,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,bold text is surr\nd$ by equal signs & italic text is surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,footnotes are locat$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,,! ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,subm>9es ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,leslie's ,weekly ,a ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,subm>9e ,,cruis+ ,,9 ,,! ,,afloat ,,condition ,,) ,,=ew>d ,,div+ ,,rudd]s ,,fold$ ,,back ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,hull ,,! ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,subm>9es ,,by ,a4 ,,fr$]ick ,,coll9s ,,au?or ,,( 8,,inv5t+ ,,= ,,boys10 8,,manual ,,( ,,wireless ,,telegraphy10 8,,keep+ ,,up ,,) ,,y\r ,,motor ,,c>10 8,,h[ ,,to ,,fly10 ,,etc4 ,,& ,,virgil ,d4 ,,coll9s ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,work+ ,,algebra10 ,,& ,,co-,,au?or ,,( 8,,%oot+ ,,= ,,boys0 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,diagrams ,illu/ration3 ,emblem3 ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,e/abli%$ ,,eighte5 ,,eighty-,,"o ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,publi%]s ,copyright1 #aiag1 by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ---------- ,all rights res]v$ ,,to ,,le/] ,,burnham ,,coll9s ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,navy ,a ,,^w ,,to ,,y ,subm>9e6 ,x's a ^w t's 9 ev]ybody's m9d--on e "o's tongue4 ,! v s\nd ( x conjures up ?\ghts ( great %ips t 7 & w be torp$o$ & s5t to ! bottom ( ! old ocean to ru/ & to rot !re4 ,( all ! mighty mon/]s t ev] sail$ ! sev5 seas ?is piratical craft is by long odds ! mo/ d>+ z well z ! mo/ dang]\s to bo? life & prop]ty4 ,& yet :ile ( c\rse y "k t a subm>9e c travel on or "u ! wat]1 dive l a porpoise & de/roy an enemy %ip by %oot+ a torp$o at h]1 d y "k exactly h[ an und]sea boat works & fights & j h[ %e does all ! seem+ly impossible feats = :i* %e is notori\s8 ,at ! pres5t "t ! greate/ w> 9 ! _w's hi/ory is be+ f\ght1 & y are m ?an a m]e look]-on = y\r c\ntry is 9 x & y may be "o ( ! boys :o w be call$ to ! colors to def5d h] on1 or aga9/1 ^! und]sea craft4 ,if = no o!r reason ?an ?is y ought to foll[ n only ! battles z !y are be+ f\ght on ! ea/ & we/ fronts ( ,europe1 b ! w>f>e t is be+ wag$ by ! subm>9es on ! high seas1 = on ^! boats h+es to a v l>ge ext5t ! outcome ( ! w>4 ,ev] s9ce ! ye> ( #aijj :5 five ( ! fir/ really successful subm>9es 7 built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & s5t to ,engl& ! value ( ?is k9d ( w>-craft has gone =w>d by leaps & b\nds z ! devices = op]at+ !m 7 m & m improv$4 ,fur!r too ! subm>9e has play$ a f> l>g] "p 9 ! w> t is n[ go+ on ?an ! wilde/ fancies ( h] inv5tors ( tw5ty ye>s ago c\ld h pictur$1 mu* less believ$1 & :at is ( ev5 great] import %e bids fair to become ! *ampion fight] ( ! sea 9 ! future4 ,inde$ s wond]ful is ! subm>9e & s great are h] possibilities t y %\ld by all means "k exactly h[ %e is made & works1 z well z h] torp$oes4 ,! easie/ & c]ta9ly ! mo/ int]e/+ way to f9d out ^! ?+s is to read ?is book & !n build a model subm>9e & torp$o accord+ to ! simple directions we h giv54 ,to op5 ! cov]s ( ?is book & to read x is ! next ?+ to go+ ?r\gh ! hat* 9 ! bridge ( ! conn+ t[] & exam9+ ! me*anism at fir/ h&4 ,s d x n[4 ,a4 ,,fr$]ick ,,coll9s1 ,,virgil ,d4 ,,coll9s1 #eej ,riv]side ,drive1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,cont5ts ,,page 8,a ,,^w ,,to ,,y0 vii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9es #a ,h[ ! ,subm>9e ,came to ,be4--,! ,developm5t ( ! ,subm>9e4--,! ,fir/ ,subm>9e ,boat4--,a ,subm>9e ( ! ,revolution4--,! ,fir/ ,torp$o ,fir$ by a ,subm>9e4--,rob]t ,fulton's ,subm>9e4--,! ,e>lie/ ,/eam ,propell$ ,subm>9e4--,! ,com+ ( ! ,torp$o-,tube ,subm>9e4--,! ,inv5tion ( ! ,electric ,subm>9e4--,:at ! ,gas ,eng9e ,did = ! ,subm>9e4--,! ,two ,types ( ,subm>9es4 ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,"w ,a ,,model ,,subm>9e #bc ,! ,balla/ ,tank4--,! ,air ,control ,me*anism4--,ab\t ! ,p[] ,plant4--,! ,pu%] ,control ,device4--,! ,propell]-,%aft4--,in/all+ ! ,motor4--,balla/+ ! ,boat4--,mak+ ! ,sup]/ructure4--,& ,n[ ! ,conn+ ,t[]4--,sett+ ! ,propell]4--,putt+ on ! ,rudd]4--,pa9t+ ,y\r ,craft4--,h[ to ,"w ,y\r ,subm>9e4 ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,a ,,real ,,subm>9e ,,is ,,made ,,& ,,works #ea ,! ,p>ts ( a ,subm>9e4--,h[ ! ,hull ,is ,made4--,:at ! ,sup]/ructure ,is4--,! ,outside ( ! ,conn+ ,t[]4--,a ,look ,inside ( ! ,hull4--,a ,peep into ! ,conn+ ,t[]4--,n[ ! ,navigat+ ,comp>tm5t4--,next1 ! ,div+ ,control ,comp>tm5t4--,! ,f\r ,/ates ( ! ,subm>9e4--,h[ a ,subm>9e ,dives4--,! ,balla/ ,pumps & ,:at ,!y ,d4--,:at ! ,buoyancy ,tanks ,are ,=4--,compress$ ,air & ,air-,compressor ,pumps4--,inside ! ,torp$o ,comp>tm5t4--,:y ,trimm+ ,tanks ,are ,us$4--,9 ! ,m9e ,comp>tm5t4--,& ,la/ ( ,all1 ! ,sea ,an*or4--,:]e ! ,crew ( a ,subm>9e ,lives4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e #gc ,:at a ,good ,p[] ,plant ,is4--,! ,faults ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e4--,:5 ! ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,came4--,h[ ! ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,works4--,! ,la/ ,^w 9 ,subm>9e ,eng9es4--,:y an ,electric ,p[] ,plant ,is ,ne$$4--,! ,dynamo-,motor & ,/orage ,batt]y ,sy/em4 ,v4 ,,mak+ ,,& ,,%oot+ ,,! ,,torp$o #ia ,! ,fir/ ,subm>9e ,torp$oes4--,h[ to ,make a ,model ,subm>9e ,torp$o4--,! ,body ( ! ,torp$o4--,y\r ,torp$o 9 ,action4--,h[ a ,real ,torp$o ,is ,made4--,! ,detonat+1 or ,fir+ ,me*anism4--,! ,eng9e t ,drives ! ,torp$o4--,h[ a ,torp$o ,is ,%ot at a ,%ip4--,a ,torp$o ) a ,cannon 9 ,x4 ,,vi4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,deadli] #aae ,arm+ ! ,subm>9e ) ,guns4--,! ,ne$ ( a ,quick-,action ,gun4--,! ,spr+ ,action ,gun4--,! ,compress$ ,air ,action ,gun4--,h[ a ,subm>9e ,lays ,m9es4--,k9ds ( ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,h[ ! ,m9es ,are ,made4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,eye ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e #abi ,h[ ! ,eye ( ! ,subm>9e ,got ,its ,"n4--,! ,fir/ ,subm>9e ,eye1 or ,p]iscope4--,h[ to ,make a ,simple ,p]iscope4--,! ,mod]n ,l5ticul> ,p]iscope4--,h[ ! ,telescope ,is ,made4--,! ,late/ ,type ( ,p]iscope4--,! ,limit$ ,use ( ! ,p]iscope4--,! ,new ,enemy ( ! ,subm>9e4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,m>vel\s ,,tongue ,,& ,,e>s ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e #adc ,! ,tongue & ,e>s ( a ,subm>9e4--,k9ds ( ,signal+ ,sy/ems4--,! ,wigwag ,way ( ,signal+4--,! ,fla%light ,sy/em4--,! ,wireless ,telegraph ,sy/em4--,und]wat] ,signal+ ,sy/ems4--,! ,electric ,curr5t1 or ,conductivity ,sy/em4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,crew ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e #aei ,conditions on ,e>ly ,subm>9e ,craft4--,:5 ,crews ,7 ,h>d to ,sign4--,:at ! ,base-,%ip ,is ,=4--,h[ ,m5 ,are ,tra9$ = ,subm>9e ,duty4--,! ,complem5t ( a ,subm>9e4--,break+ 9 ,raw ,recruits4--,! ,conditions 9 ,w> ,"t4 ,x4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,attacks #aga ,! ,uses ( ! ,subm>9e4--,! ,subm>9e z a ,sc\t4--,! ,subm>9e z a ,blockad]4--,h[ a ,subm>9e ,attacks a ,m]*antman4--,:5 ,subm>9es ,attack 9 ,pairs4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,new ,,subm>9e ,,*as]s #ahe ,s*emes = ,outwitt+ ! ,subm>9e4--,plans = ,de/roy+ ! ,u-,boats4--,k9ds ( ,subm>9e ,*as]s4--,h[ ! ,*as] ,*ases a ,subm>9e4--,%oot+ ! ,guns ( ! ,*as]4--,subm>9e ,air ,*as]s4--,a ,way to ,lift ! ,u-,boat ,blockade4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,^w ,,9 ,,subm>9es #aii ,uncle ,sam's ,late/ ,subm>9es4--,! ,great ,blockades ( ! ,w>r+ ,nations4--,! ,fir/ ( ! ,m]*ant ,subm>9es4--,"s ,facts ,ab\t ! ,deuts*l&4--,h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c ,break ! ,blockade4--,:5 ,subm>9e ,,illu/rations ,a ,mod]n ,am]ican ,subm>9e ,cruis+ 9 ! ,afloat ,condition ) ,=ew>d ,div+-,rudd]s ,fold$ ,back aga9/ ! ,hull ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,a 8,baby ,holl&0 ,subm>9e1 ,"o ( ! ,fir/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 #ah ,y\r ,model ,subm>9e 9 ,action #df ,! ,conn+ ,t[] & ,navigat+ ,comp>tm5t ,controls ( a ,mod]n ,subm>9e #eh ,! ,eng9e ,room ( a ,mod]n ,subm>9e ,%[+ ! ,diesel ,eng9es #hb ,a ,bliss ,torp$o ) ,rot>y ,compress$ ,air ,motor #ih ,a #c in* ,subm>9e ,gun 9 ,action ,%[+ ! ,deck ,well & ,mann] ( ,op]ation #aah ,! ,late/ ,type ( ,p]iscope4 ,a mu* ,magnifi$ ,image ( ! ,object ,is ,%[n 9 ! ,inn] ,circle1 :ile 9 ! ,out] ,circle ,is ,%[n ! ,object ,plus an 8all r\nd0 ,view ( ! ,horizon4 ,a ,subm>9e ,fitt$ ) ,?is ,p]iscope ,may well be ,said to ,h ,eyes 9 ! ,back ( its ,head #acf ,a ,m>9e ,wireless ,in/allation #aej ,! ,crew ( a ,subm>9e 7,note ,sailor ,go+ ,bel[ ?r\gh ,hat* 9 ,aft]-deck7 #aff ,a ,g]man ,u-,boat 8,break+ ,wat]0 ,prep>atory to ,exam9+ ! ,c>go ( an ,enemy %ip #agh ,?ree ,eighty-,foot ,gasol5e ,*as]s on _! ,way to ,patrol ,duty #ahh ,navigat+ ! 8,deuts*l&0 by ,means ( ! ,deck ,control 7,note ,op5 ,hat* ,lead+ to ,conn+ ,t[]7 #bjb ,,! ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,subm>9es ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,fir/ ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9es ,,! outcome ( ! great w> t is n[ be+ wag$ 9 ,europe h+es l>gely on ! ability ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s#a to s9k ! %ips ( ! ,allies#b by means ( subm>9es1 & ( ! ,allies to de/roy ! enemy ,u-boats1#c z ! ,g]man subm>9es are commonly call$4 ,n[1 :ile a ,u-boat is a subm>9e1 all subm>9es are n ,u-boats2 = ! ^w subm>9e means any & ev]y?+ t lives1 is done1 or works b5ea? ! surface ( ! sea4 ,?us1 a fi% is a subm>9e1 & s is a boy :ile he is "u wat]--?\gh 8 clo!s may be on ! %ore4 ,h[ ! ,subm>9e ,came to ,be4--,yes1 ! fi% ( ! ,paleozoic#d era1 see ,fig4 #a1 0 ! e>lie/ subm>9e1 9 t x mov$ 9 & ?r\gh ! wat] "u its own p[]1 & t 0 millions ( ye>s be=e ! human race & ! monkey tribe bran*$ (f f a common ance/or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a ,,paleozoic ,,subm>9e4 ,,x ,,0 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,fi% ,,to ,,swim ,,! ,,wat]s ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,n only has ! %ape ( ! fi%--or i*?yoid =m1 z x is call$--s]v$ z a model = inv5tors ( ! subm>9e boat to g by1 b ! air-bladd] 9 ! fi%1 :i* aids x 9 keep+ its place bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ! balla/ tanks ( ! mod]n subm>9e4 ,:5 ! fir/ real boy p>t$ f 8 monkey c\s9--t is1 :5 ! boy came d[n f 8 tree-top h\se & left ! monkey up !re to eat a banana all alone--,nature _h fitt$ him ) long legs & flat feet s t he might swiftly run away f 8 enemies on l&4 ,b 9 ^? days :5 ! e>? 0 "y !re 7 n only gigantic1 long-neck$ animals ) cross-cut saw tails & cunn+ little heads1 b t]rify+ w+$ liz>ds#e flew ar\nd ev]y:]e l airplanes d n[1 & mon/r\s & inconceivable ?+s swam 9 ! sea4 ,he c\ld easily outwit & outdi/ance 8 animal foes on l&1 b he c\ld n fly away f ^? t sail$ ! air1 nor c\ld he v5ture f> into ! wat] = fe> ( 8 aquatic enemies4 ,b he le>n$ to swim 9 spite ( !m & :5 he c\ld dive d[n "h & come up ov] !re he became ! second subm>9e4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,! ,,second ,,subm>9e4 ,,he ,,0 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,human ,,be+ ,,to ,,propel ,,himself ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,wat]4 ,f ! "t he le>n$ to swim & grew to be a man he nurs$ ! idea ( mak+ "s k9d ( device t he c\ld get into & swim ab\t )1 n only s t he might be protect$ f ! mon/]s t s\ght him z food b t he might de/roy !m z well4 ,& ev5 aft] all ! prehi/oric bea/s became ext9ct & s 7 no m on ! face ( ! e>? to m5ace 8 safety1 he /ill kept ?9k+ ov] ! idea ( ! subm>9e1 & x kept gett+ /rong] )9 him z ! convolutions ( 8 bra9 grew deep]4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,subm>9e4--,by h>d ?9k+ & long exp]im5t+1 & ! o!r way ab\t1 & always work+ to ! end t he might inv5t "s k9d ( boat by :i* he c\ld travel "u & ?r\gh ! wat] 7or1 z ! ,fr5* h x1 s\s m>9--s\s mean+ "u &1 ( c\rse m>9 means sea7 l ! swifte/ ( fi% & q z easily4 ,8 reason = want+ a subm>9e boat n[ t ! animals he _h s fe>$ 9 ! pa/ _h disappe>$1 0 to f9d treasure %ips t _h sunk to ! bottom ( ! old ocean1 or1 m likely because x seem$ m practical1 to attack1 unse5 & )\t w>n+1 m]*antm5 t c>ri$ preci\s c>goes--9 a ^w1 he w\ld a subm>9e pirate be4 ,b l ev]y?+ else t ne$s me*anical devices & electrical app>atus ! developm5t ( ! subm>9e f ! fir/ crude attempts to ! p[]ful & p]fectly controll$ ,u-boat z we "k x to our sorr[ to-day took _m m5 work+ ?r\gh _m ye>s to make x sea-wor?y & practical4 ,9 ea* "o ( ^! inv5tors ! ?\ght t rul$ him 0 to make a boat :i* w\ld s9k or swim1 z he want$ x to2 & ?\gh none ( ! e>li] work]s succe$$ 9 build+ a really good subm>9e1 x 0 n _! fault b _! mis=tune1 = ! vital me*anical & electrical appliances !y ne$$ _h yet to be inv5t$4 ,b ! ef=ts ( ea* "o ( ^! pione]s s]v$ z a /epp+-/one to ! build+ ( ! fir/ practical boat1 9 #aija1 :i* c\ld be us$ successfully z an und]sea de/roy]4 ,?is 0 ! ,holl&1 :i* y w read m ab\t pres5tly2 & ! ,briti% ,admiralty pur*as$ five ( ! fir/ ones built4 ,! ,fir/ ,subm>9e ,boat4--,away back !re 9 ! v ye> :5 ! ,pilgrims l&$ f ! ,mayfl[] on ,plym\? ,rock--t is to say1 9 #afbj--;a ,dut*man nam$ ,van ,drebel1 :o happ5$ to be liv+ at t "t 9 ,engl&1 work$ out ! idea t orig9at$ 9 ! bra9 ( 8 prehi/oric ance/or1 & t 0 to build a subm>9e boat4 ,( c\rse 9 ^? days !re 7 no su* ?+s z /eel boats1 nor _h eng9es to propel !m be5 inv5t$1 b m5 7 adept build]s ( wood5 boats &1 z mu* or m to _! cr$it1 !y 7 pa/ ma/]s ( ! art ( sail+ !m4 ,b ! lack ( /eel1 ( eng9es1 & ( o!r rec5t inv5tions didn't daunt ! dauntless ,van ,drebel 9 ! lea/2 = he w5t "r ahead & built 8 und]wat] craft ( su* mat]ials z he c\ld get hold (4 ,8 subm>9e 0 no?+ m nor less ?an a regul> wood5 boat :i* 0 completely deck$ ov]1 cov]$ ) lea!r1 & sme>$ ) tall[ to make x wat]tight4 ,! subm>9e 0 propell$ ?r\gh ! wat] by means ( a pair ( o>s on ea* side z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 v mu* 9 ! same fa%ion z 7 ! f>-fam$ ,grecian galleys ( old2 b 9 ?is boat ! o>s pass$ ?r\gh wat]tight flexible cov]s fa/5$ ov] ! por?oles4 ,a holl[ ma/ 0 /epp$ into ! deck to supply air to ! crew :5 ! subm>9e 0 "u wat]1 & x 0 also us$ to spread a little canvas on :5 ! boat 0 runn+ afloat & ! w9d 0 good4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #c4 ,,van ,,drebel',s ,,subm>9e4 ,n[1 y may ?9k ?is subm>9e ( ,van ,drebel's 0 a mighty crude attempt1 & no "o w say y nay1 b j be> 9 m9d1 please1 t x 0 ! gr&daddy ( ! mod]n subm>9e & t x travel$ subm]g$ d[n ! ,?ames ,riv]1 c>ry+ 9 x no less a p]sonage ?an ,k+ ,james ! ,fir/1 & cov]+ a di/ance ( sev5 miles f ,we/m9/] to ,gre5wi*4 ,aft] ?is fir/ & v successful attempt at subm>9e build+ x 0 n long until o!rs began to make improvem5ts & to build und]wat] boats :i* w\ld outdo ! spectacul> p]=mance ( ,van ,drebel's subm>9e4 ,x ought to s5d a ?rill ( pleasure ?r\gh y to "k t mo/ ( ^! inv5tors 7 ,am]icans1 b 9 y\r feel+ ( pride don't =get t ! ov]sea work]s along subm>9e l9es foll[$ closely on ! heels ( our own 9 +5uity1 build+1 & op]ative ability4 ,a ,subm>9e ( ! ,revolution4--,! fir/ subm>9e design$ to de/roy enemy %ips 0 inv5t$ & built by an ,am]ican nam$ ,david ,bu%nell1 j ab\t ! "t t ,lib]ty ,bell 0 r++ out ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 subm>9e1 _h x n be5 = an accid5t1 & ( :i* ,i w tell y lat]1 w\ld n[ be exploit$ 9 e s*ool hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 ,b ev5 ! accid5t %[$ t ! subm>9e _h great inh]5t possibilities & dynamic p[] /or$ up 9 x :i* w>r+ nations ( ! future mu/ reckon )4 ,diff]5t f all pa/ ideas & pres5t conceptions ( subm>9es1 & f> remov$ f any design :i* is ord9>ily ?\ght ( 9 connection ) boats1 ,bu%nell's subm>9e1 in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh ! wat] ) its long axis horizontal to ! top1 mov$ ?r\gh x v]tically4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is /range craft 0 subm]g$--t is1 sunk--is fundam5tal1 :i* means t x is ! simple1 natural way & ! "o t is us$ 9 all subm>9es t h be5 built s9ce !n4 ,a numb] ( empty tanks 7 s fix$ 9 ! vessel t :5 ! pilot want$ to subm]ge x he c\ld let ! wat] into !m1 & :5 he want$ to rise to ! surface aga9 he c\ld pump ! wat] out ) a h& =ce-pump4 ,?is s*eme is us$ 9 all ( ! subm>9e boats ( ! pres5t "t1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! pumps are p[]-driv54 ,a heavy weight t c\ld be deta*$ 0 fix$ to ! bottom ( ! craft1 :i* help$ x to ma9ta9 its upright position & also aid$ 9 subm]g+ x4 ,9 case an accid5t happ5$ to ! pumps ! weight c\ld be releas$1 :5 ! craft w\ld come to ! surface4 ,ano!r good feature ( ?is subm>9e 0 ! valves :i* let fre% air into ! vessel :5 x float$ on top ( ! wat] b :i* clos$ automatically--t is1 )\t ! help ( ! pilot--:5 ! subm>9e sank bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,! way ! fir/ subm>9e ( ,bu%nells 0 driv5 0 j z primitive z ! "o built by ,van ,drebel2 inde$1 x 0 a %ade worse1 = a solit>y o> /ick+ ?r\gh ! re> end ( ! %ell provid$ ! means = go+ ahead :ile ano!r o> on "o side help$ to raise & l[] x4 ,he lat] design$1 built1 & successfully op]at$ ano!r subm>9e1 :i* 0 f> sup]ior to 8 fir/ model4 ,x _h ! same %ape z 8 fir/ "o b x 0 propell$ by two screws :i* 7 turn$ by h&2 "o ( ^! mov$ ! subm>9e =w>d & backw>d ?r\gh ! wat]1 & ! o!r "o mov$ x up & d[n--all ( :i* is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,h5ce ! cr$it = ! inv5tion ( ! screw-driv5 subm>9e belongs to ,bu%nell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,bu%nell',s ,,subm>9e4 ,! ,fir/ ,torp$o ,fir$ by a ,subm>9e4--,bu%nell1 ?\gh1 did m ?an to inv5t a workable subm>9e1 = he also devis$ & us$ a torp$o2 or x w\ld be bett] to call x a bomb1 s9ce x 0 tim$ to explode by clock-"w1 in/ead ( by concussion4 ,he int5d$ to hang ?is subm>9e bomb on ! bottom ( an enemy %ip--& !reby hangs a tale4 ,! ,briti% man-(-w> ,eagle _h an*or$ 9 ,new ,york ,h>bor close to ,/at5 ,isl& sometime 9 ! fam\s ye> ( #aggf4 ,! inv5tor 0 a patriot & (f]$ 8 s]vices & ! use ( 8 subm>9e to ! new ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t2 ! latt] accept$ !m & ord]$ him to bl[ up ! w>%ip4 ,z ! inv5tor became sick he gave a s]geant1 nam$ ,lee1 ! honor ( us+ 8 subm>9e & bl[+ up ! %ip4 ,lee work$ ! subm>9e )\t a hit* until he rea*$ ! man-(-w>1 & !n 8 tr\bles began4 ,try z he w\ld1 he c\ld n drive ! screw into ! t\gh ,engli% oak ( :i* ! hull ( ! %ip 0 made1 & ?is he mu/ ne$s d 9 ord] to fa/5 ! bomb to ! bottom ( x4 ,f9ally1 j z ! clock-"w ( ! torp$o 0 ab\t to explode x1 he set x adrift1 & ! "y (fic] made (f j 9 "t to save himself4 ,z x 01 ! bomb explod$ close to ! /]n ( ! boat1 b x did n d any s]i\s damage4 ,rob]t ,fulton's ,subm>9e4--,ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 ,rob]t ,fulton1 ! ,fam\s ,am]ican inv5tor1 :o built ! fir/ successful /eamboat1 design$ & built a subm>9e t 0 f> ahead ( ei!r ( ^? ,i h j describ$4 ,x 0 cig>-%ap$1 to beg9 )1 & ?is less5$ ! resi/ance x (f]$ to ! wat]1 & x 0 fitt$ ) a keel1 a rudd]1 a propell]1 & a conn+ t[]1 s t ! pilot c\ld see :]e he 0 go+4 ,fulton did n attempt1 ?\gh1 to use a /eam eng9e to drive ! propell]1 b turn$ x by h&4 ,8 subm>9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,ano!r big improvem5t t ,fulton made 0 to cov] ! hull ( 8 subm>9e ) copp] plates4 ,tak5 altoge!r x came z ne> be+ a real subm>9e z c\ld h be5 made ) ! mat]ials & inv5tions :i* 7 available at t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,,fulton',s ,,subm>9e4 ,aft] (f]+ 8 subm>9e to ! ,fr5*1 ,briti%1 & ,am]ican ,gov]nm5ts 9 turn1 & aft] x 0 turn$ d[n by all ( !m because !y fail$ to see 9 x a useful weapon ( w>1 ,fulton turn$ 8 ?\ghts t[>d home & craft ( a m peaceful nature4 ,_h any "o ( ^! gov]nm5ts be5 able to see ! wond]ful possibilities ( ! und]sea craft t ,fulton _h s greatly improv$ ^u1 ! subm>9e w\ld h be5 p]fect$ long be=e x 04 ,fulton's rem>kable exp]im5t1 ) 8 ,nautilus1 z he call$ 8 boat1 on ! ,se9e ,riv]1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ,p>is1 attract$ mu* att5tion1 & a plan 0 set on foot to use 8 subm>9e to rescue ! exil$ ,napoleon f ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,aga9 ,fulton 0 doom$ to disappo9tm5t1 = ! ,great ,emp]or di$ be=e ! s*eme c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,x 0 !n t ,fulton return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & set ab\t ! m peaceful task ( build+ a /eam propell$ riv] boat1 or /eam boat z x is call$1 & :i* won = him mu* money & undy+ fame4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,/eam ,propell$ ,subm>9e4--,x 0 eighty ye>s aft] ,fulton made 8 classic und]wat] exp]im5ts t ,g>rett1 an ,engli% inv5tor1 design$1 built1 & op]at$ a subm>9e :i* us$ /eam z its s\rce ( p[]4 ,?is lat] subm>9e _h all ! good features ( ,fulton's craft1 besides ! hi/ory-mak+ improvem5t ( us+ a /eam eng9e to drive h]--n only :5 %e 0 afloat b :5 %e 0 subm]g$ z well4 ,! way x 0 done 0 l ?is3 a regul> boil] 0 set 9 ! boat & ?is _h a telescopic funnel1 z a %ip's smoke-/ack is call$4 ,:5 runn+ on ! surface ! wat] 9 ! boil] 0 *ang$ into /eam & ! smoke p\r$ out ( ! funnel4 ,b :5 ! craft 0 subm]g$1 ! funnel 0 drawn "u ! deck1 ! fire doors1 :i* 7 made air tight1 7 clos$1 & ! /eam pressure already g5]at$ 9 ! boil] 0 high en\gh to run ! boat = sev]al miles4 ,! ,com+ ( ! ,torp$o-,tube ,subm>9e4--,cle> up to ! "t ( ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition held at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 ! only idea t inv5tors ( subm>9es seem to h _h 0 to use a bomb ( "s sort :i* c\ld be atta*$ to ! subm]g$ hull ( an enemy %ip & :i* w\ld bl[ h] up4 ,?is crude s*eme1 z y h se51 0 n only unc]ta9 b x 0 at once a difficult piece ( "w & v dang]\s to ! op]ator4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 or p]haps a little lat]1 a ,sw$i% eng9e]1 nam$ ,nord5felt1 inv5t$ a torp$o :i* c\ld be %ot f a tube 9 ! head ( ! subm>9e4 ,8 e>ly subm>9e _h a l5g? ( #ajj feet & c\ld make #ab knots#f on top ( ! wat]2 %e c\ld be subm]g$ to a dep? ( ab\t #ej feet1 :51 ( c\rse1 h] spe$ 0 consid]ably r$uc$4 ,%e 0 /eam-driv5 & _h two propell]s4 ,b ! great improvem5t ( ?is subm>9e craft ov] all ! o!rs t _h be5 built be=e h] 0 h] torp$o tubes ?r\gh :i* torp$oes#g c\ld be %ot f ! inside ( ! boat & aim$ at ! enemy4 ,besides ! torp$oes1 %e c>ri$ two rapid-fire guns1 & ^! made h] an eng9e ( de/ruction greatly to be fe>$4 ,%e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ! ,electric ,subm>9e4--,:at ) ! amaz+ uses to :i* electricity 0 be+ put1 x is small wond] t z soon z ! /orage batt]y 0 inv5t$ & electric motor 0 discov]$1#h inv5tors became imbu$ ) ! idea ( us+ ! mighty invisible p[] = runn+ _! subm>9e boats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,! ,,nord5felt ,,subm>9e4 ,! fir/ subm>9e to be propell$ solely by electricity 0 design$ & built ab\t #ahhf by ,campbell & ,a%1 ( ,engl&4 ,! out/&+ features ( ?is und]sea craft 7 ! /orage batt]ies1 :i* 7 =m$ ( #ajd cells1 & ! electric motors1 ( :i* !re 7 two & ea* "o develop$ #de horsep[]4 ,! boat _h a spe$ ( #f knots1 & x _h a cruis+ radius ( #hj miles1 )\t re*>g+ ! batt]ies4 ,%e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! electric subm>9e nev] got out ( ! exp]im5tal class1 because ( ! imp]fections ( ! /orage batt]y at t e>ly date & 9 virtue ( ! fact t its range ( travel 0 v limit$4 ,b ! exp]im5ts 7 n )\t value1 ?\gh1 = !y l$ to ! use ( electricity z ! ideal p[] = und]sea propulsion1 z y w pres5tly le>n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,! ,,nautilus1 ,,an ,,electrically ,,driv5 ,,subm>9e4 ,:at ! ,gas ,eng9e ,did = ! ,subm>9e4--,great] ef=t to use electricity z a motive p[] = subm>9es w\ld d\btless h be5 made _h n ! gas-eng9e be5 inv5t$ 9 #ahhh4 ,?is new k9d ( eng9e 0 ! ideal motive p[] = propell+ a subm>9e on ! surface ( ! sea1 & at ! same "t x c\ld drive a dynamo :i* w\ld g5]ate an electric curr5t to *>ge ! /orage batt]ies )4 ,& :5 ! boat 0 subm]g$ ! eng9e c\ld be /opp$ & !re 0 no smoke or burnt gases to escape2 ! /orage batt]y !n gave up its electric curr5t1 ?is en]giz$ ! motors1 & ^! 9 turn drove ! propell]s4 ,?is comb9ation sy/em ( gas & electric p[] is us$ 9 all subm>9e boats at ! pres5t "t4 ,! fir/ eng9e] to comb9e a gas & an electric p[] plant 9 a subm>9e z describ$ above 0 ,depuy de ,lme4 ,?is ,fr5* eng9e] turn$ out a wond]fully successful subm>9e2 & ?is 0 /ill fur!r p]fect$ by ano!r ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,gu/ave ,zd4 ,_m ( ! subm>9es us$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,navy at ! pres5t "t are ( ! ,depuy de ,lme-,zd type4 ,! ,two ,types ( ,subm>9es4--,two ,am]ican inv5tors1 "n ,lake & ,holl&1 7 work+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r--t is1 nei!r knew ! o!r 0 work+ on subm>9es--& ea* develop$ a diff]5t type ( und]sea boat4 ,?is 0 ab\t #ahif4 ,! ,lake ,subm]sible4--,! fir/ und]wat] boat built by ,simon ,lake 0 %ap$ v mu* l a %ip4 ,! hull 0 m\nt$ on :eels1 s t x c\ld travel on ! bottom ( ! sea if ne$ be1 = x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be us$ by pe>l div]s & oy/]m54 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt] ,i told y t ! ^w subm>9e means any?+ t lives 91 is done1 or works b5ea? ! wat]-l9e ( ! sea4 ,n[1 9 naval eng9e]+1 subm>9e has come to mean an und]sea craft t c dive1 :ile an und]sea boat t simply s9ks on an ev5 keel is call$ a subm]sible4 ,s ! ,lake %[n 9 ,fig4 #h is a subm]sible1 = x is n int5d$ to dive4 ,! ,holl& ,subm>9e4--,! ,holl& und]sea boat is a real subm>9e1 = x c dive4 ,! hull ( ?is boat look$ m l a :ale ) its tail twi/$ up ?an l a boat1 z y w see 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,! ,,lake ,,subm]sible ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,! ,,holl& ,,subm>9e ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,subm>9e ,,( ,,! ,k ,,class1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,navy4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,leslie's ,weekly ,a 8,,baby ,,holl&0 ,,subm>9e1 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,! ,comb9$ ,holl& & ,lake ,types4--,! %ape ( ! ,holl& subm>9e makes x a good und]sea boat2 ! ,lake subm]sible has a l>ge deck & roomy qu>t]s1 & its %ape makes x good = surface go+4 ,! result is t naval ar*itects h comb9$ ! two types s t ! new model subm>9es h ! advantages ( ! old] types & are )\t _! disadvantages4 ,ne>ly all ( ! boats ( ! subm>9e flotilla ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy are ( ! ,holl& & ,lake types comb9$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,y w f9d m ab\t ^! craft 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,"w ,a ,,model ,,subm>9e ,complete ,in/ructions & ,work+ ,draw+s = ,build+ a ,two-,foot ,model ,subm>9e ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,"w ,a ,,model ,,subm>9e ,,! be/ way to "k h[ a ma*9e works is to "w ) x1 & ! next be/ ?+ to work+ ) an actual ma*9e is to "w ) a model :i* y h made ) y\r own h&s4 ,9 ?is way y n only w become acqua9t$ ) ! me*anism :i* is us$ to obta9 a c]ta9 result1 b if y are ( an inv5tive turn ( m9d y are likely to get "o or m ideas = improv+ x :i* w be ( m or less value4 ,n[1 ?is is j :at y %\ld d ) ! subm>9e if y really want to "k ! inn]mo/ secrets ( h[ x is made & works--t is1 y %\ld build a model ( "o & exp]im5t ) x4 ,to ! end t y may d ?is1 ,i h giv5 9 ?is *apt] ! plans & specifications1 :i* mean ! work+ draw+s & a full description1 ( a #b-;foot model subm>9e boat :i* y c easily make & run y\rself4 ,?is model subm>9e is n only in/ructive b x is 8amoos9'10 z ,artemus ,w>d us$ to say1 = :ile x />ts out awa%--t is1 ) its deck j ab\t level ) ! top ( ! wat]--x w soon take a dive1 run a ways subm]g$1 & !n bob up on ! surface aga91 j l a real subm>9e4 ,! ,p>ts ( ! ,model ,subm>9e4--,!re are only f\r *ief p>ts to ?is model1 & ^! are 7#a7 ! hull2 7#b7 ! balla/ tank2 7#c7 ! p[] plant2 & 7#ad7 ! sup]/ructure4 ,all ( ?is is %[n 9 ,fig #aa4 ,! hull is ( c\rse ! body ( ! boat4 ,! balla/ tank is a t9 c 9 ! bottom ( ! hull2 :5 x is fill$ ) wat] ! extra weight makes ! boat s9k1 & :5 ! wat] is bl[n out ( x by compress$ air x makes ! boat rise to ! surface aga94 ,! p[] plant includes an electric motor1 ! batt]ies to run x1 ! propell]-%aft & propell]1 ! pulleys :i* "w ! valve t lets ! compress$ air fl[ into ! balla/ tank to bl[ out ! wat]1 & f9ally ! sup]/ructure1 :i* consi/s ( ! deck & ! conn+ t[]1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! latt] is made to hold ! compress$ air4 ,! ,hull ( ! ,boat4--,! fir/ ?+ to d is to make ! hull2 & ! easie/ way to build "o t is light1 /rong1 & wat]tight is to :ittle out1 or h saw$ out1 two tap]+ pieces ( wood z %[n at ,a & ,b 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! faces are %[n by ! dott$ l9es at ,c & ,d 9 ,fig #aa4 ,^! are = ! nose & tail blocks1 z we w call !m1 & ea* "o is #ad in*es long4 ,! o!r dim5sions1 z well z ! %apes ( ^! blocks1 are also %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,model ,,subm>9e4 ,bore f\r -in* holes1 in* deep 9 ! faces--t is1 ! flat ends ( ea* block--at ! places %[n by ! little circles2 ^! are to take 9 ! ends ( ! brace rods4 ,next bore a -in* hole l5g?wise ?r\gh ! tail block z %[n by ! dott$ l9es at ,b4 ,bore out ?is hole ) a #a-;in* bit to a dep? ( in*1 to =m a /uff+ box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,! ,,nose ,,& ,,tail ,,blocks4 ,n[ cut (f a piece ( brass tube :i* has an inside diamet] ( in* & an outside diamet] ( in* & =ce x into ! hole 9 ! tail block2 ?is tube =ms ! be>+ = ! propell]-%aft4 ,cut out a disk ( brass #a in*es 9 diamet] & #a_/af in* ?ick2 drill a -in* hole ?r\gh ! c5t] ( x = ! propell]-%aft to pass ?r\gh1 & ?ree -in* holes at equal di/ances ap>t ne> ! edge1 z %[n at ,c1 s t x c be screw$ to ! tail block4 ,! purpose ( ?is disk is to keep ! pack+ 9 ! /uff+ box4 ,see ,fig4 #ab4 ,! next ?+ to d is to cut (f two brass rods ea* in* 9 diamet] & #af in*es long & fit ! ends ( ^! into ! l[] holes 9 ! blocks2 & !n cut (f two m brass rods #ag in*es long & set ^! into ! upp] holes4 ,b5d ^! latt] rods out a little until ! faces ( ! blocks are p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & y w h a sub/antial framework on :i* to fa/5 ! sk9 ( ! hull4 ,! sk91 z ! %eets or plates :i* =m ! hull are call$1 is made ( %eet t91 & to cut ! t9 y %\ld h a pair ( t9n]'s %e>s4 ,y w ne$ sev5 /rips ( t9 altoge!r3 "o = ! bottom & ?ree = ea* side4 ,! sizes & %apes ( ^! /rips are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! wide/ /rip is us$ = ! bottom ( ! hull2 b5d up ! edges along ! dott$ l9es1 !n pun* eight holes 9 ! ends--^! are %[n by ! little crosses--& screw x to ! nose & tail blocks ) flat-head$ wood screws4 ,next pun* holes 9 & screw "o ( ! l[] /rips to ea* side ( ! nose & tail blocks1 ) ! holl[ curv$ edge d[n & lapp$ ov] ! turn$-up edge ( ! bottom /rip2 pun* & screw on ea* ( ! middle /rips1 ) its l[] holl[ curv$ edge ov] ! top ( ea* ( ! l[] /rips2 & !n pun* & screw on ! top /rips4 ,:5 y h ! bottom & all ( ! side /rips screw$ on1 ea* "o w lap ov] ! next l[] "o in* & fit snugly up to x1 & at ! same "t !y w all curve gracefully4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,! ,,/rips ,,:i* ,,=m ,,! ,,sk9 ,,( ,,! ,,hull4 ,aft] y h ^! /rips screw$ on1 y mu/ sold] ! lap seams to make !m wat]tight4 ,y c easily d ?is by us+ a regul> t9n]'s sold]+ copp]--a sold]+ fluid made by dissolv+ z9c clipp+s 9 "s dilute muriatic acid--& :at is call$ wire sold]4 ,! cov] ( ! boat1 or deck1 to give x its nautical "n1 is a "p ( ! sup]/ructure1 & y c cut ?is out lat] on4 ,! ,balla/ ,tank4--,! sole purpose ( ! balla/ tank is to add en\gh weight to ! boat to s9k x :5 y want x to s9k4 ,use heavy %eet t9 = ! tank4 ,cut out two /rips1 ea* ( :i* is #b in*es wide & #ae in*es long4 ,make a -in* lap seam & sold] ! ends ( ?is /rip toge!r1 mak+ "o /rip #cj in*es long4 ,b5d ! /rip s t ea* side is #aa in*es long & ! ends are #c in*es long2 ?is w br+ ! ends toge!r1 =m+ ano!r -in* lap seam1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 y mu/ also sold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,balla/ ,,tank ,,is ,,made4 ,cut out a top & a bottom1 ea* #d in*es wide & #aa in*es long4 ,cut ! corn]s2 b5d up ! edges in* all r\nd1 & sold] ! corn]s4 ,& don't be afraid to use pl5ty ( sold]1 = ?is tank mu/ be /rong1 & n only wat]tight b airtight z well4 ,ab\t #d in*es f "o end ( ! bottom %eet cut a -in* hole = ! wat] inlet & outlet1 t is ! hole :]e ! wat] fl[s into & out ( ! tank4 ,9 ?is hole sold] a piece ( -in* brass pipe an in* long & flu% ) ! surface ( ! t91 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig #ad2 & also at ,b 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,n[1 ) a pair ( divid]s #a in*es 9 diamet]1 scribe a circle :i* has its c5t] #c in*es f ! o!r end ( ! bottom & 9 ! middle ( x4 ,cut out ?ree /rips ( t9 in* wide & #b in*es long--or wire w d--& b5d ov] "o end ( ea* "o in*4 ,sold] ^! /rips to ! bottom at equal di/ances ar\nd ! circle z %[n by ! dott$ l9e at ,b 9 ,fig4 #ad1 & 9 ! cross-sectional draw+ ,fig4 #ae4 ,! upright /rips s]ve z guides to keep ! cork float 9 place & yet let x move freely up & d[n 9 ! tank4 ,cut a hole in* 9 diamet]1 #b in*es f "o end ( ! cov]1 or top1 ( ! tank z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,?is is = ! pipe ( ! valve me*anism4 ,next cut out a hole exactly in* 9 diamet]1 & h its c5t] #c in*es f ! end4 ,take a piece ( t9 & make a valve seat s t its small end is #i_/af in* 9 diamet] & sold] x to ! top ov] ! hole4 ,?is valve seat mu/ be made ) p>ticul> c>e1 s t x w be p]fectly smoo? & ! valve plug w fit x airtight4 ,! valve plug is a piece ( cork cut 9 ! %ape ( a cone & mu/ fit ! valve seat exactly2 soak x 9 ma*9e oil1 !n run a piece ( alum9um wire #a in*es long ?r\gh x & b5d x ov] on ! bottom z %[n at ,c 9 ,fig4 #ad & 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,! ,,air ,,control ,,me*anism ,,& ,,p[] ,,plant4 ,next sold] ! bottom to ! sides ( ! tank4 ,drop ! cork float betwe5 ! upright guides z %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,set ! cork valve plug on ! cork float4 ,put on ! cov] ) ! alum9um wire /ick+ up ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! valve seat2 & f9ally sold] on ! cov]4 ,! ,air ,control ,me*anism4--,s9ce y _c be 9 y\r model subm>9e :5 x is /eal+ along subm]g$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 y mu/ fit an automatically controll$ air-valve 9 ! pipe t connects ! air *amb] ) ! balla/ tank1 9 ord] to bl[ out ! wat] :5 x is "t = ! craft to come to ! surface to brea! aga94 ,!re are two *ief p>ts to ! air control me*anism1 & ^! are 7#a7 ! air-valve1 & 7#b7 ! pu%] control4 ,we w describe ! air-valve & its fitt+s n[ & tell y h[ ! pu%] control is made & works "u ! next caption4 ,! ,p[] ,plant4--,! reason we h split up ! air control me*anism 9 ?is fa%ion is because x is easi] to sold] ! air supply pipe to ! balla/ tank at ?is /age ( ! "w ?an x is to d x aft] ! balla/ tank is fix$ to ! bottom ( ! hull2 aga9 x is easi] to d ! latt] job be=e ! p[] plant is put 9 ! hull2 & f9ally ! pu%] control is really a "p ( ! p[] plant4 ,if y w take a good look at ! cross-section draw+1 ,fig4 #ae1 y w see t ! air-valve & its fitt+s consi/ ( 7a7 ! air-valve prop]2 7b7 a small pi/on2 & 7c7 ! connect+ pipes4 ,fir/ get f\r l5g?s ( pipes#i all ( :i* h an inside diamet] ( #e_/af in*2 h ^! pipes 1 #b1 #b & #b in*es long respectively4 ,?read or h ^! pipes ?read$ z foll[s3 ! -in* l5g? ?read$ inside & all ! way ?r\gh2 ! #b-;in* l5g? ( pipe ?read$ on ! inside to a dep? ( #a in* f "o end & a hole drill$ 9 x in* f ! o!r end1 & h ?is ?read$2 ! #b-;in* pipe ?read$ on bo? ends & "o end b5t ov] ( an in*2 &1 f9ally1 ?read "o end ( ! #b-;in* l5g? ( pipe4 ,n[ screw ! -in* l5g? ( pipe on ! end ( ! #b-;in* piece ( pipe :i* has ! nut & wa%]s on x4 ,screw a bicycle tire valve into ! #b-;in* piece ( pipe & f> en\gh 9 s t ! b5t end ( ! #b-;in* pipe c also be screw$ 91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,la/ ( all1 screw ! end ( ! #b-;in* pipe into ! ?read$ hole 9 ! wall ( ! #b-;in* pipe4 ,next make a pi/on ( a piece ( brass rod in* long & ( su* diamet] t x w fit snugly & yet slide easily 9 ! end ( ! #b-;in* pipe4 ,drill a #a_/af in* hole ?r\gh ! pi/on & fix a /em 9 x tight s t x projects in* ?r\gh "o end & in* ?r\gh ! o!r end4 ,file a groov$ r+ ar\nd ! pi/on to hold 9 ! oil & slip ! pi/on 9 ! op5 end ( ! pipe4 ,?is done1 clean ! l[] end ( ! long pipe well2 set x into ! hole 9 ! top ( ! balla/ tank2 use pl5ty ( sold]+ fluid & sold] x 9 good & tight4 ,at ! "t y are do+ ?is job see to x t ! long pipe sets plumb--t is1 p]fectly /raight up & d[n4 ,sett+ ! ,balla/ ,tank 9 ! ,hull4--,y are n[ ready to set ! balla/ tank 9 ! hull4 ,to d ?is y mu/ cut a hole in* 9 diamet]1 #d in*es f ! face ( ! nose1 z %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,set ! tank 9 ! hull s t ! pipe on ! bottom ( x w /ick ?r\gh ! hole :i* y h j cut2 & !n sold] ! pipe to ! hull on ! outside4 ,putt+ 9 ! ,bulkhead4--,z y w see f ! end views ,c & ,d 9 ,fig4 #aa1 !re is consid]able space betwe5 ! balla/ tank & ! sk9 ( ! hull on bo? sides4 ,z melt$ lead is to be p\r$ into ?is space to give ! boat ! "r weight to make x s9k prop]ly a bulkhead--t is1 a p>tition--mu/ be cut out ( t9 & sold]$ to ! hull1 on ! inside ( c\rse1 up aga9/ ! re> end ( ! balla/ tank4 ,! face ( ! wood5 nose aga9/ :i* ! balla/ tank re/s w keep ! lead f runn+ out at ! front end4 ,z ! lead is p\r$ 9 aft] ! motor is set 9 place ?is op]ation w be describ$ lat]4 ,ab\t ! ,p[] ,plant4--,:ile 9 a real subm>9e ! p[] plant--! ma*9e t conv]ts ! fuel into p[] to drive ! boat--is a gas eng9e :5 x is cruis+ on ! surface1 & a /orage batt]y & an electric motor :5 x is runn+ subm]g$1 9 y\r model x is electricity fir/1 la/1 & all ! "t4 ,t is to say1 a batt]y ( dry cells supplies ! curr5t to run an electric motor & ?is 9 turn drives ! propell]2 besides1 x also furni%es ! p[] ne$$ to "w ! pu%] :i* controls ! air supply ?r\gh ! bicycle valve :i* ,i h j expla9$ to y4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d t[>d gett+ ! p[] plant is to beg1 buy1 or borr[ a small electric motor :i* w develop n less ?an #a_/cj horsep[] & at ! same "t run on a batt]y ( n m ?an #c dry cells4#aj ,:ile ! motor c be run to its full capacity on two dry cells x w develop m p[] on a ?ree-cell batt]y4 ,n[1 to get ?ree dry cells :i* w fit into ! small space t is left 9 ! hull ( y\r model y w h to use rectangul> cells4#aa ,y w also ne$ a small swit* to op5 & close ! batt]y circuit1 & ?is is fix$ to ! top ( ! boat1 or deck z x is m prop]ly call$2 ! way x is put on w be expla9$ "u ! caption ( ,! ,sup]/ructure4 ,:5 y want to buy "o ( ^! swit*es ask = a porcela9 base1 s+le pole1 s+le ?r[ swit*4 ,x w co/ ab\t a qu>t]4 ,! way ! dry cell batt]y1 ! motor1 & ! swit* are connect$ up is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,p[] ,,plant ,,is ,,connect$ ,,up4 ,! ,pu%] ,control ,device4--,be=e ! motor is in/all$ 9 ! hull ! pu%] control device :i* op5s ! compress$ air valve mu/ be made & m\nt$ on top ( x4 ,on top ( ! motor1 z y w see by look+ at ,fig4 #af1 !re is a metal "n plate1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! top ( ! field magnets by f\r screws2 unscrew ! latt] & take (f ! plate4 ,n[ make a pill[ block1 z ! be>+ = ! ?read$ sp9dle is call$4 ,saw out ) a hack saw#ab a base plate ( %eet brass in* ?ick1 #a in* wide1 & #a in*es long2 drill f\r -in* holes 9 ! corn]s ( ! plate1 s t x c be screw$ d[n to ! field magnets ( ! motor4 ,also drill two -in* holes l5g?wise 9 ! middle ( ! plate & h ! fir/ "o in* f "o end & ! o!r in* f ! same end & 9 a l9e ) ! fir/ hole4 ,take a brass b> in* ?ick1 in* wide1 & #a in*es high1 & drill two #c_/cb in* holes 9 "o end ( x1 to correspond to ! two holes 9 ! middle ( ! base plate1 & ?read ^! to fit a c\ple ( #f-cb ma*9e screws4 ,next drill a -in* hole cle> ?r\gh ! top ( ! b>1 or /&>d1 z x is n[ call$1 #c_/af in* f ! top4 ,?is mu/ be v accurately done1 9 fact1 x ought to be done ) a drill press1 = if x is n precisely at "r angles to ! base1 ! sp9dle w n run true1 & besides !re w be a great loss ( p[]4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! top ( ! /&>d until x meets ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! sp9dle is to pass1 & by means ( ?is top hole keep ! sp9dle well oil$4 ,! pill[ block is %[n complete 9 ,figs4 #ae & #ag4 ,to make ! sp9dle1 get a piece ( s(t /eel rod in* 9 diamet] & #d in*es long4 ,?read x f "o end to )9 #a in*es ( ! o!r end1 & screw on a nut z f> z x w g4 ,pu% ! smoo? end ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! pill[ block2 slip a coll> ov] ! end close up to ! /&>d1 & screw x fa/4 ,to make ! pu%] me*anism complete put a groov$ pulley #a in*es 9 diamet] on ! end ( ! sp9dle up close to ! coll> & screw x fa/4#ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,! ,,pill[ ,,block4 ,! la/ "p ( ! pu%] control is ! pu%] itself4 ,x is simply a r\nd brass rod in* 9 diamet] & in* long1 ) a hole drill$ ?r\gh x l5g?wise & ?read$ to fit ! sp9dle4 ,sold] a bit ( brass ne> "o end1 to make x heavi] on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,n[1 :5 ! motor is set 9 place 9 ! hull & its small pulley is belt$ to ! l>ge pulley on ! sp9dle & ! curr5t is turn$ on1 ! sp9dle revolves1 b ! weight on ! pu%] w keep x f turn+ ) ! sp9dle4 ,in/ead1 ! curi\s result is t x screws itself t[>d ! free end ( ! sp9dle1 & :5 x rea*es ! end1 ! holl[ pu%] goes ov] ! /em ( ! pi/on4 ,:5 x /rikes ! pi/on x pu%es on x until x presses ! o!r end ( ! /em aga9/ ! p9 ( ! bicycle valve & ?is op5s x4 ,if y w keep ! pi/on1 ! pu%]1 & ! be>+s well lubricat$ ) sew+-ma*9e oil1 !re w be little p[] lo/ ?r\gh undue friction4 ,b y mu/ be c>eful n to get any oil on ! commutator ( ! motor1 = ?is w keep x f runn+ prop]ly4 ,! ,propell]-,%aft4--,be=e y in/all ! motor y mu/ put ! propell]-%aft ?r\gh its be>+ 9 ! tail block4 ,to make ! propell]-%aft1 get a piece ( s(t /eel rod in* 9 diamet] & #e in*es long & ?read x at bo? ends4 ,slip x ?r\gh ! tube :i* =ms ! be>+4 ,soak "s cotton-wa/e 9 ma*9e oil & pack x 9 ! /uff+ box 9 ! tail block4 ,n[ screw ! circul> plate to ! face ( ! tail block to keep ! pack+ 9 place4 ,in/all+ ! ,motor4--,:ile we h giv5 y ! height to make ! pill[ block1 x w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on 7#a7 ! height ( ! motor1 & 7#b7 ! height ( ! c5t] ( ! pi/on :5 bo? are measur$ f ! floor ( ! hull2 ?is is because ! pu%] sp9dle & ! pi/on /em mu/ be exactly 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,ano!r ?+3 ,! motor we h %[n is #c in*es high f its base to ! c5t] ( its armature %aft2 b ! motor y get may n be ( ?is height4 ,:ile x c't be any high] ?an #c in*es unless y *ange ! design ( ! boat1 x c be %ort] if y m\nt x on a block ( ! "r ?ickness4 ,be=e in/all+ ! motor 9 ! boat1 see t bo? pulleys are 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r1 & put on a belt4 ,?read ! end ( ! motor-%aft & fit a c\pl+ to x s t ! propell]-%aft c be screw$ into ! o!r end4 ,to make ! c\pl+ take a piece ( brass rod in* 9 diamet]1 #e_/af in* long2 drill a #c_/cb-;in* hole 9 x1 & ?read x to fit ! motor- & propell]-%afts4 ,screw ! c\pl+ on ! motor-%aft4 ,m\nt ! motor on a bo>d ( ! "r ?ickness1 & set x 9 position 9 ! hull4 ,screw ! propell]-%aft into ! c\pl+1 & be sure to h ! motor set s t ! %afts are 9 p]fect alignm5t--t is1 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r--z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,unless ?is is done ! propell]-%aft w b9d 9 its be>+ & x w take a l>ge "p ( ! p[] ( y\r motor to ov]come x4 ,:5 ! motor1 ! pu%] sp9dle1 & ! propell]-%aft all sp9 freely on clos+ ! batt]y circuit1 y c !n secure ! motor to ! floor ( ! hull ) a c\ple ( ma*9e screws z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,balla/+ ! ,boat4--,! next ?+ to d is to balla/ ! boat by p\r+ melt$ lead into h] hull to make h] s9k deep en\gh 9 ! wat] to balance h] & to make h] subm]ge entirely :5 wat] is let into h] balla/ tank4 ,! way to d ?is is to cork up ! hole 9 ! pipe 9 ! bottom t leads to ! balla/ tank & !n set ! boat 9 a tub full ( wat]4 ,n[ lay ! batt]y cells 9 ! positions !y are to occupy 9 ! boat1 z %[n at ,b & ,c 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & see h[ f> up ! wat]-l9e comes on ! hull--or1 9 o!r words1 h[ deep ! hull s9ks into ! wat]4 ,next p\r melt$ lead 9 betwe5 ! sides ( ! balla/ tank & ! hull :ile ! boat is /ill 9 ! tub ( wat] & di/ribute x s t ! boat floats on a p]fectly ev5 keel4 ,:5 y h p\r$ en\gh lead into ! hull to make h] s9k to )9 an in* or s ( h] gunwales 7! upp] edge ( ! boat's sides7 & %e is nicely balanc$1 let ! lead cool1 take ! boat out ( ! tub & put h] back on h] /ocks on y\r b5*4 ,& n[ a c\ple ( p>t+ h9ts3 7#a7 ,y c melt ! lead 9 an iron ladle ov] a kit*5 fire1 & 7#b7 put a little wat] 9 ! balla/ tank s t ! hot lead w n op5 ! sold]$ seams4 ,mak+ ! ,sup]/ructure4--,?is consi/s ( ! top1 or deck1 & ! conn+ t[]1 :i* 9 ?is model s]ves = ! compress$ air tank4 ,to make ! deck1 cut out a %eet ( heavy t9 ! exact %ape ( & dim5sions giv5 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,cut a -in* hole half way betwe5 ! ends1 & 9 ! middle1 = ! air-valve pipe to pass ?r\gh & :i* is screw$ to ! conn+ t[] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,cut out a #b-;in* hole 9 ! aft end ( ! deck = a hat*1 & make a cov]1 or hat*1 = x #c in*es 9 diamet]2 ?is hat* w all[ y to get y\r h& ?r\gh ! deck & into ! hull to reset ! pu%] device :5 y\r subm>9e is to make ano!r trip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,deck ,,is ,,made4 ,cut out a rectangul> hole in* wide & #b in*es long 9 ! ='ard end ( ! deck1 = ! screws & ! wires ( ! swit* to pass ?r\gh4 ,screw ! porcela9 block ( ! swit* to a bo>d ( ! same size1 ) ! t9 deck 9 betwe5 !m2 ?is insulates ! screws ( ! swit* f ! t91 :i* w\ld o!rwise %ort circuit ! batt]y & run x d[n4 ,run seal+-wax 9 & ar\nd ! edges ( bo? ! porcela9 & wood blocks to make a wat]tight jo9t1 = wat] mu/ n get into ! boat4 ,?is done1 connect up ! batt]ies & ^! ) ! motor1 ) heavy rubb]-cov]$ copp] wire1 & connect ! batt]y & ! motor ) ! swit* ) flexible electric-light cord4 ,set ! deck on ! hull2 & if y are sure ev]y?+ is 9 fir/-class work+ ord]1 sold] x on tight4 ,if1 ?\gh1 y are n q c]ta91 y c d a tempor>y job by putt+ x on ) seal+-wax4 ,suppos+ y are "y en\gh to h imag9ation or old en\gh to h dim vision1 ! swit* m\nt$ on ! deck w look v mu* l a gun t is j com+ ?r\gh ! hat* & gett+ ready = action4 ,& ,n[ ! ,conn+ ,t[]4--,! conn+ t[] is an airtight vessel--z f> z y\r model goes--hav+ a conical %ape4 ,to make x1 scribe two circles1 us+ ! same c5t]1 on a %eet ( heavy t91 mak+ "o ( !m #d in*es 9 diamet] & ! o!r #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & cut x out ar\nd ! l>g] circle4 ,cut a -in* hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! disk4 ,put ! -in* l5g? ( ?read$ pipe we told y ab\t "u ! caption ( ,! ,air ,control ,me*anism 9 ! hole1 & sold] x fa/4 ,cut ! edge ( ! disk radially ) y\r %e>s1 f its edge to ! small] scrib$ circle1 & !n y c b5d up ! edge all ! way r\nd4 ,next cut out an arc ( t9 ( ! size m>k$ & ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,make a lap seam & sold] x4 ,scribe a #c-;in* & a #d-;in* circle on a piece ( t9 & cut x out4 ,cut ! edge radially z be=e1 & b5d x up all ! way r\nd4 ,cut a -in* hole ne> ! edge ( ! intake air-valve pipe4 ,sold] ! two disks to ! cone & be sure ! -in* ?read$ pipe is inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,! ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,conn+ ,,t[]4 ,to complete ! conn+ t[]1 get a #e- or a #g-;in* l5g? ( pipe2 b5d ov] "o end a little2 ?read x & screw 9 a bicycle valve4 ,f9ally /ick ! o!r end ( ! pipe ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! top ( ! conn+ t[] & sold] x !re1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 :i* also %[s ! conn+ t[] complete4 ,! purpose ( ?is pipe is s t y c pump air into ! tank ) a bicycle1 or an auto pump4 ,screw ! conn+ t[] on ! end ( ! pipe ( ! air-valve me*anism :i* projects ?r\gh ! top ( ! deck1 & !n y are ready to d some?+ else4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,! ,,conn+ ,,t[] ,,or ,,compress$ ,,air ,,tank4 ,sett+ ! ,propell]4--,a #b-;in* brass propell] ) ?ree blades c be b\ght = ab\t #dj c5ts ( ,lu!r ,h4 ,wightman & ,co41 #acb ,milk ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,?is little propell] has a hub diamet] ( #e_/af-;in*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,:5 y get x1 drill a #c_/cb-;in* hole ?r\gh ! hub & ?read x2 screw x on to ! end ( ! propell]-%aft1 & !n screw on a nut to hold x on tight4 7,see ,fig4 #bb47 ,putt+ on ! ,rudd]4--,& la/ ( all comes ! rudd]4 ,cut (f two pieces ( -in* brass rod #d in*es long2 ?read "o end ( ea* rod d[n #a in*1 & %>p5 ! end a bit2 ?read ! o!r end ( ea* "o d[n in* & screw a nut on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,! ,,brass ,,propell]4 ,drill two #c_/cb-;in* holes 9 ! tail block 9 a v]tical l9e ) ea* o!r #d in*es ap>t1 & screw 9 ! brass rods z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,cut ! rudd] out ( heavy t9--or1 bett]1 #a_/cb-;in*-?ick %eet brass--! size & %ape %[n also 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,! ,,rudd] ,,& ,,propell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,y\r ,,model ,,subm>9e ,,9 ,,action ,b5d ! end ( ea* tongue ( ! rudd] to make a knuckle1 & slip ! knuckles ov] ! p9s4 ,screw a nut on ! end ( ea* p91 & by tight5+ !m up y c make ! rudd] /ay at any angle y put x4 ,pa9t+ ,y\r ,craft4--,y c buy a good m>9e pa9t ( almo/ any color y want at pa9t /ores g5]ally4#ad ,gray is ! mo/ appropriate color to pa9t y\r model craft )2 b :atev] color y *oose1 lay x on ! long way ( ! boat s z n to /reak x b make a good smoo? job ( x4 ,put on ?ree coats & let ea* coat dry ?or\ghly be=e y apply ! next "o4 ,& n[ y\r subm>9e is done1 & if y h made a good job ( x1 x w look l ! half-tone cut %[n "h4 ,h[ to ,"w ,y\r ,subm>9e4--,hav+ ev]y?+ 9 read9ess1 take y\r t]rible little ,u-boat "u y\r arm to ! ne>e/ lake or riv]4 ,pump ! conn+ t[] full ( compress$ air & !n g5tly put h] 9 ! wat]4 ,?r[ on ! swit*1 & x w d ! re/4 ,by ?is1 ,i mean t ! mom5t y turn on ! curr5t ! motor w drive ! propell] at a goodly clip & ! craft w travel ov] ! surface ( ! wat] awa%--t is1 ) ! wat] wa%+ ov] h] deck4 ,at ! same "t1 ! balla/ tank beg9s to fill ) wat]1 & ! add$ weight makes ! boat g deep] & deep] until only ! bridge#ae ( h] conn+ t[] c be se52 & aft] a few mom5ts m h] p]iscope 7or air supply tube7 s9ks out ( sight4 ,:ile %e is go+ d[n ! weight$ pu%] is mov+ sl[ly b surely ov] ! ?read$ sp9dle2 :5 x rea*es ! pi/on x pu%es x aga9/ ! p9 9 ! air-valve & s op5s x & keeps x op54 ,! in/ant ! air-valve op5s1 ! compress$ air f ! air tank 7conn+ t[]7 ru%es into ! balla/ tank1 & because x is "u a high pressure x =ces ! wat] out ( ! tank ?r\gh ! hole :5ce x came 94 ,:5 ! wat] has be5 bl[n out ( ! balla/ tank ! boat is1 ( c\rse1 light]1 & naturally %e rises to ! surface aga94 ,?is is y\r cue to be "r !re ) a r[boat & get h] & to pump m air into ! compress$ air tank be=e %e makes ano!r trip4 ,if y don't d ?is & %e ev] goes d[n ) h] balla/ tank full ( wat] & !re is no compress$ air left to bl[ x out )1 y c s5d a c5sor$ report to ! daily pap]s t ano!r ,u-boat has be5 sunk & t !re 0 no "t to save ! crew4 ,b1 anyway1 y w h oceans ( fun ) y\r model1 & y\r head w brim ov] ) subm>9e lore4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,a ,,real ,,subm>9e ,,is ,,made ,,& ,,works ,! ,con/ruction & ,op]ation ( a ,real ,subm>9e ,simply ,expla9$ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,a ,,real ,,subm>9e ,,is ,,made ,,& ,,works ,,z we told y 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 !re are two k9ds ( und]sea boats4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! ,holl&1 or subm>9e type1 & 7#b7 ! ,lake1 or subm]sible type4 ,n[1 ! ,holl& boat has a %ape v mu* l a cat-fi%--t is1 x has a blunt r\nd head--& h5ce x c dive easily2 :ile ! ,lake is %ap$ m l an ord9>y boat & has a l>ge sup]/ructure1 z t "p above ! hull#af is call$1 & ?is makes x easi] = ! ,lake to subm]ge--t is1 s9k on an ev5 keel4 ,z ! art ( und]sea boat build+ mov$ on apace1 ! two k9ds ( craft began to lose _! orig9al di/9ctive features & 7 m]g$ into a s+le type4 ,?is 0 done to get a boat t 0 z /rong & z spe$y z & c\ld dive l ! ,holl&1 & to h at ! same "t a boat t 0 z fa/ & z seawor?y on ! surface z ! ,lake4 ,?is is ! reason t mo/ ( ! und]sea craft ( to-day are a cross betwe5 ! two k9ds4 ,9 ! old] boats1 ?\gh1 ! diff]5ce is /ill m>k$2 b ! ma*9]y ( bo? is j ab\t ! same1 & consequ5tly :at we %all tell y ( "o is j z true ( ! o!r1 & f n[ on we %all call bo? k9ds simply subm>9es4 ,! ,p>ts ( a ,subm>9e4--,to beg9 )1 a subm>9e is =m$ (3 7#a7 ! hull2 7#b7 ! sup]/ructure1 :i* is built on ! hull2 7#c7 ! /e]+ app>atus1 :i* includes ! subm]g+ & div+ devices2 7#d7 ! p[] plant1 :i* consi/s ( ! eng9es1 ! dynamo-motors1 & ! /orage batt]ies1 all ( :i* drive ! subm>9e :5 x is on ! surface & "u ! wat]-l9e4 ,z ! p[] plant is a mo/ important "p ( ! anatomy ( a subm>9e1 x w ne$ a :ole *apt] to describe x ! "r way1 & ?is w come next4 ,n[ ,i'll />t 9 & tell y ab\t ! o!r p>ts ( ! subm>9e4 ,h[ ! ,hull ,is ,made4--,! hull is made ( ?9 b v /rong %eets ( /eel rivet$ toge!r4 ,z ! pressure ( ! wat] on x am\nts to #ahg p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 at a dep? ( #cjj feet1 x mu/ be well brac$ or else !re w\ld be ! unpleasant possibility t x might be cru%$ 94 ,z a rule1 ?\gh1 a subm>9e nev] travels at a dep? mu* great] ?an #ajj feet4 ,n[1 !re are really two classes ( subm>9es3 7a7 ^? t are built = coa/ patrol cruis+1 & 7b7 ^? t are built = trans-oceanic go+4 ,a subm>9e ( ! fir/ k9d seldom has r\gh wea!r to cont5d )1 & s %e ne$ n be built z /rong z "o t is design$ = ocean go+4 ,%e also has a slightly diff]5t %ape f ! latt]1 9 t %e has a r\nd cross-section1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,coa/-,,go+ ,,subm>9e4 ,by look+ at ,fig4 #bd y w see t ! ocean-go+ subm>9e is m ne>ly half-r\nd2 ?is t5ds to prev5t h] f roll+ unduly4 ,%e also has a d\ble hull :i* is divid$ into wat]tight comp>tm5ts to protect h] f s9k+ %\ld an enemy %ip ram or fire on h]4 ,! comp>tm5ts are us$ z /[age tanks = fuel1 etc41 & s ! space betwe5 ! inn] & out] sk9s1 z ! hulls are call$1 is n wa/$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( fitt+s are fix$ to ! hull1 su* z ! div+ & /e]+ rudd]s 7all ( :i* w be describ$ lat]71 :ile ! sup]/ructure is built on top ( x4 ,:at ! ,sup]/ructure ,is4--,! sup]/ructure consi/s ( 7#a7 ! deck & 7#b7 ! conn+ t[]4 ,9 ! ,holl& subm>9e ! deck is only ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! boat & ?is all[s x to dive easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,ocean-,,go+ ,,subm>9e4 ,! ,lake boat is deck$ ov] ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! hull4 ,9 x are fitt$ rapid-fire guns :i* disappe>1 & !re are wat]tight v5tilators :i* let 9 fre% air :5 ! boat is travel+ on ! surface4 ,fur!r !re is a hat*--t is1 an op5+ 9 ! deck ) a wat]tight door--?r\gh :i* ! torp$oes c be l[]$ into ! hold ( ! subm>9e4 ,! ,outside ( ! ,conn+ ,t[]4--,f out ( ! c5t] ( ! deck rises ! conn+ t[]4 ,?is is a heavily armor$1 %ell-pro(1 circul> /ructure1 f :i* ! capta9 makes 8 obs]vations & s5ds 8 ord]s d[n into ! eng9e-room & controll+ comp>tm5ts4 ,on ! bridge or upp] deck ( ! conn+ t[] is a hat* by :i* ! crew c get into & out ( ! boat4 ,a /e]+ :eel & compass are fix$ to ! outside ( ! conn+ t[]1 & ! subm>9e c be /e]$ by ^! :5 x is runn+ on ! surface4 ,a /an*ion = c>ry+ ! signal lights is also secur$ to ! conn+ t[]2 :ile ! p]iscope1 or eye ( ! subm>9e1 passes ?r\gh ! bridge & to "o side ( ! hat*4 ,( ?is wond]ful in/rum5t we %all h mu* to say a little fur!r on4 ,wires1 or /ays1 z !y are call$1 =e & aft are us$ to brace & hold ! p]iscope & signal /an*ion firm aga9/ ! =ce ( ! wat] :i* presses on !m :5 ! craft is subm]g$ & "u way4 ,! tops ( ! signal /an*ion & ! p]iscope are also brac$ by a signal haly>d1 :i* is simply a wire1 or cable1 /ret*$ taut betwe5 !m4 ,on all mod]n subm>9es a wireless a]ial is atta*$ to a ma/ :i* c be fold$ d[n flat on ! deck :5 ! subm>9e is gett+ ready to make a dive4 ,a ,look ,inside ( ! ,hull4--,n[ let's take a look inside ( ! subm>9e4 ,! :ole hull is divid$ up into a numb] ( wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 any "o ( :i* c be %ut (f f ! o!rs & s less5 ! dang] ( s9k+ by ramm+ or by %ell-fire1 %\ld ! boat be afloat4 ,9 ^! comp>tm5ts are plac$ all ! ma*9]y & ! controls = op]at+ ! subm>9e4 ,^! v>i\s comp>tm5ts are3 7#a7 ! conn+ t[]2 7#b7 ! navigat+ comp>tm5t2 7#c7 ! eng9e & dynamo room2 7#d7 ! =e & aft /orage batt]y rooms2 7#e7 ! fuel tanks2 7#f7 ! div+ control comp>tm5t2 7#g7 ! =e & aft balla/ tanks2 7#h7 ! wat] pumps2 7#i7 ! =e & aft high pressure air flasks2 7#aj7 ! high pressure air compressor2 7#aa7 ! torp$o comp>tm5t2 7#ab7 ! m9e comp>tm5t2 7#ac7 ! trimm+ tanks2 7#ad7 ! qu>t]s ( ! crew2 & 7#ae7 ! qu>t]s ( ! (fic]s4 ,all ( ^! are cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! wat]tight doors ( ^! comp>tm5ts are work$ by worm ge>s1 driv5 by electric motors1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 & any ( ! doors c be op5$ or %ut by m]ely ?r[+ a swit*4 ,a ,peep into ! ,conn+ ,t[]4--,! free space inside ( ! conn+ t[] is n m ?an #h feet 9 height & #aj feet 9 diamet]4 ,/ick+ d[n ?r\gh ! deck = ab\t #b feet is ! p]iscope1 or two ( !m1 = all subm>9es n[ built are fitt$ ) a pair ( !m s t %\ld "o ( !m be hit & put out ( bus9ess ! o!r w be available4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,! ,,ma9 ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,subm>9e4 ,?is in/rum5t is =m$ ( a long tube ) a hood at ! upp] end1 :i* is outside ( ! conn+ t[]1 & an elb[ at ! l[] end1 inside ( ! t[]4 ,an eye-piece is fix$ to ! l[] end1 s t ! capta9 c scan ! horizon at all times4 ,h[ a p]iscope is made & us$ w be describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,j bel[ ! eye-piece ( ! p]iscope is ! und]wat] /e]+ :eel1 & close to & to "o side ( ! latt] is ! und]wat] compass4 ,9 ! m rec5t subm>9es a gyroscopic compass#ag is us$ z well z ! regul> magnetic compass because ! gyroscopic compass is n affect$ by /ray magnetic l9es ( =ce4 ,besides1 a gyro compass1 z x is call$ = %ort1 po9ts to ! true nor? in/ead ( to ! magnetic nor? pole1 & a true compass is ( ! greate/ importance 9 guid+ ! subm>9e at night or :5 x is subm]g$1 = x is !n z bl9d z ! fi% 9 ,mammo? ,cave4 ,ar\nd ! inside ( ! t[] ne> ! bridge are plac$ ports ?r\gh :i* ! capta9 makes & takes 8 obs]vation :5 ! boat is afloat4 ,)9 easy rea* ( 8 m\? are speak+ tubes :i* lead to ! eng9e1 div+1 & torp$o comp>tm5ts4 ,! capta9 also has at 8 f+]-ends an electric signal sy/em ( lights & bells1 :i* he op]ates by pu% buttons & swit*es4 ,s y see he c get into in/ant t\* ) all ! vital p>ts ( 8 boat4 ,he also has full control ov] ! trimm+ tanks & ! /orage batt]ies1 bo? ( :i* ,i %all tell y ab\t 9 detail pres5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,! ,,conn+ ,,t[] 7,,upp]7 ,,& ,,navigat+ ,,comp>tm5t 7,,l[]7 ,,controls ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,subm>9e ,"r 9 ! l9e ( sight ( 8 eyes is a dep? met] by :i* he c see at a glance at j :at dep? 8 craft is mov+1 & he c also see at :at angle#ah ! div+ rudd]1 or elevator1 z x is call$1 is set4 ,a comp>tm5t tell-tale 7a numb]$ *>t %[+ ea* comp>tm5t ( ! boat7 also hangs 9 sight1 & if a comp>tm5t %\ld beg9 to leak x is in/antly indicat$ by ! tell-tale1 :i* 9 ?is case is a m9iature electric lamp t lights up back ( ! numb]4 ,by press+ a button he c r+ an electric bell 9 ! leak+ comp>tm5t & s w>n ! crew t he is ab\t to close ! electrically op]at$ bulkhead door & s %ut ! comp>tm5t (f f ! re/ ( ! boat if ! damage done is s s]i\s t x _c be repair$4 ,n[ ! ,navigat+ ,comp>tm5t4--,z y h read be=e1 ! conn+ t[] is n a "p ( ! hull b ( ! sup]/ructure4 ,n[1 :5 ! capta9 or any ( 8 crew wants to get f ! conn+ t[] into ! hull ( ! boat he mu/ d s ?r\gh a hat* 9 ! l[] deck :i* is exactly l ! hat* 9 ! top or bridge ( ! t[]4 ,?is arrangem5t makes x easy to %ut (f ! conn+ t[] into ! re/ ( ! boat if x %\ld be s]i\sly damag$ by %ell-fire or by collision4 ,%\ld ?is happ51 ! boat is /e]$ f ano!r comp>tm5t call$ ! navigat+ room1 9 :i* are all ( ! devices us$ 9 ! conn+ t[]4 ,s y see !re are two complete navigat+ rooms & an outside deck control by :i* ! subm>9e c be /e]$ & op]at$1 no matt] h[ badly damag$ %e may be4 ,next1 ! ,div+ ,control ,comp>tm5t4--,! comp>tm5t conta9+ ! div+ control1 by means ( :i* ! subm>9e c be made to dive & to come to ! surface1 is fitt$ ) ! foll[+ devices3 ,fir/1 !re is ! div+ :eel1 :i* works ! horizontal or div+ rudd]s4 ,next1 !re is ! angle indicator1 :i* is simply a quadrant--t is1 a qu>t] ( a circle--m>k$ (f into degrees & ea* degree into qu>t]s4 ,x has a ne$le :i* moves ov] ! quadrant z ! pilot turns ! div+ :eel & ?is indicates ! numb] ( degrees up or d[n ! horizontal rudd]s h mov$4 ,ano!r in/rum5t is ! dep? indicator4 ,!n !re is also an indicator :i* is m]ely a modifi$ =m ( a c>p5t]'s _s level4 ,?is little device %[s :5 ! craft is runn+ on an ev5 keel & :5 x is runn+ ) its keel incl9$4 ,= in/ance1 %\ld ! div+ rudd] fail to respond to ! t\* ( ! man at ! :eel1 ! level w\ld indicate x1 z w\ld also ! dep? indicator4 ,o!r fitt+s are ! lev]s & ! valve controls1 by means ( :i* wat] c be let into ! balla/ tanks4 ,n[1 be=e ,i expla9 h[ ! subm>9e is made to dive & h[ ! balla/ tanks "w1 or1 r1 ! o!r way ab\t1 ,i want to tell y a little ab\t ! :y & ! :]e=e ( ^! v int]e/+ op]ations4 ,! ,f\r ,/ates ( ! ,subm>9e4--,a subm>9e has f\r /ates1 or conditions1 9 :i* x exi/s 9 ! wat]4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! light1 or surface cruis+ condition2 7#b7 ! awa%1 or p>tly subm]g$ condition2 7#c7 ! subm]g$ condition2 & 7#d7 ! totally subm]g$ condition--all ( :i* is cle>ly %[n 9 ! diagram ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,subm]ges ,,or ,,! ,,f\r ,,/ates ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e4 ,! ,light ,condition4--,! light1 or cruis+1 condition is simply ! position a subm>9e takes :5 %e floats on ! wat]1 due to h] own natural buoyancy1 & x is exactly l t ( any o!r %ip4 ,:ile 9 ?is position ! capta9 takes 8 obs]vations f ! deck1 if !re is no dang] ( be+ hit by ! enemy2 b if !re is dang]1 he !n makes 8 obs]vations ?r\gh ! ports f ! inside ( ! conn+ t[]4 ,! ,awa% ,condition4--,?is condition is n z natural z ! "o j describ$1 & x has to be done by means ( ! balla/ tanks4 ,^! are locat$ =e & aft & !y c be connect$ )1 or disconnect$ f1 ea* o!r at w4 ,n[1 :5 ! capta9 wants to br+ 8 subm>9e to ! awa% condition an inlet valve1 or ,k+/on valve z x is call$1 is op5$ & ! sea-wat] !n fl[s into ^! tanks1 ! am\nt & velocity ( ! inru%+ wat] be+1 ( c\rse1 "u control at all times4 ,?is extra weight de/roys "p ( ! buoyancy ( ! boat1 & z %e gets heavi] %e s9ks until no?+ b h] conn+ t[] rema9s above ! wat]-l9e1 ! deck be+ awa%4 ,:ile 9 ?is condition obs]vations are tak5 ei!r f ! ports 9 ! conn+ t[] or ) ! p]iscope1 ! object-glass ( :i* has be5 l[]$ en\gh to become useful4 ,! ,subm]g$ ,condition4--,9 ?is condition ! p]iscope alone rema9s above ! wat]4 ,x is _h by all[+ m wat] to fl[ into ! balla/ tanks1 ?us de/roy+ a little m ( ! craft's buoyancy1 :i* makes h] s9k d[n until ! conn+ t[] is completely subm]g$4 ,x is 9 ?is condition t ! capta9 makes 8 obs]vations ) ! p]iscope4 ,! ,totally ,subm]g$ ,condition4--,?is is an exagg]ation ( ! subm]g$ condition1 & x is _h by lett+ /ill m wat] fl[ into ! balla/ tanks1 ?us s9k+ ! subm>9e completely4 ,! only way to /e] ! boat :5 x is 9 ?is condition is1 ( c\rse1 by means ( ! compass1 = bo? ! conn+ t[] & ! p]iscope are totally subm]g$4 ,b d n mi/ake ! t]m totally subm]g$ to mean t ! buoyancy ( ! subm>9e is totally de/roy$2 = su* is n ! case dur+ any /age ( its subm]g5ce4 ,y c easily see t if ! buoyancy 7 completely de/roy$ ! subm>9e w\ld !n become a dead weight & s9k to ! bottom ( ! sea1 nev] m to rise4 ,in/ead1 :5 ! subm>9e is totally subm]g$ %e c1 by :at is kn[n z h] res]ve1 or extra buoyancy1 & ab\t :i* y w read lat] on1 come to ! awa% or ! light condition 9 a few m9utes by simply pump+ ! wat] out ( ! balla/ tanks4 ,h[ a ,subm>9e ,dives4--,n[ let's get back to ! way a subm>9e dives4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u suppose ! boat is runn+ 9 ! light1 or cruis+1 condition4 ,an enemy %ip is sight$ & ! capta9 ( ! und]sea craft gives ord]s to cle> ! deck & close ! hat*es4 ,!n he br+s ! boat f ! cruis+ to ! awa% condition1 :i* is done z we h j describ$4 ,next1 he gives ! ord] to ! man at ! div+ :eel to make ! dive4 ,he does n ne$ to d ?is by ^w ( m\? b he c use an electric indicator :i* po9ts out ! angle at :i* he wants ! horizontal rudd]s set 7see ,fig4 #bg74 ,contr>y1 n[1 to :at y might expect1 a subm>9e _c dive at any angle1 b x mu/ make a v %all[ dive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,=e ,,div+ ,,horizontal ,,rudd]s ,,or ,,hydroplanes ,,( ,a ,,subm>9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,dives4 ,s :5 ! ord] is giv51 ! div+ rudd]s are set at only a degree f ! horizontal1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! craft mu/ move ?r\gh ! wat] at ab\t #e knots1 :i* is ! prop] div+ spe$4 ,:5 ! conn+ t[] is "o-f\r? subm]g$ ! angle ( ! rudd]s is increas$ to #a degrees4 ,?is angle is held until ! conn+ t[] is half subm]g$2 & !n ! angle is *ang$ to #b degrees1 & x is held !re until ! conn+ t[] is ?ree-qu>t]s subm]g$4 ,z soon z ?is takes place1 ! angle is decreas$ to #a degrees aga91 & ! rudd]s rema9 at ?is angle until ! dive is complet$4 ,:y a ,%all[ ,dive ,is ,made4--,! reason su* a %all[ dive mu/ be made is ! result ( hav+ to let wat] into ! balla/ tanks to br+ ! craft to ! awa% condition be=e div+4 ,if ! angle ( ! dive 7 to be sudd5ly increas$ to #aj or #ae degrees ! tilt+ ( ! boat w\ld ?r[ all ! wat] =w>d 9 ! tanks & ?is w\ld s]i\sly upset h] balance1 & might ev5 make h] settle nose d[nw>d to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,h[ ! ,boat ,is ,kept ,subm]g$4--,:5 a dive is to be made ! div+ rudd]s are set at ! angles j m5tion$1 b wat] is n let into ! balla/ tanks at ! same "t1 = ?is w\ld also t5d to de/roy ! balance ( ! boat4 ,b :5 ! capta9 wants to keep 8 subm>9e at a c]ta9 dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] aft] ! dive is made he has wat] admitt$ to ! balla/ tanks & ?is keeps h] at t level4 ,:5 he wants to return to ! surface1 or 8break wat]10 ! wat] is pump$ out & !n ! div+ rudd]s are set & ! boat makes an upw>d glide4 ,! ,"t ,x ,takes = a ,dive4--,! "t ne$$ = a subm>9e to get ready to dive is ab\t #b m9utes2 b ?is is (t5 long en\gh = x to become a t>get if a subm>9e *as] is on ! little w>-dog's trail4 ,%\ld %e be h>d press$ %e might dive at a /eep] angle--say1 #e degrees1 b nev] m1 & "u ord9>y conditions %e w nev] dive at m ?an #b degrees' incl9ation4 ,! reason x takes "t = a subm>9e to get ready to dive is because ! wireless ma/s h to be fold$ 91 ! ma*9e guns disappe>$1 & ! hat*es fa/5$ d[n4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t a subm>9e c dive only :5 %e is pu%+ ahead "u p[]4 ,if %e is at re/ & ! capta9 wants h] to s9k he mu/ ei!r />t h] eng9es or else be cont5t to simply subm]ge h] on an ev5 keel4 ,! ,balla/ ,pumps & ,:at ,!y ,d4--,! pumps :i* pump ! wat] f ! balla/ tanks are driv5 by electric motors4 ,!y mu/ be p[]ful pumps1 = !y n only h to pump ! wat] out ( ! tanks quickly1 b !y h to =ce x out aga9/ ! pressure ( wat] 9 :i* ! subm>9e is subm]g$2 ?is pressure increases ! deep] ! boat s9ks1 & x is (t5 #hj p\nds or m to ! squ>e in*4 ,! pumps are controll$ f ! conn+ t[]1 & also f ! navigat+ comp>tm5t4 ,:at ! ,buoyancy ,tanks ,are ,=4--,we said previ\sly t a subm>9e nev] loses its buoyancy completely4 ,if %e 7 built l an ord9>y %ip & simply fitt$ ) balla/ tanks1 %e w\ld s9k :5 ^! are fill$ ) wat] & nev] come up aga91 = h] natural buoyancy w\ld be de/roy$4 ,z x is1 a subm>9e has tanks fill$ ) air :i* keeps h] buoyant1 & ^! w br+ h] to ! surface ! mom5t ! balla/ tanks are empty4 ,make ?is exp]im5t & y w quickly und]/& h[ ^! buoyancy air tanks "w3 ,take an empty bottle & cork x up tight4 ,x looks empty1 b z a matt] ( fact x is fill$ ) air4 ,pu% ! bottle to ! bottom ( a bucket ( wat]2 let g ( x & ! in/ant y d s x w rise to ! surface4 ,a l>ge numb] ( /eel air tanks1 or buoyancy tanks1 or high pressure air-flasks1 z !y are call$1 are plac$ bo? =e & aft 9 a subm>9e1 & ^! are fill$ ) compress$ air at a pressure ( #b1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,^! air-flasks h a trem5d\s support+ p[]--:i* is only ano!r way ( say+ t !y are extremely buoyant4 ,x mu/ be cle> n[ t ev5 ?\gh ! subm>9e is re/+ on ! floor ( ! ocean x c always rise to ! surface by ! res]ve buoyancy provid$ by ^! air-flasks4 ,compress$ ,air & ,air-,compressor ,pumps4--,! air-flasks are fill$ ) compress$ air by air-compressor pumps :i* are driv5 by ! eng9es :5 ! subm>9e is runn+ light or awa%4 ,! air compressor is =m$ ( sev]al air pumps c\pl$ toge!r2 ea* air pump is made v mu* l a wat] pump1 b x sucks ! air 9 f ! outside & !n =ces x into ! air-flasks until x is "u a pressure ( #b1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,to ov]come ?is back pressure1 z x is call$1 ! pumps mu/ be extra p[]ful4 ,^! pumps also supply compress$ air = ! torp$o tubes1 ! trimm+ tanks1 & to help bl[ out ! wat] f ! balla/ tanks4 ,inside ! ,torp$o ,comp>tm5t4--,! torp$o comp>tm5t conta9s ! extra torp$oes 9 _! cradles4 ,ne> ! tubes f :i* ! torp$oes are %ot is ! compress$ air :i* furni%es ! propulsive p[] ne$$ to make ! torp$oes leave _! tubes4 ,:y ,trimm+ ,tanks ,are ,us$4--,z a torp$o weighs ne>ly #a1jjj p\nds1 x is pla9 t :5ev] "o is %ot f ! craft x w v greatly di/urb ! balance ( ! boat unless "s means is us$ to add weight to x :i* is exactly equal to ! weight ( ! torp$o4 ,?is is done by :at is call$ ! trimm+ tanks4 ,^! are usually plac$ =e & aft & 9 or ne> ! torp$o & m9e comp>tm5ts4 ,z soon z a torp$o is %ot1 or a m9e is laid1 ! trimm+ tanks are fill$ ) wat] :i* makes up = ! weight lo/ & keeps ! craft on an ev5 keel4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 any extra weight is tak5 abo>d ! subm>9e1 en\gh wat] to equal x is bl[n out by compress$ air4 ,9 ! ,m9e ,comp>tm5t4--,! m9e1 z ! /ation>y bombs t are to be laid 9 a h>bor or "s o!r /rategic po9t are call$1 are kept 9 ! m9e comp>tm5t4 ,?is comp>tm5t has a trap door 9 x ?r\gh :i* a m9e-lay]1 t is a man dress$ 9 a div+-suit1 c get out ( & back into ! subm>9e aga91 or ?r\gh :i* ! m9es c be l[]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,mu%room ,,an*or4 ,& ,la/ ( ,all1 ! ,sea ,an*or4--,a subm>9e mu/ h an an*or z well z a m]*antman4 ,! an*or is ( ! mu%room type1 s call$ f its appe>ance2 & z y w see f ! accompany+ picture 7,fig4 #bi71 x is v diff]5t f ! two arm$ & fluk$ k9d t s resembles an ,iri%man's an*or i4e41 a pickax4 ,:]e ! ,crew ( a ,subm>9e ,lives4--,prop] qu>t]s = ! (fic]s & crew 9 ! e>li] subm>9es 7 sadly neglect$2 b conditions h greatly *ang$ s9ce !n--?\gh ( c\rse !y are n q s good z liv+ 9 a luxuri\s hotel a%ore4 ,great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 behalf ( ! und]sea navigators & sailors1 until 9 ! m rec5t subm>9es ! crew h qu>t]s t comp>e favorably ) ^? on bo>d a battle%ip4 ,!re are oxyg5 tanks t supply pure air1 :ile electric fans set up a =c$ draft & keep ! air cool & make x circulate freely4 ,!n !re are electric heat]s :i* keep ! temp]ature j "r "u all conditions4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! mod]n subm>9e has its galley--t is1 its cook room4 ,b1 v diff]5t f ! galley on ! old w9djamm]s t us$ to sail ! seas1 ! sea-cook does n use a cook-/ove1 :i* 0 also call$ a galley1 b electricity4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,h[ ! ,subm>9e is ,driv5 on ! ,surface & ,und]sea4 ,an ,explanation ( ! ,op]ation ( ! ,gasol5e ,eng9e1 ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,motor & ,dynamo ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,s9ce ! "t ( ! fir/ propell$ und]wat] boat great /rides h be5 made 9 ! me?ods ( driv+ ! subm>9e1 until at ! pres5t day ! p[] plant seems to be well-nigh p]fect4 ,z ! /eam eng9e 0 improv$ ^u1 its value = driv+ subm>9es became bett] ?\ght ( by inv5tors1 n because x 0 at all suitable = ! purpose1 b 9 virtue ( ! fact t x 0 ! fir/ & = a long "t ! only practical s*eme to produce p[] on a l>ge scale4 ,= ?is reason1 all ! e>ly & ev5 "s ( ! lat] subm>9es 7 p[]$ ) /eam eng9es4 ,:at a ,good ,p[] ,plant ,is4--,!re are c]ta9 ?+s an eng9e mu/ be & d to make x useful = driv+ a subm>9e boat1 & among ! *ief ones are3 7#a7 ,x mu/ be z small & z light z possible & /ill h great /r5g?4 7#b7 ,x mu/ develop a lot ( p[] = its size & weight4 7#c7 ,x mu/ use a small am\nt ( fuel = ! p[] x develops4 7#d7 ,! fuel x uses mu/ n be bulky = ! p[] x gives4 7#e7 ,x mu/ n give (f odors4 7#f7 ,all work+ p>ts mu/ be easily getatable1 & 7#g7 ,x mu/ n give (f poison\s gases1 or vapors t ignite easily1 = ei!r ( ^! are dang]\s4 ,f ?is y w see t x is n an easy matt] to make an eng9e = a subm>9e t w h all ( ^! good features1 b inv5tors h come pretty close to x1 z y w pres5tly le>n4 ,! ,faults ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e4--,n[ :ile ! /eam eng9e 0 ! only motive p[] t c\ld be us$ 9 ! e>ly subm>9e = driv+ x :5 bo? afloat & "u wat]1 x lack$ ne>ly e "o ( ! good features nam$ above2 =1 7#a7 ,:ile a /eam eng9e c be made light & /rong1 a l>ge heavy boil] is ne$$1 & ?is makes ! boat a v hot & unheal?ful place = ! crew2 7#b7 x is v wa/eful ( fuel1 = mo/ ( ! heat en]gy#ai t is /or$ up 9 ! coal or oil is lo/ be=e x ev] rea*es ! eng9e2 7#c7 if coal is us$1 x is too bulky1 & if oil is us$ x is too liable to give (f vapors :i* w cat* on fire & explode4 ,^! unt[>d features did n matt] s mu* :5 ! subm>9e 0 afloat1 b :5 %e 0 cruis+ bel[ ! wat] !y 7 all pres5t to make life mis]able = ! crew4 ,b :5 ! /orage batt]y 0 put into su* %ape t x c\ld be us$1 all ?is 0 *ang$ & ! conditions 7 s improv$ t und]sea travel became be>able & pretty safe z well4 ,we w tell y all ab\t ! /orage batt]y & h[ x develops p[] a little fur!r on4 ,:5 ! ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,came4--,! next improvem5t 9 subm>9e p[] plants came :5 ! gasol9e eng9e 0 made practical4 ,?is new k9d ( a prime mov]#bj 0 s mu* bett] 9 e way ?an ! /eam eng9e t ne>ly all subm>9es n[ built are p[]$ ) !m 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,! usual k9d ( gasol9e eng9e is kn[n z ! f\r cycle type & has f #ab to #af cyl9d]s1 ! pi/ons ( ea* ( :i* are connect$ to "o crank%aft1 & toge!r !y =m a p[] unit1 z ! complete eng9e is sometimes call$4 ,a subm>9e eng9e ( ?is k9d c develop upw>ds ( #e1jjj horsep[] & ! l>ge units weigh close to #ajj tons4 ,except t x is l>g] & is built especially to meet ! ne$s ( ! subm>9e x is exactly l a motor c> or an airplane eng9e :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,h[ ! ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,works4--,a s+le cyl9d] gasol9e eng9e is easi] to und]/& ?an "o ) f\r or m cyl9d]s1 s ,i'll describe x fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,eight ,,cyl9d] ,,gasol9e ,,or ,,petrol ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,h[ ,a ,,f\r-,,cycle ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,works4 ,x consi/s ( 7#a7 a cyl9d] ) valves 9 x & 9 :i* a pi/on moves to & fro2 ?is is connect$ to 7#b7 a crank%aft by means ( 7#c7 a pi/on rod z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,to ! cyl9d] is fix$ 7#d7 a c>buretor :i* mixes ! gasol9e ) ! air & =ms ! explosive gas1 or fuel mixture z x is call$1 & 7#e7 a high t5sion magneto :i* g5]ates an electric curr5t to make ! sp>k t fires ! fuel mixture1 etc4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ a gas-eng9e works if y w j rememb] t = e p[] /roke !re are ?ree o!r /rokes1 mak+ f\r /rokes altoge!r1 or f\r cycles z x is call$4 ,! p[] /roke ( ! pi/on is ! /roke made by ! explosion ( ! fuel mixture & ?is =ces ! pi/on d[n4 ,?is is ! /roke t turns ! crank%aft "o-half ( a revolution & gives x =ce en\gh to c>ry x ar\nd until ! next p[] /roke takes place4 ,?us ! fly:eel ( a s+le cyl9d] f\r-cycle eng9e makes two complete turns or revolutions to ea* p[] /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,fig4 #ca %[s h[ ! inlet & exhau/ valves are work$1 ea* "o by a little :eel ) a lump on "o side1 or cam1 z x is call$1 :i* is fix$ on a cam-%aft & is turn$ by ! crank%aft4 ,! cams1 ( :i* !re are two = ea* cyl9d]1 are set directly "u ! ends ( ! valve rods1 & z ! cam-%aft revolves1 ! little lumps on ! cam /rike ! valve rods at ! "r mom5ts & ?is lets ! fuel mixture into ! cyl9d] & lets ! us$ & burnt-up gases out ( x4 ,ea* valve is provid$ ) a /iff spr+1 :i*1 z soon z ! lump on ! cam has turn$ pa/ ! valve rod1 lets ! latt] drop aga9 & s closes ! valve4 ,fig4 #ca also %[s ! complete action ( a f\r-cycle eng9e4 ,! suction /roke is %[n at ,a2 z ! pi/on moves d[n1 ! cam =ces ! inlet valve up & ! pi/on sucks ! fuel mixture into ! cyl9d]4 ,! exhau/ valve is clos$ :ile ?is /roke is tak+ place4 ,! compression /roke is %[n at ,b2 ! mom5tum1 t is ! /or$ up en]gy ( ! fly:eel1 c>ries ! pi/on up & =ces ! fuel mixture into a v small space1 t is1 x compresses x4 ,by ?is "t ! cams h mov$ pa/ ! valve rods & bo? ! inlet & exhau/ valves are clos$4 ,! p[] /roke is %[n at ,c1 & ?is is ! only "o ( ! f\r /rokes t actually c\nts4 ,:5 ! fuel mixture is compress$ x is explod$ by an electric sp>k & ! =ce ( ! explosion drives ! pi/on d[n & gives ! fly:eel great mom5tum4 ,x is ! mom5tum produc$ by ?is /roke t n only furni%es en\gh p[] to c>ry ! fly:eel r\nd until ano!r p[] /roke takes place1 b also furni%es ! excess p[] to d useful "w1 su* z to drive a dynamo or a propell]4 ,( c\rse bo? valves are clos$ :5 ?is /roke is be+ made4 ,! exhau/ /roke is %[n at ,d & is "o ( ! up /rokes ( ! pi/on4 ,! cam op5s ! exhau/ valve & ! pi/on =ces ! burnt gases ( ! fuel mixture out ( ! exhau/ port1 & t cle>s ! cyl9d] = ! next /roke1 :i* w be ! ,a /roke ov] aga91 & s on ?r\gh ! same f\r cycles j describ$4 ,! ,c>buretor & ,:at ,x ,does4--,?is app>atus is connect$ to ! fuel tanks1 :i* usually conta9s gasol9e1 by a supply pipe4 ,! gasol9e is =c$ out ( ! tank by compress$ air be+ pump$ into ! latt] & !nce x passes into ! c>buretor4 ,! c>buretor *anges ! liquid fuel into a f9e spray1 or vapor1 & mixes x ) air1 & ?is is drawn into ! cyl9d] :5 ! inlet valve op5s & ! pi/on is mak+ its suction /roke4 ,! ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e4--,?is is an electrical device :i* is simply a little dynamo4 ,:5 x is driv5 by ! eng9e x g5]ates a high t5sion curr5t ( electricity :i* w jump betwe5 ! ends ( two wires in* ap>t1 & ?is makes a sp>k4 ,! magneto is connect$ to a sp>k-plug :i* is screw$ into ! head ( ! cyl9d]4 ,a tim] connect$ to ! magneto & ! sp>k-plug closes ! circuit ea* "t ! compression /roke is complet$2 ! in/ant ! circuit is clos$ ! curr5t g5]at$ by ! magneto makes a sp>k at ! bus9ess end ( ! sp>k-plug & ?is fires ! fuel mixture4 ,b z good z ! gasol9e eng9e is = motor c>s1 p[] boats1 & airplanes1 x has be5 f\nd sadly want+ z a p[] plant = subm>9es2 ?is is due n to any fault ( ! eng9e b to ! explosive nature ( ! gasol9e :i* is us$4 ,gasol9e is a v volatile liquid1 t is1 at ord9>y temp]atures & pressures x t5ds to *ange f its liquid /ate to a vapor :i* is really a gase\s /ate4 ,y may h notic$ ?is if y h be5 ne> a place :]e gasol9e is /or$1 = ! :ole air is saturat$ ) ! vapor giv5 (f by x & ?is is :at y smell4 ,fur!r1 x is q impossible to /ore a fuel l gasol9e1 & to use x = fir+ an eng9e 9 su* a conf9$ space z !re is on a subm>9e1 )\t ! air becom+ *>g$ ) ! vapor1 :i* is injuri\s to ^? :o brea! x1 & :i*1 %\ld x be accid5tally ignit$1 w\ld explode ) su* =ce t x w\ld wreck & s9k ! subm>9e4 ,! ,la/ ,^w 9 ,subm>9e ,eng9es4--,hav+ tri$ out bo? /eam & gasol9e eng9es = subm>9e "w & bo? hav+ be5 f\nd want+1 fur!r exp]im5ts 7 made 9 eng9e build+4 ,n[1 s9ce x 0 kn[n t ! *ief fault ( ! gasol9e eng9e lay 9 ! fuel x us$ & n 9 ! eng9e itself1 inv5tors work$ h>d to make an eng9e t w\ld burn a fuel s mu* heavi] & less volatile ?an gasol9e t all dang] f vapor w\ld be done away )4 ,_m eng9es 7 built along ?is l9e1 b all fail$ until ,diesel 7pron\nc$ ,d-sel71 a ,g]man inv5tor1 f\nd a way to make an eng9e t w\ld burn a heavy oil4 ,! ,diesel eng9e is n[ us$ 9 e subm>9e t is built1 ne>ly2 & = ?is reason ,i want y to und]/& exactly h[ x is made & h[ x works4 ,h[ ! ,diesel ,eng9e ,works4--,! ,diesel eng9e works on ! same g5]al pr9ciple z ! gasol9e eng9e--t is1 by ! explosion ( a fuel mixture 9 ! cyl9d]s--b x is diff]5t f ! gasol9e eng9e 9 ! way 9 :i* ! fuel is admitt$ into ! cyl9d] & fir$4 ,9 ! ,diesel eng9e1 a r\gh diagram ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 !re are two valves 9 ! head ( ! cyl9d]1 "o ( :i* lets 9 ! heavy fuel mixture & ! o!r "o admits compress$ air to ! cyl9d]4 ,! exhau/ valve is at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d] is built to =m an air compressor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a ,,two-,,cycle ,,diesel ,,eng9e4 ,! way x works is l ?is3 7a7 ,:5 ! compress$ air valve op5s1 ! compress$ air is =c$ into ! cyl9d] & ?is drives ! pi/on d[n :5 ! valve closes4 7b7 ,! p[] t ?is /roke gives to ! fly:eel =ces ! pi/on up aga91 & ?is compresses ! air z %[n 9 ,a1 ,fig4 #cb4 ,n[ :5 y compress air1 x heats x1 & ! am\nt ( heat develop$ dep5ds on h[ mu* ! air is compress$2 y c ev5 feel ! heat t is set up by compress+ ! air 9 a toy pop-gun2 or y may h notic$ t :5 an automobile tire is pump$ up fa/ x gets hot4 ,( c\rse1 :ile ! air is be+ compress$ 9 ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e ! compress$ air valve /ays clos$4 7c7 ,:5 ! fuel inlet valve op5s1 ! heavy fuel is =c$ into ! cyl9d] by means ( compress$ air :i* presses on ! fuel 9 ! supply tank4 ,! in/ant ! fuel /rikes ! hot air 9 ! cyl9d] x ignites & burns1 & z x burns x exp&s j z ! gases ( burn+ p[d] 9 a c>tridge exp&4 ,?is =ces ! pi/on d[n & makes ! p[] /roke z %[n 9 ,b1 ,fig4 #cb4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r great advantage ( ! ,diesel eng9e ov] ! ord9>y gasol9e eng9e3 x does n ne$ an electric sp>k or any o!r k9d ( flame to fire x4 7d7 ,z soon z ! pi/on has rea*$ ! d[n end ( its p[] /roke1 ! exhau/ ports are op5$ & m compress$ air fl[s ?r\gh ! compress$ air valve2 ?is bl[s :at is left ( ! burnt gases out ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! ports1 & z soon z ?is is done ! pi/on />ts to g up1 :5 x compresses :atev] air !re is 9 ! cyl9d] aga94 ,:ile ?is /roke is be+ made ! air compressor pi/on 9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is a "p ( ! regul> pi/on1 has be5 compress+ ! air ne$$ to p]=m ! above op]ations4 ,s9ce !re is only "o wa/e /roke to e p[] /roke1 ! eng9e is a two-cycle "o1 & h]e9 lies its ?ird big advantage ov] ! gasol9e eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,! ,,eng9e ,,room ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,subm>9e ,,%[+ ,,! ,,diesel ,,eng9es ,! reason t ! ,diesel eng9e is bett] adapt$ to burn heavi] oils ?an ! gasol9e eng9e is because ! latt] uses an electric sp>k to ignite ! fuel mixture & ?is mu/ be v light & volatile1 s9ce ! sp>k is n hot en\gh to fire ! heavi] oils4 ,aga91 9 a gasol9e eng9e ! fuel mixture explodes--t is1 x burns v rapidly1 l ! p[d] *>ge 9 a c>tridge--:]eas 9 a ,diesel eng9e ! fuel mixture exp&s :5 x is ignit$1 v mu* z /eam exp&s 9 ! cyl9d] ( a /eam eng9e4 ,us+ heavy oils v greatly r$uces ! co/ ( op]at+ an eng9e1 = oils ( ?is k9d are usually ! by-products obta9$ 9 ! mak+ ( petroleum & gasol9e4 ,^! heavy oils are ( little value = any o!r purpose ?an fuel2 &1 also1 s9ce ! oil is heavy1 x is m easily h&l$ ?an gasol9e4 ,= ^! v good reasons ! ,diesel eng9e 7,fig4 #cc71 is us$ by ne>ly e gov]nm5t at ! pres5t "t = subm>9e p[] plants4 ,moreov]1 l ! /eam eng9e1 x w develop its greate/ p[]1 ne>ly1 on />t+2 x does n ne$ any r$uc+ ge>s to l[] its spe$--?is is done ) a ?rottle z x is 9 a /eam eng9e2 & x c be rev]s$ )\t a rev]s+ ge>1 :i* is bett] ?an ! /eam eng9e4 ,! ,diesel eng9es ( pres5t-day make range f #ijj to #e1jjj horsep[]1 & eight or m cyl9d]s are us$ = ea* eng9e4 ,! weight ( ! eng9e is ab\t #cj p\nds p] horsep[]2 or = a #e1jjj horsep[] eng9e ! weight is 9 ! neighborhood ( #gj tons4 ,z great z ?is weight may seem1 x is mu* light] = ! horsep[] produc$ ?an ! old-fa%ion$ gasol9e eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,type ,,( ,,diesel ,,eng9e ,,us$ ,,9 ,,subm>9e4 ,:y ,an ,electric ,p[] ,plant ,is ,ne$$4--,z y "k1 a subm>9e has two *ief conditions1 & ^! are 7#a7 :5 x is afloat1 & 7#b7 :5 x is subm]g$4 ,:5 %e is afloat ! air 9 ! craft & :i* ! crew mu/ brea! is be+ con/antly suck$ 9 f ! outside1 & !re is always a l>ge en\gh supply to keep ! comp>tm5ts cle> & to furni% ! air compressors :i* fill ! tanks4 ,b :5 ! boat is subm]g$ !re is no way ( gett+ a fre% supply unless air is tak5 f ! tanks or ! subm>9e goes to ! surface e little :ile1 l a :ale1 & ?is w\ld h>dly d4 ,! ,dynamo-,motor & ,/orage ,batt]y ,sy/em4--,:5 ! /orage batt]y came into use inv5tors ( subm>9es 7 quick to see t ! ?+ to d 0 to use two sep>ate & di/9ct p[] plants & ^! are 7#a7 ! /eam or gas eng9e1 :i* is us$ :5 ! boat is runn+ afloat2 & 7#b7 ! electric /orage batt]y sy/em1 :i* is us$ :5 ! craft is runn+ subm]g$4 ,?ree devices mu/ be us$ = ! und]sea electric p[] plant1 namely1 7#a7 ! dynamo1 :i* g5]ates ! electric curr5t2 7#b7 ! /orage batt]y1 :i* is *>g$ by ! curr5t g5]at$ by ! dynamo1 & 7#c7 ! motor1 :i* develops p[] :5 a curr5t f ! /orage batt]y is made to fl[ ?r\gh x4 ,! diagram %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd w make ! electric connections cle>4 ,ab\t ! ,dynamo4--,! dynamo#ba 7see ,fig4 #cd7 is connect$ to ! crank%aft ( ! eng9e & is driv5 by x4 ,x *anges ! me*anical motion ( ! eng9e into an electric curr5t4 ,?is electrical en]gy mu/ !n be /or$ up s t x c be us$ lat] :5 ! craft is subm]g$ & x is want$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,a ,,subm>9e ,,dynamo ,,motor4 ,& ,n[ ! ,/orage ,batt]y4--,to /ore up ! electrical en]gy a /orage batt]y 7see ,fig4 #ce7 is us$4 ,:5 ! curr5t is made to fl[ into ?is k9d ( a batt]y x *>ges ! batt]y1 & if !n ! batt]y is connect$ to a motor x w deliv] an electric curr5t1 & ?is runs ! motor4 ,! /orage batt]y has be5 almo/ z big a bugbe> to ! subm>9e build]s z ! oil eng9e4 ,x mu/ be z small & z light z possible2 x mu/ n absorb ! oxyg5 ( ! air :i* ! crew brea!s1 & x mu/ n give (f any poison\s gases4 ,n[1 !re are two k9ds ( /orage batt]ies1 & ^! are 7#a7 ! lead-plate /orage batt]y1 :i* is ! olde/ =m1 & 7#b7 ! nickel-/eel /orage batt]y1 :i* 0 inv5t$ q rec5tly by our own ,edison4 ,bo? k9ds are us$ 9 subm>9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,a ,,simple ,,/orage ,,batt]y4 ,la/ ( ,all1 ! ,motor4--,! motor is ! la/ device by means ( :i* ! electric en]gy is made to drive ! craft :5 x is und]sea4 ,n[1 a dynamo & a motor are made exactly alike1 9 fact1 a dynamo is a motor & a motor is a dynamo4 ,t is to say1 if y turn ! armature ( a dynamo1 x w g5]ate a curr5t ( electricity1 & if y make a curr5t fl[ ?r\gh ! coils ( a dynamo1 ! armature w sp9 r\nd & x is !n a motor4 ,?is be+ true1 h[ev] /range x may seem1 only "o electric ma*9e is ne$$ to d ! "w ( ! dynamo & ! motor2 = :5 x is connect$ to ! %aft ( ! eng9e x w g5]ate a curr5t = *>g+ ! /orage batt]y1 & ?is is done :ile ! craft is afloat2 or x w develop p[] to drive ! propell]s :5 x is connect$ to ! /orage batt]y1 & ?is is done :5 ! subm>9e is cruis+ und]sea4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,mak+ ,,& ,,%oot+ ,,! ,,torp$o ,full ,in/ructions & ,work+ ,draw+s = ,mak+ a ,model ,torp$o4 ,h[ a ,real ,torp$o is ,made1 ,direct$1 ,%ot & ,explodes ,,*apt] ,v ,,mak+ ,,& ,,%oot+ ,,! ,,torp$o ,,! subm>9e is fir/1 la/1 & all ! "t an eng9e ( dea? & de/ruction4 ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ und]wat] exp]im5ts1 y w rememb]1 x 0 fitt$ ) a bomb ! sole purpose ( :i* 0 to bl[ ! enemy %ip to atoms4 ,! old bomb idea prov$ next to wor?less1 = x 0 a v h>d job to fix x to ! %ip to be sunk1 & ev5 if ! subm>9e op]ator did succe$ 9 s do+ x 0 at be/ a dang]\s piece ( bus9ess1 & s ! odds = its failure 7 ab\t z #ajj is to #a4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! subm>9e _h be5 develop$ to a po9t :]e x 0 cle> t x 0 ! com+ weapon ( mod]n naval w>f>e1 inv5tors began to rack _! bra9s = "s s*eme :i* w\ld d away ) ! dang] & unc]ta9ty ( ! old-fa%ion$ bomb1 & to make ! subm>9e saf] = its crew & deadli] = ! enemy4 ,_m attempts 7 made1 b its improvem5t 0 v sl[1 = ! old idea ( ! simple bomb 0 firmly fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! inv5tors & x 0 h>d = !m to break away f x4 ,aft] a long "t1 ?\gh--t is to say 9 #ahfj--;,capta9 ,lupius1 an ,au/rian inv5tor1 hit ^u a new & novel plan = a torp$o :i* w\ld travel "u wat]1 by means ( a little motor 9 x & a pair ( wires :i* connect$ x ) ! subm>9e s t x c\ld be direct$ at w4 ,! ,fir/ ,subm>9e ,torp$oes4--,lupius took 8 idea to ,:itehead1 an ,engli% eng9e] ( g5ius & ability1 & he built ! fir/ controll$ torp$o :i* travel$ "u its own p[] 9 #ahfd4 ,!n ,:itehead did a little ?9k+ on 8 own acc\nt & he built ! automobile torp$o 9 #ahfh1 ! clev]e/ & mo/ diabolical de/roy] t man has ev] yet be5 guilty (4 ,! automobile torp$o is "o t n only runs "u its own p[] b t /e]s itself z well aft] x has left ! torp$o tube ( ! subm>9e4 ,to ,:itehead1 !n1 mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it n only ( hav+ inv5t$ ! subm>9e torp$o t is us$ ) su* tell+ effect 9 ! pres5t w>1 b ( mak+ a success ( x4 ,! ,g]mans1 ?\gh1 ) _! great dislike = ev]y?+ ( ,briti% "n & make call _! torp$o ( ?is type blackheads4 ,h[ to ,make a ,model ,subm>9e ,torp$o4--,be=e ,i expla9 h[ a real automobile torp$o is made & works1 ,i w tell y h[ to make a model torp$o :i*1 :ile x w n explode at ! end ( its trip ?r\gh ! wat]1 w %[ y h[ a real torp$o does its "w4 ,! ,body ( ! ,torp$o4--,get a piece ( nice s(t p9e #a in*es 9 diamet] & #aj in*es long1 & :ittle x out to ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,cut a groove d[n ! middle ( x in* deep & in* wide1 to )9 an in* ( ea* end4 ,?is done1 screw a small screw-eye 9 ! w>head ( ! torp$o1 z ! blunt nos$ end ( x is call$1 inside ! groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,a ,,model ,,torp$o4 ,bore a -in* hole ?r\gh ! propell] end1 & slip a piece ( brass tube #b in*es long :i* has a bore ( in* 9 x to =m a be>+ = ! propell] %aft4 ,get a brass rod #a_/af in* 9 diamet] & #b in*es long2 make an eye on "o end & !n pu% ! rod ?r\gh ! brass tube 9 ! tail or propell] end ( ! torp$o1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 & ?is is all !re is to ! propell] %aft4 ,n[ cut a propell] out ( t91 z %[n at ,e1 9 ,fig4 #cg1 & sold] x to ! end ( ! propell] %aft4 ,! ,/e]+ & ,div+ ,rudd]s4--,! torp$o1 l ! subm>9e itself1 has two rudd]s1 "o = div+ & "o = /e]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,,! ,,/e]+ ,,& ,,div+ ,,rudd]s4 ,d1 ,e1 ,,! ,,cov] ,,& ,,propell]4 ,to make ! /e]+ rudd]1 :i* is ! v]tical "o1 cut out a piece ( heavy t9 #a in*es wide & #a in*es long1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #cg2 cut out "o edge in* deep z %[n by ! %ad$ "p1 :i* w leave a tongue /ick+ out f ea* corn]1 & b5d ^! to =m little tubes4 ,cut (f two pieces ( wire in* ?ick1 h ea* "o #b in*es long1 & b5d !m z %[n at ,c4 ,next drill two holes ?r\gh ! tail or propell] end ( ! torp$o1 =ce ! %>p ends ( ! wires into !m & !n put ! o!r ends into ! tubes ( ! rudd]4 ,! div+ rudd]1 :i* is ! horizontal "o1 is made l ! /e]+ rudd] except t ! tongues = ! h+e tubes are dropp$ d[n a little & a slot in* wide & #a in*es long is cut out1 z %[n by ! %ad$ "p at ,b4 ,?is rudd] is #a in*es wide & #b in*es long2 x is fa/5$ by a pair ( in* wires to ! tail end ( ! torp$o 9 ! same way z ! /e]+ rudd]4 ,?is arrangem5t leaves en\gh room = ! propell] to turn inside ( ! wires1 z %[n at ,c4 ,! ,rubb] ,/r& ,motor4--,! next ?+ to d is to fix "o end ( ! rubb] /r&s to ! screw-eye 9 ! w>head & ! o!r end to ! eye ( ! propell]-%aft4 ,?is gives y a *eap & simple motor t is at once light1 p[]ful1 & easy to manage4 ,cut out a cov] ( wood to fit ov] ! groove conta9+ ! motor1 z %[n 9 ,d1 ,fig4 #cg1 & screw x to ! body ( ! torp$o4 ,melt "s p>aff9 wax & run x ar\nd ! cracks to make ! motor *amb] wat]tight4 ,bore half a doz5 or m holes in* 9 diamet] & ab\t an in* deep along ! exact middle ( ! bottom ( ! torp$o2 fill ea* hole ) %ot & seal !m 9 ) seal+-wax4 ,!re mu/ be en\gh %ot 9 ! bottom to weight ! little torp$o s t x w j s9k on an ev5 keel :5 y put x 9 ! wat]4 ,f9ally1 pa9t ! torp$o all ov] ) black enamel 7y c buy x 9 drug /ores = #aj c5ts a c71 & y\r model torp$o is ready = its deadly "w4 ,y\r ,torp$o 9 ,action4--,to set y\r model torp$o scoot+ "u ! wat] &1 p]*ance1 aim$ at an enemy %ip1 fix ! /e]+ rudd] 9 a l9e ) ! long axis ( ! hull & tilt ! div+ rudd] at a v slight angle1 say ab\t #b degrees1 d[n f ! top ( ! torp$o4 ,hold ! hull ) y\r left h& & w9d up ! rubb] /r& motor good & tight by turn+ ! propell] clockwise--t is1 9 ! direction ! h&s ( a clock move--) y\r "r h&4 ,:5 y h done ?is1 pu% ! torp$o d[n "u ! wat]1 let g ( ! propell] & %e w %oot =w>d z ?\gh %ot by compress$ air f a torp$o tube4 ,aft] x has made a run ( f #be to #ajj feet--! di/ance dep5ds on ! skill y h %[n 9 build+ x--x w s9k to ! bottom4 ,( c\rse if y are play+ a naval w> game & y are %oot+ at "s enemy %ip1 x w give h] a good h>d bump1 & ?is c\nts t5 po9ts 9 y\r favor4 ,h[ a ,real ,torp$o ,is ,made4--,a torp$o1 z y c pla9ly see1 is no?+ m nor less ?an a m9iature subm>9e boat t moves "u its own p[] & t is self-controll$4 ,& n[ t y h built & exp]im5t$ ) a little model x w be easy = y to und]/& h[ a real "o is made & works4 ,! ,w>head ( a ,torp$o4--,a real torp$o su* z is %ot by a subm>9e to s9k real %ips is made ( ?ree *ief p>ts1 z f> z ! outside ( x is conc]n$4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ! w>head1 7#b7 ! body1 & 7#c7 ! tail4 ,! w>head is ! blunt-nos$ holl[ "p t =ms ! bus9ess end ( ! torp$o2 x conta9s two ?+s3 7a7 ! *>ge ( high p[]$ explosive :i* plays su* t]rific havoc :5 x is t\*$ (f2 & 7b7 ! detonat+ me*anism :i* fires x4 ,! ,high ,p[]$ ,explosive4--,! explosive us$ is ei!r guncotton1 or nitrocellulose1 to call x by its *emical "n1 or tri-nitrotolu5e 7pron\nc$ ni-tro-tol-u-en7 & :i* is call$ ,,tnt = %ort4 ,guncotton is simply ord9>y cotton :i* has be5 treat$ ) nitric & sulphuric acids2 :5 ?is is done x becomes highly explosive4 ,,tnt is tolu5e1 a *emical =m$ ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 :i* has be5 treat$ ) nitric acid4 ,x is us$ by ! ,g]mans 9 ! w>heads ( _! subm>9e torp$oes because x is a m p[]ful explosive ?an guncotton4 ,besides x c be melt$ z easily z l>d & p\r$ into ! w>head1 :i* makes x an easy1 quick1 & safe job to fill !m4 ,fur!r1 x does n explode easily by %ocks :5 x is transport$ b x in/antly explodes ) a detonator4 ,! reason ^! explosives _c be ignit$ by fire b explode :5 /ruck a %>p tap is because !y are v un/able comp\nds2 t is1 !y are v easily decompos$ into _! orig9al *emical p>ts4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 b by ! v discov]y ( ?is advanc$ sci5tific pr9ciple m5 are n[ able to make ! mightie/1 :i* means ! deadlie/1 explosives t ! _w has ev] kn[n & ?is makes w> a ?\s& times z t]rible n[ z x 0 9 ! old5 days :5 m5 f\ght _! battles at close range ) _! anci5t lances & cross-b[s4 ,! ,detonat+1 or ,fir+ ,me*anism4--,a mod]n subm>9e torp$o has a diamet] ( f #ah to #ba in*es ?r\gh ! w>head1 & ?is is load$ ) f #bjj to #ccj p\nds ( guncotton or ,,tnt1 z ! case may be4 ,?is *>ge is explod$ by a fir+ p91 or pi/ol1 z x is call$4 ,?is fir+ p9 goes cle> ?r\gh ! *>ge & into a p]cussion cap1 :i* sets j back ( ! *>ge2 ! o!r & front end ( ! fir+ p9 goes cle> ?r\gh ! w>head & has a ?read$ end on :i* is screw$ :at is kn[n z a butt]fly-nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,e4 ,w4 ,bliss ,co4 ,a ,,bliss ,,torp$o ,,) ,,rot>y ,,compress$ ,,air ,,motor ,! p]cussion cap is simply a little copp] cup & 9 x is plac$ a small *>ge ( an explosive :i* is easily detonat$ by ! p]cussion ( ! p91 t is by ! p9 /rik+ x4 ,! explosive mo/ly us$ 9 p]cussion caps is m]curic fulm9ate1 :i* is a comp\nd =m$ ( m]cury1 c>bon1 nitrog51 & oxyg54 ,s9ce x is ! viol5t explosion ( ! p]cussion *>ge :i* /rikes ! ma9 *>ge ( ! high explosive 9 ! w>head1 & ! fire made by ! explosion ( ! p]cussion *>ge has no?+ to d ) x1 ! ma9 *>ge ( guncotton1 :]e ?is explosive is us$1 is (t5 wet d[n ) wat] be=e x is pack$ 91 = by s do+ a great deal m ( x c be put 9 ! same-siz$ space4 ,a safety p9 7see ,fig4 #ch7 is set into ! fir+ p91 s t by no possible *ance c ! latt] p9 "w loose & explode ! *>ge until x /rikes ! %ip x is int5d$ to de/roy4 ,also ! butt]fly-nut1 :i* ,i spoke ( above1 is us$ z a fur!r safety factor4 ,! safety p9 is simply a p9 :i* is ?read$ on "o end & :i* ext5ds d[n ?r\gh ! /eel cas+ ( ! w>head & screws into ! fir+ p91 or pi/ol1 & holds x securely s t x _c /rike back aga9/ ! *>ge until x is unscrew$ & tak5 out or brok5 (f1 :5 x /rikes ! %ip4 ,! butt]fly-nut is simply a ?umb nut ) a c\ple ( w+s on x4 ,:5 ! torp$o is %ot out ( ! torp$o tube ! butt]fly-nut1 :i* is screw$ up close to ! w>head on ! fir+ p91 beg9s to unscrew itself by ! action ( ! wat] on ! w+s1 :i* n[ =m little propell] blades2 by ! "t ! nut rea*es ! end ( ! fir+ p9 & drops (f1 ! torp$o is q a di/ance f ! subm>9e :i* %ot x4 ,9 ?is way1 all dang] ( ! torp$o's explod+ :5 x is 91 or leav+1 ! subm>9e1 is done away )4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a cross-section ( ! w>head & j h[ ! detonat+ me*anism is made & works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,end ,,or ,,w> ,,head ,,( ,a ,,real ,,torp$o ,! w>heads ( ! late/ torp$oes1 especially ^? us$ by ! ,g]mans1 are fitt$ ) /eel cutt]s1 s t !y c cut _! way ?r\gh nets :i* %ips may spread out to protect !mselves4 ,! ,body ( ! ,torp$o4--,! next "p ( ! torp$o is ! body1 & !re are five sep>ate & di/9ct p>ts to x4 ,^! we h nam$ 9 ! ord] ( _! position1 & !y are1 7#a7 ,! air pressure *amb]2 7#b7 ! balance *amb]2 7#c7 ! p[] *amb]2 7#d7 ! buoyancy *amb]1 & 7#e7 ! tail-piece :i* supports ! propell]s & ! rudd]s4 ,! ,compress$ ,air ,tanks4--,! air pressure *amb] is simply a l>ge /eel tank & air is pump$ into x until x is "u a pressure ( ab\t #b1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*2 ?is means t = e squ>e in* ( ! surface ( ! tank !re is a =ce press+ aga9/ x ( ab\t "o ton4 ,! air is let out ( ! tank ?r\gh :at is kn[n z a r$uc+ valve1 :i* is 9 turn connect$ to ! eng9es1 & m ab\t x w be said a little lat]4 ,a r$uc+ valve is simply a valve t regulates ! am\nt ( air :i* fl[s f ! tank into ! eng9e & keeps x at ! same pressure all ! "t4 ,if ! valve 7 n us$1 ! air 9 ! tank1 :i* is at fir/ "u #b1jjj p\nds pressure1 w\ld drive ! torp$o =w>d at a trem5d\s rate ( spe$ at fir/1 b z ! air f ! tank 0 us$ up by ! eng9e x w\ld lose pressure & ! torp$o w\ld soon /op altoge!r4 ,b :5 a r$uc+ valve is us$ ! torp$o keeps up its same high spe$ until x has run its c\rse & has ei!r hit ! %ip or miss$ x4 ,:at ,is 9 ! ,balance ,*amb]4--,9 ! balance *amb] is ! me*anism t controls ! /e]+ & ! div+ rudd]s1 & x is ^! t keep ! torp$o on a /raight c\rse & at ! "r dep? "u ! wat]4 ,! controll+ me*anism is =m$ ( f\r *ief devices1 :i* are 7#a7 a gyroscope 7pron\nc$ ji-ro-skop72 7#b7 a compress$ air motor1 :i* drives ! gyroscope2 7#c7 a wat] pressure control2 & 7#d7 a p5dulum control4 ,! ,automatic ,gyro ,control4--,! gyroscope1 or j gyro1 z x is call$ = %ort1 is a k9d ( sp9n+ top & y c buy a toy "o = a qu>t]4#bb ,x is simply a heavy :eel fix$ to a %aft1 or sp9dle1 & ?is is pivot$ 9 a r+1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,! ,,gyroscope4 ,n[ hold ! gyro z %[n at ,b & give ! :eel a good sp94 ,?is done1 walk /raight ahead1 & z long z y d s y w h>dly "k t y are c>ry+ ! gyro1 b ! mom5t y try to *ange y\r direction y w feel ! gyro twi/+ 9 y\r h& to c\nt]act ! movem5t4 ,?is is ! purpose ( ! gyro 9 a torp$o1 b 9 ?is case ! :eel is v heavy & x is revolv$ at a high spe$ by a compress$ air motor4 ,! gyro is set ) its %aft at "r angles ) ! long axis ( ! torp$o1 z %[n at ,c4 ,n[1 j z long z ! torp$o moves /raight ahead 9 its c\rse1 ! gyro has no effect on x1 b ! mom5t ! torp$o tries to sw]ve f "o side to ! o!r1 or %ift out ( its c\rse1 ! gyro pulls x back by act+ on ! /e]+ rudd]2 x does ?is by regulat+ ! air supply ( a compress$ air motor1 call$ ! s]vo-motor1 & ?is 9 turn works ! rudd] by means ( a s]ies ( lev]s4 ,9 ?is way ! torp$o is automatically kept to its c\rse4 ,! ,hydro/atic1 or ,wat] ,pressure1 ,control4--,! wat] pressure control is "o ( ! devices :i* keeps ! torp$o at ! "r dep? 9 ! wat]4 ,x consi/s ( a /eel cyl9d] ) a pi/on work+ 9 x4 ,a cyl9d] :i* is op5 at bo? ends is set 9 ! hull ( ! torp$o s t "o end op5s into ! wat] outside4 ,a spr+ presses aga9/ ! pi/on on ! inside ( ! hull & ! wat] presses on ! pi/on on ! outside4 ,! spr+ c be adju/$ by a screw to j balance ! pressure ( ! wat] at any dep?4 ,a small valve rod is fix$ to ! pi/on1 & ?is op5s a valve :i* lets compress$ air into a motor :5 ! pressure ( ! wat] is great] or less] ?an ! pressure ( ! spr+ & ?is 9 turn works ! div+ rudd] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! capta9 wants ! torp$o to travel at a dep? ( exactly #ae feet dur+ its :ole c\rse4 ,! spr+ is adju/$ to (fset ! pressure ( ! wat] at ?is dep?1 & ! torp$o is laun*$4 ,%\ld x = any reason try to g deep] ?an #ae feet or to rise above #ae feet1 ! spr+ or ! wat] presses on ! pi/on & closes or op5s ! air valve ( ! motor1 :5 x moves ! div+ rudd] up or d[n until ! torp$o is br\ght back to its "r dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,wat] ,,pressure ,,control ,,acts4 ,! ,automatic ,p5dulum ,control4--,! wat] pressure control1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh to make ! torp$o /ick to an absolutely con/ant dep?1 & s to help x a p5dulum control is also us$4 ,?is control consi/s ( a p5dulum :i* sw+s to & fro f =e to aft z ! torp$o dives & rises1 & x also />ts ! compress$ air motor :i* op]ates ! div+ rudd]1 & ?is br+s ! torp$o back to its prop] dep?4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,! ,eng9e ,t ,drives ! ,torp$o4--,next comes ! eng9e t drives ! torp$o1 & x1 too1 is run by compress$ air4 ,z ,i m5tion$ be=e1 ! air :i* runs x is regulat$ by a r$uc+ valve1 b !re is ano!r important "p ( ! p[] plant1 & ?is is ! heat] = heat+ ! compress$ air be=e x is admitt$ to ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,! ,,p5dulum ,,control4 ,compress$ air is z good to run an eng9e ) z /eam1 = bo? ( !m h trem5d\s p[]s ( expansion4 ,z soon z ! air is releas$ f ! supply tank--:i* keeps x compress$ 9 a space t is _m times small] ?an x w\ld take up :5 x is free--& has pass$ into ! cyl9d]s ( ! eng9e1 x beg9s to exp&1 or to spread out 9 e direction1 exactly z /eam does4 ,n[ :5 air is pump$ into ! tank x gets v hot & ?is heat is /or$ up 9 ! air z en]gy2 ?is makes ! air :5 x is releas$ exp& ) mu* =ce & gives x ! p[] to d useful "w4 ,b z ! air is let out ( ! tank ?r\gh ! r$uc+ valve x exp&s & loses its en]gy--or lat5t heat1 z x is call$--& ?is makes x lose its p[] to keep on exp&+ to its greate/ ext5t & s x gets weak] & weak]4 ,to ov]come ?is bad feature ( compress$ air1 a heat] is fix$ on ! eng9e1 & j z ! compress$ air rea*es ! cyl9d]s ( ! eng9e x is sudd5ly heat$ & ?is gives x all ! expansive =ce x ne$s4 ,! heat] consi/s ( a small oil-burn] :i* is s fix$ t ! in/ant ! torp$o is %ot f ! tube an electric sp>k ignites ! oil1 & !re is1 9 consequ5ce1 nei!r ! loss ( "t nor p[]4 ,! eng9e is (t5 ( ! cyl9d] & pi/on type & is built q l an automobile eng9e1 except t ! inlet valve--:i* lets ! air into ! cyl9d]s--is disk-%ap$ s t x c op]ate all ! cyl9d]s "o aft] ano!r4 ,! exhau/ ports op5 outside ( ! torp$o1 & x sets up a tell-tale :ite /reak ( bubbles on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,"s torp$oes z1 = in/ance1 ! ,bliss-,leavitt1 use a rot>y eng9e4 ,b :i*ev] k9d is us$1 ! p[] plant develops f #cj to #ej horsep[]1 & ?us ea* torp$o weighs ab\t z mu* & is z co/ly z a high-pric$ motor c>4 ,! ,propell]-,%aft & ,propell]s4--,! ,propell]-,%aft4--,! eng9e drives ! propell]-%aft1 or1 z x is call$ 9 ,engl&1 ! c>dan-%aft4 ,to ! end ( ?is %aft outside ( ! torp$o is fix$ "o ( ! propell]s4 ,ano!r holl[ %aft is slipp$ ov] ! fir/ %aft & "o end is connect$ to ! eng9e & to ! o!r & outside end ( ! %aft ano!r propell] is key$ on4 ,?is %aft is driv5 9 ! opposite direction to ! solid %aft inside ( x by ge>s t is1 a set ( cog-:eels4 ,! ,propell]s4--,! propell]s h f\r blades2 & ! reason two propell]s are us$ is to c\nt]act ! =ce ( ea* o!r4 ,t is to say1 if only "o propell] is us$1 ! =ce ( ! blades /rik+ ! wat] t5ds to tilt ! craft to "o side1 & h5ce by us+ two propell]s ?is effect is v l>gely (fset4 ,! ,/e]+ & ,div+ ,rudd]s4--,! v]tical or /e]+ rudd] & ! div+ or horizontal rudd]s are h+$ to a frame ar\nd ! propell]s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,z x takes a lot ( p[] to move ^! rudd]s aga9/ ! v>y+ wat] curr5ts1 an air eng9e mu/ be us$ to "w !m in/ead ( lev]s t are connect$ directly ) ! gyro1 p5dulum1 or wat] pressure controls4 ,h[ a ,torp$o ,is ,%ot at a ,%ip4--,& n[ comes ! mo/ excit+ mom5t ( all1 & t is :5 a torp$o is %ot f a subm>9e at an enemy %ip4 ,! late/ type ( subm>9e usually has eight torp$o tubes1 f\r ( !m =e1 & f\r aft4 ,^! tubes are %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 & are built "r into ! hull ( ! craft4 ,n[1 :5 we say t a torp$o is %ot f a subm>9e we d n mean t x is fir$ f x1 = x does n explode until x hits ! %ip x is aim$ at1 b we simply mean t x is =c$ out (1 or driv5 f1 ! tube ( ! boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,h[ ,a ,,real ,,torp$o ,,is ,,made4 ,! =ce t drives ! torp$o f ! tube is our old fri5d compress$ air1 & ?is is tak5 f ! torp$o air tanks ( ! subm>9e2 !y are plac$ j above ! torp$o tube & are connect$ ) ! re> "p ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,! ,,torp$o ,,tube4 ,%oot+ ! ,torp$o4--,n[ let's see j :at happ5s f ! mom5t an enemy %ip is sight$ up to ! "t ! torp$o hits x & explodes4 ,an up-to-date torp$o makes ab\t #dj knots1 & x w travel ab\t six miles be=e its compress$ air is us$ up4 ,b x _c be aim$ & %ot ) c]ta9ty at a di/ance ( ov] half a mile4 ,s :5 an enemy %ip is sight$1 ! subm>9e creeps up ^u h]1 ) no?+ b h] p]iscope out ( ! wat]1 until %e is )9 accurate %oot+ range4 ,9 ! meantime ! spe$ ( ! enemy %ip has be5 calculat$1 ! dep? at :i* ! torp$o mu/ travel to /rike ! %ip bel[ ! wat]-l9e has be5 det]m9$1 & ! angle1 or c\rse1 ! torp$o mu/ take to hit ! %ip is figur$ out4 ,due all[ance mu/ be made = ! spe$ ( ! %ip & ! spe$ ( ! torp$o to ! end t ! di/ance bo? w travel 9 a giv5 "t may be kn[n4 ,( c\rse1 if ! %ip is spe$+ along & ! torp$o is %ot po9t-blank at h] x w pass a good _m y>ds a/]n ( h]4 ,?is op]ation is v mu* l t ( rabbit hunt+1 9 :i* y d n fire directly at ! runn+ rabbit1 b aim sev]al feet ahead ( him1 & he simply runs into ! bullet or %ot4 ,s x's all 8 fault if he gets kill$4 ,j s ) ! %ip & ! torp$o2 = in/ead ( ! torp$o runn+ into ! %ip1 ! %ip runs into ! torp$o1 & s if ! %ip s9ks x isn't ! fault ( ! torp$o--or at lea/ t is ! way ! ,g]man capta9 ( a ,u-boat looks at x4 ,be=e ! torp$o is load$ into ! torp$o tube ! safety p9 is tak5 out ( ! fir+ p9 & ! butt]fly-nut is loos5$ s t x w unscrew easily4 ,! torp$o is !n slipp$ into ! tube & ! brea*-block ( ! tube is clos$4 ,! compress$ air is n[ turn$ on at ! torp$o air tank2 :5 ! air ru%es into ! torp$o tube beh9d ! torp$o1 b ! latt] is kept f be+ =c$ out by a lock4 ,! ,c\rse ( ! ,torp$o4--,next ! capta9 sights 8 %ip & f9ds its spe$ & its di/ance f 8 own craft4 ,to direct ! torp$o s t x w hit h] t>get fairly1 an in/rum5t call$ a torp$o director is us$4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 & ?is picture also %[s h[ ! torp$o & ! %ip come toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,torp$o ,,director ,,works4 ,n[ z ! torp$o tube is fix$ 9 ! hull ( ! subm>9e ! :ole craft mu/ be turn$ & aim$ at ! enemy %ip4 ,to d ?is ! torp$o arm ( ! director is set p>allel ) ! torp$o tube2 !n ! torp$o spe$ scale is adju/$ at ! spe$ t ! torp$o makes & :i* is kn[n4 ,! spe$ ( ! di/ant %ip hav+ be5 calculat$1 ! %ip spe$ scale is set at t spe$ & p>allel to ! %ip's c\rse1 & ?is br+s ! sight arm 9 l9e ) ! obs]v]'s eye & ! l9e t ! %ip is sail+4 ,:5 ! %ip crosses ! l9e ( sight ! cat* ( ! lock is releas$1 ! compress$ air bl[s ! torp$o out ( its tube1 & away %e goes4 ,! in/ant ! torp$o has left ! tube ! eng9e & o!r contrivances />t to "w & x !n moves swiftly & surely ov] a /raight c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,! ,,g>d9] ,,curr5t-,,controll$ ,,torp$o4 ,long be=e ! torp$o rea*es its goal ! butt]fly-nut drops (f1 & s :5 x /rikes ! %ip ! fir+ p9 :i* projects out ( ! w>head is pu%$ back ) a deal ( =ce & explodes ! *>ge :i* ei!r s9ks ! %ip or cripples x4 ,a ,torp$o ) a ,cannon 9 ,x4--,lieut5ant ,davis1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 has inv5t$ a new k9d ( w>head = torp$oes1 "o t is ev5 m deadly ?an ! /yle ,i h describ$4 ,x is made by plac+ a cannon 9 ! w>head4 ,:5 ! torp$o /rikes ! %ip ! cannon %oots a projectile cle> ?r\gh ! hull & into ! inside ( ! %ip1 :]e x explodes4 ,z ! projectile is fitt$ ) a "t fuse1 x does n explode until x gets well into ! %ip1 & !n x does f> m damage ?an ! old-/yle ( w>head1 :i* explodes j z x /rikes ! hull4 ,! projectile is load$ ) #bej p\nds ( guncotton or ,,tnt b ! w>head is n load$ at all4 ,on ! subm>9es t are n[ be+ built cradles :i* hold sev]al extra torp$oes are fitt$ to ! decks1 & 9 ?is way ! numb] ( torp$oes :i* c be %ot is increas$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,mak+ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,deadli] ,o!r ,armam5t ( ! ,subm>9e1 ,includ+ a ,complete ,description ( ,h[ ! ,guns ,are ,made1 ,h\s$1 & ,us$ ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,mak+ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,deadli] ,,x w\ld naturally be suppos$ t a subm>9e c>ry+ eight or m torp$oes is ab\t z de/ructive an eng9e z human +5uity c\ld devise2 b n s1 = !re are o!r munitions ( w>f>e ) :i* x is equipp$ t make x ev5 deadli]4 ,n[1 ! ^w munitions means w> mat]ials ( e k9d--except1 ( c\rse1 m5 & money2 b on a subm>9e ! munitions are limit$ to 7#a7 ! automobile torp$o1 :i* we h describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]2 7#b7 rapid-fire ma*9e guns1 & 7#c7 subm>9e m9es4 ,9 ! pres5t w> ,g]many has und]tak5 ! gigantic task ( s9k+ all ! m]*antm51 n only ( ! ,allies b ( ! neutral c\ntries z well1 & x is ?is ,u-boat policy :i* has br\ght h] into a /ate ( w> ) ne>ly e civiliz$ c\ntry on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,z ! torp$o is su* a co/ly weapon1 x w\ld n d to wa/e x on s9k+ any b ! l>ge/ %ips1 or ^? c>ry+ valuable c>goes2 b ! same policy ( ,g]many1 :i* is to />ve out ! ,allies1 also calls = s9k+ ! small] craft1 su* z trawl]s & un>m$ m]*antm51 & ?is is done by means ( rapid-fire ma*9e guns4 ,^! guns are m\nt$ =e & aft on ! deck ( ! subm>9e1 & !y are us$ to br+ d[n small %ips & also to enable ! und]sea craft to def5d h]self aga9/ subm>9e *as]s1 airplanes1 or occasionally :5 %e is surpris$ by a de/roy] or o!r arm$ %ip :i* may get )9 fir+ range & attack h] be=e %e has "t to dive4 ,! subm>9e m9e is z old z1 or old] ?an1 ! subm>9e boat itself2 & x 0 probably ! idea ( fix+ a bomb onto or plant+ a m9e "u a %ip t l$ to ! actual build+ ( ! fir/ und]wat] craft4 ,! m9e is n1 h[ev]1 an explosive de/roy] :i* is us$ by ! subm>9e boat2 = %e c\ld nev] get close en\gh to an enemy %ip 9 ^! days ( electric eyes & e>s to make use ( "o4 ,:at ! subm>9e does d is to play ! peaceful rle ( plant+ ! m9es--n ) ! idea ( mak+ two gr[ :]e only "o grew be=e b ( mak+ "o %ip less :]e !re 0 "o %ip m1 & ?is is done by bl[+ up ! enemy %ips :i* may *ance to pass ov] !m4 ,arm+ ! ,subm>9e ) ,guns4--,f :at has be5 said above1 y w see t by ! use ( rapid-fire guns poor prizes c be easily & *eaply sunk2 fur!r1 a small craft always makes a bad t>get = a torp$o & ?us ! odds ( mak+ a miss & los+ a torp$o are v consid]able4 ,! use ( rapid-fire guns is1 !n1 a v good /roke ( bus9ess1 ev]y?+ consid]$4 ,aga91 :5 a subm>9e is *as$ & has no "t to dive1 %e is 9 a bad way1 = %e is n fa/ en\gh to escape1 nor c %e /op long en\gh to aim a torp$o at h] foe4 ,x is easy to see1 !n1 :y h] armam5t#bc %\ld & does include a c\ple ( rapid-fire guns4 ,! ,ne$ ( a ,quick-,action ,gun4--,) ^! conditions />+ !m 9 ! face1 ! design]s ( subm>9es h work$ h>d to equip _! craft ) n only rapid-fir+ b1 :at is equally z important1 quick-action guns4 ,to get a rapid-fire ma*9e gun 0 easy1 = ?is type _h be5 built by ! ,maxims ^! _m ye>s2 b to get "o t c\ld be swung or l[]$ "u ! deck s t x w\ld n (f] resi/ance to ! wat] :5 ! subm>9e 0 runn+ subm]g$1 & !n br\ght up & into action quickly1 0 q a diff]5t ?+1 & inv5tors are /ill at "w on x4 ,by ?is ,i d n want y to take x t subm>9es are n provid$ ) rapid-fire & quick-action disappe>+ guns at ! pres5t "t2 & %\ld y or ,i take a look at !m we w\ld say t !y are #ii p] c5t4 p]fect & t !re is no ne$ = fur!r improvem5t4 ,b t is because we are nei!r design]s1 nor build]s1 nor (fic]s ( und]sea craft2 & d n =get1 ei!r1 t bett] ?+s are always 9 ord]4 ,n[1 !re are two k9ds ( rapid-fire1 quick-action guns us$ = subm>9e armam5t & ^! c be told f ea* o!r by ! way !y are br\ght into action4 ,!y are 7#a7 ! spr+ action gun1 & 7#b7 ! compress$-air action gun4 ,! ,spr+ ,action ,gun4--,?is type ( subm>9e gun is made by ! ,krupps ( ,ess51 ,g]many1 :o n[ are build+ ! ,u-boats = ! ,c5tral ,p[]s4 ,?is gun is m\nt$ on ! deck1 ov] an op5+ 9 x call$ a deck-well1 & ?is arrangem5t all[s ! gun to be /[$ away 9 x4 ,?is is done to get rid ( ! resi/ance ! wat] w\ld h on ! gun if x rema9$ fix$ on deck :5 ! boat is runn+ subm]g$4 ,al?\gh ! deck-well is clos$ ) hat*es x is n wat]tight1 & ! fitt+s1 su* z ! sights & range f9d]s1 are tak5 (f to keep !m f ru/+ :5 ! gun is 9 ! well4 ,a diagrammatic sket* ( ! gun & its h\s+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df2 ! gun is m\nt$ on a sw++ frame by trunnions1 & ! frame is fix$ to a p$e/al4 ,a /rong spr+ 9 ! bottom ( ! well supplies ! p[] ne$$ to ?r[ ! gun up & br+ x into position4 ,:5 h\s$ 9 ! well ! gun lays on its back1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 & ?is presses d[n on ! spr+4 ,! t5sion ( ! spr+ is en\gh to =ce ! gun up & into place ! in/ant ! cat* :i* holds x is releas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,a #c ,,in* ,,subm>9e ,,gun ,,9 ,,action ,,%[+ ,,! ,,deck ,,well ,,& ,,mann] ,,( ,,op]ation ,! sights & o!r atta*m5ts are fix$ on ! gun aft] x is br\ght into position & ! :ole op]ation ( rais+ ! gun f its well & putt+ on ! fixtures takes j #bj seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,krupp ,,or ,,g]man ,,subm>9e ,,gun ,,is ,,m\nt$4 ,^! guns h a bore ( #ge millimet]s#bd--;equal to #c in*es--& #hh millimet]s--equal to #c in*es--respectively1 & ! %ells !y use weigh 9 ! neighborhood ( #be p\nds4 ,! ,compress$ ,air ,action ,gun4--,?is k9d ( subm>9e gun is us$ on ,briti% und]sea boats4 ,x is m\nt$ ov] a deck-well b inasmu* z ! gun is l[]$ into ! well ) all ! fitt+s on x ! well has to be made wat]tight4 ,if y w look at ,fig4 #dg1 y w see h[ ! gun is br\ght into action4 ,:5 compress$ air is turn$ on 9 ! cyl9d]1 x =ces ! plung] on :i* ! gun is m\nt$ up above ! level ( ! deck4 ,! gun is fitt$ ) fix$ sights & a range f9d]1 & is ready = use ! mom5t x has be5 br\ght into place above ! deck1 ! :ole op]ation tak+ only #e seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,briti% ,,& ,,am]ican-,,/yle ,,deck ,,gun4 ,! guns ( ! ,allies' subm>9es h bores ( #c & #d in*es1 & ea* "o weighs ne>ly a ton4 ,z a protection f enemy aircraft !y h a wide range & c1 if ne$s be1 fire a %ot at #ij degrees1 t is1 /raight ov]head4 ,h[ a ,subm>9e ,lays ,m9es4--,! dang]\s "w ( lay+ m9es 9 an enemy h>bor by a subm>9e is n z spectacul> z torp$o+ %ips b x is an important "p ( ! bus9ess ( und]sea craft4 ,a h>bor :i* has be5 plant$ ) m9es to keep out enemy %ips or bl[ !m up if !y try to ent] x is (t5 rem9$ ov]night by enemy subm>9es1 & 9 ?is way a great deal ( damage c be done to fri5dly %ipp+4 ,b :e!r ! subm>9e is us$ = m9+ its own or enemy h>bors1 ! out/&+ feature ( its "w is t x does x all "u wat] & !re=e ! op]ations _c be se5 by spy+ eyes4 ,z we said 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ! m9es are /or$ 9 a comp>tm5t 9 ! hull ( ! subm>9e & ?is c be %ut (f f ! o!r comp>tm5ts by a bulkhead door4 ,x also has a hat* op5+ ?r\gh ! hull to ! wat] outside1 j z ! door ( a kit*5 op5s into ! back y>d4 ,:5 ! subm>9e has made its way "u wat] to ! place :]e ! m9es are to be plant$1 ! hat* is op5$ & ! m9e comp>tm5t is all[$ to fill ) wat]4 ,a m9e lay] 9 a div+ suit c !n get 9 & out ( ! flood$ comp>tm5t1 take ! m9es "o by "o ?r\gh ! op5 hat*1 & place !m 9 position4 ,!n !re are m9es :i* d n ne$ to be set by a m9e lay]2 ^! are simply dropp$ ?r\gh ! hat* into ! wat] & adju/ !mselves z to dep?4 ,o!r m9es are made t are %ot f ! torp$o tubes by compress$ air & ^! are us$ = m9+ an enemy h>bor :]e ! risks ( hav+ ! subm>9e bl[n up is altoge!r too great to take ! *ance4 ,k9ds ( ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,subm>9e m9es--t is1 m9es t are plant$ 9 h>bors & o!r seaways1 ei!r z a protection f enemy %ips or z an (f5sive measure to bl[ !m up--really h no?+ to d ) subm>9e boats except t ! latt] are us$ to lay !m4 ,b y ought to "k ab\t subm>9e m9es1 anyway1 & s we'll digress a little & tell y some?+ ( !m4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re are two di/9ct k9ds ( m9es & ^! are1 7#a7 contact m9es1 & 7#b7 electrically controll$ m9es4 ,z y c tell by its "n a contact m9e is "o t is explod$ by ! hull ( a %ip com+ 9 contact ) x--t is1 by runn+ aga9/ x4 ,?is is ! k9d ( m9e t is mo/ (t5 laid by ! subm>9e4 ,an electrically controll$ m9e is "o t is explod$ by electricity4 ,= ?is purpose a pair ( wires are connect$ to x & ^! lead along ! bottom ( ! h>bor to two obs]vation /ations on ! %ore2 :5 ! enemy %ip gets directly ov] ! m9e ! obs]v]s close ! electric circuit & ! m9e is explod$4 ,?is is ! way ! ,ma9e 0 sunk 9 ,havana h>bor 9 #ahih1 b ! ,ma9e 0 n an enemy %ip4 ,! result ( ?is ra% bit ( fooli%ness l$ to ! w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa91 & ! loss ( h] isl& possessions4 ,h[ ! ,m9es ,are ,made4--,! contact m9e4--,?is k9d ( a m9e consi/s ( a /eel %ell1 or conta9]1 :i* holds ! *>ge ( high explosive1 ! trigg] me*anism :i* explodes x :5 a %ip /rikes x1 & ! weights & cables ne$$ to s9k ! m9e to ! "r dep?4 ,air *amb]s are also plac$ inside ! conta9]1 to give ! m9e buoyancy2 o!rwise x w\ld s9k at once to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,a ,,simple ,,contact ,,m9e4 ,9 ! contact m9e ! detonator is =m$ ( an arm1 or lev]1 call$ a /rik]1 & ?is projects ?r\gh ! %ell to ! outside4 ,:5 a %ip /rikes ! arm x drives a fir+ p9 aga9/ a p]cussion cap & explodes x1 & ?is 9 turn fires ! explosive *>ge 9 ! m9e4 7,see ,fig4 #dh47 ,h[ ! ,contact ,m9e ,works4--,! way ! m9e works is l ?is3 ,be=e x is tak5 out ( ! comp>tm5t ( ! subm>9e x is adju/$ to float at ! prop] dep?4 ,:5 ! m9e is 9 ! wat] a weight t x c>ries is releas$ & s9ks to ! bottom2 ! cable :i* connects ! weight & ! m9e toge!r holds ! m9e 9 ! "r position1 :ile ! air tanks 9 ! m9e make x rise z high z ! cable w let x g1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,aft] ! m9e is plant$1 ! subm>9e /eals sil5tly & invisibly away4 ,:5 an enemy %ip--or any o!r1 = t matt]1 = ! contact m9e is no respect] ( %ips--/rikes ! trigg] ( ! m9e1 x explodes ! *>ge1 & !re is "o less %ip to sail ! turquoise seas4 ,! ,electric ,controll$ ,m9e4--,to ! end t a h>bor c be plant$ ) m9es :i* w bl[ up enemy %ips & yet be h>mless to fri5dly %ips1 m9es fir$ by electricity f ! %ore 7 inv5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,m9e ,,adju/s ,,itself4 ,m9es ( ?is k9d are made ab\t l contact m9es 9 t !y conta9 an explosive *>ge & a detonator1 b !y are mu* l>g] & f> m p[]ful1 = !y h to be laid on ! b$ ( ! h>bor1 & in/ead ( be+ fir$ by a p9 /rik+ a p]cussion cap !y are fir$ by an electric sp>k4 ,f ea* m9e laid 9 ! h>bor a pair ( insulat$ copp] wires run to ! %ore1 & ?is electric circuit connects ) two %ore /ations at a di/ance ap>t & :i* ) ! m9e =m a triangle4 ,! electric circuit has a key 9 x at ea* %ore /ation1 & to explode ! m9e bo? ( ^! keys mu/ be press$ d[n at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,electric ,,m9e ,,works4 ,ea* %ore /ation has a telescope fix$ 9 position s t its l9e ( sight 7%[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ej7 passes directly ov] ! m9e4 ,n[ :5 an enemy %ip approa*es1 ea* obs]v] w see x :5 x sails on or across 8 l9e ( sight & he w press 8 key4 ,b x is necess>y t bo? obs]v]s see ! %ip at ! same "t t x is at ! po9t :]e _! l9es ( sight cross1 & consequ5tly directly ov] ! m9e1 & :5 ?is happ5s !y w bo? press _! keys1 ! circuit w be clos$1 ! electric curr5t w fire ! m9e1 & ! %ip w *ange h] c\rse to "o /raight up & spe$ ) all possible ha/e to ! port :5ce no %ip ev] cle>s aga94 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,eye ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,a ,complete ,description ( ,h[ to ,make a ,model ,p]iscope ) ,work+ ,draw+s ,toge!r ) a ,simple ,explanation ( ,h[ a ,real ,p]iscope is ,made ,& ,works ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,eye ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,"o ( ! grave/ faults ! pilots ( ! fir/ subm>9es _h to cont5d ) 0 t !y 7 n able to see :]e _! craft 0 go+4 ,b l ev]y?+ else t is ne$$ = ! welf>e or w>f>e ( ! human race1 inv5tors got busy & began to s*eme & to exp]im5t1 ) ! big idea ( mak+ an in/rum5t :i* w\ld d = ! subm>9e :at ! eye does = ! bra91 & t is to look ar\nd )4 ,h[ ! ,eye ( ! ,subm>9e ,got ,its ,"n4--,n[1 ! eye ( ! subm>9e is call$ a p]iscope & be=e we g any fur!r let u f9d out h[ x came to get ?is peculi> "n = !n we %all "k m ( :at we are talk+ ab\t4 ,! e>ly ,greeks us$ two words t 7 v common to !m1 & y1 too1 w use !m1 be=e y get ?r\gh ) ?is *apt]1 j z easily z !y did4 ,"o ( ^! words is p]i :i* means ar\nd1 & ! o!r is scope :i* means to look2 s p]i plus scope means to ar\nd look1 or1 z we b>b>ians say x1 look ar\nd--:i* s\nds bett] to u4 ,& !re y h ! roots ( ! ^w p]iscope4 ,! ,fir/ ,subm>9e ,eye1 or ,p]iscope4--,z 9 ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 good & evil1 ! fir/ attempts to make an eye = ! subm>9e1 or a p]iscope1 7 v crude1 & z usual !y 7 ne>ly1 if n q wor?less4 ,b ! p]iscope 0 no exception to ! fir/ law ( inv5tion1 & t is t ea* attempt1 h[ev] mu* ( a failure x may h be5 9 itself1 _h ! g]m ( a useful device 9 x2 & f out ( all ^! ef=ts f9ally came t wond]ful optical in/rum5t1 ! p]iscope4 ,we say wond]ful because ) x an obs]v] 9 ! conn+ t[] ( a mod]n subm>9e1 ?\gh x is all b subm]g$1 c see ev]y?+ t is tak+ place on ! surface ( ! wat] ar\nd ! :ole horizon4 ,! e>lie/ trials at mak+ a p]iscope 7 by us+ a simple arrangem5t ( mirrors ( an 8,l0 tube & ea* at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,! be/ way to und]/& its con/ruction is to make "o = y\rself4 ,h[ to ,make a ,simple ,p]iscope4--,y c get a lot ( fun out ( ?is home-made p]iscope1 & ) x y c out-%]lock ,%]lock ,holmes1 ! great detective :o 0 inv5t$ by ,conan ,doyle1 = y c see ar\nd corn]s1 ov] f5ces1 & ev5 back ( y\rself j z ?\gh y _h a movable ?ird eye1 & )\t s mu* z ev] be+ se5 y\rself4 ,make a tube ( wood or c>dbo>d #b in*es squ>e & #ab in*es long1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,fit two squ>e pieces ( look+-glass into ! corn]s ( ! tube at #de degrees--t is half way betwe5 ! v]tical & ! horizontal--& y\r p]iscope is f9i%$ & ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,simple ,,mirror ,,p]iscope4 ,h[ ! ,p]iscope ,works4--,:51 n[1 y hold ! long tube ( y\r p]iscope 9 a v]tical position t is /raight up & d[n1 & ! light f an object1 a p]son1 or a sc5e at :i* ! upp] horizontal tube1 or objective1 z x is call$1 is po9t$1 /rikes ! fir/ mirror1 x b5ds ! rays ( light at an angle ( #ij degrees1 :5 ! light goes /raight d[n ! tube z %[n by ! arr[s 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,:5 x /rikes ! o!r & l[] mirror1 ! rays ( light are aga9 turn$ out ( _! pa? at an angle ( #ij degrees1 :5 !y are reflect$ out ( ! l[] horizontal tube :i* =ms ! eye-piece4 ,if n[ y w place y\r eye to ?is end ( ! tube1 y w be able to look all ar\nd & see :at y %all see4 ,see8 ,! ,mod]n ,l5ticul>#be ,p]iscope4--,! toy p]iscope :i* we h j describ$1 & :i* we hope y w make & use1 does n %[ :at is go+ on at any great di/ance1 & :ile ?is w n int]f]e ) y\r pleasure ( us+ x1 x matt]$ v greatly :5 x 0 us$ z an eye = a subm>9e craft4 ,to be able to see f>!r l$ to ! idea ( us+ a telescope 9 connection ) ! mirrors 9 ! tube1 & a p]iscope ( ?is k9d 0 next made & tri$ out1 &1 let x be said1 ! results obta9$ 7 a decid$ improvem5t z aga9/ ^? :]e mirrors alone 7 us$4 ,h[ ! ,telescope ,is ,made4--,y may or may n "k x1 b an ord9>y telescope1 or spy-glass1 z x is call$1 is made up ( f\r l5ses1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! purpose ( ! l>ge l5s 9 ! front end ( ! tube--or object glass1 to call x by its "r "n--is to ga!r 9 ! light ( ! object & =m an image ( x4 ,! small l5s 9 ! back end ( ! tube is us$ to magnify ! image =m$ by ! object glass4 ,n[1 :5 a telescope has only an object-glass & an eye-piece1 ! magnifi$ image ( ! object look$ at is always upside d[n2 ?is is ! k9d ( telescope t a/ronom]s use 9 _! /> "w & ! fact t ! image is rev]s$ doesn't really matt] anyway because ! man 9 ! moon looks ab\t z well :5 he is /&+ on 8 head z he does :5 he is "r side up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,ord9>y ,,t]re/rial ,,telescope ,,is ,,made ,,& ,,works4 ,b :5 y want to look at objects "h on ! e>?'s surface y want to see !m z !y are & n upside d[n4 ,to rectify ! image1 :i* means to make ! eye see ! object z x is1 two m l5ses are plac$ 9 ! tube1 & s f\r l5ses are us$ 9 all4#bf ,ab\t ! ,reflect+ ,prisms4--,! next big improvem5t 9 p]iscopes came :5 a total reflect+ prism 0 us$ 9 ! place ( ! mirror at ea* end ( ! tube4 ,9 physics ! t]ms total reflect+ means simply t all ( ! light t /rikes a surface is reflect$ aga9 )\t loss4 ,:ile a mirror w reflect only a "p ( ! light t falls on x1 a prism w reflect all ( ! light t ent]s x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,! ,,reflect+ ,,prism4 ,a prism is a ?ree-sid$ piece ( glass1 if y =get to c\nt ! ends1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,:5 a ray ( light ent]s1 say1 ! v]tical side ( ! prism x keeps on go+ until x /rikes ! #de-;degree side ( x2 ?is side reflects & b5ds x & x passes out ( ! horizontal side1 z %[n at ,b4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ! ,p]iscope4--,kn[+ n[ h[ a telescope is made & :at x does & also kn[+ :at a prism is & h[ x acts on light1 all y h to d to und]/& ! con/ruction ( a subm>9e p]iscope is to take a good look at ,fig4 #ed4 ,y w see t a prism is fix$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! tube & directly back ( ! object-glass2 t ano!r prism is fix$ to ! l[] end ( ! tube & back ( ! eye-piece2 & t ! rectify+ l5ses ( ! telescope are set betwe5 ^! two prisms4 ,?is picture also %[s ! pa? ( ! light ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,h[ ,a ,,mod]n ,,p]iscope ,,is ,,made ,,& ,,works4 ,^! l5ses & prisms are m\nt$ 9 a tube ab\t #d in*es 9 diamet] & #bj feet long4 ,a horizontal revolv+ hood is secur$ to ! upp] end ( ! tube & ! horizontal eye-piece is fa/5$ to ! l[] end ( x2 a :eel is also fix$ to ! l[] end ( ! tube1 s t ! obs]v] c turn ! p]iscope completely ar\nd & s scan ! surface ( ! sea 9 any direction4 ,! p]iscope tube is plac$ 9 a slightly l>g] & v /rong /eel tube1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! deck ( ! conn+ t[] & into ! latt]1 & x is made wat]tight by means ( a /uff+-box4 ,! reason x is necess>y to h a fix$ outside tube is because ! =ce ( ! wat]1 :5 ! craft is subm]g$ & is spe$+ along "u p[]1 presses aga9/ ! tube s h>d t if only ! inside "o 7 us$ x w\ld b9d2 z x is1 !re is no pressure on ! inside tube & x c !re=e turn freely at all times4 ,all rec5tly built subm>9es h two p]iscopes1 "o ( :i* leads into ! conn+ t[] & ! o!r "o runs d[n into ! navigat+ room4 ,h5ce if "o or ! o!r is put out ( commission by %ell-fire1 or o!rwise1 ! subm>9e c /ill see & f9d its way ab\t4 ,gaug+ ! ,di/ance ( an ,enemy ,%ip4--,an in/rum5t call$ a telemet] 7pron\nc$ te-lem-e-t]7 is atta*$ to ! p]iscope ne> ! eye-piece1 & ! obs]v] c by look+ into x measure ! di/ance away ( an enemy %ip4 ,?is is done f ! size ( ! image x makes on ! eye-piece4 ,)\t ?is in/rum5t ! :ole subm>9e1 z l>ge1 z wond]ful1 & z co/ly z x is1 w\ld be ( small value1 = by x ! capta9 is able to set 8 torp$o director v accurately & h5ce to aim ! torp$o s t x w make a sure hit4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,! ,,late/ ,,type ,,( ,,p]iscope4 ,a ,,mu* ,,magnifi$ ,,image ,,( ,,! ,,object ,,is ,,%[n ,,9 ,,! ,,inn] ,,circle1 ,,:ile ,,9 ,,! ,,out] ,,circle ,,is ,,%[n ,,! ,,object ,,plus ,,an 8,,all ,,r\nd0 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,horizon4 ,a ,,subm>9e ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,?is ,,p]iscope ,,may ,,well ,,be ,,said ,,to ,,h ,,eyes ,,9 ,,! ,,back ,,( ,,its ,,head ,! ,late/ ,type ( ,p]iscope4--,z ! p]iscope j describ$1 & :i* is /ill 9 use on subm>9es1 has a v limit$ field ( vision at any giv5 sett+--t is to say1 only ab\t ? ( ! horizon c be se5 :5 ! in/rum5t is po9t$ "o way--& z a p]iscope :i* w\ld %[ ! :ole horizon at ! same "t 0 badly ne$$1 a ,briti% firm ( opticians set out to inv5t "o4 ,! h>de/ "p ( ! task 0 n to get a complete view ( ! :ole horizon at ! same "t b to prev5t ! rays ( light :i* =m ! images f gett+ mix$ up ) "o ano!r1 or int]f]+1 & s produc+ a blurr$ & indi/9ct picture4 ,! new complete-view p]iscope diff]s f ! old] /yle only 9 hav+ a circul> l5s & prism2 ^! ga!r 9 ! light1 b5d ! rays & project !m on d[n ?r\gh ! telescope l5s until !y rea* ! l[] prism :5 all ( ! images are reflect$ into ! eye-piece :]e ! obs]v] sees x z a circul> picture4 ,?is new improv$ =m ( p]iscope is ( great value1 = x gives a safety-fir/ view on all sides ( ! subm>9e at ! same "t & ! obs]v] does n ne$ to keep turn+ ! eye-piece1 & ?is is ( great value :5 a subm>9e is be+ clos$ 9 on by two or m enemy %ips4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t a l>ge numb] ( subm>9e accid5ts h be5 caus$ by ! limit$ range ( view (f]$ by ! old-/yle p]iscope1 & 9 "s cases ! und]sea craft has be5 ramm$ or sunk by gun-fire f an enemy %ip :i* %e did n see4 ,! new p]iscope makes x impossible = a de/roy] to creep up on ! subm>9e )\t be+ caught 9 ! act4 ,ne>ly all ( ! und]sea craft n[ be+ turn$ out by all ( ! w>r+ nations are fitt$ ) ! new #cfj-;degree#bg vision p]iscope4 ,! ,limit$ ,use ( ! ,p]iscope4--,not)/&+ all ^! late/ improvem5ts 9 ! p]iscope1 its use is q limit$1 = x c be us$ only :5 ! subm>9e is runn+ awa% or p>tly subm]g$1 & s9ce ! tube ( ! in/rum5t is only #bj feet high ! di/ance to :i* a %ip c be se5 is ab\t five miles4 ,:5 runn+ p>tly subm]g$ ! tube ( ! p]iscope /icks up & out ( ! wat] ab\t #aj feet1 :5 ! di/ance range ( vision is !n cut d[n to ab\t two miles1 = ! curvature ( ! e>?'s surface meets ! l9e ( sight & ev]y?+ t is at a great] di/ance ?an ?is f ! subm>9e is bel[ ! horizon & h5ce invisible4 ,%\ld an enemy de/roy] get )9 fir+ range ( ! subm>9e & ! capta9 ( ! latt] craft wants to wat* x1 only ! hood ( ! p]iscope is pok$ up above ! wat]2 b ( c\rse ! di/ance range is aga9 cut d[n4 ,! capta9 ( a subm>9e has to cont5d ) all ^! adv]se features ( ! p]iscope ev5 on bright1 cle> days & :5 ! sea is calm2 on d>k & foggy days1 :5 a heavy sea is runn+1 ! p]iscope is next to useless1 = ! mi/ & spray ga!r on ! objective l5ses & ?is makes x next to impossible to see any?+4 ,wor/ ( all are ! waves :i* break ov] ! p]iscope1 & ?is prev5ts a %ip f be+ se5 ev5 if x is only a little way (f4 ,x is 9 r\gh wea!r t a subm>9e takes ! longe/ *ances2 b to put beh9d him any dang] t may be lurk+ h>d by1 ! capta9 pref]s to run und]sea & come to ! surface only :5 he has to4 ,a s*eme to cle> ! moi/ure f ! objective l5ses is a device call$ a spray]4 ,x is made & work$ s t an obs]v] at ! p]iscope c spray ! l5ses ) alcohol4 ,z wat] has a v great lik+--or aff9ity1 z x is call$--= alcohol1 & z alcohol evaporates almo/ in/antly x c>ries ! p>ticles ( wat] (f ) x1 & ?is helps to make ! see+ bett]4 ,! ,new ,enemy ( ! ,subm>9e4--,a new enemy ( ! subm>9e has rec5tly made its appe>ance--an enemy t w make x use a p]iscope ( a new ord]4 ,?is late/ subm>9e de/roy] is ! airplane2 & z ! capta9 _c n[ see directly ov]head except :5 8 boat is runn+ light or awa%1 & ! pilot ( an airplane c see ! subm>9e :5 x is subm]g$ to a v consid]able dep?1 x is easy = him to foll[ ! und]sea craft until %e comes to ! surface & !n drop a bomb on h]4 ,a /ory ( a runn+ fight betwe5 an airplane & a subm>9e w\ld h put x 9 ,col4 ,roosevelt's ,ananias ,club a few ye>s ago1 b to-day x has all come to pass1 & x looks n[ z if a good way to break ! backbone ( ,g]many's ru?less w>f>e on ! sea is to de/roy ! ,u-boats ) a fleet ( airplanes4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,m>vel\s ,,tongue ,,& ,,e>s ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,a ,simple ,explanation ( ,all ! ,devices by ,:i* ! ,subm>9e ,s5ds & ,receives ,signals1 ,:5 on ! ,surface & ,und]sea ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,m>vel\s ,,tongue ,,& ,,e>s ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,s9ce a subm>9e has an eye to see )1 x is bo? prop] & fitt+ t x %\ld h a tongue s t x may speak & e>s s t x may he>4 ,9 fact1 an und]sea boat is almo/ human4 ,! e>ly subm>9e1 ?\gh1 0 n only z bl9d z a cave fi%1 b x 0 z deaf & z dumb z a snail2 & s9ce ?is 0 ! case1 x _h to d :atev] talk+ 0 necess>y by means ( a deaf & dumb alphabet1 t is1 by signal+ ) flags1 or wigwagg+1 z x is call$4 ,! ,tongue & ,e>s ( a ,subm>9e4--,! tongue ( a subm>9e--or r tongues1 = x has sev]al--is ! fanciful "n ,i h giv5 to ! means1 me?ods1 & s*emes by :i* messages are s5t f "o subm>9e to ano!r subm>9e or to %ore1 & ! e>s are ! devices by :i* x receives messages f o!r subm>9es & f %ore /ations4 ,!re are two conditions "u :i* messages mu/ be s5t f & receiv$ by a subm>9e1 & ^! are 7#a7 :5 %e is runn+ light or awa%1 & 7#b7 :5 %e is runn+ subm]g$4 ,n[1 mo/ ( ! signal+ sy/ems c be us$ only :5 ! subm>9e is on ! surface1 & a c\ple ( !m c be us$ only :5 %e is "u wat]4 ,!n1 aga91 "s sy/ems are good only = daylight signal+1 & o!rs = night signal+2 o!rs w cov] v %ort di/ances1 b !re are sy/ems t w s5d & receive ov] long di/ances4 ,b :atev] ! sy/em may be !re w be f\nd "s weak po9t 9 x z f> z ! subm>9e is conc]n$4 ,k9ds ( ,signal+ ,sy/ems4--,s9ce no "o signal+ sy/em w meet ! rigid requirem5ts ( ! subm>9e1 sev]al sy/ems are us$4 ,:5 ! craft is on ! surface1 ^! are3 7#a7 ! flag1 or wigwag1 sy/em2 7#b7 ! fla%light sy/em2 & 7#c7 ! wireless telegraph sy/em4 ,:5 ! subm>9e is "u wat] ! signal+ sy/ems us$ are3 7#a7 ! bell1 or viol91 sy/em2 & 7#b7 ! electric curr5t sy/em--all ( ^! w be describ$ 9 ord] & z we g along4 ,! ,wigwag ,way ( ,signal+4--,! olde/ way ( s5d+ messages at sea is by wigwagg+1 t is1 us+ flags1 & ?is sy/em is /ill 9 use 9 ! navies ( all nations = close range daylight communication4 ,! way wigwagg+ is done is l ?is3 ,ea* craft has a signal book :i* gives ! positions ( ! flags & ! mean+ ( !m4 ,^! flags are usually manipulat$ by a signalman 7see ,fig4 #ee7 ?\gh sometimes a me*anical app>atus call$ a semaphore1 :i* has two movable arms to hold ! flags1 is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,signal+ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,flags4 ,two flags are us$1 "o 9 ea* h& or on ea* arm1 & ea* position ( ! flags means a lett] ( ! alphabet1 & s by %[+ ! flags 9 v>i\s positions to repres5t diff]5t lett]s words are spell$ out4 ,ano!r s*eme t is us$ to signal ) flags is by runn+1 t is display+1 a numb] ( diff]5t color$ flags on a haly>d4 ,! comb9ations ( flags--or to use ! "r ^w1 p]mutation1 :i* means ! numb] ( diff]5t arrangem5ts ( a few flags t are possible--are num]\s & ea* p]mutation repres5ts "s ^w or a sea-t]m4 ,n[1 y might ?9k t x w\ld take a c\ple ( hundr$ flags ( diff]5t colors to repres5t a message1 &1 fur!r1 t s9ce !re are only eight colors :i* c be told f ea* o!r at a di/ance ( half a mile1 signal+ by colors c\ld n be done4 ,b ?is is :at y ?9k1 & n :at y h figur$ out1 = if y h eight flags ( diff]5t colors & display !m1 f\r at a "t1 on ! signal haly>d y c make ! surpris+ numb] ( #afhj p]mutations2 & ?is1 y w all[1 is en\gh to say any?+ t y may h to say4 ,al?\gh a code book is f\nd 9 e signalman's outfit1 he is a *ap :o kn[s all ! signals by he>t & c s5d & receive flag messages almo/ z fa/ z y c write d[n ! words4 ,! ,fla%light ,sy/em4--,!re are two me?ods us$ = s5d+ signals at night ov] %ort di/ances1 & bo? are done by means ( light2 nam$1 ^! are 7#a7 ! color$ light sy/em1 & 7#b7 ! se>*light sy/em4 ,! ,color$ ,light ,sy/em4--,9 ?is sy/em inc&esc5t electric lights ( high c&le p[] are plac$ back ( bull's-eyes1 or l5ses1 made ( color$ glass1 & ^! lights c be swit*$ on & (f & s =m comb9ations t spell out words j z ! color$ flags d4 ,?is sy/em is v mu* us$ = %ort range signal+ at night4 ,! ,se>*light ,sy/em4--,a se>*light1 t is an electric arc light set 9 front ( a silv]$ reflector1 c be se5 = long di/ances1 & s x1 too1 is l>gely us$ = night signal+4 ,! se>*light1 :i* c be turn$ 9 any direction1 has a movable %utt]1 or metal disk 9 front ( x1 fix$ to a h&le1 & :5 ?is is work$ up & d[n l a telegraph key1 ! %utt] cuts ! light (f & lets x %9e =? accord+ly4 ,by work+ ! key1 & h5ce ! %utt]1 ! light is brok5 up into dots & da%es ( ! regul> ,morse telegraph alphabet1 & ^! %ort & long fla%es are read by ! op]ator on ! o!r boat4 ,! ,wireless ,telegraph ,sy/em4--,! wireless telegraph has all ! o!r sy/ems ( signal+1 :5 ! subm>9e is afloat1 beat5 by miles4 ,among its advantages are 7#a7 x c be us$ 9 ! daytime z well z at night2 7#b7 ! electric waves x s5ds out _c be se5 & ?is makes x h>d] = an enemy %ip to locate ! boat x is on1 & 7#c7 its signal+ range is n cut (f by ! curvature ( ! e>?4 ,! ,p>ts ( a ,wireless ,sy/em4--,!re are ?ree *ief p>ts to e wireless telegraph sy/em1 & ^! are 7#a7 ! s5d+ app>atus1 or transmitt]1 z x is call$2 7#b7 ! receiv+ app>atus1 or receptor1 z "s 8high-br[0 has nam$ x2 & 7#c7 ! a]ial wire1 :i* is us$ = bo? s5d+ & receiv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,a1 ,,! ,,transmitt] ,,ready ,,to ,,s5d4 ,b1 ,,! ,,receiv] ,,ready ,,to ,,li/5 ,,94 ,! s5d+ app>atus is made up ( 7a7 a s\rce ( curr5t1 :i* on a subm>9e is ! /orage batt]y2 7b7 an induction coil2 7c7 a telegraph key2 7d7 a tun+ coil2 & 7e7 a cond5s]4 ,! receiv+ app>atus is =m$ ( 7a7 a tun+ coil2 7b7 a cond5s]2 7c7 a detector2 & 7d7 a pair ( head telephone receiv]s4 ,a wireless telegraph set is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 ,a & ,b4 ,bo? ! s5d+ & ! receiv+ app>atus c be connect$ ) ! a]ial wire by means ( :at is call$ a ?r[-ov] swit*1 ! purpose ( :i* is to connect ! a]ial to ! transmitt] :5 messages are to be s5t out & to connect ! a]ial to ! receiv] :5 messages are to be receiv$4 ,?us only "o a]ial is ne$$4 ,h[ ,wireless ,works#bh--,:5 a wireless message is s5t ! op]ator makes & breaks up ! curr5t f ! /orage batt]y into dots & da%es by means ( ! telegraph key4 ,?is int]rupt$ l[ pressure curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! induction coil & ?is *anges x into a high pressure curr5t :i* makes a jump sp>k4 ,! sp>k 9 turn *anges ! high pressure curr5t into high frequ5cy curr5ts1 or electric oscillations1 z !y are call$2 & z ^! run =? & back ov] ! a]ial wire !y set up waves 9 ! e!r :i* are call$ electric waves4 ,^! electric waves are exactly l light waves1 b !y are s long t ! eye _c see !m4 ,! tun+ coil & ! cond5s] are us$ to give ! waves :atev] l5g? ! gov]nm5t says !y mu/ h4 ,:5 ! electric waves t are s5t out by ! a]ial ( ! transmitt+ /ation /rike ! a]ial :i* is connect$ ) ! receiv+ app>atus ( ano!r %ip & ! op]ator is li/5+ 91 ! waves are *ang$ back aga9 into high frequ5cy curr5ts1 & ^! run to & fro on ! a]ial wire & up & d[n ?r\gh ! tun+ coil1 ! cond5s] & ! detector4 ,! latt] in/rum5t *anges ! high frequ5cy curr5ts1 :i* are alt]nat+1 into an int]rupt$ direct curr5t2 & ^! 9 turn en]gize ! telephone receiv]1 ) ! result t ! dots & da%es s5t out by ! s5d+ op]ator are reproduc$ by ! telephone receiv]1 :5 !y are he>d by ! receiv+ op]ator :o is li/5+ 94 ,! tun+ coil & cond5s] enable ! op]ator to tune 8 receiv+ app>atus to ! l5g? ( wave :i* ! transmitt+ /ation is s5d+ out1 & ?is op]ation is call$ tun+ 94 ,! wireless /ation ( a subm>9e is usually locat$ 9 ! navigation comp>tm5t4 ,al?\gh ! a]ial is nei!r high nor long1 messages c be s5t to upw>ds ( two hundr$ miles & receiv$ ov] mu* great] di/ances4 ,wireless all[s ! subm>9e n only to keep 9 t\* ) its base b also to pick up & int]cept messages f enemy %ips1 & ?\gh ! op]ator may n be able to deciph] !m x is possible = him to det]m9e 9 ab\t :at direction & at ab\t :at di/ance ! %ip is4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,hilb\rne & ,cl>k ,mfg4 ,co4 ,a ,,m>9e ,,wireless ,,in/allation ,ano!r use to :i* wireless is put is signal+ betwe5 subm>9es t are do+ patrol duty at ! same "t b :i* are too f> away f ea* o!r to use ei!r flags or lights4 ,wireless telegraphy _c1 h[ev]1 be us$ :5 ! subm>9e is "u wat]1 = wat] absorbs ! electric waves 9 exactly ! same way t x absorbs light waves4 ,b tak5 all 9 all1 wireless is by f> ! mo/ important ( all ! signal+ sy/ems yet inv5t$1 & x is ! only "o by :i* messages c be s5t & receiv$ by ei!r day or night1 ov] long di/ances & 9 any k9d ( wea!r4 ,und]wat] ,signal+ ,sy/ems4--,z ,i h said be=e1 !re are two k9ds ( signal+ sy/ems us$ by a subm>9e :5 x is "u wat]4 ,:ile bo? sy/ems leave mu* to be desir$--= nei!r c beg9 to come up to wireless1 ei!r 9 ease ( op]ation or 9 signal+ range--z !y are ! only kn[n means by :i* und]wat] communication is possible1 !re is no?+ to d b to use !m4 ,! ,bell or ,viol9 ,sy/em4--,?is is a signal+ sy/em t is widely us$ on ocean go+ vessels ( all k9ds to s5d out w>n+ signals 9 ?ick wea!r4 ,x is a sy/em 9 :i* a l>ge bell or o!r vibrat+ app>atus sets up s\nd waves :i* travel 9 e direction ?r\gh ! wat]2 :5 ^! waves rea* ano!r craft !y are he>d by means ( a telephone receiv+ app>atus4 ,n[1 wat] w c>ry s\nd ab\t t5 times z f> & f\r times z fa/ z air2 t is to say1 if a bell is /ruck a bl[ 9 air & ! s\nd waves x s5ds =? c be he>d a di/ance ( half a mile1 !n ! same bell if x is /ruck :5 x is subm]g$ 9 wat] w s5d out waves to a di/ance ( five miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,bell4 ,! s5d+ app>atus consi/s ( ei!r a bell 7see ,fig4 #eg71 ! /rik+ me*anism ( :i* is work$ by electricity1 or ( a l>ge saw-too!d :eel :i* revolves rapidly aga9/ a tight wire & 9 consequ5ce sets up a musical note4 ,?is latt] k9d is call$ a viol9 transmitt]4 ,:i*ev] is us$ is l[]$ ?r\gh a hat* 9 ! hull ( ! subm>9e1 & ! bell is rung or ! :eel is rotat$ by an electro-me*anism1 :i* s5ds out s\nd waves to di/ances ( f #e to #ae miles4 ,! receiv+ app>atus 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #eg7 is =m$ ( an ord9>y telephone transmitt]1 & ?is is fix$ 9 a small iron tank fill$ ) wat] & bolt$ to ! inside ( ! sk9 ( ! hull4 ,!re is "o ( ^! transmitt]s on ea* side ( ! %ip1 & ea* "o is connect$ ) a batt]y & a pair ( head telephone receiv]s plac$ 9 ! navigat+ comp>tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,s5d+ ,,& ,,receiv+ ,,bell ,,sy/em ,,works4 ,:5 ! bell or viol9 ( ano!r subm>9e1 or ! base %ip1 s5ds out its message 9 ! ,morse alphabet ! s\nd waves1 z y w see by look+ at ,fig4 #eh1 travel ?r\gh ! wat] & /rike ! hull ( ! %ip1 g ?r\gh its sk91 set ! wat] to vibrat+ 9 ! tank1 & ?is1 act+ on ! telephone transmitt]1 makes x v>y ! electric curr5t ( ! batt]y2 ! v>y+ curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! telephone receiv]s reproduces ! di/ant s\nd ( ! bell or ! viol9 :eel1 & ! op]ator on ! subm>9e he>s x4 ,! receiv+ app>atus also s]ves to detect ! pres5ce ( an enemy %ip :5 x comes )9 torp$o+ range by ! s\nd waves set up by & by :i* are s5t out ?r\gh ! wat] by ! rapid turn+ ( ! %ip's propell]s4 ,! ,electric ,curr5t1 or ,conductivity1 ,sy/em4--,9 ?is subm>9e telegraph sy/em ! wat]1 :i* is a fairly good conductor ( electricity1 is made to c>ry an ord9>y batt]y curr5t betwe5 ! s5d+ & ! receiv+ /ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,! ,,und]wat] 8,,wireless40 ,s9ce ! wat] conducts ! curr5t ( electricity1 x is easy to see :y x is call$ a conductivity sy/em4 ,x is also call$ an und]wat] wireless sy/em1 b :ile x is wireless 9 ! s5se t !re are no connect+ wires betwe5 ! two /ations1 y mu/ n confuse x ) ! real wireless sy/em1 :i* uses electric waves1 = 9 ! =m] ! en]gy decreases z ! cube ( ! di/ance & 9 ! latt] only z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,! ,p>ts ( ! ,conductivity ,sy/em4--,!re are ?ree pr9cipal p>ts to ?is sy/em1 & ^! are 7#a7 ! s5d+ app>atus2 7#b7 ! receiv+ app>atus1 & 7#c7 ! subm]g$ copp] plates :i* conduct ! curr5t f ! s5d] into ! wat] & f ! wat] into ! receptor4 ,! s5d+ app>atus consi/s ( 7a7 a s\rce ( direct curr5t1 & ! /orage batt]y supplies ?is2 7b7 a reactance1 or kick coil1 z x is commonly call$2 7c7 a rotat+ int]ruptor1 & 7d7 an ord9>y telegraph key4 ,! receiv+ app>atus is made up ( 7a7 a telephone induction coil1 & 7b7 a pair ( head telephone receiv]s4 ,all ( ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,"o ( ! subm]g$ copp] plates is fix$ to ! b[ ( ! subm>9e's hull1 & ! o!r is secur$ to ! /]n1 9 ord] to get ! plates z f> ap>t z possible4 ,^! plates are connect$ to a ?r[-ov] swit*1 s t ei!r ! s5d] or ! receptor c be connect$ to ! plates z ! op]ator wi%es4 ,h[ ! ,sy/em ,works4--,! in/rum5ts ( ! s5d+ app>atus are connect$ up z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,n[ :5 a message is to be s5t f "o subm>9e to ano!r1 ! op]ator sets ! rot>y int]ruptor1 :i* is run by an electric motor1 to sp9n+1 & ?is makes & breaks ! curr5t sev]al hundr$ times a m9ute z long z he holds ! key d[n :i* closes ! circuit4 ,! result is t ea* dot & da% he makes is =m$ ( a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate curr5ts1 & z ^! fl[ ?r\gh ! reactance coil1 x gives ea* "o a little kick & s5ds x out into ! wat] ?r\gh ! copp] plates2 ! curr5ts !n spread out betwe5 & f ! plates 9 clos$ l9es :i* ext5d to v consid]able di/ances1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,:5 ^! electric curr5ts rea* ! plates ( ! receiv+ app>atus on ! subm>9e :]e ! op]ator is li/5+ 91 !y fl[ up ! wires & ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! telephone induction coil2 ^! brok5 up direct curr5ts fl[+ ?r\gh ! prim>y coil set up alt]nat+ curr5ts 9 ! second>y coil & also raise ! l[ pressure curr5ts into high pressure curr5ts--t is1 curr5ts ( a high] voltage1 z x is call$4 ,^! alt]nat+ high pressure curr5ts !n fl[ ?r\gh ! telephone receiv]1 & by v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! magnet ( ! latt] ! dots & da%es ( ! s5d+ /ation are reproduc$ & ! receiv+ op]ator he>s !m z a musical buzz4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,crew ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,h[ ! ,crew ( a ,subm>9e is ,sign$1 ,slept & ,f$4 ,! ,"m or ,base ,%ip & ,its ,uses4 ,! ,complem5t ( ! ,subm>9e2 ,h[ ,new ,m5 ,are ,tra9$1 & ! ,duties ( ! ,crew ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,crew ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,y w rememb]1 back !re 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 we told y ab\t ,fulton's subm>9e & h[ "o man op]at$ x1 s naturally he 0 8 own sup]ior (fic] & able-bodi$ seaman bo? roll$ into "o4 ,s9ce ^? e>ly days ( und]wat] navigation wond]ful advances h be5 made1 n only 9 subm>9e con/ruction1 b 9 ! crew t mans h] z well1 = n only are !re _m m5 9 ! crew ( a subm>9e ( to-day1 b ea* man is highly tra9$ = ! "w he has to d4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! p]sonnel1 :i* means ! =ce ( m5 employ$ z well z _! fight+ qualities tak5 z a :ole1 includes a li/ ( no less ?an #dh (fic]s & seam51 & ea* & e "o ( !m is a pick$ man4 ,! small] subm>9es1 ( c\rse1 c>ry a small] complem5t ( m51 = !re is nei!r z mu* "w to be done nor is !re room to bunk !m4 ,conditions on ,e>ly ,subm>9e ,craft4--,:at ) ! great array ( in/rum5ts1 app>atus1 & ma*9es t mu/ =m ! equipm5t ( ! subm>9e to make h] an effici5t fight+ unit1 !re is b little space left 9 h] = h] crew1 & ?is 0 especially s 9 ! e>ly days4 ,ow+ to ! fact t space 01 & /ill is1 at a premium1 ! crew ( a subm>9e does n li/ a man :o has n "o or m important p>ts to play 9 ! actual op]ation ( ! boat2 = e addition to ! crew means t mu* less com=t = ea* "o1 & int]f]es moreov]1 ) ! c>ry+ out ( ord]s 9 a rapid & effective mann]4 ,:5 ,crews ,7 ,h>d to ,sign4--,!re 7 no conv5i5ces provid$ on ! fir/ subm>9es = _! crews2 inde$1 z we look back n[ on ^? pione] attempts1 x seems v]ily z if no ?\ght at all 0 giv5 to ! heal? & safety ( ! m5 :o mann$ !m4 ,x 0 en\gh1 albeit1 to get a boat t c\ld be subm]g$ & :i* /ood a fair *ance ( com+ to ! surface aga92 s ( c\rse !re 0 n en\gh air1 & ! little !re 0 0 bad2 ! qu>t]s1 if !re 7 any at all1 7 v small & close1 & !re 0 a deal ( dang] att5d+ ! mo/ ord9>y maneuv]s4 ,n[1 ! able-bodi$ seaman knew all ^! ?+s only too well1 &1 :at 0 m1 he _h he>d tall y>ns spun ar\nd ( ! t]rors ( ! new & /range craft1 & ^! did n t5d to /r5g!n 8 desires to hurry up & enli/ 9 t arm ( ! naval s]vice4 ,:5 ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts began to take a real int]e/ 9 ! subm>9e & to keep up an active flotilla1 !y began to realize t unless ! com=t & ! safety ( ! m5 7 look$ aft] bett] ?an !y _h be5 9 ! pa/ ! subm>9e s]vice w\ld soon be %or?&$ & badly crippl$4 ,s z a sop = ! bad conditions :i* ! crew mu/ /&1 ! m5 7 (f]$ a l>ge bonus--t is1 extra money besides ! regul> pay--& also extra privileges4 ,9 tru?1 ! (f]s 7 s g5]\s & allur+ t x 0 n long be=e seaf>+ m5 began to ru% to ! call1 & f t "t to ?is !re has nev] be5 ! lea/ tr\ble 9 gett+ crews = und]sea fight+ craft4 ,z ! con/ruction ( ! subm>9e mov$ on apace & x grew 9 size1 & z new inv5tions & improvem5ts 7 made to supply pure air & en\gh ( x1 all ! discom=ts vani%$1 until a b]? on an und]sea craft is z agreeable1 ne>ly1 z x is on a man-o'-w>4 ,:at ! ,base-,%ip ,is ,=4--,:ile1 ( c\rse1 ! *ief object ( a subm>9e is1 z y c tell by its v "n1 to travel und]sea :5 ne$s be1 x is1 z y h already le>n$1 n fitt$ to run = m ?an =ty-eight h\rs at a /ret* :5 totally subm]g$1 & z a matt] ( fact x sp5ds mo/ ( its "t afloat & 9 ! awa% condition4 ,f ?is y w see t liv+ on a subm>9e is = ! great] "p ( ! "t j ab\t ! same--?\gh a little m conf9$--z x is abo>d any o!r craft4 ,h] actual cruis+ radius--t is ! di/ance %e c sail f h] base ( supplies--is seldom m ?an #b1ejj miles2 & %e is limit$ to ?is mileage simply because ( ! lack ( /orage = ! food & fuel %e ne$s4 ,= ?is reason e subm>9e mu/ h a supply base1 & ?is usually is a %ip :i* is suppli$ ) ! necessities ( life & p[]4 ,! base-%ip1 z x is call$1 is also a float+ dock1#bi has a complete ma*9e %op1 & e o!r conceivable ?+ t %e ne$s to take c>e ( h] flotilla ( subm>9e *ildr54 ,a "m %ip is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! base-%ip foll[s aft] h] subm>9es1 n directly on _! heels1 b s t !y w be )9 easy cruis+ di/ance ( h]4 ,x may seem t #b1ejj miles--ne>ly ! span ( ! ,atlantic--is a long di/ance1 & x is = a subm>9e to make "o cont9u\s trip2 b t5 %ort runs ( #bej miles ea* w use up h] supplies & !n %e w h to return to h] base = m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,! ,,base ,,%ip1 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,subm>9es ,,c ,,ent] ,,b[ ,,= ,,dry-,,dock ,,repairs ,,or ,,hidd5 ,,transportation4 ,9 times ( peace a subm>9e nev] /rays f> f h] base-%ip1 inde$1 %e sp5ds mo/ ( h] "t lay+ alongside ( h] except :5 at practice4 ,at su* times ! subm>9e & ! base-%ips are consid]$ integral#cj p>ts ( ea* o!r1 & "u ^! conditions mo/ ( ! crew /ay abo>d ! %ip4 ,?us x is t a subm>9e sailor's life is ne>ly all sp5t above wat]1 & x is n su* an unhappy "o at t4 ,h[ ,m5 ,are ,tra9$ = ,subm>9e ,duty4--,! base-%ip is also us$ z a tra9+ %ip = rookies--t is gre5 h&s--& on x !y are let into ! secrets & my/]ies ( ! work+1 sail+1 & fight+ ma*9]y ( ! subm>9e4 ,! rookies are tak5 9 h& by ! (fic]s & ! m highly skill$ sailors ( ! subm>9e & drill$ 9 :atev] !y are to d until x becomes second nature to !m1 = a fluke ( any k9d might spell disa/] = ! :ole crew & craft4 ,! ,complem5t ( a ,subm>9e4--,! ^w complem5t 7notice t x is spell$ ) an e in/ead ( an i7 means n "s pretty bit ( flatt]y b ! full numb] ( m5 t is ne$$ to man ! boat4 ,! complem5t ( a subm>9e is n v diff]5t f t ( a torp$o boat or o!r small naval craft4 ,!re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! comm&]1 or comm&+ (fic]1 :o is 9 *>ge ( & is responsible = ! crew & 8 boat4 ,8 ^w is law & he is z able a navigator & tactician--z an exp]t 9 direct+ a subm>9e1 ) skill & %rewdness is call$--z x is possible to get4 ,8 bra9 is ! ma/] bra9 ( ! mighty craft1 = x is he :o plans :at 8 crew mu/ d1 & :5 !y mu/ d x to ! end t ! enemy %ip %all be sunk4 ,!n !re are ! (fic]s "u him--lieut5ants 7pron\nc$ lef-t5-ants1 ) ! acc5t on ! second syllable1 by /age folks 9 naval plays7--& ^! correspond to ! fir/ & second mates1 etc41 ( a sail+ %ip4 ,^! (fic]s are also ?or\ghly compet5t navigators1 & %\ld any?+ happ5 to _! sup]ior (fic]1 any "o ( !m c\ld take comm& ( ! subm>9e & give a good acc\nt ( himself4 ,! re/ ( ! crew is made up ( eng9e]s & oil]s1 torp$o-m5 & gunn]s1 wireless & signalm51 cooks & able-bodi$ seam54 ,! eng9e]s n only mu/ "k h[ to run ! eng9es to get ! mo/ p[] ) ! lea/ fuel1 b !y mu/ be ma*9i/s ( ! highe/ class 9 ord] to make repairs ( e k9d %\ld ! boat be damag$ by %ell fire4 ,! torp$o-crew1 z ! m5 :o h *>ge ( ! torp$oes are call$1 take c>e ( ^! mighty missiles f ! "t !y are l[]$ into ! hull f ! base-%ip to ! mom5t !y are %ot f ! tubes on _! c\rses to s9k ! enemy %ips4 ,?is crew also takes c>e ( ! trimm+ tanks1 :i* mu/1 z we h expla9$ be=e1 be fill$ ) wat] to (fset ! effect ( light5+ ! subm>9e by ! sudd5 dis*>ge ( ! torp$oes4 ,! gunn]s1 ( c\rse1 look aft] ! guns & are exp]t gun po9t]s4 ,all ( ! new subm>9es are equipp$ ) wireless & ?is is work$ by two or m exp]i5c$ wireless m5 :o are on con/ant duty :ile ! boat is afloat & :o op]ate ! conductivity telegraph sy/em :5 ! craft is runn+ subm]g$4 ,! subm>9e is kept 9 con/ant t\* ) ! "m %ip1 z ! base-%ip is sometimes call$1 & z ! latt] has a mu* m p[]ful s5d+ app>atus x c1 9 turn1 communicate ) ! l& ei!r directly or by relay+ ! message by ano!r %ip4 ,! wireless op]ators also keep busy li/5+ = ! fir/ fa9t signals s5t out by enemy %ips :i* may come )9 range ( _! in/rum5ts1 & ?\gh !y w n be able to read ! messages if !y are s5t 9 ciph] code#ca !y c at lea/ "k ( ! proximity ( ! %ip4 ,break+ 9 ,raw ,recruits4--,:5 !re is peace on e>? & good w t[>d m5 ! subm>9e nev] gets v f> away f its base-%ip1 ab\t its only excursions be+ = drill & practice1 :i* is made up ( maneuv]+ ! subm>9e & torp$o practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,leslie's ,weekly ,,! ,,crew ,,( ,a ,,subm>9e4 7,,note ,,sailor ,,go+ ,,bel[ ,,?r\gh ,,hat* ,,9 ,,aft]-,,deck47 ,to maneuv] ! craft means to make adroit moves & *anges ( position1 t is1 ! boat is put f ! afloat into ! awa%1 subm]g$1 & totally subm]g$ conditions by & = ! b5efit ( bo? ! new m5 & old h&s4 ,! subm>9e's place at sea--t is1 h] longitude & latitude--is f\nd solely by log di/ances & compass c\rses :ile ! boat is runn+ subm]g$1 & h] c\rse is correct$ = drift & leeway2 navigat+ ! subm>9e by ^! means is call$ dead reckon+4 ,torp$o practice consi/s ( fir+ torp$oes ) dummy heads1 t is1 heads :i* d n conta9 a *>ge ( explosive1 at float+ t>gets :i* ! subm>9e or a light] t[s out to sea & an*ors fa/4 ,:e!r ! torp$oes hit or miss !y come to ! surface aft] hav+ be5 %ot & are pick$ up aga9 & return$ to ! subm>9e4 ,by con/ant practice ! m5 ( ! torp$o-crew become highly skill$ 9 hitt+ ! t>get ) ! cig>-%ap$ projectile1 & !y are n all[$ to get ru/y = want ( con/ant practice4 ,to add to ! k :i* actual practice gives ! raw recruits1 z well z ! m exp]i5c$ m51 ! (fic]s lecture to !m on e subject t has to d ) ! design1 con/ruction1 & op]ation ( e work+ "p ( ! subm>9e4 ,9 ?is way ! crew is tra9$ to d _! sev]al individual duties ) clock-l precision & is fit & ready at a mom5t's notice to h&le ! craft = all %e is wor? :5 w> comes4 ,! ,conditions 9 ,w> ,"t4--,:5 ! dove ( peace has _h its tail-fea!rs pluck$ out by ! god ( w> & ! enemy nations are array$ 9 battle =mation aga9/ ea* o!r1 !n ! subm>9e & h] crew are weld$ into a de/roy+ unit ( ! mo/ trea*]\s & dang]\s k9d t ! sea has ev] kn[n4 ,! conditions on bo>d a subm>9e are q diff]5t 9 w> "t f ^? :5 ! nations are at peace4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 subm>9e *as]s & aircraft are sc\t+ ! seas 9 se>* ( und]wat] boats x is n only dang]\s b (t5 impossible = a subm>9e to keep 9 t\* ) ! base-%ip by wireless4 ,we say dang]\s because wireless messages fla%$ =? & back w\ld betray its pres5ce to an enemy %ip1 & we say impossible 9 virtue ( ! fact t ! craft (t5 has to run "u wat] = z long a "t z %e c /ay d[n4 ,:5 cruis+ on ! surface ! %>pe/ look\t mu/ be kept e mom5t ( ! "t = an enemy %ip1 :i* may be torp$o$ if x is a m]*ant vessel1 or ! subm>9e mu/ dive & get away f x1 if x %\ld be a *as] or o!r k9d ( arm$ & armor$ boat t is look+ to s9k h]4 ,"u ^! /r5u\s conditions ! crew is key$ up to ! highe/ pit* & ! sev]e/ discipl9e is ma9ta9$ on bo>d4 ,torp$o+1 div+1 subm]g+1 & all ! o!r drills t h be5 le>n$ "u ! easy r\t9e ( make-believe w> n[ become /]n realities ^u :i* ! v safety ( ! subm>9e dep5ds & h5ce ! lives ( ! crew4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,h[ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,attacks ,h[ ! ,subm>9e ,works ) ! ,fleet z a ,means ( ,def5se & ,(f5se & z a ,sc\t4 ,its ,use z a ,blockad] & ,a ,weapon ,aga9/ ,m]*antm5 ,,*apt] ,x ,,h[ ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,attacks ,,:5 ! naval p[]s 7 wak+ up to ! fact t ! subm>9e 0 wor?y ( "s consid]ation1 und]sea tactics 0 a ?+ t 0 yet to be inv5t$4 ,^! e>ly craft _h a v %ort range ( travel & because ( _! poor con/ruction & lack ( p[] !y 7 n at all adapt$ = ocean-go+1 h5ce !y c\ld n accompany ! fleet ( w>%ips on _! maneuv]s4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ?\ght v well ( = coa/ patrols1 & ?is 0 ! duty giv5 !m to p]=m2 ea* subm>9e _h a /ret* ( coa/ :i* x 0 to wat* & tactics & maneuv]+ 7 n ne$$ = ?is s]vice4 ,ev5 :5 x 0 expect$ an attack might be made1 ! only ?+ t 0 requir$ ( !m 0 to be on ! look\t1 signal ! =ts on %ore1 dive & get out ( h>m's way4 ,b z ! size1 range1 & spe$ ( ! subm>9e 0 increas$ %e gradually took h] place along ) ! auxili>y#cb craft ( ! fleet1 or squadron1#cc & began to take "p 9 ! maneuv]s ) x4 ,x 0 !n t c]ta9 fix$ duties 7 assign$ to h]1 & h] relation to ! o!r boats became m cle>ly def9$ & def9itely fix$4 ,z late z ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>1 & t 0 only a score ( ye>s ago1 ! subm>9e play$ b a sorry "p4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> 0 f\ght1 ! und]wat] fight+ craft %[$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! game ( naval w>f>e ! k9d ( /uff x 0 made (4 ,9 ! ye>s ( peace & prosp]ity t pass$ betwe5 ! end ( ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> & ! beg9n+ ( ! great _w w> ( ! nations t is n[ go+ on1 ! subm>9e 0 exp]im5t$ ) & improv$ ^u until x has ?r[n all ! o!r types ( naval craft1 f ! dreadnaughts on d[n into ! %ade :]e !re isn't any %ade4 ,! result ( x all is1 z y probably "k1 t ! subm>9e has develop$ a k9d ( w>f>e all its own & :i* x c>ries on entirely )\t help4 ,imag9e1 if y c1 t 9 ! greate/ w> t has ev] be5 wag$ giant battle%ips are sew$ up 9 ! h>bors ( ! enemy :ile h] subm>9e flotillas are ev]y:]e at sea & c>ry+ on a mo/ effective blockade6 ,su* is ! rise ( ! subm>9e4 ,! ,uses ( ! ,subm>9e4--,!re are two *ief uses to :i* ! subm>9e is put1 & ^! are 7#a7 z a res]ve def5se or (f5se = ! fleet1 & 7#b7 z an (f5sive weapon = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ a blockade4 ,h[ ,%e ,works ) ! ,fleet4--,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t is1 :]e ! subm>9e is us$ z a means ( def5se & ( (f5se ) a fleet or squadron1 h] tactics are well def9$ & cle>-cut4 ,h] activities "u ^! conditions are r limit$1 = %e is n built spe$y en\gh to keep up ) a swiftly /eam+ fleet4 ,?is1 !n1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 keeps ! subm>9e f play+ an o!rwise all-important rle ( sc\t-%ip4 ,fur!r1 ?is lack ( spe$ on h] "p prev5ts h] f engag+ 9 battle z an actual "p ( ! fleet or squadron1 = v (t5 x is ! spe$ ( ! attack+ m5-(-w> t makes = victory1 & a flotilla ( subm>9es t lagg$ beh9d w\ld prove m ( a h9drance ?an an aid4 ,b :at ! subm>9e c & does d to great advantage is to attack an enemy fleet ei!r z a def5sive or an (f5sive measure1 dep5d+ on ! relative /r5g?s ( ! fleets :i* oppose ea* o!r4 ,! ,subm>9e ,flotilla z a ,means ( ,def5se4--,n[ let u see fir/ :at happ5s :5 a fleet ) a flotilla ( subm>9es attacks ano!r fleet :i* is )\t !m4 ,if ! attack+ fleet is ! weake/--t is1 its guns are ! lighte/--!n ! subm>9e flotilla w take a def5sive /&1 ?\gh ! oppos+ fleet is mak+ ! attack4 ,! subm>9es w lay (f to ! re> ( ! attack+ fleet1 & !n if ! gun-fire f ! enemy waxes s w>m t ! attack+ fleet is =c$ to retire ! subm>9es are 9 a good position to aid ! fleet 9 its retreat1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,z ,a ,,def5sive ,,weapon4 ,n[1 z soon z ! pursu+ %ips come )9 range1 ! subm>9es let g _! torp$oes at !m & ^! ei!r bl[ !m up1 cripple !m1 or sc>e !m (f4 ,9 a maneuv] ( ?is k9d ! comm&] ( ! fleet executes 8 retreat 9 su* a way t ! heavi]-arm$ pursu+ fleet mu/ pass ne> 8 subm>9es1 :i* are usually subm]g$ & are !re=e invisible4 ,! ,subm>9e ,flotilla z a ,means ( ,(f5se4--,if1 n[1 ! attack+ fleet is /rong] ?an ! def5sive fleet1 !n ! subm>9es ( ! attack+ fleet w also take an (f5sive "p4 ,9 ?is case ! subm>9es w take up a position to ! re> ( ! def5sive fleet4 ,! comm&] ( ! attack+ fleet w !n use su* =ce on ! enemy fleet t x w retreat along ! pa? :]e ! subm>9es lay1 :5 !y w1 ( c\rse1 torp$o !m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,bo? ^! me?ods ( attack h be5 us$ ) signal success 9 ! w> t is n[ go+ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,z ,,an ,,(f5sive ,,weapon4 ,! ,subm>9e z a ,sc\t4--,al?\gh ! subm>9e is useless z a sc\t = a swiftly mov+ fleet /ill x c r5d] great s]vice z a sc\t on its own hook4 ,by way ( illu/ration let u suppose t ! enemy has a h>bor t is well protect$ by =ts & guns1 t h] fleet is lay+ to 9 x1 t we want to "k h[ _m %ips ! fleet is made up (1 &1 f9ally1 :at class ( %ips !y belong to4 ,x is ! duty !n ( a subm>9e to get into ! h>bor & take a g5]al survey ( ! situation4 ,y may wond] h[ ! craft is to d ?is1 s9ce ! h>bor is m9$2 b by skilful h&l+1 ! capta9 w usually get ?r\gh safely1 f9d out all t he wants to "k & run out aga94 ,besides ?or\ghly reconnoit]+ a h>bor1 ! subm>9e c lay a few contact m9es1 z we expla9$ 9 a *apt] t has gone be=e1 9 positions ( :i* ! enemy fleet is 9 entire ignorance & :i* w be m ?an likely to result 9 ! de/ruction ( at lea/ a "p ( ! fleet4 ,fur!r1 ! subm>9e is us$ to de/roy fields ( m9es :i* h be5 laid by ! enemy 9 a h>bor4 ,?is is done by m9es ?r[n f ! torp$o tubes among ^? t h be5 plant$ & :i* explode by ! concussion4 ,! ,subm>9e z a ,blockad]4--,! mo/ important use to :i* ! subm>9e has ev] be5 put & "o t 0 nev] ?\ght ( s]i\sly until ! pres5t conflict is t ( a blockad]4 ,ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is w> ,g]many has realiz$ ! trem5d\s ne$ ( keep+ ! neutral#cd c\ntries f supply+ ! ,allies ) munitions & food supplies1 & %e has prep>$ = ye>s a blockade ( a new & v effective k9d1 & ?is is by de/roy+ m]*antm5 by subm>9es4 ,engl& & ! o!r ,allies h done ! same ?+ ) ! ,c5tral ,p[]s--:i* is n a v h>d ?+ to d because ,g]many's fleet ( w>%ips is coop$ up 9 h] v>i\s ports & d>e n v5ture =?1 & s ! task is left entirely to h] subm>9e flotilla4 ,& :at makes x /ill h>d] = ! ,g]man subm>9es is t ! ,allies keep on ! con/ant wat* = ^! enemy und]sea craft1 & ?is !y d ) _! subm>9e de/roy]s1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is aft] !m ) h] subm>9e *as]s1 to say no?+ ( ,engl&'s aircraft attacks4 ,altoge!r x is v h>d = ! enemy subm>9es to keep 9 t\* ) _! respective bases or to receive ord]s z to _! c\rses ( action4 ,:5 on blockade duty1 !n1 ! capta9 ( a subm>9e is 9 v tru?1 ! comm&] ( 8 craft & x is /rictly up to him to det]m9e :at h] tactics %all be4 ,z long z he does 8 "w well1 :i* means t he s9ks a fair numb] ( all ! %ips t ent] 8 zone1 8 sup]ior (fic]1 :]ev] he is1 w h no qu>rel ) him z to :5 or h[ he does ! "w4 ,s y see ! tactics us$ by ! capta9 ( a subm>9e :ile do+ ?is k9d ( "w dep5d entirely on ! conditions he enc\nt]s at ! mom5t1 & on ! quick decision & judgm5t ( ! capta9 dep5ds ! success or failure ( ! attack4 ,h[ a ,subm>9e ,attacks a ,m]*antman4--,z a g5]al ?+ subm>9es travel alone :5 m]*antm5 are to be torp$o$4 ,! sea is mapp$ out into zones1 z c]ta9 areas or p>ts ( ! sea are call$1 & ea* zone1 or "p1 is usually assign$ to a s+le craft2 ! subm>9e patrols ?is zone con/antly1 & ! capta9 & 8 (fic]s keep _! wea!r eye op5 = pass+ m]*antm5 or vessels :i* might 9 any way aid or c>ry supplies to ! enemy4 ,to d ?is ! capta9 ( ! subm>9e /ops e %ip t comes 8 way & has h] pap]s & c>go exam9$1 & 9 ?is way f9ds out :e!r ! %ip is :at %e seems to be or if %e c>ries contrab&--t is arms1 ammunition1 & w> supplies ( any k9d--or n4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is int]e/+ proc$ure is done is z foll[s3 ,! subm>9e1 let u say1 has sight$ a %ip1 & see+ t x is to all int5ts an un>m$ m]*antman %e rises to ! surface & tra9s h] rapid-fire guns on ! craft4 ,next %e signals ! %ip to /& by & at ! same "t %e runs t[>d h]4 ,n[ ! capta9 ( ! %ip has ?ree c\rses op5 to him3 7#a7 to put on full spe$ & try to get away1 tru/+ to luck to prev5t 8 craft f be+ %ot full ( holes or torp$o$2 7#b7 to take a /ill great] *ance & try to ram ! subm>9e ) ! %>p1 /eel-%od b[ ( 8 %ip & s ei!r disable or s9k h]1 & 7#c7 to comply gracefully to ! reque/ & heave to4 ,if ! latt] is done1 ! collapsible boat ( ! subm>9e is rigg$ up & a c\ple ( ! (fic]s & crew r[ ov] to ! %ip1 :5 !y are haul$ abo>d & g ?r\gh h]4 ,%\ld !y f9d no?+ ( a suspici\s or contrab& nature1 ! boat returns to ! subm>9e & ! %ip is all[$ to g h] way4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,leslie's ,weekly ,a ,,g]man ,u-,,boat 8,,break+ ,,wat]0 ,,prep>atory ,,to ,,exam9+ ,,! ,,c>go ,,( ,,an ,,enemy ,,%ip ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if contrab& is f\nd on bo>d1 ! capta9 ( ! subm>9e w d "o ( ^! two ?+s3 7#a7 he w w>n ! crew ( ! enemy %ip t he is ei!r go+ to op5 fire on h] ) 8 guns or torp$o h]1 & to take to ! life-boats1 or 7#b7 he w s9k h] )\t w>n+ if ! :im s seizes him4 ,(t5 ! capta9 ( ! de/roy$ craft is tak5 abo>d ! subm>9e & held z a ho/age4 ,:5 ,subm>9es ,attack 9 ,pairs4--,ano!r /rategic s*eme t is us$ to torp$o enemy craft is to "w subm>9es 9 pairs4 ,?is is n done1 z a rule1 except :]e ! %ips may1 9 virtue ( _! armam5t1 prove dang]\s to a s+le subm>9e & !n !y are sunk )\t w>n+4 ,tactics ( two diff]5t k9ds are us$ 9 ! actual /opp+ ( ! craft4 ,! fir/ is = ! subm>9es to lay (f f ea* o!r at a di/ance ( f ?ree to five miles 7z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #fc74 ,!n :5 ! subm>9e1 ) h] p]iscope above wat]1 spots an enemy %ip1 %e signals to ! o!r subm>9e1 :i* is subm]g$1 & gives h] ! exact spe$ & c\rse ( ! arm$ vessel4 ,! subm>9e ) h] p]iscope above wat] _c be se5 by ! %ip because %e is too f> (f1 & ! ne>by subm>9e _c be se5 because %e is totally subm]g$2 s ! fir/ subm>9e directs ! second subm>9e h[ to tra9 h] torp$o tubes on ! enemy %ip & :5 to %oot ! torp$oes at h]4 ,by ^! tactics a %ip c be sunk )\t ei!r ( ! subm>9es be+ se54 ,! o!r & second way by :i* an arm$ %ip c be attack$ is by hav+ a pair ( subm>9es travel toge!r1 "o directly ov] & sep>at$ f ! o!r by a di/ance ( only tw5ty or ?irty feet 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,a1 ,b1 ,,h[ ,,! ,,subm>9es ,,travel ,,9 ,,pairs4 ,n[1 :5 a %ip is sight$ by ! craft ne>e/ ! surface %e comes up boldly & dem&s ! ho/ile vessel to heave to4 ,%\ld1 in/ead1 ! enemy %ip op5 fire & cripple or de/roy ! subm>9e1 ! subm]g$ subm>9e takes up ! fight & %oots a c\ple ( torp$oes at ! aggressive %ip & s puts an end to h]1 if possible4 ,! tactics we h told y ab\t are only a c\ple ( ! _m us$ by pres5t-day subm>9es2 we %\ld l to g on & write a book ab\t !m b if we did we're afraid ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,gov]nm5t might n l x1 s we'll /op "h4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,new ,,subm>9e ,,*as]s ,a ,description ( ! ,alli$ ,subm>9e ,*as]s ,bo? on ,sea & 9 ! ,air ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,new ,,subm>9e ,,*as]s ,,x is ! boa/ ( ,g]many t %e w w9 ! pres5t w> by s9k+ n only all ( ! %ips ( ! ,allies1 b ^? ( any o!r c\ntry :i* may trade ) !m4 ,n[1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dem&s ! fre$om ( ! seas = e ,am]ican citiz5 & = e %ip t flies ! />s & /ripes & to make good ?is dem& is :at br\ght u into ! w>4 ,if ,g]many c\ld de/roy all ( ! m]*antm5 ( ! ,allies--& we are n[ "o ( !m--z %e wants to d1 %e w\ld d\btless be ! victor4 ,%e hopes to b w nev] be4 ,! blockade by h] subm>9es is gr[+ m & m s]i\s & _m plans & s*emes h be5 put =? to outwit1 (fset1 or to break x d[n by de/roy+ h] de/roy]s4 ,!re are at ! pres5t "t#ce only ab\t ?irty million tons ( %ipp+#cf 9 ! _w :i* c be us$ to supply ! ,allies ( ,europe ) munitions ( w>4 ,! ,g]man ,u-boats are pick+ (f %ips1 bo? neutral & o!rwise at ! rate ( half a million tons a mon?1 & at ?is rate ( de/ruction %ipp+ _c la/ m ?an a few ye>s4 ,h5ce ! great ne$ ( break+ ! blockade & ( do+ x quickly4 ,s*emes = ,outwitt+ ! ,subm>9e4--,_m plans h be5 ?\ght ( & tri$ out to get ! be/ ( ! t\gh old subm>9e & s defeat x2 & among ^! are3 7#a7 ,to build %ips t are s heavily armor$ t !y c )/& ! attack ( torp$oes4 7#b7 ,to build %ips :i* h a light en\gh draft & are spe$y en\gh to outdodge & to outrun ! swift torp$o4 7#c7 ,to outrig ! %ips bel[ ! wat]-l9e ) nets :i* prev5t ! torp$oes f /rik+ ! hulls h>d en\gh to explode !m4 7#d7 ,to fit ! %ips ) wireless e>s :i* w detect ! pres5ce & det]m9e ! position ( ! subm>9e be=e x gets )9 torp$o+ range & s give !m a *ance to escape4 7#e7 ,any numb] ( o!r impracticable s*emes4 ,n[1 y may ask :y ^! s*emes are useless4 ,among ! reasons are ^!1 7a7 /eel armor has yet to be made t w )/& ! viol5t explosive p[] ( ! torp$o1 7b7 %ips ) a draft light en\gh & a spe$ great en\gh to get out ( ! way ( a torp$o c\ld n be us$ z freight]s1 7c7 nets on %ips make !m sl[ & unwieldy1 & z soon z !y 7 us$ ! torp$oes 7 fitt$ ) /eel cutt]s :i* enabl$ !m to g ?r\gh z easily z be=e1 7d7 ! art ( wireless has n yet advanc$ to ! po9t :]e x is possible = a %ip to detect ! pres5ce & position ( a subm]g$ subm>9e1 7e7 e o!r s*eme t has be5 put to ! acid te/ has _h a gl>+ fault 9 x4 ,plans = ,de/roy+ ! ,u-,boats4--,n[1 ! "r way to break ! ,g]man blockade is to de/roy ! ,u-boats1 & plans along ?is l9e h be5 devis$ & c>ri$ out ) bett] success4 ,! subm>9e c be de/roy$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,among ! mo/ important are 7#a7 by lay+ m9e-fields2 7#b7 by arm+ m]*antm5 ) rapid-fire guns2 7#c7 by de/roy+ ! base-%ips :i* "m ! subm>9es2 7#d7 by hunt+ !m d[n ) subm>9e *as]s1 & 7#e7 by dropp+ bombs or %ell+ !m f aircraft4 ,lay+ ,m9e ,fields 9 ,h>bors4--,?is plan is v good = protect+ h>bors aga9/ subm>9e attacks2 b z ne>ly all ! m]*antm5 are sunk f #bjj to #cjj miles (f ! coa/1 ! use ( m9es = ! protection ( %ipp+ is v limit$4 ,arm+ ,m]*antm5 ) ,guns4--,arm+ m]*antm5 has met ) "s success1 b z a matt] ( fact x is a v unc]ta9 means ( protection1 & ! l>ge numb] ( arm$ %ips :i* are sunk weekly %[s t ! plan is weak4 ,z a m]*antman1 or freight]1 is usually a sl[ craft1 & a subm>9e c easily out-maneuv] x ev5 :5 ! subm>9e is on ! surface1 & :5 %e is subm]g$ %e _c be se51 x mu/ be cle> t ord9>y rapid-fire guns _c easily hit h]4 ,de/roy+ ! ,"m ,%ips4--,to de/roy ! base-%ips is1 ?\gh x may s\nd l a p>adox1 "o ( ! be/ & at ! same "t "o ( ! lea/ practical plans ( gett+ rid ( ! subm>9es t infe/ a c]ta9 zone4 ,x mu/ be cle> if ! base-%ips are de/roy$ t ! subm>9es !y "m w\ld spe$ily come to an end4 ,kn[+ full well t ! ,allies w\ld try to f9d out h] bases1 bo? on l& & sea1 ,g]many has hidd5 mo/ ( !m well1 & ^? t are n hidd5 are protect$ by guns ( su* calib]#cg z to prove a s\rce ( dang] to ev5 a fleet ( fir/ l9e dreadnaughts4 ,s9ce ! bases are too h>d to f9d & too h>d to de/roy :5 once f\nd1 o!r easi] & m practical plans h be5 devis$1 tri$ & f\nd fairly successful4 ,k9ds ( ,subm>9e ,*as]s4--,& n[ we come to a class ( naval craft to :i* ! "n subm>9e *as] has be5 giv51 & %e has prov$ to be ! be/ & mo/ practical plan yet work$ out to kill (f ! subm>9e4 ,!re are two v diff]5t k9ds ( subm>9e *as]s1 & ^! are 7#a7 boats :i* travel on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & 7#b7 craft :i* travel ?r\gh ! air4 ,! fir/ k9d only1 ?\gh1 is call$ a subm>9e *as]1 :ile ! second k9d may be ei!r a dirigible balloon or a w>plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,leslie's ,weekly ,,?ree ,,eighty-,,foot ,,gasol5e ,,*as]s ,,on ,,_! ,,way ,,to ,,patrol ,,duty ,! #hj-;,foot ,subm>9e ,*as]4--,! subm>9e *as] is simply a boat ^: success z a de/roy] dep5ds on f\r factors1 & ^! are 7a7 h[ fa/ %e c g2 7b7 h[ light h] draft is2 7c7 h[ well %e is arm$1 & 7d7 h[ fa/ %e c be built4 ,two k9ds ( ^! *as]s h be5 built1 & bo? h %[n _! real wor?4 ,! fir/ is kn[n z ! #hj-;foot subm>9e *as]4 #eej ( ^! noble craft h already be5 built = ,engl& & s5t ov] to op]ate aga9/ ! ,u-boat 9 ,briti% wat]s4 ,!y are p[]$ ) gasol9e eng9es & are built j ab\t l ! high-spe$ pleasure boats t are n[ s common "h on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 t is1 !y h a ?ree-qu>t] cruis+ cab9 & cockpit z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,!y are v seawor?y1 & ! p[]ful gasol9e eng9es in/all$ 9 !m give !m spe$ en\gh to outrun ! fa/e/ subm>9es t h yet be5 built4 ,ea* "o c>ries a rapid-fire gun ( ! #c-;in* type4 ,! #aaj-;,foot ,subm>9e ,*as]4--,! only fault ) ! #hj-;foot] is t its small size makes x impossible to /ore away en\gh fuel to give x a l>ge cruis+ radius1 & s a new type ( subm>9e *as] is be+ built :i* is #aaj feet long4 ,its g5]al appe>ance is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,eighty-,,foot ,,gasol9e ,,subm>9e ,,*as]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 #aaj-;,,foot ,,/eam ,,subm>9e ,,*as]4 ,?is boat is p[]$ ) /eam eng9es & oil-burn+ boil]s :i* drive ! *as] at ! v fa/ spe$ ( #be knots4 ,! craft is arm$ ) a batt]y ( two #c-;in* guns m\nt$ on ! =e & aft decks4 ,! l>ge size ( ?is *as] makes x easy = x to cruise = long di/ances1 :ile its spe$ is #h knots fa/] ?an t ( ! fleete/ subm>9e & ?is makes x a foe t is truly to be fe>$4 ,h[ ! ,*as] ,*ases a ,subm>9e4--,! way a subm>9e *as] *ases a subm>9e is l ?is3 ea* *as] is giv5 a c]ta9 area ( seaway to patrol4 ,?is %e does1 & if %e is lucky %e w soon see ! p]iscope ( an enemy subm>9e pok+ its hood above ! wat] to take a peek ar\nd ! horizon4 ,?is is ! signal = ! *as] to be> d[n on t p]iscope at full spe$1 ! gunn]s do+ _! level be/ to hit ! p]iscope or any o!r "p ( ! subm>9e :i* %[s itself above wat]4 ,z x takes "t = ! subm>9e to dive or to get h] own guns into action1 ! *as] /&s a pretty good *ance ( ei!r crippl+ or ev5 s9k+ h]4 ,fur!r1 ! subm>9e _c use h] torp$oes on ! *as]1 = ! latt] craft is s %ort & has su* a %all[ draft t h] hull does n (f] mu* ( a t>get = a torp$o1 ev5 ?\gh %e 7 /&+ /ill1 & mu* less :5 %e is be>+ d[n on ! subm>9e at full spe$4 ,e once 9 a :ile a *as] is able to surprise a subm>9e :5 %e has come to ! surface = a brea!r & to re*>ge h] /orage batt]ies4 ,:5 ?is happ5s x is simply ano!r case ( ! cat eat+ ! can>y4 ,if ! subm>9e is )9 two miles ( ! *as] %e _c get ready to dive & %e mu/ ei!r get h] own guns 9 action or else %e mu/ try to outrun ! *as]1 gett+ ready to dive z %e runs & tru/+ to ! ,kais] t %e may n be hit 9 ! meantime4 ,?is la/ c\rse proves disa/r\s to ! subm>9e n9e times out ( t51 & s %e usually gets h] guns into action & a regul> little sea battle is f\ght "r !n & !re4 ,%oot+ ! ,guns ( ! ,*as]4--,hav+ f\nd1 *as$1 & caught ! subm>9e1 ! next ?+ to d is to put h] out ( commission4 ,on ! guns ) :i* ! *as] is arm$1 & on h] gunn]s1 dep5d to a l>ge ext5t ! success or ! failure ( ! attack4 ,a gun :i* _h a long range & a flat trajectory#ch 0 quick 9 action1 & rapid-fir+1 0 ?\ght to be all t a gun %\ld be = subm>9e execution2 & x 0 all "r = %oot+ at conn+ t[]s & simil> t>gets :i* %[$ !mselves above ! wat]-l9e1 b x 0 useless = a gun ( ?is k9d to try to hit any?+ t 0 ev5 a few feet "u wat]4 ,! reasons = ?is are some:at deep & sci5tific b if y w read c>efully1 look at ! diagrams %[n 9 ,figs4 #ff & #fg1 & d a little ?9k+ z y g along y w be able to visualize ! :ole ?+--t is1 to see x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,h[ ,a ,,flat ,,trajectory ,,affects ,,! ,,projectile4 ,n[1 ! way ?is gun 0 made 0 to rifle ! b>rel ( x1 & ?is gave a turn+ motion to ! projectile :5 x 0 fir$1 t is1 x spun ar\nd on its long axis1 & ! trajectory 0 flat1 :i* means t ! pa? ( ! projectile 9 its flight f ! gun to its t>get 0 only slightly curv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,h[ ,a ,,b[ ,,trajectory ,,affects ,,! ,,projectile4 ,bo? ( ^! ?+s made ! projectile deviate f its c\rse ! in/ant x /ruck ! wat]1 or rico*et 7pron\nc$ rik-o-%y7 z x is call$2 t is1 x b\nc$ f ! wat] 9 exactly ! same way t a flat /one skips along :5 y ?r[ x close to ! surface ( a pond or lake4 ,! "r k9d ( gun to use on subm>9e *as]s is n rifl$1 & ! projectile %\ld be giv5 a trajectory1 or pa?1 t is mu* ! same z t ( an arr[2 ! result is t a %ot c be fir$ at a subm>9e :i* is subm]g$ to a dep? ( #bj feet or s & be effective because ! curve ( ! pa? is su* t ! projectile drops /raight1 or ne>ly /raight1 d[n on ! subm>9e & p5etrates ! wat] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,subm>9e ,air ,*as]s4--,besides ! subm>9e *as]s j describ$1 !re are two o!r k9ds t h %[n great possibilities z de/roy]s ( und]sea craft4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! air%ip1 or dirigible balloon1 & 7#b7 ! airplane1 & x is m ?an likely t 9 ! ne> future1 %\ld ! w> keep on1 ! latt] craft alone w be us$ = subm>9e *as]s4 ,:]e a boat *as] _c see a subm>9e at all :5 %e is subm]g$1 an airplane c fly directly ov] h]1 foll[ h] e movem5t1 & see h] :5 %e is at a consid]able dep?4 7,see ,fig4 #fh47 ,z ! airplane is mu* m /eady 9 ! air ?an a subm>9e is on ! wat] & z ! =m] is mu* quick] & spe$i] ?an ! latt]1 a battle betwe5 ^! two v diff]5t k9ds ( craft is an unequal "o ) ! odds greatly 9 favor ( ! w>plane4 ,a ,way to ,lift ! ,u-,boat ,blockade4--,"h1 !n1 is a real1 ready way t ! subm>9e c be de/roy$ & ,g]many's blockade lift$4 ,to put an end quickly & = all "t to ! ,u-boat m5ace1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ought to build sev]al ?\s& airplanes at once & arm ^! ) bombs & rapid-fire guns l ! ,lewis#ci & s5d ?is fleet to patrol ! seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,h[ ,,air ,,craft ,,c ,,spot ,a ,,subm]g$ ,,subm>9e4 ,if ?is 7 done !re w\ldn't be en\gh ,u-boats left 9 a mon?'s "t to flag a ,norwegian fi%+ trawl]4 ,s ! ?+ = y\r ,uncle ,sammy to d is to build a great fleet ( airplanes1 & 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,!re is /ill ano!r way to break ! blockade1 & ?is w be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,la/ ,,^w ,,9 ,,subm>9es ,! ,adv5tures ( ! 8,deuts*l&0 & ,"s ,s*emes = a ,m]*ant ,subm>9e ,s]vice ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,la/ ,,^w ,,9 ,,subm>9es ,,x is less ?an tw5ty ye>s agone t ! fir/ five baby ,holl&s 7 built 9 ?is c\ntry =1 & deliv]$ to1 ,engl&1 & f t "t dates ! beg9n+ ( ! art ( mod]n subm>9e con/ruction4 ,s9ce !n ! size1 spe$1 & cruis+ radius ( ea* succe$+ type ( subm>9e has gr[n great] & ev] great]1 until f a craft h>dly l>g] ?an a p[] pleasure boat !re has be5 evolv$ a truly wond]ful und]sea vessel ( magnific5t proportions4 ,uncle ,sam's ,late/ ,subm>9es4--,! result ( ?is m>vel\s developm5t is t ! late/ ( ,uncle ,sam's subm>9es are ( ! #abjj & #aejj tons displacem5t type & !y h a spe$ ( #ba knots on ! surface4 ,^! giant subm>9es h a cruis+ radius ( ab\t #d1jjj miles & are fitt$ ) e in/rum5t1 device1 app>atus & ma*9e t human +5uity c ?9k (1 or at lea/ t has be5 inv5t$1 :i* goes to make = _! op]at+ & fight+ qualities & = ! safety & com=t ( _! crews4 ,f ?is y w see t s9ce ! ye> ( #aijj ! size ( ^! craft has be5 increas$ ab\t f\r times1 _! spe$ d\bl$1 & _! effici5cy rais$ to half aga9 z mu*4 ,bas$ on ! rapid /rides t h be5 made s9ce ! w> has be5 go+ on1 x does n take any great =esight to pr$ict t 9 ! ne> future1 if ! ,u-boat blockade is n brok51 subm>9es ( upw>ds ( #ejj feet 9 l5g? & #aj1jjj tons' displacem5t w =m ! m]*ant fleet ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,great ,blockades ( ! ,w>r+ ,nations4--,! great blockades by :i* ! ,allies h bottl$ up ! ,g]man ,empire by _! sup]ior naval =ces1 & by :i* ,g]many is try+ to %ut (f ! trad+ ( o!r c\ntries ) ! ,allies by h] ,u-boat w>f>e1 h prev5t$ ei!r side f scor+ a victory4 ,b ) ,g]many's usual dogg$ det]m9ation = ov]com+ ! difficulties t beset h]1 %e built a subm>9e :i* c\ld travel )\t a convoy1 t is1 )\t any base-%ip to g along ) h] to provision & supply h] ne$s1 = #e1jjj miles at lea/4 ,?is giant subm>9e c>ri$ a c>go wor? a million doll>s or m1 sunk out ( sight z %e left h] home port1 slipp$ und]nea? ! grim w>%ips ( ! ,allies :i* m5ac$ ,g]man %ipp+1 & 9 ?is way ran ! blockade4 ,!n "o f9e day !re bobb$ up 9 ,am]ican wat]s ne> ,*esapeake ,bay a mon/] m]*ant subm>9e--! l>ge/ und]wat] craft ev] built & ! fir/ ( h] k9d ev] se54 ,%e 0 9 v tru? a n9e days' wond]4 ,! ,fir/ ( ! ,m]*ant ,subm>9es4--,! ,deuts*l&1 z %e 0 nam$1 0 a m>vel ( eng9e]+ skill1 & %e 0 hail$ z ! fir/ ( a great fleet ( m]*ant subm>9es :i* 0 to break ! ,allies' blockade4 ,/>t+ f ,brem51 ,g]many1 & travel+ und]wat] ?r\gh ! ,engli% ,*annel = a di/ance ( #ij miles )\t ev5 once com+ to ! surface1 %e made ! entire voyage )\t mi%ap & dock$ at ,baltimore j #af days lat]4 ,:5 y ?9k ( h[ c>efully %e _h to be h&l$ & h[ cauti\sly %e _h to proce$ s t %e might escape de/ruction at ! h&s ( h] surface enemies1 y mu/ admit t %e made ! run 9 really rem>kable "t4 ,"s ,facts ,ab\t ! ,deuts*l&4--,?is great m]*ant subm>9e is #cae feet long1 #cj feet ?r\gh ! beam1 & draws#dj #ag feet ( wat]4 ,%e is1 !re=e1 z l>ge z _m ( our coa/wise /eam]s1 s t %e is some?+ m ?an a m]e und]wat] boat--inde$1 %e is a v]itable subm>9e %ip4 ,h] hull is %ap$ m ne>ly l t ( a real %ip ?an any subm>9e craft t 0 ev] built be=e h]1 z ,fig4 #fi %[s2 b %e has a conn+ t[]1 p]iscopes & wireless ma/s l any ( ! o!r ( ! tribe ( subm>9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,! ,,m]*ant ,,subm>9e ,,deuts*l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,navigat+ ,,! 8,,deuts*l&0 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,deck ,,control4 7,,note ,,op5 ,,hat* ,,lead+ ,,to ,,conn+ ,,t[]47 ,h] wireless a]ial is held 9 place betwe5 two /eel ma/s1 ea* ( :i* is #ej feet high & bo? ( :i* c be fold$ d[n on ! deck4 ,! ma/ on h] ='ard deck is fitt$ ) a cr['s ne/ = a look\t1 z ?\gh %e 7 a real %ip4 ,h] ,capta9 & ,8 ,crew4--,! inside ( h] hull is v mu* l an ord9>y m]*antman4 ,='ard are l>ge & com=table qu>t]s = ! (fic]s1 ( :om !re are n9e1 includ+ ,capta9 ,ko5ig--a man y c't help b admire4 ,abaft ! %ip are ! qu>t]s = ! crew1 & bo? =e & aft 9 h] hold are comp>tm5ts = ! c>go %e c>ries4 ,h] ,valuable ,c>go4--,9 mak+ h] fir/ trip ov] f ,brem5 h] c>go consi/$ ( dye/uffs1 m$ic9es1 syn!tic /ones#da & o!r m]*&ise :i* took up small /orage room & yet :i* 0 v valuable4 ,^! %e unload$ 9 ,baltimore1 & h] return c>go 0 made up ( crude rubb]1 t91 & nickel--mat]ials mu* ne$$ by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t = purposes ( w>f>e4 ,%e also s]v$ ! v useful purpose ( a packet1 = by means ( h] ,capta9 ,ko5ig 0 able to h& p]sonally to ,c\nt von ,b]n/orff1 ! ,g]man ,ambassador to ! ,unit$ ,/ates at t "t1 important in/ructions :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 h>d to get ?r\gh4 ,aga91 :at 0 ( ev5 great] urg5cy 0 t ! ,c\nt 0 able to get rid ( c]ta9 docum5ts :i* w\ld h made matt]s q uncom=table = him if !y _h be5 f\nd 9 8 possession "s mon?s lat] :5 ! break came betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many4 ,h] ,great ,eng9es4--,! ,deuts*l& is driv5 by two #fjj-;horsep[] ,diesel eng9es1 ea* ( :i* has f\r cyl9d]s4 ,%e is able to make a spe$ ( #ad knots on ! surface1 b :5 subm]g$ h] spe$ is only ab\t half z mu*4 ,%e is suppli$ ) en\gh liquid fuel & solid foods to enable h] to cruise = #e1jjj miles )\t mak+ port4 ,su* is ! ,deuts*l&1 & to h] belongs ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ und]wat] m]*antman4 ,"u ! skilful comm& ( h] capta91 %e s]v$ h] c\ntry nobly & well = ! purpose = :i* %e 0 built4 ,h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c ,break ! ,blockade4--,"r n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,allies h to face ! same gigantic problem t 0 =c$ ^u ,g]many at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 & t is to break ! enemy's blockade4 ,! s*eme ( keep+ ! sea-roads cle> = %ipp+ by de/roy+ ! ,u-boats has prov$ a sl[ & h>d process1 & s new plans h be5 mapp$ out by our naval eng9e]s & o!rs ) :i* to defeat ! blockade4 ,! ,wood5 ,%ip ,idea4--,! fir/ plan1 & "o :i* is be+ c>ri$ out ) great en]gy1 is ! build+ ( hundr$s ( little wood5 %ips1 ea* ( :i* is #be feet %ort] ?an ! ,deuts*l& & has a c>go c>ry+ capacity ( #c1ejj tons1 & a spe$ ( #d knots less ?an ! surface spe$ ( ! great ,g]man subm>9e4 ,! ma9 idea seems to be to turn ^! little boats out fa/ en\gh s t ! numb] ! ,u-boats s9k w be s small t ! loss w n be felt4 ,! gl>+ fault ( ?is idea is t :ile ! ,u-boats are s9k+ #ejj1jjj tons ( %ipp+ a mon?1 ,am]ican %ip-build]s c build only #bjj1jjj tons a mon?1 & ?is is figur+ x out ) a lib]al m>g94 ,:ile ^! small wood5 craft ( ! v9tage ( #ahej w\ld relieve ! /ress t is n[ felt 9 %ipp+ circles !y w\ld n by any means remove x4 ,! ,subm>9e ,plan4--,simon ,lake1 ! inv5tor ( ! subm]sible1 has enl>g$ ^u ! ,g]man plan1 & 8 plan is "o :i* our ,gov]nm5t ought to c>ry out1 because1 9 ! humble op9ion ( ! writ]1 x is ! only feasible "o ?us f> advanc$4 ,mr4 ,lake has organiz$ a company to build a fleet ( und]sea m]*antm51 ea* boat ( :i* w be t5 times z l>ge z ! ,deuts*l& & c c>ry a c>go ( #g1ejj tons4 ,mr4 ,lake says t ) ! co-op]ation ( ! ,gov]nm5t he c build #ajj ( ^! giant craft 9 ! fir/ ye>1 & t at ! end ( ?ree ye>s he c h a fleet ( #ejj ( !m built & 9 s]vice4 ,t is to say1 9 ?is %ort "t he c h #d1jjj1jjj tons ( c>go sail+ ! seas ) absolute safety4 ,?is plan ( ! great subm>9e build] is ! key :i* w unlock ! horns ( our dilemma4 ,! only drawback seems to be ! ability ( a company to turn out s complex a me*anism z ! subm>9e1 & ( su* an enorm\s size1 fa/ en\gh to make up = ! rapidly disappe>+ tonnage ( ! ,allies4 ,9 ! meantime ! subm>9e *as]s & ! wood5 & /eel %ips t are n[ be+ built may help to "s ext5t to take c>e ( our %ipp+ until ! great comm]cial subm>9es ( ,lake c be built & put into ! trans-,atlantic s]vice4 ,:5 ,subm>9e ,meets ,subm>9e4--,:5 ,greek meets ,greek !n comes ! tug ( w>1 s ! old saw goes1 & x is j z true t ! way to break ! blockade ( ! ,u-boats is to pit ! cunn+ ( subm>9es aga9/ !m4 ,) all our %ipp+ go+ by ! und]sea r\te1 ! ,u-boats w lose _! /+1 ! blockade w be brok51 ! p[] ( ! ,allies w outweigh t ( ,g]many1 & ! w> w spe$ily come to an end4 ,& may t "t come soon6 ,,! ,,end ,,index ,air *as]s1 subm>9e1 #aie ,air1 compress$1 #fg ,air compressor pumps1 #fg ,air control me*anism ( a model subm>9e1 #cb1 #db ,aircraft attacks1 #agg ,air fla%es1 #fg ,airplane1 !1 #aie v]sus subm>9e1 #aci ,air pressure requir$ to drive torp$o1 #aja ,air%ip1 !1 #aie ,air tanks ( a torp$o1 #ajh ,action1 ! model torp$o 91 #if ,a]ial1 wireless1 #ee ,allies' blockade1 #bjj ,allies1 !1 #a1 #agf1 #ahe1 #bjj ,ananias club1 #aci ,an*or1 mu%room1 #fi ,angle1 def9ition (1 #ei ,angle indicator1 #fj ,armam5t1 def9ition (1 #aag ,arm+ m]*antm5 ) guns1 #ahg ,artemus ,w>d1 #bc ,attacks1 h[ a subm>9e1 #aga ,automatic gyro control1 #aja p5dulum control1 #ajb ,automobile torp$o1 #ib1 #aae ,auxili>y1 def9ition (1 #aga ,awa% condition1 #fb ,awa%1 def9ition (1 #bc ,baby ,holl&1 #aii ,back pressure1 #fh ,balance *amb]1 #aja ,balla/ pumps1 :at !y d1 #ff ,balla/ tank ( a model subm>9e1 #bh ,balla/+ ! model subm>9e1 #dj ,balloon1 dirigible1 #ahi ,base %ip1 :at x is =1 #afa ,bell = subm>9e signal+1 #aea ,bell or viol9 signal+ sy/em1 #aea ,blackheads1 #ib ,bl9d fi% ( ,mammo? ,cave1 #eh ,blockade1 h[ ! ,u4 ,s4 c break ! ,u-boat1 #bjd ! ,allies'1 #bjj ,blockade1 ! subm>9e plan to break ! ,u-boat1 #bje ! wood5 %ip idea1 #bjd a way to lift ! ,u-boat1 #aie by ,u-boats1 #bjj ,blockades ( ! w>r+ nations1 great1 #bjj ,body ( a model torp$o1 #ib ,bomb1 clock-"w ( a subm>9e1 #aj subm>9e1 #i ,bomb idea1 !1 #aaf ! old1 #ia ,book ( wireless1 #adi ,bores ( ,allies' subm>9e guns1 #abj ,boy ( ! ,prehi/oric ,age1 #c ,boy1 ! second subm>9e1 #a :5 he le>n$ to swim1 #c ,bu%nell's subm>9e1 #g ,bu%nell1 subm>9e boat inv5tor1 #h ,bulkhead door1 electrically op]at$1 #ei ,bulkhead 9 model subm>9e1 putt+ 91 #cd ,buoyancy1 #fc exp]im5t 91 #fg natural1 #fg res]ve1 #fc1 #fg ,buoyancy tanks1 :at !y are =1 #ff ,calib]1 def9ition (1 #ahh ,campbell & ,a%1 ,engli% subm>9e boat inv5tors1 #ad ,c>buretor1 = gasol9e eng9e1 #gf :at x does1 #gh ,c5t5nial ,exposition1 #ac ,c5tral ,p[]s ( ,europe1 #a ,c5tral ,p[]s1 !1 #agf ,*as]1 h[ x *ases a subm>9e1 #aib %oot+ ! guns ( !1 #aic ,*as]s1 subm>9es1 #aaf ,*as]s = subm>9es1 air1 #aie ,ciph] code1 def9ition (1 #aff ,clock-"w ( a subm>9e bomb1 #aj ,collapsible boat1 #agh ,color$ light signal+ sy/em1 #adf ,comm&+ (fic]1 !1 #afd ,commutator ( model electric motor1 #ci ,compass1 #ee ,compass c\rses1 #afg ,compass1 gyroscopic1 #eh ,comp>tm5t1 div+ control1 #fj m9e1 #fh torp$o1 #fh ,comp>tm5ts1 wat]tight1 #ec ,compress$ air1 #fg ,compress$ air action gun1 #aai ,compress$ air = driv+ eng9e1 #aje ,compress$ air tanks1 #ajj ,compression /roke ( eng9e1 #gh ,conditions ( ! subm>9e1 f\r1 #fb ,conductivity sy/em1 h[ x works1 #aee p>ts (1 #aee ,conductivity sy/em ( signal+1 #aed ,connect+ up ! p[] plant circuit ( ! model subm>9e1 #db ,conn+ t[] ( a model subm>9e1 #db ,conn+ t[]1 outside ( !1 #ed peep into !1 #ef ,contact m9es1 #abb ,contact m9e1 h[ x works1 #abc ,contrab&1 def9ition (1 #agh ,c\rse ( a torp$o1 #aaj ,crews1 h>d to sign1 :51 #afj ,crew ( a subm>9e1 #fi ,davis1 torp$o inv5tor1 #aaa ,deck ( a model subm>9e1 #bh1 #ce ,def5se1 ! subm>9e flotilla z a means (1 #agc ,dep? indicator1 #fj ,dep? met]1 #ei ,depuy de ,lme1 ,fr5* subm>9e inv5tor1 #af ,de/roy]s1 subm>9e1 #agg ,de/roy+ "m %ips1 #ahh ,detonat+ or fir+ me*anism1 #ih ,deuts*l&1 cruis+ radius ( !1 #bjd h] great eng9es1 #bjd h] valuable c>go1 #bjc "s facts ab\t !1 #bja ! capta9 & crew ( !1 #bjc ! l>ge/ subm>9e1 #bja ,diesel eng9e1 #hj h[ x works1 #hj ,diesel1 ,g]man gas eng9e inv5tor1 #hj ,dirigible balloon1 #ahi ,dives1 h[ a subm>9e1 #fd1 #fh ,dive is made1 :y a %all[1 #fe ,dive1 "t x takes = subm>9e to1 #ff ,div+ control comp>tm5t1 #fj ,div+ rudd]1 #ec1 #ei ( a model torp$o1 #ie ,div+ rudd]s1 =e1 #fd ,div+ :eel1 #fj ,doyle1 inv5tor ( ,%]lock ,holmes1 #acj ,draw1 def9ition (1 #bja ,dry cells = model electric motor1 #ce ,dry cells1 :]e to buy1 #ce ,dummy heads1 #afg ,dynamo1 def9ition (1 #he1 #hf ,dynamo motor & /orage batt]y sy/em1 #he ,eagle1 fir/ w>%ip to be attack$ by a subm>9e1 #i ,e>s ( a subm>9e1 #adc ,electric controll$ m9e1 #abd ,electric motor1 #cd1 #he commutator ( an1 #ci discov]y ( !1 #ad :]e to buy an1 #ce ,electric motor curr5t ( a model subm>9e1 #dc ,electric motor = model subm>9e1 #ce ,electric motors1 #ad1 #ef ,electric p[] plant1 :y x is ne$$1 #he ,electric subm>9e1 inv5tion ( !1 #ad ,electric swit* ( model subm>9e1 #cf ,electrically controll$ m9es1 #abb ,electricity = ! subm>9e1 #ae ,enemy %ips1 gaug+ ! di/ance (1 #acf ,enemy ( ! subm>9e1 a new1 #aci ,eng9es1 #gc ,eng9e ,build+ = ,boys1 #gd ,eng9e1 c>buretor = gasol9e1 #gf ,eng9es1 compress$ air = driv+1 #aje ,eng9e1 ,diesel1 #hj t drives ! torp$o1 !1 #ajd faults ( ! /eam1 #gd f\r cycle1 #ge gasol9e1 #ge ,eng9es1 horse p[] (1 #hc la/ ^w 9 subm>9e1 #hj ,eng9e works1 h[ ! ,diesel1 #hj h[ a gasol9e1 #ge ,exhau/ /roke1 #gh ,exp]im5t 9 buoyancy1 #fg ,explosive1 am\nt ne$$ = a torp$o1 #ih high p[]$1 #ig ,explosive comp\nds1 #ih ,eye1 ! fir/ subm>9e1 #acj ,eye ( subm>9e1 #ee wond]ful1 #abi ,fir+ me*anism1 #ih ,fir/ ,holl& subm>9e1 #e ,fir/ subm>9e boat1 #e ,fi%1 air bladd] (1 #b ! fir/ subm>9e1 #a ,fi% ( ,mammo? ,cave1 bl9d1 #eh ,float+ dock1 #afb ,fla%light sy/em ( signal+1 #adf ,fly1 ,h[ to1 #aif ,fre$om ( ! seas1 #ahe ,fuel mixture1 #gf ,fulton's exp]im5ts on ! ,se9e ,riv]1 #aj ,fulton's fir/ /eam boat1 #ab ,fulton's fir/ subm>9e1 #aj ,fulton's ,nautilus1 #aj ,fulton plans to rescue ,napoleon1 #ab ,fulton1 subm>9e boat inv5tor1 ,rob]t1 #aj ,galley ( a subm>9e1 #gj ,game1 naval w>1 #if ,g>rett1 ,engli% subm>9e boat inv5tor1 #ab ,g>rett's /eam propell$ subm>9e1 #ab ,gas & electric p[] comb9$ = ! subm>9e1 #ae ,gas eng9e1 #cd = ! subm>9e1 #ae ,gas eng9es1 two cycle1 #hb ,gasol9e1 #gi ,gasol9e eng9e1 #ge h[ x works1 #ge ,gaug+ ! di/ance ( enemy %ips1 #acf ,gr&daddy ( ! mod]n subm>9e1 #f ,g]man ,empire1 !1 #bjj ,g]man policy1 #aae ,grecian galleys ( old1 #e ,greek meets ,greek1 :51 #bjf ,gun1 compress$ air action1 #aai ! ,lewis ma*9e1 #aif ne$ ( a quick-action1 #aag spr+ action1 #aah ,guncotton1 #ig ,guns1 arm+ m]*antm5 )1 #ahg ,guns1 arm+ ! subm>9e )1 #aaf ,guns1 bores ( ,allies' subm>9e1 #abj rapid-fire ma*9e1 #aae ,guns ( ! *as]1 %oot+ !1 #aic ,gyro control1 automatic1 #aja ,gyroscope1 action ( a1 #ajb compass1 #eh toy1 #ajb ,he>t ( a subm>9e1 #gc ,high t5sion curr5t1 #gi ,high t5sion magnets1 #gf ,holl& & ,lake comb9$ type ( boats1 #ag ,holl& subm>9e1 #ea ! fir/1 #e ,holl&1 subm>9e inv5tor1 #af baby1 #aii ,horse p[] ( subm>9e eng9es1 #hc ,horsman ,co41 toy deal]s1 #ajb ,h[ to ,fly1 #aif ,h[ ! hull is made1 #eb ,h[ to make & "w a model subm>9e1 #bc ,h[ a real subm>9e is made & works1 #ea ,h[ to "w y\r model subm>9e1 #dg ,hull1 def9ition1 #ea h[ x is made1 #eb inside !1 #ee ( a model subm>9e1 #bd ,hydroplanes ( a subm>9e1 #fd ,hydro/atic control1 #ajc ,i*?yoid =m1 #b ,inside ! hull1 #ee ,in/all+ ! motor 9 model subm>9e1 #ci ,integral1 def9ition (1 #afd ,inv5t+ = ,boys1 #eh ,inv5tors ( ! subm>9e1 #d ,inv5tors ( subm>9e1 ,am]ican1 #g ,knot1 def9ition (1 #ac ,ko5ig1 capta9 ( ! ,deuts*l&1 #bjc ,krupp1 ,g]man gun mak]s1 #aah ,lake1 8 plan = und]sea m]*antm51 #bje subm>9e inv5tor1 #af subm]sible1 #ea subm]sible boat1 #af ,lat5t heat1 #ajf ,latitude1 h[ f\nd1 #afg ,lay+ m9e fields 9 h>bors1 #ahg ,lee1 op]ator ( ,bu%nell's subm>9e1 #aj ,l5ticul>1 def9ition (1 #acb ,lewis ma*9e gun1 #aif ,lewis1 ma*9e gun inv5tor1 #aif ,lieut5ants1 h[ to pron\nce1 #afe ,light condition1 #fa ,li/5+ 91 #aej ,log di/ances1 #afg ,longitude1 h[ f\nd1 #afg ,lupius1 ,au/rian torp$o inv5tor1 #ib ,magic ( ,sci5ce1 a book1 #acc ,magneto electro ma*9e1 #gi ,magneto1 high t5sion1 #gf ,magnetic l9es ( =ce1 /ray1 #eh ,ma9 p>ts ( a subm>9e1 #eg ,ma9e 0 sunk1 way !1 #abb ,mak+ ! sup]/ructure ( a model subm>9e1 #da ,mammo? ,cave1 bl9d fi% (1 #eh ,maneuv]1 def9ition (1 #aff ,mayfl[]1 l&+ ( !1 #e ,m]*ant subm>9e1 ! fir/1 #bja ,m]*antman1 h[ a subm>9e attacks a1 #agg ,m]curic fulm9ate1 #ii ,millimet]1 def9ition (1 #aai ,m9e comp>tm5t1 #fh ,m9e1 electric controll$1 #abd ,m9e fields 9 h>bors1 lay+1 #ahg ,m9e lay]1 #fi1 #abj ,m9e works1 h[ a contact1 #abc ,m9es1 h[ !y are made1 #abb h[ a subm>9e lays1 #abj k9ds ( subm>9e1 #aba subm>9e1 #aae ,model subm>9e1 air control me*anism ( a1 #cb balla/ tank = a1 #bh balla/+ !1 #dj conn+ t[] ( a1 #dc h[ to make & "w1 #bc h[ to "w y\r1 #dg hull ( a1 #bd in/all+ motor 91 #ci pa9t+ y\r1 #dg p>ts ( a1 #bd p]iscope (1 #dh p[] plant 91 #cd p[] plant ( a1 #bd propell] = a1 #de propell]-%aft =1 #ci pu%] control =1 #cf rudd] = !1 #de sup]/ructure ( a1 #da torp$o1 h[ to make a1 #ib ,model torp$o1 9 action1 !1 #if body ( a1 #ib motor = a1 #ie rudd]s ( a1 #ic ,"m %ips1 de/roy+1 #ahh ,"m %ip1 :at x is1 #afb ,motor = a model torp$o1 #ie ,motor1 rubb] /r&1 #ie ,munitions1 def9ition (1 #aae ,mu%room an*or1 #fi ,napoleon1 attempts to rescue ) a subm>9e1 #ab ,nautical mile1 #ac ,nautilus1 ,fulton's fir/ subm>9e1 #aj ,naval w> game1 #if ,navigat+ room1 #fj ,neutral1 def9ition (1 #agf ,nord5felt1 ,sw$i% subm>9e boat inv5tor1 #ac ,nose & tail blocks ( a model subm>9e1 #bf ,(f5se1 ! subm>9e flotilla z a means (1 #agd ,pa9t+ y\r model subm>9e1 #dg ,paleozoic era1 subm>9e (1 #b ,p>ts ( a model subm>9e1 #bd ,p>ts ( a subm>9e1 #eb ,p5dulum control1 automatic1 #ajd ,p]cussion caps1 #ajj ,p]mutation 9 signal+1 #ade ,p]iscope1 #ee1 #abi complete view1 #acg ! fir/1 #acj h[ x got its "n1 #abi h[ x is made1 #acd h[ to make a simple1 #acj h[ x works1 #aca ,p]iscope1 late/ type (1 #acf limit$ use ( !1 #ach ( ! model subm>9e1 #dh ! mod]n1 #acb ,p]sonnel ( a subm>9e crew1 #aei ,pilgrims on ,plym\? ,rock1 #e ,pipes = model subm>9e1 #cb ,pipes1 :]e to buy !m1 #cb ,pirate1 subm>9e1 #d ,plans = a model subm>9e1 #bc ,plantol1 inv5tor ( ! /orage batt]y1 #ad ,p[] plant1 #cc ,p[] plant circuit ( model subm>9e1 #dd ,p[] plant 9 model subm>9e1 #cd ,p[] plant ( a model subm>9e1 #bd1 #cb h[ x is hook$ up1 #cf ,p[] plant is ne$$1 :y an electric1 #he ,p[] /roke ( eng9e1 #gg1 #gh ,p[] unit1 #ge ,prehi/oric boy1 #b ,prime mov]1 #ge ,prisms1 reflect+1 #acc ,projectile1 h[ a b[ trajectory affects a1 #aid ,projectile1 h[ a flat trajectory affects a1 #aid ,propell] = a model subm>9e1 #de ,propell]-%aft ( a model subm>9e1 #ci ,propell]-%aft ( a torp$o1 #ajf ,propell]s ( a torp$o1 !1 #ajf ,pt]odactyl1 l>ge/ fly+ creature1 !1 #c ,pumps1 air-compressor1 #fg ,pu%] control ( a model subm>9e1 #cf ,quadrant1 #fj ,quick-action guns1 #aag ,raw recruits1 break+ 91 #aff ,r$uc+ valve1 #aja ,reflect+ prisms1 #acc ,res]ve buoyancy1 #fc1 #fg ,rise ( ! subm>9e1 #agb ,rookies1 :at !y are1 #afd ,roosevelt1 inv5tor ( ! ,ananias ,club1 #aci ,rubb] /r& motor1 #ie ,rudd]1 div+1 #ei = ! model subm>9e1 #de ,rudd]s1 =e div+1 #fd div+1 #ec ( a model torp$o1 #ic ,rudd]s1 ( ! torp$o1 /e]+ & div+1 #ajg ,sc\t1 ! subm>9e z a1 #age ,sea an*or1 #fi ,se>*light signal sy/em1 #adf ,semaphore = signal+1 #add ,s]vo-motor1 !1 #ajc ,sett+ balla/ tank 9 ! hull ( model subm>9e1 #cd ,%ape ( a subm>9e1 #eb ,%ipp+1 def9ition (1 #ahe tonnage p] mon?1 #bje ,%ips1 gaug+ ! di/ance ( enemy1 #acf ,%oot+ = ,boys1 #aic ,%oot+1 ! guns ( ! *as]1 #aic ! torp$o1 #ia a torp$o at a %ip1 #ajg ,signal+ ) color$ lights1 #adf ) ! fla%light sy/em1 #adf p]mutation 91 #ade ) ! se>*light sy/em1 #adf semaphore =1 #add by und]wat] 8wireless10 #aed wigwag1 #add ,signal+1 ) ! wireless telegraph sy/em1 #adg ,signal+ sy/ems1 k9ds (1 #add und]wat]1 #aea ,sk9s1 inn] & out]1 #ec ,sk9 ( a model subm>9e1 #bg ,sold]1 h[ to1 #bh ,sold]+ fluid1 #bh ,sp>k plug1 #gi ,specifications = a model subm>9e1 #bc ,_s level1 #fj ,spr+ action gun1 #aah ,squadron1 def9ition (1 #agb ,/eamboat1 ,fulton's fir/1 #ab ,/eam eng9e1 faults (1 #gd ,/eam propell$ subm>9e1 fir/1 #ab ,/e]+ rudd] ( a model torp$o1 #ie ,/e]+ rudd]s1 #ec ,/e]+ :eel1 #ee ,/orage batt]ies1 #ad1 #cd1 #gd1 #he1 #hf ,/orage batt]y & dynamo motor sy/em1 #he ,/orage batt]y1 inv5tor ( !1 #gd ,subm>9e air *as]s1 #aie ,subm>9e1 air control me*anism ( a1 #cb balla/ tank = a1 #bh ,subm>9e1 balla/+ !1 #dj z a blockad]1 !1 #agf ,subm>9e bases1 de/roy+1 #abf ,subm>9e bell1 #aea ,subm>9e boat1 ! fir/1 #e :at x is1 #af ,subm>9e bomb1 #i ,subm>9e *as]1 #hj-;foot1 #ahi #aaj-;foot1 #ahi ,subm>9e *as]s1 #aaf1 #agg k9ds (1 #ahh ,subm>9e 9 ,*esapeake ,bay1 a giant1 #bjj clock-"w ( a1 #aj complem5t ( a1 #afd conn+ t[] ( a model1 #db con/ruction ( ,bu%nell's1 #h ,subm>9e craft1 e>ly conditions on1 #aei crew ( a1 #fi crew1 p]sonnel (1 #aei cruis+ radius ( a1 #afb ,subm>9e de/roy]s1 #agg ! ,deuts*l&1 #bja developm5t ( !1 #d ,subm>9e duty1 h[ m5 are tra9$ =1 #afd electric p[] = !1 #ae ,subm>9e eng9es1 la/ ^w 91 #hj ,subm>9e eye1 ! fir/1 #acj ! fir/ m]*ant1 #bja fir/ /eam propell$1 #ab ! fir/ torp$o fir$ by a1 #i fir/ torp$o tube1 #ac ,subm>9e flotilla z a means ( def5se1 !1 #agc ,subm>9e flotilla z a means ( (f5se1 #agd f\r /ates ( !1 #fa ,fulton's ,nautilus1 #aj ,fulton's turn$ d[n1 #aj ,subm>9e galley1 #gj gas p[] = !1 #ae a giant1 #bjj gr&daddy ( ! mod]n1 #f ,subm>9e1 ) guns1 arm+ !1 #aaf ,bu%nell's1 #g ,bu%nell's second1 #h guns1 bores ( ,allies'1 #abj he>t ( a1 #gc ,holl&1 #ea ,holl& type (1 #af h[ x attacks1 #aga h[ x attacks a m]*antman1 #agg h[ x came to be1 #a h[ a *as] *ases a1 #aib h[ x dives1 #fd1 #fh h[ to make & "w a model1 #bc h[ x is subm]g$1 #fe h[ to "w y\r model1 #dg hull ( a model1 #bd hydroplanes ( a1 #fd in/all+ motor 9 model1 #ci inv5tion ( ! electric1 #ad inv5tion ( ! screw-driv51 #i inv5tors ( !1 #d ,lake type (1 #af ! l>ge/1 #bja ,subm>9e lays m9es1 h[ a1 #abj ,subm>9e is made & works1 h[ a real1 #ea ma9 p>ts ( a1 #eg m>vel\s tongue & e>s ( !1 #adc ,subm>9e meets subm>9e1 :51 #bjf ,subm>9e m9es1 #aae ,subm>9e m9es1 k9ds (1 #abj a mod]n1 #ah new enemy ( !1 #aci ,nord5felt1 #ac pa9t+ y\r model1 #dg ,subm>9e ( ! ,paleozoic era1 p>ts (1 #eb p>ts ( a model1 #bd p]iscope ( ! model1 #dh ,subm>9e pirate1 #d p[] plant ( a model1 #bd p[] plant 9 model1 #cd propell] = a model1 #de propell]-%aft = a model1 #ci pu%] control = a model1 #cf to rescue ,napoleon1 attempts ) a1 #ab rise ( !1 #agb ,rob]t ,fulton's fir/1 #aj rudd] = ! model1 #de 9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 #agb s*emes = outwitt+ !1 #ahf z a sc\t1 !1 #age %ape ( a1 #eb 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>1 #agb sup]/ructure ( a model1 #da "t x takes to dive1 #ff torp$o1 h[ to make a model1 #ib uses ( !1 #agj ,van ,drebel's1 #e :at x is1 #a wond]ful eye (1 #abi ,subm>9e works ) ! fleet1 h[ !1 #agc ,subm>9es1 airplanes1 a new enemy (1 #aci ,subm>9es1 ,am]ican inv5tors (1 #g cruis+ radius ( ,uncle ,sam's1 #aii ! fir/1 #a ,subm>9es = ! trans-,atlantic s]vice1 #bjf types (1 #af y\r ,uncle ,sammy's late/1 #aii :5 !y attack 9 pairs1 #agi ,subm]g$ condition1 #fb ,subm]ge1 def9ition (1 #ea h[ ! boat is kept1 #fe ,subm]sible boat1 ,lake1 #af :at x is1 #af ,subm]sible1 ,lake1 #ea ,suction /roke ( eng9e1 #gg ,sup]/ructure ( a model subm>9e1 #da ,sup]/ructure1 :at x is1 #ec ,syn!tic /ones1 def9ition (1 #bjc ,tactician1 def9ition (1 #afd ,t>gets1 float+1 #afg ,telescope1 h[ x is made1 #acb h[ x is made & works1 #acc ,tell-tale1 #ei ,tim] = gasol9e eng9es1 #gi ,"t fuse1 #aab ,,tnt = torp$oes1 #ig ,tongue ( a subm>9e1 #adc ,torp$o 9 action1 ! model1 #if ,torp$o1 air pressure requir$ to drive1 #aja ,torp$o air tanks1 #ajh automobile1 #ib1 #aae body ( !1 #ajj body ( a model1 #ib ,torp$o ) a cannon 9 x1 #aaa ,torp$o comp>tm5t1 #fh c\rse ( a1 #aaj ,torp$o director1 a1 #ajj eng9e t drives !1 #ajd ,torp$o fir$ by a subm>9e1 ! fir/1 #i fir/ subm>9e1 #ib h[ x is aim$1 #aji h[ to make a model subm>9e1 #ib high p[]$ explosive = !1 #ig h[ a real "o is made1 #ajh h[ x is %ot at a %ip1 #ajg is made1 h[ a real1 #ig mak+ & %oot+ !1 #ia motor = a model1 #ie ,torp$o practice1 #afg propell]s ( a1 #ajf ,torp$o1 rudd]s ( a model1 #ic /e]+ & div+ rudd]s = a1 #ajg ,torp$o1 w>head (1 #ic1 #ig weight (1 #fh ,torp$o tube1 !1 #ajh subm>9e1 fir/1 #ac ,torp$oes1 ,,tnt =1 #ig ,totally subm]g$ condition1 #fb ,trajectory1 b[1 #aid ,trajectory1 flat1 #aia ,trans-,atlantic subm>9e s]vice1 #bjf ,trimm+ tanks1 #eh ,trimm+ tanks are us$1 :y1 #fb ,tun+ 91 #aej ,two-cycle gas eng9es1 #hb ,u-boat blockade1 #bjj a way to lift !1 #aie ,u-boat1 ,g]man capta9 ( a1 #aji ,u-boat m5ace1 #aie ,u-boat1 :at x is1 #a ,u-boats1 ,g]man1 #ahe plans = de/roy+ !1 #ahg ,uncle ,sammy's late/ subm>9es1 #aii ,uncle ,sammy1 y\r1 #aif ,und]wat] signal+ sy/em1 #aea ,valve1 r$uc+1 #aja ,van ,drebel1 subm>9e boat inv5tor1 #e ,van ,drebel's exp]im5ts on ! ,?ames ,riv]1 #f ,van ,drebel's subm>9e1 #e ,viol9 transmitt]1 #aeb ,viol9 or bell signal+ sy/em1 #ea ,von ,b]n/orff1 ,ex-,g]man ,ambassador to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bjc ,w>head ( a torp$o1 #ic1 #ig ,w>plane1 #ahi ,wat] pressure control1 #ajc ,w> "t conditions1 #afg ,w> betwe5 ,u4 ,s4 & ,spa91 #abb ,wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 #ee ,wat]tight doors1 #ef ,:itehead1 ,am]ican torp$o inv5tor1 #ib ,wigwag signal+1 #add ,w9djamm]s ( old1 #gj ,wireless a]ial1 #ee ,wireless1 h[ x works1 #adi ,wireless telegraph sy/em1 #adg ,wireless sy/em1 p>ts (1 #adg ,wireless 9 w> "t1 #afh ,"w y\r model subm>9e1 h[ to1 #dg ,worm ge>s1 #ef ,zd1 ,gu/ave1 ,fr5* subm>9e inv5tor1 #af ,,footnotes3 #a ,c5tral ,p[]s3 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,bulg>ia4 #b ,allies3 ,gov]nm5ts unit$ by a treaty or hav+ common int]e/s4 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,japan are call$ ! ,allies4 #c ,u-,boat3 ,s call$ because x is an und]sea boat1 or ,unt]seeboote1 z ! ,g]mans call _! subm>9es4 #d ,paleozoic4--,! next to ! l[e/ geological s]ies ( /rata4 #e ,! ,pt]odactyl 0 "o ( ^! & x 0 ! l>ge/ liv+ ?+ t ev] flew4 ,x is pron\nc$ ,t]-o-dak-til4 #f ,a knot is ! spe$ ( a boat :5 %e is mak+ #a nautical mile 9 #a h\r4 ,a nautical mile is #f1jhj feet4 #g ,! design1 con/ruction & op]ation ( subm>9e torp$oes w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,v4 #h ,! /orage batt]y 0 inv5t$ by ,ga/on ,plant 9 #ahfj4 ,! electric motor 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgf1 by :om nobody kn[s4 #i ,^! pipes c be b\ght cut to l5g? & ?read$ to suit ( ,! ,*icago ,model ,works1 #aff ,we/ ,madison ,/reet1 ,*icago1 ,ills41 or ( ,lu!r ,h4 ,wightman1 #acb ,milk ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #aj ,! ,l4 ,e4 ,knott ,app>atus ,company1 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 sell a /&>d motor1 z !y call x 9 _! catalogue1 = #c4ge4 ,x weighs #a p\nds & takes up a space ( ab\t #c in*es squ>e4 ,p[]ful little motors c be b\ght at almo/ any electrical supply h\se1 & y c use "o ( ^! by build+ up ! base4 #aa ,cells ( ?is k9d t measure #b x #b x #f in*es on ! sides c be b\ght ( ! ,manhattan ,electrical ,supply ,company1 ( #ag ,p>k ,place1 ,new ,york ,city4 #ab ,a ma*9i/'s saw = saw+ metal4 #ac ,! pulley c be b\ght ( deal]s 9 model mak]s supplies4 ,see footnote on page #cb4 #ad ,y c c]ta9ly get x ( ! ,f4 ,w4 ,devoe & ,c4 ,t4 ,raynolds ,company1 #aja ,fulton ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 #ae ,! top ( ! conn+ t[] is call$ ! bridge4 #af ,! hull is ! body or %ell ( a boat or %ip4 #ag ,= a description ( ! gyroscopic compass1 see ,inv5t+ = ,boys1 by ! pres5t au?or & publi%$ by ! ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes ,company1 ,new ,york4 #ah ,any figure =m$ by two /raight l9es :i* meet is an angle1 also ! space betwe5 !m4 #ai ,= a simple !ory ( h[ ! /eam eng9e works1 see ,eng9e ,build+ = ,boys1 by ! pres5t au?or & publi%$ by ,small1 ,mayn>d ,co41 ,bo/on4 #bj ,any k9d ( ma*9e :i* develops its p[] at fir/ h& is a prime mov]1 z1 = in/ance1 ! wat] :eel1 /eam eng9e1 & gas eng9e4 ,an electric motor en]giz$ by a /orage batt]y1 or a compress$ air motor are only subsidi>y mov]s4 #ba ,a dynamo is an electric ma*9e1 :i* g5]ates a direct curr5t ( electricity1 l a batt]y4 #bb ,x c be b\ght ( ! ,e4 ,i4 ,horsman ,co41 ,toy ,deal]s1 ,union ,squ>e1 ,new ,york4 #bc ,! guns & o!r munitions on a boat are call$ h] armam5t4 #bd ,! millimet] is ! #a-ajjj "p ( a met]4 ,! met] is ! fundam5tal unit ( l5g? us$ 9 ! metric sy/em ( measurem5t4 ,x is #ci4cg in*es4 #be ,l5ticul> 7pron\nc$ l5-tik-u-l>7 means hav+ l5ses4 #bf ,telescopes & _! con/ruction are fully expla9$ 9 ,! ,magic ( ,sci5ce1 by ! pres5t au?or1 & publi%$ by ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,co41 ,new ,york4 #bg #cfj degrees a complete circle4 #bh ,= a complete description ( h[ to make & use wireless app>atus1 & h[ x works1 see ,! ,book ( ,wireless1 by ! pres5t au?or1 & publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york4 #bi ,a float+ dock is built ) a wat] comp>tm5t on ea* side & a plat=m on ! bottom1 ?us leav+ a l>ge op5 space 9 betwe5 to hold a subm>9e or o!r vessel4 ,by p>tly fill+ ! comp>tm5ts ) wat] ! plat=m s9ks into ! wat] deep en\gh s t ! vessel c pass ov] & on top ( x2 !n by pump+ ! wat] out ( ! comp>tm5ts ! float+ dock is rais$ & ! plat=m ) ! vessel on x is lift$ out ( ! wat] :]e %e c be exam9$ & repair$ if necess>y4 #cj ,integral means a "p ( a :ole ?+ :i* is ne$$ to make x complete4 #ca ,a ciph] code is "o 9 :i* ! message is telegraph$ 9 ! ,morse alphabet ( dots & da%es z usual1 b ! words :i* =m ! message are giv5 o!r mean+s :i* h be5 previ\sly agre$ ^u1 & ?is prev5ts ! enemy f kn[+ :at is s5t4 #cb ,! ^w auxili>y 9 ?is s5se means o!r small] & less important craft :i* give aid to & supports ! l>g] & m p[]ful %ips ( ! fleet4 #cc ,a squadron is "o ( ! divisions ( a fleet4 #cd ,a c\ntry t nei!r helps nor h9d]s ! c\ntries t are at w> is said to be neutral4 #ce ,july1 #aiag4 #cf ,a boat's capacity = c>go4 #cg ,! calib] ( a gun is ! gage1 or diamet] ( ! bore ( its b>rel4 ,?us a gun ( #c-;in* calib] means t ! bore is #c in*es 9 diamet]2 a gun t has a calib] ( #de c5timet]s means t its bore is #de c5timet]s across4 ,a c5timet] is #a_/ajj ( a met] & a met] is #ci4cg in*es4 #ch ,= a full description ( ! trajectory ( bullets1 see ,%oot+ = ,boys1 by ! pres5t au?ors1 & publi%$ by ,m(fat1 ,y>d ,co41 ,new ,york #ci ,a full description ( ! ,lewis ma*9e gun = airplane "w w be f\nd 9 ,h[ to ,fly by ! pres5t au?or & publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton & ,co41 ( ,new ,york4 #dj ,?is means %e s9ks into ! wat] #ag feet4 #da ,^! are real rubies1 sapphires1 & o!r gems made ( *emicals 9 an oxyhydrog5 furnace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation errors repair$4 ,page #bi1 8to-toge!r0 *ang$ to 8toge!r0 7br+ ! ends toge!r7 ,page #id1 8,,ppropell]0 *ang$ to 8,,propell]0 7,,cov] ,,& ,,propell]7 ,page #aae1 8no0 *ang$ to 8n0 7n s1 = !re7 ,page #abb1 8betw50 *ang$ to 8betwe50 7w> betwe5 ! ,unit$7 ,page #abd1 8torquoise0 *ang$ to 8turquoise0 7! turquoise seas7 ,page #acf1 8,guag+0 *ang$ to 8,gaug+0 7,gaug+ ! ,di/ance (7 ,page #aci1 8run+0 *ang$ to 8runn+0 7boat is runn+ light7 ,page #aee1 ! ^w ( 8telegraph0 0 split ov] two l9es & ! fir/ half 0 n italiciz$ b ! re/ ( ! phrase = 8telegraph key0 04 ,?is 0 edit$ to italicize ! :ole phrase4 ,page #bah1 8,tactitian0 *ang$ to 8,tactician0 7,tactician1 def9ition7 ,index1 all items out ( alphabetical sequ5ce 7 re>rang$4