,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,atomic ,,en]gy ,,commission ,dr4 ,gl5n ,t4 ,seaborg1 ,*airman ,james ,t4 ,ramey ,dr4 ,g]ald ,f4 ,tape ,dr4 ,samuel ,m4 ,nabrit ,wilfrid ,e4 ,johnson ,,"o ,,( ,a ,,s]ies ,,on ,,und]/&+ ,,! ,,atom ,nucle> en]gy is play+ a vital role 9 ! life ( e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today4 ,9 ! ye>s ahead x w affect increas+ly all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,x is ess5tial t all ,am]icans ga9 an und]/&+ ( ?is vital =ce if !y are to dis*>ge ?\ghtfully _! responsibilities z citiz5s & if !y are to realize fully ! myriad b5efits t nucle> en]gy (f]s !m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission provides ?is booklet to help y a*ieve su* und]/&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant ,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant ,director ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s_/,,cont5ts #a ,,s5sitive ,,detectors #b ,,! ,,g5eva ,,c\nt] #h ,,! ,,liquid ,,sc9tillation ,,c\nt] #aj ,,potassium-#dj ,,9 ,,human ,,bodies #ac ,,cry/al ,,c\nt]s #ae ,,! ,,radium ,,/ory #ag ,a ,,new ,,body ,,contam9ant #ba ,,protection ,,( ,,laboratory ,,p]sonnel #bd ,,special ,,uses #ca ,,conclusion #cd ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ces ,,! ,,cov] ,illu/ration3 ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s ,?is smil+ y\ng/] 9 ! *ute ( a l>ge :ole body c\nt] has j em]g$ f ! op5+ 7beyond h] feet7 ( a holl[ tank ( sc9tillation liquid1 :]e %e lay :ile ! radioactivity 9 h] body 0 be+ 8c\nt$40 ,9 a m9ute %e w /ep into h] slipp]s 7on ! ramp1 "r7 & be ready = play4 ,! s5sitive1 heavily %ield$ radiation-detect+ equipm5t %[n has _m uses t are describ$ 9 ?is booklet4 ,,! ,,au?ors ,illu/ration3 ,john ,h4 ,woodburn ,john ,h4 ,woodburn tea*es *emi/ry at ,walt] ,johnson ,high ,s*ool 9 ,rockville1 ,md4 ,9 ! pa/ he taught at ,mi*igan ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,normal ,univ]sity1 & ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,he receiv$ 8 ,a4,b4 f ,m>ietta ,college1 8 ,m4,a4 f ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 & 8 ,ph4 ,d4 f ,mi*igan ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,he is ! au?or ( ! book ,radioisotopes 7,j4 ,p4 ,lipp9cott #aifb71 :i* is a /ud5t's introduction to ?is subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,l5gemann ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,l5gemann is associate pr(essor ( radiation biology at ,new ,york ,/ate ,vet]9>y ,college1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,he receiv$ 8 ,b4,s4 & ,m4,n4,s4 f ,cornell & 8 ,ph4 ,d4 f ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,he has be5 rese>* associate 9 radiation biology & assi/ant pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee & =m]ly 0 a bio*emi/ ) ! ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ,division ( ,biology & ,m$ic9e4 ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s ,by ,,john ,h4 ,,woodburn & ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,l5gemann ,,s5sitive ,,detectors ,:ole body c\nt]s are s5sitive radiation detect+ & measur+ in/rum5ts t provide in=mation n easily obta9able o!rwise ab\t t mo/ important ( all *emical sy/ems1 ! human body4 ,!y c d ?is because1 /range z x may seem1 e p]son :o ev] liv$ is slightly radioactive4 ,quickly1 accurately1 & pa9lessly1 :ole body c\nt]s reveal ! k9ds & am\nts ( radioactive sub/ances t h accumulat$ 9 ! body f natural s\rces1 f man-made fall\t1 or f trac] isotopes giv5 = m$ical purposes4 ,!y c\nt emissions f ^! radioactive mat]ials1 z d o!r k9ds ( in/rum5ts kn[n z 8c\nt]s04 ,9 contra/ to devices t disclose conc5trations ( radioactivity 9 a small area or a p>ticul> organ1 :ole body c\nt]s usually are us$ to total up ! burd5 ( radioactivity 9 all p>ts ( a human body4 ,!y also are di/+ui%$ f _m radiation detect+ in/rum5ts ) ! same g5]al purpose by _! l>ge size1 _! heavy %ield+1 & _! s5sitivity to l[ levels ( radioactivity4 ,:ole body c\nt]s are useful 9 _m /udies ( physiological activity 9 liv+ p]sons & animals4 ,!y h prov$ valuable 9 calculat+ ! radiation absorb$ by victims ( ov]exposure to radioactive mat]ials4 ,!y c %[ a doctor h[ mu* ( 8 pati5t's body is fat & h[ mu* lean4 ,:ole body c\nt]s also gave m$ical sci5ti/s clues to ! relation ( potassium defici5cy to muscul> dy/rophy & o!r diseases4 ,& new m$ical & sci5tific uses are be+ f\nd regul>ly4 ,! ne$ = an in/rum5t t w\ld measure :ole body radioactivity 0 fir/ felt 9 ! #aibjs :5 ! haz>d\s nature ( radium 0 recogniz$4 ,o!r sorts ( in/rum5ts _h to be us$ to e/imate ! am\nt ( radium t "s factory work]s inadv]t5tly _h absorb$ :ile pa9t+ lum9\s wat* dials ) a radium-conta9+ coat+4 7,see pages #ae & #af47 ,b in/rum5ts !n available 7 )\t adequate %ield+ to elim9ate backgr\nd radiation1 & s ! measurem5t ef=ts 7 ( limit$ value4 ,x 0 n until ! #aiejs t new types ( radiation-detect+ in/rum5ts 7 design$1 mak+ use ( ! discov]y t "s cry/als1 liquids1 & pla/ics give (f light :5 /ruck by gamma rays 7"o =m ( radioactive emission74 ,two pr9cipal types ( in/rum5ts h be5 develop$ to detect ^! emissions 9 human tissues4 ,! mo/ common :ole body c\nt] employs a sodium iodide cry/al z ! radiation detector4 ,! p]son be+ exam9$ usually sits 9 a tilt$ *air 9 a room t has ?ick /eel walls to absorb backgr\nd radiation4 ,dur+ ! c\nt+ p]iod1 ! cry/al is c5t]$ a few in*es above ! subject4 ,?is type is useful = exam9ation involv+ l[ levels ( radiation or emissions f m ?an "o k9d ( radioactive atom4 ,9 ! o!r type ! subject is surr\nd$ by a tank ( a liquid t detects gamma rays4 ,?is type is fa/]1 b less s5sitive1 ?an ! cry/al type4 ,?is booklet is int5d$ to enable y to make imag9>y visits to sev]al :ole body c\nt]s1 to und]/& ! sci5tific pr9ciples t are appli$ 9 _! design1 to le>n ! int]e/+ ways !y are us$1 & to appreciate ! promise !y hold = increas+ our k ( ourselves & ! _w we live 94 ,,! ,,g5eva ,,c\nt] ,9 g5]al1 all :ole body c\nt]s mu/ h 7#a7 a me*anism t reacts to ! en]gy emitt$ by "s k9ds ( dis9tegrat+1 or radioactive1 atoms2 7#b7 a device t displays or records ^! reactions2 & 7#c7 adequate %ield+ to exclude unwant$ rays f o!r s\rces4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a ,types ( :ole body c\nt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,! subject may be seat$ 9 a *air 9 an iron-%ield$ room & "u a sc9tillation detect+ cry/al4 ,illu/ration3 ,b ,! subject may lie 9 a b$ t slides into ! end ( a holl[ cyl9drical tank fill$ ) sc9tillation fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,c ,! subject may /& 9 a semicyl9drical d\ble-wall$ tank fill$ ) sc9tillation fluid4 7,see ,figure #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,d ,! subject may lie on a :eel$ c>t & be :eel$ b5ea? a %ield$ detect+ cry/al4 ,"o ( ! fir/ :ole body c\nt]s 0 %[n at an atomic sci5ce conf]5ce 9 ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&1 9 #aiee 7,figures #a;,d & #b74 ,:ile x 0 on display1 #dbeh visitors to ! meet+ climb$ a set ( /airs to ent] a #aj-ton lead-wall$ *amb]4 ,"h !y /ood /ill = #dj seconds :ile ! radioactive atoms 9 _! bodies 7 be+ 8c\nt$01 or record$4 ,?is device1 because x 0 ! fir/ "o p]sons c\ld walk into1 ar\s$ great int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,h[ a 8walk-90 :ole body c\nt]1 su* z ! "o demon/rat$ at ,g5eva1 works4 ,%[+3 ,signal lights ,lead glass w9d[s ,lead %ield ,sc9tillation %ield ,photomultipli] tube ,solution /orage tank "u plat=m ,%ield+ = ! ,g5eva c\nt] consi/$ ( #c in*es ( lead4 ,only ! mo/ en]getic backgr\nd gamma rays & cosmic rays c p5etrate ?is am\nt ( %ield+1 & ! numb] t d s rema9 almo/ con/ant dur+ successive c\nt+ p]iods4 ,?is con/ant rema9+ 8backgr\nd0 radiation level1 once det]m9$1 c\ld be subtract$ f ! record$ numb] ( emissions to provide ! correct radiation total f ! body ( ea* p]son exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c ,typical cry/als & liquid mat]ials us$ to produce sc9tillations = :ole body c\nt]s & o!r radiation-detect+ in/rum5ts4 ,sc9tillation c\nt]s provide mu* fa/] record+ ( radiation ?an ,geig] c\nt]s1 & are widely us$ 9 exp]im5ts ) high-en]gy p>ticle accel]ators1 z well z 9 :ole body c\nt]s4 ,to detect ! gamma rays emitt$ by radioactive atoms dis9tegrat+ )9 ! body1 :ole body c\nt]s take advantage ( a prop]ty ( radiation t has be5 kn[n s9ce #ahif4 ,9 t ye> ! ,engli% physici/ ,william ,crookes discov]$ t ,x rays react ) c]ta9 *emicals to produce fluoresc5ce4 ,a few ye>s lat] a ,new ,zeal&-born physici/1 ,erne/ ,ru!r=d 7lat] ,"l ,ru!r=d71 f\nd t ?is gl[ consi/$ ( _m t9y individual fla%es or sc9tillations1 ea* caus$ by ! emission ( a s+le alpha p>ticle4 ,he labori\sly c\nt$ individual fla%es by obs]v+ !m ?r\gh a magnify+ glass4 ,if y exam9e a lum9\s wat* ) a h& l5s 9 a d>k room1 y c see ^! fasc9at+ sc9tillations1 j z ,ru!r=d saw !m long ago4 ,today1 sci5ti/s h f\nd sev]al cry/als1 liquids1 & pla/ics t are especially effective 9 %[+ sc9tillations caus$ by nucle> radiations4 ,"o ( ^! sub/ances1 ) ! *all5g+ "n #b1b-p-ph5yl5e bis #e-ph5yloxazole1 (t5 %ort5$ to ,,popop1 0 us$ 9 ! sc9tillat+ liquid ( ! ,g5eva c\nt]4 ,h[ ! fla%es are detect$ c be appreciat$ by consid]+ ! inf9itely small _w ( individual atoms & foll[+ a s+le atom z x dis9tegrates4 7,= a m complete explanation ( radioactivity1 see ! companion booklet ,our ,atomic ,_w 9 ?is s]ies47 ,let u assume t we are look+ at a s+le potassium-#dj atom 9 ! body ( ! p]son to be exam9$ & t x is ab\t to dis9tegrate4 7,potassium-#dj is naturally radioactive4 ,x is ! mo/ abundant radioisotope 9 our bodies47 ,9 any sizable portion ( potassium-#dj1 we "k t half ( ! atoms w dis9tegrate ov] a p]iod ( #a4c billion ye>s1 b1 s9ce ?is process is r&om1 !re is no way = u to "k :5 any p>ticul> atom w d s4 ,h[ev]1 :5 x does1 "o ( two alt]native ev5ts w occur3 ei!r a beta p>ticle 7t is1 an electron7 w be eject$ f ! nucleus1 creat+ an atom ( nonradioactive calcium-#dj1 or ! nucleus w capture "o ( its own orbital electrons1 result+ 9 creation ( an atom ( /able argon-#dj & ! emission ( a gamma ray4 7,! beta emission process occurs 9 #hi out ( e #ajj dis9tegrations4 ,see ,figure #d47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d ,comp>ison ( potassium-#dj dis9tegration me?ods4 ,assume t ! p>ticul> gamma ray is travel+ 9 ! direction ( ! sc9tillat+ liquid 9 ! c\nt]4 ,rememb] t ! gamma ray is t9y 9 comp>ison ) an atom1 :i* is mo/ly empty space4 ,!re=e1 any "o gamma ray probably w miss all ! mat]ial "p ( ! atoms 9 ! body ( ! p]son be+ /udi$4 ,nor w x collide ) any?+ z x passes ?r\gh 8 clo!s & ! /a9less /eel tank4 ,x also may fail to collide ) any ( ! atoms 9 ! molecules ( sc9tillation liquid1 ( c\rse4 ,b let u assume t ! "o we are wat*+ does make a hit !re4 ,its total en]gy w be conv]t$ in/antane\sly to a fla% ( _m bits or photons ( light4 ,^! photons radiate f ! collision sc5e & /rike a light-s5sitive surface 9 "o or m ( ! c\nt]'s photomultipli] tubes1 :i* h be5 plac$ :]e !y c 8see0 ! sc9tillation liquid4 ,en]gy trans=mations result1 & a t9y pulse ( electricity is orig9at$4 ,^! photomultipli] devices are simil> to ! equipm5t 9 ! famili> 8electric eye0 door op5]s4 ,z _! "n sugge/s1 photomultipli] tubes 7see ,figures #f & #i7 d m ?an m]ely respond to ! light fla%es produc$ 9 ! sc9tillation liquid4 ,!y also amplify ! weak electron di/urbances into electrical pulses to op]ate met]s t record ea* sc9tillation & c\nt ! total4 ,! ,g5eva c\nt] record$ ab\t #be ( ! total gamma rays emitt$ by ea* subject4 ,s9ce ?is sample 0 a con/ant proportion ( ! total body radiation1 x c\ld be conv]t$ to :ole body measurem5ts ) ab\t #ig reliability4 ,9 addition to f9d+ p]sons ) actual body contam9ation among ^? c\nt$ at ,g5eva1 ! #aiee c\nt] reveal$ "s int]e/+ sidel9e in=mation4 ,p :o fail$ to remove radium-dial wat*es 7 soon spott$4 ,& "o small boy :o _h pick$ up a sample ( uranium ore at a ne>by exhibit 8jamm$0 ! in/rum5t4 ,ea* ( ! #be p]sons :o 7 f\nd to h above-normal levels ( radiation c\ld recall hav+ work$ ) radium or "s o!r radioactive sub/ance at "s "t 9 ! pa/4 ,,! ,,liquid ,,sc9tillation ,,c\nt] ,a visit to ?is type ( c\nt] recalls ! fir/ glimm]s ( sci5tific insight t ! radiation 9 ! human body c\ld be c\nt$4 ,9 ! e>ly #aiejs1 ,fr$]ick ,re9es & ,clyde ,l4 ,c[an1 two sci5ti/s at ! ,los ,alamos ,sci5tific ,laboratory1 ,los ,alamos1 ,new ,mexico1 built a l>ge liquid sc9tillation c\nt] hop+ to prove or disprove t neutr9os really exi/$4 ,neutr9os are elusive1 un*>g$ p>ticles ) ess5tially no mass4 ,!y _h be5 pr$ict$ 9 !ory ne>ly #bj ye>s e>li] to expla9 h[ beta p>ticles ( diff]5t en]gy levels c be emitt$ f atoms ) app>5tly id5tical nuclei4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,re9es 7left7 & ,dr4 ,clyde ,l4 ,c[an 7"r71 co-discov]]s ( ! neutr9o1 l[] a fell[ work] into ! fir/ 8:ole body c\nt]01 ! sc9tillation assembly us$ 9 _! exp]im5t4 ,bel[1 ,dr4 ,wright ,lanham1 inside ! c\nt]1 pe]s f ! op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e1 bel[ ,accord+ to !ory1 neutr9os are creat$ :5ev] negative beta-emitt+ atoms are produc$4 ,on ?is basis1 ,drs4 ,re9es & ,c[an 7 conv9c$ t ! fission ( ! nucle> fuel 9 ! reactors ( ! ,han=d atomic plant at ,ri*l&1 ,wa%+ton1 %\ld create high d5sities ( neutr9os4 ,!y w5t to ,han=d & set up an elegant neutr9o-cat*+ exp]im5t t h+$ on detect+ & c\nt+ gamma rays ( def9ite en]gy4 ,to accompli% ?is1 !y built a l>ge liquid sc9tillation detector & %ield$ x f /ray gamma radiation4 ,z _! "w progress$1 someone realiz$ t ! equipm5t 0 l>ge en\gh to all[ a p]son to crawl inside4 ,aft] fur!r rese>* at ! ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission's ,savannah ,riv] ,plant 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 !y 7 successful 9 f9d+ _! long-s\ght neutr9o4 ,9 do+ s1 !y also develop$ ! sort ( in/rum5t t c /udy ! human body4 ,figure #f %[s a p]son ab\t to ent] "o v]sion ( a ,los ,alamos c\nt]1 ! in/rum5t's #adj-;gallon tank ( sc9tillation fluid1 & #de ( its #ajh photomultipli] tubes4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is 9 use1 ! tank slides into1 & is %ield$ by1 a #bj-ton b>ri] ( #e-;in* lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f ,a liquid sc9tillation :ole body c\nt] at ,los ,alamos ,national ,laboratory1 %[+ 7left7 a subject 9 ! *ute be=e x is slid into ! %ield$ detector *amb]4 ,bel[1 ! same in/rum5t's detect+ assembly1 %[+ ! photomultipli] tubes1 remov$ f ! %ield+4 ,! load+ *ute w hold a p]son #f feet #d in*es tall & weigh+ up to #bfj p\nds4 ,! subject lies 9 ! *ute z x slides into ! c\nt]4 ,a lead plug beh9d 8 head closes ! end ( ! cyl9d] to add %ield+4 ,c\nt]s ( ?is type h 8panic buttons0 ) :i* subjects may signal if !y become uneasy on be+ conf9$4 ,mo/ c\nts are complet$ 9 less ?an #e m9utes1 h[ev]1 s ! buttons are r>ely us$4 ,s9ce ! detector fluid almo/ completely surr\nds ! subject :5 ! *ute is 9 place1 ?is type ( c\nt] captures twice z l>ge a fraction ( ! emitt$ gamma rays z does ! ,g5eva type4 ,ea* radioactive sub/ance emits gamma rays ) an en]gy level *>act]i/ic ( t sub/ance4 ,:ole body c\nt]s are able to measure ?is specific en]gy spectrum1 or 8f+]pr9t01 & s id5tify ! k9d ( atom produc+ ! radiation4 ,! numb] ( light photons produc$ 9 ! sc9tillation fluid is proportional to ! en]gy transf]r$ by ! incom+ gamma rays4 ,= example1 gamma rays emitt$ by potassium-#dj h #a4df million electron volts 7,mev7 en]gy2 ^? ( cesium-#acg h #j4ffj ,mev en]gy4 ,:5 bo? ^! radionuclides are produc+ fla%es ( light 9 ! sc9tillation fluid at once1 ! photomultipli] tubes produce two diff]5t /r5g?s ( electrical pulses4 ,electronic devices call$ multi*annel pulse-height analyz]s sort & record ! numb] ( ea*4 ,,potassium-#dj ,,9 ,,human ,,bodies ,data f :ole body c\nt]s indicate t potassium-#dj is ! mo/ abundant radionuclide 9 ! human body4 ,our bodies also conta9 o!r naturally radioactive sub/ances b ! numb]s ( atoms usually pres5t are s l[ 7z ) radium = in/ance7 t !y _c be detect$ ) :ole body c\nt]s4 ,sev]al man-made radionuclides also h f\nd _! way into body tissues & organs 9 quantities t sometimes are l>ge en\gh to be detect$ & c\nt$4 ,measurem5t ( dis9tegrat+ potassium-#dj atoms 9 ! tissues ( a human body c be us$ to det]m9e ! total am\nt ( potassium 7bo? radioactive & /able7 9 ! body4 ,x is kn[n t potassium-#dj makes up #j4jaai ( all potassium & t #aa ( all dis9tegrat+ potassium-#dj atoms emit high-en]gy gamma rays t are measurable by ! c\nt]4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( potassium 9 a human subject is to comp>e ! numb] ( gamma rays f a kn[n am\nt ( potassium plac$ 9 a phantom1 or dummy body1 ) ! numb] c\nt$ f ! human subject 7see photo on next page74 ,phantoms are artificial bodies1 approximately ! size1 %ape1 & d5sity ( a human body1 us$ = calibrat+ c\nt]s4 ,!y are design$ s ! radioisotopes !y conta9 h simil> di/ribution to ! di/ribution ( ! isotopes expect$ 9 ! real body4 ,?is is h[ a te/ might "w3 ,c\nts p] m9ute f #adj grams ( potassium 9 ! phantom #af1hjj ,c\nts p] m9ute ) no?+ 9 c\nt] 7backgr\nd7 #ab1jjj ,net c\nts p] m9ute f #adj grams ( potassium #d1hjj ,c\nts p] m9ute ) a #gg-p\nd boy 9 c\nt] #ad1djj ,backgr\nd cunts p] m9ute #ab1jjj ,net c\nt p] m9ute f boy #b1djj ,calculat$ am\nt ( potassium 9 boy #gj grams ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g ,phantom us$ = iod9e-#aca /udies4 ,! radiation spectrum f ! ?yroid area 9 ! neck is be+ obta9$ ) a sodium iodide cry/al1 left4 ,we c appreciate ! s5sitivity ( :ole body c\nt]s by comp>+ ! numb] ( gamma rays record$ by ! in/rum5ts ) ! total numb] emitt$ f ! body be+ c\nt$4 ,! foll[+ data1 also simplifi$1 illu/rate ?is comp>ison3 ,total atoms 9 #gj grams ( potassium #a4jh #aja ,numb] ( atoms ( potassium-#dj 9 #gj grams ( #a4c #aj potassium ,half-life ( potassium-#dj 9 m9utes #f4d #aj ,numb] ( potassium-#dj atoms dis9tegrat+ p] m9ute 9 #gj grams ( potassium #ada1jjj ,numb] ( potassium-#dj atoms dis9tegrat+ p] #ae1eaj m9ute ) emission ( measurable gamma rays ,numb] ( c\nts record$ #b1djj ,detection effici5cy3 #b1djj #ae1eaj #ae4e ,fatty tissues are kn[n to h a l[ potassium conc5tration & muscle tissue a high] level4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t potassium-#dj det]m9ations provide a way to indicate ! am\nt ( lean muscle 9 any individual1 & indirectly ! am\nt ( fat4 ,e/imates ( ! am\nt ( fat bas$ on ! measurem5t ( ! specific gravity ( ! subject1 (t5 us$ 9 ! pa/1 h nev] be5 satisfactory4 ,n only d v>iable & unmeasurable air spaces *ange body d5sity1 b ! process ( subm]g+ a p]son 9 a tank--to det]m9e 8 specific gravity by ! am\nt ( wat] he displaces--is a clumsy & uncom=table "o4 ,significant v>iations 9 potassium cont5t h be5 f\nd 9 p]sons suff]+ f muscle diseases or malfunctions4 ,= example1 a %>p drop 9 potassium cont5t accompanies ! pr(\nd muscle weakness t foll[s diabetic coma4 ,adm9i/ration ( potassium produces /rik+ improvem5t 9 ! condition kn[n z familial p]iodic p>alysis4 ,:ole body c\nt] data f a /udy ( muscul> dy/rophy & myotonia atrophica pati5ts %[$ !re is a gradual & progressive decrease ( body potassium dur+ ! unrel5t+ c\rses ( ^! diseases4 ,o!rwise heal?y *ildr5 ( muscul> dy/rophy pati5ts1 or _! bro!rs & si/]s1 also may be defici5t 9 potassium4 ,by assi/+ 9 muscle rese>*1 :ole body c\nt]s help doctors le>n m ( h[ potassium relates to muscle function & muscle heal?4 ,:ole body c\nt+ is an improvem5t ov] potassium det]m9ation bas$ on *emical analysis ( body fluids4 ,if c\nt]s are n us$1 "o way to measure body potassium is to inject a kn[n quantity ( potassium-#db 7ano!r radioactive =m ( potassium71 wait until ?is has be5 uni=mly mix$ ) ! potassium already 9 ! body1 & !n record ! radioactivity ( a volume ( blood s]um4 ,f ! degree ( dilution ( ! inject$ potassium-#db1 ! total body potassium c be calculat$4 ,?is widely us$ me?od is uncom=table = ! pati5t s9ce x involves use ( syr+es to inject & )draw fluids4 ,because ab\t #ie ( ! body potassium is inside ! cells1 r ?an 9 fluids betwe5 ! cells1 ?is me?od may also be inexact if ! mix+ process does n cont9ue long en\gh4 7,see ,radioisotopes 9 ,m$ic9e1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies1 = a full discussion ( m$ical treatm5t ) radioactive mat]ials47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h ,a cry/al :ole body c\nt] 8iron room0 "u con/ruction above1 & 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h1 bel[ ,,cry/al ,,c\nt]s ,:5 we visit a cry/al c\nt]1 %[n "u con/ruction 9 ,figure #h1 walls ( battle%ip /eel #f to #h in*es ?ick are ! fir/ ?+s we see4 ,r ?an us+ %ield+ only ar\nd ! detect+ in/rum5t1 z 0 done 9 ! ,g5eva c\nt] & e>ly v]sions ( ! ,los ,alamos c\nt]1 cry/al c\nt]s h %ield+ ar\nd ! entire c\nt+ room4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! in/rum5ts are available = adju/m5t & s]vic+4 ,?is type ( c\nt] also uses a diff]5t detection device3 a solid1 r ?an a liquid sc9tillator4 ,a l>ge cry/al1 usually ( sodium iodide s5sitiz$ ) ?allium1 is us$ to conv]t gamma rays to light photons4 ,let u return to ! %ield+ problem = a mom5t4 ,tanks ( wat]1 bricks1 /one1 & lead h be5 tri$ by sci5ti/s seek+ effective1 *eap1 & conv5i5t %ield+4 ,"s e>ly c\nt]s 7 built deep und]gr\nd 9 ! hope ( avoid+ cosmic radiation4 ,radioactive elem5ts are s widely di/ribut$ 9 ! rocks1 soil1 wat]1 & air1 h[ev]1 t !re is no place :]e backgr\nd radiation does n exi/4 ,n ev5 ! cry/als1 glass1 or metals us$ 9 ! detection sy/em are free ( radioactivity4 ,pre-,_w ,w> ,,ii surplus armor plate came to be ! pref]r$ %ield+ mat]ial4 ,?ick slabs ( battle%ip /eel 7 available aft] ! w> at l[ co/4 ,fur!rmore1 /eel produc$ s9ce ! w> may conta9 unwant$ radioactivity orig9at+ 9 fall\t f nucle> te/s & make x undesirable = %ield+4 ,sometimes cobalt-#fj us$ z a trac] to measure det]ioration ( bla/ furnace walls causes problems 9 po/w> /eel1 too1 s old w>%ip armor is us$ :5 possible4 ,"s :ole body c\nt]s h additional %ield+4 ,9 ! c\nt] at ! ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory1 ,upton1 ,new ,york1 ! /eel room is l9$ ) -in* lead %eets1 cov]$ by ?9 lay]s ( cadmium & copp]4 ,! lead is int5d$ to absorb ! second>y ,x rays produc$ 9 ! iron by ! int]action ( high-en]gy gamma & cosmic rays4 ,! cadmium & copp] absorb ! second>y radiation t is simil>ly produc$ 9 ! lead4 ,! doors ( ^! rooms (t5 weigh #f tons or m4 ,a special escape hat* 0 built into ! c\nt] room at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia at ,los ,angeles1 to be us$ if ! ma9 door %\ld be jamm$ by an e>?quake4 ,9 new] :ole body c\nt+ laboratories1 su* z ! "o at ! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?1 ,be!sda1 ,md41 ! /eel rooms are conceal$ 9 ! int]ior design & are s pleasantly furni%$ t ! pati5t sc>cely is aw>e ( ! ?ick walls ar\nd him4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i ,a sodium iodide cry/al1 "r1 & a clu/] ( #g photomultipli] tubes t fit "u x to record its sc9tillations4 ,figure #i %[s a sodium iodide cry/al us$ to react ) ! gamma rays t trav]se x4 ,to ! left ( ! cry/al is a clu/] ( sev5 photomultipli] tubes t 8wat*0 = ! sc9tillations1 conv]t !m to electrical pulses1 & amplify !m s !y c be sort$1 c\nt$1 & record$4 ,a trace ( ?allium add$ to ! sodium iodide improves its sc9tillation prop]ties4 ,9 addition to be+ ( conv5i5t size & easy to ma9ta91 cry/al detectors h ano!r advantage ov] liquid sy/ems4 ,! en]gy ( ! incid5t gamma rays f cry/als is m accurately indicat$ by ! quality ( ! fla%es ( light imp++ on ! photomultipli] tubes4 ,if two or m radionuclides are emitt+ gamma rays1 a cry/al detector di/+ui%es betwe5 _! en]gy levels ) mu* m precision & s5sitivity ?an does a liquid sy/em4 ,cry/al in/rum5ts sep>ate gamma rays diff]+ by no m ?an #j4je ,mev4 ,! en]gies ( ! gamma rays emitt$ by nuclides h all be5 det]m9$ & are li/$ 9 h&books4 ,a sci5ti/ c ?us id5tify ! data deliv]$ by a multi*annel pulse-height analyz] z com+ f potassium-#dj1 z9c-#fe1 or any o!r nuclide4 ,c\nt]s us+ sodium iodide cry/als int]cept1 & !re=e c\nt1 a mu* small] fraction ( ! gammas emitt$ by ! subject's body ?an liquid sy/ems1 b !y also pick up a small] am\nt ( backgr\nd4 ,:5 spe$ is important1 ! liquid c\nt] is m effective1 b ! cry/al c\nt] is pref]r$ :5 radionuclides emitt+ gammas ( ne>ly ! same en]gies are to be sep>at$ & c\nt$4 ,,! ,,radium ,,/ory ,radium-#bbf 9 ! human body poses unique problems = :ole body c\nt]s4 ,p :o h accumulat$ ?is nuclide only because ( ! m9ute am\nts occurr+ naturally 9 food & wat] h c\nts ( only two or ?ree dis9tegrat+ atoms p] second1 & ?is am\nt _c be di/+ui%$ f backgr\nd radiation4 ,:ole body c\nt]s are useful1 h[ev]1 9 diagnos+ effects 9 p]sons :o h be5 ov]expos$ to radium4 ,^! include p]sons :o =m]ly 7 employ$ to pa9t wat* dials ) a lum9\s pa9t conta9+ radium4 7,see table bel[47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj ,a gr\p ( radium dial pa9t]s at "w 9 a wat* factory 9 #aibb4 ,almo/ all ^! employees h be5 id5tifi$ & ! liv+ ones rec5tly h p>ticipat$ 9 a /udy at ,argonne ,national ,laboratory to det]m9e ! ext5t ( radium accumulation 9 _! bodies4 ,:ole body c\nt]s aid$ 9 _! exam9ations4 ,exc]pts f case records ( "o rese>* c5t] %[ ! high c\nts f\nd 9 sev]al pati5ts & ! s\rce ( ! radium or ?orium 7a closely relat$ elem5t7 t _! bodies _h tak5 up3 ,case ,body burd5 9 dis9tegrat+ atoms p] second ,born #aijj1 drank #baj bottles ( 8,radi?or0 #fc1fdj 9 #aibgb ,born #ahig1 drank approximately #gh ounces ( #cb1ghj 8,radium ,wat]0 9 #aicbb ,born #aibe1 work$ z radium *emi/ s9ce #ad1hjj #aidf ,born #aibb1 radium *emi/ = #g ye>s #g1jjj ,born #ahih1 two injections ( 8,?orotra/0 #c1cjj = ,x-ray diagnosis ,born #ahih1 radium dial pa9t] 9 wat* #gb1ejj factory1 #aiah to #aiba ,born #aijb1 radium dial pa9t] = #d mon?s #a1ibd 9 #aibd ,sci5ti/s at ! ,argonne ,national ,laboratory1 ,argonne1 ,ill9ois1 h attempt$ to improve cry/al :ole body c\nt]s s t !y w be m useful 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( radium-#bbf 9 humans4 ,rolf ,siev]t at ! ,sw$i% ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission also has /udi$ ! radium-#bbf detection4 ,he devis$ a highly accurate :ole body c\nt] ) #aj ion *amb]s arrang$ ar\nd a curv$ alum9um b$ on :i* ! subject re/$4 ,! in/rum5t 0 in/all$ bel[ gr\nd to r$uce ! int]f]5ce ( backgr\nd radiation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa ,! spectrum ( gamma radiation emitt$ by ! body ( a man ?ree ye>s aft] he accid5tally inhal$ radium-#bbf4 ,! solid l9e %[s ! normal radiation due to potassium-#dj1 ! dott$ l9e ! total f potassium-#dj & radium-#bbf4 ,%[+3 ,,c\nts_/,,m9ute ,,p] #ie-,,kev ,,*annel ,subject ,g 7total7 ,subject ,g 7potassium-#dj7 ,a ,,new ,,body ,,contam9ant ,9 #aiee1 ,*>les ,e4 ,mill] & ,l4 ,d4 ,m>9elli 7 measur+ human potassium levels ) ! :ole body c\nt] at ! ,argonne laboratory4 ,!y 7 puzzl$ by f9d+ sev]al p :o emitt$ #j4ffj-,mev gamma rays4 ,gamma rays ( ?is en]gy1 :i* are emitt$ by cesium-#acg1 _h n previ\sly be5 detect$ 9 humans4 ,to add to ! p]plexity1 :5 ! same p]sons 7 exam9$ a few mon?s lat]1 ! c\nt ( ^! gamma rays _h increas$4 ,! ,argonne f9d+s indicat$ /rongly t radiocesium1 :i* is kn[n to occur 9 fall\t f nucle> explosions1 0 f9d+ its way into p's bodies4 7,see ,fall\t f ,nucle> ,te/s1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies47 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,fall\t ,,cesium ,,9 ,,lapl&]s' ,,diet ,illu/ration3 ,long-liv$ radionuclides1 p>ticul>ly cesium-#acg1 accumulate on plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,re9de] h]ds graze on li*5s & mosses4 ,illu/ration3 ,a sub/antial portion ( ! ,lapl&]s' diet is re9de] meat4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h p]sonal data & eat+ habits are record$ = ea* p]son to be c\nt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,lapl&] 9 a :ole body c\nt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,hels9ki 7,f9l&7 /udy reveal$ a close correlation betwe5 ! consumption ( re9de] meal & ! ,lapps' body burd5s ( cesium-#acg4 ,h[ev]1 ^! levels did n exce$ acceptable limits4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab ,us+ a :ole body c\nt] to det]m9e radioactivity 9 milk4 ,! idea t ?is nuclide _h ent]$ ! body ) food lat] 0 te/$ by plac+ v>i\s foods 9 ! :ole body c\nt]4 ,all foods te/$ 7 f\nd to conta9 "s cesium-#acg1 b beef & dairy products _h highe/ levels4 ,! radiation spectra ( p]sons ( ! same age b diff]5t diet habits 7 comp>$1 & correlation 0 f\nd betwe5 _! cesium-#acg cont5t & ! am\nt ( dairy products !y ate4 ,9 ,octob] #aifj1 ,kurt ,lid5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,lund 9 ,sw$5 enc\nt]$ evid5ce ( ! s\rce ( cesium-#acg 9 humans4 ,:ile he 0 us+ ! :ole body c\nt] at ! ,univ]sity's ,radiation ,physics ,dep>tm5t1 ,lid5 f\nd sev]al ,norwegians ^: bodies conta9$ quantities ( cesium-#acg sev]al times high] ?an previ\sly record$4 ,he sub/antiat$ ^! data by c\nt+ #ae additional ,norwegians f ,oslo & #f f ,b]g54 ,! ,oslo resid5ts av]ag$ #ba nanocuries 7abbreviat$ nc7 ( cesium-#acg & ! ,b]g5 gr\p #fj nc4 ,sw$es av]ag$ only #h nc4 7,a nanocurie is "o billion? ( a curie1 ! /&>d unit ( radioactivity47 ,curiosity reg>d+ ^! high values 9 ! ,norwegians l$ him to inve/igate goat *eese1 :i* ,norwegians consume 9 l>g] quantities ?an ,sw$es4 ,goat *eese at t "t %[$ a high cesium-#acg cont5t ( #da nc p] kilogram4 ,9 nor!rn ,norway1 ne> ,b]g51 ano!r ma9 food is re9de] meat1 :i* 0 f\nd to conta9 #bh nc ( cesium-#acg p] kilogram1 comp>$ to #j4a nc p] kilogram 9 beef4 ,^! factors indicat$ t goat *eese & re9de] meat 7 responsible = ! high cesium-#acg c\nt 9 ! ,norwegians4 ,inve/igation ( ! soil 9 nor!rn ,norway reveal$ t x av]ag$ #bj nc ( cesium-#acg p] squ>e met]4 ,only ?9 cov]s ( li*5s gr[ 9 ?is region1 & re9de] mu/ graze ov] l>ge areas to obta9 suffici5t food4 ,x 0 obvi\s t cesium-#acg f fall\t 0 collect+ on li*5s & !n 0 be+ conc5trat$ 9 ! bodies ( ! re9de] be=e !y 7 kill$ = meat4 ,simil> /udies h be5 conduct$ by sci5ti/s ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ ,laboratory at ,ri*l&1 ,wa%+ton1 :o s9ce #aiei h be5 measur+ radioactivity ( plants & animals 9 ,alaska4 ,:5 !y f\nd high levels ( cesium-#acg 9 li*5s & c>ib\1 !y became int]e/$ 9 ! body burd5s ( fall\t isotopes 9 ! ,eskimos4 ,a portable cry/al type ( :ole body c\nt] 0 us$ to measure ! cesium-#acg cont5t ( ,eskimos at five villages4 ,! ,eskimos coop]at$ will+ly2 9 "s communities ne>ly ev]yone accept$ ! invitation to be c\nt$4 ,?is table pres5ts ! results3 ,cesium-#acg 79 nanocuries7 ,village ,numb] ( ,m9imum ,maximum ,av]age subjects ,diom$e #ab #h #ce #bb ,b>r[ #bei #h #aff #ea ,po9t ,hope #ajg #c #aai #ag ,kotzebue #acb #ag #eah #ach ,anaktuvuk #eb #hc #gai #dba 7,= comp>ison1 ! av]age body burd5 ( cesium-#acg ( resid5ts ( ,ri*l&1 ,wa%+ton1 dur+ ?is p]iod 0 betwe5 #e & #g nanocuries47 ,^! data %[ t ! ,eskimos :o liv$ inl& at ,anaktuvuk & ate heavily ( c>ib\ meat c>ri$ cesium-#acg burd5s up to #bj times great] ?an ,eskimos :o liv$ 9 ! f\r villages along ! coa/ & _h m v>iety 9 _! food4 7,see pages #ah & #ai = photo /ory ( a simil> project 9 ,f9l&47 ,,protection ,,( ,,laboratory ,,p]sonnel ,= *emi/s or o!rs work+ ) ars5ic1 cyanide1 or o!r *emical poisons1 safety dep5ds on recogniz+ ! mat]ials & keep+ !m :]e !y belong4 ,:5 accid5ts d happ5 & poisons are swall[$ or brea!d 91 successful treatm5t requires t someone f9d out exactly :at & h[ mu* ( ! poison\s mat]ial 0 involv$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( accid5ts 9 nucle> laboratories or reactors1 x w\ld be equally ess5tial to id5tify accurately & quickly ! quantity & k9d ( un/able nuclides ! victim has absorb$4 ,a reactor accid5t conceivably c\ld add a unique haz>d s9ce neutron radiation might *ange ! normally /able1 nonradioactive atoms 9 ! bodies ( ne>by work]s into radioactive ones4 ,ev5 gold or silv] fill+s 9 _! tee? might become radioactive4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac ,a portable :ole body c\nt] us$ = rese>* z well z r\t9e monitor+ ( p]sonnel 9 an atomic reactor in/allation4 ,usually gamma-emitt+ radionuclides c be detect$ 9 #aj m9utes4 ,?is c\nt] is 9 almo/ con/ant use at ! ,,aec's ,national ,reactor ,te/+ ,/ation 9 ,idaho4 ,:5 human tissue 7= example1 hair7 is bomb>d$ by fa/ neutrons1 sulfur atoms 9 molecules ( prote9s are conv]t$ to ! radionuclide phosphorus-#cb4 ,9 atomic %or?&1 ?is reaction is3 ,s n ,p p or1 9 /ill m abbreviat$ =m1 ,sn1p,p4 ,phosphorus-#cb atoms d n emit gamma rays ^u dis9tegration & s are n detect$ 9 /&>d :ole body c\nt]s4 ,attempts are be+ made1 h[ev]1 to adapt "s :ole body c\nt]s to pick up ! second>y radiations1 call$ brems/rahlung1 t occur :5 ! high-en]gy beta p>ticles t are emitt$ by phosphorus-#cb collide ) o!r atoms4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad ,:ole body c\nt] record ( evid5ce t a cyclotron work] has pick$ up high]-?an-av]age quantities ( radioactive z9c-#fe4 ,note h[ ! graph %[s peaks at specific en]gy levels id5tify+ ! radionuclides4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae ,graphic evid5ce t a radioactive gas accid5tally inhal$ by a work] at an exp]im5tal reactor conta9$ #c radioactive isotopes ( iod9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af ,! numb] ( #a4ch-,mev gamma rays emitt$ by sodium-#bd 9 ! body ( a reactor accid5t victim indicates he receiv$ ab\t #ijj rads ( neutron irradiation4 ,figures #ad ?r\gh #af illu/rate ! k9d ( data t :ole body c\nt]s provide to help physicians c>e = p involv$ 9 accid5ts4 ,simil>ly1 neutron bomb>dm5t ( natural sodium 7,na7 atoms 9 ! body produces sodium-#bd4 ,?is reaction is writt53 ,na7n1 gamma ray7,na4 ,! #a4ch-,mev gamma rays emitt$ by sodium-#bd are detect$ effectively by :ole body c\nt]s4 ,s9ce a giv5 neutron dose conv]ts a kn[n proportion ( ,na atoms to ,na1 x is possible to det]m9e h[ mu* neutron exposure a work] has receiv$ by obta9+ 8 body c\nt ( radioactive sodium4 ,cry/al type c\nt]s also 7 us$ 9 an int]e/+ special case ( excessive radiation exposure4 ,sev5 natives ( ! ,m>%all ,isl&s 7 exam9$ by ! :ole body c\nt] at ! ,argonne ,national ,laboratory 9 #aieg4 ,ano!r :ole body c\nt]1 m\nt$ 9 a ,navy amphibi\s l&+ %ip1 0 tak5 to ,rongelap ,atoll 9 ! ,m>%alls sev]al times to *eck on ! heal? ( all ! resid5ts ( ! atoll4 ,^! p _h accumulat$ z9c-#fe 9 _! bodies z a result ( contam9ation ( crabs & o!r food items by fall\t f ! ,m>* #aied atomic bomb te/s at ! ,pacific ,prov+ ,gr\nd4 ,al?\gh normal radioactive decay progressively r$uc$ ! total am\nt ( radioactivity 9 ! area1 ! ,m>%allese /ill 7 c>ry+ ?is nuclide 9 _! bodies aft] sev]al ye>s4 7,see ,atoms1 ,nature1 & ,man1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies1 = a m complete report ( ?is /udy47 ,,special ,,uses ,/udies ( ,new ,babies ,/udy ( ! transf] ( nutri5ts & o!r sub/ances f an expectant "m's body to t ( h] unborn *ild is "o ( ! mo/ *all5g+ areas ( biological rese>*4 ,a team ( sci5ti/s head$ by ,n4 ,s4 ,mac,donald has us$ a :ole body c\nt] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia at ,los ,angeles to /udy "o aspect ( ?is problem by comp>+ ! conc5trations ( radioactive mat]ials 9 newborn infants1 9 babies :o are born dead1 & 9 tissues ( ! mo!rs-to-be4 ,9 ^! /udies ! sc9tillation cry/al 0 plac$ directly b5ea? a pla/ic bass9et hold+ ! babies4 ,tw5ty-eight infants1 #f to #bd h\rs old1 7 c\nt$ = #de m9utes ea*4 ,! only radionuclide f\nd 0 ! ev]-pres5t potassium-#dj4 ,! bodies ( sev5 /illborn babies 7 c\nt$ = at lea/ #aj h\rs ea*4 ,m k9ds ( radionuclides 7 f\nd ?an 9 ! liv+ babies1 al?\gh ! l>ge c\nt+ "t may h affect$ ! results4 ,! same c\nt+ te*niques 7 us$ ) plac5tal tissues f mo!rs ( ?ree ( ! /illborns4 ,! plac5ta is ! organ t n\ri%es an unborn *ild & ?r\gh :i* sub/ances f ! "m's blood/ream are ex*ang$ ) ^? 9 ! baby's blood4 ,! graphs 9 ,figure #ag %[ data f ?is exp]im5t & illu/rate ! me?od ( int]pret+ :ole body c\nt] data4 ,:5 ! c\nts p] m9ute at ea* b& ( gamma-ray en]gy record$ f ! plac5tal tissues 7b7 7 subtract$ f correspond+ values f ! /illborns 7a71 x 0 f\nd 7c7 t ! plac5tas conta9$ m ( ! isotopes ru!nium-#ajc1 ru!nium-#ajf1 & zirconium-#ie ?an did ! babies t _h be5 nurtur$ by ^! plac5tas4 ,! babies' bodies conta9$ m niobium-#ie & potassium-#dj ?an ! plac5tas4 ,niobium-#ie is produc$ by ! radioactive dis9tegration ( zirconium-#ie4 ,?is sugge/$ t zirconium-#ie atoms d n pass readily ?r\gh ! plac5ta1 b1 aft] !y h decay$ to niobium-#ie1 !y pass into ! baby's blood/ream easily4 ,actually1 ! gamma-ray en]gies ( zirconium-#ie & niobium-#ie are s simil> t ! c\nt] _c di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,! two isotopes1 h[ev]1 7 sep>at$ *emically1 & :ole body spectra 7 prep>$ f samples ( ! pure elem5ts4 ,! spectrum 7d7 ( pure zirconium-#ie subtract$ f t ( pure niobium-#ie 0 /rik+ly simil> to ! spectrum ( 8/illborn baby m9us plac5ta0 on ! graphs4 ,cesium-#acg 0 add$ to ! syn!tic spectrum to provide a ref]5ce m>k at ! #j4ffj-,mev po9t4 ,?is reveal$ t ! ratio ( cesium-#acg to potassium-#dj is l[] 9 babies ?an 9 adults4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag ,results ( exp]im5t /udy+ transf] ( nutri5ts f an expectant "m to h] unborn *ild4 ,rese>* on ,body ,processes ,radioactive trac] atoms1 ei!r natural or purposefully built into molecules ( vital mat]ials l prote9s1 are reveal+ h[ ^! sub/ances function 9 ! body to produce en]gy or to =m new tissues4 ,:5 we "k accurately ! normal totals & k9ds ( radioactive sub/ances 9 ! body1 we c und]take new k9ds ( trac] /udies )\t us+ l>ge am\nts ( additional radiation4 ,small in/rum5ts call$ scann]s 7see ,figure #ah7 usually are us$ to track trac] isotopes1 b :ole body c\nt]s are useful 9 special circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah ,a multidetector positron scann] to record radiations ) oppos$ pairs ( detection cry/als4 ,scann+ devices are commonly us$ = not+ ! fate ( trac] isotopes 9 m$ical diagnosis4 ,two types ( adaptations enable :ole body c\nt]s to locate accumulations ( radioactive mat]ials 9 specific organs or small portions ( ! body4 ,at ! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?1 ,be!sda1 ,md41 "o c\nt] is fitt$ ) ?ree r[s ( six #ab-;by-#ab-;in* pla/ic blocks4 ,ea* block has f\r photomultipli] tubes to collect ! sc9tillations f ! cry/al4 ,! r[s are curv$ s z to be equally di/ant f ! pati5t's body4 ,! curr5t pulses f ea* ( ! #ah blocks c be f$ individually into ! pulse sort]1 c\nt]1 & record]4 ,?us ! k9ds & numb]s ( gamma rays f ! sector ( ! pati5t adjac5t to any block c be /udi$ individually4 ,simil>ly1 ! pa? & spe$ ( ! adm9i/]$ mat]ials c be foll[$ by tak+ record+s f ! blocks sequ5tially4 ,at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,hospital 9 ,be!sda1 ,md41 a :ole body c\nt] is fitt$ ) a cry/al t c be mov$ at controll$ spe$ pa/ ! body ( ! p]son be+ /udi$ 7,figure #ai74 ,to increase its scann+ effici5cy1 ! cry/al is fitt$ ) a slit & a focus+ device4 ,in/rum5ts record ! body radioactivity visibly at tim$ int]vals z ! cry/al moves along ! pati5t's body4 ,a television scre5 enables ! op]ator to obs]ve ! pati5t dur+ ! c\nt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,hospital :ole body c\nt]1 %[+ ! mov+ cry/al1 left1 & in/rum5ts1 includ+ ! television scre5 us$ by ! op]ator4 ,! mov+ cry/al makes x possible to use ?is :ole body c\nt] = scann+4 ,! role ( iron 9 prev5t+ "o =m ( anemia has be5 cl>ifi$ by us+ iron-#ei z a trac]4 ,p]sons suff]+ f *ronic infections or su* blood diseases z leukemia & polycy!mia v]a h be5 *eck$ = ! am\nt ( iron c>ri$ by _! r$ blood cells4 ,cobalt-#fj atoms h be5 sub/itut$ = /able cobalt 9 molecules ( vitam9 ,b-#ab s t ! way ! body makes use ( ?is vitam9 c be /udi$4 ,simil>ly1 ! body's use ( sodium c be /udi$ by label+ sodium *loride ) sodium-#bb & !n adm9i/]+ solutions ( ! tagg$ salt orally or by injection4 ,:ole body c\nt]s us$ 9 trac] /udies cause a m9imum ( inconv5i5ce = ! pati5t4 ,_! s5sitivity p]mits use ( small] quantities ( radioactive mat]ial ?an is requir$ ) small scann+ in/rum5ts4 ,^? are unusual jobs = :ole body c\nt]s1 h[ev]4 ,scann]s or o!r types ( in/rum5ts are us$ m typically 9 foll[+ trac] isotopes4 ,animal ,rese>* ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj ,dogs ab\t to be exam9$ 9 a :ole body c\nt]4 ,h[ d dogs accumulate fall\t isotopes 9 _! bodies8 ,?is "q 0 answ]$ effectively by plac+ dogs 9 :ole body c\nt]s & comp>+ ! c\nt f radioactive /rontium-emitt$ gamma rays orig9at+ 9 _! bodies ) ! c\nt f a masonite phantom dog conta9+ a kn[n am\nt ( radioactive /rontium-#he4 ,x 0 f\nd t female dogs increase _! /rontium ret5tion :ile !y are nurs+ newborn puppies4 ,/rontium is mu* l calcium1 :i* is a major compon5t ( milk4 ,"o dog measur$ _h brok5 a leg 9 a fight4 ,! c\nt] %[$ above-av]age /rontium accumulation = ?is dog1 & x 0 conjectur$ t /rontium1 a 8bone-seek+0 elem5t1 _h foll[$ calcium to ! po9t ( bone repair & new bone gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba ,a wild de] "u a :ole body c\nt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb ,graph ( :ole body c\nt] survey ( f\r diff]5t animal species1 %[+ diff]5ces 9 _! ret5tion ( orally adm9i/]$ radioactive z9c-#fe4 ,%[+ ,,ret5tion1 v]sus ,,"t1 ,,days = ,man1 ,dog1 ,rat1 ,m\se ,figure #bb %[s h[ animals diff] 9 _! ret5tion ( orally adm9i/]$ z9c-#fe1 z reveal$ by a :ole body c\nt]4 ,x is app>5t t c\nt]s c be us$ to det]m9e ! diff]5ces 9 ! metabolism ( diff]5t animal species us$ = rese>*4 ,/&>d data develop$ 9 ?is way c s]ve to r$uce error t may occur if results f "o species are us$ = int]pretation ( data = ano!r species1 su* z man4 ,a ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois project to bre$ meat animals ) a high lean-to-fat ratio has be5 aid$ by :ole body c\nt]s4 ,! t5d5cy to deposit fat seems to be inh]it$1 & bre$+ /ock ) l[ fat cont5t c be select$1 us+ 8muscle-seek+0 potassium-#dj to %[ ! proportion ( muscle 9 ea* pot5tial p>5t4 ,! ,ill9ois c\nt] is unique 9 be+ l>ge en\gh to exam9e an adult /e] 7,figure #bc74 ,a simil> c\nt] at ,cornell ,univ]sity has be5 us$ to /udy animals infe/$ ) int]nal p>asites1 comp>+ !m ) p>asite-free animals4 ,! c\nt] reveal$ t a positive relation%ip exi/s betwe5 ! level ( p>asite infe/ation & loss ( iron-#ei-label$ blood f ! dige/ive tract4 ,! possibility ( us+ ?is me?od to evaluate p>asite-kill+ drugs is be+ consid]$4 ,! ,cornell c\nt] is kept clean by cov]+ ! animals ) pla/ic %eet+4 ,! same c\nt] also c s]ve human pati5ts1 :o are position$ 9 a :eel$ hospital /ret*]4 7,see ,figure #a;,d47 ,,conclusion ,?is booklet has pres5t$ a sample ( ! ways :ole body c\nt]s add to man's k & increase 8 ability to manage conditions & processes important to 8 heal? & well-be+4 ,radioactive sub/ances occur naturally )9 our own bodies & all o!r mat]ials4 ,:ole body c\nt]s measure ?is radioactivity1 or any :i* may h be5 add$ f artificial s\rces4 ,we h se5 h[ ^! s5sitive in/rum5ts help to prove hypo!ses difficult to v]ify o!rwise & h[ !y !reby may /imulate new & fruitful sci5tific exp]im5tation4 ,we h le>n$ h[ :ole body c\nt]s add to our k ( normal processes 9 heal?y bodies & detect disease or abnormalities result+ f dang]\s conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc ,a ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois c\nt] l>ge en\gh to exam9e an adult /e]1 above4 ,a ,cornell ,univ]sity c\nt] us$ = animal-p>asite /udies1 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc1 bel[ ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd ,a trail]-m\nt$ :ole body c\nt] us$ = rese>*4 ,s*ool *ildr5 7 exam9$ 9 a project to det]m9e possible pa?ways by :i* radioactivity may ent] ! human body4 ,ea* fact uncov]$ by :ole body c\nt]s seems to trigg] m p5etrat+ rese>*4 ,?is is h[ sci5ce advances4 ,& ) ! advance ( sci5ce comes k on :i* we may build intellig5t behavior & f9d solutions to problems affect+ our lives4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ces ,books ,environm5tal ,radioactivity1 ,m]ril ,eis5bud1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,company1 ,inc41 ,new ,york4 #aifc1 #dcj pp41 #ac4ej4 ,radioactivity 9 ,man3 ,:ole ,body ,c\nt+ & ! ,effects ( ,int]nal ,gamma ,ray-,emitt+ ,radioisotopes1 ,george ,r4 ,m5eely 7,ed474 ,*>les ,c ,?omas1 ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois4 #aife1 #fgb pp41 #bd4ej4 ,:ole ,body ,c\nt+1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,symposium on ,:ole ,body ,c\nt+ ,held by ! ,int]national ,atomic ,en]gy ,ag5cy at ! ,neue ,h(burg1 ,vi5na 7,june #ab-af1 #aifa71 ,national ,ag5cy = ,int]national ,publications1 #cag ,ea/ #cd? ,/reet1 ,new ,york #ajjaf1 #aifb1 #ece pp41 #aj4jj4 ,h[ to ,detect & ,measure ,radiation1 ,h>old ,s4 ,r5ne1 ,! ,bobbs-,m]rill ,company1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aifc1 #afj pp41 #c4ie4 ,an ,introduction to ,radiation ,c\nt]s & ,detectors1 ,c4 ,c4 ,h4 ,wa%tell1 ,george ,newnes ,ltd41 ,london1 #aifj1 #aae pp41 #g4ej4 ,liquid ,sc9tillation ,c\nt+1 ,proce$+s ( a ,conf]5ce ,held at ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity 7,augu/ #bj-bb1 #aieg71 ,c>los ,g4 ,bell1 ,jr41 & ,f4 ,newton ,hayes 7,eds471 ,p]gamon ,press1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aieh1 #bib pp41 #aj4jj4 ,reports ,fundam5tal ,nucle> ,en]gy ,rese>*1 ,a ,special ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ales ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission 7,decemb] #aifc71 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjdjb1 #djg pp41 #b4ej4 ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s z ,m$ical ,aids1 pp4 #aa-ac2 ,acute ,:ole ,body ,irradiation ,effects1 pp4 #ce-da2 ,*ronic ,:ole ,body ,irradiation ,effects1 pp4 #db-dh4 ,radioactive ,contam9ation ( ,mat]ials ,us$ 9 ,sci5tific ,rese>*1 ,james ,r4 ,de,voe1 ,nucle> ,sci5ce ,s]ies ,report ,no4 #cd1 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces--,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjdah1 #aifa1 #b4jj4 ,app5dix ,,viii1 ,! ,negotiations & ,developm5tal ,"w on ,l[ ,activity ,glasses = ,use 9 ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s1 pp4 #aji-aae4 ,articles ,liquid ,sc9tillation ,c\nt+ ( ,c & ,h ,label$ ,am9o ,acids & ,prote9s1 ,m4 ,vaughan & o!rs1 ,sci5ce1 #abf3 #ddf 7,sept4 #f1 #aieg74 ,phosphoresc5ce 9 ,liquid ,sc9tillation ,c\nt+ ( ,prote9s1 ,r4 ,j4 ,h]b]g1 ,sci5ce1 #abh3 #aii 7,july #be1 #aieh74 ,susp5sion ,c\nt+ ( ,c>bon-#ad 9 ,sc9tillation ,gels1 ,b4 ,l4 ,funt & ,a4 ,he!r+ton1 ,sci5ce1 #abe3 #ihf 7,may #ag1 #aieg74 ,liquid ,sc9tillation ,c\nt+ ( ,aque\s ,solutions ( ,c>bon-#ad & ,tritium1 ,j4 ,%apira & ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k9s1 ,sci5ce1 #aca3 #dad 7,feb4 #ab1 #aifj74 ,alone 9 ! ,d>k ) a ,panic ,button3 ,purdue's ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]1 ,m>t9 ,mann1 ,popul> ,sci5ce1 #aha3 #ij 7,octob] #aifb74 ,c\nt] z a ,te/ ,in/rum5t1 ,w4 ,h4 ,bucksbaum1 ,electronics ,_w1 #fh3 #dh 7,novemb] #aifb74 ,spiral ,capill>y ,pla/ic ,sc9tillation ,fl[ ,c\nt] = ,beta ,assay1 ,b4 ,l4 ,funt & ,a4 ,he!r+ton1 ,sci5ce1 #abi3 #adbi 7,may #bb1 #aiei74 ,motion ,pictures ,available = loan )\t *>ge f ! ,,aec ,headqu>t]s ,film ,libr>y1 ,division ( ,public ,in=mation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede & f o!r ,,aec film libr>ies4 ,und]/&+ ! ,atom3 ,radiation ,detection by ,sc9tillation1 #cj m9utes1 black & :ite1 s\nd1 #aifb4 ,produc$ by ! ,educational ,broadca/+ ,corporation "u ! direction ( ! ,,aec's ,division ( ,isotopes ,developm5t4 ,?is semite*nical film describes ! sc9tillation process4 ,solid & liquid sc9tillators are %[n1 a description ( a photomultipli] is giv51 & ! pulse-height analyz] pr9ciple is illu/rat$4 ,human ,radioactivity ,measurem5ts1 #i m9utes1 color & s\nd1 #aieh4 ,produc$ by ,,aec's ,los ,alamos ,sci5tific ,laboratory4 ,?is film %[s a me?od develop$ at ,,lasl to monitor possible intake ( radiation by p]sonnel4 ,! liquid sc9tillation c\nt] is l>ge en\gh to conta9 a man & s5sitive en\gh to detect ev5 ! m9ute am\nts ( 8 natural gamma radioactivity4 ,ioniz+ ,radiation 9 ,humans1 #ae m9utes1 color & s\nd1 #aieh4 ,produc$ by ,,aec's ,argonne ,national ,laboratory4 ,describes ! design & op]ation ( ,,anl's :ole body c\nt] = det]m9+ id5tification1 quantity1 & location ( int]nally deposit$ radioelem5ts4 ,v>i\s te*niques 9 accumulation ( data are %[n4 ,liquid ,sc9tillation ,c\nt+1 #ad m9utes1 color & s\nd1 #aieh4 ,produc$ by ! ,jam ,h&y ,organization = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission4 ,describes ! use ( a liquid sc9tillator = c\nt+ l[-en]gy beta emitt]s commonly us$ 9 biological & m$ical trac] exp]im5ts4 ,also describes c\nt+ te*niques1 h[ ! c\nt]s "w1 & h[ a sample is prep>$4 ,,photo ,,cr$its ,cov] c\rtesy ,los ,alamos ,sci5tific ,laboratory 7,,lasl7 ,figure #a ,a1 ,argonne ,national ,laboratory 7,,anl72 ,b & ,c2 ,,lasl2 ,d1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,figure #b ,,lasl ,figure #c ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory 7,,bnl7 ,figure #e ,,lasl ,figure #f ,,lasl ,figure #g ,,bnl ,figure #h ,,lasl ,figure #i ,,lasl ,figure #aj ,dr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,mill]1 ,,anl ,figure #ab ,,lasl ,figure #ac ,national ,reactor ,te/+ ,/ation ,figure #ah ,,bnl ,figure #ai ,national ,naval ,m$ical ,c5t] ,figure #bj ,,lasl ,figure #ba ,colorado ,/ate ,univ]sity ,figure #bc ,cornell ,univ]sity ,figure #bd ,pacific ,nor?we/ ,laboratory ,c5t]-spread ,pr(essor ,j4 ,k4 ,miett951 ,univ]sity ( ,hels9ki ,?is booklet is "o ( ! 8,und]/&+ ! ,atom0 ,s]ies4 ,comm5ts are invit$ on ?is booklet & o!rs 9 ! s]ies2 please s5d !m to ! ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede4 ,publi%$ z "p ( ! ,,aec's educational assi/ance program1 ! s]ies includes ^! titles3 ,,nucle> ,,p[] ,,& ,,m]*ant ,,%ipp+ ,,plutonium ,,our ,,atomic ,,_w ,,nucle> ,,en]gy ,,= ,,desalt+ ,,controll$ ,,nucle> ,,fusion ,,:ole ,,body ,,c\nt]s ,,pl[%>e ,,popul> ,,books ,,on ,,nucle> ,,sci5ce ,,snap1 ,,nucle> ,,space ,,reactors ,,nucle> ,,reactors ,,atoms1 ,,nature1 ,,& ,,man ,,micro/ructure ,,( ,,matt] ,,syn!tic ,,transuranium ,,elem5ts ,,comput]s ,,rese>* ,,reactors ,,g5etic ,,effects ,,( ,,radiation ,,p[] ,,f ,,radioisotopes ,,nonde/ructive ,,te/+ ,,r>e ,,e>?s ,,food ,,pres]vation ,,by ,,irradiation ,,fall\t ,,f ,,nucle> ,,te/s ,,radioactive ,,wa/es ,,radioisotopes ,,9 ,,indu/ry ,,atoms ,,at ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,fair ,,radioisotopes ,,& ,,life ,,processes ,,atomic ,,fuel ,,atomic ,,p[] ,,safety ,,direct ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,en]gy ,,c>e]s ,,9 ,,atomic ,,en]gy ,,radioisotopes ,,9 ,,m$ic9e ,,accel]ators ,,nucle> ,,t]ms1 ,a ,,brief ,,gloss>y ,,neutron ,,activation ,,analysis ,,atoms ,,9 ,,agriculture ,,nucle> ,,clocks ,,p[] ,,reactors ,,9 ,,small ,,packages ,,nucle> ,,p[] ,,plants ,,y\r ,,body ,,& ,,radiation ,a s+le copy ( any "o booklet1 or ( no m ?an ?ree diff]5t booklets1 may be obta9$ free by writ+ to3 ,,usaec1 ,p4 ,o4 ,,box #fb1 ,,oak ,,ridge1 ,,t5nessee #cghcj ,complete sets ( ! s]ies are available to s*ool & public libr>ians1 & to tea*]s :o c make !m available = ref]5ce or = use by gr\ps4 ,reque/s %\ld be made on s*ool or libr>y lett]heads & indicate ! propos$ use4 ,/ud5ts & tea*]s :o ne$ o!r mat]ial on specific aspects ( nucle> sci5ce1 or ref]5ces to o!r read+ mat]ial1 may also write to ! ,oak ,ridge address4 ,reque/s %\ld /ate ! topic ( int]e/ exactly1 & ! use int5d$4 ,9 all reque/s1 include 8,zip ,code0 9 return address4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,usaec ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,ext5sion1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,t5nessee ,febru>y #aifg ,,footnotes #a,?is is ma!matical %or?& = #a4jh foll[$ by #bd z]os1 or #a4jh million billion billion4 #b,m$ic9es su* z 8,radi?or0 & 8,radium ,wat]0 7 manufactur$ & sold be=e x 0 kn[n t ov]exposure to radioactivity 0 h>mful4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sion only1 und]l9$ or italiciz$ text is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,:]e possible1 ,,utf sup]script & subscript numb]s are us$2 "s e-read] fonts may n support ^! *>act]s4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 o!r sup]script text is prec$$ by c>et & delimit$ by brackets4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 o!r subscript$ text is prec$$ by und]score & delimit$ by brackets4