,illu/ration ,,collotype ,,& ,,photo-,,li?ography ,,practically ,,elaborat$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,julius ,,s*nauss1 ,memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,academy ( ,naturali/s1 c4 ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,sanction ,,& ,,assi/ance1 ,,by ,,edw9 ,c4 ,,middleton4 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,on ,,/eam ,,presses1 ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 ,,london3 ,,iliffe ,,& ,,son1 #c1 ,,/4 ,,bride ,,/reet1 ,,ludgate ,,circus1 #ahhi4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,iliffe ,,& ,,son1 #c1 ,,/4 ,,bride ,,/reet1 ,,ludgate ,,circus1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,works3 ,,cov5try4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt]4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,introductory #i ,,ii4 ,bi*romates 9 ,conjunction ) ,organic ,sub/ances #ab ,,iii4 ,summ>y ( ! m important ,pr9t+ ,processes ) ,*romat$ ,gelat9e #ah ,,iv4 ,collotype ,app>atus #be ,v4 ,*emicals & ,mat]ials = ,collotype #df ,,vi4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,collotype ,plate #ei ,,vii4 ,negatives suitable = ,collotype #gb ,,viii4 ,pr9t+ 9 ! ,press #hh ,,ix4 ,f9i%+ & ,v>ni%+ ,collotype ,pr9ts #if ,x4 ,o!r ,collotype ,processes #ajb ,,xi4 ,failures 9 ,collotype3 ,9 ! ,prep>ation ( ! ,plates #ajg ,,xii4 ,inve/igations on ,collotype #aad ,,xiii4 ,collotype 9 ,natural ,col\rs #aai ,,xiv4 ,magic ,pr9ts #abb ,,xv4 ,photo 8,glass0 ,pr9t+ #abd ,,xvi4 ,allgey]'s ,collotype ,process #abg ,,xvii4 ,practice ( ,photo-,li?ography #acj ,,xviii4 ,autography #ace ,,xix4 ,negatives = ,photo-,li?ography #adi ,,xx4 ,application ( ! ,c>bon ,process to ,photo-,li?ography #aee ,,app5dix4 ,/eam ,presses #afb ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! impossibility ( obta9+ any "w 9 ! ,engli% language on ! subject ( ,collotype fir/ l$ to my translation ( ! ,g]man "w ( ,dr4 ,s*nauss1 & ! fact t no "w has hi!rto appe>$ fully deal+ ) ! matt] is ! excuse ,i (f] = ! pres5t publication4 ,! translation is necess>ily "o ( consid]able fre$om1 b x is (f]$ z conta9+ all ! in=mation to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al1 & 9 addition1 consid]able ext5sions1 made ) ! au?or's cons5t4 ,! omission ( ! *apt] deal+ at l5g? ) ! /eam ma*9e 0 necessitat$ by ! fact t ! rot>y ma*9e !re describ$ is no long] manufactur$4 ,)\t po9t+ to ! frontispiece 9 any s5se z a high-class "w1 x may s]ve to %[ t ,i h made "s practical acqua9tance ) ! subject4 ,! illu/ration1 pr9t$ on ord9>y pap]1 0 produc$ f ! in/ructions f\nd 9 ?is "w1 & ,i may add t at ! "t ( writ+ ,i h pr9t$ ov] #ejj impressions f ! fir/ plate1 & x /ill rema9s 9 fair work+ condition4 ,,edw9 ,c4 ,,middleton4 ,,/anmore ,,road1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,collotype ,,& ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! obs]vation by ,mungo ,ponton ( ! s5sitiv5ess to light ( bi*romate ( potassium 9 conjunction ) organic sub/ances is b little m rec5t ?an ! discov]y ( photography itself4 ,if siz$ pap] is saturat$ ) an aque\s solution ( ?is salt & !n expos$ "u any transp>5t design1 ! latt] w be reproduc$ z a negative ( a br[n col\r on a yell[ gr\nd4 ,if ! expos$ pap] is plac$ 9 wat]1 ! bi*romate salt w be remov$ f ! unexpos$1 & consequ5tly unalt]$ portions2 ! image w rema9 br[n aft] ?is treatm5t1 ?\gh some:at blea*$4 ,! s5sitiv5ess to light is proportionately increas$ by ! addition ( l>g] quantities ( organic sub/ances1 z />*1 pa/e1 glue1 sug> or gum1 z fir/ obs]v$ by ,becqu]el4 ,?is arises 9 consequ5ce ( ! organic matt] be+ oxidis$ by ! *romic acid1 a correspond+ decomposition & r$uction ( ! *romate salt to *romate ( *romium tak+ place4 ,9 ! ye> #ahec an ,engli%man--,fox-,talbot1 ! gift$ discov]] ( calotype 7i4e41 ! production ( photographic negatives on pap] by means ( silv] salts7--foll[$ up ! l9es ( ^! important obs]vations1 & discov]$ t ! mixture ( bi*romate ( potassium & glue entirely lo/ its solubility & p[] ( swell+ 9 cold wat] aft] exposure to light1 & on ?is he bas$ 8 process 7heliography7 ( et*+ on metal plates4 ,! plate1 aft] receiv+ a coat+ ( ! *romat$ gelat9e solution1 0 dri$1 expos$ "u a positive1 & aft]w>ds develop$ or wa%$ out 9 w>m wat]1 all unexpos$ & consequ5tly soluble portions be+ remov$1 :ile ! expos$ & !re=e insoluble portions cov]$ z a negative,a ! metal plate1 & s protect$ x 9 ^? p>ts f ! et*+ mordant employ$1 usually *loride ( potassium or p]*loride ( iron4 ,8 successor 9 ^! rese>*es 0 a ,fr5*man1 ,poitev91 :o inve/$ ^! processes ) ev5 great] practical importance4 ,he1 h[ev]1 work$ *iefly on pap] ) ! bi*romate mix$ ) album5 or gelat9e1 & atta9$ results :i* 7 ! fir/ practical /eps t[>ds photo-li?ography & c>bon or pigm5t pr9t+4 ,fur!r on we %all return ) m detail to ^! subjects4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,tessi du ,motay & ,m>e*al1 ( ,metz1 ! discov]ies ( ,poitev9 d]iv$ fur!r practical value1 & to !m we are indebt$ = ! fir/ advances 9 collotype1 !y 9 _! practice us+ metal plates z a support4 ,joseph ,alb]t1 ( ,muni*1 foll[$1 & introduc$ fur!r & consid]able modifications1 among/ o!rs utilis+ glass plates z a f\ndation4 ,! want ( adhesiv5ess ( ! *romat$ gelat9e lay] to its support 0 a s\rce ( great tr\ble to ! e>li] exp]im5tali/s1 & 0 a matt] giv+ rise to innum]able difficulties1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 f9ally surm\nt$ by ! rese>*es ( ,husnik1 ,alb]t1 & ,ob]nett]4 ,a ,= ! production ( an intaglio plate ! impression on ! *romat$ gelat9e mu/ be pr9t$ f a positive1 :i* w naturally give a negative on ! copp] plate4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,bi*romates ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,organic ,,sub/ances4 ,*romic ,acid1 n[ usually kn[n z *romium-trioxide--,cr,o#c--;is f\nd 9 beautiful r$ ne$les1 :i* are slightly deliquesc5t4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t accept$ !ory1 wat] conta9+ su* cry/als 9 solution conta9s ! true *romic acid1 ,h#b;,cr,o#d1 :i* _c be produc$ z cry/als4 ,bo? ! cry/als & a conc5trat$ solution 9 wat] give up ) facility a "p ( _! oxyg51 sometimes ) explosions accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( fire1 & gre5 *romium oxide1 n[ call$ sesquioxide1 ,cr#b,o#c1 is =m$4 ,bi*romates ( alkalies act 9 a simil> mann]1 b 9 a less] degree4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a few drops ( sulphuric acid be add$ to a solution ( potassium bi*romate1 & !n a little alcohol1 or1 in/ead ( t1 a piece ( sug> be add$ & mod]ate heat appli$1 ! solution w be viol5tly agitat$1 its yell[-r$ col\r w disappe>1 ! bi*romate be decompos$1 & *romium oxide be =m$1 :i*1 comb9+ ) ! sulphuric acid1 =ms a solution ( a violet gre5 col\r4 ,if a suffici5t quantity ( sulphuric acid be pres5t1 ! *romium sulphate & ! potassium sulphate comb9e1 =m+ *rome alum cry/als1 octah$ron 9 =m1 simil> to ^? ( ord9>y alum1 b ( a beautiful d>k violet col\r4 ,! same are us$ 9 bo? ! c>bon & collotype processes4 ,bi*romate ( ammonium is easily decompos$ by fire by heat+ x 9 a dry /ate4 ,x w be und]/ood t 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition1 or r r$uction1 ( *romic acid by organic matt]1 ! latt] is also decompos$ & oxidis$ 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,! ag5t produc+ ?is effect may be ei!r heat or light1 or bo? toge!r2 b ( special int]e/ to ! collotypi/ is ! action ( light ^u diff]5t comb9ations ( *romic acid1 9 ! %ape ( alkali bi*romates 9 conjunction ) organic matt]s4 ,glue or ,gelat9e1 9 a solution conta9+ ab\t five p] c5t4 ( "o ( ! bi*romates spread ^u glass plates1 & expos$ to light1 w1 :]e expos$1 become d>k br[n1 at ! same "t become insoluble 9 wat]1 & also lose its p[] ( absorb+ ! same4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,ed]1 ?is br[n sub/ance consi/s ( *romium *romate & unalt]$ gelat9e4 ,! oxidis$ portion ( ! latt] rema9s soluble & may be entirely remov$ by treat+ ) w>m wat]4 ,dur+ ! exposure to light =mic acid is und\bt$ly =m$4 ,ammonium bi*romate1 ) gelat9e1 is 9 ! dry /ate mu* m s5sitive ?an ! potassium salt2 x also decomposes m readily :5 heat$ 9 ! gelat9e solution1 a matt] :i* mu/ n be lo/ sight ( 9 ! prep>ation ( ! collotype plate4 ,is+lass--a tol]ably pure glut94 ,9 conjunction ) ! bi*romates x pres5ts ! same *>act]i/ics z gelat9e4 ,album51 :5 mix$ ) a solution ( a bi*romate1 is n !reby coagulat$1 z occurs ^u ! addition ( pure *romic acid4 ,if p\r$ ^u glass & dri$ x also becomes insoluble 9 wat] aft] a suffici5t exposure to light4 ,?is solution is us$ ) great advantage 9 photo-li?ography1 z ! unexpos$ p>ts are readily soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! old] me?od1 :i* consi/$ ( us+ gelat9e 9 conjunction ) bi*romate1 r5d]$ hot wat] necess>y 9 ! developm5t ( ! fatty ink image ^u ! transf] pap]1 & z a consequ5ce ( ! rubb+ at times necess>y1 ! ink1 already s(t5$ by ! w>m wat]1 became sme>$1 ! result+ image consid]ably impair$1 & ! transf] !reby r5d]$ altoge!r useless4 ,9 collotype a bi*romat$ album5 sub/ratum is /ill us$ by _m op]ators1 ?is coat+ :5 dry be+ expos$ ?r\gh ! glass plate1 ! latt] plac$ coat$ side d[nw>ds ^u a flat black support1 pref]ably ( velvet4 ,aft] ?is exposure ! gelat9e lay]--f :i* ! pr9ts are produc$--is appli$4 ,?is me?od 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,alb]t1 :o orig9at$ x4 ,! *romat$ album5 solution w n keep long ev5 9 ! d>k1,b z ! album5 coagulates1 & on ?is acc\nt photo-li?ographic pap]s coat$ ) ?is solution mu/ be us$ )9 a few h\rs ( _! prep>ation4 ,su* pap]s are n[ conv5i5tly prep>$ ) ! album51,c & s5sitis$ z requir$ by float+ ^u an aque\s solution ( "o ( ! bi*romates1 to :i* has be5 add$ tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,b ,i h f\nd ?is solution keep a consid]able "t--a mon? at lea/4--,,trans4 ,c ,i believe ,husnik has n[ discont9u$ to prep>e 8 photo-li?o transf] pap] ) an album5 coat+4 ,rec5t issues ( 8 pap] h be5 simply coat$ ) gelat9e4--,,trans4 ,! *romat$ gelat9e us$ 9 collotype may be kept z a jelly 9 ! d>k room1 b is bett] prep>$ fre%4 ,( c>bon hydrates only gum *romate is ( int]e/ to ! collotypi/1 its employm5t be+ re/rict$ to ! 8du/+ on0 process1 & ! occasional addition ( titles1 c41 to ! o!rwise f9i%$ plate4 ,z ) all mixtures ( ! bi*romates & organic sub/ances1 x is only s5sitive to light :5 9 a dry condition1 & solutions ( x may1 )\t h>m1 be expos$ = "s "t to diffus$ daylight4 ,aque\s solutions ( gum arabic soon become s\r & m\ldy1 & 9 ?is condition are useless = ! 8du/+ on10 or1 9 fact1 any o!r photographic process4 ,z a prev5tive a few gra9s ( sulphate ( qu99e may be add$1 :i* w pres]ve x effectually1 & is q in]t 9 photographic op]ations4 ,?is solution appli$ to glass & dri$ is1 9 its dry condition1 extremely s5sitive to light4 ,if pr9t$ "u a negative1 & !n expos$ to a damp atmosph]e1 x absorbs moi/ure1 & becomes 8tacky0 ^u ! portions fully protect$ by ! d5se/ portions ( ! negative1 :ile ! p>ts expos$ "u ! cle> glass ( ! negative w be free f any su* t5d5cy4 ,! gradations ( ! negative betwe5 ^! two extremes w be repres5t$ by ! surface ( ! gum be+ m or less adhesive1 & x is ?is prop]ty :i* r5d]s x valuable 9 v>i\s processes4 ,aft] exposure "u a negative f9ely-gr\nd col\r--= in/ance1 graphite--is c>efully du/$ ov] ! surface ( ! plate by means ( a camel-hair bru%1 & ! p[d] w adh]e 9 exact proportion to ! protection af=d$ by ! negative4 ,a picture is ?us produc$ 9 graphite p[d] possess+ all ! gradations ( ! orig9al4 ,f a negative a second negative is produc$1 :ile f an exposure "u a positive a positive w result1 ea*1 h[ev]1 rev]s$ z reg>ds left & "r :5 comp>$ ) ! orig9al4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is process to produce rev]s$ negatives1 a subject m fully dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,bi*romate & ,sug> are nev] us$ alone1 b z an addition to height5 ! s5sitiv5ess & increase ! hygroscopic prop]ties ( ! gelat9e or gum-*romate solutions4 ,by ! addition ( sug> & a little ammonia to *romat$ gelat9e ! solubility ( ! gelat9e 9 hot wat] is increas$4 ,! addition ( acetic acid in/ead ( ammonia acts 9 a contr>y direction4 ,x is advisable to become acqua9t$ ) ! action ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 ! application ( :i* to ! pr9t$ lay] increases its solubility aft] exposure to light1 & ( o!rs hav+ a contr>y or h>d5+ influ5ce on ! same1 su* (t-times prov+ ( s]vice 9 ! case ( "u or ov] exposure4 ,to ! =m] class belong all alkalies1 z *loride ( lime & cyanide ( potassium2 :ile among ! latt]1 :i* h a tann+ or h>d5+ effect on gelat9e1 may be p>ticul>ly m5tion$ tann91 alum1 *rome alum1 & *loride ( z9c4 ,to remove spots1 :i* pr9t d>k1 f collotype plates a solution ( *loride ( lime is us$4 ,to produce d>k spots )\t exposure to light a solution ( tann9 is us$1 :i* is also available = add+ descriptive titles or o!r matt] to ! plates4 ,! ink w 8take0 z well on ! spots or p>ts t\*$ ) ! tann9 solution z if expos$ to light4 ,a collotype plate :i* has be5 prep>$ = pr9t+ f may also h writ+ execut$ ^u x ) a bi*romat$ gum solution1 once m expos$ to light1 ! writ+ w !n readily take ! ink1 & appe> 9 ! impression z a black inscription4 ,gum *romat$ solutions r$uc$ to prop] proportions1 & appli$ to diff]5t textures & ! same subsequ5tly expos$ to ! light1 r5d] !m completely wat]pro(4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,pr9t+ ,,processes ,,) ,,*romat$ ,,gelat9e4 ,^! processes are all bas$ ^u ! *ange 9 ! hygroscopic prop]ties ( *romat$ gelat9e br\ght ab\t by ! action ( light1 :i* r5d]s ! p>ts expos$ insoluble4 ,c>bon or ,pigm5t ,pr9t+4--,9 ?is int]e/+ process f9ely gr\nd col\r+ matt] is add$ to ! solution ( *romat$ gelat9e1 & spread ^u pap]2 or ! pap] may be coat$ ) ! gelat9e & pigm5t1 & aft]w>ds excit$ by imm]sion 9 a solution or ba? ( "o ( ! bi*romates4 ,if1 aft] dry+ su* pap] or tissue1 x be expos$ "u a negative 9 an ord9>y pr9t+ frame1 & !n imm]s$ 9 w>m wat] 7#ij to #acj ,f471 ! wat] w dissolve only su* portions z may n h be5 affect$ or h>d5$ by ! action ( light ?r\gh ! negative1 :ile ! p>ts t h be5 expos$ to its action w be insoluble1 & rema9 atta*$ to ! pap] support1 =m+ a positive picture4 ,images produc$ 9 su* a mann]1 h[ev]1 are devoid ( half-tone1 & ?is proc$ure is only suitable = l9e subjects1 :ile ev5 = su* ! pap] mu/ h be5 v ev5ly coat$1 or portions ( ! picture may be wa%$ away4 ,= ! production ( half-tone subjects x is necess>y t ! picture be develop$ f ! back4 ,?is may be effect$ by transf]r+ ! pr9t$ tissue1 aft] fir/ soak+ 9 cold wat]1 to a surface1 usually ei!r ( pap] or glass1 & develop+ x 9 contact )1 & all[+ x to rema9 ^u1 su* surface4 ,?is proc$ure is kn[n 9 c>bon pr9t+ z s+le transf]4 ,unless ! negative be a rev]s$ "o--or a film pr9t$ f ! rev]se side--! result+ pr9t w be subject to ! disadvantage ( be+ rev]s$ z reg>ds left & "r4 ,9 cases :]e ord9>y negatives h to be us$1 & ?is rev]sal _c be tol]at$1 x is ov]come by ! 8d\ble transf]0 me?od ( pr9t+1 ! pr9t 9 su* cases be+ develop$ ^u a s-call$ 8tempor>y support10 & aga9 transf]r$ to its 8f9al support10 :5 x appe>s z a non-rev]s$ image 9 p]man5t pigm5t4,d ,d ,= fur!r details ( ?is int]e/+ process see ! 8,autotype ,manual10 by ,j4 ,r4 ,sawy]2 or ,liesegang's 8,c>bon ,process40 ,! 8,p[d]0 ,process4--,take1 in/ead ( gelat9e1 a solution ( gum arabic & sug>1 to :i* is add$ a solution ( bi*romate ( potassium or ammonium4 ,) ?is a glass plate is coat$1 dri$1 & expos$ "u a negative1 if x be desir$ to produce a negative2 or1 if a positive be desir$1 ! exposure mu/ be made "u a positive4 ,aft] a %ort exposure ! plate is du/$ ov] ) a p[d] 9 an extremely f9e /ate ( division1 su* z graphite if = negatives2 if = burnt-9 enamels1 a specially-prep>$ enamel1 gr\nd extremely f9e1 mu/ be us$4 ,su* p[d]s w only adh]e to ! plate 9 exact proportion to ! action ( ! light dur+ ! exposure 9 ! pr9t+ frame1 & a rev]s$ copy ( ! orig9al w be produc$4 ,collotype & ,glas/ype4,e--,9 ^! processes ! pr9t+ dep5ds ^u ! prop]ty possess$ by ! bi*romat$ gelat9e film1 :i* has be5 prop]ly expos$ "u a negative1 ( absorb+ wat] 9 v>y+ proportions1 9 exact accord )1 b 9 inv]se ratio to1 ! action ( ! light4 ,! application ( a roll] *>g$ ) fatty ink ( a suitable consi/5cy1 w deposit ^u ! gelat9e surface a lay] ( ink 9 exact proportion to ! action ( ! light & 9 inv]se proportion to ! am\nt ( wat] absorb$ by ! film4 ,9 ?is mann] a picture is produc$ 9 ink :i* by pr9t+ is transf]r$ to pap]1 & w exhibit all--ev5 ! f9e/--gradations ( light & %ade4 ,e ,glas/ype1 m fully describ$ lat] on1 has nev] be5 practis$ comm]cially 9 ,engl&4 ,woodburytype4--,if an especially ?ick film ( gelat9e1 conta9+ a small proportion ( pigm5t1 be s5sitis$1 expos$ "u a negative1 & subject$ to prolong$ soak+ 9 w>m wat]1 a picture exhibit+ consid]able relief w be obta9$1 :i*1 aft] dry+1 may1 by press+ into lead or treat$ by ! galvanopla/ic me?od1 yield a matrix f :i* ca/s may be produc$ 9 a col\r$ gelat9e solution1 or ink1 :i* is p\r$ into ! m\ld2 on ?is is plac$ a wat]pro( pap]2 ! press1 :i* is ( special con/ruction1 is clos$1 & ! ink all[$ to set2 ! pap] is !n remov$1 be>+ ^u its surface ! pr9t$ ,woodburytype1 :i* is h>d5$ by alum1 & !n sc>cely di/+ui%able f a silv] pr9t4 ,/annotype is a modification ( ! la/-describ$ process by ! same inv5tor4 ,a positive is fir/ produc$ f ! orig9al negative1 & f ! positive a pr9t is made on a ?ick gelat9e tissue4 ,?is is develop$ by long wa%+ 9 w>m wat]1 ! result+ relief be+ a negative2 ?is is coat$ ) t9foil ( extreme ?9ness1 & us$ z a m\ld = pr9t+ f ) ! gelat9e ink1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,?is obviates ! use ( hydraulic pressure & special & exp5sive appliances4 ,heliogravure2 ,photogravure4--,if1 in/ead ( pr9t+ f ! ,woodbury m\ld 9 ! gelat9\s solution1 a fatty ink is us$1 ! process is kn[n "u ^! titles4 ,! exact me?ods ( r\gh+ ! dep?s ( ! plates to facilitate _! ret5tion ( ! ink are reg>d$ z secrets by ! mo/ successful op]ators4 ,photo-,li?ography & ,photo-,z9cography4--,9 deal+ ) a subject 9 l9es1 dots1 or /ipple1 a pap] may be coat$ ) a solution ( *romat$ gelat9e1 dri$1 expos$ "u a suitable negative1 coat$ ) a film ( fatty ink1 & all[$ to soak 9 cold or tepid wat]2 ?is1 p5etrat+ ! unh>d5$ portions ( ! film1 causes !m readily to "p ) ! ink1 :i*1 h[ev]1 adh]es t5aci\sly ^u ! h>d5$ portions1 repres5t+ ! picture4 ,?is image1 :5 prop]ly cle>$1 may be transf]r$ to /one or z9c1 & pr9t$ f 9 ! li?ographic mann] ^u a suitable press1 or if ! image ^u ! z9c be et*$ into relief by ! process kn[n z ,gillotage1 & m\nt$ on a wood block ( suitable height1 x pres5ts a pr9t+ surface :i* may be us$ 9 conjunction ) type4 ,gelat9otype4--,x has long be5 felt z a desid]atum to make use ( ! photog5ic prop]ties ( ! gelat9o-bi*romate = lett]press pr9t+1 i4e41 to f9d out a simple & satisfactory me?od by :i* collotype plates c\ld be trans=m$ 9 lett]press pr9t+ plates4 ,!re h be5 made _m attempts 9 ?is direction1 b hi!rto )\t any practical results2 ! difficulties seem$ to be too great4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,husnik1 ( ,prague1 has ov]come ^! difficulties1 8 new pat5t$ process1 call$ by him 8,leimtypie10 t is to say1 ,gelat9otype1 be+ "o ( ! greate/ practical value1 quick1 *eap1 & giv+ mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! process consi/s 9 ! production ( high relief blocks 9 gelat9e4 ,husnik exposes a gelat9o-bi*romate tissue "u a negative1 & !n develops ! relief picture 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,! me?od consi/s 9 ! application ( a saturat$ solution ( bi*romate salts = develop+1 a new & previ\sly unkn[n prop]ty ( ! *rome salts ?us com+ into employm5t4 ,^! salts1 9 comp>ison ) ! acids1 h ! advantage n only ( dissolv+ all unexpos$ gelat9e dur+ developm5t1 b also 9 h>d5+ ! already expos$ p>ts ( ! picture ^u ! copy to be develop$1 ! impression receiv$ f ! light be+ increas$ by contact ) ! *rome salt solutions4 ,9 ?is way ! relief c be develop$ a long] "t1 & becomes deep]4 ,ano!r new phase is ! mann] ( ! second developm5t4 ,! fir/ developm5t is int]rupt$ be=e ! f9e p>ts h be5 injur$1 ! relief all[$ to dry1 ! :ite p>ts 7! sub-gr\nd7 cov]$ ) pr9t+ ink dilut$ ) turp5t9e1 us+ a f9e bru% q ne> to ! l9es1 & !n ! :ole relief expos$ once m to light4 ,! relief1 on acc\nt ( its hav+ tak5 up mu* *rome salt dur+ ! fir/ developm5t1 is v s5sitive to light1 & h>d5s n only on ! surface1 b also on ! sides ( ! l9es4 ,aft] removal ( ! black ink x c be develop$ to any dep?1 p>ticul>ly if ! l>g] :ite p>ts h be=e be5 cut out ) a knife4 ,?is process has lately be5 fur!r improv$ by ! inv5tor1 by ! use ( gutta-p]*a films1 :i* are plac$ betwe5 ! gelat9e film & ! z9c plate on :i* ! gelat9e relief has to be fa/5$4 ,?is is effect$ z foll[s3--,! z9c plate1 aft] hav+ be5 well clean$ & rubb$ ov] ) em]y pap]1 is coat$ ) a gutta-p]*a solution & dri$4 ,x is !n heat$ to ab\t #bab ,f41 & all[$ to cool4 ,dur+ ?is cool+ process ! bi*romat$ gelat9e film1 be=e be+ develop$1 is laid on at a temp]ature ( betwe5 #aaa & #gg ,f41 :]eby ! h>d5+ gutta-p]*a film secures a p]fect comb9ation ) ! z9c plate4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done ! gelat9e film is develop$ 9 ! above describ$ mann] to a relief4 ,by ?is improvem5t ! gelat9e blocks become s solid t !y w yield m ?an #ej1jjj pr9ts 9 ! pr9t+ ma*9e )\t be+ injur$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,collotype4--,,app>atus4 ,be=e comm5c+ any practical "w x w1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y to procure v>i\s ut5sils & mat]ial n usually f\nd 9 ! photographic /udio4 ,all ^! %\ld be procur$ f reliable deal]s & ( ! be/ quality1 = ! evil consequ5ces ( false economy w make !mselves felt 9 endless failures4 ,! be/ to be obta9$ are none too good = collotype4 ,9 ! practice ( photography ! :ole success dep5ds on a s]ies ( app>5t trifles1 & ! same may be said to hold good1 b 9 a f> great] degree1 9 ?is process1 :i* is "o 9 :i* ! difficulties c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,! photograph] w mo/ likely be already 9 possession ( _m pieces ( app>atus he may utilise--= in/ance1 di%es4 ,! be/ & de>e/ are ^? ( *9a2 b = _m--9 fact1 mo/--collotype purposes1 ^? ( t9 or z9c may be us$4 ,= w>m+ or cook+ ! gelat9e solutions t9 vessels are ! h&ie/1 z !y easily conduct ! heat & are unbreakable4 ,al?\gh ! *romat$ gelat9e may rema9 9 !m = a %ort p]iod )\t h>m1 x is n advisable to all[ x to d s = any l5g? ( "t1 b to remove ! solution & wa% ! vessel ?or\ghly ) hot wat]1 & at once c>efully dry1 o!rwise !y w soon corrode1 & contam9ate ! gelat9e solutions4 ,! be/ ut5sils to use are wide-m\!d %all[ jugs1 z !y are easily kept clean1 & 9 !m ! *romat$ gelat9e solution keeps well1 & ) _! use no fe> ( decomposition ne$ be ent]ta9$4 ,filt]+ ! gelat9e solutions is a some:at tr\blesome matt]1 & %\ld be effect$ at a high temp]ature & z quickly z possible4 ,! simple/ me?od is to procure a piece ( p]fectly clean flannel ( suitable size1 ?or\ghly moi/5 x1 & ins]t into a brass r+1 :i* is provid$ on ! outside ) small b>bel hooks1 to :i* ! flannel is fix$1 z 9 ! ret9aculum ( ! *emi/4 ,! r+ is provid$ ) a clip & h&le1 by ! =m] ( :i* x may be atta*$ to a vessel ( almo/ any size1 & ! latt] is a conv5i5ce 9 hold+ x ov] plates to :i* ! gelat9e has to be appli$4 ,a c>eful filt]+ is obvi\sly ess5tial to ! production ( clean plates4 ,_m complicat$ filt]+ appliances h be5 devis$ = gelat9e & o!r solutions difficult ( filtration1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( album5 or gum4 ,b>on ,szrett] describes 9 ! 8,photographis*e ,correspond5z10 #ahgh1 an app>atus con/ruct$ by him4 ,x consi/s ( two vessels1 an upp] & a l[] "o1 :i* by means ( long] or %ort] tubes communicate ) ea* o!r 9 accordance to ! /rong] or weak] pressure requir$ by ! liquid to be filt]$4 ,sold]$ r\nd ! upp] rim ( ! l[] vessel is a r+ ( %eet brass1 ab\t two to ?ree cm4 9 wid?2 ov] ?is r+ ! filt] pap] is plac$1 :i* aga9 is cov]$ ) a piece ( /rong felt envelop$ 9 flannel4 ,to prev5t ! liquid escap+ r\nd ! sides ( ! r+ a /rong iron r+ is appli$1 :i* by means ( a screw presses aga9/ ! felt s t no space exi/s betwe5 ! r+ & ! pap]4 ,to prev5t ! pressure ( ! liquid =c+ ! felt out ( position1 & s te>+ ! pap]1 a metal wire gauge is us$ to keep ! felt 9 place4 ,! liquid plac$ 9 ! upp] vessel passes ?r\gh ! tube into ! l[] vessel ?r\gh ! pap] & felt lay]4 ,:5 x is necess>y to w>m ! solution to be filt]$1 z 9 ! case ( gelat9e1 ! :ole app>atus is cov]$ ) an out] cov]+1 & on ! o!r side a pipe is appli$ = ! purpose ( effect+ a circulation ( ! heat$ liquid1 :i* is ?us kept con/antly ris+ ?r\gh ! "o pipe & return+ ?r\gh ! o!r4,f ,heat is su/a9$ at an ev5 temp]ature dur+ ! :ole op]ation by means ( a small lamp4 ,a simple me?od ( filt]+ su* solutions is to pass !m ?r\gh purifi$ %eep's wool1 or spun glass1 a quantity ( :i* is plac$ 9 ! tube ( ! funnel4 ,! :ole app>atus may be plac$ 9 a w>m ov5 dur+ ! process1 or ! dry+ box may be utilis$ = ! purpose4 ,f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! above description n p]haps be+ p]fectly cle>1 & hav+ be5 unable to obta9 any fur!r description1 ,i give a sket* 7,fig4 #a47 ( an app>atus f\nd to answ] well = ! filtration ( gelat9e solutions & o!r viscid bodies4 ,a is a glass flask1 ,b a rubb] /opp]1 ,c a funnel conta9+ a filt]+ m$ium ( wa%lea!r1 ,d a tube atta*$ to a ?ree-way cock ,e2 "o h& manipulates ! latt]1 :ile ! o!r works ! pi/on ,f ( a syr+e ,g4--,,trans4 ,pr9t+ ,frames ( diff]5t sizes w be f\nd to h& 9 ! photographic /udio1 & may be utilis$ )\t alt]ation = pr9t+ ! collotype plates1 if !y are deep & /rong en\gh to be> ! necess>y pressure1 :i* is usually appli$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( spr+s2 ^! are bett] remov$1 & wood5 w$ges ins]t$ 9 _! /ead betwe5 ! cross-b>s & ! loose wood5 back ( ! frames1 z by ^! means f> m pressure may be appli$4 ,by lift+ ! "o half ( ! h+$ back ( ! pr9t+ frame an exam9ation by transmitt$ light ( ! collotype plate may be made & an exp]i5c$ op]ator w 9 ?is mann] judge ! exposure ( ! plate4 ,! ,act9omet] is1 h[ev]1 recomm5d$1 p>ticul>ly = a beg9n]1 z x greatly aids 9 =m+ a correct idea ( ! exposure4 ,! ,dry+ ,box is ( great importance to ! successful work+ ( ! process4 ,! op9ions ( ! v>i\s practition]s ) reg>d to ! temp]ature at :i* ! dry+ ( ! plates %\ld be effect$ diff] z widely z ^u ! advisability or o!rwise ( admitt+ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! box dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! dry+ %\ld be complet$ z rapidly z possible f ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! heat nev] exce$s #ej;,c4 ,_m plate-mak]s simply dry ! plates 9 an op5 ap>tm5t--( c\rse1 only illum9at$ by a non-act9ic light--simply plac+ ! plates on a horizontal surface1 :i* may be ma9ta9$ at ! temp]ature indicat$ by a wat] ba?1 a li?ographic /one1 or m]ely a ca/-iron plate arrang$ 9 a suitable mann] = heat+ f bel[4 ,?is me?od ( dry+ is op5 to _m objections3 ! surface ( ! plate is seldom free f du/1 & ! gelat9e coat+ is too liable to irregul>ities f draughts admitt$ to ! ap>tm5t dur+ ! process4 ,!y are m frequ5tly dri$ 9 specially-con/ruct$ boxes provid$ ) screws = accurately levell+ ! plates1 & ?r\gh :i* only a small circulation ( air takes place4 ,^! boxes are usually rectangul> 9 %ape1 ! upright sides be+ ( wood & ! bottom ( %eet iron4 ,! lid is an op5 framework cov]$ ) a close orange or black cotton mat]ial1 ! :ole /&+ ^u f\r iron legs ov] a _s or gas flame4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! box a !rmomet] is fix$1 ab\t ! c5tre ( ei!r ! side or lid1 9 su* a position t x may be readily obs]v$ )\t ! necessity ( op5+ ! box4 ,/rong horizontal iron b>s are plac$ across at ab\t ! c5tre1 & are provid$ ) ?umbscrews1 ^u :i* may be plac$ a plate ( glass be>+ a circul> _s level1 by :i* means ! plates may be levell$ ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,! %eet-iron bottom ( ! box be+ heat$ unev5ly1 x becomes necess>y to mitigate ?is inconv5i5ce z f> z possible1 :i* is easily done by cov]+ ! plate to a dep? ( ab\t half-an-in* ) dry riv] s&1 ov] :i* %\ld be plac$ tissue pap] to keep d[n any possible du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,an ,automatic ,regulator ( practical value is t devis$ by ,ruegheim]4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a4 ,a is clos$ ) an indi>ubb] /opp]1 ?r\gh :i* passes a glass tube ,b1 ! l[] end ( :i* is cut (f at an angle4 ,x is atta*$ to ! gas supply pipe4 ,! tube ,c is connect$ to ! burn]s4 ,to ,d is atta*$1 by means ( rubb] tub+1 a glass bulb ,f1 :i* is plac$ inside ! dry+-box4 ,g ,g is m]cury1 & ,h a rubb] /opp] by :i* ! pressure on ! m]cury & quantity ( air 9 ,f may be regulat$4 ,! action ( ! in/rum5t is obvi\s4 ,! gas passes d[n ,b1 ov] ! surface ( ! m]cury & by ! tube ,c to ! burn]4 ,on ! bulb ,f rea*+ a c]ta9 temp]ature1 ! m]cury w all[ j suffici5t gas to pass f ! tube ,b to ma9ta9 ! box at a giv5 heat4 ,if x %\ld fall1 ! m]cury rec$es f ! ap]ture ( ! tube ,b1 a l>g] quantity ( gas passes to ! burn]1 & ! temp]ature is re/or$ to a normal degree4 ,if ! air 9 ! ball ,f exp&s to too great an ext5t1 ! m]cury rises1 & w\ld ev5tually entirely close ! ap]ture & cut (f ! gas supply1 unless ! tube ,b is provid$ ) a small hole act+ z a by-pass4 ,! tube ,b may be mov$ up & d[n ?r\gh ! rubb] /opp] at ,a z a means ( adju/m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,m4 ,?iel1 ( ,p>is1 uses a v conv5i5t dry+-box1 :i*1 ) 8 p]mission1 is "h expla9$4 ,9 a brick-l9$ receptacle "u ! laboratory floor lies ! wat]-heat+ app>atus1 :i* is con/ruct$ ( %eet copp]1 & is capable ( conta9+ ab\t f\r litres ( wat]1 utilis$ 9 ! production ( /eam = heat+ ! box4 a1 fig4 #c1 is ! pipe pass+ ?r\gh ! wall into ! dry+-box2 b is ! gas supply pipe to ! two atmosph]ic burn]s4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts a plan ( ! dry+-box2 c c c c ! p]p5dicul> sides ( ! same1 a a a gives a plan & position & arrangem5t ( ! e>!nw>e heat+ pipes ly+ 9 a s]p5t9e =m at ! bottom ( ! box1 entirely cov]$ ) dry s&1 & ?is aga9 cov]$1 z be=e describ$1 ) tissue pap]4 b is ! outlet ( ! /eam pipe4 d d d d are movable horizontal iron b>s ) adju/+ screws1 on :i* ! plates are levell$4 ,! box is cov]$ by a h+$ lid1 :i* is rais$ ab\t a c\ple ( in*es dur+ ! dry+ to all[ ! air to circulate4 ,! dim5sions ( ! box w be det]m9$ by ! size ( ! plates to be us$1 sev]al ( :i* may be plac$ side by side4 ,its height is ab\t half a metre inside1 & ! plates are plac$ ab\t its c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,glass ,plates1 to be us$ = pr9t+ f1 mu/ z a fir/ consid]ation h _! surfaces gr\nd q true & p>allel4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( special collotype presses requir+ less pressure1 ! ?ickness is ( less consequ5ce ?an =m]ly1 b = conv5i5ce ( h&l+ & to )/& ! necess>y pressure1 9 ! pr9t+ frames1 plates ( at lea/ f\r millimetres 9 ?ickness are desirable4 ,_m use !m f #h to #aj millimetres 9 ?ickness2 ?is1 9 ! l>g] sizes1 means a weight bo? inconv5i5t & difficult to h&le4 ,x is probably easi] to "w ^u pla9 glass surfaces1 & s9ce means h be5 discov]$ ( caus+ ! *romat$ gelat9e to adh]e to poli%$ glass ) suffici5t t5acity to produce sev]al hundr$ impressions1 ! employm5t ( gr\nd glass plates is mu* m a matt] ( *oice ?an =m]ly4 ,! gr\nd surface1 h[ev]1 assi/s ! =mation ( a gra9 9 ! case ( ?9 lay]s1 & ! op]ation ( gr9d+ s]ves to remove accid5tal scrat*es f ! surface ( ! plates4 ,z 9 practice ^! damages con/antly arise1 x w 9 ! long run be f\nd bo? desirable & economical to employ ! gr\nd plates4 ,ink ,roll]s are also ( great consequ5ce 9 bo? collotype & li?ographic op]ations4 ,= pr9t+ f /one lea!r roll]s h always be5 exclusively employ$1 & !y are /ill us$ 9 "s collotype e/abli%m5ts1 m p>ticul>ly :]e h& presses are yet work$4 ,! ,lea!r ,roll] consi/s ( a wood5 cyl9d] or /ock ( ab\t #ba to #db cm4 9 l5g? & #i to #aa cm4 9 diamet]1 ) h&les at ei!r end1 usually turn$ 9 "o piece ) ! cyl9d]4 ,boxwood h&les are sometimes let into ! ends ( ! cyl9d]1 b al?\gh smoo!r to "w1 !y n infrequ5tly "w loose4 ,9 us+ ^! roll]s ! h&les d n come 9 direct contact ) ! h&s1 b are cov]$ ) a protection ( /\t lea!r1 :i* n only protects ! pr9t]'s h&s f heat+1 b enables him by a heavi] or light] grip ( ! h&les to apply a heavi] or light] pressure ( ! roll]--a po9t ( great value 9 ink+ ! plate4 ,! wood5 /ock ( ! roll] is fir/ cov]$ ) a d\ble ?ickness ( wooll5 mat]ial--flannel or ,melton clo?--& ov] ?is is drawn ! cov] ( calf-sk91 fle% side outw>ds4 ,! manipulation ( ! seam mu/ be manag$ ) extreme c>e1 z any unev5ness w\ld r5d] ! roll] useless4 ,at bo? ends ( ! cyl9d] ! lea!r projects1 & is usually drawn tight ) /r+ or nail$ on4 ,!re are two descriptions ( lea!r roll]s--smoo? & co>se4 ,! latt] are only us$ to apply ink to ! /one or plate1 & !n1 ) ! smoo? roll]1 ! prop] di/ribution ( ! ink is effect$4 ,= ! latt] purpose1 9 collotype1 h>d glue or indi>ubb] roll]s are employ$1 be+ consid]$ f> pref]able4 ,:5 a lea!r roll] is 9 good ord]1 & its use has be5 ?or\ghly ma/]$1 x is look$ ^u by _m pr9t]s z indisp5sable4 ,a s]i\s disadvantage is t :5 new !y are almo/ unusable = collotype1 & aft] prolong$ use ! lea!r /ret*es1 !y become wr9kl$1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 affects ! ev5 di/ribution ( ! ink4 ,a new lea!r roll] ne$s a special prep>ation or 8break+ 90 be=e x may be consid]$ fit = use4 ,x %\ld be well saturat$ ) a fatty matt]1 a v effectual way ( do+ :i* is to roll x well at int]vals 9 a mod]ate supply ( ?9 v>ni% z us$ = ?9n+ pr9t+ ink1 ?is process be+ p]sev]$ ) s long z ! roll] cont9ues capable ( absorption4 ,a bett] b m tr\blesome me?od is to roll ! roll]s twice daily 9 ?9 v>ni%1 cont9u+ ! op]ation = a week1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! roll] may be well roll$ ^u ! ink+ slab 9 /iff black pr9t+ ink1 ! sup]flu\s ink be+ occasionally remov$ f bo? ! roll] & slab by scrap+ ) a blunt knife1 & a fre% supply ( ink appli$4 ,?is tr\blesome & t$i\s op]ation %\ld be cont9u$ = a p]iod ext5d+ ov] sev]al weeks until x has become q smoo? & ev51 ?\gh x w /ill be f\nd bett] to use x only = common "w1 or1 if possible1 on /one4 ,to keep ! roll] 9 good condition x %\ld1 on ea* occasion aft] use1 be c>efully scrap$ ) a clean1 smoo?-edg$ knife--n too %>p4 ,"s practice 9 ?is op]ation is requir$ to avoid cutt+ ! lea!r4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid ?is1 ! blade ( ! knife be+ held almo/ flat ^u ! roll] dur+ ! process4 ,! scrap+ %\ld always be 9 "o direction1 to ensure :i* x is advisable to place a m>k ^u "o ( ! h&les4 ,unless ^! precautions be obs]v$ ! ink w dry 91 & completely spoil ! lea!r4 ,if n to be us$ aga9 = "s "t tall[ %\ld be c>efully & ?or\ghly rubb$ into ! surface ( ! roll] z a pres]vative1 b be=e aga9 us+ ?is coat+ mu/ be remov$ ei!r by means ( a knife or wa%+ ) turp5t9e4 ,glue ,roll]s h long be5 9 use1 b *iefly = lett]press "w & /eam ma*9es 9 g5]al4 ,a s(t composition ( a v ela/ic nature is q useless = collotype2 its sub/ance mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be tol]ably h>d1 & ( a br[n col\r1 z usually employ$ on ! /eam lett]press jobb+ ma*9es4 ,= h& roll]s = collotype x is pref]able to h a /rong iron frame ) d\ble h&les1 z us$ by lett]press pr9t]s4 ,su* roll]s are pref]able to ^? ( lea!r1 & w answ] p]fectly = lay+ on ! fir/ /iff ink1 & also = roll+ up ! half-tones4 ,to clean !y %\ld on no acc\nt be scrap$1 b simply wa%$ ) turp5t9e1 & on ?is acc\nt are mu* easi] clean$ ?an lea!r roll]s4 ,s*a>w*t] gives ! foll[+ z an excell5t composition = collotype roll]s3 ,br[n glue1 ?ree p>ts1 /eep$ = two days 9 cold wat]4 ,! pieces %\ld !n be dri$ 9 a clo?1 & aft]w>ds dissolv$4 ,:5 melt$ add1 ) con/ant /irr+1 "o "p ( treacle1 :i* has be5 previ\sly boil$1 all[ ! :ole to boil1 & skim4 ,! composition is !n run into a ?9 copp] cyl9d] or m\ld1 :i* mu/ be poli%$ smoo?1 clean1 & well oil$2 & 9 ! c5tre ( :i* has be5 plac$ ! wood5 cyl9d] or /ock4 ,aft] cool+1 ! roll] is pu%$ out ( ! m\ld1 & wa%$ ) alcohol or turp5t9e to remove any trace ( greas9ess due to oil+ ! m\ld1 plac$ 9 a ba? ( tannic acid1 wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$4 ,! composition roll]s1 z us$ 9 typographic pr9t+1 are made ) glyc]9e in/ead ( treacle1 & may be us$ = collotype if n too s(t4 ,indi>ubb] ,roll]s are m exp5sive1 b possess special prop]ties r5d]+ !m p>ticul>ly suitable = photo-li?ography4 ,9 con/ruction a wood5 /ock ) suitable h&les is cov]$ ) v ?ick well-vulcanis$ indi>ubb]1 :i* has a f9e smoo? surface1 r5d]+ x easy to clean by means ( turp5t9e4 ,if x becomes 8tacky0 on ! surface x %\ld be well rubb$ ) ,fr5* *alk1 or soap-/one1 :i* w readily absorb ! turp5t9e1 b ?is coat+ mu/ be ?or\ghly remov$ be=e aga9 us+ ! roll]4 ,an excell5t sugge/ion appe>$ 9 "o ( ! polyte*nical p]iodicals1 t ! roll]s %\ld be=e use be coat$ ) a solution ( pure or bottle rubb] 9 b5zole or bisulphide ( c>bon aft] hav+ be5 well wa%$ ) turp5t9e4 ,^! indi>ubb] roll]s are n suit$ = ! fir/ ink+ ( ! plate1 b are invaluable = roll+ up ! half-t9ts ( ! collotype plate4 ,z !y some:at readily take col\r (f ! plate !y mu/ be fir/ roll$ up 9 a ?9n] ink & a sep>ate slab4 ,accord+ to 8,li?ographia0 ^! indi>ubb] roll]s may be clean$ ) lye1 or /rong alcoholic _s4 ,if clean$ ) turp5t9e x may be advantage\sly foll[$ by r9s+ ) soap & wat]2 by s do+ ! application ( ,fr5* *alk is unnecess>y4 ,^! roll]s are1 by comp>ison ) o!rs1 ne>ly inde/ructible1 & !re=e *eap1 not)/&+ _! high fir/ co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,velvet ,roll]s h latt]ly come mu* into use1 & are v successfully us$ = ink+-up ! transf]s 9 photo-li?ography4 ,!y may be also us$ 9 photo-xylography & photo-c]amic processes1 & also = c]ta9 purposes 9 collotype4 ,a necess>y precaution is t ! seam ( ! velvet %\ld always be kept (f ! surface subject$ to ! roll+1 & ?is may be c>ri$ out if ! roll] is1 say1 #aj-a_/b c5timetres 9 diamet]1 a l5g? ( #cab c5timetres may !n be roll$ )\t us+ ! seam4 ,! sket* w expla9 ! con/ruction4 ,! cyl9d] or /ock is ( pe>-wood1 & ! h&les ( box2 fir/ cov]+ s]ge1 :i* be=e sew+ on %\ld be well %runk 9 hot wat]2 ov] ?is comes ! velvet1 ! edges ( :i* mu/ n ov]lap1 b mu/ be drawn toge!r z close z possible by means ( ?read4 ,"o advantage ( ?is roll] is t x is ready = imm$iate use2 x mu/1 aft] use1 be c>efully clean$ be=e be+ plac$ aside2 ?is is be/ done by repeat$ roll+s on a clean slab1 & ! judici\s application ( a little turp5t9e4 ,turp5t9e only may be us$ to ?9 ink = use ) ?is roll]4 ,dry+ ,roll]s4--,9 addition to ^? already enum]at$1 all ( :i* are int5d$ = ! application ( ! ink to ! plate1 o!r roll]s are requir$1 simil> 9 con/ruction1 b cov]$ ) wa%-lea!r or clo?1 & us$ = ! purpose ( absorb+ sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,= ^! x is necess>y1 or at lea/ advisable1 t ! frames be s con/ruct$ t ! roll]s may be readily remov$ :5 by cont9u$ use !y h become too damp4 ,?is me?od ( dry+ ! plates is f> pref]able to ! cu/om>y "o ( wip+ ) a clo?1 = ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e1 if ! pr9t+ %\ld ext5d ov] hundr$s ( copies1 ! lay] ^u ! plate w inevitably get scrat*$ :5 wip+ or rubb+ is resort$ to1 especially if is+lass--:i* t5ds to s(t5 ! film--be pres5t4 ,palette ,knife or ,spatula4--,x is unnecess>y to describe2 !y are us$ = mix+ ! ink & apply+ x to ! slab & roll]s1 & = clean+ ! latt]4 ,!y may be ei!r ( h>d wood or metal4 ,! ,ink ,slab may be ei!r ( slate1 a li?ographic /one1 or a %eet ( /rong z9c securely atta*$ to a block ( wood truly plan$4 ,! ,press is an indisp5sable requisite = pr9t+ op]ations4 ,!re are small wood5 h&-presses1 especially con/ruct$ = collotype1 :i* may be pur*as$ at a v l[ price--#d to #e2 b ! m economical way is to procure a small li?ographic press con/ruct$ ( iron4 ,?is w n only be f\nd m durable1 b x may1 if occasion arise1 be us$ ei!r = li?ographic or z9cographic pr9t+1 z x w be> ! necess>y pressure1 :i* is greatly 9 excess ( t appli$ 9 collotype pr9t+4 ,! h&-press con/ruct$ by ,sutt] is a =m t may be /rongly recomm5d$4 ,if ! output ( pr9ts is to be l>ge1 a /eam ma*9e w be necess>y1 ! co/ ( :i* w be n less ?an #bjj to #bej4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts a press :i* has be5 l>gely us$ = collotype4 ,d is ! b$ or c>riage ^u :i* ! plate is fix$ 9 ! mann] describ$ fur!r on4 ,by turn+ ! crank h&le ,c ! b$ is c>ri$ "u ! scrap]1 :i* is secur$ 9 ! scrap]-box ,a4 ,! scrap] is kept 9 position by ! lev] ,b4 ,! scrap]-box is repres5t$ z clos$ d[n 9 ! illu/ration1 b 9 actual practice x w\ld n be 9 ! position %[n until ! tympan-frame ,e _h be5 l[]$4 ,! ,tympan1 ( ei!r lea!r or ?9 %eet z9c or brass1 is m>k$ ,f 9 ! illu/ration4 ,all iron portions ( ! press subject to friction %\ld be frequ5tly clean$ & c>efully oil$ ) a good ma*9e-oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! ,scrap]s %\ld be ( ei!r pe> tree1 lime1 maple1 or pref]ably box1 ) a blunt bottom edge1 :i* %\ld be plan$ true1 & f9ally f9i%$ by rubb+ on a %eet ( glass-pap] plac$ ^u a p]fectly flat surface4 ,!y mu/ be adju/$ ) ev5 m precision ?an is necess>y 9 li?ography1 z ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! pr9t+ surface1 ! same pressure _c ) safety be appli$4 ,) plates or /ones ( l>ge size x w be f\nd t ! pressure ( ! scrap] w be unequal1 great] pressure be+ ex]t$ 9 ! c5tre ?an ^u ! edges ( ! pr9t+ surface4 ,_m pr9t]s1 to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy1 slightly scrape away or holl[ out by means ( a piece ( glass ! c5tre ( ! scrap]4 ,) suffici5t pressure & pl5ty ( ela/ic pack+ betwe5 ! pr9t+ pap] & ! tympan1 ?is slight diff]5ce may be easily ov]come4 ,sev]al scrap]s %\ld be provid$ ( v>i\s l5g?s1 s t "o ( suitable size may be always available to suit ! p>ticul> "w 9 h&4 ,x %\ld always be slightly long] ?an ! wid? ( ! picture1 b %ort] ?an ! wid? ( ! /one or plate4 ,by press+ ! edge ( ! scrap] to ! surface ( ! latt] & look+ t[>ds a w9d[ no light %\ld be visible betwe5 ! two surfaces4 ,if ! edges ( ! scrap] are c>efully r\nd$1 x may be cov]$ ) a /rip ( wa%-lea!r1,g smoo? side outw>ds1 & secur$ by means ( tacks1 by :i* arrangem5t ! pull w be easi]1 ! impression m ev51 & ! tympan & scrap] w la/ long]4 ,! accompany+ sket* repres5ts "o ( ,poiri]'s special collotype presses1 con/ruct$ entirely ( iron4 ,! details are s cle>ly %[n 9 ! engrav+ t aft] ! description already giv5 x w be unnecess>y to po9t out fur!r details4 ,g ,?is is necess>y only ) metal tympans4 ,:ite ,m>g9s to ,pictures4--,to facilitate ! production ( pictures ) :ite m>g9s1 in/ead ( us+ a mask ( pap] ei!r oil$ or treat$ ) a v>ni%1 an arrangem5t has be5 introduc$1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #g1 ! design ( :i* is due to ,mr4 ,raph4 ,s*legel4 ,! draw+ is n p]spectively correct1 b is made to %[ z cle>ly z possible ! arrangem5t & mann] ( work+4 ,! scrap]--n %[n 9 ! illu/ration--works on ! tympan ,o4 ,a1 c>riage or b$ ( ! press1 c>ry+ ! pr9t+ plate4 ,b1 a slide ( light wood4 ,?is prev5ts ! frame ,d & ! pr9t+ pap] ,m com+ 9 contact ) ! plate be=e ! impression is actually be+ tak5 by ! scrap]4 ,! wood5 slide bridges ov] ! plate1 & may be #ae to #be millimetres high] ?an ! plate itself4 ,:5 ! roll+ up or ink+ ( ! plate has tak5 place ! slide is pu%$ s f> =w>ds z to all[ only j suffici5t room = ! scrap] to re/ ^u ! plate4 ,! action ( ! scrap] dur+ ! tak+ ( ! impression causes ! slide to "w out1 & all[s ! pap] to come 9 contact ) ! pr9t lay]4 ,e ,e are adju/able buttons to regulate ! trav]se ( ! c>riage :5 pr9t+4 ,d is a second frame necess>y to c>ry ! /rips ( ?9 z9c1 ,ef ,ef1 ,eg ,eg1 :i* entirely protect ! edges ( ! pap] to be pr9t$ ^u1 & s produce an impression ) a :ite m>g94 ,^! /rips may be almo/ in/antly adju/$ to give any requir$ size4 ,! frame ,d mu/ be s mu* small] ?an ! frame ,l z to be easily cov]$ by ! latt]1 all[+ = ! project+ screws & nuts ( ! clamps f4 ,! z9c /rips %\ld be r$uc$ to a fea!r edge on ! sides next ! picture1 & %\ld h secur$ to !m /rips ( f9e pap] 7=eign lett]-pap]71 :i* %\ld ext5d ov] ! edges ab\t ?ree millimetres1 to prev5t damage to ! gelat9e lay]4 f f are clamps = ! z9c /rips ,ef4 ,!y are put ?r\gh ! slots1 & ! t5sion adju/$ by ! nuts4 ,! z9c /rips are p]=at$ by two holes at ea* end1 & secur$ to ! clamps by means ( screws4 ,eg are also z9c /rips2 g clamps provid$ ) two holes1 9 ea* ( :i* a hook is ins]t$4 ,correspond+ ) ^! a second pair ( hooks are ins]t$ 9 holes 9 ! frame ,i1 ! hooks be+ connect$ toge!r by ! /rong indi>ubb] b&s h4 ,?is gives to ! /rips ,eg a c]ta9 am\nt ( ela/ic t5sion4 ,! clamps ,k are also adju/able 9 slots1 & simil> to f2 ,l1 frame = ! reception ( ! tympan2 ,m1 l>ge clamp = /ret*+ ! ela/ic %eet ,o2 ,n1 z9c tympan1 greas$ to facilitate its movem5t "u ! scrap]1 x also prev5ts grease p5etrat+ ! %eet ,o2 ,p1 a bracket on b$ ,a1 aga9/ :i* ! tympan frame re/s :5 rais$ & ?r[n back4 ,! arrangem5t is us$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! plate has be5 satisfactorily ink$ or roll$ 91 ! slide or bridge ,b is adju/$ ov] ! plate1 leav+ a /rip ( ab\t ?ree mm4 uncov]$ to all[ ( adju/m5t ( ! scrap]4 ,l[] ! frame ,d 9 :i* ! z9c /rips h be5 adju/$ to ! size ( picture2 ! pr9t+ pap] is plac$ ov] ?is slide1 & cov]$ ) a few %eets ( pap] back+4 ,! tympan frame ,l1 toge!r ) ! %eet+ & greas$ z9c plate1 are l[]$ ^u ! "w1 ! scrap] adju/$1 & an impression tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,*emicals ,,& ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,collotype4 ,gelat9e4--,! basis ( ! ,collotype process is gelat9e--! f9e/ purifi$ animal glue--& ! important "p x plays 9 ! process dem&s an acqua9tance ) its prop]ties1 :i* are f\nd to diff] widely1 accord+ to its orig9 & me?od ( prep>ation4 ,gelat9e suitable = ,collotype %\ld be free f all impurities--p>ticul>ly alum1 :i* is n infrequ5tly add$ 9 small quantities dur+ manufacture4 ,dr4 ,ed]1 9 p>ticul>1 has made mo/ m9ute exam9ations ( v>i\s samples1 m especially ) reg>d to _! suitability = ,collotype1 ,c>bon1 & ! ,galvanographic processes1 & 8 op9ion1 agree+ ) t ( o!r exp]im5tali/s1 is "h quot$3-- ,! two pr9cipal modifications ( gelat9e are ^? produc$ f bones1 s9ews & sk9s ( animals1 & f ! air bladd] ( ! /urgeon1 ! latt] v>iety1 bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( is+lass1 repres5ts1 f a *emical po9t ( view1 glue 9 ! pure/ =m4 ,on acc\nt ( its high price & ev]-v>y+ quality z f\nd 9 comm]ce1 x mu/ 9 practice give place to a glue or size conta9+ *ondr91 & prep>$ f bone & gri/le4 ,ano!r objection is1 t plates prep>$ ) an admixture ( is+lass are less durable ?an ^? conta9+ gelat9e only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x c]ta9ly possesses advantages ( its own1 :i* w be m fully consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,a gelat9e suitable = collotype mu/ absorb pl5ty ( wat] & swell out1 b n liquefy aft] hav+ be5 soak$ 9 cold wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,gelat9e or is+lass prep>$ f ! bladd] w n /& ?is te/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 p>tially dis9tegrate4 ,! consi/5cy & be>+ capacity ( a jelly =m$ by dissolv+ gelat9e 9 wat] by means ( heat & all[+ x to cool1 =m1 9 ! op9ion ( ,lip[itz1 a safe & reliable means ( =m+ a judgm5t z to its suitability = collotype4 ,dissolve by fir/ soak+ five grammes 9 #de cm4 ( di/ill$ wat] = sev]al h\rs1 aft]w>ds apply heat1 & all[ to /& twelve h\rs to set4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison ?is %\ld always be done 9 a glass ( ! same diamet]4 ,a small t9 or z9c slip is plac$ across ! top ( ! glass vessel conta9+ ! jelly2 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! t9 a hole is pi]c$1 ?r\gh :i* a wire moves easily up & d[n4 ,to its bottom end is sold]$ a piece ( t91 ( ab\t #ae cm4 diamet]1 ! convex side ly+ ^u ! surface ( ! gelat9e4 ,on ! o!r or upp] end a small funnel is plac$1 l>ge en\gh to conta9 #a-a_/b kilo4 ( small %ot4 ,! weight ( ! wire & funnel be+ asc]ta9$1 x w be a simple matt]1 by also weigh+ ! %ot1 to calculate ! weight requir$ to s9k ! in/rum5t into ! jelly1 & to asc]ta9 ) accuracy its weight-be>+ capacity & pro( ( ! relative value ( v>i\s samples = ,collotype pr9t+4 ,if o!rwise suitable1 ! v>iety capable ( support+ ! greate/ weight be=e yield+ w be ! "o to select4 ,! p[] ( absorption ( diff]5t samples v>ies consid]ably2 = example1 ! ,collotype gelat9e ( ,creutz absorbs 9 two h\rs #cj p>ts ( cold wat] p\r$ ov] x4 ,nelson's pat5t opaque1 9 ! meantime1 only absorbs five p>ts1 b aft] a fur!r p]iod ( #d-a_/b h\rs ! diff]5ce is equalis$1 z x w absorb #be p>ts m ( wat]1 mak+ altoge!r exactly #cj p>ts4 ,?is exp]im5t proves ! latt] to be a h>d] quality ?an t ( ,creutz1 & x necess>ily requires a some:at diff]5t treatm5t = ! production ( ! be/ results4 ,is+lass or fi% glue1 al?\gh1 z be=e /at$1 a f9] quality ( glut9 ?an ! ord9>y gelat9e ( comm]ce1 is1 on acc\nt ( its high price & v>y+ quality1 comp>atively little us$4 ,! addition ( ?is sub/ance also s(t5s ! gelat9e lay]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x possesses c]ta9 prop]ties :i* r5d] its use at times desirable2 = in/ance1 x does n dry s completely z gelat9e1 ! lay] prep>$ ) x consequ5tly gives clean] & m ev5 pro(s1 a po9t p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! e>li] impressions4 ,su* pr9ts w also exhibit great] brilliancy1 & ?is is ( especial consequ5ce 9 "w produc$ f photographs f nature1 9 :i* class ( "w ! half-tones are too (t5 want+4 ,"s op]ators take ev5 equal p>ts ( is+lass & gelat9e1 b su* lay]s mu/ be v ?91 & dri$ quickly4 ,?ick lay]s are liable to crack or fly1 & 9 use to refuse to take ! ink1 :i* mu/ = su* film be us$ 9 great] quantity & ?9n] ?an :5 gelat9e alone is employ$4 ,a solution ( is+lass is n s readily prep>$ z "o ( gelat9e4 ,x is necess>y to all[ x to soak 9 cold wat] = f twelve to tw5ty h\rs1 & ! temp]ature !n gradually rais$ to ne>ly boil+ po9t1 at :i* heat x %\ld be ma9ta9$ = "s "t long]1 & !n filt]$ ?r\gh flannel into ! gelat9e solution4 ,9 pr9t+ f ^! plates1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! proportion ( is+lass exce$s "o-?ird ! am\nt ( gelat9e1 !re is a disagreeable t5d5cy ( ! pr9t+ pap] to adh]e 9 ! high lights--t is1 9 ^? p>ts ( ! pr9t lay] :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! negative by entire opacity--z 9 ! sky ( a l&scape or a backgr\nd :i* has be5 8/opp$ out0 on ! negative4 ,on o!r portions ( ! plate :]e ! light has m fully act$--dur+ ! pr9t+ 9 ! pr9t+ frame--?is tr\blesome defect w n be obs]v$4 ,! fault is m noticeable :5 ! dull enamel pap] is us$1 :ile a h>d1 well-siz$ lett] pap] pres5ts ! o!r extreme4 ,fur!r details ( pr9t+ pap]s w be f\nd 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,9 ! introductory *apt] ( ?is "w ! photo-*emical qualifications ( ! bi*romates ( ammonium & potassium ) reg>d to collotype are consid]$4 ,bi*romate ( ,potassium is f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n ri* orange-r$ cry/als4 ,x is readily soluble 9 cold wat] 7#a4aj74 ,x may be easily recry/allis$ & purifi$ readily out ( ei!r a hot1 w>m1 or cold solution1 & =ms 9 ?9 lay]s ( f9e cry/als4 ,!re=e1 9 us+ x = collotype1 c>e is ne$$ n to exce$ ! /rictly necess>y proportion1 z ! plate may be hopelessly spoil$ by ! p>tial cry/allisation ( ! salt1 :i* w probably %[ dur+ ! process ( dry+4 ,! maximum addition ( bi*romate ( potassium 9 proportion to ! weight ( ! gelat9e may diff] accord+ to ! peculi>ities ( ! latt]4 ,dr4 ,ed] consid]s ab\t #c_/aj to #d_/aj by weight ( ?is salt 9 a dry /ate may be add$ to a gelat9e1 :i* w absorb f six to t5 times its weight ( wat]1 )\t fe> ( cry/allisation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m gelat9es t are incapable ( work+ ) m ?an #b_/aj4 ,rapid dry+ ( ! plate 9 a curr5t ( air1 & at a temp]ature ( #dj ,c41 w1 to "s ext5t1 obviate ?is objectionable feature4 ,by reason ( its comp>ative ins5sitiv5ess to light & ?is facility ( cry/allisation1 & not)/&+ its comp>ative l[ price1 x is n[ f> less us$ 9 collotype ?an ,bi*romate ( ammonium1 ! cry/als ( :i* some:at resemble ^? ( ! potassium salt4 ,9 col\r !y are ( a br[n] hue1 & readily di/+ui%able1 s9ce :5 heat$ on plat9um deflagrates1 emitt+ sp>ks & leav+ a residuum ( v f9ely-divid$ oxide ( *romium4 ,! ammonium salt does n1 h[ev]1 s readily cry/allise on acc\nt ( its consid]ably great] solubility 9 wat] comp>$ ) bi*romate ( potassium4 ,by comp>ison1 #ab p>ts ( ! ammonium salt are equal to #ae p>ts ( t ( potassium4 ,at lea/ #a_/c to #a_/d m ( ! =m] may be us$ )\t disadvantage or fe> ( x cry/allis+ out2 x w1 on ! contr>y1 improve ! quality ( ! film or lay]4 ,! ammonium salt w also be f\nd comp>atively m soluble 9 hot wat]1 b c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! solution nev] rea*es ! boil+ po9t1 nei!r %\ld ! heat ( ! dry+ box ev] exce$ #ej to #fj ,c41 or ! films w pres5t a pale br[n appe>ance1 & w prove alike ins5sitive & p>tially insoluble4 ,! s+le & tri-salts1 (f]+ no advantages ov] ^? already describ$1 may be dismiss$ )\t fur!r consid]ation4 ,x may be rem>k$ = non-*emi/s t ! addition ( any acid to ! *romat$ gelat9e solutions incl9es to ! =mation ( tri*romates ( ! alkalis2 &1 on ! contr>y1 ! addition ( free ammonia1 or any o!r free alkali1 produces simple *romates4 ,! addition ( ammonia to ! *romat$ solution has be5 /rongly advocat$ 9 _m qu>t]s1 b z ! result ( num]\s exp]im5ts1 x may be def9itely /at$ t ! suppos$ advantages are m ?an c\nt]-balanc$ by ! num]\s disadvantages aris+ f su* addition4 ,! mix+1 9 equal or o!r proportions1 ( ! potassium & ammonium salts has be5 recomm5d$1 b !re is no real ga9 or suffici5t reason = pref]r+ any ( ^! comb9ations to ! ammonium salt alone4 ,besides ! *romates ( ! alkalis1 sev]al o!r salts z well z acids are us$ 9 ,collotype pr9t+1 al?\gh seldom1 & !n only 9 small quantities & = special purposes1 su*1 = in/ance1 z h>d5+ ! pr9t lay]1 or = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! ret5tion ( moi/ure 9 ! film4 ,= ! =m] purpose small quantities ( *rome alum are sometimes add$2 :ile = ! latt] *loride ( sodium or *loride ( calcium are sometimes add$ to ! *romat$ gelat9e solution at ! "t ( coat+ ! plates1 or are add$ z +r$i5ts to ! s-call$ et*+ or damp+ solution :i* is frequ5tly appli$ to ! plates dur+ ! pr9t+4 ,glyc]9e answ]s = ?is purpose1 & is to be pref]r$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t all additions to ! film to facilitate its ret5tion ( moi/ure less5 its adhesiv5ess to its support4 ,& ) reg>d to ! direct addition ( ! sub/ances m5tion$ to ! film dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! plates1 x is n v app>5t h[ su* readily-soluble matt]s c rema9 9 ! film aft] ! prolong$ & c>eful wa%+ ! plates %\ld be subject$ to aft] exposure 9 ! pr9t+ frame4 ,on ^! gr\nds ! addition ( su* sub/ances to ! damp+ solution is m rational & c]ta9ly m effective4 ,alum & ,*rome-,alum causes ! gelat9e to set soon] )\t precipitation1 & h>d5 ! lay] consid]ably aft] dry+1 & al?\gh gelat9e1 z well z glue1 always conta9s m or less *ondr91 :i* is precipitat$ by alum1 great c>e is necess>y 9 ! addition ( ! latt]2 & x is bett] t su* addition %\ld be made imm$iately be=e ! hot solution be p\r$ ^u ! plates1 o!rwise a precipitation w ensue1 :i*1 al?\gh v f9ely divid$ & at fir/ sc>cely visible1 w become m app>5t dur+ ! dry+ ( ! plates1 & f9ally %[ 9 ! picture 9 innum]able :ite spots4 ,silicate ( ,soda is almo/ indisp5sable z a sub/ratum 9 ! prep>ation ( collotype plates1 al?\gh _m practical work]s /ill adh]e to ! me?od orig9ally propos$ & practis$ by ,j4 ,alb]t1 ( ,muni*1 :o us$ z a sub/ratum a *romat$ solution ( gelat9e & album51 r5d]$ ei!r p>tially or :olly insoluble by exposure to light4 ,! silicate is "h consid]$ z hav+ ab\t ! consi/5cy ( syrup4 ,if m fluid ! adhesive p[] ( ! sub/ratum w n realise expectations1 & ! plates w require v c>eful h&l+ if ev5 a few hundr$ impressions are requir$4 ,! composition ( ! film1 ! exposure ( ! plate ?r\gh ! back1 & ! c>eful treatm5t ( ! lay] 9 ! actual pr9t+ op]ations are all matt]s :i* consid]ably affect ! 8life0 ( ! plate1 & to :i* we %all aga9 return4 ,*loride ( ,z9c is us$ = h>d5+ special p>ts ( ! collotype plate1 & is easily prep>$ by dissolv+--to saturation--%eet z9c 9 hydro*loric acid1 filt]+1 & r$uc+ z circum/ances may dem&4 ,tann9 & ,tannic ,acid 9 /rong solution h>d5 ! film1 & may be appli$ to c]ta9 p>ts to cause x to 8take0 ! ink4 ,= in/ance1 to remove1 or r h>d51 spots :i* refuse ! ink & consequ5tly %[ ^u a d>k gr\nd2 & also to write names or titles to ! plates4 ,writt5 additions ( ?is "* mu/1 ( c\rse1 be rev]s$1 z 9 li?ography4 ,! addition ( tann9 to ! *romat$ gelat9e be=e coat+ ! plate is recomm5d$ by ,wat]h\se1 he consid]+ su* addition conf]s great] la/+ p[] to ! films s treat$4 ,cyanide ( ,potassium & ,ammonia4--,all alkalis or c>bonates ( ! alkalis h a directly opposite effect ^u ! pr9t$ lay] to t la/ ref]r$ to4 ,by ! judici\s use ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! ag5ts spots pr9t+ light or d>k may be ei!r remov$ or consid]ably modifi$4 ,glyc]9e & ,sug> & simil> easily soluble organic sub/ances1 add$ to ! *romat$ gelat9e1 w\ld assi/ ! easi] & ev5] damp+ ( ! plate1 b r5d] x m susceptible to damage1 & ! desir$ effect is bett] atta9$ by suitable additions to ! damp+ wat]4 ,organic ,acids4--,citric acid & t>t>ic acid are recomm5d$ z additions to ! *romat$ gelat9e1 p>tially z influ5c+ ! s-call$ 8gra910 & also z additions to ! damp+ solution to facilitate ! production ( clean] pr9ts4 ,exp]i5ce ) ^! sub/ances %[s t ! pr9t lay] suff]s f _! use1 & = cle>+ up a plate incl9$ to yield dirty impressions a weak solution ( ammonia is f> pref]able4 ,nitric ,acid has ev5 be5 recomm5d$ = occasionally damp+ ! plate 9 c]ta9 cases1 aft] :i* ! mo/ delicate half-tones %\ld be reproducible4 ,an exp]i5c$ collotypi/ ought nev] to be "u ! necessity ( adopt+ su* desp]ate rem$ies1 :i* m (t5 ?an n rapidly & entirely spoil ! plate1 & x is bett] to at once prep>e a new "o4 ,ox ,gall rema9s to be m5tion$ z ex]cis+ a b5eficial influ5ce ^u ! pr9t lay] "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,x consid]ably h>d5s ! gelat9e1 & t5ds to r$uce ! annoy+ t5d5cy ( ! film to adh]e to ! pap] 9 ! high lights4 ,ox gall 0 fir/ us$ at ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,works 9 ! 8glass0 pr9t+ process !re utilis$ = ! reproduction ( l9e subjects4 ,"s op]ators ( em95ce consid] t 9 collotype its use %\ld be /rictly conf9$ to l9eal repres5tations1 z by its cont9u$ use ! half-tones are p>tially lo/4 ,,ink ,,& ,,pap]4 ,( great importance is ! c>eful selection ( ! mat]ials = ! pr9t+ prop]--i4e41 ! pr9t+ inks & pap]s1 & ! sometimes necess>y admixtures ( ! =m]4 ,pr9t+ ,ink4--,! mo/ simple & suitable ( all greasy or oily pr9t+ ink is ! be/ *alk ink1 z us$ 9 li?ography4 ,x is compos$ ( f9e/ lamp black ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil 7v>ni%74 ,! collotypi/ mu/1 9 addition to diff]5t col\r$ ink = mix+ ) ! black1 be provid$ ) ?9 boil$ oil 7middle v>ni%71 & also turp5t9e & olive oil1 ! latt] be+ us$ to ?9 or r$uce ! pr9t+ inks1 :i*1 z usually suppli$ to ! trade1 are too /iff = imm$iate use4 ,:5 9 pr9t+ x is necess>y or int5d$ to use an admixture ( sev]al col\rs1 !y mu/ be fir/ well gr\nd 9 turp5t9e & ! latt] all[$ to evaporate4 ,a small addition to ! *alk ink ( indigo or ,prussian blue greatly improves its col\r & pr9t+ p[]1 b may be consid]$ m suitable = ! reproduction ( l9e or /ipple subjects4 ,a da% ( ,v5etian r$ or c>m9e imp>ts to ! *alk ink a w>m] tone1 resembl+ ! col\r ( an ord9>y silv] pr9t4 ,:oev] v5tures on col\r pr9t+ mu/ be able to prep>e all ! necess>y comb9ations ) ! greate/ exactness1 & %\ld use = ea* a special ink+ slab & roll]4 ,9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! pr9t+1 fur!r p>ticul>s w be giv5 z to ! mix+ & ?9n+ ( ! col\rs4 ,! ,quality ( ,pap] suitable = collotype may be next consid]$4 ,)\t d\bt ! be/ is t kn[n z dull enamel1 or *alk pap]1 :i* is n[ suppli$ ( a p9k tone z well z ( ! ord9>y :ite quality4 ,x %\ld n be glossy or adh]e too /rongly to ! pr9t+ surface1 z ! enamel w1 "u su* circum/ances1 be p>tially or :olly torn f ! pap]1 a difficulty equally obs]vable :e!r ! pap] be us$ damp or dry4 ,z previ\sly obs]v$1 ! adhesive p[] ( ! pr9t+ surface increases ) ! s(tness ( ! same4 ,?is may arise f us+ a small p]c5tage ( bi*romate or a %ort exposure to light1 9 :i* cases x is always m app>5t 9 su* p>ts1 z ! d5se/ portion ( ! negative may h be5 entirely protect$ dur+ ! copy+ 9 ! pr9t+ frame1 or x may arise f ! addition ( too great a proportion ( is+lass4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a gelat9e film /rongly *romat$1 proportionately long] expos$1 & 9 :i* !re is no is+lass1 w be less likely to exhibit ?is annoy+ t5d5cy4 ,well-siz$ f9e glaz$ pap]s g5]ally adh]e lea/1 & are usually laid on dry4 ,:5 ! impressions are to be issu$ )\t glaze v ?9 f9e-surfac$ c>dbo>d--n enamell$--is frequ5tly us$1 & ! m>g9 ( ! pr9t+ plate cov]$ ) a suitable mask4 ,any well-siz$ pap] possess+ a f9e surface may be us$4 ,impressions on su* pap] may be pass$ ?r\gh a weak solution ( gelat9e1 & aft] dry+1 roll$1 v>ni%$1 m\nt$ & aga9 roll$4 ,any ret\*+ mu/ be done imm$iately aft] ! siz+1 & be=e ! application ( ! v>ni%4 ,enamell$ pap]s require a special glaze1 n a lacqu]1 or are f9i%$ )\t glaze at all4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,collotype ,,plate4 ,! well-poli%$ glass plate mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ ) alcohol & ammonia1 & x %\ld be asc]ta9$ t ! surface is entirely free f scrat*es4 ,x is !n coat$ ) ! sub/ratum1 consi/+ ( a dilute solution ( silicate ( soda & album54 ,! foll[+ =mula is 9 con/ant use by _m practical work]s ( exp]i5ce1 & answ]s e requirem5t3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #h p>ts4 ,:ite ( egg--:isk$ #g 0 ,silicate ( soda 7( ! consi/5cy ( syrup7 #c 0 ,?is mixture %\ld be well beat5 to a fro? or put 9 a bottle ) pieces ( brok5 glass1 well %ak51 & plac$ aside to settle = half-a-day4 ,!n filt] ?r\gh pap]1 :i* %\ld be replac$ s soon z ! pores become *ok$4 ,to facilitate ! op]ation ! filt] pap] %\ld be=e use be moi/5$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! surface ( ! plate %\ld be flood$ ) wat]1 & coat$ z ev5ly z possible ) ! above solution1 a small glass rod be+ made use ( to assi/ ! fl[4 ,air bubbles mu/ be remov$1 & by quickly tilt+ ! plate ! sup]flu\s solution run (f2 ?is %\ld n be us$ to coat o!r plates )\t be+ aga9 c>efully filt]$4 ,if ! sub/ratum be ?91 x is n necess>y to wa% ! plate aft] dry+1 b aft] /&+ aside two days to h>d51 ) du/+ & w>m+1 !y may be coat$ ) ! *romat$ solution ( gelat9e4 ,if small cry/al =mations appe> on ! surface ! plate %\ld be well wa%$ & aga9 dri$ be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,! foll[+ =mula = sub/ratum is due to ,m4 ,?iel1 s5ior2 x conta9s less silicate1 & ! wa%+ be=e apply+ ! s5sitive coat+ is nev] necess>y3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #cf p>ts4 ,:ite ( egg #bj 0 ,silicate ( soda #fb 0 ,/ale ,be]4--,album5 is sometimes replac$ by be]1 f :i* by frequ5t outp\r+s ! c>bonic acid has be5 remov$1 & to :i* cau/ic pota% has be5 add$ until x fails to %[ an acid reaction :5 te/$ ) blue litmus pap] 7ab\t ?ree to five grammes ( cau/ic pota% to ! litre ( be] w be necess>y74 ,to a litre ( be] s prep>$ is add$ #a_/c kilo4 ( silicate ( soda4 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 ?is & also ! foll[+ op]ations are c>eful filtration1 ev5 coat+ & dry+ 9 a clean place entirely free f du/4 ,plates previ\sly us$ or some:at scrat*$ mu/ be=e fur!r use be ?or\ghly clean$ & ! face regr\nd ) ! f9e/ em]y p[d]4 ,! ,s5sitis+ ,solution4--,?is is manife/ly ! mo/ important matt] 9 ! ,collotype process1 = on x dep5ds n only ! durability ( ! pr9t+ plate1 b also ! me?od ( proc$ure 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,x may be "h intimat$ t plates prep>$ by ! v be/ =mula _c be expect$ to yield good impressions if ! :ole ( ! manipulations are n c>ri$ out ) ! greate/ c>e1 & x %\ld be not$ #a4 ,t nei!r too mu* nor too little ( ! *romat$ gelat9e %\ld be all[$ to rema9 ^u ! plate4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n a h>d & fa/ rule1 & ! exact am\nt mu/ be det]m9$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! op]ator4 ,( equal importance1 & naturally connect$ ) ?is op]ation1 is #b4 ,! ev5 di/ribution ( ! solution1 ! fl[ ( :i* may be assi/$ or direct$ by ! aid ( a small glass rod1 & by all[+ x to run (f m or less at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! plate4 ,consid]able exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ! coat+ is appli$ mo/ easily & 9 ! ev5e/ mann] by re/+ ! plate--previ\sly w>m$ to ab\t #de ,c4--z horizontally z possible on ! cork ( a heavy bottle1 ! latt] /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( an e>!nw>e di%4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ! solution1 c>efully filt]$1 & heat$ to #de to #ej ,c41 is !n p\r$ on to ! c5tre ( ! plate & rapidly spread ov] x ) a glass rod1 previ\sly well w>m$4 ,s soon z ! surface ( ! plate has be5 entirely cov]$ a fur!r supply ( ! hot gelat9e solution is quickly p\r$ on & p>tially run (f at ea* corn]4 ,a sc>cely p]ceptible incl9ation %\ld be giv5 to ! plate1 o!rwise ! lay] w be too ?92 x ought to be ab\t ! ?ickness ( f\r or five %eets ( ,rive pap] ( #h kilo4 p] ream4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! addition ( is+lass w necessitate a comp>atively ?9n] lay] ?an :5 gelat9e is us$ alone4 ,to obviate ! gelat9e coat+ becom+ unev5 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 remov+ ! plates--:5 coat$--to ! dry+-box1 ! levell+ screws ( :i* h be5 adju/$ ) great accuracy4 ,! box %\ld be heat$ to a temp]ature n exce$+ #ej ,c4 ,to satisfy ! adh]5ts ( is+lass1 two em95tly satisfactory =mul are "h giv5-- ,,) ,,gelat9e ,,only4 ,collotype gelat9e #f grams4 ,wat] #gjj ccm4 ,! gelat9e is fir/ soak$ 9 ! wat] = "o h\r1 & !n complete solution effect$ at a mod]ate temp]ature1 & ! solution filt]$ ?r\gh be/ filt] pap]4 ,boil+ heat is nev] requir$4 ,japanese filt] pap] is ! v be/4 ,heat w be necess>y dur+ ! op]ation1 :i* may be conduct$ ei!r 9 ! dry+ box or a w>m ov54 ,:5 filt]$1 add1 ) con/ant /irr+1 #h ccm4 ( a solution ( bi*romate ( ammonium 9 wat] 7#a 9 #h1 s t #h ccm4 solution conta9s #a gramme ( ! ammonium salt71 :i* %\ld also be ?or\ghly filt]$ be=e addition to ! gelat9e4 ,! comb9$ solutions be+ well incorporat$1 cle> & free f air bubbles1 %\ld1 z previ\sly describ$1 be heat$ to #dj or #ej ,c41 p\r$ ^u ! w>m$ plate1 & at once convey$ to ! dry+ box1 ! temp]ature ( :i* has be5 slightly rais$4 ,! box %\ld be clos$1 & gradually increas$ to #ej ,c41 at :i* heat x %\ld be /eadily ma9ta9$ until ! dry+ is complete1 :i* usually occupies "o to "o & a-half h\rs1 v>y+ some:at accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! coat+ & ! /r5g? ( air curr5t1 :i* is necess>y to ! prop] & rapid dry+ ( ! films4 ,x may1 "u "s circum/ances1 be necess>y to augm5t ! admission ( air2 ?is may be done by slightly rais+ ! lid ( ! dry+ box4 ,! curr5t mu/ freely circulate 9 all p>ts ( ! box1 & rema9 z con/ant z possible4 ,if subject$ to sudd5 fluctuations 9 ! air curr5t or temp]ature1 ! plates w dry unev5ly1 & endless tr\bles ensue4 ,! ,gra94--,! s-call$ gra9 :i* is necess>y = ! pr9t+ fir/ %[s itself on ! completion ( ! wa%+ ( ! plates aft] pr9t+ 9 ! copy+ frame4 ,x is a peculi>1 net-l =mation1 v>y+ 9 f95ess1 & simil> 9 "* to ! unwelcome appe>ance kn[n to c>bon pr9t]s z reticulation4 ,x arises 9 consequ5ce ( ! unev5 di/ribution ( ! soluble lay] 9 comp>ison to ! sub/ratum4 ,9 ,collotype1 its production is promot$ by ?ick] lay]s & sl[] dry+ at a temp]ature ( #de to #ej ,c4 ,! addition ( is+lass also seems to aid ! production ( gra94 ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( gelat9e :i* possess great p[] ( absorption give a small] gra94 ,creutz's gelat9e may be m5tion$ z an example ( ?is class4 ,an addition 9 small quantities ( dilute acid1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( organic orig91 z acetic or t>t>ic1 t5d likewise to ! production ( gra94 ,insoluble p[d]s1 z ( glass or fl9t /one1 may be add$1 b only 9 ! v f9e/ /ate ( division1 & 9 v small quantities4 ,,=mula ,,) ,,is+lass4 ,two grammes ( ! be/ ,russian is+lass are cut up into ! smalle/ possible pieces ) a pair ( %>p scissors1 soak$ 9 #be cc4 ( wat] = #ab h\rs1 heat$ ne>ly to boil+ po9t until solution is effect$1 & !n filt]$ :ile hot ?r\gh close flannel4 ,cov] six grammes ( good ,collotype gelat9e ) #ej ccm4 ( wat] & all[ to /&1 heat ne>ly to boil+ po9t & ?or\ghly incorporate ! two solutions1 aga91 :ile hot1 filt] ?r\gh pap] or close flannel4 ,to ?is is add$ #aa cc4 ( ! filt]$ solution 7#ah7 ( bi*romate ( ammonium1 z previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,! complete solution is !n heat$ to #ej ,c41 or %\ld x exce$ t temp]ature x is all[$ to cool to x1 & ! plates w>m$1 coat$1 & dri$ 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$4 ,x is n advisable to ov]cr[d ! dry+-box by attempt+ to dry too _m plates at ! same "t3 x necessitates a too frequ5t exam9ation ( ! cont5ts & s int]f]es ) ! ev5ness ( ! dry+1 & z ?is is a po9t ( ev5 vital importance no risk %\ld be incurr$4 ,! plates be+ prop]ly dri$ all[ !m to rema9 9 ! box = "s "t long]1 ! s\rce ( heat be+ ei!r remov$ or ext+ui%$1 & ! :ole all[$ to cool gradually4 ,if ! plates are remov$ too quickly 9 _! fully-heat$ condition--p>ticul>ly :5 ?ickly coat$--! too rapid contraction ( ! glass w crack & de/roy ! film2 by gradual cool+ su* accid5ts are avoid$4 ,:5 f9i%$ ! plates may be kept 9 a cool1 dry place = two or ?ree days4 ,_m op]ators keep !m ?is l5g? ( "t purposely1 believ+ !y !reby obta9 f9] results4 ,! plates s kept mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ?or\ghly %ield$ f act9ic light4 ,negatives1 ) reg>d to _! suitability = ,collotype1 may "h be consid]$1 z ! aft] result naturally dep5ds consid]ably on _! adaptability to ! process4 ,!y %\ld be q free f fog or yell[ /a91 & = half-tone subjects n too int5se4 ,! greate/ difficulties w pres5t !mselves 9 ! production ( portraits or su* "w f nature by ! ,collotype process4 ,photograph] & pr9t] ought1 s to speak1 to "w h&-9-h&4 ,! negative mu/ %[ ! f9e/ gradation f cle> glass 9 ! %ad[s to ! necess>y d5sity 9 ! high lights1 q free f veil or fog1 & int5sifi$ v little1 if at all4 ,!y %\ld be produc$ 9 a /udio :]e ! light is ?or\ghly "u control4 ,if n to be /ripp$ all negatives %\ld be tak5 on pat5t plate & protect$ by a coat ( v>ni%1 suffici5tly ?9 to (f] no ob/acle to ! production ( %>p pr9ts1 & yet suffici5t to obviate 9 a great measure ! risk ( damage by ! pressure x is subject$ to 9 ! pressure frame 9 contact ) ! unyield+ surface ( ! ,collotype plate4 ,! risk ( breakage at ?is /age always r5d]s /ripp$ films pref]able1 _! ela/icity bett] enabl+ !m to )/& ! pressure4 ,! gelat9e lay] appli$ to ! negative be=e /ripp+ mu/ be z ?9 & ev5 z possible1 z f ?ick or unev5 films x is almo/ impossible to produce a %>p pr9t4 ,if ! negative is ( a l9e subject1 & x is desirable to h cle> :ites t ! impressions may resemble z mu* z possible ! orig9al1 ! l9es 9 ! negative mu/ be cle>1 b ! rema9+ portions ( great d5sity4 ,! ink = su* "w %\ld consi/ only ( pure *alk pr9t+ ink1 :i* w be g5]ally f\nd to give /rong] contra/s ?an ! usual mix$ ,collotype inks4 ,ret\*+ ,negatives & ,plates4--,! negatives mu/ h all defects made good by ! ret\*]1 all blemi%es be+ mod]at$ z f> z possible4 ,ret\*+ on ! ,collotype plate or pr9t %\ld n be requir$2 b ?is is seldom s1 z dur+ ! pr9t+ ! negatives frequ5tly su/a9 slight damages4 ,ret\*+ ! pr9t+ surface is seldom v successful4 ,! alt]ation easie/ effect$ is ! removal ( small light spots :i* refuse to take ! ink1 & su* may be remov$ by t\*+ ) a f9e bru% dipp$ 9 a /rong aque\s solution ( tann91 ?is alt]ation be+ made ^u ! f9i%$ plate aft] x has be5 wa%$ & dri$4 ,) ?is tann9 solution inscriptions may be ins]t$ :i* h to appe> black 9 ! pr9t4 ,or a solution ( gum arabic1 to :i* has be5 add$ a solution ( bi*romate ( potassium1 may be us$1 & aft] su* addition ! plate is once aga9 expos$ to light4 ,writ+ :i* has receiv$ too mu* exposure1 & :i* %\ld appe> 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t black on a :ite or light gr\nd1 (t5 appe>s :ite4 ,?is defect arises f ! gelat9e on :i* ! light has _h little or no action swell+ to su* an ext5t t ! lett]s are buri$ or sunk into ! plate too deep to be t\*$ by ! roll] :5 ! plate is ink$4 ,x may be rectifi$ by fur!r ?9n+ ! ink ) v>ni%4 ,! removal ( d>k spots f ! pr9t lay] c nev] be completely effect$4 ,ammonia1 cyanide ( potassium1 oxalic & o!r acids h f "t to "t be5 recomm5d$1 b ?is treatm5t w prove effective = only a few impressions4 ,negatives %\ld !re=e be v c>efully & sy/ematically ret\*$ & c>efully pres]v$ f damage dur+ ! pr9t+4 ,ano!r me?od ( apply+ writ+1 su* z ! names ( firms1 c41 is to get !m pr9t$ f small type on ?9 gelat9e films & atta* !m to a cle> or eras$ portion ( ! negative dur+ ! pr9t+ 9 ! pressure frame4 ,writ+ s add$ w appe> z :ite lett]s on a black gr\nd4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd practicable to atta* ! writt5 or pr9t$ matt] to ! orig9al :ile photograph+1 & s include x 9 ! negative at "o op]ation4 ,pr9t+ "u ! ,negative4--,! pr9t+ ( half-tone plates is be/ p]=m$ 9 diffus$ light2 to hit ! exact exposure is z important z x is difficult1 & dep5ds n only on ! act9ic p[] ( ! prevail+ light1 b also on ! quality ( ! negative & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! lay]4 ,! great] ! am\nt ( bi*romate ! latt] conta9s1 ! great] its s5sitiv5ess1 & consequ5tly ! exposure is %ort] ?an = "o conta9+ less ( ! s5sitis+ salt4 ,a ?9n] lay] mu/ n be pr9t$ s long z a ?ick] "o1 or d>k pr9ts1 lack+ 9 contra/1 w result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ?ick] lay] may be submitt$ to a comp>atively long] exposure )\t h>m2 ! exact "t mu/ n be greatly exce$$ or x w happ5 t ! blacke/ portions1 writt5 titles = in/ance1 w n take ! ink4 ,dur+ pr9t+1 "o may ) advantage %ade su* portions a little4 ,! exam9ation ( ! back ( ! ,collotype plate is ! safe/ me?od ( judg+ ! correct exposure dur+ ! copy+1 b e precaution mu/ be obs]v$ dur+ su* exam9ations t nei!r ! plate nor negative be mov$ f _! orig9al position4 ,only :5 ! negative is v cle> may ! picture be se5 by reflect$ light z a positive2 x w 9 su* cases appe> on a d>k gr\nd4 ,x w be f\nd difficult1 p>ticul>ly = a beg9n]1 :5 mak+ an exam9ation 9 ! copy+ frame1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! d>k orig9al picture & ! pale br[n image ( ! ,collotype plate1 z !y naturally completely cov] ea* o!r4 ,by ! d>k br[n tone ( ! uncov]$ m>g9 ( ! pr9t lay] a c]ta9 indication is af=d$ ( ! completion ( ! copy+4 ,an ,act9omet] may be us$ z an exposure gauge1 z 9 c>bon pr9t+1 & z a slight indication ( ! necess>y exposure4 ,:5 us+ ! small cube,h photomet] ) *loride ( silv] pap]1 five to sev5 t9ts may be pr9t$1 b ! diff]5t modify+ circum/ances previ\sly ref]r$ to mu/ all be duly consid]$4 ,"u a cl\d$ sky 9 w9t]1 us+ a d5se negative1 x may take a :ole day to complete ! copy+1 :ile 9 cle> direct sunlight1 p]haps1 f ! same negative1 a qu>t] ( an h\r w\ld suffice4 ,h ,! scale act9omet] is "o requir+ less att5tion4--,,trans4 ,mask+ %\ld be resort$ to to =m a m>g9 at lea/ an in* wide r\nd ! f\r sides ( ! negative1 ei!r by pa9t+ r\nd ! same ) ,indian ink1 or by atta*+ to ! negative /rips ( opaque pap]1 or1 bett] /ill1 ?9 t9foil4 ,sunn+4--,:5 suffici5tly expos$1 i4e41 :5 ! br[n picture ) all its half-tones & details is complete1 ! plate is remov$ f ! copy+ frame & plac$1 face d[nw>ds1 ^u a piece ( black velvet1 & expos$ = a %ort "t--five to t5 m9utes--to a good b n direct sunlight1 s t x may pass ?r\gh ! glass plate & h>d5 ! back ( ! pr9t lay]4 ,a %eet ( gr\nd glass may be plac$ ov] ! plate to ?or\ghly diffuse ! light1 & prev5t any scrat*es or damages to ! back ( ! glass plate produc+ any detrim5tal effect ^u ! pr9t+ surface4 ,wa%+ ! ,plate is ! next op]ation4 ,! plate is remov$ into ! d>k room & plac$ 9 clean cold wat]1 :i* %\ld be (t5 *ang$--e half-h\r--unless an automatic wa%+ app>atus,i is us$2 ?is is cont9u$ until ! plate no long] has a yell[ appe>ance1 & ! picture is visible only z a slight br[n image4 ,i ,jeff]ies's ,pat5t 8,p]fect0 ,wa%] is a v suitable appliance1 & may be us$ = ,collotype plates1 negatives1 or pap] pr9ts4--,,trans4 ,h>d5+ ! ,film is effect$ by soak+ x = a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 a "o p] c5t4 solution ( alum4 ,! plate is aga9 wa%$1 & ! surface ev5ly dri$ ) f9e tissue pap]1 & plac$ aside = at lea/ two days t x may ?or\ghly dry4 ,an ,alcohol ,ba? is us$ by _m op]ators to imm]se ! plate 9 = half an h\r aft] dry+ x ) pap]1 p]haps ) ! int5tion ( dry+ ! film quick]1 or to /r5g!n ! lay] & assi/ ! =mation ( ! gra91 b !re is no ga9 by ?is proc$ure1 &1 z ! ba? is an exp5se1 x may be omitt$4 ,! ,damp+ ,solution1 or s-call$ et*+ fluid1 is ( mu* great] importance1 & x is necess>y t ! plate be submitt$ to x be=e pr9t+ be attempt$4 ,t9t$ ,gr\nds (t5 enhance ! appe>ance ( pr9ts1 & may be imp>t$ to !m by ! addition ( an aque\s solution ( r$1 yell[1 or o!r suitable col\r1 to ! damp+ solution1 :i* is appli$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,! plate is sup]ficially dri$1 ink$ up1 & pr9t$ f 9 ! usual way4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,negatives ,,suitable ,,= ,,collotype4 ,a ,collotype plate may be readily produc$ f any negative1 b ! highe/ results are naturally only obta9$ :5 ! negative is prep>$ ) a view to its special use4 ,fir/ %\ld be consid]$ ! "q--,may ! negative1 )\t detrim5t to ! f9i%$ pr9t1 be utilis$ )\t a rev]sal8 ,9 ! n v frequ5t case ( ?is important po9t be+ immat]ial1 x is simply necess>y to produce ! negative on pat5t plate1 & x is at once available = pr9t+ f4 ,z ! negative may easily su/a9 damage 9 any ( ! v>i\s op]ations1 x %\ld be ?9ly & ev5ly v>ni%$2 ?is1 :ile af=d+ protection1 does n m> ! %>pness ( ! result+ pr9t to any appreciable ext5t4 ,rev]s$ ,negatives4--,9 ! majority ( cases1 ! result+ copy has to exactly correspond ) ! orig9al z reg>ds ! position left & "r1 & 9 su* cases ! negatives w h to be rev]s$4 ,?is is usually effect$ 9 "o ( f\r diff]5t ways-- #a4 ,rev]sal ( ! image by reflection ) a prism or mirror1 or rev]s+ ! plate4 #b4 ,/ripp+ ! negative f ! glass4 #c4 ,by ! du/+ on or p[d] process4 #d4 ,by ! use ( negative films4 ,! second is t usually adopt$4 ,) reg>d to ! special features desirable 9 negatives = ,collotype1 "o giv+ a good silv] pr9t w answ] equally well = ,collotype--!y %\ld incl9e r to s(tness ?an ! o!r extreme4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t !y %\ld be z free f veil or fog z possible1 & may be int5sifi$ or n accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator4 ,portraits f ,nature1 ) _! f9e half-tone1 & at ! same "t necess>y contra/ ( light & %ade1 are ! mo/ difficult to reproduce 9 ,collotype4 ,! negatives %\ld be p]fect 9 gradation1 & su* z are usually only obta9able f a tal5t$ op]ator :o has ! light+ ( 8 /udio entirely "u 8 control4 ,black & ,:ite subjects1 on ! contr>y1 = _! satisfactory reproduction1 require a negative ( ! utmo/ d5sity1 b p]fectly cle> 9 ! l9es4 ,su* are bett] produc$ by ! collodion process1 z direct$ = photo-li?ography4 ,= subjects 9 l9es or dots entirely free f half-tone1 photo-li?ography is m suitable = reproduction ?an ,collotype1 :]e price is a consid]ation4 ,rev]sal by ,reflection1 by means ( a mirror or prism1 necessitates a special & r exp5sive app>atus1 & ! exposure be+ some:at l5g!n$1 x is1 al?\gh q successful1 m suitable = lifeless objects4 ,/ripp+ ! ,collodion ,film is a safe & *eap proc$ure = produc+ ! necess>y rev]sal1 & 9 ! subsequ5t pr9t+ op]ations ! dang] ( breakage1 :5 comp>$ ) glass1 is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! glass plate1 free f defects1 mu/ be well clean$1 & x is saf]1 & r5d]s ! /ripp+ m c]ta91 if x be cov]$ ) a f9e film ( pure beeswax4 ,?is is be/ appli$ by rubb+ ov] ! surface a few drops ( a solution ( beeswax 9 b5zole & c>efully poli%+1 at ! same "t avoid+ ! entire removal ( ! wax4 ,! piece ( l95 us$ 9 ! op]ation %\ld be rubb$ ^u a lump ( wax previ\s to ! poli%+4 ,! plate mu/ on no acc\nt be gelat9is$ or album5is$1 except r\nd ! edge only1 z a precaution aga9/ premature slipp+4,j ,use a t\gh collodion1 & o!rwise proce$ z usual = ! wet process4 ,aft] ! negative is f9ally wa%$ & dri$ x %\ld be v>ni%$ ) a ?9 solution ( gum arabic1 to :i* has be5 add$ a few drops ( a solution ( *rome alum4 ,aft] complete dry+ ! m>g9 or edges ( ! plate are rubb$ ) a little tall[4 ,to prev5t ov]fl[ ! plate is accurately levell$ & flood$ ) a solution ( #aj p>ts gelat9e soak$ 9 #fj p>ts ( wat] & dissolv$ by heat1 to :i* is add$ #bj p>ts ( alcohol & #f p>ts ( glyc]9e1 us+ #a dram ( ! solution to ea* f\r squ>e in*es4 ,a few drops ( ph5yl1 c>bolic or salicylic acid may be add$ to ! solution z a pres]vative1 & ! :ole be=e use well filt]$1 :ile hot1 ?r\gh l954 ,! hott] ! solution dur+ ! p\r+ on ! m ev5ly ! coat+ w run ^u ! glass1 & x may be assi/$ 9 its fl[ by c>eful tilt+ ( ! plate4 ,! use ( pap] /rips is dang]\s1 &1 not)/&+ ! gum1 extremely liable to damage ! negative4 ,j ,in/ead ( wax ! plate may be du/$ ov] ) p[d]$ ,fr5* *alk1 all traces ( :i* are remov$ be=e apply+ ! collodion4 ,aft] su* treatm5t ! film is sc>cely likely to leave ! plate be=e requir$4 ,b z a fur!r precaution1 if ! edges ( two plates be drawn across ea* o!r a r\gh edge w be produc$1 to :i* ! collodion coat+ w adh]e t5aci\sly4--,,trans4 ,rev]sal ( ! ,plate1 ei!r collodion or gelat9e1 is ano!r me?od ( secur+ rev]s$ negatives1 & consi/s simply 9 ins]t+ ! s5sitis$ plate 9 ! d>k slide ) ! uncoat$ side t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! cam]a4 ,a modification ( ! d>k slide may be necess>y1 & x w be obvi\s t ! gr\nd glass focuss+ scre5 mu/ be rev]s$1 or ! focus correct$ aft] ! ins]tion ( ! d>k slide by %ort5+ ! cam]a a di/ance equal to ! ?ickness ( ! s5sitive plate4 ,dry plates pres5t great advantages 9 ?is me?od1 b1 9 developm5t1 d5sity mu/ be judg$ entirely by transmitt$ light1 z ! image is =m$ 91 n ^u1 ! film4 ,z ! rays ( light pass ?r\gh ! glass to ! s5sitive surface1 x is necess>y t ! uncoat$ surface be q clean1 & ! glass itself %\ld be p]fectly free f bubbles1 scrat*es1 or o!r m>ks4 ,! plate %\ld rema9 9 its levell$ position = ab\t fifte5 m9utes to set & !n be c>efully remov$ to a safe & airy position1 gelat9e side outw>ds1 & all[$ to dry4 ,?is op]ation w probably take two days2 ! hot gelat9e lay] %\ld be ab\t #c mm4 ?ick4 ,! negative may !n be coat$ ) a t\gh5$ collodion 7"o or two p] c5t4 ( ca/or oil add$ to pla9 collodion74 ,! plate is plac$ aside1 & 9 an h\r w probably be dry & ready = ! next & f9al op]ation4 ,cut ) a knife ?r\gh ! film1 take x by "o corn]1 &1 )\t pause or hesitation1 /rip x f ! glass4 ,any necess>y ret\*+ %\ld be done ^u ! gelat9e surface aft] r\gh+ x suffici5tly ) pumice p[d] to enable x to take ! p5cil1 & all su* "w mu/ be complet$ be=e remov+ ! film1 p>ticul>ly if x has be5 damag$1 z 9 su* places ! col\r us$ 9 ret\*+ w\ld cause an adh]5ce1 & ! film w\ld almo/ assur$ly te> 9 /ripp+4 ,^u ! quantity ( gelat9e solution us$ ! nature ( ! film dep5ds4 ,x %\ld be entirely free f air bubbles4 ,too ?ick a lay] almo/ always cockles1 & does n lie flat dur+ pr9t+1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* portions ( ! picture w n be %>p 9 ! pr9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 too ?9 a lay] is extremely awkw>d to h&le 9 ! l>g] sizes1 & x is pref]able to transf] x 9 a rev]s$ position to a %eet ( plate glass coat$ ) indi>ubb] solution4 ,gelat9e ,plates = ,/ripp+ are 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 _! prep>ation x is necess>y to fir/ coat ! glass ) a solution ( yell[ wax 9 b5zole1 or an indi>ubb] solution1 be=e coat+ ) emulsion1 su* plates be+ kn[n z /ripp]s 9 ,am]ica & ,g]many4 ,:5 f9i%$1 ! negative is plac$1 toge!r ) a gelat9e film--or 8sk90--9 a solution ( glyc]9e & wat]1 bo? are )drawn toge!r1 a squeegee appli$ to remove ! sup]flu\s solution1 & ! negative1 ) its adh]+ sk91 plac$ aside to dry4 ,aft]w>ds ! edges ( ! film are cut ?r\gh1 & ! negative remov$ f ! glass4 ,,/ripp+ ,,! ,,film ,,(f ,,gelat9e ,,negatives ,,= ,,collotype4 ,9 ! ,photographis*es ,ar*iv1 ,mr4 ,wilh4 ,otto1 a well-kn[n ,g]man ,collotype pr9t]1 describes ! foll[+ process3-- 8,! glass plates are fir/ clean$ by be+ well rubb$ ) a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 aft] :i* !y are ?or\ghly r9s$ & poli%$ ) tripoli4 ,! next proce$+ is to wax !m by rubb+ "o face ov] ) a solution ( #ab gra9s ( beeswax to "o ounce ( e!r1 ?is be+ appli$ by means ( a piece ( cotton or l95 clo? saturat$ ) ! solution4 ,9 poli%+ (f ! excess ( wax+ solution1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to de/roy ! cont9uity ( ! extremely ?9 & almo/ invisible film ( wax :i* x is necess>y to leave on ! glass to ensure ! easy & complete sep>ation ( ! film4 ,"s op]ators pref] to wax ! plates by w>m+ !m to a temp]ature some:at ov] ! melt+ po9t ( wax1 !n rubb+ "o face ov] ) a lump ( ! article1 ! excess be+ n[ poli%$ (f ) a piece ( flannel be=e ! temp]ature ( ! glass falls bel[ ! melt+ po9t ( ! wax4 ,x may be m5tion$ t1 be=e wax+1 x is z well to m>k ! work+ surface ( ea* plate by mak+ a diamond scrat* 9 "o corn]4 8,a small piece ( clo?1 moi/5$ ) e!r or b5zole1 is n[ us$ to remove all traces ( wax f ! edges ( ! plates1 a m>g9 ( ! wid? ( an in* be+ suffici5t2 & x is well to pa9t ?is m>g9 ) album5 & to all[ x to dry4 ,unless ! edges ( ! plate are entirely free f all traces ( wax1 !re w be a great probability ( ! film sep>at+ f ! glasses at too e>ly a /age1 & adhesion at ! edges is made m c]ta9 by ! use ( album54 ,a mod]ately dilut$ solution ( silicate ( soda may be us$ in/ead ( album54 8,! wax$ side ( ea* glass is n[ coat$ ) collodion conta9+ a little ca/or oil2 eight gra9s ( t\gh pyroxyl9e & ?ree drops ( ca/or oil to ea* ounce ( mix$ solv5ts 7equal volume ( alcohol & e!r7 be+ a conv5i5t prep>ation4 8,! collodion be+ dry1 ! plates are coat$ ) emulsion4 ,! emulsion fl[s v badly on ! collodionis$ surface1 b by us+ a b[ made ( a piece ( sew+ cotton /ret*$ across an arc ( ?9 iron wire ! difficulty may be readily ov]come4 ,! ?read is to be drawn ov] ! surface ( ! plate aft] ! requir$ quantity ( emulsion has be5 p\r$ on1 & x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! glass %\ld be support$ on a levell+ /&4 8,plates prep>$ 9 ?is way are develop$ & fix$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 & :5 a plate is dry x is suffici5t to cut ?r\gh ! film inside ! edge :i* has be5 clean$ ( wax1 :5 ! film negative c be easily /ripp$ (f4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! film is v ?91 & x is (t5 desirable to ?ick5 x some:at be=e /ripp+4 ,= ?is purpose a piece ( ?9 comm]cial %eet gelat9e is tak51 & soak$ 9 wat] till x becomes q flaccid1 & ?is is laid on ! negative1 c>e be+ tak5 t no air is enclos$ betwe5 !m4 ,a %eet ( wet pap]1 or ( mack9to%1 is n[ laid on ! gelat9e film1 & all excess ( wat] expell$ f betwe5 ! negative & ! s(t gelat9e film by /rok+ ! upp] surface ( ! pap]1 or ( ! mack9to% clo?1 ) a squeegee--t is to say1 ) a /rip ( indi>ubb] set 9 a wood5 h&le4 8,x is n[ easy to remove ! pap] or ! indi>ubb] clo? :i* 0 us$ to protect ! s(t gelat9e f ! action ( ! squeegee1 & ! plate c be set up to dry4 ,:5 dry1 ! film is cut ?r\gh )9 ! bord] f :i* ! wax 0 cle>$ (f1 & ! film w sep>ate readily2 b %\ld !re be any t5d5cy t[>ds a too e>ly sep>ation1 ow+ to ! contractile =ce ( ! fre% ?ickness ( gelat9e1 ! edges ( ! plate may be b\nd ) /rips ( gumm$ pap]40 7,photographic ,news47 ,/ripp+ ,ord9>y ,gelat9e ,plates4--,any make ( dry plate may be /ripp$ by ! foll[+ me?od3--,! plate is coat$ ) /rong t\gh collodion ^u ! gelat9e side2 z soon z ! collodion has set1 x is plung$ into cold wat] & wa%$ until all greas9ess disappe>s4 ,9 ! meantime1 a piece ( 8flexible support10 z us$ 9 c>bon pr9t+1 is c>efully wax$ by rubb+ ^u its surface a solution ( turp5t9e #adj cc41 beeswax #b gm41 res9 #f4e gm4 ,?is %\ld be appli$ ev5ly by means ( a piece ( flannel1 ! solv5t all[$ to evaporate1 & ! wax$ surface poli%$ ) a second piece ( flannel4 ,! support %\ld !n be plac$ 9 cold wat] & all[$ to become q flexible1 9 :i* /ate x may be us$ at any "t4 ,remove ! negative f ! clean wat]1 & place 9 a ba? ( me?ylat$ spirits #aej cc41 glyc]9e #c cc41 wat] #cj cc41 hydr(luoric acid #c cc4 ,an ebonite1 guttap]*a1 or lead di% %\ld be us$ to conta9 ?is solution1 ) :i* ! f+]s %\ld come 9 contact z little z possible4 ,! film %\ld be wat*$ n>r[ly1 & :5 loose ^u ! glass--b n actually deta*$--! plate1 /ill be>+ ! film1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a ba? ( clean wat]1 well wa%$1 & all surface moi/ure absorb$ by c>eful blott+4 ,take ! flexible support f ! wat] 9 :i* x has be5 /&+1 & )\t remov+ any adh]5t moi/ure1 c>efully l[] x ^u ! film1 :i* is /ill re/+ ^u its orig9al glass plate1 squeegee x into contact ) ! negative film1 avoid+ air bubbles1 place "u a weight1 & all[ to /& = t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! film w !n be f\nd to adh]e to ! flexible support1 & may be readily remov$ f ! glass4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to dry spontane\sly ^u ! support1 no attempt be+ made to remove ! film until x is 8bone0 dry1 :5 x w readily "p ) ! tempor>y support1 rema9 p]fectly flat1 & may be pr9t$ f ei!r side ) p]fectly satisfactory results4 ,%\ld any ( ! wax+ solution rema9 on ! surface ( ! film1 x may be remov$ by ! c>eful application ( a little turp5t9e appli$ on a small l95 pad4 ,d n use me?ylat$ _s = ?is purpose1 z x may cause ! film to 8buckle40 ,any /ripp$ films may be conv5i5tly pres]v$ & kept flat betwe5 ! leaves ( a book4 ,! ,p[d] ,process is "o ( importance = reproduc+ &1 at ! same "t & at "o op]ation1 rev]s+ negatives1 b = "s reason is f> m resort$ to ^u ! ,cont95t ?an 9 ,engl&1 :]e few only h be5 able to ?or\ghly ma/] x4 ,failures are usually attribut$ to *angeability 9 ! climate1 b1 al?\gh success is by no means uni=m1 x is a ?or\ghly workable process4 ,! basis is a *romat$ solution ( gum arabic1 ) :i* a plate is coat$1 dri$1 & 9 a ?or\ghly dry condition expos$ to ! light "u a negative4 ,! great] ! ext5t to :i* ! light acts1 ! small] w be ! am\nt ( moi/ure ! coat+ ( ! plate w absorb :5 expos$ to a damp atmosph]e4 ,if ! surface ( ! plate be n[ du/$ ov] ) a f9e p[d]1 z drop black1 or graphite1 ! great] ! am\nt ( moi/ure c]ta9 p>ts ( ! film h absorb$1 ! great] w be ! am\nt ( col\r su* p>ts w reta91 & s exactly reproduce ! light & %ade ( ! orig9al negative4 ,simple z ?is process reads1 ! difficulties mu/ n be und]rat$1 & ! op]ator w probably f9d pl5ty ( opportunity = ! ex]cise ( 8 pati5ce & +5uity4 ,a consid]ation ( ! process z j describ$ w %[ t a plate :i* has only be5 subject$ to a %ort exposure w1 on du/+ ov] & developm5t1 be f\nd to exhibit great] d5sity ?an "o t has receiv$ a long] exposure1 a c>eful adju/m5t ( :i* w give to ! op]ator great control ov] ! d5sity & *>act]i/ics ( ! reproduc$ negative1 a p[] c]ta9ly too important to be ov]look$4 ,a reliable =mula = ! prep>ation ( a gum-*romate solution = ?is process is due to ,dr4 ,leisegang3-- ,ra9 wat] #a litre4 ,dextr9 or glucose #ej gr4 ,gum arabic #ej gr4 ,honey #aj gr4 ,:ite sug> #bj gr4 ,glyc]9e #e gr4 ,cold saturate solution ( bi*romate ( ammonia #ajj gr4 :i*1 aft] c>eful filtration1 is p\r$ ov] a well clean$ & du/$ glass plate4 ,aft] dra9+ a little by /&+ on blott+ pap]1 dry ov] a _s lamp1 & place1 :ile /ill w>m1 "u a negative 9 ! pr9t+ frame--"o m9ute 9 ! sun1 #aj to #bj m9utes 9 ! %ade1 is ab\t ! necess>y exposure4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! %ort] ! exposure1 ! d5s] w be ! result+ negative1 a result at v>iance to any o!r photographic pr9t+ op]ation4 ,to develop ! picture ! glass plate is plac$1 coat$ side upw>ds1 ^u a %eet ( clean :ite pap]1 !n1 ) a s(t camel-hair bru%1 du/ ov] ! picture "s v f9ely-gr\nd ,sib]ian graphite1 work+ ! same backw>ds & =w>ds ov] ! plate until ! necess>y /r5g? is atta9$4 ,if ! picture %\ld develop too quickly1 & take ! col\r all ov]1 ! cause is "u exposure2 %\ld ! p[d] adh]e unev5ly1 or ! picture pres5t a smudgy appe>ance1 ! coat+ mu/ h absorb$ too mu* moi/ure1 & mu/ be aga9 w>m$ be=e fur!r developm5t4 ,?is precaution is p>ticul>ly necess>y dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,if a prolong$ developm5t be necess>y1 & aft] cont9u\s du/+ a picture lack+ 9 contra/ be ! result1 x is occasion$ by ov] exposure4 ,on completion ( ! developm5t ! picture %\ld be f9ally & c>efully du/$ ) a s(t bru% to remove ! sup]flu\s p[d]1 coat$ ) a ?9 pla9 collodion1 & plac$ 9 wat]1 :i* %\ld be frequ5tly *ang$1 until x fails to %[ any trace ( yell[ness4 ,! plate %\ld be aft]w>ds ret\*$ & v>ni%$4 ,negative ,films h n[ be5 be=e ! public "s "t1 & h be5 consid]ably us$ z rev]s$ negatives by pr9t+ ) ! back ( ! film 9 contact ) ! plate4 ,! f\r pr9cipal v>ieties are1 9 ! ord] ( _! introduction--#a/1 ,ea/man's2 #bnd1 ,fro$man's2 #crd1 ,pumphrey's4 ,ea/man's ,/ripp+ ,film consi/s ( a sub/antial pap] coat$ ) a lay] ( soluble gelat9e1 ^u :i* is spread a coat+ ( insoluble gelat9e emulsion2 !y may be expos$ 9 contact ) a %eet ( glass 9 an ord9>y d>k slide 9 ! film c>ri]s or on ! roll] slide4 ,!re are no special precautions necess>y 9 ! developm5t1 except t no alum may be us$ previ\s to /ripp+4 ,= use z rev]s$ negatives ! ord9>y op]ations are greatly %ort5$ & simplifi$4 ,a %eet ( plate glass is coat$ ) collodion1 all[$ to set1 & !n plac$ 9 a di% ( cold wat] until all greas9ess has disappe>$4 ,aft] fix+ & wa%+1 ! negative1 /ill support$ ^u ! pap]1 is plac$ ov] ! collodionis$ plate 9 ! same di%1 & ! two br\ght out face to face4 ,^u ! back ( ! negative pap] place a piece ( blott+ pap]1 cov] x ) a %eet ( oil$ pap]--z us$ 9 copy+ lett]s--& apply ! squeegee2 place a dry %eet ( blott+ pap] ^u ! back ( ! film1 cov] x ) a %eet ( glass or o!r flat surface1 ^u :i* place a weight4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes ! plate may be plac$ 9 w>m wat]--ab\t #acj ,f4--& 9 a %ort "t ! pap] back+ w float (f4 ,by g5tle wa%+ ) hot wat] remove ! soluble gelat9e f ! film re/+ ^u ! glass1 & place ! negative aside to dry4 ,x is !n complete1 & rev]s$4 ,fro$man's ,films consi/ entirely ( gelat9e1 require no /ripp+1 & may be pr9t$ f ei!r side4 ,! film is some:at difficult to h&le 9 ! develop]1 & has to be dri$ by _s4 ,"o feature aga9/ _! employm5t 9 ,collotype is a yell[ /a91 :i* probably arises f ! bi*romate ) :i* ! film is h>d5$1 & al?\gh m app>5t :]e ! negative is protect$ by ! rebate ( ! d>k slide1 x und\bt$ly p]vades ! :ole picture4 ,pumphrey's ,lift+ ,films are ! late/ & be/ ( a s]ies ( films introduc$ by ! same mak]4 ,!y consi/ ( a basis ( pap] coat$ ) a wat]pro( v>ni% on "o side1 ^u ! o!r be+ spread an indi>ubb] coat+ possess+ consid]able adhesive p[]2 to ?is is atta*$ ! gelat9e film prop]1 :i* consi/s ( two lay]s1 "o ( pla9 gelat9e1 & ! o!r ! s5sitive emulsion4 ,! films %\ld be expos$ 9 ! cam]a betwe5 two glass plates1 & ! spr+ ( ! d>k slide %\ld be ( consid]able /r5g? to insure flatness ( ! film1 & consequ5t %>pness ( ! image4 ,! films dur+ developm5t may be treat$ exactly z an ord9>y plate1 ! manufactur] recomm5d+ ,bea*'s develop]4 ,:5 9 ! ba? !y seem little liable to damage1 & may be h&l$ ) great fre$om & facility4 ,^u completion ( ! developm5t1 fix+1 & wa%+1 ! pap] back+ or support is atta*$ by means ( pa/e to a sub/antial & smoo? c>d4 ,z a precaution1 n always necess>y1 b usually advisable1 aga9/ ! film prematurely sep>at+ f its support1 ar\nd ! edges gumm$ pap] /rips may be atta*$ to ! c>d1 & all[$ to ext5d ov] ! edges ( ! gelat9e film to ! ext5t ( #c mm4 ,:5 dry ! film may be v>ni%$1 & aft]w>ds lift$ f its support by fir/ cutt+ ?r\gh ! gelat9e & pass+ ! blade ( ! knife r\nd ! edges betwe5 ! film & ! tempor>y pap] back+1 ! latt] rema9+ atta*$ to ! c>d4 ,! two are by ^! means readily sep>at$1 & ! result+ negative film may be pr9t$ f ei!r side )\t disadvantage1 & is ( suffici5t /r5g? to )/& a consid]able am\nt ( r\gh h&l+4 ,o!r ,me?ods ( ,rev]sal4--,!re are processes ( copy+1 usually by fir/ produc+ a transp>5cy & f t aga9 a negative4 ,if ! wet process is us$ ?r\gh\t1 a copy+ cam]a is ess5tial 9 bo? /ages4 ,%\ld dry plates1 h[ev]1 be us$1 ! transp>5cy may be produc$ 9 ! cam]a & ! negative by contact 9 a pr9t+ frame1 or vice v]sa1 or bo? may be produc$ by means ( ! cam]a4 ,if ! transp>5cy be produc$ by ! c>bon process a negative may !n be made f x by contact1 & ! necess>y rev]sal w be br\ght ab\t )\t ! use ( ! copy+ cam]a4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pr9t+ ,,9 ,,! ,,press4 ,! et*+ or damp+ & roll+-up ( ! ,collotype plate pres5ts difficulties :i* are great] ev5 ?an ^? met ) 9 ! prep>ation ( ! plate4 ,^! rem>ks also apply ) equal =ce 9 photo-li?ography1 & :oev] /ops at ! prep>ation ( ! plates or ! photo-li?ographic transf]1 & leaves ! subsequ5t op]ations to be p]=m$ by ano!r1 %\ld n be consid]$ ei!r z a collotypi/ or photo-li?ograph]4 ,! :ole success dep5ds ^u a succession ( app>5t trifles2 _m errors x is impossible1 or at any rate difficult1 to rectify1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 t no?+ is ov]look$1 or f "s trivial cause ! :ole may result 9 failure4 ,fir/ly1 remove all adh]5t matt] f ! back ( ! plate1 z ! smalle/ am\nt ( dri$ gelat9e1 p>ticle ( grit or o!r h>d matt] w suffice to cause ! fracture ( ! /ronge/ glass plate on ! fir/ application ( pressure4 ,! ,et*+ or ,damp+ ,solution 9 mo/ common use consi/s ( a /ock solution ( five p>ts wat]1 "o "p liquid ammonia1 ?ree p>ts glyc]9e1 & "o-t5? "p ( nitrate ( lime4 ,= use add five or six p>ts ( ?is solution to #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 suffici5t ( ?is be+ us$ to well cov] ! plate :5 plac$ 9 a clean di%4 ,ano!r reliable =mula is "o litre glyc]9e1 #fjj cc4 wat]1 *loride ( sodium ?ree grammes4 ,plates may be imm]s$ 9 ^! solutions = a "t ext5d+ f t5 m9utes to five h\rs1 or !y may be well flood$ ) x1 wip$ (f1 & dri$ ) blott+ pap]4 ,! press hav+ be5 exam9$1 oil$1 & put 9 ?or\gh work+ ord]1 ! next consid]ation w be ,fix+ ! ,collotype ,plate1 :i* may be p]=m$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,imm]s+ ! plate 9 ! et*+ fluid precludes ! old me?od ( cem5t+ x on ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 or glue & :it5+1 b x may be fix$ by adhesion to a b$ ( glass or a poli%$ iron plate1 or a special & some:at complicat$ frame may be procur$ = secur+ ! ?ick pr9t+ plate by means ( adju/able clips secur$ by screws4 ,%\ld ! pr9t+ surface be ^u a ?9 glass adhesion alone w be f\nd suffici5t1 a few drops ( wat] caus+ ! pr9t+ plate to adh]e to ! ?ick] glass plate und]nea?4 ,?is me?od has ! disadvantage t x is mo/ difficult to ensure ! position ( ! plate be+ 9 keep+ ) ! mask on ! frame4 ,%\ld ! mask be plac$ directly ^u ! gelat9e surface ( ! plate x w n la/ _m impressions )\t ei!r te>+ or caus+ damage to ! surface ?r\gh ! =mation ( creases or wr9kles4 ,if ! picture has to be trimm$ )\t m>g91 & m\nt$--ei!r ) or )\t v>ni%--! mask+ is altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,! prep>ation ( ! ink & roll]s %\ld next be proce$$ )4 ,suppos+ ! "w 9 h& to be "o ( a simple "*--say ! reproduction ( an impression f a copp]plate 9 black--take a piece ( ! be/ *alk ink ab\t ! size ( a hazel nut1 9 an un?9n$ condition1 z suppli$ to ! pr9t+ trade1 & ) an iron spatula or palette knife spread x ^u ! ink+ slab4 ,add "o-qu>t] ! am\nt ( middle v>ni% 7ref9$ & od\rless71 "o drop ( olive oil1 & "o or two drops ( be/ ,fr5* turp5t9e1 incorporate ?or\ghly by means ( ! palette knife1 divide1 & apply "o-half to ! roll]4 ,! next op]ation is ! important "o ( ,di/ribut+ ! ,ink4--,a really good lea!r roll]1 ! h&les ( :i* %\ld be encas$ ) easy fitt+ lea!r cov]s1 is mo/ suitable = ! purpose4 ,! ink1 by c>eful manipulation ( ! roll]1 %\ld be gradually di/ribut$ ov] ! entire surface ( bo? roll] & slab 9 a p]fectly ev5 & regul> mann]4 ,%\ld any small lumps be obs]vable ^u ei!r surface !y %\ld be c>efully remov$ ) ! palette knife & ! roll+ & di/ribut+ aga9 proce$$ )1 z on c>eful att5tion to ?is matt] ! excell5ce ( ! result+ pr9t greatly dep5ds4 ,! pr9t+ plate be+ well secur$1 its moi/5$ surface %\ld be v ev5ly dri$4 ,?is is be/ effect$ by means ( a roll] cov]$ ei!r ) f9e clo? or wa%lea!r1 or a f9e s(t l95 clo? may be us$ z a sub/itute4 ,roll+ up4--,apply ! ink+ roll] ) light pressure to ! ne>e/ edge ( ! plate1 & roll backw>ds & =w>ds ov] its surface sev]al times2 an exp]i5c$ pr9t] w at once p]ceive ! condition ( ! surface4 ,= ! fir/ ink+ a /iffi% ink %\ld be us$1 z ! plate w n !n s readily become dirty4 ,by repeat$ roll+ 9 diff]5t directions1 & :at is ( equal importance1 ) v>y+ pressure1 endeav\r to di/ribute ! ink ) p]fect ev5ness1 & ) a view ( produc+ a cle> & vigor\s ink+1 :i* w yield a simil> p]fect impression4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t #a4 ,a sl[ roll+ ) heavy pressure deposits ink on ! plate2 & #b4 ,light & quick roll+ removes ! ink f ! pr9t lay]4 ,by modify+ ! treatm5t ( ! plate1 & v>y+ ! application ( ! roll] & damp+ solution1 an exp]i5c$ pr9t] w demon/rate 8 p[] ( produc+ f ! same plate flat1 weak1 & unsatisfactory impressions1 or pr9ts z cle> & vigor\s z may be desir$4 ,! fir/ application ( ! ink hav+ be5 made ) a lea!r roll]1 x %\ld be di/ribut$1 & ! half-tones improv$ by ! application ( a smoo? roll]1 pref]ably ( glue composition4 ,)\t ?is second ink+1 x w be f\nd impossible to produce ! highe/ results 9 half-tone4 ,! ,second1 or ,composition ,roll]1 mu/ be lightly *>g$ ) ink consid]ably ?9n] ?an t appli$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! rem>ks conc]n+ ! pressure appli$ to ! lea!r roll] apply+ ) equal =ce 9 ?is case4 ,by light1 quick roll+1 ! ink is p>tially remov$ f ! plate1 :ile heavi] pressure & sl[] movem5t w deposit ink & /r5g!n ! %ad[s4 ,:5 ! ink+ is complete1 ! frame ) ! mask is plac$ 9 position4 ,! pr9t+ pap]1 :i* may be ei!r /rong1 well-siz$ lett]-pap]1 ?9 c>dbo>d1 or ! pap] kn[n 9 ! trade z 8dull enamel10 cut to a suitable size1 is adju/$ ov] ! mask1 & back$ ) a c\ple ( ?icknesses ( smoo? pap]4 ,?is aga9 is cov]$1 ) ! tympan atta*$ to its frame4 ,pu% ! b$ ( ! press s f> "u ! scrap] t ! latt]1 :5 pressure is appli$1 w nip ! plate ab\t "o c5timetre f ! comm5cem5t ( ! picture4 ,?is position has to be asc]ta9$ by trial be=e cov]+ ) ! second or tympan frame4 ,! ,scrap] be+ regulat$ s t x w give a suffici5t pressure1 pass ! b$ quickly ?r\gh ! press to ! ext5t necess>y to produce a complete impression4 ,! l5g? ( trav]se ( ! b$ dur+ pr9t+ c on mo/ presses be regulat$ by side screws1 or ! tympan may be lightly m>k$4 ,aft] releas+ ! pressure1 ! b$ is )drawn1 ! tympan & mask+ frames ?r[n back1 & ! pr9t+ pap] cauti\sly rais$ by "o corn]4 ,x (t5 adh]es slightly to ! pr9t+ surface1 & ?is is usually an indication ( a good plate4 ,! adhesion may1 h[ev]1 at times be s /rong z to te> ! pap]1 or1 9 ! case ( enamel pap]1 remove ! *alk coat+4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! scrap] %\ld be select$ ( a wid? some:at exce$+ t ( ! picture1 b nev] exce$+ t ( ! glass plate4 ,x may be left pla9 & mod]ately %>p1 or cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,damp+ ! ,plate betwe5 ea* impression w usually be unnecess>y1 provid+ a good sample ( gelat9e is us$1 & ! damp+ solution conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( glyc]9e4 ,9 cases :]e ! ,collotype plate has be5 ov] expos$1 or ! subject be "o :i* requires an absolutely :ite backgr\nd1 damp+ betwe5 ea* impression w be absolutely ess5tial4 ,:]e x is omitt$ = any l5g? ( "t1 ! :ites ( ! pictures w always be m or less degrad$ or t9t$4 ,%\ld ! e>ly impressions n be satisfactory1 pati5ce %\ld be ex]cis$1 & by c>eful treatm5t ) ! roll] or roll]s1 & c>e 9 ! damp+1 fav\rable results w (t5 ensue aft] ! fir/ few impressions h be5 pull$4 ,only f actual damage to ! pr9t lay]1 or excessive ov] exposure 9 ! copy+ frame1 ne$ ! plate be plac$ aside z 9 a hopeless condition4 ,! beg9n] %\ld gu>d p>ticul>ly aga9/ me*anical damages 9 damp+2 dry+ & roll+4 ,li?ograph]s are incl9$ to treat ! delicate pr9t+ surface ) ! same vig\r & en]gy t !y w\ld apply to ! m sub/antial li?ographic /one to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,! foll[+ directions f 8,kleffel's ,manual ( ,photography0 are to be recomm5d$ 9 pr9t+ l9e subjects1 p>ticul>ly 9 8glass0 pr9t+ direct f ! negative3--8,! *romat$ lay] ( gelat9e mu/ h be5 submitt$ to a suffici5tly long exposure to ensure x tak+ ! ink ov] ! :ole surface4 ,= ! fir/ roll+ 9 ( ! plate1 ! ink %\ld be compos$ z foll[s3 ,:ite wax1 #de p>ts2 middle v>ni%1 #e p>ts2 gum elemi1 #ae p>ts2 li?o ink 7ab\t #es4 p] lb471 #bj p>ts4 8,aft] ! plate has be5 ?or\ghly roll$ 9 & black5$1 x mu/ be rubb$ ) a piece ( unblea*$ musl91 previ\sly saturat$ ) ! foll[+ solution3 #cj p>ts ( ammonia & oxgall 7ab\t equal p>ts71 #cj p>ts gum arabic1 #ij p>ts wat]1 until ! picture develops p]fectly cle>4 ,dry ) a clean piece ( musl91 & roll 9 = ! pr9t+ prop] ) ord9>y ?9 copp] plate pr9t+ ink4 ,plate pap]1 simil> to t us$ 9 pr9t+ f ! copp] plate1 is mo/ suitable40 ,:5 pr9t+ op]ations are complete1 ! roll]s1 pr9t+ plates1 & ink+ slabs %\ld be at once clean$1 z ! v>ni% col\rs soon h>d5 & create difficulties4 ,clean+ ,lea!r ,roll]s )\t damag+ !m requires consid]able practice4 ,!y are always scrap$ ) a clean knife1 & ! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ 9 "o direction1 to ensure :i* x is advisable to m>k "o ( ! roll] h&les4 ,lea!r roll]s n 9 con/ant use1 be=e be+ put aside1 %\ld h _! surfaces c>efully & ?or\ghly rubb$ ov] ) tall[1 :i* mu/1 ( c\rse1 be scrap$ (f be=e ! roll] is aga9 us$4 ,clean+ ,composition & ,indi>ubb] ,roll]s %\ld n be effect$ by means ( scrap+1 b _! surfaces %\ld be clean$ ) turp5t9e1 appli$ ) a l95 rag free f l9t4 ,clean+ ! ,plates4--,turp5t9e is us$ to free ! surface f e p>ticle ( ink1 & aft] ! ?or\gh evaporation ( ! _s1 ! plates %\ld be well wa%$ 9 wat] to remove all trace ( ! damp+ solution1 dri$1 & /or$ 9 a cool place4 ,x is sometimes a matt] ( difficulty to remove ink f ,collotype plates t h be5 pr9t$ f1 b a simple me?od is to p\r ov] ! plate--z 9 develop+ a collodion picture--"s lukew>m wat]4 ,?is w dissolve a ?9 lay] ( gelat9e1 & enable "o to at once proce$ ) ! "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,f9i%+ ,,& ,,v>ni%+ ,,collotype ,,pr9ts4 ,ret\*+ ,pr9ts4--,"u ! above head+ ,leon ,vidal1 9 8 "w 8,trait ,pratique le ,phototypie10 gives ! foll[+ directions1 :i* ,i reproduce f ! 8,photographic ,ar*ives40 ,ev5 ) ! utmo/ possible c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pr9t+ surfaces !re w be requir$ 9 mo/ impressions a little ret\*+1 if only to hide a few :ite spots4 ,9 l>ge ord]s ?is _c be c>ri$ to ! ext5t x is 9 silv] pr9ts4 ,x happ5s 9 pr9t+ t p>ticles ( du/ f9d _! way to ! plate1 & cause ei!r light or d>k spots 9 ! impressions2 ! =m] are cov]$ by t\*+ ) ink1 ! latt] are remov$ ) ! eras+ knife1 & ! :ite spot result+ f ! op]ation is ton$ d[n ) ink4 ,?is spott+ is quickly p]=m$4 ,! pap] be+ dull a col\r %\ld be us$ conta9+ only a small proportion ( gum2 x w !n be invisible4 ,pr9ts :i* x is int5d$ to v>ni% %\ld n be spott$ until !y h be5 siz$1 unless pr9t$ ^u a pap] already imp]vi\s to ! v>ni%4 ,! col\r mo/ suitable ( all is ! actual pr9t+ ink ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 by us+ :i* ! tr\ble is avoid$ ( mix+ any special col\r to mat* ! tone ( ! impression1 z ! two col\rs are necess>ily id5tical4 ,ano!r advantage ga9$ by adopt+ ?is me?od is t ! spott+ may be complet$ be=e siz+1 z ! aque\s solution ( gelat9e w n cause x to run4 ,= impressions 9 pure black ! li?ographic *alk is probably ! be/ m$ium = correct+ pro(s1 z ! col\r+ matt] w be f\nd to well h>monise ) ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! picture4 ,a blacklead p5cil1 on ! o!r h&1 is q unsuit$ = ! purpose on acc\nt ( ! highly metallic appe>ance visible :]ev] ! p5cil has be5 appli$ to ! pr9t4 ,ret\*+ or spott+ %\ld n ext5d beyond ! removal ( light & d>k spots2 ! correction ( l>g] faults %\ld n be ent]ta9$1 b a fre% pr9t+ surface produc$4 ,faults pres5t 9 ! orig9al negative %\ld be c>efully ret\*$ & remov$ or r$uc$ z f> z possible4 ,%\ld ! :ite m>g9s ( ! picture become soil$ by contact ) ! inky mask or by f+] m>ks1 !y may be clean$ ) indi>ubb] ink eras]4 ,! backs ( impressions may also be clean$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 copies h to be m\nt$ on c>dbo>d !y may be ei!r left ) a matt surface or v>ni%$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! edges are trimm$1 & !y are !n m\nt$ ^u ! c>dbo>d m\nts4 ,if ! latt] h be5 previ\sly damp$ !y w reta9 _! flatness4 ,roll+ or ,burni%+ mu/ n be done until ! pr9ts h completely dri$1 or ! picture may be torn f ! m\nt4 ,siz+ & ,v>ni%+4--,pr9ts to be v>ni%$ may be pr9t$ on prep>$ or siz$ pap]1 & 9 su* cases may be at once v>ni%$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! pap] is n siz$1 !y require a special prep>ation1 z foll[s3--,a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( gelat9e is laid on ) a broad camel-hair bru%1 avoid+ air bubbles & /reaks4 ,aft] a little practice ?is op]ation w be f\nd bo? easy & rapid4 ,! siz$ pictures are p9n$ 9 pairs back to back on a wood5 frame1 to :i* /rips ( cork are atta*$2 :5 ! pr9ts are q dry ! op]ation ( v>ni%+ may be proce$$ )4 ,a good v>ni%1 probably ! be/ = ! purpose1 :i* possesses ! d\ble advantage ( rema9+ col\rless & sett+ v h>d1 consi/s ( a solution ( #ae p>ts ( :ite 7blea*$7 lac 9 #ajj p>ts ( wood _s 7vegetable or wood naph?a74 ,on dissolv+ ! %ellac x w be f\nd t ! solution is cl\d$ on acc\nt ( ! susp5d$ fatty matt]1 ! removal ( :i* is always desirable2 ! v>ni% w !n filt] m rapidly & give a m glossy coat+4 ,by add+ p[d]$ lime ?ree p>ts ( ! solution may be decant$ cle>1 & ! rema9d] may also be us$ aft] filtration ?r\gh felt4 ,or if to ?ree p>ts ( v>ni% "o "p ( b5z9e or petroleum e!r be add$1 ! solution w resolve itself into two lay]s1 & ! upp] "o1 :i* w conta9 ! fatty matt]1 may be p\r$ (f4 ,! v>ni% is be/ appli$ by means ( a ball or dabb]1 c>e be+ ex]cis$ to avoid air bubbles2 ! pr9t is next plac$ 9 ,! ,dry+-box 7see fig4 #h71 :i* is a f\r-sid$ t9 box #a m4 long by #jbe m4 high4 ,a gas-pipe1 p]=at$ ) small holes drill$ ab\t #f to #h cm4 ap>t1 runs ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! box1 ! front ( :i* is op5 to two-?irds its height4 ,a plate1 f9ely p]=at$1 divides ! upp] ?ird f ! l[] two-?irds1 & =ms an inn] division1 ?r\gh ! upp] ( :i* ! gas-pipe passes4 ,! flat p]=at$ division is h+$ to all[ ( be+ op5$ = ! purpose ( ignit+ ! gas4 ,! pictures plac$ on ! bottom ( ! box dry v rapidly1 :ile ! p]=at$ division prev5ts ! possibility ( ! ignition ( ! vap\r ( ! _s employ$4 ,) su* an app>atus x is possible to v>ni% & dry a l>ge numb] ( pr9ts 9 a v %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,siz+ may be ,avoid$ if ea* picture1 aft] well dry+1 be dipp$ into ! foll[+ solution3 ,wat] #ejj g41 borax #acj g41 :ite %ellac #ajj g41 c>bonate ( soda #f;g4 ,! borax & c>bonate ( soda are dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & ! p[d]$ %ellac !n add$ 9 small quantities2 :5 solution is complete c>efully filt] & all[ to cool4 ,! impressions1 two & two1 back to back1 are p9n$ on frames1 dipp$ 9 ! v>ni%1 & aft]w>ds dri$4 ,by ?is proc$ure a %ellac coat+ is giv5 to ! surface only ( ! pr9t2 !re is no gelat9e sub/ratum to s(t5 ?r\gh atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & s crack & de/roy ! lay] ( v>ni%4 ,9 w9t] ! temp]ature mu/ be kept high1 & ! solution %\ld be heat$ #ae to #bj ,c4 ,p>*m5tis+ to a slight degree may also be adopt$ to close ! pores ( ! pap]4 ,add "o "p by volume ( wat] to two p>ts ( sulphuric acid1 all[ x to become q cold1 imm]se ! pictures = "o second only1 & at once wa% 9 a copi\s supply ( clean wat] to :i* has be5 add$ a small quantity ( ammonia to effectually neutralise ! acid4 ,! action ( ! acid mu/ n be c>ri$ too f>1 z x is m]ely necess>y to act on ! surface4 ,to prev5t pap] s treat$ f cockl+ :ile dry+1 x mu/ be put "u pressure or /ret*$ ^u a frame2 :5 q dry x has to be v>ni%$ & dri$ by heat4 ,v>ni%+ ,enamel ,pap] )\t previ\s siz+ is be/ done by means ( an alkal9e solution ( %ellac prep>$ z foll[s3 ,place 9 a six litre t9 flask #a_/b kilo ( blea*$ & p[d]$ %ellac1 p\r ov] x #a-a_/b kilo ( alcohol & #a-a_/d kilo ( /ronge/ ammonia4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days ! solution ( ! %ellac w be complete1 !n add1 ) con/ant /irr+1 #b-a_/b kilo ( hot wat]1 & :5 cold filt]4 ,x may be appli$ to ! pr9t ) a broad ,blan*>d bru%1,k & left to dry 9 a horizontal position4 ,! pr9ts may also be float$ on ! v>ni% = ab\t half a m9ute1 & !n susp5d$ to dry by means ( clips4 ,aft] a few m9utes h elaps$ a piece ( blott+ pap] %\ld be appli$ to ! bottom edge to absorb ! sup]flu\s v>ni%4 ,k ,made z foll[s3 ,take a piece ( glass1 say #bj cm4 long by #f or #g cm4 wide1 & a piece ( swansd[n calico ! same wid? z ! glass b only #f cm4 long1 fold ?is ov] ! "o end ( ! glass1 #c cm4 be+ on ea* side1 & b9d r\nd ) ?read or spr+ on a rubb] b&4 ,roll+ or ,burni%+ mu/ on no acc\nt be attempt$ until ! m\nt$ pr9ts are p]fectly dry1 o!rwise !y may be s]i\sly damag$ or ev5 completely torn f ! m\nts4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,o!r ,,collotype ,,processes4 ,! ,artotype ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 :i* has acquir$ ,ob]nett]'s process1 proce$ on some:at diff]5t l9es to ^? laid d[n 9 ?is "w1 & an ab/ract ( _! proce$+s is "h giv5 z int]e/+ to ^? ab\t to exp]im5t4 ,accord+ to ,ba*ra*1 8,photographic ,ar*ives1 #ahgi10 p4 #ff1 !y proce$ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,plates coat$ ) ,husnik's silicate ( soda sub/ratum are dri$ rapidly 9 a box heat$ to #fe ,c4 ,?is causes ! solution to coagulate1 ! plates are dri$ 9 half-an-h\r1 & z x adh]es ) great t5acity to ! glass plate1 ! latt] may be at once coat$ ) ! *romat$ gelat9e solution1 or x may be kept till ! next day4 ,be=e ! second coat+ is appli$ ! plate is well wa%$ & all[$ to dry spontane\sly4 ,! dry+-box is ( wood1 #b-a_/b feet squ>e & #e feet high1 ! entire front be+ a l>ge door1 z %[n 9 ! sket* 7fig4 #i71 & ! bottom a flat wat] tank ab\t f\r in*es deep fitt$ ) two pipes1 "o to all[ ! escape ( /eam1 & ! o!r ( use 9 fill+ ! tank ) wat]4 ,x may be heat$ by means ( gas or a petroleum lamp4 ,aft] ! bottom ( ! box has be5 accurately levell$1 x is cov]$ ) a few %eets ( blott+ pap]1 on :i* are plac$ ! album5is$ plates4 ,occupy+ ! upp] "p ( ! box are adju/able racks1 on :i* o!r plates are dri$4 ,! box is heat$ to #hb ,c41 ! plates are levell$ 9 _! places1 & j suffici5t hot *romatis$ gelat9e solution p\r$ on ea* to spread up to ! edges--n m4 ,! ,artotype ,co4 takes "o-?ird ea* ( gelat9e1 is+lass1 & ! s-call$ ,magdeb\rg is+lass4 ,plates are all[$ to rema9 9 ! dry+-box ab\t #bj to #cj m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t ! door mu/ n be op5$1 & p>ticul> importance is atta*$ to ! high temp]ature1 rea*+ ev5 to #ic ,c41 at :i* ! dry+ is complet$1 z x is consid]$ by ^! means pr9t+ plates ( mu* f9] gra9 are obta9$4 7,! ,au?or believes ! temp]ature giv5 is mu* too high1 z x w\ld be suffici5t1 )\t exposure to light1 to br+ ab\t a p>tial decomposition47 ,:5 dry1 ! plates may at once be pr9t$ "u ! negative4 ,to et* ! plate x is imm]s$ 9 a solution ( #e gr4 alum 9 #a litre ( wat]1 r9s$1 all[$ to dry1 & put 9 a ba? consi/+ ( #aej ccm4 ( wat]1 #a litre ( glyc]9e1 #cjj ccm4 ( ammonia1 #cj g4 nitrate ( lime4 ,plates t h be5 expos$ "u ! negative too long are treat$ ) a solution ( #bj p>ts ( ammonia1 #bj p>ts ( glyc]9e1 & "o "p ( ,v5etian turp5t9e2 ) ?is !y are flood$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! process is v simil> to t already describ$4 ,seignior ,c>los ,relvas4--,vidal publi%es ! foll[+ me?od ( proc$ure z t adopt$ 9 ! /udio ( ?is em95t ,portuguese amateur collotypi/1 :]e x 0 introduc$ by ,jacobi3--,v ?ick glass plates1 f9ely gr\nd on "o side1 are us$2 !y are clean$ ) nitric acid1 & r9s$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,! dry+ box us$ is provid$ ) iron b>s1 fitt$ ) adju/able screws = ! purpose ( accurately levell+ ! plates4 ,midway betwe5 ! top & bottom ( ! box is an iron plate1 und]nea? :i* are fitt$ gas jets4 ,! doors by :i* access to ! box is ga9$ = ! plates consi/s ( v f9e wire gauze1 all[+ ! escape ( /eam1 b prev5t+ ! access ( insects4 ,aft] a ?or\gh cleans+1 ! plates are levell$ on ! adju/+ screws1 all[$ to ?or\ghly dry1 & !n coat$ on ! gr\nd side ) ! foll[+ solution-- ,:ite ( egg #afj ccm4 ,bi*romate ( potassium #h g4 ,di/ill$ wat] #dhj ccm4 ,glyc]9e #af drops4 ,to :i* is add$ suffici5t ammonia to give ! liquid a pale yell[ t9t1 some:at less be+ us$ :]e a h>d negative is to be employ$4 ,?is sub/ratum is filt]$1 & ! plates aft]w>ds coat$ & plac$ ^u ! levell+ screws 9 ! dry+ box1 :i* is heat$ to a regul> temp]ature ( #dj ,c4 ,9 ab\t two h\rs ! plates w be dry1 & are !n plac$1 coat$ side d[nw>ds1 ^u a black clo?1 ! back ( ! plate be+ expos$ to diffus$ light = half-an-h\r4 ,x is aga9 plac$ 9 ! dry+ box1 & ! second coat+1 z foll[s1 appli$-- ,gelat9e #bg g4 ,wat] #djj ccm4 ,bi*romate ( potassium #i g4 ,prep>ation ,a #ae ccm4 ,prep>ation ,b #ae ccm4 ,ammonia a few drops4 ,! prep>ations ,a & ,b are z foll[3 ,a4--,*loride ( sodium #a g4 ,wat] #ejj ccm4 ,b4--,sulphate ( alum9a #a g4 ,wat] #ajj ccm4 ,to ea* squ>e decimetre ( surface %\ld be all[$ #b ccm4 ( ! above solution4 ,! plates are replac$ 9 ! dry+ box1 :i* is heat$ to #de or #ej ,c4 ,!y %\ld be dry 9 ?ree h\rs1 & are !n ready = pr9t+ "u a negative 9 ! copy+ frame4 ,!y are aft]w>ds well wa%$ 9 filt]$ wat]1 & all[$ to dry spontane\sly 9 a du/-pro( situation4 ,9 two or ?ree days ! pr9t+ may be proce$$ )1 ! surface hav+ be5 s(t5$ by all[+ ! plate to /& = sev5 h\rs 9 ! foll[+ solution-- ,glyc]9e #ejj ccm4 ,di/ill$ wat] #bjj ccm4 ,prep>ation ,c #ajj ccm4 ,,prep>ation ,c4--,sulphate ( magnesia #ej g4 ,di/ill$ wat] #ejj ccm4 ,all solutions are filt]$ ?r\gh flannel4 ,f ! face ( ! plate ! sup]flu\s moi/ure %\ld be remov$ ) a sponge4 ,a v ?ick glass plate is fix$ to ! face ( a li?ographic /one by means ( glue & :it+1 & adhesion is secur$ betwe5 ! face ( ! ?ick glass plate s fix$ & ! back ( ! ,collotype plate by means ( a few drops ( wat]4 ,! :ole1 s arrang$1 is plac$ ^u ! b$ ( ! press4 ,%\ld ! pr9ts lose _! contra/ :ile ! pr9t+ is 9 progress1 !y are lightly spong$ ov] ) a sponge dipp$ 9 ! la/-m5tion$ solution4 ,if ?is fails to produce suffici5t effect1 ! plate is fir/ wa%$ ) turp5t9e1 & !n ) ! glyc]9e solution4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! two liquids becom+ mix$ on ! plate1 to prev5t :i* diff]5t sponges & dry+ clo?s %\ld be us$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,failures ,,9 ,,collotype4 ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,air bubbles 9 ! album5 sub/ratum4 ,^! mu/ ei!r by filtration or by ! aid ( a piece ( pap] be c>efully remov$ f ! solution be=e x is appli$ to ! plates4 ,! latt] mu/ be well clean$ & du/$1 & fre$ ( em]y p[d] if !y h be5 re-gr\nd4 ,to ,prev5t ,du/ or o!r matt] ris+ f ! edge ( ! plates by capill>y attraction :ile /&+1 !y %\ld be all[$ to re/ on clean blott+ pap]1 & pref]ably on "o corn] only4 ,coat+ ,plates4--,great difficulties are exp]i5c$ by ! beg9n] 9 coat+ ! plates ) ! *romat$ gelat9e4 ,he seldom kn[s be=eh& ! exact quantity requir$1 or ! temp]ature ( ! solution4 ,! latt] ought to be asc]ta9$1 z x is an important factor 9 ! ?ickness & fl[ ( ! coat+2 ) a solution only j w>m x is impossible to apply a v ?9 coat+1 :ile ! hott] ! gelat9e ! ?9n] ! lay]4 ,consid]able dext]ity & judgm5t are necess>y to spread an ev5 lay] ( ! requisite ?ickness1 :i* is a matt] mo/ ess5tial to success1 b1 un=tunately1 only to be ma/]$ by actual exp]i5ce4 ,plates are n unfrequ5tly spoil$ by incl9+ !m :ile convey+ !m to ! dry+ box1 z 9 ?is way ! coat+ is frequ5tly r5d]$ unev54 ,all solutions mu/ be c>efully filt]$1 & ! plates fre$ entirely f du/4 ,! dry+ box1 p>ticul>ly ! lid1 mu/ be c>efully du/$ & clean$1 b n imm$iately be=e use4 ,o!r necess>y precautions h be5 po9t$ out :ile describ+ ! prep>ation ( ! plates4 ,by /rictly adh]+ to ! rules laid d[n x w be f\nd possible1 aft] a c]ta9 am\nt ( practice1 to avoid ! pitfalls "h enum]at$1 :ile ) reg>d to faults 9 ! plates1 !re only rema9 to be m5tion$ ! consequ5ces ( dry+ at too high a temp]ature4 ,?ick ,films are extremely liable to fly (f ! glass & damage its surface1 if dri$ at too great a heat4 ,! ?ick] ! film ! l[] %\ld be ! temp]ature ( ! dry+ box4 ,?9 ,films1 dri$ at too high a temp]ature1 ev5 )\t exposure to light1 pres5t a br[n appe>ance1 _! s5sitiv5ess is impair$1 & !y take too mu* ink ov] _! entire surface4 ,,failures ,,9 ,,pr9t+4 ,x is g5]ally an advantage to "w ! press 9 a cool & some:at damp ap>tm5t4 ,breakage ( ! ,plate4--,not)/&+ its ?ickness1 ! glass plate sometimes flies to pieces on pull+ ! fir/ impression4 ,if ! plate & its f\ndation are p]fectly level ! breakage mu/ arise f ! pres5ce ( "s =eign sub/ance hav+ f\nd its way betwe5 ! two surfaces4 ,?is may occur f su* a trivial matt] z a gra9 ( s&1 p]haps introduc$ betwe5 :5 moi/5+ ! "u side ( ! plate to secure adhesion4 ,or traces ( *romat$ gelat9e may be f\nd atta*$ to ! "u surface ( ! plate1 ei!r ( :i* causes is q suffici5t to acc\nt = a breakage ) ev5 mod]ate pressure4 ,9 ,collotype ! pressure ne$ n be by any means s heavy z 9 li?ographic pr9t+2 x %\ld be ev5ly di/ribut$1 & may be mod]at$ by plac+ ! /one or glass plate1 or :atev] ! ,collotype plate may be atta*$ to1 on "s comp>atively ela/ic b$d+1 :i* may consi/ ( sev]al lay]s ( pr9t+ pap]1 ?9 felt1 ?ick indi>ubb] %eet+1 or l9oleum1 any ( :i* may be us$4 ,spott$ ,impressions4--,! plate yields unsatisfactory copies cov]$ ) :ite spots resembl+ drops ( wat]4 ,?is mo/ frequ5tly occurs at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pr9t+1 & is ne>ly always caus$ by unev5 damp+ ( ! surface4 ,old plates :i* h be5 dri$ v (t5 give p]fect negative impressions at fir/4 ,9 su* cases1 aft] ! removal ( ! ink by turp5t9e1 soak ! plate = a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 wat]1 to :i* has be5 add$ a little glyc]9e & ammonia 7see 8,et*+ ,fluid074 ,dry ! plate ) a clean roll] cov]$ ) clo? or *amois lea!r--or1 z a sub/itute = ! roll]1 a s(t l95 clo? may be us$--& aga9 roll 9 ) ink :i* has be5 ?or\ghly well di/ribut$ on ! ink+ slab4 ,too ,mu* ,ink is tak5 by ! plate ov] ! :ole surface1 & not)/&+ sl[ or rapid roll+1 x refuses to leave ! high lights4 ,cause--ov]-exposure 9 proportion to ! ?ickness ( ! lay]1 :i* is probably too ?94 ,9 su* cases wa%+ ) dilute solution ( ammonia w (t5 improve matt]s4 ,ano!r proce$+ to be recomm5d$ 9 ! case ( a plate tak+ too mu* ink is to remove all ink by means ( a sponge damp$ 9 wat] conta9+ a little petroleum--n b5z9e or turp5t9e--& aft]w>ds wa% ! plate ) a sponge conta9+ glyc]9e & wat]4 ,x is !n ready = imm$iate pr9t+ f1 & ought to give ab\t #bjj copies )\t fur!r damp+ if ! press be 9 a moi/ situation4 ,loss ( ,half-tone arises f ! pr9t lay] becom+ too moi/1 :5 ! m delicate half-tones fail to pr9t4 ,dry ) blott+ pap]1 & imm]se = five m9utes 9 a ba? ( alcohol2 ?is w take up ! wat]1 & ! succe$+ impressions w be greatly improv$4 ,unev5 ,ink+4--,x sometimes occurs1 p>ticul>ly 9 pictures :i* %\ld %[ a :ite gr\nd1 t ! latt] takes m ink 9 "o "p ?an ano!r4 ,?is usually arises f an unequal ?ickness ( ! s5sitive coat+4 ,! plate w take mo/ ink :]e ! coat+ is ?9ne/1 & = ?is fault !re is no rem$y4 ,ink ,refus$ by ! ,plate4--,sometimes1 aft] a few impressions h be5 pull$1 ! plate refuses to prop]ly take ! ink1 f ! lay] be+ too ?ick & hav+ be5 too freely moi/5$4 ,fur!r damp+ %\ld be discont9u$ & a ?9n] ink us$1 :i* w bett] take ^u ! deep-ly+ %ades4 ,?is fault w be f\nd mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! cases ( writt5 or pr9t$ titles to pictures1 & o!r cases exhibit+ extremely disproportionate action ( light4 ,!re=e1 :5 !re is writ+ to a picture1 x %\ld be %ad$ some:at dur+ pr9t+ 9 ! pr9t+ frame1 or if ! contra/ be v viol5t x may fail to pr9t entirely4 ,flat ,pr9ts4--,aft] a numb] ( satisfactory pr9ts h be5 produc$ ! succe$+ ones become flat1 ?is fault w be especially noticeable ) ?9 lay]s devoid ( is+lass1 & 9 cases :]e ! negative has be5 too flat & lack$ contra/4 ,damp5 m frequ5tly ) dilute ammonia & glyc]9e4 ,pap] ,adh]+ to ! ,gelat9e--,^? lay]s :i* yield ! be/ & mo/ brilliant impressions1 %[+ pl5ty ( contra/1 :i* h be5 fully pr9t$ "u a vigor\s negative1 mo/ (t5 exhibit a disagreeable t5d5cy to adh]e to ! pap] 9 ! high lights4 ,! great] ! proportion ( is+lass pres5t 9 ! film ! m w ?is fault manife/ itself1 p>ticul>ly ) an enamel pap]4 ,an application ( a dilut$ solution ( ox-gall to ! film1 ! use ( a ?ick well-siz$ or glaz$ pap]1 light] pressure :ile pr9t+1 & less frequ5t damp+ w all t5d to dim9i% ?is evil4 ,lay]s ( ?is nature are extremely liable to damage1 & ! adhesive portions w soon suff] unless ! greate/ c>e is ex]cis$4 ,ink ,rema9s ^u ! ,plate4--,?r\gh too light or unev5 pressure x sometimes happ5s1 especially :5 us+ a /iff ink1 t ! latt] w1 aft] ! impression has be5 pull$1 p>tially adh]e to ! d>ke/ portions ( ! pr9t+ surface1 p>ticul>ly on ! edges ( plates deeply copi$4 ,if ?is fault is n correct$ at once1 & ! pr9t+ all[$ to proce$1 ^! portions giv+ a light1 faulty impression w gradually increase 9 size1 & ! correspond+ portions ( ! ,collotype plate gradually d>k54 ,:5 fir/ obs]v$ ! :ole plate mu/ at once be clean$ ) turp5t9e & aga9 roll$ up ) ?9n] ink1 a great] & p]fectly ev5 pressure be+ appli$4 ,small faults ( ?is nature occurr+ on ! edges ( ! plate c be correct$ aft] ea* faulty impression by means ( a small piece ( sponge moi/5$ ) gum wat] or ) a turp5t9e rag4 ,displacem5t ( ! ,pap] "u ! scrap] w create a d\ble impression1 & sometimes wr9kles1 ! latt] inv>iably lead+ to ! de/ruction ( ! plate4 ,by adopt+ ! use ( ! bridge n[ us$ 9 conjunction ) mo/ ,collotype h& presses1 ?is fault is avoid$1 z ! pap] is only 9 contact ) ! pr9t+ surface imm$iately "u ! scrap]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,inve/igations ,,on ,,collotype4 ,augu/ ,alb]t,l is ( op9ion t x is by no means a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r bi*romate ( potassium or bi*romate ( ammonia is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,collotype plates2 on ! contr>y1 he believes t ! latt] salt mat]ially conduces to int]ruptions 9 pr9t+1 especially 9 unsettl$ wea!r4 ,! results ( 8 exp]im5ts ) ! two salts 9 ! ,collotype process1 & ( _! behavi\r 9 comb9ation ) diff]5t sorts ( gelat9e1 are z foll[s3-- ,to #ajjj cc4 ( wat] are add$ t5 drops ( a saturat$ solution ( *rome alum2 ?is mixture1 aft] hav+ /ood = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 mu/1 if %ak5 up1 %[ an opalesc5t appe>ance1 & a slight milky turbidity2 if too mu* *rome alum has be5 add$1 ! wat] acquires a gre5i% col\r4 ,! gelat9e is n[ add$1 &1 = ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 kept at a temp]ature ( #acd1 :5 ! *rome salt is add$1 /irr+ all ! :ile1 & ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ba? rais$ to #aej to #afj4 ,! temp]ature & "t mu/ /rictly be adh]$ to4 ,! jelly ?us prep>$ %\ld be kept at lea/ t5 h\rs 9 a solidifi$ /ate previ\s to us+4 ,l ,?is exp]im5tali/ has evid5tly be5 confus$ ) ! late ,joseph ,alb]t1 ( ,muni*1 by "s writ]s4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ,joseph ,alb]t1 ^: bus9ess is /ill c>ri$ on by 8 wid[1 0 fa!r ( ,dr4 ,eug5e ,alb]t1 kn[n 9 ! photographic _w = 8 or?o*romatic collodion emulsion4 ,augu/ ,alb]t1 ( ,vi5na1 is ( ano!r family4 ,h>d ,gelat9e4--,plates prep>$ ) ?is1 %[ aft] dry+1 a %9y1 transp>5t film1 m or less accord+ to ! quality4 ,su* plates give h>d pr9ts1 & are soon us$ up 9 pr9t+1 ! f9e/ & ev5 ! middle t9ts becom+ weak]1 & ! %ad[s gradually coalesc+1 specially 9 ! case ( %ort exposure & v d5se negatives1 & !y are g5]ally useless aft] a few impressions h be5 tak54 ,if ammonium bi*romate is us$1 toge!r ) h>d gelat9e1 !n1 z a g5]al rule1 x is impossible to obta9 m ?an "o or two pr9ts f ea* plate4 ,by wa%+ ! gelat9e1 ^! inconv5i5ces are n at all remov$1 no matt] :i* ( ! two salts has be5 us$4 ,s(t ,gelat9e4--,if ?is is prep>$ ) potassium bi*romate1 !n ! plates w h a dull b r\gh & untransp>5t film1 :i* w be f\nd v uns]viceable = pr9t+1 z ! pr9ts w lack vig\r2 ! high lights w tone1 & ! :ole picture appe> blurr$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ammonium bi*romate is us$ 9 conjunction ) s(t gelat9e1 ! plates w also h a dull appe>ance1 b ?\gh !y "w some:at bett] ?an ^? prep>$ ) potassium bi*romate1 !y w n be ( suffici5t durability1 ! f9] tones soon disappe>+ dur+ pr9t+4 ,!re=e1 nei!r h>d nor s(t gelat9e are suitable = ,collotype "w1 z ! pr9t+ op]ations are r5d]$ m difficult4 ,if bo? sorts are mix$1 ! results w be some:at bett]1 b n l ^? obta9able ) middle h>d gelat9e1 :i* mu/ be accept$ z ! mo/ suitable k9d = ,collotype "w4 ,middle ,h>d ,gelat9e1 manufactur$ by ,f]d4 ,fri$r4 ,creutz1 absorbs five times its own weight ( wat] at #ff1 )\t signs ( dis9tegration aft] /&+ !re9 = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,if prep>$ ) x & ) *emically pure potassium bi*romate1 ! plates aft] dry+ h a beautiful matt surface1 f :i* long numb]s c be pr9t$ )\t any fall+ (f ( ! half t9ts1 &1 if ! pr9t+ is done c>efully1 ev5 ! details 9 ! %ad[s w be ma9ta9$ to ! la/4 ,?is bi*romat$ gelat9e requires also only a v small am\nt ( re-damp+1 reproduces fai?fully ! "* ( ! negative1 & ! jelly c be us$ ev5 aft] a p]iod ( f\r days4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w 9 h& requires a h>d] bi*romat$ gelat9e--z1 = in/ance1 reproductions ( black & :ite--!n ! addition ( a small quantity ( ammonium bi*romate w h ! desir$ effect2 9 "s cases equal quantities ( ! bi*romates ( potassium & ammonium4 ,if ammonium bi*romate is us$ in/ead ( potassium 9 conjunction ) middle h>d gelat9e1 !n ! plates w acquire a %9+1 transp>5t coat+1 ! manipulation ( :i* is v difficult 9 pr9t+1 & :i* "w too h>d1 be+ s]viceable1 at any rate1 = reproductions )\t half-t9t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! middle h>d gelat9e is wa%$ be=e use1 x w give1 :5 mix$ ) ! *romic salt1 transp>5t films ( insuffici5t durability4 ,middle h>d gelat9e %\ld !re=e be us$ unwa%$ = ,collotype "w1 & mix$ ) *emically pure potassium bi*romate4 ,! ,production ( ,gra9 9 ,collotype plates takes place 9 ! la/ in/ant ( dry+ ! plates 9 ! dry+-cupbo>d2 x dep5ds entirely ^u ! l>g] or small] quantity1 & ! consi/5cy ( ! bi*romat$ gelat9e us$4 ,if ! latt] is ( good quality1 all artificial means = ! production ( gra9 are n only sup]flu\s1 b also disadvantage\s4 ,a l>g] addition ( *rome salt g5]ally gives rise to ! cry/allisation ( ! salt2 *loride ( sodium produces plates highly s5sitive to moi/ure1 b no gra92 a l>g] addition ( *rome alum gives plates :i* w lack vig\r1 & ! manipulation ( :i*1 dur+ pr9t+1 w be difficult1 z !y (t5 w require an 8aft]-et*+10 s t ev5 pr9t+ is made impossible4 ,to te/ ! suitability ( gelat9e = ,collotype "w1 two small portions ( ! gelat9e to be te/$ may be made up1 add+ *emically pure potassium bi*romate to ! "o1 & ammonia bi*romate to ! o!r1 & a plate prep>$ ) ea* solution4 ,if bo? plates %[ a dull & untransp>5t coat+1 ?is indicates t x is a s(t gelat9e2 if1 on ! contr>y1 bo? plates appe> glossy & transp>5t1 !n ! gelat9e is h>d4 ,%\ld x1 h[ev]1 be middle h>d1 !n ! dri$ film prep>$ ) potassium w be dull1 b n r\gh2 t ) ammonia1 h[ev]1 %9y & transp>5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,collotype ,,9 ,,natural ,,col\rs4 ,a %ort *apt] may be devot$ to ! v>i\s sugge/$ processes = produc+ ,collotype 9 natural col\rs1 ) :i* are associat$ ! names ( ,vidal1 ,alb]t1 & ,ob]nett]4 ,to give a complete resume is altoge!r impossible1 z up to ! pres5t "t ! inv5tors h only publi%$ _! me?od ( proc$ure ) v consid]able res]vations1 & not)/&+ ! fact t a great deal has be5 writt5 & publi%$ 9 curr5t lit]ature on ! subject1 little is actually kn[n4 ,! me?ods ( ,vidal & ,alb]t are ess5tially alike1 bo? be+ f\nd$ ^u an opti-*emical basis4 ,by c>eful regi/ration & pr9t+ f ?ree ,collotype plates1 repres5t+ fragm5ts ( ! same subject ^u "o %eet ( pap]1 & mak+ use ( inks correspond+ ) ! ?ree prim>y col\rs1 a total effect %\ld be produc$ :i* ought1 !oretically1 to resemble ! col\r$ orig9al4 ,9 prep>+ ! ?ree negatives = reproduc+ ! ?ree col\r plates a special mode ( proc$ure mu/ be adopt$4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree negatives mu/ give a result+ ,collotype plate capable ( reta9+ v>y+ am\nts ( ink :5 roll$ up1 accord+ to ! pr$om9ation 9 ! orig9al ( "o or ! o!r ( ! prim>y col\rs--r$1 blue1 or yell[4,m ,?is is effect$ 9 ! production ( ! negative = ! r$ plate1 by mak+ ! exposure ?r\gh a gre5 glass scre51 :ile ! negative int5d$ to produce ! plate f :i* ! yell[ is to be pr9t$ is expos$ ?r\gh a scre5 ( violet4 ,m ,pictures produc$ 9 ! ?ree prim>y col\rs are extremely crude4 ,dr4 ,vogel has propos$ a l>ge numb] ( negatives1 us+ = _! production s5sitis]s correspond+ ) e region ( ! spectrum4 ,= example--,nap?ol blue = r$1 cyan9 = orange1 roz9 = yell[1 & fluoresce9 = blui% gre51 ! ord9>y s5sitiv5ess ( ! plate be+ suffici5t = blue & violet1 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 be+ expos$ ?r\gh a yell[ scre54 ,! images ?us obta9$ are pr9t$ f li?ographic /ones or ,collotype plates1 ea* ( :i* is pr9t$ 9 a col\r complim5t>y to t "p ( ! spectrum to :i* ! p>ticul> plate 0 s5sitive4 ,! great] ! numb] ( sep>ate images produc$ 9 ?is way ! m complete w be ! reproduction ( ! v>i\s %ades 9 ! orig9al1 & ! m pleas+ ! result+ pr9t4 ,! gre5 scre5 all[+ to pass s few *emically active rays ! exposure has to be prolong$ to su* an ext5t t gelat9e bromide dry plates /a9$ ) eos9e mu/ ( necessity be us$4 ,ob]nett]'s me?od is entirely diff]5t1 dep5d+ m ^u me*anical assi/ance ( a non-photographic "* 9 ! production ( ! unlimit$ numb] ( negatives he uses = produc+ 8 pr9t+ surfaces1 & ! results m closely resemble ^? ( *romo-li?ography4 ,:at p>ticul>s ,ob]nett] himself has f "t to "t communicat$ are "h giv54 ,he fir/ produces1 by ! du/+-on process1 z _m copies ( ! orig9al negatives z !re are col\rs to be reproduc$4 ,! negative int5d$ to produce ! plate f :i* ! blue w be pr9t$ is obta9$ by a long exposure & only slight du/+ ( ! reproduc$ negative4 ,t int5d$ to reproduce ! plate = ! non-act9ic col\rs--yell[ or br[n--%\ld be correctly expos$ & du/$ 92 :ile t int5d$ = ! r$ %\ld be subject$ to a %ort] exposure & m vigor\s du/+4 ,by ret\*+1 ! d5sities ( ! v>i\s negatives may be modifi$ by /r5g!n+ !m 9 p>ts1 o!r portions are /opp$ out1 & ! negatives s manipulat$ t !y w produce plates capable ( giv+ impressions--:5 pr9t$ 9 _! prop] col\rs--giv+ a facsimile reproduction ( ! orig9al "w4 ,mu* w dep5d ^u ! arti/ic qualifications ( ! op]ator1 :o may1 by ext5d+ ! numb] ( plates1 f9ally produce copies ( consid]able arti/ic value4 ,hs*1 ( ,muni*1 has pat5t$ a process 9 :i* ! same result is atta9$ 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]4 ,a negative is produc$1 & f t a ,collotype plate f :i* a numb] ( impressions are tak5 equal to ! numb] ( pr9t+ desir$ or necess>y 9 ! f9i%$ *romo-collotype picture4 ,ea* pr9t has c]ta9 portions pa9t$ ov] 9 a neutral t9t1 su* portions dep5d+ ^u ! col\r ( ! ink 9 :i* x is int5d$ to pr9t ! correspond+ plate4 ,o!r portions are /opp$ out :ite 9 ! pr9t1 or black 9 ! negative1 & f ! pr9ts s treat$ a set ( negatives are tak52 ^! are utilis$ = ! production ( a set ( ,collotype plates1 :i*1 pr9t$ f 9 suitable col\rs1 yield impressions ( great excell5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,magic ,,pr9ts4 ,to ,pr(essor ,husnik 7to :om collotypi/s are greatly indebt$ = s _m unselfi% publications71 we owe ! orig9ation ( ?is int]e/+ me?od ( produc+ 8magic0 pr9ts4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! reaction well kn[n to *emi/s t two sub/ances1 ea* col\rless 9 itself1 :5 mix$1 ent] into fre% *emical comb9ations & produce o!r sub/ances ( int5se col\r4 ,h]s*el & ,hunt made use ( _m ( ^! reactions1 bo? to develop ! invisible image1 & to give to o!rs1 already visible a m agreeable col\r or tone4 ,impressions o!r ?an ^? 9 fatty ink may be obta9$ f ! ,collotype plate--z 9 ! process pat5t$ by ,edw>ds--by means ( col\r1 soluble 9 wat]1 to :i* ! addition ( a small am\nt ( gum has be5 made4 ,9 su* cases x w n be ^? portions ( ! lay] :i* h be5 r5d]$ insoluble by ! action ( light :i* w give ! impression 7z x w\ld if ink 7 us$7 b on ! contr>y1 ! unexpos$ p>ts1 or ^? :i* rema9 soluble4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! result+ pr9t w be a negative1 & to obta9 a positive1 ! pr9t+ mu/ take place "u a positive4 ,if a ,collotype plate s produc$ be damp$ ) a l95 rag :i* has be5 moi/5$ ) an aque\s solution ( a salt readily absorb$ by gelat9e1 & :i* w produce 9 comb9ation ) a second solution an int5sely col\r$ comp\nd 7! use ( ! ink roll] be+ entirely omitt$71 ! impression on ! pr9t+ pap] w be almo/ or ev5 entirely invisible until br\ght 9 contact ) ! second solution1 :5 ! picture w be imm$iately develop$ & r5d]$ visible4 ,= in/ance1 damp5 ! plate ) an aque\s solution ( r$ prussiate ( pota%1 surface dry x1 pr9t ^u pap]1 all[ to dry ?or\ghly1 & place ^u a solution ( protosulphate ( iron1 :5 ! picture w imm$iately appe> ( an int5se blue col\r4 ,solutions ( bi*romate ( potassium or nitrate ( silv] w produce br[n images2 ! =m] develop$ ) extract ( logwood1 alaz>9e or sug> ( lead1 all produce diff]5t col\rs4 ,n only is ?is process int]e/+1 appli$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 b x is ( use 9 calico pr9t+4 ,c>e mu/ h[ev] be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( a suitable solution = damp+ ! plate1 z _m salts w\ld tan ! gelat9e lay]1 & su* are ( c\rse utt]ly unsuit$ = ! purpose4 ,among ! mordants 9 common use1 salts ( t91 alum1 iron1 c41 may be m5tion$ z ex]cis+ a h>d5+ influ5ce ^u gelat9e1 & !re=e useless = moi/5+ ! lay]4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 _m o!rs :i* produce no damag+ effect ^u ! plate1 & at ! same "t produce useful col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,photo 8,,glass0 ,,pr9t+4,n ,n ,?is process has nev] be5 practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry s f> z ,i am aw>e4--,,trans4 ,!re rema9s to be m5tion$ ano!r v>iation ( ! ,collotype process kn[n "u ! above vague title1 ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( :i* me?od ( prep>+ ! plate is t ! negative is tak5 ^u a %eet ( glass suffici5tly ?ick to /& ! necess>y pressure 9 pr9t+ :5 conv]t$ direct into a ,collotype plate4 ,aft] ! completion & dry+ ( ! collodion negative x is coat$ ^u ! film side ) ! *romat$ gelat9e solution1 dri$ 9 ! dry+-box1 laid face d[nw>ds ^u a black velvet surface1 & expos$ ?r\gh ! back ( ! glass4 ,! fir/ publication ( ?is me?od ( prep>+ plates emanat$ f ! ,/ate ,pr9t+ ,works at ,b]l91 & ! foll[+ is an outl9e ( ! me?od !re practis$2 x is sc>cely necess>y to /ate t x is only available = l9e subjects4 ,! collodion us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! negative %\ld be "o capable ( produc+ cle>1 h>d negatives entirely free f fog2 probably "s modification ( ! d>k slide may be necess>y to enable x to receive a plate ( suffici5t /r5g? to /& pr9t+ f4 ,! collodion negative be+ complet$ x is flood$ ) ! *romat$ gelat9e z appli$ to ,collotype plates1 dri$1 & expos$ ?r\gh ! negative until ! pr9t lay] has assum$ a d>k br[n col\r2 x is well wa%$ 9 cold wat] & damp$ be=e pr9t+ by an application ( gum wat] conta9+ a little ox-gall2 ?is is done to facilitate ! production ( p]fectly cle> impressions4 ,! same end may be atta9$ by ! application ( dilute ammonia & glyc]9e4 ,! au?or has exp]im5t$ = sev]al ye>s 9 ! same direction ) ! object ( produc+ heliographic pr9t+ plates 9 copp]1 = :i* purpose ?is me?od ( produc+ reliefs 9 gelat9e is well suit$4 ,f ! negative pr9t+ plate describ$1 :i* is treat$ 9 all respects z a ,collotype plate1 impressions may be tak5 ^u transf] pap]1 & transf]r$ to /one or z9c4 ,be=e coat+ ! negative ) ! *romat$ gelat9e ! plate %\ld be all[$ to dry4 ,9 consequ5ce ( pr9t+ f ! back ! l9es w always be slightly wid] ?an ! orig9al1 to meet :i* difficulty ,br&t has propos$ putt+ ! negative1 :5 fix$ & wa%$1 b /ill wet1 into a weak solution ( *romat$ gelat9e1 :i* w1 if a suitable collodion has be5 employ$1 entirely p5etrate ! latt]4 ,?is v>iation appe>s wor?y ( comm5dation2 x is1 !re=e1 "h giv5 9 ! ab/ract3--8,hav+ produc$ a negative 9 ! usual mann]1 on a plate :i* has be5 lightly b c>efully album5is$1 & hav+ fix$ & wa%$ ! same1 x is plac$ = five m9utes 9 a solution prep>$ z foll[s3 ,all[ #de p>ts ( gelat9e to swell 9 wat]1 & p\r (f ! surplus1 add #ej p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 & apply suffici5t heat to completely liquify ! gelat9e1 add+ a solution ( #ee p>ts ( bi*romate ( ammonium 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 & heat aga9 to #fj ,ramur4 ,) plates ( l>ge size ! solution may be p\r$ ov] ! plate1 & x may be necess>y to repeat ?is op]ation sev]al times to ensure an ev5 & suffici5t coat+4 ,imm$iately previ\s to ! application ( ! *romat$ lay] ! negative %\ld be rapidly wa%$ ov] ) w>m wat]4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ! *romat$ solution mu/ be all[$ to rema9 ^u ! plate1 & ! latt] w>m$ 9 a horizontal position ov] a _s lamp4 ,:5 /eam arises ! plate has to be held 9 a p]p5dicul> position = a m9ute1 re/or$ to its horizontal /ate1 & aga9 w>m$ until ! coat+ ( ! plate is q dry1 c>e be+ tak5 t at no "t ! plate is s heat$ t x becomes unpleasant :5 plac$ ^u ! h&4 ,place ! plate face d[nw>ds ^u a black support1 pr9t until ! f9e l9es are pla9ly visible1 :5 ! plate may be wa%$ & fur!r treat$ z 9 ,collotype40 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,allgey]',s ,,collotype ,,process4 ,half-tone ,negatives mu/ be s(t]1 & possess m half-tone ?an requisite = silv] pr9t+4 ,:5 exam9$ by transmitt$ light1 !y %\ld appe> cle> 9 ! %ad[s1 & n too d5se 9 ! half-tones4 ,l9e ,negatives4--,negatives = ! reproduction ( l9e subjects ne$ n possess ! absolute opacity requisite = silv] pr9t+1 b ! l9es %\ld be cle> glass1 entirely free f fog or deposit4 ,/ripp+ ! ,negative4--,! fix$ & wa%$ negative is flood$ ov] ) a solution ( gum arabic 9 wat] 7#a to #bj71 to :i* has be5 add$ a few drops ( a solution ( *rome alum 7#a to #fj74 ,all[ to dry1 ret\* ) lead p5cil1 & edge ) tall[ to prev5t ov]fl[1 place ^u a levell+ /&1 w>m mod]ately1 & coat ) a solution ( gelat9e #ajj p>ts1 glyc]9e #ae p>ts1 alcohol #ajj p>ts1 wat] #djj p>ts1 all[ to set1 & place aga9/ a wall to dry1 ! coat$ side outw>ds1 ! plate /&+ ^u clean blott+ pap]4 ,! op]ation ( dry+ w probably take a day or two1 & :5 q complete1 x is aga9 coat$ ) collodion1 & aga9 dri$4 ,aft] all[+ to rema9 9 a damp place = two or ?ree h\rs1 cut ar\nd ! edges ) a knife1 & /rip (f ! film1 :i* may !n be pr9t$ f ei!r side1 & aft] use may be /or$ 9 a book1 ! leaves ( :i* consi/ ( smoo? pap]4 ,reproduc$ ,negatives4--,coat a plate ) a solution ( gum arabic #ej p>ts1 dextr9e #ej p>ts1 honey #aj p>ts1 sug> #be p>ts1 glyc]9e #e p>ts1 bi*romate ( ammonium #ae p>ts1 ammonia #ej p>ts1 wat] #a1jjj p>ts4 ,aft] dry+1 expose "u a negative1 du/ ov] ) graphite1 coat ) pla9 collodion1 & wa% 9 clean wat] until all yell[ness disappe>s4 ,sub/ratum4--7#a47 ,wat] #cjj p>ts1 :ite ( egg #cjj p>ts1 ammonia #ej p>ts4 7#b47 ,wat] #cjj p>ts1 gelat9e #aj p>ts1 bi*romate ( potassium #aj p>ts4 ,filt] bo? solutions1 & mix1 tak+ c>e t ! temp]ature nev] exce$s #cb ,c42 p\r ^u glass plates heat$ to #cj ,c41 & dry at a temp]ature ( #bb ,c4 ,aft] ?or\ghly clean+ ! back ( ! plate1 place1 face d[nw>ds1 ^u a black clo?1 & expose to light ?r\gh ! glass till ! coat+ becomes br[ni%4 ,to te/ if suffici5tly expos$1 damp5 a portion ( ! film ) ! f+]1 scrat* ) ! nail1 & ! scrat* %\ld /& out p]fectly %>p4 ,! int]m$iate lay] is to ensure ! bett] adhesion to ! glass ( ! pr9t lay] prop]1 & to facilitate ! ret5tion ( moi/ure :ile pr9t+4 ,x consi/s ( gelat9e #ajj p>ts1 wat] #a1ejj to #a1hjj p>ts1 alcohol #aej p>ts1 glyc]9e #e p>ts1 bi*romate ( potassium #e p>ts4 ,?is is spread ov] ! sub/ratum1 all[$ to dry1 & expos$ to diffus$ light1 or all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 well wa%$1 & all[$ to dry spontane\sly1 aft] :i* x may be kept = weeks4 ,! ,pr9t ,lay] consi/s ( wat] #a1ejj p>ts1 gelat9e #ajj p>ts1 bi*romate ( ammonium #cj p>ts1 complete solution be+ effect$ by means ( a wat] ba?2 ! dry+ box heat$ to #de to #ej ,c4 ,place ! levell+ /& ^u a %eet ( :ite pap]1 c>efully du/ & accurately level ! glass plate1 & coat1 us+ #cj ccm4 ( solution to cov] #be #ce cm4 ( surface1 avoid+ any ov]fl[ ( solution4 ,! ,wa%+ ,wat] us$ aft] pr9t+ 9 ! copy+ frame %\ld n exce$ #bb ,c4 9 ! summ]1 or fall bel[ #aj to #aa ,c4 9 ! w9t]4 ,wa%+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! film is free f col\r1 & a f9al r9se %\ld be giv5 "u a rose4 ,all[ to dry sl[ly4 ,et*+ ,solution4--,wat] #ejj p>ts1 glyc]9e #ejj p>ts1 *loride ( sodium #ae p>ts1 or hyposulphite ( soda #ae p>ts4 ,roll+ ,up4--,if ! picture take too mu* ink1 wa% (f ) turp5t9e1 c>efully wipe ) a clo?1 & cont9ue ! et*+4 ,if x take little1 wa% (f ! ink ) et*+ fluid1 & place 9 a h>d5+ solution ( *rome alum #a "p1 wat] #f p>ts1 wa%1 dry1 & once m et* = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,v>ni% = ,pr9ts4--,blea*$ %ellac #ajj p>ts1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol #cjj p>ts1 add+ ammonia #cjj p>ts1 fur!r add+1 ) con/ant agitation1 #fjj p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,practice ,,( ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,9 photo-li?ographic op]ations1 q a diff]5t set ( conditions has to be consid]$ z comp>$ ) ,collotype4 ,an explanation is1 ( c\rse1 n f> to seek1 z bo? ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! li?ographic /one & ! expos$ *romat$ gelat9e lay] are s extremely diff]5t4 ,to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! op]ations1 ! composition ( ! li?ographic /one & ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! process may be fir/ consid]$4 ,s5efeld] is a "n insep>ably connect$ ) li?ography1 z x 0 he :o1 aft] a cont9u\s & labori\s rese>*1 discov]$ ! rem>kable prop]ties ( ! ,sol5h(5 lime/one1 :o ?or\ghly work$ out ! conditions "u :i* pr9t+ ) fatty inks c\ld be c>ri$ out1 & s ?or\gh & conclusive 7 ^: rese>*es t ! process z n[ practis$ may be said to be actually id5tical ) ^? ( ! discov]]4 ,he 0 by incl9ation a dramatic au?or1 b fail+ to f9d a publi%] = ! productions ( 8 bra91 he conceiv$ ! idea ( publi%+ 8 own works4 ,at a pr9t]'s he acquir$ ! necess>y k to p]=m ! "w1 b lack$ ! funds to pur*ase press or type4 ,he !n turn$ 8 att5tion to copp]plate1 made _m unsuccessful attempts ) an old "o he possess$1 & :5 t 0 unfit = fur!r exp]im5t1 ext5d$ 8 op]ations to ! pewt] plates ( 8 "m's d9+ s]vice1 b /ill )\t success4 ,by accid5t1 8 next exp]im5ts 7 made ^u a /one procur$ f ,cellheim 7,sol5h(571 & :i* up to ! pres5t _h s]v$ him z a slab = 8 ink4 ,= want ( pap] & ink to write a dome/ic acc\nt = 8 "m1 he casually us$ ! surface ( ?is /one 9 lieu ( pap]1 us+ z an ink a mixture ( soap1 wax1 & soot1 ) ! int5tion ( copy+ ^u pap] lat] on4 ,:5 ab\t to clean ! slab1 ! ?\ght fla%$ across 8 m9d :y n et* ! /one ) a dilute solution ( nitric acid8 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$1 & succe$$ beyond expectation4 ,^u ?is simple accid5t has be5 built up ! :ole process ( li?ography4 ,x 0 only 9 #agii1 aft] a prolong$ & sev]e /ruggle1 t he 0 grant$ protection = 8 art 9 ,bav>ia4 ,! acid et*es away a v ?9 lay] ( ! unprotect$ /one1 :ile ! writ+ is n attack$1 b left slightly 9 relief4 ,s5efeld]--fir/ ) a dabb]1 & lat] ) a piece ( wood cov]$ ) clo?--ink$ 9 ! writ+1 & s produc$ impressions1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* 7 %eets ( music4 ,! et*+ ( a li?ographic /one be>+ a draw+ or transf] 9 li?ographic ink has a tw(old action1 ea* ( :i* facilitates ! pr9t+4 ,9 addition to ! slight relief already m5tion$1 z result+ f ! application ( ! acid1 ! latt] =ms ^u ! surface ( ! /one1 :]e attack$1 nitrate ( calcium1 :i* resi/s & refuses ! fatty ink ^u ! surface ( ! roll]1 & if ! surface ( ! /one be kept con/antly damp x becomes possible to roll up ! draw+1 to :i* alone ! ink adh]es4 ,li?ographic /ones d n consi/ m]ely ( c>bonate ( lime1 b conta9 also silica1 alum9a1 & "s iron2 ! col\r is a useful indication ( quality1 ^? pres5t+ a blui% grey appe>ance be+ mo/ highly priz$1 :ile ^? ( a yell[ col\r are some:at inf]ior4 ,! /one may be split into v>i\s ?icknesses1 & prep>$ = use by gr9d+ ei!r "o or bo? surfaces4 ,!y are plac$ face to face1 & ! fir/ gr9d+ is complet$ ) co>se s&1 = ! second gr9d+ a f9] s& is employ$ betwe5 ! two surfaces1 & ?is is succe$$ by a gr9d+ ) pumice /one & wat]1 ! /one be+ f9ally poli%$ ) snake /one4 ,! s-call$ li?ographic *alk1 ) :i* ! draw+ on /one is sometimes execut$1 is compos$ ( f9e/ lamp black 7m]ely add$ = col\r71 soap1 wax1 tall[1 & %ellac2 dur+ ! et*+1 ^! +r$i5ts und]go a *ange1 & =m ) ! /one a *emical comp\nd ( great /ability4 ,s9ce ! fatty acids ( ! soap & tall[-namely1 oleic & m>g>ic acid--set free by ! nitric acid1 comb9e 9 ! nasc5t /ate ) ! lime to =m oleo-m>g>ate ( lime4 ,?is adh]es t5aci\sly to ! /one1 & ! :ole picture may1 by ! application ( turp5t9e1 to all appe>ances be completely remov$ f ! /one4 ,if ! ink roll] be aga9 appli$1 x w be f\nd t ev5 ! f9e/ details rema9 intact1 & w reappe> ( _! orig9al /r5g?1 ! ink only adh]+ to ! oleo-m>g>ate ( lime1 & n to ! surface ( ! /one1 :i* ow+ to ! et*+ is wet ) nitrate ( calcium4 ,?is is ! !ory ( li?ographic et*+ & pr9t+1 to :i* x has only to be add$ t soap & tall[ mu/ always be pres5t 9 ! inks or *alks us$ 9 draw+ to produce ! comb9ations ref]r$ to4 ,wax & %ellac are only pres5t z b9d+ mat]ial4 ,transf] ink1 z us$ 9 photo-li?ography1 mu/ be slightly ?9n$1 & ?is is be/ done by means ( turp5t9e1 &1 if necess>y1 ! occasional addition ( a few drops ( olive oil4 ,%\ld ! ink be too /iff1 or be all[$ to dry too mu* ^u ! transf] pap]1 ! transf] w probably be faulty1 z ! ink w only p>tially leave ! pap]4 ,if ! ink rema9s 9 a s(t condition x w be absorb$ v readily by ! clean dry li?o /one 7n et*$74 ,ow+ to ! avidity ) :i* all grease is absorb$ by ! /one1 x is necess>y to keep x p]fectly free f all su* contam9ations4 ,to keep ! /one 9 a clean condition :ile pr9t+ x mu/ be et*$1 kept damp dur+ work+1 &1 on completion or susp5sion ( "w1 ! surface %\ld be coat$ ) a ?ick solution ( gum arabic4 ,be=e resum+ pr9t+ op]ations1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to remove ! gum f ! surface ( ! /one1 :i* is done ) a damp sponge4 ,z an introduction to ! practical "w ( li?ographic transf]r+ & pr9t+ ! foll[+ description ( ! autographic me?od w be f\nd ( int]e/1 especially z x be>s "s simil>ity to ! m difficult process ( photo-li?ography1 & enables ev]yone possess+ a li?ographic press & /ones to pr9t _! own circul>s1 price li/s1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,autography4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( transf]r+ f specially prep>$1 or ev5 any /rong well-siz$ pap]4,o ,z ! latt] may be mo/ conv5i5t1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,write ) autographic transf] ink1 readily procurable f deal]s 9 li?o requisites2 ?is w keep = ye>s1 & may be us$ ) any clean /eel p54 ,aft] ! writ+ has dri$1 damp ! back ( ! pap] ) dilute nitric acid--#a to #c ( wat]4 ,:5 ! writ+ is visible ?r\gh ! back ( ! pap]1 ! siz+ has be5 act$ ^u suffici5tly2 ! %eet %\ld be plac$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 wa%$ 9 sev]al *anges ( wat]1 & blott$ (f1 leav+ x ev5ly damp )\t be+ exactly wet4 ,9 ! meantime a /one %\ld be adju/$ ^u ! b$ ( ! press1 rubb$ ov] ) pumice p[d]1 & w>m$--?is may be easily effect$ by p\r+ spirits ov] ! /one & ignit+ x4 ,a suitable scrap]--"o :i*1 :5 press$ aga9/ ! /one1 all[s no light to pass betwe51 & :i* %\ld n be wid] ?an ! /one--is adju/$ 9 ! scrap] box4 ,! screw or o!r appliance = regulat+ ! pressure is !n adju/$4 ,! transf] is c>efully & accurately plac$ ^u ! w>m dry /one1 ) ! writ+ or draw+ face d[nw>ds 9 contact ) ! poli%$ surface1 a few %eets ( wa/e pap] are plac$ ov] ! :ole1 ! tympan 7! upp] surface ( :i* has be5 freely rubb$ ) tall[7 is l[]$ into position1 ! b$ is !n pu%$1 ) ! /one s cov]$1 "u ! scrap] box1 s t ! scrap] may come d[n1 n ^u ! extreme edge ( ! /one1 b ab\t f\r or five cm4 f ! end1 l[] ! scrap] 7or1 accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ! press1 raise ! b$7 & pull ?r\gh "u g5tle pressure4 ,release ! pressure ( ! scrap]1 )draw ! b$1 & rais+ ! corn]s ( ! wa/e %eets us$ z back+ pap]1 conv9ce y\rself t ! transf] is 9 a prop] position & has n mov$2 replace ! cov]+ pap]1 *ange ! position ( ! /one s t x passes "u ! scrap] 9 a rev]s$ position1 pass ?r\gh ! press aga91 ?is "t ) great] pressure4 ,repeat ^! op]ations ?ree or f\r times1 on ea* occasion "u /eadily increas+ pressure2 remove ! transf] c>efully by "o corn]1 & all[ ! /one to become cold2 sponge ov] ) ?ick gum solution1 & 9 ?is condition x may be left = any l5g? ( "t4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t none ( ! tall[ us$ on ! tympan1 or o!r grease1 comes 9 contact ) ! /one1 ei!r by ! h&1 cov]+ pap]1 or o!r means4 ,o ,transf] pap] is m reliable4 ,if ! transf] %\ld exhibit any signs ( weakness :ile ! /one is /ill cov]$ ) pla9 gum wat]1 take1 ^u a small l95 pad1 a little ink ?9n$ ei!r ) tall[ or a few drops ( turp5t9e2 by c>eful rubb+ 9 diff]5t directions ! l9es w be consid]ably /r5g!n$4 ,pl5ty ( gum mu/ be kept ^u ! surface ( ! /one dur+ ?is op]ation1 at ! completion ( :i* x may be remov$ ) a sponge & wat]1 & ! ink+-up complet$ ) ! roll] & ! /one gumm$ 94 ,be=e pr9t+1 ! gum has to be remov$ by wat]1 & ! /one roll$ up ) a mod]ately /iff ink2 x is !n et*$ ) gum wat] r5d]$ slightly acid by a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,! be/ te/ = ! acidity ( ?is solution is to add j s mu* acid to ! gum wat] t1 aft] its application to ! edge ( ! /one = two or ?ree seconds1 sc>cely p]ceptible bubbles ( c>bonic acid gas w %[4 ,?is is appli$ ev5ly to ! draw+ ) a sponge1 & all[$ to act = a few seconds4 ,%\ld ! ink 8take0 to ! /one 9 places o!r ?an ! design or writ+1 rub ! spot at once ) wooll5 mat]ial moi/5$ ) gum wat]2 ?is w cle> away ! sup]flu\s ink1 b ! "p %\ld be c>efully wat*$ dur+ ! pr9t+ = any recurr5ce4 ,aft] ! removal ( ea* impression ! /one is damp$ ov] ! :ole surface ) a damp+ clo? be=e ano!r application ( ! ink+ roll]4 ,= ! production ( p]fect impressions avoid contact ( ! h&s ) ! face ( ! pap] or /one1 & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t all matt]s connect$ ) ! pr9t+ are kept scrupul\sly clean1 any contam9ation ( a fatty or greasy nature especially be+ /r5u\sly avoid$4 ,! pap] us$ 9 li?ographic pr9t+ is usually slightly damp$ by plac+ betwe5 %eets ( damp blott+ pap]2 su* proce$+ is n absolutely necess>y1 z dry siz$ pap] may also be us$4 ,! above detail$ description ( ! necess>y sequ5ce ( op]ations 9 ! ,autographic transf] process w assi/ 9 und]/&+ t ( photo-li?ographic transf]1 :i* requires /ill m c>e1 & ! use ( a special transf] pap] s prep>$ t x is s5sitive to light4 ,,! ,,bitum5 ,,me?od4 ,?is1 ! e>lie/ photographic process1 0 discov]$ & describ$ by ,niepee ev5 be=e ! discov]y ( photography or silv]$ plates4 ,x dep5ds on ! peculi> prop]ty asphalt possesses ( los+ its solubility 9 e!r1 b5z9e1 or turp5t9e aft] prolong$ exposure to light4 ,if x be dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e 9 a photographically d>k room & ! solution p\r$ ^u a well-poli%$ metal plate or li?ographic /one1 dri$1 & expos$ "u a rev]s$ negative 7o!rwise ! impression yield$ 9 pr9t+ w be rev]s$7 = two or ?ree days,p 9 sunlight1 ! picture may be develop$ ) turp5t9e or b5z9e1 ei!r ( :i* solv5ts w remove ! lay] f su* portions z h be5 unexpos$ to ! light & reveal a picture 9 asphalt t may be roll$ or ink$-9 & capable ( )/&+ et*+4 ,?is direct process1 z appli$ to photo-li?ography1 is n[ ( little practical value ow+ to ! introduction & p]fection ( ! transf] process4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mo/ valuable 9 heliographic engrav+ or et*+ & = ! production ( z9c & copp] pr9t+ plates4 ,p ,! bitum5 mo/ suitable is t v>i\sly kn[n z ,syrian asphalt1 ,jew's pit* & bitum5 ( ,judea4 ,?is is f9ely p[d]$ & plac$ 9 a bottle ) twice ! bulk ( e!r & occasionally agitat$ = five h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! e!r may be p\r$ (f & fre% supplies add$ s long z any portion soluble 9 ! e!r rema9s4 ,! purifi$ residuum maybe dri$ & dissolv$ 9 b5zole or *lor(orm2 ?is w yield a solution :i* may be us$ z above1 b poison+1 p]haps1 tw5ty times its s5sitiv5ess4 ,! picture is develop$ ) turp5t9e4 ,,direct ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,?is me?od is little kn[n1 & x may be said t x has nev] be5 develop$ to a practical issue4 ,x is "h only incid5tally ref]r$ to1 b at ! same "t ! fact may be po9t$ out t ^! two direct photo-li?ographic processes possess a value1 inasmu* z !y may be utilis$ 9 a comp>atively easy mann] = ! production ( gra9$ or half-ton$ pictures1 pres5t+ less difficulties ?an by ! transf] process4 ,on to a well-clean$ /one1 ! surface ( :i* may be ei!r f9ely gra9$ or poli%$1 a solution ( gum arabic & bi*romate is spread1 dri$ 9 ! d>k1 & expos$ = a suffici5tly long "t "u a negative2 if ! latt] be a film x w facilitate ! exam9ation f "t to "t ( ! progress ( ! copy+4 ,on completion ( ! exposure ! /one %\ld be well wa%$ ) wat] & roll$ 9 ) ink4 ,morvan's process is ( a simil> nature2 a /one is coat$ ) an admixture ( album5 #bjj g41 wat] #cjj g41 bi*romate ( potassium #ej g41 dri$ & expos$ "u a /ripp$ or pap] negative4 ,! /one is !n fir/ wa%$ ) soap1 & aft]w>ds di/ill$ wat]1 & !n roll$ up1 gumm$1 & ! ink all[$ to set a:ile1 aft] :i* pr9t+ may be at once comm5c$4 ,9 none ( ^! me?ods is m5tion made ( et*+ ! /one aft] ink+-91 z is usual 9 li?ography2 x may be "h not$ t photo transf]s w n )/& s vigor\s an et*+ z draw+s execut$ ^u /one 9 ! usual mann]4 ,a photo-li?ographic transf] may be q ru9$1 ev5 entirely de/roy$1 by c>eless et*+2 ?is is !re=e a po9t ( great mom5t1 & "o :i* has n usually be5 consid]$ or dealt ) 9 publi%$ me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,we %all h occasion to aga9 ref] to x4 ,,photo ,,transf] ,,f ,,pap]4 ,9 ?is me?od1 n[ univ]sally employ$1 success may be said to dep5d m p>ticul>ly ^u two po9ts4 7#a47 ,! pap] = ! transf]4 7#b47 ,! suitability ( ! negative = ! purpose 9 view4 ,! prop]ties & prep>ation ( a suitable transf] pap] dem& a few words4 ,x %\ld be ( sub/antial body1 smoo? & well siz$2 t kn[n z bank po/ is usually employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,pr(essor ,husnik 9 8 pat5t$ process proce$s z foll[s3 #a "p ( f9e/ gelat9e is swell$1 & !n dissolv$ 9 #bd p>ts ( wat] a solution ( *rome alum #a-ajj 9 wat] is add$1 & ! solution :ile /ill w>m is p\r$ into a l>ge z9c di% heat$ to #cd ,r4 by means ( a petroleum or _s lamp4 ,remove any scum f ! surface ( ! solution1 float ! pap] "o %eet at a "t1 & susp5d to dry4 ,! %eet is float$ ^u ! gelat9e solution a second "t1 & once m susp5d$1 ?is "t by ! diagonal corn] to t by :i* x 0 previ\sly hung4 ,prep>e a solution ( :ite ( egg #a "p1 wat] #b p>ts1 & on ?is float ! pap] on "o side4 ,aft] aga9 dry+ x is ready = s5sitis+1 = :i* op]ation prep>e a ba? ( wat] #ad p>ts1 bi*romate ( potassium #a "p1 me?ylat$ spirits #d p>ts1 add+ suffici5t ammonia to turn ! r$di% solution a bright yell[4 ,if ! pap] is n prep>$ 9 l>ge quantities1 b only = imm$iate use1 ! ord9>y gelat9e pap] ( comm]ce,q may be employ$ ) advantage1 if fur!r prep>$ by float+ ^u a ba? ( album5 7beat5 to a fro? & all[$ to /&7 #ej p>ts1 wat] #ej p>ts1 bi*romate ( potassium or ammonium #g p>ts 7,mrkl71 ^u :i* ba? ! pap] %\ld be float$ = five m9utes4 ,?is solution is subject to ! disadvantage t ev5 9 ! d>k x w n keep = m ?an a day or two1 !re=e x mu/ be us$ at once4 ,all photo-li?ographic transf] pap]s1 aft] s5sitis+1 %\ld be us$ )9 a few h\rs ( _! prep>ation or _! good qualities are p>tially sacrific$1 ! solubility ( ! album5 lay] 9 cold wat] be+ impair$4 ,photo-li?ographic transf] pap] prep>$ z above describ$ has be5 = "s "t 9 ! m>ket1 & may be procur$ z an article ( comm]ce1 9 an uns5sitis$ condition2 x w keep indef9itely 9 ?is /ate1 & may be s5sitis$ z requir$4 ,! surface %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 9 contact ) ! ba?1 nei!r %\ld ! imm]sion be l5g?y1 z 9 ei!r case ! surface ( ! pap] w\ld probably suff]4 ,aft] dry+ by susp5d+ by "o corn] 9 ! d>k1 ! *romat$ pap] is expos$ "u a suitable negative--if possible to ! sun--= a few m9utes only2 x may be exam9$ by non-act9ic light1 & :5 ! image appe>s br[n or grey ^u a yell[ gr\nd1 & all details are visible1 x is remov$ f ! copy+ frame & entirely cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( transf] ink4 ,?is z pur*as$ is mu* too /iff = use1 & mu/ be r$uc$ by means ( turp5t9e to su* a consi/5cy t x is possible to di/ribute an ev5 & q ?9 lay] ^u ! surface ( ! pr9t1 )\t its p5etrat+ to ! pap]4 ,! ink %\ld be s ?9 t x pres5ts a grey1 n black1 appe>ance4 ,q ,= in/ance1 ! d\ble transf] pap] z us$ 9 ! c>bon process4--,,trans4 ,^? :o may f9d x necess>y1 or :o c>e to prep>e _! own ink1 %\ld take--*alk ink 7pr9t+7 #d p>ts1 beeswax #aj p>ts1 res9 #g p>ts1 turp5t9e #dj p>ts1 tall[ #h p>ts1 ,prussian blue #f p>ts1 gr\nd & mix$ 9 a pa/e4 ,! *alk pr9t+ ink %\ld be melt$ by g5tle heat1 !n add ! wax & res9 9 a molt5 condition1 !n ! tall[1 & la/ly ! ,prussian blue & turp5t9e2 on acc\nt ( ! inflammable nature ( ! latt] ^! op]ations %\ld n be conduct$ at an op5 fire4 ,if1 aft] prolong$ keep+1 ?is ink becomes t\gh1 & does n readily leave ! transf] pap] :5 transf]r+ to /one1 ! addition ( a few drops ( olive oil w re/ore x to a usable condition4 ,! ink is be/ appli$ by means ( a f9e1 dry sponge1,r ) :i* x %\ld be spread on ! transf] z ev5ly z possible1 dur+ :i* op]ation ! pr9t mu/ be protect$ f act9ic light2 on its completion ! pr9t is plac$ aside to all[ ! turp5t9e to evaporate4 ,?is 9 a w>m room w be ab\t t5 to fifte5 m9utes2 ! pr9t is !n plac$ 9 cold wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 to remove any air-bubbles f its surface4 ,aft] rema9+ = ab\t half an h\r ! upp]mo/ lay] w h become suffici5tly loose to all[ ( its removal1 toge!r ) ! adh]5t ink n =m+ "p ( ! picture1 ^u ! application ( slight friction4 ,r ,a smoo? composition roll] answ]s equally well4--,,trans4 ,! ,developm5t is readily effect$ by means ( a small1 f9e wet sponge1 or a pad ( cotton wool well moi/5$1 :i* is pass$ ov] ! pr9t a few times ) g5tle pressure2 x w be f\nd conv5i5t dur+ ^! op]ations to place ! transf] face upw>ds ^u a %eet ( glass4 ,judgm5t may be =m$ at ?is /age z to ! suitability ( ! negative1 & also z to ! correctness or o!rwise ( ! exposure "u x ( ! s5sitis$ pap]2 if x %\ld h be5 too %ort ! f9e/ l9es w n be firm1 b appe> brok5 or 8rott510 z x is te*nically t]m$4 ,on ! contr>y1 %\ld ! exposure h be5 too long1 ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es1 :i* %\ld be q free f ink1 w reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt1 9 attempt+ to remove :i* ! transf] w be damag$4 ,wa%+4--,exposure1 ink+1 & developm5t be+ satisfactory1 ! pr9t is ?or\ghly wa%$ to remove ! *rome salt4 ,dry ! transf] by means ( repeat$ applications ( blott+-pap]1 & x is !n ready = transf]r+4 ,transf]r+4--,! pr9t %\ld reta9 a little moi/ure1 b be by no means wet4 ,x %\ld adh]e to ! w>m$ /one to prev5t any probability ( x mov+ :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,transf] too ,adhesive4--,%\ld ! gelat9e surface1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator1 appe> likely to prove too adhesive1 x may be fur!r dri$ be=e use1 or plac$ = two m9utes 9 a "o p] c5t4 solution ( tann91 & aga9 dri$ betwe5 blott+-pap]4 ,prep>ation ( ,gelat9e ,transf] ,pap]1 z us$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,milit>y ,geographical ,in/itute 9 ,vi5na1 is describ$ z foll[s 9 ! 8,photographic ,correspond5ce03--,a %eet ( well-siz$ pap] is soak$ 9 a di% ( wat]1 & :5 ?or\ghly limp is all[$ to dra91 & !n plac$ on a horizontal glass plate4 ,all air bubbles & sup]flu\s moi/ure are remov$ by blott+-pap] & a squeegee1 ! edges ( ! pap] are turn$ up to ! dep? ( ab\t #b cm41 & a w>m gelat9e solution 7#a to #cj7 p\r$ ^u ! pap]4 ,x sets 9 a few m9utes1 & ! %eets are plac$ ^u wire gauze to dry1 ?is op]ation usually occupy+ ab\t two days4 ,a day be=e us+ ! gelat9e pap] is s5sitis$ by imm]s+ = ?ree m9utes 9 a cold ba? ( bi*romate ( potassium 7#a to #ae74 ,on removal f ! ba? x is all[$ to dra91 & ! gelat9e side plac$ ^u a glass plate4 ,! back is dri$ ) blott+-pap]1 & all air bubbles remov$4 ,^! op]ations & ! subsequ5t dry+ mu/ be p]=m$ 9 a non-act9ic light4 ,x may occur t aft] ^! op]ations ! %eets :5 dry adh]e p>tially or :olly to ! glass plate4 ,to prev5t su* an occurr5ce x is well to wax ! plate1 z 9 ! c>bon process1 or to apply to ! surface a weak solution ( ox-gall4,s ,:5 dry ! %eets are cut to ! requir$ size & pr9t$ "u ! negative4 ,on removal f ! pr9t+ frame !y are plac$ 9 cold wat] until q limp1 remov$1 plac$ face upw>ds ^u a glass plate1 & surface dri$ ) blott+-pap]4 ,%\ld ! gelat9e swell too mu* ! %eet is plac$ = two m9utes 9 a *rome-alum solution 7#a to #bjj7 & aga9 blott$4 ,ord9>y transf] ink1 ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 is n[ ?or\ghly roll$ up on ! ink+ slab by means ( a lea!r roll] 7z previ\sly describ$ 9 ! in/ructions "u ,collotype72 a f9e velvet roll]1 lightly *>g$ ) ink1 is !n pass$ ov] ! /ill moi/ transf]4 ,%\ld ! latt] become dry 9 places x is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! wat] ba?1 & ! ink+ is aga9 proce$$ )4 ,if ! ink adh]e to o!r p>ts ?an ! design x is easily remov$ by ! application ( a damp sponge or ! tip ( ! f+]4 ,! process ( transf]r+ to /one is z previ\sly describ$4 ,! /one itself is prep>$ 9 ! mann] describ$ = ! autographic process 7see page #ace74 ,damp ! back ( ! transf] ) wat] only1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! press sev]al times1 remove ! pap] f ! /one2 if ( good quality ?is may be done )\t te>+4 ,! transf]r$ impression be+ /ill easily oblit]at$1 x is bett] to let ! /one /& = a few h\rs )\t gumm+2 ?is w all[ ! ink to dry deep] into x4 ,coat ! :ole ( ! surface ) a mod]ately ?ick solution ( gum1 & aga9 all[ to dry4 ,9 ?is condition x may rema9 indef9itely1 b "u any circum/ances x is advisable to all[ x to rema9 a day be=e et*+ & pr9t+4 ,! gum solution us$ %\ld be fre%ly prep>$1 z :5 old x becomes acid & acts z a mild et*+ m$ium4 ,remove ! gum ) a clean sponge previ\sly to pr9t+1 & :ile ! /one is ev5ly damp ) gum solution ! picture may be ei!r roll$ up ) /iff *alk ink1 appli$ by means ( a lea!r roll]1 or1 z pref]r$ by _m1 rubb$ 9 ) a sponge conta9+ ?9n$ transf] ink4 ,:5 ! draw+ appe>s clean & p]fect ! /one is wa%$ ) a wet sponge1 coat$ ) gum1 plac$ aside to dry1 & all[$ to /& = a day4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! gum proce$ z previ\sly describ$1 viz41 roll up ) /iffi% ink1 n[h]e all[+ ! /one to become dry1 & et*4 ,?is op]ation mu/ be conduct$ ) c>e & judgm5t1 or !re w be a probability ( los+ ! f9] l9es ( ! draw+4 ,! be/ mordant to use is nitric acid1 s dilute z to ta/e no /rong] ?an lemon juice1 & :i*1 plac$ ^u ! edge ( ! /one = a few seconds1 w %[ only slight eff]vesc5ce4 ,to ?is is add$ a little gum-wat]1 & x is !n ev5ly & quickly spread ov] ! /one4 ,aft] be+ all[$ to act a few seconds1 ! /one is spong$ ov] ) clean wat]1 & is !n ready = pr9t+ f4,t ,!re are _m practical li?ograph]s :o pref] to entirely remove ! visible image f ! /one by means ( turp5t9e be=e pr9t+4 ,a little gum is left ^u ! /one1 & :ile ! latt] is /ill moi/ ! draw+ is remov$ by means ( turp5t9e ^u a piece ( rag2 ! latt] mu/ n be too frequ5tly *ang$1 or a too lib]al supply ( turp5t9e made use (1 or ! draw+ may be irrep>ably damag$4 ,unless ! latt] be ! case ! picture w reappe> ^u apply+ ! roll] *>g$ ) *alk ink4 ,z may be expect$1 ! fir/ few impressions are seldom s p]fect z ! lat] productions4 ,aft] ea* impression is remov$ ! /one is at once slightly moi/5$4 ,= ?is purpose a s(t1 clean sponge is suitable1 or damp+ clo?1 z suppli$ by deal]s 9 pr9t+ mat]ials4 ,! sponge or clo? %\ld be ?or\ghly wett$1 wrung z dry z possible1 & 9 t condition w possess ! necess>y dampness4 ,9 roll+ x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t z 9 ,collotype a /rong] grip ( ! roll] h&les & heavy pressure ) sl[ roll+ w deposit ink ^u ! draw+--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 light quick roll+ ( ! draw+ w t5d to remove ! ink4 ,to leave ! /one )\t gumm+ aft] transf]r+ is a conv5i5t me?od ( r5d]+ ! transf] m receptive ( ! ink4 ,9 li?ographic z comp>$ ) ,collotype pr9t+ ! ink is r$uc$ to a f> great] ext5t ) v>ni%1 :ile bo? ! ink+ slab & roll] are *>g$ f> m heavily4 ,! pap] may be damp1 or a dry1 well-siz$ pap] may be us$4 ,s ,a m reliable me?od ( imp>t+ to ! surface ( ! pap] a high gloss is to squeegee x d[n ^u a f]rotype plate1 ! surface ( :i* requires no prep>ation1 & ! risk ( /ick+ is nil4--,,trans4 ,t ,= et*+ extremely delicate transf]s a decoction ( ,aleppo gall ) gum is to be recomm5d$4 #ae gr4 ( cru%$ nut galls are boil$ = "o h\r 9 half a kilo ( wat] & /ra9$ ?r\gh a clo?4 ,to et* ! transf] add a few drops ( ?is solution to a solution ( gum ( a syrupy consi/5cy2 spread ov] ! /one ) a s(t sponge1 & all[ to dry4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,negatives ,,= ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,an unconditionally good negative is requir$ = photo-li?ography1 & ^? :o h n se5 "o produc$ = ! purpose by an exp]t %\ld endeav\r z a fir/ /ep to d s1 or !y w sc>cely be likely to devote ! att5tion necess>y = produc+ "o ( a ?or\ghly suitable "*4 ,n only mu/ ! l9es ( ! copy be repres5t$ 9 ! negative by cle> glass1 & ! :ite gr\nd ( ! orig9al be repres5t$ by opacity1 b ! utmo/ %>pness ( def9ition ( ! f9e/ dots & l9es to ! v corn]s ( ! plate is absolutely necess>y to r5d] ! negative ?or\ghly s]viceable4 ,to produce su* a negative a l5s entirely free f di/ortion1 & capable ( giv+ microscopic def9ition1 is1 ( c\rse1 a fir/ necessity4,u ,u ,l5ses ( ! rectil9e> or symmetrical class are be/4 ,! ,wet ,collodion ,process is bett] adapt$ ?an any o!r = ! production ( suitable negatives1 possess+ ! necess>y d5sity & fre$om f fog or veil4 ,! ba? mu/ "w ) ! utmo/ cleanl9ess1 & ! collodion %\ld n be us$ too soon aft] iodis+4 ,! develop] works bett] :5 n q fre%1 & %\ld conta9 a suffici5cy ( acid1 & ! negative1 aft] fix+1 %\ld be subject$ to a vigor\s int5sification4 ,pr(essor ,husnik ?us comm5ts ^u negatives = photo-li?ography3-- 8,z 9 photo-li?ography only subjects 9 black & :ite l9e or /ipple c be reproduc$1 to ! entire exclusion ( half-tone1 ! negatives %\ld repres5t ! copy by cle> l9es & opaque spaces4 ,?is is seldom ! case except 9 in/ances :]e ! draw+s are specially prep>$1 & ! subjects some:at bold & co>se4 ,= example1 9 copy+ a pro( f a f9e /eel engrav+ ! graduat$1 grey1 hair-l9es1 appe> 9 ! negative some:at veil$1 :]eas ! int]m$iate spaces betwe5 close %ad+1 & :i* are some:at ton$ 9 ! pr9t1 are n develop$ actually opaque 9 ! negative4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! f9e hair-l9es w take long] to pr9t 9 ! copy+-frame ?an ! bold] %ad[ l9es4 ,! latt] may develop faultlessly1 :ile ! ink may leave ! hair-l9es4 ,! int]m$iate spaces betwe5 close %ad+ may n be suffici5tly opaque 9 ! negative1 consequ5tly ! pr9t is ov]-expos$ 9 ^! portions1 & dur+ developm5t rema9s cov]$ ) ink4 ,su* faults mu/ be ov]come z f> z possible by %ad+ ! negative dur+ pr9t+ 9 ! usual well-kn[n mann]40 ,! ,col\r & condition ( ! orig9al copy w greatly influ5ce ! class ( negative x is possible to obta91 & if all[able x w be advisable ,to ,blea* old engrav+s or o!r copies1 ei!r yell[ f age or /a9$1 by imm]s+ !m 9 eau-de-javelle,v #aj cc41 wat] #ajj cc41 wa% 9 wat] = two h\rs1 & f9ally 9 a weak solution ( hyposulphite ( soda4 ,v ,*loride ( lime #a oz4 ,wat] #ae oz4 ,c>bonate ( pota% #b 0 ,wat] #e 0 ,mix ! two solutions toge!r1 boil1 & filt] be=e use4 ,int5sify+4--,hav+ develop$ a cle>1 %>p negative1 want+ only 9 d5sity1 x mu/ be int5sifi$ to ! utmo/ limit--)\t fogg+--fir/ ) citric acid1 pyrogallic acid1 & silv]4 ,?is solution may be appli$ ei!r be=e or aft] fix+1 pref]ably ! =m]2 if ?is c\rse is adopt$1 aft] wa%+ & fix+1 & aga9 ?or\ghly wa%+1 ! f9al int5sify+ op]ations may be proce$$ )4 ,op9ions v>y z to ! actual be/ me?od to adopt1 b pref]5ce is usually giv5 to an int5sification by a salt ( m]cury or lead2 "u any circum/ances !re mu/ be a good deposit ( silv] to "w ^u1 or ! necess>y d5sity _c be obta9$4 ,9 fact1 a negative too ?91 submitt$ to m]curial comb9ations1 p>ticul>ly ! bi*loride1 w become m blea*$ & spotty1 & ! aft] application ( sulphide ( potassium w n aga9 re/ore x2 ! deposit w assume a d>k br[n appe>ance1 b ! spots aris+ f ! m]curial salts w /ill be app>5t4 ,! two m]curial salts ref]r$ to are--7#a7 ,bi*loride ( m]cury1 corrosive sublimate1 a well-kn[n & highly-poison\s sub/ance us$ 9 solution 9 wat]1 & 7#b7 iodide ( m]cury1 :i*1 us$ 9 int5sification1 acts m ev5ly1 ?\gh ) some:at less en]gy4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is ( a beautiful r$ col\r1 is insoluble 9 wat]1 b is soluble 9 sublimate1 & also 9 a solution ( iodide ( potassium4 ,x is recomm5d$ = int5sification1 & is easily obta9$ by dropp+ into a solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury--) agitation--a conc5trat$ solution ( iodide ( potassium until ! r$ precipitate z fir/ =m$ is aga9 dissolv$4 ,?is yell[ solution may be dilut$ z requir$ by an addition ( t5 times its volume ( wat]4 ,if1 in/ead ( fl[+ ! solution ov] ! negative1 a dipp+ ba? be us$1 into :i* ! negative is /eadily l[]$ = a few seconds1 a m uni=m int5sification is likely to ensue4 ,c>efully wat* ! plate1 & /op ! action be=e x goes too f>1 or ! silv] deposit w lose /r5g? 9 p>ts4 ,an important ga9 9 d5sity may be obta9$ by expos+ to sun or daylight a negative :i* has be5 develop$ & int5sifi$ ) pyrogallic acid1 fixation tak+ place aft] dry+4 ,! negative mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ be=e exposure to light1 & ) ord9>y c>e !re is little dang] ( fogg+4 ,illum9ation ( ! ,copy %\ld be p]fectly ev51 a front light be+ made use (1 & direct sunlight if possible4 ,! latt] is seldom admitt$ direct into ! /udio1 & aga9/ outside "w w9d & ra9 are almo/ fatal objections4 ,:]e mu* copy+ has to be done x w be f\nd an advantage1 if at c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day ! sun %9es direct ^u ! /udio1 to remove all bl9ds1 scre5s1 or o!r ob/ructions1 & s all[ ! rays to fall direct ^u ! pr9t or draw+ to be copi$4 ,a ,side ,light1 p>ticul>ly if direct sunlight1 mu/ be avoid$1 z any unev5ness or gra9 ( ! pap] w be exagg]at$ & r5d]$ m app>5t if light$ 9 su* a mann]4 ,"u ,exposure1 if slight1 is a fault mu* to be pref]r$ to an error 9 ! opposite direction4 ,new ,transf] ,pap] = ,photo-li?ography4--,9 ! photographic (fice1 ,calcutta1 a new me?od ( prep>+ ! photo-li?ographic transf] pap] ) arr[root has q rec5tly be5 introduc$1 :i*1 z is said1 has ! advantage ( be+ mu* *eap] ?an ! me?od ( coat+ ) gelat9e usually adopt$1 & ( giv+ results q z good1 if n ev5 bett]1 ?an by ! old pro(s4 ,bank po/ pap] is coat$ 9 ! usual way ) two coats ( ! foll[+ mixture3-- ,arr[root #adj p>ts ,bi*romate ( pota% #gj 0 ,wat] #c1ejj 0 ,aft] exposure to light1 ! pr9ts are coat$ ) transf] ink 9 ! press z usual1 ! transf] ink us$ be+ compos$ (-- ,h>d re-transf] ink 7plate to /one7 #ajj p>ts ,li?ographic *alk ink #ajj 0 ,palm oil #g 0 ,aft] ink+ 9 ! pr9ts are wa%$ (f ) hot wat]1 hott] ?an is requir$ = gelat9e transf]s4 ,! arr[root transf] pr9ts are f\nd to g d[n well on ! z9c )\t /ick+1 & give cle>1 %>p transf]s4 ,gelat9e ,plates h hi!rto be5 consid]$ almo/ useless = photo-li?ography4 ,messrs4 ,mawson & ,swan1 h[ev]1 h rec5tly introduc$ a special make1 kn[n z ! 8,photo-me*anical0 plate1 :i* gives negatives ( great d5sity1 & at ! same "t cle>ness 9 ! %ad[s4 ,! mak]s recomm5d ! ammonia-pyro develop]1 ) meta-bisulphite ( pota%4 ,x w be f\nd ( consid]able advantage if1 be=e proce$+ ) ! developm5t1 ! plate be submitt$ = "o m9ute to a ba? ( wat] #b ounces1 gallic acid #f gra9s2 ?is1 )\t prolong+ ! developm5t1 w add consid]ably to ! d5sity ( ! result+ negative4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,c>bon ,,process ,,to ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,an ,+5i\s ,process1 capable ( yield+ satisfactory results1 is "o 9 :i* a c>bon pr9t is transf]r$ to & develop$ ^u ! /one direct4 ,su* op]ation w pres5t no difficulty to ^? famili> ) ! details ( ! process4 ,9 ! 8,photographic ,ar*ives10 vol4 #ag1 page #aic1 are to be f\nd work+ details1 & x is !re %[n t by ?is me?od x is possible to directly transf] to /one p5 & ink sket*es1 impressions f woodcuts1 or copp]-plates1 )\t ! necessity ( a photographic negative4 ,?is process may1 !re=e1 be available 9 cases :]e ana/atic,w pr9t+ is n applicable4 ,w ,! ana/atic process consi/s 9 reproduc+ by z9cography a copy ( any rec5tly pr9t$ matt]4 ,! subject = reproduction is moi/5$ on ! back ) dilute nitric acid4 ,x is !n laid face d[nw>ds ^u a fre%ly poli%$ %eet ( z9c & pass$ ?r\gh ! press4 ,pr9t+ is !n proce$$ ) z 9 z9cography4 ,a li?ographic /one may also be us$1 if1 be=e lay+ d[n ! impression1 ! face is moi/5$ ) turp5t9e1 & all[$ ne>ly to dry4 ,to ^? unacqua9t$ ) c>bon pr9t+ x may be po9t$ out t x is a mo/ valuable process1 af=d+ great facilities = ! reproduction & rev]sal ( negatives = ,collotype4 ,a k ( ! process is "h presum$1 z x w\ld necessitate too wide a digression to give an ample idea ( ! _m useful applications ( ?is beautiful & p]man5t me?od ( pr9t+4 ,v complete in/ructions w be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,leisegang's 8,c>bon ,process40,x ,z reg>ds ! application ( ?is process to li?ography1 only pictures devoid ( half-tone1 su* z draw+s 9 l9e & dot or impressions f engrav+s1 are suitable = reproduction by ?is me?od1 if ^u clean pap] 7n too ?ick7 & pr9t$ on "o side only4 ,! s5sitis$ tissue may be pr9t$ f ! orig9al by contact1 9 ! pr9t+ frame1 in/ead ( produc+ a negative 9 ! cam]a by contact ^u a dry plate4 ,%\ld x be decid$ to pr9t direct f ! copy surr\nd ! edges ( ! same ) /rips ( black pap] or t9foil1 half-an-in* wide1 & 9 a weakly act9ic light4 ,s adju/ ! ord9>y s5sitis$ c>bon tissue t its edges are ab\t 9 ! c5tre ( ! surr\nd+ /rips1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! edges ( ! tissue n[h]e ext5d beyond !m4 ,x ,translat$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,m>/on1 & publi%$ by ,sampson1 ,l[ & ,co41 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,! 8,a ,b ,c ( ,pigm5t ,pr9t+10 publi%$ by ! ,autotype ,co41 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,w4,c41 may also be recomm5d$4 ,expose to ,daylight = a "t1 gaug+ ! exposure by means ( ! act9omet]4 ,probably x w be necess>y to pr9t till ! #g %[s4 ,a ,f9ely-poli%$ ,/one is du/$ & adju/$ 9 a horizontal position1 & fl[$ ov] ) cold wat]4 ,! ,expos$ ,tissue is plac$ 9 cold wat]1 & all[$ to soak till q limp4 ,x is !n plac$ face d[nw>ds ^u ! wet /one1 cov]$ ) indi>ubb] %eet+1 & squeege$ into close contact ) ! /one2 all[ to rema9 "u pressure = half-an-h\r to an h\r4 ,developm5t is effect$ by p\r+ w>m wat] ab\t #ajj ,f4 ov] ! back ( ! expos$ tissue4 ,s soon z ! col\r exudes ar\nd ! edges ( ! pap] back+1 ! latt] may be remov$1 & ! developm5t proce$$ ) by cont9u+ to p\r w>m wat] ov] ! surface4 ,only a slight impression %\ld rema9--! l9es %[+ ! b>e /one p]fectly cle> & clean4 ,all[ ! /one to dry 9 a cool1 %ady place )\t ! application ( artificial heat4 ,roll ,up ) li?ographic *alk ink until ! surface pres5ts a solid black appe>ance1 /& ! /one aside = a few h\rs to all[ ! ink to p5etrate its surface1 & !n ,remove ! ,negative c>bon pr9t f ! /one by means ( a piece ( wooll5 clo? moi/5$ ) a ?9 solution ( gum4 ,?is takes "s "t1 b x w be f\nd t ! fatty ink has p5etrat$ :]e unprotect$ by ! c>bon negative1 & has =m$ a complete positive4 ,gum ,91 et*1 & proce$ z 9 ord9>y li?ographic op]ations4 ,x _c be expect$ t ! op]ation1 z conduct$ above1 w produce ! f9e/ results2 ! draw+ w usually require a c]ta9 am\nt ( ret\*+ at ! h&s ( ! li?ographic arti/1 :o w1 h[ev]1 (t5 be sav$ a va/ am\nt ( tr\ble4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! proce$+s1 z describ$1 be c>ri$ out1 us+1 h[ev]1 a photographic glass positive 9 place ( ! pr9t$ impression1 ! process w be f\nd capable ( giv+ mu* f9] results1 & ! exposure w be v mat]ially decreas$4 ,,transpos+--,,black ,,& ,,:ite4 ,a modification ( ! =ego+ process may be utilis$ = ! rev]sal or transposition ( black to :ite1 or vice v]sa1 ( any subject ( :i* a pr9t may be obta9$ 9 pr9t+ ink4 ,an ,impression is fir/ obta9$ ei!r ^u s5sitis$ c>bon tissue or1 pref]ably1 on a ?9n] pap]1 coat$ & s5sitis$ z = photo-li?ography4 ,su* pap] mu/ n be submitt$ to a light ( mu* act9ic p[] dur+ or be=e pr9t+1 & z mu* ink z possible %\ld be us$ )\t risk ( fill+ up ! "w4 ,du/ ,ov] ! impression :ile /ill wet any d5se opaque col\r1 appli$ by means ( wool or camel-hair bru%1 c>efully go+ ov] e "p & pil+ on z mu* col\r z possible1 aft] :i* ,expose ! ,pap] be>+ ! pr9t s treat$ to ! light = a %ort p]iod1 dep5d5t ^u ! light & s5sitiv5ess ( ! pap]4 ,if x be a full impression1 well du/$1 ! latitude 9 exposure w be v consid]able4 ,ink ,up ! :ole surface ( ! pap] ) li?ographic transf] ink1 ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 & appli$ by means ( a sponge or roll]4 ,develop1 z 9 photo-li?ography1 ei!r by means ( w>m or cold wat]1 accord+ to ! coat+ ^u ! transf]-pap]4 ,! s5sitis$ pap]1 :]e protect$ by ! ink impression1 has n be5 h>d5$ by ! action ( ! light1 & readily p>ts ) ! ink & col\r+ matt]4 ,if ! impression has be5 "o f ord9>y type x w n[ %[ 9 ! =m ( :ite lett]s on a black gr\nd4 ,transf] to ,/one1 & o!rwise treat z an ord9>y photo-li?ographic transf]4 ,,engrav$ ,,negatives ,,= ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,9 c]ta9 processes = ! production ( photo-relief blocks _m op]ators pref] artificial negatives1 9 ! production ( :i* photography has play$ no "p1 b :i* are1 on ! contr>y1 ! direct production ( ! arti/'s h&4 ,factiti\s ,negatives may be produc$ by coat+ a plate ) a transp>5t b non-act9ic coat+1 & by remov+ or eras+ 9 a suitable mann] designs may be copi$ )\t ! use ( a cam]a or l5s4 ,pr(essor ,husnik & o!rs h publi%$ diff]5t me?ods :]eby ! arti/ is enabl$ to transf] ! creations ( 8 p5cil to z9c or /one1 )\t resort+ to ! aid ( ! photographic negative process1 al?\gh ! subsequ5t op]ations may /ill entitle x to be /yl$ photo-li?ography4 ,! process mo/ likely to lead to success consi/s ( fir/ coat+ a glass plate ) a /rongly iodis$ collodion1 s5sitis+ z usual1 well wa%+ on bo? sides & dry+4 ,to engrave1 lay ! plate ^u a black clo?1 & ! design may be trac$ & engrav$ ^u ! surface by means ( et*+ po9ts or ne$les4 ,remove all loose p>ticles ( collodion f ! plate by g5tle bru%+ :5 ! draw+ is complet$4 ,imm]se ! plate a second "t 9 ! silv] ba?1 & develop ) ei!r pyrogallic acid or sulphate ( iron develop]4 ,husnik proposes to fir/ coat ! plate ) a solution ( pure fu*s91 & aft]w>ds ) "o ( gum1 & !n engrave z previ\sly indicat$4,y ,y ,major ,wat]h\se has publi%$ ! foll[+ +5i\s me?od ( trans=m+ a draw+ on pap] into a photographic negative3--8,a trac+1 or draw+1 is made 9 li?ographic ink on trac+ pap]1 us+ pl5ty ( ink on ! l9es4 ,! draw+ is !n plac$ on a bo>d ov] a piece ( blott+-pap]1 & bru%$ all ov] ) a /rong solution ( anil9e br[n 9 wat]2 :5 dry x is rubb$ ov] ) a tuft ( cotton wool soak$ 9 turp5t9e1 :i* removes ! ink )\t alt]+ ! col\r$ gr\nd4 ,! l9es !n appe> cle> on a d>k r$di% br[n gr\nd4 ,! negatives ?us obta9$ are good1 b m suit$ = co>se ?an f9e "w40 ,x may be sugge/$1 :y n transf] ! draw+ direct to /one1 & produce ! necess>y copies by li?ography8--,,trans4 ,by ei!r ( ^! me?ods negatives ( extreme d5sity & absolute cle>ness 9 ! l9es may be produc$ & us$ = obta9+ impressions 9 ink1 ! transf] ( :i* to /one pres5ts no difficulty4 ,x rema9s to be add$ t !re are sev]al me?ods ( produc+ gra9$ negatives = photo-li?ography 9 half-tone1 & !refrom a transf] = /one1 & s obta9+ impressions at a mu* great] rate ?an is possible f a ,collotype plate4 ,!y may ea* produce results ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( success2 b ev5 ^? f ! be/ me?ods indicat$ _c be comp>$ ) ,collotype4 ,! too obtrusive gra9 ( ! half-tone pictures s produc$ de/roys mu* ( ! f9] details1 & x is to be regrett$ t all su* processes leave s mu* to be desir$4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,collotype ,,ma*9e4 ,! e>lie/ /eam ma*9es = ,collotype pr9t+ 7 made by ,fab] ,co41 ( ,(f5ba*2 !y 71 h[ev]1 s complicat$ & delicate 9 con/ruction t o!r ma*9es h entirely supplant$ !m4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties are ^? ( ,alauzet ,co41 ( ,p>is2 ,ko*1 ( ,leipzig2 & ,s*mi]s1 ,w]n] ,/e91 ea* ( :i* may be consid]$ entirely successful2 !y possess features ( great simil>ity1 diff]+ n 9 pr9ciple1 b only 9 details ( con/ruction4 ,contra/+ ! "w ( ! ma*9e ) t ( ! press1 ! pr9t+ is mu* m rapid1 & ! pr9ts m uni=m & regul>1 :ile ! 8life0 ( ! plate is greatly l5g!n$2 "o capable ( yield+ #bej impressions on ! scrap] press w\ld1 9 all probability1 give #a1jjj on ! ma*9e--a fact easily acc\nt$ = :5 x is consid]$ t ! "o is produc$ by a scrap+ pressure :ile ! o!r is made by ! rotation ( a cyl9d]4 ,z w be se5 by ! illu/rations1 ! ma*9es be> a consid]able resemblance to ^? us$ 9 li?ography--!y may1 9 fact1 be us$ = li?ographic pr9t+--) v greatly increas$ ink+ p[]4 ,! ma*9es are s con/ruct$ t ! plate may be ink$ once1 twice1 or ?ree times1 ea* ink+ giv+ m vig\r1 b1 ( c\rse1 a correspond+ decrease 9 ! numb] ( impressions yield$2 ! output may be relatively e/imat$ at #a1ejj1 #a1jjj1 & #hjj p] day4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 an impossibility to tea* ma*9e pr9t+ by means ( in/ructions su* z may be convey$ 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 & ! foll[+ rem>ks are add$ m ) a view ( giv+ a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ! necess>y op]ations ?an ) any idea ( mak+ ! read] a compet5t ma*9e m9d]4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ! ,plate = ! ma*9e is id5tical ) its prep>ation = ! h&-press1 b great] uni=mity1 bo? 9 ! negative1 exposure1 & et*+1 are dem&$ ?an by ! h&-press4 ,= ! latt] consid]able latitude is p]missible1 z ! intellig5t pr9t] may1 by v>y+ 8 roll]s1 8 rate ( roll+ & o!r little dodges1 produce p]fect impressions f plates :i* w\ld1 "u ! entirely me*anical action ( ! ma*9e1 fail lam5tably4 ,adju/m5t ( ! ,roll]s is s effect$ t !y are lift$ ab\t #b mm4 :5 pass+ ov] ! ink+ slabs & ! pr9t+ plate2 if a great] lift is necess>y to br+ !m ^u ! pr9t+ surface m>ks w be produc$ ^u ! plate1 & if arrang$ = a less lift !y w probably skid ov] ! plate1 damag+ ! pr9t+ surface4 ,!y %\ld also be adju/$ p]fectly p>allel ) ! surface ( ! ink+ tables1 or "o side only may come 9 contact ) ! "w4 ,fix+ ! ,plate to ! b$ ( ! ma*9e is effect$ 9 sev]al ways1 b usually ) small clips1 z describ$ = ! h&-press4 ,all adh]+ gelat9e1 etc41 mu/ be remov$ f ! plate1 & a ?9 %eet ( :ite pap] ins]t$ betwe5 x & ! b$ ( ! press4 ,! faces ( ! metal clips mu/ be protect$ ) /rips ( lea!r1 cork1 or "s su* ela/ic bodies1 o!rwise ! pressure ex]t$ w\ld cause ! glass to fly4 ,a /raight edge is plac$ across ! ma*9e1 & ! b$ l[]$ by means ( incl9$ planes atta*$ to suitable ge>+ until ! surface ( ! plate is well bel[ ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d]1 & f ?is position x is br\ght up to its prop] level1 rais+ ea* side equally1 t ! pressure may be p]fectly uni=m4 ,pack+ ! ,cyl9d]4--,! cyl9d]s are s con/ruct$ t ! iron surface does n come 9 actual contact ) ! pr9t+ pap]4 ,9 fact1 !re is a defici5cy betwe5 ! actual & necess>y diamet] ( ! cyl9d] ( a few mm41 sometimes z mu* z #g mm4 ,?is is comp5sat$ = by ! addition to its surface ( 8pack+10 :i* gives a m ela/ic pressure ?an ! unyield+ surface ( iron4 ,?is pack+ is n appli$ to ! entire surface ( ! cyl9d]1 b is s devis$ t x ex]ts pressure ^u ! surface ( ! picture only4 ,a %eet ( smoo? f\r-ply c>dbo>d is atta*$ to ! cyl9d] by means ( ?9 glue1 ?is fir/ %eet usually exce$+ ! size ( ! picture4 ,to ?is is atta*$ a second piece1 cut ( ! exact size ( ! image1 & atta*$ by means ( ! glue1 =m+ a rais$ block 9 exact regi/] ) ! position ( ! picture on ! pr9t+ plate2 ?is is cov]$ ) a ?ickness or two ( f9e blott+-pap]1 & ov] ! :ole ! %eet+ ( ! cyl9d] is tightly /ret*$ 9 ! usual well-kn[n mann]4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d] mu/ trav]se at exactly ! same spe$ z ! b$ ( ! ma*9e1 or !re w be a horizontal rubb+ or friction betwe5 ! surface ( ! pr9t+ pap] & t ( ! pr9t+ lay]1 :i* w result 9 impressions lack+ 9 %>pness1 & ultimate de/ruction ( ! plate4 ,mask+ ! ,pr9ts = ! production ( :ite m>g9s is usually p]=m$ by "o ( two me?ods1 ea* hav+ advantages & disadvantages :i* %\ld be c>efully consid]$ be=e adopt+ ei!r2 bo? are 9 practical use4 ,9 "o is us$ a light rectangul> iron framework or 8frisket10 con=m+ to ! size ( ! cyl9d]1 to :i* x is atta*$ by h+es4 ,?is framework is op5$ & clos$ automatically1 rema9+ op5 dur+ ! p]iod ! cyl9d] is re/+ & ! ink+ is tak+ place4 ,at ?is po9t ! 8lay]-on0 ins]ts ! pap]1 x is seiz$ by ! gripp]s1 & ! mask+ frame closes d[n into suitable grooves 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d]1 su* grooves be+ useful to prev5t any lat]al movem5t ( ! frame4 ,to ! latt] are atta*$ f\r movable /rips ( ?9 z9c1 :i* may be adju/$ by means ( set screws to =m an op5+ ( any desir$ size4 ,! pr9t+ pap] be+ ins]t$ 9 ! gripp]s1 ! frame closes1 hold+ ! pap] ^u ! cyl9d]1 ! /rips ( z9c at ! same "t protect+ ! edges ( ! pap] f imm$iate contact ) ! pr9t+ lay]1 ! cyl9d] revolves1 & ! pr9t+ is effect$4 ,9 l>ge sizes ! z9c /rips are necess>ily ( su* /r5g? t ! edges w\ld cut & damage ! pr9t+ lay]2 x is !re=e usual to adju/ ! /rips to )9 ab\t #e mm4 ( ! edges ( ! picture1 & by atta*+ /rips ( v>ni%$ tissue pap] to ! z9c1 r$uc+ ! ap]ture to ! size ( ! picture 9 h&4 ,9 l>ge sizes--:]e ?9 pap] is us$1 or :]e n>r[ m>g9s are desir$--?is sy/em ( mask+ is be/1 z ! :ole ( ! op]ation is entirely automatic4 ,! lay]-on may devote ! :ole ( 8 att5tion to remov+ impressions & ins]t+ fre% pap]4 ,ano!r ,sy/em ( mask+ frequ5tly made use ( is "o 9 :i* an ap]ture ( suitable size is cut 9 a piece ( c>dbo>d1 su* ap]ture be+1 say1 #b mm4 l>g] ?an ! pr9t4 ,! portion remov$ is r$uc$ 9 size by #b mm4 all r\nd1 leav+ x exactly ! size ( ! impression desir$4 ,?is piece is utilis$ = pack+ by atta*+ to ! cyl9d] z previ\sly describ$4 ,! c>dbo>d mask1 pres5t+ ! exact appe>ance ( a sunk m\nt1 is affix$ by means ( a b> to ! cyl9d]1 & :5 fold$ d[n ^u ! latt]1 ! 8cut out0 us$ z pack+ exactly occupies ! c5tre ( ! mask1 leav+ a m>g9al space all r\nd ( #b mm4 ,be=e pr9t+1 ! mask mu/ be v>ni%$ ) negative v>ni%1 bitum5 9 b5zol1 or o!rwise wat]pro($1 to prev5t adhesion to ! pr9t lay]4 ,! mask has to be turn$ back by h& at ! ins]tion ( ea* %eet--a consid]able disadvantage :5 comp>$ ) ! automatic frame4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its advantages are simplicity ( prep>ation1 & ! possibility x all[s ( mask+ & pr9t+ sev]al irregul>ly-dispos$ pictures on "o %eet4 ,damp+ ! ,plate4--,! use ( ! cyl9d] pressure has fur!r advantages ?an m]ely prolong+ ! life ( ! plate--! op]ation ( damp+ is mu* less ne$$ ?an on ! h&-press4 ,! pr9t+ pap] does n come 9 contact ) ! plate be=e ! in/ant ( pr9t+ or rema9 ^u x aft] ! op]ation1 b is held to ! cyl9d] by ! gripp]s & mask1 & s c>ri$ ov] ! ink$ plate1 consequ5tly little opportunity is af=d$ = absorption ( ! et*+ fluid4 ,) *alk pap] & a new plate damp+ may be necess>y e tw5ty-five impressions1 b z ! plate becomes old] fifty or ev5 "o hundr$ may be pr9t$ betwe5 ! et*+s4 ,on pla9 pap] ( h>d surface mu* long] numb]s may be expect$4 ,! ,ink+ ,tables1 two 9 numb]1 are provid$ "o at ei!r end ( ! ma*9e1 necessitat+ two sets ( ink+ roll]s--"o ( lea!r = apply+ ! ?ick ink1 & ano!r ( composition = supply+ ! 8half-tone10 ! latt] set requir+ su* light application to ! plate t no rid]s are requir$4 ,!re are also ! usual di/ribut+ roll]s1 to :i* ! ink is g5]ally suppli$ by ! pr9t] z may be necess>y1 ! quantity be+ s small t no actually satisfactory automatic duct has yet be5 devis$4 ,a prop] adju/m5t ( ! consi/5cy ( ! two inks to ! requirem5ts ( ! plate 9 h& is a matt] ( consid]able delicacy1 = %\ld ! ink suppli$ to ! lea!r roll]s be too ?9 x is imm$iately remov$ f ! pr9t+ plate by ! composition roll]s2 ^! aga9 transf] x to ! table devot$ to ! ?9 ink1 & a g5]al 8wa% up0 is ! necess>y result4 ,! ink fir/ suppli$ to ! lea!r roll]s %\ld be z /iff z possible1 aft]w>ds r$uc+ z exp]i5ce may dictate1 :ile to ! composition or tone roll]s m]ely col\r$ v>ni%1 or ev5 v>ni% alone1 is appli$1 z ! latt] (t5 remove en\gh col\r f ! pr9t+ plate to suffici5tly t9t ! v>ni% appli$ to _! surface4 ,! lea!r roll]s %\ld be clean$ daily by scrap+1 & ! composition set wa%$1 unless ! wea!r be v cold or damp4 ,9 su* cases !y may be all[$ to /& "u ink1 z !y w 9 t condition be less susceptible to atmosph]ic *anges4 ,d\ble ,pr9t+ is sometimes resort$ to = "w ( a high class1 & :5 negatives too ?9 to produce good results o!rwise are unavoidably us$1 su* "w is usually pr9t$ on *alk pap] & )\t mask+4 ,! pr9t+ plate is usually ink$ up twice & an impression tak52 )\t remov+ ! impression f ! cyl9d] ! plate is aga9 twice ink$ & a second impression pull$ on ! same piece ( pap]1 ! two images be+ exactly sup]-impos$4 ,! great ga9 9 contra/ w be und]/ood :5 x is consid]$ t :ile ! high lights ( ! picture ga9 absolutely no?+1 ! /r5g? ( ! %ad[s is exactly d\bl$4 ,! results produc$ 9 ?is way are simply a/oni%+ :5 contra/$ ) silv] pr9ts f ! same negatives4 ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,,hugo ,,ko*1 ,,leipzig-,,connewitz1 ,,g]many1 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,collotype ,,/eam ,,presses4 ,aw>d$ ,fir/ ,prizes at all ,exhibitions :]e our ,presses h compet$4 -- ,_w's ,exhibition1 ,antw]p1 #ahhe1 ,diploma ( ,hon\r4 -- ,illu/ration ,,! ,,ko* ,,collotype ,,/eam ,,press ,,is ,,! ,,be/ ,,9 ,,! ,,m>ket ,,made ,,9 ,,f\r ,,sizes4 ,,automatic ,,fe$ ,,bo>d1 ,,frisket1 ,,& ,,ink ,,duct4 ,if desir$1 ! press c be arrang$ also = li?o or type pr9t+ 99499 ,t ^! ma*9es h be5 adopt$1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 9 e/abli%m5ts ( su* repute z ^? ( ,alb]t1 ( ,muni*1 & ! 8,phototypis*es ,in/itute0 ( ,b]l91 are facts ( ! greate/ significance4 ,,prices ,,& ,,p>ticul>s ,,on ,,application ,,to ,,hugo ,,ko*1 ,leipzig-,connewitz1 ,,g]many1 ,,or ,,beesley ,,co41 ,,york ,,passage1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,s*mi]s1 ,,w]n] ,,& ,,/e91 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9]y ,illu/ration ,,our ,,collotype ,,ma*9es h n[ be5 introduc$ = upw>ds ( twelve ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod !y h be5 adopt$ by ! mo/ r5[n$ ,collotype e/abli%m5ts 9 all c\ntries4 ,!y are manufactur$ 9 f\r sizes1 ) all rec5t improvem5ts1 & may be ord]$ ei!r ) or )\t mask+ frames1 ! utmo/ satisfaction be+ gu>ante$4 ,!y may be utilis$ = ,li?ographic ,pr9t+4 ,li?o ,/eam ,ma*9es 9 ,five sizes4 ,bronz+ ,ma*9es 9 ,two sizes4 ,fur!r in=mation 9 reply to all que/ions on application to ,,s*mi]s1 ,,w]n] ,,/e91 ,d,,s5] ,,weg1 ,,leipzig4 ,,e/abli%$ #ahbc4 ,,b]g] ,,wir?1 ,,leipzig1 ,,g]many1 ,ink ,manufactur]s4 ,,specialities-- ,,collotype ,,inks ,9 all ,%ades4 ,,prices ,,& ,,samples ,,=w>d$ ,,^u ,,application4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,mawson 8,photo-,me*anical0 ,plates ,,are ,,specially ,,made ,,= ,,photo-,,li?ograph]s1 ,,photo-,,et*]s ,,copy+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,collodions1 ,v>ni%es1 ,*emicals1 & o!r requisites = ,photo-,engrav]s1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mawson ,,swan1 #cc1 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w41 ,,& #ae1 ,mosley ,/reet1 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne4 ,,gelat9e4 ,,nelson',s ,,photographic ,,gelat9e ,,is ,,recognis$ ,,z ,,! ,,be/ = all ,photographic purposes4 ,no4 #a4--;,,= ,,dry ,,plates4 ,no4 #b4--;,,= ,,c>bon ,,process4 ,nelson's 8,special ,x ,opaque10 = ,dry ,plates4 ,sold ,retail by all ,deal]s 9 ,photographic ,mat]ials4 ,:olesale by ! ,manufactur]s-- ,,geo4 ,,nelson1 ,,dale & ,,co41 ,,limit$1 #ad1 ,,d[gate ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,ea/man',s ,,/ripp+ ,,films ,illu/ration ,produce ! mo/ p]fect ,rev]s$ ,negatives = ,collotype & ,photo-,li?ography1 &1 :5 us$ 9 ,,ea/man',s ,,roll] ,,slides1 r$uce ! bulk & weight imm5sely4 ,,ea/man',s ,,p]man5t ,,bromide ,,pap]4 ,,ea/man',s ,,transf]otype ,,pap]4 ,! ,ea/man ,dry ,plate ,film ,co41 #aae1 ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,photography3 ,,by ,,*apman ,,jones1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,,demon/rator ,,( ,,practical ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,royal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,m9es2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,photographic ,,society ,,( ,,great ,,brita91 ,c4 ,clo?1 price #c_/f2 po/ free1 #c_/aj-a_/b4 ,pap] ,cov]s1 #b_/f2 po/ free1 #b_/aj-a_/b2 ,,iliffe ,,son1 #c1 ,/4 ,bride ,/41 ,ludgate ,circus1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,fir/ ,,book ,,= ,,photograph]s ,,to ,,be ,,_h4 ,,photography ,,= ,,all3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,text ,book & ,introduction to ! ,art ( ,tak+ ,photographs2 ,,by ,w4 ,,j]ome ,,h>rison1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,photography10 ,,& ,,european ,,editor ,,( 8,,! ,,int]national ,,annual ,,( ,,an?ony',s ,,photographic ,,bullet940 ,,price ,,"o ,,%ill+4 ,po/ free1 #ad ,/amps4 ,,london3 ,,iliffe ,,son1 #c1 ,/4 ,bride ,/41 ,ludgate ,circus4 ,,all ,,articles ,,= ,,collotype1 ,,photo-,,li?ography1 ,,& ,,et*+ ,,processes1 ,,z ,,presses1 ,,pap]s1 ,,inks1 ,,roll]s1 ,,*emicals1 c4 ,,may ,,be ,,obta9$ ,,?r\gh ,,roma9 ,,talbot1 ,,br,,d]/rasse #aj1 ,,b]l9 ,c4 ,,special ,,g5]al ,,price ,,li/ ,,gratis ,,on ,,dem&4 ,e4 ,t4 ,,gleitsmann 7,e/abli%$ #ahea47 ,,dresd51 7,e/abli%$ #ahea47 ,,ink ,,manufactur]4 ,,speciality-- ,,black ,,col\r$ ,,collotype ,,inks ,,& ,composition = ,collotype ,roll]s4 ,f4 ,,dres*] ,,co41 ,,gelat9e ,,works1 ,,ob]ndorf1 ,s*we9furt a_/ ,ma91 ,,g]many1 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,improv$ ,,gelat9e ,,= ,,emulsion4 ,,improv$ ,,gelat9e ,,= ,,collotype4 ,special ,gelat9es = all ,photographic purposes4 ,,! ,,indisp5sable ,,h&book ,,to ,! ,optical ,lant]n3 ,a ,,complete ,,cyclop,,dia ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,optical ,,lant]ns1 ,,slides1 ,,& ,,accessory ,,app>atus4 ,,compil$ ,,by ,,edit$ ,,by ,,walt] ,d4 ,,wel=d4 ,,h5ry ,,/urmey4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,section ,i4 ,,"p #a4--,! ,*eap] ,oil ,lant]ns4 ,bett] ,class ,oil ,lant]ns4 ,d\ble or ,dissolv+ ,oil ,lant]ns4 ,,"p #b4--,s+le ,limelight ,lant]ns4 ,biunials4 ,triunials4 ,special ,lant]ns4 ,,"p #c4--,sci5tific ,lant]ns4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,"p #a4--;,,illum9ants--,lamps1 ,jets1 & ,accessories4 ,,"p #b4--,l5ses1 ,cond5s]s1 c4 ,,"p #c4--;,gas1 ,app>atus1 ,retorts1 ,purifi]s1 c4 ,bags1 ,cyl9d]s1 ,valves1 ,pressure ,bo>ds1 c4 ,,"p #d4--;,exhibition4 ,scre5s4 ,scre5 ,frames4 ,read+ ,lamps4 ,desks4 ,tripods4 ,boxes4 ,tables1 c4 ,,"p #e4--;,accessories4 ,microscope4 ,pol>iscope4 ,aph5gescope1 c4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,"p #a4--;,c>ri]s4 ,frames4 ,t9t]s1 ,regi/]+ ,app>atus1 ,groov$ ,boxes1 c4 ,,"p #b4--,,slide ,,mak]s ,,& ,,slide ,,pa9t]s--,notices ( _! ,productions & ,specialities4 ,,"p #c4--,,slides--,temp]ance1 ,tales1 ,scriptural1 ,sc5]y1 ,nurs]y ,tales1 ,hi/orical1 ,ent]ta9m5ts1 ,pantomimes1 ,educational1 ,comic1 ,movable1 ,effect & ,dissolv+1 ,me*anical4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,articles4--,h9ts to ,lectur]s1 by ,&rew ,pr+le2 & o!r articles #djj ,,pages4 ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4 ,,price #b_/f2 po/ free1 #b_/aj-a_/b4 ,london3 ,,iliffe ,,son1 #c1 ,/4 ,bride ,/41 ,ludgate ,circus4 ,,klims* ,co41 ,,frank=t-,,on-,,!-,,ma91 ,,g]many4 ,illu/ration ,,manufactur]s ,,& ,,ag5ts ,,= ,,all ,special ,mat]ials ,,& ,requisites ,,= ,,collotype ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,processes4 ,,collotype ,,ma*9es1 ,,roll]s1 ,,colors1 ,,inks ,pr9t+ & ,transf] ,pap]s1 c4 ,,we ,,furni% ,,entire ,,/udios ,,at ,,advantage\s ,,rates ,write = p>ticul>s & ,price ,li/s4 ,an unequall$ guide to ! late/ ,developm5ts & ,processes4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,annual ,illu/ration ,an?onys ,photographic ,bullet94 ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,,j]ome ,,h>rison1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,& ,a4 ,h4 ,,elliott1 ,,pl4,o4 ,,price #b_/-2 po/ free #b_/d-a_/b4 ,,iliffe ,,son1 #c1 ,,/4 ,,bride ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,a ,,great ,,difficulty1 ,& "o exp]i5c$ by all photo-me*anical exp]im5tali/s1 has be5 t ( obta9+ ,,suitable & ,,reliable mat]ial & appliances4 ,a prolong$ visit to ! be/ kn[n photo-me*anical e/abli%m5ts ( ,au/ria & ,g]many enables u to gu>antee t ! articles we recomm5d are ! be/ obta9able = ! purposes = :i* !y are suppli$4 ,we are 9 a position to supply-- ,,collotype3 ,collotype ,ma*9es--,h& ,presses--,dry+ ,boxes--,inks--,v>ni%es--,pr9t+ & ,mask+ ,pap]s--,lea!r1 ,rubb] & ,composition ,roll]s--,gelat9e ,plates--,iron ,b$s = ,presses--,pr9t+ ,frames--,rev]s+ ,mirrors & ,prisms1 c41 c4 ,,z9c ,,et*+3 ,z9c ,plates--,et*+ & ,tapp+ ,inks--,roll]s--,et*+ ,boxes--,transf] ,pap]s--,pr9t+ ,frames--,scrat* ,pap]s--,:irl]s--,rul$ ,t9ts1 c4 ,,photo-,,li?o4 ,,sole ,,ag5ts ,,= ,jaff ,alb]t's ,transf] ,ink & ,pap]s4 ,! only ,photo-transf] ,pap] to :i* a ,,gold ,,m$al has ev] be5 aw>d$4 ,,us$ ,,almo/ ,,exclusively ,,on ,,! ,,cont95t4 ,,beesley ,,co41 ,york ,passage1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,! ,,photograph]s' ,,indisp5sable ,,h&book3 ,a ,,complete ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,photographic ,app>atus1 ,mat]ial ,,& ,processes ,,compil$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,wel=d & ,,h5ry ,,/urmey4 ,?is "w aims at be+ = size & weight ! mo/ ,,practically ,,useful ( any publication on ,photography yet issu$4 ,no practition]1 :e!r pr(essional or amateur1 ^: "t is ( ! slighte/ value1 %\ld fail to possess a copy4 ,x consi/s ( #dbb h&somely pr9t$ pages1 demy #hvo41 & #ejj illu/rations1 cramm$ full ( in=mation1 ! result ( sev]al mon?s' /eady lab\r4 ,descriptions & prices ( e photographic accessory1 ov] #bjj cam]as1 #aej l5ses1 #dj tripods & /&s1 #adj plates1 #dj lamps1 %utt]s1 complete sets1 burni%]s1 special solutions1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,num]\s press & o!r op9ions s5t on application4 99 99 99 99 99 8,w prove ( great assi/ance40--,proce$+s ( ! ,cam]a ,club4 8,! ,laxton ( ! ,photograph]40--,photographic ,news ,almanac4 8,?is is an excell5t guide to ! pur*as] ( ,photographic ,app>atus40--,! ,cam]a4 ,,price1 #b_/f2 po/ free1 #b_/aj-a_/b4 ,,iliffe ,,son1 #c1 ,/4 ,bride ,/41 ,ludgate ,circus1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,*4 ,,lorilleux ,,co41 ,pr9t+ ,ink ,manufactur]s ,,black ,,& ,,col\r$ ,,v>ni%es1 ,,roll] ,,composition1 ,,etc4 ,,special ,,inks = ,,collotype ,,gold ,,m$als4 ,,p>is #ahee4 ,,p>is #ahgh4 ,,melb\rne #ahha4 ,,london #ahhd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trade ,,cl ,,m>k4 ,,diplomas ,,( ,,hon\r4 ,,vi5na #ahgc4 ,,am/]dam #ahhc4 ,,antw]p #ahhd4 ,,p>is3 #af1 ,rue ,sug]4 ,,london3 #bg1 ,b\v]ie ,/41 ,fleet ,/4 ,works3 ,puteaux & ,nant]re4 ,to ,collotypi/s ,we /rongly recomm5d our ,,rose-,,t9t$ ,,dull ,,enamel ,,pap]4 ,quality ! ,be/4 ,samples & ,pro(s on application4 ,gu/4 ,he9r4 ,b5eke1 ,lban1 ,saxony4 ,,he9ri*s' ,,celebrat$ ,,gelat9es ,,= ,photo-,li?ography1 ,collotype1 --,,etc4-- ,a4 ,m4 ,,zimim]mann ,,sole ,,ag5ts1 #f #g1 ,cross ,lane1 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 ,or direct f ! ,manufactur]-- ,,*4 ,w4 ,,he9ri*s1 ,gelat9e ,works1 ,hoe*/-on-!-,ma91 ,,g]many4 -- ,! ,,olde/ ,p5ny ,photographic ,pap] 9 ! ,_w4 ,,e ,,?ursday--,,"o ,,p5ny4 ,,photography3 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,amateur1 ! ,pr(ession1 & ! ,trade1 ,,is ,,accurate1 ,,newsy1 ,,ent]pris+4 ,,editorial ,,contributors-- ,capt4 ,w4 de ,w4 ,,abney1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s42 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,burton1 ,c4,e42 ,,george ,,davison2 ,,*apman ,,jones2 ,,&rew ,,pr+le2 ,,frank ,m4 ,,sutcliffe4 ,editor--,,h5ry ,,/urmey4 ,sub-editor--,,walt] ,d4 ,,wel=d4 ,! special features are3--,sci5tific & ,te*nical ,articles by well-kn[n writ]s--,! ,"q ,box1 ) a s]ies ( prizes = ! s5d]s ( replies--,prize ,competitions--,snap ,%ots--,items ( ,int]e/--,int]views ) ,prom95t ,memb]s ( ! ,trade2 & ! price--,"o ,p5ny4 ,a ,,specim5 ,,copy ,,w ,,be ,,s5t ,,gratis ,,& ,,po/ ,,free4 ,,:at ,,!y ,,?9k ,,( ,,x3 8,photography is a positive success40--,wilson's ,photographic ,magaz9e4 8,a /irr+1 newsy j\rnal1 :i* bids fair to a successful c>e]40--,/4 ,l\is ,photograph]4 8,x is v int]e/+1 & f> ahead ( ! o!r photographic pap]s40--,,g]ald ,,/oney1 ,gate%ead4 8,i look ^u ,photography n[ z "p ( my weekly diet1 z x suits my con/itution40--,,moore1 ,d>t=d4 8,:5 ,i h read ! pages ( "o week's issue ,i am anxi\s to see ! next40--,f4 ,,lewis1 ,d]by4 8,y\r new j\rnal1 l ! #8,pickwick' p51 #8comes z a boon & a bless+ to m54'0--,j4 ,c4 ,,*ri/ie1 ,old ,ca?c>t4 8,y may be sure ,i %all prize ?is1 my fir/ silv] m$al1 & ,i %all n want to look at x to rem9d me ( ,photography1 z ,i always h ?is pap] = dess]t on ,?ursdays40--,j4 ,w4 ,,evans1 ,wolv]hampton4 8,i ?9k y\r pap] a m>vel ( *eapness4 ,i _h great difficulty 9 gett+ x regul>ly1 or ev5 at all1 at fir/2 b s9ce ,i h succe$$ ,i ?9k all my e>ly tr\ble has be5 lib]ally repaid40--,a4 ,c4 ,,&]son1 ,arbroa?4 8,i mu/ say ,photography is prov+ a decid$ success2 x seems to be improv+ e week4 ,s9ce tak+ 9 y\r pap] ,i h entirely giv5 up a j\rnal :i* is publi%$ on ! same subject1 :i*1 ?\gh m mature 9 ye>s1 /ill takes a leaf f its infant fri5d40--,m4 ,,tillic\?y4 ,london3 ,,iliffe ,,son1 #c1 ,/4 ,bride ,/41 ,e4,c4 ,,& ,,all ,,booksell]s ,,& ,,book/alls ,editorial & ,adv]tisem5t ,(fices3 ,,vic> ,,lane1 ,,cov5try4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,punctuation has be5 /&>dis$4 ,spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication except z foll[s3 ,page #bf two to ?ree 9 cm4 wid? ov] *ang$ to two to ?ree cm4 9 wid? ov] ,page #cj on ! m]cury & quntiaty ( air *ang$ to on ! m]cury & quantity ( air ,page #ch may be also us$ 9 photo-zylography *ang$ to may be also us$ 9 photo-xylography ,page #ig ) a mat surface or v>ni%$ *ang$ to ) a matt surface or v>ni%$ ,page #ajc ,! ,artotype ,co4 take *ang$ to ,! ,artotype ,co4 takes ,page #ajg ,if ?is fail to produce suffici5t *ang$ to ,if ?is fails to produce suffici5t ,page #abb we owe ! org9ation ( ?is *ang$ to we owe ! orig9ation ( ?is develope ! invisible image *ang$ to develop ! invisible image ,page #abf #fj ,reamur *ang$ to #fj ,ramur ,adv]tisem5ts ,d,,es5] ,,weg1 ,,leipsig4 *ang$ to ,d,,s5] ,,weg1 ,,leipzig4 ,,leipsic1 ,,g]many1 *ang$ to ,,leipzig1 ,,g]many1 ,,inks1 ,,roll]s1 ,,*emical ,s *ang$ to ,,inks1 ,,roll]s1 ,,*emicals ,s*we9furt a_/ ,ma9e *ang$ to ,s*we9furt a_/ ,ma9 ,a4 ,m4 ,,zmim]mann *ang$ to ,a4 ,m4 ,,zimm]mann