in his official capacity as ,librarian1 before he was called to a sphere more worthy of his labours1 in ,islington4 ,how many librarians1 how many members of library committees1 how many workers in the ,library movement have been charmed1 interested1 and instructed in these two rooms80 ,not only was he required to give advice in his own country2 at different times he was called upon to lecture on 8free public libraries0 in the ,united ,states1 in ,holland and in ,belgium4 8,a ,bruxelles10 writes ,m4 ,paul ,otlet1 8il parla devant l'auditore du ,muse du ,livre et son succs fut trs grand40 ,i cannot help thinking that his success depended more upon his subject and his clear writing than upon his speaking2 he was on the whole an indifferent speaker1 his nervousness was painful to himself and others1 and his ineradicable ,glasgow accent was a real obstacle4 ,he told my wife that the only place in which he enjoyed speaking was the meetings of the ,islington ,staff ,club2 he confessed to a horror and nervousness in public speech4 ,in #aijd he was appointed the first ,borough ,librarian of ,islington4 ,here the public libraries scheme had its very beginnings under his care1 and he was responsible for the interior design of the fine central library and the north and west branches2 probably also for the south-east branch1 but of that ,i am not sure4 ,these libraries1 ,i dare affirm1 represented the highest achievement in library-planning in this country1 with their handsome1 adequate and practical rooms1 economy in working1 and general suitableness for their purpose4 ,here he brought into practice two of his principal innovations4 ,the first was the ,subject ,classification1 a huge1 minute scheme1 which we describe in more detail in the later pages of this book1 which challenged comparison with the great and more popular ,american schemes in its completeness1 logical arrangement1 and admirable notation4 ,its focus upon ,british requirements made it specially attractive to ,british librarians1 and although it may never supersede the more universal ,decimal ,system of ,melvil ,dewey1 it is nevertheless a work of the greatest value to all librarians4 ,the second and more revolutionary innovation was the exclusion of the newsroom as usually understood from the libraries4 ,in his account of his visit to ,america1 he mentioned with something approaching disapproval the absence of this department from ,american libraries and the sense of desertion which resulted there2 but at ,islington he adopted the ,american plan4 ,i am told that the ,islington public did not approve the omission quite as much as did its author1 but the arguments he used for it were common-sense ones1 although he has had few1 if any1 ,british imitators4 ,to give in detail all his work for ,islington would be to occupy a disproportionate space in a memoir of this compass4 ,suffice it to say that he provided this not entirely grateful ,borough with a system which is the admiration of our profession4 ,he gathered round him an accomplished staff1 published a model select catalogue1 encouraged the formation of an excellent staff guild for his assistants1 and did many other invaluable things4 ,he had long been a teacher of young librarians4 ,when the ,library ,association courses were inaugurated at the ,london ,school of ,economics he became the lecturer in library organization and routine1 and served in that capacity for many years4 ,as one of his students1 ,i can vouch for his conscientious1 painstaking teaching1 his care in clearing up difficulties1 the encouraging and friendly way in which he answered our questions1 marked our exercises1 and generally made our work of interest and value4 ,no librarian who turned to him for advice ever went unhelped1 whatever his age or school of thought4 ,he wrote hundreds of letters to such purpose in his beautiful minute handwriting1 and a collection of these would form1 ,i believe1 an excellent journal of contemporary librarianship4 ,he seemed1 in particular1 to have a minute knowledge of all librarians and library assistants1 their capacities and work accomplished4 ,his obvious sympathy with young assistants first drew many of us to him4 ,from the day ,i met him in #ahif at ,bournemouth to his death he showed me by constant signs his regard for younger men and women who had a real interest in the work that he himself loved4 ,he treated us with equal consideration in his correspondence1 and the youngest correspondent received the same courtesy as his elders4 ,he drafted the constitution of the ,library ,assistants' ,association1 which with slight modifications has proved most wise and successful2 and he frequently1 especially in his last years1 attended the meetings of this ,association1 taking part in the discussions when invited to do so1 but seldom intruding his opinions unasked upon his young listeners1 who1 be it remarked1 were always eager to hear him4 ,it is a difficult task to sketch 8the man in his habit as he lived10 but a few words may be written4 ,the portrait which forms our frontispiece is almost life-like1 with its thoughtful1 quiet1 and1 if one looks carefully enough1 intent and humorous face4 ,in person he was small1 but not too obviously so2 fragile-looking1 but yet compact and vital in appearance and movement2 he had brown hair and beard1 delicate features1 deft and supple hands2 he thought calmly1 was a rapid1 consistent1 and persevering worker2 what he began he finished4 ,his writings have been pronounced by ,dr ,e4 ,a4 ,baker to possess unmistakable quality1 although 8he scoffed at the word #8style' as denoting some futile kind of verbal legerdemain0 7,i think he must have done so jokingly1 as his own personal library showed that he was by no means blind to the qualities of literary expression74 8,shrewd1 practical common sense1 rough on cranks and sentimentalists1 unmerciful to muddlers1 impervious to a good many ideas1 but a steady assertor of those he had tried and approved--this was the stuff of ,brown's writing10 is ,dr ,baker's estimate1 and in the main it coincides with my own4 ,his personal tastes may be inferred from his work4 8,he once told me10 writes ,mr ,aldred1 8he knew three subjects only1 viz41 library economy1 music1 and ,scotland4 ,i forget the order in which he placed them4 ,being a ,scotsman1 probably ,scotland came first4 ,in many respects1 however1 ,j4 ,d4 ,b4's knowledge was of the encyclopdic order--he appeared to know a little of any subject named40 ,in early life he was pronounced to be consumptive1 but he told me1 8,i have lived to see the doctors who condemned me in their graves10 by careful living1 and probably by sheer will power4 ,but in his later years he had to meet many difficulties at ,islington1 where the libraries became the sport of a political party and he had a committee which was unable to assess his powers4 ,it is useless to revive this now1 but it probably helped to bring about his early death4 ,he first became seriously ill in #aiaa1 and with a few intervals1 when we believed him to be practically himself again1 he gradually weakened4 ,in the last few months of his life a stay at ,bournemouth was tried as a final resource1 and here he read musical biography assiduously and maintained the keenest outlook upon all things2 but no improvement ensued in his health1 and he returned to ,london a dying man4 ,the end came at his house1 #ae1 ,canonbury ,park ,south1 ,islington1 on #bfth ,february #aiad2 and he was buried1 amid every sign of regret and affection1 at ,new ,southgate ,cemetery4 ,his only memorial to the present are his works2 ,i believe they will be an enduring one4 ,to sum up3 ,brown entered upon his library career at a time when the library movement received its greatest impetus1 and brought the whole force of a fertile and inventive mind and a ready pen into its service4 ,he wrote the first text-books actually intended for ,english public librarians1 collected and systematized all available methodology1 and1 thoroughly believing in his mission1 this man more than any other in his generation fashioned in this country a living1 interesting profession out of the despised materials of the popular library4 ,an impression written by ,alderman ,h4 ,keatley ,moore1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,mus41 ,j4,p41 a veteran worker for public libraries1 who made his acquaintance early1 may serve to conclude this necessarily brief account of our author3 8,what was it especially that made one feel so clearly that one was in the presence of a true man1 of an absolute master of his subject1 of one1 in fact1 whom it was an honour to know8 8,i think it was that curious quietness1 the repose of a man who has thought out everything fully for himself1 and is content to leave the facts as he has arranged them to tell their own story4 ,he was still1 because he was so strong2 he was undisturbed by clamour because he had been through it all1 and now stood in the open with the conquered fortress behind him1 its strength his strength made visible2 one gradually grew rather timid of this shy talker because he always had the facts on his side4 4 4 4 ,he was the most unaffected and modest man of real mark that ,i have ever met in my long public life4 ,i shall always be glad to have known him4 ,i shall always remember the great services he rendered to me1 to my town1 to our country4 ,across my sincere regret at his loss flickers the whimsical thought of how he would wonder at the fuss we are making over him40 ,,bibliography ,the following is a list of ,brown's separate publications4 ,his articles were legion1 and will be found by reference to the indexes of all library periodicals and transactions4 ,nearly all the anonymously-written articles and editorials in ,the ,library ,world from #ahih to about #aijf are his3 #ahhf4 ,biographical ,dictionary of ,musicians3 with a bibliography of ,english writings on ,music4 ,paisley3 ,a4 ,gardner4 #ahhh4 ,a ,volunteer ,reconnaissance4 #ahib4 ,handbook of ,library ,appliances3 fittings1 furniture1 charging systems1 etc4 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #a4 #ahic4 ,guide to the ,formation of a ,music ,library4 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #d4 #ahig4 ,greenwood's ,library ,year-,book4 ,scott1 ,greenwood4 7,the second edition1 #aijj-ja1 was entitled ,british ,library ,year-,book47 #ahih4 ,manual of ,library ,classification and ,shelf ,arrangement4 ,libraco ,series4 ,library ,supply ,co4 7,chapter vi41 which contains 8,the ,adjustable ,classification10 was published separately under that title47 #aijc4 ,manual of ,library ,economy4 ,scott1 ,greenwood4 ,second edition1 #aijg4 ,library ,supply ,co4 #aijd4 ,annotated ,syllabus for the ,systematic ,study of ,librarianship4 ,libraco4 ,classified ,list of ,current ,periodicals3 a guide to the selection of magazine literature4 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #h4 #aijf4 ,manual of ,practical ,bibliography4 ,routledge4 ,subject ,classification4 #aijf1 ,libraco4 ,second edition1 #aiad1 ,grafton4 #aijg4 ,the ,small ,library3 a guide to the collection and care of books4 ,routledge4 #aiji4 ,guide to ,librarianship3 reading lists1 methods of study1 etc4 ,grafton4 7,supersedes the 8,annotated ,syllabus407 #aiab4 ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing4 ,grafton4 7,incorporates much of the matter in the 8,manual of ,library ,classification0 in revised form47 #aiac4 ,a ,british ,library ,itinerary4 ,grafton4 ,,works ,,written ,,in ,,collaboration #ahig4 ,with ,stratton1 ,s4 ,s4 ,british ,musical ,biography3 a dictionary of musical artists1 authors and composers born in ,britain and its ,colonies4 ,birmingham3 ,stratton4 #aija4 ,with ,moffat1 ,alfred4 ,characteristic ,songs and ,dances of all ,nations4 #aiae4 ,stewart1 ,j4 ,d41 and ,others4 ,open ,access ,libraries3 their planning1 equipment and organization4 ,with ,introduction by ,j4 ,d4 ,brown4 ,grafton4 7,this work was planned by ,brown47 ,,introduction ,,librarianship ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 ,,the ,,present ,,scope ,,of ,,the ,,library ,,profession4 ,,methods ,,of ,,this ,,book ,i4 ,library economy is a term covering every branch of work concerned with libraries2 and libraries may be defined in a phrase as institutions devoted to the collecting1 conserving and exploiting of literature4 ,originally the prevalent character of libraries was that of conserving rather than exploiting institutions1 and much of the technical equipment of the modern librarian has come into being as a result of their progress from their original 8museum0 to their present 8workshop0 character4 ,our subject1 then1 covers the founding1 organizing1 administration and routine of libraries4 ,it is one of much wider compass than is commonly supposed4 ,whatever may have been the original intention1 for example1 of the pioneers of the municipal public library movement1 and there are still many who seem to regard that movement as a counter-attraction to the seductions of the saloon bar and similar places of recreation1 the present public library is a many-sided1 active civic institution1 making its appeal to all classes of the community as a centre of education1 culture and recreation1 with a trained service to direct it4 ,nearly every other type of library also is most concerned with the best means of attracting people to make use of literature1 and is an active force in the community rather than a passive one4 ,,ii4 ,libraries have been recognized as important in all ages1 and a brief study of the early civilizations of the ,east and of the ,mediterranean countries1 as well as all later periods1 shows the existence of state1 public1 ecclesiastical and monastic libraries for which there was some sort of librarianship1 with even such seemingly modern appliances as classification and cataloguing of a kind4 ,but the library as we know it to-day1 and librarianship in particular1 may almost be said to be the creation of the last half of the nineteenth century4 ,earlier town libraries indeed existed1 the first1 it is believed1 being that at ,norwich1 which was opened to the public in #afjh2 but although there were individual instances1 the municipal public library 7commonly but erroneously called the 8free library10 because no charge is made for its use7 was a result of the ,libraries ,act of #ahej promoted by ,william ,ewart1 ,m4,p41 who had at his back the real pioneer of public libraries1 ,edward ,edwards1 whose ,memoir of ,libraries is the most monumental of treatises on library history and administration4 ,the ,act of #ahej had in view the needs of the poor1 sanctioned the levying of a halfpenny rate1 and1 with curious want of vision1 left the provision of books to the generosity of private donors4 ,the debates upon the bill before it became law are curious and entertaining reading2 and it appears that the special purpose of libraries was the prevention of crime6 ,progress was slow at first1 but in #ahec it was stated that thirteen towns had adopted the ,act4 ,in #ahee its provisions were extended to ,ireland1 and in this amending bill the amount that might be levied for libraries throughout the kingdom was increased to a limit of one penny in the pound4 ,,iii4 ,we need not follow the history of the movement1 as an excellent monograph by ,j4 ,j4 ,ogle1 ,the ,free ,library1 is available on the question2 nor need we go into the parallel and in some respects more wonderful development of the movement in ,america4 ,so far as this country is concerned libraries have grown up in every considerable town1 with very few exceptions2 but the whole movement has been retarded1 even crippled1 by the retention of the limit of one penny in the pound as the amount a local authority may spend on library provision4 ,the advance in general education--it must be remembered that in #ahej not more than one-seventeenth of the children of the people were receiving an education which could be called satisfactory even when judged by the low standards of that time--has created a new reading public more vast than was contemplated by the promoters of the ,act2 but the only legal help towards meeting its demands has come from the increased product of rate assessments2 the limit remains sixty-five years after its imposition4 ,but the increase we have mentioned has not been negligible1 even if it is entirely insufficient1 and it has been assisted in a remarkable way by private generosity4 ,amongst many who have provided towns with public library buildings1 ,passmore ,edwards1 ,lord ,brassey1 ,henry ,tate1 ,colonel ,gamble and ,professor ,sandeman may be mentioned2 but the greatest impetus to the movement was given by the systematic and almost universal munificence of ,andrew ,carnegie1 which began in #ahhf and has been continued by him and by the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust1 which he has endowed1 to the present4 ,his system has been to provide a suitable building on the condition that the authority accepting it adopted the ,libraries ,act and provided a site from other charges than the library rate4 ,by this means scores of towns which were without or had only inferior library buildings now possess one in some way worthy of the name4 ,,iv4 ,the expansion of libraries gave rise to the modern profession of librarianship4 ,the older libraries were usually in the charge of scholars1 whose main work was that of 8keeper0 of the books1 a title which the librarian in charge of the ,british ,museum still bears1 although it does not now comprehend his work4 ,the municipal library required a man who was not primarily a scholar1 although scholarship was an invaluable basis for his work2 he was rather required to be an administrator1 a purveyor of books1 and1 because of the very limited moneys at his disposal1 something of a business man4 ,for some years1 however1 there was no definite science or art of librarianship in this sense4 ,edward ,edwards1 in the second volume of his ,memoirs of ,libraries1 laid firmly the foundations of present library economy in a rsum and exposition of the multifarious methods of cataloguing1 classification1 library planning and administration used in the various libraries of the world4 ,little followed in ,england until the growing needs of the work caused a few far-seeing librarians to find some means of bringing librarians together4 ,this they succeeded in doing in the successive conferences of librarians1 ,british and international1 the first of which was held in ,london in #ahgg4 ,out of these sprang the ,library ,association in #ahgh1 with ,mr ,henry ,r4 ,tedder and the late ,e4 ,b4 ,nicholson as its first honorary secretaries1 and the late ,robert ,harrison as honorary treasurer4 ,in the first year the late ,e4 ,c4 ,thomas succeeded ,nicholson1 and somewhat later he was associated in his office with ,mr 7now ,sir7 ,j4 ,y4 ,w4 ,mac,alister1 one of the most significant and creative personalities in our work2 while ,mr ,tedder assumed the office of treasurer1 which he holds to this day1 an office in which his wisdom and counsel as well as his unsparing industry have done much to create the present stability of the ,association4 ,by means of frequent gatherings1 especially by its annual meetings1 the ,library ,association gradually brought together the whole body of librarians in this country1 who read and discussed professional papers1 published proceedings1 initiated scheme after scheme for the promotion and improvement of libraries1 and generally became the controlling factor in library polity4 ,it was incorporated by ,royal ,charter in #ahih4 ,for many years it was recognized that training in technical methods was necessary for librarians1 and the ,association has devoted much attention to this work4 ,at first it held summer schools and1 from #ahih1 other brief courses for library students1 and examined the students upon them4 ,later it established1 in connexion with the ,governors of the ,london ,school of ,economics1 regular courses of lectures at that institution4 ,a carefully-designed and remarkably helpful syllabus of instruction was drawn up1 and on this examinations were held and certificates leading up to a diploma in librarianship were issued4 ,the latest phase of the educational work of the ,association has been the securing of a grant from the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust for the establishment of a ,school of ,librarianship at ,university ,college1 ,london1 which it is expected will commence on #ast ,october #aiai4 ,this will primarily be a day school with courses of study founded on the syllabus of the ,association1 which has been carefully revised and extended to meet the new circumstances4 ,it is ridiculous to prophesy1 but if this ,school is a success it is probable that it will revolutionize the whole character of library service in this country4 ,v4 ,there have been various definitions of the purpose of libraries and librarians1 few of them entirely adequate4 ,we shall not attempt another dogmatically1 but we may suggest that that purpose is to provide a representative and systematically arranged collection of literature from the daily newspaper to the elaborate treatise and encyclopdic work of reference4 ,the methods of doing this1 and of exploiting in the public interest the collection when made1 are the subject-matter of this manual4 ,until this primary purpose of a library is fulfilled any attempts at those added activities which are advocated by some librarians to-day are likely to be mistaken1 or at least ill-advised4 ,the ,library ,association has not issued a comprehensive manifesto covering this matter1 and might very well do so1 if care were taken1 as no doubt it would be1 to give considerable elasticity to the definitions4 ,at the ,annual ,meeting in #aiag1 however1 it did adopt a series of resolutions of great importance1 which1 as the almost unanimous pronouncement of the profession1 must find a place here4 ,in the light of the rough definition given1 their inadequacy as a comprehensive statement of library work is obvious enough1 but they have great value as showing the trend of that work in the effort to meet the remarkable intellectual1 industrial and other conditions created by the ,european ,war2 and this seems to us a justification for treating each of the resolutions at greater length in the following pages3 #a4 8,that the aim of the library as an educational institution is best expressed in the formula #8,self-development in an atmosphere of freedom1' as contrasted with the aim of the school1 which is #8,training in an atmosphere of restraint or discipline'2 in the school the teacher is dominant1 because it is possible to pass on a form1 to teach an art2 but in the library the pupil strikes out his own line1 and becomes his own teacher2 the library supplies the material upon which the powers awakened and trained in the school can be exercised2 the library and the school depend upon different ideas1 deal with different material in different ways1 and there is no administrative relation between the two2 furthermore1 the contacts of the library with organized education necessarily cease at the point where the educational machinery itself terminates1 but the library continues as an educational force of national importance in its contacts with the whole social1 political and intellectual life of the community2 that the recognition of the true place of the library in education must carry with it the provision of adequate financial resources1 which is impossible under the present limitation on the library rate2 such limitation therefore should be removed at the earliest possible moment40 #b4 8,that the creation in the child of intellectual interests1 which is furthered by a love of books1 is an urgent national need2 that while it is the business of the school to foster the desire to know1 it is the business of the library to give adequate opportunity for the satisfaction of this desire2 that library work with children ought to be the basis of all other library work2 that reading-rooms should be provided in all public libraries1 where children may read books in attractive surroundings1 under the sympathetic and tactful guidance of trained children's librarians2 but that such provision will be largely futile except under the conditions which experience1 especially in ,america where the importance of this work has long been recognized and where it is highly developed1 has shown to be essential to success40 #c4 8,that in view of meeting trade conditions after the war1 commercial libraries should be established in all the great trade centres of the kingdom1 as a part of the municipal library system1 where business men may obtain reliable commercial information1 by means of the collection and arrangement for rapid consultation of all ,government and other publications relating to commerce2 that such libraries should act as outliers or branches of the ,commercial ,intelligence ,department of the ,board of ,trade2 and that such ,department should further the work of these libraries in every possible way2 that in the smaller towns commercial collections should be formed40 #d4 8,that technical libraries are as essential1 both to technical education and to manufacture1 as the laboratory or the workshop2 that discovery and invention are stimulated by books2 that the technical library1 therefore1 should be established as a special department of the public library in all important manufacturing towns1 with a special organization1 including a librarian trained not only in library method and in the bibliography of technology1 but possessing also a sufficient technical knowledge to enable him to act as a source of information to inquirers40 #e4 8,that collections of books and other printed and manuscript matter bearing upon questions of local government should be established in connexion with municipalities2 that such collections to be effective must be in charge of a trained librarian2 that the management of such collections should be placed under the library committee2 that the cost of such libraries will be small in proportion to the valuable part they will play in serving the needs1 not only of officials entrusted with the carrying out of public work1 but also of members of the municipality responsible for local government finance and policy40 ,,vi4 ,since the succeeding chapters of this manual were revised the ,ministry of ,reconstruction has issued a report on libraries and museums which has been made by its ,adult ,education ,committee4 ,this traverses in a general way the ground covered by the ,library ,association resolutions and makes recommendations of much moment and gravity4 ,the aim of the report is to explain the extent of libraries and to secure their co-ordination4 ,it criticizes ,resolution #a on the ground that it represents the aims of education inadequately1 and it deduces from several very cogent arguments the policy of placing libraries under the local education committees in order that they may be merged into and worked as an extension of the national education system4 ,for ,london this would mean taking libraries from the boroughs and placing them in the care of the county4 ,the matter is too unsettled to admit of argument here1 but such a policy1 if carried out1 might alter radically the whole character of library provision and administration4 ,the linking up of libraries is recommended by means of a central lending library in ,london1 the municipal libraries1 special libraries1 and rural libraries2 the central lending library would supply the more expensive1 little-used books to students direct or through the municipal or rural libraries1 and special libraries should be drawn upon in their specialities for books to be used throughout the country4 ,to the end that the service should be developed to the greatest extent1 the present income of libraries should be increased1 either by an increase in the separate library rate or by abolishing that rate altogether and allowing the estimates of the library to be included in general education estimates4 ,it seems quite probable that the near future will see a removal of the main financial difficulties4 ,,vii4 ,this manual is based upon the syllabus of the ,library ,association1 but excludes sections #a and1 in part1 #b 7,literary ,history and ,bibliography71 and includes the subject-matter of the resolutions of #aiag4 ,primarily it is a manual of municipal library practice1 but is by no means exclusively so4 ,special libraries have their individual methods1 and a general conspectus of librarianship cannot include them2 and state1 university1 institutional1 club and private libraries are equally matters for specific treatment such as would be impossible here4 ,but all libraries are faced with very similar problems of selection1 accession1 classification1 cataloguing1 etc41 or at any rate they differ in these matters in degree rather than in kind2 and it is hoped that for them much that follows will be at least interesting and suggestive4 ,to this end the method aimed at is expository rather than argumentative2 and when two or more methods are in vogue they have been placed side by side in order that the student may review them and form his own judgment of their relative merits4 ,where we are dogmatic we are so unconsciously1 and we hope that aberrations of this kind will be passed over with forbearance4 ,,division ,,ii ,,foundation1 ,,committees ,,and ,,finance ,,chapter ,i ,,legislation #a4 ,municipal ,libraries3 ,acts of ,parliament4--,the principal ,acts of ,parliament under which ,british public municipal libraries are now constituted consist of the following3-- ,,ireland #ahee4 8#ah #ai ,vict41 c4 #dj4 ,an ,act for further promoting the establishment of ,free ,public ,libraries and ,museums in ,ireland40 7,the principal ,act47 #ahgg4 8#dj #da ,vict41 c4 #ae4 ,an ,act to amend the ,public ,libraries ,act 7,ireland71 #ahee40 #ahid4 8#eg #eh ,vict41 c4 #ch4 ,an ,act to amend the ,public ,libraries 7,ireland7 ,acts40 #aijb4 8,the ,public ,libraries 7,ireland7 ,amendment ,act40 ,gives power to ,district ,councils to adopt the ,acts1 and empowers ,county ,councils to make grants in aid of libraries4 ,,scotland #ahhg4 8#ej #ea ,vict41 c4 #db4 ,an ,act to amend and consolidate the ,public ,libraries 7,scotland7 ,acts40 7,the principal ,act47 #ahid4 8#eg #eh ,vict41 c4 #bj4 ,an ,act to amend the ,public ,libraries ,consolidation 7,scotland7 ,act1 #ahhg40 #ahii4 8#fb #fc ,vict41 c4 #e4 ,an ,act to amend the ,public ,libraries 7,scotland7 ,acts40 ,,england ,,and ,,wales #ahib4 8#ee #ff ,vict41 c4 #ec4 ,an ,act to consolidate and amend the law relating to ,public ,libraries40 7,the principal ,act47 #ahic4 8#ef ,vict41 c4 #aa4 ,an ,act to amend the ,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahib40 #ahih4 8#fa #fb ,vict41 c4 #ec4 ,an ,act to provide for the ,punishment of ,offences in ,libraries40 #aija4 8#a ,edw4 #g4 ,an ,act to amend the ,acts relating to ,public ,libraries1 ,museums and ,gymnasiums1 and to regulate the liability of managers of libraries to proceedings for libel40 ,,note4--,this ,act does not deal with actions for libel4 ,it was originally intended to do so1 but the clauses were struck out of the bill1 and the title escaped emendation4 #b4 ,the whole of these are in force1 and they repeal all the former ,acts dating from #ahej1 while incorporating some of their provisions4 ,in addition to these general ,acts1 a considerable number of local ,acts have been passed on behalf of various towns1 which include provisions for the modification of the general ,acts1 chiefly in regard to removing the limitation of the rate1 and for other purposes4 ,such powers are usually contained in improvement or tramway ,acts1 and the principal towns which have obtained them include ,manchester1 ,birmingham1 ,glasgow1 ,edinburgh1 ,halifax1 ,darwen1 ,sheffield1 ,cardiff1 etc4 ,several towns1 like ,brighton1 ,huddersfield1 ,kingston-on-,thames1 have also special ,acts which confer the power of establishing libraries1 independently of the general ,acts1 so that the public libraries of ,britain are not constituted under one general law4 #c4 ,the ,public ,library ,law is further modified or extended by various other statutes which were passed for different purposes1 and the principal ,acts of this kind are as follows3 8#bd #be ,vict41 c4 #ig4 ,an ,act to consolidate and amend the ,statute ,law of ,england and ,ireland relating to malicious injuries to property10 #ahfa4 ,this gives power to prosecute for misdemeanour any person who unlawfully and maliciously destroys or damages any book1 manuscript1 etc41 in any public museum1 gallery1 cabinet or library4 8#ef #eg ,vict41 c4 #gc4 ,an ,act to make further provision for local government in ,england and ,wales10 #ahid4 ,enables rural parishes to adopt the ,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahib1 by means of a parish meeting or poll of the voters in the parish4 8#fb #fc ,vict41 c4 #ad4 ,an ,act to make better provision for local government in ,london10 #ahii4 ,confers the power of adopting the ,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahib1 on the ,metropolitan ,borough ,councils1 by extending to them the provisions of the ,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahic4 ,the remaining statutes which in any way deal with public or private libraries will be noticed in connexion with the departments of library administration1 to which they specially refer1 such as loans1 rating1 etc4 ,the only other ,acts of ,parliament which may in the future influence public libraries are the ,education ,acts passed since #aijb4 ,under these ,acts local ,education ,boards are empowered to 8promote the general co-ordination of all forms of education10 and in many districts the education and library authorities are amalgamated for common purposes4 ,it remains to be seen what further extensions will take place4 #d4 ,main ,provisions of the ,municipal ,libraries ,acts4--,a brief summary of the leading practical points of the various ,acts will serve to give an idea of the powers which are conferred upon municipal authorities in regard to libraries3 7a7 ,,adoption ,,of ,,acts ,,in ,,towns4--,the ,acts may be adopted in any city1 county borough1 burgh or urban district by a resolution passed by the council1 at a special meeting of which a month's notice shall have been given1 and the resolution must be advertised publicly in the usual way1 and a copy sent to the ,local ,government ,board1 if the adoption is in ,england or ,ireland2 while a notice of the fact of adoption must also be sent4 7b7 ,,adoption ,,of ,,acts ,,in ,,parishes4--,in parishes in ,england and ,scotland the ,acts can only be adopted by a majority vote of the householders or voters4 7c7 ,,library ,,rate4--,a rate of one penny in the on the rateable value of an administrative area is the limit fixed by the ,act1 but power is given parishes to fix a smaller sum by a popular vote1 and urban districts of all kinds to remove or fix any rate within the limit of one penny by resolution of the council4 7d7 ,,powers4--,the ,library ,authority may provide public libraries1 museums1 schools for science1 art galleries and schools for art1 and for that purpose may purchase and hire land1 and erect1 take down1 rebuild1 alter1 repair and extend buildings1 and fit up1 furnish and supply the same with all requisite furniture1 fittings and conveniences4 ,the ,library ,authority shall exercise the general management1 regulation and control of every department established under the provisions of the ,acts1 and may provide books1 newspapers1 maps and specimens of art and science1 and cause the same to be bound and repaired when necessary4 ,also appoint salaried officers and servants1 and dismiss them1 and make regulations for the safety and use of every library1 museum1 gallery and school under its control1 and for admission of the public thereto4 ,power is also given to make agreements with other library authorities for the joint use of library or other buildings2 and to borrow money1 with the sanction of the central authorities1 for the purpose of buying sites1 erecting buildings and furnishing them4 ,the ,irish ,act of #ahgg also gives power to establish schools of music as part of a library scheme4 #e4 ,non-,municipal ,libraries3 ,acts of ,parliament4--,the legislation affecting the large number of ,british libraries which are not supported out of the rates is neither extensive nor satisfactory4 ,the chief feature of most of the ,acts of ,parliament which have been passed seems to be the benevolent one of granting certain facilities to various kinds of landowners to divest themselves of their property in order to provide sites for literary and scientific institutions4 ,there are similar clauses in the ,public ,libraries ,acts1 and1 of course1 most of the ,acts named apply to municipal libraries2 but in reality this kind of legislation is not particularly valuable4 ,to make the transfer of land for public purposes more easy is quite laudable1 but it has not yet had the effect of inducing landowners to part with free plots of land as building sites1 either to public library authorities or literary institutions4 #f4 ,the principal ,act bearing on literary and scientific institutions is entitled 8,an ,act to afford greater facilities for the establishment of ,institutions for the promotion of ,literature and ,science and the ,fine ,arts1 and to provide for their better regulation10 #ag #ah ,vict41 c4 #aab1 #ahed4 ,this is nearly all taken up with provisions for transfers of lands and other property1 and with a few regulations concerning members1 rules1 altering1 extending or dissolving the institution1 etc4 ,this ,act was afterwards to some extent modified by 8,an ,act to facilitate the transfer of ,schools for ,science and ,art to ,local ,authorities10 #ed #ee ,vict41 c4 #fa1 #ahia4 ,these1 and the other ,acts referred to1 which deal with transfers of property1 have had very little to do with the development of voluntary literary and scientific institutions or libraries2 the principal statute under which most of them are now governed being an ,act passed primarily for quite a different purpose4 ,this is the 8,act to amend the #8,companies ,act1 #ahfb1'0 #cj #ca ,vict41 c4 #aca1 #ahfg1 under ,section #bc of which power is given the ,board of ,trade to grant licences to literary and similar associations1 providing for registration with limited liability1 and conferring all the privileges attaching to limited companies4 ,in connexion with this ,act1 and those of #ahfb and #ahgg1 the ,board of ,trade have issued a series of circulars and forms1 which include draft rules1 articles of association1 etc4 ,under these licences a considerable number of ,british literary institutions have been established and organized4 #g4 ,british ,colonial ,library ,legislation has proceeded very much on the lines adopted in the mother country1 and in every case the permissive character of the ,acts has been preserved1 and1 in most cases1 the rate limitation4 ,on the other hand1 some effort has been made to keep in touch with schools and universities4 ,in ,south ,africa a ,government proclamation established the ,south ,african ,public ,library at ,cape ,town in #ahah4 ,this was further regulated by an ordinance passed in #ahcf1 which gave the library the right to receive a free copy of every publication issued in ,,cape ,,colony4 ,other libraries in the large towns now receive grants from the ,government1 and a large number of smaller libraries also receive grants equal to the annual average amount raised by subscriptions and donations during the three preceding years2 but in no case shall the amount of the ,parliamentary grant exceed #aej for any one library in one year4 ,no grants are made if less than #be is raised by subscription4 ,in return for the grant1 reading-rooms and reference libraries are to be open free to the public1 and an annual report has to be presented to the ,government4 ,in ,,natal the same arrangement is made1 though on a much smaller scale4 ,in both colonies books are only lent for home reading to subscribers4 ,in #ahgd an ,act was passed by the ,legislature of ,natal for regulating literary and other societies not legally incorporated4 ,in ,canada1 under a ,general ,libraries ,act of #ahed1 ,county ,councils were authorized to establish four classes of libraries3 7#a7 ,ordinary common school libraries in each school-house for the use of children and ratepayers2 7#b7 a general public library available to all ratepayers in the municipality2 7#c7 professional libraries of books on teaching1 etc41 for teachers only2 and 7#d7 a library in any public institution under the control of a municipality4 ,arrangements were made whereby the ,education ,office sold books at low rates to the school libraries2 and afterwards the ,education ,department of the ,legislature gave annual grants1 equal to the amounts contributed by members for book purchase1 to mechanics' institutes1 etc41 and subsequently increased such grants for books to #djj 7#hj7 annually4 ,the province of ,ontario1 in #ahhb1 passed 8,an ,act to provide for the ,establishment of ,free ,libraries10 on lines very similar to the ,english ,acts4 ,power is given any city1 town or incorporated village to provide libraries1 newsrooms1 museums and branches1 on the petition and with the consent of the qualified electors4 ,the management is vested in a board chosen from the ,town ,council1 citizens other than councillors1 and the ,public ,school ,boards4 ,the library rate is limited to an 8annual rate not exceeding one half of a mill in the dollar upon the assessed value of all rateable1 real and personal property40 ,this form of limitation is borrowed from the practice of the ,united ,states4 ,about ninety places have adopted this ,free ,libraries ,act in ,ontario4 ,in #ahie an ,act was passed in ,ontario to enable mechanics' institutes to change their names and transfer their property to municipalities on condition that the libraries were made free to the public4 ,the ,australian colonies have all passed separate laws1 somewhat similar to those in force in other parts of the ,empire1 in regard to their adoption being left to local option1 and rates being more or less limited4 ,in #ahgj ,,victoria passed an ,act establishing the ,library1 ,museum and ,national ,art ,gallery at ,melbourne1 and in #ahhe 8,the ,free ,libraries ,act0 was passed4 ,but1 in #ahij1 these ,acts were repealed by 8,an ,act to consolidate the ,laws relating to ,libraries40 ,the ,melbourne ,public ,library1 which was established in #ahec1 is now wholly supported by ,government1 and it lends books to any municipality in the colony4 ,in addition1 the ,government make grants from public funds to most of the mechanics' institutions1 athenums and other literary societies in ,victoria4 ,,south ,,australia has quite a body of library laws1 dating from #ahfc1 when the ,south ,australian ,institution was incorporated1 but most of them have been repealed or incorporated in the two principal ,acts regulating institutes and free libraries4 ,by the various ,acts passed in connexion with institutes or literary societies1 grants in aid are made by ,parliament on lines similar to those in force in the other colonies1 while rules and regulations are made and power given to transfer such institutes to the municipalities4 ,public libraries are regulated by 8,an ,act to establish ,free ,libraries in ,corporate ,towns and ,district ,councils10 #ahih1 subsequently amended by an ,act of #aijb4 ,this ,act gives local authorities power1 on the request and with the consent of the ratepayers1 to adopt the ,act1 subject to the rate not exceeding #c;d4 in the 4 ,municipal libraries are also entitled to receive the same grants as are made to institutes4 ,in ,,new ,,south ,,wales public libraries may be established under the 8,municipalities ,act10 #ahfg4 ,the ,government makes grants for the purchase of books on a scale according to population1 and other funds must be provided by the subscriptions of members4 ,schools of art are entitled to receive a ,government grant in proportion to the amount of monetary support accorded by the public4 ,in addition1 the ,sydney ,public ,library 7established in #ahfi7 is entirely supported by the ,government1 and it sends out carefully selected boxes of books to #abh institutes throughout ,new ,south ,wales1 the entire cost being defrayed by ,parliament4 ,in ,,western ,,australia grants are made to institutes as in the other colonies1 but there is no general ,library ,act in existence yet4 ,in #ahhg the ,government established a ,public ,library at ,perth1 and contributes #cjjj per annum for its maintenance4 ,the only legislative enactment concerning libraries in ,western ,australia is an ,act for establishing a ,law and ,parliamentary ,library for the ,legislature1 which was passed in #ahgc and amended in #ahhi4 ,,queensland passed an 8,act to consolidate and amend the ,laws relating to ,municipal ,institutions1 and to provide more effectually for local government10 #ahgh4 ,this was extended by the 8,divisional ,boards ,act0 of #ahhg1 and now ,municipal ,councils or ,divisional ,boards may make bye-laws for the establishment1 maintenance and management of public libraries4 ,brisbane ,free ,public ,library1 the only library of importance opened under this ,act1 has an annual grant from the municipal funds varying from #hjj to #ajjj4 ,one hundred and forty schools of art throughout the colony also receive ,government grants for library and other purposes to the extent of about #hs4 #b;d4 for every pound subscribed by members4 ,,tasmania has a model library law1 which is worthy of adoption in every civilized country4 ,it is contained in 8,an ,act to amend the ,law relating to ,public ,libraries10 passed in #ahfg4 ,it is so short1 and so much to the point1 that the whole of it may be quoted4 ,after a two-line preamble it declares that3 8,the ,municipal ,council of every municipality may1 from time to time1 apply such sum as it sees fit1 out of the rates of such municipality1 in and towards the formation and maintenance of ,public ,libraries within such municipality40 ,that is the whole ,act1 and it gives no indication of the grudging limitations which other countries inflict4 ,the only blemish on this admirable statute is the fact that it is not compulsory4 ,most of the ,tasmanian towns being small1 only ,hobart has put the library law into force1 by appropriating a penny rate to the support of the ,tasmanian ,public ,library 7#ahdi71 which is also maintained by ,government grants4 ,the small libraries throughout ,tasmania receive grants1 on the usual conditions1 from the ,government4 ,the library law of ,,new ,,zealand is based on a series of ,acts1 similar to those passed in this country for the regulation of municipal libraries and literary institutions4 ,the principal ,acts are3 7#a7 8,an ,act to promote the establishment of ,public ,libraries10 #ahfi1 giving power for the governing body of a city1 village or district to adopt the ,act with the consent of the ratepayers1 and to levy a rate not exceeding #a;d4 in the 2 7#b7 8,an ,act to confer powers on ,public ,libraries and ,mechanics' ,institutes10 #ahge--;a series of rules for incorporation and management2 7#c7 8,an ,act to promote the establishment and support of ,public ,libraries10 #ahgg4 ,in this ,act it is laid down that the grant for public libraries is to be apportioned among provincial districts1 in proportion to the population of such districts1 and that a subsidy equal to the amount of the library rate is to be paid to municipal libraries established under the ,act of #ahfi4 ,free admission to reading-rooms is permitted1 but no person to be allowed to borrow unless he contributes not less than #es4 per annum4 ,none of the ,west ,indian dependencies have legislation relating to libraries1 although grants are paid from ,government funds towards the maintenance of libraries in different ,british possessions4 ,in ,india the ,government subsidizes only libraries connected with the leading departments of ,state1 such as law and parliamentary libraries for the use of legislators and the ,councils forming the ,indian ,government4 ,it cannot be said to redound to the credit of the ,government that the only public library systems in ,india have been established in native ,states4 ,the ,gaekwar of ,baroda has instituted such a system1 which extends from the capital city to the smallest village1 and his example has been followed by the native ,state of ,indore4 ,the ,british colonial libraries are thus established and regulated on lines very similar to the municipal libraries of this country1 and literary institutions of all kinds are incorporated and recognized in the same way as in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,there are numerous differences1 however1 in points of detail1 because1 although the permissive clauses are retained for municipal libraries in every case1 in some cases1 such as ,tasmania and ,south ,australia1 the rate limit is either non-existent or greatly increased4 ,again1 it is a universal provision in colonial administration for the ,governments to assist all kinds of libraries1 to the extent of contributing1 within limits1 as much money as is raised by the subscriptions of members or produced by a municipal library rate4 ,also1 more attempt is made1 especially in ,canada1 to embody the libraries as part of the national system of education1 and in this respect our colonies are ahead of the mother country4 #h4 ,the ,library ,legislation of the ,united ,states is of very great importance1 because of its variety1 liberality and consistent aim to make libraries an essential part of the system of national education4 ,as ,dr ,thomas ,bray was the first to procure library legislation in ,england1 so was he the first to obtain a law of this kind in ,north ,america4 ,he founded a library in ,south ,carolina1 which in #agjj formed the subject of an ,act passed by the ,legislative ,assembly of ,south ,carolina for its regulation and protection4 ,in #agae a similar law for the same purpose was passed by the ,legislative ,assembly of ,north ,carolina4 ,in subsequent years many laws were passed by different ,states for the incorporation and regulation of all kinds of social1 subscription1 mercantile and other libraries1 much on the same lines as were found necessary in other countries1 in order to give such associations legal standing and recognition4 ,in some of the ,states laws have been enacted providing for the payment of an annual grant to proprietary libraries1 on condition that they are made free to the general public for reference purposes4 ,this plan of utilizing existing library facilities for the public benefit is common to both the ,united ,states and our own colonies1 and there are many less effective ways of securing reading privileges at a comparatively cheap rate4 ,it would add enormously to the educational resources of ,london1 for example1 if1 in return for an annual ,government grant1 the general public could have access to the reading-rooms of some of the more important literary1 scientific and artistic libraries1 especially those which are rich in the current periodical literature of other countries4 ,in the 8,report of the ,commissioner of ,education0 for the ,united ,states1 #ahie-if1 vol4 i41 there is a very elaborate account of the 8,library ,legislation in the ,united ,states10 to which reference must be made by those who want minute details of the laws of the different ,states of the ,union4 ,here it is only possible to deal with the laws affecting school and municipal libraries1 and to give typical examples of the legislation in each class4 ,in #ahce the ,new ,york ,state ,legislature passed a law establishing libraries for the school districts of the ,state4 ,these libraries were much extended and improved by later laws1 and till #ahec they practically supplied the place of the public libraries4 ,other ,states established these school district libraries1 open to scholars and all citizens1 ,massachusetts and ,michigan following in #ahcg1 ,connecticut in #ahci1 ,iowa and ,rhode ,island in #ahdj1 and others at various dates down to #ahgf1 when ,colorado passed a similar law4 ,the failure of this system in many places led to the first ,town ,library ,law being passed by the ,legislature of ,massachusetts in #ahdh1 under which the ,city of ,boston was authorized to establish a free public library and levy a tax of #ejjj1 or #ajjj1 for its support4 ,this was the first ,state law passed in ,america1 and in #ahdi ,new ,hampshire passed a general law for the whole ,state4 ,massachusetts next extended its library law from the ,city of ,boston to the whole ,state in #ahea1 and ,maine followed in #ahed4 ,the other northern ,states followed slowly1 till now nearly all the ,states1 save a few in the ,south and ,west1 have laws enabling municipal libraries to be established4 ,previous to this1 most of the ,states1 as they became incorporated in the ,union1 established libraries for the use of the legislative councils in the capital towns of each ,state1 and these ,state ,libraries1 as they are called1 constitute a very important class of public library in the ,united ,states4 ,the first actual municipal library opened in the ,united ,states was that of the town of ,peterboro'1 in ,new ,hampshire1 which in #ahcc established and supported out of the local taxes a public library1 which still exists4 ,from this it appears that there was nothing either in the ,federal or ,state law of the ,united ,states to prevent any town from supporting a library at the public expense if it saw fit4 ,the principle of interference in local affairs by central authorities is1 however1 a thoroughly ,anglo-,saxon convention or principle1 and though the ,federal ,legislature in ,america does not impose local laws on the ,state authorities1 these ,state legislatures impose the same restrictions upon local municipal authorities which are common throughout the ,british ,empire4 ,the main provisions of the ,state ,library ,laws of ,america are3 7#a7 ,the adoption of the library laws of the ,state by any city or municipal council1 with or without the petition or consent of the ratepayers4 ,the practice differs in the various ,states1 but it is permissive and not compulsory in every ,state4 7#b7 ,power to levy a rate for the establishment and support of municipal libraries1 varying from the fraction of a mill per dollar on the taxable value of the town to any sum the council may see fit to levy4 7#c7 ,power to appoint trustees and do everything necessary for the equipment and efficient administration of the libraries4 ,it is important to note that in the ,united ,states the basis of taxation is entirely different from what it is in this country4 ,here rental1 minus a certain deduction1 is adopted as the unit from which to make up the rateable value of a town4 ,in the ,united ,states the value of all property is taken1 instead of mere rental1 as the unit from which the rateable value is built up4 ,if a house in ,england is worth #dbj1 and rents at #cf1 it would be assessed at about #cj1 and the library rate would be levied upon the #cj1 producing #bs4 #f;d4 ,in the ,united ,states the same house1 plus contents1 would pay rates on the #dbj1 being the value of the property1 but on a smaller poundage4 ,one mill on the dollar is the thousandth part of #ds4 #b;d41 or about one-twentieth of #a;d4 ,if1 therefore1 the library rate in an ,american town is #a mill1 or the twentieth of #a;d41 on the dollar1 property valued at #dbj1 or #bajj1 would pay a total library rate of about #hs4 #f;d4 ,other classes of property1 such as live stock1 crops1 etc41 are also taxed1 so that in ,america the produce of even a comparatively small library rate is much greater than in a town the same size in ,england1 and this fact should always be kept in mind when comparisons are being made between the library systems of the two countries4 ,there is one other point which should be mentioned as illustrative of the difference of the methods of the ,united ,kingdom and the ,united ,states in regard to the adoption of the library laws by municipalities4 ,in those ,states of ,america where a poll of the citizens is required before the libraries can be established1 no special vote is taken1 but instead1 at the annual election of councillors1 the voting papers bear the question3 ,are you in favour of a library being established at a tax of ---- mills on the dollar8 ,thus at one election the municipal council is returned to office1 and their library policy dictated to them by the ratepayers4 ,the liberal library laws of the ,united ,states have produced a great number of very large and magnificently equipped public libraries1 which are administered by well-educated officers1 who are paid adequate salaries for the work they accomplish4 ,no other country in the world can show such a scheme of libraries closely in touch with all the other educational bodies and recognized by the ,state as part of the national system of education4 ,in one respect the library authorities in the ,united ,states have shown more wisdom than those of other countries1 by establishing ,boards of ,library ,commissioners charged with the responsibility of supervising the library work of the whole of a ,state4 ,these ,library ,commissions are established in some of the ,states1 but not in all1 and are generally composed of five or six educational experts4 ,they have power to advise in the establishment of local libraries in every respect as regards selection of books1 cataloguing1 etc41 and may expend public money in the purchase of books for libraries in towns which do not possess municipal libraries4 ,they are also authorized to pay for all clerical work required in connexion with the ,board1 to issue reports and collect statistics1 and in some cases to organize travelling libraries4 ,all these ,state ,library ,commissions issue handbooks1 and those of ,new ,jersey and ,wisconsin will give some idea of the important work in co-ordinating the library forces of ,america now being accomplished by these ,commissions4 #i4 ,no country in ,europe has a library law like that in force in ,britain and the ,united ,states1 but a certain amount of recognition is accorded to public libraries by the ,state in most countries4 ,municipal libraries exist in ,france under ,state direction1 but very few towns in other countries have done much to foster public libraries in their midst2 but in recent years movements for the establishment of municipal libraries on ,british or ,american lines have been initiated in several ,european countries1 and such libraries are now to be found in ,norway1 ,holland and ,germany4 ,in some cases endowed or university or royal libraries are recognized or partly supported by the ,state or the municipal authorities1 but so far no ,european nation has passed a general library law which gives communities direct control of the establishment1 organization and support of public libraries by means of a tax or rate4 #aj4 ,it is fitting to close this chapter with a brief reference to future library legislation in ,great ,britain4 ,the most urgent and insistent need1 without which further development is impossible1 is to remove or raise the limitation of one penny in the pound on the library rate1 which was fixed by the ,act of #ahee4 ,over forty places1 including nearly all the large towns1 have acquired extended rating powers by means of special local ,acts1 but such a course is practically prohibitive in the small towns1 where relief is generally needed most4 ,in view of the growth of the demand for branch libraries1 technical and commercial departments1 children's reading-rooms1 and for educational work in many directions--extensions certainly never contemplated by the original ,acts--the penny limitation is an anachronism1 which it was the business of ,parliament to have removed long ago4 ,another anomaly which presses for remedy is that the ,county ,councils1 alone of all the related local government bodies1 such as ,borough and ,urban ,district ,councils1 have no expressed power of adopting the ,libraries ,acts4 ,the consequence has been detrimental to the establishment of village libraries4 ,a ,parish ,council may adopt the ,acts1 and a few parishes have done so1 but the yield of a penny rate in a parish is so small that in most cases it is impossible to meet even necessary administrative expenses1 with nothing whatever left over for books and papers4 ,it is not surprising in these circumstances that the rural population of the country is still deprived of the social and educational advantages of the public library4 ,what is obviously indicated is a larger administrative authority1 such as the ,county ,council1 which could group the parishes1 pool the income from the rate1 and administer from one centre a system of travelling libraries1 combined with local stationary collections of books and the provision of suitable reading-rooms in the various districts4 ,such schemes have been initiated in about a dozen counties by the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust in conjunction with the ,county ,councils1 but while the ,scottish ,education ,act of #aiah gives ,county ,education ,authorities power to provide and maintain libraries1 there is no mention of libraries in the ,english ,education ,act of #aiah4 ,these and other needed reforms in the library law are made in a ,bill1 now being promoted by the ,library ,association1 which every well-wisher of the movement must hope will receive the sanction of the ,legislature without further delay4 #aa4 ,the solution of the problem may1 indeed1 come from another direction1 as the present ,president of the ,board of ,education 7,mr ,h4 ,a4 ,l4 ,fisher7 indicated in an interview with a library deputation 7,april #aiai7 that the powers relating to public libraries then held by the ,local ,government ,board were to be transferred to another department4 ,the ,board of ,education was thus indicated1 and it may be that new sources of support1 means of co-ordination1 and possibly periodical ,government inspection of libraries1 may flow from the transfer2 but it is too early to speculate upon the matter4 ,,bibliography #ab4 ,english ,legislation3 ,chambers1 ,g4 ,f41 and ,fovargue1 ,h4 ,w4 ,the ,law ,relating to ,public ,libraries and ,museums1 etc4 #dth edition4 #ahii4 ,this is the principal work on the subject4 ,fovargue1 ,h4 ,w4 ,summary of ,library ,law4 ,n4,d4 #ac4 ,foreign and ,colonial ,legislation3 ,canada4 ,hardy1 ,e4 ,a4 ,the ,public ,library4 #aiab4 ,colonies4 ,society of ,comparative ,legislation4 ,legislation of the ,empire1 #ahih-aijg4 #d vols4 #aiji4 ,france4 ,pellisson1 ,m4 ,les ,bibliothques l'tranger et en ,france4 #aijf4 ,richou1 ,g4 ,trait de l'administration des bibliothques publiques4 #ahhe4 ,robert1 ,u4 ,recueil de lois1 decrets1 etc41 concernant les bibliothques publiques1 etc4 #ahhc4 ,germany4 ,franke1 ,j4 ,der ,leihbetrieb der ffentlichen ,bibliotheken4 #aije4 ,united ,states4 ,bureau of ,education4 ,report of the ,commissioner1 #ahie-f4 ,vol4 i41 chapter ix41 ,library ,legislation in the ,u4,s41 pp4 #ebc-eii4 ,the fullest account4 ,yust1 ,w4 ,f4 ,library ,legislation4 ,preprint of ,american ,library ,association1 ,manual of ,library ,economy1 chapter ix4 #aiaa4 ,annual reviews of the library legislation in the ,u4,s4 appear in the ,library ,jl4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 pp4 #ij-if3 ,,lwk1 ,legislation1 ,library ,commissions1 pp4 #bda-bde4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,adoption ,,of ,,acts1 ,,foundation ,,and ,,committees #ad4 ,methods of ,adopting the ,public ,libraries ,acts4--,there are only two methods prescribed by the ,libraries ,acts under which public libraries can be established4 ,in rural parishes a parish meeting1 called upon a requisition signed by ten or more voters and held at the time and place appointed1 may adopt the ,acts by a bare majority of those present and voting4 ,at least seven days' notice of the meeting must be given1 but it is better to allow a month4 ,should a poll be demanded1 it must be conducted by ballot according to the rules laid down by the ,local ,government ,board4 ,full particulars1 including forms of requisition1 will be found in ,chambers and ,fovargue's ,law ,relating to ,public ,libraries1 #ahii4 #ae4 ,as already stated in ,section #d1 any county borough1 urban district1 burgh or other similar authority may adopt the ,libraries ,acts by a resolution of the council1 without reference to the voters4 ,a month's notice of motion must be given in the customary form1 and a bare majority of the council can pass the resolution4 ,a copy of the resolution adopting the ,acts must be sent to the ,local ,government ,board1 and it must also be advertised in the local papers and posted on the doors of all the churches and chapels--where such notices are usually posted4 ,it is best to make the resolution state a particular date when the ,acts are to come into operation1 as is required by the ,scotch ,act4 ,in some places the ,acts after being adopted have been allowed to become a dead-letter owing to neglect of this necessary precaution4 ,as the urban districts and burghs are given power to fix the amount of rate within the limitation of one penny1 it is not necessary to include in the resolution adopting the ,acts any stipulation as to the amount of rate4 ,a useful form of resolution is as follows3 ,that the ,public ,libraries ,act state date of principal ,act and all subsequent ,acts amending the same be1 and are hereby adopted1 for the county borough of -------- state place1 and shall be in force throughout the borough or other area on and after the 4 4 4 4 4 4 day of 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 state year4 #af4 ,as the power of adopting the ,acts in populous areas is now vested in the local authorities1 there is no longer1 as formerly1 any need to educate opinion among ratepayers as to the necessity for establishing public libraries4 ,the ,library ,association has issued a useful pamphlet1 ,the ,establishment of ,public ,libraries1 #aiji1 and most of the other propagandist literature of a useful kind appears in the various books of ,mr ,thomas ,greenwood 7,public ,libraries1 ,british ,library ,year ,book1 etc471 and these should be consulted by anyone in a rural parish who desires to raise the question in a practical form4 ,as regards urban districts the initiative may safely be left in the hands of the intelligent members of council1 who will sooner or later move in the direction of placing their districts in line with all the other large towns in the country4 #ag4 ,at present about #ecd towns and districts in the ,united ,kingdom have adopted the ,public ,libraries ,acts1 or local ,acts1 and this number includes every large town in the country4 ,the principal areas still unprovided with public libraries are the ,metropolitan ,borough of ,marylebone and the towns and districts of ,bacup1 ,crewe1 ,scarborough1 ,swindon1 ,govan1 ,leith1 ,pollokshaws and ,wishaw2 together with ,dover1 ,jarrow1 ,llandudno and ,weymouth1 which1 though they have adopted the ,acts1 have taken no steps to put them into force4 #ah4 ,endowments4--,little need be said about the foundation of public libraries by endowment or bequest4 ,the wills of ,stephen ,mitchell and ,george ,baillie1 of ,glasgow1 are models of what a liberal bequest should be1 both as regards the amounts bequeathed and the conditions laid down for the formation of the library itself4 ,the practical condition attached to all the gifts made by ,mr ,andrew ,carnegie and ,mr ,j4 ,passmore ,edwards for public library purposes should be adopted by every benefactor who proposes to found a library4 ,this is the very sensible one that1 if the gift of money is accepted by the community1 the local authority must adopt the ,public ,libraries ,acts1 in order to maintain the library in a state of efficiency for all time4 ,the only alteration suggested in the form of future bequests is that1 when money is offered to a small town on the condition that it adopts the ,libraries ,acts1 the whole of the gift should not necessarily take the form of a building fund4 ,small towns usually have very inadequate incomes from the library rate1 and for this reason it might be wise if a fair proportion of the gift were directed to be invested as a book fund4 ,a large library building without books is by no means as useful to the people as a much less ambitious building provided with a fund which permits of the annual purchase of #ej to #ajj worth of books1 independently of the library rate4 ,at the same time1 the endowment of libraries in the manner suggested would not always act as an encouragement to town councils to provide proper funds for libraries2 indeed1 it might act as an excuse for withholding them4 #ai4 ,appointment of ,committees4--,the first step after the ,libraries ,acts have been adopted by a local authority will be the appointment of a committee1 and it is desirable that only capable men should be elected4 ,the best interests of the library will be served by a committee consisting of good business men and literary or professional men or women1 in about equal proportions4 ,it is quite evident that the legislature did not contemplate the formation of public libraries by committees consisting exclusively of the rank and file of local authorities1 who are chiefly concerned with paving1 drainage and other equally material matters4 ,by ,section #ae1 ,sub-section #c1 of the 8,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahib10 it is ordained that 8an urban authority may if it think fit appoint a committee and delegate to it all or any of its powers and duties under this section1 and the said committee shall to the extent of such delegation be deemed to be the library authority4 ,persons appointed to be members of the committee need not be a member of the urban authority40 ,the 8,public ,libraries 7,ireland7 ,amendment ,act1 #ahgg10 gives similar power to elect members outside the local authority4 ,section #d ordains that 8the committee in which the general management1 regulation and control of such libraries1 museums or schools may be vested under the provisions of the #abth ,section of the principal ,act may consist in part of persons not members of the council or board or commissioners40 ,by the 8,public ,libraries ,consolidation 7,scotland7 ,act1 #ahhg10 ,section #ah ordains that the local authority shall 8appoint a committee1 consisting of not less than ten nor more than twenty members1 half of whom shall be chosen from amongst the magistrates and council1 or board1 as the case may be1 and the remaining half from amongst the householders of the burgh or parish other than the magistrates and council1 or board1 and three members of such committee shall form a quorum40 ,it is further ordained1 ,section #ba1 that this committee 8shall manage1 regulate and control all libraries and museums established under this ,act1 or to which this ,act applies2 and shall have power to do all things necessary for such management40 ,it is thus clear that local authorities are fully empowered to select the best expert advice it is possible to obtain in the district1 and that the administration of the library should not rest entirely in the hands of the local authority4 ,it is therefore advisable that library committees1 while consisting of a majority of members of the local authority1 should be strengthened by a good proportion of members selected from among the best qualified citizens4 ,the principle of co-option is compulsory in the case of ,education ,committees1 and so far as this principle is concerned the arguments for its adoption on ,library ,committees are equally cogent4 #bj4 ,constitution of ,committees4--,the portions of the ,acts already quoted make it plain that in ,scotland the library committees shall be independent bodies1 with power to provide everything necessary1 without requiring the sanction of the local authorities1 or doing more than from time to time reporting their proceedings4 ,in ,ireland1 under ,section #ab of the principal ,act1 8the general management1 regulation and control of such libraries and museums1 etc41 shall be1 as to any borough1 vested in and exercised by the council or board1 and as to any town1 in and by the town commissioners1 or such committee as they respectively may from time to time appoint1 who may from time to time purchase and provide the necessary fuel1 books1 appoint and dismiss officers1 make rules10 etc4 ,this approximates closely to the ,english law1 which differs from that of the ,scottish in leaving the power of appointing an independent or semi-independent library committee in the discretion of the local authority4 ,the ,english ,act has already been quoted in the previous section1 and it now remains to give reasons why every ,public ,library ,committee should be independent of the control of the local authority1 save for certain purposes4 ,the fact that1 in ,scotland1 the hybrid composition of the committee is regarded as a reason for making it practically independent of the local authority offers a strong argument in favour of a similar course being pursued in ,england and ,ireland4 ,a mixed committee is entitled to act without the special sanction of the local authority1 if only for the reason that all its members cannot take part in the ratifying proceedings of the council or board4 ,it seems illogical to invite capable citizens who are not members of the council to pass certain resolutions and then submit them for confirmation to a council on which they have no vote or voice4 ,furthermore1 a committee of any kind appointed to administer an ,act1 like the ,public ,libraries ,act1 which lays down clearly what may be done and how much may be expended1 does not require the same kind of oversight and control as an ordinary committee appointed for some municipal purpose with comparatively unlimited powers of expenditure4 ,no committee appointed for an educational purpose should be subject to the delays and difficulties caused by having to submit all its proceedings for confirmation by a superior authority4 ,all these arguments furnish reasons why local authorities in ,england and ,ireland should follow ,scotland in giving ,public ,library ,committees a complete or partial delegation of powers under the ,public ,libraries ,acts4 #ba4 ,delegation of ,powers4--,a delegation of powers under the various sections of the ,acts quoted should provide for a fair measure of independence for the committee1 with a fair share of general control on the part of the local authority4 ,as a matter of policy1 as well as in the public interest1 it is very desirable to maintain harmonious relations between a central board and its acting committees1 and for these reasons information as to the proceedings of a committee should always be available1 if required4 ,but1 for the reasons already set forth1 a ,public ,library ,committee should be a reporting and not merely a recommending body4 ,with the exception of public libraries in the ,metropolitan ,boroughs1 which are compelled by ,section #h 7#c7 of the 8,london ,government ,act1 #ahii10 to receive the sanction of the ,borough ,council and its ,finance ,committee for expenditures over #ej1 every ,public ,library ,committee in ,england and ,ireland should be constituted under a special delegation of powers1 such as was contemplated and authorized by the ,acts already quoted4 ,a fair and workable form of delegation of powers1 which has been adopted with good results1 is as follows3 ,that the name of authority hereby delegates to the ,public ,library ,committee all the powers and duties vested in it as the ,library ,authority under the ,public ,libraries ,acts1 #ahib1 and all subsequent amendments1 with the following reservations3-- #a4 ,the sanction and raising of loans for new buildings or other purposes4 #b4 ,the making and collection of the annual library rate4 #c4 ,the confirmation of agreements with adjoining library authorities for the joint use of libraries4 #d4 ,the confirmation of the appointment or dismissal of the librarian4 #e4 ,the sanction of any scheme for the formation of branch libraries4 #f4 ,the proceedings of the ,public ,library ,committee to be reported monthly to the name of authority1 but only for confirmation and sanction as regards ,clauses #a to #e of this constitution4 #g4 ,the librarian to act as clerk to the ,public ,library ,committee4 ,as regards ,metropolitan ,borough ,councils1 it may be desirable to add a clause to the effect that no expenditure exceeding #ej be incurred without an estimate being first obtained by the ,finance ,committee of the ,borough ,council4 ,but it is doubtful1 if even this restriction is necessary1 if1 when the rate is made1 the ,borough ,finance ,committee passes an estimate for the whole amount of the public library rate1 to be expended on general library purposes according to a budget or scheme prepared by the ,public ,library ,committee4 ,this will get over the difficulty of having to obtain fresh estimates every time #ej worth of books is ordered4 ,the 8,public ,libraries ,act 7,amendments7 ,act1 #aija10 contains a clause making it quite clear that for library purposes a ,metropolitan ,borough is an urban district4 #bb4 ,standing ,orders4--,the standing orders or bye-laws regulating ,public ,library ,committees need not be very elaborate4 ,generally1 they should be the same as those governing other committees of the local authority1 with the exceptions as to powers4 ,the committee should be elected annually by the local authority1 and the number of members should be small rather than large4 ,the needs of districts differ1 but a ,public ,library ,committee of over twelve may be an encumbrance rather than a help to the institution4 ,at the same time a larger committee means a larger representation on the ,council1 and help from more people who are actually or nominally interested in the library service4 ,probably the largest committee in ,england is that at ,wallasey1 which has thirty members1 of whom thirteen are ,council members4 ,where such large committees exist it is usually found that the actual executive work devolves upon a sub-committee1 such as the ,book ,sub-,committee4 ,meetings are generally held once a month2 certainly there is ordinarily no occasion for the committee to be called more often1 and in some towns a quarterly meeting is found to be sufficient4 ,a chairman should be elected annually by the committee2 he should invariably be a ,council member1 as he is the natural representative of the committee on the ,council2 but the vice-chairman may fittingly be a co-opted member4 ,the principle of a constant change of chairmen1 adopted in some ,councils1 is a bad one on a ,library ,committee1 as the work is quite different1 in many respects1 from other departments of the public service1 and knowledge and experience are required if a sound and consistent library policy is to be pursued4 ,this is impossible under a system in which chairmen come and go annually4 ,the same remarks apply to the committee as a whole2 its personnel should remain reasonably stable4 ,three members should form a quorum4 ,the committee should control its own clerk1 who ought to be the librarian1 although1 as we have implied1 this is by no means generally the case1 and1 indeed1 is sometimes impossible under the standing orders of the ,council4 ,the ,public ,libraries ,acts require that a separate account be kept of receipts and expenditure from the library rate1 and library committees should see that this is done in all cases where the accounts are kept and payments made by the ,council officials4 #bc4 ,duties of ,committees4--,to a considerable extent these are fixed by the delegation of powers granted and the standing orders adopted4 ,but there are certain broad principles which should be observed by library committees in the ultimate interest of their work4 ,the chief of these is that the committee is concerned rather with library policy than with library administration2 with what shall be done rather than with how it shall be done4 ,the administration1 planning1 arrangement1 methods1 etc41 of a library are technical matters purely appertaining to the librarian2 and many libraries are stultified by well-meant and conscientious interference in details of this character by library committees4 ,the committee has the right1 and it is its duty1 to expect the results of its policy to be visibly effective in the library service1 but it should confide the means of obtaining those results to its librarian2 only in this way can the special training which librarians now bring to their work be made of maximum use to the community4 ,with the modifications implied in these principles the duties of the committee cover3 #a4 ,general oversight of buildings1 staff and the work of the various departments of the library4 #b4 ,careful supervision of the selection of books4 #c4 ,compilation and revision of public rules and regulations4 #d4 ,regular checking of accounts and expenditures1 including those of all officers4 #e4 ,regular meetings on fixed dates4 #f4 ,every member of committee should become acquainted with the elements of public library administration1 and for this purpose should possess copies of all the live ,acts of ,parliament4 #bd4 ,to cover the work effectively1 various sub-committees are necessary1 which should be small1 but large enough to give each member of the committee an actual interest in some definite department of library work4 ,usually the sub-committees appointed include a ,book ,sub-,committee1 which undertakes the examining of all lists of books suggested for purchase2 an ,accounts ,sub-,committee1 to which all financial matters are committed2 and a ,staff ,sub-,committee1 which is concerned with the appointment1 dismissal1 remuneration1 and training of the employees4 ,some of the large libraries have a ,buildings ,sub-,committee to regulate the proper maintenance of library properties2 ,lectures and ,extension ,sub-,committee2 ,branches ,sub-,committee2 and such other groupings as the local circumstances warrant4 ,in most cases1 however1 the needs of the authority are met by the three sub-committees first-named2 and the multiplying of sub-committees is not desirable where there is not enough business to keep them interested and occupied4 ,,bibliography #be4 ,adoption of ,acts3 ,fovargue1 ,h4 ,w4 ,adoption of the ,public ,libraries ,acts in ,england and ,wales4 #ahif4 7,l4,a4 ,series1 ,no4 #g47 ,greenwood1 ,t4 ,public ,libraries1 #ahia1 p4 #gf4 ,library ,association4 ,the ,establishment of ,public ,libraries1 #aiji4 ,lord1 ,j4 ,e4 ,the ,free ,public ,library4 ,preprint of ,a4,l4,a41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 chapter vi41 #aiad4 ,wire1 ,g4 ,e4 ,how to ,start a ,public ,library4 #aijb4 7,a4,l4,a4 ,tracts1 ,no4 #b47 #bf4 ,committees and ,trustees3 ,bostwick1 ,a4 ,e4 ,administration of a ,public ,library4 ,preprint of ,a4,l4,a41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 chapter xii41 #aiaa4 ,greenwood1 ,t4 ,public ,library ,committees4 ,in his ,public ,libraries1 #ahid1 p4 #ceb4 ,notes for ,library ,committees4 ,in ,greenwood's ,year ,book1 #aijj1 p4 #a4 ,hardy1 ,e4 ,a4 ,the ,public ,library1 chapter v41 p4 #ajc4 ,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,berwick4 ,the ,library ,committee3 its ,character and ,work4 #aiad4 7,library ,assistants' ,association ,series1 ,no4 #f47 ,wynkoop1 ,asa4 ,commissions1 ,state ,aid1 and ,state ,agencies4 ,preprint of ,a4,l4,a41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 chapter xxvii41 #aiac4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #a-c1 ,library ,organization and ,administration2 ,e #h-ab1 ,personnel1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,finance1 ,,loans ,,and ,,accounts #bg4 ,the ,library ,rate4--,the general library ,acts passed for ,ireland1 ,scotland and ,england all limit the amount to be raised by rate for library purposes to one penny in the pound on the annual rateable rental of all properties within the areas1 with certain exceptions or modifications as to gardens and agricultural lands4 ,great doubt exists as to what is meant by a penny rate and on what value it is to be levied4 ,some authorities maintain that the income from a penny rate can only represent the net sum realized by a penny on the rateable value1 after all deductions have been made on account of empty houses and other irrecoverable items4 ,against this may be set the actual practice in several places1 of paying over the full sum which a penny rate on the nominal rateable value would produce1 without any deductions whatsoever4 ,as the ,public ,libraries ,acts have placed a limitation on the amount of the library rate1 it may be assumed that the libraries were intended to benefit to the full extent of the rateable value4 ,at any rate the ,acts are silent on the point1 and practice differs so much that it is fair to say that a public library1 because of the present limitation1 and because some places now give the full product1 is entitled to the full amount which a penny rate would yield when calculated on the full rateable value of the town or district1 without deduction of any kind1 either for unproductive properties or cost of collection4 ,it has been decided that no deduction can be made from the income produced by the library rate on account of the cost of collection1 and as this rate is now collected as part of a general or other unlimited rate1 it seems unfair to saddle it with any part of the cost of collection4 ,if it were collected as a separate rate1 or with rates similarly limited by ,act of ,parliament1 the position would be different4 ,the difference between the amount paid over to public libraries and the actual sums which would be produced were the rate charged on the full rateable value is sometimes considerable4 ,the losses range from over #bj to #e per cent41 and thus a considerable limit is placed upon the book-purchasing power of a large number of libraries4 #bh4 ,unexpended ,balances4--,in some places the local authority has appropriated unexpended balances of the public library rate and applied them to other local purposes4 ,this action is clearly illegal1 and could only have been taken by those who are ignorant of the decisions of the ,local ,government ,board on the point4 ,it is true the ,acts do not specify how unexpended balances of the library rate are to be dealt with1 but it is equally true that as the money was raised under a special ,act for a strictly defined purpose1 it cannot be diverted to any other purpose1 nor can it be carried forward as a portion of the library rate for a succeeding year4 ,no doubt the wording of the ,act is responsible for the interpretation which has been put upon the section entitled 8,limitations on expenditure for purpose of ,act40 ,it reads3 8,a rate or addition to a rate shall not be levied for the purposes of this ,act for any one financial year in any library district to an amount exceeding one penny in the pound40 ,the ,local ,government ,board have decided that any unexpended balances of the library income must be carried forward to next year's library account1 without prejudice to the next year's library income4 ,this decision has been upheld by all the district auditors of the ,local ,government ,board1 and it is difficult to understand the reason why a few places still cling to the belief that the library rate can be further limited by this illegal procedure of appropriating unexpended balances4 ,committees who are threatened with this action can always protect themselves against the injustice by taking care that there are no balances to appropriate2 but it will prevent them from saving a little money for necessary book purchases1 cleaning or other purposes4 ,it should be pointed out1 furthermore1 that the section of the ,act above quoted does not really refer to the total amount to be raised by rate in a given year1 but only to the poundage or rate which may be charged for library purposes1 namely1 not more than a penny in the pound4 ,the question of the product of this rate of a penny is not mentioned anywhere in the ,acts1 and it is this lack of clear definition--the failure to distinguish the amount of a rate from the total amount which it will produce annually--which is responsible for many of the difficulties hitherto met with in administering the ,libraries ,acts4 #bi4 ,annual ,estimates4--,the ,scotch principal ,act is the only one which requires an annual estimate or budget to be prepared by the library authority for the information of the local authority4 ,section #cj of the ,act of #ahhg provides that 8,the ,committee shall in the month of ,april in every year make up1 or cause to be made up1 an estimate of the sums required in order to defray the interest of any money borrowed1 the payment of the sinking fund1 and the expense of maintaining and managing all libraries and museums under its control for the year after ,whitsunday then next to come1 and for the purpose of purchasing the books1 articles and things authorized by this ,act10 etc4 ,this estimate has to be submitted to the local authority1 who 8shall provide the amount required out of the library rate to be levied by it1 and shall pay over to the committee the sum necessary for the annual expenditure by it in terms of its estimate40 ,by the standing orders of most local authorities yearly or half-yearly estimates have to be prepared and submitted by the various committees1 and as practice varies everywhere1 it will be well for the library authority to follow the local practice4 #cj4 ,local circumstances alter the conditions materially in every place1 and hitherto there has been a lack of uniformity in presenting financial statements which makes any attempt to produce a model budget to be suspect4 ,the form of the statement is often governed by the practice of the ,borough ,accountant1 who arranges the order of items in accordance with his own views2 but wherever it is possible to do so1 it would be well if the form of annual estimate conformed with the order adopted in the report made by ,professor ,w4 ,g4 ,s4 ,adams to the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust in #aiae1 ,on ,library ,provision and ,policy1 which would arrange in some such order as in the table on page #df4 ,each of these items will probably need analysis1 and the order given here may be inverted2 indeed1 the form shown is merely meant to be suggestive and to show the nature of the information which the ,council usually requires when it is considering the annual estimates4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,public ,,library ,,committee ,,estimate1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,expenditure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,actual ,estimate ,actual ,estimate #aiag4 #aiah4 #aiah4 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a4 #hig;,books and ,binding #ijj #iaj #ibj #b4 #cjj,newspapers and ,periodicals #cej #chj #chj #c4 etc4,salaries and ,wages 44 44 44 #d4 ,rent and ,loans 44 44 44 #e4 ,rates and ,taxes 44 44 44 #f4 ,maintenance3 44 44 44 #g4 ,lighting 44 44 44 #h4 ,heating 44 44 44 #i4 ,cleaning 44 44 44 #aj4 ,balance 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,income ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a4 ,from #j;d4 rate 44 44 44 #b4 ,from other sources 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,fig4 #a4--;,form for ,annual ,estimates4 #ca4 ,the distribution of the income over the various items is again subject to local circumstances2 but1 thanks to the inquiry of ,professor ,adams1 a table of comparative distribution of income drawn from the figures of about #ejj library systems throughout the kingdom has been published1 which gives the best information at present available4 ,it is qualified by the facts we have emphasized in the last paragraph1 and still more by the changed conditions which result from the ,european ,war1 which have increased such items as salaries1 and reduced the book-purchasing 7and indeed every other purchasing7 power of libraries considerably4 ,we give the table of percentages of expenditure for libraries with1 and without1 loans1 merely remarking that it may serve as a rough guide by which library committees may work4 ,again1 the librarian1 in submitting his budget for the use of his committee1 will analyse the items into general administrative1 central1 reference and branch libraries' expenditure1 and under each will show salaries as distinct from wages paid for unskilled service2 and books will be divided into 8new10 8replacements10 etc42 periodicals into those filed permanently and others2 maintenance charges into building expenses1 furniture and fittings1 stationery1 repairs to fabric and furniture1 and so on4 ,the ,council as a rule does not require so detailed a statement4 ,,classified ,,percentages ,,of ,,library ,,expenditure ,,libraries ,,with ,,loan ,,charges4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,peri- ,other ,items1 ,books odicals ,rents ,rates including ,income4 and and ,sala- and and ,maintenance ,total ,binding4 ,news- ries4 ,loans4,taxes4of ,premises1 papers4 ,light1 ,heat1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #hjjj over #aijf #dif #cge #aedf #bda #bjeh #iiig #djjj-hjjj #ahha #eca #ciif #abed #aha #baee #iiih #cjjj-djjj #agig #fjg #dagd #agdb #aji #aefh #iiig #bjjj-cjjj #aiec #fdd #cicc #ace #bch #ahgh #iiif #aejj-bjjj #baji #fbd #cghg #acac #bc #aija #iifd #ajjj-aejj #aijg #gdc #cgah #afdg #bba #agfb #iiih #gej-ajjj #ageh #gha #chig #ajh #bbb #bbf #iihf #ejj- #gej #agee #ajhh #cfcb #aaha #caj #bjbb #iihh #bej- #ejj #acab #ajbe #chi #aeji #djj #ahfa #iiig #ajj- #bej #afca #acac #ccfc #baca #cad #abde #iiig ,under #ajj #adcb #afae #behd #bddh #bff #aieb #iiig ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,libraries ,,without ,,loan ,,charges4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,peri- ,other ,items1 ,books odicals ,rents ,rates including ,income4 and and ,sala- and and ,maintenance ,total ,binding4 ,news- ries4 ,loans4,taxes4of ,premises1 papers4 ,light1 ,heat1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ajjj over #aiic #fcg #cibb 44 #bjc #cbdc #iiih #gej-ajjj #bed #gie #ddag 44 #caf #aibi #iiig #ejj- #gej #bjca #iih #dedi 44 #chf #bjbc #iiig #djj- #ejj #ahdh #ajjg #djij 44 #eha #bdf #iihf #cjj- #djj #aei #abca #dfia 44 #bi #bai #iiib #bjj- #cjj #agac #acbe #dbih 44 #djj #bbfa #iiig #ajj- #bjj #afb #aeff #dea 44 #bed #bjdg #iiig #ej- #ajj #bjaf #aehb #cdbi 44 #efh #bdjb #iiig ,under #ej #bhfe #bahe #cfdf 44 #bbf #ajge #iiig ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,fig4 #b4--,returns compiled from ,professor ,adams' ,report on ,library ,provision and ,policy ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust1 ,sec4 #ca4 #cb4 ,we must consider in some detail the principal expenditures to which library committees are subject4 #cc4 ,loans4--,the ,libraries ,acts give fairly full instructions as to loans for public library purposes4 ,in ,england under the principal ,act 8every library authority1 with the sanction of the ,local ,government ,board 4 4 4 may borrow money for the purposes of this ,act on the security of any fund or rate applicable for those purposes40 ,in parishes the regulations for borrowing prescribed by the 8,local ,government ,act1 #ahid10 are to apply4 ,as a preliminary to borrowing1 an inquiry is held locally by a ,local ,government ,board inspector1 who receives evidence as to proposed buildings1 sites1 amount required1 etc41 and also hears objections to the proposal4 ,the ,local ,government ,board print bills announcing the inquiry1 and these must be posted and paid for by the library authority4 ,at such inquiries full particulars should be prepared as to income1 date of adopting ,acts1 etc41 as well as particulars of the proposed scheme4 ,after the inquiry is held it is generally about three months later before the sanction of the ,board is received4 ,this states the amount sanctioned and for what period the money can be borrowed for sites1 buildings1 furniture or books1 as the case may be4 ,the security for loans is declared by the 8,public ,health ,act1 #ahge10 ,section #bcc1 to be the 8credit of any fund or all or any rates or rate out of which they are authorized to defray expenses incurred by them in the execution of this ,act40 ,and it is further laid down that 8they may mortgage to the persons by or on behalf of whom such sums are advanced any such fund or rates or rate40 ,it thus appears that neither library buildings nor the library rate can be mortgaged for the purposes of library loans1 but only the rate or rates out of which the expenses of the ,public ,health ,act are paid4 ,this practically means the general rate of a district4 #cd4 ,the ,local ,government ,board will fix the period for which sums of money for particular purposes may be borrowed4 ,generally the periods are as follows3 ,for sites or lands #fj or #ej years4 buildings 7including fixtures like counters1 screens1 wall and standard bookcases1 wall newspaper slopes1 barriers1 etc47 #cj years4#a books #aj furniture 7tables1 chairs1 desks1 and movable furniture only7 #aj #a ,a loan for purchasing an existing building will not be sanctioned by the ,local ,government ,board for a period exceeding twenty or twenty-five years4 ,the money may be borrowed from the ,public ,works ,loan ,commissioners1 ,county ,councils1 ,banks1 ,friendly ,societies or private individuals4 ,the rate of interest varies1 according to the state of the money market4 ,four per cent4 may be regarded as an average interest at present1 but library authorities have borrowed for as low as #c per cent4 #ce4 ,the methods of repayment vary1 and this must be entirely a matter for local arrangement1 and should follow the practice in vogue with other municipal loans4 ,an equalized repayment of principal and interest on the annuity system has the advantage of distributing the payments uniformly over the whole period1 and of placing part of the burden on succeeding ratepayers as well as upon those who establish the library4 ,this is much fairer than making the pioneer ratepayers practically bear the whole foundation cost of establishing an institution which increases in its value to the community as it progresses4 ,on the other hand1 buildings are sure to depreciate in value1 and the question of repairs is a constant one1 so that some authorities maintain that loans on structures should be paid off by annually diminishing instalments of principal and interest4 ,in ,scotland repayments of principal must be made from a sinking fund which is to be formed from a certain proportion of the rate put aside annually4 ,the arrangements for negotiating a loan and drawing up the necessary deeds should be placed in the hands of a solicitor1 but in many cases the accountant or town clerk of the district is responsible for all arrangements1 and will see that the deed is duly sealed as prescribed by the ,act4 ,in connexion with this it should be noted that by ,section #bcg of the 8,public ,health ,act1 #ahge10 a register of the mortgages on each rate must be kept1 and that 8within fourteen days after the date of any mortgage an entry shall be made in the register of the number and date thereof1 and of the names and description of the parties thereto1 as stated in the deed40 ,furthermore1 8every such register shall be open to public inspection during office hours at the said office local authority's office without fee or reward40 ,as the auditor will call for this register1 the clerk to the library authority should see that it is provided1 if the local authority has not already done so4 #cf4 ,the arrangements for loans in ,ireland and ,scotland are somewhat similar to those just described4 ,in ,ireland no power to borrow was given under the principal ,act1 but the ,amendment ,act of #ahgg gives the power1 provided the commissioners of ,his ,majesty's ,treasury approve4 ,the ,commissioners of ,public ,works in ,ireland may lend1 and power is given to mortgage1 as security1 either the borough fund1 town fund1 or the library rate itself4 ,in ,scotland the local authority may borrow1 without any other consent1 on mortgage or bond on the security of the library rate1 a sum or sums not exceeding the capital sum represented by one-fourth part of the library rate1 capitalized at the rate of twenty years' purchase of such sum4 ,a sinking fund must be formed1 consisting of an annual sum equal to one-fiftieth part of the money borrowed1 which is to be invested and applied to the purpose of extinguishing the debt4 ,before leaving the question of loans1 it may be well to offer a word of warning against the danger of overborrowing1 which has very seriously crippled the work of various libraries4 ,in some places as much as one-half the library income has to be devoted to the repayment of principal and interest of loans2 in others1 one-third is similarly spent4 ,one-fourth is the maximum which in any case should be set apart for the purpose4 #cg4 ,assessment to ,rates and ,taxes4--,the assessment of public library buildings to rates and taxes has been for long a burning question1 and is still far from final settlement4 ,the limitation of the library rate to a penny in the pound has always been considered by library authorities a strong reason why all additional burdens on the meagre income raised thereby should be resisted4 ,but all local authorities and assessment committees did not think likewise1 and a good deal of friction resulted4 ,in #ahdc was passed 8,an ,act to exempt from ,county1 ,borough1 ,parochial1 and other ,local ,rates1 ,land and ,buildings occupied by ,scientific or ,literary ,societies10 #f #g ,vict41 c4 #cf1 under which a few public libraries obtained certificates of exemption from the payment of local rates1 from the ,registrar of ,friendly ,societies1 as allowed by this ,act4 ,some of these certificates were recognized by the rating authorities1 others were ignored1 and it was frequently maintained that a public library was not a scientific or literary society within the meaning of the ,act4 ,in #ahif1 however1 a complete change took place as regards this point1 by a decision of the ,house of ,lords1 which ruled that public libraries were literary societies or institutions for the purposes of the 8,income ,tax ,act of #ahdb10 under which such institutions were granted exemption from the payment of income tax4 ,although the case1 brought by the ,corporation of ,manchester against the ,surveyor of ,income ,tax for ,manchester1 did not directly refer to the ,act of #ahdc1 the decision that public libraries were literary institutions effected all that was necessary for the purpose of claiming exemption from local rates under the 8,literary ,societies ,act of #ahdc40 ,a full report of this case and decision is printed in the ,library for #ahif1 in the ,times law reports and elsewhere4 ,the effect of this decision was to remove any doubt from the mind of the ,registrar of ,friendly ,societies1 who has power under the ,act to grant certificates exempting public libraries from the payment of local rates1 and as a result many libraries obtained certificates1 and now enjoy complete or partial exemption4 ,it is not necessary to quote the ,act of #ahdc1 which can be obtained for one penny from the ,king's printers1 but the procedure requisite for obtaining a certificate of exemption may be noted4 #ch4 ,an application claiming exemption under the #ahdc ,act must be addressed to the ,registrar of ,friendly ,societies at ,london1 ,edinburgh or ,dublin1 as the case may require4 ,with this must be enclosed a copy of the rules and regulations of the library1 signed by the chairman and three members of committee1 and countersigned by the clerk or librarian4 ,these rules must include the following1 or others in similar terms3-- #a4 8,the ---- ,public ,library is a society established for purposes of literature and science exclusively40 #b4 8,the library is supported in part by a rate levied in accordance with the ,public ,libraries ,acts1 and in part by annual voluntary contributions of money and gifts of books and periodicals4 ,the ,library ,committee shall not make any dividend1 gift1 division or bonus in money unto or between any of the members40 ,these two rules are absolutely necessary to a successful application1 and1 if not already incorporated1 should be included by special resolution of the library authority before application is made4 ,it is best to send printed copies of the rules1 and it should be noted that three identical copies1 all signed1 must be sent4 ,on these the registrar endorses his certificate1 and sends one to the ,clerk of the ,peace for the district1 one to the library authority1 and retains one4 ,the form of certificate usually attached is as follows3 ,it is hereby certified that this society is entitled to the benefit of the ,act #f #g ,vict41 c4 #cf1 intituled 8,an ,act to exempt from ,county1 ,borough1 ,parochial and other ,local ,rates1 ,lands and ,buildings occupied by ,scientific or ,literary ,societies40 ,date4 _/ _/ ,seal of ,registry of ,friendly _/ ,societies4_/ _/ ,the application should show that annual voluntary contributions of money1 books and periodicals are received1 but there is no direction laid down as to the amount of voluntary contributions which will pass muster4 ,the point is somewhat vague1 but it may be assumed that the amount received from gifts1 subscriptions1 sales1 books1 periodicals1 etc41 need not form a substantial proportion of the income4 ,as the ,english ,registrar accepts donations in kind as annual voluntary contributions1 it is only necessary to value these to make up a respectable sum4 #ci4 ,certificates are not granted as a rule in cases where a charge for admission is made4 ,furthermore1 it is doubtful if the exemption from local rates would be allowed by hostile local authorities for any occupied portions of library buildings4 ,a caretaker's or librarian's residence would in all probability be separately assessed1 if the certificate were otherwise recognized4 ,by a decision of a ,court of ,quarter ,sessions at ,liverpool in #aije1 it has been decided that the ,corporation of ,liverpool is liable for local rates on a library building2 but it is not possible to say how far this may affect libraries holding these certificates4 ,legislation is pending1 and till something is definitely settled1 the question must remain open4 #dj4 ,the ,house of ,lords' decision already noticed also freed public library buildings from income tax1 but it should be distinctly understood that inhabited house duty can be charged for the whole of a building1 even if only partly occupied as a residence1 when included under one roof1 unless it can be shown that the library and residence do not communicate directly with each other4 #da4 ,insurance4--,library buildings and their contents should be fully insured against fire4 ,to ascertain insurable value take the cost of buildings at the contract price1 including all charges which would have to be incurred again for rebuilding2 furniture at the contract price2 lending library books at #cs4 #d;d4 per volume all over2 and reference library books at #es4 per volume all over1 and thus obtain a total4 ,an allowance is sometimes made for depreciation1 but a full covering value is always safe4 ,the policy will state these various items separately for the purposes of insurance1 but will likely charge a uniform percentage on all4 #as4 #f;d4 per cent4 is a fair charge in a good office1 but insurances can be effected for as low as #as4 #c;d4 per cent4 ,library buildings form a safe risk1 and unless in a case of temporary premises with bad surroundings1 #as4 #f;d4 per cent4 should be regarded as a maximum charge4 ,some offices return the premium once in five years or so by way of bonus4 ,insurance policies should be revised every few years to keep pace with the growth of the library4 ,paintings1 valuable ,,mss4 and rare books must be made the subject of special insurances4 ,the same may be said of temporary exhibitions1 especially of loan articles1 which ought to be covered by a policy for the period of the show4 ,plenty of fire-buckets should be provided in public library buildings to cope with the first outbreak of fire4 ,hydrants1 save in large buildings1 are not necessary1 on account of their cost and practical inutility4 ,if a fire cannot be checked at its onset by means of buckets1 it is time to ring up the fire-brigade4 #db4 ,another insurance that should be provided is against claims for damage or injury to children who use juvenile departments which may be caused through any defect in the building or its fittings2 and in connexion therewith it should be remembered that children cannot legally be held contributory by their carelessness or misbehaviour to such accidents as would cause injury4 #dc4 ,health insurance must be paid by the library committees for all employees of sixteen years of age and more who earn less than #bej a year4 #dd4 ,contracts1 ,agreements1 ,requisitions4--,contracts for regular supplies should be renewed annually4 ,the principal items of this kind are3 ,books1 bookbinding1 periodicals and newspapers1 printing1 stationery1 cleaning materials4 ,local sentiment is generally in favour of procuring all supplies locally1 where possible1 and when this can be done without absolute disadvantage to the library it is the most convenient course4 ,tenders can be invited either by public advertisement or on the nomination of members of committee and the librarian4 ,to begin with1 public advertisement is1 perhaps1 the fairest way2 afterwards1 quality of service and other considerations will decide4 ,specifications should be prepared and sent out according to requirements4 #de4 ,all specifications and contracts should be carefully preserved4 ,the former should be entered up in a specification book1 which need be but an ordinary foolscap folio blank book1 ruled faint4 ,accepted contracts should either be filed in boxes or guard books1 or copied into a contracts book similar to the specification book4 ,accepted estimates for occasional work should be fastened to the accounts4 ,it is important to be able to lay hands on any given document or its terms without the slightest delay4 ,all tenders for regular supplies and estimates for occasional work should be opened in committee1 in meeting duly convened1 unless by special resolution the librarian or a sub-committee is authorized to deal with them4 ,envelopes1 printed with the address of the library and having the words 8,tender for ----0 printed boldly in one corner1 should be enclosed with all invitations for estimates to prevent the risk of accidental opening4 #df4 ,in connexion with contracts it is important to note that ,public ,library ,committees and officers are subject to the penal provisions of the 8,public ,bodies ,corrupt ,practices ,act1 #ahhi10 #eb #ec ,vict41 c4 #fi1 in the event of bribes or commissions being given or received in connexion with pending contracts or supplies4 ,as this does not seem to be generally known1 the essential words of the ,act are quoted3 8,every person who corruptly solicits or receives1 or agrees to receive1 for himself1 or for any other person1 any gift1 loan1 fee1 reward1 or advantage1 as an inducement to any member1 officer1 or servant of a public body1 doing or forbearing to do anything in respect of any matter or transaction in which such public body is concerned2 and every person who shall1 with the like object1 corruptly give1 promise1 or offer any gift1 loan1 fee1 reward1 or advantage to any person1 whether for the benefit of that person or of another1 shall be guilty of a misdemeanour4 ,any one convicted of such an offence shall be liable to imprisonment for two years1 or to a fine of #ejj1 or to both imprisonment and fine2 and1 in addition1 be liable to pay to such public body the amount or value of any gift1 loan1 fee1 or reward so received by him2 and be adjudged incapable of holding any public office for seven years1 and to forfeit any such office held by him10 etc4 #dg4 ,,agreements for leases1 loans1 joint use of libraries with adjoining authorities1 or between committee and librarian or other persons1 should be drawn up by a solicitor4 ,minor agreements may be drawn up by the library authority1 but they should all be stamped with a sixpenny stamp if in connexion with a consideration of #e and over4 ,the legal limits within which agreements between various kinds of library authorities can be made are duly set forth in the various ,public ,libraries ,acts1 and1 as these matters seldom arise in the course of ordinary library routine1 there is no need further to consider the subject4 #dh4 ,suggestions on ,management4--,it is well to keep a book or to provide forms to enable readers to make suggestions on the management of the library4 ,frequently such suggestions take the form of complaints1 but it is a useful thing to allow free opportunity for the expression of public opinion4 ,in some libraries separate books are kept for propositions of new books not in the library and suggestions on management4 ,a simple form1 on which the reader can make suggestions on management or of books1 is preferable4 ,when these forms are made readily available1 and are kept in public view1 together with a locked box in which the slips can be lodged through a slit in the lid1 they are much more effective as a means of drawing suggestions than special ,,ms4 books which have to be asked for4 ,a useful form of slip is the following3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,liberton ,,public ,,library4 ,i beg to make the following suggestion 74if a book or periodical1 please give publisher and price473-- 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,name44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,address44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,date44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,please fold across and leave in 8,suggestions0 ,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,fig4 #c4--,suggestion ,slip4 ,a small locked box to contain these1 and lettered on side 8,suggestions10 should be provided4 ,if one of these boxes is placed in each important department of the library1 readers will be encouraged to air their views4 ,even if nothing more valuable should be received than a complaint about a draught or the manner of the librarian1 it is better than the dull indifference and apathy which are met with in libraries where readers are discouraged from taking any part in the administration4 ,occasionally some brilliant1 if impossible1 suggestions on management are received by means of these slips and boxes1 and suggestions of desirable books can always be depended upon4 ,every means of interesting readers in the work of the library should be adopted1 and this will be found a very effective method4 #di4 ,accounts4--,by the principal ,english ,act1 ,section #bj 7#a71 it is ordained that 8separate accounts shall be kept of the receipts and expenditure under this ,act of every library authority and its officers1 and those accounts shall be audited in like manner and with the like incidents and consequences1 in the case of a library authority being an urban authority1 and of its officers1 as the accounts of the receipts and expenditure of that authority and its officers under the ,public ,health ,acts40 ,in ,ireland the same provisions apply1 that is1 library accounts are to be kept and audited like those of the local authority1 and copies of the accounts are to be sent within one month after auditing to the ,lord ,lieutenant4 ,in ,scotland the accounts are to be kept separately in special books1 and are to be audited by 8one or more competent auditors40 ,in all cases the books are to be open to public inspection1 and in ,scotland abstracts of the accounts are to be inserted in one or more newspapers published or circulated in the district4 ,no special system of library book-keeping has been laid down1 the nearest approach to a form being that prescribed by an order of the ,local ,government ,board1 dated #bfth ,november #ahib1 for parishes whose library accounts are audited in like manner to those of ,poor ,law ,guardians4 ,in ,greenwood's ,public ,libraries1 fourth edition1 #ahid1 pages #cdc-cde1 some details are given of this system1 and the first edition of this ,manual also gives specimens of forms1 etc4 #ej4 ,financial ,statement4--,the form of financial statement for public libraries in parishes1 prescribed by the ,local ,government ,board1 alluded to in ,section #di1 is the best for all purposes4 ,as shown in the section on ,annual ,estimates1 it provides for every kind of receipt and expenditure4 ,printed blanks giving the whole of the items copied from the ,l4,g4,b4 ,order of #ahib have been published4 ,in addition to a blank tabular form for showing particulars of loans1 etc41 the statement includes spaces for the undernoted items1 all duly set out to form a balance sheet3 ,,financial ,,statement4 ,,receipts4 ,rates4 ,fines and penalties4 ,donations and subscriptions4 ,from parliamentary grants4 ,from other local authorities4 ,from sale of securities in which sinking fund is invested4 ,from all other sources1 specifying them4 ,sale of catalogues1 etc4 etc4 ,,expenditure4 ,buildings1 repairs1 maintenance4 ,books1 periodicals1 etc4 ,salaries and remuneration of officers and assistants4 ,establishment charges not before included4 ,loans3 ,principal repaid ,out of invested ,sinking ,fund4 ,otherwise4 ,interest4 ,payments to other local authorities4 ,other expenditure4 #ea4 ,audit4--,in cases where library accounts are audited under the 8,district ,auditors' ,act1 #ahgi10 it is imperative that all the forms and consequences should be borne in mind4 ,district auditors have power to surcharge expenditures for items which in their opinion cannot be legally incurred under the provisions of the ,public ,libraries ,acts1 and it should also be remembered that the committee-men who sign the disputed cheque are held liable4 ,the powers vested in library authorities are so wide that it is very doubtful if some district auditors are not exceeding their authority by objecting1 as they have done in some places1 to payments for publications1 subscriptions to societies1 expenses of lectures1 and other items4 ,in cases of surcharge appeal for relief should be made to the ,local ,government ,board1 when it is a first offence1 or when there is good grounds for challenging the decision of the auditor4 ,the cost of auditing accounts is laid down in the 8,district ,auditors' ,act1 #ahgi10 according to the following scale4 ,the library authority is required to purchase the necessary stamps to cover the amount3 ,under #bj #j #e #bj and under #ej #j #aj #ej #ajj #a #j #ajj #ejj #b #j #ejj #a1jjj #c #j #a1jjj #b1ejj #d #j #b1ejj #e1jjj #e #j #e1jjj #aj1jjj #aj #j #aj1jjj #bj1jjj #ae #j #bj1jjj #ej1jjj #bj #j #ej1jjj #ajj1jjj #cj #j #ajj1jjj and upwards #ej #j ,needless to say1 very few libraries will have to pay more than #aj4 ,the charges for auditing by a firm of chartered accountants are generally according to an agreed scale4 ,,bibliography #eb4 ,rating3 ,greenwood1 ,thomas4 ,public ,libraries1 #ahia1 p4 #cgf4 ,adams1 ,w4 ,g4 ,s4 ,report to the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust of ,library ,provision and ,policy1 #aiae4 ,chambers and ,fovargue4 ,law relating to ,public ,libraries1 #ahii4 ,credland1 ,w4 ,r4 ,rating and ,taxation of ,public ,libraries4 ,in ,greenwood's ,year-,book1 #ahig1 p4 #de4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,b #ch-dd1 ,taxation1 etc4 #ec4 ,insurance3 ,davis1 ,c4 ,t4 ,fire ,prevention and ,insurance4 ,in ,greenwood's ,year-,book1 #aijj1 p4 #ec4 ,poole1 ,r4 ,b4 ,fires1 ,protection1 ,insurance4 ,u4,s4 ,education ,report1 #ahib-ic1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbd4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,d #df1 ,fire ,prevention1 ,insurance4 #ed4 ,accounts3 ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,manual of ,library ,economy1 ,ed4 #a1 #aijc1 p4 #cj4 ,hopper1 ,f4 ,f4 ,order and ,accession ,department4 ,in ,a4,l4,a41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ4 ,preprint of chapter xvii41 #aiaa4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #f-g1 ,accounts4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,material ,,of ,,the ,,annual ,,report4 ,,statistics1 ,,working ,,records4 ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,annual ,,report #ee4 ,statistical ,methods4--,it seems desirable to describe here1 as being concerned with committee work1 the various statistical and other methods adopted to show the operations of the library4 ,every business concern of any consequence has what approximates to a statistical department1 in which records are kept and analysed of every transaction of the business1 and from these useful deductions are made4 ,such statistics1 with the necessary proviso that the keeping of them should not impede more obvious work1 are desirable for libraries1 and although they are necessarily of a quantitative rather than qualitative character1 they are nevertheless of value as showing the use made of the several departments and of the various classes of the stock4 ,statistics usually kept include3 the stock2 accessions2 the issue of books and material in each department according to their classes2 the number of readers' tickets in force2 and the attendances at the reading rooms4 ,sometimes records are kept of the occupations and ages of readers1 and the wards from which they are drawn4 ,hitherto all these statistics have been of doubtful comparative value1 owing to the great divergence in the methods of computation adopted1 and the methods of administering the library have a definite effect upon the resultant figures4 ,for example1 in the few libraries where so brief a time as a week is allowed for the reading of a volume1 the issue figures will be higher than in those where a fortnight or more is allowed4 ,then1 the amounts charged as fines for undue detention of books1 ranging from #a;d4 a week or part of a week to #a;d4 a day beyond the time allowed1 make a difference of some moment4 ,again1 in some libraries it is usual to record the number of borrowers continuously1 only counting off the lapsed tickets1 while in others only those borrowers who are actually using the libraries within the year are counted4 ,it would be well if an effort were made to standardize all these methods4 ,a scheme for standardizing the form in which they are to be presented has been reached1 and is described below 7,section #fb74 #ef4 ,a satisfactory record of the relative circulation of books can be made only of a classified stock4 ,certainly comparisons cannot be fairly made while one librarian classes his periodicals as science1 useful arts1 etc41 and another groups his together as miscellaneous4 ,then1 some librarians1 rightly we think1 separate ,juvenile ,fiction issues from ,adult ,fiction issues2 and1 indeed1 divergences and anomalies are frequent and are confusing4 ,suggested rulings for ,issue ,record books1 for lending and reference libraries respectively1 are given on page #fb4 ,the record book should have about thirty-five lines to the page1 exclusive of the headings1 to allow one line for each day and leave room for adding up the columns4 ,the dates1 #a to #ca1 may be printed down each column1 but this will mean leaving gaps for ,sundays4 ,it is better to write the dates in for each month1 omitting ,sundays1 which may be entered on a separate page or pages4 ,the issues of each year should be kept together in a series2 and a page or more1 as required1 should be left for the necessary summaries1 which can be entered up to show the total issues month by month in cumulative form4 ,if this is done regularly the figures for the annual or other reports are quite easily obtained4 ,the accessions book1 if kept entered1 added and classified up to date1 will give similar information about books4 #eg4 ,it is usual to count volumes separately4 ,thus a work in five volumes is counted as #e in the record4 ,illustrations1 pamphlets1 broadsides and other material in separate form are usually counted in the same way1 but are sometimes indicated as being of this separate character in separate columns4 ,there are minor problems in counting which interest librarians1 and upon which opinion is divided4 ,thus1 when a series of prints are formed into a public exhibition1 it is sometimes the practice to count each print as having been issued once4 ,they may1 however1 have been examined by hundreds of people during the exhibition1 and sometimes an allowance is made for that fact4 ,again1 the consultation of a magazine in the reading rooms is usually not counted2 but the same magazine when bound is counted if issued from the shelves in the reference library4 ,directories1 time-tables1 and similar quick-reference works are often omitted from the statistics4 ,there seems no reason why all these uses of material should not be recorded1 so long as the character of the use is made clear in the reports of the librarian4 ,otherwise the frequent complaint of librarians that their figures represent only part of their work seems to be justified2 and it is well to remember that public criticism of libraries is in the main based upon their statistics4 ,at the same time if the recording of statistics means the placing of barriers between books and readers1 it is a safe principle to prefer fewer statistics and more accessibility4 #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,month3 ,september #aiah4 ,lending ,library ,issues4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,il- ,lan- ,blank ,blank ,to- ,d4 ,re- lus- tern ,i4 ,,ii4 tal4,aver-marks4 ,date4#jabcdefghi tra- ,slides47,other7,other age4 tions4 ,mate- ,mate- rial74rial74 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a #b #c #d #e etc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,month3 ,reference ,library ,issues4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,il- ,lan- ,blank ,blank ,to- ,d4 ,re- lus- tern ,i4 ,,ii4 tal4,aver-marks4 ,date4#jabcdefghi tra- ,slides47,other7,other age4 tions4 ,mate- ,mate- rial74rial74 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a #b #c #d #e etc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,fig4 #d4--,suggested ,rulings for ,issue ,record ,books4 ,the record of the number of readers should be confined to those whose tickets are 8live0 ones4 ,this does not mean necessarily that tickets not in active use at the time statistics are compiled should be regarded as 8dead40 ,a borrower may leave his ticket in abeyance for several months with the intention of using it later4 ,it does mean that only those tickets should be counted which are valid at the time4 ,as we have seen1 validity ranges from one to three or more years in different libraries1 and the figures as a rule will be only approximately sound4 ,if1 however1 all valid tickets are included1 and if the number of tickets issued within the year covered by the annual report is also indicated1 the record will be a serviceable account of the use made in relation to the population of the district served4 ,it is usual to show the number of actual borrowers divided into burgesses and non-burgesses2 of non-resident borrowers 7employees1 scholars1 etc472 and of supplementary tickets 7non-fiction1 teachers'1 illustration1 music1 etc47 held by them4 #eh4 ,where it is thought necessary to keep records of the occupations of readers1 a blank line for the name of the occupation is included on the application voucher 7see ,section #cfh7 from which the records are made4 #ei4 ,it is not usual to keep formal statistics of the number of visitors to newspaper and periodical rooms2 the attendances are either not recorded or are estimated4 ,in some cases1 however1 a daily count is made at monthly or other intervals and the yearly attendance is gauged from this4 ,it is obvious that such figures have no great value4 ,a series of visits to the rooms will assure any librarian or member of committee of the amount of use that is made of them equally well4 #fj4 ,brief paragraphs1 presenting the record of work weekly or monthly1 and the number of borrowers1 are sometimes sent to the local newspapers4 ,this is a good plan1 and the matter is more acceptable if presented in literary rather than in merely tabular form4 ,at each meeting of the library committee a fairly complete statistical record of the work since the last meeting is presented1 in which the factors we have discussed1 together with the percentage of fiction issued1 and comparisons with the corresponding weeks or months of the previous year1 are made4 ,the committee is thus kept closely acquainted with the results of its work4 #fa4 ,the ,annual ,report4--,the annual report of the library committee is the summary and crown of its labours1 and is often the most direct means of contact between the committee and the community4 ,such reports deserve more attention than is commonly given to them by librarians1 and in this matter the ,american librarian--who is essentially a business man and does not often produce useless documents--may give hints to his ,british brethren4 ,a report should be a complete history of the operations of the library in all its departments2 and if improvement is necessary it is in the direction of reducing the mere statistical and in increasing the literary matter to be included4 ,elaborate tables of issue1 stock1 etc41 of central and branch libraries have a use for the librarian and may be kept at the libraries1 but their publication is of interest to few other people1 and they are better given in summary4 ,plain and clear reports1 in which comparisons with other libraries by name should be avoided1 and which present the salient statistics without the use of confusingly elaborate tables1 give the best results4 ,illustrations and an occasional diagram rendering in graphic form the statistical results of work are not necessarily superfluous1 and may brighten the report considerably4 ,the report will not be a less authoritative document if it is attractive4 ,the information which a library report ought to convey may be indicated briefly as follows3 ,title-page4 ,list of members of committee and library staff4 ,narrative report4 ,this is the most interesting feature from the public point of view4 ,it is usually a review of the year founded upon the statistics1 etc41 in the appendix1 and is properly presented as if written by the committee and signed by the chairman4 ,frequently1 however1 it takes the form of a report written by the librarian to the committee1 to be adopted as the committee's report4 ,each method has advantages4 ,the committee can appeal to the council upon any part of its policy with greater authority than the librarian4 ,on the other hand1 the librarian can express views of the work and needs of the library from his own standpoint4 ,the character of the document1 however1 would seem to require that a report should be the committee's4 ,sometimes1 as usually in ,america1 the question is solved by having a brief report from the committee1 followed by a longer one from the librarian4 ,appendix of documents3--,the following forms may be used conveniently to present the statistical record3-- ,,stock ,central4 ,branches4 ,total4 ,grand ,total4 ,class4 ,refer- ,lend- ,refer- ,lend- ,refer- ,lend- ,report ,last ence4 ing4 ence4 ing4 ence4 ing4 ,year4 ,year4 #j #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjjj #jjjj #a #b #c etc4 ,total ,number of volumes added during the year1 with proportions purchased and donated4 ,grand total purchased 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,do4 donated 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,number of volumes worn-out and withdrawn4 ,other particulars in brief paragraph form4 ,,issues ,central4 ,branches4 ,total4 ,grand ,total4 ,class4 ,refer- ,lend- ,refer- ,lend- ,refer- ,lend- ,report ,last ence4 ing4 ence4 ing4 ence4 ing4 ,year4 ,year4 #j #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjj #jjjj #jjjj #j #a #b #c etc4 ,total ,averages ,columns for juvenile and other departments1 if they exist1 must1 of course1 be included4 ,,borrowers ,total number report year and last year4 ,number holding extra or students' tickets4 ,,reading ,,rooms ,attendances at newsrooms1 magazine rooms1 etc4 ,list of donations4 ,lists of periodicals and annuals 7only if no other means of revising printed list is available74 ,financial statement4 7,see ,section #ej47 ,memoranda relating to district1 showing population1 area1 valuation1 date when ,acts adopted1 date of opening building1 other leading facts4 #fb4 ,library ,association ,summary4--,the appendix outlined above may be reduced considerably by substituting for most of the items a summary in the form recommended by the ,library ,association4 ,the financial statement1 however1 should always be given in full1 even by libraries the accounts of which are kept by the municipal treasurer or accountant4 ,it is clearly impossible to gauge the character of any library's work if the distribution of expenditure in performing it is not shown4 ,the summary recommended by the ,library ,association resembles a summary used in ,american library reports1 and is the outcome of a suggestion made to a meeting of the ,north ,central ,library ,association in #aiaf by ,mr ,e4 ,l4 ,hetherington1 then ,secretary of the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust4 ,its purpose is not only to present the statistics of libraries in a succinct and simple manner1 but by its general adoption to secure a uniform record from all libraries by which satisfactory comparisons may be made4 ,no library report should appear without this summary1 even if the librarian chooses to retain his more elaborate tables2 and1 in view of its utility and the proposed generalness of its use1 we append it in full with the ,library ,association's explanatory notes4 ,,general ,,statistics3 7i7 ,population as at last ,census4 7ii7 ,amount of rate in the pound4 7iii7 ,cost of ,library ,service per inhabitant4 7iv7 ,total ,cost of ,library per inhabitant4 7v7 ,number of ,separate ,establishments4 7vi7 ,number of ,staff--,librarians and ,assistants4 7a7 ,whole ,time--,male4 7b7 ,whole ,time--,female4 7c7 ,part ,time--,male4 7d7 ,part ,time--,female4 7e7 ,total--,male--,female4 ,,income ,,and ,,expenditure3 ,income4 --------------------- s4 d4 of ,total ,income4 --------------------- 7i7 ,from rate 7ii7 ,from other sources 7iii7 ,total income --------------------- s4 d4 of ,total ,expendi- ture4 --------------------- 7i7 ,books 7ii7 ,binding and ,repairing 7iii7 ,printing of ,catalogues 7iv7 ,newspapers and ,periodicals ,library not permanently retained ,service 7v7 ,library ,fittings and ,expendi- ,furniture ture 7vi7 ,printing1 ,stationery1 ,office ,requisites 7vii7 ,salaries of ,librarians and ,assistants 7viii7 ,total --------------------- s4 d4 of ,total ,income4 --------------------- 7ix7 ,rents and ,loans 7x7 ,rates and ,taxes 7xi7 ,upkeep of ,buildings ,fabric 7xii7 ,heating1 ,lighting and ,charges ,cleaning1 including wages 7xiii7 ,total 7xiv7 ,total ,expenditure ,stocks4 #a #b ,lending4 ,reference4 ---------------------- 7i7 ,number of volumes at beginning of year 7ii7 ,volumes withdrawn during year 7iii7 ,additions during year 7iv7 ,total volumes at end of year 7v7 ,number of replacements during year 7vi7 ,volumes per head of population according to last ,census ,issues4 ,total4 ,daily ,average4 ---------------------- 7i7 ,lending ,library ,issues 7ii7 ,children's ,reading ,room ,issues 7iii7 ,reference ,library ,recorded ,issues 7iv7 ,reference ,library ,open ,shelves 7estimated7 7v7 ,issues from ,lending ,library 7see 7i7 above7 per head of population according to last census ,borrowers4 7i7 ,percentage of ,borrowers to population4 7ii7 ,number of ,supplementary ,readers' ,tickets held4 7iii7 ,total ,borrowers' ,tickets in use4 ,,instructions ,,to ,,be ,,studied ,,in ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,figures ,,detailed ,,above ,general4 #a4 ,asterisks with relative foot-notes should be placed against any figure which includes abnormalities2 for example1 if any item of the expenditure includes certain special or non-recurring charges1 the amount of that expenditure should be detailed in a foot-note with an explanation of the item4 ,general ,statistics4 #b4 ,head 7iii7 should express in pence the cost of the total library service--per inhabitant according to last census4 #c4 ,similarly head 7iv7 should express the cost of the total library expenditure per inhabitant4 #d4 ,head 7v7 asks for the number of separate establishments4 ,the figure should include the central library1 but if delivery stations are also included the number of such subsidiary establishments should be stated in a footnote4 ,income4 #e4 ,head 7i7 should be confined solely to the income from the library rate4 #f4 ,head 7ii7 should include income from all other sources1 whether from interest on investments1 rents1 sales of catalogues1 fines or special subscriptions or donations4 ,expenditure4 #g4 ,under head 7iv7 should be included only the cost of periodicals not permanently retained4 ,in cases of periodicals which are subsequently bound and added to the permanent library stocks1 their cost should be included under head 7i7 books and head 7ii7 binding4 #h4 ,care should be taken that head 7vii7 should be confined to the salary payments made to the library staff proper4 ,all wages paid to caretakers1 cleaners1 messengers and the like1 should be included under head 7xii74 #i4 ,it will be observed that there is no separate heading for 8miscellaneous0 or 8other items40 ,it is desired that all items of expenditure should be allocated to the headings detailed above4 ,stocks4 #aj4 ,it is recognized that the word book or volume has no definite technical meaning1 and is usually an indeterminate expression useful for popular purposes4 ,it may therefore be useful to make the following definitions for the guidance of the ,libraries3-- ,volumes mean books as they stand on the shelves4 ,pieces mean separate works or parts 7each usually having a separate title-page to itself1 as with pamphlets1 parts of periodicals1 and the like74 ,papers mean lesser items1 usually with less than #e pages1 as broadsides1 cards1 fly-sheets4 ,items mean volumes1 pieces and papers4 ,works mean whole literary productions whether in several volumes or only one piece4 ,thus3 ,ten pamphlets bound together1 with five broadsides at end1 are one volume1 ten works or pieces1 fifteen items4 ,a dictionary in twenty volumes would count as twenty volumes1 pieces and items1 but one work1 and in a sense one book4 ,having regard to these definitions care should be taken1 in recording the number of volumes in a library1 to reckon ten pamphlets or parts as the equivalent of a single volume4 ,issues4 #aa4 ,head 7iii7 should give the issues from the reference library actually recorded4 #ab4 ,head 7iv7 should give the estimated use made of the books from the open shelves of the reference library4 #ac4 ,sunday use of libraries should be separately recorded4 ,,bibliography #fc4 ,statistics3 ,hetherington1 ,a4 ,l4 ,library ,statistics4 ,in ,l4,a4 ,record1 v4 #ai1 p4 #c1 #aiag4 ,also separately4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #ace1 ,library ,statistics4 #fd4 ,annual ,report3 ,bostwick1 ,a4 ,e4 ,administration of a ,public ,library4 ,in ,a4,l4,a41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ4 ,preprint of chapter xii41 #aiaa4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #acf1 ,annual ,report4 ,,division ,,iii ,,staff ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,librarian #fe4 ,general4--,the success or failure of a library depends almost entirely upon the ability and energy of the staff4 ,opinion upon this question has been almost revolutionized in the past twenty years1 and only very occasionally now do we find some misguided library authority placing so special an institution in the keeping of stickit ministers1 unlucky schoolmasters1 retired soldiers1 minor journalists1 unsuccessful booksellers1 and similar remnants of the failures or superannuated in other walks of life4 ,no untrained person is likely to attain more than the poorest or most commonplace results and will undoubtedly prevent the library from serving the community to anything like its potential capacity4 ,indeed1 the work of the librarian is a professional occupation demanding for its successful accomplishment a training as complete and special at least as that required of the teacher4 ,a committee fails signally in its public duty if it does not recognize this fact in the choice of its librarian2 and the public has a right to demand that the man appointed to occupy any technical public office shall have had both training and experience4 #ff4 ,the appointment of a chief librarian should be the first step taken by a committee4 ,numberless blunders1 often resulting in great subsequent expense1 have been made in the past through the mistaken economy of proceeding with buildings1 methods and book-selection before such appointment4 ,these matters are essentially the work of the librarian and not of the committee2 and any little amount that may be saved from the salary of the librarian is invariably lost because of the adoption of faulty apparatus or plans2 amateur experiments are usually expensive4 ,if1 at the beginning of its career1 a library committee is unable to engage a qualified librarian1 application should be made to the ,library ,association for the nomination of a professional adviser1 who for a reasonable fee would give invaluable assistance at the time when such assistance is really vital4 #fg4 ,qualifications4--,as is the case with the prominent members of every other profession1 good librarians are born1 not made4 ,training and experience cannot create such natural endowments as enthusiasm1 originality1 initiative--in short1 positive genius for the work2 but training and experience in sound methods will provide a passable substitute4 ,experience1 however1 depends for its value upon its character1 and long years in inefficiently-managed libraries will not suffice for modern needs4 ,owing to the wide difference between the methods of1 say1 thirty years ago1 and the more scientific methods of to-day1 it is necessary to judge the experience of any librarian by the school in which he has been trained4 ,this does not mean that a library which has been in existence thirty years or more is operated by obsolete methods2 most of the larger libraries1 indeed1 have kept pace with1 and have helped to originate1 the modern methods which are to be preferred4 ,at the same time the practice of appointing librarians from larger libraries in preference to those from smaller ones is often mistaken4 ,a small library may afford its staff opportunities for a more comprehensive training than a large one1 but it may not be so extensive in detail4 ,in short1 the size of the library in which a man is trained is no index to the character of its service1 and this character is the main factor in considering experience4 ,the physical qualifications of a librarian should include good health1 freedom from deformity1 defect or incurable disease1 and his or her age should not usually be less than twenty-five4 ,age is not so important in cases of promotion1 as the committee has first-hand and accurate knowledge of capabilities to guide it4 ,as regards the physical condition of librarians1 it may be said generally that the same principles which guide selection in business appointments should be the rule in library appointments4 #fh4 ,the professional attainments of a librarian should be judged mainly by their suitability for the duties to be performed4 ,the degree of attainment differs in individuals1 and it would be unfair to expect so many useful qualifications in a librarian who is to receive #bjj per annum as in one who is to receive a much larger salary4 ,but there are certain broad principles to be considered1 the cardinal one being that only trained librarians should ever be appointed to chief positions4 ,a committee is safe in selecting candidates from amongst diplomates1 fellows and members of the ,library ,association1 as these ipso facto have received the training indicated4 ,we give in ,sections #ii-aja some account of the compass and activities of the ,library ,association1 and commend what is there written to the consideration of library committees4 ,here it may be said that a diplomate is a librarian who has received at least three years' training in a library recognized by the ,association1 has gained the six provisional certificates of that body in literary history1 bibliography1 classification1 cataloguing1 library organization and library routine1 and has in addition shown a knowledge of ,latin and one modern foreign language1 and has presented an acceptable written thesis showing independent research upon some department of librarianship4 ,the diploma is a very considerable attainment1 and is at present held by few librarians1 but the number increases1 and no doubt its possession will influence future appointments considerably4 ,it was initiated in #aija1 and therefore too recently to have made it possible for all eligible candidates for appointments to have acquired it4 ,to meet this situation1 and to set up a standard of qualification1 the ,library ,association adopted in #aiaa a scheme for the classification of librarians into fellows1 members1 and student-members4 ,a fellow is a librarian of approved experience who held office prior to the end of #aiad1 a librarian who holds the diploma1 or a university degree plus approved library experience1 or an assistant librarian of proved reputation and capacity who held office prior to the date named4 ,all other librarians at the initiation of this scheme were classified as members 7except very young men and women who became student-members and whose degree of training may be judged from that name74 ,after #aiad admission to fellowship has generally been restricted to diplomates1 or graduates with library experience1 save in exceptional cases where great and proved capacity has been shown2 and admission to membership has been restricted to chief librarians1 or to assistants who hold four of the six diploma certificates4 ,other factors may apply in individual cases1 but there are very few librarians or assistants of character and ability who are either members or certificate-holders of the ,association4 ,with due allowance for the size and means of the library1 and the salary to be offered to the librarian1 the following list of qualifications may serve as a guide to a committee as to what they may expect4 ,,librarian',s ,,qualifications #a4 ,training for at least three years in a library which is classified according to some recognized bibliographical scheme ,decimal1 ,expansive1 ,library of ,congress1 ,subject or other4 #b4 ,a wide knowledge of ,english and ,foreign ,bibliography and ,literature1 and an intimate and exact knowledge of the contents of modern1 and especially technical1 scientific1 and historical1 books4 #c4 ,sufficient acquaintance with languages to enable the translating of title-pages with the aid of dictionaries4 #d4 ,a knowledge of business routine1 including elementary book-keeping and accounts4 #e4 ,practical acquaintance with the leading systems of book classification4 #f4 ,full knowledge of the various methods of cataloguing1 with a thorough grasp of the modern literature of the subject4 #g4 ,experience in staff management4 #h4 ,practical knowledge of all modern systems of library working1 including book-binding1 book-buying1 charging and maintenance4 #i4 ,knowledge of modern periodical literature1 and the management of news-rooms4 #aj4 ,general culture1 the ability to make a useful public speech1 tact1 courtesy1 and1 in fact1 good 8personality40 #fi4 ,advertisements and ,application ,forms for ,appointments4--,advertisements for librarians are usually inserted in one or all of the following3--,the ,times1 ,the ,athenum1 ,the ,spectator and ,the ,municipal ,journal4 ,a useful form of announcement may be subjoined3 ,,liberton ,,public ,,library ,,appointment ,,of ,,chief ,,librarian ,a ,chief ,librarian is required for the ,liberton ,public ,library4 ,candidates must be ,diplomates1 or ,fellows1 or ,members of the ,library ,association 7or be certificated by that body71 and have had at least three years' training in a library employing scientific classification4 ,salary to commence1 4 4 4 4 41 rising by annual increments of 4 4 4 4 4 to a maximum of 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,the application1 which should be accompanied by three recent testimonials1 is to be made on a special form which may be obtained from the undersigned4 ,all applications should reach the undersigned not later than allow three weeks4 ,second class railway fares and reasonable expenses of selected candidates will be allowed4 ,all canvassing will disqualify4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c41 ,town ,clerk1 or ,clerk to the ,committee4 ,the practice of requiring candidates to apply on a special form is fairly general1 and has the advantage of securing uniformity in the information supplied1 and in emphasizing the particulars considered to be the most important4 ,for very important positions the method may be not so advantageous1 as valuable conclusions may be drawn from the manner in which candidates present their applications4 ,the following draft form may be suggestive to committees3-- ,,liberton ,,public ,,library ,,committee ,address4 ,,application ,,for ,,librarianship ,the candidate is particularly requested to answer every question in full1 and return to ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 address1 by #ab o'clock on date to be named1 marked on outside of envelope1 8,librarianship40 #a4 ,full name4 #b4 ,address4 #c4 ,age next birthday4 #d4 ,married or single4 #e4 ,number of family if married4 #f4 ,is your health good8 #g4 ,have you any physical defect 7deafness1 lameness1 etc478 #h4 ,present occupation4 #i4 ,length of service in present occupation4 #aj4 ,former occupations1 if any4 #aa4 ,are you a ,fellow or ,member of the ,library ,association8 #ab4 ,do you hold the ,diploma or any of the ,provisional ,certificates of the ,library ,association8 #ac4 ,do you possess any of the following qualifications8-- ,practical knowledge of modern literature4 ,practical knowledge of scientific classification4 ,practical knowledge of library planning4 ,knowledge of accounts and book-keeping4 ,experience in management of staff4 ,practical knowledge of modern library management4 #ad4 ,state system used in your library for the following departments1 and which you would adopt if appointed here3-- ,classification4 ,printed catalogue4 ,manuscript catalogue4 ,book issue method4 ,reference library method4 #ae4 ,have you originated any library device1 or published books or articles on practical phases of library work8 #af4 ,do you possess any degrees or certificates of an educational kind8 #ag4 ,have you made a special study of any particular subject8 #ah4 ,when could you enter upon duty if appointed8 #ai4 ,add here any further relevant particulars leave large space4 ,selected candidates1 when interviewed1 should be examined on the questions scheduled above and on the qualifications specified in ,section #fh4 ,a few questions by the chairman1 based upon these1 in addition to the independent suggestions of members of committee1 will generally result in obtaining a very fair estimate of the qualifications of each candidate4 #gj4 ,salaries4--,owing to the limitation of the library rate and a general underestimate of the librarian's utility1 salaries in municipal libraries are not very liberal1 and may be described as inadequate4 ,in the state1 university and some of the endowed and proprietary libraries the salaries range much higher1 taken all round4 ,these appointments1 however1 especially such as the ,british ,museum1 ,india ,office1 the ,houses of ,parliament1 the universities and similar institutions1 are seldom offered for competition4 ,in public municipal libraries the salaries of chief librarians range downward from about #hjj4 ,some of the large ,london proprietary libraries1 and many of the provincial libraries of a similar kind1 give salaries to about the same maximum4 ,a careful analysis of the income1 population and work of the principal ,english and ,american libraries has enabled the following table to be produced1 showing the amount which a library can reasonably pay for a good officer4 ,this scale is considerably below the ,american one1 but slightly higher than the ,english4 ,,fig4 #e4--,,table ,,of ,,librarians' ,,salaries ,,which ,,should ,,be ,,paid ,,by ,,libraries ,,possessing ,,the ,,incomes ,,undernoted --------------------------- ,library ,annual ,librarian's ,income from ,salary4 ,rate4 --------------------------- #bj1jjj #ajjj #ae1jjj #hjj #aj1jjj #gej #h1jjj #gjj #f1jjj #fjj #e1ejj #eej #e1jjj #ejj #d1ejj #dej #d1jjj #dbe #c1ejj #djj #c1jjj #cej #b1ejj #cbe #b1jjj #cjj #a1ijj #bij #a1hjj #bhj #a1gjj #bgj #a1fjj #bfj #a1ejj #bej #a1djj #bdj #a1cjj #bcj #a1bjj #bbj #a1ajj #baj #a1jjj #bjj #ijj #aij #hjj #ahj #gjj #agj #fjj #afj #ejj #aej #djj #abj #cjj #ij #bjj #fj;,for part of #ajj #cjtime only4 --------------------------- ,the above table is rather higher than that given in the last edition1 as regards the libraries with incomes exceeding #cjjj1 and is based upon my own inquiries and conclusions as they have been affected by the ,european ,war4 ,few librarians receive normally #ajjj1 and it is quite clear that the present salaries for the greater libraries are most inadequate1 having regard to the responsibilities involved4--,,editor4 #ga4 ,the only other point of importance arising out of the question of librarians' salaries is that of providing a residence on the library premises4 ,this policy has been adopted in ,london more than anywhere else4 ,it affects the question of salary to some extent1 though not quite so much as has been claimed4 ,a committee of a #djjj library might argue that1 by providing a good house in a valuable position1 they are only entitled to give a salary of #cbe1 the balance of #ajj being represented by the house4 ,the practical reply to this is1 that a house under these conditions1 although it could rent at #ajj or even more1 is just worth to the librarian exactly what he would be prepared to pay for house rent if he lived away from the library4 ,any allowance or deduction should accordingly be based upon this consideration4 ,in small libraries it is not advisable to incur additional cost in the erection of buildings by providing a residence for the librarian in order to save on his salary4 ,beyond the advantage of having a librarian living on the premises as a kind of superior perpetual caretaker1 there is little to be gained by complicating a library building with such an excrescence as a residence4 ,if houses are provided at all1 they should be mainly used by caretakers who have to get up early1 and there is a decided convenience in having an officer of this description always at hand4 ,if possible1 residences should be erected as far away from public reading-rooms as they can be1 the occupation of rooms over news-rooms1 etc41 having been proved to be unhealthy in many cases4 ,the accommodation provided for a caretaker usually consists of a sitting-room or large kitchen1 parlour1 two bedrooms1 and the usual offices4 ,in some ,london libraries very liberal provision has been made for librarians living on the premises1 the accommodation consisting of three large living rooms1 four or five bedrooms1 kitchen1 scullery1 bathroom and other offices4 ,the whole question of residence or non-residence is one for library authorities to decide for themselves1 but the matter is another proof of the necessity which exists for appointing librarians before buildings are erected4 #gb4 ,superannuation4--,there is no general law at present under which public librarians can retire on a pension after a certain age has been reached4 ,some towns have made separate arrangements for the superannuation of all their officers1 but even this is far from common4 ,the ,national ,association of ,local ,government ,officers1 which deserves the support of librarians and committees1 has a ,bill before ,parliament1 the object of which is to procure for municipal officers the same regulations as to superannuation as are in force for poor-law officers1 but this has not yet passed into law4 #gc4 ,conditions of ,librarian's ,appointment4--,there are several points requiring notice in connexion with the conditions upon which librarians are appointed4 ,it is not usual to draw up a formal agreement1 but if this is done it should be executed by a solicitor1 and specify the principal obligations1 terms and duration of the appointment4 #a4 ,in large libraries it is usual to stipulate that the librarian must devote the whole of his or her ,,time to the duties of the office4 ,this simply means that no other office can be held concurrently1 but particularly a paid office4 ,a librarian's private time can be devoted to any hobby he chooses1 be it gardening1 cycling1 photography1 literature1 music or sport4 ,provided1 always1 such recreations do not render a librarian less fit for his public duty4 ,official time occupied in any work which has for its object improvement in professional knowledge should be allowed within reasonable limits4 ,attendances at meetings called for professional purposes1 or visits to other places for the purpose of acquiring professional knowledge1 would1 we take it1 be considered quite legitimate4 ,where a certain number of hours daily or weekly has been fixed1 the question of the disposal of a librarian's leisure time will not arise4 #b4 ,notice of intention to ,,determine ,,an ,,appointment might be stipulated for in an agreement4 ,the usual practice is one month's notice on either side4 #c4 ,a public librarian who handles public money should be required to obtain security from a recognized guarantee office4 ,the amount insured against will generally be fully covered by a sum equal to #aj per cent4 of the annual income of the library4 ,thus1 a library with an income of #bjjj should make #bjj the insurable sum1 as this will cover any possible defalcations of the librarians1 who1 under any circumstances1 in such a library1 can never handle more than about #fj or #gj in the course of one month4 ,the premium for municipal officers averages about #es4 per cent41 and1 of course1 the library authority should make the annual payments to keep the policy alive4 #d4 ,the ,,vacation allowed to librarians varies with the conditions of each place4 ,in some cases five weeks are allowed1 irrespective of the time occupied by conferences or other annual meetings4 ,usually four weeks are given4 ,as a rule1 committees will not be found niggardly in this matter when they have an officer whom they can respect and trust4 ,in ,american libraries a month is often allowed1 and in some cases much longer periods4 #e4 ,the only ,,annual ,,conferences of any importance in connexion with public library work are those of the ,library ,association and the ,museums ,association4 ,practice differs as regards libraries sending delegates to the annual conferences of the ,library ,association4 ,in some cases where a library is a subscribing member1 and1 in addition1 the librarian is also a member in his own name1 it sends a member of the committee and the librarian1 and pays their expenses4 ,in other cases the librarian alone is sent1 and his expenses paid4 ,in still other cases the librarian is allowed the time to attend1 but has to pay his own expenses2 while1 sometimes1 the chairman of committee attends1 and either pays his own expenses or has them paid by the committee4 ,every library which desires to keep abreast with modern ideas in library work should send its librarian to the annual conferences of the ,library ,association1 and pay his expenses4 ,all public libraries should join this association as institution members1 and their librarian will naturally be a member in his own right4 ,there is more knowledge and good obtained by a librarian coming into personal touch with other librarians during a conference week than can ever be achieved in a state of hermit-like seclusion4 ,the sum spent on a library conference to insure a librarian's attendance is by far the most profitable investment a library committee can make in a single year4 ,some doubt exists as to whether members of committee can be sent at the expense of the library rate1 and1 so far as parishes are concerned1 it has been decided by the district auditors that they can not be sent unless at their own personal expense4 ,municipal boroughs have power to send committee delegates if so disposed1 but the matter remains doubtful as regards ,urban ,district ,councils4 #gd4 ,duties of the ,librarian4--,the duties of a librarian practically cover every section of this ,manual1 and it is therefore needless to go over the same ground here4 ,it may be assumed1 however1 that the librarian also acts as clerk to his committee1 and a few of the more personal duties of the librarian may be specified4 ,it has been recommended that a librarian should act as clerk1 and some reasons may be given why this course should always be taken4 ,the librarian is the only official who holds all the threads of work and routine in his hands or who thoroughly understands the practical working of the institution4 ,by combining the functions he remains in touch with his committee1 and can much better understand their views than if a second person acts as intermediary or interpreter4 ,the plan is also more economical1 as town clerks sometimes take a salary for acting as clerk to the library committee1 or charge a proportion of office expenses to the library4 ,both courses are quite unnecessary4 ,it is not desirable1 when a library committee has obtained a complete or partial delegation of powers1 to have its work controlled or interfered with by another municipal department4 ,even when a library committee remains but an ordinary committee of a local authority1 it is not desirable for the town clerk to do more than depute a junior clerk to attend meetings for the sole purpose of recording minutes4 ,the chairman and librarian should call all meetings and arrange all necessary business4 ,it is too often overlooked that library committees are appointed to carry out special work under a special ,act of ,parliament1 and that1 in consequence1 they are performing duties outside the ordinary routine of municipal work4 #ge4 ,the following summary of the more important duties of the librarian is applicable to the average library1 but must be adjusted considerably in large libraries1 where the chief librarian is mainly an administrator4 ,such large libraries have special departmental experts1 and it is clear that over many of these items the chief librarian can exercise only a general supervision4 ,where there are large trained staffs he should avoid details and concern himself with the general direction of all departments2 otherwise he will become immersed impossibly in minuti to the great detriment of the library service as a whole3 #a4 ,he must superintend and prepare all the business for the library committee1 including summoning meetings1 preparing agendas1 checking accounts1 compiling lists of books1 preparing reports and taking minutes of proceedings4 #b4 ,he must attend all committee meetings1 and such of the local authority meetings as may be fixed4 #c4 ,he must prepare all specifications for contracts1 and bring forward in plenty of time all business which arises regularly1 either monthly1 quarterly or annually4 #d4 ,he should sign all orders and be responsible for all correspondence connected with the library4 ,he should keep copies of all orders and important letters1 as well as copies of any specifications or other documents4 #e4 ,he must fix the time1 duties and daily work of the staff1 and superintend and check their attendance and work in every department4 #f4 ,he must see that order is maintained among readers throughout the main building and branches1 and that the rules are enforced within reason1 and that the opening and closing of the library are done punctually4 #g4 ,he must carefully supervise the selection of books and periodicals for addition to the library1 and examine all necessary lists1 catalogues and reviews for that purpose4 #h4 ,he should check all cataloguing and classification work4 #i4 ,he should be prepared when called upon to aid readers1 as far as possible1 in any line of research1 and should be easily accessible at all times when on duty4 #gf4 ,the ,librarian4 ,cowell1 ,peter4 ,public ,library ,staffs1 #ahic4 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #c4 ,fletcher1 ,w4 ,j4 ,the ,librarian3 ,his ,work and ,training for ,it4 ,in his ,public ,libraries in ,america1 #ahid1 p4 #hj4 ,hardy1 ,e4 ,a4 ,the ,librarian4 ,in his ,the ,public ,library1 #aiab1 p4 #aji4 ,hulme1 ,e4 ,w4 ,ideals ,old and ,new1 #aiad4 ,library ,assistants' ,association1 ,series #e4 ,baldwin1 ,e4 ,v4 ,library ,service4 ,a4,l4,a41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ4 ,preprint of ,chapter xiv41 #aiad4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #ac-dc1 ,librarianship4 #gg4 ,library ,training4 ,baker1 ,e4 ,a4 ,education and ,training of ,librarians4 ,in ,library ,association4 ,public ,libraries3 ,their ,development and ,future ,organization1 #aiag1 p4 #hi4 ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,guide to ,librarianship1 #aiji4 ,library ,association4 ,information relating to the ,professional ,examinations and ,syllabus1 #aiai4 7,issued annually as a rule47 ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,prospectus of ,school of ,librarianship 7in the ,press--,june #aiai74 ,the ,american libraries or universities of ,atlanta1 ,brooklyn1 ,california1 ,cleveland 7,univ471 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 ,new ,york 7,state71 ,drexel ,inst41 ,philadelphia1 ,pittsburgh1 ,st ,louis1 and others have library schools1 which issue periodical calendars and circulars of information of a suggestive kind4 ,there are about forty such library schools4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #bf-bh1 ,assistants1 ,qualifications1 ,training1 etc42 ,a #ace-age1 ,library ,schools in ,america4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,assistants #gh4 ,general4--,the organization of the library staff under the chief librarian is naturally governed by the number of assistants and the size of the system they work4 ,most libraries have a second qualified librarian who is variously called ,deputy-,librarian or ,sub-,librarian or sometimes he is called ,chief ,assistant ,librarian1 ,deputy ,chief ,librarian1 or1 more rarely in ,england1 ,vice-,librarian4 ,there is still considerable confusion in the nomenclature of library offices1 and it would be well if a uniform system were adopted4 7,see ,appendix ,i474 ,large libraries have1 in addition1 a hierarchy of assistants1 as follows3 #a4 ,a ,superintendent of ,branches1 where there are several libraries in the system1 as at ,birmingham1 ,glasgow1 etc42 #b4 ,librarians-in-,charge of the several departments2 #c4 ,branch ,librarians2 #d4 ,senior assistants2 #e4 ,junior assistants4 ,the qualifications of ,deputy1 ,superintendent of ,branches1 ,librarians-in-,charge and ,branch ,librarians differ from those of the ,chief ,librarian in degree rather than in kind1 and to these positions only trained men should be appointed4 ,in many cases they are appointed from staff1 not always to the benefit of the library4 ,it is a sound plan to throw open all the higher appointments in libraries to competition1 in which competition1 of course1 any member of the existing staff should be allowed1 without prejudice1 to compete4 ,one of the mistaken policies1 especially of large libraries1 has been to promote men because of mere length of service4 ,such service is undoubtedly valuable1 but is not necessarily a proof of qualification for higher library positions4 #gi4 ,deputy-,librarian4--,it may be affirmed that appointments to any senior position should be subject to the same principles1 and to conditions similar to those governing the appointment of chief librarians4 ,in small libraries the means at the disposal of the committee do not always permit of a salary sufficient to attract a diplomate of the ,library ,association1 or a man similarly qualified1 but no assistant who is inexperienced or is without the certificates of the ,library ,association should ever be appointed to the important position of ,deputy-,librarian4 ,the duties of the ,deputy-,librarian comprise the whole administration of the library system under the chief librarian1 the general supervision of every department1 and the direction of the duties of the whole staff4 ,he becomes acting-chief librarian in every absence of his principal1 and should be qualified to assume this position both by his knowledge and his personality4 ,it is therefore clear that his technical training must in general be as sound and catholic as that of his chief2 and in addition to this quality1 he should possess initiative1 disciplinary powers1 discretion1 and loyalty to his chief and to the existing system4 ,in detail his duties will vary according to the size of the system2 and in small libraries he will be merely the superior assistant1 taking part in every operation 7except the merely mechanical ones1 which may be performed by untrained juniors7 of the library2 in somewhat larger libraries he may arrange the hours and duties of the staff and superintend them1 and check all cataloguing and classification4 ,in the largest libraries his work is almost purely administrative4 ,the conditions of the appointment of a ,deputy-,librarian are somewhat difficult to describe1 owing to the divergences we have named4 ,he usually1 but not always1 works similar hours to the remainder of the staff2 has his own office1 or1 at any rate1 private desk2 and is usually invested with considerable authority4 ,it should be the aim of the chief librarian to make this office a worthy one--and to see that only worthy persons occupy it4 ,a good deputy gives tone to the whole staff1 as he comes into more intimate contact with it than the chief librarian4 ,the salaries paid to ,deputy-,librarians are again matters which vary2 they range from #ajj to #cjj1 and in a few places to much higher sums than this4 ,in the last edition it was laid down that the deputy should receive a maximum of not less than half of that of the chief2 but we think any dogmatic statement of that kind objectionable1 as being subject to numberless variations in various places4 #hj4 ,superintendent of ,branches4--,this librarian acts as a liaison officer between the chief librarian and the branch librarian in systems where there are many branch libraries4 ,he must be qualified to assess the work of each library and to co-ordinate the whole branch system1 to look over time-sheets1 examine into the performance of the assistants1 judge their capacity and training1 advise as to the books required in particular localities1 and1 in general1 make the units of the system smooth-working parts of a homogenous whole4 ,it is probable that a capable superintendent is an economy of some consequence in a large system4 ,few libraries1 however1 with less than a dozen branches possess such an officer1 his duties usually in other cases falling upon the chief or deputy librarians4 ,the superintendent is subordinate to the deputy-librarian1 and his salary is something more than that of a branch or departmental librarian4 #ha4 ,departmental ,librarians4--,of recent years the tendency in library work has been towards specialization1 and in most libraries of any size assistants are given more or less permanent charge of departments1 and are usually called librarians-in-charge4 ,the librarian of a branch library falls into this category although he may not occupy exactly the same level on the staff as the librarian-in-charge of the reference library2 as1 also1 in libraries which have such departments1 does the head of the cataloguing staff1 the order division1 etc4 ,in the great libraries the librarian-in-charge of the reference department is easily the head of the grade we are discussing1 as he must obviously be a person of considerable bibliographical acquirements in addition to being the possessor of a complete library training1 and his work lies with inquirers1 research workers1 and similar readers who require skilled and sympathetic assistance4 ,in the majority of libraries all librarians-in-charge are regarded as official equals4 ,their salaries are obviously governed by the wealth and work of the library concerned1 but a rough calculation ranges them at from the inadequate minimum of #ij to about #bej or more1 with many intermediate scales4 ,the duties of a librarian-in-charge involve the responsibility of conducting the department according to the prevailing library policy1 the arranging of the duties of the staff and the seeing that they are performed1 the training of the staff1 the maintenance of order in public rooms1 and the exploiting of the department to the utmost in the interest of the public4 #hb4 ,library ,councils4--,in some libraries the chief librarians have formed the deputy-librarian1 the superintendent of branches and the librarians-in-charge into a committee which is variously named1 but is commonly called by the large name of the ,library ,council1 which meets weekly or monthly in the chief librarian's office and discusses the current methods of the library system and the means whereby its activities may be improved and its influence extended4 ,such a council has necessarily only a consultative function1 and all decisions it reaches are subject to the chief librarian4 ,regular agenda are often used and minutes kept of such meetings1 and they are surprisingly fruitful in useful and practical suggestions4 ,even quite impractical suggestions should be encouraged at such meetings1 as they often throw light on the general work and lead to other suggestions of a useful character4 ,more and more both in this country and in ,america the chief librarians are taking their senior colleagues into their confidence in this way1 and thus a community of interest is created and an enthusiasm is fostered which are well worth having4 #hc4 ,assistants4--,in ,america the library assistant is in the best instances a person who is a graduate of a college or who has had a high school education2 who1 in addition1 has taken a course of one year1 or1 in special instances1 two years at a library school4 ,not all or even the majority of assistants are of this type1 as the ,american library is unable to afford a large number of workers so highly qualified4 ,on this side of the ,atlantic the ,american system is an impossible ideal in existing circumstances2 not one library in the kingdom--except1 occasionally1 the ,government libraries--could pay the initial salaries which such training should command4 ,indeed1 the whole question of staffing libraries is affected in most adverse manner by the inadequacy of library incomes4 ,assistants must as a rule be chosen from amongst young people just leaving school--often ,council elementary or secondary schools4 ,they are therefore people in almost every sense1 except1 it may be1 natural ability1 incapable at the beginning of their library career of anything more than the mere mechanical tasks4 ,they have to be educated before they are trained technically in most cases4 ,to secure the right material it is becoming the practice to demand of candidates for library work a fair general knowledge1 and the ,library ,association has asked that some such certificate as matriculation1 or the ,oxford and ,cambridge ,locals1 should be required of them4 ,where the supply of candidates so qualified does not exist1 the chief librarian sets a simple qualifying examination paper to test the common sense and education of candidates4 ,appointments are usually made for a probationary period of about three months1 at the end of which time it is possible to judge in a rough way whether the youngster will benefit by library training or not4 ,owing to the limited prospects the work offers the librarian has a moral obligation to see that appointees who are unsuitable are encouraged to seek other occupations as soon as their unfitness for librarianship is proven4 ,where both sexes are employed exactly the same type of qualifications should be required from each1 and equal remuneration should be paid4 ,the smaller salaries sometimes offered to girls have ill results both upon the individual candidates and upon the library4 #hd4 ,hours4--,the last exhaustive inquiry into the hours worked by municipal library assistants was made by the ,library ,assistants' ,association in #aiaa1 who embodied its results in a valuable report4 ,hours are naturally influenced by the prevailing length of working-time in commerce and in other walks of life4 ,the average number worked in libraries in #aijh was #dh weekly2 in #aiaa it was #debb2 but the tendency is to make it #db hours4 ,the difficulties which face a librarian in arranging a time-sheet are that he has usually too small a staff1 and cannot afford a larger one1 and that the library is in many or all of its departments open from twelve to fourteen hours daily4 ,this involves evening work on several days in the week1 and means that the hours are irregular and broken4 ,at the same time the nature of library work is exacting1 and much more efficient work can be expected from a seven-hours'1 or even shorter1 day than from a longer one4 ,study1 recreation and social experience are absolutely necessary for successful work2 and time-sheets should be arranged to make these possible4 ,there is no excuse whatever for the at one time prevailing time-sheets which required assistants to work from about #i a4m4 to #i p4m4 with an interval of #a hours for dinner and a similar interval for tea4 ,the librarian whose staff is so small that these hours are necessary to keep the library open is attempting at the expense of the health and whole natural life of his staff to do more work than the community has a right to expect4 ,even with the seven-hour day the broken hours involved form the least attractive feature of library work4 ,the time-sheet suggested by the ,library ,assistants' ,association is given as a practical solution of some of the difficulties we have enumerated--not as an ideal but as the result of experience4 ,it provides for a half-holiday weekly and for hours of recreation and study4 ,it should be the aim to make the use of the sheet regular1 so that every assistant may know what evenings1 for example1 he has at his disposal throughout the year4 ,modifications are sometimes made during the summer months1 when the work is slacker1 in the direction of giving the assistants more free time4 ,,suggested ,,time-,,sheet 7,,library ,,assistants' ,,association7 #i #aj #aa #ab #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,monday ,a ------------ ------------ ,b ------------ --------- ,c #h4de---------- ,d ------------ ------------ ,e ------------ ------------- ,f ------------ ---------- ,g ------------ ------------ ,h ------------ ---------- #i #aj #aa #ab #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,tuesday ,a ------------ --------- ,b ------------ ------------ ,c ------------ ------------ ,d #h4de---------- ,e ------------ --------- ,f ------------ ------------ ,g ------------ --------- ,h ------------ ------------ #i #aj #aa #ab #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,wednesday ,a ------------ ,b ------------ --------- ,c ------------ ------------ ,d ------------ ------------ ,e #h4de---------- ,f --------- --------- ,g --------- ------------ ,h ------------ ------------ #i #aj #aa #ab #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,thursday ,a ------------ ------------ ,b ------------ ,c ------------ ------------ ,d ------------ ------------ ,e --------- ------------ ,f #h4de---------- ,g ------------ ------------ ,h ------------ ------------ #i #aj #aa #ab #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,friday ,a ------------ ------------ ,b ------------ ------------ ,c ------------ --------- ,d ------------ --------- ,e ------------ ------------ ,f ------------ ,g #h4de---------- ,h ------------ ------------ #i #aj #aa #ab #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,saturday ,a ------------ --------- ,b ------------ ------------ ,c ------------ --------- ,d ------------ --------- ,e ------------ ------------ ,f ------------ ------------ ,g ------------ ------------ ,h #h4de---------- ,,fig4 #f 7,section #hd74 ,hours of duty #db per week4 ,each assistant has a half-day and an evening off1 works one night until #aj o'clock1 and comes on one morning at #h4de4 ,the library is assumed to be open all the week1 and where an early-closing day is in vogue1 the time-sheet is simplified by confining nearly all the half-holidays to that day4 ,the time-sheet would be much improved if #e p4m4 were substituted for #f p4m4 on the evening off2 an assistant leaving at #f1 after he has had a meal1 has very little evening left4 ,it should be the endeavour so to adjust the sheet that each assistant is off every other evening1 the half-day counting as one4 ,local circumstances will suggest variations1 which can easily be made4 #he4 ,the whole staff question1 so far as junior assistants are concerned1 may be modified by the ,education ,act of #aiah4 ,this has raised the age at which children may leave school1 and requires of them part-study until the age of #ah4 ,seeing that the juniors at present engaged are of #ad years and upwards1 this may mean duplicate junior staffs1 with accompanying problems of remuneration4 ,it may be that specialized library training may be accepted in lieu of the continuation classes contemplated by the ,act4 ,but the matter is at present in a state of transition1 and we can only indicate the new problem4 #hf4 ,sunday ,work4--,some libraries remain open on ,sundays and on public holidays1 usually for a part of the day4 ,about half of these pay extra remuneration for hours worked on these days2 others allow time off through the week for it2 and in one or two places ,hebrew assistants are specially employed for ,sunday duty4 #hg4 ,junior ,assistant4--,the work of the assistant in his first library years is largely mechanical3 the preparing of books for circulating2 labelling1 card-writing1 tagging2 keeping shelves in order and replacing returned books2 charging and issue-desk work of the simpler kind4 ,there is much work in every library of this unskilled character which forms a useful training in business habits1 order1 regularity1 etc4 ,it is unfortunate1 however1 that the smallness of staffs often makes it necessary to put the work of issuing books to readers in the hands of juniors4 ,the actual charging of books is indeed a mechanical process1 but its performance is carried out at one of the main points of contact with the public where knowledge and experience are of great value4 ,larger libraries have1 as a rule1 departmental staffs which are confined to the work of the particular department to which they are accredited4 ,this is undoubtedly the most business-like and economical method2 but every assistant should be given the opportunity of learning the work of every department and should be required to do so4 ,this may be done by transferring the assistants at not too lengthy intervals4 ,in smaller libraries this departmental division does not exist1 and an assistant may work in the lending library in the morning1 in the reference library in the evening1 and at a branch to-morrow1 just as the exigencies of the service dictate4 #hh4 ,senior ,assistant4--,the name senior assistant is bestowed upon assistants with a few years' experience and training1 including as a rule the possession of two or more certificates of the ,library ,association4 ,they occupy a position somewhat analogous to that of non-commissioned officers1 and act as reliefs to the librarians-in-charge4 ,often they are made responsible for some branch of the routine1 as1 for example1 book-binding1 defaulters1 registration of borrowers1 etc41 and this is a good method1 provided that any one assistant is not confined rigidly and for too long to one task4 ,a sense of responsibility is a useful quality which can be fostered in this way4 ,usually senior assistants are promoted from the junior staff1 but not always2 and it is becoming a general condition of promotion to this grade that the candidate shall have taken some part of the ,library ,association course4 ,promotion should never be made unless the candidate has shown a disposition to qualify in some such manner4 #hi4 ,work ,book4--,it is a good plan to use a work book or duty book1 in which the daily duties of each assistant can be entered4 ,by means of such a book it is easy to change the work about1 in order to give every assistant an opportunity of doing everything in turn2 and it is necessary because of the changes worked on the composition of the staff by the time-sheet4 ,a good form of work book for a library where the staff is not departmental is shown in the ruling below1 which can be adjusted to meet the conditions in large libraries4 ,the names or numbers of the assistants are written or printed in the margin1 and against these the particular duty1 or set of duties1 to be performed that day are written4 ,this book is generally made up by the deputy-librarian and checked by the librarian4 ,in small libraries the librarian can write up this record4 ,apart from its value as a simple means of distributing and fixing duties1 it makes a capital record of visitors or callers1 errors1 absences of staff1 progress of certain pieces of work1 checks of various kinds1 and may even be used as a staff time-book4 ,the form given on page #ib 7,fig4 #g7 is a guide to the work of a library and a check upon results4 ,for convenience' sake the assistants are numbered in order of seniority4 #ij4 ,the method of using this book is very simple4 ,if there are ten assistants or under1 one page only is used1 each member of the staff receiving an appropriate number4 ,if there are more than ten assistants two pages must be used1 the numbers on the second page having the figure #a prefixed to them1 and the #aj being altered to #bj4 ,thus page #b will appear as #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 etc4 ,if there are more than twenty assistants a third page can be used1 the existing numbers having #b prefixed as before4 ,each assistant on arriving or departing enters on the 8,time-,sheet0 his or her exact time in the spaces reserved1 beginning the day with the first column4 ,the assistants who check and tidy a to d in the mornings write their initials opposite the particular duty1 while those who attend to the charging system1 date stamps1 overdues and cash for change also initial the item1 the amount of change being stated4 ,against each assistant's number is written his or her duties for the day4 ,the first page or pages of the work book should be reserved as a key1 and the names of the assistants should be written against the numbers which represent them4 ,the column 8,new ,orders0 is for new instructions for all the staff4 ,these should be entered briefly in red ink from the bottom towards the top of the page4 ,the ,notes lines will receive all items specified and any other notable incidents occurring in the course of each day1 such as 8,breakdown of ,electric ,light10 8,drunken man expelled10 etc4 ,the work book must be kept in one recognized place1 and every assistant should be held responsible for entering up his own notes and time4 ,any note of a general kind must be entered by the senior officer present on duty4 ,the work book should be submitted to the chief librarian every morning4 -------------------------------#i------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,date 44444444444444444444444444444 ,time-,sheet4 ,daily ,checks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,arr4,dep4,arr4,dep4,arr4,dep4,departmen t4 ,initial4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a a ,reference #b b ,lending #c c ,reading ,room #d d ,juvenile #e e ,overdues #f f ,charging ,system #g g ,change 7money7 #h h #i j #aj k ,new ,orders4 #a #ad #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,notes4--,callers1 ,complaints1 ,errors1 ,lost or ,found ,property1 etc4 ,v ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,fig4 #g4--,staff ,work ,book 7,section #hi74 #ia4 ,salaries4--,salaries are the most difficult question the library profession has to meet4 ,up to the present few library workers have been paid more than a living wage1 and many have received barely that4 ,it is obvious that increases in this direction are essential in the new conditions2 but it is equally obvious that no library should spend so much in salaries that it is unable to purchase new books or to administer them4 ,we saw in ,section #ca that the average amount spent on salaries in the ,united ,kingdom was about #db per cent4 of the entire income2 and the staff1 including the chief librarian1 must be recompensed from the sum represented4 ,the following figures show what was paid in the various positions in #aiaa3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,income of ,library,librarians in ,senior ,junior ,authority4 ,charge4 ,assistants4,assistants4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ejj- #a1jjj #gc-ajj #df- #hj #ai-eb #a1jjj- #a1ejj #ed- #fe #eh- #ij #ai-eb #a1ejj- #b1jjj #hd-abj #gg-abe #bd-fe #b1jjj- #c1jjj #gh-ahj #hd- #ie #bj-fj #c1jjj- #d1jjj #abb-bej #fe-ajj #bf-hj #d1jjj- #e1jjj #ajg-afj #ij-acj #bf-fe #e1jjj-aj1jjj #adh-bbe #ajj-agj #bi-gh #aj1jjj and over #ie-afj #ajh-agj #bf-ef ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,fig4 #h4--,salaries paid in #aiaa4 ,it will be seen that these 8actual0 figures are full of anomalies and divergences1 and the inadequacy of payment they reveal is in some grades positively remarkable4 ,the ,european ,war has produced conditions under which it is impossible for many of these payments to sustain life1 and the case for better payment is an imperative one4 ,at the same time the argument is not for increased salaries out of present library means1 but for increased library means wherewith to pay increased salaries4 ,any other course1 in present circumstances1 would lead many libraries into bankruptcy4 ,salaries are subject to deduction1 in the case of assistants earning less than #bej per annum1 for ,national ,health ,insurance2 and in some towns having superannuation schemes1 contributions1 amounting on the average to #b per cent41 are exacted for that purpose4 ,the following salary scale for junior and senior assistants has been used in smaller libraries whose incomes exceed #ajjj3-- ,juniors--#ast year #bf #j #j #bnd #ca #d #j #crd #cf #h #j #dth #da #ab #j ,seniors--#ast #eb #j #j #bnd #fb #j #j #crd #gb #j #j #dth #hb #j #j #eth #ib #j #j #fth #ajd #j #j 7,thus1 an assistant must1 as a rule1 wait ten years in order to earn two pounds a week67 ,all salaries1 whether paid monthly or weekly1 should not be subject to any deduction on account of absences from illness 7except in so far as the matter is governed by ,national ,health ,insurance rules71 holidays1 or other causes4 ,the annual increases should only be granted provided the report of the chief librarian is satisfactory4 ,no assistant should be allowed to hold the view that increases in salary are automatic and not dependent upon satisfactory service4 ,it is a good plan to arrange for the whole of the staff increases to become due at the same date1 so that they can all be considered at one meeting of the committee4 #ib4 ,vacation4--,the time granted for annual holidays ranges from three weeks or more for deputy librarians and departmental librarians to one week for juniors4 ,a week or ten days is not sufficient for rest and change1 and a fortnight is the minimum that should be allowed4 #ic4 ,staff ,training4--,in present circumstances every library should have a definite official system of training for its staff1 and every assistance in and inducement to study should be given4 ,the low salaries paid in libraries demand that assistants shall at least receive in part return the best equipment that can be given them4 ,the first essential is general education approximating to matriculation1 and definite study of literature should be required from the first year4 ,where such training has not been acquired previously1 junior assistants should be required to read in such manner that they may at the age of sixteen take the ,preliminary ,test offered by the ,library ,association1 and no assistant should be retained permanently1 in his own interests as well as in those of the library1 who is unable to pass that ,test4 ,not until the ,test is passed should assistants be encouraged to study the more technical divisions of the ,library ,association syllabus4 ,chief librarians should supervise the training of the whole staff and hold periodical brief examinations to convince themselves that it is being pursued systematically4 ,every librarian-in-charge should be held responsible for directing the studies of his subordinates1 and in small libraries the deputy-librarian should assume this duty4 ,some libraries have staff guilds which hold regular classes1 sometimes with outside teachers in special subjects2 and the plan is to be commended4 ,all books that may be required should be provided by the library1 and class fees and examination expenses are paid in many towns--a method which deserves universal adoption4 ,every professional certificate won should command some financial recompense1 however small2 and1 other things being equal1 promotion should be given only to assistants who hold certificates4 ,in a few libraries1 but in an increasing number1 a certain amount of study is allowed in official hours2 this is a matter of time-sheet arrangement1 as sporadic reading in ordinary library hours is not to be encouraged4 #id4 ,the ,library ,economy ,library4--,the foundation of all training is a collection of works on library economy and bibliography4 ,a library without this is not properly equipped1 and some libraries have much to seek in the matter4 ,every recognized text-book on the theory and practice of every department of librarianship1 all library periodicals1 the best examples of catalogues1 bulletins1 reading lists1 annual reports1 and the standard bibliographies1 should be available on the freest conditions to the whole staff4 ,some libraries set apart a definite fund for the purchase of such works2 and its expenditure is one of the best ultimate economies in which a committee can engage4 ,moreover1 the institution which ostensibly provides the literature of all other professions is obviously in a ridiculous position if it does not provide the literature of librarianship4 ,in ,appendix ,,ii4 we give a list of the works which should form the professional collection of every library of average size2 and even small libraries should endeavour to become possessed of the majority of them4 #ie4 ,women ,librarians and ,assistants4--,the employment of women in libraries is not universal in this country1 and very few women hold the position of chief librarian1 and these only of small libraries4 ,in the ,united ,states the proportion of women librarians and assistants is nearer #ie per cent4 than the #ad or #ae per cent4 of ,britain4 ,there can hardly be a doubt1 however1 that women will be more extensively employed in ,british municipal libraries than they have been hitherto4 ,in large towns it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain and retain the services of intelligent lads who will devote themselves to the work1 and it is unnecessary to affirm nowadays that a well-educated1 intelligent girl is just as suitable for public library work as a well-educated lad4 ,if women are employed in libraries1 they should be paid at the same rate as men or lads performing similar duties4 ,there is no reason why a woman should be paid less than a man for doing exactly the same work4 ,everything recommended regarding qualifications1 duties1 etc41 should apply to women as well as to men4 ,it is the opinion of some librarians that1 if women are employed1 the staff should be composed entirely of them1 as a mixed staff requires various kinds of separate accommodation4 #if4 ,caretakers4--,a satisfactory janitor or caretaker1 generally speaking1 is a valuable member of staff1 and is rare4 ,a good man seldom stays very long1 so easy is it for him to seek and obtain promotion4 ,caretakers' wages vary all over the country1 according to the size of the library1 amount of work and perquisites4 ,in cases where a residence is provided1 it is usual to secure the services of a man and his wife1 and furnish him with a uniform and the usual light1 coal1 etc4 ,in such cases the wages are usually less than when a man has to find his own residence4 ,from #bes4 to #cjs4 weekly is the wage given when a house is provided4 ,in other instances1 according to circumstances1 the wages vary from #bgs4 #f;d4 to #ejs4 weekly4 ,in large libraries extra assistance should always be provided1 and the cleaning should be done early in the morning1 before the hour of opening4 ,a sufficient staff of cleaners should be provided to enable this to be done without interfering with the service of the public4 ,three hours every morning should suffice to clean any library1 and it is important to employ plenty of help4 ,the wages of cleaners vary from #i;d4 an hour downwards1 but it is more often the practice to pay so much a week according to circumstances4 ,rates for this class of work differ so much that it is impossible to do more than roughly indicate a possible basis4 ,a caretaker should be made responsible to the librarian for the cleanness and order of the building1 and his duties should include a certain number of hours' attendance in uniform as general overseer of the rooms and their frequenters4 ,it is imperative that this official should not be allowed to develop the attitude of a ,jack-in-office1 and in all his patrol work courtesy and firmness should be required4 ,eight or nine hours daily should be considered full time for a caretaker1 and suitable arrangements must be made to enable him to remain off duty at hours when the business is quiet4 ,in large libraries it is customary to employ more than one janitor or caretaker4 #ig4 ,staff and ,public4--,it is most important that good relations should exist between readers and the whole of the staff4 ,it is a well-known fact that one or two overbearing assistants can render a public library more unpopular than almost anything else4 ,assistants should school themselves to endure with philosophy the impertinence of the small number of the general public who contrive to make themselves objectionable in every town1 and not visit on the heads of the inoffensive majority the sins of the inconsiderate few4 ,the staff of every public library should learn as a first lesson that they are the servants and not the masters of the people1 and that mutual self-respect can be maintained without undue familiarity on the one side or aloofness on the other4 ,the supercilious 8official0 attitude1 with which public servants are so frequently credited1 is to be completely repressed and kept under1 and the public should be taught to appreciate their own libraries1 and to understand that the doors of a municipal library are always open to receive and welcome every class of citizen4 ,at the same time1 preference should not be shown for any particular frequenter or group of frequenters1 and gossiping must be suppressed4 #ih4 ,staff ,accommodation4--,in libraries of every size private rooms of suitable dimensions should be provided for the librarian and the assistants2 with work- and store-rooms for the staff and caretaker4 ,the librarian's room in small libraries may be made large enough to serve as a committee room1 and in all cases should have separate lavatory accommodation4 ,a large safe or strong room is often attached to the librarian's room1 or in a secure part of the basement1 in which to store valuable documents and books4 ,it should be shelved to contain such documents as registers1 minutes and other local records in a convenient manner1 and should be kept well ventilated and dry for the safe preservation of its contents4 ,strong rooms vary in size from #d feet #f feet #h feet1 to large apartments #bj feet #bj feet and upwards4 ,the usual furnishings of a librarian's room comprise a desk1 table1 bookshelves1 chairs1 hat and umbrella stand1 and other office furniture4 ,staff mess-rooms should be fitted with tables1 chairs1 cupboards1 with a locker for each assistant1 cooking apparatus and other appliances4 ,work-rooms for staff use must be fitted to suit the class of work carried on1 whether cataloguing or preparing books1 binding or filing4 ,store-rooms for general purposes and for the use of the caretaker should also be provided1 fitted with all necessary cupboards and shelving4 ,separate staff rooms and lavatory accommodation should be provided in libraries with staffs composed partly of men1 partly of women4 ,,bibliography ,cowell1 ,peter4 ,public ,library ,staffs1 #ahic1 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #c4 ,library ,assistants' ,association4 ,report on the ,hours1 ,salaries1 ,training1 and ,conditions of ,service in ,british ,municipal ,libraries1 #aiaa4 ,l4,a4,a4 ,series1 #d4 ,brooklyn ,public ,library4 ,rules for the ,guidance of the ,staff1 #aijf4 ,michigan ,university4 ,library ,staff ,manual1 #aiab4 ,bodleian ,library4 ,staff ,manual4 ,annually4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #bj-dc1 ,staff ,management4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,library ,,associations #ii4 ,although there is no such co-ordination of libraries as there is of schools under central ,government control1 and therefore not the same apparent necessity for combination amongst librarians1 the library profession is closely linked by means of library societies to which every librarian with any claims to consideration is attached4 ,the largest of these societies is the ,american ,library ,association1 which has nearly #djjj members2 and many continental ,european countries have such societies4 ,in the ,united ,kingdom the principal societies are the ,library ,association and its branches1 and the ,library ,assistants' ,association4 #ajj4 ,the ,library ,association4--,this body1 which is the centre and controlling force of ,british librarianship1 was founded in #ahgg at the ,first ,international ,library ,conference1 which was held in ,london4 ,in #ahih it received a ,royal ,charter by which it became the responsible representative body of the profession4 ,its objects as set out in the ,charter are to unite all persons engaged or interested in libraries by means of conferences and meetings for the discussion of bibliography and all other phases of librarianship2 to promote the better administration of libraries2 to improve the position and qualifications of librarians2 to promote the adoption of the ,public ,libraries ,acts and the establishment of reference and lending libraries for use by the public2 to watch and promote legislation affecting public libraries2 to encourage bibliographical study and research2 to publish information of service to the members or which in any way furthers the interests of the ,association2 to collect and maintain a library and museum2 to hold examinations in librarianship and to issue certificates of efficiency2 and to maintain in every lawful way the interests of libraries and their workers4 ,the ,association is not purely professional4 ,it seeks the co-operation in membership of library authorities1 members of library committees and all persons who are interested in libraries1 as well as library workers themselves4 ,the presidency of the ,association has until quite recently usually been held by a public man who was not a librarian4 ,the executive is a council consisting of president1 past presidents1 honorary secretary1 solicitor and treasurer1 and twelve members of any grade representing ,london1 and twenty representing the remainder of the ,united ,kingdom1 who1 with the exception of the past presidents1 are elected annually4 ,the membership consists of ,honorary ,fellows1 ,fellows1 ,members1 ,associate ,members and ,student ,members4 ,the ,honorary ,fellowship is given for distinguished service to the objects of the ,association2 ,fellows are holders of the ,library ,association diploma1 chief librarians who held office before ,december #aiad1 and1 in some instances1 librarians who are graduates of universities2 ,members are librarians#b who hold four professional certificates and have had three years' approved library experience1 or librarians #be years of age or more1 who held office before ,december #aiad and have had not less than six years' approved experience2 ,associate ,members are librarians not qualified as ,fellows or ,members1 and non-librarians2 ,student ,members are persons under #be years of age who are studying for librarianship2 and libraries and institutions are received as ,institution ,members4 ,fellows and ,members have the right of using the initials ,f4,l4,a4 and ,m4,l4,a4 respectively after their names so long as they remain subscribing members4 ,the entrance fee to all grades of membership is one guinea1 and the annual subscription is also one guinea1 except for ,student ,members1 who pay a half-guinea yearly4 #b ,the word 8librarian0 includes 8library assistant40 ,after all1 8librarian0 is the name of a member of a profession1 not the holder of a position4 ,the scheme of classification of members set out in the last paragraph has been in operation since #aiad1 and in course of time the classes will show the degrees of qualification possessed by their members4 ,in #aiad1 however1 many quite undistinguished people were made ,fellows simply because they held the chief office in a library1 however small or badly managed that institution might be4 ,hereafter1 if the ,council carries out its duties properly1 as there is every reason to believe it will1 only men and women qualified by a searching examination will become ,fellows or ,members4 ,all classes of members 7except student members1 who do not vote7 enjoy equal privileges in the ,association4 ,the ,association holds monthly meetings from about ,november to ,june in ,london1 at which professional papers are read and discussed4 ,it also holds an ,annual ,conference1 usually early in ,september1 when it is generally the guest of some municipality1 and when the greater part of its members foregather for the discussion of library questions4 ,the ,annual ,conference is the principal library event of the year1 and every library worker who can should attend1 as more is to be learned during that week than in many months of solitary reading or study of library problems4 ,library committees should not only encourage their librarians to attend2 they should send delegates of their own members1 and in the case both of these and of the librarians1 defray their expenses4 ,the papers and discussions are published in ,the ,library ,association ,record1 the monthly official journal of the ,association1 which is issued free to all members4 #aja4 ,educational ,work4--,from the standpoint of this book the most interesting part of the ,association's work is that of its ,education ,committee4 ,the ,committee holds examinations yearly in ,may1 and the scheme of examination for the ,diploma includes six provisional examinations1 a language test1 a thesis1 and1 if desirable1 further oral examination1 etc41 as follows3 7a7 ,provisional certificates are granted for3 #a4 ,literary ,history4 #b4 ,elements of ,practical ,bibliography4 #c4 ,classification4 #d4 ,cataloguing4 #e4 ,library ,history1 ,foundation and ,equipment4 #f4 ,library ,routine4 7b7 ,a satisfactory essay upon some aspect of each of the above subjects is required as part of the examination4 7c7 ,practical experience of not less than #bd hours a week for at least #c years as a member of the administrative staff of one or more libraries approved by the ,council4 7d7 ,a thesis showing original thought or research on some subject within the purview of the syllabus1 the subject being previously approved by the ,council4 7e7 ,a certificate approved by the ,council1 showing an elementary knowledge of ,latin or ,greek1 and one modern foreign language4 ,in the absence of such certificates the candidates may be examined by gentlemen appointed by the ,council4 ,each of the examinations may at present be taken separately2 and the method of preparation is left to the individual candidates4 ,it may be by individual reading1 by the correspondence classes provided by the ,association1 or by attendance at the courses of lectures which the ,association also provides4 ,no student1 however1 is admitted to the examination who has not passed matriculation1 the senior ,oxford or ,cambridge ,local1 or some similar examination4 ,for those who cannot obtain one of these certificates1 the ,association prescribes its own ,preliminary ,test 7held in ,may and ,october71 which consists of papers in the general school subjects and in such matters as will test the candidate's powers of observation and his common sense4 ,the ,association publishes a yearly ,syllabus setting forth in detail these conditions1 a detailed synopsis of the required subjects1 lists of text-books1 classes1 etc41 and a full list of certificate-holders4 ,the address of the ,association is at ,caxton ,hall1 ,westminster1 ,london4 ,we conclude these remarks by saying that librarians may be judged by their relations with the ,library ,association4 ,membership is in a broad sense the seal upon their experience and qualifications2 and the catholicity of the ,association's educational work and its record of activity on behalf of libraries and librarians command the respect and adherence of all who are likely to read this book4 ,no library worker of whatever grade whose income exceeds #ajj a year should consider it consistent with his self-respect to remain outside this ,association4 #ajb4 ,the ,library ,assistants' ,association4--,this is a purely sectional association for assistants in municipal and institutional 7but not commercial lending7 libraries1 and was founded in #ahie by the members of one of the ,library ,association ,summer ,schools1 to educate and to protect the special interests of assistants1 and to provide them with a freer platform than the ,library ,association seemed to offer4 ,by means of monthly meetings held throughout the winter at various libraries1 the reading of papers1 discussions1 etc42 by study circles1 summer schools1 international visits to libraries1 and other activities1 it has changed for the better the whole tone of the library service1 and has won for itself a distinct place amongst professional associations4 ,it is organized on lines similar to those of the ,library ,association1 being governed by a ,president1 ,honorary ,treasurer1 and ,honorary ,secretary and a ,council of ten ,london and ten non-,london members4 ,its membership is of ,honorary ,fellows1 elected for special distinction or services2 ,fellows who are chief librarians who were formerly members2 ,members1 assistant librarians earning salaries of #eb per annum and more2 and ,associates1 assistants earning less than #eb4 ,the ,association has several branches2 maintains a good professional library 7housed at the ,central ,public ,library1 ,islington72 issues free to all members a monthly journal1 ,the ,library ,assistant2 and has been responsible for various valuable brief publications included in the 8,l4,a4,a4 ,series40 ,the subscriptions for membership are #es4 per annum for ,fellows and ,members1 and #bs4 #f;d4 for ,associates4 ,the value of the ,association has been widely recognized1 and library assistants1 of whatever age or rank1 would serve their own interests and those of their profession by adhering to it4 #ajc4 ,other ,societies4--,other purely library ,societies which may be mentioned are the ,panizzi ,club and the ,society of ,public ,librarians4 ,the ,panizzi ,club1 which was founded in #aiad1 is mainly composed of university1 ,government and institutional--but not municipal--librarians4 ,it has not yet published any proceedings1 and is interested in the compiling of co-operative bibliographies1 and in doing such other work as will co-ordinate and improve the service of the libraries it represents4 ,the ,society of ,public ,librarians is a small body of librarians which meets in ,london for the reading and discussion of papers4 ,it does not seek to add to its membership except by the nomination of existing members4 #ajd4 ,societies which are not mainly for librarians1 but which are of considerable interest to them1 are the ,bibliographical ,society and the ,museums ,association4 ,the ,bibliographical ,society1 founded in #ahib1 has its headquarters at #bj ,hanover ,square1 ,london1 ,w4#a1 and exists for the promoting of the study of the book and manuscript mainly in their historical and bibliographical characteristics4 ,it meets monthly for the reading and discussion of papers1 and publishes1 to members only1 valuable works on matters within its province4 ,the annual subscription is one guinea1 and the entrance fee is a similar sum4 ,the ,museums ,association1 founded in #ahhi1 has for its object the bringing together of museum officials1 members of museum committees1 and others interested in museum work for mutual discussion and help4 ,its membership is made up of persons who pay a subscription of one guinea per annum1 and associates who pay a half-guinea4 ,an annual meeting1 usually lasting four days1 is held in ,july1 when papers are read and discussed4 ,the ,museums ,journal1 published monthly1 contains the transactions4 #aje4 ,staff ,guilds1 etc4--,it will be appropriate to say a little here about the private organizations of library staffs1 known as guilds1 or clubs1 which are becoming a feature of larger libraries here and in ,america4 ,the members of the staff band themselves together for mutual improvement and recreation with a committee chosen of their own numbers to direct their activities4 ,these latter include classes in library economy1 literature1 and other subjects of interest to assistants for the younger members of the staff1 and reading circles1 elocution classes1 etc41 for the older ones4 ,recreations1 as cricket1 swimming1 walking1 photography and other sports1 are also arranged by the guilds2 and at ,croydon there is an annual excursion which is recognized by the public1 the libraries being closed for the purpose on the chosen day4 ,croydon1 ,fulham and ,glasgow have issued staff magazines in connection with their clubs2 these are usually cyclostyled publications4 ,the ,islington club has distinguished itself for social gatherings1 and the ,new ,year's gathering of the ,glasgow club is one of the features of the library year4 ,wisely conducted1 these guilds have a great influence for good1 are an incentive to study1 and produce that better work which comes from mutual understanding amongst library workers4 ,they should be recognized by the library committee and the chief librarian1 but should be perfectly autonomous4 #ajf4 ,,bibliography ,library ,assistant4 ,library ,association ,record4 ,library ,association ,year ,book4 ,thorne1 ,w4 ,b4 ,the ,library ,assistants' ,association3 an outline of its development and work4 8,librarian0 ,series1 #b4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,a #a-bdc1 ,library ,associations4 ,,division ,,iv ,,buildings ,,chapter ,,viii ,,theory ,,and ,,general ,,remarks #ajg4 ,theory4--,although the subject of library buildings has been frequently treated by various writers1 there is a lack of literature on the important question of size limitation and the modifications arising therefrom4 ,controversy has raged round such questions as stacks versus alcoves1 general versus special reading rooms1 general versus separate book stores1 and so on1 but on the much more important question1 8,what size is the library to be80 hardly any theories or definite statements exist4 ,beyond a vague general recommendation to secure as large a site as possible1 in view of future extension1 writers on library architecture have not committed themselves to any principle which would guide those responsible for new library buildings in estimating the provision to be made4 ,the chief reason for this is no doubt the cherished tradition that libraries are to be made as large as possible1 because they are the repositories of the literature of the ages and the storehouse for every kind of printed matter4 ,the museum idea of a public library1 however1 is now giving place to the workshop idea1 and few librarians nowadays of average-sized municipal libraries hold the view that it is their function to provide and retain every book1 irrespective of its value or appeal1 and to attempt to rival the ,british ,museum or ,bibliothque ,nationale on a reduced scale4 #ajh4 ,there are several very important considerations to be advanced in favour of limiting libraries both as regards book storage and accommodation for readers1 and these shall be set out in order4 ,however much one may sympathize with the view that all public libraries ought to collect everything--on the grounds that it may one day be used1 and that nothing which illustrates past life1 customs1 etc41 should be ignored--it is only fair to point out that this work is already being done effectively by general or special libraries in all parts of the country4 ,this particular form of literature conservation is the chief province of the great ,state libraries like the ,british ,museum1 ,patent ,office1 ,india ,office1 ,national ,libraries of ,ireland and ,wales1 etc42 the university libraries2 the endowed or special libraries like the ,advocates' 7,edinburgh71 ,mitchell 7,glasgow71 ,john ,rylands 7,manchester72 the great proprietary libraries of a special kind like the ,royal ,colonial ,institute1 ,athenum ,club1 ,signet 7,edinburgh71 ,london ,library1 etc42 and scientific1 law and collegiate libraries of all kinds4 ,the burden of carrying on this tradition of universal garnering need not be borne by municipal libraries1 except in the case of great towns such as ,birmingham1 ,glasgow1 ,liverpool1 ,manchester and ,bristol1 where the libraries may reasonably be expected to be as representative as possible4 #aji4 ,the workshop form of public library provides for the systematic and continuous revision of the stock of the library1 and in this way it becomes practicable to fix a rough limit to the size of a building4 ,this is a most important matter1 because it is undoubtedly the result of a general cultivation of the museum idea which has led to the formation of some municipal libraries1 a great portion of whose contents could be discarded without perceptible inconvenience to anyone4 ,while the wisdom of acquiring additional land for future extension1 should it be required1 can be admitted1 the wisdom of erecting and furnishing large buildings on the assumption that they ought to be filled as speedily as possible can be questioned safely4 ,the result of overbuilding is to cripple the early and most critical years of the library's existence with heavy loans and their repayment1 while the upkeep of a great building ultimately designed to accommodate #ajj1jjj volumes and #ejj readers1 though starting with only #aj1jjj volumes and #ajj readers1 is sure to be out of all proportion4 ,library buildings should bear some proportion to the funds available for their maintenance and the percentage of the public they are likely to attract4 #aaj4 ,the chief danger with most library authorities is the tendency to erect a library building having no relation to the funds available for its maintenance4 ,the laudable desire for a handsome architectural exterior1 which all public buildings ought to have1 is frequently carried to such an extent that utility is completely sacrificed to an ornamental outside appearance4 ,where funds are plentiful1 as they would be without a limited rate1 there is no reason why a fine-looking building should not be provided1 but where money is strictly limited it is necessary to consider the plans rather than the elevation4 ,in any case1 the interior arrangements should never be subordinated to the desire for mere outward show and ornament1 and a library building in the hands of a competent architect can be made of a suitable and dignified design notwithstanding the rate limitation4 ,in too many cases most of the money provided for library buildings has been spent on the structure1 with the result that the interior fittings have been cut down to the cheapest and meanest varieties4 ,the outside of a library building is its least important feature1 and should never be so extravagant as to imperil the utility and appearance of the interior arrangements4 ,there are library buildings now existing on which much money has been lavished apparently for the purpose of providing faades to dazzle the townsfolk1 but which1 nevertheless1 are not only inconveniently planned inside1 but furnished and fitted up in a style which suggests a kitchen rather than a public institution4 ,this is often brought about by a wrong division of the money borrowed for building and furnishing purposes4 ,a sum is set apart for furniture1 which would be ample if such permanent fittings as bookshelves1 counters1 screens1 etc41 were not included4 ,but when these are provided out of a furniture loan it is seldom that a large enough sum is borrowed4 ,it is important to remember that such fittings as bookcases1 counters1 screens1 wall newspaper slopes1 barriers1 lifts1 galleries1 etc41 form permanent parts of the building1 and ought to be included in the building loan1 which can be borrowed for thirty years4 ,a furniture loan must be repaid within ten years1 and only such movable items as tables1 chairs1 desks1 office furniture1 etc41 should be bought from this fund4 #aaa4 ,assuming1 also1 that a building must be provided which will bear some relation to the number of persons who will be attracted1 the stock to be housed1 and the funds available for maintenance1 the following factors are presented as a basis from which estimates can be made3-- ,it has been definitely ascertained that #f per cent4 of the population of the average town become borrowers4 ,for this number the average stock of books provided in lending libraries is three per borrower4 ,books are kept out on an average ten days each1 or twelve days non-fiction1 eight days fiction4 ,in a year of #cjf days each borrower will read about thirty books4 ,here1 then1 is a basis from which to start in providing accommodation for a lending library4 ,if a town has #ej1jjj inhabitants1 it will attract #cjjj borrowers1 who will require #ijjj volumes as a minimum lending stock4 ,the annual issue should be #ij1jjj volumes4 ,it follows that the minimum lending library accommodation in a case like this should comprise shelving for #ijjj volumes1 and lobby or other spaces for at least seventy-five persons present at one time4 ,in theory an issue of #cjj per day should mean an average hourly attendance of thirty per hour1 but in actual practice it must be recognized that borrowers attend at uncertain parts of the day1 and most commonly during the last two or three hours in the evening2 therefore it is safe to allow for the accommodation of at least one-fourth of the daily average number of visitors4 ,many lending libraries are overshelved owing to a failure to recognize the possibility of revision of stock and the equally important fact that the best shelving for books is in the homes of the people4 ,the same rules apply to all the other departments4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,sites ,,and ,,plans #aab4 ,this chapter is of a purely practical character1 with illustrations from well-known examples of library plans4 ,except in the necessary precautionary remarks made already1 it has been thought undesirable to dwell upon the elevations of libraries and the relative desirability of faades1 although much might be said upon the subject and it is worthy of careful attention4 ,such a discussion1 however1 could be useful only if a long series of illustrations were given ranging say from the ,new ,york and ,pittsburgh public libraries1 the ,national ,library of ,wales1 the ,liverpool ,public ,library and the ,mitchell ,library at ,glasgow1 which are large and handsome architectural edifices1 to the more modest but satisfactory small buildings such as those at ,bromley1 ,herne ,hill and ,wallasey4 ,although a certain common character is to be found in smaller municipal library elevations1 and especially in ,carnegie libraries1 there is no distinctive type of elevation peculiar to libraries which immediately suggests the purpose of the buildings4 ,this is one of the things to be desired in ,british architecture1 as it is fair to expect that such buildings should be both artistic and appropriate1 if such results can be reached without the sacrifice of even more important considerations4 #aac4 ,it is premised that all central libraries require certain departments1 including reference and lending libraries1 newspaper room1 magazine 7or periodicals7 room1 children's room1 lecture room1 and administrative departments--librarian's office1 cataloguing room1 store rooms1 staff rooms1 cloak rooms1 etc4 ,too often the provision made for administrative and staff purposes is inadequate1 and the library suffers greatly in consequence4 ,branch libraries do not1 as a rule1 have reference rooms1 although accommodation for a collection of quick-reference books is necessary1 and in many branch libraries newspaper and magazine rooms are combined4 ,all the apartments premised above are not present in all buildings4 ,older libraries have no separate provision for children1 and indeed work with children on a large scale is quite a recent development of library activity1 but the desirability of such a department is made clear in ,division ,,xiii4 ,lecture rooms are rarer still1 because of the peculiar view taken by legal authority that lectures are not within the province of libraries2 and in some of the larger cities lecture work is adequately carried out by other institutions4 ,a modern librarian1 however1 regards a lecture room as a necessary part of his building1 and even in the larger cities lectures which are purely library lectures1 having a direct bearing upon the use of books1 can be given satisfactorily only in direct connexion with the library4 #aad4 ,sites4--,in choosing sites for public library buildings committees should bear in mind the following principles3-- #a4 ,they should be central and easily accessible from all parts of the district1 by tramways or other conveyances4 #b4 ,they should be as far as possible isolated from all other buildings1 particularly shops4 #c4 ,quiet side streets are preferable to noisy main thoroughfares4 #d4 ,level sites are preferable to those on steep gradients4 #e4 ,more ground than is required for immediate use should be secured if possible4 ,a large number of the public libraries of the country are erected upon land which has been presented to the towns1 and an endeavour should be made to procure a gift of this kind before a purchase is made4 ,it will make a considerable difference to the size and quality of the building which can be provided if land has to be purchased4 ,frequently land can be secured upon a long lease at a nominal or peppercorn rent1 and when this can be done it is better than borrowing more money than the rate will allow1 and thereby crippling the library in its early years4 ,in the tables in ,section #ca no direct provision is made for loans for sites1 but if it is necessary that money must be borrowed for the purpose1 the margin which is mentioned as arising from incidental receipts1 will probably meet the annual repayments of a loan spread over fifty years1 if the site and its purchase money are not excessive4 ,but in any case1 let the advice to committees be reiterated not to borrow money for sites till they have exhausted every hope of inducing some public-spirited citizen or public body to come forward with a gift of land4 ,this is the only way1 save in towns with very large incomes1 in which the inadequate provisions of the ,public ,libraries ,acts can be in part overcome4 ,at the same time it should be remembered that by these and other ,acts of ,parliament special power is given to town councils and other public bodies to convey land to library authorities for building purposes4 #aae4 ,the ,architect4--,when a suitable site has been secured it is usual to institute a competition for the planning and design of the building4 ,this is not necessarily the best method2 indeed1 we are of opinion that more satisfactory results are obtained if a reputable architect is engaged without competition other than his previous record establishes for him in comparison with other architects1 who will carry out the directions of the committee4 ,the importance of appointing a professional librarian before any serious step is taken or permanent arrangement is made has already been pointed out4 ,no plan should be drawn up or accepted without such skilled guidance as he can give4 ,the mistakes made in the past through neglect of this precaution are a warning to committees never to trust to their own choice and judgment1 and not to rely entirely upon an architect1 who is often unacquainted with the best arrangements for working a public library1 however great his artistic and technical qualifications may be4 ,assuming that a competent librarian has been appointed1 the first thing to do after securing a site is to determine the size and kind of building required1 and to make out a rough plan of the interior arrangements and prepare a specification of requirements or instructions to the architect4 ,if a competition is determined upon1 a limited one is preferable to any open one1 unless there are local or other reasons against such a course4 ,in the case of an open competition1 advertisements should be inserted in the local papers1 and in ,the ,architect1 ,builder and ,building ,news1 inviting architects to compete1 and asking them to apply for the conditions4 ,premiums should be fixed for the designs placed first1 second and third in order of merit by the assessor who judges the plans4 ,these must be regulated by the size and style of the building4 #ej1 #cj and #bj have been offered for buildings costing #djjj and upwards4 ,premiated designs become the property of the committee4 ,the ,royal ,institute of ,british ,architects1 ,london1 should be asked to nominate an assessor at a fee to be determined1 and of course such assessor will not be a competitor4 ,it is usual to merge the premium of the successful architect whose design is carried out into the fee paid him for superintending the work1 which amounts to #e per cent4 on the cost of the building1 including all extras4 #aaf4 ,instructions and ,plan4--,the instructions to the competitors should be accompanied by a plan of the site drawn to quarter- or eighth-inch scale1 and showing building line and ancient lights1 if any4 ,they should specify the amount and kind of accommodation required on each floor1 and state that the cost should not exceed a certain sum exclusive of movable furniture4 ,permanent fittings should include bookcases1 wall and standard2 screens1 counters1 wall slopes for newspapers1 barriers1 and any other kind of fixture4 ,the conditions as regards premiums1 assessing1 etc41 should be sent with the instructions and site plan4 ,all competitive designs should be drawn to the same scale 7one-fourth or one-eighth inch71 and should be finished in black without colour or ornament4 ,perspective drawings1 in addition to elevations1 may be sent at the discretion of each competitor4 ,each set of drawings should include a plan of every floor1 showing proposed arrangement of bookcases1 counters1 furniture1 etc42 an elevation of every face2 and a section through the building both ways4 ,plenty of time should be allowed for the sending in of designs2 three months at least from date of advertisement4 ,usually the assessor draws up the instructions1 and afterwards circulates answers to any questions which may be put by the competitors4 #aag4 ,selection of ,plan4--,the competing drawings should be sent in unmarked in any way1 but should be numbered in order of receipt1 so that the assessor and committee cannot recognize the author4 ,the competitor's name and address should be sent separately in a sealed envelope marked on the outside with the same number1 and some such words as 8architect's name and address10 to prevent accidental opening4 ,it is the duty of the assessor to advise the committee as to the practicability of every design2 to determine if it is in accordance with the instructions2 to ascertain if it can be carried out for the amount stated2 and to judge which designs are first1 second and third in order of merit after fulfilling the conditions of the instructions4 #aah4 ,the following rules for judging library plans will be found useful2 they are based on a wide experience of planning in all its departments1 and can be used by architectural assessors and librarians as a guide3-- #a4 ,no public room should be made a thoroughfare leading to any other public room4 #b4 ,all exits from public rooms should be within view of the staff4 #c4 ,oversight of public rooms should1 if possible1 be secured without the need for special officers in every room4 ,for this purpose ornamental glazed partitions are preferable to solid walls4 #d4 ,no passage for public traffic should be less than #d feet wide4 ,where movable chairs are used the passages should be from #f to #h feet wide4 #e4 ,cross gangways between table and bookcase-ends should not be less than #c feet if used as thoroughfares1 but may be #b feet only if simply spaces to enable readers or assistants to pass round4 #f4 ,bookcases should not exceed #g feet #f inches in height either in open access or closed libraries1 and shelves should be of the uniform length of #c feet1 unless for folio and quarto stock1 when #ah inches will be found better4 ,for fiction wall shelves in open access libraries1 the depth should not exceed #g inches4 #g4 ,standard bookcases in open access libraries should be spaced at not less than #f feet apart when facing each other1 and in closed libraries at not less than #c feet apart4 #h4 ,magazine room readers should be allowed not less than #ab superficial feet each1 including table and passage room4 #i4 ,reference library readers should be allowed not less than #ah superficial feet1 including table and passage room4 #aj4 ,where indicators are used in lending libraries the counter space should provide #e feet run for every #djjj volumes stored1 or #ae inches per #ajjj numbers1 and at least #aj feet run of clear space for service4 ,the public space in front of any such counter should not be less than #aj feet wide1 unless in a very small library1 when it may be #f4 #aa4 ,in open access lending libraries the spaces should not be less than those shown in ,no4 #g above4 ,as a general rule it will be found easy and fairly accurate to allow #bj square feet to every borrower estimated to be present at one time1 and disregard the provision of stock4 ,in this calculation allowance is made for gangways1 stock and readers4 #ab4 ,allow nine volumes per foot run in lending library shelving1 and eight volumes per foot run in reference library shelving4 ,a #g foot #f inch bookcase should give an average of eight shelves per tier in a lending library1 and about the same in a reference library1 if separate provision is made in wall cases for folio and other large books4 #ac4 ,public lobbies and staircases must be arranged according to the rules laid down by any local or general building act or bye-law4 #ad4 ,newspaper slopes should allow an average of #d feet run for every paper4 ,this will provide for spaces between papers4 ,in some towns the competition designs for library buildings have been placed on exhibition1 to enable the public and other interested persons to compare the premiated with the other drawings4 ,this seems an admirable procedure1 regarded as a mere matter of policy1 but the practical advantage is somewhat doubtful4 #aai4 ,library ,planning4--,in subsequent chapters are set out in detail some of the chief requirements of the different departments of a public library1 and here may be noted a few general principles1 illustrated with plans4 ,it is impossible to fix any data which will apply to all sizes and shapes of sites1 on account of differences introduced by difficulties of lighting1 approaches and varying local requirements4 ,the data given above 7,section #aah7 can be applied in most cases1 as dimensions of this class seldom vary1 but any additional data are certain to be modified by local conditions4 ,the chief principle to be emphasized is the one already stated1 that public libraries should be constructed and stocked with the view to constant revision1 and that their size should be limited by the number of live books likely to be wanted at any period4 ,it is difficult to say what the number of actually living books will be at any given period1 but judging by the selections which have been made in histories of literature and in such books as ,sonnenschein's ,best ,books1 it may be roughly estimated that there are about #ej1jjj works of perennial interest which are worth storing in a modern workshop library4 ,even this number could be reduced by one-half and still be made fairly representative of every literature1 period and subject of human interest4 ,in the largest municipal libraries a very considerable proportion of the stock is composed of duplicates of popular books in central and branch libraries1 while practically one-half of the stock of such libraries consists of literature which is rarely used4 ,the provision of book-storage should1 therefore1 be limited in the case of municipal libraries1 not so much by the size of building which can be afforded by the income1 but by the actual living books which are likely to be required4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,sketch ,plan for a ,small ,town ,library 7,section #aai74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,north ,islington ,library1 with ,reading ,room on ,ground ,floor 7,section #abj74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,north ,islington ,library1 with ,lending ,department on ,first ,floor 7,section #abj74 ,in libraries which start with incomes of #ejj1 provision should not be made for more than #bj1jjj volumes4 ,in those with commencing incomes of #ajjj to #bjjj room1 for #dj1jjj volumes will be found ample4 ,from #bjjj to #cjjj1 #fj1jjj volumes2 from #cjjj to #djjj1 #ajj1jjj volumes2 from #djjj to #ejjj1 #acj1jjj volumes2 from #ejjj to #fjjj1 #afj1jjj volumes1 and so on4 ,bearing these figures in mind1 the planning of library buildings becomes greatly simplified4 ,the main points to be aimed at in library planning are good light1 convenient access to rooms1 a fair amount of oversight1 and the arrangement of departments so as to secure quiet in the principal reading rooms4 ,for this last reason the reference library should be put farthest away from both newsroom and lending library1 so that the traffic of these departments will not disturb readers4 ,in small libraries it is best and most convenient to keep the whole of the departments on one floor1 obtaining light1 if necessary1 from the roof4 ,the sketch plan1 ,fig4 #i1 shows a convenient arrangement for such a library4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,lambeth 7,herne ,hill ,branch7 ,open ,access ,library with ,radiating ,stacks in a ,square ,room 7,section #aba74 #abj4 ,the plans which are given in this section illustrate the principal points raised4 ,they will also serve as suggestions to committees1 librarians and architects charged with the establishment of new library buildings4 ,figs4 #aj and #aa represent a building designed to be worked on the open access system in each department1 and in every respect it is a model of good arrangement and convenience4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,montrose ,open ,access ,lending ,library 7,section #aba74 #aba4 ,the principle of radiation to secure oversight and ease of working is well illustrated in this plan4 ,the next plan 7,fig4 #ab7 shows the plan of radiation applied to an open access lending department in a square room1 and here it is obvious that considerable loss of space is sustained in the angles4 ,the same objection applies to the arrangement of ,figs4 #ac and #ad4 ,figs4 #aj and #aa show the children's room and general reading room on the ground floor1 and the lending library on the first floor1 together with a lecture room4 ,it is argued in favour of this that fewer people go to the lending department than to the reading room1 and that the plan is therefore more convenient4 ,in practice it has been found an admirable arrangement4 ,figs4 #ae and #af show the arrangement of a large library1 fully equipped with all departments1 and in this the radial arrangement of bookcases in the lending library has not been adopted because of the shape of the room4 ,another plan on the same principle 7,fig4 #bg7 illustrates an open access library without radiating bookcases1 and a double entrance and exit counter4 ,an interesting arrangement for a small open access library is afforded by the ,fulham ,north ,library1 designed by the late ,franklin ,t4 ,barrett1 in which the lending department is shown in a gallery surrounding a reading room on the ground floor 7,fig4 #ag74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,bromley 7,kent7 ,open ,access ,lending ,library with ,radiating ,stacks in a ,square ,room 7,section #aba74 ,this ,library has now been re-arranged1 and the radiating stacks arranged in parallel order4 #abb4 ,the following plans of closed libraries1 worked on various systems1 speak for themselves1 and show clearly the variety of ways in which this kind of library can be arranged4 ,fig4 #ah shows a semi-circular counter with the books arranged behind1 the borrowers' space being flanked by a reading room and juvenile room4 ,figs4 #ai and #bj are arranged with long counters providing for indicators for fiction and card changing for non-fiction1 with the other departments grouped round4 ,fig4 #ba shows an indicator occupying the sides of a large lobby on the first floor1 and ,fig4 #bb a plan for working a library on the open access system for non-fiction1 and the indicator for fiction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,islington ,central ,library4 ,ground ,floor ,plan 7,section #aba74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af 7,section #aba74 #abc4 ,the plan on p4 #abi shows a case in which the arrangements are designed as a compromise between whole and partial open access1 the lending department having open access for non-fiction and the closed system for fiction 7,fig4 #bb74 ,it is doubtful if any advantage arises from this compromise1 and certainly readers are denied the privilege of referring from class to class1 and cut off from the pleasure of seeing the whole of a classified collection of books at one time4 ,the great additional mutual oversight of reader over reader is also lost1 and there is always the suspicion attaching to such a compromise that a favoured class has been created4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,fulham 7,north7 ,library ,plan1 showing ,open ,access ,lending ,library on ,first ,floor and ,reading ,room1 through ,well1 on ,ground ,floor 7,section #aba74 #abd4 ,building ,specification and ,contracts4--,the specification for the building on which builders are required to tender will be prepared by the architect1 and it is usual in most cases to have the quantities abstracted by a surveyor1 so that contractors can all tender for the same thing4 ,the surveyor's fee1 #a per cent4 to #a per cent41 according to the total amount1 is usually included in the specification1 as are also allowances for other extras1 such as foundation-stones1 memorial tablets1 and such items as presentation trowels1 etc41 if a foundation-stone laying is made a public ceremony4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,st ,pancras ,central ,library 7a proposed building71 showing ,lending ,department arranged for ,indicator ,charging 7,section #abb74 #abe4 ,the contract for the building may be publicly advertised in such journals as the ,contract ,journal1 ,builder1 ,building ,news and the local newspapers1 or may be confined to a few selected firms1 and the tenders should1 when received1 be opened at a meeting of the library authority1 to which the firms who tender may be invited4 ,when a contract is accepted and signed it should contain a clause specifying that all extras must be sanctioned by the library authority before being put in hand1 and must be certified by the architect when completed4 ,it is well to avoid extras by making a careful estimate in advance1 but if they are supplied1 great precaution must be used to see that they are limited and strictly watched4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,glasgow ,branch ,library1 ,plan and ,elevation 7,section #abb74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,glasgow ,branch ,library1 ,plan and ,elevation 7,section #abb74 #abf4 ,a clerk of works must be appointed to watch over the building operations on behalf of the library authority and the architect1 and it is a wise and most economical policy to pay for a first-rate man4 ,the wages of a competent man1 who is usually recommended by the architect1 will amount to from about #g weekly1 according to circumstances4 ,the architect's fee is #e per cent4 on the total cost of the building1 including extras and all furniture or other fittings which he may design4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,lending ,library on ,first ,floor adjoining ,reference ,library 7,section #abb74 #abg4 ,opening ,ceremony1 etc4--,there are certain ceremonial matters connected with the laying of foundation-stones1 unveiling of memorial stones or brasses and opening ceremonies1 which each locality must arrange to suit its own needs4 ,an opening ceremony of a public character is always so useful in making known a library that it ought when possible to be arranged4 ,it need not be a very expensive function1 and if an eminent public personage1 local or otherwise1 can be secured to perform the ceremony1 so much the better4 ,it is a doubtful point whether the expense of an opening ceremony can be defrayed from the library rate4 ,in districts where the expenditure is audited by a ,government auditor1 a moderate sum may be passed1 with the caution not to incur such charge again1 but it is dangerous to assume that this expenditure will always be allowed4 ,such expenditure1 if incurred1 would not of course include any extravagant items such as banquets1 receptions1 etc41 but be confined to printing and other expenses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,lending ,library with ,open ,access for ,non-fiction 7,section #abc74 #abh4 ,the lighting1 heating and ventilation of library buildings are all matters which primarily concern the architect2 and they are seldom solved in a completely satisfactory manner4 ,lighting is the one that most directly interests the librarian1 as much of the effectiveness of libraries depends upon it4 ,a valuable discussion upon the question took place in #aiaa at joint-meetings of the ,illuminating ,engineering ,society and the ,library ,association1 at which both librarians and lighting engineers expressed their views and experience4 ,the matter is one for expert advice1 but librarians should be clear as to the problems to be solved in artificial lighting2 these are3 ,to light reading room tables1 so as to avoid glare in the eyes of readers4 ,to prevent the casting of strong shadows1 single or multiple4 ,to avoid fixing furniture or fittings in permanent positions4 ,to ensure the illumination of the room generally1 as well as the tables4 ,to light the vertical spaces presented by two cases of books standing face to face1 with a narrow gangway between1 so that the book-titles on all the shelves can be read easily4 ,to ensure good results attention must be directed to general lighting1 which should be full in newspaper and similar rooms1 but subordinate in reference libraries2 and it is recommended that point lighting1 with positions fixed and shades chosen to prevent glare1 should be used at all reading points and tables2 and if possible all lights should be suspended from the ceiling1 as to fix them upon furniture involves the anchoring of the furniture to the floors or walls4 ,in general lighting the use of the walls and ceilings as reflectors should be remembered1 and the walls should be tinted in such colours as return the maximum reflection4 ,the problem of lighting gangways of books has not been solved satisfactorily1 but tube-o'-lights or line-o'-lights fixed on the top cornice of cases have given good results4 ,lights centred above gangways are the most usual method1 but these produce shadows4 ,we can touch upon this subject only briefly1 but the gravest thought should be given to it1 as systems of lighting which are most effective architecturally are often quite useless for library purposes4 ,the ventilation of the rooms should be thorough and yet exclude draughts2 and on this matter1 as upon the kindred matter of heating1 we cannot do more here than refer to the recent literature upon those subjects4 #abi4 ,,bibliography ,adams1 ,h4 ,b4 ,public ,libraries and ,popular ,education 7,home ,education ,bulletin1 ,no4 #ca74 ,albany1 ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york1 #aijj4 7,valuable for the plans and elevations of ,american library buildings reproduced47 ,adams1 ,m4 ,b4 ,public ,libraries3 ,their ,building and ,equipment4 ,l4,a4,r41 vol4 vii41 pp4 #afa1 #bbj4 7,reprinted from ,journal of ,royal ,institute of ,british ,architects47 ,burgoyne1 ,f4 ,j4 ,library ,construction3 ,architecture1 ,fittings1 ,furniture1 #ahig4 7,library ,ser47 ---- ,points in ,library ,planning4 ,greenwood's ,year ,book1 #aijj1 p4 #ab4 ,champneys1 ,a4 ,l4 ,public ,libraries3 ,a ,treatise on their ,design1 ,construction1 and ,fittings1 #aijg4 ,eastman1 ,w4 ,r4 ,library ,buildings and ,plans1 #aijf4 ,n4 ,york ,state ,lib41 ,bulletin1 #ajg1 ,lib4 ,school1 #bb4 ,graesel1 ,a4 ,planning4 ,in his ,handbuch der ,bibliothekslehre1 #aijb4 ,illuminating ,engineering ,society and the ,library ,association4 ,library ,lighting1 #aiaa4 ,league of ,library ,commissions4 ,small ,library ,buildings1 #aijh4 ,soule1 ,c4 ,c4 ,how to ,plan a ,library ,building for ,library ,work1 ,boston1 #aiab4 ---- ,library ,rooms and ,buildings1 #aijb4 7,a4,l4,a4 ,tracts1 ,no4 #d47 ,utley1 ,h4 ,m4 ,how to ,plan a ,public ,library4 ,l4,j41 vol4 xxiv41 ,conf4 no41 p4 #ba4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,d #a-bc1 ,architecture4 ,,division ,v ,,fittings ,,and ,,furniture ,,chapter ,x ,,miscellaneous ,,fixtures ,,and ,,fittings #acj4 ,it is important to note that all fittings which are fixtures1 as are most of those about to be described in the following chapter1 should be regarded as part of the permanent structure1 and not as movable furniture4 ,such fittings should be included in the loan raised for building1 which can be borrowed for thirty years1 and not in that raised for furniture1 which can only be borrowed for ten years4 ,the additional twenty years for which money can be borrowed for permanent buildings will be found to make a very considerable difference in the annual repayments4 #aca4 ,counters and ,barriers4--,counters and barriers are required chiefly in lending and reference libraries1 or in situations where it is necessary to cut readers off from books or private rooms4 ,no lending library counter which has to carry an indicator should be more than thirty inches high and eighteen inches wide1 and for ledger or card charging and open access the dimensions need not be more than thirty-two inches high and two feet wide4 ,reference library counters for cutting readers off from the books and for service should be thirty-two inches high and two feet wide4 ,all counters should be fitted on the staff side with shelves and cupboards1 and on the public side the panelling should be raised at least four inches from the floor to prevent it from being kicked and marked4 ,it is a useful plan to fit up the back of a long counter with shelves1 drawers and cupboards alternately1 as shown in diagram on the next page 7,fig4 #bc74 ,this arrangement can be carried out to any extent and in any order1 according to space4 ,in lending library counters a slot for money should be made in the top of the counter over one of the small locked drawers4 ,this will form the till for cash receipts from fines1 the sale of catalogues1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,back of ,library ,counter 7,section #aca74 #acb4 ,barriers for open access lending and reference libraries are made in various forms4 ,in small open access libraries the barriers need only be large enough to control the entrances and exits of readers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,west ,islington ,library1 showing wicket4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,north ,islington ,staff ,enclosure1 ,open ,access 7,section #acc74 #acc4 ,lending library barriers for open access are planned in a variety of ways to take charging trays1 etc4 ,the following are typical illustrations of barriers or combined counters and screens specially designed for open access libraries4 ,the object of the glazed screen is to protect the staff from draughts and the charging system from being tampered with4 ,the plans and views of open access barriers in ,figs4 #bd-be show the usual arrangement for ordinary purposes1 and an imaginary design for a library doing a very large business requiring three assistants at each side is shown in ,fig4 #bh4 ,by means of this it would be possible for six assistants1 three at each side1 to discharge and charge books at the rate of #adjj per hour1 a speed never required anywhere4 ,for all practical purposes a barrier with two wickets on the entrance side and one at the exit will serve for the largest single library in existence 7,fig4 #bg74 ,the treadle latches such as are fitted in the open access libraries of ,croydon1 ,clerkenwell1 ,hornsey1 ,lambeth1 ,darwen1 ,southport1 etc41 will be found well adapted for the purpose of controlling the wickets of both single and double open access barriers 7,fig4 #bi74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,lambeth 7,herne ,hill7 ,branch ,library ,open ,access ,barrier 7,section #acc74 ,the chief objection to wickets hinged at one side is their tendency to slam1 no matter what kind of controlling springs or buffers are used4 ,in course of time every form of pneumatic or other spring loses its power1 and some effective form of noiseless turnstile or very light barrier on rising butts would perhaps be an improvement4 ,where lending libraries are isolated1 the trouble is not so marked as in cases where they adjoin reading rooms4 #acd4 ,the plans already printed 7,figs4 #ah-bb7 explain better than words the form of counters best adapted for lending libraries using the indicator system of issue4 ,the space for borrowers in front of an indicator ought not to be less than four square feet per person likely to be present at one time1 in order to prevent crowding at busy times4 ,thus a town with #cjjj borrowers would have an average daily issue of about #cjj volumes1 which might mean seventy-five people present at one time1 counting companions1 and thus #cjj square feet of borrowers' lobby would be necessary as a minimum2 or a space #cj by #aj feet4 ,it is not often1 however1 that one finds lobbies planned on this desirable scale4 ,the height of a counter designed to carry an indicator should not exceed thirty inches1 and the top need not be more than eighteen inches wide4 ,the length of the counter will depend entirely upon the kind of indicator used1 and whether it is classified or not1 or intended for all the stock or only for fiction4 ,the indicators most used all differ in size 7see ,section #chf1 etc471 and this factor must be taken into account in designing the counter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,croydon ,central ,library4 ,open ,access ,lending ,department1 showing ,double ,wickets 7,section #acc74 #ace4 ,sometimes a simple barrier is required in some kinds of reference libraries to separate bookcases from reading rooms4 ,this may be either fixed or movable1 and a good form can be constructed of ornamental ironwork1 surmounted by a polished oak or walnut rail1 about four to six inches wide1 in the style of illustration 7,fig4 #cj74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,triple ,open-,access ,barrier 7,section #acc74 #acf4 ,screens4--,in small libraries with a small staff it is often possible to obtain complete oversight of nearly every department by using glazed partitions or screens instead of opaque internal walls4 ,in cases where there is no roof weight to be supported this is a very good arrangement1 and is recommended for every building to which it can be applied4 ,when such partitions separate rooms1 it is advisable to carry them right up to the ceiling to exclude noise4 ,in other situations1 as when dividing a room into two or more sections1 the screens need not be more than eight or nine feet high4 ,clear glass should be used throughout1 unless in the upper panels1 for the sake of both oversight and light4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,treadle ,latch for ,open ,access ,wicket 7,section #acc74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,barrier for ,dividing ,rooms 7,section #ace74 #acg4 ,lifts4--,in large libraries with many floors1 passenger or other lifts for carrying heavy weights are desirable4 ,in a building with two or more floors1 an ordinary lift for transporting parcels of books to the extent of perhaps two hundredweights should be provided in a convenient place1 preferably against a wall4 ,such lifts should have automatic brakes and simple raising and lowering mechanism2 but an electric motor will be found less noisy and easier to work than any form of rope lift4 ,in addition1 it is often of greater service to have small1 quick-running lifts or tubes capable of carrying one to six single books from floor to floor4 ,in cases where lending library books are issued for reading in the reading room1 this is a very convenient arrangement1 and it also greatly facilitates the work of the staff by enabling messages and small articles to be rapidly transferred from place to place4 #ach4 ,speaking ,tubes and ,telephones4--,speaking tubes connecting every department should be provided in all new buildings1 if telephones have not already been fixed4 ,the telephone is much easier applied to an existing building1 as there is less cutting about of walls required4 ,but in new buildings speaking tubes can be provided quite easily1 and they are simpler to work and less liable to get out of order than telephones4 ,the telephone should be provided for every large public library1 which ought to be connected with the municipal offices1 the telephone exchange and its own branches4 ,it is often possible for a public library to obtain a sufficient service by having a wire from the town hall switchboard to the library4 ,the annual cost of this is only about one-fourth of the regular exchange service4 ,for a complicated internal service of inter-communications1 the telephone is much superior to speaking tubes1 as the switchboard system enables the user to communicate with any department without the need of extra tubes4 #aci4 ,miscellaneous4--,in some libraries accommodation for ,,cycles is provided outside the buildings1 which is the proper place for such machines1 in view of their tendency to do damage when placed against interior walls4 ,in buildings which front busy main streets this kind of accommodation cannot be provided unless there is a courtyard or similar space in front4 ,some libraries which are infested by ,,dogs would be all the better of some effective means of keeping such animals outside4 ,no doubt1 if their owners were spoken to1 they would agree to fasten them to hooks or rails outside the building1 if proper means were provided4 #adj4 ,,turnstiles for counting purposes are fitted up in several libraries1 as well as in most museums1 art galleries1 etc4 ,they should be placed in situations where their noisy clacking will not prove disturbing1 if they are used at all4 #ada4 ,good ,english ,,clocks1 with conspicuous dials1 should be placed in every public room of a library4 ,where a number are provided1 it is better to specify electrically controlled or synchronized clocks1 which keep uniform time and are much less troublesome than ordinary self-wound clocks4 ,libraries should have a supply of small ,,thermometers distributed and fixed throughout the rooms as a check upon the internal temperature1 and it is a useful thing to provide a barometer as well4 ,bold visible ,,calendars are also desirable in every department4 #adb ,,bibliography ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,furniture4 ,see his ,library ,appliances1 p4 #ab4 ,burgoyne1 ,f4 ,j4 ,furniture and ,appliances4 ,see his ,library ,architecture1 pp4 #gc-abg4 ,carr1 ,h4 ,j4 ,fixtures1 ,furniture and ,fittings4 ,u4,s4 ,educ4 ,rept41 #ahib-ahic1 vol4 i41 p4 #gcc4 ,champneys1 ,a4 ,l4 ,public ,libraries1 #aijg4 ,batsford4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,e #bd-;,d #dg1 ,library ,appliances and ,supplies4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,shelving ,,and ,,accessories #adc4 ,the chief requirements of book-shelving are accessibility and adjustability4 ,all authorities on library architecture are agreed that high shelves are an obstruction to quick service1 and a danger to books1 by placing them in a vitiated atmosphere with a comparatively high temperature4 ,the old-fashioned wall-cases1 twelve or fifteen feet high1 which could only be reached by means of long ladders1 are no longer recommended or installed1 because of the labour they place upon the staff1 their danger1 and the fact that all the books on the upper shelves are not only inaccessible1 but liable to a certain amount of harm4 ,modern librarians prefer to enlarge their floor area for the purpose of book-storage1 and to provide wall and standard bookcases which are within easy reach of the floor1 thus placing the entire stock at the command of both staff and readers without the labour or danger of climbing long ladders4 ,it may be said1 generally1 that high wall-shelves should never be provided1 unless with the provision of an iron gallery half-way up1 which can be reached by means of stairs4 #add4 ,the question of adjustability is just as important as get-at-ability4 ,in every method or appliance which is introduced for library1 or1 indeed1 any other work1 the great principle of movability or adjustability should be preferred to fixity4 ,the power of moving or changing without altering the character or shape of anything is of enormous advantage in every operation1 and a very good illustration of the application of this power is furnished by the card catalogue1 with its infinite capacity for expansion in every direction4 ,book-shelves should be as mobile as cards in their own way1 and should be so adjustable that a new shelf can be introduced or an existing one removed at any point where such a course is possible4 ,the only advantage which fixed wooden shelves possess is that of comparative cheapness1 but this is an advantage which1 in a short time1 is completely swallowed up in the inconveniences which arise through the impossibility of placing books of varying sizes in strict classified order on the shelves4 ,besides a great sacrifice of vertical space in some places1 it will be found in a rapidly growing library that the carefully gauged shelves1 at eight1 nine1 ten1 or twelve inches apart1 in every tier1 cannot be made to contain all the books which ought to go on these shelves in their order4 ,the day comes when the eight-and-a-half or nine-and-a-half inch book arrives which must go on the eight or nine inch shelf1 and1 because there is no means of making a slight adjustment1 such books must either be shelved out of their order1 or placed on their fore-edges4 ,if such shelves are arranged throughout a library at a distance of ten inches apart to provide for contingencies1 they will take all sizes up to demy #hvo1 but at a great sacrifice of space1 especially in the fiction shelves1 where most of the books average about seven and a half inches4 ,any attempt at varying the distances between shelves in every tier will lead to confusion in a strictly classified library4 ,on the other hand1 liberal spacing will result in the loss of a shelf in every tier1 thereby reducing the total storage space by about one-eighth or one-ninth1 according to the number of shelves in a tier4 ,the balance of advantage lies1 with movable forms of shelving1 and it is strongly recommended that no other kind be specified or ordered4 #ade4 ,the following diagrams give the usual dimensions for ordinary standard and wall bookcases1 and may be taken as the unit from which a library stack can be built up according to any plan of arrangement4 ,fig4 #ca represents a double-sized standard iron bookcase1 #g feet #f inches #c feet #b inches #ae inches1 which can be joined end to end to form cases of any length1 or used in halves to form cases against walls4 ,exactly the same dimensions can be used with wooden presses fitted with adjustable brackets or catches4 ,in reference libraries the dimensions may be slightly varied1 as the average book which must be stored is rather larger than in lending libraries4 ,but the chief provision for folio and large quarto books should be in special cases arranged round the walls1 and it is well to have presses intended for music and quartos fitted with uprights about eighteen inches apart1 in order to distribute the weight of the books and facilitate their handling4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,double ,bay ,standard ,metal ,bookcase 7,section #ade74 #adf4 ,for standard reference cases the unit of size should be #g feet #f inches #c feet #b inches #ah inches4 ,special wall-cases should be the same height1 but should have an arrangement for large books in the form of a ledged base projecting at least six inches from the front of the upper part of the case1 about three feet above the floor 7,fig4 #cb74 #adg4 ,adjustable ,shelf ,fittings4--,the old-fashioned varieties of shelf adjustments for wooden bookcases1 such as pegs fitting into holes drilled in the uprights1 one and a half or two inches apart1 wooden or metal ratchets for carrying bars or rods for supporting the shelves1 and similar devices1 may be dismissed as unsuitable for modern library purposes4 ,the best-known adjustment is that known as ,tonks'1 from the name of its patentee4 ,it consists of metal strips1 with perforations at inch intervals1 let into grooves in the uprights1 and designed to carry the shelves on four metal studs or catches1 which engage in the slots or perforations4 ,this method requires very careful fitting1 as the grooves in the woodwork must be deep and smooth enough to admit the catches1 and each metal strip must be accurately inserted so that the slots will come level not only with those adjoining1 but with those on the opposite upright4 ,the least carelessness in fitting will cause shelves to rock and buckle1 because not supported by catches all at one level4 ,the illustration on page #ade 7,fig4 #cc7 will show exactly the form of this fitting4 ,it consists of3 shelf supported on standard2 perforated metal slip and stud2 and groove in wooden standard4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,wooden ,wall ,case with ,lodged ,base 7,section #adf74 ,it should be noted that this variety of shelf fitting does not give absolute adjustability1 but only a movement of about an inch up or down1 as may be required4 ,smaller adjustments are impossible by this or any other similar system4 #adh4 ,there are various other methods of fixed shelf adjustments for wooden bookcases1 ,english1 ,american and ,german1 but none of them possess any particular advantage over ,tonks' variety4 ,absolute adjustability in shelf fittings1 as applied to wooden cases1 has been obtained in the ,english method1 to be seen at various libraries in ,england4 ,there are also various ,american systems4 ,both of these forms are similar in principle to the absolute adjustments described under ,section #adi1 but the ,english system was the first to be patented1 and therefore ranks as the pioneer of this type of shelf fitting4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,wooden ,shelf ,adjustment 7,section #adg74 #adi4 ,metal ,bookcases with ,absolute ,shelf ,adjustments4--,the best and most used ,english variety of metal bookcase with absolute shelf adjustment is that which has been installed in the public libraries of ,worcester1 ,shoreditch1 ,huddersfield1 ,lambeth1 ,perth1 the ,patent ,office ,library1 ,london1 ,islington and elsewhere4 ,it consists1 as shown in ,figs4 #ca1 #cd and #ce1 of strong steel uprights1 in which are formed continuous grooves1 which carry and support shelf brackets designed to grip at any point by automatic means4 ,these brackets will slide up and down the uprights to any point1 while a small controlling lever is depressed1 but the moment this is released the bracket will become firmly fixed in place1 and will remain there till again moved1 whatever weight may be placed upon the shelf which it supports4 ,these brackets can be pushed up without touching the controlling lever1 and will always grip at the point where they are left4 ,to push them down1 the controlling arm must be depressed as already described4 ,the shelves for this type of case may be either metal or wood1 but probably good oak shelves will be found as satisfactory as any4 ,standard cases made in the dimensions given in ,section #ade are usually divided down the middle1 at the back of each set of shelves1 by means of a wire-work grill4 ,this does not obstruct oversight1 light or air1 yet serves to prevent books on one face of the standard from being accidentally or otherwise transferred to the opposite face4 ,there are points of safety1 convenience and adjustability about metal bookcases which make them preferable to all other forms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,details of ,lambert's ,adjustable ,metal ,shelving 7,section #adi74 #aej4 ,a special form of this type of metal bookcase has been designed for book-storage in small spaces1 and as applied to the ,india ,office ,library1 ,london1 and ,bodleian ,library1 ,oxford1 has been found convenient and economical4 ,the same shelf adjustment is used1 but the presses instead of resting on the floor are swung from iron girders1 so as to slide easily whenever wanted4 ,these presses are swung closely side by side and drawn out1 one at a time1 as required4 ,a somewhat similar plan for increasing the storage capacity was introduced into the ,british ,museum many years ago1 the chief difference being that the sliding presses go face to face with the existing standards1 one here and there1 instead of in solid rows as at the ,india ,office4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,metal ,shelving1 ,patent ,office ,library1 ,london 7,section #adi74 #aea4 ,it is not proposed to describe every variety of iron or metal bookcase which has been introduced1 such as the ,library ,bureau1 ,smith1 ,lawrence1 ,cotgreave1 etc41 and it will be sufficient to mention that in ,britain1 ,germany and ,america there are several interesting forms used4 #aeb4 ,special ,bookcases4--,in ,section #adf a form of special wall-case is described which is suitable for storing folio and quarto volumes4 ,in very large libraries it may be necessary to provide additional storage space for bound files of newspapers1 extra large folios and prints4 ,files of newspapers can be stored in a special form of double rack1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #cf4 ,as small libraries will bind only the files of local papers1 the provision by them of shelves for this purpose need not be a very serious matter4 #aec4 ,large folio volumes are best kept flat on sliding trays or shelves4 ,when they are kept upright they are very apt to suffer through the heavy leaves sagging and dragging at the binding4 ,valuable folios should always be kept in flat positions4 ,a suitable method of storage is to provide a large double-sided case1 with a sloping top1 which can be used for consulting the books4 ,the shelves should be arranged to slide out and in on runners1 and each shelf may have a brass handle on its fore-edge to enable it to be easily pulled out4 ,the dimensions of such a case will depend upon the number of folios to be stored and their size1 but the following illustration 7,fig4 #cg7 will be found suitable for all ordinary purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,rack for ,bound ,newspapers 7,section #aeb74 ,this case will store about #aej to #bjj folio volumes1 according to their thickness1 which is ample space for all ordinary municipal public libraries4 ,the shelves of this case should be covered on their upper surfaces with leather or thick cloth4 ,a similar style of rack can be used for storing large collections of prints1 the only difference being that the prints would be kept in special boxes as described in ,section #cjg1 which would take the place of volumes4 #aed4 ,in calculating the number of volumes which can be shelved in a given space1 the following general rules will be found fairly accurate3-- ,nine lending library books will occupy one foot run of space4 ,eight reference library books will occupy one foot run of space4 ,allowance must be made1 in calculating from plans1 for the space occupied by uprights1 etc41 and care must be taken to reckon dwarf bookcases only according to their capacity4 ,if nine inches are allowed as the average height of books1 which will give eight shelves to a tier seven feet six inches high1 excluding cornices1 plinth or thickness of shelves1 then a single-sided case of the dimensions shown in ,section #adf will store #baf volumes in a lending library and about #aib in a reference library4 ,a double-sided case will hold #dcb and #chd volumes respectively4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,section and ,elevation of ,case for ,large ,folio ,books 7,section #aec74 #aee4 ,racks for ,filing4--,wooden racks or iron-pipe racks may be used for a variety of purposes1 such as storing unbound newspapers and periodicals1 pamphlets1 and all kinds of loose papers or bundles4 ,such racks are best made in a light1 open form1 so as to reduce the collection of dust to a minimum1 while admitting air and light freely4 #aef4 ,galleries4--,galleries of iron are sometimes added to reference libraries and in other departments to provide a means of reaching high wall-shelves1 and also to give additional accommodation for storage4 ,they are a feature of the large stack rooms of ,american libraries1 wherein the books are all massed together1 gallery above gallery and tier above tier4 ,unless there is some very strong reason1 architectural or otherwise1 galleries should be avoided in every public library where rapid service of readers is necessary4 ,save for storing little-used stock1 galleries are not recommended in any situation1 unless the pressure for book space is very great4 ,when galleries must be provided1 care should be taken to provide adequate approaches4 ,if a straight staircase is out of the question1 a circular iron one should be provided1 wide enough to enable an assistant to go up or down comfortably with an armful of books4 ,in some libraries the circular iron staircases are more like exaggerated corkscrews than proper means of getting up and down from a gallery or floor4 ,it is much better to have stairways in a single flight1 which will allow of two persons passing each other1 and for this purpose they ought to be at least three feet wide4 ,in libraries with bookcases of the uniform height of seven feet six inches1 long ladders will be unnecessary1 but in cases where they must be used1 step ladders are preferable to rung ones4 ,a light form of step ladder which is used in many public libraries and shops is illustrated 7,fig4 #ch74 ,for all practical purposes this ladder will be found ample4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,lattice-work ,steps 7,section #aef74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,short ,steps for ,low ,shelves 7,section #aef74 ,short steps for enabling the upper shelves of seven foot six inch cases to be scanned easily are made in various forms1 some being folding and others fixed4 ,the variety as illustrated 7,fig4 #ci7 will be found useful4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,continuous ,wooden ,step and ,handles1 ,hornsey ,central ,library 7,section #aeg74 #aeg4 ,in some open access libraries it has been found advisable1 in cases where the top shelves are out of reach1 to provide a continuous fixed step of wood or iron at the base of each bookcase1 to enable readers to reach the upper shelves without using movable steps of the sort figured above4 ,a strong1 wide iron rail projecting about four inches or six inches from the case1 about nine inches or twelve inches above the ground1 has been found useful1 especially when associated with a handle fastened to the upright at a convenient height above4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #dj7 will give an idea of such a continuous step and handle applied in wood4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,spring ,step for ,bookcases 7,section #aeh74 #aeh4 ,detached steps secured to the uprights of bookcases1 combined with handles1 are very often used for staff purposes in place of the ordinary movable wooden steps or ladders4 ,there is one form with an automatic adjustment which enables the step to spring up flat against the upright out of the way when not wanted as figured in illustration 7,fig4 #da74 ,it is not necessary to fit this into the uprights1 and to cut away the woodwork in order to let it into its place4 ,there is still another variety1 used at ,hull1 ,kilmarnock1 etc41 which is always in position for use1 but which also possesses an automatic adjustment enabling it to be brushed aside harmlessly by anyone passing1 and to return to its 8ready0 position at once4 ,this form can be attached to any ordinary wooden upright by means of screws1 without cutting away or fitting4 ,the handle supplied with this has a superior shape and grip 7,fig4 #db74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,swinging ,step and ,improved ,handle 7,section #aeh74 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,furniture #aei4 ,the effect of shabby fittings and furniture on the minds of visitors is not such as will tend to the promotion of discipline1 nor will it instil respect for the library into the minds of ratepayers and readers4 ,a fine building1 appropriately fitted up1 will not only impress the average visitor1 but it will cause the citizens to take pride in the library as a civic institution4 ,a fine building shabbily fitted up inside will probably have quite a different effect4 ,while a strong distinction is to be drawn between luxury and propriety in such matters1 a much better purpose will be served by procuring good and substantial fittings and furniture than by wasting on extravagant exteriors most of the money available for building4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,two-sided ,desk ,topped ,table 7,section #afj74 #afj4 ,reading ,tables4--,for general reading rooms the tables should not be too long1 nor1 if readers are to sit on both sides1 too narrow4 ,a table to accommodate1 say1 eight persons1 four on each side1 should be #h feet long #c feet wide #cb inches high4 ,the rails of reading-room tables should not be made so deep as to interfere with the comfort of persons using them1 and cross rails connecting the table legs near the floor level should never be used1 as these only serve as foot-rests4 ,a certain number of tables should be made with desk or sloping tops1 as shown in illustration 7,fig4 #dc74 ,oak1 walnut or other hard woods should be used for library furniture4 ,pitch pine is not recommended1 as it invariably splits as the resin dries out4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,british ,museum ,reading ,table with ,desk and ,rack 7,section #afa74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,reference ,room ,table 7,section #afa74 #afa4 ,in reference libraries1 especially in those designed for students with open access to the shelves1 quite a liberal space should be allowed4 ,it has not hitherto been the practice1 save in large libraries like the ,british ,museum1 to give reference readers as much table room as is desirable1 nor to give students the amount of isolation which they require4 ,the general policy has been to seat readers at long tables and separate them from their opposite neighbours by means of a screen1 as is done at the ,british ,museum1 and in libraries like the ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,this method1 which is depicted in ,fig4 #dd1 gives a certain amount of seclusion1 but it does not provide a sufficiency of room for books and materials4 ,then1 of course1 no municipal library can hope to compete with the ,british ,museum in the provision of expensive furniture4 ,to ensure that each student reader will obtain a liberal share of room1 combined with comfort and isolation1 a system of separate tables in the form illustrated 7,fig4 #de7 is strongly recommended1 or some way which will secure the same accommodation4 ,the plan of making the table the unit of space instead of the readers will automatically solve the problem of how much room to give each reader4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,periodical ,rack on ,elevated ,platform 7,section #afb74 ,the table illustrated 7,fig4 #de7 gives the following accommodation3-- ,six square feet of free table-top with a sunk ink-well4 ,a back board six inches or nine inches high to prevent overlooking by neighbours1 and provide space for ruler and pen racks1 shelves1 clips1 etc4 ,a sloping writing desk can be added if required4 ,shelves under the table for holding extra books1 materials or an overcoat4 ,an extension slide to pull out and form a book-rest or supplementary table for papers4 ,in addition1 if space permits1 an umbrella holder can be fitted to the left-hand support of the table1 so that each reader will be isolated and self-contained4 #afb4 ,periodicals1 ,tables and ,racks4--,the question of the methods of displaying periodicals and magazines is discussed in ,chapter ,,xxxi41 and it is not necessary to consider the matter of policy here4 ,various kinds of tables have been designed for displaying magazines in covers in a fixed place1 and for simply enabling them to be easily read in the ordinary way4 ,where periodicals are kept in racks1 tables in the forms described in ,section #afj will be found sufficient4 ,in cases where the tables have to perform the combined function of racks and tables1 other arrangements are necessary4 ,there are many forms of rack-table1 but only three need be described4 ,the first1 which is used in several large libraries1 provides a large elevated rack above the table-top1 on which the periodicals are placed1 so as to free as much as possible of the table surface for readers4 ,this is illustrated 7,fig4 #df74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,periodical ,rack on ,table ,top 7,section #afc74 ,in this form of table-rack the periodicals are not fastened to their places1 and1 owing to the varied sizes of the periodicals in an elevated position1 they give a somewhat untidy appearance to a room4 #afc4 ,a less conspicuous form1 and one equally effective1 dispenses with the elevated platform1 and the rack simply rests upon the table-top as illustrated 7,fig4 #dg74 ,if necessary1 the periodicals can be fastened to the rack by means of cords or chains encased in rubber or leathern thongs1 and the contents of each table can be displayed upon an adjustable titles list in the form described in ,section #dgd1 fastened to the ends of the rack4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,reading ,table with ,partition for ,titles 7,section #afd74 #afd4 ,a remarkably effective form of periodical table1 which has a separate place and title for each1 is shown in ,fig4 #dh4 ,this makes effective division between readers seated on opposite sides of the table1 and tends to prevent conversation and the interchange of periodicals4 ,the periodicals can be fixed by means of chains or cords if thought necessary4 ,at ,wolverhampton1 ,islington1 ,hammersmith1 ,croydon and other places this plan of 8tethering0 magazines is adopted4 #afe4 ,periodical racks are made in a large variety of forms1 and the following illustrations are typical of most of the devices used 7,figs4 #di and #ej74 ,another kind often seen is the 8,cotgreave40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,periodical ,rack with ,magazines ,resting on ,narrow ,shelf 7,section #afb74 ,a smaller rack for railway time-tables is illustrated on p4 #afb 7,fig4 #ea74 #aff4 ,reading ,easels4--,in connexion with these special tables1 book-stands or easels for keeping a number of books open at once will be found useful4 ,it often happens that a student desires to compare his authorities1 and an easy means of keeping several books open at a given place is necessary4 ,the book easels shown below are the best form yet devised4 ,fig4 #eb1 which is made entirely of metal1 has the advantage of leaving the table surface practically free and unobstructed1 while the automatic means provided for keeping books open at any place1 irrespective of the number of leaves1 is of great utility4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,rack for ,odd or ,occasional ,periodicals1 ,finsbury ,public ,library 7,section #afe74 ,fig4 #ec1 constructed of wood1 is also a light useful article1 but as it rests the book close to the table surface more obstruction is caused1 while the leaf-holders are not automatically adjusting4 ,there are various other forms of wooden reading easels1 but they are light articles designed to fold up1 and will not carry large reference books with any great degree of security4 #afg4 ,chairs4--,there is such an immense variety of library chairs that the chief difficulty becomes that of selection4 ,a strong chair with a saddle seat fixed to a special rail instead of direct to the legs is best1 and in all ordinary situations arm-chairs are preferable1 as they give an automatic spacing of elbow-room which renders calculation unnecessary4 ,it is wise1 however1 to avoid a very wide arm-chair1 and to use small chairs only if space is limited to two feet per reader4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,railway ,time-table ,rack 7,section #afe74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,metal ,reading ,easel 7,section #aff74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,wooden ,reading ,easel 7,section #aff74 #afh4 ,where the space between tables is very restricted the chairs should be fastened to the floor1 so that there can be no blocking of gangways4 ,one plan is that adopted at the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 ,north ,library1 ,fulham1 and elsewhere1 of having revolving arm-chairs mounted on pedestals secured to the floor4 ,these have the one great disadvantage of being non-adjustable4 ,readers cannot pull them a little forward or push them back1 and thus such fixed chairs have the defect of all fixed things--they cannot be moved to suit varying conditions4 ,another form for a crowded situation is a small strong chair of good design anchored to the floor by means of a stout cord 7,fig4 #ed74 ,each chair has a stout staple screwed under the seat in the centre1 and a similar staple is screwed into the floor at a suitable distance from the table front1 and corresponding in situation with the staple in the chair seat when placed in position4 ,lengths of stout window cord are then cut and provided with swivel hooks at either end1 which are fastened to the staples on the floor and on the seat1 allowing a sufficient length of cord to admit of a fair amount of play and movement when anchored4 ,on granolithic or other cement or concrete floors1 fixed chairs cannot be used readily4 ,this kind of anchorage allows of a chair being moved backwards1 forwards or sideways1 and readers can get to and from their seats without trouble4 ,arm-chairs are not recommended for this style of fastening4 ,all kinds of chairs should be shod with rubber or leather pads to deaden the noise of movement on the floor4 ,there are several varieties of such pads to be obtained from furnishing firms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,chair with ,anchorage ,attachment 7,section #afh74 #afi4 ,hat rails of metal or wood are sometimes provided under all chairs--a very necessary provision in wet weather4 ,the ,continental system of uncovering the head when entering public buildings is not yet very common in the ,united ,kingdom1 but readers should certainly be encouraged to do so by having the means of bestowing their headgear placed easily at hand4 ,general hat1 coat and umbrella stands or racks are not popular in public libraries1 and need not1 as a rule1 be provided4 ,but some kind of hat and umbrella holders should certainly be provided in connexion with the chairs4 ,a very good combination arm-chair is shown in the accompanying illustration 7,fig4 #ee74 ,this provides hat and umbrella accommodation1 and may also have attached to the left1 or both arms1 a folding wire-work drop holder1 in which to place completed papers1 light books or other articles not wanted to litter the table-top 7,fig4 #ef74 ,of course1 such chairs with these additional accessories could only be used in situations where there was plenty of room4 ,in many cases umbrella rails are attached to every table1 and this is usually the best plan4 #agj4 ,every library should buy more chairs than are required4 ,this will enable the chairs to be removed for cleaning purposes in batches of a dozen or more1 their places being taken by the spare ones4 ,this will prevent the seating accommodation from being reduced during any cleaning operations4 #aga4 ,desks4--,for staff purposes ordinary school desks will be found ample4 ,these are provided with side flaps and a locking compartment4 ,a ,canadian form with shelves and a lock-up desk flap1 with pigeon holes1 suitable for going against a wall1 is a useful type of desk for assistants doing a special class of work1 as the desk flap can be locked back out of the way1 and so protect the papers or work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,chair with ,hat ,rail and ,umbrella ,holder 7,section #afi74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,chair with ,folding ,tray or ,shelf 7,section #afi74 #agb4 ,for large libraries1 where an elevated superintendent's desk is necessary1 the combined desk and drawer cabinet used in the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 has many advantages4 #agc4 ,lecture ,room4--,furniture and fittings for children's departments and lecture rooms require special consideration4 ,the former are dealt with in ,division ,,xiii4 ,in the lecture room the principal fittings are the platform and the fittings connected with the use of the lantern4 ,platforms should be wide1 and should be as long as it is possible to make them having regard to economy of space in the room4 ,a height of three feet is suitable1 and the structure should be solid1 so that it may not echo or squeak beneath the tread1 and a covering of some sound-deadening material--thick cork-lino or cocoanut-matting--is desirable4 ,a counter or fixed table running along the front has been found useful1 and to this water1 gas1 and similar fittings may be connected for use in science lectures2 but this counter is not usually required1 and it may obstruct the screen and will certainly prevent the use of the platform for dramatic and similar representations for which a clear stage is necessary4 ,green baize hangings as a background and front curtains of this material are very effective for several purposes4 ,the platform should so be placed that it can be reached by the lecturers without the necessity of passing through the audience4 ,for lantern screen there is nothing better than a smooth wall finished off in flat white1 but where this is impossible a rigid is preferable to a rolling screen as giving a surface free from folds and kinks4 ,screens should be kept perfectly clean1 as dirt injures the effect of slides incalculably4 ,the lantern itself should be of the electric arc variety1 as being easy to manage and always ready with little delay1 especially where the 8direct0 electric current is available4 ,it is best installed in a room outside1 or a gallery closed in from1 the lecture room1 the projection being made through an opening4 ,an electric signal which provides at the platform a push for the use of the lecturer1 and sounds a 8buzzer0 or flashes a small lamp in the operator's apartment1 is probably the best form of lantern signal4 ,the chairs in lecture rooms should be as comfortable as means will allow1 and should be fitted with rubber tips to ensure quiet4 ,quiet floor coverings should be used in the room1 and1 indeed1 all fittings and furniture should produce that ease of body which will allow the mind to occupy itself exclusively with what is going on upon the platform4 ,,division ,,vi ,,book ,,selection ,,and ,,accession ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,book ,,selection #agd4 ,general ,principles4--,although a great number of articles and papers have been written upon the subject of book selection1 there still seems room for some remarks upon the general question from a standpoint somewhat different from the ordinary4 ,most of the articles which have come under notice deal with the mere routine of book selection--how to systematize the ordering of books2 the work connected with preparing them for public use2 the bibliographical side2 the question of duplicating popular books2 and other more or less mechanical aspects of the matter4 ,the philosophy of book selection and questions connected with the policy of building up libraries have rarely been considered4 #age4 ,the first point which occurs is the connexion between a library's income and its book-purchasing power4 ,as1 by law established1 most ,british library incomes are strictly limited1 it follows that a similar limitation must govern the supply of books1 and that only a selection of new books can be procured1 old and out-of-print books taking their chance4 ,the very largest rate-supported libraries are bound by this limitation to buy only a selection from the immense mass of books annually published1 and1 even if such purchases amount to several thousands of volumes1 they represent only a selection4 ,the smaller libraries must of necessity make a selection within a selection1 and it follows that1 in all cases of libraries supported by small incomes or burdened by heavy charges for the repayment of loans or other purposes1 the selection must be carefully made if it is to be representative of all that is best in ancient and modern literature4 ,another factor which enters into the matter need only be mentioned in order to be dismissed3 that is the obvious unsuitability of a very large proportion of the books annually published because of their form 7pamphlets and tracts71 subject-matter 7school-books1 bibles1 etc471 or special nature 7local lists1 reissues1 directories1 etc474 #agf4 ,the fund available in most public libraries for the purchase of books can be made the basis for a rough calculation showing at what rate libraries of different sizes should grow4 ,by reference to the tables in ,section #ca it will be found that the sum which can be annually expended on books is limited in libraries of all sizes1 and that the annual additions must of necessity follow the same limitation4 #agg4 ,the annual production of new publications in the ,united ,kingdom may be taken at about #aj1fbj volumes1 including everything1 and the number of new books in this total may be averaged at about #hcjj volumes4 ,it will thus be seen that the ,british municipal libraries must be selectors rather than collectors of books1 because the income of no one of them is equal to buying more than a proportion of the #hcjj new books published annually in ,britain alone4 ,some ,english public libraries1 because of their accumulations of old1 useless and effete books1 resemble gardens choked with weeds2 and their efficiency is clogged by the necessity for storing and caring for books which are of no value or interest4 ,the presence of such books in a modern library hinders effective use and administration1 because they occupy space urgently wanted for more useful modern books2 they add enormously to the cost of cataloguing and charging2 and in other ways they use up the resources of the library without adding to its public utility4 #agh4 ,it may be taken as a somewhat strong statement1 that there are not more than #ej1jjj books1 excluding duplicates of popular works and those in more than one volume1 worthy of preservation in any public municipal library4 ,the truth is that1 of real1 living works of literary and human interest1 there are perhaps not more than #bj1jjj in the ,english language1 but the larger figure is preferred in order to cover the world's literary output fully4 ,let anyone who doubts this try to compile a list of even #ejjj books of permanent literary or other interest1 in order to find what a difficult task it is4 ,no doubt the difficulty of selection is the main reason why some public libraries grow up in a haphazard way1 because it is a work which demands not only persevering industry1 but an encyclopdic knowledge of literature and the contents of books4 ,nevertheless1 this difficulty of selection1 and the limitation of the field of selection1 are powerful reasons why municipal libraries should abandon the museum or storage ideal1 and go boldly for making the workshop or practical utility ideal the one most worthy of realization4 ,in ,chapter ,,viii4 it has already been pointed out to what extent ,british libraries have fostered indiscriminate collecting1 often at the expense of efficiency1 while the workshop plan of library has been comparatively neglected4 ,even if municipal libraries had unlimited resources1 the wisdom of indiscriminate collecting would be doubtful2 especially as many special libraries are doing the work4 ,specialization should be the watchword of the future1 owing to the enormous literary activity of recent times1 and the branch of specialization which public libraries should adopt is careful selection of books and equally careful rejection of all which have outlived their day and purpose1 or become 8dull1 stale and unprofitable40 ,public library buildings should be erected1 not on the principle of storing as many books as can possibly be collected in fifty years' time1 but of restricting the book accommodation to the reasonable limits which careful selection and cautious discarding will fix1 and increasing the space available for readers1 and giving them only the very best literature1 imaginative or instructive1 that the world has to offer4 #agi4 ,it is a hazardous undertaking to lay down any particular rules for the formation of a ,british municipal library1 and especially to state what proportions each class of literature should assume4 ,equally futile is it to take any figure as the average price which each volume in a library should cost4 ,although #ds4 #e;d4 has been adopted as an average price1 this must only be regarded as a mere basis for a calculation which simply aims at being a suggestion4 ,practically every public library differs in its needs according to its income and the special industries and character of the people in the town where it is situated4 #ahj4 ,attempts have been made at various times by different authorities to lay down the proportions of every class of literature which should be represented in public libraries4 ,the following figures are given for what they are worth1 and not by any means as a hard and fast guide to be followed3-- ,,percentages ,,of ,,classes ,,of ,,literature ,,represented ,,in ,,public ,,libraries1 ,,etc4 ,class #jjj ,general ,works #c #ajj ,philosophy #d #bjj ,religion #e #cjj ,sociology #g #djj ,philology #d #ejj ,science #i #fjj ,useful ,arts #i #gjj ,fine and ,recreative ,arts #g #hjj ,literature #bh #ijj ,history #h ,biography #h ,travel #h --- #ajj ,there are one or two changes which modern practice will make probable in these percentages1 such as increases in the percentages of classes #e-g and a decrease in class #h4 ,the attention now bestowed upon technical education and the universal provision of music texts will almost inevitably increase these classes at the expense of some other classes4 #aha4 ,imaginative literature rightly takes first place in the representation of classes1 and when made up of ,prose ,fiction1 ,poetry1 ,music and ,painting1 accounts for about #cc per cent4 of the whole4 ,although ,bacon in his classification of human knowledge places ,imagination as represented by ,poetry at the end of his scheme1 thereby1 perhaps1 indicating his opinion of its comparative importance1 there can be no doubt that as regards popularity1 importance and longevity it easily maintains first place in the minds and hearts of a majority of the human race4 ,whose are the great names in literature8 ,the philosophers1 or historians1 or scientists8 ,none of these4 ,the story-teller1 the song-writer1 the singer and the artist completely overshadow all other kinds of literary and scientific genius1 and monopolize a foremost position of honour among mankind1 because1 after all1 they are the greatest teachers as well as the most capable entertainers4 ,homer1 ,dante1 ,shakespeare1 ,goethe1 ,cervantes1 ,molire1 ,balzac1 ,hugo1 ,scott1 ,dickens1 ,fielding1 ,thackeray1 ,burns1 ,byron1 ,milton1 ,beethoven1 ,handel1 ,wagner1 ,titian1 ,raphael1 ,turner1 ,rembrandt1 and so on in endless variety1 are infinitely greater and more treasured names to thousands of human beings than any of the exponents of more formal and exact knowledge4 ,the story-teller and the singer will be remembered long after philosophies1 and systems of history and science are as mouldering and forgotten as the ruins of ancient ,babylon4 ,the great majority of the people of all nations will much rather sing with the singers than chop logic with the philosophers1 and this is at once a reason and justification for imaginative literature occupying the leading place in all public libraries4 ,it has become the fashion for a certain section of librarians1 a few public men and a considerable number of newspapers1 to lament in doleful accents the popularity and preponderance of fiction reading in all kinds of lending libraries4 ,but surely ,fiction1 as the most hardy and flourishing form of literary endeavour1 which has been built up by the contributions of some of the greatest minds of all nations1 cannot be denied its rightful place because certain narrow-minded persons think it fashionable to denounce the whole policy of public libraries8 ,whether they choose to do so or not matters very little1 since it is quite evident that imaginative literature is going to survive1 whatever happens1 as it has done with extraordinary strength and vitality1 through ages of change and destruction2 while philosophical1 political and social systems have appeared and disappeared in endless procession4 ,this is a reason why imaginative literature should occupy a foremost place in public libraries1 and the theory of the survival of the fittest is amply proved by the vitality of prose fiction1 poetry and music1 which entitles them to receive the attention due to their importance in the regard of mankind4 #ahb4 ,best ,books4--,a live library1 in addition to the literary classics in all departments1 should only select the best and most popular books4 ,the question of selecting only the very best1 or only what is in great demand1 should be compromised by always getting the best1 with a selection of the most popular1 subject to the understanding that the latter are to be discarded when their day is past4 ,every movement which stirs the public mind and imagination produces a great crop of books1 but only a very small proportion of these survive or are worthy of preservation4 ,no one can argue against a moderate supply of such works at the time when public interest is aroused1 but objection may be raised to the more ephemeral books of this kind being preserved long after all interest in their subjects has waned4 ,if a municipal library founded in #agej1 and steadily collecting for #aef years1 could be found1 its contents would be composed of enormous quantities of dead and forgotten theology1 history1 biography1 science1 fiction and every other class1 which would not excite the slightest interest in the minds of five persons in a thousand4 ,the skimmings of such a library would no doubt be valuable1 and a fair proportion of it of interest and use to present-day readers1 but the bulk of it would be of no practical service to anyone4 #ahc4 ,the general public is comparatively indifferent to bibliographical rarities1 and books which are merely curious or scarce should not be bought from the present restricted funds of ,british municipal libraries4 ,there is a certain advantage in making a small special collection1 on the museum plan1 to trace and illustrate the evolution and history of printing and book production from the original manuscript forms1 but the general connection of incunabula and rare specimens of typography by modern municipal libraries is neither possible nor desirable4 ,there is infinitely more wisdom in spending #ej in a selection of modern works on technical subjects1 which would be of immense service to living persons1 than in spending the same amount in the purchase of a single rare ,bible which will only appeal to a few students of typography4 ,books must not be regarded as an investment on which a profit can be made by a sale at some future date1 because books of bibliographical rarity and much monetary value bought from public funds must remain public property1 inalienable for all time4 ,the books bought for a public library should rather be regarded as machinery or plant1 to be renewed when necessary and kept thoroughly abreast of the times4 #ahd4 ,returning to the question of buying and preserving books of temporary interest4 ,there are hundreds of subjects which in their day have excited great public interest1 and in connexion with which an enormous literature exists1 but which have faded into comparative insignificance with the lapse of time4 ,take subjects like the ,jacobite ,rebellions1 ,french ,revolution1 ,american ,civil ,war1 the ,slavery controversy1 ,crimean ,war or ,disruption of the ,church of ,scotland4 ,every one of these subjects was represented in its day by cart-loads of books and pamphlets1 but the whole of these have been sifted and epitomized by later historians in works of permanent value1 and municipal libraries can simply buy these1 and leave the preservation of the contemporary literature1 which ranks as original authorities1 to the care of the special libraries which exist for the purpose4 ,the literature of the ,boer ,war is a case in point1 as also is much of the literature of the ,great ,european ,war of #aiad-aiai already4 ,it is necessary for public libraries1 while public interest is keen1 to select the best1 or what may seem best1 from the mass of material pouring from the press1 but presently all this will be condensed into a few classics1 giving in a comprehensive and sufficient manner every fact of the slightest interest to posterity1 and then all the ephemeral works can be discarded in their favour4 ,what remains of any particular interest to students1 or even ordinary readers1 from the huge literature which arose from the ,crimean ,war8 ,only ,kinglake and perhaps two popular illustrated books4 ,the same holds good with all subjects which have created immense contemporary literatures1 and there need not be the slightest compunction about discarding any book when its usefulness is past unless it takes rank as a valuable original authority4 ,at a later stage some suggestions on book discarding or library weeding are given1 which may prove helpful4 #ahe4 ,book selection should be conducted upon the sound principle of buying only the best representative works on all subjects1 whatever may be their cost or place of origin4 ,a more haphazard and ineffectual method of building up a public library than buying cheap series and libraries of reprints can hardly be imagined4 ,it is almost equivalent to advising a committee to buy cheap books by the yard in order to fill the shelves1 and let the proper representation of great subjects depend on chance4 ,books published in 8series0 or 8libraries0 are too often mere commercial ventures of small literary or other value2 and in the case of editions of standard authors1 such uniform series are often the worst form in which a poet or novelist can be presented to a reader4 ,they are full of errors and omissions1 and whether the series is devoted to art1 science1 literature or history1 it may be taken for granted that they are simply temporary text-books which possess the doubtful advantage of being bound uniformly1 and the undoubted disadvantage of being often uniformly erroneous and misleading4 ,of course this statement does not apply all round1 because there are several well-known series of works of quite exceptional value4 ,connected with this a word may be permitted on the nationality of text-books4 ,patriotism in literature and library management may be a fine thing1 but it must occasionally lead to sorry results in a public library4 ,the best and most recent scientific works1 whether on biology1 geology or any other subject1 should be bought without regard to the nationality of the authors4 #ahf4 ,popular ,books4--,the duplication of popular or temporarily popular books is a policy to be adopted with the greatest of care4 ,in some libraries the plan of multiplying copies of every book which becomes fashionable is carried to such an extreme that some injury must be done to the general work of the library by unduly fostering one class of literature at the expense of all the other classes4 ,the practice of adding six or more copies of a new novel has the effect of decreasing the funds available for the purpose of buying other works1 and it certainly gives rise to misleading conceptions of the stock of books possessed by the libraries4 ,a reported stock of #ejjj novels may easily mean an actual stock of only #cjjj different works in libraries which buy three1 six or twelve copies of a single popular work4 ,this makes a vast difference in the field of choice offered to borrowers1 because1 after all1 popular novels of the ordinary much-advertised class soon have their little day1 and the duplicates become dead stock4 ,for this reason caution should be exercised in the supply of extra copies of temporarily popular books1 and a good plan is to provide a special stock or accessions book in which they can be registered and1 when necessary1 written off without complicating the other records of the library4 ,these remarks apply almost exclusively to the duplication of novels and magazines4 ,there is less need to trouble about other classes4 #ahg4 ,replacements and ,out-of-print ,books4--,replacement of worn-out books is a recurrent1 necessary and serious expense in most libraries1 and one which gravely reduces possible expenditure upon new books4 ,before replacing an old1 dirty or defective book it should be carefully considered if it is worth retaining in the library4 ,closely connected with the question of replacements is the matter of out-of-print books4 ,most librarians in libraries of several years' standing have been confronted with the difficulty of obtaining copies of certain books which have been allowed to go out of print by their publishers4 ,the number of such books is rapidly increasing1 and among them are works which have taken a recognized place in ,english literature1 as well as many others which have obtained a certain value by being enshrined in the catalogues of hundreds of public and other libraries4 ,in course of time many of these books are worn out1 and it becomes necessary to replace them with new copies4 ,it is then the discovery is made that fresh copies cannot be obtained1 and the librarian receives a long list of books from his bookseller marked with the ominous sign 8,o_/,p40 ,a temporary relief is sometimes obtained by advertising for second-hand copies4 ,even these are becoming more difficult to procure1 and in the case of novelists like ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,james1 ,james ,grant and ,harrison ,ainsworth1 sometimes only three-volume editions are reported4 ,it is not suggested that all out-of-print books should be reprinted1 nor do we suggest that the fact that a book has appeared in many library catalogues is conclusive evidence of its permanence2 but there are certainly numbers of books which are frequently mentioned in other books1 or in the newspapers1 which have been allowed to run out of print2 and the combined efforts of librarians might induce publishers to republish these4 ,usually speaking1 however1 the fact that a book has remained out of print for more than a year or two is evidence of the absence of public demand for it1 and seeing that novel-writing is probably at a higher general level now than at any earlier period 7in spite of the lack of individual ,fieldings or ,jane ,austens71 we are of opinion that such out-of-print books may be withdrawn from the library records1 and the gaps left made good by more modern works of equal merit and greater popularity4 ,after all1 and especially so far as imaginative literature is concerned--and these remarks apply almost exclusively to that--it is no part of the work of the library to revive what public opinion1 the soundest ultimate guide1 has permitted to perish2 more especially as booksellers charge exaggerated prices for out-of-print novels1 whatever their merit may be4 ,in the case of some of the older books which form landmarks in literary history1 it is absolutely necessary to have well-edited modern reprints for the benefit of the students who are being formed in every school in the kingdom4 ,books which are purchased to replace worn-out copies need not receive new numbers1 but may be given the numbers of the books which they replace4 #ahh4 ,doubtful ,books4--,censorship on books admitted into public libraries has been exercised much more frequently and rigorously in the ,united ,states than in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,instances are common in both countries of books being excluded for sectarian or political reasons by ,public ,library ,committees4 ,any action of this kind on the part of a ,public ,library ,committee should be confined to protecting junior readers from coming into contact with demoralizing literature1 and preventing the library from becoming a dumping-ground for feeble and trashy books of all kinds4 ,no one can object to a committee electing to sit in judgment on any book which may be thought to endanger public decency1 or inculcate ideas of morality counter to those generally adopted1 but such explorations in search of the improper should not be confined to fiction4 ,the question of buying certain free classics1 such as ,rabelais and ,boccaccio1 is quite another matter4 ,all libraries ought to possess them1 provided reasonable means are taken to keep them out of the hands of the immature reader4 ,as regards what constitutes maturity1 every library authority will doubtless frame its own rules4 #ahi4 ,reference and ,lending ,books4--,a difficulty is sometimes experienced in deciding for which department books of a certain class are most suitable4 ,about such quick-reference works as encyclopdias1 dictionaries1 annuals1 directories1 atlases1 large art works1 etc41 there can be very little doubt1 but expensive scientific books1 large works of travel1 theological and historical works of a certain kind offer a problem much more complicated4 ,as reference libraries are at present constituted and used in many ,english towns1 the plan of putting all expensive books of whatever nature in the reference department simply means that they are seldom used1 and might as well not have been bought4 ,in properly conducted open access reference libraries1 which are liberally and intelligently conducted1 a good deal may be said in favour of placing such books there4 ,they will at least be freely accessible without the formality of readers having to make written application1 while the advantage of a reference book being always on the premises is not to be overlooked4 ,no harm can result from placing all kinds of expensive text-books in the lending department1 and if they are not on loan they are always available for the use of any reference reader who wants them4 ,the advantage to a student of being able to take a recondite and expensive text-book home with him for comparison with1 and as an aid to1 his own books is undeniable1 and it is the fact that1 by co-operation1 the citizens of a town can thus procure otherwise unattainable books1 which makes the ,public ,libraries ,acts so valuable1 and adds force to the plea for placing expensive works within easy reach of the majority of readers4 ,local circumstances will in most cases modify the conditions under which reference and lending libraries are built up and differentiated4 ,in some places there is no separation1 save in the catalogue1 between the reference and lending libraries1 and in others both departments are not only kept apart1 but subdivided into open1 special and store collections4 ,all this is very much a matter of administration to be settled by each responsible officer in accordance with his or her knowledge of the particular local conditions4 ,we deal with this question more in detail in the chapters on the ,reference ,library 7,division ,,xii474 #aij4 ,special ,collections4--,the most necessary work of the library1 after it has formed its general collection1 is to collect local literature2 this we deal with in a separate chapter 7,,xxviii474 ,most public libraries possess some kind of special collection in addition to the purely local collection4 ,examples of these may be specified in the ,shakespeare and ,cervantes collections at ,birmingham2 the ,burns and ,scottish poetry collections at ,glasgow2 music1 shorthand1 ,chinese books1 etc41 at ,manchester2 fishes at ,cheltenham2 ,welsh literature at ,cardiff1 etc4 ,the literature of special local industries should always be collected4 ,representative works in foreign languages1 particularly ,french1 ,german and ,italian1 should also be collected1 in addition to the ,greek and ,latin classics2 and the large and more cosmopolitan cities may endeavour to represent every foreign literary output so far as their circumstances warrant and their finances permit them to do so4 #aia4 ,sets of ,periodicals4--,some discrimination must be made in regard to the collecting of periodicals4 ,larger libraries settle the question by securing and preserving sets of all magazines of value which they can accommodate2 but obviously the expense of the practice1 the ephemeral character of much of this type of literature1 and the large amount of shelf space it requires1 makes that practice impossible for any but the largest libraries4 ,ephemeral1 but otherwise wholesome1 magazines may be used unbound for issue in lending libraries to good purpose2 or may be bound and so used--but not replaced when they are worn out4 ,only periodicals which have a reference value should be retained in sets1 and then only where the geographical situation of the library warrants that course4 ,a smaller town near a great town library may reasonably refer its readers to that library for sets of expensive periodicals4 ,we are led to this view by the facilities now at the disposal of librarians through the ,library ,association4 ,that body now publishes the ,subject ,index to ,periodicals1 hitherto called ,the ,athenum ,subject ,index--an invaluable and indeed indispensable tool for all librarians--and by an arrangement with the ,central ,lending ,library for ,students1 ,tavistock ,square1 ,london1 ,w4,c41 any article recorded in the ,subject ,index may be borrowed for a payment of about fourpence4 ,the ,index1 moreover1 gives a list of the principal periodicals1 and is a rough guide to assessing their permanent worth as well as an admirable key to their contents4 #aib4 ,music4--,nearly every public library of any importance has now established a music collection1 and the general experience is that it is one of the most popular and appreciated sections in the library4 ,the provision should not at first extend to more than collections of pianoforte1 violin1 organ and vocal music in the form of bound volumes2 operas1 oratorios1 cantatas and other vocal scores2 the scores of orchestral and chamber compositions2 and text-books on theory1 history and various instruments4 ,single compositions in sheet form should be very sparingly introduced1 if at all1 unless collections of the songs of some of the best modern composers are formed and bound up into volumes4 ,a large stock of compositions in single sheets1 however bound or secured1 would prove a great trouble in a public library4 ,the compositions of local composers should be collected1 however1 and bound in volumes4 ,in providing shelving for music1 it is well to have special cases with uprights only eighteen inches apart1 as it is very difficult to consult long rows of thin quarto books1 when on shelves three feet long1 owing to the weight of the books4 ,this applies to quarto and folio books generally4 #aic4 ,engravings4--,save in book form1 very few public libraries have done much in the way of collecting engravings1 prints and etchings1 unless they have been of local interest4 ,considerations of expense would deter most ,british public libraries from attempting this kind of collection1 and it is rather a pity1 because many prints and engravings which illustrate historical events have immense practical value4 ,portraits1 too1 are extremely valuable and useful1 but as means are at present provided1 the whole matter is one of pure speculation and sentiment4 ,but perhaps the day will come when public libraries may be able to collect specimens of the etched work of great artists2 engravings after the greatest masters2 engravings and prints depicting leading events in the national history2 and pictures illustrating costume1 ceremonials1 manners and customs1 disappearing buildings1 great engineering works1 topographical changes1 etc4 ,the value of these graphic aids to the furtherance of knowledge is enormous1 and it is a pity some systematic effort cannot be made to record1 preserve and index them more generally and effectively than has been done in depositories like the ,british ,museum4 #caid4 ,photographs4--,collections of photographs which deal with local matters should be made by every public library 7see ,chapter ,,xxviii474 ,certain ,american libraries also collect photographs of great pictures and those which represent various natural forms4 ,studies for the use of artists are also collected1 mounted on cards1 and made accessible1 and some of these attempts to popularize art should be made in ,british libraries4 ,photographs are comparatively cheap1 and almost every kind of picture and study can be obtained in this medium4 ,what is particularly required is some kind of practical list or guide1 drawn up by an expert1 from which libraries could make their selections4 ,a systematic list covering the various arts of design1 historical painting1 sculpture1 architecture1 etc41 would be of great service4 ,photographs of great public events1 ceremonials1 buildings1 etc41 and of eminent personages1 would have to be purchased according to means1 and1 as every one knows1 this might be made an endless matter4 ,there is no reason1 however1 why public libraries should not preserve good photographs of the most eminent authors1 artists1 musicians1 scientists1 military commanders1 royal personages1 etc4 ,portraits of such persons are not always easy to find in books1 when required1 especially as the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,portrait-,index is limited in scope2 therefore a separate collection of portraits in alphabetical order would be a valuable addition to a public library4 ,in this connexion it is useful to remove portraits of celebrities1 views1 etc41 from worn-out books and magazines1 and preserve them along with all other appropriate matter4 #c ,the matters thus marked are dealt with more fully under the ,division on ,reference ,work1 but are included here for the sake of giving a complete conspectus of the material involved in selection4--,,ed4 #daie4 ,lantern ,slides4--,in libraries which possess lecture-rooms or other suitable accommodation1 it is often desirable to collect lantern slides on such subjects as local topography and history1 or on topics which illustrate bibliographical and kindred subjects4 ,these will be found very useful1 and as the collection increases1 sets can be lent out to societies or individuals who require them for lectures4 ,the cost of storing and cataloguing the slides is not great1 and they are undoubtedly a valuable addition to the pictorial side of literature4 #d ,the matters thus marked are dealt with more fully under the ,division on ,reference ,work1 but are included here for the sake of giving a complete conspectus of the material involved in selection4--,,ed4 #eaif4 ,trade and other ,catalogues4--,a most useful department1 though somewhat difficult to maintain1 is a collection of the best and most representative catalogues and price lists of all kinds of commodities4 ,several points crop up in connection with the work of forming such collections1 and the question of policy is here perhaps the most important4 ,many firms will not give their price lists2 and it may be considered invidious to select firms1 thereby suggesting favouritism and unfair advertising4 ,in some industries prices1 ideas and designs are regarded as trade secrets1 and doubtless jealousies might be stirred up in some quarters4 ,but the fact remains that illustrated catalogues of books1 furniture1 ironmongery1 machinery1 pottery1 art publications1 scientific apparatus1 etc41 are often more generally useful than text-books or special trade and professional journals4 ,even pattern books of wall-papers1 bookbinders' cloths1 leather-work1 typefounding and so forth are of immense service to special students1 and an effort should be made to strengthen the literary side of suitable subjects by a judicious selection of the best illustrated trade catalogues4 #e ,the matters thus marked are dealt with more fully under the ,division on ,reference ,work1 but are included here for the sake of giving a complete conspectus of the material involved in selection4--,,ed4 #aig4 ,books for the ,blind4--,many libraries now store and circulate books for the blind in the ,braille and ,moon types1 and in this work some of them have been aided by the expert advice and actual donations of special societies interested in the well-being of the blind4 ,there is quite an extensive and rapidly growing literature for the blind in the special raised type required for finger-reading1 and a library of a few hundreds of volumes makes quite an imposing show4 ,the question of space will arise in many places1 because books for the blind are1 as a rule1 only embossed on one side of each page1 and1 owing to this embossing and the size of the type1 some books make several thick quarto volumes4 ,no space could1 however1 be devoted to a more humane or valuable purpose than the storage of books for the blind1 and every encouragement and support should be given to the movement2 though it would undoubtedly be the most effective method of ministering to the needs of the locality to subscribe for a constantly changing supply of books to one of the institutions for the blind which make a speciality of this kind of work4 #faih4 ,maps4--,in addition to all local maps and plans1 old and new1 sets of the ,ordnance and ,geological ,survey maps on the one-inch scale should be added4 ,atlases will exist in the reference library as a matter of course1 but maps of the ,united ,kingdom suitable for tourists1 cyclists1 anglers1 climbers1 etc41 should be added as freely as possible4 #f ,the matters thus marked are dealt with more fully under the ,division on ,reference ,work1 but are included here for the sake of giving a complete conspectus of the material involved in selection4--,,ed4 #aii4 ,discarding ,effete ,books4--,the question of periodically weeding out a public library1 with the object of keeping it always up to date and also making room for fresh additional stock1 has already been partly discussed in ,sections #ajg1 etc41 and #agd1 etc41 and it is a most important part of modern public library policy4 ,the periodical reprinting of class lists affords a valuable opportunity for considering the claims of certain kinds of books to remain idle on the shelves1 where they not only fill the space which should be available for more live works1 but they obstruct the general work of the library4 ,every public library receives at one time or another books which must for reasons of policy be catalogued4 ,such books1 for example1 as are donated1 are expected to be placed in the library and duly catalogued4 ,there are generally hundreds of such books in every large library which have no permanent value2 and these1 and also the mistaken selections of committees and librarians1 should be discarded as soon as possible4 ,there are also1 of course1 the books which go out of use automatically1 such as those noted in the subjoined ,rules1 and those others which manage to slip into libraries when the custodian is dreaming of higher things1 or is misled by the erroneous titles adopted by authors4 ,the weeding-out process should be continuous1 and when catalogues are being reprinted1 the books are being rearranged1 or any kind of fresh movement is being made1 a specially favourable opportunity is afforded to prune the growth of weeds which will somehow manage to infest the best-regulated libraries in spite of every care4 ,the sentimental museum idea is1 of course1 responsible for much of the tendency to collect and preserve everything1 on the ,byronic theory1 no doubt1 that ,a book's a book1 although there's nothing in't1 and1 as a library is a repository for books1 then all books should be collected and preserved at any hazard or sacrifice1 be they good or bad4 #bjj4 ,,rules ,,for ,,discarding ,,useless ,,books3 ,,science4--,all general works which are not epoch-making1 but merely recapitulations of ascertained facts1 should be discarded when twenty years old4 ,care should be taken not to discard any book1 however old1 which has not been efficiently superseded4 ,all ordinary text-books of every science1 save mathematics and occult science1 may be discarded when twenty years old4 ,nicely illustrated textbooks1 especially of zoology and botany1 should be discarded with much caution4 ,,useful ,,arts4--,the same rule applies to this class as to ,science1 save that patents1 specifications1 recipes1 books on household arts1 and all finely illustrated books should be retained4 ,,fine ,,arts4--,books must be discarded very sparingly in this section4 ,collections of engravings1 finely illustrated books1 and collected music1 not at all4 ,,theology ,,and ,,philosophy4--,philosophical works1 particularly systems of philosophy1 should never be discarded4 ,historical and explanatory text-books may be discarded as they become superseded by later works4 ,old theology1 commentaries on the ,bible1 sectarian literature and sermons should be discarded very freely4 ,theological controversies should never be collected by general municipal libraries unless of local interest4 ,,social ,,science4--,this class requires frequent revision1 especially in the sections devoted to political economy1 government1 law and other topics4 ,books on questions of momentary interest can be replaced by historical rsums4 ,constantly changing subjects like law1 government and political economy should be kept up to date as much as possible1 and the historical record kept by means of recent histories4 ,questions like parliamentary reform1 slavery and chartism are illustrations of once burning topics which may just as well be represented by a few modern histories as by actual collections of the very voluminous literature attached to each subject4 ,,language ,,and ,,literature4--,old grammars may be discarded without risk1 and also ordinary school dictionaries4 ,books on literary history1 bibliography and librarianship are tools1 and should never be discarded4 ,,prose ,,fiction4--,novelists mentioned in literary histories should never be discarded4 ,minor novelists of all lands1 who are not mentioned in literary histories1 whose works have remained unissued for a year or two1 should be promptly discarded4 ,so1 also1 should merely topical novels of no permanent interest1 which libraries are often forced to buy under pressure4 ,continuous popularity is a good reason for retaining any novel1 provided it is not immoral4 ,,poetry ,,and ,,drama4--,collective works should never be discarded unless efficiently superseded4 ,but poets and dramatists of a day who are no longer read may be safely discarded1 but no one who is named in histories of literature4 ,,history ,,and ,,geography4--,historical works which are mere rsums1 and not themselves original authorities1 may be discarded with comparative safety2 but the matter of illustrations again applies here with considerable force4 ,works of travel of the ordinary globe-trotting description may be discarded when ten years old1 along with all kinds of guidebooks1 save those which are local4 ,but here1 again1 beware of discarding illustrated books4 ,pioneer works of exploration should be retained4 ,old gazetteers are1 as a rule1 lumber1 but some of the illustrated ones1 like ,lewis' for ,britain1 may be retained for their armorial illustrations4 ,histories which are literary classics1 like ,hume1 ,robertson1 ,clarendon1 should be kept1 even if superseded by more accurate modern works4 ,,biography4--,collected biography should never be discarded4 ,the biographies of nonentities in the individual biography class may1 however1 be weeded pretty freely and frequently after they are from forty to fifty years old4 ,,miscellaneous4--,discard old encyclopdias with care2 newspapers or directories freely4 ,retain all local matter of this kind however4 ,be extremely chary about storing inferior magazines of the miscellany order4 ,a long set of an old magazine of this kind is a positive incubus1 and most modern magazines of the snippet order are not worth house-room4 ,wear them out in the reading rooms by all means1 but do not preserve them4 ,,general4--,all works that are defective or dirty should be discarded1 or at any rate withdrawn from general circulation4 ,a book defective in a plate or a section or two can sometimes be completed by an application to the publisher for the missing part1 which is usually forthcoming at small cost4 ,dirty books are the bane of municipal lending libraries1 and a ruthless policy in regard to them is a public economy4 ,especially does this remark apply to classic fiction3 clean1 or fresh1 copies should always be available1 even if at the cost of obtaining fewer works of inferior fiction4 ,many of the criticisms levelled at libraries have been due to neglect of this matter2 sometimes due1 we are sorry to say1 to want of money to buy the necessary replacements4 #bja4 ,none of the foregoing recommendations for discarding1 except the last1 applies to bibliographical rarities or curiosities2 to works of recognized literary merit which are mentioned in histories of literature2 to books which are of local interest2 or to special collections4 ,they apply simply and solely to the rank and file of literature1 the #ej per cent4 of the fruits of the press which become stale through effluxion of time4 ,the question of how to dispose of discarded books can generally be decided by some local circumstance4 ,discarded text-books of science are generally of little value to anyone1 and need not be preserved at all4 ,but faded works of travel1 history and biography may find interested readers in workhouses1 hospitals and prisons4 ,to these1 or similar institutions1 the discarded books of a public library could be transferred4 ,it is hardly necessary to point out that books which are not good enough or fresh enough for a central library1 are not good enough for a branch library4 ,books proposed to be withdrawn permanently should be submitted to the library committee1 and lists of the discarded books may be printed in the bulletin1 if there is one1 or1 failing that1 in a separate form4 ,it is useful that readers likely to be interested should be afforded an opportunity of judging the proposals and action of the library committee in its work of weeding out the library4 ,any serious objection to a book being removed should be considered1 and nothing should be done without the utmost deliberation1 because1 as yet1 we have not achieved a public library index expurgatorius of books not worth preserving4 ,when this comes1 the task will be immensely lightened4 ,books which are discarded should not be permitted to leave the library unless stamped1 to indicate that they are rejected4 ,a stamp with a movable dating centre should be used1 with the words1 8,public ,library1 ,discarded10 in a circle4 #bjb4 ,practical ,methods of ,selection4--,the number of books which have been published to aid in book selection is somewhat large1 but few of them1 save1 perhaps1 ,sonnenschein's publications and ,nelson's ,standard ,books1 make any attempt to indicate the best editions of particular authors4 ,it may be assumed that every entry in these lists of best books represents a work which is recommended on account of its merit1 literary or otherwise4 ,but something more than this is required by the librarian who is faced with the task of building up a great modern library1 and is limited in his selection to books of the most enduring merit1 and those which most completely and accurately record the state of the science or subject to which they are devoted4 ,it is a very easy matter to simply order books1 like the millionaire who fitted up his library by the superficial yard1 thereby tempting a bookseller1 entrusted with a large order for books of a uniform size in fine bindings1 to bind up some hundreds of copies of a cheap 8remainder10 in different covers1 but with varying titles1 in order to provide in dummy form the necessary mileage of books required4 ,public library formation can hardly be undertaken in this happy-go-lucky manner4 #bjc4 ,the principal aids to the selection of new books are ,the ,library ,association ,list of ,best ,books1 which is an annotated1 classified and evaluated list published weekly in ,the ,athenum1 and ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,book-,list1 which serves similarly for ,american books1 and the journals of various kinds1 which review and advertise books as published4 ,comparatively few of the literary journals review books in a manner helpful to the would-be book-buyer1 because they do not describe the contents of them so much as criticize their literary style1 production1 printers' errors1 etc4 ,generally speaking1 a modern book review is what it was in the old days of the ,edinburgh and ,quarterly1 simply a peg on which to hang the reviewer's opinions on the subject of the book1 and on which to display his knowledge and critical insight4 ,moreover1 it must be remembered that publishers advertise their wares in literary journals1 and that fact may1 in some cases1 not be without influence upon the views of the critics4 ,the subject of the book1 its style of treatment1 scope1 and details of its contents are left to be divined by the reader4 ,some of the modern publishers' monthly catalogues are much more helpful than any journal or review1 because they add brief descriptive notes to each entry of a new book4 ,a plain1 practical note outlining the principal contents and intention of a book is worth pages of critical remarks to the librarian book-buyer4 ,the following is a list of the journals most used by librarians in selecting new books3 ,,general3 ,athenum 7,annotated7 ,literary ,world ,publishers' ,circular ,weekly and monthly1 most of ,saturday ,review them giving a summary list ,nation 7,london7 of new books1 reviews1 and ,spectator advertisements4 ,times ,literary ,supplement 7,annotated7 ,bookman4 ,bookseller4 ,book ,monthly4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,book ,list4 7,annotated47 ,nation 7,new ,york74 ,publishers' ,weekly 7,new ,york74 ,,special3 ,nature 7scientific books generally74 ,english ,mechanic 7technical books7 ,engineer 7technical books74 ,current ,foreign books can readily be found in the lists issued by ,brockhaus1 ,hachette1 ,williams ,norgate1 ,dulau1 etc4 ,in addition to the very uncertain and unsatisfactory method of thus choosing new books by their titles1 because it amounts to very little else1 some arrangement is required whereby libraries can obtain non-fictional books on view1 so that they can be properly examined before being ordered4 ,publishers are generally willing to submit new publications to librarians through their booksellers1 and visits to large book stores should be made frequently4 ,a good plan is for a public library to maintain one or two subscriptions with a large commercial circulating library1 through which new books may be read or examined4 #bjd4 ,the best guides to the titles of old books1 which1 of course1 include modern books other than recent publications1 will be found in ,appendix ,,ii41 p4 #ejg4 ,here again1 no doubt owing to the largeness of the field1 notes in aid of choice are badly wanted4 ,nelson's and ,sonnenschein's books are the best in this respect1 if the special annotated lists in the latter are excepted4 ,,bibliography #bje4 ,general3 ,bascom1 ,e4 ,l4 ,book ,selection4 ,in ,a4,l41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ4 ,preprint of chapter xvi41 #aiae4 ,bisseker1 ,h4 7,ed474 ,students' ,library1 #aiaa4 ,kelly4 ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,the ,small ,library1 #aijg4 ,routledge4 ,cutter1 ,w4 ,p4 ,report of the ,a4,l4,a4 ,committee on ,book-buying4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,bulletin1 vol4 iv41 p4 #ejf4 #aiaj4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,book ,selection4 ,in his ,library ,primer1 #aiaj1 p4 #dc4 ,fletcher1 ,w4 ,t4 ,selection and ,purchase of ,books4 ,in his ,public ,libraries in ,america1 p4 #fh4 ,spofford1 ,a4 ,r4 ,book for all ,readers1 #aiji4 ,putnam4 ,wheatley1 ,h4 ,b4 ,how to ,form a ,library1 #aijb4 ,stock4 #bjf4 ,special3 ,kroeger1 ,a4 ,b4 ,guide to the ,study of ,reference ,books4 ,coe1 ,e4 ,m4 ,fiction ,with list of articles4 ,u4,s4 ,education ,rept41 #ahib-ic1 vol4 i41 p4 #icc4 ,great ,fiction ,question4 ,greenwood's ,year-,book1 #ahig1 p4 #ajg4 ,library ,association4 ,public ,libraries and the ,distribution of ,embossed ,books to ,local ,blind ,readers1 #aiac4 ,richardson1 ,e4 ,c4 ,reference ,books4 ,u4,s4 ,education ,dept41 #ahib-ic1 vol4 i41 p4 #igf4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,g4 #a-bd1 ,book ,selection4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,accession ,,methods #bjg4 ,donations4--,the first ,british ,public ,library ,act did not make any provision for funds with which to buy books3 it trusted entirely1 with the innocence of extreme youth1 to the benevolence of donors4 ,as these somewhat rare persons did not respond in an encouraging manner1 the ,acts were forthwith amended1 and communities given power to purchase books from such limited funds as were left after loans1 the librarian's salary and the lighting bill had been settled4 ,although every library benefits now and then from the generosity of donors of books and money1 donations cannot be regarded as a reliable source of a constant and liberal supply of good and suitable books4 ,indeed1 it may be asserted that more printed rubbish is bestowed annually on public libraries than anything of a useful or valuable sort4 ,touting for gifts is to be avoided4 ,it is not only undignified1 but often results in failure and a certain loss of status to the library which employs a general begging policy4 ,state papers and public documents are carefully preserved in many libraries in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,many of the best parliamentary papers and reports can be obtained free on application to ,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office in ,london1 but other valuable public documents1 such as some of the ,record ,office publications1 the ,ordnance ,survey1 etc41 must be purchased4 ,the parliamentary papers were not given free to public libraries till after years of agitation dating from the time of ,edwards in #ahej4 ,a selection of these papers will be found sufficient for most libraries1 and this can be made from the lists published by ,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office4 #bjh4 ,all donations1 good1 bad or indifferent1 should be duly recorded in a special ,,donation ,,register1 and the donors should be thanked in the usual manner1 either by means of a special circular or post-card4 ,for the majority of donations a printed post-card of acknowledgment is commonly used1 and specially valuable gifts are acknowledged by special resolutions conveyed in a handsome form4 ,it would seem better1 however1 if a letter-form of acknowledgment were generally used4 ,gratitude1 even for small gifts1 costs little1 and its expression frequently leads to more valuable gifts4 ,the usual wording for acknowledgments runs thus3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,liberton ,,public ,,library4 ,i am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your gift named below1 and to convey to you the most cordial thanks of the ,library ,committee4 ,yours faithfully1 4444444444444444444444444444,chief ,librarian4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,fig4 #eg4--;,donation ,acknowledgment 7,section #bjh74 #bji4 ,the ruling of a donation book 7,fig4 #eh7 will be found to answer all ordinary purposes4 ,the donation number is a progressive number which should be given to all gifts1 particularly books1 because1 when pencilled on volumes which are duplicates or not stocked for any reason1 it is easy to ascertain their history by turning up the number in the donation book4 ,most of the other headings explain themselves4 ,when books are added to the library as donations it is well to carry into this record the accession numbers given to them in the columns provided4 ,in the 8,remarks0 column can be entered any information as to the disposal of the gifts4 ,in some libraries a book is used which resembles a receipt book in having a counterfoil and a tear-off sheet forming a thanks circular or acknowledgment form4 ,this style of book is less satisfactory than the form of record given above4 -----------------#i--------------------- ----------i-------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,date ,accession ,do- ,date of ,ac-,descrip- ,no4 ,name and,number4 na- of ,re-knowl tion of of ,address ---------,remarks4 tionceipt4edg- ,donation4,vols4of ,lend4,ref4 ,no4 ment4 ,donor4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ac ,v ,,fig4 #eh4--;,donation ,book ,ruling 7,section #bji74 #baj4 ,readers' ,suggestions4--,there are comparatively few suggestions of new books made by readers in public libraries1 most of the recommendations coming from the librarian and the committee4 ,it is customary to provide a book in which members of the public can enter their suggestions1 or slips as described in ,section #dh4 ,slips are perhaps preferable to books1 as they are more likely to be used by the public and are handier to arrange4 ,failing them1 an ordinary foolscap folio book can be provided1 ruled with columns across two pages showing3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,date of ,date ,name and ,decision ,sugges-,author4,title4 of ,vols4,price4 ,pub- ,address ofof ,com- tion4 ,publ4 lisher4,proposer4 mittee4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,fig4 #ei4--,proposition ,book ,ruling 7,section #baj74 #baa4 ,from the suggestions of the public and the committee and his own study of reviews1 catalogues1 journals1 etc41 the librarian prepares a list of book suggestions for the use of the committee1 or special books sub-committee1 as the case may be4 ,this list may either be entered and kept in the suggestions book1 or written out on separate slips 7#e inches #c inches71 which can be afterwards used as a catalogue for staff use4 ,the latter plan is preferable as being more economical and convenient1 especially when worked in conjunction with suggestion slips1 of the same size1 instead of a proposition book4 ,some committees require a duplicated list of the suggestions to be prepared and circulated before they meet in order that every member may have the opportunity of examining it beforehand4 ,in a few cases the librarian also 7or as an alternative7 obtains all the books on approval from the bookseller1 and the committee chooses from direct examination of the books themselves4 ,this method involves extra labour1 especially in large libraries1 but is very successful and well worth the trouble4 ,when the list has passed the committee1 with whatever modifications they may have imposed1 the books can be ordered as described below in ,section #bac4 ,these suggestions are the main source from which the library is built up1 and ought to be prepared and examined with great care4 ,arising out of this part of the subject is the question of buying books at sales4 ,this is often done through a bookseller or other agent1 who receives a marked copy of the catalogue1 with the prices to be offered written against each entry1 and for his services in attending and bidding #e to #aj per cent4 is generally allowed4 ,of course1 at any book-sale in the same town as the library1 the librarian may attend1 but an experienced agent is more likely to avoid mistakes4 ,unfortunately few public libraries can afford to compete with booksellers and private collectors in the saleroom1 and practically this source of accessions is not of much use to the majority of ,british public libraries4 #bab4 ,subscription ,books4--,sources of book supply in many libraries are the works coming regularly as annuals1 or from societies to whose publications the library subscribes4 ,patents' specifications1 parliamentary reports and other periodical publications also furnish a constant1 if somewhat irregular1 stream of additions4 ,there should be some simple means of checking these annual and irregular publications1 and a series of cards1 somewhat similar to those suggested for magazines in ,section #dge1 will be found very convenient4 ,it is hardly necessary to add that these check-cards should be examined regularly for overdues and omissions4 ,societies which issue only occasional monographs are the most difficult to trace and check4 ,with annual publications of a definite kind1 such as ,whitaker's ,almanack1 there is no trouble whatever4 #bac4 ,ordering4--,the routine of book ordering should be reduced to the simplest possible system4 ,there are plenty of elaborate methods designed to find out and penalize defaulting assistants1 booksellers1 etc41 but they are not recommended4 ,the very simplest plan is to place the proposition slips1 when dealt with by the committee1 in a special tray1 or1 better1 drawer of a card cabinet1 in a compartment marked 8,books passed by committee10 and then to enter them in an ordinary order-sheet1 of which a carbon copy should be taken1 or which may be copied later4 ,these order sheets 7#h inches #aj inches7 may be ruled thus3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,liberton ,,public ,,library 44444444444444444444444444444444#ai ,m44444444444444444444444444444 will oblige by supplying the following books according to the terms of444444444444444 contract1 as soon as possible1 accompanied by an invoice setting out the price of every single book1 and the discount4 ,unless otherwise specified1 the latest edition of each book is required4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,author4 ,title4 ,date4 ,publisher4 ,price4 ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,fig4 #fj4--;,book-order ,sheet 7,section #bac74 ,in the 8,remarks0 column of the duplicate copy can be entered the date of receipt when a parcel of books is being marked off4 ,libraries which use vertical and similar filing systems preserve carbon copies of order lists and file them under appropriate headings1 and dispense with the ruled order sheet given above1 merely accompanying the lists with a general official order4 ,where a duplicated 7cyclostyled1 mimeographed1 etc47 list of suggestions is used for the committee1 a copy of this1 with the committee's adjustments1 can be used as an order list4 ,the bookseller's invoice and the books are checked by the suggestion slips1 and discrepancies of price or books not supplied are revealed immediately4 ,the use of books for entering lists1 or for other library record purposes1 is gradually giving way to the more mobile and economical systems to be obtained by the use of expansible files and card indexes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,book-order ,tray 7,sections #bac1 #bad74g #g ,this illustration is retained because it illustrates a satisfactory method of guiding2 but this type of tray is inferior to a special drawer in an 8administrative0 card cabinet4 ,in such a cabinet drawers would be assigned to 7#a7 8,,suggestions10 which would include the slips for all books noted by the librarian for consideration2 suggestions by experts2 by staff2 incomplete works1 etc42 7#b7 8,,committee ,,drawer10 containing books 8,submitted to the ,committee10 and 8,passed10 and 8,rejected0 7with reasons71 or 8,postponed for further inquiries1 etc402 7#c7 8,,order ,,drawer10 with guides showing 8,ordered10 8,overdue10 8,not ,supplied0 7when ,o4,p41 ,binding1 ,reprinting1 etc41 the reasons should be stated and dated72 and 7#d7 8,,additions10 containing the slips of books added during the year1 after the slips have been used in the cataloguing processes4 ,after a year the slips are worked into the ,staff ,catalogue4 #bad4 ,when the order has been placed with the bookseller1 the slips aforesaid should be transferred to a compartment marked 8,books on order10 and as the books are supplied they can be withdrawn and placed in a compartment marked 8,books for catalogue40 ,this will leave a residue of overdue books1 which can be overhauled at intervals1 and1 when the books have been written for1 transferred to a compartment marked 8,books overdue40 ,a simple form of tray is one divided by means of projecting guides to indicate the contents of each compartment 7,fig4 #fa74 ,this plan of keeping check of books on order1 at every stage1 will be found much simpler1 and more accurate and convenient than any system of book-keeping4 #bae4 ,accession ,work4--,when a parcel of new books arrives from the bookseller1 or a monthly lot of donations is passed1 it is wise to enter each lot in a special book called the routine book1 which will determine the order of numbering1 and give rough figures of cost and number of additions to all departments4 ,this book is ruled as shown in ,fig4 #fb;,a1 and explains itself4 ,each new book should be carefully examined for imperfections1 etc41 before being numbered4 ,the books should next be arranged in order of invoice or donation book1 with the lending1 reference1 branch and children's books in separate lots4 #baf4 ,the ,,accession ,,numbers must next be applied1 and it should be made a rule in every library1 whatever method of classification is adopted1 to give the books a progressive accession number irrespective of a class number4 ,a special book for recording these numbers can be obtained1 one each for the lending and reference libraries1 ruled as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,progressive ,class ,author and ,title4 ,class or ,no4 ,letter4 ,shelf ,no4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a ,a ,balfour4 ,manual of ,botany4 #bjj #b #c #d #e and on to #ej per page ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,fig4 #fb4--;,accessions ,number ,book 7,section #baf74 ,this will show at a glance the next vacant number to be used1 and also1 roughly1 the total number of books in the library at any given moment1 when the withdrawals are counted off4 ,the accession numbers should be written on the back of the title-page of each book1 and should also be written against the entry on the invoice1 and also1 if a donation1 in the appropriate column of the donation book4 ,in cases where the stock book is also the order book1 the accessions number book can be dispensed with1 and the accessions routine book used alone4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,first ,accession ,number of ,source3 ,word ,number4 ,vols4 ,date4 ,donor or of ,vendor4 ,invoice4 ------------------ ,lend4,ref4,lend4,ref4 ---------------------------------------- - #aija ,june #f,tompkins ,balfour #a-eja-be #ej #be #ab;,donations,see ,book#ea-ef 44 #f 44 ---------------------------------------- - ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,replacements4 ,first ,cost4 ,source3 ,word ,re- ,date4 ,donor or of marks4 ,vendor4 ,invoice4 ----------------------------- ,lend4 ,ref4 ,vols4 ,cost4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aija ,june #f,tompkins ,balfour #gaj #j #f #e #j #f #jai #j #ab;,donations,see ,book444444444444 44 444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,fig4 #fb;,a4--,accessions ,routine ,book 7,section #bae74 #bag4 ,according to the system of charging used1 each book should be dealt with further1 as regards appropriating its equivalent card1 indicator book1 or ledger page1 as may be needful4 ,assuming that card charging is the adopted plan1 a specially made manila book-card must be prepared1 having the accession and class number and letter1 and its author and title written on its front surface1 as below3 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,e #ajjc4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,balfour4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,manual of ,botany4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,fig4 #fc4--,manila ,book-card4 ,this form of book-card may be ruled to take the borrowers' numbers and dates of issues1 and is one of the main accessories of the card system described in ,sections #chj1 #cha4 #bah4 ,with indicators it is necessary to write the accession numbers on to the indicator books or tabs according to the style of indicator used4 ,in forms such as the ,elliot1 the number is already fixed on the indicator frame and requires no additional book tab or block4 ,other processes connected with book numbering for shelving purposes are considered in ,chapter ,,xxv4 #bai4 ,the next process is the ,,labelling of the books4 ,reference library books are usually labelled on the inside of their front boards with the library book-plate1 which may be an artistic device1 or a simple label bearing the town's arms and a few of the chief rules of the department 7,fig4 #fd74 ,some libraries add a label ruled in columns to show dates of issue1 but this does not seem particularly useful4 ,lending library books are labelled with a label pasted down on the inside front board bearing the chief rules for borrowers1 and with a date label secured to the front fly-leaf by means of a narrow line of paste on the inner edge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,no444444 ,,metropolitan ,,borough ,,of ,,islington4 ,,public ,,libraries4 ,,north ,,branch4 ,,manor ,,gardens1 ,,holloway ,,road1 ,n4 ,,hours4 ,lending ,library ,,open from #aj a4m4 till #i p4m4 on week-days4 ,,closed on ,sundays and public holidays4 ,,renewals4 ,the issue of a book may be renewed for a further period of #ae days on notice being given either personally or in writing4 ,see ,rule #ai4 ,,reserved ,,books4 ,any book may be reserved on payment of one penny to cover expenses4 ,see ,rule #bj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,fig4 #fd4--;,book ,label with ,abstract of ,rules 7,section #bai74 ,this enables the label to be removed easily when stamped all over with dates of issue4 ,an ordinary form of date label is ruled in columns to take the dates as shown in ,fig4 #fe4 #bbj4 ,it is a very important matter1 affecting not only libraries1 but general readers of all kinds1 that books should be issued by their publishers in a condition of readiness for immediate use4 ,the absurd and most inconvenient practice of publishing novels1 reference books1 and indeed any kind of work1 with uncut leaves1 is one which causes more waste of time and irritation than almost anything else in connexion with books4 ,a publisher may be justified in sending out special books in limited editions with uncut edges and leaves unopened1 but every other kind of book should have its edges neatly and smoothly trimmed and its leaves cut in readiness for the reader4 ,it is cleaner and more convenient1 because nothing holds dust like the rough top and fore-edges of books cut with a paper-knife1 and for this reason alone it should be made a penal offence to issue books with unopened leaves4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,time ,,allowed ,,for ,,reading4 ,this book is issued for #ae days and must be returned on or before the date last stamped below4 ,if kept beyond that date1 a fine of one penny per week or part of a week will be incurred4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no person shall take out of any library any book for use in any house in which there is a person suffering from infectious disease1 and no person shall return to any such library any book which has been exposed to infection from any infectious disease1 but shall at once give notice to the ,medical ,officer of ,health that it has been exposed to infection and leave the book at the office of the ,medical ,officer of ,health or hand it over to any ,sanitary ,inspector acting on his behalf1 who shall cause the same to be disinfected and then returned to the ,library1 or destroyed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,fig4 #fe4--;,book ,label for ,dates 7,section #bai74 #bba4 ,the ,,stamping and ,,cutting of the leaves of new books is the next step in the preparation of books for public use1 and as regards the latter it is necessary to insist that the leaves should be cut close into the backs of the books1 and not left uncut to within half or quarter an inch of the back1 so that an ugly tear is made whenever the book is fully opened4 ,a half-cut book is an abomination not to be endured4 ,various kinds of stamps are used1 ink1 embossing and perforating4 ,the ink ones1 usually applied with rubber dies1 are not altogether satisfactory when used with ordinary aniline endorsing inks1 as they can be erased4 ,printers' ink is more satisfactory1 but it takes some time to dry1 and requires metal stamps to make it work easily4 ,the ink used by the ,post ,office when applied with a metal stamp has been found effective4 ,but for their expense embossing stamps are most satisfactory1 and of the various kinds of these the perforating stamp formed like a pair of nippers is the easiest to apply4 ,whatever kind of stamp is used1 it should be made in a circular shape1 as in whatever position it is applied it never appears to be upside down or uneven1 as other shapes too frequently do4 ,every library should select certain fixed pages on which the stamps are to be placed1 and every title-page1 first and last pages of text1 and all plates should be stamped4 ,as a rule too much time is wasted in stamping library books1 and it will be found quite enough to stamp the places indicated1 and use a blind embossing stamp for the boards4 #bbb4 ,in certain books it is desirable to insert special labels for the instruction of the staff and as a gentle warning to readers2 for example3 ---------------------------- ,notice to ,staff4--,this book is to be examined on its return to the library4 ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #ff4--,warning ,label4 ,this is especially useful in the case of books containing plates of art subjects which are liable to theft or disfigurement4 ,in reference books with large folding maps or plates1 the following label1 which is attached to each map or plate1 has proved to be serviceable3 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,croydon ,,public ,,libraries4 ,,folding ,,map ,,or ,,plate4 ,please unfold carefully to avoid tearing4 ,in re-folding1 be sure you return to original folds4 ,if a reference book1 ask the assistant to do it for you1 rather than re-fold wrongly4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,fig4 #fg4--,map or ,plate ,label4 #bbc4 ,process ,checking4--,many libraries keep a complete check of the processes through which a book passes from its receipt from the bookseller to its issue to the public1 in the form of a rubber stamp which is impressed upon the back of the title-page1 or at some other convenient place in the book3 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,numbered ,cut ,stamped -------------- ,process ,lab4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,book-plated ,catalogued3 ,checked ,slip3 ,annotation3 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,accessioned ,book-carded ,finally ,checked and ,issued ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,fig4 #fh4--,process ,stamp 7or ,label74 ,the assistant carrying out the process initials the appropriate blank on the impression1 and this protects the good assistant from blame for the faults of the occasional careless one4 ,what is more important1 they show anyone coming newly to a batch of books the stage that has been reached in their preparation4 ,such stamps are readily applied and have justified their use4 #bbd4 ,stock ,book4--,this is the chief inventory or record of the books contained in the library in every department1 and should be ruled to show the history of each book from its accession till its final withdrawal4 ,the intermediate renewals of worn-out copies need not be shown in this book1 as they complicate the record immensely1 and there seems no strong reason for doing more than noting the total number of renewals in the ,routine book1 as already shown in ,section #bae4 ,there are many forms of stock books1 but for ordinary ,british municipal libraries the variety shown in the ruling on page #bjb will be found1 with its accessories1 sufficient for every purpose4 ,there does not seem to be any obvious advantage in the ,american plan of printing the accession numbers progressively down each page1 as this renders it impossible to re-enter a new book which has been given a withdrawn number1 and there is a decided waste in using up from two to a hundred lines for a single work4 #bbe4 ,the stock book now recommended can be adapted to any system of classification1 and when used in conjunction with the annual abstract sheets1 ruled as shown on page #bjc1 the exact position of the stock can be easily and correctly ascertained4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,accession,author4 ,brief ,title4 ,place of ,date of ,no4 of ,no4 ,publication4,publication4,vols4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,fig4 #fi4--,stock ,book4--,left-hand ,folio 7,section #bbd74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,class,binding4,donor or,date of ,price4 ,special,with- ,re- ,no4 ,vendor4,receipt4 ,collec-drawalmarks4 tion4 ,book4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,fig4 #gj4--,stock ,book4--,right-hand ,folio 7,section #bbd74 #bbf4 ,every book received into the library must be entered in the stock book1 and a separate book should be kept for the reference and lending departments and for every branch4 ,provision is made in the ruling for any needful cross-reference to the withdrawals book1 and a column is used for any remarks required to elucidate further the history of each book4 ,when a book is discarded it is entered in the withdrawals book1 and the page of this register is carried into the appropriate column in the stock book against the original entry4 ,the stock is balanced annually by the withdrawals of the year being deducted from the total stock as ascertained at the end of the previous year1 plus all the new additions4 ,withdrawn numbers should be applied to new books so as to prevent blanks in the sequence1 and such books must be entered in the stock book in its chronological order1 and cross-references made between the new and original entries4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,page4 ,classification4 ,total,bought4 ,pre- ,special ,vols4 sented4 ,collec- tions4 ----------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,fig4 #ga4--;,abstract ,sheet for ,stock and ,withdrawals ,book 7,section #bbe74 ,this will cause occasional irregularities in the progression of numbers of the 8,accession ,number0 column1 but it is of much greater importance not to allow extensive blanks to occur in this series of numbers1 as it will play havoc with the charging system later on4 ,this method of re-entering cannot be done with stock books having the accession numbers ready printed1 and librarians who use this form must make up their minds to run a very irregular series of numbers4 ,the whole process can be simplified by the use of a loose-leaf accession book1 such as the 8,kalamazoo0 ledgers4 ,as entries become congested by the substitution of other books for those originally stocked1 the congested pages can be re-written as a whole4 ,a register of discarded books or withdrawals can be kept in a separate book--the superseded loose leaves can be filed for the purpose--if it is thought desirable to retain a record of books which have been and are no longer in the library2 but experience has not shown such a record to have any precise or practical value4 ,as in many other branches of library work1 the tendency in accession work is to elaborate every process instead of simplifying it4 ,the simplest form of stock book is that in which a specially ruled counterfoil is attached to the order forms and which only provides columns for accession and class numbers1 author1 title and number of volumes1 publisher and price4 ,after all a stock book need only be a kind of record of origin1 and not necessarily an epitome1 of the catalogue and classification4 ,what a stock book is wanted for is to answer the questions3 ,when did a given book come2 where did it come from2 what did it cost2 how many books does the library possess2 what are they about8 ,there are so many records which give other particulars1 that it seems a great waste of time to repeat a large number of the particulars given in some stock books4 #bbg4 ,the withdrawals book is the necessary complement of the stock book1 and in it is entered every book permanently withdrawn from the library for any reason4 ,the ruling given below will show better than description its scope and style3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,date of ,accession,author4,brief ,title4,no4 of,class,remarks4 ,withdrawal4 ,no4 ,vols4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,fig4 #gb4--,withdrawals ,book 7,section #bbg74 #bbh4 ,opinion is divided upon the point1 but usually in the enumeration of the stock of a library no distinction is made between a book and a pamphlet2 every number represents a complete item1 and the number of pages or subject-matter does not enter into the question2 and for accession purposes a pamphlet is a book or work1 whether it extends to a hundred pages or consists of but four4 ,the ,library ,association1 however1 recommends that in presenting public statistics of stocks1 as in annual reports1 there should be differentiation1 and gives the following definitions3-- 8,volumes mean books as they stand on the shelves4 ,pieces mean separate works or parts 7each usually having a separate title-page to itself1 as with pamphlets1 parts of periodicals1 and the like72 ,papers mean lesser items1 usually with less than five pages1 as broadsides1 cards1 flysheets and prints2 ,items mean volumes1 pieces1 papers1 lantern-slides1 and generally all material constituting the library stock1 and issued to readers2 ,works mean whole literary productions1 whether in several volumes or only one piece4 ,thus--ten pamphlets bound together1 with five broadsides at end1 are one volume1 ten works or pieces1 fifteen items4 ,a dictionary in twenty volumes would count as twenty volumes1 pieces1 and items1 but one work1 and in a sense one book4 ,having regard to these definitions1 care should be taken in recording the number of volumes in a library1 to reckon ten pamphlets or parts as the equivalent of a single volume40 ,thus1 if these definitions are used1 it becomes necessary to indicate in the stock book the nature of the work2 and to differentiate1 one or two symbols1 such as p4pamphlet1 and pr4paper1 may be used2 but if 8p40 is written in the 8,no4 of vols40 column to distinguish a pamphlet1 that will meet all usual statistical purposes4 #bbi4 ,,bibliography ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,accessioning ,books4 ,in his ,library ,primer1 #aiaj1 p4 #ha4 ,dewey1 ,melvil 7,ed474 ,library ,school ,rules1 #ahib4 ,hitchler1 ,theresa4 ,accession ,record1 etc4 ,in her ,cataloguing for ,small ,libraries1 #aiae4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,hopper1 ,f4 ,f4 ,order and ,accession ,department4 ,in ,a4,l4,a41 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ4 ,preprint of chapter xvii41 #aiaa4 ,jast1 ,l4 ,s4 ,accessions3 ,the ,checking of the ,processes1 #aiji4 ,roebuck and ,thorne4 ,primer of ,library ,practice1 #aiad1 chapters ii4-iii4 ,sayers and ,stewart4 ,book ,selection and ,ordering2 ,stock ,register4 ,in their ,the ,card ,catalogue1 p4 #ff4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,g #be-ch1 ,preparation of ,books for the ,public1 etc4 ,,division ,,vii ,,classification ,,and ,,shelf ,,arrangement ,,chapter ,,xv ,,general ,,principles #bcj4 ,there is no more important factor in the success or failure of a library than the classification of the books and other material which form its stock4 ,some of its uses are obvious to all readers2 it brings the material on any subject together on the shelves and in the catalogues1 and thus enables both librarian and reader to find books readily4 ,it has perhaps more important uses1 because it enables the librarian1 and1 in open access libraries1 the public1 to see the strength and weakness of the collection in various subjects2 it1 therefore1 is the only safe and certain means by which a collection may be built up systematically1 and may be increased4 ,moreover1 it reveals the obsolete books merely by bringing them into juxtaposition with books which have superseded them4 ,an imperfectly classified1 or unclassified1 library resembles chaos as nearly as anything can do1 and want of classification renders the finest collection of books useless except to those who already know all there is to be known of any subject in which they may be interested1 and who can therefore find the books by other means4 ,in short1 classification is the primary key to the assembling1 finding1 selecting and rejecting of books4 #bca4 ,it does even more than this4 ,a perfectly or logically constructed classification shows not only all the books on a specific subject2 it also shows the books which are collateral1 or which lead up to and away from the books on the specific subject4 ,it will readily be seen1 therefore1 that the art of classification is one that must be understood thoroughly by the successful librarian4 ,several text-books have been written on the subject1 and many articles have appeared advocating and criticizing various systems4 ,we can give here only a few leading principles1 and afterwards discuss the four or five schemes which have received most general recognition from librarians4 #bcb4 ,a classification system is a schedule or chart of knowledge arranged in some logical order according to a definite and invariable principle4 ,it may arrange knowledge by the historical1 evolutionary or some other and arbitrary principle1 the choice of which is governed by the rule that the order must be that which is likely to be most serviceable to the users of the system4 ,special classifications1 such as would be necessary for arranging a collection devoted to anthropology1 or botany1 or archology1 naturally arrange books by the principle that will most clearly reveal their place in the progress of the subject required2 and such classifications are merely mentioned in passing4 ,general classifications1 which are the business of the average librarian1 usually proceed in the historical or evolutionary order we have mentioned4 ,their schedules consist of a number of general headings1 called main classes1 which are divided by gradual steps in accordance with the principle employed until specific headings are reached4 ,each of the headings must be exclusive of subjects not falling into it4 ,in order to make this schedule of subjects practicable as a method of book arrangement1 it must be equipped with special 8form0 classes which accommodate general works1 or works of so composite a character that they do not fall into any of the subject-classes2 and which also accommodate such aggregates of literature as poetry1 drama1 essays1 fiction1 etc41 which are arranged by the form in which the matter in them is presented1 and not by the matter itself4 ,further1 it must be equipped with a notation1 or a shorthand sign for each of the subjects in the schedule1 which may be written on the backs of books and in catalogues instead of the names of the subjects4 ,and1 finally1 it must have an index which forms a ready key to the tables of the schedule1 and is a convenient means of checking the placings of books4 #bcc4 ,the theory of classification is a subject for special study1 and there are rules of order1 division1 nomenclature1 notation and indexing which it is useful for a library student to master4 ,as the ground has been covered adequately by the text-books which are listed at the end of this1 we shall do better to refer the reader to these rather than to enlarge this manual by attempting to traverse it4 #bcd4 ,,bibliography ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing4 #aiab4 ,grafton4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,classification4 ,in his ,library ,primer1 p4 #hd4 ,edwards1 ,edward4 ,memoirs of ,libraries1 #ahei1 vol4 ii41 p4 #gfa4 ,graesel1 ,a4 ,classification4 ,in his ,bibliothekslehre4 #aijb4 ,jast1 ,l4 ,s4 ,library ,classification4 ,in ,greenwood's ,year ,book1 #aijj4 p4 #ba4 ,richardson1 ,e4 ,c4 ,classification3 ,theoretical and ,practical4 #aija4 ,ed4 #b1 #aiab4 ,scribner's4 7,contains the best bibliography47 ,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,berwick4 ,introduction to ,library ,classification4 #aiah4 ,grafton4 ---- ,canons of ,classification4 #aiae4 ,grafton4 ---- ,short ,course in ,bibliographical ,classification with reference to the ,decimal and ,subject ,systems4 #aiac4 ,library ,association4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons1 ,h #a-ajh1 ,classification4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,systematic ,,classification ,,schemes #bce4 ,general4--,quite a large number of classification schemes have been devised by ,continental1 ,american and ,british librarians1 in which books are systematically arranged according to related topics1 and marked with a notation which enables any book or subject to be distinguished by its number1 for purposes of shelving1 charging and cataloguing4 ,all the best known of such schemes are described in ,brown's ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing1 ,london1 #aiab1 and ,richardson's ,classification1 #aiab4 ,it will be sufficient to name the methods of ,harris1 ,perkins and ,smith1 of ,america2 ,edwards and ,sonnenschein1 of ,england2 ,bonazzi1 of ,italy2 and ,hartwig1 of ,germany1 which1 with the well-known ,french scheme of ,brunet1 make up a very interesting collection of international contributions to the classification of books4 ,none of these schemes has been adopted in more than one or two libraries1 so that their influence is not sufficiently widespread to make any further description of their details necessary4 ,it will be much more helpful to librarians if the chief systems of classification are mentioned which fulfil every requirement as regards notation and general adaptability to library work1 and have been put to the practical test of application in a number of libraries4 ,the systems in question are the ,decimal1 ,expansive1 ,library of ,congress1 and ,subject1 the last being ,english and the three others ,american4 ,they have all been extensively adopted1 and each exists as a separate printed work1 with an index2 a vital part of any method of classification4 ,unprinted schemes1 or those of merely theoretical interest1 have little practical value1 and though every librarian has his own ideas of classification1 and generally manages to graft them on to the scheme of some other person1 and even to nibble away at his original1 it is the best and wisest course to adopt a complete1 printed and accessible scheme with as little modification as possible4 #bcf4 ,decimal ,classification4--,this1 the most popular and widely applied of all library schemes1 was invented by ,melvil ,dewey in #ahgc-gf1 and has been under revision constantly since1 and is to-day in general a very extensive and detailed scheme4 ,as indicated by its name1 the system is divided into groups of ten1 and from this results an admirable notation of unlimited expansibility4 ,its chief divisions are as follows3 #jjj ,,general ,,works4 #jaj ,bibliography4 #jbj ,library ,economy4 #jcj ,general ,cyclopdias4 #jdj ,general ,collections4 #jej ,general ,periodicals4 #jfj ,general ,societies4 #jgj ,newspapers4 #jhj ,special ,libraries4 #jij ,book ,rarities4 #ajj ,,philosophy4 #aaj ,metaphysics #abj ,metaphysics3 ,special ,topics4 #acj ,mind and ,body4 #adj ,philosophical ,systems4 #aej ,mental ,faculties1 ,psychology4 #afj ,logic4 #agj ,ethics4 #ahj ,ancient ,philosophers4 #aij ,modern ,philosophers4 #bjj ,,religion4 #baj ,natural ,theology4 #bbj ,bible4 #bcj ,doctrinal ,theology4 #bdj ,devotional and ,practical4 #cej ,homiletic1 ,pastoral1 etc4 #bfj ,church ,institutions4 #bgj ,religious ,history4 #bhj ,christian ,churches and ,sects4 #bij ,non-,christian ,religions4 #cjj ,,sociology4 #caj ,statistics4 #cbj ,political ,science4 #ccj ,political ,economy4 #cdj ,law4 #cej ,administration4 #cfj ,associations4 #cgj ,education4 #chj ,commerce1 etc4 #cij ,customs1 ,costumes1 ,folklore4 #djj ,,philology4 #daj ,comparative4 #dbj ,english4 #dcj ,german4 #ddj ,french4 #dej ,italian4 #dfj ,spanish4 #dgj ,latin4 #dhj ,greek4 #dij ,minor ,languages4 #ejj ,,natural ,,science4 #eaj ,mathematics4 #ebj ,astronomy4 #ecj ,physics4 #edj ,chemistry #eej ,geology4 #efj ,palontology4 #egj ,biology4 #ehj ,botany4 #eij ,zoology4 #fjj ,,useful ,,arts4 #faj ,medicine4 #fbj ,engineering4 #fcj ,agriculture4 #fdj ,domestic ,economy4 #fej ,communications4 #ffj ,chemical ,technology4 #fgj ,manufactures4 #fhj ,mechanic ,trades4 #fij ,building4 #gjj ,,fine ,,arts4 #gaj ,landscape ,gardening4 #gbj ,architecture4 #gcj ,sculpture4 #gdj ,drawing1 ,decoration4 #gej ,painting4 #gfj ,engraving4 #ggj ,photography4 #ghj ,music4 #gij ,amusements4 #hjj ,,literature4 #haj ,american4 #hbj ,english4 #hcj ,german4 #hdj ,french4 #hej ,italian4 #hfj ,spanish4 #hgj ,latin4 #hhj ,greek4 #hij ,minor ,languages4 #ijj ,,history4 #iaj ,geography and ,description4 #ibj ,biography4 #icj ,ancient ,history4 #idj ,europe4 #iej ,asia4 #ifj ,africa4 #igj ,n4 ,america4 ,modern4 #ihj ,s4 ,america4 #iij ,oceanica and ,polar ,regions4 ,this scheme is published separately as ,tables and ,index of the ,decimal ,classification and relative ,index for arranging and cataloguing ,libraries1 ,clippings1 ,notes1 etc41 by ,melvil ,dewey1 ,boston1 and has been largely expanded1 with an elaborate additional apparatus of form and relation marks1 by the ,institut ,international de ,bibliographie1 ,brussels4 #bcg4 ,expansive ,classification4--,this system was devised by ,charles ,amni ,cutter1 a well-known ,american librarian1 and author of the code of ,rules for a ,dictionary ,catalogue1 which has been a text-book for many years4 ,the ,expansive ,classification has not been adopted to any extent in ,britain1 but is printed in a series of seven classifications of progressive fullness1 and completely indexed1 and so becomes one of the methods to be studied4 ,an outline of the scheme follows3 ,a ,generalia ,a ,general works ,ae ,general encyclopdias ,ap ,general periodicals ,ar ,reference works ,as ,general societies ,b-,d ,spiritual sciences ,b ,philosophy ,ba-,bf ,national philosophies and ,systems of philosophy ,bg ,metaphysics ,bh ,logic ,bi ,psychology ,bm ,moral philosophy ,br ,religion1 ,natural theology ,bt ,religions ,bu ,folk-lore ,ca ,judaism ,cb ,bible ,cc ,christianity ,cce ,patristics ,ce ,apologetics1 ,evidences ,cf ,doctrinal theology ,ck ,ethical theology ,cp ,ritual theology and ,church polity ,cx ,pastoral theology ,cz ,sermons ,d ,ecclesiastical history ,dk ,particular churches and sects ,e-,g ,historical sciences ,e ,biography and ,portraits ,f-,fz ,history ,f ,universal history ,f#jb ,ancient history ,f#jc ,modern history ,f#jd ,medival history ,f#aa-;,f#ii ,history of single countries 7using local list7 ,fa-,fw ,allied studies1 as ,chronology1 ,philosophy of history1 ,history of civilization1 ,antiquities1 ,numismatics1 ,chivalry1 ,heraldry ,g ,geography1 ,travels ,g#aa-;,g#ii ,single countries 7using local list7 ,ga ,ancient geography ,gf ,surveying and ,map-making ,gz ,maps ,h-,k ,social sciences ,hb ,statistics ,hc ,economics ,he ,production ,hf ,labour ,hi ,slavery ,hj ,transportation ,hk ,distribution1 ,commerce ,hm ,money ,hn ,banking ,hr ,private finance ,ht ,taxation and ,public finance ,hu ,tariff ,hw ,property1 ,capital ,hz ,consumption ,i ,demotics1 ,sociology ,ic ,crime ,ig ,charity ,ih ,providence ,ik ,education ,j ,civics1 ,government1 ,political science ,ju ,constitutions and ,politics ,k ,legislation and ,law ,kd ,public ,documents ,l-,q ,natural sciences ,l ,general works1 ,metrics ,lb-,lg ,number and space ,lb ,mathematics ,lh-,lr ,matter and force ,lh ,physics ,lo ,chemistry ,lr ,astronomy ,m-,q ,matter and life ,m ,natural history ,mg ,geology1 incl4 ,mineralogy1 ,crystallography1 ,physical geography1 ,meteorology1 ,palontology ,my ,biology ,n ,botany ,cryptogams ,phanerogams ,o ,zoology ,invertebrates ,p ,vertebrates ,pg ,mammals ,pw ,anthropology1 ,ethnology1 ,ethnography ,q ,medicine ,r-,z ,arts ,r ,general works1 ,exhibitions1 ,patents ,rd-,rg ,extractive arts ,rd ,mining ,re ,metallurgy ,rf ,agriculture ,rh ,horticulture ,ri ,silviculture ,rj ,animaliculture ,rq ,chemic arts ,rt ,electric arts ,ry ,domestic arts ,rz ,food and ,cookery ,s ,constructive arts1 ,engineering ,sg ,building ,sj ,sanitary engineering ,sl ,hydraulic engineering ,st ,transportation and ,communication ,t ,fabricative arts1 ,machinery1 ,manufacturing and ,handicrafts ,u ,protective arts1 i4e4 ,military and ,naval ,arts1 ,life- preserving1 ,fire-fighting ,v ,athletic and ,recreative arts1 ,sports and ,games ,vs ,gymnastics ,vt ,theatre ,vv ,music ,w ,fine arts1 plastic and graphic ,we ,landscape gardening ,wf ,architecture ,wk ,casting1 ,baking1 ,firing ,wm ,drawing ,wp ,painting ,wq ,engraving ,wr ,photography ,ws ,decorative arts1 including ,costume ,x-,yf ,communicative arts 7by language7 ,x ,philology ,x ,inscriptions ,x ,language ,y ,literature ,yf ,english ,fiction ,z ,book arts 7making and use of books7 ,za-,zk ,production ,za ,authorship ,zb ,rhetoric ,zd ,writing ,zh ,printing ,zk ,binding ,zl ,distribution 7,publishing and ,bookselling7 ,zp ,storage and ,use 7,libraries7 ,zu ,description 7,zu ,bibliography2 ,zx ,selection of reading2 ,zy ,literary history2 ,zz ,national bibliography7 ,this scheme is published separately as ,expansive ,classification3 the first six ,expansions1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,cutter1 ,boston1 #ahia1 etc41 and a seventh expansion of the work is being issued under the supervision of ,w4 ,p4 ,cutter1 nephew of the author1 but no parts have been published for several years4 #bch4 ,library of ,congress4--,this is the elaborate and detailed scheme applied to the great ,library of ,congress1 and is the work of its classification department4 ,its outline 7#aiji7 is based upon that of the ,expansive scheme of ,cutter which is shown above1 but is varied to meet what are thought to be the special needs of the ,american national library4 ,each of the classes has been published separately in convenient form with an index4 ,the main classes and divisions of the ,library of ,congress ,classification are as follows3 ,a ,general ,works4 ,polygraphy ,,ac ,collections4 ,series4 ,collected ,works ,,ae ,encyclopdias ,,ag ,general reference works 7other than encyclopdias7 ,,ai ,indexes ,,am ,museums ,,an ,newspapers ,,ap ,periodicals ,,as ,societies4 ,academies ,,ay ,year-books4 ,almanacs ,,az ,general history of knowledge and learning ,b ,philosophy4 ,religion ,b-,j ,philosophy ,b ,collections4 ,history4 ,systems ,,bc ,logic ,,bd ,metaphysics ,introductions to ,philosophy4 ,treatises ,epistemology4 ,theory of knowledge ,onotology ,cosmology4 ,teleology ,philosophy of religion ,,bf ,psychology ,,bh ,esthetics ,,bj ,ethics ,,bl-,,bv ,religion4 ,theology ,,bl ,religions4 ,mythology4 ,cults ,,bm ,theology4 ,generalities ,,bn ,historical 7,church history7 ,,bq ,exegetical 7,bible1 etc47 ,,bs ,systematic 7,dogmatics4 ,apologetics7 ,,bv ,practical 7,pastoral4 ,homiletics4 ,liturgies7 ,c ,history--,auxiliary sciences ,,ca ,philosophy of history ,,cb ,history of civilization 7general and general special only7 ,,cc ,antiquities4 ,general ,,cd ,archives4 ,diplomatics ,,ce ,chronology ,,cj ,numismatics ,,cn ,epigraphy4 ,inscriptions ,,ce ,heraldry ,,cs ,genealogy ,,ct ,biography ,d ,history and ,topography 7except ,america7 ,d ,general history ,,da ,british history #bj-fij ,england #gjj-gdi ,wales #gej-hij ,scotland #ijj-iie ,ireland ,,db ,austria-,hungary ,,dc ,france ,,dd ,germany ,,de ,classical antiquity ,,df ,greece ,,dg ,italy ,,dh-,,dj ,netherlands #a-cii ,belgium and ,holland #ija-iba ,belgium #ija-iaf ,luxemburg4 ,holland ,,dk ,russia #ajj-djj ,russia4 ,general4 #dja-dch ,poland #dea-dgj ,finland #gea-iii ,russia in ,asia ,,dl ,scandinavia #a- #ha ,scandinavia4 ,general #aja-bif ,denmark #cja-cih ,iceland #dja-eie ,norway #fja-iif ,sweden ,,dp ,spain and ,portugal #a-dfb ,spain #ejj-ijb ,portugal ,,dq ,switzerland ,,dr ,turkey and the ,balkan ,states ,,ds ,asia ,,dt ,africa ,,du ,australia and ,oceania ,e-,f ,america ,e ,america 7general7 and ,united ,states 7general7 ,f ,united ,states 7local7 and ,america outside of ,u4,s4 ,g ,geography4 ,anthropology ,g ,geography4 ,voyages4 ,travel 7general7 ,,ga ,mathematical and astronomical geography ,,gb ,physical geography ,,gc ,oceanology and oceanography ,,gd ,biography ,,gf ,anthropogeography ,,gn ,anthropology4 ,somatology4 ,ethnology4 ,ethnography1 7general74 ,prehistoric archology ,,gr ,folk-lore ,,gt ,culture and civilization4 ,manners and customs ,,gv ,sports and amusements4 ,games ,h ,social ,sciences4 ,general ,,ha ,statistics ,,hb ,economics1 ,theory ,economic history4 ,national production1 economic situation 7by countries7 ,,hd ,economic history4 ,organization and situation of agriculture and industries ,land4 ,agriculture ,corporations ,labour ,industries ,,he ,transportation and communication ,,hf ,commerce1 including tariff ,,hg ,finance ,money ,banking ,insurance ,,hj ,public finance ,,hm ,sociology4 ,general and theoretical ,,hn ,social history4 ,social reform ,social groups ,family1 marriage1 women ,associations1 secret societies1 clubs1 etc4 ,communities3 ,urban1 ,rural ,classes4 ,aristocracy1 third estate1 bourgeoisie1 peasantry1 labouring classes1 proletariate1 serfs ,nations4 ,races ,,hv ,social pathology4 ,philanthropy4 ,charities and corrections ,,hx ,socialism4 ,communism4 ,anarchism ,j ,political science4 ,documents #a-i ,official gazettes #aj-ii ,united ,states #ajj-iii ,other countries4 ,,ja ,general works ,,jc ,theory of state ,,jf ,constitutional history and administration4 ,general ,,jk ,united ,states ,,jl ,other ,american ,states ,,jn ,europe ,,jq ,asia1 ,africa1 ,australia1 and ,pacific ,islands ,,js ,local ,government ,,jv ,colonies and colonization4 ,emigration and immigration ,,jx ,international law ,k ,law ,l ,education4 ,general works ,,la ,history of education ,,lb ,theory and practice4 ,educational psychology4 ,teaching ,,lc ,special forms1 relations1 and applications ,,ld ,universities and colleges ,,le ,other ,american ,,lf ,europe ,,lg ,asia1 ,africa1 ,oceania ,,lh ,university1 college1 and school magazines1 etc4 ,,lj ,college fraternities and their publications ,,lt ,text-books 7general only2 special text-books go with their subjects1 ,b-,z7 ,m ,music ,,ml ,musical literature ,,mt ,theory ,n ,fine ,arts4 ,general ,,na ,architecture ,,nb ,sculpture and related arts ,,nc ,graphic arts in general4 ,drawing and design ,,nd ,painting ,,ne ,engraving ,,nf ,photography 7in art74 ,see ,,tr ,,nk ,art applied to industry4 ,decoration and ornament ,p ,language and ,literature ,philology and ,linguistics ,,pa ,classical philology #a-aii ,general #bja-hia ,greek languages #ajja-aaea ,medival and modern #bjja-bhii ,latin language ,,pb ,modern ,european languages4 ,general works ,celtic language ,romance languages ,teutonic languages ,general ,gothic ,scandinavian ,,pe ,english ,,pf ,frisian ,dutch ,german ,,pg ,slavic languages ,lithuanian ,lettish ,,ph ,finnish ,hungarian ,albanian ,basque ,,pj ,oriental languages4 ,general works ,hamitic ,semitic ,,pk ,indo-,iranian ,armenian ,caucasian ,,pl ,languages of ,eastern ,asia1 ,oceania1 ,africa ,,pm ,hyperborean languages ,american languages ,,pn-,,pv ,literary ,history4 ,literature ,,pz ,fiction ,q ,science4 ,general ,,qa ,mathematics #hja-iii ,analytic mechanics ,,qb ,astronomy #bha-cdi ,geodesy ,,qc ,physics #ha-aai ,weights and measures #hja-iii ,terrestrial magnetism and meteorology ,,qd ,chemistry #ija-iii ,crystallography ,,qe ,geology cf4 ,,bg1 ,,gc #cea-dii ,mineralogy and petrology #gja-iii ,palontology ,,qh ,natural history #bja-bii ,microscopy #cja-iii ,general biology ,,qk ,botany ,,ql ,zoology #hja-iii ,general anatomy and embryology ,,qm ,human anatomy ,,qp ,physiology ,,qr ,bacteriology ,r ,medicine4 ,general ,,ra ,state medicine4 ,documents ,public health ,medical climatology4 ,hospitals ,jurisprudence ,,rb ,pathology ,,rc ,practice of medicine ,,rd ,surgery ,,re ,ophthalmology ,,rf ,otology4 ,phrenology4 ,laryngology ,,rg ,gynecology and obstetrics ,,rj ,pediatrics ,,rk ,dentistry ,,rl ,dermatology ,,rm ,therapeutics ,,rs ,pharmacy and materia medica ,,rt ,nursing ,,rv ,botanic1 ,thomsonian and ,eclectic medicine ,,rz ,miscellaneous schools and arts ,s ,agriculture4 ,plant and ,animal ,industry ,general agriculture1 soils1 fertilizers1 farm implements1 etc4 ,,sb ,general plant culture1 including field crops4 ,horticulture4 ,landscape gardening and parks4 ,pests and diseases ,,sd ,forestry ,,sf ,animal husbandry4 ,veterinary medicine ,fish culture and fisheries4 ,angling ,,sk ,hunting4 ,game protection ,t ,technology4 ,general ,,ta-,,th ,building and ,engineering ,group ,,ta ,engineering4 ,general4 ,civil engineering ,,tc ,hydraulic engineering 7harbours1 rivers1 canals7 ,,td ,sanitary and municipal engineering ,,te ,roads and pavements ,,tf ,railroads ,,tg ,bridges and roofs ,,th ,building construction #iaaa-ifjj ,fire prevention1 fire extinction ,,tj-,,tl ,mechanical ,group ,,tj ,mechanical engineering ,,tk ,electric engineering and industries ,,tl ,motor vehicles4 ,cycles4 ,aeronautics ,,tn-,,tr ,chemical ,group ,,tn ,mineral industries ,,tp ,chemical technology ,,tr ,photography ,,ts-,,tx ,composite ,group ,,ts ,manufactures ,,tt ,trades ,,tx ,domestic science ,u ,military ,science4 ,general ,,ua ,armies4 ,organization and distribution ,,ub ,administration ,,uc ,maintenance and transportation ,,ud ,infantry ,,ue ,cavalry ,,uf ,artillery ,,ug ,military engineering ,,uh ,minor services ,v ,naval ,science4 ,general ,,va ,navies4 ,organization and distribution ,,vb ,administration ,,vc ,maintenance ,,vd ,seamen ,,ve ,marines ,,vf ,ordnance ,,vg ,minor services ,,vk ,navigation ,,vm ,shipbuilding and marine engineering ,z ,bibliography and ,library ,science #bci4 ,subject ,classification4--,this1 the most recent ,british scheme1 is the work of the author of this manual1 ,james ,duff ,brown2 is a complete1 homogeneous1 detailed and well-indexed scheme1 and is selected for notice as being generally applicable to ,british libraries of all kinds1 although it is not likely to oust the ,decimal scheme from its priority of place4 ,it is based on the principle of placing all topics in a logical sequence2 of keeping applications of theory as close as possible to the foundation theory2 and of providing one place only for each important topic4 ,the complications and intersections of human knowledge prevent anything more than an approximation to this ideal1 but it has been found in actual practice to be a classification scheme which works easily and harmoniously4 ,the following extracts from its valuable introduction will give the best view of the principles on which the system is based3 8,,the ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,main ,,classes4--,the reasons which determined the adoption of a certain sequence of classes in this system may be briefly set forth here1 instead of any argument or attempt to justify the order4 ,the battle which has raged1 and is still raging1 among scientists1 as to the best and most desirable order in which to arrange the great branches of human knowledge in order to produce a #8hierarchy1' must deter a non-scientific classifier from arguing on such a complicated and difficult topic4 ,it will1 therefore1 suffice if ,i briefly describe the main classes in their order and give reasons why they were assigned to the places they occupy4 8,a ,,generalia4--,the divisions of this main class comprise most of the rules1 methods and factors which are of general application1 and which qualify or pervade every branch of science1 industry or human study4 ,they are universal and pervasive1 and cannot be logically assigned to any other single main class as peculiar or germane to it4 8,b1 ,c1 ,d ,,physical ,,sciences4--,matter1 force1 motion and their applications are assumed to precede life and mind1 and for that reason the material side of science1 with its applications1 has been selected as a foundation main class on which to construct the system4 8,e1 ,f ,,biological ,,science4--,life and its forms1 arising out of matter1 occupy the second place among the main classes1 and here are put general biological theories and facts1 followed by plant and animal life1 each in an ascending order from low to high forms of organization4 8,g1 ,h ,,ethnological ,,and ,,medical ,,science4--,human life1 its varieties1 physical history1 disorders and recreations1 follows naturally as a higher development of plant and animal life1 and completes the biological chain4 8,i ,,economic ,,biology ,,and ,,domestic ,,arts4--,the applications of plant and animal life to human needs1 placed midway between the physical and mental attributes of man as indicating the primitive exercise of mind1 and to assemble in one sequence the chief biological subjects4 ,as a matter of practical convenience1 rather than logical necessity1 it was thought better to keep composite subjects like ,agriculture1 ,clothing1 ,foods1 etc4--involving questions of origin1 use and manufacture--all in one place1 close to the main classes from which they are derived1 rather than to distribute them more closely at ,botany or ,zoology4 8,j1 ,k ,,philosophy ,,and ,,religion4--,mental attributes1 order and beliefs of human life1 following naturally from its physical basis1 and primitive manifestation in the instinct of procuring food and clothing4 8,l ,,social ,,and ,,political ,,science4--,social order and laws of human life4 ,placed here because1 although society or family and other tribal organizations may have preceded religion1 mind as embodied in philosophy must have preceded both4 8,m ,,language ,,and ,,literature4--,communication and recording in human life4 ,the spoken1 written and printed word1 which grew as a necessity out of the primitive operations of mind4 8,n ,,literary ,,forms4--,the products of communication and recording in human life in their more imaginative forms2 placed here on the ground that fable probably preceded more formal history4 8,o-,x ,,history1 ,,geography1 ,,biography4--,the actions1 records and descriptions of human life and its dwelling-place4 ,arranged in this order and at this place because of their intimate connexion4 ,geography1 although logically related to ,physiography and ,biography to ,ethnology1 are1 nevertheless1 as a matter of practical utility1 and because of the literature actually existing1 more naturally grouped here than separated4 8,the order of the classes may1 therefore1 be briefly described as expressing3 #a4 ,matter4 #b4 ,life4 #c4 ,mind4 #d4 ,record40#h #h ,from ,subject ,classification1 by ,james ,duff ,brown1 #aijf1 pp4 #aa-ac2 second edition1 #aiad4 ,the only serious objection which has been urged against this scheme is the inclusion of ,education1 ,logic1 ,mathematics1 and the ,graphic and ,plastic ,arts in ,generalia4 ,this course is1 however1 fully justified by the somewhat amusing circumstance1 that the critics are unable to agree among themselves as to the exact logical place of any of the series4 ,while one insists that ,logic should be placed in ,philosophy1 he is bound to admit that it ought not to be separated from ,mathematics1 while on the other hand he cannot allow arithmetic1 book-keeping and geometry to invade the sacred temple of the philosophers4 ,education is even a greater stumbling-block4 ,it is variously assigned to ,psychology1 ,sociology1 ,philology and ,ethnology by different critics1 and ,fine ,arts is equally perplexing4 ,in actual practice in a library1 there is really no inconvenience felt in connexion with the distribution of any of these classes1 and as they do not originate naturally from any of the other main divisions1 but qualify and pervade the whole of them like an encyclopdia1 or other general work1 it will be found best to retain them where they are4 ,the other important features of this system are described below4 ,,the ,,categorical ,,tables form an important feature1 whereby a separate series of forms1 phases and other qualifying factors are provided1 which can be applied to every subject1 and so relieve the main tables from congestion4 ,they are applicable to the very largest libraries1 and give ample means of subdividing any topic1 however large it may be4 ,they can also be used with other systems of classification1 as they are independent of the main tables and form a series of parallel numbers by which the classification numbers can be themselves classified4 ,for example1 a library may have #ajjj books on a subject like ,architecture in general1 to all of which the simple number ,b#cjj would be applied4 ,by adding the qualifying numbers from the ,categorical ,tables1 which appear after a point1 and are invariably the same when applied to any subject1 the following sub-classification would result1 which has the effect of assembling all related forms of books together3 ,b#cjj ,architecture1 ,general ,b#cjja -- ,bibliography ,b#cjjb -- ,dictionaries ,b#cjjc -- ,text-books1 ,systematic ,b#cjjd -- -- ,popular ,b#cjjf -- ,societies ,b#cjjg -- ,periodicals ,b#cjjaj -- ,history and so on4 ,if1 in addition to those general works1 the library possessed several hundreds of books on ,building ,construction1 ,b#cje1 these would be subdivided in exactly the same manner1 as would also any subdivision of the same topic1 such as ,foundations1 ,walls1 ,roofs1 etc43 ,b#cjea ,building ,construction1 ,bibliography ,b#cjec -- -- ,text-books1 ,systematic ,b#cjeaj -- -- ,history ,b#cbia ,roofs1 ,bibliography ,these categorical tables are therefore of universal application1 and as they contain nearly one thousand qualifying forms1 phases1 etc41 it will be seen that their use will greatly simplify the practical work of classification4 ,as will be seen by the above examples1 the symbols of the ,notation are perfectly simple combinations of letters and numbers4 ,by treating the numbers decimally1 it is possible to intercalate as many new ones as desired between any of the existing numbers1 thus providing an infinity of places4 ,the ,index is very extensive in the number of subject-words it contains1 and comprises practically every topic likely to be encountered in ordinary practice4 ,the ,classification ,tables themselves provide places somewhere for every remote subject1 and the ,introduction describes how such out-of-the-way matters are to be treated4 ,it is impossible to set forth all the features of this system of classification--its elaborate series of biographical numbers for arranging ,fiction1 ,poetry and other alphabetical classes2 its new system of short date-marks2 its rules for the arrangement of special subjects1 authors1 etc42 and its notes on the simplification of the whole subject of book classification4 ,reference can only be made to the ,summary ,table of ,main ,classes for an idea of the size and style of the book4 ,,summary ,,table ,,of ,,main ,,classes1 ,,with ,,abridged ,,notation ,main ,classes ,a--,generalia ,b-,d--,physical ,science ,e-,f--,biological ,science ,g-,h--,ethnology1 ,medicine ,i--,economic ,biology1 ,domestic ,arts ,j-,k--,philosophy and ,religion ,l--,social and ,political ,science ,m--,language and ,literature ,n--,literary ,forms1 ,fiction1 ,poetry ,o-,w--,history and ,geography ,x--,biography ,a ,generalia ,a#j ,generalia ,a#a ,education ,a#c ,logic ,a#d ,mathematics ,a#e ,geometry ,a#f ,graphic and ,plastic ,arts ,a#i ,general ,science ,b1 ,c1 ,d ,physical ,science ,b#j ,physics1 ,dynamics ,b#a ,mechanical engineering ,b#b ,civil engineering ,b#c ,architecture ,b#e ,railways1 ,vehicles ,b#f ,transport1 ,shipbuilding ,b#h ,naval and ,military science ,c#j ,electricity ,c#a ,optics ,c#b ,heat ,c#c ,acoustics ,c#d ,music ,c#h ,astronomy ,d#j ,physiography ,d#a ,hydrography1 ,hydrostatics ,d#b ,meteorology1 ,pneumatics ,d#c ,geology1 ,petrology ,d#d ,crystallography1 ,mineralogy ,d#f ,metallurgy1 ,mining1 ,metal trades ,d#g ,chemistry ,d#i ,chemical technology ,e1 ,f ,biological ,science ,e#j ,biology ,e#a ,botany ,e#b ,cryptogams ,e#c ,phanerogams ,f#j ,zoology ,f#a ,metazoa ,f#b ,mollusca ,f#c ,insecta ,f#d ,pisces 7,fishes7 ,f#e ,reptilia ,f#f ,aves 7,birds7 ,f#g ,mammalia ,g1 ,h ,ethnology and ,medicine ,g#j ,ethnology ,g#b ,human ,anatomy and ,physiology ,g#c ,pathology ,g#d ,materia medica ,g#e ,therapeutics ,g#f ,functions1 ,organs1 ,osteology ,g#g ,nervous system ,g#h ,sensory system ,g#i ,respiratory system ,h#j ,blood and ,circulation ,h#a ,digestive system ,h#b ,urinary system ,h#c ,reproductive system ,h#d ,skin and ,hair ,h#e ,parasitical and ,infectious diseases ,h#f ,ambulance1 ,hospitals1 ,hygiene ,h#g ,physical ,training and ,exercises ,h#h ,field sports ,h#i ,recreative arts ,i ,economic ,biology1 ,domestic ,arts ,i#j ,agriculture1 ,dairy farming ,i#a ,veterinary medicine ,i#b ,milling1 ,gardening1 ,forestry ,i#c ,wood-working ,i#d ,textile manufactures ,i#e ,clothing trades ,i#f ,costume4 ,jewellery ,i#g ,vegetable and ,animal products ,i#h ,foods and ,beverages ,i#i ,gastronomy4 ,domestic economy ,j1 ,k ,philosophy and ,religion ,j#j ,metaphysics ,j#a sthetics1 ,psychology ,j#b ,ethics ,j#c ,philosophy ,j#d ,theology1 ,religion1 general ,j#e ,mythology1 ,folk-lore ,j#f ,church doctrines ,j#g ,fasts and ,festivals ,j#h ,church ,government ,k#j ,non-,christian churches ,k#a ,bible ,k#c ,christology ,k#d ,early and ,eastern ,christian churches ,k#e ,monachism ,k#f ,roman ,catholicism ,k#g ,protestantism4 ,episcopacy ,k#h ,nonconformist churches ,k#i ,presbyterian and other churches ,l ,social and ,political ,science ,l#j ,social science ,l#a ,political economy ,l#b ,government ,l#c ,central and ,local administration ,l#d ,law ,l#e ,trials4 ,actions ,l#f ,criminology4 ,penology ,l#g ,contracts4 ,property ,l#h ,commerce and ,trade ,l#i ,finance ,m ,language and ,literature ,m#j ,language1 general ,m#a ,literature1 general ,m#b ,african ,languages and ,literature ,m#b-c ,asiatic ,languages and ,literature ,m#c ,malayan-,polynesian ,literature ,m#d ,european 7,latin1 etc47 ,literature ,m#e ,european 7,teutonic7 ,m#f ,american ,m#g ,palography4 ,bibliography ,m#h ,printing1 ,bookbinding ,m#i ,library economy ,n ,literary ,forms ,n#j ,fiction ,n#a ,poetry ,n#b ,drama ,n#c ,essays and ,miscellanea ,o-,w ,history and ,geography ,o#j ,universal history ,o#a ,archology ,o#b ,universal geography ,o#c ,africa1 ,north ,o#d ,egypt ,o#e ,east ,africa ,o#f ,central ,africa ,o#g ,south ,africa ,o#h ,west ,africa ,o#i ,african ,islands ,p ,oceania and ,asia ,p#j ,australia ,p#a ,polynesia1 ,micronesia1 etc4 ,p#b ,malaysia ,p#bi ,asia ,p#c ,japan ,p#d ,china ,p#e ,farther ,india4 ,malay ,states ,p#f ,india ,p#hh ,afghanistan ,p#i ,persia ,q1 ,r ,europe 7,south1 ,latin1 etc47 ,q#j ,europe1 general ,q#a ,turkey in ,europe ,q#ab ,turkey in ,asia ,q#b ,palestine1 ,arabia ,q#c ,greece ,q#d ,balkan ,states ,q#e ,italy ,r#j ,france ,r#f ,spain ,r#h ,portugal ,s1 ,t ,europe 7,north1 ,teutonic1 ,slavonic7 ,s#j ,russia in ,europe ,s#ae ,poland ,s#b ,finland ,s#be ,russia in ,asia ,s#c ,austria ,s#cd ,bohemia ,s#d ,hungary ,s#e ,switzerland ,s#f ,germany ,t#j ,netherlands ,t#a ,holland ,t#b ,belgium ,t#e ,denmark ,t#f ,norway ,t#h ,sweden ,u1 ,v ,british ,islands ,u#j ,ireland ,u#b ,wales ,u#c ,england ,v#j ,scotland ,v#e ,united ,kingdom ,v#f ,british ,empire ,w ,america ,w#j ,america1 general ,w#jb ,canada ,w#a ,united ,states ,w#e ,mexico ,w#f ,central ,america ,w#fc ,west ,indies ,w#g ,south ,america ,w#gb ,brazil ,w#gf ,peru ,w#gh ,paraguay ,w#h ,argentina ,w#hc ,chili ,w#i ,polar ,regions ,x ,biography ,x#j ,collective and ,class ,x#jh ,heraldry ,x#b ,portraits ,x#c ,individual ,biography #bdj4 ,adjustable ,classification4--,the ,subject ,classification is the second scheme invented by ,brown which has achieved success4 ,the earlier scheme was the ,adjustable ,classification for ,libraries1 with ,index1 ,london1 #ahih1 and is interesting as the forerunner of the much larger subject scheme4 ,only the main classes are given here3 ,a ,science ,b ,useful ,arts ,c ,fine and ,recreative ,arts ,d ,social ,science ,e ,philosophy and ,religion ,f ,history and ,geography ,g ,biography ,h ,language and ,literature ,j ,poetry and ,drama ,k ,prose ,fiction ,l ,miscellaneous ,this initial alphabetic notation is divided by a progressive numerical notation1 of which the following is a sample3 ,d ,social ,science #b-h ,general #aj-ib ,manners1 ,customs1 etc4 #id-aej ,political ,economy #aeb-bgb ,government and ,politics #bgd-ced ,law #cef-ceh ,commerce1 ,finance #djj-dbd ,communications #dbf-dhd ,education ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,practical ,,application #bda4 ,numbers4--,the class letters and numbers of all books should be written in the inside1 preferably on the back or front of the title-page1 and should also be carried on to the labels1 book-cards and all other records4 ,on the outside the class letters and numbers may be lettered in gilt or written on a suitable tag1 which must be firmly pasted on the back4 ,the usual position for the tag is at about #a inches from the foot of the back1 as this gives regular and uniform marking1 which looks neat4 ,some librarians prefer a place at the top of the back1 as the arranging number thus becomes more prominent1 and the tag at the foot is more subject to handling4 ,the diagram shows the two methods4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,lettering of ,class ,numbers 7,section #bda74 #bdb4 ,in classification systems in which the class numbers are used for charging and all other purposes it is necessary to provide a series of elaborate auxiliary marks to distinguish book from book in the same subdivision4 ,thus1 in the ,decimal scheme1 #fbaah is the number for books on boilers4 ,if there are six books on this topic1 some distinction must be used in charging to enable the librarian to know which book has been issued4 ,mr ,cutter has devised a table for this purpose1 which is known as the 8,cutter ,author ,marks10 by which surnames are arranged according to their initials and qualified by a number thus3 ,abbott ,ab#b4 ,acland ,ac#f4 ,cook ,c#gg4 ,cousin ,c#hc4 ,crabb ,c#hd4 ,gardiner ,g#af4 ,gerry ,g#cf4 ,gilman ,g#db4 ,shock ,sh#h4 ,the six books on boilers would accordingly be distinguished by receiving these author marks1 and the numbers might become3 #fbaah ,ab#b ,abbott on ,boilers4 #fbaah ,c#hc ,cousin #fbaah ,g#af ,gardiner #fbaah ,sh#h ,shock ,in the ,subject ,classification these books when given the number for boilers1 ,c#baj1 could be further distinguished by the numbers of the biographical tables1 thus3 ,c#baj ---- ,abbott on ,boilers4 #cjaa ,c#baj ---- ,cousin #cffi ,c#baj ---- ,gardiner #defe ,c#baj ---- ,shock #ghfc #bdc4 ,book and ,shelf ,marking4--,it is better to have the class numbers stamped on the back of the book at once than to rely on tags or labels1 which have a tendency to peel off4 ,in some open access libraries using ordinary gilt lettering1 a subsidiary marking has been adopted to prevent misplacement and to aid replacement4 ,these marks are simple round spots of coloured enamel painted on the backs of books1 and they effectually prevent shelf being mixed with shelf and tier with tier4 ,there are eight shelves in a tier1 and eight distinctive colours are used1 so that no colour is repeated in the same tier1 and they are varied in every succeeding tier1 so that adjoining shelves will not correspond in the colour of their marking4 ,as a further precaution1 the class marks are placed at different heights on the backs of the books in each tier1 so that1 even if a red-marked book from ,tier #a were placed among the red-marked books on ,tier #c1 there would still be a distinction4 ,of course the same level is maintained for each tier1 by means of gauges1 and the progression of colours is observed4 ,when a book moves forward to another shelf1 the mark is painted over with the new colour1 and when the book is moved to another tier1 the mark is carefully scraped out and altered to suit the new location4 ,as movement is not extensive in ordinary libraries1 this alteration is only an occasional duty4 ,the class numbers maintain the topic order on the shelves1 and so the most common method of open access shelf marking is complete4 ,it has been argued that the class letters and numbers are all-sufficient to maintain order in a library which allows readers to go to the shelves1 but on this point experience varies4 ,at any rate1 there is no harm in taking simple precautions of this kind1 which certainly possess the great advantage that if a book is misplaced it can be noticed instantly and rectified4 ,uniform form marks require closer scrutiny1 the use of colours demands but a casual glance4 ,in closely classified libraries where there is no public access to the shelves1 simple class numbers ought to be sufficient for staff purposes4 ,the only additional point is that1 perhaps1 the accession numbers should also figure on the backs of the books1 especially if an indicator is used for charging in the lending department4 ,,colours4 ,tier #a4 ,tier #b4 ,tier #c4 --------------- --------------- --------------- ,blue ,yellow ,grey --------------- --------------- --------------- ,red ,mauve ,buff --------------- --------------- --------------- ,green ,white ,blue --------------- --------------- --------------- ,yellow ,grey ,red --------------- --------------- --------------- ,mauve ,buff ,green --------------- --------------- --------------- ,white ,blue ,yellow --------------- --------------- --------------- ,grey ,red ,mauve --------------- --------------- --------------- ,buff ,green ,white --------------- --------------- --------------- ,,fig4 #gd4--;,colour ,marking of ,books4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,tier ,marking of ,books 7,section #bdc74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,shelf ,front with ,class ,divisions and ,number 7,section #bdd74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,tier ,guide showing ,construction 7,section #bdd74 #bdd4 ,it is desirable that the arrangement of the shelves should be made as clear as possible to the staff and to readers by means of various guides1 and these are particularly necessary in open access libraries4 ,the best general guide is a plan of the department showing the disposition of the books in the cases1 and indicating the sequence of the classification by means of arrows4 ,the plan of the ,croydon ,central ,lending ,library may serve as an example4 ,if the classes are indicated chromatically3 for example1 #jjj red1 #ajj blue1 #bjj yellow1 #cjj green1 etc41 the plan will be more easily followed4 ,such a plan1 drawn to a large scale1 framed1 and hung in a conspicuous position1 will give readers a valuable conspectus of the department4 ---------------------------------------- ,,chart ,,of ,,subjects ,,in ,,this ,,tier ,,physics #ece ,,light ---------------------------------------- ,,physics #ecf ,,heat ---------------------------------------- ,,physics #ecg ,,electricity ,,for ,,electrical ,,engineering ,,see #fbac ---------------------------------------- ,,physics #ecg ,,electricity #ech ,,magnetism ---------------------------------------- ,,physics #eci ,,molecular ,,physics #edj ,,chemistry #eda ,,theoretical ---------------------------------------- ,,chemistry #edb ,,practical ,,experimental ---------------------------------------- ,,fig4 #gh4--,tier ,guide showing ,lettering of ,front 7,section #bdd74 ,in addition1 a series of bold class labels at the top of each class1 and plenty of topic labels on the shelves1 together with the progressive class numbers boldly printed1 and fixed to the end of each shelf1 will be found a great help to understanding the classification and finding the books4 ,shelf topic and number labels can be printed by the staff with an ordinary rubber-printing or sign-writing apparatus1 and they can be fixed to the shelves by means of the label-holders mentioned in ,section #bdi4 ,for class numbers on the shelf-ends xylonite label-holders will be found economical and convenient1 as they can be cut into inch widths4 ,the above figure 7,fig4 #gf7 of a shelf-front with labels will give some idea of the application of these marks4 ,the class number of the first or last topic only need be given4 ,a method of guiding by tiers instead of by shelves is described in ,the ,library ,world 7,nov4 #aijd7 and is one of many experiments which have been made with shelf guiding4 ,the illustrations 7,figs4 #gg1 #gh7 will show much better than words the appearance and possibilities of this system4 ,another form is illustrated below 7,fig4 #gi7 and shows a class label for indicating the chief contents of a main class4 ,the illustration of an open access lending library given opposite 7,fig4 #hj7 shows the system of press guides used at the ,north ,islington ,library1 which in practice has been found very effective4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,a ,,generalia4 #jjj ,,general #ejj ,,geometry #ajj ,,education #fjj ,,graphic ,,and ,,plastic ,,arts #cjj ,,logic #ijj ,,general ,,science #djj ,,mathematics ,for ,special ,subjects see ,index to ,subject ,classification4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,fig4 #gi4--;,class ,guide 7,section #bdd74 #bde4 ,shelf ,register4--,the shelf register is a record of the books as they stand on the shelves1 and is the main guide used in stock-taking and otherwise checking the books4 ,cards are sometimes used for this purpose1 each work being entered on a separate card1 the whole being arranged in trays in the order of the classification4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,bookcase with ,classification ,guides and ,shelf ,labels 7,section #bdd74 ,another method is to use shelf-register sheets1 which occupy very little space1 a single sheet being used for each class division or subdivision4 ,the sheet is headed1 as shown in the subjoined ruling1 with the class letter and number1 and the books in the section are entered in author-alphabetical order to begin with1 afterwards just as books are added 7,fig4 #ha74 ,the narrow columns are reserved for checking the shelves4 ,the date of check is written at the top1 and the presence of the book indicated by a tick4 ,in some open access libraries stock is taken of the shelves twice a year by means of these sheets4 ,missing books are not ticked1 but noted in order that further search may be made in the charging system and other records4 ,when they turn up they are ticked off4 ,the sheets are collated periodically1 and any books which continue to be unaccounted for are noted and entered in a special book ruled to show author and title1 date missing1 and having a column for the record of any subsequent facts1 such as its finding1 replacement1 or other means of recovery4 ----------------------------------#g---- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,ac- ,v ,e ces- o,mar4 #ajjc sion ,author4 ,title4 l #f1 ,dates of ,check4 ,no4 s#aijj4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #e1baf;,balfour,manual of ,botany #a #ae1fba;,henfrey #a #e1aaa,lindley,elements of ,botany#a #i ,v ,,fig4 #ha4--,shelf-check ,register 7,section #bde74 #bdf4 ,dummies and ,overflow ,stock4--,sometimes the library becomes congested at certain places owing to limited space and rapid growth1 and if discarding is not resorted to some of the less popular1 or old1 books must be removed to a supplementary store4 ,there is scarcely a library which does not possess a second classification stored apart1 where such crowded-out books are kept4 ,on the shelf-register these books can either be indicated by some such means as a red-ink cross1 or they can be removed from the original and entered on supplementary sheets4 ,dummies1 such as those described in ,section #bdg1 can also be used to show books located elsewhere1 especially in open access libraries1 or lists can be mounted on cards and kept beside each tier4 ,the question of surplus stock is one which ought to be dealt with on the broad lines of the discarding policy discussed in ,section #aii1 but1 of course1 an actual division of stock caused by overcrowding must be treated as recommended above4 ,large and odd-sized books should be shelved in special presses1 and their place in the classification can be indicated by means of dummies1 as described below4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,shelf ,dummy for ,book ,shelved out of ,order 7,section #bdg74 #bdg4 ,shelf ,accessories4--,for the purpose of maintaining order on the shelves and marking particular divisions or classes1 various devices have from time to time been introduced4 ,,dummies are used to indicate the temporary absence of books1 or to show that particular works1 because of their large size1 are located on some other shelf4 ,the simplest form of shelf dummy for classification purposes is a block of wood about #g inches #e inches inch1 painted white1 or covered with white paper on the edge1 and lettered with the title of the book which it represents4 ,the title may be written on each of the seven-inch faces1 in case the block gets reversed1 and should also bear a plain direction to the location of the book it represents 7,fig4 #hb74 ,a similar dummy1 bearing the classification number and the name of the division1 serves as a good guide to the classification4 ,the block is inserted at the beginning of each new classification sequence2 and both in this case1 as in that of the dummy that represents books1 the dummy is too unlike a book to be taken for anything other than a guide4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,millboard ,dummy for ,withdrawn ,book 7,section #bdh74 #bdh4 ,for books temporarily withdrawn a piece of millboard covered white on one side may be used in the form shown below 7,fig4 #hc74 ,this should have the author1 number and title of the missing book written on the white side4 ,one board of this sort can be used over and over again for different books1 by simply adding the new title and obliterating the old one4 ,this board can also be used instead of the block above illustrated 7,fig4 #hb7 if space is a matter of moment4 ,the object of the tail in this form of board is to prevent the board from disappearing behind or getting lost among the other books4 ,when placed between two books1 with the projection overhanging the front of the shelf1 it will always stick out so as to be seen readily1 while it cannot very readily be pushed deep into the shelf because of the projection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,xylonite ,label-holder 7,section #bdi74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,tongued ,metal ,book-rest 7,section #bej74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,flanged ,metal ,book-rest 7,section #bej74 #bdi4 ,,label-,,holders for keeping all kinds of classification or other labels in place upon the fore-edges of shelves1 close to the books which they indicate1 are made in various forms4 ,an old form was made out of tin or thin japanned iron1 with a pair of flanges on the upper and lower edges to take a card-label4 ,this was screwed or tacked on to the edge of the shelf and shifted when necessary4 ,another form of this holder is made precisely the same as regards the turned-over flanges to form grooves1 but without the screw-holes1 and has in addition a long projection to slide under the books on the shelf so as to keep in place4 ,this can be moved easily1 but it is very apt to be pulled out when books are removed4 ,a simple1 effective shelf label-holder is made from strips of transparent xylonite bent in a rectangular form1 and pinned or screwed to the under-side of the shelf as illustrated 7,fig4 #hd74 ,this can be made to fit into shelves with either square or rounded edges1 and keeps the labels clean1 as it covers them over4 ,the advantage of this form of label-holder is that it can be cut with a pair of scissors or a knife to any size if wanted only for simple shelf or class numbers4 ,it is also easily adjusted or changed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,combined ,book-rest and ,shelf ,guide 7,section #bej74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,yale ,book-rest 7,section #bej74 #bej4 ,,book-,,rests ,,and ,,shelf ,,guides4--,practically every librarian born before #ahhj has invented a book-rest at some period of his career1 and there is consequently the less need for describing more than one or two typical devices4 ,the best-known form is the ordinary rectangular metal rest1 which is made in several styles in japanned iron4 ,fig4 #he is the commonest form1 though it is objectionable1 because books are apt to be impaled upon the sharp edge and damaged1 and occasionally the rest itself is lost4 ,a better1 though slightly more expensive1 form is ,fig4 #hf4 ,by reason of the flanged side there is no danger of books being damaged1 and this side can also be used as a classification guide if wanted to indicate where one class begins and another ends4 ,a variation of the dummy mentioned in ,section #bdg 7,fig4 #hb7 is a plain wooden block mounted on metal angle pieces which can be made to act as a useful label-holder in classified libraries4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #hg7 will show the form of this device4 ,another form of book-rest or support is sufficiently described by the illustration 7,fig4 #hh74 #bea4 ,book-,stands and ,carriers4--,for desk and table use there are two very convenient and adjustable book-stands1 which will be found useful in public as well as private libraries4 ,one is the ,american stand with adjustable wire compartments1 which is useful for keeping books handy for desk use or for sorting out cards1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,book-carrier hung on front of ,bookcase 7,section #beb74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,book-truck 7,section #bec74 #beb4 ,the other is the ,english adjustable book-stand which is largely used for displaying and carrying about a few books for committee or consultation purposes4 ,as a table book-holder1 this is probably the best and strongest form ever invented4 ,as shown in the illustration 7,fig4 #hi71 the uprights slide and firmly grip a large or small number of books1 according to the capacity of the holder4 ,this contrivance has been adapted as a library book-carrier1 by having strong hooks attached1 which fit into staples affixed to the fronts or ends of bookcases4 ,they are very useful for classifying and arranging books awaiting replacement or shelving4 ,there are other forms of book-holders and carriers with fixed upright ends1 but they are not so satisfactory as the adjustable forms described4 #bec4 ,in large libraries a book-truck will be found a useful appliance for moving quantities of books about1 either for purposes of service or location or cataloguing4 ,the design in ,fig4 #ij will explain this device sufficiently4 ,,bibliography #bed4 ,author ,marks3 ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,author ,marks and ,symbols4 ,in his ,subject ,classification1 #aijf1 p4 #bf4 ,cutter1 ,c4 ,a4 ,author ,marks4 ,in his ,expansive ,classification1 #ahia-ic1 p4 #aci4 ---- ,three-,figure ,alfabetic-order ,table4 ,library ,bureau4 ,dewey1 ,melvil4 ,decimal ,classification 7last ed471 ,intro4 and ,appendix4 ,institut ,international de ,bibliographie4 ,classification ,dcimale1 fascicule i4 ,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,berwick4 ,notation4 ,in his ,introduction to ,library ,classification1 #aiah1 p4 #fh4 #bee4 ,classification and ,shelf ,guides3 ,coutts1 ,h4 ,t4 ,classification and ,shelf ,guides4 ,in ,stewart1 ,j4 ,d41 and others1 ,open ,access ,libraries1 #aiae4 ,sayers4 ,introduction1 chapter xii4 7vide supra74 ,dewey1 ,melvil4 ,shelf ,list4 ,in his ,library ,school ,rules1 #ahib4 ,for ,articles1 see ,cannons1 ,h #if-ajh1 ,shelf ,arrangement1 etc4 ,,division ,,viii ,,cataloguing1 ,,filing1 ,,indexing ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,cataloguing ,,method #bef4 ,general4--,of the interior administrative work of the municipal1 or even more of the university or institutional library1 that which occupies most time and thought is cataloguing4 ,a catalogue is properly defined as an explanatory1 logically-arranged inventory and key to the books and their contents1 and differs from a bibliography in being confined to the books in a given library4 ,for its production wide knowledge both of cataloguing rules and of general subjects is required1 and experience in ordinary reference work is essential4 ,the staff1 therefore1 to whom the cataloguing is entrusted should be highly trained and well educated2 that is to say1 that part of the staff which deals with the final processes in cataloguing--the choice of headings1 treatment of titles1 annotation1 selection of added entries1 and the filing of the finished material4 ,in large libraries cataloguing staffs are chosen with care1 and cataloguing rooms are arranged for the work with a careful regard to the value of natural lighting1 of furniture so arranged that the cataloguer has not to rise from his desk every time he wishes to make a reference1 and1 indeed1 with the object of producing the best results at a minimum expenditure of energy4 ,even in the smallest library1 where the librarian does the cataloguing1 a preliminary attention to such matters as the construction of the cataloguing table and its accessibility to the inevitable cataloguer's reference books1 will save much labour hereafter4 ,it may not be superfluous to add that as cataloguing is exacting work1 it is fatiguing work1 and no assistant should be kept at it without variation for a longer time than he can remain mentally alert and fresh4 ,eye-strain and fatigue mean inaccuracy1 and at the best inefficient work1 and seven hours is a maximum that should not be exceeded4 #beg4 ,kinds of ,catalogue4--,there is no more important decision that a librarian has to make than that of the form which the catalogue is to take4 ,a wrong choice here will produce months of labour to make good the error4 ,the choice will no doubt be influenced by the kind of public for which the catalogue is required4 ,the public may be general in character1 and within that somewhat vague definition may be artisan1 or commercial1 or what not2 or it may be special--with a large number of students4 ,the public a municipal library has to serve usually combines all these elements2 and in choosing the form of catalogue1 a librarian may be guided by the desire to serve them all1 but to emphasize the educational side of his work4 ,the questions which a catalogue or catalogues may be expected to answer are3 what books has the library 7a7 by a given author1 7b7 on a given subject1 7c7 having a given title4 ,most catalogues may1 by the addition of indexes1 be made to yield this information with varying degrees of efficiency4 ,the various forms1 and examples of them1 should be considered carefully before the choice is made4 ,those most recognized are the ,author catalogue1 the ,dictionary catalogue1 the ,classified catalogue1 and the ,alphabetical-,classed catalogue4 ,the author catalogue is most valuable in the hands of literary men and of experts1 but is of very limited use to the reader whose knowledge of authors is small4 ,it is simply an alphabetical arrangement of author entries of books1 without any reference in that arrangement to their subjects4 ,the best examples of this form of cataloguing are the ,british ,museum ,catalogue of the ,printed ,books and the ,author ,catalogue of the ,london ,library4 ,the dictionary catalogue is the form most popular here and in ,america1 and1 unfortunately1 is usually the most defective4 ,as its name implies1 it resembles the ordinary alphabetical arrangement of the dictionary1 and embraces in one alphabet entries of authors1 subjects1 titles1 and series4 ,the principle of subject entry is that books are entered under the specific subject1 and not usually under broad headings2 thus books on ,trees are entered under that word1 and not1 as in a classified catalogue1 under their historical1 or logical1 place in ,botany4 ,the dictionary form is that most attractive to the general reader1 and in its ideal form is a remarkably effective instrument2 that is to say1 when it analyses the subjects in books1 and links all specific and general headings by cross-references4 ,the best examples are the ,brooklyn ,library ,catalogue and the ,index ,catalogue of the ,u4,s4 ,surgeon-,general's ,library2 and good ,english examples1 which will repay study1 are the catalogues of ,bishopsgate ,institute1 ,london1 and of ,hampstead ,public ,libraries which seems to be modelled on the ,bishopsgate catalogue4 ,objections to the dictionary catalogue are that it gives no connected view of any subject and of its collateral subjects1 that it is rarely cross-referenced adequately1 that headings are chosen haphazard1 and1 what is its chief objection1 if it is printed it is out-of-date the day after publication--an objection which does not apply so much to the printed classified catalogue1 as that lends itself to publication1 and to revision1 a class at a time4 ,librarians using this form should base their subject entries upon the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,list of ,subject ,headings 7second edition1 #aiab7 or the ,library of ,congress ,list 7in progress1 issued in parts by the ,library71 as these will secure a choice of recognized headings and save much labour in deciding between alternative headings4 ,the application of the ,library of ,congress list may be studied in ,the ,library ,association ,index to ,periodicals 7#aiae-af71 which is1 in the main1 arranged upon it4 ,the classified catalogue--the best accessible example of which is the catalogue of the ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh 7#ahie-aijb1 supplements1 #aijb-jf and #aijg-aa71 while good ,english examples are issued by ,the ,patent ,office1 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 ,islington 7selected catalogue71 ,bolton and ,walthamstow--is gradually ousting the dictionary catalogue from the favour of librarians4 ,in this form books are arranged in the order of the classification1 in the perfect form in the strict order of it1 and under each specific heading the books can be arranged alphabetically or 7preferably7 in chronological or inverse-chronological order1 or in the order which places the best book first4 ,such a catalogue shows the whole 8family0 literature of every subject in a logical progression1 and is therefore much more valuable to the student than other forms4 ,it must1 however1 be equipped with author and subject indexes to make it usable by ordinary readers who have not grasped the scheme of classification2 such indexes are usually placed at the end of the catalogue1 or class if the catalogue is issued in class lists1 and the catalogue is prefaced with an outline of the scheme4 ,the alphabetical-classed catalogue is one in which the books are arranged under specific subjects and the subject headings are arranged in alphabetical order4 ,excellent examples of the method are the ,library ,association ,index to ,periodicals and 7with briefer entries7 the ,london ,library ,subject ,index1 and the ,british ,museum ,subject ,index4 ,as the last two examples show1 this form is usually provided as an index to be used in conjunction with a separate author catalogue1 but complete1 individual catalogues have been produced in this form4 ,its advantages are those accruing to the alphabet1 rapid reference and easy recognition2 its disadvantages are the inevitable separations of allied topics4 #beh4 ,annotation1 etc4--,in all forms of catalogue the difficulties which have to be obviated are the lack of clearness of meaning in titles and of information as to the qualifications of authors1 the scope1 size1 format1 date and other features of books4 ,these particulars can1 and should1 be given as a rule under the principal entry of each book as part of the main entry2 but to amplify such information1 notes--technically called annotations--are now frequently provided4 ,an admirable conspectus of the art of annotation is available in ,e4 ,a4 ,savage's ,manual of ,annotation in ,library ,catalogues1 and the student is referred to that work4 ,here it will be sufficient to say that catalogue entries should be as full in bibliographical particulars as the means of the library will allow1 and that notes1 which must be as brief as possible1 should elucidate obscure titles1 show the qualifications of the author1 his method1 elementary or otherwise1 the preliminary knowledge required for the reading of the book1 its place in the literature of the subject1 and the presence of bibliographies1 glossaries1 etc42 and should give1 in the case of reprints1 the date of first publication1 and in that of revised editions1 the nature of the revision or editorial additions4 #bei4 ,form of ,catalogue4--,having chosen the manner in which his catalogue is to be compiled1 or1 to adapt a term from classification1 its inner form1 the librarian has an almost equally important decision to make as to the manner of its outer form1 or the way in which it may be made accessible to his public4 ,at one time every librarian aimed to produce a printed catalogue as a matter of course and necessity1 partly because ,,ms4 forms were imperfect1 and partly because the universal prevalence of the barrier system made a key of which every reader could have a copy an integral part of the charging4 ,this view does not prevail to anything like the former extent1 and the complete printed catalogue in book form is becoming less and less general4 ,in some ways this is unfortunate1 because the printed catalogue has the indisputable value of book-form1 homogeneity1 and convenience both for consultation and for carrying about2 besides1 it is a valuable bibliographical tool for use in all other libraries4 ,at the same time1 the great cost of the printed catalogue1 especially when issued complete in any of the alphabetical forms1 and the irritating fact that in a growing library it is incomplete the day after it is published1 have made it almost impossible for public librarians to publish in this form4 ,complete printed class-lists are a more satisfactory form1 because each class can be published separately and at such intervals as will distribute the cost over several years2 and revisions can be made in similar serial manner1 so that classes such as the ,useful ,arts1 in which books most rapidly run out of date or are superseded1 can be more frequently revised than others4 ,most classified catalogues are issued in this manner4 ,but1 in spite of the admitted advantages of the complete printed catalogue in book-form1 the tendency is to depend upon complete manuscript catalogues at the library1 and to advise readers of additions by means of a periodical library bulletin1 by duplicated lists1 by lists published in the local newspapers1 etc4 ,the open access system has destroyed the most immediate necessity for the printed catalogue--the choosing of books from a stock which readers were unable to examine--and few libraries which publish such a catalogue can hope to recoup even a substantial part of the cost from sales4 ,one or two libraries have a selected printed catalogue1 which contains the #aj1jjj-bj1jjj invariable books in the library--the classics in all branches of literature which readers have a right to expect to find on the shelves--and depend upon ,,ms4 catalogues for the stock as a whole4 #bfj4 ,card ,distribution1 etc4--,in using the term 8manuscript catalogue0 we speak somewhat loosely1 in that the term usually covers any catalogue not in printed book form2 hence it covers slip1 card1 sheaf1 placard and various other forms in which individual entries may indeed be printed4 ,the most used of these is the card catalogue1 in which each entry of books is made on a separate card1 and the cards are arranged on their fore-edges in drawers or trays 7but drawers preferably7 in the order that would be used in a book-catalogue4 ,the merit of this system is its infinite flexibility2 for1 as every book has its separate card1 cards for additions can be inserted without dislocating the order1 and the catalogue can be kept up-to-date always4 ,several of the great bibliographical and cataloguing institutions have adopted this form1 the most important being the ,library of ,congress at ,washington4 ,this admirable library not only prints its own cards1 but offers copies for sale to other libraries at a low cost4 ,in #aiad these cards were available for #fej1jjj titles1 and to these additions of from #ej1jjj to #ee1jjj are made annually4 ,as the cards are of standard size 7#e inches #c inches #abe #ge cm47 they can be used in any properly constructed catalogue4 ,naturally there is an emphasis on ,american books1 but thousands of the cards apply to ,english books as well4 ,thus1 for an expenditure of about two cents per card1 any library may have the cards for its catalogues1 and this is at a far smaller cost in labour and money than any individual printed entry can be obtained by any library4 ,the backbone of the system is the 8unit0 card2 that is to say1 one card is printed for a book and on it are indicated all cross-references1 etc41 and extra copies of the card can1 if it is thought necessary1 be purchased and placed under the headings indicated4 ,the ,library of ,congress issues advance proof sheets at a charge of #cj a year1 which may be cut up and mounted on cards as a staff catalogue1 or as suggestion slips1 and from these may be learned the serial numbers by which cards may be ordered4 ,in the ,united ,states several of the great city libraries act as depots for storing whole sets of the cards1 which librarians of other libraries may consult instead of proof sheets4 ,this card distribution method has thus been dwelt upon as it has as yet no analogue in the ,united ,kingdom1 and it is to be hoped that some judiciously chosen great ,british libraries may act as depots for ,library of ,congress and other cards4 ,their use would save thousands of pounds to ,british libraries1 as well as set free for other library purposes the hundreds of cataloguers in hundreds of different libraries who are all engaged in the wasteful task of cataloguing the very same books4 ,other libraries which issue printed cards are the ,institute ,international de ,bibliographie at ,brussels1 the ,concilium ,bibliographicum1 ,zurich1 the ,john ,crerar ,library1 ,chicago1 and ,pittsburgh ,library4 ,about ninety per cent4 of the municipal library books in the ,united ,states are covered by the ,library of ,congress cards2 therefore a certain number of cards have still to be made by the individual libraries2 and in ,english libraries practically all the card catalogues are so made4 ,in some cases the cards are made by mounting entries from the periodical list of additions or bulletin1 but usually the cards are written1 hand-printed or typed4 ,it is obvious that some system of card distribution from an authoritative centre is badly needed in the ,united ,kingdom as a measure of mere economy4 #bfa4 ,sheaf ,catalogue4--,the second form of manuscript catalogue is the sheaf1 which may be described as a book-application of the principle of the card catalogue4 ,it consists of a sheaf or holder in the shape of a book-cover which is fitted with locking rods designed to hold some #fjj or #hjj leaves4 ,the leaves are separate individual pieces of paper cut to a standard size and punched with slots and holes to accommodate the locking rods of the sheaf4 ,the sheaf is arranged on much the same plan as the card catalogue1 except that several books are entered on each page as a rule1 and when any page becomes congested it is re-written as a whole4 ,it will be seen that this is the loose-leaf principle1 which has largely become so prominent in business methodology2 and1 indeed1 the sheaf-catalogue was undoubtedly the forerunner of the loose-leaf ledger4 ,it has most of the advantages of the card catalogue1 occupies less space1 and has the undeniable advantage of book form2 but whereas in the card catalogue there is little or no re-writing of entries1 in the sheaf catalogue this must be undertaken at intervals4 ,of course if one page were devoted to each entry1 as one card is so devoted in the card catalogue1 the merits of the systems would seem to be equal1 except perhaps that the card is of a more durable material than the paper used in the sheaf4 ,but either card or sheaf is infinitely superior to any other form of ,,ms4 catalogue4 ,a reference only is necessary to other forms of ,,ms4 which have been proposed from time to time1 as none of them has been adopted by any number of libraries4 ,the very old libraries occasionally use a slip catalogue2 the ,bodleian and ,british ,museum1 for example1 paste slips into volumes or guard books resembling large scrap-books in approximate alphabetical order1 and other libraries use similar methods4 ,the system is a good one in many respects2 the public understands and likes it2 but the catalogue runs to so many large volumes that its accommodation would be a serious matter for the ordinary library2 and the congestion of entries1 with loss of all but approximate alphabetical order at most letters of the alphabet1 will be obvious4 ,adjustments will be explained in the next chapter4 ,it is not the intention here to recommend any special method or form of cataloguing2 individual library systems have individual needs2 and no librarian should make so important a decision as to the character of his catalogue without an examination of such catalogues as have been named and described4 ,our next chapter will illustrate the physical forms of catalogue sufficiently1 we think1 for most practical purposes4 #bfb4 ,codes and ,rules#i4--,whatever form of catalogue is chosen1 the main entry is practically the same for them all2 that is1 the author entry2 and a whole literature of cataloguing rules and codes now exists which must receive careful attention4 ,the principal of them are as follows3 ,bodleian ,library4 ,rules for the ,author ,catalogues of ,printed ,books and ,printed ,music4 ,see ,supplement to the ,staff-,kalendar1 #aiaa1 etc4 ,british ,museum4 ,rules for ,compiling ,catalogues in the ,department of ,printed ,books1 #aijf4 ,cutter1 ,c4 ,a4 ,rules for a ,printed ,dictionary ,catalogue4 #dth ed41 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 #aijd4 7,the most complete and detailed work on the subject47 ,quinn1 ,j4 ,h4 ,library ,cataloguing1 #aiac4 ,truslove ,hanson4 7,the best ,english text-book for beginners1 but limited mainly to the dictionary form1 which the author prefers47 ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing1 #aiab4 ,grafton4 7,more advanced and comprehensive than ,quinn1 and is illustrated freely47 ,dewey1 ,melvil4 ,library ,school ,rules3 #a1 ,card ,catalog ,rules2 #b1 ,accession ,book ,rules2 #c1 ,shelf ,list ,rules4 #eth ed4 ,boston3 ,libr4 ,bureau1 #aije4 7,with #eb facsimiles of sample cards47 ,jast1 ,l4 ,s4 ,classified and ,annotated ,cataloguing3 ,suggestions and ,rules4 ,see ,library ,world1 vi4 #c1 #ahih-aijj4 ,abridged in ,library ,world1 v4 #g1 #aijf4 ,linderfelt1 ,k4 ,a4 ,eclectic ,card ,catalog ,rules3 ,authors and ,titles4 ,based on ,dziatzko's ,instruction1 compared with the ,rules of the ,british ,museum1 ,cutter1 ,dewey1 ,perkins and other authorities4 ,boston3 ,c4 ,a4 ,cutter1 #ahij4 7,an invaluable reference book47 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,sydney ,public ,library4 ,guide to the ,system of ,cataloguing the ,reference ,library3 with rules for cataloguing4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson4 #dth ed4 #aijb4 ,sydney3 ,gullick4 ,perkins1 ,f4 ,b4 ,san ,francisco ,cataloguing for ,public ,libraries3 ,a ,manual based on the ,system in use in the ,san ,francisco ,free ,public ,library4 ,s4 ,francisco3 ,c4 ,a4 ,murdock1 #ahhd4 ,hitchler1 ,theresa4 ,cataloguing for ,small ,libraries4 ,ed4 #b1 #aiae4 ,chicago3 ,a4,l4,a4 #i ,foreign codes which deserve mention are3 ,italian3 ,fumagalli1 ,giuseppe4 ,cataloghi di ,biblioteche1 e ,indice ,bibliographia3 ,memoria4 ,firenze3 ,g4 ,c4 ,sansoni1 #ahhg4 ,german3 ,instructionen fr die ,alphabetischen ,kataloge der ,preuszischen ,bibliotheken4 ,zweite ,ausg41 #aijh4 ,berlin3 ,behrend1 #aiji4 ,austrian3 ,k4 ,k4 ,hofbibliothek4 ,vorschrift fr die ,verfassung des ,alphabetischen ,nominal-,zettelkatalogs der ,druckwerke4 ,hrsg4 von der ,direction4 ,mit zwei ,beilagen1 einem ,sachregister und #ejj ,beispielen4 ,wien3 ,selbstverlag der ,k4 ,k4 ,hofbibliothek1 #aija4 ,spanish3 ,junta ,facultativa de ,archivos1 ,bibliotecas y ,museos4 ,instrucciones para la redaccin de los catlogos en las bibliotecas publicas del estado4 ,madrid3 ,tip4 de la ,revista de ,archivos1 ,bibliotecas y ,museos1 #aijb4 #bfc4 ,anglo-,american ,code4--,while the study of the above codes and elucidations is a necessary preliminary to the best cataloguing work1 they all lead up in general to the ,anglo-,american cataloguing code1 which made its first appearance in #aijh1aj and at the time of writing 7,may #aiai7 is again under revision4 ,it is a useful and happy example of co-operation between the two principal library societies of the world1 and may be said to have laid the foundations of all future cataloguing method4 ,it consists of definitions2 #agd substantive rules1 with variations where the two countries could not agree1 and where some recognized authority such as the ,library of ,congress differed from the rule recommended2 and appendices on abbreviations1 transliteration1 and sample catalogue cards illustrating the rules4 ,a digest and criticism of these rules1 which are too many to be copied here1 will be found in ,brown's ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing1 and will serve to show the skeleton of the entries they provide1 and will be serviceable to the student who reads it in connexion with the ,code itself4 ,the main feature of the ,code is fulness of entry1 involving various repetitions in places2 for example1 the author's name1 which is used as the heading1 is also repeated in the title4 #aj ,cataloguing ,rules3 ,author and ,title ,entries4 ,compiled by ,committees of the ,american ,library ,association and the ,library ,association4 ,english edition1 #aijh4 7,out of print1 #aiai47 ,,lecky1 ,,william ,,edward ,,hartpole4 ,the ,american ,revolution1 #agfc-hc2 being the chapters and passages relating to ,america from the author's ,history of ,england in the ,eighteenth ,century1 by ,william ,edward ,hartpole ,lecky4 4 4 4 ,arranged and edited1 with historical and bibliographical notes1 by ,james ,albert ,woodburn4 4 4 4 ,added entry3 ,woodburn1 ,james ,albert4 ,the example will give an idea of the general treatment of a book and of the use of punctuation4 ,the three dots have a 8separating0 purpose merely4 ,rules that differ from some in fairly general use are3 #bc1 which prescribes that authors shall be entered in full and in their vernacular form with certain exceptions2 #be1 which enters compound names under the first part of the name and refers from the other part1--thus3 ,burne-,jones1 ,sir ,edward1 not ,jones1 ,sir ,edward ,burne-2 and in particular #cc1 which enters a nobleman under his family name and refers from his titles1--thus3 ,,thomson1 ,,william1 #ast baron ,kelvin2 ,,lubbock1 ,,john1 #ast ,lord ,avebury4 ,authors who have changed their names are entered under the earliest form1 but the later name is added to the entry1--thus3 ,,smith1 ,,hannah1 afterwards ,hesba ,stretton2 and married women are treated similarly4 ,pseudonymous authors are entered under their real names when they are known1 with references from the assumed names4 ,it will be clear that1 in view of the impossibility of printing the ,anglo-,american ,code in this chapter1 it will be futile to give an alternative ,code in a manual which deals with the general activities of the profession4 ,a brief ,code did appear in the last edition1 which was practical and simple1 and reference may be made to that1 but it is strongly to be suggested that all future catalogues should be accommodated to the ,a4-,a4 ,code in order that uniform methods of entry may be perfected1 catalogues may become more generally understandable1 and a formidable obstacle to co-operative cataloguing be removed4 #bfd4 ,bulletins4--,since about #ahid a number of libraries have issued periodical magazines1 or bulletins1 in which are printed lists of new books1 reading lists on special subjects1 notes on the work of the libraries1 and other matter likely to be of use and interest to library readers4 ,the first use of such a magazine is to supply readers with a regular supplementary catalogue of all book additions2 a second purpose is to publish notifications of new rules or alterations in the working of the library2 and a third may be to issue information about the work accomplished by the library4 ,the greatest amount of space1 therefore1 should be allotted to the description of new books1 and annotations should be supplied liberally to the entries which require them4 ,the magazine has the advantage over ordinary supplementary catalogues in that it is issued regularly and frequently2 and it has a valuable purpose in supplying printed entries by means of which the card or sheaf catalogue can be kept up-to-date effectively4 ,copies of the magazine can be printed on thin paper 7preferably bank paper7 on one side only1 and the entries can be cut out and mounted on cards or slips and inserted in the standard catalogue of the library1 whatever form it may take4 ,emphasis may be laid upon the special catalogues or reading lists which can conveniently be published by this means4 ,a special catalogue is usually a classified list of entries on the subject chosen in ordinary catalogue form1 of which several good examples appear in the ,norwich ,readers' ,guide4 ,a reading list has a directive purpose2 it is in a much freer form as a rule1 selects the best books on the subject1 and indicates the order in which they may be read most profitably1 with qualitative and elucidatory notes4 ,examples of such lists appear in several ,american library bulletins1 and examples readily accessible are those in the ,croydon ,reader's ,index1 a sample from one of which is subjoined3 ,,darwin ,,and ,,the ,,evolution ,,theory ,,part #a4 ,,introductory ,,course4 ,for those who are unable to read very widely in the theory the following are suggested1 in the order given1 as sufficient for giving an accurate and fairly complete view of the question4 ,saleeby's 8,organic ,evolution10 a simple but interesting intro4 to the subject ,c#aa #ege ,romanes's 8,scientific ,evidences of ,organic ,evolution0 is also a brief statement of the primary factors of the theory ,,cst #ege ,clodd's 8,story of ,creation0 is a popular but more extensive study of the whole question of evolution ,,cst #ege ,wallace's 8,darwinism0 should be read as a direct intro4 to ,darwin's own works4 ,embraces researches made between #ahgb and #ahhi1 and answers objections2 it is popular in method ,,cst #ege ,darwin's 8,origin of ,species0 is the epoch-making work in which1 in #ahei1 he first fully expounded his theory of the mutability of species ,,cst #ege ,his 8,descent of ,man10 #ahga1 is an account of further experiments1 and more careful in style ,,ct #ege ,huxley's 8,man's ,place in ,nature0 may be read as a suppl4 to ,darwin1 as the work of a brilliant independent critic ,,cst #egc ,romanes's 8,darwin and after ,darwin0 carries on the theory to #ahij4 #c v4 ,c #ege ,haeckel's 8,evolution of ,man0 contains the view of the theory of the first of ,german biologists4 ,principally a study of embryology4 #b v4 ,c #ege ,weissmann's 8,the ,evolution ,theory0 is the latest re-statement of the whole subject 7#aijd74 ,is popular1 and contains a study of the author's germ theory4 #b v4 ,c #egb ,if the reader is unable to spare time for reading all the above1 ,romanes's 8,scientific ,evidences0 and ,wallace's 8,darwinism0 are perhaps the most useful to the beginner4 #aa ,c ,central1 ,r ,reference1 ,s ,south ,norwood1 and ,t ,thornton ,heath1 the ,libraries possessing copies4 ,,part #b4 ,a ,,more ,,complete ,,course4 ,,biography4 ,see ,francis ,darwin's 8,life and ,letters of ,charles ,darwin40 #c v41 #ahhg ,,cs ,b ,the official life1 by his son2 it contains an autobiographical c41 and is 8at once a biography1 an autobiography1 and the history of a great idea40 ,and its complement1 ,darwin's 8,more ,letters40 #b v4 ,,cst #ege ,a record of his work1 in hitherto unpublished letters4 ,v4 #a deals almost entirely with evolution4 ,see also the popular biographies3 ,bettany's 8,life of ,charles ,darwin0 in the 8,great ,writers0 ser4 ,c ,b ,and ,grant ,allen's 8,charles ,darwin0 in the 8,english ,worthies0 ser4 ,,cst ,b ,also 8,,memorial ,,notices3 ,,reprinted ,,from #8,,nature1'0 #ahhb ,,cstr ,b ,appreciations and criticisms of his work in geology1 botany1 zoology1 psychology1 and other branches of thought1 by ,huxley1 ,romanes1 ,geikie1 and ,dyer4 ,,works4 #ahci ,darwin's 8,journal of ,researches into the ,natural ,history and ,geology of the ,countries ,visited during the voyage of ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle' #ahcb-cf10 #ahhi ,,cstr #ejh4c ,this v4 and the two succeeding ones were the outcome of a government scientific expedition round the world during which ,d4 was naturalist4 ,the results of the voyage were considered 8the most important of recent years10 and 8it is impossible to overrate the influence of the voyage on ,d4's career4 ,he left ,england untried1 he returned a practised and brilliant geologist4 ,and above all he came back full of the thoughts of evolution40 ,the general appearance of the additions catalogue as it appears in these bulletins may be gathered from the two following examples3 ,philology4 ,wright1 ,joseph4 ,primer of the ,gothic ,language3 containing the ,gospel of ,st ,mark1 selections from the other ,gospels1 and the ,second ,epistle to ,timothy3 with grammar1 notes1 and glossary4 #ahii4 7,clarendon ,pr47 ,r #dci ,author was deputy prof4 of comparative philology1 ,oxford ,univ41 and ed4 of 8,the ,english ,dialect ,dict40 7,rq #dbg74 ,bibliog4 of works on ,gothic1 #b pp4 #bbe bb #fjfj ,natural ,science4 ,ellis1 ,david4 ,medicinal ,herbs and ,poisonous ,plants4 ,illus4 #aiah4 7,blackie7 ,,cst #eha4f ,author is ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,elementary botanical descriptions of ,british plants1 including herbs imported or collected for the herbalist4 ,notes concerning cultivation1 source of supply1 present and former price1 and other commercial details1 are given of the more important ,british drug plants4 #fae #bcdi ,gerhardi1 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,electricity ,meters3 their construction and management3 a practical manual for central station engineers1 distribution engineers1 and students4 ,illus4 #aiag4 7,benn7 ,,cr #fba4c ,author is chief of testing dept41 ,metropolitan ,electric ,supply ,co41 ,london4 ,alphabetically arranged descriptions1 under classified heads1 of the principal meters in use to-day4 ,latter portion of v4 is devoted to testing arrangements and apparatus1 meter testing1 fixing1 reading1 cleaning and repairing1 and book-keeping4 #aihdc ,mackenzie1 ,col4 ,j4 ,s4 ,f4 ,wild ,flowers1 and ,how to ,name ,them at a ,glance without ,botany4 ,illus4 7,holden7 ,,cst #ehj ,deals with some #cjj of the larger and more common wild flowers1 without technical terms1 and uses identification methods described as similar to those employed by the police in identifying people4 #ccedi ,stanley1 ,w4 ,f4 ,notes on the ,nebular ,theory in ,relation to ,stellar1 ,solar1 ,planetary1 ,cometary1 and ,geological ,phenomena4 #ae #bei pp4 #ca ,illus4 #h ins4 #e ins4 #ahie4 7,paul1 ,trench1 ,trbner74 ,,cstr ,s#gj7jaf7 ,author 7#ahbi-aijj71 7,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc471 scientific instrument maker and educationalist1 was a ,south ,norwood resident1 a local ,j4,p41 and founder of the ,stanley ,technical ,trade ,schools1 ,south ,norwood4 #ebc4a ,gift from ,mrs ,cushing #aihdj ,useful ,arts4 ,jennings1 ,a4 ,s4 ,painting by immersion and by compressed air4 #aiae4 ,ill4 #fih #bbbaf ,a detailed technical treatise on the methods and appliances for 8spraying0 paint1 lacquer1 enamel1 varnish1 etc41 and painting by immersion4 ,by the process of 8flowing on0 it is stated that a complete coat of enamel can be given to the body of a four-seated touring car in two minutes4 ,jex-,blake1 ,a4 ,j4 ,tuberculosis3 a general account of the disease1 its forms1 treatment1 and prevention4 #aiae4 #faf4iie #bbaeh ,kean1 ,f4 ,j4 ,petrol engine4 #aiae4 ,diagrams4 #fba4dcd #bbbag ,each part of the engine is dealt with in a separate chapter4 ,the two-stroke engine receives a chapter to itself4 ,liquid fuels are very briefly covered in four pages4 ,the appendix deals with engine troubles1 their causes and cure4 ,kingsbury1 ,j4 ,e4 ,telephone and telephone exchanges3 their invention and development4 #aiae4 ,ill4 #fba4che #bbbjg ,an attempt has been made in this work so to relate the inventions and developments in the telephone field that the record may constitute in effect a short history of the telephone industry and an expression of its main principles4 ,lange1 ,k4 ,r4 ,by-products of coal-gas manufacture2 trans4 from the ,german4 #aiae4 ,ill4 #ffe4g #bbjcg ,contents3 ,introduction2 ,purification of coal gas2 ,coke2 ,gas-tar2 ,gas liquor2 ,treatment of the gas purifying agents2 ,treatment of cyanogen sludge2 ,treatment of crude liquors2 ,treatment of ammonium thiocyanate1 etc4 ,mc,cormick1 ,w4 ,h4 ,electricity4 ,romance of ,reality ,series4 #aiae4 ,ill4 #fba4c #baheh ,martin1 ,geoffrey4 ,chlorine and ,chlorine products4 ,manuals of ,chemical ,technology ,,iv4 #aiae4 ,ill4 #ffa4c #bbaei ,includes the manufacture of bleaching powder1 hypochlorites1 chlorates1 etc41 with sections on bromine1 iodine1 hydrofluoric acid2 with a chapter on 8,recent oxidizing agents0 by ,g4 ,w4 ,clough4 ,martin1 ,geoffrey1 and ,barbour1 ,william4 ,industrial nitrogen compounds and explosives4 ,manuals of ,chemical ,technology ,,iii4 #aiae4 ,ill4 #ffb #bbafj ,a practical treatise on the manufacture1 properties1 and industrial uses of nitric acid1 nitrates1 ammonia1 ammonium salts1 cyanides1 etc41 including most recent modern explosives4 ,the cost of such bulletins varies according to style1 variety of types used1 etc41 and rarely can it be recovered from sales4 ,some bulletins are wholly or partly supported by advertisements1 and when these are included it is better that they should be on separated pages at the beginning and end1 and not1 as is sometimes done1 inserted in irritating manner amongst the library matter4 #bfe4 ,preparation of ,catalogue ,copy4--,the quickest and most economical method of preparing catalogue copy for the printer is to do it as perfectly as possible1 according to set rules of typing or handwriting1 punctuation1 type-marking1 and revision4 ,irritations innumerable pursue the librarian who allows copy to go to the printer which leaves anything to the imagination or discretion of that too often unjustly abused person2 printers' corrections are an alarming addition to the cost if they have not been anticipated2 and what is and what is not a correction has always been a matter upon which author and printer have rarely seen eye to eye4 ,if the copy is fool-proof and composition-proof the chances of corrections are reduced to the minimum1 although it is impossible to remove them entirely4 ,separate entries should be made for each book on slips1 of uniform size to permit of rapid arrangement2 and in most cases the #e in4 #c in4 paper slips used for suggestions will serve1 although where annotation is used to any extent the size is rather too small for type- or hand-written entries4 ,on these the entries are made according to the rules in force1 and if hand-written1 they should be according to a standard hand-writing4 ,the models given 7,fig4 #ia7 are the best forms of hand-script that have yet been devised1 and every beginner in cataloguing should be required to learn their use4 ,if the slip is ruled horizontally1 with two vertical lines 7a double margin7 at the left side of the slip1 it will be easier to regularize every entry by commencing the leading word or name at the first vertical line1 the title at the second1 and leaving a horizontal line blank between the title and the annotation4 ,every type distinction should be indicated according to the standard rules for marking printing copy 7see ,brown's ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing1 p4 #bef1 8printer's corrections10 which apply to the preparation of copy as well as to its correction74 ,finally1 all copy should be checked microscopically before it is sent to the printer1 even if it has been written by the librarian himself or by the chief cataloguer4 ,the slips should be arranged in order and numbered1 or they may be mounted on sheets of paper in columns of about ten or twenty1 in order to prevent loss4 ,two proofs at least should be required from the printer1 the first in slip1 or galley1 form1 the second in page form2 it is better to have three proofs1 especially if the catalogue has elaborate type distinctions1 employs many abbreviations1 etc4 ,moreover1 the most minute reading of proofs is necessary4 ,it is really wonderful to what an extent errors creep into proofs1 and the practice of the printer's reader who went over every page of proof however perfect until he did find an error1 although it is a counsel of perfection1 is suggestive of what may be expected from the reader of catalogue proofs4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j ,,fig4 #ia4--;,hand-,printing for ,catalogues 7,section #bfe74 #bff4 ,printing ,specifications4--,hints on printing specifications relating to catalogues can be gained from ,philip's ,the ,production of the ,printed ,catalogue and from ,quinn's ,library ,cataloguing1 but the specifications there given must be adjusted to the special kind of catalogue proposed4 ,an excellent practical method of obtaining estimates of cost is to have specimen pages printed of the body of the catalogue and the indexes1 exactly of the required model1 spaced out with the number of lines per page4 ,if the manuscript copy is not ready1 estimates can be obtained from the printers per page1 according to the specimen pages1 and this is a fair way of tendering4 ,if the copy is ready1 estimates should be obtained for the whole job1 including covers1 in the style of the specimen pages4 ,a printer can soon tell how much print a manuscript will run to1 especially if the copy has been prepared in a uniform manner1 with ten or twelve slips mounted on the folio4 ,a clear understanding as to payment for corrections and additions to proof should be reached before the tender is accepted4 #bfg4 ,co-operative ,cataloguing4--,efforts have been made from time to time to obviate the duplicating of cataloguing work that occurs all over the country1 and in every country1 and brief reference should be made to these4 ,the principal is the ,library of ,congress card-distribution system1 to which detailed reference has been made4 ,in ,great ,britain various attempts have been made1 but chiefly in the form of annotated and classified lists of new books1 which it was expected that libraries would transfer to their own catalogues4 ,such lists were issued in ,the ,library ,world in #aija1 but were discontinued for lack of support4 ,later the ,library ,association issued such lists in ,the ,library ,association ,record1 but in recent years this work1 which is still done by members of the ,association1 is published in the form of weekly lists in strict catalogue form 7,decimal classified1 and annotated7 in ,the ,athenum2 and ,the ,librarian and ,book ,selector publishes monthly annotated lists which are classified by both the ,decimal and ,subject classifications4 ,in ,america1 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,book-,list1 ,the ,wisconsin ,library ,bulletin1 and ,the ,ontario ,library ,review all provide similar lists4 ,any of the entries in all of these is suitable for cutting out and mounting on cards or slips for insertion in existing catalogues4 ,other kinds of catalogue co-operation are those in which more than one library has joined in the issue of a catalogue to cover the stock of all in certain subjects4 ,a small example was the ,union ,class-,list of the ,libraries of the ,library and ,library ,assistants' ,association1 #aiac2 and larger examples are the ,classified ,catalogue on ,architecture1 etc41 in the ,principal ,libraries of ,manchester and ,salford1 #aiji1 which was edited by ,henry ,guppy and ,guthrie ,vine for the ,joint ,architectural ,committee of ,manchester2 and the ,newcastle ,classical ,catalogue1 #aiab1 which contains certain periodicals and books in the ,armstrong ,college ,library1 as well as those in the ,public ,libraries4 ,the most recent examples are series of class-lists on important subjects such as ,internal ,combustion ,engines and ,aeronautics1 both #aiah1 issued by the ,committee on ,joint-,technical ,catalogues1 ,glasgow1 which bring together titles from the libraries of eighteen institutions in that city1 indicating the location of the various books by abbreviations added to the entries1 as3 ,cassier's ,engineering ,monthly4 ,e4 ,kp4 ,l4 ,ml4 ,p4 ,pp4 ,s4 ,st4 ,u4 ,many schemes for a national central co-operative catalogue have been drawn up1 and lie buried in the pages of library periodicals1 until some future time when the benefits of such work will be realized and recognized in this country4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,mechanical ,,methods ,,of ,,displaying ,,catalogues #bfh4 ,we have dealt already with forms of catalogue to some extent1 but the five chief methods of displaying manuscript catalogues merit a more detailed consideration and illustration4 ,it is needless to attempt to describe every device which has been introduced for the purpose of displaying catalogues and providing for additions and expansion1 and we shall limit our selection to those which are best known1 most effective or most used4 ,the five chief methods are the ,page1 ,card1 ,sheaf1 ,placard and ,panoramic1 a nomenclature suggested in an article which appeared in #ahic in the ,library1 pp4 #de-ff4 #bfi4 ,page ,catalogues4--,the most elementary form of the page catalogue is the ordinary manuscript book1 with stepped thumb-index or simple alphabetical division of the leaves1 so many being allowed for each letter of the alphabet4 ,this is an unsuitable variety for a public library1 and should not be used for cataloguing purposes4 ,the ,british ,museum public catalogue consists of large guard books1 in which printed or manuscript slips of book entries are mounted on the tough cartridge paper leaves1 so as to leave space for additions4 ,when a page becomes congested1 the slips can be lifted by means of a paper-knife1 as they are secured only at the ends1 another leaf can be inserted on the adjoining guard1 and the old and additional slips can be redistributed over the whole of the newly created space4 ,this catalogue represents but one alphabet1 or copy of the catalogue1 in some hundreds of volumes1 and each volume only holds a small portion of the alphabet1 as from ,bal to ,bec4 ,one copy of the catalogue thus serves many readers at one time4 ,by distributing the entries over a number of volumes1 congestion is less likely to occur than in catalogues complete in themselves in one or two volumes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,catalogue ,shelves1 ,british ,museum 7,section #bfi74 ,a variation of this system of guard book is to be seen in some public libraries where the whole of the catalogue is mounted in one volume4 ,a number of copies of this style of page catalogue must be provided to meet public needs1 and it is1 on the whole1 a less serviceable and much more expensive form than the catalogue on similar lines spread over a number of volumes4 ,a good example of this kind of page catalogue is to be seen in the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 where it exists in the form of huge guard books displayed on special stands4 #bgj4 ,to overcome the difficulty of inserting additional leaves at pleasure in page catalogues1 various kinds of adjustable albums1 with movable leaves1 have been introduced4 ,at the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 in ,paris1 and elsewhere a catalogue is used consisting of thick1 hinged leaves1 punched at the back and laced into the boards1 or secured by means of a screw fastening4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,adjustable ,screw ,binder 7,section #bga74 #bga4 ,another variety of this ,french binder designed to secure adjustability of leaves is that shown below in the illustration 7,fig4 #ic71 wherein the leaves are clamped by the pressure of two wooden slats1 which are drawn together by means of two or more endless screws turned by a key4 ,for this kind of binder it is necessary to notch the leaves to correspond with the screws4 ,the principle of the sheaf binders 7,section #bhb7 can also be applied to page catalogues1 and very successful page books have been made up from the form illustrated in ,sections #bhf-hg4 ,the most recent methods of loose-leaf ledgers have also great possibilities for catalogues1 and are probably to be preferred to any book manuscript type other than the sheaf4 ,the whole of the devices just described are so arranged that leaves can be inserted1 to a more or less limited extent1 at any point4 ,the ,british ,museum type does not provide for unlimited additions1 nor for any subsequent division of volumes1 without much trouble and rebinding4 ,the ,french and other adjustable leaved binders do allow for unlimited insertions1 subject to the condition that the matter mounted on the pages must be redistributed4 ,in an adjustable book new leaves can be inserted at any place till the volume is full1 and then the contents may be divided and two books used1 this subdivision and spreading being continued as the entries increase in number4 #bgb4 ,a form of page catalogue combining the powers of inserting new leaves at any point1 and moving single entries about without having to paste them down or lift them up1 is called the ,rudolph ,indexer4 ,it consists in its book form of thick cardboard leaves1 to which metal flanges are secured1 down each margin4 ,each leaf is provided with a double-hinged fastening1 which enables it to be hooked on to any adjoining leaf1 so as to form a volume of any desired thickness1 to which a pair of covers can be attached4 ,the catalogue entries are written or printed on narrow cards1 and these are slipped under the flanges1 which secure them by either end4 ,fig4 #id shows at a glance the appearance of this form of page catalogue4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,rudolph ,indexer ,book 7,section #bgb74 #bgc4 ,there are certain advantages claimed for page catalogues which may be enumerated here4 ,the chief is that a large group of entries can be scanned with one sweep of the eye1 thereby facilitating the rapid finding of any particular entry4 ,another is that1 being in book form1 it is more easily manipulated than other forms of catalogue4 ,its comparative cheapness is sometimes put forward as an advantage over other forms1 particularly cards1 but on this point it is not wise to assume cheapness where so much time and labour are necessarily involved4 ,as regards the claim to rapidity in turning up entries because a whole page is exposed at a time1 there are considerable doubts as to its soundness4 ,general experience of such catalogues as the ,british ,museum is that1 owing to the number of entries1 the occasional congestions and disorders where double columns of entries exist1 it is more difficult to find a given entry than in the case of cards or slips properly guided and in accurate alphabetical order4 ,this point may be further illustrated by the case of men or women who are not adepts at using alphabetical lists1 and who turn up a particular word in a dictionary with much difficulty and loss of time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,card ,catalogue ,cabinet with ,sliding ,extension ,runners 7,section #bge74 #bgd4 ,card ,catalogues4--,the card-index is the invention of librarians1 and is perhaps the most important contribution to method that commerce owes to them4 ,cards for library cataloguing purposes were used in ,france in the middle of the eighteenth century2 they were used in ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 early in the nineteenth century2 and in #aheb they were introduced into the ,bank of ,england for commercial indexing4 ,the plan of keeping cards or slips on edge in boxes or drawers loosely1 thereby giving unlimited means of expansion and intercalation1 must have occurred to many minds as the best means of maintaining perpetual alphabetical order4 ,single cards not attached in any way1 save temporarily1 possess unlimited powers of movability1 and can be arranged in any kind of order when assembled in numbers1 because each card can be taken away or moved about or fresh cards added at any point in a series1 without upsetting any adjoining card1 or interrupting alphabetical order4 ,the cards1 when arranged in alphabetical order1 are separated into small divisions by means of projecting guides1 on which are printed subject or author or other words or class numbers1 which serve the same purpose as the running catch-words of a dictionary1 only they are much more effective1 because more conspicuous4 ,they are secured by means of a rod which passes through holes punched in the lower part of the cards1 and the rod is either locked or screwed into the back or front of the drawer4 #bge4 ,the usual plan is to store the cards in the drawers of a cabinet1 marking the contents of each drawer plainly on the outside4 ,fig4 #ie is an illustration of a card cabinet1 showing the usual guides and sliding runners to enable the whole extent of a drawer to be pulled free of the cabinet for purposes of examination4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,cabinet of ,card ,trays 7,section #bgf74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,sideless ,card ,catalogue ,tray 7,section #bgf74 #bgf4 ,another form1 which is illustrated above 7,fig4 #if71 shows various improvements1 including an adjustable angle-block1 for supporting the cards at a suitable angle for easy consultation3 this can be screwed up tight at any point in a drawer1 so as to hold a smaller or larger number of cards in place2 a special form of rod on which the cards are strung or filed1 easily removable1 but still capable of safeguarding them against misuse or misplacement2 a special automatic catch at the front of the drawer to prevent it being pulled out accidentally1 but which does not prevent any drawer from being taken away from the cabinet if required4 ,another important improvement introduced in #aijb was the modification in the sides of trays1 whereby the woodwork was cut down so as to lighten the tray and enable the cards to be handled from the sides as well as the top4 ,this variety is known as the 8,sideless ,tray0 7,fig4 #ig74 #bgg4 ,the card catalogue in cabinets of fixed drawers is not1 in some ways1 such an effective arrangement as detachable trays or drawers stored in a suitable rack or cabinet4 ,the fixed-drawer plan has various disadvantages1 chief among which is the serious one that a single person consulting a cabinet may monopolize from #fjjj to #aj1jjj entries1 according to the number of drawers forming a tier4 ,where there are four to six drawers in a tier it is impossible to adjust them so that both tall and short persons will find them equally accessible2 and only a few persons can use the catalogue at one time1 as two persons will practically cover up three tiers1 thus in some cases cutting off from other users at least #bj1jjj or more entries4 ,there is also the difficulty of filling up application forms for books1 as no proper writing surfaces are available1 although some modern cabinets have a horizontal shelf which slides in and out as required from the centre or from beneath the cabinet1 as shown in ,fig4 #ie4 ,in addition there is the difficulty of obtaining a good light on the lower drawers1 and the large amount of space occupied by a large cabinet4 ,to meet these difficulties card cabinets should be placed most carefully so that the person of average height can consult all drawers without trouble2 and the extension shelf just mentioned should be provided2 or1 the cabinets should stand upon a table the top of which projects in front of them sufficiently to permit of drawers withdrawn from the cabinet being placed upon them4 ,this shelf or table provides the desired writing surface2 and small paper note-blocks on which readers can note catalogue particulars are part of the table equipment4 ,when printed entries are mounted on blank cards1 it is advisable to 8guard0 them1 in order to balance the additional thickness of the upper part1 which causes bulging1 by pricking the fronts of the cards1 or embossing them by means of a blunt awl1 thus3 ,embossed ,hole ,embossed dent dent ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a similar result may be obtained by pasting strips of paper of similar quality to that on which the printed entries are mounted on the lower part of the back of the card4 #bgh4 ,various kinds of trays1 described and figured below1 are intended to replace the 8cabinet0 system2 but it is clear that if every drawer is easily detached from a cabinet and if suitable table space is available their advantages are more theoretical than real4 ,a good form1 which is well safeguarded and not too heavy or clumsy1 will be found in a tray which is provided with all necessary accessories in the form of locking-rod1 guides1 adjustable angle-block1 outside label-holder1 and felt pads to prevent it from scratching table-tops or other furniture4 ,this kind of tray can be kept in racks of a convenient size1 and users can remove it to a table for consultation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,cards for ,bonnange ,catalogue ,trays 7,section #bgi74 #bgi4 ,a ,french form of card-catalogue tray was invented by ,mr ,f4 ,bonnange1 of ,paris1 in #ahff1 and improved in #ahgd4 ,in this1 the method of securing the card differs from the rod threading through perforations1 as in ,english and ,american models4 ,the cards are hinged1 and have shoulders formed in the slightly thicker lower portion1 as shown in the illustration 7,fig4 #ih71 which is also slotted to clear the fastening4 ,the hinged cards shoulder into side grooves formed in the wooden trays1 and the slotted portion is placed astride a powerful endless screw1 which traverses the tray from end to end1 and carries a suitable block which acts as a travelling clamp4 ,the screw is worked by means of a key1 and when turned to the right the block travels forward along the screw till the cards are all firmly clamped between it and the end of the tray2 when turned to the left the block travels back and so releases the cards to enable insertions to be made4 ,the upper portion of the cards being hinged1 and consequently free of the block1 are not clamped1 and can be turned over readily for purposes of consultation4 ,guides1 alphabetical or numerical1 may be inserted either above or at either side of the cards4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,bonnange ,card ,catalogue ,trays 7,section #bgi74 #bhj4 ,an ,italian card tray on a somewhat similar principle to this was invented by ,mr ,a4 ,staderini1 of ,rome1 in #ahij4 ,it differs from the ,bonnange tray in having a sliding-block gearing with a ratchet which is fastened along the bottom and made to engage or disengage with a key4 ,the cards are similar in principle to those of the ,bonnange system1 save that the lower hinged half is not slotted4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ajj7 will explain better than words the appearance and other accessories of this tray4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,staderini ,card ,trays and ,hinged ,card 7,section #bhj74 ,both the ,bonnange and ,staderini methods share in common an advantage of some importance1 viz41 the clamped lower portion of the card forms a counterfoil to show what has been taken1 should a card by accident or design be removed or torn off4 ,the accession number or brief title of the book can be written on the clamped portion of the card1 and so will safeguard against loss and imperfections4 ,this is an advantage not possessed by any of the ordinary card methods1 because when cards are torn from the rods they leave no trace1 and become lost for ever1 leaving it very problematical whether a catalogue is perfect or not4 #bha4 ,a card catalogue on a somewhat similar principle to the ,french and ,italian forms just described is known as the ,duplex ,card ,catalogue1 and was invented in ,england to enable both sides of the cards to be used1 thereby considerably enlarging the capacity of the catalogue1 while materially reducing its bulk4 ,it is fitted with falling ends which act as angle-blocks2 a travelling angle-block can be adjusted and locked at any point2 a locking-rod for threading the cards upon in order to secure them2 and xylonite label-holders4 ,the cards are larger than ordinary catalogue cards1 and instead of being hinged are simply creased at a short distance above the rod holes4 ,this gives a slight bulge and enables the cards to have the necessary play4 ,the trays are held lengthways in a position parallel to the body1 instead of at right angles as in the case of ordinary trays1 and the cards or leaves are simply turned over like those of a book4 ,an extended1 illustrated study of the whole of card-cataloguing methodology is ,sayers and ,stewart's ,the ,card ,catalogue4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,duplex ,card ,catalogue 7,section #bha74 #bhb4 ,sheaf ,catalogues4--,the sheaf catalogue is not so widely used as the card system in ,britain1 but1 as we have shown1 it has exactly the same advantages as regards the power of expansion and intercalation4 ,it aims at combining the advantages of both book and card catalogues1 by dividing the catalogue into handy sections so that the maximum number of readers can consult it at one time2 providing means for continuous expansion in alphabetical order2 safeguarding the contents of sections2 reducing the amount of storage space occupied2 and enabling users to handle and turn over the catalogue like the leaves of an ordinary book4 ,the introduction of ordinary paper slips1 which can be used in any typewriter1 which can be easily stored in various forms of binders in book form1 and which can be added to in manuscript without undoing the holder1 is a real economy in library administration which has not received the attention it deserves4 ,while #ajjj entries in a card catalogue will occupy from #gej to #hdj cubic inches of space1 the sheaf-holders most in use will not take up more than fifty-six cubic inches of space for the same number of entries4 ,the writing surfaces are also much larger4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,leyden ,slip ,holder 7,section #bhc74 #bhc4 ,the slip catalogue known as the ,leyden1 from its first use in the ,university ,library of ,leyden1 in ,holland1 in #ahga1 consists of bundles of slips1 notched as shown in the illustration 7,fig4 #ajb71 and secured by means of cord or catgut4 ,the outer boards are hinged1 and notched to correspond with the slips1 and the cord is tied firmly round the volume and into the slots1 so as to bind the whole4 ,these ,leyden holders are only adapted for private or staff use1 and must be kept in very thin sections1 as the volumes get more loose and insecure the thicker they are made4 ,as a means of holding any kind of temporary slip1 this is1 however1 a useful device4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,volume of ,staderini ,sheaf ,catalogue 7,section #bhd74 #bhd4 ,a much more mechanically perfect slip catalogue-holder is the screw-binder invented by ,mr ,a4 ,staderini1 of ,rome4 ,it comprises a fixed back and boards1 to which two iron screw-bolts are attached4 ,on these the slips1 which are perforated to correspond with the bolts1 are threaded1 and the books are secured by means of brass screw-caps which fasten the boards to the bolts1 and so make the volume rigid and the slips secure4 ,these volumes are numbered and kept in pigeon-holes1 which bear the volume numbers and letters denoting the section of the alphabet contained in each sheaf 7,figs4 #ajc-ajd74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,staderini ,sheaf ,catalogue in the ,victor ,emmanuel ,library1 ,rome 7,section #bhd74 #bhe4 ,a 8sheaf0-holder on exactly the same principle1 but with a different and neater fastening1 was invented in #ahia by ,mrs ,sacconi-,ricci1 of ,florence4 ,this holder also fits into numbered pigeon-holes1 and consists of perforated slips threaded on to two upright rods1 which are kept in place by means of a sliding bar which1 when screwed into place1 locks the slips and boards into one compact volume 7,fig4 #aje74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,sacconi ,sheaf ,catalogue 7,section #bhe74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,adjustable ,sheaf ,catalogue1 ,clamp ,fastening 7,section #bhf74 #bhf4 ,the most used and oldest of the ,british sheaf catalogues is the 8,adjustable ,catalogue-,holder10 which was invented about #ahib4 ,this has a flexible leather back1 and the slips are bound and unbound by the contracting and expanding action of two cylindrical screws1 turned by means of a metal key4 ,it is not necessary1 as in the case of all other sheaf-holders1 to undo this one in order to remove the slips when additions are being made1 the loosening of the screws being all that is necessary4 ,the slips are punched at the back edge with bayonet-shaped or keyed slots1 which give sufficient holding power when the screws are tightened to clamp the boards and slips into one solid and firm volume4 ,the book numbers1 if written on the clamped portion of the slips1 will remain in the sheaf if entries should be wilfully torn out1 and no catalogue could be rendered imperfect without the knowledge of the librarian4 ,xylonite label-holders are attached to the back of this form of sheaf1 which enable contents labels to be changed at will1 without pasting or damaging the back4 ,a rack or pigeon-holes can be provided in which to store these sheafs in numbered1 alphabetical or class order4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,adjustable ,sheaf ,catalogue1 ,open for ,consultation 7,section #bhg74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,adjustable ,sheaf ,catalogue1 ,open for making ,additions with ,cradle and ,key 7,section #bhg74 #bhg4 ,the most recent form of catalogue sheaf is that illustrated in ,figs4 #ajg-h4 ,it differs from the adjustable in having a rigid back1 and but one screw4 ,in other respects it is perhaps easier to manipulate than the binders just described4 ,the holder consists of a strong wooden back to which two stout covers are attached by means of hinges1 specially designed to guard against injury to the covers4 ,within the holder a special form of brass screw-fitting is mounted1 upon which the slips are threaded1 so that when the covers are closed the whole sheaf is firmly secured by means of a special screw4 ,a few turns of the key suffices to lock or open the holder4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,oliphant 7,mrs47 ,adam ,graeme4 ,fiction ,country gentleman4 ,fiction ,curate in charge4 ,fiction ,harry ,joscelyn4 ,fiction ,house in ,bloomsbury4 ,fiction ,kirsteen4 ,fiction ,,over ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fig4 #aji4--;,front of ,sheaf ,catalogue ,author ,slip 7,section #bhh74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,oliphant 7,mrs47 ,laird of ,norlaw4 ,fiction ,perpetual curate4 ,fiction ,hester4 ,fiction ,,over ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fig4 #aaj4--,reverse of ,sheaf ,catalogue ,author ,slip 7,section #bhh74 #bhh4 ,a very good way of maintaining a sheaf catalogue for public use1 especially in open access libraries1 is to provide a sheaf or sheaves for each class of literature1 and to enter the books in class order1 using both sides of the slips for entries of small topics4 ,these sheaves can be kept on the shelves with their classes4 ,to this an author and title index can be provided in one alphabet1 each author being kept on one slip or more1 and both sides of the slips being used to ensure economy of space1 and enable readers to find at once any particular book4 ,thus1 on the front of the slip an author entry might appear as in ,fig4 #aji1 while on the back1 or reverse side1 the titles would be continued as on ,fig4 #aaj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,old ,old court suburb1 by ,hunt ,u#ijf ,old curiosity shop1 by ,dickens ,fiction ,old dominion1 by ,johnston ,fiction ,old ,mortality1 by ,scott ,fiction ,old world in its new face1 by ,bellows ,q#jcg and so on ,,over ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fig4 #aaa4--,sheaf ,catalogue ,title ,slip 7,section #bhh74 ,the matter of strict alphabetical order in such index slips is of little consequence1 owing to the concentration of entries which enables a consultor to note the contents with one sweep of the eye4 ,title entries can be done in similar fashion1 the leading word being used as the index or catch-heading1 as in ,fig4 #aaa4 ,here1 again1 strict alphabetical order need not be maintained1 owing to the comparatively small compass in which the entries are displayed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,f#jjj4c ,zoology ,parker 7,t4,j47 and ,w4,a4 ,haswell4 ,text-book of zoology4 #aijc4 ,hertwig 7,r47 ,general principles of zoology4 #aijf4 ,claus 7,c47 ,elementary text-book of zoology4 #ahii4 ,nicholson 7,h4,a47 ,manual of zoology4 #ahgf4 ,,over ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fig4 #aab4--,sheaf ,catalogue ,subject ,slip 7,section #bhh74 ,the classified sheaves can be kept in the same manner1 or1 if it is felt that a separate slip should be written for each book1 to ensure strict order1 this of course can be done4 ,but it is at best doubtful if this is necessary save in very large subjects4 ,for example1 entries like the above are quite easily discovered 7,fig4 #aab74 ,where annotations on a large scale are employed1 it is best to make use of a separate slip for each entry4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,adjustable ,placard ,catalogue 7,section #bhi74 ,in all kinds of sheaf catalogues a fair margin should be allowed round the entries1 to preserve them against finger-marks4 ,the slips are punched so as to secure absolute uniformity in size and in the position of the holes4 ,the hole being made in an oval form allows the slips to be easily threaded on1 or removed from the screw-fitting4 ,the special construction of the holders prevents the slips from sagging or drooping at their free ends1 a fault observable in both the ,staderini and ,sacconi forms4 ,it is usual to 8guide0 all forms of sheaf or slip catalogues1 by boldly writing catchwords on both outer corners of each leaf 7see ,figs4 #aji-aj1 #aab71 and indicating the contents by means of the xylonite label-holders on the backs4 ,the whole subject of sheaf-cataloguing methodology is explained and illustrated in ,stewart's ,the ,sheaf ,catalogue4 #bhi4 ,placard ,catalogues4--,the most ordinary form of placard catalogue is a manuscript or printed list of books on a large sheet or sheets1 which is framed and hung on the wall where readers can see it4 ,there are several varieties of these framed lists1 which are used chiefly for lists of additions4 ,a form giving the power of moving single entries has been devised in ,england which is better than anything else usually seen4 ,this consists of a frame with a movable back1 on which vertical xylonite slips are fastened in such a way as to form long columns with flanged sides4 ,under the flanges can be slipped pieces of cardboard the width of the columns1 which slide up and down in the length of the column as required4 ,the titles of new books can be written on these cards and arranged in any order4 ,if blank cards are left between every letter of the alphabet or every class1 additional entries can be added at any moment4 ,if several frames are used1 some hundreds of new books can be catalogued1 and when full the entries can be transferred to the printed bulletin1 or otherwise utilized1 to free the frames for further additions4 ,the illustration given above will show the nature of this adjustable accessions catalogue1 which corresponds in principle with the adjustable ,periodical ,list4 #bij4 ,panoramic ,catalogues4--,several methods have been proposed or devised for displaying catalogue entries on an endless chain in a panoramic or continuous form1 but none of them has been generally adopted4 ,,bibliography 7,,chapters ,,xvi4-,,xviii47 ,the principal literature of the subject of cataloguing has been mentioned in the text1 and much of the best1 more recent writing is in periodicals2 moreover1 every general work on libraries has a chapter or more on the subject4 ,the following is offered as a selection of the literature in separate form3-- #bia4 ,general3 ,bishop1 ,w4 ,w4 ,practical ,handbook of ,modern ,library ,cataloguing1 #aiad4 ,baltimore3 ,williams ,wilkins4 ,delisle1 ,lopold4 ,instructions ,elmentaires et ,techniques pour la ,mise et le ,maintien en ,ordre des ,livres d'une ,bibliothque1 #aiaj4 ,thorne1 ,w4 ,b4 ,first ,steps in ,library ,cataloguing1 #aiag4 ,l4,a4,a41 ,series #h4 ,wheatley1 ,h4 ,b4 ,how to ,catalogue a ,library1 #ahhi4 ,stock4 #bib4 ,codes1 ,rules1 etc43 ,aberdeen ,university ,library4 ,condensed ,cataloguing ,rules1 #aiad4 ,new ,york ,state ,library ,school4 ,fellows1 ,j4 ,d4 ,cataloguing ,rules3 for the ,course in ,elementary ,cataloguing1 #aiad4 ,library ,school1 #cf4 ,wisconsin ,university ,library ,school4 ,turvill1 ,helen4 ,cataloguing ,rules1 #aiab4 #bic4 ,annotation3 ,savage1 ,e4 ,a4 ,manual of ,descriptive ,annotation in ,library ,catalogues1 #aijf4 ,grafton4 ,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,berwick4 ,first ,steps in ,annotation in ,catalogues1 #aiah4 ,l4,a4,a41 ,series #i4 #bid4 ,children's ,catalogues 7see also ,division ,,xiii473 ,sayers and ,stewart4 ,catalogues for ,children3 with a ,code of ,rules1 #aije4 #bie4 ,subject ,headings3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,list of ,subject ,headings for use in ,dictionary ,catalogues4 #crd ed41 by ,m4 ,j4 ,briggs1 #aiaa4 ,mann1 ,m4 ,subject ,headings for use in ,dictionary ,catalogues of ,juvenile ,books1 #aiaf4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,library of ,congress4 ,preliminary ,list of ,subject ,sub-divisions1 #aiaj4 ,edited by ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hanson4 #bif4 ,card ,catalogues3 ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh4 ,rules for ,filing ,cards in the ,dictionary ,catalogues1 #aiag4 ,sayers and ,stewart4 ,the ,card ,catalogue1 #aiac4 ,grafton4 #big4 ,sheaf ,catalogues3 ,stewart1 ,j4 ,d4 ,the ,sheaf ,catalogue1 #aiji4 ,grafton4 #bih4 ,co-operative ,cataloguing3 ,jahr1 ,t41 and ,strohm1 ,a4 ,j4 ,bibliography of ,co-operative ,cataloguing and the ,printing of ,catalogue ,cards3 with ,references to ,international ,bibliography and the ,universal ,catalogue1 #ahej-aijb4 #aijc4 #bii4 ,cataloguer's ,reference ,books3 ,new ,york ,state ,library4 ,selections of ,cataloguer's ,reference ,books in ,new ,york ,state ,library1 #aijc4 ,see also ,brown's ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing and ,stewart's ,sheaf ,catalogue4 ,for articles1 see ,cannons3 ,i1 ,cataloguing4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,filing ,,and ,,indexing #cjj4 ,general4--,although the library invented the card index1 it may be confessed that in this country the library has not yet realized the possibilities of its own invention1 even if it is convinced of its complete desirability4 ,we make no question1 however1 of the fact that such methods as card-indexing and its derivative1 vertical filing1 become more necessary every day if the librarian is to handle with any degree of success the multiplicity of documents1 prints1 papers and other disparate matter which form so important a part of the stock of a really living library4 ,since the publication of the second edition of this ,,manual the whole matter has made such advances that a complete reversal of many of the statements and recommendations made in it is necessary4 ,the general indexing and filing problems before the librarian are these3 #a4 ,borrowers' register4 #b4 ,stationery and supplies register4 #c4 ,correspondence filing and indexing4 #d4 ,indexing of minutes4 #e4 ,the filing of clippings4 #f4 ,the filing of broadsides1 prints1 photographs1 maps1 lantern slides1 negatives4 #g4 ,the filing of deeds4 #h4 ,the filing of pamphlets4 ,as the index is the key to the filing system1 we will treat of filing methods first4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,folder for ,vertical ,file4 #cja4 ,vertical1 and ,loose1 versus ,other ,methods4--,any rigid method of filing becomes confused and time-wasting4 ,for example1 the old method for correspondence sent out was to copy it in a letter-book which was equipped with a thumb-index4 ,as all letters so copied were placed in the book in chronological order1 it necessarily happened that correspondence with a given person or on a given subject was found in several separate places in the book2 and1 although the letters received which occasioned the correspondence could be pasted into the letter-book against the replies1 no connected view of the correspondence could be gained without several references4 ,the letter-book method served its purpose for a long time1 and has been preserved owing to the conservatism which is a ,british characteristic and to fear of loss1 misplacement1 or inaccurate record being made4 ,experience proves1 however1 that loss and misplacement can easily be prevented1 and accurate record of letters is equally possible1 when filing by flexible methods is used4 ,moreover1 the principle of classification--alphabetical or subject--is the foundation of successful filing which admits of rapid reference and completeness2 for it is beyond question desirable that all correspondence1 documents1 etc41 relating to any given matter1 should be kept in one place only4 ,for example1 the bookbinding transactions of a library involve correspondence with several bookbinders1 specifications1 instructions1 orders1 incidental correspondence respecting defects1 errors1 etc4--and all this material should come together for the simple reason that it is used together4 ,to ensure this the material must be filed individually as a general rule2 that is to say1 in such a way that additional material can be inserted4 ,there are various methods3 the ,stolzenberg file1 for instance1 and other files which resemble it4 ,these are generally folders of stout manilla1 having two flexible prongs inside at the fold which penetrate and fold over the margins of the papers and so hold them in place2 and when an insertion is made the prongs are lifted and the new paper fitted into position4 ,more recent is loose filing in folders in which the material is not secured in any way1 and insertions are therefore possible without obstruction of any kind4 ,all folders are filed in drawers1 in cabinets as a rule1 and the average office desk is now equipped with drawers for vertical filing4 ,an illustration of a folder and filing cabinet will show better than much description what we have in mind 7,figs4 #aad1 #aae74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,a ,drawer of a ,correspondence ,filing ,cabinet4 ,in these folders correspondence and other documents are filed together with the carbon copies of replies4 ,the carbon copy of a letter is1 of course1 an exact facsimile of it made at the one original operation of writing or typing the letter2 it is thus an exact record1 and additions or corrections are easily visible4 #cjb4 ,the arrangement of correspondence1 etc41 is a matter upon which opinion differs1 but except for general correspondence1 which may be filed alphabetically in folders--one or more folders as required being devoted to each letter of the alphabet--it is generally found that a classified arrangement is to be preferred4 ,even in the alphabetical folders an expansible number should be given to each folder in order that it may be indexed briefly and clearly4 ,for the classification of correspondence several schemes have been devised2 that1 for example1 in the latest edition of ,dewey's ,decimal ,classification is full1 flexible and practical2 and perhaps that which is most used is ,l4 ,stanley ,jast's ,decimal ,classification of ,library ,economy and ,office ,papers1 #aijf 7revised #aijg74 ,the main divisions1 a subdivision1 and a section of the complete tables will enable us to illustrate its use 7see p4 #bhd74 ,main ,divisions4 #j ,general4 #ja ,librarian4 ,personal4 #a ,legislation4 ,founding4 ,classes of ,libraries4 #b ,extension work4 #c ,building4 #d ,government and ,service4 #e ,executive4 #f ,accession4 ,description4 ,conservation4 #g ,departments4 #h ,publications4 #i ,other4 ,main ,sub-,divisions4 #d ,,government ,,and ,,service4 #da ,council4 #db-c ,committee4 #dd-e ,staff4 #df ,rules and regulations for readers4 #dg #dh ,relations with other ,corporation ,committees4 #di ,relations with other ,corporation ,departments4 #e ,,executive4 #ea-b ,finance4 #ec ,stationery4 ,supplies4 #ed #ee ,communication4 ,correspondence4 #ef-h ,office4 #ei ,section of ,complete ,tables4 #db ,,committee4 ,,trustees4 #dba ,election4 ,co-opted ,members4 #dbb ,powers4 #dbc ,standing ,orders4 #dbd ,chairman4 #dbdc ,matters to be submitted to ,chairman4 #dbde ,vice-,chairman4 #dbe ,clerk4 #dbf ,minutes4 #dbg ,notices of ,meeting4 #dbh ,agenda4 ,notices of ,motion4 #dbhe ,attendances4 #dbi ,next ,meeting4 #dbia ,reports4 ,returns4 #dbib ,periodical 7fortnightly1 monthly1 or quarterly74 #dbid ,annual4 #dbie ,next ,annual4 #dbif ,special4 #dc ,,sub-,,committees4 #dca ,finance4 #dcb ,officers4 #dcc ,books4 etc4 etc4 ,,fig4 #aae;,a4--,a ,specimen of the ,jast ,classification of ,library ,economy 7,sections #cjb-jc74 #cjc4 ,everything that comes into the library or goes out of it1 except the actual books1 will fit into such a classification1 and may be numbered and indexed by it4 ,all correspondence is marked boldly with the number of the division to which it belongs1 and is filed in the folders which bear the number4 ,the folders are numbered on the projecting edge of the broader flap1 as shown in ,fig4 #aad1 and are arranged numerically according to the notation order4 ,it may be objected that this method separates letters from one correspondent who may write at various times or on various subjects2 but experience proves that except in few cases1 such as are provided for under #ee1 where general correspondence is arranged alphabetically under the names of the writers1 the questions the file is required to answer are not answered in terms of names of correspondents2 moreover1 the alphabetical name index1 which is an indispensable accompaniment of the method1 brings together all references to letters from any given correspondent4 ,the index should be on cards1 and should give the name and address of the correspondent1 the classification number of the subject1 and the dates of the letters received or dispatched 7see ,fig4 #aaf74 ,not only does this index serve as a key to the correspondence file 7,section #cjb72 it may contain1 without prejudice to its value1 all addresses which the librarian deems it expedient to keep1 with telephone numbers1 telegraphic addresses1 and cable codes where necessary4 ,it will be obvious that a classified file of this kind will accommodate all other documents and lists--book-lists1 reports made on subjects or departments1 minutes1 and in fact any miscellaneous papers whatsoever4 #cjd4 ,the effectiveness1 and indeed safety1 of any individual indexing or filing system depends upon the care with which it is manipulated in order that misplacements of papers or cards may not occur4 ,the fear of carelessness or ignorance on the part of assistants has caused some librarians to prefer an alphabetical system of filing4 ,when this is so it should be alphabetical by subjects1 except in the case of general correspondence which deals with no particular subjects4 ,library communications are frequently of this general nature1 but the vital letters are upon subjects2 for example1 ,exhibitions1 ,lectures1 ,readings1 ,story ,hours1 are headings taken at random for which folders would be included4 ,in arranging courses of lectures1 for example1 a librarian may write and receive any number of letters2 and he wants them together as a rule and not in the alphabetical order of correspondents4 ,this alphabetical-subject system requires an index to such folders as do not come under general correspondence2 folders coming under the latter would be most useful in a sequence separate from the subject folders1 but such separation is not essential4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,smith1 ,h4 ,j41 ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 #adg;,a ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4#b4 ',phone--,london ,wall #ffib4 ,code--,a4,b4,c4 #aiai4 #fbc--ad ,my4 #fbc--i ,je4 #fca--ah ,jy4 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,address1 and ,correspondence1 ,index-,card4 #cje4 ,if either of the two methods outlined is deemed too complex--neither is so really--the old theory that 8the only natural arrangement for letters is an alphabetical one0 will rule the choice of method4 ,this simply means arrangement alphabetically by the name of the correspondent1 and in this method the file is self-indexing to the extent of the names4 ,if it is made the rule to place letters from institutions under the names of such institutions1 and to insert1 where necessary1 in strict alphabetical order slips of paper to hold all cross-references from the names of officers1 there will be no need for further indexing4 ,if topical indexes are required they can be compiled on #hvo slips1 the subject word being written boldly on the top of the sheet1 and the names of the writers on the topic in alphabetical order below4 ,these slips can take their place in alphabetical order among the letters4 #cjf4 ,all working correspondence files should be weeded out at intervals to remove matter of transient interest and to relieve congestion4 ,the librarian should at the first mark such papers as are to be filed--much correspondence is merely formal1 and has no information value1 and need not be filed even temporarily2 but it is better to file everything and to weed frequently than to lose any important document by initial carelessness4 ,when weeding out1 the matter of merely temporary interest may be destroyed2 and that which it is desired to keep may be transferred in strict order to filing boxes1 or another storage filing cabinet1 thus leaving the current files free from any but current matter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--,storage ,box for ,pamphlets1 ,letters1 etc4 7,section #cjf74 #cjg4 ,prints1 ,photographs and ,maps4--,unframed1 unmounted 8illustration0 material1 in which are included prints1 illustrations1 photographs1 maps1 and broadsides1 requires separate and careful filing4 ,in the first place it should be1 so far as possible1 mounted on 8nature10 8sultan mecca10 or similar mounts of uniform size4 ,this applies particularly to prints and photographs1 and is the best means of ensuring their preservation and ease in handling and consulting them4 ,they then need close classification by one of the existing systematic schemes to line on so far as may be with the classification of the books2 and it is often necessary to expand a classification considerably to differentiate the almost innumerable sub-topics which may form the subjects of pictures4 ,such expansion is skilled work and should be done only by an expert classifier4 ,an examination of the classification proposed for local photographic surveys in ,gower1 ,jast and ,topley's ,the ,camera as ,historian1 #aiaf 7,sampson1 ,low71 will show how minute a classification photographs demand4 ,each mount should bear a label1 in the top left corner preferably1 giving the class-number1 the subject1 and other particulars 7see the sections on ,photographic ,surveys1 #dcc1 etc474 ,the filing may be in classification order in boxes which will lie flat on the shelves2 and the most economical boxes are those made of the stoutest material compatible with lightness1 such as cardboard covered with rexine1 pegamoid cloth1 etc42 heavy boxes of wood are awkward to handle and should be avoided4 ,better than boxes1 because of the ease of consultation and insertion permitted1 is a vertical file in drawers4 ,in this the prints are inserted loosely like cards in a card-index1 and no lifting and little handling are necessary to find any given print4 ,for vertical filing the mounts should be the stoutest available1 and a further protection is to use folders to hold groups of prints--one to a topic as a rule4 ,the projecting edge of the folder may bear the topic number4 #cjh4 ,maps do not fit readily into the vertical system1 and are troublesome material as a rule4 ,several solutions of the map-filing problem have been suggested--rolling them and inserting them in tubes in a cabinet on the principle of the umbrella stand2 mounting them on spring rollers and fixing them over bookcases where they can be drawn down to be consulted exactly as a blind is drawn2 and an ingenious method devised by ,mr ,g4 ,t4 ,shaw1 and described in ,public ,libraries3 their ,organization1 etc41 #aiah 7,library ,association71 is worth examination4 ,for the many small maps that all libraries possess1 flat filing in such boxes as ,fig4 #aah depicts is probably the best4 ,single sheets of the ,ordnance ,survey1 or other similar maps which are much handled1 should be mounted on linen or some similar material1 and an additional protection from tearing is to bind them with tape1 which may be done by folding the tape over the edges and running them round with an ordinary sewing machine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--;,box for ,filing ,prints and ,maps 7,section #cjh74 #cji4 ,newspaper ,clippings4--,the vertical file is an excellent instrument for dealing with newspaper clippings4 ,these1 in the case of matters of temporary interest1 may be dropped into classified folders4 ,for clippings which it is desired to keep1 it is better to provide a mount1 which may be of paper of sufficient substance to bear them1 and paste them down1 writing in the top left corner the class-number1 subject1 source and date of the clipping4 ,the older methods of filing clippings in newspaper-cuttings books1 or in any form of guard book1 have the disadvantage of inflexibility1 want of rational means of indexing the contents1 and occasion reference in course of time to several volumes for matter on any subject4 #caj4 ,general4--,for most filing purposes quarto folders1 to accommodate quarto papers1 which file in standard-sized drawers1 are sufficient2 but both drawers and folders can be obtained in foolscap and other sizes4 ,and notwithstanding our advocacy of the loose method of filing1 there is much to be said for such files as the ,stolzenberg for papers which have an invariable chronological appearing and are valuable in that order2 because the file1 having the apparatus already described for securing and binding the papers1 has the never-to-be-discounted virtue of book form4 ,such papers are minutes1 periodical reports on special departments1 financial analyses1 book-lists1 etc4 ,moreover1 although the standard ,stolzenberg cabinet accommodates its folders in horizontal fashion1 the latter are also suitable for filing vertically in the drawers recommended for general purposes4 #caa4 ,lantern ,slides and ,negatives4--,modern libraries collect and preserve1 occasionally even make for their own use1 lantern slides and negatives4 ,the method recommended for storing these is precisely similar to that for prints2 that is to say1 in drawers in cabinets of suitable dimensions4 ,such cabinets are made by several firms specializing in photographic apparatus2 and drawers can be obtained of a size to accommodate either slides or negatives4 ,without being dogmatical upon the point1 it may safely be said that the best arrangement of slides is a classified one in drawers1 the classification number being written on a label on the mount of the slide and on the top edge of the binding4 ,if the slide is made from a negative in the possession of the library the number of the negative should also appear on the mount4 #cab4 ,negatives require more careful treatment1 as the film is subject to damage if unprotected4 ,they are also generally larger than lantern slides2 and separate cabinets1 or separate drawers1 are desirable to hold them4 ,a useful method is to insert each in a small manilla folder bearing the number on its edge1 which number should also be written in ink 7white is best7 on the corner of the negative4 ,negatives may be arranged by accession numbers1 as they are rarely wanted more than one at a time2 and the slide catalogue will refer from slide to negative1 as well as be a direct reference to the latter4 #cac4 ,the index or catalogue of slides may be on cards arranged as a rule by titles or subjects1 as the photographer or slide-maker's name is rarely wanted4 ,the following example of a card shows the title1 source1 location1 and classification number of a slide and the number of its negative3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fef ,,locomotives4 ,ble ,blenkinsop's ,engine1 with ,rack-,rail1 #ahaa4 ,print-- ,lantern ,slide-- ,process ,coloured4 ,size #c in4 #c in4 ,negative #ah4 ,lecture--,railways4 #fffge ,p4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,fig4 #aai4--,lantern-slide ,index ,card 7,section #cac74 ,slides which form lecture sets and are invariably used together1 may be filed as sets1 in spite of the fact that the others may be classified4 ,after all1 the rule of classification itself is that things used together must be placed together4 #cad4 ,indexes4--,probably no work demands the use of indexes so imperatively as library work4 ,the catalogue is merely an extension of an index1 and the borrowers' register 7which is dealt with in ,section #cff1 etc47 is in its most convenient form merely an index4 ,we have already dealt with the indexes for correspondence1 lantern slides1 etc41 and it will be more convenient to deal with the indexes to prints and maps in ,sections #dch1 etc4 ,here we can mention only one or two administrative indexes1 with the general remark that the methods described are not to be regarded as stereotyped1 but are merely suggestions which librarians may adapt to their special needs4 ,,the ,,card ,,diary4--,a useful little card index is one which may go on a desk1 and is guided with the days of the week1 and has such other guides as 8,this ,week10 8,to-day10 8,next ,week10 8,miscellaneous matters10 etc41 which serves as a reminder to its user4 ,behind the appropriate guide are filed cards referring to the matters which are to be dealt with at the time indicated4 ,these card-diaries are commonly known as 8ticklers10 and can be a most effective aid to methodical administration4 ,,stationery ,,and ,,supplies ,,index4--,it is an important matter1 especially in large libraries1 to be able to put hands immediately upon any article of stationery or other supplies4 ,the old1 haphazard plan of thrusting supplies in cupboards with wooden doors1 and trusting to luck or memory for finding them again1 is too leisurely a method for the busy modern librarian4 ,all storage cupboards or presses should have glazed doors4 ,this simple precaution has the effect of inducing tidiness on the part of the staff1 and the prospect of slovenly arrangement is reduced to a minimum4 ,the next process is to decide upon a method of indexing which will offer the greatest facilities for rapidly finding any given article4 ,in the ,library ,world for ,july1 #ahii1 ,mr ,jast describes a graphic method of achieving this end4 ,he provides a series of cards of uniform size1 one or more for each article indexed1 according to the need for indexing them more than once in the alphabet4 ,on these cards he draws a rough diagrammatic elevation of the cupboard or other place of storage1 as illustrated 7,fig4 #abj74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,fine ,receipt ,books4 ,office ,desk4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ------------------------ ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----- ,x ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,fig4 #abj4--,supplies ,location ,card 7,section #cad74 ,on this is indicated at the top left-hand corner the class-number1 and name or nature of the supply1 and at the opposite corner its location4 ,when a supply is stored away in this receptacle one of the blank cards representing it is headed as described1 and the exact place where the articles are stored is indicated by a cross marked on the diagram1 as shown above4 ,of course1 every separate receptacle must have its own series of specially drawn cards4 ,the index is made by arranging these cards in the alphabetical order of the names of the various articles4 ,any one wanting a new fine receipt book1 and not knowing where to find it1 would look up this index under the word 8,fine0 and there he would find the card which indicates not only the receptacle where these books were stored1 but also the exact position4 ,this card may be combined with the inventory card described in the next chapter 7,section #cbg74 ,another plan would be to mark every cupboard or other receptacle with a letter or number4 ,as these places would have glass doors1 if they had any at all1 there would be no necessity to mark separate shelves or pigeon-holes further4 ,it is not always possible1 or even desirable1 to fix the location of supplies beyond the main receptacle4 ,a reference to a cupboard is quite near enough for any one having eyes in his head4 ,to these various receptacles an index on cards or slip books as before can readily be made4 ,the card should bear the name of the article at one of its top corners1 and on the opposite corner the number or letter of the place where it is to be found4 ,if necessary the remainder of the card or slip can be used for setting out the dates and quantities of successive orders of the article4 ,this will be found a very useful form of inventory4 #cae4 ,the indexes of minute books are usually kept in the books themselves and not separately4 ,if a thumb index has not been provided1 a few pages1 say1 twenty-six1 may be reserved at the beginning or end of the book1 in which an alphabetical sequence can be spaced out in pencil4 ,it is equally clear1 for all the reasons given in favour of the individual entries1 that cards permit1 that these indexes may be made on cards4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,f ,,dickens1 ,,charles ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,david ,copperfield ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,macmillan1 #d 3 #fn4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,accession ,no4 #g1dbj ,date withdrawn1 #aj 3 #f 3 #ah4 ,incomplete ,out of date ,dirty ,new ed4 ,bad ,worn out ,no4 of copies in ,lib41 #bj ,to be replaced ,transferred ,not to be replaced ,marked in ,acc4 ,bk4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,fig4 #aba4--,withdrawals ,card 7,section #caf74 #caf4 ,withdrawn ,books4--,the card is a useful medium for recording withdrawals1 and furnishes ample room for particulars 7see ,fig4 #aba74 #cag4 ,stock-taking ,results4--,books missing at stock-taking are conveniently indexed on cards 7see ,fig4 #abb74 ,the back of the card indicates the dates at which examinations were made of the various places where the missing book might be traced 7see ,fig4 #abc74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,missing4 #cee ,legion of ,frontierswomen4 ,pocock1 ,roger 7,,ed47 ,frontierswoman's ,pocket ,book4 ,missing on ,oct4 #aiab4 ,stock ,no4 #aihdc4 ,found on #bhth ,jan4 #aiai4 ,where found--,in a ,newton pillar box4 ,returned by ,postal ,authorities4 --,e4 ,l4 ,m4 ,condition ,replaced ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,fig4 #abb4--;,card for ,missing ,books ,index 7,section #cag74 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,shelves ---------------------------------------- ---- ,repairs ---------------------------------------- ---- ,recasing ---------------------------------------- ---- ,binding ---------------------------------------- ---- ,withdrawals ---------------------------------------- ---- ,reference ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,fig4 #abc4--;,card for ,missing ,books ,index1 ,back 7,section #cag74 #cah4 ,other4--,other indexes which have been found of value are a general administrative index1 with sections allotted to suggestions for activities2 information given from the libraries1 and not given 7a most important matter as revealing deficiencies needing remedy72 the location and distribution of keys when the latter are in the hands of several people2 classification decisions2 and1 indeed1 there is no limit to the use of the card index as an administrative tool4 ,one simple and invaluable index in libraries where lectures are given is a ,lecturers' ,index1 with guides for ,offers1 ,next ,series1 ,current ,lectures1 ,past ,lectures1 behind which are placed cards bearing the names and addresses of lecturers1 the titles and other particulars of their lectures1 dates of delivery1 etc4 ,the mere indexing of such materials affords many suggestions and reduces lecture-organization to a very simple process4 ,,bibliography #cai4 ,literary ,indexing3 ,clarke1 ,a4 ,l4 ,manual of ,practical ,indexing1 #aije4 ,grafton4 ,new ,york ,state ,library4 ,wheeler and ,bascom1 ,e4 ,l4 ,indexing3 ,principles1 ,rules and ,examples1 #aije4 ,bulletin1 #id1 ,library ,school1 #ai4 ,ed4 #b2 revised1 #aiac4 ,bulletin1 #ced1 ,library ,school1 #cc4 ,petherbridge1 ,mary4 ,technique of ,indexing1 #aijd4 ,secretarial ,bureau4 ,wheatley1 ,h4 ,b4 ,how to ,make an ,index1 #aijb4 ,eliot ,stock4 ---- ,what is an ,index3 ,notes on ,indexes and ,indexers1 #ahgh4 ,index ,society ,publications4 #cbj4 ,commercial and ,library ,indexing3 ,byles1 ,r4 ,b4 ,the ,card ,index ,system4 ,pitman4 ,kaiser1 ,j4 ,the ,card ,system at the ,office1 #aijh4 ,vacher4 ---- ,systematic ,indexing1 #aiaa4 ,pitman4 ,sayers and ,stewart4 ,the ,card ,catalogue1 #aiac4 ,grafton4 #cba4 ,filing3 ,cope1 ,e4 ,a4 ,filing ,systems3 ,their ,principles and their ,application to ,modern ,office ,requirements4 ,pitman4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,american ,library ,economy ,various ,sections1 particularly v4 i41 pt4 #e1 sec4 #c1 ,picture ,collection2 pt4 #f1 ,art ,department2 v4 ii41 pt4 #a1 ,colour and ,position ,filing2 pt4 #ah1 sec4 #a1 ,the ,vertical ,file 7revised ed4 entitled the ,information ,file72 etc41 #aiji4 ,woodstock1 ,vermont3 ,elm ,tree ,press4 ,jast1 ,l4 ,s4 ,a ,classification of ,library ,economy and ,office ,papers1 #aijg4 ,grafton4 ,for articles1 consult ,index of ,cannons under ,indexing and ,filing4 ,,division ,,ix ,,maintenance ,,and ,,routine ,,work ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,stationery ,,and ,,records #cbb4 ,forms and ,blanks4--,most of the important forms and blanks have already been described and figured under the different departments to which they refer1 and this section will1 therefore1 only deal with a few general forms4 ,,notepaper of various kinds should be provided1 some in the ordinary business size1 some post quarto1 and some foolscap folio4 ,on each of these sizes the usual heading should be printed1 with the arms and name of the town1 librarian's name1 and any other information thought necessary4 ,all ordinary correspondence can be carried on with the business size1 but official and complimentary letters should be written on the larger sizes4 ,,envelopes to suit the various sizes should also be procured1 and it is a good plan to stock some large-sized manila envelopes for sending off large documents1 reports1 etc4 ,these can be had in a variety of sizes1 and some of them have clasps instead of gummed flaps1 which make them very useful for temporary filing purposes4 ,gummed postal ,,wrappers should also be stocked in a fairly large size1 and ,,labels for sending off parcels1 with the name of the library boldly printed on them1 will be found very useful4 #cbc4 ,writing ,materials4--,,inks are manufactured in such a variety of kinds and colours that choice is made difficult4 ,a good black ink should be procured1 and also a bright red colour4 ,copying ink is not necessary even where press letter-copying is employed1 as ordinary blue-black ink1 if not blotted but allowed to dry naturally1 will make perfectly good press copies4 ,care should be taken not to dry the tissue-paper leaves of the letter book completely when making copies4 ,other colours of inks1 such as green1 violet1 etc41 can be obtained if wanted for special purposes4 ,,ink-,,wells should be got in the modern reservoir form1 with a constant level dipping place4 ,ink kept in such receptacles never gets thick or dirty1 and the pen is never overcharged or underfed4 ,these ink-wells with rubber tops can be obtained for about one shilling each1 but for staff and committee use a better variety should be ordered as the rubber degenerates quickly under the chemical action of the ink4 ,ink-wells should preferably be associated with pen-racks rather than with pen-trays4 ,a rack sorts the pens and pencils out automatically in a visible order1 while a tray wastes a large amount of time annually1 owing to the groping and examining and fruitless fumblings necessitated before the right pen or pencil is found among its fellows4 ,one pen one place1 is a good motto for any librarian4 ,of course the ,,fountain ,,pen removes a great deal of the waste of time and trouble inseparable from ink-pot filling1 pen selecting1 pen dipping1 etc41 and every librarian ought to have one as part of his ordinary equipment4 ,there are various sorts in the market1 but the higher priced ones are1 as a rule1 the only reliable ones1 and the cost is an investment on which a return is soon made4 ,,stylographic ,,pens are very useful1 but because of their tendency to spoil good handwriting1 they are not so satisfactory as fountain pens1 although they are much cheaper4 ,for staff use in the numbering of book labels1 charging1 etc41 stylographic pens would be found very useful1 and every library of reasonable size should stock a few4 ,,pencils for public use should be the ordinary cedar ones at about #es4 a gross4 ,for note-book copying purposes a ,rowney 8,h0 pencil1 retailing at twopence1 will be found of great value1 as it does not 8set off0 like the ordinary 8,h-,b40 ,a hard pencil lasts much longer than a soft one1 it does not require pointing so often1 and the fact just mentioned1 that writing done by its means does not blur or 8set off0 is an advantage not to be despised4 ,red and blue crayon pencils should be kept for checking purposes4 ,ordinary pen-holders and hard and soft pen-points are occasionally stocked in public libraries1 as well as pencils1 to lend out to the readers4 ,where this is done a certain amount of loss will have to be faced1 as pens and pencils both disappear in the most mysterious ways4 ,it is1 however1 a very great convenience to provide pens1 especially in reference libraries fitted with special reading-tables provided with sunk ink-wells4 ,blotting paper1 foolscap paper ruled faint1 scribbling pads1 and common white paper in sheets about #ae inches #i inches for mounting slips1 should be provided among the writing materials of a library4 #cbd4 ,library ,stationery ,cabinet4--,it is needless to set out in more detail the various desk accessories and miscellaneous stationery required in a library1 and an enumeration of the minimum contents of a stationery cabinet1 which ought to be had for every library will suffice4 ,a cabinet of this sort could be made up in various sizes and prices1 like medicine chests1 and would be found much more useful than the random method of buying articles at present in vogue4 ,,stationery ,,cabinet ,paper clips4 ,stationery case4 ,for holding a supply of envelopes1 note-paper1 etc4 7large sizes74 ,numbering machine 7five figures74 ,rubber dating stamps1 with loose type and with band-changing apparatus4 ,rubber printing outfit4 ,nest of drawers1 twelve in cabinet4 ,cash-box4 ,paper fasteners1 corner clips1 wire clips and brass clips4 ,red tape1 several spools 7for documents only74 ,pins4 ,hand-rest for writing4 ,tape measure or good two-foot rule4 ,waste-paper basket4 ,dispatch basket 7wicker71 for holding documents4 ,letter scales1 weighing to eight pounds4 ,scissors4 ,paste in bottles4 ,rubber bands1 assorted4 ,rubber erasers4 ,call bells1 for public or office use4 ,gummed labels1 assorted sizes4 ,sealing wax4 ,twine of various thicknesses4 ,ruled quadrille or squared paper 7for planning74 ,tracing paper or linen4 ,case of mathematical instruments4 ,paper knives4 ,bone folders4 ,leather book-carrying straps4 ,reading and magnifying glasses4 ,key rings and labels4 ,writing pads or tablets4 ,manuscript books of various sizes1 #hvo1 #dto1 folio1 for odd record purposes4 etc4 etc4 #cbe4 ,the typewriter and its accessories are to be taken for granted in all libraries2 and in connexion therewith its own special stationery1 typewriting carbon1 and stencilling papers1 inks1 etc4 ,most libraries of even medium size now employ a skilled stenographer who acts as secretary to the chief librarian1 manages the correspondence filing1 the duplicating work1 copies catalogue cards1 etc4 ,the best typewriter is the cheapest machine in the long run1 and it should be equipped with carding and tabulating apparatus4 ,those which have more than one fount of type1 as roman and italic1 large and condensed types1 have much to recommend them4 ,a duplicating machine is an invaluable accessory4 ,for small libraries the flat stencil-duplicating machine1 such as the ,gestetner1 will suffice1 and probably the best copies of smaller work1 card forms1 etc41 are obtained by this means4 ,but for circulars1 book-lists1 programmes and other matters of which many copies are required a cyclostyle is desirable4 ,by its means topical reading lists and the many circulars which a live library desires to issue almost every week can be prepared and circulated widely with the utmost dispatch4 ,such a machine is one of the best investments a library can make4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,date4 ,description4 ,price4 ,vendor4 ,location4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- s4 d4 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,inventory ,book 7,section #cbf74 #cbf4 ,records4--,an inventory should be kept of all supplies ordered1 with dates and quantities1 and a very good plan is to use the cards described at ,section #cbg4 ,these could be ruled in a series of columns to show dates1 quantities and prices1 and kept in a box which would serve the double purpose of inventory and supplies index4 ,but there are other supplies besides stationery1 etc41 and these would have to be added4 ,an inventory should be kept of all movable property belonging to the library1 such as furniture1 pictures and other articles4 ,it could be ruled as shown in ,fig4 #abd4 #cbg4 ,the following is a good and simple method of keeping an inventory of supplies1 and providing for their automatic renewal4 ,thin slips on tough paper are ruled and printed as in the examples shown 7,figs4 #abe-f74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,paper ,,description--,foolscap1 ruled faint and margin4 ,,location #d--b4 ,sample #cei ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,date4 ,quantity4 ,vendor4 ,price4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #aijf4 ,april #f #b ,reams 7,a #f7 ,wicer #h_/f -- #ag -- ,oct4 #bj #b 7,a #ei7 #h_/f -- #ag -- #aijg4 ,april #ae #b 7,a #afe7 ,nobbs #h_/- -- #af -- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,fig4 #abe4--;,front of ,inventory ,slip4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,price4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,fig4 #abf4--;,back of ,inventory ,slip4 ,this inventory does not prevent supplies from running out suddenly1 and thereby producing undesirable misunderstandings4 ,there are many ways of effecting this check1 all more or less satisfactory1 but none1 perhaps1 is quite so certain as an actual material check upon the running-out of supplies4 ,in addition to the inventory it is necessary to establish an 8emergency-supply0 cupboard1 safely locked up1 and in it to place a small stock of everything which is liable to run out4 ,thus1 if two reams of foolscap arrive1 a five-quire packet must be taken from it1 separately parcelled up1 and deposited in the emergency-supply receptacle4 ,attached to this emergency bundle should be a luggage label1 or other conspicuous tag1 bearing the words 8,foolscap1 ruled faint1 order ,no4 #fi1 ,stock exhausted4 4 4 40 ,the blank space is for the date when the emergency supply is transferred to the ordinary stock cupboard4 ,in course of time the accessible stock is used up1 and the person who removes the last sheet1 or the one who next goes1 discovers the shortage1 and is forced to ask the key-keeper of the emergency cupboard for the reserved stock4 ,this is produced1 the label is dated and handed to the person responsible for ordering a fresh supply4 #cbh4 ,all general library ,,keys may be assembled on a special key-board4 ,this should consist of a large board fitted with the necessary number of hooks1 one for each key or group of keys1 and a proper descriptive label and number should be pasted under each hook4 ,the keys should be numbered and labelled to correspond1 with ivory labels attached by rings to every key4 ,in addition an alphabetical list should be fixed to the door of the key-board1 so as to facilitate finding4 ,in some libraries the departmental heads and assistants are provided with a master-key to all internal doors which concern them2 but keys which give access to the building as a whole should be limited to the chief librarian and the chief caretaker4 ,a large building requires many keys1 and a card-index1 entering of the name of each key and the person who holds it or its location1 is a useful method of checking the safety of keys4 ,when keys are removed from the building1 they should be insured with one of the key insurance or registry offices4 ,there are several minor matters of routine or arrangement not dealt with in other places4 ,dusting is usually underdone in ,british libraries4 ,for one thing there is rarely a sufficient supply of cloth dusters2 often a dirty one1 stowed away in a drawer1 is all the provision for a large library4 ,clean dusters should be attached by means of rings or clips to every bookcase and cupboard throughout a library1 and the staff should be required to use them on every possible occasion4 ,certainly a book should never be handed to a reader in a dusty condition1 as not only may the reader be offended1 but he must inevitably transfer the dust from the outside to the inside of the book in handling it4 ,there would be much less dust among book-shelves if a liberal supply of dusters were allowed and constantly used4 ,when books are being dusted systematically a large tray or box of wet sawdust should be provided4 ,into this the books should be dusted by means of a brush4 ,it is also a good plan1 whenever possible1 to take very dusty books out to the open air1 and smartly beat them together1 two at a time4 ,this drives the dust out more effectually than anything else4 ,vacuum cleaners which work by means of suction are sometimes useful in cases where large accumulations of dust require to be removed1 and not simply redistributed1 but a powerful variety is necessary as the smaller vacuum cleaners remove the top layer of dust as a rule1 and leave a solid substratum4 ,wood block and linoleum covered floors when treated with wax polish do not require to be scrubbed1 and the surface remains smooth1 and cleaning is reduced to a minimum4 ,there are various floor preparations which are said to be effectual in keeping down dust1 but most of them produce discoloration in the course of time1 and periodical scrubbings should be arranged to restore the original colour of the flooring4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,bookbinding ,,and ,,repairing #cbi4 ,general4--,public library binding is an art by itself1 and is quite distinct from ordinary commercial bookbinding on the one hand1 and artistic binding on the other4 ,a binding which is strong enough to withstand the handling of its owner and his friends1 and beautiful enough to please the taste of the fastidious amateur1 may be practically useless in a position where it may have to endure the handling of hundreds1 or even thousands1 of different persons1 all of whom are not equally educated in the proper use of books4 ,a public library book requires to be bound neatly and strongly1 with particular regard to the integrity of the stitching rather than to its mere covering1 although this has to be considered in the case of much-used reference books4 #ccj4 ,for public library work only good binders who are experienced in this particular class of bookbinding should be employed4 ,in many cases1 especially in small towns1 the work turned out by local binders is about as bad as it can well be1 and just as likely to lead to the rapid destruction of books as to their preservation4 ,cheapness does not in this matter necessarily mean economy1 nor is good workmanship often an accompaniment of low prices4 ,it may be said generally that library binding is one of the items of maintenance which no library can afford to have done cheaply and badly4 ,it is much better1 in the long run1 for a library in a small provincial town to send its work to a recognized bookbinder in a large town1 and even to pay carriage both ways1 than to depend upon the local bookseller or stationer1 who only knows about the casing of magazines4 ,a good binder will bind a book in a manner which will enable the boards to outlive the leaves1 while a poor workman will require to have his work done over again very soon1 if1 meanwhile1 his rough and unscientific methods have not tended to shorten the existence of the book4 #cca4 ,the question of binding books from the sheets1 or rebinding cloth- and paper-board books in leather1 before putting them in circulation1 has been much debated1 though it is really not a very formidable or difficult matter after all4 ,as no one can foretell with certainty whether or not any given book is going to be popular and much used1 it is manifestly a mistake to have any book re-bound1 or specially bound from the sheets1 until this very important point has been ascertained4 ,time alone can determine whether a book is going to be popular1 and for this reason there seems little economy or gain in specially binding new books at the outset4 ,books in publishers' cloth bindings1 when printed on paper of fair quality1 will often circulate from twenty to forty times before attaining a condition which requires re-binding1 and when strongly and properly rebound in leather or other boards will outlast the book4 ,some claims have been advanced with regard to the durability of various styles of binding1 but it is impossible to ignore the fact that it is the paper of the book and not the covers of the binding which forms the weak point4 ,the ,great ,war has rendered this paper problem an acute one4 ,for a few years before #aiad librarians had induced a few publishers to produce some classes of books on a superior paper1 and in a reinforced binding--that is1 one according to the ,society of ,arts and ,library ,association recommendations--but the war conditions not only stopped all this1 they prevented the importation of paper and paper-materials4 ,hence the most appalling rubbish was made to serve the purpose of book-paper1 with disastrous results for almost all books published from #aiae-ai4 ,few books published in that period are in materials that will last without any particular use for a decade1 and far fewer will stand the handling of public library readers or bear re-binding in any material heavier than cloth4 ,the public acquiesced in these materials as a war necessity2 it has yet to be seen if the publishers1 having found the public apparently contented with them1 will persist in their use when they become cheaper4 ,every effort must be made to prevent it4 ,dirt is also as potent a factor as rough usage in shortening the life of a book1 and it really matters little what kind of special materials or stitching are employed since no book's existence can be prolonged beyond a certain term of years when dirt and inferior paper are such important elements in the matter4 ,there are other factors in the question of binding from sheets1 and one is the difficulty of obtaining the necessary copies from publishers4 ,another is the fact that some cheap novels cannot be had in quires at all1 and1 consequently1 any advantage which may result from unused sheets giving a better and firmer hold for stitching cannot be obtained4 ,the durability of new books re-bound in special materials has been somewhat exaggerated1 and librarians and committees should first adopt the ordinary method of allowing use to determine the books which require re-binding4 ,but experiments should also be tried with special re-binding and other plans in order to ascertain what is best2 and a good general rule will probably emerge--no book should be bound so well that the cover is in excellent condition long after the inside has been worn beyond redemption4 #ccb4 ,it would be a valuable concession if publishers would issue some copies of every novel by well-known authors1 printed on specially tough paper1 and bound according to the specification given in ,section #cda4 ,this would meet every need which exists for specially bound copies of popular books1 and give the much more valuable advantage of editions printed on paper which is not mere rubbish4 #ccc4 ,home ,binding4--,the question of establishing a bookbinding plant1 for the purpose of conducting binding on the library premises1 is one which affects only the large libraries of the country2 but large towns with a number of branch libraries may find it both economical and advantageous to establish binderies1 if not for extensive operations in the binding of books1 at least for their repair and re-casing4 ,at ,portsmouth1 ,hull1 ,bristol1 ,brighton1 ,bournemouth and elsewhere home binderies more or less extensive have been established1 and the experience gained in these places seems to vary considerably4 ,the advantages accruing to the home bindery are obvious1 apart from that of the convenience of having the work done on the library premises2 the librarian can select only the best materials and can supervise the work at every stage of the processes4 ,librarians who have established such a department are convinced not only of its convenience but also--a much more important point in present circumstances--its economy4 ,when it is remembered that much other work than the actual binding and re-casing of books1 such as illustration-mounting1 ruling1 magazine cover-making1 etc41 may be carried out in the home bindery1 there is much to be said for it2 but until the experiment has been carried much further home binding is not advocated save in the larger libraries4 ,a joint-stock or cooperative bindery could be worked by the ,london ,metropolitan ,borough ,libraries with considerable prospects of success and economy1 but in isolated provincial towns the plan is not so feasible4 #ccd4 ,repairing departments stand upon quite another footing1 and here there is safe ground for experiment with every prospect of success4 ,at ,glasgow1 ,manchester1 ,croydon1 ,islington and other places1 small repairing plants have been in operation for some time with good results4 ,at all the places mentioned women workers are employed1 who repair and re-case books1 stitch pamphlets in covers1 and even bind less important books which are not likely to be greatly used4 ,lettering and numbering can also be done1 a useful branch of the bookbinder's art1 carried on at a considerable number of libraries4 ,a repairing plant such as is used at ,croydon costs less than #cj1 while the wages of a repairer may range from #djs4 weekly4 ,materials also run into a certain sum per annum1 according to the nature and amount of work done4 #cce4 ,finishing1 which includes lettering and numbering1 can be done by members of the library staff1 although instruction is sometimes difficult to obtain owing to trade jealousy and the regulations of most polytechnic schools1 which1 though supported by public funds1 deny instruction to any save those actually engaged in particular trades4 ,perhaps the day will come when library schools1 such as that about to be established in ,london at ,university ,college1 will include this subject when dealing with bookbinding1 typography and all allied practical arts4 ,a complete finishing plant1 including sets of numbers and alphabets1 can be purchased at a sum which even small libraries can afford4 ,the satisfaction of accomplishing on the premises the work of class lettering and numbering1 which requires both care and neatness1 is great4 ,at any rate1 inquiry should be made by librarians into the possibilities of establishing a finishing department1 especially in cases where a systematic classification is used4#ab #ab ,see 8,specification for the fittings of a small bindery10 by ,f4 ,j4 ,williamson1 in ,leather for ,libraries1 #aije4 #ccf4 ,materials4--,for public library purposes book-covering materials should be of the most durable sorts1 and it is not wise to employ many different varieties either of cloths or leathers4 ,ordinary binders' cloth is nearly as satisfactory as anything else for preserving its colour1 lettering and defying the pernicious effects of gas-laden atmospheres and extremes of temperature4 ,it will not stand much handling1 however1 and is very liable to wear out at the corners and joints4 ,nevertheless1 for little-used collections of pamphlets1 sets of local publications1 and other matter which merely wants binding for appearance's sake and storage purposes1 ordinary binders' cloth is strongly recommended4 ,smooth varieties are preferable to rough or patterned kinds1 as being less liable to harbour dust4 ,apart from ordinary binders' cloth1 the best known varieties are linen cloths1 buckrams and ,pegamoid and ,rexine cloths4 ,pegamoid and ,rexine cloths are treated in a special way with some preparation of celluloid to render them impervious to dirt and moisture4 ,for novels and other short-lived books these cloths are worth a trial1 as they cannot be regarded as expensive4 ,at any rate1 experience has proved that these materials will outlast any novel which may be re-bound in them1 and1 after all1 that is as much as can be expected of any binding4 ,leather should rarely be placed upon little-used books1 and many libraries which hitherto used it for long sets1 have discarded it in favour of legal buckram1 or such a material as ,winterbottam's washable cloth4 ,a certain amount of handling is necessary for the preservation of most leathers1 as the animal grease from the hands is a preservative1 and they deteriorate if this is not forthcoming4 #ccg4 ,the principal leathers used for public library bindings are pig-skin1 persian and levant moroccos1 and roan4 ,calf1 russia and other fancy leathers should not be used1 as they turn brittle under the influence of heated and dry air1 and crumble to pieces4 ,apart from this1 they are costly and otherwise unsuitable for public library purposes4 ,the leathers recommended should be used according to the books which they have to cover1 and the following list will give an idea of the best classes for which to use each kind3-- ,levant morocco1 or real morocco1 made from goat-skin4 ,this material should be used for very valuable books which require a handsome and dignified binding4 ,it is very durable1 but expensive for ordinary work4 ,persian morocco1 made from sheep-skin1 is not so dear or so good as levant morocco1 but is a durable and satisfactory leather if a good quality is procured4 ,it should be used for popular books in the non-fictional classes of the lending department4 ,heavy books can be bound in this leather1 but pig-skin is better4 ,the more it is handled the better it wears and keeps its condition4 ,roan is a kind of inferior sheep-skin1 with a different grain and surface from ,persian morocco1 and is a useful and cheap leather for certain classes of books1 such as the less popular works of travel1 science1 theology1 fiction1 etc4 ,books up to the crown octavo size can be half-bound in this material at prices ranging from #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 a volume4 ,heavy books are not recommended for binding in this leather4 ,pig-skin is the strongest leather of all1 and also the most durable for much-used heavy books2 but librarians should make certain that real pig-skin is supplied1 and not some wretched imitation4 ,the price of pig-skin is rather more than good ,persian morocco4 ,all reference works1 such as dictionaries1 atlases1 directories1 and other volumes which are being constantly handled1 may well be bound in this4 ,all leathers specified for bookbinding should be of the acid-free description recommended by the ,society of ,arts ,committee 7#ahih-aijj7 and the ,sound ,leather ,committee of the ,library ,association4 ,sumach-tanned leathers are now to be had with a special guarantee from the makers4 ,other binding materials1 such as vellum1 parchment1 canvas and patent leathers of various kinds1 are seldom required in libraries1 and need not be considered further4 ,preparations for spreading on books to protect them may also be passed over1 and also the continental and ,american habit of covering all books in manilla or other paper covers of uniform colour4 ,most of the so-called leather 8preservatives0 are hurtful rather than helpful1 but it may be observed that some leather bindings which get dry and worn will improve if treated with ordinary vaseline4 ,it should be rubbed well and plentifully into the texture of the leather with the fingers1 and when it has soaked in1 should be wiped with a soft cloth4 ,vaseline is as good as any patent or other preservative for reviving decaying and shabby leathers of all kinds1 although it dries quickly1 and furniture polish has also been recommended4 ,as regards covers1 the time has not yet come when the individuality of a book1 as issued by its publisher1 or given by its appropriate library binding1 requires to be hidden under a paper mask4 #cch4 ,class ,colours4--,in systematically classified libraries there is a certain amount of advantage to be gained by re-binding each class of books1 as required1 in some appropriate colour4 ,when open access to the shelves is also granted1 there is a very considerable aid to the maintenance of order given by the use of distinctive class colours4 ,thus1 ,science may be light brown or fawn colour2 ,fine ,arts1 orange2 ,social ,science1 light green2 ,theology1 etc41 black2 ,history and ,travel1 dark green2 ,biography1 maroon2 ,philology1 light blue2 ,poetry1 red2 ,fiction1 dark brown2 and ,juvenile1 yellow2 and so on to any degree4 ,a variation of this plan is to vary the colours for authors1 binding each distinctively2 this gives a not unpleasing variety to the shelves and has a certain arranging value4 #cci4 ,lettering and ,numbering4--,when lettering and numbering have to be done apart from the re-binding1 they can be executed by the staff after a little practice1 as pointed out in ,section #cce4 ,the object of lettering is to facilitate the finding of books1 and for this reason it should be clear and bold4 ,it is also possible by means of a little variation to obtain a certain amount of class-guiding in the system of lettering1 and it should be made an invariable principle in every public library to adopt a certain order of particulars on the backs of books1 and stick to the order4 ,too often this important matter is left to the fitful fancy of the binder's finisher1 with the result that very frequently the author's name appears in all the panels in rotation4 ,the series of suggestions given in ,fig4 #abg for dealing with each class is offered as a basis on which any librarian can build a system of his own4 ,the letterings are arranged to provide for titles1 authors1 volume numbers1 class numbers1 and dates of publication when necessary4 ,class letters and numbers occupy one definite place on each book1 which is not subject to variations in height when appearing on books of different sizes4 ,the markings here figured for the backs of books are arranged so that titles occupy the leading panel in all classes and thereby correspond with the great majority of the books as issued by publishers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,specimens of ,class ,lettering and ,numbering 7,section #cci74 ,the chief points to emphasize in these suggested letterings are that the class letter and number should always occupy the same relative position irrespective of the size of the volume1 namely1 about two inches from the foot1 and that alphabetical classes like ,fiction1 ,poetry and ,essays should be boldly lettered with the first three letters of the author's surname1 or numbers from an author table1 while ,individual ,biography only should be similarly marked with the surname letters of the subject of the biography1 but not the author1 save in the case of autobiographies1 letters1 etc4 ,if it should be thought necessary to add the accession numbers1 they can be placed out of the way in the top half-panel1 as shown in ,no4 #g1 while shelf colours for open access can be added at the points suggested in ,section #bdc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,specimens of ,class ,lettering and ,numbering 7,section #cdj74 #cdj4 ,the principal alternative method is that mentioned in the chapter on classification 7,section #bda71 where the book is lettered in accordance with what is thought to be the natural process in arranging and finding books4 ,thus a book is arranged on the shelves first by its class1 second by its author1 third by its title1 except in the case of individual biography1 where the name of the biographee takes the panel which in other books is devoted to the author1 and the author takes the panel below the title4 ,fig4 #abh will indicate sufficiently the appearance of such a lettering scheme1 and will show how it subordinates ordinary usage to library purposes1 especially in the third example4 ,no4 #c brings ,dowden's book into the group of ,shakesperian books1 and shows the spelling of the name preferred in the catalogue for the heading2 and ,no4 #d shows the method of indicating both the real name of the author1 which is the catalogue heading and arranging name1 and also the author's pseudonym4 #cda4 ,specification4--,whether or not library binding should be done by tender1 which in practice means giving the work to the lowest bidder1 is a question which different places must settle in different ways4 ,sometimes tenders are insisted upon by the municipality for all work done with public funds4 ,it must be recognized1 however1 that binding is a very varied matter1 some books requiring special treatment1 and that binders are equally varied in their ability to do special work4 ,the best results can only be obtained if the librarian has power to send certain classes of work to the firms best qualified to deal with them4 ,so far as general binding is concerned1 the present-day combination of master-binders has levelled up prices until every binder quotes practically the same figures2 so there does not seem much to be gained by tenders1 except that legal formality which is so much approved by public authorities4 ,if it is used1 bookbinding specification should include every point which has any bearing on the cost1 finish and workmanship of the books4 ,the specification of the ,society of ,arts and that drafted by ,mr ,douglas ,cockerell are very good1 and many of their points could be included in a specification for library binding4 ,as requirements differ in every library1 it is impossible to attempt the drafting of a model specification which will meet every case1 but the details set out in the following draft may prove useful and suggestive3 ,,draft ,,bookbinding ,,specification4 ,to the ,public ,libraries ,committee of4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,date4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,gentlemen1 4 4 4 4 4 4 undertake to bind books for the4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,public ,libraries ,committee in the manner specified below1 at the prices stated in the annexed schedule1 for one year from4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 to4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,all books to be well beaten or rolled1 and care taken to avoid set-off of ink in new books4 ,to be sewn one-sheet-on1 on strong tapes2 the first and last sheets to be enclosed at back in linen strips4 ,all sections broken at the back to be enclosed in linen strips1 and neatly overcast1 not less than four stitches to the inch1 before being sewn to the tapes4 ,four tapes to be allowed for crown #hvos2 other sizes in proportion4 ,the tapes to be firmly secured between the back and front boards1 which must be carefully split to receive them4 ,in leather-bound books1 the backs to be made close and flexible1 without bands1 save in cases to be separately notified1 but with blind fillets in imitation of bands4 ,leathers as specified in schedule1 with smooth cloth sides to match colour of leathers4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,prices ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,sizes4 ,half ,half ,half ,half ,best ,best ,levant,persian,pig- ,roan4,linen4,ordi- ,moroc-,moroc- skin4 nary co4 co4 ,cloth4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,fcap4 #hvo 7#f #d7 ,crown #hvo 7#g #d7 ,post #hvo 7#h #e7 ,demy #hvo 7#i #f7 ,medium #hvo 7#i #f7 ,royal #hvo 7#aj #f7 ,imperial #hvo 7#aa #g7 ,quarto 7#aa #h7 ,folio 7#ac #h7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,prices of other sizes to be in proportion4 ,extras3 ,per inch for folios over thirteen inches4 ,for lettering large initials in classes #hjj and #ibj 4 4 4 per hundred4 ,for mending torn or broken leaves4 ,for guarding plates in linen or jaconet1 per dozen4 ,for mounting and dissecting maps1 etc41 on fine linen1 per sq4 foot4 4 4 4 ,for extra thickness1 if books more than half the width of boards4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,in cloth- or pegamoid-bound books1 the backs to be made open1 with suitable linings4 ,edges to be very carefully cut1 sprinkled and burnished1 but only when the margins are not too small2 otherwise to be left with proof and top edge only smoothed4 ,end-papers to be of stout1 coloured1 marbled or printed paper1 with at least one white leaf before and after the printed matter4 7,or as an alternative--the special library end-papers to be used in all books re-bound1 etc47 ,linen or other strong cloth joints in all books4 ,lettered in gold with author's name1 title1 class numbers1 initials1 etc41 as per separate diagram showing arrangement of lettering for each class4 ,the colours of leathers and cloths for each class to be as specified in the diagram4 ,the order of lettering and colours to be maintained unless altered by the instructions1 and class letters and numbers to be placed at a uniform height of two inches from the foot of each book1 irrespective of size4 ,include all wrappers1 cancelled matter1 and advertisement pages of certain magazines at the end of volumes1 in their published order4 ,all materials used to be of the best quality1 and the work done carefully and promptly4 ,deficiencies and irregularities in books1 if any1 to be reported to the librarian4 ,each lot of binding to be finished and returned within 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 weeks from the date of order4 ,should there be any extras chargeable beyond those provided for in this specification1 they must be reported to the librarian before the work is proceeded with4 ,samples of the manner in which 4 4 4 4 4 4 propose to bind books in accordance with this specification are sent herewith4 ,signature of firm4 4444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,date when ,class ,date sent4 ,lettering4and ,no4,instruction4,returned4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,fig4 #abi4--;,binding ,sheet 7,section #cdb74 ,some libraries use vellum instead of leather corners1 while others have the corners of the leaves neatly rounded like a pack of modern playing cards1 and some have the boards rounded to correspond4 ,it is a good plan to have the corners of the leaves slightly rounded1 but added corners of vellum often result in the roughing-up of the cloth which fits down to their edges1 and there is no great benefit arising from the rounding of the corners of the covers4 ,other points will doubtless arise in the practice of every library1 and these must be provided for as thought best4 ,metal corner-pieces let in between the split boards are not recommended4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,progressive ,date of ,date ,no4 ,despatch4,lettering4,class4,material4,r eturned4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b ---------------------------------------- -------------- #c ---------------------------------------- -------------- #d ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,fig4 #acj4--;,binding ,order ,book 7,section #cdb74 #cdb4 ,records and ,checks4--,when a lot of books for binding is sent out it must be accompanied by a set of instructions to the binder1 and a copy of this must be retained at the library as a record and to check the books when returned4 ,the most usual plan is to send out a binding sheet1 ruled as in ,fig4 #abi1 on which are entered the particulars of the books requiring binding4 ,these particulars are also entered in a binding book1 ruled exactly the same as the sheets1 and in the last column of this the books are marked off as returned4 ,this result1 and an actual facsimile copy1 may be obtained by using a duplicating book1 the sheet sent to the binder being so perforated as to be easily removable4 ,the double copying involved in making out two separate sheets is thus avoided4 ,it is usual to make the binder's messenger check over and sign for every lot of books at the end of the page4 ,another method1 which possesses the advantage of enabling the binder to distribute the work in his workshop1 and makes every book carry its own instruction1 is as follows3 ,procure a large book of perforated slips1 with a counterpart page1 unperforated1 behind every page of slips1 in the style of a manifold order book4 ,have these pages ruled as in ,fig4 #acj1 and progressively numbered4 ,or separate order slips1 as under 7,fig4 #aca71 can be used1 and their purport briefly entered in a binding book ruled to show title1 class and date returned1 with a column for a consecutive number1 which of course would be written on the corresponding slip4 -------------------------------------- ,no4 ,date sent ,,lettering --------------------------------------- ,,title --------------------------------------- ,,author --------------------------------------- ,,vol4 ,no4 --------------------------------------- ,,class ,no4 ,material --------------------------------------- ,other instructions --------------------------------------- ,,fig4 #aca4--;,binding ,order ,slip 7,section #cdb74 ,when an order for binding is being made up each book is entered on a numbered slip1 pen-carbon or other copying paper being placed between the slips and the counterpart below4 ,dates can be stamped to save time4 ,the slips are then detached and placed in the books to which they refer4 ,an ordinary order form is then made out in some such terms as3 ,mr44444444444444444444 will please bind as per contract and separate instructions the 444444444444 books sent herewith1 comprising numbers 444444444 to 444444444444 ,the binder's messenger can sign the book on the last counterfoil1 in a form like this3 ,received on 4444444444 from the 4444444444444444 ,public ,library 444444 volumes for binding4 ,or a rubber stamp with these words and blanks can be used4 ,the object of the progressive number is to afford a ready means of identifying instructions and ascertaining in an easy manner the number of books bound in any one year4 ,these numbers may also be written in ink at the end of the letterpress of each book1 as a means of ascertaining how often any book has been re-bound4 ,the price1 if carried into the column reserved for the progressive number in the counterpart1 will also be a useful record to keep4 ,by simply referring to the progressive numbers it is possible to ascertain the price paid for successive re-bindings1 and to keep a check on the whole of the work4 #cdc4 ,repairs should not be entered in this book4 ,it is better to use an ordinary order sheet and copy it in the press order book4 ,it can be headed3 ,mr444444444444 will please re-case the following books3 or ,mr444444444444 will please repair the following books1 as per instructions added to each3 #cdd4 ,miscellaneous4--,tape or ribbon ,,book-,,marks are sometimes placed in public library books1 but a much more obvious and useful plan is to print a special book-mark with a folding-over tab1 which can be placed in all books which are issued1 and not confined simply to those which are re-bound4 ,a good form of marker can have one or two pointed rules for the due care and preservation of books printed on a conspicuous part4 ,some enterprising firms give away book-marks of various kinds1 many publishers insert advertising cards which serve as markers1 and occasionally an advertising agent will supply a library with book-marks1 and pay for the privilege1 on being allowed to use some part of it for advertisements from which he draws the revenue4 #cde4 ,special ,,end-,,papers have been introduced in a few libraries to be placed in re-bound books4 ,they serve the purpose of an ownership mark more effectually than a book-plate1 but1 of course1 they can only be used in the books which happen to require re-binding4 ,the ,croydon end-paper is quite an elaborate design1 giving compartments showing the arms1 monogram and a view of the town hall4 ,end-papers of this kind are a luxury which few public libraries can afford4 #cdf4 ,an effective way of placing an indelible mark of ownership upon a public library book is to impress a blind stamp upon the outside front board4 ,this can be done by means of a screw-press and a special die1 and need not cost more than #aj4 ,any member of the staff can impress such a stamp1 and it is better than confining this mark of ownership simply to books which have been re-bound4 ,a circular stamp is best1 as it will always appear straight4 #cdg4 ,,bibliography ,bailey1 ,a4 ,l4 ,library ,bookbinding1 #aiaf4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,co4 ,chivers1 ,cedric4 ,the ,paper of ,lending ,library ,books3 with some remarks on their binding1 #aiji4 ,cockerell1 ,d4 ,bookbinding and the ,care of ,books1 #aija4 ,coutts and ,stephen4 ,manual of ,library ,bookbinding1 #aiaa4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,notes on ,bookbinding1 #aijf4 ,graesel1 ,a4 ,library ,binding4 ,in his ,bibliothekslehre1 #aijb4 ,johnston1 ,d4 ,v4 ,r4 ,library ,binding4 ,u4,s4 ,educ4 ,rept41 #ahib-ahic1 vol4 i41 p4 #ijg4 ,leather for ,libraries1 #aije4 ,philip1 ,a4 ,j4 ,the ,business of ,booklending1 #aiab4 ,society of ,arts4 ,report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding1 #aije4 ,stephen1 ,g4 ,a4 ,commercial ,bookbinding1 #aiaj4 ,for articles see ,cannons1 ,k #a-ba1 ,bookbinding4 ,,division ,x ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations #cdh4 ,general4---,a public library is an institution based upon broad lines of mutual co-operation1 in which every citizen has equal rights1 and in which the rules should be drafted to protect the common proprietary rights1 without penalizing any section of the community4 ,hence the liberal attitude which recognizes that the whole purpose of librarianship is to get books used must be brought to the drafting of rules4 ,fortunately this attitude is becoming more common1 if it is not universal1 and the whole tendency of modern public library work is to break down all barriers between the readers and the freest use of books4 ,indeed1 it is better to lose a few books yearly than to protect them from the very few dishonest people who may live in the community by means which militate against the liberty of readers4 #cdi4 ,hours4--,the number of hours during which municipal libraries should remain open to the public will vary according to the local conditions1 staff and funds of every town and district4 ,in small places1 with scanty populations and little libraries with but one attendant1 a few hours open at night on several days in the week1 according to requirements1 will serve every practical purpose4 ,in towns of a fair size1 of say from #aj1jjj to #cj1jjj people1 the reading rooms should be open all day uninterruptedly from #aj to #i or #aj1 but the lending library need only be kept open from #aj to #b and from #e to #i4 ,in large towns of over #dj1jjj inhabitants1 the libraries should remain open all day from early morning till late at night--say from #h ,a4,m4 till #aj ,p4,m4 for newsrooms2 #i ,a4,m4 till #aj ,p4,m4 for reference libraries2 #aj ,a4,m4 till #i ,p4,m4 for lending libraries2 and #d till #h ,p4,m4 for juvenile departments1 if any4 ,there should be no interruptions1 at any rate so far as departments other than the lending library are concerned1 to these services1 either in the way of half- or whole-day closing to suit the staff1 or any irregularity in hours4 ,the public library is a bureau for the supply of information1 and should be found open at any time in a working-day1 during which people are likely to use its resources4 ,in large towns there is no necessary connexion between the public hours and the staff1 and in an important matter of this kind1 which affects the convenience of hundreds of people1 the policy of employing extra assistance1 in order to keep the library open all day and every day without overworking the staff1 should not be questioned4 ,it may be argued that if one town of a certain size can keep its public libraries open all day and every day 7save ,sundays and holidays1 of course71 every similar town and all larger ones can easily do likewise4 ,but1 as may be seen by reference to ,greenwood's ,british ,library ,year ,book1 #aijj-aija1 this is not invariably the case4 ,a careful and well-constructed time-sheet will often get over difficulties which may seem to arise from under-staffing or other conditions4 ,there have been1 and possibly still may be1 libraries in which1 largely because of badly constructed time-sheets1 the assistants are given only one evening off weekly1 and work from eight to nine hours daily1 although the library is closed for a half-day every week1 and thus both assistants and public are incommoded4 ,at the same time1 to dogmatize upon the question of hours is unwise1 as local circumstances condition the question so much4 ,moreover1 the recent movements in the industrial and commercial worlds are in the direction of reducing working hours1 and most people are now at liberty before #g ,p4,m41 a fact which does away with the necessity1 if not the convenience1 of keeping libraries open to the late hours until recently in vogue4 ,again1 a suburban library1 with a population which returns from a neighbouring city in the evenings1 has need to be open later than one1 say1 in the city itself4 ,the whole matter is one of public convenience1 and if it is remembered that to have the library used to its fullest limit is the ideal1 the hours will be chosen well4 ,at the same time1 there are always readers who prefer to use the library in the last hour of the day1 whatever that hour may be4 ,if the closing hour is nine1 they will arrive at #h4de2 if eight1 at #g4de1 and so on2 it is a curious1 not uncommon human trait1 which may be borne in mind when hours are being arranged4 #cej4 ,age ,limits4--,there are wide differences in the practice as regards the limit of age from which persons are allowed to use the libraries1 but within recent years the opinion on this point has undergone considerable change4 ,formerly persons under eighteen and sixteen were forbidden the use of public libraries2 now such high limits are very uncommon1 though fourteen is still frequently seen in the rules of otherwise progressive libraries4 ,of course1 local conditions must receive due consideration in this matter1 though it is difficult to think of any circumstance which calls for any distinction being made between children of twelve and those of fourteen years of age4 ,there are hundreds of bright1 intelligent lads and girls of twelve who are the equals in knowledge and ability of their fellows of thirteen and fourteen years of age2 in fact1 children do not fit1 intellectually1 into age-compartments2 their capacities are surprisingly individual4 ,what seems reasonable is the entire abolition of age limits in lending libraries1 subject to the reservation that the librarian should have discretionary power to refuse to issue books to any child unable to read and write4 ,failing this1 the limit might be fixed at twelve where there are no separate juvenile libraries1 but reduced to seven where such departments exist4 ,there is a certain amount of trouble and inconvenience to adults resulting from admitting very young children1 especially in open access and other libraries without separate juvenile accommodation1 and this would be partly met by the compromise proposed4 ,separate children's libraries are the solution of the difficulty1 and1 when these can be provided all round1 the age limit downwards can be abolished so far as they are concerned1 while the limit for the adult library can be raised to twelve or fourteen4 ,but adequate provision should be made for interchanging1 and all necessary facilities provided for enabling intelligent young people under the limit to procure suitable more advanced books if desired1 and also for allowing adults to revive their youth by allowing them access to the works of ,ballantyne1 ,henty and other authors4 #cea4 ,as regards age limits in reference libraries and reading rooms1 there is more to be said for keeping them high than in the case of lending libraries1 especially when there are separate children's rooms4 ,but1 generally speaking1 there is no strong reason for excluding well-conducted boys or girls from a popular reading room1 whatever their ages may be1 provided they do not come during school hours1 or do not otherwise make the library a place in which to hide from some duty4 ,in some libraries1 with age limits of twelve1 fourteen or over1 it is the practice to turn away younger children from news and reading rooms in cases where they are accompanied by their parents or elders4 ,this is an abuse of a rule which was only intended to protect readers from the noisy incursions of irresponsible youngsters1 who are wont to stray into public places out of sheer devilment1 or accident1 or excess of curiosity4 ,to apply this rule to children in arms1 or youngsters accompanied by and in charge of their elders1 is simply officialism calculated to injure the popularity and prestige of municipal libraries4 ,the age limit for a reference library designed for students1 with open access to the shelves1 should be fixed at fourteen or sixteen1 with discretionary power to the librarian to grant permits to any studious youngster under that age4 ,where access to public reading rooms and juvenile departments is easy1 there seems no good reason for throwing open the reference library to all and sundry1 unless under the safeguards suggested4 #ceb4 ,the ,borrowing ,right4--,there are several points in connexion with the borrowing rights of various classes of citizens which it is desirable to notice1 especially as they have much bearing on the question of a library's popularity and good management4 ,in some towns the borrowing right is strictly confined to ratepayers or residents in the library district4 ,employees who live outside the district are excluded1 but for what particular reason it is difficult to understand4 ,an employee contributes directly to the material well-being of the district in which his work lies2 he contributes indirectly but substantially towards the rates2 he spends most of his waking and all his working hours in the district2 and in other ways he is as much a citizen as the resident who works outside the district and only sleeps in it at night4 ,it is impossible to discover any reason for the distinction made between employee and resident in some places1 and it may be pointed out that plenty of large towns grant the borrowing right to employees without the slightest inconvenience1 difficulty or injustice to anyone4 ,a further wise liberality permits borrowing privileges to all non-resident scholars and students at schools or similar institutions in the town4 ,similar arguments apply in favour of such an arrangement1 and these young folks are usually readers of a valuable type4 #cec4 ,teachers and others engaged in educational work should be dealt with as generously as possible1 and should be lent as many books as they need at a time for purposes of their work4 ,from six to twelve works are frequently required by a teacher in preparing a subject1 and he should be allowed to have them1 the most liberal interpretation possible being given to this privilege4 ,obviously no teacher should be permitted to make his needs an excuse for borrowing batches of current and popular works to the detriment of other readers1 but it is better to risk even this than to fail him in what may be an important matter4 ,a teacher reaches farther than the average individual4 #ced4 ,another regulation which tells against the interests of municipal libraries is that in which every intending borrower1 ratepayer or otherwise1 is required to obtain the signatures of one or two registered ratepayers as guarantors before a ticket will be issued4 ,it is not necessary to imagine reasons for this very serious obstacle to intending borrowers4 ,since many large and small towns dispense with this precaution in the case of ratepayers1 and allow non-ratepayers and compounding householders to have tickets on the guarantee or recommendation of one ratepayer or on leaving a small deposit1 there is no reason why this elaborate double guarantee should not be abolished all round4 ,the time will doubtless come when guarantees of all kinds will be abolished and suitable recommendations substituted4 ,there are other antiquated and needless restrictions in connexion with the borrowing right which need not be specified at length1 but are grouped together here as examples of bad rules for which there is little justification4 #a4 ,the illegal charge of #a;d4 or #b;d4 for tickets or voucher forms1 still levied in some places in defiance of the ,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahib1 ,section #aa1 ,sub-section 7#c72 and various judicial decisions4 #b4 ,requiring more than three days' notice before issuing a borrower's ticket4 7,in some places borrowers are required to wait for a week or fourteen days from the date of lodging their application for tickets47 #c4 ,limiting the time for reading books to less than fourteen days4 #d4 ,refusing to renew books by post-card1 letter1 telephone1 or messenger1 and requiring that the actual books shall be brought back to be re-dated4 #e4 ,the imposition of fines amounting to more than #a;d4 per week or part of a week for overdue books4 7,in certain libraries1 some of which are not pressed for funds1 the exorbitant fine of #a;d4 per day is imposed for overdue books1 with a time limit of seven1 ten and fourteen days4 ,this question is further considered in ,section #cee47 #f4 ,refusing to exchange books on the same day as that on which they are issued4 7,as the books which are brought back for exchange are usually those which the borrowers have read previously1 there seems little need for such a disobliging rule47 #g4 ,refusing to issue books on the same day as that on which they are returned to the library4 7,a common practice in the old-fashioned libraries1 worked by means of charging ledgers1 but still found in several much more up-to-date libraries4 ,the same craze for tantalizing the public has in a minor degree infected some open access lending libraries which will not re-issue returned books until they have been replaced on their shelves by the assistants47 #h4 ,charging borrowers #a;d4 or #b;d4 as a penalty for losing their tickets and requiring them to be re-issued4 7,query1 a contravention of the ,act47 #i4 ,disallowing the use of ink for copying purposes in all circumstances4 #aj4 ,allowing only one volume at a time to borrowers4 #aa4 ,restricting the number of books which a reference reader may have at one time4 #cee4 ,fines and ,penalties4--,so long as the present rate limitation remains as fixed by successive ,acts of ,parliament1 fines will continue to be levied in ,british municipal libraries4 ,there is no doubt that the small incomes realized in most public libraries from the niggardly provision made by ,parliament is one cause of the efforts made in many cases to increase funds1 by imposing fines of varying degrees of severity upon the borrowers from lending libraries4 ,this is1 indeed1 the principal reason1 though it is said that1 but for penalties of some sort1 books would never be returned at all4 ,there may be some truth in this1 as regards a small proportion of borrowers1 but the experience of ,manchester and some ,american towns where no fines are imposed rather modifies the statement as to the supposed disastrous effects of non-fining4 ,this1 like many another question1 is one on which the inexperienced theoretical objector appeals to his imagination for details of all sorts of hardships1 inconveniences and dangers arising as the result of abolishing fines4 ,every argument is directed towards showing how the library would suffer1 and incidentally it has been mentioned that1 perhaps1 the undue retention of a popular book would prove highly inconvenient to other readers who wanted it4 ,these matters need not be discussed1 since it must be obvious that popular books can always be duplicated to a certain extent2 that more diligence can be exercised in the tracing1 pursuit and ingathering of overdue popular books2 and that there are methods of punishing hardened delinquent borrowers of this kind1 by suspending their tickets1 as is done at ,manchester without serious results4 ,but it is quite evident that in ,britain fining for overdue books will be maintained until it is declared illegal--and no doubt1 with bye-laws not legally confirmed1 it is a doubtful practice1 in ,england at all events--or ,parliament has removed the rate limitation or provided other means of financial assistance1 without all this scraping1 pinching and doubtful means of increasing funds4 ,what is suggested is more latitude in the imposition of fines1 and a less eager desire to make money over the business than is implied in such fines as #a;d4 a day1 and fines of two1 three1 four and five cents as charged in some ,american libraries4 ,no library has a right or any need to make a profit out of such a transaction as fining for overdue books1 and it would be better to make a uniform charge of #a;d4 per week1 or portion of a week1 for books retained over a fortnight1 when not renewed by postcard or otherwise4 #cef4 ,holiday and ,sunday ,opening4--,whether libraries are to be opened or not on public holidays and ,sundays is largely a matter for local option4 ,in some places libraries have been experimentally opened on ,,public ,,holidays on the sentimental plea that many persons are unable to use them at any other time1 and the result has been anything but encouraging4 ,in other places1 like seaside and holiday resorts1 they have been opened on such holidays1 with decided advantage to trippers seeking shelter from inclement weather4 ,generally speaking1 all libraries should be closed on public holidays1 on the grounds that a general holiday should be generally observed as such1 and that people are much better in the fresh air than sitting indoors in libraries or anywhere else on such occasions4 ,if any exception to this were made it would be to open only on wet and stormy public holidays1 but always except ,christmas1 and1 in the case of ,scotland1 ,new ,year's ,day4 ,the public holidays in ,britain are too few and far between to effect any radical influence upon libraries or readers4 #ceg4 ,as regards ,,sundays1 conditions are rather different4 ,to begin with there are more of them1 and they come at regular intervals4 ,but unless the need for ,sunday opening can be demonstrated by a satisfactory result derived from a series of trial openings1 it is better for the libraries not to be opened as a mere concession to the views of certain societies1 or the supposed utility of the movement to people who are alleged to be unable to come on week-days4 ,if experiment proves that ,sunday opening is meeting a real need1 open the libraries by all means1 but not otherwise4 ,as a compromise it is suggested that if ,sunday opening is decided upon1 the reading rooms only should be open between the hours of #c and #i ,p4,m4 on every ,sunday between ,october and ,may inclusive4 ,there is little need for ,sunday opening in warm weather--people are much better out-of-doors--especially if1 as is usually the case1 attendances fall off greatly4 ,should the ,sunday opening question become a burning one in any town1 arrangements might be made to open the reading room and reference library1 provided at least #ejj citizens take out tickets as an earnest of their intention to use the library4 ,it is doubtful if in any town ,sunday opening has been limited to students and other inquirers1 but it would form a reasonable manner of settling a difficult question should opinion be sharply divided4 ,as regards ways and means of carrying on the business of a public library on holidays and ,sundays1 special arrangements must be made1 both as regards the necessary attendants1 heating1 lighting and cleaning4 #ceh4 ,enforcement of ,rules4--,there is nothing in the original ,english or ,irish ,acts which gives power to enforce rules and bye-laws1 but in the ,act of #aija such may be obtained provided the rules are approved by the ,local ,government ,board4 ,in the ,scotch ,act very full provisions are made for the confirmation and enforcement of bye-laws4 ,clause #bb of the ,act of #ahhg reads3 8,it shall be lawful for the committee to make bye-laws for regulating all or any matters and things whatsoever connected with the control1 management1 protection and use of any property1 articles or things under their control for the purposes of this ,act1 and to impose such penalties for breaches of such bye-laws1 not exceeding #e for each offence1 as may be considered expedient2 and from time to time1 as they shall think fit1 to repeal1 alter1 vary or re-enact any such bye-laws1 provided always that such bye-laws and alterations thereof shall not be repugnant to the law of ,scotland1 and before being acted on shall be signed by a quorum of the committee1 and1 except in so far as they relate solely to the officers or servants of the committee1 such bye-laws shall be approved of by the magistrates and council1 or the board1 as the case may be1 and shall be approved of and confirmed by the sheriff of the county in which the burgh or parish1 or the greater part of the area thereof1 is situated40 ,provision is also made for advertising and giving due notice of intention to adopt the bye-laws4 #cei4 ,it should be stated1 however1 that there are quite a number of cases in which magistrates' decisions in ,england have upheld the rules of ,public ,library ,committees with regard to recovery of fines for overdue books1 the value of books lost and guaranteed1 and on other points4 ,in some of these cases it has not been held or suggested that guarantee or voucher forms should be stamped as agreements1 or that any limit under #e should be placed on the amount of the guarantor's liability4 ,nevertheless1 a value limit of #a or #b might be placed upon a guarantor's liability1 and that will dispose of the awkward point as to the agreement being stamped4 #cfj4 ,draft ,rules and ,regulations4--,these draft rules are based upon a careful examination of the principal bye-laws adopted by many of the principal libraries in ,britain and the ,united ,states1 with certain modifications to harmonize them with certain leading principles advocated throughout this book4 ,no two places are exactly alike in all their circumstances and local conditions1 so that no library is likely to adopt these rules exactly as they stand4 ,but they contain suggestions which may be found useful in drawing up and adopting a series of suitable rules1 and enabling most vital points to be met4 ,some libraries have an enormous number of rules1 amounting in some cases to fifty or sixty items1 but many of these are quite unnecessary and need not be considered4 ,the draft rules drawn up by the ,local ,government ,board may be obtained if thought needful2 but they are printed separately in the ,library ,association ,record1 #aijc1 p4 #bh4 ,the fewer and simpler the rules the more likely are the people to read and observe them4 ,,liberton ,,public ,,library ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations ,,general #a4 ,the ,liberton ,public ,library is a society established for purposes of literature and science exclusively4 ,the librarian shall have the general charge of the library1 and shall be responsible for the safe keeping of the books and for all the property belonging thereto4 #b4 ,the library is supported in part by a rate levied in accordance with the ,public ,libraries ,acts and in part by annual voluntary contributions of money and gifts of books and periodicals4 ,the library committee shall not make any dividend1 gift1 division1 or bonus in money unto or between any of the members4 #c4 ,admission is free to all parts of the library during the hours of opening1 but no person shall be admitted who is disorderly1 uncleanly or in a state of intoxication4 ,smoking1 betting and loud conversation or other objectionable practices are also forbidden in the rooms or passages of the library4 #d4 ,the librarian shall have power to suspend the use of the ticket of any borrower1 and refuse books or deny the use of the reading rooms to any reader who shall neglect to comply with any of these rules and regulations1 such reader having the right of appeal to the library committee1 who shall also decide all other disputes between readers and the library officials4 #e4 ,readers desirous of proposing books for addition to the library may do so by entering1 on slips 7or in a book7 kept for the purpose1 the titles and particulars of publication of such books1 which will then be submitted to the committee at their first meeting thereafter4 ,all suggestions on management to be written on slips or sent by letter to the committee4 #f4 ,any person who unlawfully or maliciously destroys or damages any book1 map1 print1 manuscript or other article belonging to the libraries shall be liable to prosecution for misdemeanour under the provisions of #bd #be ,vict41 c4 #ig1 ,an ,act to consolidate and amend the ,statute ,law of ,england and ,ireland relating to malicious injuries to property1 #ahfa4 ,the provisions of the statute entitled #fa #fb ,vict41 c4 #ec1 ,an ,act to provide for the punishment of ,offences in ,libraries1 #ahih1 shall also apply4 ,,reference ,,department #g4 ,the library and reading room shall remain open on week-days from #i ,a4,m4 till #aj ,p4,m4 7and on ,sundays1 from ,october to ,may inclusive1 from #c to #i ,p4,m471 but shall be closed on ,christmas ,day 7,new ,year's ,day71 all public holidays1 and such other days as the committee may from time to time appoint4 #h4 ,every person on entering the reference library shall sign his or her name1 with the correct address1 in a book kept for the purpose4 ,anyone giving a false name or address shall be liable to prosecution1 and shall not afterwards be allowed to use the library4 #i4 ,every person before leaving the room shall return the book or books consulted into the hands of the librarian or his assistants1 and must not replace books taken from the open shelves1 but leave them with the assistant at the exit4 #aj4 ,any work in the lending department1 if not in use1 excepting ,fiction1 may be had on application at the reference library counter for perusal in the reading room1 but on no account must such books be taken from the room4 #aa4 ,illustrations of all kinds may be copied1 but not traced1 save by permission of the librarian4 ,extracts from books may be copied in pencil4 ,the use of ink is only permitted at certain tables which are reserved for the purpose4 ,certain works are only issued after a written application to the library committee4 ,,lending ,,department #ab4 ,the lending library is open daily for the issue and receipt of books every week-day from #aj ,a4,m4 till #i ,p4,m41 but shall be closed on ,sundays1 ,christmas ,day 7,new ,year's ,day71 all public holidays and such other days as the committee may from time to time appoint4 #ac4 ,books shall be borrowed for home reading only by persons rated1 resident or employed in the ,borough of 444444444441 or qualified by ,rule #ah4 #ad4 ,all persons whose names appear on the current ,roll of ,electors of the ,borough1 or in the local directories as residents1 may borrow books on their own responsibility1 after filling up an application for a borrower's ticket1 on a form provided for the purpose4 #ae4 ,other residents1 and non-resident employees in the borough1 over twelve 7fourteen7 years of age1 may borrow books1 but must first obtain a guarantee 7or recommendation7 from a duly qualified person1 as defined in ,rule #ad1 and must sign an application for a borrower's ticket1 on forms to be provided by the librarian4 ,but no such guarantor shall be allowed to assume responsibility for more than three other persons1 unless by special arrangement with the committee1 and in no single case shall his or her liability exceed #b per person guaranteed4 #af4 ,any person resident or employed in the borough1 unable to obtain the signature of a qualified resident as a guarantee1 may borrow books on leaving a deposit of #ajs4 with the librarian4 ,the guarantee of the recognized head officials of ,government departments1 ,friendly ,societies and similar organizations may be accepted at the discretion of the ,committee in lieu of an ordinary guarantee1 for persons who are employed in the district4 #ag4 ,the ,application and ,guarantee ,form1 duly signed1 must be delivered to the librarian1 and if1 on examination1 it is found correct1 the borrower's ticket will be issued three days 7or at once7 after 7excluding ,sundays71 but will only be delivered to the borrower in person4 ,this ticket will be available at the central library or any branch or branches4 #ah4 ,in accordance with ,section #aa of the ,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahib1 the committee will lend books to persons1 other than those duly qualified under ,rules #ac-af1 who pay an annual subscription of #gs4 #f;d42 but such borrowers must conform1 in every respect1 to all the rules of the library1 and shall have no privileges other than those possessed by the other borrowers4 #ai4 ,the committee shall issue additional tickets to readers1 available for all classes of literature save ,fiction4 ,any duly enrolled borrower may have one of these extra tickets on filling up an application form as for an ordinary ticket4 ,school teachers may have more than one ticket of this class on application to the librarian4 #bj4 ,all tickets and vouchers must be renewed annually1 each ticket and voucher being reckoned available for one year from date of issue4#ac #ac ,in some libraries the practice has arisen of making tickets permanent1 as long as the holder resides in the district1 without renewal annually4 ,in place of renewal1 a revision takes place1 to ensure accuracy of addresses1 etc42 where this is so1 ,rule #bj is unnecessary4 #ba4 ,the borrower must return each volume lent within fifteen days1 including days of issue and return1 and shall be liable to a fine of #a;d4 per week or portion of a week for each volume lent1 if not returned within that period1 but the issue of a book may be renewed for a further period of fifteen days1 dating from the day of intimation1 on notice being given to the librarian either personally or in writing1 and no further renewal will be allowed if the book is required by another reader4 ,books which are much in demand may1 however1 be refused such renewal at the discretion of the librarian4 #bb4 ,each volume on return shall be delivered to the librarian or his assistant1 and if on examination it be found to have sustained any damage or injury1 the person to whom it was lent1 or his or her guarantor1 shall be required to pay the amount of damage done or to procure a new copy or series of equal value1 and1 in the latter case1 the person supplying the new copy shall be entitled to the damaged copy or series on depositing the new one4 #bc4 ,borrowers who are unable to obtain a particular non-fictional book1 and desire that it shall be retained for them on its return1 must give its title1 number1 etc41 to the assistant1 and pay #a;d4 to cover cost of posting an intimation that it is available for issue2 but no book will be kept longer than the time mentioned in the notice sent4 ,novels cannot be reserved under this rule4 #bd4 ,borrowers are required to keep the books clean4 ,they are not to turn down or stain the leaves1 nor to make pencil or other marks upon them4 ,they must take the earliest opportunity of reporting any damage or injury done to the books they receive1 otherwise they will be held responsible for the value of the same4 #be4 ,if an infectious disease breaks out in any house containing books belonging to the library1 such books are not to be returned to the library1 but must be handed over to the ,medical ,officer of ,health or any sanitary officer acting on his behalf4 ,until such infected house is declared free of disease by the ,medical ,officer of ,health1 no books will be issued from the libraries to any person or persons residing therein4 ,in similar circumstances non-resident ratepayers or employees must return their books to the ,medical ,officer1 and cease to use the libraries till their residences are certified free from infection4 #bf4 ,only actual borrowers who are enrolled on the register of the library shall have the right of direct access to the book-shelves1 but their representatives may be admitted at the discretion of the librarian or his assistants4 ,to prevent disappointment1 these representatives should come provided with a list of several book-titles and numbers4 #bg4 ,any change in the residence of borrowers or their guarantors1 or notice of withdrawal of guarantee1 must be intimated to the librarian within one week4 #bh4 ,borrowers leaving the district or ceasing to use the library are required to return their tickets to the librarian in order to have them cancelled2 otherwise they and their guarantors will be held responsible for any books taken out in their names4 #bi4 ,no person under twelve years of age shall be eligible to borrow books or make use of the adult library1 except by the librarian's permission4 ,,general ,,reading ,,and ,,magazine ,,rooms #cj4 ,the general reading room shall remain open on week-days from #h ,a4,m4 till #aj ,p4,m41 and the magazine room from #i ,a4,m4 till #aj ,p4,m4 7and on ,sundays1 from ,october to ,may inclusive1 from #c to #i ,p4,m474 ,both rooms shall be closed on ,christmas ,day 7,new ,year's ,day71 all public holidays1 and such other days as the committee may from time to time appoint4 #ca4 ,no persons under twelve years of age1 unless accompanied by their parents or elders capable of controlling them1 shall be allowed to use these rooms1 except by permission of the librarian or his assistants4 #cb4 ,any persons who use these rooms for purposes of betting1 or who in any way cause obstruction or disorder in these or any other rooms or passages of the libraries1 are liable to be proceeded against under the provisions of #fa #fb ,vict41 c4 #ec1 ,an ,act to ,provide for the ,punishment of ,offences in ,libraries1 #ahih4 #cc4 ,readers in possession of newspapers or other periodicals must be prepared to resign them to any other reader who may ask to peruse them1 ten minutes after the request has been made through one of the library staff4 ,,juvenile ,,room #cd4 ,the juvenile reading room and library shall remain open from #d till #h ,p4,m4 daily on ,monday to ,friday inclusive1 and from #aj ,a4,m4 till #f ,p4,m4 on ,saturdays4 #ce4 ,the admission is free to every boy or girl under 7twelve7 fourteen years of age residing in the ,borough of 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 who is able to write and read2 but they must obtain a guarantee 7or recommendation7 from their parents or school teacher as to good behaviour and safe return of all books4 #cf4 ,only one book per week will be allowed to each borrower4 #cg4 ,application for tickets admitting to the reading room must be made at the library4 ,there are certain admonitory rules which are best displayed in frames in placard form1 such as3 ,,silence ,,is ,,requested2 ,,no ,,conversation ,,allowed2 ,,no ,,dogs ,,admitted2 ,,cyclists ,,are ,,requested ,,to ,,keep ,,their ,,machines ,,outside ,,the ,,building2 ,,please ,,wipe ,,your ,,boots2 ,,no ,,admission ,,this ,,way2 ,,no ,,smoking ,,allowed2 and so on4 ,some of the general rules would be much more effective if displayed in this form4 #cfa4 ,notes on ,rules4--#a and #b4 ,these rules are included for the purpose of qualifying for the certificate of exemption from income-tax and local rates1 as described in ,sections #cg-dj4 #ae4 ,in some libraries the guarantee of responsible heads of large government and other departments is accepted for all the employees1 and secretaries of associations and school teachers have also been accepted4 ,in the first case the association has become responsible for all its eligible members1 and signs through its secretary4 ,in the second case the teacher assumes responsibility for all his eligible pupils4 ,it should be understood that a teacher's guarantee does not involve the teacher in financial responsibility1 but is an indication of his opinion that the applicant may benefit by the use of the library1 and usually includes the assumption that he will use his moral influence to secure the due care and return of books4 ,some libraries have abolished the guarantee for non-ratepayers4 #af4 ,,depositors should be treated as ordinary borrowers1 and their tickets and numbering should go through the same routine4 ,the money received from deposits may either be paid into the bank and repaid as wanted by depositors from petty cash1 or held by the librarian and repaid when called up4 ,deposit money of this kind when paid into the bank tends somewhat to complicate and falsify the accounts by recording receipts which do not belong to the library1 and inflating the petty cash expenditures1 but borough accountants regard it as orthodox book-keeping as a rule4 ,the practice differs in all places as regards this point1 and the librarian may keep a separate account of these moneys1 whether paid into the bank or not4 #ah4 ,under the powers conferred by the #ahib ,act1 many public libraries now permit persons residing outside the district who are not otherwise qualified to become borrowers on payment of an annual subscription1 ranging from #es4 to #ajs4 ,the money received from this source should be paid into the subscriptions account at the bank1 and a proper receipt given to the subscriber1 showing how long the subscription is current4 #ba4 ,the ,,renewal ,,of ,,books is generally allowed without question1 if no inquiries for them in the interval have been recorded4 ,in other cases1 such renewals must1 of course1 be refused1 unless the books are not returned1 in which case nothing can be done4 ,here again the eternal fiction question arises1 and there are reasonable doubts if the right of renewal should be allowed in the case of recent popular novels4 ,with classic fiction and other books it is quite another matter1 and students should be allowed to renew within all reasonable limits1 and by any reasonable means--post-card1 telephone1 message or other--providing that readers give the necessary particulars4 ,a form of renewal slip is used at some libraries which may be useful4 ,copies are taken away by any borrower who thinks he may require them1 and if he desires to renew a book1 he simply fills up a slip and sends it by hand or post to the library4 ,the assistant then picks out the charge from the charging system1 inserts the renewal slip in the pocket1 and re-issues it under the current date4 ,the renewals may be picked out and sorted in one sequence behind a special guide1 so that when a book is returned which has not been re-dated1 it is easy to find it2 or a 8dummy0 book card may be inserted in order under the original date of issue bearing a reference to the date of renewal--this is perhaps the more effective method4 ,renewals should count as re-issues1 and a record should be made of the issue of all books which are thus renewed4 -------------------------------- ,book ,no4 -------------------------------- ,issued -------------------------------- ,renewed -------------------------------- ,fine -------------------------------- ,this ,ticket should be returned when renewing the ,book4 -------------------------------- ,,liberton ,,public ,,library4 -------------------------------- ,,fig4 #acb4--,renewal ,slip 7,section #cfa 7#ba774 #bc4 ,the practice of ,,reserving ,,books has been adopted in many libraries1 and within certain limits it is useful4 ,the chief points connected with the matter are whether all books should be reserved1 and how many orders for the same popular book should be booked at once4 ,as regards the first point1 it is wise to exclude current popular1 but not classic1 fiction from the operation of the rule1 partly for the reason that in this class duplicates of popular novels are generally stocked1 and also because it is necessary to restrict as much as possible any privilege which may seem to favour one class to the exclusion of another1 as there is no doubt that the charge of #a;d4 will practically exclude many poor people from participating in this method of book-reservation4 ,it is simple to make a rough distinction between classic and current fiction1 by adding the classic symbol 7some arbitrary sign7 to the class-mark of all books which have been published more than ten years4 ,such works are not necessarily classic1 of course1 but all that is contemplated is to prevent the holding-up on reservation lists of the latest works4 ,as regards the second point1 librarians will have to exercise a nice discretion as to how many readers they will place on the rota at one time1 as it is quite conceivable that to reserve any popular work twenty or thirty times ahead is simply to cut it off from general circulation for an indefinite period4 ,in the case of very popular books1 the possibility of buying a special copy for reservation should be contemplated4 ,as regards the method of working the system of reserving books1 the usual plan is to sell a post-card to the borrower1 who addresses it to himself and enters the name of the book wanted4 ,these post-cards are then returned to the librarian1 who arranges them in order1 and1 as the books are stopped on return1 sends out the post-card next in order4 ,a usual form for the post-card is as follows3 8,please note that the book 44444444444444444444444444444 reserved by you1 has now been returned1 and will be kept for you till the evening of 444444444444444444444444440 ,the assistant fills in the date by which the book should be claimed4 ,of course1 borrowers who fail to claim miss their turn4 ,a separate register of these reserved books can be kept in addition to the cards1 if thought advisable4 ,a receipt should1 of course1 be given for each post-card1 and in some libraries the numbers of the books reserved are written on the counterfoils4 #be4 ,,infectious ,,diseases ,,notification4--,authorities differ greatly as to the power of books to carry and disseminate disease4 ,american and ,english bacteriologists1 after exhaustive researches and tests1 declare that dirty books cannot convey infection1 whilst ,german and ,french scientists are not so sure4 ,the latest tests and theories are negative4 ,infection is conveyed in a wet state from the patient to another person1 and it is affirmed that when contagious matter has dried it is innocuous4 ,it is1 therefore1 clear that the conditions under which books may carry disease rarely1 if ever1 occur4 ,as library assistants are continually turning over1 handling and inhaling the dust1 etc41 from lending library books without observed ill results1 it may be assumed that the danger of infection1 if it exists at all1 is greatly exaggerated4 ,but as the public mind is somewhat excited over this question1 it is necessary for library authorities to take steps to reassure the people that everything is done to prevent disease being communicated through the medium of library books4 ,the ,public ,health ,acts are quite clear on the point that persons suffering from infectious diseases1 or in charge of other persons so suffering1 are liable to penalties for lending any article2 and this would cover the case of a library which re-issued a book which came from an infected house4 ,the practice should therefore be for the local sanitary authority to seize all library books found on disease-infected premises1 and simply destroy them after due notification to the library authority4 ,a further notification should be sent to the library when the house has been disinfected and declared free from disease1 as in the meantime the librarian has stopped the issue of books to persons in the disease-stricken house from the date of the first intimation4 ,there are various forms of notice used for notifying when and where disease breaks out1 and what books are destroyed1 and also for declaring the infected house free from disease4 ,as regards the disinfection of books by means of fumes1 etc41 the opinion is that it cannot be properly done without destroying the bindings1 and it is best to take the extreme course in view of the public fears4 ,as regards the cost of replacing such destroyed books1 the local sanitary authority can be called upon to do this under the provisions of the ,public ,health ,acts1 #aija1 but unless the annual loss is very great1 it seems hardly advisable to raise the point4 ,in small places or towns with very limited book funds1 the sanitary authority should certainly be asked to replace all books which are destroyed4 ,it is a wise plan to keep a separate record of books which are destroyed in the interest of the public health4 ,this need not note any further particulars than the dates1 titles and numbers of books1 and cost4 ,a column can be reserved for remarks4 ,,bibliography4 #cfb4 ,rules3 ,brett1 ,w4 ,h4 ,regulations for ,readers4 ,u4,s4 ,educ4 ,rept41 #ahib-c1 vol4 i41 p4 #ici4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,public ,service4 ,in his ,library ,primer1 p4 #abb4 ,library ,hours4 ,greenwood's ,year ,book1 #aijj1 p4 #bcf4 #cfc4 ,sunday ,opening3 ,barnett1 ,canon4 ,sunday ,labour in ,public ,libraries1 etc4 ,greenwood's ,year ,book1 #ahig1 p4 #ajb4 ,cutler1 ,m4 ,s41 ,mrs ,fairchild4 ,sunday ,opening of ,public ,libraries4 ,u4,s4 ,educ4 ,rept41 #ahib-c1 vol4 i41 p4 #gga4 ,greenwood1 ,t4 ,sunday ,opening of ,public ,libraries4 ,in his ,public ,libraries1 #ahid1 p4 #deh2 and statistics in the ,british ,library ,year ,book1 #aijj1 p4 #bcf4 #cfd4 ,infectious ,diseases3 ,books as ,carriers of ,disease4 ,library ,j41 vol4 xxi41 p4 #aej4 ,johnston1 ,t4 ,the ,replacement of 8,infected0 ,books4 ,library ,w41 vol4 iv41 p4 #f4 ,rivers1 ,j4 ,do ,public ,library ,books spread ,disease8 ,l4 ,w41 vol4 vii41 p4 #adc4 ,willcock1 ,w4 ,j4 ,notification of ,infectious ,disease and the ,public ,library4 ,l4 ,w41 #ahii1 p4 #hi4 #cfe4 ,open ,access3 ,see ,manual of ,library ,economy1 #aijc1 pp4 #dde-fh1 for discussion of policy and list of articles on the subject4 ,stewart1 ,j4 ,d41 and ,others4 ,open ,access1 #aiae4 ,for articles see ,cannons1 ,e #de-dh1 ,rules and ,regulations1 ,hours1 ,sunday and ,holiday ,opening2 ,e #ajg1 ,loan ,period4 ,,division ,,xi ,,the ,,lending1 ,,or ,,home ,,reading1 ,,department ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,registration ,,of ,,borrowers #cff4 ,general4--,by a tradition now firmly implanted in the mind of the public1 and nourished by journalists1 the lending department is the most prominent feature of the public library4 ,the average public criticism1 favourable or otherwise1 is almost invariably based upon lending library statistics4 ,this is probably because the average person knows the library as a place from which he may 8take out0 books4 ,in a treatise for librarians the inadequacy of this view need not be stressed1 although1 as in many matters connected with their calling1 librarians are not unanimous as to the relative value of their departments1 some exalting one or other at the expense of the rest4 ,there are1 however1 clear principles which have a fairly general acceptation4 ,the main one is that in libraries which are in fairly close proximity to much greater libraries1 it is wise to place more emphasis on the lending than on the reference department4 ,it would be an unjustifiable duplicating of expense for a library1 for example1 within a mile or two of the ,british ,museum1 to attempt the hopeless task of rivalling it in the provision of expensive reference works2 while on the other hand it would be justified abundantly in providing the finest possible lending library4 ,even here dogmatism is to be avoided1 because the habits of populations in what appear to be exactly similar localities may differ greatly4 ,where1 for example1 a city working population living in a large suburb returns rarely or not at all to the city in the evenings1 there may be a real demand for a reference library4 ,only experience1 which bears in mind the general principles stated1 can resolve which policy it is best to follow4 ,on account of its prominence and the numerous opportunities for good work it affords1 the lending library deserves the utmost care in its planning and administration1 and the simplest and freest methods compatible with reasonable care for the safety of the books are the best4 ,all the considerations we have described as to book-selection and weeding-out1 etc41 apply with particular force in this department2 and a careful study should be made of the various methods of issue described in the next chapter before one is chosen1 as a wrong choice may inflict much hardship on readers and later involve changes which will be most expensive2 in fact1 the converting of a lending library from one system to another is probably the most costly operation in which it can be involved4 ,the staffing of the department requires just as much consideration as that of any other1 and the all too frequent and often unavoidable practice of employing the youngest boys and girls at the charging counters or desks is much to be deprecated even when it cannot be altogether avoided4 #cfg4 ,voucher ,forms4--,there are all kinds of voucher forms in use in the municipal libraries of the ,united ,kingdom1 ranging in size from foolscap folio to post-card4 ,these vouchers are the forms on which borrowers apply for tickets entitling them to use the library1 and they are the basis of the necessary registration of borrowers which all libraries must perform4 ,it is not needful to describe more than one form1 because it is gradually being adopted1 with variations to suit different localities1 as the standard system of the country4 ,the legal questions connected with the validity of certain forms of guarantee are also beyond the scope of this section1 because judicial rulings have been obtained on all kinds of forms1 and the only point requiring consideration1 that of the amount of the guarantor's liability1 has already been discussed4 ,a form of voucher which can be used as a movable card 7#e in4 by #c in47 is preferable to a large slip1 which requires binding in volumes1 or other special means of preservation2 and the style of cards given in ,figs4 #acc-acf will be found satisfactory4 ,these voucher cards should be printed on a stout material1 which may be of a different colour for each type of reader--burgess1 non-burgess1 student1 etc4--and handed free to any person entitled to borrow books4 ,when returned filled up1 they are duly examined to ascertain if the applicant is duly qualified1 and when this is done the card is filed1 after it has been numbered from the number book1 and the borrower's card made out4 ,the space in the top left-hand corner is to hold the borrower's name1 boldly written in as a catch-word for alphabetical arrangement4 ,the ,no4 4 4 4 space at the top right-hand corner is for the borrower's progressive number4 ,the ,date4 4 4 space at the bottom left-hand corner is the date of application1 which also becomes the date of expiry two years later4 ,the ,elector's ,roll4 4 4 space at the bottom right-hand corner is for the number on the current electors' roll4 ,it is a useful thing to mark this roll with the numbers of the cards of any borrowers for whom a ratepayer may be guarantor1 in all cases where a limit is put to the number whom one person may guarantee4 ,there is generally plenty of marginal space for this purpose4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,no4 444444444444444444444 ,,liberton ,,public ,,libraries4 ,this voucher1 properly filled in1 entitles the reader to a ,,general ,,ticket1 and1 if desired1 a ,,non-,,fiction ,,ticket1 which are valid for two years from date of issue4 ,i1 the undersigned1 being a ,burgess of the ,borough of ,liberton1 hereby make application to the ,public ,libraries ,committee for a ,ticket1 entitling me to ,borrow ,books from a ,lending ,library1 and ,i hereby undertake to replace1 or pay the value of any ,book belonging to the ,corporation of ,liberton1 which shall be lost or injured by me1 also to pay all ,fines1 and all expenses of recovering same1 in accordance with the ,rules1 by which ,i agree to be bound4 ,name in full 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,if a ,lady1 state if ,mrs or ,miss4 ,residence 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,date 44444444444444444444 ,no4 on ,electors' ,roll 44444444444444 ,if the ,applicant requires the second ,ticket 7on which only works that are not ,fiction may be drawn71 the following should be signed33 ,i desire to receive a ,non-,fiction ,ticket 444444444444444444444444444 ,signature4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,fig4 #acc4--,voucher for a ,ratepayer ,applicant 7,section #cfg74 #cfh4 ,the following are satisfactory examples of vouchers for non-ratepayers and non-resident students and employees 7see ,figs4 #acd-f73 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,no4 44444444444444444444 ,,liberton ,,public ,,libraries4 ,this voucher1 properly filled in1 entitles the reader to a ,,general ,,ticket1 and1 if desired1 a ,,non-,,fiction ,,ticket1 which are valid for two years from date of issue4 ,i1 the undersigned1 residing in the ,borough of ,liberton1 hereby apply to the ,public ,libraries ,committee for a ,ticket 7or ,tickets71 entitling me to borrow books from a ,lending ,library1 in accordance with the ,rules1 by which ,i agree to be bound4 ,name in full 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,ladies please state if ,mrs or ,miss4 ,residence 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,occupation 444444444444444444 ,age 44444444 ,date 4444444444 ,if the ,applicant requires the second ,ticket 7on which only works that are not ,fiction may be drawn71 the following should be signed3 ,i desire to receive a ,non-,fiction ,ticket 444444444444444444444444444 ,signature4 ,p4,t4,o4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,fig4 #acd4--;,front of ,voucher for ,non-,ratepayer ,applicant 7,section #cfh74 ,in some libraries the guarantee form has been entirely abandoned in favour of a recommendation which carries with it no explicit liability for losses4 ,the vouchers for non-ratepayer applicants should be dealt with in the same way as those for ratepayers1 viz41 checked with registers and filed in the alphabetical order of surnames1 after tickets have been made out and an entry made in the number book4 #cfi4 ,it will be seen that the vouchers illustrated permit any borrower who desires it to acquire a non-fiction or duplicate ticket in addition to a general ticket4 ,the more general practice has been to require a separate voucher to be filled up 7and guaranteed in the case of non-burgesses7 for every such ticket4 ,in this case the voucher requires no separate wording1 but the word 8,duplicate0 or 8,non-,fiction0 stamped boldly across the ordinary voucher is sufficient to indicate the difference4 ,but there seems no special advantage in making the applicant go through this double process4 ,the same holds good with regard to vouchers for those who make a deposit in lieu of obtaining a written guarantee1 or who subscribe in terms of ,rule #ah4 ,the words ,,depositor ,,of 4 4 4 4 4 4 or ,,subscriber ,,of 4 4 4 4 4 4 and the date can be written or stamped on the back of the card4 ,of course there is no reason1 beyond avoiding a multiplicity of cards1 why a library should not provide separate forms for every class of applicant1 with differently coloured cards1 etc41 but it seems unnecessary1 unless there are special local circumstances to be considered4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,i1 the undersigned1 being a ,burgess of the ,borough of ,liberton1 that ,i believe the ,applicant named over to be a person to whom ,books may be safely entrusted for perusal2 and ,i hereby undertake to re- place or pay the value of any ,book belonging to the ,corporation of ,liberton1 which shall be lost or injured by the said ,borrower2 as also to pay all ,fines incurred under the ,rules1 and all expenses of recovering the same4 ,name in full 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,ladies please state if ,mrs or ,miss4 ,,residence 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,write legibly in ink4 ,occupation 444444444444444444444444444444 ,do not fold this ,card4 ,the ,guarantor's name must appear on the current ,burgess ,roll1 failing which1 the production of the last receipt for payment of ,poor ,rate1 or a lease showing the occupancy of a whole premises1 or a rent book showing the occupancy of a whole premises1 will suffice4 ,the guarantee lasts two years1 unless previously withdrawn in writing by the ,guarantor4 ,ward 44444444444444444444 ,no4 on ,burgess ,roll 44444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,fig4 #ace4--;,back of ,voucher for ,non-,ratepayer ,applicant 7,section #cfh74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,n ,o ,n - 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,no4 444444444 ,r ,e ,,liberton ,,public ,,libraries4 ,s ,i ,this voucher1 properly filled in1 entitles the reader to a ,d ,,general ,,ticket1 and1 if desired1 a ,,non-,,fiction ,,ticket1 which ,e are valid for two years from date of issue4 ,n ,t ,i1 the undersigned1 being a scholar_/employee in the ,borough of ,liberton1 hereby apply to the ,public ,libraries ,committee for a ,s ,ticket 7or ,tickets71 entitling me to borrow books from a ,t ,lending ,library1 in accordance with the ,rules1 by which ,i agree ,u to be bound4 ,d ,e ,name in full 444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,age 44444 ,n ,ladies please state if ,mrs or ,miss4 ,t ,residence 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,o ,r ,school or place of ,employment 4444444444444444444444444444 ,date 444444444 ,e ,m ,if the ,applicant requires the second ,ticket 7on which only ,p works that are not ,fiction may be drawn71 the following ,l should be signed3 ,o ,y ,i desire to receive a ,non-,fiction ,ticket 4444444444444444444444 ,e ,signature4 ,e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #acf4--;,front of ,voucher for ,non-,resident ,student or ,employee2 the back is the same as in ,fig4 #ace4 #cgj4 ,tickets4--,various forms of borrowers' tickets are used with indicators and card charging1 but only the kinds most commonly used need be described4 ,one form is shown below 7,fig4 #acg7 for libraries in which borrowers retain their tickets when they have no books on loan4 ,they are made with cloth backs to fold across1 and the one with the clipped corner is a good form to adopt for students' or extra tickets available for non-fictional works only4 ,the variety shown is not ruled to hold a record of the numbers of books which are borrowed upon it1 as it does not seem necessary to keep such a record4 ,to keep it involves a great deal of work1 and the information it affords1 being practically confined to what type of book an individual reads1 is rarely wanted4 ,as a check on lost books it may have some value1 but that has no relation to the cost of keeping it4 ,this ticket can be used with any kind of issue method1 and it is therefore noted here and not with other cards among the charging systems4 ----------------------- #a ----------------------- ,h4 ,c4 ,,rhodes1 ----------------------- #c ,,mafeking ,,avenue4 ----------------------- ,borrower's ,card4 ----------------------- ,fold ----------------------- ,,liberton ,,public ,,library4 ---- ,this ,card to be given up when a ,book is borrowed4 ---- ,,to ,,be ,,renewed ,,before #fth ,june1 #aiba4 ----------------------- ,ordinary ,ticket4 ,blue-lined ,cloth4 --------------------- #ha ----------------------- ,h4 ,c4 ,,rhodes1 ----------------------- #c ,,mafeking ,,avenue4 ----------------------- ,borrower's ,card4 ----------------------- ,fold ----------------------- ,,liberton ,,public ,,library4 ---- ,this ,card to be given up when a ,book is borrowed4 ---- ,,to ,,be ,,renewed ,,before #fth ,june1 #aiba4 ----------------------- ,extra ,ticket4 ,yellow-lined ,cloth4 ,,fig4 #acg4--;,borrower's ,card 7,section #cgj74 #cga4 ,the plan which we have assumed to exist of issuing ,,duplicate or ,,students' tickets available for non-fiction works only1 in addition to an ordinary ticket available for all classes of literature1 first became popular in ,britain in #ahic1 and arose out of a suggestion made by ,mr ,j4 ,y4 ,w4 ,mac,alister at the ,library ,association ,conference at ,aberdeen4 ,in ,america this is generally known as the 8,two-,book ,system10 and it became very widely adopted after #ahid4 ,indeed1 ,american libraries are most generous in their lending2 many libraries lend as many as ten books at a time2 and one or two have recently 7#aiai7 invited borrowers to take at any one time 8as many as they like40 ,the advantage of this indiscriminate freedom is not quite obvious1 and1 owing to their more limited stocks1 it would be impossible in most ,british libraries4 ,there are decided advantages in the plan of allowing borrowers to have two books at a time1 and there is no doubt it greatly enhances the value of the public library to many people4 ,as indicated by ,rule #ai1 ,section #cfj1 special privileges are recommended to be extended to school teachers1 who ought to be allowed any number of books1 within reason1 required for their special and important work of education4 ,there is no objection to allowing special privileges to all earnest students engaged on special lines of research1 provided no injustice is done to the general work of the library or to students similarly engaged4 ,certainly it is better to lend a real student half a dozen or more books at a time than to have these books lying idle at the library4 ,of course1 in libraries with more readers than books1 if there are any1 extra tickets will require to be issued with caution1 but in all large libraries the privilege can be extended without fear or hesitation4 #cgb4 ,registration4--,all borrowers' tickets should be numbered in a progressive series1 and the same number should be given to the same borrower as long as he or she remains connected with the library4 ,this prevents overlapping and the clumsy method of numbering continuously up to a certain limit and counting off the early numbers2 a doubtful way of ascertaining the total number of actual borrowers at any given time4 ,the ruling of a number register in book form is shown in ,fig4 #ach4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,no4 #aija4 #aijb4 #aijc4aijd4aije4aijf4aijg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,h4 ,c4 ,rhodes,h4 ,c4 ,rhodes ,june #d ,june #f #b ,p4 ,krger ,j4 ,burns ,june #d ,july #aj #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ,,fig4 #ach4--;,borrowers' ,number ,register 7,section #cgb74 ,in this each borrower is entered as he joins1 receiving the first vacant number1 which is also carried on to his voucher and ticket4 ,the column is chosen which represents the year in which his ticket expires1 and against the number is written the borrower's name1 and under it the month and day when the ticket expires4 ,the holder of a given ticket can be ascertained very rapidly by this method1 and time-expired or dead ticket-holders can be counted off without trouble4 ,but it is necessary to mark or qualify the entries in order to do this4 ,an easy way to indicate an expired ticket is to mark the register with a blue tick 77 as shown in ,fig4 #ach 7,no4 #b74 ,these expired numbers should be given to new borrowers1 so as to keep the register filled up and complete1 and at the end of a given period1 when it is time to ascertain the number of 8live0 or actual ticket-holders1 it is only necessary to count the blue ticks1 and deduct their total from the last number of the series1 in order to obtain the exact number of current borrowers4 ,a number register book ruled as shown in ,fig4 #ach will last for many years4 ,it is not necessary to print the progressive numbers or years1 and it will facilitate counting operations if fifty numbers are allowed for every page4 ,duplicate or special ticket-holders numbered in a separate series should be entered in a special book1 and juvenile ticket-holders can be treated in a similar fashion4 #cgc4 ,to prevent the possibility of a number of tickets being obtained by the same individuals1 all tickets should be registered and made out at one library of a town1 but1 of course1 issued from the library at which the application was made1 and such tickets should be made interchangeable4 ,there does not seem to be any advantage attached to separate branch registration1 and certainly there is much loss of good service when residents are confined to the use of a particular branch4 ,the residents in a town are entitled to use any of the libraries1 and a central registration of borrowers is therefore essential4 #cgd4 ,when the borrowers' vouchers have been duly checked1 numbered1 and the tickets have been written out1 they should be filed in alphabetical order of the borrowers' surnames in properly guided trays 7or1 better1 card cabinets71 supplied with all necessary angle blocks1 etc41 as in the case of charging and card-catalogue trays and cabinets4 ,these form the alphabetical index to the borrowers1 while the borrowers' number register supplies the numerical side4 ,thus any question regarding borrowers can be answered without delay4 ,it is not necessary to keep an alphabetical index of guarantors if the electors' roll is marked as previously suggested4 #cge4 ,,bibliography ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 7,ed474 ,the ,work of the ,registration ,desk4 ,in ,mod4 ,american ,lib4 ,econ41 #aijh4 ,stewart1 ,j4 ,d41 and ,others4 ,open ,access ,libraries1 #aiae4 ,for articles see ,cannons1 ,e #aaa1 ,registration of ,borrowers4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,issue ,,methods #cgf4 ,in modern library practice1 methods of book-registration involving the use of ledgers or day-books have now been entirely abandoned1 save in a few proprietary and subscription libraries4 ,it will1 therefore1 be needless to describe charging systems so generally discarded1 and it will suffice if reference is made to the first edition of this work1 in which many forms were illustrated and explained4 #cgg4 ,the great objection to all charging ledgers in book form was their want of movability and adjustability4 ,the entries when once made were fixed1 either in a running sequence under a date of issue1 a borrower's name1 or a book's title4 ,if1 for any purpose1 it should be desirable to manipulate the entries1 in order to secure greater accuracy1 or some definite record of a special kind1 the book ledgers did not lend themselves to this sort of treatment4 ,there was no kind of movability possible1 and questions which might be answered readily enough if entries were movable and separate1 could not be put to any issue record in volume form4 ,chiefly because of this1 the slip or card methods of charging were introduced1 which enable registration to be conducted in a variety of ways for different purposes4 ,it is impossible to say when or where cards were first introduced1 but as they have been used for commercial purposes for years before the public library system was established1 it follows that many minds must have discovered the utility and convenience of movable entries4 ,there are many varieties of card or slip charging in existence1 and innumerable methods of working or applying them4 ,movable entry systems are in every respect the most interesting1 not only because they present greater possibilities to the ingenious mind1 but because they are more scientific and more natural4 #cgh4 ,there have been numerous systems devised for recording issues of books from public libraries1 but in none have so many variations been introduced as in the great group using cards as a basis4 ,there is hardly any limit to be put to the variety of ways in which cards can be used2 and1 without describing every system in detail1 it will nevertheless be interesting to select and describe typical plans from among the more practical varieties1 as representative of each particular group4 ,the fundamental idea of all card systems of charging is that each book or volume shall be represented by a movable card1 which can be stored in various ways when the book is on the shelf1 and used to register or charge the book1 when issued1 to its borrower4 #cgi4 ,when cards are used as movable entries1 there is no need to keep a column for showing date of return2 and1 before describing a method of working1 the following specimen ruling for a card is given3 ------------------------------------ ,f #idcb ,,hope ,prisoner of ,zenda #hbgf ,jul4 #ai #bfda ,nov4 #f ,,fig4 #aci4--;,book ,issue-,card 7,section #cgi74 ,the first and third columns may be used for the borrowers' numbers1 and the second and fourth for dates of issue1 as shown above1 or all four columns may be used for borrowers' numbers4 ,the backs of the cards may be ruled the same1 without the heading4 ,these cards are kept in a strict numerical order of progressive numbers in trays or drawers4 ,when a book is chosen by a borrower1 the card representing it is withdrawn from its place1 the borrower's number and date of issue entered1 the date of issue stamped on the date label of the book1 and the transaction is complete when the book-card is placed in a tray1 or behind a special block bearing the date of issue4 ,at the end of the day the cards are all sorted up in numerical order1 as far as possible1 the statistics made up from them1 and they are then put away in the dated issue trays1 or behind date blocks in drawers4 ,when a book is returned1 its date and number direct the assistant to the exact number of the book-card1 which is withdrawn1 and at leisure replaced in the main sequence4 ,no other marking off is necessary1 and the book is immediately available for issue4 ,overdues gradually declare themselves1 as day after day passes1 and the cards for books in circulation diminish in number as returns are made4 ,this is card charging of a simple kind1 which is rarely used nowadays1 as in cases of overdues1 queries1 etc41 it necessitates reference to the borrowers' register1 and such references are always a nuisance2 but it forms the basis of all the more elaborate scientific systems4 #chj4 ,the pocket system of card-charging is that most used in the ,united ,kingdom1 not only as a separate method1 but also frequently in connexion with1 or as an adjunct to1 indicators4 ,this is a loose pocket system in which each book is represented by a manila card 7about #d #b inches7 ruled on both sides to take borrowers' numbers and dates of issues4 ,every borrower is represented by a card of a similar kind1 but one inch shorter 7see ,fig4 #adj74 ,when a book is issued its card is taken from the tray1 and1 with the borrower's card1 is placed in a loose manila pocket1 the date of issue is stamped on the date label inside the book and the borrower receives the volume4 ,it is customary in most open access libraries to hand the borrower his card when his book is discharged4 ,if he does not want another book at the moment he retains his card for the future1 but if he does want another he selects one in the usual way1 and hands it and his ticket to the assistant at the exit charging wicket1 where the charge is made very rapidly by simply selecting the book-card and 8marrying0 it with the borrower's card in a loose pocket4 ,in some libraries the charges thus made are simply sorted by book numbers and arranged behind projecting date guides in the issue trays4 ,in others this is postponed till the book numbers have been carried on to the book-cards4 ,whatever method of registration is adopted the ultimate result is that a complete charge is got by mechanical means1 which obviates the need for writing at the moment of issue4 ,the plan of keeping the book-cards in pockets inside the books has been adopted in some libraries1 but of course this destroys the value of the system as an indicator to the staff of books in and out4 ,at the same time1 in open access libraries particularly1 it facilitates service at the moment of issue4 ,the conjoined cards of this loose pocket system appear as in the diagrams on page #cee 7,figs4 #adb-c74 #cha4 ,the following diagrams show one of the principal systems of card charging now used in ,british libraries4 ,each book has a small triangular pocket inside the front board1 in which is placed a small book-card 7#b #a inches7 of manila1 on which is written the class number1 author and title of the book it represents4 ,in cases of duplicate copies it is advisable to write the accession number on the book-card to facilitate stocktaking4 ,each book also has a date label inside the front board facing the book pocket 7,fig4 #ada74 --------------------------- #dfbb ,a #cb ,book-card ,,balfour projection4 --------------------------- #eiaf #cj ,mar41 #aijh ,,richard ,,garnett1 #a ,museum ,street4 --------------- --------- ,borrower's card ------ projection4 ---- ,pocket4 ,pocket4 --------------------------- ,,fig4 #adj4--;,book and ,borrower's ,cards combined in ,pocket 7,section #chj74 ,each borrower has a neat linen-covered or other card bearing the name of the library1 the name1 address and number of the borrower and the date when the card was issued1 or better1 when it will expire1 if periodical renewals are demanded4 ,when a book is issued1 the borrower hands his card and the book chosen to the assistant1 who takes the book-card from the book pocket and places it in the pocket of the borrower's card1 stamps the date of issue or return on the date label and issues the book4 ,the charges are then arranged in trays as described below1 and thus give a perfect record without writing4 ---------------------------------- ------------- ,e #ajjc ,,balfour ------- ,book-card4 ,,botany ---- ---4 4 ,book -- ,pocket4 6 --------------------- ,,fig4 #ada4--;,book ,pocket and ,card4 #chb4 ,charging ,appliances4--,an important part of a card method is the tray for holding and displaying the cards1 and of this there are a number of kinds in use in libraries using indicators and in those working without them4 ,for many reasons1 but above all for economy of space1 it is best to use a comparatively small-sized charging card1 the advantage being that all the accessories1 such as trays1 guides1 etc41 are correspondingly small1 cheap and easily handled4 ---------- #a ----------- -------------------------- ,watson 7,john7 #cj ,thornhill ,square4 #eifc #cjth ,sept41 #aijf4 #c -------------------------- ,,bookton ,,public ,,libraries4 -------------------------- ,v ,,fig4 #adb4--;,borrower's ,card with ,pocket4 -------------------------- ,watson -- ,borrower's 7,john7 ,card4 ------------------ ,e #ajjc -----,book- ,card4 ,balfour ------------------------ ,,bookton ,,public ,,libraries4 -------------------------- ,,fig4 #adc4--;,borrower's ,card and ,book-card conjoined4 #chc4 ,a standard size of card tray made of wood is shown in ,fig4 #add4 ,this tray 7b7 is provided with a rod 7a7 for securing the guides 7e7 in a continuous slot 7c7 at the bottom1 to carry and secure the slot-fastening 7f7 of the guides 7e74 ,it has cut-away sides to facilitate the handling of the cards2 a back slide or block 7d7 to retain the cards at any convenient or required angle2 angle-bars and catch-pieces of brass 7g and h7 to secure a series of trays firmly in place1 and prevent upsetting or knocking about4 ,for every kind of card charging1 whether in connexion with an indicator or without1 this style of single tray1 capable of indefinite expansion1 is preferable to drawers or frames divided into compartments4 ,each tray will hold with its guides approximately #ajjj cards1 and1 when divided up into hundreds1 any number can be found quite rapidly4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #add4--;,elevation and ,plan of ,card-charging ,tray 7,section #chc74 #chd4 ,the guides are generally made of steel1 enamelled and figured1 or from vulcanized fibre1 xylonite or aluminium1 bearing the numbers stamped upon them4 ,every charging system of this kind should have a set of nine guides for each thousand numbers1 numbered simply #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 or having the hundreds running progressively throughout1 #ajj1 #bjj1 #cjj1 #djj1 etc4 ,there should also be at least two complete sets of date guides1 numbered from #a to #ca inclusive1 a set of alphabetical guides 7for unclaimed borrowers' cards7 from ,a to ,z1 and the miscellaneous guides for fines1 marked #a;d41 #b;d41 #c;d41 #f;d41 etc41 8,overdues10 8,renewals10 8,guarantors ,notified10 etc4 ,all these are necessary for working card-charging as described in this ,chapter4 #che4 ,it is advisable to provide a card-sorting tray1 which may be a simple rack divided into narrow compartments representing thousands4 ,the compartments need not be more than an inch wide1 as the cards can lie just as easily on their edges as flat1 and with greater economy of space4 ,where fiction is kept in a separate series of trays1 or the book-issue cards are classed1 then1 of course1 some modifications will be required both in book-issue and sorting trays4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--;,card-charging ,trays in use 7,section #cgh74 #chf4 ,the indicator1 as a library tool1 is almost entirely an ,english appliance1 and it is somewhat curious1 considering their love for1 and extensive use of1 mechanical contrivances1 that ,american librarians have never taken kindly to it4 ,various abortive experiments have been tried at ,boston and elsewhere with indicating devices of several patterns1 but the almost universal opinion of ,american librarians is against indicators in any shape or form4 ,this holds good as regards colonial and foreign libraries generally1 though one or two ,canadian and ,australasian libraries have adopted indicators of an ,english design4 ,in ,england1 on the contrary1 the invention of these appliances has gone on unremittingly for sixty years1 and there are about twenty different varieties1 each possessing its own merit or ingenuity4 #chg4 ,an indicator is a device for indicating or registering information about books1 in such a way that it can be seen either by the staff alone1 or by the public and staff both4 ,the information usually conveyed to the public is some kind of indication of the presence or absence of books1 and the methods of accomplishing this almost invariably take the form of displayed numbers1 qualified in such a way as to indicate books in and out4 ,thus1 small spaces on a screen may be numbered to represent books1 and their presence in the library indicated by the space being blank1 or their absence from the library shown by the space being occupied by a card or block4 ,or1 colours may be used to indicate books in and out1 or a change in the position of the block representing a book4 ,no doubt the idea of the mechanical indicator was early evolved from the needs of the first public libraries4 ,the first practical application of it was in #ahfc1 when ,mr ,charles ,dyall1 then ,librarian at the ,hulme ,branch of the ,manchester ,public ,libraries1 had one made for actual use by the public and the staff4 ,this seems to be the very earliest ,english indicator1 and ,mr ,dyall is entitled to full credit as the pioneer inventor4 #chh4 ,the ,,elliot ,,indicator1 #ahgj1 is very fully described in a pamphlet entitled 8,a ,practical ,explanation of the ,safe and ,rapid ,method of ,issuing ,library ,books1 by ,j4 ,elliot1 inventor of the system4 ,wolverhampton1 #ahgj40 ,this pamphlet gives diagrams and descriptions of the ,elliot ,indicator in substantially the same form in which it exists at the present day4 ,the numbers are alongside the ticket shelves or spaces1 and a specially thick borrower's ticket is used with coloured ends to show books out and overdue4 ,the indicator is a large frame1 divided into columns by wide uprights carrying #ajj numbers each1 which correspond with the little shelves1 formed of tin1 dividing each column4 ,there are #ajj shelves and numbers in every column1 and the indicator is made in several sizes1 according to the width of the borrower's card used4 ,the public side is covered with glass4 ,the method of working is simple4 ,the borrower scans the indicator till he finds the space opposite the number he wants vacant4 ,this indicates that the book he wants is in1 and he then hands his ticket to the assistant1 stating the number of the book he requires4 ,the assistant enters the book number and date of issue in the borrower's card1 and inserts it in the indicator in the space against the number4 ,the book is then fetched1 and before issue it is registered on a specially ruled day-sheet1 by means of a stroke1 to record the day's circulation for statistical purposes4 ,when the book is returned its number directs to the space on the indicator occupied by the borrower's card1 which is withdrawn and returned to the owner1 when all liability for fines is cleared4 ,overdues are detected by means of differently coloured ends to the borrowers' cards1 or the periodical examination of the indicator4 ,this indicator1 which occupies a very large amount of counter-space1 has been1 or is1 in use at ,wolverhampton1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne and ,paisley4 --------------------------------- ,space #dia - for ---------------------------- ,ticket4 #dib ---------------------------- ,ticket in #dic - space1 ---------------------------- indicating #did book out4 ---------------------------- #die ---------------------------- #dif ---------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,fig4 #adf4--;,diagram of ,elliot ,indicator 7,section #chh74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--;,a ,library ,indicator1 as seen from the side of the public4 #chi4 ,,cotgreave ,,indicator1 #ahgg4--,this indicator is that which has been most used in this country1 and was the invention of ,alfred ,cotgreave1 then ,librarian of the ,wednesbury ,public ,library1 in #ahgg4 ,an account of its structure and working from one of the descriptive circulars issued in connexion with it will enable anyone to gather a good idea of its appearance and use3 8,it consists of a wooden or iron frame1 fitted with minute zinc shelves1 generally #ajj in a column4 ,upon each of these shelves is placed a small metal-bound ledger 7#c inches #a inch71 containing a number of leaves1 ruled and headed for the number of borrower's ticket1 and date of issue1 also date of return or other items as may be required1 numbered or lettered at each end1 and arranged numerically in the frames4 ,one part of it is also lettered for entries of date of purchase1 title of book1 etc4 ,the metal case has turned-up ends1 and the numbers appear on a ground coloured red at one end and blue at the other1 one colour showing books out1 the other books in2 other colours may be used if preferred4 ,the out numbers can be covered altogether with a date slide if required4 ,the change of colour is effected by simply reversing the ledger in the indicator frame4 ,the public side of the indicator is protected by glass4 8,the modus operandi is as follows3 ,a borrower having chosen a book from the catalogue1 consults the indicator1 and finding the required number to be on blue1 denoting in1 asks for the book corresponding1 at the same time tendering his library ticket4 ,the assistant withdraws the indicator ledger1 makes the necessary entries1 inserts borrower's ticket1 and reverses the ledger1 which then shows the red colour1 signifying out4 ,he then hands out the book asked for4 ,the borrower's ticket will remain in this number until he changes his book1 when his ticket will1 of course1 be transferred to the next number required1 and the returned number will be reversed again1 showing by the blue colour that the book it represents is again in1 and is immediately available to any other reader requiring it4 ,the entries need not be made at the time of issue1 but may stand over until a more convenient time4 8,when a book is not required the ticket is returned to the borrower1 and acts as a receipt1 exonerating him from liabilities40 ,there are many ways of working this indicator in order to obtain certain records or notifications of overdues1 and nearly every library has some modification of its own4 ,it is not necessary to trace the history of the indicator in any further detail1 because1 with one exception1 the forms described comprise all that have been introduced to any extent in ,english public libraries4 #cij4 ,another indicator which has been introduced to some extent was invented in #ahid1 and has several features which may be described here4 ,it consists of a series of wooden blocks1 each of which is numbered with #bej numbers in gilt figures1 and each number has a slot under it large enough to hold a book-card with red coloured or white ends1 bearing the same number as the slot4 ,these blocks can be built into columns of #ajjj with the numbers running consecutively1 the whole being lodged in a glazed frame4 ,this indicator differs from other varieties in having the numbers qualified by the red or white line of the card under the numbers to indicate books in2 when the slot is blank1 the book is out4 8,the withdrawal of the book-card is the method of indicating books out1 and it is the union of this card with the borrower's card which forms the basis of the subsequent registration4 ,when a book is issued the assistant withdraws the card from the recorder and places it in the reader's ticket1 which is formed like a pocket1 fetches the book1 stamps it with the date of issue1 and so completes the transaction at the moment of service4 ,afterwards1 the readers' pocket tickets containing the book-cards are assembled and arranged according to classes in numerical order4 ,they are then posted1 by book and reader numbers only1 on to a daily issue sheet or register1 and the date of issue is stamped on each book-card1 if this has not already been done at the moment of service4 ,the conjoined book- and reader-cards are then placed in a tray bearing the date of issue1 in the order of classes and book numbers1 or in one series of book numbers as may be needful40 ,in other respects this charging system resembles the card methods described in ,section #chj4 #cia4 ,the only other indicator which is designed on an entirely different principle from any of the foregoing is the ,adjustable ,indicator proposed by the author in a paper read before the ,library ,association in #ahie1 and published in ,the ,library for #ahif1 with illustrations4 ,this was a practical proposal for an adjustable indicator in which its size should be limited by the number of books in actual circulation1 and not by the number in stock4 ,there is a very important point here1 as a library with a stock of #cj1jjj volumes would require an indicator occupying about thirty-eight feet run of counter space4 ,if it never had more than #djjj volumes out at one time1 these could be shown on the limited indicator above named within a space of not more than six or eight feet4 ,this is a most important question1 and it is inevitable that1 in many libraries where conditions and feeling are opposed to progressive changes1 this continual growth of indicator space will force library authorities into the serious consideration of less crowded methods4 #cib4 ,on the principle of limiting the indicator to one particular class of literature1 several varieties have been introduced at ,brighton1 ,wimbledon1 ,glasgow and ,lewisham4 ,so many libraries now use indicators for ,fiction only that there is some advantage in having special appliances for the purpose4 ,the ,glasgow indicator consists of a series of detached columns with adjustable number-blocks representing the books1 arranged so that insertions can be made at any point4 ,the ,lewisham or ,graham indicator is an alphabetical one1 and consists of an ordinary pigeon-holed frame1 into which fit small numbered blocks of wood or metal bearing the names of authors and similar blocks with the numbers of their works4 ,the chief advantage of this form is that it is self-contained1 and requires no key to enable borrowers to ascertain what are the titles of books indicated in4 ,a simple reference to the author's name in the ordinary catalogue enables this to be done4 ,an indicator on similar lines has been invented by ,cotgreave1 who applied the idea to a magazine indicator4 ------------------- ,out 44 ,,argosy4 ------------------- ,in 444 ,,art ,,journal4 ------------------- ,,fig4 #adh4--;,diagram of ,periodicals ,indicator 7,section #cic74 #cic4 ,indicators are occasionally used for recording and indicating the issue of the parts of periodicals1 both in lending libraries and reading-rooms4 ,the reading-room indicator simply shows what periodicals are in use or available1 in cases where they are kept behind a barrier instead of being spread over tables or racks4 ,there are examples of this indicator at the ,public ,libraries of ,st ,saviour's1 ,southwark1 and ,finsbury4 ,the principle is simple4 ,the titles of magazines are mounted upon narrow blocks of wood1 arranged loosely in columns so as to be adjustable1 within a glazed frame4 ,the back of this frame is open to the staff only4 ,against the end of each title a hole is drilled to take a round peg which is coloured black at one end and white at the other4 ,the white ends are shown when a magazine is in1 and when it is issued the peg is reversed to show the black end4 ,this indicates out4 #cid4 ,as a substitute for indicators1 and an approach to open access1 many libraries provide a show-case for new books on the lending library counter1 to enable readers to see the additions as they are made4 ,in some libraries these show-cases are not glazed on the public side1 so that the readers have the additional privilege of examining the new books as well as merely seeing them4 ,certain libraries1 like ,birkenhead and ,st ,george's-in-the ,east1 ,stepney1 have whole departments of books arranged behind wire or glass within seeing distance of the readers1 and they have the option of choice by bindings and titles1 which1 if not much better1 is as good as choosing from catalogue entries1 and at any rate gives the semblance of freedom and closer touch with the books4 #cie4 ,at one time a considerable controversy1 often conducted with surprising feeling1 raged in ,england over the respective merits of indicator and open access methods4 ,this continued from about #ahid1 when ,james ,duff ,brown inaugurated the safe-guarded open shelf plus card-charging method at ,clerkenwell 7now ,finsbury ,central7 ,library4 ,his liberalizing action necessarily threatened the property of those who owned indicator patents--some of them librarians unfortunately--and an astonishing number of objections to each method were then discovered by the advocates of either 7some of them honest74 ,the younger librarians will have none of this controversy4 ,it is a purely impersonal question as to which is the better system1 and the gradual extension of the open access system seems to have settled the matter in its favour4 ,it is clear that with advancing education the public will question the right of the libraries to erect barriers1 however ingenious and practical1 between the books and their readers4 ,all that it seems necessary to say here is that librarians should be able to examine both systems in actual working1 study the results obtained1 and form their own conclusions without having their integrity or morality challenged because of their conclusions4 #cif4 ,,bibliography ,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,charging ,systems4 ,in his ,library ,appliances1 p4 #bj4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 7,ed474 ,the ,charging ,system4 ,in ,mod4 ,american ,lib4 ,econ41 #aiji4 ,plummer1 ,m4 ,w4 ,loan ,systems4 ,u4,s4 ,educ4 ,rept41 #ahib-ahic1 vol4 i41 p4 #hih4 ,stewart1 ,j4 ,d41 and ,others4 ,open ,access ,libraries1 #aiae4 ,vitz1 ,c4 ,p4 ,p4 ,loan ,work4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 ,preprint of chapter xxi41 #aiad4 ,for articles see ,cannons1 ,e #hd-ajf1 ,lending ,library ,methods4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,book ,,distribution #cig4 ,branch ,libraries4--,branch libraries are included in this division1 because as a general rule they are principally lending libraries with a reading-room attached1 and rarely possess reference departments4 ,every large town extending over a wide area must sooner or later face the question of establishing branch libraries1 not only as a convenience to the public1 but as a relief to the central library4 ,no rule can be laid down as to the distance which any reader should be from the nearest branch or other library4 ,it is one thing to make a symmetrical plan on paper1 showing a central library with a ring of branches situated at regular distances1 and so placed as to bring every reader within one1 half or quarter of a mile of the nearest library1 but it is quite a different matter realizing this ideal4 ,topographical difficulties arise2 the matter of density of population must be considered2 and1 to crown all1 sites or suitable premises cannot always be obtained at1 or near1 the places selected1 as the ideal spots4 ,for these reasons regular spacing can rarely be achieved in the provision of branch libraries4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--,quick-reference ,collection1 ,glasgow4 #cih4 ,a branch library differs from a delivery station in being1 to some extent1 a miniature central library1 carrying its own stock of books1 and having its own reading-room accommodation and magazines4 ,a delivery station need not necessarily have a stock of books1 beyond those sent in response to applications1 and it would have no reading-room whatsoever4 ,branches and deliveries are often confused1 no doubt because both provide for book distribution1 but beyond this common feature all resemblance ceases4 ,the question of the amount and kind of accommodation which it is desirable to provide depends entirely upon funds1 conditions and requirements4 ,for most situations in which branches are necessary1 such as the suburbs of large towns1 the minimum provision should include a lending department1 and general reading-room for periodicals4 ,very occasionally a reference department is provided1 but few systems will bear the cost of providing more than one such department1 and that at the central library2 but every branch should have a collection of quick-reference books which answer everyday questions and afford such information as is needed in every library4 ,such a collection does not necessarily require a separate room1 because that requires special oversight1 but it is better to place it in a convenient recess of the reading-room or vestibule1 where it is under the observation of the staff1 and where it is not necessary for the reader to pass through the wickets or other barriers of the lending department in order to make use of it4 ,all kinds of extra features can be added to these provisions1 if necessary1 but these will depend upon funds2 but a lecture room is especially valuable in a branch1 as it is usually in an area ill-provided with such accommodation and one in which lectures1 exhibitions1 etc41 can be given most profitably4 ,modern experience also advocates children's departments at branches1 as the suburbs are the nursery districts of most towns1 and therefore the most fruitful opportunities for work with children are afforded in them4 ,some of the branches at ,manchester1 ,birmingham1 ,liverpool1 ,croydon1 ,coventry1 ,edinburgh1 ,bristol1 ,islington1 ,lambeth1 ,sunderland and ,fulham are models of what such establishments should be4 #cii4 ,it is impossible to lay down any rules for guidance as regards the financing of branches1 beyond the general recommendation that they should never be developed at the expense of the central library4 ,it is better to have one efficient library in a town than several inefficient ones1 as is the case in some towns where this wholesome principle has been forgotten or ignored4 ,librarians are justified in taking a strong stand upon this point against the unreasonable demands of ward committee representatives1 who are sometimes bent upon getting everything they can for their own particular district irrespective of the claims of the system as a whole4 ,separate account should be kept of all moneys expended upon each branch4 ,receipts should also be separately accounted for1 and the central library should receive a daily or weekly statement of all cash intromissions1 issues1 occurrences1 etc4 ,such statements can either be rendered upon specially ruled sheets or post-cards1 or kept in books according to some such form as shown in ,fig4 #aej4 ,all forms1 books1 etc41 at the branch should correspond with those of the central library1 and everything affecting administration stated throughout this book applies1 though in a modified degree1 to branch work4 #djj4 ,in the selection of books for branches the same principles should be applied as previously advocated1 namely1 the endeavour to get a high average of quality and utility in the literature added and the determination to discard useless books when the time comes4 ,but an effort should be made to vary the contents of branch libraries so as to obtain as catholic and representative a stock as possible4 ,with ,fiction1 of course1 this is not so easy1 especially in the case of popular novels by well-known writers1 but in other classes this can be done frequently4 ,for instance1 if the north branch has ,so-and-,so's ,chemistry1 there is no reason at all why1 all things being equal1 the south branch should not have ,someotherbody's ,chemistry and the east branch ,someone-else's4 ,of course it is assumed that these are all text-books of fairly equal merit4 ,as every library should possess a union catalogue showing the whereabouts of every book in the library system1 and as borrowers' tickets should be interchangeable all over the town and not limited to one particular library1 this arrangement of different books on similar subjects widely enlarges the borrower's field of choice4 ,if the central and branch libraries are all interconnected by means of the telephone1 as they ought to be1 a borrower at the north branch can ascertain if ,someotherbody's ,chemistry is available without going himself1 and can easily arrange by waiting a day or shorter time to have the book delivered at the nearest branch4 ,at ,croydon a system of interchange effected by means of the municipal tramways1 which carry parcels of books free1 reduces the waiting for a book at another library to about thirty minutes4 ,such systems of interchange are a great convenience in many cases1 and place the entire resources of the library at the command of readers1 no matter where they may live4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,liberton ,,public ,,libraries4 ,,north ,,branch4--,,report4 ,date444444444444444444444444 ,a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,j,k,l ,total4 ,lending ,issues 4 ,reference ,issues 4 -------------------- -------------------- ,receipts from ,fines ,catalogues1 etc4 ,books asked for ,books wanted from ,central ,supplies wanted ,callers and occurrences ,signed44444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,fig4 #aej4--;,branch ,library ,return 7,section #cii74 #dja4 ,delivery ,stations4--,a delivery station is a place which may or may not have a small deposit collection of books--generally not--and is meant to supply readers in thinly populated districts and to be the forerunner of an orthodox branch to be established when the district develops4 ,such stations are usually a post-office1 school1 police station1 or shop1 which may be induced to carry out the necessary charging1 etc41 sometimes at a small remuneration4 ,at the very best a delivery station in a town is but a makeshift substitute for a branch1 and1 from the borrowers' point of view1 does not afford a very satisfactory or expeditious service4 ,if books which are wanted are not in at the central library1 considerable delay and trouble are caused4 ,borrowers are compelled to make out long lists of the books they desire to read1 and as often as not these are all out at the central store4 ,as delivery stations seldom carry a stock of books from which an alternative choice can be made1 borrowers are driven to the task of making out new lists or taking anything the delivery attendant can get by telephone1 if there is this kind of communication1 which is not generally the case2 and as delivery stations are frequently managed by any untrained person obtainable1 the reader gets very little help in solving real difficulties4 ,apart from all this1 a day must elapse1 as a rule1 before any book wanted can be obtained1 even if it is available1 and for these reasons the establishment of book-delivery stations is not advisable save in remote and inaccessible parts of a large town1 when every other method of giving a local service has been found impracticable4 ,a highly organized system of delivery stations with frequent motor deliveries might1 however1 be made effective in scattered suburbs1 but although such a system has been suggested1 we have no record of a successful ,british example4 #djb4 ,travelling ,libraries4--,of much greater importance are travelling libraries1 which can be made to serve every purpose of delivery stations1 with the great additional advantage of furnishing1 in part1 the same alternative selection of books as a branch library affords4 ,these libraries are much used in the ,united ,states1 and take the form of boxes of books numbering from fifty upwards1 which can be deposited at fixed points in towns and rural districts1 where borrowers can attend and make a choice of reading matter4 ,boxes of books by this plan can be sent to the care of responsible persons in all parts of a town1 and these persons can undertake the local delivery and collection of the books1 either for a small fee or as voluntary sub-librarians4 ,various kinds of records are necessary to keep track of the boxes and their contents and where and to whom they travel4 ,until lately very little of this kind of work had been done either in the ,united ,kingdom or ,america1 although the ,americans are gradually developing systems of rural travelling libraries and town 8home0 libraries4 ,the travelling libraries of the ,states of ,new ,york and ,wisconsin form a most interesting study1 as also do the 8home0 libraries of the city of ,boston4 ,lately this matter has been given a considerable impetus through the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust1 which has established experimental rural library schemes in various parts of the kingdom in connexion with ,county ,councils and1 more infrequently1 suitable municipal centres4 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,wales1 the counties of ,dorset1 ,staffordshire1 ,warwickshire1 ,wiltshire1 ,cumberland and ,westmorland have all such schemes in operation or have undertaken them4 ,these have a central deposit library and circulate boxes of books at frequent intervals to the villages and towns in the area1 in which the clergy1 teachers and others act as honorary sub-librarians4 ,in this way the people who are not at present touched by the public libraries are being brought into the fold4 ,the matter is in the experimental stage1 and is jeopardized by the fact that1 in ,england at least1 the ,county ,councils have no express powers to provide libraries2 but results of the most promising kind have already been obtained1 and the day is no doubt at hand when the traditional idea of the function of a public library as a store from which literature is doled out to the people1 if they know what they want1 will be superseded by a very pronounced missionary spirit1 and an endeavour to make known in every possible way the value of all kinds of books to all kinds of people4 #djc4 ,subscription ,departments or ,book ,clubs4--,in some of the older municipal libraries subscription departments or book clubs have been established1 as a means of increasing the stock of a library1 without much expense4 ,such departments exist at ,bolton1 ,burton1 ,dewsbury1 ,dundee1 ,elgin1 ,leek1 ,tynemouth1 ,wednesbury and ,workington4 ,they are operated as follows3 ,for a certain annual subscription any library reader or townsman may join this select library4 ,from the subscriptions so received1 supplemented in some places by occasional grants from the rate1 new books are bought1 generally in accordance with the wishes of a majority of members1 but on this point practice varies4 ,for one year these books are at the service of subscribers only1 who borrow them in the usual way1 for a fortnight or other periods according to circumstances4 ,at the end of the year each book is transferred to the public library1 and becomes the property of the library authority for the use of all borrowers4 ,where the selection is made with discretion1 this may seem an economical way of obtaining books for a public library1 and there is much to be said in its favour in present circumstances2 but objections have been raised4 ,public libraries1 it is argued1 have no right to set up a privileged class in this way1 especially as it is probable that the subscriptions cannot pay all the cost of service1 lighting1 housing1 etc42 thus a proportion of the cost of maintenance falls on the library funds1 and it is doubtful if in the end there is much gain in receiving as a quid pro quo a number of stale and1 perhaps1 not very judiciously selected books2 and1 further1 public libraries have no right to compete with private and commercial subscription libraries for the sake of ministering to the few people who can afford the luxury of a select public library to themselves4 #djd4 ,another form of subscription is occasionally indulged in by public libraries4 ,by paying a certain subscription to large commercial libraries1 like ,mudie's1 they are entitled to borrow so many volumes at a time1 and these are re-issued to the borrowers in the ordinary way1 the library being responsible for losses4 ,in small libraries this is often an economical way of obtaining the temporary loan of copies of expensive books for which there is a large transient demand1 and in this way the people have immediate access to books which might otherwise never be bought1 or only obtained in second-hand form long after their interest had faded4 ,the only trouble about this arrangement is that it depends upon the mood of the said commercial libraries for its continuance4 ,to what extent these would endure a constant drain from a hundred or so municipal libraries remains to be seen1 as also does the problem of how they would meet the demand when it attained large dimensions4 ,at one time certain of the ,london commercial libraries absolutely refused to lend books to public libraries on any terms4 ,now they are more complaisant4 #dje4 ,inter-,library ,exchanges4--,this is a method of book distribution which has not been tried to any extent among ,british municipal libraries1 and some organization would be required to place it on a working basis4 ,briefly1 the idea is to enable a public library which has not got a particular book1 to borrow it from some library which has1 assuming all the responsibility for its safety and due return2 and making its own arrangement with its borrower for the cost of carriage4 ,this kind of exchanging could be managed better in ,london than elsewhere1 but it could be applied to any group of libraries1 such as those of ,lancashire1 ,wales1 ,yorkshire1 ,staffordshire1 etc4 ,each exchanging library would require to possess a complete set of class lists and bulletins1 or other catalogues1 of all the other libraries1 and when a demand was made for a book which was not in its possession1 the assistant could look through the catalogues of the other libraries till he found a copy1 and it could then be written for1 the borrower paying all resulting expenses4 ,of course1 this arrangement would only apply to non-fictional works4 ,there would be an undoubted advantage1 too1 if such a privilege could be obtained for public library borrowers from some of the older proprietary libraries with huge stocks of practically unused books which municipal libraries would not buy in the ordinary course4 ,arrangements whereby books from special scientific or other libraries could be borrowed for the use of local borrowers would also be an arrangement1 could it be managed1 which would benefit a greater number of students and other persons than at present4 ,but1 of course1 there would be very serious difficulties in the way of inducing the owners of valuable special libraries to lend books for the use of strangers introduced by municipal library authorities4 ,meanwhile1 because of these difficulties thousands upon thousands of valuable and useful books are lying idle and neglected in every part of the country1 a waste of power which it is sad to contemplate4 ,a modification of this idea is the arrangement now made between a few towns whereby readers from the one who are visiting the other1 who have been vouched for as being in good standing by their own library1 are permitted to borrow books from the library in the town visited4 ,such an arrangement exists between ,brighton and ,croydon1 ,waterloo has a similar scheme1 and possibly other places1 and these have given much satisfaction4 ,the main difficulty is that few inland libraries can give a full return to libraries in pleasure or health resorts1 but perhaps too much emphasis should not be laid upon the necessity for an absolute return of service4 ,,reference ,,list ,,of ,,authorities #djf4 ,branch ,libraries3 ,cole1 ,g4 ,w4 ,branches and ,deliveries4 ,u4,s4 ,educ4 ,rept41 #ahib-ahic1 vol4 i41 p4 #gji4 ,eastman1 ,l4 ,a4 ,branch ,libraries and ,other ,distributing ,agencies4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 ,preprint of chapter xv41 #aiaa4 ,hutchins1 ,f4 ,a4 ,travelling ,libraries1 #aijb4 7,a4,l4,a4 ,tract1 ,no4 #c47 ,for articles see ,cannons1 ,d #ac1 ,branch ,planning2 ,f #a1 ,methods2 ,l #fg1 ,books2 ,f #b1 ,delivery ,stations2 ,f #d1 etc41 ,travelling ,libraries4 ,,division ,,xii ,,the ,,reference ,,department ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,general ,,reference ,,library ,,method #djg4 ,character and ,scope of the ,department4--,the reference library is the communal study1 bureau of information1 and muniment house1 when it is developed to its full possibilities4 ,a definition of reference work turns upon a definition of a reference book to a large extent1 and it is not easy to give more than an approximate one4 ,a reference book is one which is consulted to obtain some particular fact or matter from it and not one that is read through as a whole4 ,all works in dictionary1 encyclopdic1 chronological1 periodical and similar forms are of this character4 ,but any book which may be consulted in the way indicated is also legitimately a reference book4 ,further1 all literary and graphic material which may so be consulted1 whether in ,,mss41 printed1 photographic or other form1 is rightly a part of such a library4 ,the encyclopdic work is therefore the basal stock of the department2 and standard treatises on every branch of literature1 whether in actual reference form or not2 the definitive editions of the classics1 as for example the ,variorum ,shakespeare1 must be included4 ,transient or permanent small reference material1 such as pamphlets1 magazine articles1 broadsides1 news-clippings1 trade catalogues1 illustrations1 maps1 etc41 should all find a place in it2 in fact1 much of the most valued information work is done with the aid of such small material2 important facts are frequently found in seemingly insignificant material2 and the work of bringing it in relation to other similar material is one of the first-class services of the reference library4 ,from such a statement of the nature of the stock the purpose of the department may be deduced4 ,primarily1 as its name implies1 it is a place where references to books are made2 but1 although this is primary1 it is too limited a statement of the functions of the department4 ,in it continuous reading1 research1 and prolonged study are all carried on1 and if a library does not provide facilities for these it is to that extent inefficient4 ,these considerations give rise to certain necessary arrangements1 the first of which is freedom of access to quick-reference material4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow4 ,a recent large reference library1 with a great central reading-room1 and several special departments4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--,plan of ,islington ,reference ,library4 ,in the arrangement of the library building it is essential that the most quiet part of the building which is accessible to the public should be devoted to the reference department4 ,it should be a room which in its design and proportions is dignified1 and produces by these things and its furnishing and decorations an atmosphere conducive to mental tranquillity and study4 ,it is impossible to define such an atmosphere1 but it exists in all really successful reference libraries1 and these may be studied at most of our great cities and towns1 as at ,bristol1 ,birmingham1 ,liverpool1 in the ,british ,museum1 and elsewhere4 ,the decorations1 for example1 if there are any beyond the merely architectural1 such as painted ceilings1 walls1 etc41 should indeed be artistic1 but are appropriate only when they are restrained1 inobtrusive1 and do not divert readers from the main purpose of the room or encourage visitors to come merely to stare at them4 ,some reference libraries1 built on ecclesiastical models1 have stained-glass windows which are beautiful features1 but the same principles apply in this form of decoration4 #djh4 ,furniture4--,the library furniture must depend upon the size1 shape and lighting of the room1 but the alcove system1 as it exists at the ,bodleian and similar older libraries1 has never been surpassed from the point of view of study1 although it is possibly not so good as the rotunda of the ,british ,museum1 or that of the ,library of ,congress1 and the ,picton ,reading ,room at ,liverpool1 for merely reference purposes4 ,again1 the alcove system occupies more space than one in which the cases are fixed against the walls and arranged in other parts of the room to secure the maximum of shelf accommodation4 ,as regards tables and seating accommodation the older reference departments in municipal libraries has usually been defective in that they merely allowed seats at long tables1 with about twenty-four inches of sitting space and a half of a two- or three-foot table in front1 often with provision1 equally scant1 for a reader to sit opposite4 ,the reference reader requires not only isolation1 to a considerable extent1 as is provided at the ,british ,museum1 but plenty of space in which to spread out his books and papers4 ,moreover1 nothing is more disconcerting and uncomfortable to a reader than the unpleasant proximity of other people1 and no student or reader who makes extracts1 or has to wrestle with obstinate facts in history1 science or philology1 can do so if he is environed by others similarly or otherwise engaged1 at very close quarters4 ,this is recognized in the ,british ,museum and similar libraries1 where each reader has what is virtually a desk to himself so constructed as to secure the maximum of privacy4 ,the provision of small1 self-contained separate tables as described in ,section #afa is probably the best that can be made4 ,these not only give plenty of space at the top1 but also provide a definite amount of space for books1 etc41 under the tables themselves4 ,for the consultation of elephant folios and similar very large books the special slope outlined in ,fig4 #cc and described in ,section #aec is a reasonable and necessary provision4 ,one or two large flat tables for use in special cases are also to be desired4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--,the ,islington ,reference ,library4 ,note the special tables4 #dji4 ,access4--,for successful reference work a certain measure of open access is essential1 and is allowed by most libraries which otherwise are arranged on the closed system4 ,the ,british ,museum1 ,birmingham and other large reference libraries allow readers free choice from a selected assortment of books1 numbering from a few to #bj1jjj or more volumes1 of quick-reference character1 including atlases1 gazetteers1 dictionaries1 directories1 encyclopdias1 codes1 etc41 which answer everyday questions and which are wanted without delay4 ,these1 in themselves1 form a fairly considerable reference library1 and that fact should be recognized when the question of access is under consideration4 ,other libraries allow freedom of access to nearly the whole collection2 but none allows it to the whole4 ,there are in many libraries unique books1 records1 and other works to which access is wisely limited1 in the interest of their preservation as records and from other points of view4 ,these1 however1 form an infinitesimal part of the stock of average municipal collections4 ,all it is wished to emphasize here is that open access without any formality whatever should be allowed to the obvious quick-reference works of the kind enumerated above4 ,a much-occupied business man who wants an address1 the definition of a word1 or a cable code is not likely to endure the bother of filling up application forms patiently2 and to insist upon it may mean the loss of the patronage of a valuable class of the community4 ,for the general part of the reference library where open access is in vogue admission is usually gained by signing the visitors' book4 ,such signing has not definite safeguarding value1 but is to some extent a moral check upon would-be defaulters1 and is useful as a means of registering the number of readers4 ,the plans given in ,chapter ,,vii4 give some idea of the disposition of the ordinary reference library1 and no one plan can be called the best4 ,all that can be affirmed positively is that ample reading space should be allowed1 that good light1 natural and artificial1 and ventilation1 ease of administering the stock1 close classification and the fullest cataloguing possible should be aimed at4 ,the commonest error1 as we have hinted1 is crowding and insufficiency of seating accommodation4 ,a well-administered reference library creates its own reading public1 and accommodation which may be ample at the opening of the library often proves in a few years to be inadequate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,careville ,,public ,,library4 ,,reference ,,department4 ,no ,book must on any account be removed from this room1 or transferred to other readers4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,book ,no4 ,author and ,title of ,book4 ,initial of ,assistant4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,name of ,applicant444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 ,address44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444 ,date44444444444444444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,fig4 #aed4--,reference ,library ,application ,form 7,section #dji74 ,where access to shelves is not allowed1 and application forms are used1 it is customary to supply blanks similar to that shown in ,fig4 #aed1 on which particulars of the book wanted are entered4 ,in some libraries these slips are placed on the shelves in the place of the books issued1 and remain there till the books are replaced4 ,to ascertain that no books are missing an assistant examines the shelves every morning1 and notes any slips still remaining which represent books issued on the previous day4 ,to facilitate this operation a differently coloured slip may be used on alternate days--white to-day1 blue to-morrow--so that on a white day the presence of a blue slip will instantly draw attention to a misplacement or a missing book4 ,in other libraries the slips are filed near the point of issue1 and remain there as a check against the shelves and the readers until the books are returned4 ,some libraries return the slips to the borrowers as a receipt1 and compile their statistics from the books2 others retain the slips and make up their statistics from them4 ,some libraries also insert an issue label in the inside front of each book1 which is stamped every time the book is issued1 and thus a record is made of a book's popularity or otherwise1 which should prove useful when discarding has to be considered4 ,application forms1 or for that matter signatures in visitors' books1 are no protection against thefts of books4 ,readers have simply to give a false name and address1 and walk off with any book they please1 if they intend theft4 #daj4 ,it is the common practice in open access reference libraries to have notices displayed of this nature3 -------------------------------- ,readers are requested not to return books to the shelves when they have done with them1 but to close them and leave them on the table4 -------------------------------- ,or1 they may be required to return them to the assistant2 in any case it is better for readers not to return them to the shelves personally4 ,either of the methods recommended enables the staff to make records of the use of books4 ,the consultations can be entered up in a rough-ruled and classified book kept for the purpose1 and the staff can replace the books at once4 ,it will be recognized that complete statistics are practically impossible in open access departments1 because only books so left on the tables or taken to the tables can be counted2 but much valuable work is done by readers in the shape of rapid consultations at the shelves with immediate replacing of the volumes consulted4 ,whatever may be his general method1 the wise librarian will never limit a reader to one or any number of books at a time4 ,sometimes a dozen--we have known fifty--books are required to settle a comparatively small point4 ,they are forthcoming in a good reference library4 ,students of recognized regularity may even be released from overmuch form-filling2 fifty forms for the fifty books we have named would be an interminable demand4 #daa4 ,the ,stock4--,the building-up of a reference stock demands the highest skill and prevision in the librarian4 ,the purpose which it is intended to serve must be clearly before his eyes1 and this may1 and does1 differ with differing places4 ,a library in a distinctly commercial and industrial area faces needs obviously different from one in a purely residential area4 ,but in all libraries every kind of dictionary and encyclopdia1 general and special1 philological1 technical1 scientific and historical1 is a prime requisite4 ,on these the stock will be balanced with a view to procuring the best and latest statement of knowledge in every field4 ,this end the too-often neglected bibliographical collection subserves4 ,every general and special bibliography from the ,british ,museum catalogue to the small select catalogues issued by local libraries1 every index1 every special catalogue1 indeed every catalogue within reason of other libraries which a librarian can procure1 is a necessary tool in building up the collection and in tracking information when it is complete4 ,there have been many select bibliographies1 but there is still room for many more4 ,the average bibliography of a subject is not selected2 it aims at completeness1 and seems to assume that its users are people who want to spend a lifetime on the subject4 ,there are such1 no doubt1 but to the average reader it presents a formidable if not paralysing array of entries4 ,what is needed1 both from experts and from libraries1 is a series of very brief lists which contain only the best books given in order of their value1 comprehensiveness1 historical character1 and so on4 ,knowledge of bibliographies and the methods of using them is the chief part of the equipment of the reference librarian4 ,in this work there are two ideals1 as was shown when the general question of book selection was under consideration3 one the museum ideal1 in which every kind of book of every age is collected2 the other which limits the stock to books of proved or probable utility to the population served4 ,the former is the business of the national libraries and those of the great centres of population1 such as ,glasgow1 ,birmingham1 ,liverpool1 ,manchester1 ,newcastle1 ,nottingham1 etc41 and to a certain extent those which are at great distance from such large centres2 and special libraries within their own fields should be exhaustive4 ,but this ideal is not for other libraries1 except in so far as it applies to the local collection2 that should contain everything of whatever value4 ,otherwise the live book is what is wanted4 ,the ordinary reference library should therefore be revised periodically1 obsolete and dead stock should be discarded1 and no book should be included because it does not appeal to lending library readers or has been received as a gift for which there seems to be no other depository--these are emphatically books to be excluded4 ,with these general provisions a brief survey of the principal requirements of the stock may have its uses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--,the ,picton ,reading ,room1 the ,central ,reference ,library of ,liverpool4 ,i4 ,quick-reference works of every type4 ,,ii4 ,bibliographies1 general and select1 and catalogues of every type4 ,,iii4 ,the best editions of the classic authors in every language4 ,,iv4 ,the most comprehensive compendiums and treatises on every subject4 ,v4 ,all material on the predominating local industry4 ,,vi4 ,all books1 pamphlets1 and all other literary1 pictorial and graphic matter relating to the locality4 ,this will be dealt with more fully in considering the ,local ,collection4 ,,vii4 ,permanent files of at least ,the ,times1 and all local newspapers2 and temporary files of other newspapers most in demand4 ,,viii4 ,sets of periodicals1 as indexed in the ,library ,association ,index of ,periodicals4 ,this is a rather large business1 and should be attempted only by libraries that can afford the cost4 ,others should elect to keep only those of such character as to add permanently to the book-strength of the library1 and to use the ,periodicals ,loan ,library1 which is worked in conjunction with the ,index of ,periodicals1 for other periodical material4 ,all periodical indexes1 whether general1 as ,poole's1 ,the ,review of ,reviews1 ,the ,athenum1 and ,the ,wilson ,company's1 or particular1 as ,the ,times1 the indexes to ,the ,quarterly1 ,the ,edinburgh1 etc4 ,the value of these in large libraries is obvious2 it is not always so clearly recognized that they have even a greater value for smaller libraries as clues to accessible material which may not be in their stocks4 ,in any case the ,library ,association index should be taken4 ,,ix4 ,the publications of the major learned and scientific societies1 as the ,royal ,society1 the ,royal ,geographical1 the ,historical and similar societies4 ,these present knowledge well in advance of that contained in books as a rule4 ,x4 ,clippings from newspapers and periodicals which have definite facts1 in addition to those contained in books1 and on current happenings of moment1 matters of 8useful0 character 7the day to day changes in rationing rules1 etc41 during the war are a case in point7 and similar material having an immediate1 and real1 if transient value4 ,,xi4 ,government publications1 which in most libraries may be selected after a brief interval4 ,many of the reports of commissions1 surveys1 etc41 have a high permanent value4 ,this conspectus is not necessarily complete1 nor is all the material named of equal value or equally in demand2 but every librarian should review these headings in relation to his reference department4 ,to place rigid limits upon the stock is absurd1 seeing that utility and not mathematical or other precision is the object of the work4 ,if1 therefore1 a librarian finds some other special field of material is demanded he should add it without hesitation if he is convinced that the demand is not frivolous or very restricted4 ,for example1 to add an expensive and recondite 7say7 archological treatise in ,modern ,greek at the behest of one reader is a case in which his decision might wisely be for refusal4 #dab4 ,classification4--,in its classification the reference library presents more physical problems than the lending library4 ,the most minute classification is the best undoubtedly1 and this should be used2 but the size problem is a real one4 ,while the greater number of reference books are of octavo size1 quartos1 folios1 and even larger books are many4 ,they cannot stand together in class sequence without an impossible loss of space4 ,the simplest method is to have three sequences1 for octavos1 quartos and folios respectively1 in appropriately sized shelves1 in three different parts of the room4 ,but this means various journeys across the room when all the books on a subject are required4 ,the distance is abbreviated if the octavos1 quartos and folios follow one another in each class4 ,a third method which has proved most successful is to divide every tier 7which is presumed to have adjustable shelves7 into three parts and to run three parallel sequences in each1 the octavos occupying the top part1 the quartos the middle1 and the folios the bottom4 ,the parallel can be only approximate1 but it is sufficiently close for the reader or the staff to review any subject completely and readily4 ,with any of these methods broken order may be resorted to if it is thought well4 ,the arranging of all quick-reference books in a separate complete sequence nearest the entrance or the place of service is a case in point2 and special separate classifications may well be given to periodicals1 to local literature1 to the predominating industry1 and so on without limit4 ,again1 convenience is the supreme law4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--,the ,main ,reading ,room of the ,royal ,society of ,medicine1 a modern open access reference library4 #dac4 ,cataloguing4--,the catalogue of the department should aim at the maximum of fulness and be in as many forms as are necessary to bring out the entire resources of the department2 there should be no retrenchment of time or labour in producing the best here1 as a small collection of books adequately catalogued will give greater service than a larger one catalogued poorly4 ,it is not an unfair paradox to say that the smaller 7within reason7 a reference library is the more detailed should be its catalogue4 ,this being so1 whatever kind of catalogue may publish the basal stock1 the general current needs of the library can be kept supplied only by a card or slip catalogue of unlimited expansibility4 ,the reference catalogue1 even for books already in stock1 can rarely be complete1 and any fixed form of printed catalogue1 unless it is supplemented by a ,,ms4 catalogue1 will soon fail signally as a guide to the collection4 ,as to the cataloguing form1 experience proves that a mere author catalogue has a very limited value in reference work4 ,it should be provided in some form1 of course1 but for one reader who inquires for a book by its author1 a score require something about subjects1 usually specific subjects such as the ,horse1 ,verdun1 ,violin strings1 ,election ,law1 ,tithes1 ,date of a ,battle1 ,arms of ,sussex1 ,birthplace of ,douglas ,haig1 ,words of a ,poem1 etc4 ,there must therefore be some form of subject catalogue1 and there is much virtue in the fully classified card or sheaf catalogue1 with author and subject indexes4 ,these1 if carried out efficiently and minutely1 will do the work that is required4 ,by fulness of entry we mean that titles should be abbreviated as little as is possible within common-sense limits2 that all bibliographical particulars1 number of volumes1 size1 pagination1 date1 illustrations1 maps1 diagrams1 glossaries1 indexes1 bibliographies and date and places of publication 7except when ,london7 should be indicated4 ,moreover1 annotations of obscure books1 and indicating sequences1 commentaries1 missing parts1 and so on1 are of special value here4 ,added entries may1 and should1 be carried as far as the cataloguing resources of the library allow1 all books of composite character1 miscellaneous works1 transactions1 many periodicals1 etc41 being analysed and displayed in the catalogue under their class headings4 ,it is also most useful to collect in the catalogue references to bibliographies of all kinds contained in works which are in the lending library4 ,for examples1 the ,home ,university ,library and the ,cambridge ,manuals of ,science and ,literature are not books to be found in the average reference library1 but they contain excellent little select bibliographies which the reference librarian will find useful1 and an entry of each of these should be made4 ,every item which goes into the library should be catalogued1 pamphlets and excerpts from other works1 however small1 included1 if it is intended to preserve them1 as well as maps4 ,photographs and prints probably need a separate catalogue1 as certain considerations1 dealt with later on1 enter into their cataloguing1 but in a card catalogue provision can be made for nearly every kind of material4 ,temporary material may be entered on a coloured card1 which permits of rapid revision of the entries4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--,reading ,table1 ,chair1 and ,accessories1 ,royal ,society of ,medicine4 #dad4 ,pamphlets4--,pamphlets and magazine excerpts form a large part of every reference library and are often difficult to deal with effectively4 ,when not bound in volumes1 they may be stitched in manila wrappers1 and stored in boxes of various sizes1 such as #hvo1 #dto1 etc41 of the kind specified in ,section #cjf4 ,each pamphlet should be lettered on the side of its wrapper1 with its author1 title1 date1 class letter and number and accession number4 ,the collection might be commenced with an #hvo box for each class1 and gradually extended from this nucleus as the stock increased1 the contents of boxes being divided and subdivided1 and placed in new boxes with changed lettering4 ,as these would be arranged in class order1 there would be no more difficulty in finding a single pamphlet than in finding a book4 ,with miscellaneous collections of pamphlets bound in volumes1 the best plan is to renumber them in a progressive series1 and carry the volume number against the catalogue or other entry4 ,it is not advisable to run more than one series of numbers1 and if by chance a collection is acquired which is already numbered1 these should be covered over with the continuation numbers of the library's own progressive series4 ,on the whole it is better not to bind pamphlets1 partly owing to their miscellaneous nature1 which prevents any real classification or even approximate subject order in the volumes composed of them1 partly because of their very temporary value as a rule and because of the impossibility of inserting new ones into bound volumes4 ,a student or discoverer frequently advances his first conclusions in a pamphlet1 and sooner or later these are superseded by books1 and many pamphlets are merely statements of views upon political and other questions of much immediate but usually quite passing interest4 ,in the average library they become dead stock in a few months or years4 ,pamphlet collections should be weeded out more frequently than book collections4 #dae4 ,the vertical file is the most adequate method of dealing with cuttings1 broadsides and similar separate matter4 ,if the folders are closely classified1 the ordinary printed index to the classification scheme used is a fairly good key2 but a slip index of some kind will exhaust the file better and accelerate reference4 ,if a brief index entry is made before the cutting is dropped into its folder1 in some such form as follows1 the work will not be unduly burdensome3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,atlantic ,,flight4 ,u4,s4 ,seaplane1 ,,nc#d1 flies to ,lisbon4 ,d4 ,chron41 #bh4e4ai-a4 #fbi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,fig4 #aeh4--;,clippings-index ,slip 7,section #dae74 #daf4 ,accessories4--,every means of comfort and every reasonable aid to study should be given to readers4 ,we have dealt with reading tables4 ,the chairs deserve almost equal consideration4 ,they should be comfortable2 an arm-chair is better than other forms4 ,the view at one time expressed that seats without backs in some way induced to mental alertness was that of some stupid theorist2 as a matter of fact ease of body is essential to elasticity of mind4 ,chairs should have rubber tips or silent castors to prevent the nerve-racking scritching which moving chairs too frequently make1 but when metal castors are used they should not be of the slippery variety that slides readers unexpectedly on to the floor4 ,reading stands with clips for holding books open should be on every table1 or provided in sufficient numbers to meet all probable needs4 ,at certain tables the use of ink should be permitted1 and blotting pads1 ink1 pens1 etc41 should be provided4 ,tracing may be permitted from most illustrated books1 prints1 etc41 but as a protection a sheet of xylonite should be available and the reader be required to interpose it between the copy and his tracing paper4 ,sheets in several sizes should be kept for use with books of different sizes4 ,rulers1 ,t squares1 a map measurer1 a reading glass1 compasses1 etc41 may all reasonably form part of the equipment and be lent on request4 ,scrap paper for notes1 both at the catalogues and at the tables1 is another reasonable provision1 as is a small stock of foolscap which readers may purchase at cost price4 ,some libraries have the rule that letters must not be written in the room1 and it has its uses1 as cases are not unknown where nomadic business men1 election agents1 etc41 have monopolized tables for hours or days for the distinctly non-literary and non-library purpose of addressing circulars2 but the writing of occasional correspondence1 if it does not exclude other readers from the writing tables1 may safely be winked at4 ,other libraries do not allow the reading of other books than those from the shelves in the department1 but the absurdity of such a rule1 if carried to its logical conclusion1 is patent4 ,it may not be superfluous to add that every reference library should be equipped with a stand for hats1 coats and umbrellas1 but readers may be warned by notice that the library does not accept responsibility for their safety4 ,all the forces of the library stock in all departments should be at the disposal of the reference reader2 thus any book in the lending libraries1 except perhaps current novels of the popular kind1 which may be on the shelves1 should be allowed to be requisitioned1 as also should any newspaper1 periodical or other material in files which may not form part of the department4 ,a good plan in open access libraries is to give the reference reader a pass admitting him to consult the lending library catalogues or shelves1 but after he has selected books from them to have them brought from the lending library by the staff4 ,such uses of lending library books should count as reference consultations4 #dag4 ,the ,lending of ,reference ,books4--,whether or not reference library books should ever be lent away from the building is a question upon which librarians are sharply divided4 ,it is argued that a reference library is a place where a reader has a right to expect every book in stock to be available at all times1 and this is a reasonable theory4 ,that reader1 however1 is a hypothetical person as a rule1 and too rigid a policy of refusal has some disadvantages4 ,experience tells every librarian what books ought not to be lent in ordinary circumstances1 if in any2 and these are quick-reference books of all kinds1 and any book the loss of or damage to which would be irreparable4 ,occasionally1 however1 a real student really requires the home use of a reference book which is not in everyday demand1 and the library would suffer little and might gain much by lending it4 ,if the ordinary loan periods are thought to be inadmissible1 much can be said for lending over week-ends or at hours when the library is inaccessible to readers4 ,it is a question which every librarian must settle for himself4 ,in one successful reference library which lends1 when a reasonable cause is shown1 every book not excluded by the exceptions just named1 and has done so for twenty years without the least inconvenience1 a form of application1 which is also a charging form1 is used4 ,this is a card #f inches #e inches1 which folds in the middle and files as a standard-sized catalogue card 7#c inches #e inches73 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,purpose wanted for 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,why ,book cannot be studied in ,library 4444444444444444444444444 7,do not write below this line47 7,see inside47 ,allowed to be returned within 444444444444 days4 7,signed7 44444444444444444444 ,chief ,librarian4 ,if application is not signed request is disallowed1 in which case explanation is enclosed4 ----------------------------7,fold47---- -------------------------- ,date 44444444444444 ,,application ,,for ,,borrowing ,a ,,reference ,,book ,,for ,,home ,,reading4 ,see ,special ,notice inside before filling up4 ,name 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,address 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 ,occupation 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,book ,required3 ,author 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,title 7brief7 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,class ,no4 444444444444444444444 ,time required 444444 7,do not write below this line47 7,see over47 ,issued 44444444444 by 444444444 ,rtd4 4444444 by 444444444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,fig4 #aei4--;,application for ,loan of ,reference ,book 7,section #dag74 ,one side of it is worded as shown above1 and the other side1 to which the attention of the applicant is specially directed1 is worded as follows3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,special ,,notice4 ,as every book removed from the ,reference shelves may mean incon- venience and disappointment to some other reader1 a reasonable case must be made out for permitting it to be taken away4 ,such a vague indication as 8reading0 is not sufficient4 ,quick- reference books1 such as encyclopdias and dictionaries1 very expensive or rare books1 and books in constant demand1 will not be issued under this regulation4 ,the applicant must be a resident in the ,borough1 and if not of some standing or sufficiently known to the ,librarian or his ,staff1 should be prepared with some recommendation from a clergy- man1 head teacher1 or other person of standing in the ,borough4 ,should the application be granted1 failure to return the book within the time allowed may entail the refusal of all further applications4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,fig4 #afj4--;,application for ,loan of ,reference ,book 7back7 7,section #dag74 ,when the applicant is unknown to the staff and the conditions required in the last paragraph on the form are not fulfilled1 a separate slip is handed to the applicant1 which reads as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,re ,,application ,,for ,,borrowing ,a ,,reference ,,book ,,for ,,home ,,reading4 ,the ,librarian regrets that he is unable to accede to the accompanying request without a signed recommendation from a clergyman1 head teacher1 or other person of standing in the ,borough4 ,every facility1 however1 will be accorded for consulting the book in the building4 ,the ,reference ,library is open each week day from #i4cj ,a4,m4 to #i ,p4,m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #afa4--,refusal ,form3 ,loan of ,reference ,book 7,section #dag74 ,when the book is unsuitable for lending purposes another slip is used3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,re ,,application ,,for ,,borrowing ,a ,,reference ,,book ,,for ,,home ,,reading4 ,the ,librarian regrets that he is unable to accede to the accompanying request1 as the book applied for-- a quick-reference book2 very expensive2 is rare2 in constant demand4 ,every facility will be accorded for consulting the book in the building4 ,the ,reference ,library is open each week day from #i4cj ,a4,m4 to #i ,p4,m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #afb4--;,form showing ,reason for ,refusal 7,section #dag74 ,the application forms1 when completed and allowed1 are filed alphabetically under the name of the borrower4 ,there are so few of them 7probably a dozen weekly7 that any other form of charging has been found to be unnecessary4 ,the assistant concerned in the work examines the file weekly1 and books overdue are written for immediately4 ,borrowers guilty of retaining reference books beyond the allowed time are denied the privilege of borrowing thereafter4 #dah4 ,staff4--,it is fair to say that there are too few reference librarians in this country2 that is to say1 persons who1 in addition to ordinary scholarship and library technique1 have trained specially in bibliography1 the drawing out of readers and information-hunting4 ,perhaps as a result of the library schools now in course of organization a race of such useful librarians will arise4 ,the staffing of the reference library is perhaps the greatest difficulty a librarian has to overcome4 ,in the larger libraries the department is in the control of experts1 or at any rate of the most efficient workers on the staff1 but in smaller towns it falls to the keeping of an assistant1 often a different person every day or even shift1 who can be spared from the general staff2 indeed1 in some libraries reference work is so small that this is all that can be afforded4 ,in such circumstances the best work is out of the question4 ,the reference reader demands skilled attention4 ,libraries catering for a learned or special clientele have their own special problems2 but the ordinary civic library has1 in addition to numbers of such clients1 the average man and woman to deal with who are not only unskilled in the use of books1 but have also some difficulty in making known their actual needs4 ,it is obviously beyond the power of a boy or girl assistant to draw out of these readers the exact nature of their difficulties2 that is a task requiring address1 sympathy and tact1 which experience alone gives4 ,in small libraries the librarian himself may consider it a privilege to work at busy times in this department2 it will be well worth his while4 ,the qualifications a reference librarian should aim to possess are a complete library technique1 an intimate knowledge of the sources of information and of his stock1 and a certain missionary spirit which loves knowledge for its own sake4 ,in addition he must have sympathy with all classes of inquirers and be able to suffer fools gladly4 ,on the technical side he will find in certain little books a good elementary grounding2 among them is ,hopkins's ,reference ,guides1 ,kroeger's ,guide to ,reference ,books1 and so on4 ,all juniors in a reference department should go through a course based upon these1 and courses in practical book-selection and bibliography4 ,no question should be regarded as trivial2 it is no part of the librarian's duty to assess the value of any information asked2 and patience even beyond what may seem reasonable limits is an everyday requirement4 ,for example1 the question once asked1 8,on which side of ,cromwell's nose was there a wart80 seemed frivolous enough1 and it involved the consulting of dozens of books2 but it proved to be wanted for the identification of what is believed to be a unique death mask4 #dai4 ,records4--,all information the sources of which were not obvious should be recorded on cards1 together with the sources from which it was given1 in order that similar search may not be necessary when it is required again4 ,carbon copies of all special lists of books compiled should be filed for future use4 ,failures of the library are most important as showing deficiencies in the collection1 and questions which could not be answered should always be recorded4 ,when a reference library cannot supply information from its own resources1 it should endeavour to find what neighbouring library can supply it1 and either direct the inquirer there1 or1 better1 borrow the book required4 ,mutual co-operation of this kind between libraries is easy to arrange1 and few librarians do not recognize its value4 ,it should always be borne in mind that to turn a reader away empty is a loss of prestige to the library1 while a reader well served and satisfied is a potential friend and probable patron afterwards4 #dbj4 ,special ,library ,collections4--,in the average town it should be the endeavour to concentrate all the special libraries of institutions and societies in the reference library4 ,it is obviously an uneconomy for special collections to be locked up for the greater part of the week in the private rooms of institutions and societies when they may be made available all day and every day to the members of these societies and to the general public in the municipal reference library4 ,these bodies may often be induced to deposit their collection if some simple arrangement is made by which books may be lent as required to their members and may be available to everybody for reference purpose when not so lent out4 ,by this means a useful reinforcement of the stock is made at the expense of shelf-room and administration only4 ,it is usual to catalogue such collections exactly as other parts of the stock1 but to add some individualizing symbol to the class-mark to show its ownership4 #dba4 ,information ,bureaux4--,among the many possibilities of the department we shall confine ourselves in this chapter to its use as an information bureau1 leaving such important considerations as the ,local ,collection1 and its auxiliaries ,regional and ,photographic ,surveys1 and ,commercial ,libraries for treatment in separate chapters4 ,the information desk or bureau is the name given to the department of the work which lays itself out to answer inquiries for business and other people4 ,it is primarily quick-reference work and is done in proximity to the quick-reference collection4 ,but it goes further in the direction of supplying such current information as the present population of the town1 its rates1 etc41 the addresses of burgesses1 the latest ,derby winner1 the cable code used by this or that firm1 the plays available at the theatres1 the social or other events of this1 next or last week1 and indeed any useful or convenient information whatsoever4 ,much of the material needed is in the quick-reference collection1 much must be clipped from the newspapers1 and some--as1 for example1 the programmes of local societies--must be sought for at first-hand4 ,it may be objected that this information may1 to an extent1 be found in newspapers by the inquirers themselves4 ,admitted2 but they have not always the required newspaper at hand1 and the information bureau is always there4 ,briefly indexed vertical files1 within hand-reach of a public telephone1 are the means of working such bureaux4 ,the telephone is essential to real success1 and inquiries by telephone should be invited4 ,where there are commercial libraries in connexion with the library system1 much of this work may be done in them1 but there is1 as the examples given above show1 a large amount of work that can be done outside their field2 and a ready and efficient information bureau is a real asset to any town4 #dbb4 ,indexes of ,readers4--,another useful work that in large libraries may properly be relegated to the cataloguing department may be conducted in smaller ones by the reference staff4 ,this is the supplying of firms and individuals with lists of books of use in connexion with their industry or study4 ,some libraries supply such people with a small card catalogue of the whole of their subject as it is represented in the libraries1 and send cards regularly for entries of additions4 ,other forms of catalogues can be used1 of course1 for this purpose4 ,in conjunction therewith1 and as a useful adjunct to other work1 it is a good plan to make card entries of the special subjects affected by individual readers under the names of the subjects1 and to advise the readers by post-cards of all additions made in those subjects4 #dbc4 ,,bibliography ,bodleian ,library4 ,manual for ,readers and ,visitors1 #aiab4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,library ,primer1 chapters xii4-xiii4 ,hopkins1 ,f4 ,m4 ,reference ,guides that should be ,known1 #aiaf4 ,john ,rylands ,library3 ,a ,historical ,description of the ,library and its ,contents1 #aijf4 ,kaiser1 ,j4 ,b4 ,law1 ,legislative and ,municipal ,reference ,libraries1 #aiad4 ,koch1 ,t4 ,w4 ,library ,assistant's ,manual1 #aiac4 ,kroeger1 ,a4 ,b4 ,guide to the ,study and ,use of ,reference ,books4 ,ed4 by ,i4 ,g4 ,mudge1 #aiag4 ,library of ,congress4 ,manual4 ,in ,report of the ,librarian1 #aija4 ,lowe1 ,j4 ,a4 ,books and ,libraries3 ,a ,manual of ,instruction in their ,use1 #aiaf4 ,marcel1 ,henry1 and ,others4 ,la ,bibliothque ,nationale1 #aijg4 ,new ,york ,state ,library4 ,material for a ,course in ,reference ,study1 #aijc4 ,peddie1 ,r4 ,a4 ,the ,british ,museum ,reading ,room1 #aiab4 ,rawlings1 ,g4 ,b4 ,the ,british ,museum ,library1 #aiaf4 ,richardson1 ,e4 ,c4 ,reference ,department4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 chapter xxii41 #aiaa4 ,small1 ,herbert4 ,handbook of the ,new ,library of ,congress1 #aija4 ,stewart1 ,j4 ,d41 and ,others4 ,open ,access ,libraries1 #aiae1 chapter ii4 ,ward1 ,g4 ,o4 ,the ,practical ,use of ,books and ,libraries1 #aiag1 #b vols4 ,wiswell1 ,l4 ,o4 ,how to ,use ,reference ,books1 #aiaf4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,e #gi-hc1 ,reference ,rules1 ,management and ,policy1 etc42 ,d #g1 ,planning2 ,l #ff1 ,books for ,reference ,libraries4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,local ,,collections #dbd4 ,general4--,of the departments of reference1 other than the general working department1 prior consideration may be given to the ,local ,collection on the ground that every municipal public library must have a collection of this kind4 ,at any rate it should have as complete a collection as possible of material relating to its town4 ,county collections are a much more serious matter and should only be attempted by towns of county rank1 or the town in each county where the majority of the population is4 ,there is hardly a county in ,england which can support two county collections1 because rival collections are mutually inimical1 and their competition for certain items causes the price of the latter to increase absurdly4 ,the town is another matter4 ,the one place where copies of books1 pamphlets1 photographs1 etc41 relating to a town ought to be found is its public library2 and there are several principles1 warnings and suggestions that may be enunciated in connexion with the work4 ,the relative value of the material to be collected is hardly a matter for the librarian2 often most despised material has great value when brought into relation to other material4 ,the best general principle is3 8,get everything and leave its evaluation to posterity40 #dbe4 ,material collected4--,primarily the words local collection are co-extensive with local bibliography4 ,this last term1 however1 is too narrow1 and the broad headings embraced by the collection may be set out1 and then considered in detail4 ,these are3 7a7 ,printed records4 7b7 ,written records4 7c7 ,pictorial records4 7d7 ,engraved records4 ,all or most of these are found in every local collection1 and their statement immediately raises the question3 ,can pictorial records1 although undoubtedly a part of local history1 come into the province of the library8 ,are they not rather in that of the art gallery8 ,similarly are not engraved records 7bronze coins1 tokens1 rubbings of monumental brasses and seals7 better placed in the museum8 ,it may be urged that the art gallery is concerned with art1 the museum with science1 and the library 7in this connexion7 with history4 ,pictures and engraved articles are not collected by the librarian because of their artistic qualities--in fact1 many of his most cherished possessions are artistic atrocities--but because they are records4 ,on this argument a good case can be made for their retention in the library4 ,no doubt1 where a town has the three institutions named1 and where the local collecting spirit is at work in each1 and is definitely co-ordinated1 it would be wise and economical to sub-divide the field2 but where there is only the library1 there can be only one principle1 and that the one already emphasized--0get everything40 #dbf4 ,when we come to consider the printed records of any locality1 we are surprised at their extent4 ,these1 again1 can be set out in a brief tabular form3 ,a4 ,books of the locality4 #a4 ,by local authors4 #b4 ,locally printed4 #c4 ,newspapers and periodicals4 #d4 ,public material3 parliamentary1 legal1 etc4 #e4 ,public material3 municipal4 #f4 ,trade material4 #g4 ,programmes3 theatre1 cinema1 music hall1 concert hall1 etc4 #h4 ,posters4 ,b4 ,books on the locality4 #a4 ,topography4 #b4 ,history4 #c4 ,biography4 #d4 ,public material3 parliamentary1 legal1 etc4 #e4 ,novels1 poems1 and plays with local setting4 #f4 ,newspaper and periodical references4 ,these headings cover a wide area1 but the presence of every form of material named is desirable in the local collection4 #dbg4 ,for the purposes of the local collection an author may be defined as #a1 a writer who is born1 and educated in whole or part1 in a town1 or whose family is indigenous in it2 #b1 residents of some years' standing or whose works reflect the locality2 #c1 authors of utterances or writings made in1 or upon1 or addressed to the locality2 #d1 public men1 officials1 etc42 #e1 any minister1 public speaker1 etc41 who holds office or meetings in the town2 #f1 all local bodies1 public or private--the municipality1 churches1 societies1 clubs1 etc42 and #g1 all local tradesmen--catalogues1 etc4 ,it is a prime duty of every public library to collect locally printed books2 the lacun in our national bibliography have been lamentable in the past in regard to locally and privately printed books1 owing to the lack of such collecting1 and they are not likely to decrease if this duty is not vigorously undertaken by the librarian of to-day4 ,the search must be specially eager for the privately issued volume1 but however limited the author intends his circulation to be1 he is usually quite persuadable as far as a copy for the local collection goes4 ,local newspapers1 it is obvious1 are material of cardinal value4 ,every one of them must be collected1 bound1 and to some extent indexed4 ,and similar if somewhat lesser value attaches to every periodical whatsoever--be it the issue of a sect1 school1 institution1 trader1 party1 club1 or any other body--published in the town4 ,it is a curious fact that few libraries possess1 for instance1 sets of the various church magazines4 ,these are1 usually1 of course1 made up of a ,london-published religious periodical inset in sheets dealing with the particular church that distributes them4 ,the inset may be discarded1 but the local part should certainly be collected from every such periodical issued locally4 ,few records are more important than this4 ,the local collection must certainly include all local acts1 bye-laws1 orders in ,council that have a local bearing4 ,it is remarkable how many of these there are for even supposedly insignificant areas4 ,novels and other imaginative literature1 which have a local setting1 come clearly into the collection4 ,it is a curious fact that the modern novel of this character is frequently missed4 ,it seems all the more important to collect it when we know that the average 8selling life0 of a six-shilling novel is about six weeks1 and its public life quite often not much longer4 ,only the local library can--or ought--to save much of this fiction and imaginative writing4 ,references to the district in outside newspapers and periodicals should always be kept4 ,even when they are founded on the material in the local newspapers they are usually coloured by the outside view1 or are in better perspective than the local writer can bring to bear upon whatever is under discussion4 #dbh4 ,the basic records of a town1 and1 therefore1 from the point of view of the local collection1 its most important1 are its written ones2 and in these1 generally speaking1 libraries are most deficient1 for the obvious reason that the ordinary municipal library is a newcomer1 and that in modern days the printed record has largely superseded the written one4 ,not altogether1 however1 as we shall see4 ,written records are almost of as many types as are the printed--there are parliamentary1 municipal1 parochial1 private business and personal manuscripts1 of which every librarian should strive to obtain possession4 ,a copy of the ,domesday ,book for his area1 albeit impossible1 except by successful burglary of the ,public ,record ,office1 would be a desirable beginning to the collection4 ,after that1 we may tabulate a list of the classes of written material which should be sought3 #a4 ,parochial ,records3 ,tithe ,registers1 ,parish ,registers1 ,rate ,books4 #b4 ,municipal ,records3 ,rate ,books1 ,assessment ,registers1 ,minute ,books4 #c4 ,private business records3 ,leases1 indentures1 agreements4 #d4 ,manuscripts1 autographs1 etc4 ,parochial registers of all kinds1 tax books1 etc41 were until comparatively recent years kept in the charge of the ,church4 ,modern vicars have1 as a rule1 little interest in them1 and are often willing to hand them over to the public library4 ,such books have an obvious value in resolving the whereabouts1 rateable value and occupants of various types of property2 and very interesting questions may be settled by their means4 ,the actual parish registers--of births1 marriages and deaths--are another matter1 and the originals cannot1 we believe1 be transferred to the library4 ,in some cases the staffs of libraries have obtained permission to transcribe these verbatim1 and have actually done so4#ad ,it is undoubtedly a useful work1 but scarcely comes into the province of the librarian as such2 his work is to collect existing material1 not to create material1 although there are infrequent exceptions to the rule4 ,in general we must wait until one of the publishing societies produces these registers1 and in the meanwhile refer inquirers to the ,church4 ,all we need to emphasize here is the fact that for centuries the corporate life centred in the ,church1 and it is to the ,church that we must look for our primary written records4 #ad ,at ,walthamstow this was done by a member of the ,libraries staff4 ,we reach somewhat surer ground when we endeavour to collect municipal records4 ,the older municipalities--,coventry1 ,stratford-on-,avon1 etc4--have had some regard for their records1 and have at least preserved them4 ,modern municipalities preserve them1 too--that is to say1 theoretically4 ,a visit to the basement or attics of the average municipal building is1 however1 a woeful experience for the collector4 ,usually1 in cob-webbed chaos1 he will find the records that in a century 7or much less7 will have immeasurable interest for the student of local affairs4 ,there are written minutes as distinct from printed ones of municipal committees1 rate1 assessment1 receipt1 wages1 work1 and numerous other books to be found in the confusion4 ,it is not always easy to persuade the people concerned to hand over these books1 and indeed the more recent of them probably ought not to be handed over2 but a little persuasive tact has in more than one case secured the right of the librarian to take charge of and to classify and catalogue them4 ,sometimes limitations are placed upon their use 7for example1 books of the last ten years may not be exposed to general consultation71 but in any case they ought to be secured for the collection if it is in any way possible4 ,the records1 it must be mentioned1 are voluminous and bulky1 and if in addition to the right of custody the municipality can be induced to provide a room for their reception1 the relief will generally be a welcome one4 ,in some ways the most attractive of written records1 the most human1 are the private ones2 and these are also the most difficult to obtain4 ,leases1 wills1 agreements1 indentures1 and similar deeds are naturally not stored systematically anywhere in the average town1 and they must be searched out4 ,old inns are likely places1 as are old solicitors' offices1 and auctions sometimes bring them to light4 ,there are1 of course1 dealers who specialize in them1 and most desirable deeds have been obtained cheaply from ,london dealers4 ,such documents throw more light on the changes1 customs1 and language of a locality than do any of the more formal records mentioned above4 ,local literary manuscripts1 autographs1 manuscripts of local authors1 letters1 and similar written documents are so obviously desirable that more than a mention of them is superfluous2 but we want1 in this connexion1 to urge that to-day will very quickly belong to the past1 and that the collection of these things from the hands of living men is to be desired4 ,when a librarian receives a letter from the mayor1 a prominent alderman1 or similar local celebrity1 he does not as a rule think of it as something to be preserved in the local collection4 ,why not8 #dbi4 ,pictorial and ,graphic ,material4--,in recent years librarians have given systematic attention to the collection of pictorial records1 although1 indeed1 they have long been recognized as a part of the collector's province4 ,these naturally divide into3 #a4 ,painted records4 #b4 ,prints4 #c4 ,photographs4 #d4 ,maps4 7,we think we can extend the word 8pictorial0 to cover maps47 ,the presence of painted records may be questioned1 but their value as records is undoubted1 seeing that they give colour1 atmosphere1 and have other interpretative values which are absent from the more meticulously accurate photograph4 ,local prints and photographs should be collected without special regard to their artistic value2 record is always the motto of the collector1 not beauty1 however much we may desire it personally4 ,care should be taken to secure photographs in a permanent process1 but it is better to have them in the more evanescent processes1 and to take special care of them1 than not to have them at all4 ,all gas-light photographic prints 7with a distinct preference for platinotype1 bromide and velox papers in this descending order7 are practically permanent2 but the finest photographic paper extant will not endure direct sunlight everlastingly4 ,the question of the treatment of prints and photographs generally1 however1 deserves separate treatment1 and here we are concerned only with what should be collected4 ,the pictures1 then1 must represent distinctive things1 interpretative of the life of the district4 ,pictures of individual flowers1 which grow anywhere1 trees which are not peculiar to the place1 8pretty bits0 which might be matched in any place in the kingdom1 are of little or no value4 ,omitting these inessential things1 practically everything else from the portrait of the ,member of ,parliament to that of the local amba comes within the scope of the collection4 ,the cheapest print from the cheapest periodical need not be despised4 ,it may serve its turn4 #dcj4 ,special endeavour should be made to secure a complete set of the maps of the region covered4 ,in spite of the conventionality and inaccuracy of many early maps they are our original source of information on many points vital to the collection4 ,for some counties the maps have been scheduled with exemplary thoroughness1 and by basing his collection on one of these schedules the collector will be helped greatly1 seeing that the old cartographers usually worked on several counties1 and the map bibliography of ,yorkshire1 for example1 may be expected to furnish useful clues to the maps of ,kent4 ,old gazetteers1 topographies1 histories1 encyclopdias and periodicals of general scope often contain maps1 and the least prepossessing of such works should be consulted in order to obtain them4 #dca4 ,engraved records are fewer than any previously mentioned4 ,they include local seals1 crests1 coins and tokens1 and similar articles4 ,tokens1 it may not be generally known1 were coins1 usually having the values of a farthing1 a halfpenny1 and a penny1 which local traders were permitted to issue to supply the scarcity of a small coinage from the national treasury4 ,these were issued mainly from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries and generally had a local exchange value only1 although a number were accepted in many counties4 ,clearly these tokens1 which often carry the trade marks1 signs1 etc41 of the trader issuing them1 are a valuable and interesting part of local material4 ,the ,coventry ,public ,libraries possess what we believe to be an unique collection of tokens relating to that city4 ,various local medals should also be sought4 #dcb4 ,sources of ,supply4--,there is something trite and unoriginal in the discussion of the methods of obtaining books for the local collection1 but perhaps something useful may emerge from a recapitulation of the principal ones4 ,so far as the municipal library is concerned1 the common method must be by purchase1 although much will be secured from private generosity when the collection has become known4 ,it is important1 in our opinion1 not to leave the collection unmentioned in the annual estimates2 a definite appropriation should be made for it1 the amount of which will of course depend upon the resources of the library and upon the area covered4 ,we have found at ,croydon1 where the collection covers extra-metropolitan ,surrey1 that much may be done on an appropriation of #ce a year4 ,this need not be spent entirely upon the collection1 nor should the collecting be limited to the purchasing power of this sum1 but it seems to be very desirable to have money so ear-marked in order that attention may be focussed upon the collection as an important part of the activities of the library4 ,it is also essential1 if the collection is to be successful1 that the librarian should have discretionary power in the spending of the appropriation4 ,local literature disappears with a rapidity that is sometimes astonishing1 and keen collectors on making discoveries in the catalogues of booksellers and dealers1 usually secure the coveted books by telephone or telegram4 ,the library would be a greatly handicapped competitor if the sanction of the libraries committee had to be awaited before purchases could be made4 ,in some towns the discretionary power is vested in the chairman1 and where he is immediately accessible to the librarian there are distinct advantages in this method1 especially if he is sympathetic4 ,it is a good axiom for the librarian to avoid responsibilities which can judiciously be distributed6 ,a certain amount of judicious advertisement of the needs of the library is desirable in this matter4 ,care should be taken that a note to the effect that local material is purchased should appear in ,clegg's ,directory of ,booksellers1 and in other similar publications4 ,on the notepaper of the library some such note as the following might be given in small type3 8,the librarian will be glad to hear of written or printed material relating to ,selsey1 either as a gift or for purchase40 ,this is especially useful1 as the notepaper circulates mostly in the district itself1 where much literature may be hidden1 unvalued and neglected1 which its owners would willingly add to the collection4 ,with the directory entry before him the bookseller will generally report individual items1 but in any case he will send his catalogues1 and these must be perused diligently4 ,as a rule the bookseller is sufficiently master of his business to enter likely material1 under county and town headings1 but not infrequently books which have a local appeal appear in other parts of the catalogue4 ,in this work the librarian will naturally and wisely make use of his whole staff1 and every inducement should be held out to assistants to help in the discovering of local material and to make suggestions for the extension of the collection4 ,generally1 however1 little inducement will be needed1 as library workers as a whole are both keenly interested in and proud of the local collection4 ,other sources of supply may be dealt with briefly4 ,donations will account for many of the most curious and useful1 and these are best induced by exhibitions of material from the collection1 by references made to the collection in books in the lending library 7a slip can be inserted in all topographical books1 for example1 calling attention to the existence and scope of the collection71 and by paragraphs1 articles1 etc41 built up from local material1 which may appear in the public press1 and which the local press is only too glad to publish4 #dcc4 ,photographic ,surveys4--,the current pictorial records1 the photographs1 can usually be obtained1 by the expense of much energy and little money1 through a ,photographic ,survey ,society4 ,as this matter has just lately received systematic and authoritative treatment1#ae it is unnecessary here to enlarge upon it further than to say that a photographic survey society is usually a band of photographers1 professional and 7mainly7 amateur1 who make photographic records in a systematic manner of a particular district1 its history1 antiquities1 natural features1 architecture1 industries1 current activities1 and1 in fact1 everything that presents or interprets its life4 ,such societies are increasing in number1 and have a social side in the shape of photographic excursions1 reunions1 etc41 which make them rather more than gatherings where the cacophanous jargon of the dark-room pervades everything2 hence they band together many people who are interested in a district and the preservation of its memories4 ,as a rule the whole of the work of the survey1 except the cataloguing and classifying--which are the business of the librarian--is done by members of the survey4 ,the library usually supplies mounts1 storage and cataloguing requisites4 #ae ,gower1 ,h4 ,d41 ,jast1 ,l4 ,s41 and ,topley1 ,w4 ,w4 ,the ,camera as ,historian3 ,a ,handbook to ,photographic ,record ,work4 #aiaf4 ,sampson ,low4 #dcd4 ,regional ,surveys4--,similarly1 but more recently1 regional 7or civic7 survey societies have come into existence1 which parcel out certain local areas1 and study everything in them1 from their geology to the last manifestations of the human intellect working in them1 and record the results on maps4#af ,thus maps of the local strata1 water-bearing beds1 flora1 rainfall1 industries1 old inns1 milestones1 boundary marks1 and so on1 have been made for the circle of twenty miles1 centering in ,croydon4 ,this is a new form of work of the utmost value for providing data of current utility1 and for preserving the record of local features4 ,such societies are already recognizing that the municipal reference library is the natural storing-place of such material4 #af ,see ,library ,world1 vol4 xix41 pp4 #cb-cd4 #dce4 ,cost4--,naturally the most important factor in collecting is the price of the material collected4 ,this1 not remarkably1 often gives us considerable pause1 as the present-day cost of local literature does not seem to bear any relation to its original cost2 and to appraise the value of manuscript material1 deeds and similar matter1 is almost impossible4 ,scarcity and competition are the two factors in creating prices4 ,in local literature the demand can be controlled if librarians do not traverse other fields than their own district in making their collection4 ,a little consultation with brother librarians should bring about a workable division of any given county1 with the result that the individual collection would be satisfactory1 and the duplication of effort and expense would be avoided4 ,only the very large towns should attempt county collections4 ,moreover1 this avoidance of competition would lessen the demand for the same book1 and so help to bring down its market value4 ,the competitor who can completely out-distance the average library is the keen private collector with a generous purse and unlimited leisure4 ,in his case the librarian can only hope that his will contains a clause in which his collection and the library are in happy juxtaposition4 ,with relation to actual buying1 it is a good axiom never to purchase anything except 8on approval40 ,it is really wonderful how attractive a commonplace and almost valueless item can appear to be in an agent's catalogue4 ,in few cases this 8sending on approval0 is refused by booksellers1 but the majority are only too glad to do it1 especially if the prospective purchaser undertakes to pay postage both ways in the event of rejecting the material4 ,by this means large bundles of stuff which have only a nucleus of useful matter can be weeded out1 and the price arranged according to the result4 ,this is particularly desirable when dealing with deeds1 which often prove to be incomplete1 or of far less interest than 7say7 the entry1 8,forty ,surrey ,deeds1 #aedb-ahaf10 would imply4 ,one does not suppose that dealers in these things are one whit less honest than other men1 but their prices are often in the region of the absurd4 ,if the collector has reason to think that this is so1 he should make a reasonable offer for the books he wants1 and it will generally be found that the bookseller is amenable to this sort of argument4 ,naturally we are speaking of the general items for the collection4 ,in every district individual items have a definite high value which cannot be reduced1 and it is the lot of most local collectors to be compelled regretfully to pass by1 as beyond their means1 many things that they would gladly possess4 #dcf4 ,mounting of ,prints1 etc4--,it remains to devote some attention to the mounting1 cataloguing and storage of material4 ,books and pamphlets are treated as in the general library1 as are broadsides1 cuttings and similar separate material4 ,the photograph may be treated in various ways4 ,at ,birmingham1 for example1 the prints are mounted1 and stored in what are virtually loose-leaf albums1 which permit perfect classification and the insertion of any new photograph without dislocation4 ,the more usual method is to mount the photographs on a uniform size mount--#ag in4 by #ac in4 for large prints1 and #ab in4 by #aj in4 for smaller 7and the great majority of7 prints have been found satisfactory4 ,nature papers of double strength have been used1 and every effort should be made to secure an acid-free paper4 ,when it is obtained the prints should be fixed by the dry-mounting process1 if possible2 nearly all adhesives have injurious chemical action upon photographic papers4 ,the mounted prints and photographs are stored in boxes such as that shown in ,fig4 #aah1 or in the drawers of a vertical file4 #dcg4 ,classification4--,the classification of the local collection demands a much closer arrangement than any general scheme provides4 ,up to the present most librarians have constructed one for their own use2 and there are two methods4 ,one1 and that most readily used1 is a topographical arrangement with a subject sub-arrangement2 the other is the converse--a subject arrangement with topographical sub-division4 ,the choice may be determined by the answer the reader gives to the question3 ,which are users more likely to want-- #a4 ,the churches of a county or town as a whole8 or #b4 ,material1 including the church1 relating to a town 7in a county7 or parish or ward 7in a town78 ,the topographical arrangement of 7say7 a county survey is usually secured by adding to the subject number the number of the square on the key ,ordnance ,survey map of the county4 ,that is1 when the main arrangement is subjectival4 ,when it is topographical the ordnance number precedes the subject number4 ,a detailed example of the working of a local collection classification is given in ,gower1 ,jast and ,topley's ,the ,camera as ,historian4 ,every mount should bear upon it a label showing particulars of the subject1 number1 photographer1 process1 date1 etc4 ,this goes well into the left-top corner4 ,the example given is that of the ,surrey ,photographic ,survey4 ,a similar label with the necessary adaptations is advisable on all prints which are not the property of such ,surveys4 ,in the case of surveys the label is filled in by the photographer1 except the space for the class-mark1 and the upper part is detached by the ,survey ,secretary and is pasted up in a guard-book to form his record4 ,only the label within the thick squared lines is affixed to the mount4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,photographic ,,survey ,access to collection4 ,,and ,,record ,,of ,,surrey4 ,the collection is permanently housed at the ,public ,library1 ,slip to accompany prints and ,town ,hall1 ,croydon1 under regu- lantern slides4 lations making it accessible to the public4 ----- ----- ,copyright4 ,it is requested that you will fill in the required particulars on this slip,the ,copyright of a photograph remains and forward it and your print or lan-the property of the contributor1 un- tern slide to the ,hon4 ,survey ,sec41 less specially ceded to the ,associa- ,mr ,h4 ,d4 ,,gower1 #ee ,benson ,road1 tion4 ,croydon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,class ,,no4#a ,,locality ,no4 of #f in4,,subject ,,survey ,,no#a ,ord4 mp4 sheet4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,size ,,process ,,date ,,time #b;,,compass ,,date ,,received#a ,,photographed a4m4 p4m4,,point plate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,description ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,name ,,and ,,address ,,of ,,contributor ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,following ,,affiliated ,,society-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,use one form for each print4 ,write clearly4 ,make description brief4 #a ,leave blank4 #b ,the compass point towards which camera is pointing4 ,,photographic ,,survey ,,and ,,record ,,of ,,surrey4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,fig4 #afc4--,label of ,photographic ,survey ,prints 7,section #dcg74 #dch4 ,cataloguing4--,the cataloguing of the local collection should1 of course1 follow the code in general use2 but certain amplifications are desirable4 ,the size1 pagination1 date of publication1 town of publication1 and the names both of printer and publisher 7if they are different7 should be given4 ,omissions from titles should be as infrequent as possible1 and when made should be indicated4 ,the object is to make this catalogue as fully bibliographical as possible4 #dci4 ,the cataloguing of prints is a fairly simple matter if treated in common-sense fashion4 ,inquirers only occasionally require the works of artist or photographer in connexion with such prints as are stocked by libraries4 ,a subject-index appears to be the best form1 with a local index2 thus ----------------------------- ,,golf ,,course1 ,,reigate4 #bfc4e ----------------------------- #a ----------------------------- ,,reigate4 ,,golf ,,course4 #bfc4e ----------------------------- #b ,,fig4 #afd4--,print-index ,slips 7,section #dci74 are a sufficient cataloguing of a particular print4 ,all the detail beyond that can be found on the prints1 which themselves are in their arrangement a classified catalogue4 ,of course special prints would go under the artists' names1 or under their titles if their value warranted that course4 ,usually it does not4 #ddj4 ,maps4--,it is appropriate to deal with maps here1 as the largest number of maps will probably be local ones4 ,the classification methods suggested for prints apply to maps as well2 that is to say1 the predominating arrangement should be topographical1 and the sub-arrangement subjectival1 and the ultimate arrangement may be chronological4 ,thus a map of the geology of a particular town would arrange-- ,class ,no4 of ,town4 ,geology ,no4 ,date4 #dda4 ,the cataloguing of maps may follow the ,anglo-,american rule1 which runs3 ,enter maps under the cartographer4 ,if the name of the cartographer is not found1 enter under the publisher2 thus3 ,,gregory1 ,c4 ,c4 ,m',millan's map of ,new ,brunswick4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,c4 ,gregory4 ,scale of statute miles ca4 #h to the inch4 ,,johnston1 ,w4 and ,a4 ,k41 pub4 ,johnston's commercial and library chart of the world on ,mercator's projection4 ,this simple rule needs some amplification for a large collection of maps2 and the following simple rules have been found to be satisfactory3 #a4 ,the ,arrangement of entries is in chronological order1 and where two entries occur under one date they are arranged alphabetically by the heading4 #b4 ,the ,name adopted for ,heading is that of the cartographer where found2 where the cartographer is not found1 the publisher1 or engraver1 or title 7in this order7 forms the entry word4 #c4 ,the unit of ,scale wherever possible should be the inch4 #d4 ,give the ,size1 measured from one inner margin to another1 vertical measurements first1 to the nearest quarter-inch below the actual size4 #e4 ,the ,date of arrangement is that printed on the map2 but modern maps illustrating places at a past period in history arrange under the period1 the publication date being added to the entry merely as information4 ,undated maps from atlases or other works take the date of the work in which they appear4 ,all catalogues so arranged require topographical and subject indexes4 ,the filing of maps was dealt with in the chapter on ,filing and ,indexing4 #ddb4 ,deeds4--,deeds are difficult to handle and store because of their shape and size1 the seals attached to them1 and for other reasons4 ,for ordinary purposes flat filing in boxes similar to those used for maps will serve4 ,the cataloguing of deeds has been variously done1 but for local purposes a topographical arrangement1 with a chronological sub-arrangement1 is recommended4 ,examples of typical entries may be given3 ,bagshot4 #agae #ba ,june 7i4 ,george ,i474 ,,lease ,,of ,,cottage ,,and ,,land4 ,,bagshot4 ,from ,walter of ,busbridge to ,grayham of ,bagshot1 #ii years at #d_/- per ann4 7consid4 #bd4c4j474 d,s#fi7ccc7 ,cottage1 barn1 and #c;a4 land4 ,special condition under penalty of forfeiture of lease if broken4 8,and goeing with sd4 ,john ,walter his heirs and assns4 to the ,eleccon of the sd4 ,co4 of ,surrey att any time when any ,eleccon for ,knights of the ,shire shall be held1 and vote for such person as the said ,john ,walter his heirs1 exors41 admors41 and assignes shall direct4 4 4 40 ,beddington4 #adij #b ,july 7v4 ,henry ,,vii474 ,,bond ,,for #ejj 7,latin74 ,from ,james and ,richard ,carru old spelling of ,carew to ,john ,iwardby and ,chris4 ,troppenell4 d,s#fee7ccc7 ,securities3 ,the manors of ,bedyngton1 ,bandon and ,norbury2 and other lands and tenements in ,bedyngton1 ,croydon1 ,streteham1 ,bristowe ,burstow and ,horne2 and the manor of ,maitham in ,kent4 ,such a catalogue must be equipped with a name index at least1 and an index of places is also desirable2 these may be combined in one alphabet4 ,,bibliography #ddc4 ,local ,collections3 ,no monograph4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,g #ef1 ,local ,collections and ,surveys2 ,g #ei1 ,maps2 ,i #ag1 ,cataloguing ,rules2 ,h #gh1 ,classification2 ,l #de1 ,bibliography4 #ddd4 ,photographic and ,regional ,surveys3 ,gower1 ,jast1 and ,topley4 ,the ,camera as ,historian3 a handbook for survey or record societies1 #aiaf4 ,fagg1 ,c4 ,c4 ,the ,regional ,survey and ,local ,natural ,history ,societies4 ,in ,south-,eastern ,naturalist1 #aiae1 p4 #bj4 ,westell1 ,w4 ,p4 ,the ,new ,doomsday4 ,in ,my ,life as a ,naturalist1 #aiah4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,i #bd1 ,cataloguing2 ,h #he1 ,classification1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,libraries ,,of ,,municipal ,,reference #dde4 ,general4--,it is appropriate to devote a brief space to the consideration of reference libraries of municipal material1 because the ,library ,association has affirmed the desirability of such libraries2 although1 so far as this country is concerned1 the matter is in the prospective stage rather than that of accomplishment4 ,in various ,canadian and ,american cities such libraries exist and have proved their utility4 ,municipal history would probably furnish many examples of independent attempts to solve similar local government and administrative problems1 all conducted without that reference to one another which is implied in organization1 and without full profit being derived from the successes or failures of former workers4 ,it is true that before carrying out schemes appeal is made by municipalities to their official experts2 but the experience of the latter1 however wide1 is usually circumscribed1 and they can add to it only by personal visits to and correspondence with1 similar experts4 ,this limited knowledge1 and the expenditure of time and money1 could be avoided by any municipality which possessed an organized library of reference material4 ,it is1 as we have shown1 the business of every library to preserve in its local collection all publications of the authority to whom it belongs4 ,the value of this limited work is obvious1 but it does not necessarily demand a special department4 ,when1 however1 an attempt is made to collect every kind of material1 manuscript1 printed1 pictorial and statistical1 which is likely to throw light on problems of local administration1 including the municipal literature issued by other authorities1 the task becomes so large that a separate and self-contained department must be devoted to it4 #ddf4 ,in almost every municipal office there is to be found a smaller or larger collection of the more obvious technical books for the reference use of its staff4 ,such books are treatises on engineering details1 accountancy1 and the ,town ,clerk has usually a small collection of acts1 manuals1 and other literature bearing upon municipal law4 ,the collections are rarely if ever large enough to possess a representative and co-ordinate character1 nor are they easily available for the whole of the staff of the local authority or for members of the town council and the public4 ,there is a certain wastefulness in this method of providing books4 ,one or two of the greater towns have more general municipal collections2 ,glasgow is an example2 but there is no town in the ,united ,kingdom which possesses a systematically arranged and professionally administered municipal library1 or bureau of municipal research1 if the term is preferred4 ,yet many things may be urged in favour of such a department4 ,it would be an infinite advantage to any inquirer1 whether an official or a member of the public1 to be able to go to a specially constituted department and to study what has been the general experience of any question or scheme under consideration or in prospect4 ,within the limits presumed the field of the municipal reference is a wide one4 ,it would collect all books of an authoritative nature on local government1 and every available municipal document1 from the minutes of the local council to the small paragraph from the newspaper which would shed light on municipal administration4 ,it is definitely bibliographical work and should be placed under the control of the libraries committee2 moreover1 it is expert work1 and can only be conducted satisfactorily by a man or woman who has been trained in the collection1 classification1 filing1 and particularly the minute cataloguing and indexing of literary material2 in short1 to be effective1 it must be placed in the care of a professional librarian4 #ddg4 ,such a library would demand fairly generous accommodation if it is to contain the material indicated1 and would require a proper staff2 it would cost money4 ,here1 perhaps1 we have the crucial factor in the situation1 because it is difficult to convince the average municipal governor that books can bear a part in the solution of municipal problems4 ,it is obvious that such a department cannot be supported out of the present resources of library committees--in fact1 it is most undesirable1 even if it is legal1 that the cost should fall upon the library rate4 ,it is special work to assist the government of a town1 and should be paid for by the governing authority as a whole and quite apart from ordinary library funds4 ,in ,milwaukee1 where the ,public ,library administers such a department1 the city makes an annual appropriation of five thousand dollars from the general city fund to be added to the library's revenue1 and used only for municipal reference purposes4 ,one thousand pounds a year would possibly seem an excessive amount to the average town council1 but when it is remembered that such a library1 by the information it would afford1 might save many more thousands of pounds1 the investment would seem to be an eminently satisfactory one4 #ddh4 ,america has anticipated us in this1 as in many other library matters1 and such libraries of this character as she possesses have proved to be quite successful4 ,a large volume has already been devoted by ,mr ,j4 ,b4 ,kaiser to the discussion of the practical methods in vogue in this and collateral libraries4 ,there1 as here1 stress is laid upon the economy resulting from such work4 ,it prevents the adoption of ill-considered municipal schemes1 or schemes which it shows to have been a failure elsewhere4 ,it provides examples of the successes of other towns1 and1 therefore1 gives the possessing town the best models upon which to frame its own work4 ,it is insisted1 too1 that this is work for the librarian1 and that it is useless to spend money upon the provision of material and to place it in the charge of people who are not specially equipped by education1 experience1 and technical training to understand and focus the information contained in the library4 ,what is not so vital in ,america1 because of the comparative wealth of libraries there 7few of them are really over-financed71 is the fact that while this may form an important branch of the public library1 it must have a separate revenue4 #ddi4 ,,bibliography ,kaiser1 ,j4 ,b4 ,law1 ,legislative and ,municipal ,reference ,libraries1 #aiad4 ,moore1 ,h4 ,k4 ,municipal ,reference ,libraries4 ,in ,library ,association4 ,public ,libraries3 their development and future organization1 #aiag4 ,for articles see ,special ,libraries1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bb1 #aiaa2 and ,cannons3 ,g #fj1 ,municipal ,literature2 ,l #abb1 ,bibliography4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,the ,,commercial ,,department #dej4 ,general4--,the most recent development of library works which has justified itself in practice has for its aim the provision of information useful to commercial and business men4 ,it is comparatively new to this country but has been in vogue in ,america for some years past1 in particular in the ,commercial ,museum at ,philadelphia1 which is a separate1 self-contained institution4 ,in ,great ,britain commercial libraries have been established as part of the public library system at ,glasgow1 ,liverpool1 ,manchester1 ,bradford1 ,birmingham1 ,leeds and elsewhere4 ,the names of these towns indicate an important fact4 ,separate comprehensive commercial libraries are expensive institutions1 and are only justified where a large demand for their services may be expected4 ,smaller libraries may indeed have commercial departments in connexion with their reference departments1 but it is wiser to limit their stock and work to the definitely local trades than to attempt a general commercial service entirely beyond their means and probable needs4 #dea4 ,the ,commercial ,department4--,as distinct from the general commercial library as established in the great towns we have named1 the commercial section in an ordinary library is a development of the ,information ,desk4 ,it specializes in local industries and trade1 and on that subject collects every form of printed and graphic material1 the standard text-books and works of reference1 directories1 year-books1 codes1 reports and periodicals4 ,these are classified and indexed minutely1 and are so disposed that ordinary questions which a business man may be expected to ask can be answered as rapidly as possible4 ,it is what the ,americans call 8quick-fire reference work10 in which immediacy of need and of its satisfaction are the prime requisites4 ,we do not wish to set limitations to any branch of library service1 and if a librarian can1 without loss or inconvenience in other directions1 include further features from those described in the following sections1 he should certainly consider himself at liberty to do so2 but this will rarely be the case4 ,the separate1 highly-developed commercial library is distinctly a work for the some half-dozen ,british cities which are centres of great commercial and industrial populations4 #deb4 ,the ,commercial ,library4--,the need has long been felt in this country for rapid access to current and standard commercial intelligence1 although it has not always been realized1 and the need has been accentuated by the ,great ,war1 which has made ,great ,britain more than ever a competitor in the world-struggle4 ,the ,board of ,trade has established an intelligence department in ,london1 and chambers of commerce exist in most towns which have intelligence-work as part of their reason for existence2 but ,london is too far away for the provincial man of business who wants immediate information1 and the chambers of commerce do not embrace in their membership more than a part of the business community4 ,hence the desirability of fully-equipped1 skilfully-administered libraries4 ,at ,glasgow1 ,liverpool and elsewhere the commercial library is housed in a commodious1 appropriate department as near to the business centre of the city as possible4 ,it is administered by the library authority1 and is in the immediate charge of a librarian skilled in classification1 filing and indexing1 and the use of works of reference4 ,the stock of the library has been defined by ,mr ,s4 ,a4 ,pitt1 the chief librarian of ,glasgow1 as standard and current2 the standard consisting of treatises1 encyclopdic works1 code books1 ,government reports1 ,parliamentary papers1 and works on commercial law and business method2 the current of all kinds of fugitive papers and material of great temporary1 but probably very transient1 interest1 such as notices1 reports1 pamphlets1 leaflets1 news-cuttings1 catalogues and price-lists4 ,to the standard would be added directories of every trade1 industry and profession1 and of every country1 county and important town2 atlases1 maps1 charts and similar material would form an important part of the collection2 and1 perhaps most important of all1 every financial journal1 trade periodical1 etc41 in ,english1 with a liberal supply of those in other languages4 ,the consular reports1 and other ,government publications1 including those of the ,patent ,office and other technical departments of the ,crown1 should be included4 ,some of these can be obtained as a free grant2 many of them1 strange to say1 can only be obtained by purchase4 #dec4 ,the methodology of such a library resembles that of the ordinary reference library1 with special emphasis on minute filing and indexing4 ,as much of the current information as possible should be on cards or in vertical files in the most concise form2 the business man has no time to read lengthy material1 nor can he afford to wait for it while the commercial librarian slowly produces it--that is1 as a rule2 there are times when a question demands a reference to ,london or to some other place1 which involves delay2 but in the ordinary course1 a quotation1 address1 character of a firm1 route1 code1 or some such information1 is wanted1 and it should be forthcoming on the instant4 ,the card index and vertical file1 and experience in the needs of readers1 should eventually lead to effective service4 ,much of the work is done by telephone1 and a complete telephone equipment is an essential of the library4 ,the whole resources of the general library system of the town are also at the disposal of the user of the commercial library4 ,the library also keeps records of the specialities of the various manufacturers1 traders1 etc41 of the town1 of changes in their scope1 management1 and so forth2 and an index of translators1 typing firms and others required at times by business people4 ,it must revise its material regularly and systematically so that it may always be the latest4 #ded4 ,to secure the best results co-operation with exchanges and chambers of commerce is desirable2 and in many places this seems to have been forthcoming4 ,at ,glasgow1 ,bailie ,a4 ,campbell states that the commercial libraries1 as projected by librarians1 8are to meet the wants of the smaller commercial man1 the tradesman1 the man who pushes his way1 the men who have risen from nothing02 the others1 presumably1 are provided for by the exchange and the chamber of commerce4 ,at ,manchester1 however1 the commercial library is actually in the ,royal ,exchange1 and other cities have made their present progress through the co-operation of the representative organizations of commercial men4 ,unless this is forthcoming there seems not very much chance of success4 ,it may be that the commercial library1 as now initiated by librarians1 will in course of time become the nucleus of a commercial institution or bureau in which the branches of the ,board of ,trade1 the ,chamber of ,commerce1 and the various ,consuls may be housed1 controlled in its operations by an expert paid a very high salary1 who shall be for the district a sort of ,minister of ,commerce capable of guiding the commercial people4 ,but that is in the region of speculation4 #dee4 ,technical ,libraries4--,while the commercial library furnishes information for the buyer and seller of commodities1 the technical library is concerned with information for the manufacturer and operative2 the question is therefore closely related to the question of commercial libraries1 and in some districts is the more important4 ,in large ,american libraries there is usually a separate department of the reference library devoted to technology1 but in this country the supply of such books as this department would afford has been inadequate4 ,lately considerable attention has been devoted to technical libraries1 and we may summarize a few of the results and recommendations4 #def4 ,local ,industries4--,it is clear that municipal libraries have a special interest in providing all literature possible on local industries2 text-books of the various trades1 periodicals1 patent publications1 reports1 catalogues and similar matter should be collected assiduously4 ,this does not mean that every trade represented in the town need be treated in an exhaustive manner1 but the leading industries1 by which numbers of the townsfolk live1 certainly should be4 ,examples of such collections are those on engineering at ,coventry1 furniture at ,shoreditch1 clocks and clock-making at ,finsbury1 coal-mining at ,wigan1 and the leather trades at ,northampton4 ,some of these1 however1 are confined to books1 in many cases perforce for lack of funds and personal service2 but the ideal1 too often unrealized1 is a collection of material of all kinds of which books form only a part4 ,local means and opportunities must determine how far any library can carry such a collection--usually1 at present1 not very far2 but as many works of recognized value on the predominant industries should certainly be stocked4 #deg4 ,technical ,collections ,generally4--,hitherto it has been the province of the municipal library to supply general works in technology1 and the special libraries of individual industries have been provided by the industry4 ,this1 in the view of the ,ministry of ,reconstruction's ,adult ,education ,committee 7,third ,interim ,report1 ,libraries and ,museums1 #aiai1 ,cd4 #ibcg71 should be the prevailing method of the future4 ,it is obvious that few public libraries can supply expensive treatises on technical questions in which their own district is not directly interested2 even with a greatly increased library rate they could not do so in any large measure4 ,the greater cities may perhaps acquire these books1 but they could not supply more than one or two copies4 ,too limited a view should not be taken in great towns1 because co-ordination and co-operation such as are implied in the ,joint-,technical ,catalogues published at ,glasgow bring the whole resources of a wide area to a focus4 ,in ordinary towns the present aim should be to obtain the largest possible number of general and special works in science and applied science1 and to leave the supply of the more expensive1 recondite1 and valuable but rarely used treatises to a central reservoir library1 which may be developed out of the ,central ,lending ,library for ,students1 perhaps with the aid of the special libraries of the various institutions which represent trades and professions4 ,the main aim of the ,library ,association is to have a central reservoir library established in ,london from which all libraries may draw important little-used books2 and the ,ministry of ,reconstruction's ,committee adopt this idea as the basis of their scheme for the co-ordination and re-organization of libraries4 ,in building up technical collections a library benefits greatly by expert assistance2 but the advice of several1 and not one only1 is very desirable1 since experts rarely agree on minute questions of books1 and each of any two experts cancels the idiosyncrasies of the other4 ,but experts can usually be found from neighbouring universities1 or big industrial concerns1 who will give the library the benefit of their knowledge1 especially in assessing the value of older books4 ,no section of the library needs revision so frequently as the technical1 unless it be the commercial4 ,this is more especially likely to be the case in these next few years after the ,war1 when all industrial advances made from #aiad onwards will probably be recorded1 to the superseding of many previous books4 ,,bibliography #deh4 ,commercial ,libraries3 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c1 and ,bull1 ,s4 ,b4 ,business ,branch4 ,in ,modern ,american ,library ,economy1 #aiaj4 ,glasgow ,corporation ,libraries4 ,adams1 ,robert4 ,a ,commercial ,library for ,glasgow1 #aiac4 ---- ,pitt1 ,s4 ,a4 ,the ,purpose1 ,equipment and ,methods of the ,commercial ,library1 #aiaf4 ,library ,association4 ,interim ,report on the ,provision of ,technical and ,commercial ,libraries4 ,in ,public ,libraries3 ,their ,development and ,future ,organization1 #aiag1 p4 #aad and separately4 ,ministry of ,reconstruction4 ,third ,interim ,report of the ,adult ,education ,committee3 ,libraries and ,museums ,cd4 #ibcg1 #aiai1 p4 #aj4 ,pitt1 ,s4 ,a41 and ,others4 ,commercial ,libraries4 ,in ,library ,association4 ,public ,libraries 7vide supra71 p4 #dg4 ,power1 ,r4 ,l4 ,boston's ,special ,libraries1 #aiag4 ,special ,libraries1 vol4 i41 #aiaa1 and to date4 #dei4 ,technical ,libraries3 ,see all literature in ,section #deh4 ,hulme1 ,e4 ,w41 and ,others4 ,technical ,libraries4 ,in ,library ,association4 ,public ,libraries 7vide supra71 p4 #fe4 ,the ,library ,association ,record has been occupied largely with these subjects from #aiaf1 and reference should be made to its indexes4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,c #dei-fa1 ,commercial1 ,industrial and ,scientific ,libraries2 ,c #add1 ,commercial ,libraries in ,u4,s42 ,f #ac1 ,library in ,relation to ,industrial ,education2 ,g #ec1 ,industrial ,collections2 ,g #gf1 #gh1 ,industrial and ,trade ,literature4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,reading-,,room ,,methods #dfj4 ,newsrooms4--,the chief difference which exists in the composition of ,british and ,american libraries is the frequent absence from the latter of general reading rooms in which the principal newspapers are displayed for public use4 ,the newsroom has never been generally recognized in the ,united ,states as a necessary department of a public library1 and1 save in a few exceptional cases1 these rooms are not to be found in the average ,american public library4 ,the nearest approach to the ,british newsroom in ,america is the large magazine reading room1 in which all kinds of weekly and monthly periodicals are displayed4 ,this is substantially the same as a newsroom1 but without the current numbers of daily newspapers4 ,there are reasons why the ,americans do not encourage newsrooms1 and one is the enormous number of newspapers which exist in every large town4 ,the display of a representative selection of newspapers and the cost of maintaining the department would occupy a large space1 and the funds would be spent to a considerable extent in providing one of the least healthy forms of literature4 ,but perhaps the real reason for the ,american indifference to the newsroom is the sensational and vulgar tone of a considerable portion of the newspaper press4 ,some ,american newspapers are free from such undesirable and objectionable features as sensational and untrue comments on current events1 vulgar personalities1 exaggeration and misrepresentation1 objectionable and dangerous advertisements1 and a very low level of literary merit1 but many are not4 ,the best fugitive work of ,american writers of any importance is to be found in the magazines and literary weeklies1 which offer a marked contrast in every respect1 save perhaps as regards advertisements1 to the somewhat debased character of many ,american daily newspapers4 ,these are all reasons why newsrooms on the ,british plan are not quite desirable in ,american libraries1 and they apply to a large extent to the altered conditions of recent ,british journalism4 ,time was when the average ,british newspaper represented a high standard of accuracy1 fairness and literary ability1 but since the importation of many doubtful ,american methods1 the character of the press has to a large measure degenerated4 ,moreover1 few ,british newspapers are independent of political or corporation control1 although exceptions exist1 and impartial reports of and comments upon news are rare4 #dfa4 ,the stock arguments in favour of newspapers are reasonable1 and have a strong element of truth in them4 ,they attract a class of reader who would not otherwise come to the library at all1 and satisfy the literary aspirations of some ratepayers who might receive otherwise no direct return for their rates4 ,the presence of literary1 technical and commercial periodicals in the newsroom is also said to attract a large number of interested readers1 and no doubt it does2 but this result might be achieved independently of the newspaper element4 ,newspaper readers are often a class apart2 they rarely read anything else4 ,real newspaper readers are comparatively few1 and besides those who come for the weekly periodicals1 the newsroom attracts loafers1 sporting men and all kinds of hopeless individuals1 to whom the comparative comfort of the newsroom is an attraction4 ,mr ,george ,gissing1 in one of his sketches1 has drawn an exaggerated picture of such a newsroom haunter1 who suffers from a kind of neurosis which drags him irresistibly to a public newsroom1 there to indulge his morbid olfactory sense4 ,the main argument in favour of newsrooms is that they present representative journals of every shade of opinion1 and give the opportunity which is badly needed of comparative reading4 ,but it is a department which some librarians think costs rather more than is justified by its actual value4 ,when the annual charges for periodicals1 fittings1 lighting1 heating1 oversight and proportion of loan are all added together1 it will be found that a newsroom costs a very considerable amount1 which could be applied to more permanent advantage in a reference or lending library4 ,the smaller the library the greater is the proportionate cost1 and committees may seriously consider the question of limitation in public newsrooms1 at any rate so far as daily newspapers are concerned4 ,it is clearly a department where continual supervision is necessary1 where it is most difficult to enforce discipline1 and one that gives rise to continual public criticism4 #dfb4 ,a few years ago the practice of blacking out the betting news was adopted in some newsrooms1 as an experimental device to discourage the sporting element1 which in some towns used to obstruct the greater part of the newsrooms4 ,this is mentioned1 not as an example to be followed1 but as showing the shifts some library authorities have been driven to in order to prevent abuses4 ,this practice of obliteration is now rare4 ,another suggestion for coping with the betting fraternity is to cease buying or displaying the evening papers1 or to procure them so late as to make them useless for the purposes of the sporting element1 while not in any way penalizing the reader who comes after #g p4m4 ,as a further suggestion for limiting the cost and obstructions of most newsrooms in large towns1 it has been proposed 7#a7 that only the morning daily papers be bought1 for the benefit of the unemployed2 7#b7 that the 8,situations ,vacant0 columns only be displayed from #g or #h till #aa a4m42 7#c7 that the whole of them be removed at #aa o'clock1 and their places occupied by maps1 charts1 pictures of current topics1 or other similar broadside matter likely to interest and instruct4 #dfc4 ,in this way a newsroom might be greatly improved1 and the character of its work changed1 without interfering with the use of the illustrated periodicals1 technical journals and trade papers displayed on the tables4 ,by utilizing the wall space only for newspapers1 good oversight is obtained and a certain amount of limitation is forced upon the authority by mechanical means4 ,in arranging newspapers on the stands1 care should be taken to separate the popular journals by a few less popular ones1 so as to avoid continuous crowding at one or two points4 ,the people who read newspapers should be distributed round the walls as thinly as possible1 and this can only be effected by spreading the papers all round the available area4 #dfd4 ,in selecting newspapers for a newsroom great care should be taken to represent all political parties1 and at the same time to avoid as far as may be the sensational element4 ,all local papers should be taken1 if not for display at least for permanent preservation4 ,the leading ,london and provincial dailies should be taken1 and a representative daily from ,scotland and ,ireland1 and the leading foreign newspapers in ,french and ,german at least4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--;,double ,newspaper ,stand1 ,chelsea 7,section #dff74 #dfe4 ,newspapers are best displayed upon wall stands where possible1 as more oversight can be obtained1 and the economy over standard slopes1 with papers on both sides1 is undeniable4 ,a newsroom fitted with newspaper stands at right angles to the walls1 and covering most of the floor space1 presents a somewhat crowded and obstructed appearance1 and it is impossible for the staff to thoroughly overlook it easily4 ,apart from this a newsroom gains much in appearance1 spaciousness and airiness when the newspapers are relegated to the walls1 well out of the way4 ,the weekly journals can be kept very conveniently on tables1 as shown in ,sections #afb-fe1 and it is sometimes found advantageous to secure them by means of cords or chains as described in ,section #afc4 #dff4 ,newspaper ,stands4--,the present conditions of printing and production seem to make the broadside style of newspaper a necessity in all countries1 and till some radical change in machinery is introduced which will permit newspapers in pamphlet or small quarto form to be produced rapidly1 large stands for the display of newspapers will have to be provided4 ,standard newspaper slopes either at right angles to walls or distributed over the floor of a newsroom are not recommended1 for the reasons already given and because their cost is much greater4 ,they are necessary1 however1 in some cases1 owing to considerations of light and convenience1 and the form and dimensions indicated will be found useful 7,figs4 #afe and #aff74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--;,double ,newspaper ,stand 7,section #dff74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--,wall ,newspaper ,stand 7,section #dfg74 #dfg4 ,apart from the fact that an exclusive use of wall slopes leaves the centre of the room free1 it permits the titles and whereabouts of newspapers to be more easily noticed4 ,wall slopes should be made to the same dimensions as standards1 save1 of course1 that only one face is necessary4 ,the lower part of the slope should project eighteen inches to fifteen inches from the wall1 to give a convenient angle for reading4 ,too great a slope is not desirable1 as it tends to throw the top of the paper out of the reach and eye range of short people4 ,this difficulty has been met most satisfactorily by the system designed1 we believe1 by ,mr ,e4 ,a4 ,savage for use at ,wallasey4 ,here the slopes work on a central pivot and move backwards and forwards to enable the top or bottom of the paper to be read with ease1 and are so balanced that they fall easily and readily into their correct position when released4 ,these slopes1 it may be added1 are much lower than those usually adopted1 and a reader may be seated at them and may compass the whole paper thus4 ,a small beading or projection at the foot of the slope is frequently of use in preventing papers from drooping4 #dfh4 ,newspaper ,fittings4--,,titles for newspapers should be fixed on the stands over the centre of the spaces occupied by the papers4 ,a title-board about six inches high should be provided for the purpose4 ,it can be made to slide along a projection on the top of the stands if grooved on its under side4 ,on this the name-tablets of the newspapers should appear in bold letters1 not less than two inches high4 ,these tablets may be printed on paper or card1 or may appear on enamelled1 metal or plate-glass tablets4 ,there is a very large variety of such name-tablets on the market1 and choice will not be difficult4 ,it is a useful practice to attach to the fronts of the stands at intervals small bone1 metal or card tablets intimating that papers must be surrendered to other readers after a certain period of warning has elapsed4 ,a useful form of such intimation is as follows3 ---------------------------------------- - ,readers are requested to relinquish newspapers within ,,ten ,,minutes of being asked to do so by other readers4 ---------------------------------------- - ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--,simplex ,newspaper ,holder 7,section #dfi74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--,revolving ,newspaper ,holder with ,clips 7,section #dfi74 #dfi4 ,,holders4--,there is a very large variety of rods1 clips1 and other means for holding newspapers on their stands1 and the following illustrations will describe them better than words4 ,a good form is used in the public libraries of ,hammersmith1 ,wolverhampton1 ,leicester1 ,finsbury1 ,liverpool1 etc41 and consists of a pair of screw clips which can be readily adjusted to any height of paper4 ,these ,simplex clips are illustrated on the revolving rod4 ,fig4 #afh is called the 8,simplex0 newspaper rod1 and is fastened to the bottom by means of a screw turned by a key4 ,it is used in the public libraries of ,wolverhampton1 ,croydon1 ,hull1 ,west ,ham1 ,glasgow1 etc4 ,fig4 #afi is a revolving holder which can be adjusted to different sizes of illustrated periodicals1 by means of the sliding screw clips4 ,it is intended for periodicals like the ,graphic1 ,sketch1 ,architect1 etc41 which frequently have large folding plates running across two pages1 and which cannot be conveniently examined when the journal is secured to a stand4 ,a special form of separate wooden stand or easel is also made for such illustrated journals1 which will be found useful when room is scarce on the other slopes4 #dgj4 ,other fittings for newspaper slopes which are sometimes used are metal leaning bars or fences to keep readers from leaning on the papers and tearing them4 ,these must be very strongly fastened at the foot of the slope in such a position as to project about four to six inches from the front4 ,they should be held in strong brackets1 as they have to support a very considerable weight4 ,the sticks and rods for holding single or several newspapers1 such as are used for clubs and restaurants1 are not particularly suitable for public library use1 unless under very exceptional circumstances4 ,one of the commonest abuses of the newsroom is the tearing or cutting out of parts of newspapers 7ladies frequently remove them with the scratching of the point of a hat-pin671 especially of advertisements4 ,it is well to have a notice prominently displayed to the effect that this is a penal offence1 and that persons desiring to copy advertisements may borrow pencil and paper for the purpose on application4 #dga4 ,magazine ,rooms and ,periodicals4--,the newsroom may be made the store for all the trade1 technical and other weeklies which in any way convey news in their own particular fields2 while the magazine room1 if provided separately1 may be reserved for the monthly and quarterly magazines1 reviews and other miscellanies1 which are not so much vehicles for the spread of current news4 ,this is a rough division1 but it seems a reasonable one for libraries where some distinction must be made between newsrooms and magazine rooms4 ,in the selection of periodicals and magazines the same care should be taken as with newspapers to choose only the best and most representative4 ,committees should make it an invariable rule never to take any sectarian paper1 save as a donation1 or in response to a widespread public demand4 ,church and chapel papers are often forced upon libraries by their respective partisans out of sheer rivalry1 and when this sort of thing once begins the library is sure to suffer by having to pay dearly for the gratification of mere sectarian feeling4 ,it is waste of money to subscribe for the papers of this1 that1 and the other sect1 on the sentimental grounds of fair play all round1 and of meeting the views of large bodies of ratepayers in the same spirit as the wishes of trades or professions are met by providing technical and other journals4 ,but there is this difference4 ,a technical journal appeals to all sects1 while a sectarian journal does not1 and1 as a matter of fact1 is seldom read by its adherents once the honour of the faith is vindicated by having it placed in the public library4 ,some libraries adopt the rule of refusing all donations of periodicals in order to prevent the difficulties that arise4 #dgb4 ,the arrangement of periodicals and magazines in their respective rooms calls for some notice4 ,there are several ways in actual use which all prove satisfactory1 and which are1 nevertheless1 very different in application4 ,the most common plan of displaying periodicals is to spread them loose all over the tables in strong covers lettered with the titles1 and to try to maintain a rough alphabetical order4 ,another method is to place the periodicals in their covers in racks as described in ,sections #afb-fe4 ,the readers are expected to take what periodical they want from these racks1 read it at the tables1 and return it to its place in the rack4 ,as a rule they either do not return them accurately or they leave them lying on the tables4 ,but in any case this method is preferable to the plan of spreading them over the tables1 as it acts in a measure as an indicator to the periodicals in use4 ,a third method is to keep the whole of the periodicals off the tables or racks1 and to issue them from a counter or rack which is superintended by an assistant4 ,this can be done in a number of ways1 but preferably by means of an indicator such as is described in ,section #cic4 ,the last plan is one which has the advantage of providing each periodical with a fixed place where it can always be found1 though it entails the provision of a separate chair and table space for every magazine1 and so requires a much greater amount of space than any of the other methods4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--;,adjustable ,periodicals ,list 7,section #dgd74 #dgc4 ,with tables provided with racks in the manners shown in ,section #afe the periodicals can be arranged alphabetically1 or classified by kind1 and secured to the rack or table by means of stout cords or chains covered with leather to prevent noise4 ,if double-sided tables are available1 with divisions as described above1 they should be provided4 ,double-sided tables1 especially if narrow1 are not comfortable to sit at1 either on account of the knees1 breath or manners of your vis--vis1 but when divided by means of a central partition1 much of this objection is removed4 ,except for the difficulty of providing space for every separate periodical1 it has been found1 after trial of most of the other methods1 that the fixed plan1 plus some convenient means of inserting a new periodical at any point1 is on the whole the most satisfactory all round4 ,it is a decided advantage for a reader to be able to go straight to the place where the magazine he wants is fixed1 and to find it always there when directed to it from any form of indicator or periodicals list4 ,if the less popular or valuable periodicals were placed in a rack similar to that shown in ,section #afe1 ,fig4 #di1 the space required for displaying the better periodicals and magazines would be considerably restricted in area1 while there would be a gain in space as well4 ,the plan of keeping all the periodicals together which deal with the same trade or subject is very advantageous1 and has the effect of removing the readers of lighter magazines1 who are sometimes of a restless type1 from the more studious reader who wants quiet4 #dgd4 ,in any plan of displaying periodicals on tables or racks a key to the order should be provided in the shape of an adjustable periodical list1 which gives a complete list of every periodical or magazine contained in a room4 ,it is an appliance in which the name of every periodical taken by the library is clearly displayed on a printed movable slip in a glazed ,english oak frame4 ,this frame has a movable back to which are attached xylonite strips which retain the printed titles of the magazines in place1 enabling them to be arranged in any order and to be added to or taken from at pleasure4 ,thus the name of a withdrawn or defunct periodical can be easily removed and that of a new one added4 #dge4 ,the checking of periodicals and newspapers as received1 and every morning as they lie on the tables1 should be done by means of special records or checks4 ,an effective form of check card for magazines or periodicals as received from the newsagent is shown in ,figs4 #aga-c4 ,this shows overdues at once1 and enables a complete check to be kept on the delivery of periodicals4 ,one kind of ruling suffices for every kind of periodical1 daily1 weekly1 monthly or quarterly1 and the cards are ruled as in the figures below with heading and fifty-two lines to the page4 ,if necessary both sides can be ruled1 and so one card can be made to last for a long time4 ,in the cards for monthly periodicals the names of the months should be written in advance1 the dates of receipt being added against each month as the magazine is received4 ,in the case of weeklies and dailies the numbers are to be entered number by number as received4 ,an overdue can be noticed at once by anyone going over the cards1 by simply noting that a weekly due on ,friday1 the day previous to the actual date of publication1 has not been entered4 ,these cards should be examined for overdues daily in the case of dailies1 and every ,friday evening or ,saturday morning in the case of weeklies and monthlies4 ,if each kind is stored in a suitable box or portfolio the checking and marking-off can be done with great rapidity4 ,these cards can also be used for annuals1 society publications1 etc4 ,in the latter case the year can be written at the top of the column1 and the publications received for the subscription can be written in the column lengthways4 ,if nothing has been received by the middle of any year1 the society can be notified4 ,but the irregularity of society and other subscription publications is a feature which requires a good deal of watching1 and a card check of some kind is essential4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,cornhill ,magazine4 ,annual ,cost1 #is4 ,vendor1 ,jones ,co4 ,due about #bhth4 ,location1 ,rack #cj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #aija4 #aijb4 #aijc4 #aijd4 #aije4 #aijf4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,no4 ,rec4 ,jan4 ,dc4 #bh ,feb4 ,jn4 #bi ,mar4 ,mar4 #a ,apl4 ,may ,the ruling continues for #eb lines4 ,,fig4 #aga4--,periodicals ,check ,card1 ,blue 7#i #f71 showing ,arrangement for ,monthlies 7,section #dge74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aija4 #aijb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,jun4 #a;,jun4 #b #h #i #ae #af #bb #bc #bi #cj ,,fig4 #agb4--,white ,card1 showing ,arrangement for ,weeklies 7,section #dge74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aija4 #aijb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,jun4 #a #c #d #e #f #g #h #aj #aa ,,fig4 #agc4--;,buff ,card1 showing ,arrangement for ,dailies 7,section #dge74 #dgf4 ,the morning check of periodicals as they lie on the tables should be done by an assistant armed with a list1 written or printed on a card1 by means of which he or she can follow the order of all the periodicals as they are arranged on stands1 tables or racks4 ,anything missing should be noted on a separate slip of paper1 and entered in the work-book4 ,the initials of the checker should also be written in the work-book in the space provided4 7,see ,section #hi47 ,the librarian should receive the check slip if anything is missing4 ,in similar fashion the assistant who examines the periodical check cards for overdues should notify the librarian of any numbers not promptly received4 ,the filing of magazines and newspapers may be done in a variety of ways4 ,newspapers should be kept in order on special racks1 in piles1 with a suitable board underneath to act as a runner and support1 and a sheet of cardboard or glazed casing paper above to prevent the settling of dust4 ,periodicals and magazines may either be kept in special cloth-covered boxes made to take a whole or half-year's numbers1 as the case may be1 or kept on boards in the same manner as newspapers4 ,in both cases alphabetical order of titles will be found a suitable arrangement4 ,the plan of placing the numbers of a periodical as done at the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 seems a simple and effective manner of dealing with a large number of files4 ,this is illustrated in ,fig4 #agd4 #dgg4 ,it is not advisable to reserve anything1 either for binding1 or preservation for a time1 and it is wise to make up a list of periodicals and newspapers which it is intended to keep1 file them1 and give all the remainder away to poorhouses1 asylums or similar institutions4 ,sometimes they can be sold at half-price as withdrawn from the tables1 but in most cases all matter of this kind has to be sold as waste-paper4 #dgh4 ,the only satisfactory method of counting the attendances in general reading rooms is by means of a recording turnstile4 ,all other methods of occasional counts and the striking of averages are unreliable4 ,the demand for statistics is sometimes so strong1 unfortunately1 that librarians are driven to satisfy their committees as to the use made of reading rooms1 and in the absence of a turnstile the best thing to do is to take whole-day counts as follows3 on a ,monday in ,january2 ,tuesday in ,february2 ,wednesday in ,march1 etc42 divide the total by twelve1 and multiply the average thus obtained by the number of days open4 ,every individual who enters or re-enters must be counted4 ,this gives a mere approximation to the actual attendance1 but is a better and more reasonable plan than counting the readers present in the rooms every hour or half-hour1 adding the totals together1 and reckoning the result as the day's attendance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agd4--,periodicals ,file 7,section #dgf74 ,as an aid in keeping order in public newsrooms it is a good plan to frame a few copies of the #ahih 8,act to provide for the ,punishment of ,offences in ,libraries10 and to hang them in conspicuous places1 along with the admonitory notices regarding 8,silence10 etc4 ,the official appearance of a framed ,act of ,parliament has a daunting effect upon a certain type of mind1 and has been found to act as a check upon sporting and loafing individuals4 #dgi4 ,women's ,rooms4--,about eighty public libraries in ,britain have provided separate rooms for the use of women1 but it is doubtful if such accommodation is really necessary1 and they have not been uniformly successful4 ,to a certain extent the matter depends upon the locality4 ,if there is plenty of room in the building there is no harm in making this extra provision1 if the room can be properly overlooked1 but in cases where space is limited1 it is a mistake to cramp the rest of the building for the sake of a somewhat sentimental idea4 ,a few extra women of a fidgety or timid sort may be attracted to the library because of this exclusive accommodation1 but the great majority of women prefer to use the ordinary departments of a public library on the same footing and conditions as men1 and resent distinctions1 such as the room implies4 ,if women can use the crowded spaces in front of restricted lending libraries1 and can mix with men in open lending libraries1 they can surely use the other public rooms without harm or inconvenience4 #dhj4 ,public ,lavatory ,accommodation4--,this is perhaps a convenient place to mention lavatory accommodation for the public4 ,it should not be provided by public library authorities at all1 unless to a limited extent for the use of reference library readers1 or for social meetings in connexion with lecture rooms4 ,it is the duty of the sanitary or public health authorities to provide this kind of public accommodation1 and not library boards with painfully limited funds4 ,somewhere adjacent to the library building provision of this kind can be made by the local authority1 and it will be found a convenience to the public and a relief to the library funds4 #dha4 ,,bibliography ,no monograph4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,e #fi et seq41 ,newsrooms2 ,d #ch-i1 ,racks and ,stands2 ,e #gj-d1 ,fittings and ,notices2 ,e #gh1 ,ladies' ,rooms4 ,,division ,,xiii ,,library ,,work ,,with ,,children ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,the ,,children',s ,,department #dhb4 ,general ,considerations4--,the declaration of the ,library ,association that library work with children is the foundation of all other library work represents1 so far as ,great ,britain is concerned1 an ideal rather than an accomplished fact4 ,the will to make provision for the child has not been lacking1 but the means at the disposal of library committees have hitherto been insufficient for other activities1 and the child has necessarily been dealt with in a parsimonious manner4 ,undoubtedly1 in circumstances hitherto prevailing1 the axiom that to pursue work for children at the expense of the efficiency of the library as a whole is to defeat its very purpose1 is true4 ,but from comparatively early times the book needs of the children have been recognized4 ,so long ago as #ahhb ,nottingham possessed a reading room for children1 and1 with intervals1 such departments have been multiplied1 and there is now hardly a town of any size which does not make some provision for young readers4 ,the object of the children's department is to provide the intellectual workshop for the use of the child4 ,he is taught to use intellectual tools in the school1 but the library provides him with the material upon which they may be exercised4 ,usually the department serves children from the age of six to the age of fourteen4 ,in a completely organized department there are library1 reading department1 and study corners2 and such activities as story hours1 lectures1 reading circles1 and the keeping of festivals are maintained4 #dhc4 ,what has been ,done4--,separate1 distinctive children's departments are a quite modern institution4 ,hitherto1 in the majority of libraries1 an alcove1 or a number of shelves1 have been set aside for children's books in the adult lending department1 and no provision has definitely1 been made for newspapers1 magazines and other reading material for the young4 ,many difficulties have arisen from this arrangement4 ,the age of admission to libraries is usually fourteen1 and children under this age1 except in special circumstances1 have been limited to books in the shelves allocated to children4 ,but children of eleven or twelve frequently require books which cannot by any ordinary reasoning be regarded as juvenile works2 and on every such occasion special concessions have been made1 the requiring and the granting of which are irritating both to the child and the librarian1 however liberal-minded the latter may be1 and therefore subversive of the best results4 ,more recently the age of fourteen has been regarded as too high1 and in some towns twelve1 or even ten1 years has been regarded as a suitable age at which children may be given the freedom of the whole lending department4 ,this seems better1 and where such low age limits have been set the results have been good4 ,it is obvious1 however1 that the limited provision we have described in this section is not calculated to prove the 8foundation of all library work40 #dhd4 ,children's ,libraries4--,from these considerations has developed the modern children's department as an entirely separate part of the library1 equivalent in rank and importance to the adult lending or reference departments4 ,in ,england the most elaborate system of such libraries is that at ,cardiff1 but many other towns1 including ,glasgow1 ,liverpool1 ,manchester1 ,leeds1 ,islington1 ,chelsea1 ,hampstead1 ,coventry1 ,st ,helens1 and ,nottingham1 have such separate departments1 and every modern librarian in planning a library system provides for them4 ,the limits of this ,manual do not permit of an exhaustive study of the many varieties of children's libraries and their manifold activities1 but an outline of the methods most commonly in vogue here and in ,america 7where the work is far more highly developed than here7 are an integral part of our work4 ,the children's department1 then1 should be an apartment as effective in architectural character as any other department3 well-lighted1 spacious1 lofty1 and decorated tastefully4 ,these factors are overlooked at times1 sometimes1 unfortunately1 of necessity2 but we insist upon them1 because the atmosphere induced by a handsome and suitable library is necessary if we are1 first1 to avoid ruffling the sensitiveness of children who are as jealous of their rights in the public libraries as are adults2 and1 second1 to create that feeling of reverence and respect for books which is a factor in obtaining discipline in the apartment4 ,an ill-lighted1 crudely-decorated basement is sometimes devoted to the purpose1 and this may have its uses1 but it is certain to fall short lamentably of the full possibilities of a children's library4 ,the apartment being provided1 several problems have to be settled4 ,the systems in existence differ in different places4 ,in some towns the children's department is a reading room and reference library merely1 and books are not lent for home reading4 ,it is thought1 in such cases1 that the children can best be provided with books for home reading through a system of school libraries1 such as we describe in the next chapter4 ,this1 however1 seems to ignore the fact that such school libraries are usually restricted to public and council schools1 that there are other kinds of schools in every town1 and large numbers of children1 therefore1 who have not access to school libraries2 and their claims to library facilities are as strong as those of public and council school children4 ,such is the system in vogue1 we believe1 at ,cardiff4 ,in other towns the department embraces lending library1 reading room1 and reference library1 and good examples of these are to be seen at ,islington4 ,here the room is divided into two parts1 the smaller part being an open access lending library1 and the greater part a reading room1 with special tables set apart for quiet study1 and containing a carefully-chosen collection of reference books4 ,these methods have both great advantages1 and are worthy of rather more detailed consideration4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #age4--;,children's ,hall1 ,cathays ,branch ,library1 ,cardiff 7,section #dhe74 #dhe4 ,the ,reference-,reading ,method4--,we have used this name for want of a better to indicate the system which limits the use of the contents of the room to the room itself---a system1 we may add1 which has been approved by the ,conference of ,librarians held at ,manchester in #aiah1 as the better of the two described4 ,the library is usually a large room with wall-cases for books upon two or three sides of the room1 but with one wall left blank and whitened for use as a lantern screen1 and intervals of the walls covered with baize screens upon which pictures1 bulletins1 lists1 etc41 can be displayed4 ,part of the room is reserved for children who desire to do home lessons1 or make special study1 or who wish 7as is more frequently the case than is generally supposed7 to become authors4 ,for these1 small desks1 separate if possible1 are provided1 and the use of ink is permitted4 ,another set of tables is allocated to such newspapers and periodicals as are suitable for children4 ,the selection of the latter is a matter requiring special care4 ,good daily newspapers may be provided--,the ,daily ,graphic1 for instance1 is interesting to most children--but there is a real need for a definitely children's newspaper1 one that presents in a manner attractive to the child mind a selection of the matter occurring in the ordinary newspaper2 the recognized children's periodicals in ,english and ,french1 and in other languages where circumstances warrant it2 such 8instructive0 periodicals as those teaching shorthand1 languages1 how to make things1 and simple 8trade0 periodicals2 as well as a selection of such weekly journals as ,the ,illustrated ,london ,news and ,the ,graphic4 ,children are more virile mentally than is sometimes supposed1 and many ostensibly adult periodicals are quite suitable for them4 ,the remainder of the room may be devoted to tables or desks for the reading of the books from the cases4 #dhf4 ,lending ,library4--,all the features enumerated in the foregoing section should be found in the department which has also a lending library1 except that the number of books to be provided for reading in the room will probably be smaller1 and fewer book-cases will in that case be necessary4 ,the lending section will be conducted on principles similar to those governing the adult lending library1 with such adaptations as experience suggests to be desirable4 ,simplicity is the keynote of the work1 and the regulations governing the issue of readers' tickets and the lending of books should be made as easy and unambiguous as possible4 ,a few of these may be mentioned3 #a4 ,children should be permitted to borrow books upon the recommendation of the head teacher of the school they attend4 ,in some libraries a more definite guarantee is required to prevent possible loss and to recover the cost of loss or damages1 as it is obvious that the teacher cannot be expected to accept financial responsibility in this connexion and would undoubtedly refuse to do so2 and these require the children to be guaranteed by burgesses in the same manner as adult readers4 ,it will be found1 however1 that children have frequently some difficulty in finding a guarantor2 even parents at times refuse to bind themselves in this way2 and1 with careful supervision1 the teacher's recommendation will be found to be effective4 ,a good form of application is as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,school ,,readers ,,under #ab ,,years 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,no4 44444444444 ,,newtown ,,public ,,libraries4 ,to be signed by the ,applicant4 ,i1 the undersigned1 being a scholar1 under twelve years of age1 at 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,school1 apply for a ,ticket enabling me to borrow books from a ,lending ,library1 in accordance with the ,rules1 which ,i promise to obey4 ,name in full444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 ,address44444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444 ,age44444444444444444444 ,date444444444444444444444444444444 ,to be signed by the ,head ,teacher of the ,school the ,applicant attends4#a ,i1 the undersigned1 am of opinion that the above ,applicant may be trusted to use the ,libraries carefully1 and to his_/her advantage4 ,signed444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444 ,head ,teacher of44444444444444444444444444444444444444 444,school4 ,date444444444444444444444444444 #a ,the signing of this ,voucher does not involve the ,head ,teacher in any financial responsibility4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #agf4--,voucher for ,children 7,section #dhf74 ,the back is the ordinary guarantee1 as ,fig4 #ace4 #b4 ,children should be permitted to borrow books on the application of the head of their household4 ,in this case the householder may be expected to assume the responsibilities of any ordinary guarantor4 #c4 ,in ordinary circumstances a child should be permitted to borrow one book only at a time1 and should not be permitted to change it for another more frequently than once a week4 ,we desire to avoid controversial matter in this ,manual1 and this provision1 we expect1 is open to criticism2 indeed1 when it was suggested elsewhere an ,american librarian remarked that it 8seemed unnecessary40 ,british librarians1 however1 have actually been requested by teachers to make these restrictions on the arguments that few children do any comparative reading1 and that still fewer can read more than one book in a week and at the same time do their home lessons and spend as much time in outdoor recreation as is needful for their health4 ,another less satisfactory reason is that some librarians have found the child population1 when not so restricted1 crowding the lending library to such an extent that their staffs have been unable to maintain the discipline without which effective work is impossible1 or to meet the demands of the children4 ,such librarians have divided their register of children alphabetically1 and children whose names begin with certain letters are admitted to the lending library only on certain days4 #d4 ,the rules should embody simple provisions governing the duration of loan 7usually fourteen days are allowed1 but circumstances may warrant an extension of this time71 cleanliness1 care of books1 and the disposal of books in cases where the child or any member of the household is in contact with infection4 ,a difficult matter is what1 if any1 penalties should be inflicted upon children in the case of undue detention of books or for other offences4 ,fines are sometimes imposed1 as in the adult library1 but often they cannot be recovered without great trouble1 and they should usually be remitted when any reasonable excuse can be offered4 ,many children cannot obtain the necessary pence1 except from their parents1 and to press for fines frequently means that the child will be forbidden the use of the library by the parents4 ,in this matter the librarian should have the fullest discretion4 ,persistent offenders are effectively dealt with by the suspending of their tickets for a time2 but we do not wish to insist upon this method1 as the librarian naturally desires to have books used rather than to prevent their use4 ,lost books must be replaced by parents as a matter of course whenever it is possible to get at them2 and the teacher will often lend his powerful assistance in securing the return or replacing of missing volumes1 and1 indeed1 in seeing that the library rules generally are observed by his pupils4 ,co-operation and sympathy between librarian and teacher are first essentials of successful work4 #dhg4 ,furniture and ,fittings4--,the furnishing of the children's room is governed by the considerations explained in ,division ,v41 but again with adaptations dictated by the fact that the furniture is for children and not for adults4 ,desks1 tables1 chairs1 reading slopes1 etc41 should be of such heights that they can be used with comfort4 ,in regard to tables and chairs1 #be inches is a suitable height for the former and #ad inches for the latter4 ,book-cases should be approximately #f feet in height as against #g feet for adults4 ,such rigid furnishing as that which provides long narrow desks resembling school forms for the children1 so arranged that the children all face one way1 is to be deprecated4 ,tables which provide the maximum of space1 comfort and seclusion are as desirable for this room as for any other4 ,each periodical and reader requires three feet of lateral space1 and there should be three feet between each table1 or four where the space is a gangway4 ,screens of some soft wood1 covered with baize1 should be placed on the walls1 at intervals2 and a blackboard and an optical lantern are valuable parts of the equipment4 ,any space that may remain on the walls may be devoted to pictures1 which need not be many1 but should be large1 deal with definite subjects1 and be good of their kind4 ,these are the more obvious differences between the children's and the adult departments1 except that in some libraries lavatory accommodation is provided in order that children may wash their hands before entering the library proper4 ,such accommodation has distinct advantages1 as many children come into the department straight from playing in the street1 and it is rather hard to refuse them admission because their hands are not in a suitable state for the using of books4 ,on the other hand1 strict supervision of such accommodation is necessary1 and this is difficult to provide on account of the increased cost involved4 #dhh4 ,book ,selection4--,a few principles governing the selection of books for children may be given here1 drawn from an immense mass of written material upon the subject4 ,in a general way it may be asserted that the child is the best judge of its own literature1 and the classics for children survive as such simply because they receive the continued suffrages of children4 ,excellent bibliographies and lists exist1 especially ,american ones1 and many libraries have issued catalogues of their children's libraries4 ,a comparison of these is a necessary preliminary to stocking the department4 ,catholicity and a not too rigid insistence upon high literary merit are proper attitudes1 because there is no exact definition of a children's book1 and any book likely to be used by children should be regarded as suitable2 and the variations in taste and capability of children are so great that if there is too pronounced insistence upon high literary quality many children will neglect the books provided4 ,it is better to commence with a lower average of merit and attract children1 and then1 by placing better books in their way1 to improve their tastes without too much obtruding of the fact upon them4 ,by this it is not meant that worthless books are to be included1 but there are undoubtedly books having no claim to high rank which are wholesome and harmless4 ,a preponderating part of the lending stock will be of fiction--perhaps twenty per cent4 of it--and here the librarian has the accumulated experience of other librarians to assist his selection1 and1 with regard to contemporary writings1 they are not so numerous that the characteristics of any given author cannot easily be tested4 ,books of classic rank should be available in such numbers that there are always enough copies to meet the current demand and at the same time to leave a copy on the shelves4 ,a librarian should never be compelled to reply to a child that ,ivanhoe1 ,the ,last of the ,mohicans1 ,alice in ,wonderland1 ,robinson ,crusoe1 or ,the ,jungle ,book1 for example1 is 8out40 ,it is questionable whether abridged or adapted versions or extracts from classics should be stocked2 they often give children an entirely false impression of the work they represent1 and as a general rule works that may be 8extracted0 for children should be provided in their original form4 ,a 8,bowdlerized0 ,shakespeare is an objectionable work2 the more virile or doubtful parts of the complete plays rarely touch children or are understood by them4 ,in other classes of literature great discretion must be exercised4 ,a balanced selection covering the whole field of knowledge should be the aim1 and although there are still many blank spaces in this field1 there are fortunately thousands of works on the arts1 sciences1 history1 biography1 and1 indeed1 upon most subjects1 eminently adapted to children4 ,mere simplicity is not the first essential of such books4 ,children of quite tender years can make use of many books which are not intended primarily for them1 and these may frequently be admitted with great advantage4 ,the intrinsic side of selection may be summarized briefly3 ,admit all books which appeal to children so long as they are in good ,english1 have no immoral tendency1 do not bring the sanctities of life into ridicule1 are accurate1 and have a worthy quality of humour4 ,this last condition is important4 ,the average child has not a very refined sense of humour1 he prefers it of a concrete quality1 without irony or sarcasm1 and too often founded upon human depravity1 deformity and misfortune2 this taste must be counteracted4 #dhi4 ,the physical side of books is only less important than the literary1 a fact frequently overlooked4 ,good1 legible1 well-inked type1 good paper1 well-drawn1 coloured and accurately-registered illustrations should always be sought4 ,there is an sthetic value in books which should not be neglected1 and this is absent from ill-produced works2 and the eyesight of children should be guarded from small or illegible print4 ,bindings should be strong and durable1 an almost impossible condition at the present day when cheap machine-made cases are the rule4 ,the life of the book of to-day in continual use is at best only a few months4 ,before the ,european ,war publishers were gradually introducing reinforced and other strong bindings for children's books1 and it is to be hoped that this desirable practice will in due course be resumed4 #dij4 ,recent events have so affected the book-market that any rigid estimate of the average cost of books would be futile1 as being subject to probable immense fluctuations4 ,five years ago #cs4 #f;d4 was a fair average price for a lending library book for young readers2 at the time of writing #es4 would be nearer the sum that would have to be paid4 ,it can only be assumed that a considerable time will elapse before books will return to their original prices4 ,any other assumption would be unwise4 #dia4 ,administration4--,primary factors in successful work are freedom of access1 the maintenance of proper but not oppressive discipline1 and the administration of the department by a specially trained and qualified staff4 ,ruskin's theory that a child should be let loose in a good library to choose or reject as he wills has proved to be satisfactory in practice1 and to promote that sense of personal proprietorship in the library which it is desirable that he should possess4 ,other reasons for the open access system are the opportunities it gives for close contact between the child and the librarian1 of the opportunities it gives the child of learning what treasures are at his disposal1 in addition to every other advantage which may be said to accrue to the system when used for adult readers4 ,the hours of opening should be governed by the school hours2 that is to say1 it is hardly ever necessary to open during school hours2 and the library should close at a reasonable hour in order that children may not be induced to remain there at times when they ought to be in their homes4 ,these hours differ in different localities4 ,at holiday times1 however1 the library should be accessible during the greater part of the daytime4 #dib4 ,discipline1 it has been well remarked1 is the problem of the children's department4 ,while the dragooning methods of the parish beadle would be deplorably out of place1 it is impossible to agree with the ,american librarian who declares that 8children usually do not mind noise and crowding10 because1 even if in theory they do not1 it is impossible to carry on effective work in conditions of congestion and noise4 ,too precise a method would defeat its object1 but it would seem wise to limit the admissions at any time to such numbers as may be controlled easily by the librarian4 ,mr ,l4 ,stanley ,jast has gone so far as to affirm that the children should not be more than can easily be 8contacted by the librarian10 on the ground that more efficient work can thus be done4 ,it is a matter upon which a decision can only be made from a knowledge of the conditions and the character of the child population4 ,clearly1 however1 a qualification in a successful children's librarian is the power to keep order1 to prevent practical joking1 loud conversation and laughter in the reading room4 ,firmness displayed with kindness1 but with decision1 and the excluding of unrepentant offenders have been found to be effective4 #dic4 ,the training of the children's librarian is special and necessary4 ,in ,england it has not been developed in any degree commensurate with the need1 and our ideals in this matter must be drawn from our ,american cousins4 ,they require a sound preliminary education in the candidate1 a knowledge of the broader lines of general library administration1 and1 added to these1 a study of the child mind1 practical social service work1 the study of the bibliography of juvenile literature1 and practice--usually gained by actual work in children's rooms--in story-telling1 subject-hunting1 bulletin-making1 and similar matters4 ,cataloguing1 classification1 the preparing of attractive lists1 etc41 for children are all somewhat modified from the forms in use in the grown people's departments1 and all are treated specially4 ,all these studies premise that the librarian has the requisite 8personality10 and this is a matter of natural inheritance rather than of training4 ,in ,europe this special training can only be gained in the children's room1 and1 as a matter of fact1 is not always gained4 ,too often librarians have perforce been obliged to hand the conduct of the department to any member of the staff who might be available at the time4 ,this state of affairs must receive attention if the children's department is to accomplish its purpose4 ,probably the ordinary training of the ,froebel system superadded to general library training is the best preparation that can be given to the ,british children's librarian at present4 #did4 ,activities of the ,department4--,to bring the child into contact with the proper book is the aim of the department4 ,free choice amongst books will suffice in a number of instances2 but such passive methods will not always secure good results4 ,the assistant in charge must win the confidence of the children and guide them in the most unobtrusive manner possible to the books likely to be of interest and use4 ,various active methods are in use to gain this end4 ,the most popular of these is the ,story ,hour4 #die4 ,it has been premised that children from six to fourteen years of age will frequent the department1 and there is a vast range of ability and taste in children in the various years between these ages4 ,little children require simple large-print books with plenty of illustrations1 and may be drawn to them if story-telling forms part of the librarian's activities4 ,story hours1 indeed1 are most attractive to children of all ages4 ,they are given informally1 the children usually being grouped round the librarian in a half-circle while she tells them a fairy story1 or stories drawn from the greater writers1 from history1 poetry1 or what not4 ,the connexion between the story hour and the after reading of the books which contain the stories is clear4 ,such story-telling requires special and intelligent study1 good elocution1 fluency and the sense of the dramatic4 ,the objection frequently offered to the work is that it is harmful to children for them to hear a story by a great writer delivered in inferior language and brokenly by an indifferent librarian4 ,this1 however1 is purely a matter of experience and training1 and there are admirable manuals of story-telling method by ,miss ,marie ,shedlock1 ,miss ,l4 ,m4 ,olcott1 and others which may help in this matter4 ,otherwise the value of the work is undoubted4 ,the ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh sets the standard which has general approval4 ,there it is found that groups of thirty children are convenient in size1 although it is often necessary to have larger groups4 8,to the younger children miscellaneous stories are told1 selected chiefly from the folk-tales of various countries1 legends1 myths1 fables1 modern realistic stories and ,bible stories4 ,two stories are usually told to each group1 and whenever possible variety is given by the selection of stories of different types4 ,poems and nursery rhymes are occasionally included in these programmes4 ,special days are celebrated if stories can be found which express the spirit of the holiday and are sufficiently dramatic in form4 ,the same stories are sometimes repeated during the year because of the deeper impression made through repetition1 and the value to children of an intimate acquaintance with a few of the best things in literature appropriate for them4 ,if something new is given each time1 the impressions are confused and dissipated1 and material which is either beyond a child's appreciation or unsuitable for story-telling must finally be used4 ,when an additional story is told1 and the children are allowed a choice1 the story requested is almost without exception a very old and well-known one4 ,to the older children some of the great cycle stories are presented by telling one story each week4 ,high adventure and romance1 as depicted in these hero tales1 have a special appeal to the boy and girl from ten to fifteen1 and at this age interest is easily sustained40#ag #ag ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh4 ,stories to ,tell to ,children4 ,see ,list at end of this division4 #dif4 ,more formal lectures prove entirely successful with children1 the difficulty as a rule being to find accommodation for the numbers who desire to attend them4 ,they differ from lectures given to adults principally in the fact that they are simpler1 but not always even in this particular4 ,lecturing to children demands a freedom of manner and from mannerisms1 decision and fluency2 and it will be found that the audience is one of the most critical a lecturer can encounter4 ,all the conditions of definite1 clear and accurate subject-matter1 refined humour1 etc41 which are required in books are also required in the lecture4 ,such subjects as the history of inventions and historical episodes appeal strongly to boys1 but perhaps not so greatly to girls1 who find nature1 literary and similar lectures more to their taste--although dogmatic statement on this point is entirely unwise4 ,the judicious use of lantern slides1 pictures and exhibits enhances these lectures1 but many subjects are better treated without them4 ,pictures of characters in works of imagination1 for example1 often destroy the child's own1 and therefore more valuable1 conception of the characters4 ,good discipline is essential to successful lectures1 and this depends upon the lecturer2 uneasiness in the audience usually means that it is bored1 and the lecturer is wise to consider it thus4 #dig4 ,reading clubs and circles often form part of the activities of the department4 ,in these the members1 who are admitted to them formally1 undertake to read through some special book under the guidance of a leader who1 of course1 may be a member of the library staff1 although an older child may be induced to become leader4 ,usually the children read the prescribed portion of the book privately1 and at the circle they go over it1 talk about it1 ask questions1 and look at pictures1 maps and other books that may throw more light on their reading or increase its interest4 #dih4 ,a valuable auxiliary of story hours1 lectures and reading circles is a collection of illustrations4 ,such collections are becoming a feature of some ,british1 and have long been used in ,american1 libraries4 ,the collection is made up of illustrations abstracted from all suitable sources1 worn-out books1 periodicals1 catalogues1 advertisements1 etc41 in addition to pictures separately published4 ,each picture is mounted individually upon a mount of standard size--#ab inches by #aj inches for the greater number1 and #ag inches by #ac inches for larger pictures have been proved to be quite suitable--of manila1 art paper1 or some similar stiff material2 and the pictures are minutely classified1 and may be filed in closed pamphlet boxes1 or1 better1 vertically in a filing cabinet4 ,systematic abstracting of such illustrations for the available sources of an ordinary library will soon produce a large collection4 ,the rule to be observed is that the pictures must illustrate some fact1 scene or object4 ,pictures from the average modern novel1 views of scenes which may be found in any country1 8pretty0 pictures1 etc41 have practically no value4 ,an exception may be made in favour of illustrations of classic works by distinguished artists1 but for the reasons advanced against lantern slides in illustrating such works even this is doubtful4 ,the collection should be available not only in the department1 they should also be lent to teachers for use in class work in school and to reading circles and other people who may desire to use them4 ,such pictures may form the basis of what is called bulletin work4 ,on suitable occasions1 holidays1 birthdays of great men1 anniversaries of all kinds1 and as illustrating current events1 pictures should be displayed on screens in the room in conjunction with brief lists of illustrative books4 ,sometimes bulletins are specially made for such occasions if an assistant with the necessary artistic ability is available2 attractive borders1 small appropriate sketches and similar embellishments are added to the pictures and lists4 ,it is possible1 however1 that the bulletin may exercise too great a fascination over its maker and too much time be spent upon it2 but within limits the bulletin is an excellent device for drawing the attention of children4 #dii4 ,at all seasonable times additional activities recommend themselves1 but extravagance should be avoided4 ,exhibits of many kinds1 wild flowers in their seasons1 and the common objects and fauna of the district1 are frequently displayed with satisfactory results2 and1 indeed1 on every opportunity the librarian should make the room of current living interest to the children4 #ejj4 ,in almost all these activities voluntary help from interested people may be had and should be welcomed4 ,large picture collections have in some places been provided almost entirely by this means1 and every town has people in it who would help as lecturers1 leaders of circles1 collectors and arrangers of exhibits4 ,the wider the lay interest taken in the department1 provided it is directed judiciously1 the greater its success is likely to be4 #eja4 ,library ,lessons4--,library lessons may form a useful part of the activities of the department4 ,teachers may bring their classes to the libraries in school hours and give lessons on subjects in connexion with the ordinary school lessons4 ,such lessons are frequently given in the ,cardiff children's rooms1 and in giving them the teachers use the books1 illustrations1 maps and other material in the rooms1 and are able to reinforce these with books or materials from the adult departments4 ,there is a novelty in lessons given in such conditions which removes them in the child's mind from ordinary lessons and gives them emphasis4 ,a pleasure is added to them if the children are allowed a space at their conclusion in which they may indulge in individual reading according to their own choice from the shelves4 #ejb4 ,the library is perhaps more directly concerned with lessons in which the library itself is the subject taught1 and these lessons fall to the staff4 ,a preliminary lesson may consist of a simple demonstration of the purpose and means of access to the library--its divisions1 cataloguing and classification1 and an exercise in finding books2 and this may be followed by other lessons on the making1 use and care of books2 and other lessons may follow on reference work1 subject-hunting1 the use of periodical indexes1 bibliographical aids1 dictionaries1 maps1 etc4 ,they must be purely objective to succeed1 and everything described should be placed before the children4 ,these lessons are also given as a rule in school hours1 and inspectors have shown themselves willing to regard them as part of the school curriculum4 ,their value both to the children and to the libraries is very great4 #ejc4 ,classification and ,cataloguing4--,the classification and catalogue methods of the department should be preliminary to those of the adult departments2 but they may be simpler with advantage4 ,young children would probably find the decimal classification in its orthodox form too intricate4 ,at the same time the system that they use should be in its essentials the main classification of the library4 ,the following simplified form of the decimal system may be suggestive2 it is not meant to be more than that3 #j ,general ,works #ja ,bibliographies4 ,aids to ,reading1 ,catalogues1 etc4 #jc ,encyclopdias #je ,children's magazines #jg ,newspapers #a ,philosophy #aj ,general #ag ,temperance #ai ,conduct #b ,religion #bj ,general #bb ,the ,bible and ,bible ,stories #bi ,mythology4 ,stories involving the ,gods #c ,sociology #cj ,general #cb ,government #ce ,army #cf ,navy #cg ,schools and ,colleges #ci ,etiquette1 ,customs #cie ,legends1 ,folk-lore ,fairy ,tales go in #hcc #d ,language #dj ,general #db ,grammars and ,readers #de ,composition1 ,essay-writing1 ,prcis-writing #e ,science 7,mathematical and ,natural7 #ej ,general #ea ,mathematics1 ,arithmetic1 ,geometry #eb ,astronomy #ec ,physics1 ,electricity #ed ,chemistry #ee ,earth1 ,sea1 ,air 7,geology1 ,oceanography1 and ,meteorology7 #ef ,fossils #eg ,general natural history2 ,outdoor books #eh ,trees2 ,flowers #ei ,man2 ,races2 ,origin and ,development #f ,useful ,arts #fj ,general #fa ,ambulance #fae ,gymnastics #fb ,engineering 7,steam1 ,gas1 ,electrical7 #fbi ,aerial ,engineering #fc ,farming #fd ,domestic ,economy1 ,cooking #fe ,railways1 ,shipping #ff ,fishing and ,fisheries ,angling is #gi #fg ,trades and ,industries1 alphabetically #fi ,building #g ,fine ,arts #gj ,general #ga ,gardens #gb ,buildings 7,architecture7 #gc ,sculpture #gd ,drawing #ge ,painting #gg ,photography #gh ,music #gi ,games #h ,literature #hj ,general #ha ,poetry #hb ,drama #hc ,stories and ,tales #hcc ,fairy ,tales #hce ,animal and ,other ,natural ,history ,fables #hd ,essays #i ,travel 7,including ,geography and ,descriptions of ,countries7 #ij ,general #ia ,atlases and ,geographies #iab ,travels in ,great ,britain #iad ,travels in ,europe #iae ,travels in ,asia #iaf ,travels in ,africa #iag ,travels in ,n4 ,america #iah ,travels in ,central and ,south ,america #iai ,travels in ,australasia2 ,the ,polar ,regions2 ,isolated ,islands #ib ,lives of ,famous ,people3 ,collective #iba ,lives3 ,individual ,alphabetically by persons written about #ic ,history #icj ,ancient ,history #idj ,history 7,modern7 of ,europe #idb ,history of ,great ,britain and ,ireland #ie ,history of ,asia #if ,history of ,africa #ig ,history of ,n4 ,america #ih ,history of ,central and ,s4 ,america #ii ,history of ,australasia and ,isolated ,islands ,this outline can be expanded as desired without difficulty or dislocation4 #ejd4 ,similar principles may well govern the cataloguing of the children's library4 ,it is well that youngsters should become familiar with the arrangement and use of sheaf and card as well as of printed catalogues4 ,moreover1 the ,anglo-,american code is here the best basis upon which to do the cataloguing4 ,it should be remembered that the children use the catalogue1 or ought to use it1 and not adults4 ,all recondite bibliographical terms1 and abbreviations except the simplest1 should be avoided2 and explanatory notes should be written in language such as the children may be expected to understand4 ,indeed1 a rule that all cataloguing should be expressed in such language--we mean all that is added to the title--would be a safe one to follow4 ,some extended rules1 with examples1 which may prove helpful in this matter are given in ,berwick ,sayers's ,the ,children's ,library1 chapter iii4 ,it will be seen that no particular form of catalogue is recommended2 librarians differ widely upon this question4 ,perhaps the best printed catalogue is that issued for schools by the ,pittsburgh ,library3 a catalogue in divisions corresponding to the grades in the schools1 in which each division contains books which are thought to make appeal to the children in the grade it represents4 #eje4 ,reading lists follow the same rules4 ,these1 to make any useful appeal1 should be presented simply1 attractively1 and be rigidly selective4 ,a few titles1 well presented1 are likely to have more effect than lists so long that they frighten the child4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,the ,,library ,,and ,,the ,,school #ejf4 ,if libraries are an integral part of the educational system1 it is clear that their relations with schools and with the teachers must be close4 ,this is perhaps more cordially recognized in ,america than here1 but there are few librarians who do not endeavour to establish a connexion between their libraries and the official teaching system of their towns4 ,in the simplest instance special privileges are offered to teachers enabling them to borrow from five to twelve or more books at a time for class work4 ,in some towns meetings of teachers and library staffs are held in order that mutual work may be discussed and arranged4 ,in a few places there are special libraries for teachers2 and in some ,american libraries not only are there these special libraries1 but the teachers are provided with keys which give them access when other parts of the libraries are closed4 ,one of the privileges of the public library is to encourage teachers to make the fullest use of books4 #ejg4 ,it is gradually becoming recognized that a school without a library lacks an important part of its equipment4 ,in colleges and high schools this has been recognized practically for some years past1 but in few but the largest schools have separate rooms been assigned for library purposes1 in the care of an assistant trained in the work4 ,a teacher whose principal business is teaching has usually been thought to be a person sufficiently qualified for the work1 with the result that rarely have the libraries been exploited to anything like the full measure of their possibilities4 ,they are places where books are read or from which books are lent1 not places where readers are created1 information disseminated1 or the practical use of books taught4 ,in fact1 one of the absurd gaps in our higher school curriculum is the want of teaching in the book1 in the elements of bibliography2 and until this is filled our school system must be pronounced to be incomplete4 ,american methods deserve study1 with a view to their adaptability to ,british conditions2 and such works as ,gilbert ,o4 ,ward's ,the ,high ,school ,library1 in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,manual of ,library ,economy 7as showing the field and its possibilities71 and ,florence ,m4 ,hopkins's ,reference ,guides that ,should be ,known1 and ,how to ,use ,them 7as showing a practical method in one part of library teaching71 will repay such study4 #ejh4 ,in council and similar elementary schools the municipal library has one of its best fields of work4 ,under the present restricted financial conditions of libraries1 however1 it is necessary to say that the provision of reading matter in the schools should be a charge against educational funds and not against those of the library1 which are already altogether insufficient for ordinary work4 ,it is at the same time probable that this work1 in so far as book-selection and purchase1 cataloguing and classification1 binding1 and other details of organization and administration are concerned1 can be done better and more economically by the librarian than by the teacher1 and should accordingly be directed by the library committee4 ,the theory of the work is that while the librarian is the best person to organize the school library1 the teacher is the best person to bring books and children together4 ,some education authorities make special grants for this work1 varying from a few to several hundreds of pounds yearly2 but before we describe the methods most generally approved1 we may make mention of the various unaided efforts that librarians have made to meet the needs of schools4 ,one is to invite the teacher to obtain1 upon his own signature1 a ticket for every child whom he considers to be of reading age2 to permit him to borrow the number of books represented by such tickets2 and to retain them so long as he thinks necessary for their due circulation4 ,three months is an average loan period4 ,a second is to waive the ticket-taking preliminary and to lend the teacher a number of books for a few weeks or months for lending as he thinks good amongst the scholars4 ,there have been many variations of these two methods1 but they are obviously one in principle2 and1 useful as they no doubt are1 they are also obviously limited1 as few ,british libraries have a large enough stock of books of the right kind to lend in this way to all the schools in the town which might require the privilege4 ,school libraries to be lastingly effective require a separate stock with many duplicates1 and these no ordinary public library can1 in present circumstances1 provide4 #eji4 ,co-operation between library and education committees seems to be the best method of achieving satisfactory school libraries4 ,by this method the education committee provides the funds1 the libraries the administration1 and the teachers the actual service amongst the children4 ,wherever there is a children's department at the public library it ought to be the centre from which all the libraries in the town should be organized1 supplied and co-ordinated4 ,again1 to secure any success1 the closest co-operation is necessary between teachers and librarians4 ,this is generally forthcoming1 but frequently is not1 for reasons made clear to the editor of this ,manual by a prominent teacher1 who writes3 8,i do not like the circulating of libraries from school to school--it is most unsatisfactory4 ,i know the need of the children in my school more exactly than anyone else1 and ,i do not want books dumped on me that my children will not read40 ,moreover1 it was affirmed that the books chosen by librarians were unsuitable as being 8too adult40 ,it is clear1 however1 that the only real difficulty raised here is that to the exchange of the collections between the schools4 ,all the other difficulties can be1 and are1 overcome by the co-operation which is postulated for the work4 #eaj4 ,the control of such school libraries takes several forms4 ,in the simplest the education authority grants a certain sum yearly to the library committee for children's work1 making only the condition that library service on their behalf shall be efficient4 ,in other cases the education authority desires to take a more definite part in the work1 and it has been found that a sub-committee1 consisting of members of the library and education committees and of representatives of the head teachers1 with the librarian as executive officer1 will work satisfactorily4 ,such a sub-committee should be free from the limitations imposed upon subordinate bodies1 and although it should report its activities1 it should not be expected to submit them to the respective committees4 ,friction is soon generated if the sub-committee's book-selection1 or indeed any other feature of its work1 is liable to amendment by another body1 and we have known really good library schemes to come to grief through such interference4 #eaa4 ,a grant for school libraries should consist of an initial capital sum for equipment and stock1 and an annual sum for additions and maintenance4 ,grants vary from about #ejj to #be per annum1 and the amounts1 of course1 are conditioned by the size of the town and the number of schools to be served1 as also by the current cost of furniture1 books and service1 all of which are at present in a state of great fluctuation4 ,a good arrangement is that in operation at ,cardiff1 where the ,education ,committee grants #b1 #ajs4 yearly for every hundred children permanently on the school registers4 ,the work of preparing1 cataloguing and classifying the books is carried out by the library staff as a whole in small libraries1 or by the children's library staff where one exists1 or by a special school libraries assistant4 ,in providing the commencing stock1 a few decisions must be made upon which the future usefulness of the libraries will largely depend3 7#a7 the period for which books are to remain at each school2 7#b7 the desirability of an unchanging deposit collection at each school2 7#c7 the method of charging at the schools2 7#d7 the methods of recording the whereabouts of each book4 ,and there are other matters4 #eab4 ,the period of loan to each school varies from three to twelve months1 and the smaller the available stocks of books1 the more frequent should be the changing of them4 ,frequent changes1 however1 involve much labour1 and it is well that the collections should be as large as possible at the outset in order that they may serve efficiently for longer periods than three months4 ,they should not remain longer than a year1 as by that time the interest of the collection will be much reduced and the books themselves will probably be in need of overhauling4 ,it is a good thing to have a basic1 unchanging collection at each school1 consisting of the books which by common consent are children's classics4 ,these will naturally be duplicated in most of the schools1 as the list of such books is by no means a long one4 ,their existence gives assurance that every child has access to the best of children's books during his school career4 ,the ultimate aim should be to increase the school collections so that periodical interchange between the schools becomes unnecessary1 except in so far as additions of new books are concerned4 #eac4 ,cataloguing4--,the accession and cataloguing methods may resemble those described for ,rural ,libraries 7,sections #edf-dg74 ,one suggestions-slip may serve for any number of copies1 the accession numbers being added to the card2 this forms an inventory of the stock4 ,for each copy another catalogue card1 in very brief form1 should be written1 which may be placed behind a guide card bearing the name of the school at which the copy is located4 ,a printed catalogue of the whole of the school library system is a very useful thing1 but is difficult to maintain4 ,in any case a list of the books sent to the school should accompany each dispatch4 #ead4 ,charging4--,the head teacher usually appoints a school librarian1 who may be a teacher1 but is more often a senior scholar1 and to the school librarian is entrusted the issuing of books and the keeping of the necessary records4 ,the charging system will be some simplified form of that in use at the public library4 ,a card-charging system has been found to be satisfactory4 ,trays1 pockets1 and properly-written book-cards are provided by the library staff1 and a supply of readers' tickets which are made out by the school librarian as required4 ,another method is that described in ,section #edg1 which can be adapted readily to school libraries4 ,scholars are usually allowed to change books once a week1 during a special 8library hour10 which is recognized officially as part of school time2 but this is a matter of local arrangement4 #eae4 ,usually the work of book-selection is performed by the ,school ,libraries ,committee4 ,it has a drawback in the fact that teachers do not always receive the exact books that they wish to have for their schools1 and a better method1 at least in theory1 is for the librarian to submit a list of the books available for purchase to the teachers1 and to invite them to requisition those which they think suitable4 ,this would forestall a very frequent criticism made by teachers2 nor would the librarian experience any great difficulty in meeting the demands so made4 #eaf4 ,the period for which a collection should remain at a school is conveniently governed by the school holidays4 ,the summer vacation presents the best opportunity for overhauling the whole system1 and where there is accommodation at the central library1 and other circumstances permit1 it is well to have all the collections returned there1 where they may be weeded of defective and dirty books1 repairs may be executed1 binding arranged for1 stock may be taken1 and the new location of the collections determined1 so that every school may recommence with a new library4 ,but in the intervals between holidays periodical visits to the schools should be made by the schools librarian to see that the books are in order1 to advise where necessary1 and in other ways to maintain relations between the school and the public library4 ,sometimes the librarian addresses the children in the schools1 upon reading or other library subjects4 ,this visiting work should be done with tact and unobtrusively4 ,frequently teachers prefer to be allowed to work without the intervention of the librarian1 and such preferences must be respected4 ,the business of the librarian is to supply books1 and not necessarily to exploit them--so far1 at least1 as schools are concerned4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,supplies ,,wanted3-- ------- ,book ,pockets4444444444444 ,borrowers' ,tickets4444444 ,,penny ,tags44444444444 ,,stamp ,voucher ,cards4444444444444444 ------- ---------------------------------- ,,repairs dealt with44444444vols4 ,,chief ,,librarian1 ,,repairs put aside444444444vols4 ---------------------------------- ,,central ,,public ,,library1 ,signed1 4444444444444444444444444 ,,newton4 ,school ,librarian4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,fig4 #agg;,a4--,school ,libraries ,return--front 7,section #eag74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 44444444444444444444444444444,,school ,,library4 ,,issues for the month of44444444444444444444#ai4444444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #jjajbjcjdjejfjgjhjij ,fiction4 ,totals4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ast week4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #bnd week4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #crd week4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #dth week4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #eth week4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,number of ,borrowers444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #agg;,b4--,school ,libraries ,return--back 7,section #eag74 #eag4 ,returns of the circulation are regarded as necessary by most librarians1 and have a variety of uses1 as every librarian recognizes4 ,these are usually made monthly to the librarian4 ,the card shown has proved satisfactory in practice4 ,teachers1 it must be added1 do not always see the values of these returns1 and may consider them an irritating and unnecessary superfluity4 ,if they could be made in the form of an estimate once a year the purpose might be served4 #eah4 ,the head teacher should not be held responsible in a financial sense for lost books1 nor should he be expected or permitted to replace them4 ,he would1 however1 be expected to take reasonable steps to recover them1 and in case of loss1 a penalty of some kind1 however small1 is generally inflicted upon the loser4 ,books which have been in contact with infectious disease are sent from the home to the ,public ,health ,department1 where they are disinfected1 or1 in some places1 destroyed1 at the discretion of the ,medical ,officer of ,health4 ,some sanitary authorities themselves replace the books which are destroyed4 #eai4 ,at what time in the history of school libraries the collections should cease to circulate between the schools and become permanent libraries in individual schools is a matter upon which opinion differs4 ,at ,cardiff this stage was reached when there were #fjj volumes in the large school1 and no school with less than #bjj4 ,allowing the average time in which a child will use the library1 to be four years1 the lesser of these figures provides that each child may read at least one volume a week throughout that time2 but it is impossible to allow the child a choice of books in these circumstances1 and this is a very grave defect4 ,it can only be affirmed that there should be at least one book for every child of reading age1 and that this minimum should be increased as rapidly as possible4 #ebj4 ,other fields for the public library presented by the schools may be indicated briefly4 ,they may be used as deposit stations for adult readers in anticipation of the establishment of permanent branch libraries2 and this method has met with success4 ,the head teacher1 too1 should be allowed the right of requisitioning temporarily any books in the public lending libraries which may be desirable for the use of the scholars in connexion with their class studies2 and a generous policy in lending works from the reference library for use in the school building is a natural corollary of this4 #eba4 ,sunday ,school ,libraries have not received much attention from ,british public librarians4 ,they present a useful field of work1 in which the municipal library may suggest books and methods and offer simple training in library practice to the teachers4 ,as is the case with all other teachers1 the stores of the public library should be made available for their use in the widest sense4 #ebb4 ,finally1 the teachers themselves are entitled to the most careful attention4 ,at training schools there should be special libraries of pedagogy2 and at the public library an effort should be made to place a catholic and fully representative collection of works on all branches of teaching1 theory and practice at the disposal of teachers4 #ebc4 ,all these matters lead up to the ultimate object of the librarian1 which is to establish a natural pathway from the schools to the public library4 ,vouchers of admission should be placed at the disposal of the schools1 and the recommendation of the head teacher may procure readers' tickets for all children leaving school4 ,fortunately most teachers see the importance of the matter1 and a properly systematized connexion is therefore made for the child between the school library and the much larger and more permanently useful stores of the municipal library4 ,,bibliography 7,,chapters ,,xxxii4-,,xxxiii47 #ebd4 ,the ,children's ,department1 and ,school ,libraries3 ,ballinger1 ,john4 ,children and ,public ,libraries4 ,in ,british ,library ,year ,book1 #aijj-ja4 ---- ,work with ,children4 ,in ,library ,association4 ,public ,libraries3 ,their ,development and ,future ,organization1 #aiag1 p4 #ae4 ,bostwick1 ,a4 ,e4 7,ed474 ,the ,relationship between the ,library and the ,public ,schools1 #aiad4 ,cleveland ,public ,library4 ,work with ,children and the ,means used to ,reach ,them1 #aiab4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 7,ed474 ,modern ,american ,library ,economy1 #aiab-4 ,pt4 #e3 7#a7 ,school ,department ,room1 7#b7 ,course of ,study for ,normal ,school ,pupils1 7#c7 ,picture ,collection 7revised72 ,pt4 #g3 7#b7 ,high ,school ,branch2 ,pt4 #ai1 ,pictures and ,objects4 ,emery1 ,j4 ,w4 ,the ,library1 the ,school1 and the ,child1 #aiag4 ,fay1 ,l4 ,e41 and ,eaton1 ,a4 ,t4 ,instruction in the ,use of ,books and ,libraries3 for ,normal ,schools and ,colleges1 #aiae4 ,field1 ,mrs ,e4 ,m4 ,the ,child and ,his ,book1 #ahie4 ,field1 ,w4 ,t4 ,fingerposts to ,children's ,reading1 #aiaa4 ,jast1 ,l4 ,s4 ,the ,relation of ,libraries to ,education4 ,in ,library ,association4 ,public ,libraries1 etc41 #aiag1 p4 #ae4 ,miller1 ,e4 ,m4 ,libraries and ,education1 #aiab4 ,olcott1 ,f4 ,j4 ,library ,work with ,children4 ,in ,a4,l4,a4 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 ,preprint of chapter xxix41 #aiad4 ---- ,children's ,reading1 #aiab4 ,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,berwick4 ,the ,children's ,library1 #aiaa4 ,stevenson1 ,lilian4 ,a ,child's ,bookshelf1 #aiah4 ,ward1 ,g4 ,o4 ,the ,high ,school ,library4 ,in ,a4,l4,a4 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 ,preprint of chapter vii41 #aiae4 ---- ,practical ,use of ,books and ,libraries 7with ,teaching ,outline1 in separate vol471 #b vols41 #aiaa4 ,for articles see ,cannons4 #ebe4 ,the ,story ,hour3 ,bryant1 ,s4 ,c4 ,how to ,tell ,stories to ,children1 #aiaa4 ---- ,stories to ,tell to ,children1 #aiaa4 ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh4 ,stories to ,tell to ,children2 by ,edna ,whiteman1 #aiah4 ,shedlock1 ,m4 ,l4 ,art of ,story-,telling1 #aiae4 ,partridge1 ,e4 ,n41 and ,g4 ,e4 ,story-,telling in ,school and ,home1 #aiac4 ,for articles see ,cannons1 under headings ,child and ,children1 in the ,index 7many references74 ,,note4--,work with children has been more written1 and1 probably1 overwritten1 than any library subject4 ,the ,library ,journal and ,public ,libraries issue special ,children's ,library numbers at intervals1 and hardly a month passes without an article appearing upon some phase of the subject4 ,students new to the subject should be made aware that much of the writing upon it is too sentimental1 and too concerned with bypaths1 to be of great value2 but this criticism does not apply to any of the works in the list given above4 ,,division ,,xiv ,,library ,,development ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,the ,,lecture ,,room #ebf4 ,lecture ,room and ,platform4--,library development is a somewhat elastic term covering the various active measures taken by librarians to attract readers4 ,it is now a commonplace that while the prime purpose of the library is to supply and circulate literature--that is to say1 everything in literary form from books to news-cuttings--modern librarians increasingly adopt the point of view that it is part of their duty and privilege to create readers4 ,of the various ways in which this is done lecture and similar work stands prominent4 ,in the design of libraries provision should always be made for a lecture room with adequate accommodation for an audience1 chaired comfortably1 equipped with lantern and screen1 a platform1 and blackboard and similar accessories4 ,the platform deserves care in its design2 it should have an electric lantern signal communicating with the lanternist1 and for scientific and technical demonstrations1 water1 gas1 and a movable electric light should be brought to it4 ,the platform is better for being large enough to accommodate a number of persons for dramatic readings1 musical parties1 etc42 should be approached by a door from the back2 and curtain arrangements for it are desirable4 ,the construction should be solid1 and the platform floor should be covered with a thick cork or other matting to deaden the distracting sound of shuffling feet4 #ebg4 ,lectures and ,lecture ,societies4--,lectures of two kinds may be given--those provided by societies who merely use the library1 and those arranged by the library itself4 ,of the former kind many can be arranged by placing the lecture-room at the disposal of local scientific societies1 branches of ,university ,extension1 the ,workers' ,educational ,association1 and similar bodies1 non-sectarian and non-political1 which have an educational or partly educational purpose4 ,these should not involve the staff in much labour1 or the library in much expense1 although there are cases where the librarian or a member of his staff acts as organizing secretary to such societies4 ,every effort to centre these activities in the library can be justified2 the object is to make the library the intellectual centre of the town2 but it should be understood that the staff cannot develop into mere lecture agents1 or conduct such work at the expense of the main purpose of the library4 ,where the staff is sufficient this objection does not apply1 although it is perhaps well to say that the library should not duplicate work of this kind which other institutions in the town are doing efficiently4 ,a discriminating use of voluntary workers1 who are frequently forthcoming1 is a solution of many difficulties4 #ebh4 ,it is doubtful whether it is legal for library committees to arrange lectures2 certainly expenditure upon them has been questioned at times of audit2 but various ways of overcoming this difficulty have been discovered4 ,one is to form a lecture society which is a separate organization using the lecture-room1 and this raises subscriptions1 sells programmes1 etc41 and so defrays expenses2 this has been done at ,walthamstow and ,newark-upon-,trent4 ,the more frequent way is to obtain voluntary lecturers and to keep the running expenses at a negligible figure2 most towns have acceptable lecturers who are willing to serve the public in this way4 ,in some towns1 not subject to ,government audit1 as in ,liverpool1 great miscellaneous series of lectures are arranged by the libraries1 not because they are regarded as a library activity1 but because the ,libraries ,committee is regarded as the most convenient committee for doing this desirable public work4 #ebi4 ,librarians differ as to the value of courses of lectures as compared with individual miscellaneous lectures4 ,the course certainly provides information more or less exhaustive1 and is of more benefit to the fewer people who attend it2 but they are few2 and on the other hand it is argued that it is no part of the function of the library to teach in the manner implied in a set course1 but rather to stimulate interest in various subjects with direct reference to books4 ,this latter object should influence all such activities as those we are considering2 there seems to be little justification for lectures or exhibitions organized by the library which do not definitely lead to the use of libraries4 ,random lectures have a value of their own1 but they are not our province4 ,when1 therefore1 a syllabus of lectures is drawn up1 it should be accompanied by brief reading lists on the subjects chosen4 ,in this way lectures on topography 7there are usually too many of these1 however71 art1 science1 literature1 or indeed any subject1 may be a direct incentive to reading1 and in some places this is emphasized by the use of lantern slides and 8privilege0 issues4 #ecj4 ,organization4--,much labour can be saved by the use of a few simple methods in organizing lectures4 ,invitations to lecturers should never be on stereotyped circular forms1 but should be individual personal letters1 especially where the lecturer is not to receive a fee1 but he may be asked to reply on a definite memorandum 7see ,fig4 #agh1 p4 #dgj74 ,a circular of information should also be enclosed describing the conditions of the lectures1 the library at which they are held1 the way to reach it1 and1 in particular1 drawing attention to their purpose of calling notice to books1 and inviting suggestions as to the best books on the subjects4 ,a stamped addressed envelope for reply1 which the librarian may apologize for enclosing on the ground that it will save the lecturer's time1 should not be forgotten4 ,the memoranda1 when returned1 can be filed for reference1 and their use enables the needs of the lecturers to be met completely4 #eca4 ,the syllabus should give the list of lectures1 conditions of admission1 the hour and place of their delivery1 and contain the reading lists4 ,these last1 as indicated already1 should be brief2 a long list of references defeats its own object1 because readers are frightened by it4 ,half a dozen carefully-selected titles are usually enough4 ,syllabuses should be distributed free to readers in the library2 and little other advertisement is necessary4 ,a small poster giving the programme1 of such size that tradesmen will place it in their shops1 clergy and ministers in church porches1 and may be displayed in other places1 has its uses2 and sometimes an advertisement in the local papers has a good effect4 ,for special lectures1 for which an attendance larger than the lecture-room will hold is expected1 tickets of admission may be used1 which can be distributed free4 ,the back of these tickets can be used for reading lists4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,lecturer',s ,,memorandum4 ,name 7as you desire it to be printed744444444444444444444444444444 ,title of lecture444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,library44444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444 ,date444444444444444444444444444 ,hour444444444444444444444444 99 ,i shall use ,lantern slides4 ,blackboard4 99 ,i wish to see the ,catalogue of ,lantern ,slides4 ,any other instructions4444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 99 ,please cross out words which do not apply4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #agh4--,lecturer's ,memorandum 7,section #ecj74 #ecb4 ,lantern ,slides4--,the lantern is used at many lectures1 and is a valuable auxiliary4 ,all lists of books should be transferred to lantern slides1 and displayed at the beginning or end of the lecture1 and--this is the important point--the lecturer should be persuaded to comment upon them4 ,clear glass-slides with a surface prepared to take pen writing in india or even ordinary ink can be obtained at any photographic chemist2 but if expense is a consideration1 a simple method is to obtain lantern slide cover-glasses1 which cost a few pence the dozen1 make a solution with one per cent4 of ,nelson's photographic gelatine in warm water1 apply this to the cover-glasses with a sponge or soft cloth1 and in a few minutes they will be dry and will take pen-writing admirably4 ,the cover-glasses can be cleaned after use1 re-coated1 and used again as often as necessary4 ,for general illustrative lantern slides it is very useful to take out a subscription with one of the circulating collections of lantern slides1 as ,e4 ,g4 ,wood's in ,cheapside4 ,these issue catalogues which may be lent to prospective lecturers1 who may then draw upon these collections4 ,the accessibility of slides often secures a lecturer4 ,librarians can use slides in a number of ways1 to illustrate contents of books1 the differing character and scope of works of reference1 and bring home the use of books in a way that no other method can be made to do4 ,so far we do not know of a library that has a cinematograph installation2 but some libraries already collect films1 and the uses of the cinematograph will one day be recognized4 ,the most valuable projection apparatus of all is the epidiascope1 which projects illustrations1 pages of books1 and solid objects from these actual things1 and does not require lantern slides4 ,it is1 however1 rather expensive1 and requires skill in manipulation1 but it would be an excellent investment for any large library4 #ecc4 ,privilege ,issues4--,in order to bring readers to the books on any subject while it is fresh in mind ,mr ,jast initiated a method of privilege issue4 ,the books on the subject of the lecture are displayed on tables in the lecture-room1 so that the audience may examine them before the lecture4 ,on the tables is the following announcement3 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,privilege ,,issue4 ,any one of these books may be ,,borrowed ,,without ,a ,,ticket by any resident whose name appears in the local directory4 ,to obtain a book1 all that is necessary is that the borrower shall sign his 7or her7 name and address on the slip provided4 ,such signing will be taken as indicating that the book will be returned to the library within #ae days1 and that payment will be made for undue detention1 damage1 or loss1 as provided for in the ,library ,rules4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,fig4 #agi4--,privilege ,issue ,notice 7,section #ecc74 ,the issues are made at the conclusion of the lecture4 ,the slip mentioned is of ordinary paper of a size suitable to be used in orthodox card-charging1 and plays the same part in the charge as a borrower's permanent ticket4 ,the book is stamped and issued to the applicant in the usual way1 and a long narrow slip bearing the following text is inserted3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,privilege ,,issue4 ,this book is issued on the distinct understanding that it is returned to one of the ,lending ,libraries within #ae days4 ,or1 if kept longer1 the ,library fine of #a;d4 per week 7or portion of a week7 for such detention will be paid1 together with any cost of notification2 also that any damage or loss will be made good4 ,this being a 8privilege0 issue1 it does not entitle the reader to another book in exchange4 ,if1 however1 the reader is not a member of the ,lending ,libraries1 he should return the accompanying ,application ,form1 properly filled up1 along with this book1 when he will be allowed to take another book at the time of return1 and thenceforth exercise the privileges of membership4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,fig4 #ahj4--,privilege ,issue ,information ,slip 7,section #ecc74 ,a voucher of application for membership goes with this1 and borrowers frequently return it filled and become regular readers4 ,the charges when made are inserted into the ordinary sequence of the day's issues1 and there is no distinction between them and the card charges made for regular borrowers' books4 ,this privilege service was extended to accredited societies in the town1 who undertook to issue and to secure the due return of the books4 ,so far we know of only two libraries that have adopted the system of privilege issues2 but it has been successful1 and has not1 so far1 entailed any loss of books4 #ecd4 ,general4--,lecturers should be reminded of their engagement a few days before each lecture4 ,nothing should be taken for granted4 ,the lecturer's instructions should be gone over carefully1 and the state of the lantern screen1 lantern1 platform1 signals and other accessories examined in time for any fault to be corrected4 ,attention to such details makes for success1 while nothing is more annoying to lecturer and audience than a fault in such things4 #ece4 ,library ,readings4--,library readings revive1 in a manner1 the once famous popular penny readings2 but in their new form such readings are free and are of subjects chosen because of their value and not primarily because they entertain4 ,it is found that audiences are not only ready to listen to lectures about books1 they are also ready to listen to readings from the books themselves4 ,for some years at ,southwark ,mr ,r4 ,w4 ,mould read ,the ,christmas ,carol and other famous works aloud to large audiences of library people4 ,there is scarcely any limit to books that may be read aloud in this way--nearly all the novelists1 poets1 letter-writers1 essayists1 humorists1 diarists can be used2 and these are fairly easy for a good reader to deal with4 ,but the reader must be a good one2 poor reading is worse than none4 ,it is usual for the reader to give a brief introductory sketch of his author1 and to link the readings by connecting remarks4 ,it is really remarkable to note the willingness of audiences to listen to readings of books which 8everybody has read02 perhaps because they revive pleasant memories2 probably1 too1 because the reading reveals unsuspected qualities in the book read4 ,a more difficult1 but even more interesting1 type of reading may be made upon a subject1 which is explained and illustrated from various authors2 for example1 on 8,volcanoes1 the genesis and development of scientific theory regarding them40 ,in this case an extract was read from ,judd's ,volcanoes defining a volcano and presenting the ideas of the ,greeks upon the subject2 then extracts from the two ,plinys2 then the medival views were drawn from ,pietro ,toledo2 ,sir ,william ,hamilton afforded an account of ,vesuvius in eruption in #agfg2 and later matter was drawn from ,eli de ,beaumont1 ,scrope1 ,dana1 ,judd1 ,bonney1 ,anderson and ,flint1 and ,heilprintz4 ,such a reading has proved most successful4 ,these1 too1 can be illustrated with lantern slides1 and the obvious value of slides showing titles1 extracts1 maps1 etc41 from books from which the readings are drawn need not be emphasized4 ,the programme of a reading1 given with slides1 may be subjoined to show another treatment of a subject3 ,,the ,,englishman ,,in ,,the ,,alps4 ,early ,views4 #a4 ,a ,letter from the ,st ,bernard ,pass1 ,february1 #aahh4 #b4 ,seventeenth ,century ,dragons3 ,notes from ,gribble's 8,story of ,alpine ,climbing40 #c4 ,over the ,simplon ,pass2 from ,john ,evelyn's 8,diary40 #d4 ,windham's ,climb to the ,montanvert2 from ,matthew's 8,annals of ,mont ,blanc40 #e4 ,horace ,walpole on ,mont ,cenis2 from his 8,letters40 ,the ,alps and the ,poets4 #f4 ,shelley and ,mont ,blanc2 from his 8,six ,weeks' ,tour40 #g4 ,mont ,blanc4 ,byron4 #h4 ,chillon4 ,byron4 ,modern ,alpine ,story4 #i4 ,a ,winter ,storm2 from ,leslie ,stephen's 8,playground of ,europe40 #aj4 ,the ,conquest of the ,matterhorn2 from ,whymper's 8,scrambles in the ,alps40 #aa4 ,june on the ,st ,bernard ,pass2 from ,sayers's 8,over ,some ,alpine ,passes40 #ab4 ,the ,riffelhorn2 from ,kynnersley's 8,a ,snail's ,wooing40 #ac4 ,the ,rewards of the ,climber2 from ,mummery's 8,my ,climbs in the ,alps and ,caucasus40 #ad4 ,why ,climb the ,mountains8 from ,blackie's 8,lays of the ,highlands and ,islands40 #ecf4 ,another form is the dramatic reading1 and this is the most acceptable of all when it is well done1 and its value is undeniable from the library point of view4 ,in it a party of readers1 each taking a character1 read a play without scenery1 costume1 or action other than is necessary to make clear a movement which the scene requires and the text does not convey4 ,such plays as ,hardy's ,dynasts1 most of ,shakespeare's plays1 etc41 have been dealt with in this manner2 but the peculiar value of the dramatic reading is to draw attention to great plays1 which are seldom read or performed1 such as the miracle plays1 the ,elizabethans other than ,shakespeare1 and ,browning's various plays 7for example72 and series by well-known writers who in individual manner deal with the same subject1 such as was done in a sequence of ,cleopatra plays--,shakespeare's ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,dryden's ,all for ,love and ,bernard ,shaw's ,csar and ,cleopatra--which were given in three successive weeks with great success4 ,all that has been said of the necessity of focussing the work on the actual authors1 plays1 and works about them by means of lists1 applies as strongly here as elsewhere4 #ecg4 ,exhibitions4---,a few simple arrangements make the lecture-room convenient for exhibitions of books1 prints or other matter which it is desirable to bring particularly to public notice4 ,stands on the model of the standard newspaper slope illustrated in ,fig4 #aff1 but lighter1 and made in parts or collapsible1 with a projecting bottom edge to support books or prints1 and a wire stretched near the top to keep them in position1 have been used2 and the walls can have run along them a narrow moulding grooved to take the prints1 with a taut wire1 which can be made adjustable to any height1 above them as on the slopes4 ,with such an arrangement a modest but effective exhibition can be made in a very short time4 ,it is thought by some that an open access library is itself a book exhibition1 but even with this system1 and certainly with the indicator system1 there are many things that can be exhibited with advantage4 ,such works as ,williams's ,history of the ,art of ,writing1 the facsimiles published by the ,british ,museum1 and other large treasure houses2 photographic surveys2 connected series of rare or interesting books2 books on subjects of immediate interest1 and so on1 can all be exhibited to good result4 ,simple but careful guiding is desirable1 and every method of connecting the exhibition with the reading facilities of the library must be brought into play4 ,usually the exhibitions can be arranged from material in the library's stock1 but they may often be borrowed from national institutions1 other libraries1 and private collectors4 ,whenever material is borrowed an insurance policy should be arranged covering loss or damage4 #ech4 ,the warning is perhaps not unnecessary that the library is neither museum nor art gallery2 and exhibitions which trespass upon the field of these institutions should only be arranged in towns where they do not exist2 and even then a certain restraint should be observed2 but circumstances will determine this question4 ,if the exhibition leads to the use of books1 it is justified2 if not1 the library is doing work which is not properly in its province4 #eci4 ,reading ,circles1 etc4--,reading circles in connexion with the ,national ,home ,reading ,union and similar bodies1 or arranged locally1 present special opportunities for libraries1 and are to be encouraged4 ,good leaders can be obtained in most towns2 books on the subjects discussed can be made available in the room where the circle meets1 and in various ways the library can help effectively4 ,one or two libraries have literary societies of the debating kind2 but these are more difficult to arrange4 #edj4 ,general4--,the statement made in the last edition that all the work described in this chapter is secondary to the main purpose of the library is repeated4 ,its value has been proved and is indisputable1 but it is easy for the enthusiastic librarian to involve himself and the library in more of these activities than his own time1 his staff1 or his means justify4 ,only local circumstances and common sense can fix the limits beyond which they ought not to be carried4 ,voluntary assistance1 if it is forthcoming of sufficient and satisfactory quality1 should be encouraged2 but even here discretion is required4 ,moreover1 certain good standards for lectures1 readings1 etc41 should be fixed2 bad lectures and readings may do more harm than good1 and only towns with many good readers amongst the people should attempt work so full of chance as dramatic readings4 ,excellent and much to be desired in their right measure and kind1 all extension activities should be pursued with considered moderation4 #eda4 ,,bibliography ,no monograph4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,f #if1 ,lectures2 ,f #bj-ie1 ,exhibitions2 ,e #aae1 ,privilege ,issues2 ,f #ab1 ,reading ,circles4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,rural ,,libraries #edb4 ,the ,need1 and ,earlier ,schemes4--,until recently a rural dweller in ,canada1 the ,united ,states1 and some parts of ,australia was better provided with literature than the villager in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,it is true that private generosity had established village libraries and circulating collections of books in several counties2 and honourable mention may be made of the schemes of the ,union of ,lancashire and ,cheshire ,institutes1 #ahdg2 the ,yorkshire ,union of ,educational ,institutes1 #ahed2 the ,central ,circulating ,library1 #ahhh2 the ,bishop of ,hereford1 #aijf2 the ,dorset ,book-,lending ,association1 #aijh2 and the extensive scheme for the ,highlands and ,hebrides of ,mr ,james ,coats of ,paisley2 as also ,sir ,charles ,seeley's scheme for the ,isle of ,wight1 and the ,westmorland scheme1 which are both1 however1 public ventures worked through the ,county ,council in the first case1 and1 in the second1 through the ,kendal ,public ,library4 ,all of these 7except the ,coats scheme7 work on the sound method of dispatching to selected 7and1 in some of the private instances1 subscribing7 centres boxes of books which are changed twice or thrice yearly4 #edc4 ,the private schemes1 effective as they are1 are unable to supply that co-ordinated service which may be expected from a state1 or rate1 maintained service2 and as a whole the rural population is unprovided as yet4 ,although the need for general library provision has been abundantly recognized1 the imagination of ,british legislators seems to have been unable to compass anything practical towards meeting it4 ,the reasons for lack of village libraries turn upon the small product of the penny rate1 which in an average population of #djj--;a frequent population figure for a village--rarely exceeds #aj yearly1 a sum manifestly inadequate to provide or maintain a library4 ,ignorance of even this possibility and the traditional apathy or actual hostility of squire and parson1 at least until lately1 to any scheme of rural enlightenment may also have been factors2 but1 however that may be1 in #aiae only seventy-six out of all the parishes of the kingdom had libraries working under the ,acts4 ,co-operation alone can produce for these scattered populations the benefits of a sound service2 but although the ,libraries ,acts 7#ahib1 ,sections #i-aj2 #ahic1 ,section #d7 permit the co-operation of neighbouring urban districts or parishes for the provision of libraries1 the method has been resorted to only occasionally1 as at ,workington and ,harrington in ,cumberland1 where some such combination exists4 #edd4 ,the ,county ,council as ,library ,authority4--,the obvious authority to establish and administer rural libraries is the ,county ,council2 but there is no explicit legislative instruction1 or even permission1 for them to do so4 ,the ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust has given careful and sympathetic attention to this problem1 and to this body the recent rapid development of rural libraries is due4 ,acting on a recommendation of ,professor ,w4 ,g4 ,s4 ,adams1 in his valuable ,report on ,library ,provision and ,policy1 #aiae1 that experimental library systems should be established in five selected areas in different parts of the kingdom1 the ,trustees invited certain ,county ,councils through their education committees1 and certain towns well placed in regard to surrounding rural districts1 to accept grants for such work4 ,professor ,adams advised the provision of 7#a7 a central library1 from which the books could be distributed at regular intervals1 and from which also there should be supervision of the whole area2 7#b7 village libraries1 usually placed in a school1 with the schoolmaster as librarian1 and consisting of a permanent collection of important reference and standard works1 and a circulating library which would be exchanged at three-monthly or other suitable intervals4 ,the first areas chosen were ,staffordshire as a county2 ,worksop1 ,nottinghamshire1 as a town centred amongst villages2 and the ,trustees themselves established at the public library of their own centre1 ,dunfermline1 a system to deal with the ,orkneys1 ,shetland and the island of ,lewis1 and to reinforce by circulating collections the ,coats libraries in other districts4 ,the scheme has developed rapidly1 and at the time of writing the counties of ,dorset1 ,gloucester1 ,lincoln1 ,nottingham1 ,somerset1 ,stafford1 ,warwick1 ,westmorland1 ,wilts1 ,york1 ,montgomery1 ,brecon1 ,buckingham1 ,cardigan1 ,carnarvon1 ,forfar1 ,lewis1 ,orkney and ,shetland1 ,perth1 ,kerry and ,limerick are all administering1 or have accepted1 grants for rural libraries4 ,the grants range in amount from about #cjjj to #gjjj each1 and are initial and experimental2 that is to say1 the sum provided is intended to establish and maintain the library system for a space of five years1 after which it is expected that they will be administered entirely from county funds4 #ede4 ,the ,methods of ,carnegie ,rural ,libraries4--,it is too early yet to assess the results of these schemes or to expatiate with any certainty upon their methods2 but an account of the administration of the ,trust's own scheme for the ,north of ,scotland may be taken as typical1 because1 with the necessary variations imposed1 or considered desirable1 in the various county schemes1 it is the standard for them all4 #edf4 ,the ,central ,repository4--,at the central repository the books are collected1 classified1 catalogued1 dispatched and received2 and accommodation sufficient for these purposes is provided4 ,the extent of the initial stock1 which is intended later to be fully representative of ,english and translated foreign literature1 literature in ,gaelic1 local industries1 science1 history and topography1 is such as to provide a collection of about seventy-five books for each centre to be served2 and the travelling collections consist in equal proportions of general works1 fiction for adult readers1 and literature for children4 ,later1 however1 the selection will be influenced largely by the demands made by the local librarians4 ,in the first case collections were exchanged twice yearly4 ,certain current periodicals1 not returnable1 were also sent out in boxes4 ,,accession4--,a slip suggestions record is used1 one slip being written for each title2 and from this the order list is compiled4 ,both order and slips are stamped with the date of the order1 and when the books are received and found to be correct the slips are stamped with the date of receipt4 ,the slips are then filed to form a continuous catalogue of accessions4 ,accessioning is done the ordinary way2 all books are stamped throughout with a rubber-stamp impression of the name of the ,trust2 and the board label reads thus3 ---------------------------------------- ,,rural ,,libraries4 ,readers are requested to take great care of the books while in their possession1 and to point out any defect they may notice in them to the librarian4 ,all books should be returned to the ,library within #ad days from date of issue2 but an extension of the period of loan will be granted when desired4 ---------------------------------------- ,,fig4 #aha4--,rural ,library ,board ,label 7,section #edf74 ,,classification4--,the ,decimal classification is used1 to two places for general works1 and to four places for works on specific subjects2 this enables a fairly minute arrangement4 ,the common adjustments are made of removing ,fiction and ,biography from #ijj1 and arranging the former in alphabetical-author order1 and the latter alphabetically by persons biographed4 ,,cataloguing4--,a simple form of classified catalogue1 with author and subject indexes1 is used2 and the date of publication is omitted from the bibliographical particulars1 as the latest editions are always to be presumed4 ,complete catalogues in this form are eventually to be sent to all centres1 but meanwhile separate typed lists1 covering each collection1 are sent out with the collection4 ,,central ,,charging4--,the method of charging books to the various centres is simple4 ,a card index in the usual form is drawn upon1 the cards for each consignment of books being abstracted and placed behind a guide bearing the name of the centre4 ,a date guide is inserted when the dispatch is made1 and the 8deliveries index0 thus made forms a convenient guide to the books at any given centre1 and1 of course1 is a means by which returned books are checked4 ,,dispatches4--,books are dispatched in boxes1 specially constructed in deal1 #ah #ab #ab inches inside measurements1 which hold about forty-five volumes4 ,they are banded with hoop iron1 which is secured by screw-in iron bolts1 and iron bars1 screwing with nuts to the bolts1 secure the lid4 ,the interior is lined with waterproof paper2 and flush handles are fitted to each box4 ,the design is intended to meet the very rough usage probable in transit to remote districts4 ,in ordinary rural service a much lighter box1 of three-ply wood1 has been found to be quite suitable4 ,it is probably better1 too1 to have smaller boxes1 as the handling of heavy boxes of books is a difficulty for both carrier and librarian4 #edg4 ,the ,village ,centres4--,,local ,,administration4--,the local administration of the libraries is in the hands of central committees formed of members of secondary education and library committees1 and other interested people1 with the librarians of the towns in the area as secretaries4 ,these committees cover each a number of parishes1 and for the immediate supervision of the parishes local sub-committees of members of school boards1 teachers1 etc41 have been formed1 and of these the schoolmaster is generally the secretary and local custodian of the books4 ,these committees advise on book requirements and on such matters as shelving1 etc42 central committees are also expected to raise the small funds for the conveyance of the books4 ,the average library finds accommodation in the schools1 and permanent collections1 which include the more expensive and general reference books1 are deposited in village institutes and existing ,carnegie public libraries4 ,schools requiring shelves are supplied with deal cases1 having five adjustable shelves1 and a book-capacity of #aej volumes4 ,,charging4--,the record of stock in use at the centres is on cards which are sent out in their card-case from the central repository4 ,these card-cases are of cloth over strawboard1 hold approximately #aej cards1 are #h #e inches in size1 and are made in the shape of an ordinary square-backed book-cover1 with eyelet holes below the hinge through which cords are laced on which the cards are secured4 ,inside these cases the cards for each consignment of books are arranged in classified order4 ,the card used is as shown on page #dhb 7,figs4 #ahb and #ahc74 ,when books are received at the local centre the librarian checks them with the cards and arranges them in the order of the cards on the shelves4 ,the charging method is obvious4 ,the charge is made under the name of the author1 particulars of readers and date of issue and return being entered in the appropriate columns1 the word 8adult0 being written in the age column for readers obviously over twenty-one4 ,the charges are returned to the repository at the exchange periods1 and these enable statistics to be made4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,library 444444444444444444444444444444 ,book ,no4 4444444444 ,author 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,card ,no4 4444444444 ,title 44444444444444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,date ,borrowed4 ,date ,returned4 ,name of ,reader4,age4,occupation4--------------- ---------- ,day4,mth4 ,yr4,day4,mth4 ,yr4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,continue on other side ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,fig4 #ahb4--;,front of ,charging ,card--,carnegie ,rural ,library ,scheme4 ,the size is #g #d inches4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,date ,borrowed4 ,date ,returned4 ,name of ,reader4,age4,occupation4--------------- ---------- ,day4,mth4 ,yr4,day4,mth4 ,yr4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,don't write below this line4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,fig4 #ahc4--;,back of ,carnegie ,charging ,card4 #edh4 ,museum of ,rural ,library ,appliances4--,the above are1 in brief1 the chief features of the ,north of ,scotland scheme1 which seems to be serving its purpose admirably2 and in connexion with it the ,trust is building up at ,dunfermline a small museum of rural library appliances1 to include different types of boxes1 forms1 and other machinery tried in the various centres4 ,this valuable work will in time furnish librarians with a considerable amount of important and useful data4 #edi4 ,other ,schemes4--,as the ,north of ,scotland scheme is continuing in the control of the ,carnegie ,trust1 it is on a rather different footing from the county schemes1 which are in the control of the county education committee4 ,in general1 however1 the methods are the same4 ,there is a central repository where books are selected1 catalogued1 dispatched1 and overhauled on return1 and where reading courses1 special catalogues1 etc41 may be prepared2 indeed1 whence skilled advice and assistance may be drawn by all the village centres4 ,and1 as recommended by ,professor ,adams1 local village schools are the deposit centres1 with schoolmasters as a rule for librarians4 ,the smaller towns have in some places made arrangements by which they amalgamate or co-operate with county schemes1 but the larger towns usually work independently4 ,a rough estimate of the cost of an actual rural library scheme founded on a ,carnegie grant may be given3 ,capital expenditure3 ,repository1 building #hjj ,books #bajj ,boxes #adj ,accessories #ajj ,initial clerical labour #ajj ---- #cbdj ,annual expenditure3 ,salary of librarian #ahj ,clerical assistance #ej ,heating1 lighting1 cleaning #ej ,rates and taxes #be ,carriage of books #ajj ,repairs1 etc4 #be ---- #dcj ,ultimate additional annual cost3 ,repairs and renewals #afj ---- #afj ---- #eij ,thus the annual cost of the scheme after the initial expenses have been met is reckoned at #eij1 but the salary allowed here is inadequate4 ,it is at this point that the legal powers of the ,county ,councils may be tested4 ,it is difficult to imagine the ,local ,government ,board auditor ruling that they cannot provide such library maintenance out of education funds because the ,education ,act of #aiah does not mention it 7although the ,scottish ,act of #aiah does1 and permits it71 but the matter has not been questioned yet4 #eej4 ,general ,considerations4--,every librarian will see the potentialities of this work1 as completing in a large measure the public library system of the country2 moreover1 its rapid and successful development is an earnest of the immense future of libraries as a whole4 ,by co-ordinating this village work with such educational agencies as ,university ,extension1 and the ,workers' ,educational ,association1 it will be possible to give to rural life many of the intellectual advantages hitherto exclusively the possession1 for the non-wealthy classes1 of town life1 and this at a time when settlement on the land is proceeding apace4 ,meanwhile the supervising rural librarian may make regular visits throughout his area1 in which he will give advice on reading1 demonstrations in the use and care of books1 and exercise the undoubted opportunities he will have of bringing people of like intellectual pursuits1 but in different villages1 into touch with one another4 ,all this presupposes the existence of a professional librarian in control of the entire scheme4 ,an initial mistake has been made in some counties in appointing teachers to this position1 on the theory1 no doubt1 that the training of teachers is a very suitable basis for work with libraries which are locally administered by teachers4 ,it may be so--the evidence is not yet forthcoming--but we do not think so4 ,library organization1 especially at the outset1 demands the specialist1 and the librarian differs radically in training and mental attitude from the teacher4 ,further1 the salaries hitherto offered have ranged from #aej to #cjj per annum--have in only one case reached the higher figure--and these sums must be augmented considerably if the rural libraries are to attract and retain the librarians they really need4 #eea4 ,,bibliography ,adams1 ,w4 ,g4 ,s4 ,report on ,library ,provision and ,policy1 #aiae4 ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust4 ,annual ,report1 #aiae to date4 ,farr1 ,harry4 ,libraries in the ,rural ,districts1 #aiji4 ,library ,assistants' ,association ,series1 #b4 ,hetherington1 ,a4 ,l4 ,rural ,libraries1 #aiaf4 ,ministry of ,reconstruction4 ,third ,interim ,report of the ,adult ,education ,committee3 ,libraries and ,museums1 #aiai1 p4 #g4 ,wynkoop1 ,asa4 ,commissions1 ,state ,aid and ,agencies4 ,in ,a4,l4,a4 ,man4 of ,lib4 ,econ41 ,preprint of chapter xxvii41 #aiac4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,f #c1 ,village ,libraries2 ,f #d1 ,travelling ,libraries4 ,,division ,,xv ,,museums ,,and ,,art ,,galleries ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,museums ,,and ,,art ,,galleries #eeb4 ,there are museums of all kinds in existence1 some of them of world-wide importance1 and they may be roughly classified into the following groups3 ,,general ,,museums4--,these are collections of a miscellaneous kind1 comprising art1 science1 archological and other objects1 and aiming more or less at universality4 ,the ,british ,museum was at one time a universal collection1 but since it was divided into art1 ethnological1 natural history and industrial departments1 it no longer forms a general collection under one roof4 ,soane's ,museum in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 ,london1 is a general museum1 and there are many others in the provinces4 ,,national ,,museums4--,collections illustrative of the arts1 manufactures1 antiquities1 literature and history of a nation4 ,these range in extent from the great ,german1 ,hungarian and ,french museums1 down to museums of national antiquities1 like those of the ,societies of ,antiquaries of ,england1 ,scotland and ,ireland4 ,,science ,,museums4--,comprising ,anatomical1 ,botanical1 ,geological1 ,chemical1 ,physical1 ,general ,natural ,history1 ,astronomical1 ,ethnological and other varieties4 ,typical examples are the ,hunterian ,museum of ,anatomy at the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 ,london2 the ,herbarium at ,kew2 the ,museum of ,practical ,geology2 the ,pharmaceutical ,society2 the ,natural ,history ,museum at ,south ,kensington2 the ,united ,service ,museum 7,naval and ,military7 at ,whitehall2 and the historical collections of the ,british ,museum which include ,ethnology4 ,,local ,,museums4--,these are to be found in all parts of the country1 and they usually serve to illustrate and preserve the natural history and antiquities of a particular district2 and they differ from national museums1 in being restricted to a particular locality4 ,,special ,,museums4--,of these there is practically no end4 ,they have been formed to illustrate certain restricted departments of science1 art or history1 such as ,hygiene1 ,numismatics1 ,watch-making1 ,heraldry1 ,costume1 etc41 and they resemble exhibitions of a special kind1 save that they are permanent4 #eec4 ,generally speaking1 a museum is a collection of the objects which go towards the formation of a subject1 just as a library is a collection of the literature connected with a subject or subjects4 ,the museum is necessary to the material conception of a subject1 just as literature is essential as the permanent record of the subject4 ,for example1 in tracing the evolution of the printed book from its manuscript forms1 one can form an idea of the appearance of such books by reading up the relative literature1 and examining a few facsimiles1 and so on2 but1 in order to realize in a perfect way the aspect1 atmosphere and details of early writing and printing1 one must go to the great exhibitions or museums of such books at the ,british ,museum or ,john ,rylands ,library1 ,manchester4 ,it is the same with machinery4 ,while a diagram of a machine as it appears in a book may be comprehensible to a few specially educated minds1 it would be a mere puzzle to an ordinary human being unless he could go to a museum like that at ,south ,kensington and see a working model of the machine in operation4 ,he could then realize in a practical and concrete way the merely graphic or theoretical view afforded by the book4 #eed4 ,all the great ,state museums in the country have been established under the provisions of special ,acts of ,parliament4 ,some of these1 like the various acts establishing the ,british ,museum1 date from the eighteenth century1 while others are much more recent4 ,it is not proposed to deal with the legislation and history of the ,state museums1 nor is it necessary to do more than describe1 later on1 their relations with the municipal museums which may now be considered4 #eee4 ,in #ahde was passed the first ,museums ,act 7#h #i ,vict41 c4 #dc7 8for encouraging the establishment of museums in large towns10 under which the local authorities of towns over #aj1jjj of population were permitted to erect museums and levy a halfpenny rate4 ,no specimens could be bought1 but an entrance fee of #a;d4 could be charged4 ,this ,act was practically inoperative1 as only ,canterbury1 ,warrington1 ,leicester1 ,dover1 ,salford and a few other places adopted it1 and in #ahej it was incorporated in the first ,public ,libraries ,act1 #ahej 7#ac #ad ,vict41 c4 #fe71 which repealed it and added the permissive clauses which existed till #ahic4 ,this ,act in its turn was repealed by that of #ahee1 and again this was repealed by the ,public ,library ,act of #ahib and subsequent amendments1 which remain the leading ,acts under which libraries may be established1 with such subsidiary departments as museums and art galleries4 ,a digest of the powers conferred on local authorities by those various ,acts appears in ,section #d of this ,manual4 ,the authorities seem to have become aware of the difficulty of supporting so many institutions out of one restricted rate1 because in #ahia was passed 8,an ,act to enable ,urban ,authorities to provide and maintain ,museums and ,gymnasiums40 ,under this ,act1 which did not apply to ,scotland or the ,county of ,london1 but only to ,england and ,ireland1 local authorities were enabled to levy a special rate of d4 per pound for museum purposes1 and a rate of d4 per pound for gymnasium purposes1 and to make regulations for the purposes of both kinds of institutions4 ,in #aija this ,act was extended to the ,county of ,london by the 8,public ,libraries ,act1 #aija40 ,a resolution of the local authority is sufficient for the purpose of adopting this ,act1 and the regulations for adoption are similar to those prescribed for the ,public ,libraries ,acts4 ,the principal clauses of the ,act are as follows3 ,clause #d4--8;,an urban authority may provide and maintain museums for the reception of local antiquities or other objects of interest1 and gymnasiums with all the apparatus ordinarily used therewith1 and may erect any buildings1 and generally do all things necessary for the provision and maintenance of such museums and gymnasiums40 ,clause #e4--8;,a museum provided under this ,act shall be open to the public not less than three days in every week free of charge1 but subject thereto an urban authority may admit any person or class of persons thereto as they think fit1 and may charge fees for such admission1 or may grant the use of the same or of any room therein1 either gratuitously or for payment1 to any person for any lecture or exhibition or for any purpose of education or instruction4 4 4 40 ,full power is given by other clauses to make all necessary regulations as to hours1 staff1 order1 etc41 in both museums and gymnasiums1 and for borrowing money for buildings or other purposes4 ,separate accounts are to be kept1 and 8,the amount expended by an urban authority under this ,act shall not in any year exceed the amount produced by a rate of a halfpenny in the pound for a museum1 and the like amount for a gymnasium established under this ,act40 #eef4 ,a new provision in legislation of this kind is contained in ,clause #ab1 which empowers an urban authority to sell a museum or gymnasium after seven years' trial1 if it is deemed unnecessary or too expensive1 but only with the consent of the ,local ,government ,board4 ,any moneys received from such sale are to be applied1 in the first instance1 to the repayment of loans1 and if not all required for such a purpose1 may1 with the approval of the ,local ,government ,board1 8be applied to any purpose to which capital moneys are properly applicable40 #eeg4 ,it is further provided 7,clause #ac7 that the powers given to urban authorities under the ,act 8shall be deemed to be in addition to and not in derogation of any other powers conferred by ,act of ,parliament1 law1 or custom1 and such other powers may be exercised in the same manner as if this ,act had not been passed40 ,in other words1 the powers conferred by the 8,public ,libraries ,acts10 for example1 with regard to museums1 still hold good1 and the new powers created by the 8,museums and ,gymnasiums ,act0 can be exercised as an addition to them4 ,it should be noted that1 in addition to the general legislation contained in the ,public ,libraries and ,museums ,acts1 many private or local ,acts have been passed1 under which different localities have obtained power to spend money on the provision of museums and art galleries1 greatly in excess of the limits imposed by the general ,acts4 #eeh4 ,this represents practically the whole of the legislation connected with municipal museums1 and it may be inferred1 from the financial provision allowed by ,parliament1 that no museum which depends entirely upon the halfpenny rate can be in a very flourishing condition4 ,the deficiencies of the rate-income are in many cases made up by the donations and bequests of private donors2 occasionally public bodies render valuable aid2 not infrequently the closely restricted library rate is nibbled at and diverted from its real purpose2 and very often the ,state1 represented by the ,victoria and ,albert ,museums at ,south ,kensington1 circulates useful and valuable loan collections4 ,in these various ways museums are helped1 and within the past few years1 or since the ,museums ,association was established in #ahij1 the organization1 scientific value and equipment of museums have improved in a very marked degree4 ,no doubt in some localities can still be seen the old-fashioned hotch-potch collection of miscellaneous lumber styled a museum1 wherein a stuffed walrus jostles a suit of armour1 and local fossils and meteorites are beautifully mixed up with birds' eggs1 flint implements and coins4 ,such collections only require an alligator1 and a canoe from ,fiji on the walls1 to be perfect specimens of the ,wardour ,street kind of museum4 ,happily this kind of omnium-gatherum museum is rapidly dying out before the advance of rational classification1 and in some cases where collections are small and contained in one room1 yet by means of intelligent arrangement incongruous objects are kept apart1 and the little museum is made an instructive nucleus1 instead of a high-class marine-store4 #eei4 ,this leads to such questions as the elements of museum classification and description1 which are the most important points in the relations between libraries and schools and museums4 ,without classification a general or even special museum is comparatively useless4 ,without effective arrangement and descriptive labelling the specimens remain uninstructive and misleading4 ,on these two points museums resemble libraries1 and it is only when they agree in the essentials of classification and description that the institutions become mutually beneficial4 ,a well-classified and arranged cabinet of minerals1 with a full set of descriptive labels1 is simply invaluable to the student of mineralogy and geology4 ,when1 therefore1 a student is referred from the literature to the objects described in the text-books1 he is educated to the extent of being able to appreciate the fact that objects are grouped together in respect of certain resemblances1 and that classification into related groups is the basis of the science he is studying4 ,on going to a museum of specimens1 such a student1 if he were an entomologist1 would naturally expect to find together all the butterflies1 bees1 beetles1 flies and other objects properly classified according to order1 genera and species4 ,if he found all the moths1 bugs1 flies and beetles mingled in one huge jumble1 and labelled ,insects1 the collection would be uninstructive and would throw no light on his previous reading4 #efj4 ,whatever set of concrete objects a student sets out to examine in a museum1 after being referred from his books1 he expects to find some relationship between the literature he has studied and the objects he means to compare and examine4 ,on this principle all the large museums of the world are arranged1 and the result is that no student who has previously acquired an elementary knowledge of an art or science from text-books should experience any difficulty in finding his way about a museum4 ,it is true that1 for purposes of popular display and to tickle up juvenile interest in natural history1 some museums exhibit fine specimens of birds or mammals out of their order1 where they will attract notice1 but the bulk of the collection will be found in strictly classified order4 ,in many important museums it has been found useful to illustrate animal structure and comparative anatomy by means of key or type collections1 which are kept apart from the genera classification1 yet serve to illustrate important points in comparative zoology1 which it would be difficult to do on a very extensive scale4 ,there are many text-books written exactly on the same principle4 ,one author takes a rabbit1 another a crayfish1 and from these bases teach the main facts of animal structure which apply all round4 ,so in a museum4 ,while it would be absolutely impossible to repeat at every centre such a fine collection of minerals as has been gathered together at the ,natural ,history ,museum at ,south ,kensington1 yet it is possible to illustrate the main facts and classification of mineralogy by means of a selection of actual specimens or models4 ,similarly at the ,british ,museum1 the student of early printing does not find himself confronted with a complete chronological sequence of all the books printed in the fifteenth century to illustrate the incunabula1 but he finds a selection1 or type collection1 which in the most effectual way traces the development and evolution of the printed book4 ,the more these type collections are adopted and utilized1 the greater will become the value of museums for elementary science teaching1 and as most museums are unable to collect and display specimens of everything in the world1 it is obvious that they must do as libraries have to do--select only what is best1 most typical and instructive1 and leave indiscriminate collecting to the great universal museums supported by the ,state4 #efa4 ,a well-arranged and classified museum1 whether of a general character1 or which is confined to local botany1 zoology1 geology and archology1 has great bearing on the educational work of public libraries4 ,it enables a reader to realize the material side of his studies1 and by showing him related objects in a definite order1 broadens his outlook on the subject1 and brings home to him the reality of the matter4 ,as object-lessons are to school-children1 so are museums to library readers4 #efb4 ,art galleries are divisible into three classes--#a4 ,those maintained or assisted by the ,statethe ,national ,gallery2 ,scottish ,national ,art ,gallery1 etc4 #b4 ,those endowed by private munificence or by public bodiesthe ,wallace ,collection2 ,tate ,gallery2 the ,walker ,art ,gallery1 ,liverpool1 the ,harris ,art ,gallery1 ,preston1 etc4 #c4 ,those maintained from local rates levied under special ,acts of ,parliament2 or1 under the ,public ,libraries ,acts1 which empower local authorities to support art galleries out of the penny rate4 ,there is no special ,act for the establishment of art galleries similar to the ,museums ,act already described1 and apart from special ,acts1 the ,public ,libraries ,acts are the only ones which empower the establishment of art galleries4 ,needless to say1 such powers are rarely exercised unless other sources of endowment or income are forthcoming4 ,so many single pictures cost more than the produce of a penny rate in most towns1 that it is1 on the face of it1 absurd to think of art galleries only as departments of public libraries4 ,in some cases part of the library rate is no doubt used to defray part of the expenses of art galleries1 particularly buildings1 but it is very unusual to purchase pictures from such a meagre fund4 ,art galleries are greatly assisted by loan exhibitions contributed to by artists1 picture owners1 both public and private1 and the national art authorities acting through the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum at ,south ,kensington4 ,annually the ,south ,kensington authorities lend to over #djj museums1 exhibitions1 schools of art and science1 etc41 no fewer than #dg1jjj objects1 of which #df1jjj are works of art1 including pictures1 embroideries1 photographs1 metal-work1 pottery1 etc4 ,but for these circulating collections1 comparatively few of the smaller art galleries of the country could keep alive interest simply by means of their own permanent collections4 ,it is only in large towns1 like ,london1 ,edinburgh1 ,dublin1 ,glasgow1 ,birmingham1 ,liverpool1 etc41 where great and representative collections are kept illustrating the leading schools of art1 that any direct educational value can be said to attach to art galleries4 ,so far as educational value is concerned1 an art gallery cannot for a moment be compared to a museum or a library4 ,its appeal on the educational side is to a very small section of the public1 and even to this section such appeal is limited by the size and character of the collection4 ,the student of early ,italian or ,flemish painting can learn nothing in a little provincial art gallery1 containing fifty or sixty modern landscapes and figure subjects2 and the student of ,impressionist painting will not find much to help him in a gallery composed of examples of old ,dutch and ,french masters4 ,the value of an art gallery depends1 therefore1 on its size and representative nature so far as art students are concerned1 and on the appeal which fine paintings make to the higher feelings and perceptions of mankind for its influence as a creator of taste and stimulator of a love of the beautiful4 ,when an art collection takes the form of a special exhibition illustrative of a subject1 rather than a particular school of painting1 its value and interest are enormously increased4 ,suppose1 for example1 that an art gallery is devoted to an exhibition illustrative of some great historical subject1 like the career of ,napoleon ,i4 ,the value of the pictorial side of the subject at once stands forth with great prominence1 and one can realize the educational value of art in the exposition of history4 ,but in a mere random collection of pictures1 on all kinds of subjects1 by all kinds of painters1 there is no kind of consecutive teaching or definite connexion with the art literature contained in a library1 and1 therefore1 such a miscellaneous selection of pictures is chiefly valuable as a kind of vague appeal to the sthetic feelings of the casual observer4 ,only great collections like those of the ,national ,gallery in ,london1 and the ,louvre at ,paris1 can be said to illustrate the literature of art1 and it is chiefly in regard to such art galleries that some direct connexion can be traced between art collections and libraries4 ,,bibliography #efc4 ,museums and ,art ,galleries3 ,chambers and ,fovargue4 ,law relating to 4 4 4 ,museums4 ,flower1 ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,essays on ,museums1 #ahih4 ,greenwood1 ,t4 ,museums and ,art ,galleries1 #ahhh4 ,jackson1 ,m4 ,t4 ,the ,museum3 ,a ,manual of the ,housing and ,care of ,art ,collections1 #aiag4 ,murray1 ,david4 ,museums3 ,their ,history and ,use1 #aijd1 #c vols4 ,vols4 #b-c are a most extensive bibliography4 ,museums ,journal4 ,for articles see ,cannons3 ,f #ag-ah1 ,museums2 ,f #ai1 ,art ,galleries4 ,,appendix ,i ,,the ,,nomenclature ,,of ,,library ,,positions#ah #ah ,a report contributed by ,l4 ,stanley ,jast and ,w4 ,c4 ,berwick ,sayers to the ,congrs ,international des ,archivistes et des ,bibliothcaires1 ,bruxelles1 #aiaj4 #efd4 ,it will be difficult but it is desirable to attempt to resolve some order out of the terminological chaos at present existing4 ,the ,british ,government has many library positions in its control1 but the term librarian is only sparingly recognized4 ,there are 8librarians0 of the two ,houses of ,parliament1 the ,british ,museum1 the ,board of ,education1 ,admiralty1 ,patent ,office and other ,government departments1 but only in the ,houses of ,parliament are there any assistant-librarians so-named4 ,the heads of departments in the ,british ,museum are called 8keepers10 a traditional term1 and the assistant librarians 8,assistants in the ,department of ,printed ,books0 or 8,manuscripts10 as the case may be1 which as a term in no way connects them with librarianship4 ,in the ,patent ,office the term 8,custodian0 was formerly employed1 but was dropped some eight years ago for 8,assistant in the ,library40 ,in the other ,government or ,civil ,service libraries the assistant librarian is usually rated and named as a first- or second-class clerk1 as the case may be4 ,it would be greatly to the advantage of librarianship if a proper ,government recognition of the term librarian as representing a specially trained type of man rather than the occupant of a certain position could be obtained4 ,at present it seems that clerks in any ,government office possessing a library can be moved from the office proper to the library1 and vice versa4 #efe4 ,in municipal and similar public libraries the chaos is even more pronounced4 ,the principal officer calls himself ,chief1 ,principal1 ,head1 ,borough or ,city ,librarian1 or merely ,librarian4 ,often the term ,chief ,librarian is adopted where the owner of the name is the only librarian on the staff1 and the term 8,chief0 in these circumstances is meaningless4 #efg4 ,in the nomenclature of assistant librarians the confusion is worse still4 ,the principal assistant to the librarian is called the ,deputy1 ,chief ,assistant1 ,assistant- or ,sub-,librarian in large libraries2 but the terminology is imitated by the smaller libraries1 and it is no uncommon matter to hear of an assistant with a salary of #cj per annum called a 8sub-librarian10 and 8chief assistant0 and similar terms are used very loosely to the bewilderment of library authorities1 who find that the ,deputy ,librarian of a great library like ,birmingham holds apparently the same position as the untrained lad in a village library4 #efh4 ,it is undoubtedly desirable to formulate a series of definitions which should govern the application of names to library positions4 ,the resulting nomenclature if generally adopted would prevent the anomalies referred to4 ,no librarian should call himself a chief librarian unless he directs the work of librarians2 the adjective is distinctly a relative term4 ,similarly a deputy- or a sub-librarian should be clearly a librarian of some technical equipment and training though he does not happen to hold an independent position4 ,to apply this name to a young or boy assistant is undignified and is bound to cause confusion4 #efi4 ,the following definitions are therefore tentatively recommended for general adoption as solving the difficulties under consideration4 ,at the same time1 human nature being what it is1 we shall probably never do away altogether with a meaningless and inflated use of official terms in small libraries1 and anything like a general adoption of our proposed definitions in the larger libraries is perhaps unlikely4 ,even so1 the adoption of these or other definitions for all general statistical purposes would be of great advantage4 ,,suggested ,,nomenclature ,,and ,,definitions ,,of ,,library ,,positions ,chief ,librarian4--,the head librarian of a number of libraries1 or a library system1 under the charge of 8librarians40 ,in the case of a single large library 7e4g4 the ,british ,museum71 where the departmental chiefs may fitly be styled librarians1 the term ,chief ,librarian may be used to designate the head2 with such exception the term should never be employed for the head of a single library4 ,deputy ,librarian4--,the principal assistant to a ,chief ,librarian1 whose work belongs strictly to the general administration of a system4 ,not to be confused with ,sub-,librarian4 ,librarian4--,the head of a library4 ,not to be confused with ,chief ,librarian1 the head of a system of libraries4 ,sub-,librarian4--,the principal assistant to a librarian1 whose work is independent of departments1 but not independent of a building4 ,not to be confused with ,deputy ,librarian4 ,librarian-in-,charge4--,the officer in charge of a district or branch library1 or one of the departments of a central library1 in a system under the control of a ,chief ,librarian4 ,not to be confused with ,librarian4 ,branch ,librarian4--,term not to be used4 ,see ,librarian-in-,charge4 ,chief ,assistant4--,an officer in charge of a department1 subordinate to a ,sub-,librarian4 ,if subordinate to a ,deputy ,librarian the corresponding office would be ,librarian-in-,charge4 ,senior ,assistant4--,a higher grade of library assistant4 ,junior ,assistant4--,a lower grade of library assistant4 ,attendant4--,a person who carries books1 and performs other mechanical unskilled routine4 ,if a youth1 the term 8page0 may be used4 ,janitor4--,an officer 7generally in uniform7 whose principal duty is to maintain order in the building4 ,clerk4--,a person employed in general clerking work1 not a part of the professional library staff4 ,probationer4--,an assistant 8on trial10 or not permanently appointed1 who may or may not be paid4 ,,appendix ,,ii ,,the ,,librarian',s ,,library #egj4 ,the following is a classified list of the principal books which a librarian will require as the chief tools of his profession4 ,it does not claim to be a complete bibliography1 many valuable pamphlets and publications of institutions being omitted owing to limited space4 ,the majority of the works mentioned should be available for the benefit of the staff of the larger libraries1 while two suggestive selections are indicated by asterisks as follows3 9999 selection for a small library1 income less than #aejj4 99 selection for a medium library1 income less than #cjjj4 ,richard ,wright4 #ega4 ,,library ,,science3 ,,bibliographies 9999,,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,guide to ,librarianship3 reading lists1 methods of study1 and tables of factors and percentages1 required in connexion with library economy4 #ic pp4 #aiji4 7,grafton47 9999,,cannons1 ,h4 ,g4 ,t4 ,bibliography of ,library ,economy3 a classified index to the professional periodical literature relating to library economy1 printing1 methods of publishing1 copyright1 bibliography1 etc4 #ahgf-aiji4 #aiaj4 7,stanley ,russell47 9999,,library ,,association ,,and ,,library ,,assistants' ,,association4 ,union ,class-,list of the ,libraries of the ,library and ,library ,assistants' ,associations4 #aiac4 7,library ,association47 ,,library ,,work3 cumulated1 #aije-aa3 a bibliography and digest of library literature4 ,ed4 ,a4 ,l4 ,guthrie4 #aiab4 7,minneapolis3 ,wilson47 #egb4 ,,policy ,,and ,,utility ,,of ,,libraries 9999,,bostock1 ,a4 ,e4 ,the ,american ,public ,library4 #aiaj4 7,n4 ,york3 ,appleton47 ---- 7,ed474 ,relationship between the ,library and the ,public ,schools3 reprints of papers and addresses4 7,n4 ,york3 ,wilson47 ,,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,libraries3 addresses and essays4 #aiaf4 7,n4 ,york3 ,wilson47 99,,edwards1 ,,edward4 ,free ,town ,libraries3 their formation1 management and history4 #ahfi4 7,trbner47 ,,fay1 ,l4 ,e41 and ,,eaton1 ,a4 ,t4 ,instruction in the ,use of ,books and ,libraries3 a text-book for normal schools and colleges4 #aiae4 ,useful ,reference ,ser4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 ,,graesel1 ,,arnim4 ,handbuch der ,bibliothekslehre3 zweite1 voellig umgearbeitete ,auflage der 8,grundzge der ,bibliothekslehre40 #aijb4 7,leipzig3 ,weber47 ,,green1 ,s4 ,s4 ,public ,library ,movement in the ,united ,states1 #ahec-ic4 #aiac4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 99,,hardy1 ,e4 ,a4 ,the ,public ,library3 its place in our educational system4 #aiab4 7,toronto3 ,briggs47 ,,ladewig1 ,,dr ,,paul4 ,politik der ,bcherei4 #aiab4 7,leipzig3 ,wiengandt47 ,,library ,,association4 ,,committee ,,on ,,public ,,education ,,and ,,public ,,libraries4 ,report1 #aije4 #ab pp4 #aijf4 7,library ,association47 9999,,lowe1 ,j4 ,a4 ,books and ,libraries3 a manual of instruction in their use3 for colleges4 #aiaf4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 ,,miller1 ,f4 ,m4 ,libraries and ,education4 #aiab4 7,melbourne3 ,robertson47 99,,morel1 ,,eug,,ne4 ,bibliothques3 essai sur le dveloppement des bibliothques publiques et de la libraire dans les deux mondes4 #b vols4 #aijh-ji4 7,paris3 ,mercure de ,france47 ,,pellisson1 ,,maurice4 ,les ,bibliothques ,populaires l'tranger et en ,france4 #aijf4 ,,plummer1 ,m4 ,w4 ,hints to ,small ,libraries4 7,chicago3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,,public ,,libraries1 ,,select ,,committee ,,on4 ,report3 with proceedings1 minutes of evidence and appendix4 #ahdi4 9999,,reconstruction1 ,,ministry ,,of4 ,third ,interim ,report of the ,adult ,education ,committee3 libraries and museums4 #aiai4 7,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office47 ,,reyer1 ,,ed4 ,entwicklung und ,organisation der ,volksbibliotheken4 #ahic4 7,leipzig3 ,engelmann47 ---- ,fortschritte der ,volkstumlichen ,bibliotheken4 #aijc4 7,leipzig3 ,engelmann47 ,,richou1 ,,gabriel4 ,trait de l',administration des ,bibliothques ,publiques3 historique1 organization1 legislation4 #ahhe4 7,paris3 ,dupont47 ,,spofford1 ,a4 ,r4 ,books for all ,readers3 an aid to the collection1 use and preservation of books1 and the formation of public and private libraries4 #aiji4 7,n4 ,york3 ,putnam47 99,,stewart1 ,j4 ,d4 ,how to ,use a ,library4 #aiaj4 7,stock47 99,,ward1 ,g4 ,o4 ,the ,practical ,use of ,books and ,libraries4 #b vols4 #aiaa4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 ,,wire1 ,g4 ,e4 ,how to ,start a ,public ,library4 #aijb4 7,washington3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 #egc4 ,,practical ,,manuals4 ,,handbooks 9999,,american ,,library ,,association4 ,manual of ,library ,economy4 #aiaa-ae4 ,in progress4 7,chicago3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,manual of ,library ,economy4 #aiji4 7,grafton47 ,,cousin1 ,,jules4 ,de l',organisation et de l',administration des ,bibliothques4 #ahhb4 ,,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,a ,library ,primer4 #aiaj4 7,chicago3 ,library ,bureau47 99---- 7,ed474 ,modern ,american ,library ,economy3 as illustrated by the ,newark1 ,n4,j41 ,free ,public ,library4 #aijh4 7,minneapolis3 ,wilson47 ,,fletcher1 ,w4 ,j4 ,public ,libraries in ,america4 #ahid4 7,chicago3 ,sampson ,low47 ,,greenwood1 ,,thomas4 ,public ,libraries3 a history of the movement1 and a manual for the organization and management of rate-supported libraries4 #dth ed41 revised4 #ahia4 7,cassell47 ,,greve1 ,h4 ,e4 ,openbare ,leesmusea en ,volksbibliotheken4 #aijf4 7,amsterdam3 ,maas47 99,,koch1 ,t4 ,w4 ,library ,assistants' ,manual4 #aiac4 7,lansing3 ,michigan ,library ,commission47 ,,macfarlane1 ,,john4 ,library ,administration4 #ahih4 7,allen47 ,,maire1 ,,albert4 ,manuel ,pratique du ,bibliothcaire3 bibliothques publiques1 universitaires1 prives4 #ahif4 99,,moth1 ,,axel4 ,glossary of ,library ,terms3 ,english1 ,danish1 ,dutch1 ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,swedish4 #eh pp4 #aiae4 ,useful ,reference ,ser4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 99,,rae1 ,w4 ,s4 ,c4 ,public ,library ,administration4 #aiac4 7,routledge47 9999,,roebuck1 ,g4 ,e41 and ,,thorne1 ,w4 ,b4 ,a ,primer of ,library ,practice for ,junior ,assistants4 #aiad4 7,grafton47 99,,stearns1 ,l4 ,e4 7,ed474 ,essentials in ,library ,administration4 #aije4 7,washington3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,,wheatley1 ,h4 ,b4 ,how to ,form a ,library4 #aijb4 7,stock47 #egd4 ,,special ,,departments ,,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,the ,small ,library3 a guide to the collection and care of books4 #aijg4 7,routledge47 99,,emery1 ,j4 ,w4 ,the ,library1 the ,school1 and the ,child4 #aiag4 7,macmillan47 99,,gower1 ,h4 ,d41 ,,jast1 ,l4 ,s41 and ,,topley1 ,w4 ,w4 ,the ,camera as ,historian4 7,sampson ,low47 ,,greenwood1 ,,thomas4 ,sunday ,school and ,village ,libraries4 #ahib4 7,clarke47 99,,kaiser1 ,j4 ,b4 ,law1 ,legislative and ,municipal ,reference ,libraries4 #aiad4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 9999,,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,b4 ,the ,children's ,library3 a practical manual for public1 school and home libraries4 7,routledge47 #ege4 ,,periodicals ,,and ,,associations ,american ,library ,association4 ,bulletin4 #aijg to date4 ,association des ,bibliothcaires ,franais4 ,bulletin4 #aiji 787 to date4 ,baroda ,library ,miscellany4 #aiab to date4 ,la ,bibliothcaire4 #aiaj to date4 7,st ,petersburg47 ,bltter fr ,volksbibliotheken und ,lesehallen4 #aija to date4 7,leipzig47 ,het ,boek4 #aiab to date4 7,the ,hague47 ,bogsamlingsbladet4 #aije 787 to date4 7,copenhagen47 ,boletin del ,archiva ,nacional4 #aija 787 to date4 ,bollettino delle ,biblioteche ,popolari4 #aijh to date4 7,milan47 ,centralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen4 #ahhd to date4 7,leipzig47 ,la ,coltura ,popolare4 #aiaa to date4 7,milan47 ,for ,folke- og ,barneboksamlinger4 #aijg to date4 7,kristiania47 ,an ,leabharlann4 #aije to date4 7,dublin47 99,librarian and ,book ,world4 #aiaj to date4 7,s4 ,paul47 99,library3 a magazine of bibliography and library literature4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,y4 ,m4 ,mac,alister4 #ahhi to date4 7,moring47 9999,library ,assistants' ,association4 ,library ,assistant4 #ahih to date4 7,l4,a4,a47 9999,library ,association4 ,library ,association ,record4 #ahii to date4 7,library ,association47 9999---- ,library ,association ,year ,book4 #ahic to date4 7,library ,association47 ---- ,monthly ,notes4 #ahhj-hc4 7,library ,association47 ---- ,transactions and ,proceedings of ,annual ,meetings4 #ahgh-id4 7,chiswick ,press47 ,library ,chronicle4 #e vols4 #ahhd-hh4 7,library ,association47 9999,library ,journal4 #ahgf to date4 7,n4 ,york3 ,bowker47 ,library ,record of ,australia4 #aija to date4 9999,library ,world4 #ahih to date4 7,grafton47 ,maandblad voor ,bibliotheekwezen4 #aiac to date4 7,the ,hague47 ,museums ,journal4 7,dulau47 ,oesterr4 ,verein fr ,bibliothekswesen4 ,mittheilungen4 #ahig 787 to date4 99,ontario4 ,dept4 of ,education4 ,public ,libraries ,branch4 ,ontario ,library ,review4 7,ontario ,dept4 of ,education47 99,public ,libraries4 #ahif to date4 7,chicago3 ,library ,bureau47 ,revista de ,archivos4 ,bibliotecas y museos4 #aije to date4 7,madrid47 ,revista de la ,biblioteca ,nacional4 #aiji to date4 7,habana47 ,revista delle ,biblioteche e ,degli ,archivi4 7,florence47 ,revue des ,bibliothques4 7,paris47 ,revue des ,bibliothques et ,archives de ,belgique4 #aijc to date4 99,special ,libraries4 #aiaj to date4 7,indianapolis3 ,special ,libraries ,association47 ,tijdschrift voor ,boek- en ,bibliotheekwezen4 #aijc to date4 7,antwerp47 ,wisconsin ,library ,bulletin4 7,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission47 #egf4 ,,legislation 9999,,chambers1 ,g4 ,f41 and ,,fovargue1 ,h4 ,w4 ,law ,relating to ,public ,libraries and ,museums and ,scientific ,institutions4 #ahii4 7,knight47 99,,fovargue1 ,h4 ,w4 ,summary of ,library ,law4 #aiaj4 7,stanley ,russell47 ---- ,adoption of the ,public ,libraries ,acts in ,england and ,wales4 #ahif4 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #g4 7,simpkin47 ,,fovargue1 ,h4 ,w41 and ,,ogle1 ,j4 ,j4 ,public ,library ,legislation4 #ahic4 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #b4 7,simpkin47 #egg4 ,,architecture1 ,,building1 ,,fittings 99,,brown1 ,j4 ,d41 and ,others4 ,open ,access ,libraries3 their planning1 equipment and organization4 #aiae4 7,grafton47 99,,burgoyne1 ,f4 ,j4 ,library ,construction1 ,architecture1 ,fittings and ,furniture4 #ahig4 7,allen47 9999,,champneys1 ,a4 ,l4 ,public ,libraries3 their design1 construction and fittings4 #aijg4 7,batsford47 99,,clark1 ,j4 ,w4 ,care of ,books3 the development of libraries and their fittings to the end of the eighteenth century4 #aiji4 7,cambridge ,univ4 ,press47 ,,cotgreave1 ,,alfred4 ,views and ,memoranda of ,public ,libraries4 #aija4 ,,league ,,of ,,library ,,commissions4 ,small ,library ,buildings4 #aijh4 7,boston3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,n4 ,,york ,,state ,,library4 ,,eastman1 ,w4 ,r4 ,library ,building ,plans4 #ee pp4 #aijf4 99,,soule1 ,c4 ,c4 ,how to ,plan a ,library ,building for ,library ,work4 #aiab4 ,useful ,reference ,ser4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 #egh4 ,,staff ,,bodleian ,,library4 ,staff ,kalendar4 7,annual47 ,,cowell1 ,,peter4 ,public ,library ,staffs4 #ahic4 ,l4,a4 ,series1 #c4 7,simpkin47 9999,,library ,,assistants' ,,association4 ,report on the ,hours1 ,salaries1 ,training and ,conditions of ,service of ,assistants in ,british ,municipal ,libraries4 #aiaa4 7,library ,assistants' ,assoc47 #egi4 ,,cataloguing ,bibliography ,,jahr1 ,,torstein1 and ,,strohm1 ,a4 ,j4 ,bibliography of ,co-operative ,cataloguing and the ,printing of ,catalogue ,cards1 #ahej-aijb4 #aijc4 7,washington3 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office47 ,practical ,manuals 99,,bishop1 ,w4 ,w4 ,practical ,handbook of ,modern ,library ,cataloguing4 #aiad4 7,grafton47 ,,blackburn1 ,c4 ,f4 ,hints on ,catalogue ,titles and on ,index ,entries4 ,,clarke1 ,a4 ,l4 ,manual of ,practical ,indexing4 #aije4 7,grafton47 99,,crawford1 ,,esther4 ,cataloguing3 suggestions for the small library4 #aijf4 7,boston3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,,delisle1 ,,leopold4 ,instructions pour la ,mise et le ,maintien en ,ordre des ,livres d'une ,bibliothque4 #id pp4 #aiaj4 7,paris3 ,champion47 ,,hitchler1 ,,theresa4 ,cataloguing for ,small ,libraries4 #aiae4 7,boston3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 9999,,quinn1 ,j4 ,h4 ,manual of ,library ,cataloguing4 #aiac4 7,grafton47 ,,walter1 ,f4 ,k4 ,abbreviations and ,technical ,terms used in ,book ,catalogs and in ,bibliographies4 #aiab4 ,useful ,reference ,ser4 7,boston3 ,boston ,book ,co47 ,,wheatley1 ,h4 ,b4 ,how to ,catalogue a ,library4 #ahhi4 7,stock47 ,codes 99,,american ,,library ,,association4 ,condensed ,rules for an ,author and ,title ,catalog4 #aijd4 7,american ,library ,assoc47 9999,,american ,,library ,,association ,,and ,,library ,,association4 ,cataloguing ,rules3 author and title entries4 #aijh4 7,library ,association47 99,,british ,,museum4 ,rules for ,compiling the ,catalogues4 #aijj4 7,british ,museum47 9999,,cutter1 ,c4 ,a4 ,rules for a ,dictionary ,catalogue4 7,washington3 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office47 99,,dewey1 ,,melvil4 ,library ,school ,card ,catalog ,rules3 with fifty-two facsimiles of sample cards4 #ahib4 7,boston3 ,library ,bureau47 ,,dziatzko1 ,c4 ,instruction fr die ,ordnung der ,titel im ,alphabetischen ,zettelkatalog der ,knigl4 und ,universitts-,bibliothek zu ,breslau4 #ahhf4 9999,,linderfelt1 ,k4 ,a4 ,eclectic ,card ,catalog ,rules3 author and title4 #ahij4 7,boston3 ,cutter47 ,n4 ,,york ,,state ,,library4 ,,fellows1 ,j4 ,d4 ,cataloguing ,rules4 #aiad4 7,albany3 ,n4 ,york ,university47 ,,perkins1 ,f4 ,b4 ,san ,francisco ,cataloguing for ,public ,libraries4 #ahhd4 7,san ,francisco47 ,subject ,headings 99,,american ,,library ,,association4 ,list of ,subject ,headings for ,use in ,dictionary ,catalogs4 ,ed4 #c2 by ,m4 ,j4 ,briggs2 revised4 #aiaa4 7,washington3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 99 ,,mann1 ,,margaret4 ,subject ,headings for ,use in ,dictionary ,catalogues of ,juvenile ,books4 #aiaf4 7,grafton47 ,annotation 9999,,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick4 ,first ,steps in ,annotation in ,catalogues4 #aiah4 ,l4,a4,a4 ,ser41 #i4 7,library ,assistants' ,assoc47 9999,,savage1 ,e4 ,a4 ,manual of ,descriptive ,annotation for ,library ,catalogues4 #aijf4 7,grafton47 ,forms and ,production of ,catalogues 9999,,philip1 ,a4 ,j4 ,the ,production of the ,printed ,catalogue4 #aiaj4 7,atkinson47 9999,,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick1 and ,,stewart1 ,j4 ,d4 ,the ,card ,catalogue3 a practical manual for public and private libraries4 #aiac4 7,grafton47 ---- ,catalogues for ,children4 #aije4 7,aberdeen ,univ4 ,press47 9999,,stewart1 ,j4 ,d4 ,the ,sheaf ,catalogue3 the compilation of manuscript catalogues for public and private libraries4 #aiji4 7,grafton47 #ehj4 ,,classification ,theoretical and ,practical 9999,,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,library ,classification and ,cataloguing4 #aiab4 7,grafton47 9999,,richardson1 ,e4 ,c4 ,classification3 theoretical and practical4 #aiab4 7,n4 ,york3 ,scribner's47 9999,,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick4 ,canons of ,classification ,applied to the ,subject1 ,expensive1 ,decimal1 and ,library of ,congress ,classifications4 #aiae4 7,grafton47 9999---- ,an ,introduction to ,library ,classification3 with readings1 questions and examination papers4 #aiah4 7,grafton47 9999---- ,a ,short ,course in ,practical ,classification4 7,library ,association47 ,schemes ,,belgium4 ,,institut ,,international ,,de ,,bibliographie4 ,classification ,bibliographique ,dcimale3 tables gnrals refondues tablies en vue de la publication du rpertoire bibliographique universel3 dition ,franaise publie avec le concours du ,bureau ,bibliographique de ,paris4 #ahii-aije4 ,in progress4 7,brussels3 ,inst4 ,internat4 de ,bibliographie47 ---- ,manuel du ,rpertoire ,bibliographique ,universel3 organisation1 tat de travaux1 rgles1 classification4 7,library ,bureau47 9999,,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,subject ,classification4 #aiad4 7,grafton47 ,,california ,,university4 ,classification of ,books in the ,library4 ,ed4 #b2 revised4 #aiaf4 ,library ,bulletin1 #ab4 7,univ4 of ,california47 99,,cutter1 ,c4 ,a4 ,expansive ,classification4 ,in progress4 7,boston3 ,library ,bureau47 9999,,dewey1 ,,melvil4 ,decimal ,classification and ,relative ,index3 for library clippings1 notes1 etc4 ,ed4 #i4 #aiae4 7,boston3 ,library ,bureau47 ,,fletcher1 ,w4 ,i4 ,library ,classification4 #ahid4 7,boston3 ,roberts47 ,,jast1 ,l4 ,s4 ,classification of ,library ,economy and ,office ,papers4 #aijg4 7,grafton47 ,,perkins1 ,f4 ,b4 ,rational ,classification of ,literature for ,shelving and ,cataloguing ,books in a ,library4 #ahhb4 7,san ,francisco3 ,valentine47 ,,united ,,states4 ,,library ,,of ,,congress4 ,classification4 #bb pts4 #aijd-af4 7,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office47 ,author ,marks 99,,cutter1 ,c4 ,a4 ,three-,figure ,decimal ,alphabetic ,order ,table4 #aija4 7,boston3 ,library ,bureau47 99---- ,explanation of the ,alphabetic ,order ,marks3 three-figure table4 #aija4 7,boston3 ,library ,bureau47 #eha4 ,,bookbinding ,,american ,,library ,,association4 ,,committee ,,on ,,binding4 ,binding ,specifications for ,commercial ,work4 #aiji4 7,chicago3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,,bailey1 ,a4 ,l4 ,library ,bookbinding4 #aiaf4 7,n4 ,york3 ,wilson47 99,,chivers1 ,,cedric4 ,the ,paper of ,lending ,library ,books3 with remarks on their bindings4 #aiaj4 7,bath3 ,chivers47 99,,cockerell1 ,,douglas4 ,bookbinding and the ,care of ,books4 #aijf4 7,hogg47 9999,,coutts1 ,h4 ,t41 and ,,stephen1 ,g4 ,a4 ,manual of ,library ,bookbinding3 practical and historical4 #aiaa4 7,grafton47 99,,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,notes on ,bookbinding for ,libraries4 #aijf4 7,boston3 ,library ,bureau47 9999,,library ,,association4 ,,sound ,,leather ,,committee4 ,leather for ,libraries4 #aije4 7,library ,association47 99,,philip1 ,a4 ,j4 ,business of ,bookbinding4 #aiab4 7,stanley ,paul47 99,,society ,,of ,,arts4 ,report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding4 #aije4 7,society of ,arts47 ,,stephen1 ,g4 ,a4 ,commercial ,bookbinding3 the processes and the machines used4 #aiaj4 7,stonhill47 9999,,zaehnsdorf1 ,j4 ,h4 ,bookbinding4 #aijj4 7,bell47 ,historical 99,,horne1 ,h4 ,p4 ,the ,binding of ,books4 #ahid4 ,books about ,books4 7,kegan ,paul47 99,,prideaux1 ,s4 ,t4 ,historical ,sketch of ,bookbinding4 #ahic4 7,laurence ,bullen47 #ehb4 ,,ancient ,,and ,,medi,,val ,,libraries ,,boyd1 ,c4 ,e4 ,public ,libraries and ,literary ,culture in ,ancient ,rome4 #aiae4 7,chicago3 ,univ4 ,press47 99,,edwards1 ,,edward4 ,memoirs of ,libraries4 #b vols4 #ahei4 7,trbner47 99,,richardson1 ,e4 ,c4 ,the ,beginnings of ,libraries4 #aiad4 7,oxford ,univ4 ,press47 99---- ,biblical ,libraries3 library history1 #cdjj ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #aej4 #aiad4 7,oxford ,univ4 ,press47 99---- ,some old ,egyptian ,libraries4 #aiaa4 7,oxford ,univ4 ,press47 99,,savage1 ,e4 ,a4 ,old ,english ,libraries3 the making1 collection and use of books during the middle ages4 #aiaa4 ,antiquary's ,books4 7,methuen47 9999---- ,story of ,libraries and ,book ,collecting4 7,routledge47 #ehc4 ,,modern ,,libraries3 ,,directories ,,and ,,statistics 99,,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,a ,british ,library ,itinerary4 #cj pp4 #aiac4 7,grafton47 9999,,carnegie ,,united ,,kingdom ,,trust4 ,annual ,report4 #aiad to date4 ---- ,statistics relating to ,public ,libraries in the ,united ,kingdom4 #aiaf4 9999---- ,,adams1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,g4 ,s4 ,report on ,library ,provision and ,policy4 #aiae4 ,,franklin1 ,,alfred4 ,guide des ,savants1 des ,littrateurs1 et des ,artistes dans les ,bibliothques de ,paris4 #aijh4 7,paris3 ,welter47 ,,gibson1 ,,strickland4 ,some ,oxford ,libraries4 #aiad4 7,oxford ,univ4 ,press47 9999,libraries1 ,museums1 and ,art ,galleries ,year ,book4 #ahig to date4 7,stanley ,paul47 9999,literary ,year ,book4 7,annual47 7,heath1 ,cranton ,ouseley47 9999,,london ,,university4 ,,rye1 ,a4 ,r4 ,the ,libraries of ,london3 a guide for students4 #aiaj4 7,univ4 of ,london47 ,,marcel1 ,,henry1 and ,others4 ,la ,bibliothque ,nationale4 #aijg4 7,paris3 ,renouard47 ,,morel1 ,,eug,,ne4 ,la ,librairie ,publique4 #aiaj4 7,paris3 ,colin47 ,,nederlandsche ,,bibliotheekgids4 ,uitgave van de ,nederlandsche ,vereeniging van ,bibliothecarissen en ,bibliotheek-,ambtenaren1 ,gevestigd te ,utrecht4 #aiac4 #hh pp4 7,utrecht3 ,oosthoek47 ,,ogle1 ,j4 ,j4 ,the ,free ,library3 its history and present condition4 #ahig4 7,allen47 9999,,parliament4 ,return ,showing the ,names of all ,places in ,england1 ,scotland and ,ireland in which the ,public ,libraries ,acts had been ,adopted4 #aiab4 7,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office47 99,,peddie1 ,r4 ,a4 ,the ,british ,museum ,reading ,room3 a handbook for students4 #aiab4 7,grafton47 99,,rawlings1 ,g4 ,b4 ,the ,british ,museum ,library4 #aiaf4 7,grafton47 #ehd4 ,,bibliography3 ,,historical ,,and ,,practical 9999,,brown1 ,j4 ,d4 ,manual of ,practical ,bibliography4 #aijf4 7,routledge47 ,,bure1 ,g4 ,f4 ,,de4 ,bibliographie ,instructive3 ou1 trait de la connaissance des livres rares et singuliers4 #g vols4 #agfd-fh4 7,paris3 ,de ,bure47 99,,campbell1 ,f4 ,theory of ,national and ,international ,bibliography4 #ahif4 7,library ,bureau47 99,,cim1 ,,albert4 ,le ,livre3 historique1 fabrication1 achat1 classement1 usage1 et entretien4 #e vols4 #aije-jh4 7,paris3 ,flammarion47 ,,feipel1 ,l4 ,n4 ,elements of ,bibliography4 #cg pp4 #aiaf4 7,cambridge ,univ4 ,press47 99,,horne1 ,t4 ,h4 ,introduction to the ,study of ,bibliography4 #b vols4 #ahad4 7,cadwell ,davies47 ,,kleemeier1 ,f4 ,j4 ,handbuch der ,bibliographie4 #aijc4 ,,rouveyre1 ,e4 ,connaissances ,ncessaires un ,bibliophile4 ,ed4 #e4 7,paris3 ,rouveyre47 ,typography3 ,historical ,,ames1 ,j4 ,typographical ,antiquities4 ,ed4 by ,dibdin4 #d vols4 #ahaj-ai4 ,,blades1 ,,william4 ,the ,pentateuch of ,printing4 #ahia4 7,chicago3 ,m',clurg47 ,,cotton1 ,,henry4 ,typographical ,gazetteer4 #b vols4 #ahca-ff4 7,oxford3 ,parker47 ,,faulmann1 ,k4 ,geschichte der ,buchdruckerkunst4 #ahhb4 7,vienna47 99,,humphreys1 ,h4 ,n4 ,history of ,printing to the ,middle of the ,sixteenth ,century4 #ahfh4 7,quaritch47 9999,,plomer1 ,h4 ,r4 ,short ,history of ,english ,printing4 #aijj4 7,kegan ,paul47 ,typography3 ,practical 9999,,collins1 ,f4 ,h4 7,ed474 ,author and ,printer3 a guide for authors1 editors1 printers1 correctors of the press1 compositors and typists4 #aije4 7,frowde47 9999,,jacobi1 ,c4 ,t4 ,some ,notes on ,books and ,printing4 #aijd4 7,whittingham47 99,,legros1 ,l4 ,a41 and ,,grant1 ,j4 ,c4 ,typographical ,printing ,surfaces3 the technology and mechanism of their production4 #aiaf4 7,longmans47 ,book ,production 99,,bouchot1 ,,henry4 ,the ,book3 its printers1 illustrators and binders3 from ,gutenberg to the present time4 #ahij4 7,grevel47 9999,,davenport1 ,,cyril4 ,the ,book3 its history and development4 #aijg4 7,constable47 ,,duff1 ,e4 ,g4 ,early ,printed ,books4 #ahic4 ,books about ,books4 7,kegan ,paul47 9999,,hitchcock1 ,f4 ,h4 7,ed474 ,building of a ,book4 #aijg4 7,laurie47 ,,proctor1 ,r4 ,index to the ,early ,printed ,books in the ,british ,museum3 to #aejj4 #d vols4 #ahih-ii4 7,british ,museum47 ,copyright ,,copinger1 ,w4 ,a4 ,law of ,copyright in ,literature and ,art4 #ahic4 7,stevens ,haynes47 9999,,oldfield1 ,l4 ,c4 ,f4 ,law of ,copyright4 #aiab4 7,butterworth47 #ehe4 ,,bibliography ,,and ,,book ,,selection ,bibliographies of ,bibliography ,,british ,,museum4 ,list of ,bibliographical ,works in the ,reading ,room4 7,british ,museum47 9999,,courtney1 ,w4 ,p4 ,register of ,national ,bibliography4 #c vols4 #aije-ab4 7,constable47 99,,humphreys1 ,a4 ,l4 ,handbook to ,county ,bibliography3 a bibliography of bibliographies relating to the counties and towns of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 #aiag4 ,,john ,,crerar ,,library4 ,list of ,bibliographies of ,special ,subjects4 #aijb4 7,chicago3 ,john ,crerar ,library47 99,,langlois1 ,c4 ,v4 ,manuel de ,bibliographie ,historique4 #b vols4 #ahif-aijd4 7,paris3 ,hachette47 ,,petzholdt1 ,,julius4 ,bibliotheca ,bibliographica4 #ahff4 7,leipzig3 ,engelmann47 9999,,stein1 ,,henri4 ,manuel de ,bibliographie ,gnrale4 #ahig4 7,paris3 ,picard47 ,,vall,e1 ,l4 ,bibliographie des ,bibliographies4 #b vols4 #ahhc-hg4 7,paris3 ,terquem47 ,general ,bibliographies 99,,alibone1 ,s4 ,a4 ,critical ,dictionary of ,english ,literature and ,british and ,american ,authors4 ,with supplement2 by ,j4 ,f4 ,kirk4 #e vols4 #ahei-ia4 7,philadelphia3 ,lippincott47 ,american ,catalogue of ,books4 ,vol4 #a1 #ahgf to date4 7,n4 ,york3 ,publishers' ,weekly47 ,,american ,,library ,,association4 ,,fletcher1 ,w4 ,t4 7,ed474 ,a4,l4,a4 ,index4 #aije4 7,boston3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,bibliographie de la ,france3 journal gnral de l'imprimerie et de la librairie4 7,annual47 7,paris3 ,au ,cercle de la ,librairie47 ,,british ,,museum4 ,,printed ,,books1 ,,department ,,of4 ,catalogue of ,books ,printed in ,england1 ,scotland and ,ireland to #afdj4 #c vols4 #ahhd4 ---- ,catalogue of ,printed ,books4 #ee vols4 #ahhb-aije4 99---- ,,fortescue1 ,g4 ,k4 7,ed474 ,subject ,index of the ,modern ,works ,added to the ,library4 ,vols4 #a-e4 #ahha-aiaj4 99,,brunet1 ,j4 ,c4 ,manuel du ,libraire4 ,with supplement4 #h vols4 #ahfj-hj4 7,paris3 ,didot47 9999,english ,catalogue of ,books4 #ahce to date4 7,publishers' ,circular47 ,,graesse1 ,j4 ,g4 ,t4 ,trsor de ,livres ,rares et ,prcieux4 #g vols4 #ahei-fi4 7,dresden47 ,,hain1 ,l4 ,repertorium ,bibliographicum4 ,with supplement2 by ,w4 ,a4 ,copinger4 #f vols4 #ahbf-ih4 ,,koehler4 ,lager-,verzeichniss ,gebundener ,bcher1 ,atlanten1 und ,musikalien4 7,annual47 7,leipzig47 99,,london ,,library4 ,catalogue4 ,ed4 ,c4 ,t4 ,h4 ,wright and ,c4 ,j4 ,purnell4 #b vols4 #aiac-ad4 7,london ,library47 99---- ,subject ,index of the ,l4,l4 ,ed4 ,c4 ,t4 ,h4 ,wright4 #aiji4 7,williams ,norgate47 ,,lorenz1 ,,otto4 ,catalogue ,gnrale de la ,librairie ,franaise1 #ahdj-aije4 7,paris3 ,librairie ,nilsson47 9999,,lowndes1 ,w4 ,t4 ,bibliographer's ,manual of ,english ,literature4 #f vols4 #aheg-fd4 7,bell47 ,,pagliaini1 ,,attilo4 ,catalogo ,generale della ,libreria ,italiana dell'anno #ahdg a tutto il #ahii4 #c vols4 #aija-e4 7,milan3 ,assoc4 ,tipografico ,libreria ,italiana47 ,,panzer1 ,g4 ,w4 ,annales ,typographici4 #aa vols4 #agic-ahjc4 7,nurnberg47 9999,,pittsburgh4 ,,carnegie ,,library4 ,classified ,catalogue4 #h vols4 in #be4 #ahie-aiad4 ,reference ,catalogue of ,current ,literature4 #ahgd to date4 7,whitaker47 ,,watt1 ,,robert4 ,bibliotheca ,britannica3 a general index of ,british and foreign literature4 #d vols4 #ahbd4 7,constable47 #ehg4 ,,guides ,,to ,,book ,,selection ,general 99,,american ,,library ,,association4 ,a4,l4,a4 ,book-list3 a guide to the best new books4 ,vol4 #a1 to date4 #aije to date4 ---- ,a4,l4,a4 ,catalog4 #b vols4 #aiab4 7,washington3 ,u4,s4 ,gov4 ,printing ,office47 9999,,robertson1 ,j4 ,m4 ,courses of ,study4 #aijd4 7,watts47 99,,sonnenschein1 ,w4 ,s4 ,the ,best ,books3 a reader's guide to the choice of the best available books4 #b vols4 #aiaj-ab4 ,in progress4 7,routledge47 9999,,standard ,,books3 an annotated and classified guide to the best books in all departments of literature4 #d vols4 7,nelson47 ,books for the ,young ,,bacon1 ,,corinne 7,ed474 ,children's ,catalogue of ,two ,thousand ,books3 a guide to the best reading for boys and girls1 based on fifty-four selected library lists and bulletins4 #aiaf4 ,standard ,catalogue ,ser4 7,n4 ,york3 ,wilson47 9999,,field1 ,w4 ,t4 ,fingerposts to ,children's ,reading4 #aijg4 7,chicago3 ,m',clurg47 ,,finsbury ,,public ,,libraries4 ,,cannons1 ,h4 ,g4 ,c4 ,descriptive ,handbook to ,juvenile ,literature1 #aijf4 99,,olcott1 ,f4 ,j4 ,the ,children's ,reading4 #aiab4 7,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co47 ,,potter1 ,m4 ,e41 and ,others4 ,children's ,catalog3 a guide to the best reading for young people4 #aiji4 7,minneapolis3 ,wilson47 ,,pittsburgh4 ,,carnegie ,,library4 ,graded and ,annotated ,catalogue of ,books for the ,use of the ,city ,school4 #aijj4 ---- ,catalogue of ,books in the ,children's ,department4 #aiji4 ,works of ,reference ,,british ,,museum4 ,,printed ,,books1 ,,department ,,of4 ,list of ,books forming the ,reference ,library in the ,reading ,room of the ,b4,m4 #b vols4 #aiaj4 7,british ,museum47 99,,hopkins1 ,f4 ,m4 ,reference ,guides that ,should be ,known and ,how to ,use ,them4 #aiaf4 7,detroit3 ,willard47 9999,,kroeger1 ,a4 ,b4 ,guide to the ,study and ,use of ,reference ,books4 ,ed4 #c1 by ,i4 ,g4 ,mudge2 revised and enlarged4 #aiag4 7,chicago3 ,a4,l4,a4 ,publ4 ,board47 ,historical ,works ,,adams1 ,c4 ,k4 ,manual of ,historical ,literature4 #ahhh4 7,n4 ,york3 ,harper47 9999,,gross1 ,c4 ,sources and ,literature of ,english ,history3 to #adhe4 ,ed4 #b2 revised4 #aiae4 7,longmans47 ,fiction 9999,,baker1 ,e4 ,a4 ,guide to the ,best ,fiction in ,english4 #aiac4 7,routledge47 9999---- ,guide to ,historical ,fiction4 #aiad4 7,routledge47 ,,nield1 ,,jonathan4 ,guide to the ,best ,historical ,novels and ,tales4 #aijd4 7,elkin ,matthews47 ,anonyms and ,pseudonyms ,,barbier1 ,a4 ,a4 ,dictionnaire des ,ouvrages ,anonymes4 ,ed4 #c4 #d vols4 #ahgb-gh4 7,paris3 ,daffis47 9999,,courtney1 ,w4 ,p4 ,secrets of ,our ,national ,literature4 #aijh4 7,constable47 9999,,cushing1 ,,william4 ,anonyms4 #b vols4 #ahij4 7,n4 ,york3 ,sampson ,low47 99---- ,initials and ,pseudonyms4 #ahhe4 7,n4 ,york3 ,sampson ,low47 99,,halkett1 ,,samuel1 and ,,laing1 ,,john4 ,dictionary of the ,anonymous and ,pseudonymous ,literature of ,great ,britain4 #d vols4 #ahhb-hh4 7,edinburgh3 ,paterson47 ,,qu,,rard1 ,j4 ,m4 ,dictionnaire des ,ouvrages ,pseudonymes et ,anonymes de la ,littrature ,franaise1 #agjj-ahde4 #c vols4 #ahdf4 7,paris3 ,daffis47 ,,weller1 ,e4 ,lexicon ,pseudonymorum4 #b vols4 #ahhf4 7,regenburg47 ,book ,prices4 ,sale ,records ,american ,book ,prices ,current4 7,annual47 ,vol4 #a1 #ahie to date4 7,n4 ,york3 ,dodd47 99,book ,auction ,records4 7,quarterly47 ,vol4 #a1 #aijb to date4 7,karslake47 9999,book ,prices ,current4 7,annual47 ,vol4 #a1 #ahhf to date4 7,stock47 99,,clegg1 ,,james4 ,international ,directory of ,booksellers' and ,bibliophiles' ,manual4 #ahii to date4 7,rochdale3 ,clegg74 ,periodical ,indexes ,annual ,library ,index4 #ahib to date4 7,n4 ,york3 ,publishers' ,weekly47 9999,,library ,,association4 8,subject0 ,index to ,periodicals4 ,vol4 #a4 #aiae to date4 ,,poole1 ,w4 ,f41 and ,others4 ,index to ,periodical ,literature4 7,quinquennially47 ,vols4 #a-b1 #ahjb-ha to date4 #ahhg to date4 7,kegan ,paul47 ,readers' ,guide to ,periodical ,literature4 #aijj to date4 7,n4 ,york3 ,wilson47 ,,index ,the ,numbers are those of ,sections1 not ,pages4 ,references to individual ,bibliographies are omitted4 ,abstract stock sheets1 #bbe ,accession1 methods1 #bjg-bi ---- rural libraries1 #edf ---- school libraries1 #eac ,accounts1 library1 #di ,acts of ,parliament1 ,general1 #a ---- ,special1 #b ,adams1 ,w4 ,g4 ,s41 ,on ,library ,provision1 #cj1 #edd ,additions1 lists of3 placard1 #bhi2 card1 #bgd-ha2 bulletin1 #bfd2 show-case1 #cid ,adjustable classification1 #bdj ---- indicator1 #cia ---- periodical list1 #dgd ---- sheaf catalogue1 #bhf ---- shelving1 #adg-dh ,adoption of ,acts1 #d 7a7 7b71 #ad-ba ,advertising1 appointments1 #fi ---- for architects1 #aae ---- for building contracts1 #abe ,age limits1 #cej-ea ,agenda for committees1 #ai-bc ,agreements1 #dd-dg ,alphabetical-classed catalogue1 #beg ,america4 ,see ,united ,states ,american ,library ,association1 #ii ,ancient libraries1 bibliography of1 #ehb ,anderson1 ,p4 ,j41 #bdb ,anglo-,american catalogue rules1 #bfc ,annotation1 #beh2 bibliography of1 #egi ,annual report1 #fa-fc ,appliances1 rural library1 museum of1 #edh ,application forms1 reference1 #dji ,applications1 librarians'1 #fi ,appointments1 assistants1 #gg-ih2 librarians1 #ff-gc ,architects1 library1 #aae ,architectural competitions1 #aae-ah ,architecture1 library1 #ajg-db2 bibliography of1 #egg ,art galleries1 #efb-fc ,arts1 ,society of1 #cda ,assistants1 qualifications1 appointment1 salaries1 etc41 #gg-ih2 names1 #efg-fi ,assessment to rates and taxes1 #cg-dj ,associations1 library1 #ii-aje2 bibliography of1 #ege ,athenum ,subject ,index1 #aia ,attendances1 at committee meetings1 #bb ---- counting1 #dgh ,attendant1 #efi ,audit of accounts1 #ea ,australian library legislation1 #g ,author catalogue1 #beg2 entry1 #bfc2 marks1 #bdb1 #bed ,authors1 local1 #dbg ,autographs1 local1 #dbh ,baillie1 ,g41 #ah ,balances of rate1 #bg ,baroda1 public libraries1 #g ,barometers in libraries1 #ada ,barriers1 #aca-ce ,bespeaking books1 #cfj 7#bc71 #cfa 7#bc7 ,best books1 #aha-he ,betting news1 8blacking-out10 #dfb ,bibliographical ,society1 #ajc ,bibliographies1 #ehd ,bibliography of bibliography1 #ehf ---- of library science1 #ega ,binders for catalogues1 #bfh-ij ,binding4 ,see ,bookbinding ,binding pamphlets1 #dad ,birmingham1 #dej ,bishopsgate catalogue1 #beg 8,blacking-out0 betting news1 #dfb ,blank forms1 #cbb ,blind1 books for the1 #aig ,bodleian ,library1 #bfb ,bonnange card tray1 #bgi ,bonazzi1 #bce ,bolton1 catalogue1 #beg ,bookbinding1 #cca-dg2 specification1 #cda2 bibliography of1 #eha ,book cards1 #bag ---- cases1 #adc-ed ---- clubs1 #djc-jd ,book-keeping1 library1 #di ---- labels1 #bbg ---- marks1 #cdd ---- ordering1 #bac-ad ---- plates1 #bai ---- prices1 bibliography of1 #ehg ---- production1 bibliography1 #ehd ---- rests1 #bej ---- selection1 #agd-bjf ---- ---- bibliography of1 #ehf ---- ---- classification in1 #bcj ---- ---- for children1 #dhh-ij ---- ---- school libraries1 #eae ---- stands1 #bea-eb ,books for librarians1 #ic ,borrowers1 registration1 #cfg-ge ,borrowing money for library purposes1 #cc et seq4 ,borrowing rights1 #ceb-ed ,boston public library1 #h ,bournemouth bindery1 #ccc ,bradford1 #dej ,branch librarian1 #hj1 #efi ---- libraries1 #cig-djj ---- ---- superintendent of1 #gi ,bray1 ,dr ,t41 #h ,brighton library1 #cib2 bindery1 #ccc ,brisbane public library1 #g ,bristol bindery1 #ccc ,british ,museum1 #gj1 #ajg1 #bfb1 #bfi1 #bga1 #cff2 catalogue1 #beg2 subject index1 #beg ,broadsides1 mounting1 #dcf ,brooklyn catalogue1 #beg ,brown1 ,j4 ,d41 #bce1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bfb1 #cia1 #cie1 etc4 ,brunet1 ,j4 ,c41 #bce ,budget1 annual financial1 #cj et seq4 ,buildings1 library1 bibliography of1 #egg ---- ---- legislative provision for1 #d 7d7 ---- ---- specifications and contracts1 #abd ---- ---- theory of library plans1 #ajg-bc ,bulletins1 #bfd ---- picture1 children's1 #dih ,bye-laws1 #cdi-fd ,cabinets1 card1 #bgd-ha ----1 filing1 #cja1 etc4 ----1 stationery1 #cbd ,canadian library legislation1 #g ,card catalogues1 #bfj1 #bgd-ha ---- charging1 #cgh-hd ---- diary1 #cad ,caretakers1 #ie ,carnegie1 ,andrew1 ,intro41 ,,iii41 #ah ,carnegie ,united ,kingdom ,trust1 #aj1 #edd2 rural libraries1 #ede ,catalogue card1 #bgd-ha ---- codes and rules1 #bfb ---- copy1 #bfe ---- display methods1 #bfh-ij ---- forms1 #bei ---- page1 #bfi ---- panoramic1 #bij ---- placard1 #bhi ---- sheaf1 #bfa1 #bhb-hh ,cataloguing1 bibliography of1 #egi ---- children's books1 #ejc-jd ---- code1 ,anglo-,american1 #bfc ---- co-operative1 #bfg ---- local collection1 #dch ---- local maps1 #dda ---- prints1 #dci ---- reference library1 #dac ---- rules1 #bef-fg ---- rural libraries1 #edf ---- school libraries1 #eac ,central lending library for students1 #deg ,certificate of exemption from payment of rates1 #de-dh ,chairs1 #afg-gj1 #daf ,charging methods1 #cgf-if ---- rural libraries3 central1 #edf2 local1 #edg ---- school libraries1 #ead ,chief assistant1 #efi ,chief librarian1 qualifications1 appointment1 salaries1 etc41 #fe-gf2 nomenclature1 #efi ,children1 insurance against injury to1 #db ,children1 work with1 ,intro41 ,v4 7#a-b71 #dhb-ebe ,children's books1 bibliography of1 #ehg ---- lectures1 #dif ---- librarian1 #dia1 #dic ---- rooms1 #cih1 #dhb ,civics libraries1 #dde-di ,class-lists1 printed1 #bei ,classed1 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,endowments1 #ah ,enforcement of rules1 #ceh-ei ,engraved records1 local1 #dca ,engravings in libraries1 #aic ,envelopes1 #cbb ,estimate of expenditure1 annual1 #bi-ca ---- rural libraries1 #edi ,evaluation of books1 #beh ,examinations1 ,library ,association1 #aja ,exchanges between libraries1 #dje ---- school libraries1 #eaf ,exhibitions1 book and print1 #ecg ---- children's1 #dii ,expansive classification1 #bcg ,expenditure1 estimate of annual1 #bi-ca ---- rural libraries1 #edi ---- statistics1 #fb ,faades1 building1 #aab ,fiction in libraries1 #aha ---- bibliography of1 #ehg ,filing1 #cjj-ba ---- newspapers and periodicals1 #dgg ---- vertical1 #bac ,finance1 library1 #bf-ea ---- school libraries1 #eaj-aa ,fines and penalties1 #ced 7#e71 #cee ---- ---- children's1 #dhf ,finishing1 bookbinding1 #cce-ci ,fire-extinguishing apparatus1 #da ,fittings1 #acj-eh ---- children's library1 #dhg ,folders1 filing1 #caj ,foreign languages1 books in1 #aij ,form classes1 #bcb ,forms1 #cbb ,fulham ,north ,library1 #agj ,furniture1 #aei-gb ---- bibliography of1 #egg ---- lecture room1 #agc1 #ebf ---- reference library1 #djh ---- children's library1 #dhg ,galleries1 #aef ,gestetner1 #cbe ,gifts1 book1 #bjg-ji ,gissing1 ,george1 #dcc ,glasgow1 #dej2 joint-technical catalogues1 #bfg4 ,see also ,mitchell ,library4 ,gower1 ,jast1 and ,topley1 #cjg ,graham indicator1 #cib ,greenwood1 ,thomas1 #af1 #di ,guides1 card catalogue1 #bgd ---- charging system1 #chd ,guilds1 staff1 #aje ,hampstead catalogue1 #beg ,handbooks of library economy1 #egc ,handles for bookcases1 #aeh ,handwriting1 library1 #bfe ,harris1 #bce ,hartwig1 #bce ,hat rails1 #afi ,health insurance1 staff1 #dc ,heating of buildings1 #abh ,hetherington1 ,e4 ,l41 #fb ,historical books1 bibliography of1 #ehg ,hitchler1 ,t41 #bfb ,holiday opening1 #cef ,home binding1 #ccc ,hopkins1 ,f4 ,m41 #dah ,hours1 children's library1 #dia ---- of libraries1 #cdi ---- staff1 #hc-hd ,hull bindery1 #ccc ,illustration collection1 for children1 #dih ,illustrations1 local1 #dbi ---- mounting1 #dcf ---- statistics of1 #eg ,imaginative literature1 #aha ,improper books1 #ahh ,income1 statistics1 #ee-fc ---- ,tax ,act1 #cg ,index1 classification1 #bcb ---- correspondence1 #cjc ---- of minutes1 #cae ---- of periodicals1 #ehg2 ,l4,a41 #beg ---- of readers1 #dbb ---- stationery and supplies1 #cad ,indexing1 #cjj-ba ,india ,office1 #gj ---- legislation1 library1 #g ,indicators1 #chf-if ,individual files1 #cja1 etc4 ,industrial libraries1 #dej-ei ,industries1 local1 #def ,infectious diseases1 notification1 #cfj 7#be71 #cfa 7#be71 #cfd ---- ---- school libraries1 #eah ,information bureaux1 #dba ,institut ,international1 cards1 #bfj ,insurances1 #da-dc1 #ia ,inter-library exchanges1 #dje ,inventory book1 #cbf-bg ,ireland1 ,libraries ,acts1 #a et passim ,islington public libraries1 #afd1 #bde1 #dfc2 ,select catalogue1 #beg ,issue charging1 apparatus1 #chb-if ---- methods1 #cgf-if ---- ---- school libraries1 #ead ---- 8privileges10 #ecc ---- statistics of1 #ee-fc ,janitors1 #ie1 #efi ,jast1 ,l4 ,s41 #bdb1 #bfb1 #cad1 #ecc2 ,classification1 #cjb ,junior assistants1 #hf1 #efi ,juvenile libraries4 ,see ,children ,kaiser1 ,j4 ,b41 #ddh ,keys1 #cbh2 indexing1 #cah ,kroeger1 ,a4 ,b41 #dah1 etc4 ,label holders1 #bdi ,labelling books1 #bbg ,ladders1 #aef ,ladies' rooms1 #dgi ,lambert's adjustable shelving1 #adi-ej ,lantern1 optical1 #agc ,lantern slides1 #aie ---- ---- filing1 #caa ---- ---- indexing1 #cac ---- ---- use of1 #ecb ,lavatory accommodation1 public1 #dhj ,law1 library1 bibliography of1 #egf ,leather binding1 #ccg ,lecture room1 branch1 #cih ---- ---- furniture1 #agc ,lecturers' index1 #cah ,lectures1 #ebf-cd2 for children1 #dif ,ledger charging1 #cgg ,leeds1 #dej ,legality of rules1 #ceh-ei ,legislation1 library1 #a1 #aj ---- library1 bibliography of1 #egf ,lending department1 accommodation1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb ---- ---- books for1 #ahi ---- ---- children's1 #dhf ---- ---- rules1 #cfj 7#ab-ai7 ---- ---- statistics1 #ee-fc ,lending of reference books1 #dag ,lessons1 library1 #eja-jb ,lettering books1 #cci-dj ,letters1 filing1 #cja1 etc4 ,leyden slip catalogue1 #bhc ,librarian1 qualifications1 appointment1 salaries1 etc41 #fe-gf1 #efi ,librarian1 children's1 #dia1 #dic ,librarian1 rural libraries1 #eej ,librarian1 school1 #ead ,librarian's library1 #ic1 #egj-hg ,librarians-in-charge1 #hj1 #efi ,librarianship1 development of1 ,intro41 ,,iv4 ,library and the school1 #ejf-be ,library appliances1 rural1 museum of1 #edh ---- architecture1 bibliography of1 #egg ---- ,assistants' ,association1 #ajb ,library ,association1 ,intro41 ,,iv4-,,vi41 #ii1 #aja ---- ---- certificates1 #fh et seq4 ---- ---- ,conference1 #gc 7#e71 #ajj ---- ---- definitions of stock1 #bbh ---- ---- ,index to ,periodicals1 #aia1 #beg ---- ---- ,record1 #cfj ---- ---- resolutions1 ,intro41 ,v4 ---- ---- statistics summary1 #fb-fc ---- ,associations1 bibliography of1 #ege ---- buildings1 bibliography of1 #egg ---- councils1 #ha ---- economy1 bibliography of1 #egj-hg ---- economy library1 #ic ---- furniture1 bibliography of1 #egg ---- history1 bibliography of1 #ehb-hc ---- lessons1 #eja-jb ---- of ,congress1 classification1 #bce1 #bch ---- of library economy1 #egj-hg ---- periodicals1 bibliography of1 #ege ---- policy1 bibliography1 #egb ---- readings1 #ece-cf ---- ,school1 ,london ,university ,college1 #cce ---- science1 bibliography1 #ega ---- training1 #aja ,libraries ,acts3 municipal1 #a-d2 non-municipal1 #e ---- directories of1 #ehc ---- rural1 #edb-ea ---- ,sunday school1 #eba ---- teachers'1 #ebb ,lifts1 #acg ,lighting of buildings1 #abh ,linderfelt1 ,k4 ,a41 #bfb ,lists1 reading1 #bfd ,literary institutions1 #f ---- ,societies ,act1 #cg ,liverpool1 #dej ,loans1 #cc-cf ,local collections1 #aij1 #dbd-dd ,local ,government ,board1 #cfj ---- ---- ,officers1 ,national ,association of1 #gb ,local industries1 #def ,local museums1 #eeb ,london ,library1 ,index1 #beg ,london ,school of ,economics1 ,intro41 ,,iv4 ,loose filing1 #cja1 etc4 ,loose-leaf accession book1 #bbf ,lyster1 ,t4 ,w41 #bcg ,mac,alister1 ,j4 ,y4 ,w41 ,intro41 ,,iv41 #cga ,magazine room1 management1 #dga-gh ---- ----1 rules1 #cfj 7#cj-cc7 ,magazines1 filing1 #dgg ---- library1 #bfd ---- selection1 #dga ---- sets of1 #aia ,manchester ,public ,libraries1 #cee1 #dej ,manuscripts1 local1 #dbh ,maps1 #aih ---- cataloguing1 #dda ---- filing1 #cjg ---- local1 #dbi1 #ddj ,marks on books1 #bdg ,medival libraries1 bibliography of1 #ehb ,melbourne ,public ,library1 #g ,metropolitan ,borough ,councils1 #ba ,minutes1 indexing1 #cae ,missing books1 index1 #cag ,mitchell ,library1 #afh1 #agb1 #bfi1 #ccd ,modern libraries1 bibliography1 #ehc ,mortgages1 register of1 #ce ,mounting1 illustrations1 prints1 etc41 #dcf ,mounts1 illustration1 #dih ,mudie's ,library1 #djd ,municipal library legislation1 #a-d ---- records1 #dbh ---- reference libraries1 ,intro41 ,v4 7#e71 #dde-di ,muniments1 #dbh ,museum libraries1 #ajg-jh ---- of library appliances1 rural libraries1 #edh ,museums1 #eeb-fc ---- ,acts1 #eee-eg ,museums ,association1 #ajc ,music1 #aib ,names of library positions1 #efd-fi ,natal legislation1 #g ,national ,home ,reading ,union1 #eci ,negatives1 filing1 #cab ,nelson 8,standard ,books10 #bjb1 #bjd ,newcastle1 catalogue1 #beg ,new ,south ,wales legislation1 #g ,new ,zealand legislation1 #g ,newspapers1 8blacking-out10 #dfb ---- filing1 #dgg ---- fittings1 #dfh-gj ---- local1 #dbf ---- stands1 #dff-fg ,newsroom1 accommodation1 #dfj ---- children's1 #dhe ---- management1 #dfj-fa ---- rules1 #cfj 7#cj-cc7 ---- statistics1 #ei ,non-resident borrowers1 #ceb ,norwich1 ,intro41 ,,ii4 ,notation for books and shelves1 #bcb1 #bdc-dd ,notes1 book1 #beh ,nottingham1 #dhb ,novels1 #aha ,number-books1 #bae-af ,numbering books1 #cci-dj ,numbers for books1 #bda ,occupations of readers1 #eh ,ogle1 ,j4 ,j41 ,intro41 ,,iii4 ,ontario legislation1 #g ,open access1 #cie ---- ---- barriers1 #acb-cc ---- ---- books and shelf marking1 #bdc-ee ---- ---- reference library1 #dji ,opening ceremonies1 #abg ,orders1 book1 #bac-ad ,out-of-print books1 #ahg ,overdues1 #dge ,page catalogues1 #bfi ,pamphlets1 treatment of1 #dad ,panizzi ,club1 #ajc ,panoramic catalogues1 #bij ,papers1 book1 #cce ,parish registers1 #dbh ,parliament1 ,houses of1 #gj ,parliamentary papers1 #bjg ,parochial records1 #dbh ,patent ,office1 catalogue1 #beg ,pegamoid1 #ccf ,periodicals1 arrangement1 #dgb-gd ---- checks on deliveries1 #dge ---- filing1 #dgg ---- indexes of1 #ehg ---- indicators1 #cic ---- ,l4,a4 ,index1 #beg ---- library1 bibliography of1 #ege ---- racks and tables1 #afb-fe ,perkins1 ,f4 ,b41 #bce1 #bfb ,perth 7,w4,a47 ,public library1 #g ,philadelphia1 ,commercial ,museum1 #dej ,photographic surveys1 #dcc ,photographs1 #aid2 filing1 #cjg ,picture collection1 for children1 #dih ,pittsburgh library1 cards1 #bfj2 catalogue1 #beg ,placard catalogues1 #bhi ,plans1 library1 #aae-bc ---- of classification1 #bdd ,platform1 lecture room1 #ebf ,porters1 #ie ,portsmouth bindery1 #ccc ,preliminary ,examination1 ,library ,association1 #aja ,price lists in libraries1 #aif ,printed catalogue1 #bei ,printing specifications1 #bff ,prints1 cataloguing1 #dci2 filing1 #cjg2 local1 #dbi2 mounting1 #dcf 8,privilege0 issues1 #ecc ,probationer1 #efi ,programmes of lectures1 #eca ,propositions for books1 #baj ,public and staff1 #if ---- ,bodies ,corrupt ,practices ,act1 #ahhi1 #df ---- documents1 #bjg ---- ,libraries ,acts1 #a-d ---- ---- methods of adopting1 #ad-ag ---- rules and bye-laws1 #cdi-fd ,queensland legislation1 #g ,quick-reference collection1 branch1 #cih ,quinn1 ,j4 ,h41 #bfb ,racks for filing1 #aee ---- periodicals1 #afb-fe ,rates1 exemption1 #cg-dj ---- library1 #d 7c7 ,ratepayers' vouchers1 #cfg-fi ,readers1 indexes of1 #dbb ---- statistics of1 #ee-fc ---- suggestions1 #baj ---- tickets1 #ced 7#a7 ,reading circles1 #eci ---- and clubs1 children's1 #dig ---- easels1 #aff ---- rooms1 children's1 #dhe ---- tables1 #afj-fa ,reading lists1 #bfd ---- ---- children's1 #ejd ---- ---- lecture1 #eca ,readings1 library1 #ece-cf ,recommendations1 readers'1 #baj ,reconstruction1 ,ministry of1 #deg ,records1 local1 #aij1 #dbe ---- reference1 #dai ---- school libraries1 #eag ---- statistics1 #ee-fc ,reference accessories1 #daf ,reference books1 #ahi ---- ---- bibliography of1 #ehg ---- ---- lending of1 #dag ,reference library1 #djg-ei ---- ---- books1 #ahi ---- ---- branch1 #cih ---- ---- children's1 #dhe ---- ---- indexes of readers1 #dbb ---- ---- records1 #dai ---- ---- rules1 #cfj 7#g-aa7 ---- ---- staff1 #dah ---- ---- statistics1 #ee-fc ---- material1 municipal1 #dde-di ---- v4 lending library1 #cff ,regional surveys1 #dcd ,registrar of friendly societies1 certificate1 #ch ,regulations1 public1 #cdi-fd ,renewal of borrowed books1 #cfj 7#ba71 #cfa 7#ba7 ,repairing books1 #ccd ,replacement of books1 #ahg ,report1 ,annual1 #fa-fc ,repository1 rural libraries1 #edf ,requisitions for supplies1 #dd-df ,reserving books1 #cfj 7#bc71 #cfa 7#bc7 ,residences for librarians1 etc41 #ga ,richardson1 ,e4 ,c41 #bce ,rudolph indexer1 #bgb ,rules and regulations1 #cdh-fd ---- ---- children's library1 #dhf ---- catalogue1 #bfb ,rural libraries1 #aj1 #edb-ea ---- ---- estimates1 #edi ,safe-guarded open access1 barriers1 #aca-ce ,salaries1 librarians1 #gj ---- assistants1 #ij ---- rural librarians1 #eej ,savage1 ,e4 ,a41 #beh1 #dfg ,sayers1 ,w4 ,c4 ,berwick1 #ejd ,scholars1 non-resident1 #ceb ,school librarian1 #ead ,school libraries1 #ejf-be ---- ---- limits of1 #dhd ,school of ,librarianship1 ,london1 ,intro41 ,,iv41 #cce ,schools and libraries1 #d 7d71 #f1 #ejf-bc ---- as delivery stations1 #ebj ---- of science1 #f ---- training1 libraries1 #ebb ,scientific institutions1 #e-f ,scientific ,societies ,act1 #cg ,scotland1 ,libraries ,acts1 #a et passim ---- ---- and education authorities1 #aj ---- ,north1 rural libraries1 #ede-dh ,screens1 #acf ---- lantern1 #agc ,selection of books1 #agd-bjf ,senior assistants1 #hg1 #efi ,shaw1 ,g4 ,t41 #cjh ,sheaf catalogue1 #bfa1 #bhb-hh ,shelf arrangement1 #bcj-ee2 reference library1 #dab ---- dummies1 #bdf-dh ---- guides1 #bej1 #bee ---- handles1 #aeh ---- lists1 #bee ---- marking1 #bdc-dd ---- register1 #bde ---- steps1 #aef-eh ,shelving1 #adc-ed ,showcases for books1 #cid ,simplex newspaper rod1 #dfi ,sites1 library1 #aad ,slides1 lantern1 filing1 #caa ---- ---- indexing1 #cac ---- ---- use of1 #ecb ,slip catalogue1 #bfa1 #bhb-hh ---- charging1 #cgf-ha ,smith1 ,l4 ,p41 #bce ,societies1 lecture1 #ebg ,society of ,public ,librarians1 #ajc ,sonnenschein1 ,w4 ,s41 #bjd ,south ,african library legislation1 #g ,speaking tubes1 #ach ,special collections1 #aij ---- library collections1 #dbj ,specifications1 #dd-de ---- printing1 #bff ,staderini card tray1 #bhj ---- slip catalogue1 #bhd1 #bhh ,staff1 qualifications1 grades1 appointments1 salaries1 etc41 #fe-ih ---- accommodation1 #ig ---- bibliography of1 #egh ---- guilds1 #aje ---- insurance1 #dc ---- meetings1 #ha ---- reference library1 #dah ,stamping of books1 #bba ,standing orders1 #bb ,state papers1 #bjg ,stationery1 #cbb-be ---- index1 #cad ---- ,office grants1 #bjh ,statistics1 #ee-fc ---- bibliography of1 #ehc ---- school libraries1 #eag ---- standardizing of1 #fb ,statutes1 #a-ac ,steps1 #aef-eh ,stock1 definitions1 #bbh ---- reference1 #djg1 #daa ---- statistics1 #fb ,stocktaking index1 #cag ,stolzenberg file1 #cja ,story hour1 #die ,students' tickets1 #cfj 7#ai71 #cga ,sub-,committees1 library1 #bd ---- classification1 #bci ,subject headings1 ,a4,l4,a41 #beg ---- ---- bibliography of1 #egi ,sub-librarian1 #gh1 #efi ,subscription books1 #bab ---- departments1 #djc-jd ---- for library books1 #cfj 7#ah71 #cfa 7#ah7 ,suggestions1 readers'1 #dh1 #baj ,sunday opening of libraries1 #ceg-fc ---- school libraries1 #eba ---- work1 #he ,superannuation1 #gb ,superintendent of branches1 #gi ,supplies1 index1 #cad ,surgeon-,general's index catalogue1 #beg ,surveys1 photographic1 #dcc ---- regional and civic1 #dcd ,sydney ,public ,library1 #g1 #bfb ,tables1 #afj-fd ,tags1 classification1 #bda ,tasmanian legislation1 #g ,taxes1 assessment to1 #cg-dj ,teachers as borrowers1 #cec ---- ---- guarantors1 #cfa ,teachers' libraries1 #ebb ,technical libraries1 ,intro41 ,v4 7#d71 #dee-ei ,tedder1 ,h4 ,r41 ,intro41 ,,iv4 ,telephones1 #ach ,thermometers in libraries1 #ada ,thomas1 ,e4 ,c41 ,intro41 ,,iv4 ,tickets for borrowers1 #cgj-ge 8,ticklers10 #cad ,tier marking of shelves1 #bdc-dd ,time limits for borrowing1 #ced 7#c7 ---- sheets1 staff1 #hc-hd ,tokens1 local1 #dca ,tracing1 #daf ,trade libraries1 #dej-ei ---- catalogues1 #aif ,training of librarians1 #fh1 #ib1 #aja2 of children's librarians1 #dic ,training school libraries1 #ebb ,travelling libraries1 #djb ,trays1 card1 #bgd-ha ---- charging1 #chb-he ,truck for books1 #bec ,turnstiles1 #adj ,typewriters1 #cbe ,typography1 bibliography1 #ehd ,unexpended balances1 #bh ,united ,states libraries1 passim ,united ,states library legislation1 #h ,university ,college ,library ,school1 ,intro41 ,,iv41 #cbe ,university extension1 #ebg1 #eej ,vacation1 assistants'1 #ia ---- librarians'1 #gc 7#d7 ,vaseline for leathers1 #ccg ,ventilation1 #abh ,vertical filing1 #bac1 #cja1 #dae ,victoria legislation1 #g ,village libraries1 #edb-ea ,voluntary help1 children's library1 #ejj ,voucher forms1 #cfg-fi ---- ---- children's1 #dhf ,wages1 caretakers1 #ie ,wallasey1 #dfg ,walthamstow catalogue1 #beg ,west ,indian grants1 legislation1 #g ,withdrawn books1 indexing1 #caf ,women librarians and assistants1 #id ,women's rooms1 #dgi ,workers' ,educational ,association1 #ebg1 #eej ,work book1 #hh ,workshop libraries1 #ajg1 #agh ,worn-out books1 #ahg ,writing materials1 #cbc ,printed in ,great ,britain by ,turnbull ,spears1 ,edinburgh ,,the ,,english ,,catalogue ,,of ,,books #ahja ,,to #aiai ,giving ,author1 ,title1 ,subject1 ,size1 ,price1 ,month and ,year of ,publication1 and ,publisher of #fjj1jjj ,books issued in the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,the early volumes were published with separate ,index ,volumes--since #ahij the ,references and ,cross ,references have been arranged alphabetically in the one volume4 ,the following is a complete list of ,,the ,,english ,,catalogue ,,of ,,books ,,covering ,a ,,period ,,of #aai ,,years1 with details and the prices at which copies can be supplied4 ,the ,volumes are sold separately or in long or short sets4 ,,special ,,terms ,,to ,,the ,,trade4 ,period4 ,description4 ,net ,price4 #ahja-cf--fee pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco4 #cf1jjj ,books ,recorded #e #e #j #ahce-fb--fg1ejj ,books ,recorded4 ,quite out of print and scarce4 #ahfc-ga--cj1jjj ,books ,recorded do4 do4 do4 ,index ,volume only4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco #b #b #j #ahgb-hj--efb pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco4 #fj1jjj ,books ,recorded #b #b #j do4 ,with ,index in one ,volume4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco #c #c #j do4 ,index ,volume only4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco #a #a #j #ahha-hi--gaj pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco4 #ge1jjj ,books ,recorded #b #ab #f do4 ,with ,index in one ,volume4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco #d #d #j do4 ,index ,volume only4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco #a #aa #f #ahij-ig--aahj pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 morocco4 #fj1jjj ,books ,recorded #d #d #j #ahih-aijj--ghb pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 mor4 #cj1jjj do4 #a #aj #j #aija-je--acbh pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 mor4 #ej1jjj do4 #c #ac #f #aijf-aj--adie pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 sealskin4 #ej1jjj do4 #d #ad #f #aiaa-ae--aeha pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,hf4 sealskin4 #eg1ejj do4 #e #e #j #aiaf ,annual ,volume1 out of print4 #aiag do4 do4 #aiah do4 #bgd pp4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,cloth4 #haca ,books ,recorded #j #aj #f #aiai do4 7,to be published ,april #aibj47 ,,all ,,orders ,,to ,,be ,,sent ,,to ,,english ,,catalogue ,,department ,the ,publishers' ,circular1 ,ltd4 #ai ,,adam ,,street1 ,,strand1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#b ,in ,all ,departments of ,library ,work ,,libraco ,,ltd4 ,endeavour to ,render ,librarians the ,most ,efficient ,service ,,card ,,cataloguing4--8,libraco0 ,cabinets and ,cards are almost exclusively used throughout the ,library ,world4 ,they have gained recognition because every detail has been considered from the ,librarians' standpoint4 ,no other form of ,cabinet has the 8,libraco0 distinctive features--sideless trays1 gravity rods1 tray catches1 adjustable back struts1 etc4 ,the 8,libraco0 ,card ,indexing ,materials are used for-- ,,card ,,charging ,,voucher ,,card ,,system ,,card ,,cataloguing ,,indexing ,,borrowers ,,stock ,,record ,,author ,,catalogue ,,stores ,,index ,,periodicals ,,list1 ,,etc4 ,,library ,,appliances4--,libraco ,ltd4 carry the best and largest stock of appliances for ,library work4 ,they have been adopted by numerous ,british1 ,foreign1 and ,colonial ,libraries4 ,,libraco ,,furniture4--,libraco ,ltd4 make and supply technically correct equipment for ,public ,libraries4 ,simplicity in design1 strength of construction1 and durability are the main essentials4 ,with a thorough knowledge of the requirements1 every device manufactured by the ,company is exactly suited for its purpose4 ,libraries are built and equipped for years of service1 and the best ,furniture and ,appliances are in the end the most economical4 ,,libraco ,ltd4 can furnish designs for all ,furniture ,fittings and ,appliances used in ,library ,work1 and ,sketches and ,estimates are supplied at any time4 ,,examples ,,of ,,libraco',s ,work may be seen at-- ,,north ,,islington2 ,,west ,,islington2 ,,hammersmith2 ,,herne ,,hill2 ,,eastbourne2 ,,twickenham2 ,,teddington2 ,,kingston2 ,,lewisham2 ,,lee2 ,,forest ,,hill2 ,,brockley2 ,,sydenham2 ,,cheshunt2 ,,deptford2 ,,brentford2 ,,st ,,albans2 ,,wombwell2 ,,wakefield2 ,,park1 ,,sheffield2 ,,hillsboro1 ,,sheffield2 ,,walkley1 ,,sheffield2 ,,goole2 ,,gosport2 ,,grimsby2 ,,shrewsbury ,,school2 ,,wycombe ,,abbey ,,school2 ,,cambridge ,,medical ,,schools2 ,,royal ,,society ,,of ,,medicine2 ,,bloemfontein1 ,,south ,,africa2 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,sixty-,,two ,,works ,,cannon ,,street ,illustration3 ,,libraco ,,ltd ,,walthamstow ,e4,c4#d ,,essex ,,libraco ,,desks ,,libraco ,ltd4 are manufacturing a very fine line of roll-top and flat-top desks1 typewriter drop cabinets1 detachable leg tables in various sizes1 etc41 and will be pleased to send on request illustrated lists4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #c4 ,,oak ,,desk ,a heavily constructed desk with built-up writing bed and deck top4 ,hardwood sides to drawers4 ,automatic locking4 ,pigeon hole fitted with card index drawers1 private locker1 etc4 ,prices on application ,,cotgreave ,,indicators ,,libraco ,,ltd41 having purchased from the liquidators of ,cotgreave ,indicators ,ltd4 all their plant1 machinery1 and stock1 are now making all accessories for indicator libraries4 ,enquiries and orders to be sent to #fb ,,cannon ,,street1 ,e4,c4#d4 ,,open ,,access ,,libraries ,it is the purpose of ,,libraco ,,ltd4 to fully develop and improve the manufacture of ,open ,access ,library ,appliances4 ,the experience gained in the fitting out of the large number of libraries on this system has enabled us to turn out correct equipment in every detail4 ,librarians should not hesitate to consult us on all matters relating to ,open ,access--our experience and advice is at their disposal4 ,,libraco ,,ltd4 #fb ,,cannon ,,street1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4#d ,librarians will find it to their advantage to send us ,,early copies of all ,,replacement lists4 ,,fine ,,copies ,,fair ,,prices ,,large ,,results ,our speciality 8,out of prints0 at reasonable prices4 #aj1jjj vols4 of ,,fiction and ,,juveniles always in stock4 ,j4 ,,preston ,,co41 ,public ,library ,booksellers1 #gg1 ,,clapham ,,park ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4#d4 ,telephone--,brixton #aedb4 ,,the ,,weekly for ,,librarians ,,collectors1 ,,booksellers ,,and ,,all ,,readers ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bookman',s ,,journal ,,print ,,collector ,,registered ,,at ,,the ,,sign ,,of ,,the ,,open ,,book #agc-d-e ,,fleet ,,st4 ,,london ,e4,c4#d 8,it caters for collectors1 for librarians1 and for #8the trade'2 it deals with prints as well as with books2 and bibliography1 book-buying1 #8forgotten books1' books fresh from the publisher1 literary biography1 and all things that come under the very generous classification #8curiosities of literature' are adequately treated in its pages by men who know and love their subject40--,westminster ,gazette4 8#8,the ,sign of the ,open ,book' is an inspiring registration4 #8,the ,bookman's ,journal and ,print ,collector1' issued under that banner1 is a gem among weekly periodicals40--,daily ,express4 ,send for ,specimen ,number4 ,subscription #aes4 ,yearly1 ,post ,free4 ,lambert's ,standard ,library ,appliances ,inventor of 8,,perfect-,,adjusting0 ,,shelving4 ,,card ,,charging ,,systems for open-access and other libraries4 ,,wicket ,,fittings for hanging and controlling open-access wickets and other doors4 ,also 8under-floor0 working to cross passages1 etc4 ,,adjustable ,,book-,,holders ,,book-,,carriers for table or shelf4 ,,periodical ,,lists 7adjustable7 in all sizes4 8,,simplex0 ,,newspaper ,,rods4 ,the approved modern fitting4 8,,simplex0 ,,periodical ,,clips1 the handiest fastening4 ,,revolving ,,holders for illustrated periodicals4 8,,simplex0 ,,fasteners for directories1 magazines1 bound catalogues1 and other book-form publications4 ,,reading ,,easels in metal4 ,holds book open with adaptability of the hand4 ,economy of table space4 ,,steps ,,and ,,handles4 ,always ready for use1 but not in the way of passers-by4 8,,simplex0 ,,shelf ,,label ,,holders in xylonite4 ,,sheaf ,,catalogues 7single-screw system74 ,the simplest and most easily manipulated form4 ,uniformity in subsequent supplies4 ,,other ,,and ,,special ,,devices ,,made ,the merits of these appliances have been proved by many years of use in the foremost libraries1 and numerous librarians can testify to their high qualities4 ,particulars and ,prices on application ,made by the ,designer and ,manufacturer ,,arthur ,w4 ,,lambert #ic ,,addiscombe ,,road1 ,,croydon 7,,late ,,of ,,cherry ,,orchard ,,road7 ,,publications ,,for ,,librarians ,a ,,british ,,library ,,itinerary4 ,by ,,james ,,duff ,,brown4 #bs4 #j;d4 net ,,guide ,,to ,,librarianship4 ,by ,,james ,,duff ,,brown4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,,library ,,classification ,,and ,,cataloguing4 ,by ,,james ,,duff ,,brown4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net ,,subject ,,classification4 ,by ,,james ,,duff ,,brown4 #aes4 #j;d4 net ,,bibliography ,,of ,,library ,,economy4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,cannons4 #gs4 #f;d4 net ,,manual ,,of ,,practical ,,indexing4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,clarke4 #es4 #j;d4 net ,,manual ,,of ,,library ,,bookbinding4 ,by ,,henry ,t4 ,,coutts and ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,stephen4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net ,,books ,,on ,,the ,,great ,,war3 ,an ,annotated ,bibliography of ,literature issued during the ,european ,conflict4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,lange1 ,w4 ,t4 ,,berry and ,b4 ,m4 ,,venner4 ,preface by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii 7bound together7 #ajs4 #f;d4 net ,vol4 ,,iv #ajs4 #f;d4 net ,,cardinal ,,ximenes3 ,statesman1 ,ecclesiastic1 ,soldier and ,man ,of ,letters4 ,with an account of the ,complutensian ,polyglot ,bible4 ,by ,,james ,p4 ,r4 ,,lyell1 ,j4,p41 ,f4,r4,hist4,s4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net ,,conspectus ,,incunabulorum4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 ,part ,i 7,a-,b71 with ,supplement and ,list of ,authorities4 #aes4 #j;d4 net ,part ,,ii 7,c-,g74 #aes4 #j;d4 net ,part ,,iii 7,h-,o7 in preparation4 ,an ,index ,catalogue of ,fifteenth ,century ,books4 ,,fifteenth ,,century ,,books3 ,a ,guide to their ,identification4 ,with a ,list of the ,latin ,names of the ,towns and an extensive ,bibliography of the subject4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 #es4 #j;d4 net ,,engineering ,,and ,,metallurgical ,,books1 #aijg-aiaa4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 #gs4 #f;d4 net ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,,reading ,,room4 ,a ,handbook for ,students4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 #as4 #j;d4 net ,,an ,,outline ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,printing4 ,to which is added the ,history of ,printing in ,colours4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 #bs4 #f;d4 net ,,national ,,bibliographies4 ,a descriptive catalogue of the works which register the books published in each country4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 #es4 #j;d4 net ,,metallurgical ,,bibliography1 #aija-aijf4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,peddie4 #as4 #j;d4 net ,,grafton ,,co4 7,frank ,hamel7 ,,coptic ,,house1 #g and #h ,,coptic ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#a ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,,library4 ,by ,,gertrude ,,burford ,,rawlings4 #es4 #j;d4 net ,a ,,primer ,,of ,,library ,,practice4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,roebuck and ,w4 ,,benson ,,thorne4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,,manual ,,of ,,descriptive ,,annotation ,,for ,,library ,,catalogues4 ,by ,,ernest ,a4 ,,savage4 #es4 #j;d4 net ,,canons ,,of ,,classification applied to 8,the ,subject10 8,the ,expansive10 8,the ,decimal10 and 8,the ,library of ,congress0 ,classifications4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick ,,sayers4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,,the ,,card ,,catalogue4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick ,,sayers and ,,james ,,douglas ,,stewart4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,library ,,classification4 ,with ,readings and ,questions1 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick ,,sayers4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,,open ,,access ,,libraries3 ,their ,planning1 ,equipment and ,organisation4 ,by ,,james ,,douglas ,,stewart1 ,,olive ,e4 ,,clarke1 ,,henry ,t4 ,,coutts1 ,,alice ,,jones1 ,,william ,,mcgill4 ,under the ,editorship of and with an ,introduction by ,,james ,,duff ,,brown4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net ,,the ,,sheaf ,,catalogue4 ,by ,,james ,,douglas ,,stewart4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,,book ,,selection4 ,by ,,james ,,douglas ,,stewart and ,,olive ,e4 ,,clarke1 #f;d4 net ,,library ,,economics4 #bs4 #f;d4 net ,,the ,,library ,,world4 ,a ,monthly ,medium of ,intercommunication for ,librarians4 ,established ,july #ahih4 ,published ,monthly1 #h;d4 net4 ,annual ,subscription4 #hs4 #f;d4 net ,,british ,,and ,,american ,,library ,,association ,,and ,,library ,,assistants' ,,association ,,publications4 ,see ,separate ,lists4 ,,faxon ,,book ,,co4 7formerly ,,boston ,,book ,,co474 ,see ,separate ,list4 ,for other ,library and ,general ,publications in ,stock see ,,supplementary ,,catalogues ,agents for the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification 7#ajth ,edition7 and ,elm ,tree ,press ,publications1 ,newark 7,new ,jersey7 ,,grafton ,,co4',s ,,antiquarian ,,department ,we have a large stock of ,english and ,foreign ,books1 and shall be pleased to send catalogues on application4 ,we have special facilities for obtaining books1 and ,librarians should send lists of wants to us4 ,,grafton ,,co4 7,frank ,hamel7 ,,coptic ,,house1 #g and #h ,,coptic ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#a ,,the ,,master ,,printers ,annual ,typographical ,,year ,,book ,,containing ,,full ,,particulars ,,concerning ,,and ,,list ,,of ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,master ,,printers ,,federation ,,and ,,associations ,,throughout ,,the ,,country1 ,,also ,a ,,who',s ,,who ,,of ,,representative ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,craft4 ,,particulars ,,of ,,unions1 ,,societies1 ,,etc4 ,,agreements ,,come ,,to ,,during ,,the ,,year ,,and ,a ,,comprehensive ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,year1 ,,also ,,many ,,other ,,important ,,features ,,edited ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,austen-,,leigh ,,and ,,gerard ,t4 ,,meynell ,price #fs4 net1 #fs4 #f;d4 post free ,,london3 ,,spottiswoode1 ,,ballantyne ,,coy41 ,,ltd4 ,,at #a ,,new ,,street ,,square1 ,e4,c4#d ,transcriber's ,notes ,this text follows the printed book2 all inconsistencies in spelling1 hyphenation1 lay-out1 etc4 have been retained1 except as mentioned below4 ,page #fg1 form3 probably the second group of data should have started with ,expenditure4 ,page #aih1 ,fig4 #fd3 the rules mentioned on the label do not coincide with those listed in ,section #cfj1 and have therefore not been linked4 ,page #dce1 ,the ruling continues for #eb lines3 possibly an error for #ab lines or intended for ,fig4 #agb4 ,page #ddh1 444 physical side of books is only less important 4443 possibly a word is missing 78slightly0 or similar74 ,page #die3 ,section #eff is not present in the original work4 ,page #ejh3 there seems to be a heading 7nr4 #ehf7 missing2 references to ,section #ehf are assumed to point to 8,general ,bibliographies40 ,index3 some entries are not in alphabetical order2 this has not been changed4 ,changes made to the text3 ,footnotes1 tables and illustrations have been moved4 ,obvious minor typographical and other errors have been corrected silently4 ,various pages3 ,german nouns have been capitalised2 ,french accents have been added or corrected4 ,various pages3 section header ,,bibliography has been added where it was lacking4 ,in several places1 titles of books and periodicals in languages other than ,english are incomplete or erroneous2 these have not been completed or corrected1 except as mentioned below4 ,page #cc3 ,lechbetrieb changed to ,leihbetrieb ,page #ib1 ,fig4 #g3 ,new ,orders moved to separate line ,page #ahj-aha3 footnote #c copied to footnotes #d1 #e and #f ,page #ahh3 ,spofforth changed to ,spofford as elsewhere ,page #bad3 ,oceana changed to ,oceania2 ,,by changed to ,,bv 7#b7 ,page #bae3 ,,hy changed to ,,hv2 ,,jy changed to ,,jv ,page #baf3 ,,ps changed to ,,pj ,page #bag3 ,,ry changed to ,,rv ,page #bdi3 ,instructionem changed to ,instructionen2 ,wein changed to ,wien2 einen changed to einem2 ,katalog changed to ,kataloge ,page #beb1 footnote3 moved from bottom of page #bec2 footnote anchor inserted4 ,this note refers to all ,c1 ,r1 ,s1 ,t codes4 ,page #bec1 ,gerhardi3 ,cr changed to ,,cr ,page #bfg3 methods of securing changed to method of securing ,page #bgi3 de ,maintien changed to le ,maintien ,page #cih3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mudge changed to ,i4 ,g4 ,mudge as elsewhere ,page #daj3 ,fig4 #abc changed to ,fig4 #aah ,page #dee3 ,prcs changed to ,prcis ,page #dgh3 ,worsop changed to ,worksop ,page #dii3 ,bcheri changed to ,bcherei ,page #eja3 ,bibliotheckwezen changed to ,bibliotheekwezen2 ,boek-,bibliothekwezen changed to ,boek- en ,bibliotheekwezen2 ,for ,folke-og changed to ,for ,folke- og2 ,leabharbann changed to ,leabharlann2 ,leschallen changed to ,lesehallen ,page #ejb3 ,cotgreve changed to ,cotgreave2 ,de ,lisle changed to ,delisle as elsewhere2 les ,livres changed to des ,livres ,page #ejc3 long dash before ,mann1 ,margaret deleted ,page #ejf3 ,bibliotheckgids changed to ,bibliotheekgids2 ,vitgave changed to ,uitgave2 ,walter changed to ,welter ,page #ejh3 ,attilis changed to ,attilo2 dell' anno changed to dell'anno ,page #eac3 ,intro41 ,,vi4 7#c71 changed to ,intro41 ,,vi4 ,page #eae3 #gb 7#e7 changed to #gc 7#e7 ,page #eag3 section number #beg added to ,patent ,office ,page #eai3 #gb 7#d7 changed to #gc 7#d74