,,h&book ,,( ,,birm+ham4 ,illu/ration ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,! ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,association4 #ahhf4 ,,birm+ham3 ,,hall ,,& ,,engli%1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,c41 ,,high ,,/reet4 #ahhf4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction1 by ,g4 ,j4 ,,johnson ix4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,old ,,birm+ham1 by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s #a ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,mod]n ,,birm+ham1 edit$ by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s3 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,local ,gov]n+ ,bodies1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,,bunce #ac ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,education1 by ,,osmund ,,airy1 ,m4,a4 #bf ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,libr>ies3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,,mull9s #fe ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,lit]>y1 ,sci5tific1 & ,arti/ic ,societies1 by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s #ge ,*ap4 ,v4 ,*>itable ,in/itutions1 by ,c4 ,e4 ,,ma!ws #ha ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,ecclesia/ical1 by ,g4 ,j4 ,,johnson1 ) fold$ ,table4 #ie ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,,art-- 7a7 ,ar*itecture1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,,coss9s #aah 7b7 ,pa9t+1 by ,e4 ,r4 ,,taylor #abg 7c7 ,sculpture1 by ,,:itwor? ,,wallis #ace 7d7 ,music1 by ,w4 ,,bayley ,,m>%all #ada ,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodw>d1 ,b4,sc4 #aej ,see also ,app5dix1 p4 #cdf4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,geology ,,& ,,physiography1 edit$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,,lapwor?1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4-- ,physiography #bac ,geology1 illu/rat$ by a ,geological ,map ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict 79 pocket at end ( vol47 #baf ,palozoic ,rocks1 by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,,lapwor?3 7a7 ,introduction #baf 7b7 ,fundam5tal ,rocks #bba 7c7 ,cambrian ,rocks #bbd 7d7 ,silurian ,rocks #bbg 7e7 ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks #bcj 7f7 ,p]mian ,rocks #bce ,triassic ,rocks1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,,h>rison1 ,f4,g4,s4 #bcg ,liassic & ,rhtic1 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,brodie1 ,m4,a4 #bdd ,glacial & ,po/-,t]ti>y ,deposits1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 #bdh ,petrography1 by ,s4 ,,allport1 ,f4,g4,s4 #bed ,m9+ ,/ati/ics ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield1 by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,b5ton1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,g4,s4 #bfj ,m9]als ( ,birm+ham ,di/rict1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodw>d1 ,b4,sc4 7see ,app5dix7 #cec ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,zoology1 edit$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,l4,s43 ,introduction1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,l4,s4 #bff ,*ap4 ,i4 ,mammals & ,reptiles by ,e4 ,,de ,,hamel #bfi ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,birds1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,,*ase #bge ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,fi%es & ,mollusca1 by ,g4 ,,%]riff ,,tye #bhe ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,insects1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,,blat* #bic ,*ap4 ,v4 ,microscopic ,fauna1 by ,t4 ,,bolton1 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 #cje ,,"p ,v4 ,,botany1 edit$ by ,,wm4 ,,ma!ws1 ,m4,a43 ,introductory ,rem>ks1 by ,,wm4 ,,ma!ws1 ,m4,a4 #caa ,*ap4 ,i4 ,! ,fl[]+ ,plants1 ,f]ns1 c41 by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 #caf ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,! ,mosses1 ,hepatics1 & ,li*5s1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 #cca ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,! ,alg1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,,wills #cce ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,! ,fungi1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,,grove1 ,b4,a4 #cci ,,app5dix4 ,*a9s1 ,cables1 & ,an*ors1 by ,b4 ,,h+ley1 ,m4,p4 #cdf ,die ,s9k+1 by ,g4 ,,%]riff ,,tye #cdh ,saddl]y ,trade1 by ,,?os4 ,,middlemore #cdh ,botanical ,g>d5s1 by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s #ceg ,gu9ea ,g>d5s1 by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s #ceh ,sunday ,lecture ,society1 by ,,?os4 ,,rose #ceh ,newspap]s1 by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s #cfa ,!atres1 by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s #cfb ,cov5try ,indu/ries1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,,fretton1 ,f4,s4,a4 #cff ,,contributors4 7,! figures %[ ! pages ( ?is "w :]e ! articles appe>47 ,,page4 ,airy1 ,o4 #bf ,allport1 ,s4 #bbb1 #bed1 #bfc ,bagnall1 ,j4 ,e4 #caf ,bak]1 ,t4 ,j4 #bjh ,bayliss1 ,t4 ,r4 #agd ,b5son1 ,e4 ,w4 #bja ,b5ton1 ,w4 ,e4 #bfj ,blat*1 ,w4 ,g4 #bic ,bolton1 ,t4 #cje ,bragg1 ,john #ahg ,bragge1 ,r4 ,l4 #baj ,brodie1 ,p4 ,b4 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bfd ,bri]ley1 ,l4 #agh ,bunce1 ,j4 ,t4 #ac ,callaway1 ,c4 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bei1 #bfc ,*ance1 ,h5ry #bjb ,*ase1 ,r4 ,w4 #bge ,coss9s1 ,j4 ,a4 #aah ,crosskey1 ,h4 ,w4 #bdh ,elk+ton & ,co4 #bjc ,fretton1 ,w4 ,g4 #cff ,gausby1 ,j4 ,b4 #agi1 #baa ,grove1 ,w4 ,b4 #cci1 #cde ,goodman1 ,j4 ,d4 #aid ,hamel1 ,e4 de #bfi ,h>rison1 ,g4 ,k4 #bjf ,h>rison1 ,w4 ,j4 #bcg1 #bfd ,heaton1 ,ralph #ahb ,h+ley1 ,b5jam9 #cdf ,hiorns1 ,w4 ,a4 ,h4 #afi ,hodson1 ,e4 ,h4 #bjb ,holl&1 ,wm4 #baj ,holly]1 ,j4 ,h4 #bjf ,hopk9s1 ,a4 ,n4 #bjf ,hughes1 ,w4 ,r4 #bff ,johnson1 ,g4 ,j4 ix41 #id ,john/one1 ,a4 ,s4 #bja ,k5w>d1 ,j4 #aia ,k5rick1 ,w4 #aha ,lapwor?1 ,c4 #bac1 #bad1 #bfd ,lea1 ,h5ry #ahc ,lean1 ,*4 #bab ,m>%all1 ,w4 ,b4 #ada ,m>t9eau1 ,f4 ,e4 #ahg ,m>t9eau1 ,r4 ,f4 #aii ,ma!ws1 ,c4 ,e4 #ha ,ma!ws1 ,wm4 #caa ,middlemore1 ,?os4 #cdh ,mole1 ,f4 ,m4 #bjf ,mull9s1 ,j4 ,d4 #fe ,osl]1 ,a4 ,c4 #ahf ,p]ks1 ,w4 #bjb ,pollack1 ,maurice #bje ,puplett1 ,s4 #bjd ,rabone1 ,j4 #aic ,/anton1 ,h4 ,h4 #aic ,su!rl&1 ,w4 ,s4 #agi ,tangye ,bros4 #ahg ,taylor1 ,e4 ,r4 #abg ,tildesley1 ,j4 ,c4 #aic ,timm9s1 ,sam3 #a1 #ge1 #ceg1 #cfa ,turn]1 ,j4 ,p4 #aha ,tye1 ,g4 ,s4 #bhe1 #cdh ,wallis1 ,w4 #ace ,we/wood1 ,h4 #agg ,wills1 ,a4 ,w4 #bjh1 #cce1 #cch ,woodw>d1 ,c4 ,j4 #aej1 #ceb1 #cec ,woodw>d1 ,j4 ,m4 #bjj ,wright1 ,j4 ,t4 #bjd ,,corrections4 ,,page ,,l9e ,,= ,,read #h #bc ,w>r5 ,hector #gi #ad #agca #agcc #acc #h ,s9ton ,l9ton 0 #ai ,holt ,holl 0 #bf ,watt's ,watts's #aie #a ,wesley ,we/ley #bae #ai ,/4 ,philip's ,/4 ,philip #baf #ca ,paleozoic ,palozoic #bag #cc 0 0 0 #cd ,triassic ,trias #bai #d ,coldfield ,coalfield #bbj #bc ,rhtic ,rhtic #bba #a ,spirorks ,spirorbis 0 #f ,colebrookdale ,coalbrookdale #bbb #d1 #af1 #bh ,ar*ean ,ar*an #bbf #a ,p>ley ,purley 0 #e ,%ales %ales #bbh #h ,l&ov]y ,ll&ov]y 0 #af ,attrypa ,atrypa #bca la/ l9e its mat]ial ! mat]ial #bce #af 9 turns 9 turn #bdj #cb omit v>i\s lamellibran*s 0 #cg add ,,silurian #beb #aa a/>te ,a/>te 0 #ba erractic erratic ,,introduction4 ,,by ,g4,j4 ,,johnson4 ,?is ,h&book1 be+ prep>$ = ! use ( ! memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 at _! meet+ 9 ,birm+ham1 9 #ahhf1 x is deem$ desirable to preface x by a v brief sket* ( ! progress ( ! t[n s9ce ! fir/ meet+ "h ( ! ,association 9 #ahci1 a p]iod only ?ree ye>s %ort ( half a c5tury4 ,! ,corporation4#a--,:5 ! ,association met 9 ,birm+ham1 on ! #bf? ( ,augu/1 #ahci1 ! ,bor\gh _h rec5tly be5 incorporat$--! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil hav+ be5 held on ! #bg? ( ! previ\s ,decemb]2 b :5 ! ,c\ncil attempt$ to ex]cise ! p[] ( mak+ a ,bor\gh ,rate1 ! ,ov]se]s refus$ to levy x 9 consequ5ce ( objections :i* _h be5 rais$ to ! validity ( ! ,*>t]4 ,9 addition to ^! pecuni>y difficulties1 ! t[n 0 j recov]+ f ! effects ( ! ,*>ti/ riots1 9 ! ,bull ,r+1 sev5 weeks be=e4 ,! ,corporation _h n ! control ( a s+le policeman or con/able1 & ! t[n 0 9 *>ge ( a body ( ,london police4 ,! same day on :i* ! ,association met1 ! ,royal ass5t 0 giv5 to an ,act 7#b & #c ,vic41 c4 #hh71 hurri$ly pass$1 to appo9t a ,commission] ( ,police 9 ! ,bor\gh = two ye>s1 & to au?orise an advance ( #aj1jjj1 = ! purpose ( organiz+ & pay+ a police =ce4 ,! validity ( ! *>t] ( incorporation 0 ultimately settl$ by a /atutory confirmation 7#e & #f ,vic41 c4 ,,iii71 :i* receiv$ ! royal ass5t on ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 #ahdb4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! control ( ! police 0 transf]r$ to ! ,wat* ,committee ( ! ,corporation4 ,at ! "t ( ! transf] ! /r5g? ( ! =ce 0 #cjj m51 & ! population ( ! bor\gh #ahc1jjj4 ,! population is n[ ab\t #dbg1jjj1 & ! police =ce is #eej 9 numb]1 & is bo? effici5t & adequate4 ,! great co/ ( convey+ prison]s & lunatics to ! ,c\nty ,gaol & ,asylum at ,w>wick1 & ! inadequacy ( bo? to ! increas+ population1 r5d]$ ! build+ ( a ,bor\gh ,gaol & ,lunatic ,asylum at ,w9son ,gre5 a necessity1 & z soon z ! ,corporation obta9$ ! control ( ! police ! gaol 0 proce$$ ) & op5$ 9 #ahdi4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,lunatic ,asylum 0 op5$1 to :i* 0 add$1 9 #ahhb1 ano!r ,asylum at ,rub]y ,hill1 ne> ,bromsgrove4 ,! ye> #ahea is memorable 9 our municipal hi/ory = ! ve/+ 9 ! ,corporation1 = ! fir/ "t1 ( complete control ov] ! entire bor\gh by ! transf] to x ( ! conflict+ p[]s & jurisdictions ( ! o!r gov]n+ bodies 7see pp4 #ah & #ai47 ,up to t date ! =mation & ma9t5ance ( ! /reets1 roads1 & footways ( ! t[n1 ! light+ & dra9age1 & all ! o!r important "w n[ und]tak5 by ! ,public ,works ,committee ( ! ,corporation c\ld n be dealt ) 9 any uni=m sy/em1 because six o!r gov]n+ bodies or (ficials _h /atutory p[]s ov] ! portions ( ! ,bor\gh :i* 7 outside ! p>i% ( ,birm+ham4 ,) ! ye> #aheb a new & uni=m sy/em comm5c$1 & n an h\r too soon1 hav+ reg>d to ! rapid increase ( ! population & ! consequ5t multiplication ( new /reets & roads4 ,! aspect ( ! t[n has be5 completely *ang$ 9 ! pav+ ( ! roads & footways1 ! light+ ( ! /reets1 ! wid5+ ( _m ( ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es1 & ! c>ry+ into op]ation ( a complete & uni=m sy/em ( dra9age & sew]age4 ,to ! ,public ,works ,committee belongs also ! control ( ! num]\s tramways :i* lead f ! c5tre ( ! t[n to ! suburbs 9 e direction1 except ! upp] "p ( ,edgba/on1 ! approa* to :i* is r5d]$ difficult by ! n>r[ness ( ,broad ,/reet4 ,! improv$ sy/em ( dra9age & sew]age br\ght to an issue ! s]i\s "q ( h[ ! sewage ( ! t[n 0 to be dealt )4 ,f ! ye> #aheh ?is _h become a s]i\s & increas+ difficulty1 involv+ ! ,corporation 9 con/ant & co/ly litigation ) ! neighb\r+ l&[n]s1 result+ 9 injunctions f ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y4 ,9 #ahga a special ,committee call$ 8,! ,sewage ,enquiry ,committee0 0 in/itut$1 :o recomm5d$ ! c\rse ultimately adopt$1 viz43 ! =mation ( a bo>d repres5t+ ! :ole dra9age area1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge sewage f>m at ,saltley4 ,! latt] 0 fir/ und]tak5 & f\nd to be a solution ( ! difficulty1 & 9 ! ye> #ahgg ! o!r object 0 atta9$ by ! con/itution ( ! 8,birm+ham ,tame & ,rea ,di/rict ,dra9age ,bo>d10 compos$ ( tw5ty-two repres5tatives f ! diff]5t gov]n+ bodies 9 ! dra9age area1 ( :om twelve are elect$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil ( ,birm+ham4 ,to ?is body ! sewage f>m has be5 transf]r$1 & is n[ c>ri$ on ) ! mo/ b5eficial result4 ,imm$iately aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahgb1 ! ,bor\gh 0 con/itut$ an ,urban ,sanit>y ,di/rict & ! ,c\ncil z ! ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority1 set itself vigor\sly to ! "w ( improv+ ! public heal?4 ,a ,bor\gh ,hospital = ! treatm5t ( small pox & sc>let fev] 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgd4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 indirectly remov$ = sanit>y purposes ! limit on rat+ p[]s to :i* ! ,c\ncil 7 oblig$ to submit 9 _! ,act ( #ahea4 ,by ! zeal\s lab\rs ( ! ,heal? ,committee1 & ! lib]al application ( ! pecuni>y res\rces plac$ at its comm& by ! ,act ( #ahge1 ! dea? rate has be5 r$uc$ f #bd4h p] #a1jjj 9 #ahgd to #ai4a 9 #ahhe1 al?\gh ! mean d5sity ( ! population has increas$ 9 ! same p]iod #bj p] c5t4 ,9 #ahea ! fir/ ( ! f\r sets ( public ba?s 0 op5$ 9 ,k5t ,/reet1 foll[$ by o!r sets 9 ,woodcock ,/reet 7#ahfj71 ,nor?wood ,/reet 7#ahfb71 & ,monum5t ,road 7#ahhc74 ,"u ! managem5t ( ! same ,committee ( ! ,c\ncil are plac$ ! t5 public p>ks & recreation gr\nds ( ! ,bor\gh1 ( :i* five h be5 giv5 to ! ,corporation & five h be5 acquir$ by pur*ase4 ,! li/ is z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,"n4 ,date ( ,,area4 ,,gift ,,or ,,pur*ase4 ,acquisition4 ,a4 ,r4 ,p4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,add]ley ,p>k #ahef #aj #j #bb;,gift ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,add]ley 7n[ ,"l ,norton74 ,cal?orpe ,p>k #aheg #ba #a #ac,lease by ,"l ,cal?orpe at a nom9al r5t4 ,a/on ,p>k & ,hall #ahfd #dc #j #j,pur*as$ = #bf1jjj1 ( :i* #g1jjj 0 rais$ by subscriptions4 ,a/on ,p>k & ,hall #ahgc #f #b #h,pur*as$ = #d1gej4 ,cannon ,hill ,p>k #ahgc #eg #a #i;,gift by ,miss ,ryl&4 ,highgate ,p>k #ahgf #h #j #bh,l& pur*as$ = #h1jjj & #g1jjj exp5d$ 9 lay+ out4 ,summ]field ,p>k #ahgf #ab #j #bj,l& pur*as$ = #h1jjj #c1heg exp5d$ 9 lay+ out4 ,burbury ,/4 ,recreation ,gr\nd #ahgg #d #a #c;,gift by ,mr4 ,william ,middlemore4 ,small ,hea? ,p>k #ahgi #da #c #cd;,gift by ,miss ,ryl&4 ,p>k ,/4 ,g>d5s #ahhj #d #a #ce;,disus$ burial gr\nds laid out at co/ ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,g>d5s #ahhb #b #b #jab1jii4 --------- #bba #c #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,9 #ahfj ! ,free ,libr>ies ,act 0 adopt$1 & ! fir/ bran* libr>y 0 op5$ 9 ,con/itution ,hill1 on ! #crd ( ,april1 #ahfa4 ,! fir/ ,c5tral ,l5d+ ,libr>y & ,art ,gall]y 7 op5$ on ! #f? ,sept41 #ahfe1 on ! occasion ( ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 7,see = ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,free ,libr>ies p4 #fi et seq47 ,9 #ahfc ! ,bor\gh ,cemet]y at ,witton 0 complet$4 7,see p4 #aag47 ,9 #ahgd1 a ,fire ,brigade 0 e/abli%$1 :i* n[ consi/s ( ?irty well-tra9$ m51 ) six eng9es1 & all suitable app>atus4 ,f ! ye> #ahea to #ahgc 0 a p]iod ( /eady progress 9 our municipal affairs2 b ! mayoralty ( ! ,"r ,hon4 7!n ,mr47 ,joseph ,*amb]la91 #ahgc-f1 0 signalis$ by ! build+ ( ! ,c\ncil ,h\se2 ! acquisition ( ! und]tak+s ( ! two ,gas ,companies ( ! ,bor\gh1 z well z t ( ! ,wat]works ,company1 & ! au?orisation ( a great s*eme ( /reet improvem5t ( :i* ! =mation ( ,corporation ,/reet is ! pr9cipal feature4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! acquisition ( ! gas supply ( ! ,bor\gh _h a consequ5ce1 app>5tly z f> remov$ z ,t5t]d5 /eeple f ! ,goodw9 ,s&s1 viz41 ! provision ( ! pres5t commodi\s ,art ,gall]y 7p4 #abc47 ,! explanation is1 t "u ! ,free ,libr>ies ,act1 ! ,t[n ,c\ncil _h ! p[] to appropriate ! site = ! purpose ( an ,art ,gall]y1 b no p[] to raise money to erect ! build+ o!rwise ?an by ! p5ny rate1 :i* 0 !n h>dly suffici5t = ! annual co/ ( ! ,free ,libr>ies4 ,! ,gas dep>tm5t ( ! ,corporation requir+ to build l>g] (fices1 ! ,c\ncil1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,free ,libr>ies ,committee1 grant$ ! l& to ! ,gas ,committee1 on condition t !y %\ld build ov] _! (fices ! new ,art ,gall]y1 :i* !y h done at an e/imat$ co/ ( #dj1jjj4 ,by ?is means a difficulty :i* seem$ insup]able 0 ov]come4 ,9 addition to ?is b5efit to ! t[n1 ! ,gas ,committee h e>n$ = ! ,corporation a pr(it ( m ?an #be1jjj a ye>4 ,?irty ye>s ( municipal activity1 su* z has be5 describ$1 comm5c+ ) ! ,act ( #ahea1 ( c\rse involv$ repeat$ applications to ,p>liam5t1 & 9 #ahhb ! mass ( legislation 0 f\nd to be enorm\s1 & a consolidation ( tw5ty sep>ate ,acts 0 effect$ by ! ,birm+ham 7,corporation7 ,consolidation ,act1 #ahhc1 :i* remov$ ! limit ( ! ,free ,libr>y rate1 & enabl$ ! ,corporation to e/abli% ! ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art 7see p4 xviii471 & to provide adequate funds = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,corporation ,art ,gall]y4 ,?us ! same ,corporation :i*1 9 #ahci1 _h no rev5ue1 nor means ( obta9+ any1 & requir$ to be assi/$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ) a loan ( #aj1jjj = police purposes1 9 ! ye> #ahhe1 levi$ rates = municipal purposes 7exclusive ( poor's rate & ! ,s*ool ,bo>d rate7 to ! am\nt ( #cah1hhb1 be+ #ds4 #e;d4 9 ! p\nd on ! annual value ( ! rateable prop]ty ( ! bor\gh1 & n[ borr[s money readily at ?ree-&-a-qu>t] p] c5t4 ,its rev5ue1 & ! income receiv$ f "s ( ! ,committees1 suffic$ to keep ! op]ations ( ! ,corporation 9 work+ ord]1 & to pay ! int]e/ on #g1fjf1bfi--! aggregate am\nt ( ! liabilities on capital acc\nt on #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahhe4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is l>ge am\nt ( indebt$ness x %\ld be not$ t #b1gbj1jfa is ! capitaliz$ value at tw5ty-five ye>s' pur*ase ( ! annuities grant$ z ! pur*ase moneys ( ! ,birm+ham & ,/af=d%ire ,gas ,company1 & ! ,wat] ,works ,company1 & t #dej1jjj 0 paid 9 ca% = ! pur*ase ( ,! ,birm+ham ,gas ,company1 & also t #a1ebj1efg has be5 exp5d$ on ! ,improvem5t ,s*eme4 ,?is r$uces ! sum /ill due = ! debts ( ! =m] gov]n+ bodies & all ! public works execut$ by ! ,corporation s9ce #ahci1 to #b1iae1fcj1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! :ole ( ! indebt$ness is m ?an balanc$ by ! value ( ! prop]ty belong+ to ! ,corporation4 ,x rema9s to be notic$ t ! ,corporation is ! l>ge/ l&[n] 9 ! ,bor\gh1 own+ m ?an #b1jjj acres ( l& 7includ+ its %>e ( ! sewage f>m7 & is ! l>ge/ employ] ( lab\r1 employ+ upw>ds ( #d1jjj p]sons4 ,also t 9 ,july1 #ahhd1 ,birm+ham 0 made an assize t[n2 :]eupon ! ,t[n ,c\ncil took into imm$iate consid]ation ! necessity ( build+ ,c\rts = ,assizes1 ,qu>t] ,sessions & ,petty ,sessions1 & 9 ,july1 #ahhf1 approv$ ( plans = ! purpose4 ,! 8,new ,law ,c\rts0 z !y are t]m$1 w be erect$ 9 ,corporation ,/reet4 ,population4--,9 ! ye> #ahci ! population ( ! ,bor\gh 0 e/imat$ at #ahj1jjj4 ,! foll[+ is ! result ( ea* subsequ5t c5sus1 namely3-- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,ye>4 ,,h\ses4 ,,population4 ,,increase ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ahda #dj1jjj #ahb1hid #bheg #ahea #dh1hid #bcb1hda #bgcj #ahfa #ei1bjj #bif1jgf #bgaa #ahga #gd1daf #cdc1ghg #afaj #ahha #gh1cja #djh1jjd #ahfg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! population 9 #ahhf is e/imat$ to be ab\t #dbg1jjj4 ,a /ill m /rik+ example ( ! progress ( ! t[n is af=d$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t k9dly prep>$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,wallik]1 ! en]getic & c\rte\s ,po/ma/] ( ! t[n4 ,,/atem5t ,,%ew+ ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,po/ ,,(fice ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pa/ #bj ,,ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total ,proportion numb] ( ( ,lett]s1 ,lett]s1 c41 to ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,no4 ( c41 population1,telegraph,money-,ord] ,boxes ,(fic]s deliv]$ or numb] ,(fices4 ,(fices4 = employ$4 dur+ ( lett]s ,lett]s4 ! to ea* ye>4 individual4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahff #ac1jbc1bjj #cidf #i #i #fj #afb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahhe-fcj1ihc1fbe #gbje #cc #gh #bcc #hfh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,9 #ahga 7! ye> aft] ! ,telegraphs 7 transf]r$ to ! ,po/ ,(fice71 ! numb] ( ,telegraph ,messages dealt ) 0 #a1jha1hbe1 & 9 #ahhe-f1 #c1aaa1ffb4 ,! numb] ( ,p>cels dealt ) 9 #ahhe-f 0 #b1dib1fhi4 ,gifts = public purposes4--8,m ?an pr9cely1 civic munific5ce0 0 a happy phrase ( ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] on ! occasion ( ! op5+ ( ! ,mason ,sci5ce ,college1 & x is c]ta9 t 9 proportion z ! feel+ ( citiz5%ip 9 any community becomes /rong x w manife/ itself 9 ! e/abli%m5t or assi/ance ( in/itutions = public purposes4 ,birm+ham has nev] be5 )\t examples ( ?is k9d4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! exi/+ *>ities ( ! t[n is-- ,l5*'s ,tru/1 orig9at$ by a fe(fm5t1 #aa? ,m>*1 #aebe1 by ,william ,l5*1 ( l&s 9 & ne> ,birm+ham to tru/ees4 ,) ?is tru/ _m o!r small] gifts h be5 incorporat$1 & ! income ( ! :ole is n[ appli$ to ! ma9t5ance ( f\r sets ( alm%\ses = ag$ wom51 9 ,conyb]e ,/reet1 ,hospital ,/reet1 ,ladywood ,road1 & ,rav5hur/ ,/reet4 ,! total numb] ( inmates is #agh1 & ea* ( !m has a h\se & f\r %ill+s a week4 ,! income ( ?is *>ity has gr[n ) ! gr[? ( ! t[n l t ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool 7see p4 #bf47 ,9 #ahci x 0 #geh1 9 #ahhf x is #c1jhe4 ,! next end[m5t 9 ord] ( "t 0 t ( ! ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool 7see p4 #bf7 to :i* has s9ce be5 add$ "o half ( ! end[m5t ( ,milw>d's ,*>ity 7,a4,d4 #afhd74 ,!n came-- ,f5?am's ,*>ity 7,a4,d4 #agab71 "p ( ! rev5ue ( :i* is appropriat$ to ! ma9t5ance ( c]ta9 boys 9 ! ,blue ,coat ,s*ool1 di/+ui%$ by a d>k gre5 dress4 ,) ! exception ( a numb] ( small] *>ities = appr5tic+ boys1 reliev+ poor wid[s1 giv+ doles ( bread1 no important public b5efactions 7 be/[$ = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,alm%\ses 9 imitation ( ,l5*'s ,tru/1 tw5ty 9 numb]1 7 built by ,joseph ,d[ell1 9 ,w>n] ,/reet1 9 #ahbj1 & ano!r set by ,mrs4 ,glov]1 9 ,/eelh\se ,lane1 = ?irty-six ag$ wom51 9 #ahcb4 ,! la/ tw5ty ye>s h be5 fruitful 9 gifts by our weal?i] citiz5s beg9n+ )-- ,evans' ,cottage ,homes1 ,f\nd$ 9 #ahfg1 by ,alfr$ ,smi? ,evans 7( ! !n well-kn[n firm ( ,evans & ,ask971 are six cottages at ,selly ,oak1 ( a sup]ior k9d to ! ord9>y alm%\se1 = ladies ( r$uc$ means4 ,ea* inmate is requir$ to possess an income ( #be a ye>1 & receives #bj a ye> f ! tru/4 ,vacancies 9 ! tru/ees are suppli$ by magi/rates ( ! bor\gh1 appo9t$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,! ,orphanage & ,alm%\ses at ,erd+ton1 complet$ 9 #ahfh1 at a co/ ( #fj1jjj1 by ! late ,sir ,josiah 7!n ,josiah7 ,mason1 & end[$ ) an annual income f l&$ prop]ty1 :i* 9 #ahhe produc$ #f1djj4 ,! ,orphanage conta9s upw>ds ( #cjj *ildr51 9 ! proportion ( two girls to "o boy4 ,! ,alm%\ses conta9 #cj poor wom54 ,sev5 ( ! f\rte5 tru/ees are appo9t$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,cr[ley's ,orphanage4--,?omas ,cr[ley1 a timb] m]*ant1 ( ,birm+ham1 :o di$ #bh? ,febru>y1 #ahfi1 by de$ dat$ #ae? ,febru>y1 #ahfi1 settl$ #aj1jjj ^u tru/s to educate poor orphan girls4 ,no orphanage has yet be5 built1 b tempor>y homes h be5 op5$ 9 ,ladywood ,road4 ,! ,james' ,tru/4--,! ,misses ,elizabe? & ,emma ,james1 by de$ dat$ #a/ ,novemb]1 #ahfi1 convey$ a freehold e/ate 9 ,p>adise ,/reet1 z an end[m5t = 8,! ,james' ,almh\ses0 !y _h built at ,ne*ells = ag$ wom51 to provide five annuities ( #bj ea* = poor & decay$ g5tlewom51 & a s*ol>%ip ( #ej a ye> f ! ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,birm+ham to ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,! net income is ab\t #gej p] annum1 ! surplus beyond #dej p] annum is to be accumulat$1 & appli$ 9 build+ additional alm%\ses4 ,! ,public ,picture ,gall]y ,fund orig9at$ 9 a gift 9 ! ye> #ahga1 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,cl>kson ,osl] 7( ! well-kn[n firm ( glass manufactur]s7 ( a sum ( #c1jjj = ! pur*ase ( pictures = ! ,corporation ,art ,gall]y4 ,?is sum is augm5t$ by o!r donations & am\nts subscrib$1 & has be5 ! means ( adorn+ ! ,art ,gall]y ) _m valuable pictures4 ,dudley ,tru/4--,mr4 ,william ,dudley1 a ,jewell] ( ,birm+ham1 by de$ dat$ #h? ,may1 #ahge1 settl$ #ajj1jjj 9 ! h&s ( ,tru/ees to be us$ 9 7#a7 ,loans to "y tradesm5 at l[ rates ( int]e/2 7#b7 ,annuities to ag$ tradesm51 & 7#c7 ,surplus to be appli$ 9 aid ( ! *>itable in/itutions ( ! ,bor\gh4 ,f\r ( ! ,tru/ees are to be appo9t$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,free ,libr>ies4--,9 ord] ( "t ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! fund ( ne>ly #ae1jjj rais$ 9 #ahgi to refurni% ! ,ref]5ce ,libr>y aft] ! fire1 & to ! valuable gifts ( books detail$ at p4 #gb et seq4 ,! ,art ,gall]y ,pur*ase ,fund orig9at$ 9 an (f] ( ,messrs4 ,tangye1 on #crd ,july1 #ahhj1 to contribute #e1jjj to a fund = ! pur*ase ( examples ( art = ! ,new ,art ,gall]y1 s9ce built by ! ,gas ,committee z previ\sly /at$ 7p4 xiii471 & a fur!r #e1jjj on condition t an equal sum 0 rais$ by public subscription4 ,! sum ( #g1jjj additional 0 rais$ & plac$ at ! disposal ( a ,special ,committee ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 call$ ! 8,art ,gall]y ,pur*ase ,committee40 ,! ,mason ,sci5ce ,college4--,= a full acc\nt ( :i* 7see p4 #de71 0 op5$ #a/ ,octob]1 #ahhj4 ,its co/ 0 #fj1jjj1 & x is end[$ ) l&$ prop]ty produc+ #c1fjj p] annum4 ,( ! elev5 ,tru/ees1 five are appo9t$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,! ,wilkes ,beque/4--,mr4 ,alfr$ ,salt ,wilkes1 a ,manufactur] 9 ,birm+ham1 :o di$ on ! #bi? ,july1 #ahha1 left a sum ( money expect$ to realise #ih1jjj = division1 aft] two life int]e/s1 betwe5 ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute & ! ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art4--,on ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 #ahha1 ! retir+ ,mayor1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,*amb]la91 ann\nc$ to ! ,c\ncil t ,miss ,ryl& _h (f]$ #aj1jjj1 ,messrs4 ,ri*>d & ,george ,tangye1 ano!r #aj1jjj 7aft]w>ds increas$ to #aj1icg71 & ,mr4 ,cregoe ,colmore a piece ( l& wor? #ad1jjj = ! build+ ( ! pres5t ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,! f\ndation /one 0 laid #ca/ ,m>*1 #ahhd1 by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,tangye1 & ! build+ 7see p4 #abe7 f9i%$ & op5$ on #ad? ,septemb]1 #ahhe4 ,! =m] ,s*ool ( ,art1 a volunt>y association support$ by public subscription 7& to :i* ,miss ,ryl& _h be5 a g5]\s donor7 be+ transf]r$ to ! ,corporation4 ,! ,pr9cess ,alice ,orphanage1 at ,*e/] ,road1 0 e/abli%$1 #ahhb1 p>tly by a donation ( #aj1jjj by ,mr4 ,solomon ,jevons1 ( ,birm+ham4 ,! ,lloyds' ,alm%\ses1 9 ,belgrave ,road1 7 f\nd$ by ! wid[ ( ,mr4 ,james ,lloyd1 a bank]1 ( ,birm+ham4 ,! ,jaffray ,suburban ,hospital1 at ,erd+ton1 = ! treatm5t ( *ronic & non-contagi\s cases 9 connection ) ! ,birm+ham ,g5]al ,hospital1 is ! late/1 b n ! lea/ ( ! gifts to ! t[n4 ,x 0 built & furni%$ at ! sole co/ ( ,mr4 ,john ,jaffray1 & op5$ on ! #bg? ,novemb]1 #ahhe4 ,an enum]ation ( ^! gifts w\ld n be complete )\t ref]5ce to ! five gifts ( public p>ks p>ticul>is$ 9 ! li/ at page xii4 ,9 addition to ^! b5efactions1 m5tion ought to be made ( ! num]\s gifts ( pictures1 sculptures & bronzes1 giv5 to ! ,art ,gall]y by our lead+ citiz5s1 :i* w be f\nd detail$ 9 ! ,art ,gall]y ,catalogue4 ,five ( ^! gifts are des]v+ ( special m5tion1 namely1 7#a7 ! collection ( arms giv5 #ag? ,augu/1 #ahgf1 by ! ,gu>dians ( ! ,birm+ham ,pro( ,h\se1 & n[ arrang$ 9 ! s\? gall]y2 7#b7 ! collection ( pictures ( ,david ,cox giv5 by ! late ,j4 ,h4 ,nettlefold2 7#c7 ,mll]'s well kn[n 8,pray]s 9 ! ,des]t10 & o!rs giv5 by ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,joseph ,*amb]la92 7#d7 a collection ( ,w$gwood w>e giv5 by ,messrs4 ,ri*>d & ,george ,tangye2 & 7#e7 ! clock 9 ! t[] ( ! ,art ,gall]y giv5 by ,mr4 ,follett ,osl]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,n[ t s admirable a gall]y has be5 provid$ = ! reception ( su* gifts1 x may be confid5tly hop$ t o!rs equally valuable w be con/antly add$ by ! public _s & lib]ality ( ! citiz5s ( ,birm+ham4 ,x is comput$ t ! value ( ^! & o!r small] gifts = public purposes = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s approa*es1 if x does n exce$1 "o million /]l+4 ,hospital ,sunday & ,saturday ,collections4--,! sugge/ion ( a collection 9 ! *ur*es & *apels ( ! t[n on ! la/ ,sunday 9 ,octob]1 = ! m$ical *>ities 0 made by ! ,midl& ,c\nties' ,h]ald ,newspap]1 ,octob]1 #ahei4 ,x 0 w>mly tak5 up by ! !n ,rector ( ,birm+ham1 ,dr4 ,mill]1 & has be5 cont9u$ annually s9ce #bg? ,octob]1 #ahei4 ,! total sum contribut$ up to & includ+ ! collection 9 ,octob]1 #ahhe1 is #abd1dcc1 ! av]age = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s be+ #d1fjh4 ,hospital ,saturday ,collection4--,! fir/ ,hospital ,saturday ,collection1 design$ to rea* a class diff]+ f ! contributors to ! ,hospital ,sunday ,collection1 took place ,m>* #ae?1 #ahgc4 ,x has gradually gr[n 9 am\nt1 & n[ produces a l>g] annual sum ?an ! ,hospital ,sunday ,collection4 ,! am\nt rais$ 9 f\rte5 ye>s is #fc1bej1 or an av]age ( #d1eag4 ,! la/ collection produc$ #f1eba4 ,clubs4--,small clubs1 meet+ at /at$ times = social purposes1 7 always common 9 ,birm+ham4 ,! ,bean ,club1 :i* meets annually1 has exi/$ s9ce #affj4 ,! 8p>l\rs0 ( ! bett] class ( public h\ses 7 places :]e tradesm5 us$ to assemble 9 ! ev5+s & 7 social clubs 9 ! old s5se4 ,9 #ahdj ! pres5t ,wat]loo ,rooms1 n[ occupi$ by ! ,midl& ,cons]vative ,club1 7 built = a club h\se1 b ! "t 0 n ripe & !y 7 let to ! ,gov]nm5t = ! ,old ,bankruptcy ,c\rt4 ,,! ,,union ,,club 7non-political7 0 ! fir/ club 9 ! mod]n s5se1 & 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahef1 9 rooms 9 ,b5nett's ,hill1 & succe$$ s well t ! pres5t club-h\se1 at ! corn] ( ,colmore ,r[ & ,ne:all ,/reet1 0 built = x1 & ! club remov$ !re 9 ,may1 #ahfi4 ,,! ,,midl& ,,club1 9 ,new ,/reet1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #ahfi1 & is a non-political club4 ,,! ,,cons]vative ,,club 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgb4 ,! pres5t club h\se is 9 ,union ,/reet1 b a l>g] club h\se 9 ,temple ,r[ is be+ built4 ,,! ,,lib]al ,,club 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #ahgg1 9 ,new ,/reet1 & 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhe1 0 remov$ to ! /ately build+ at ! corn] ( ,congreve ,/reet & ,edmund ,/reet4 ,,! ,,re=m ,,club 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #ahgi1 "u ! title ( ! ,junior ,lib]al ,club4 ,x occupies rooms 9 ,new ,/reet4 ,,! ,,midl& ,,cons]vative ,,club1 :i* n[ occupies ! ,wat]loo ,rooms1 9 ,wat]loo ,/reet1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #ahhb4 ,all ! above clubs are op5 to memb]s ( ! ,association dur+ ! meet+ ( #ahhf1 on pres5tation ( _! c>ds ( memb]%ip4 ,= an acc\nt ( ,! ,clef ,club see page #adh4 ,o!r clubs ( a political1 social1 or sci5tific "* are v num]\s 9 ,birm+ham4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! matt]s t\*$ ^u 9 ?is ,introduction mu/ be reg>d$ z illu/rative ( ! progress ( ! t[n 9 a few p>ticul>s :i* did n fall )9 any ( ! divisions ( ,"p ,,ii4 ( ?is ,h&book 7see ,table ( ,cont5ts74 ,fully to realize ! developm5t 9 e direction ( our municipal1 educational1 ecclesia/ical1 lit]>y1 arti/ic1 & indu/rial life1 ! :ole ( t "p %\ld be consult$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book w %ew h[ assidu\sly v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce are cultivat$ among/ u4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,antiquities4 #ajhf--ahjj4 ,,by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s4 ,orig9 ( ,"n4--,eight hundr$ ye>s ago ! "n ( ,birm+ham fir/ appe>$ 9 hi/ory1 & almo/ exactly ) ! pres5t "n ( ! t[n4 ,9 ! fam\s ,domesday ,book 7#ajhc-ajhf71 compil$ = ,william ! ,norman1 ! "n is spell$ 8,b]m+eha'10 b ! v>ieties ( spell+1 f ! conque/1 h be5 rem>kable4 ,"s curi\s collector has summ$ up "o hundr$ & =ty v>iations1 b mo/ ( ^! may be resolv$ into two =ms ( pronunciation--ei!r ,birm+ham or ,bromi*am4 ,x is curi\s t no o!r t[n or village 9 ,engl& seems to h a simil> "n to t ( ,birm+ham1 & h5ce its etymology is some:at obscure4 ,hutton's fav\rite orig9 0 ,broom f ! plant1 ,wy*1 a dwell+ or a desc5t1 & ,ham a home1 s t ,bromwy*am 0 suppos$ to be ! orig9al "n indicat+ local details2 b ,hutton _h =gott5 to look at ,domesday ,book1 or to expla9 h[ ,bromwy*am _h be5 turn$ into ,birm+ham4 ,/ill m1 he _h neglect$ ,dugdale's rem>k t :ile 8ham10 = home1 expla9$ ! f9al syllable1 ! o!r two syllables c]ta9ly d5ot$ "s p]sonal "n4 ,all lat] rese>*es h t5d$ to confirm ?is sugge/ion1 & mod]n philologi/s1 includ+ ,pr(4 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 are almo/ unanim\s 9 agree+ t 8,b]m10 or 8,beorm10 or "s simil> =m repres5ts ! "n ( "s ,saxon tribe or p1 & t ,b]m+ham w\ld be a patronymic or family "n1 ) ! 8+0 or 8iung0 d5ot+ "s prog5y or tribe1 & giv+ ! "n to ! 8de ,b]m+hams10 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! place1 z ,dugdale fully %[s4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory4--,z to ! ante-,norman hold]s1 ,dugdale says on ! au?ority ( ,domesday ,book1 t 9 8,edw>d ! ,confessor's days 7,birm+ham 07 ! freehold ( "o ,ulvv9e10 b ! hi/ory beg9s ) ! ,domesday ,book :i* gives ! foll[+ details3--8,ri*>d holds ( ,william 7,fitz ,ausculf7 f\r hides 9 ,b]m+ha'4 ,! arable employs six pl\ghs2 "o is 9 ! demesne4 ,!re are five ville9s & f\r bord>s ) two pl\ghs4 ,wood half a mile long1 & f\r furlongs broad4 ,x 01 & is wor? #bjs40 ,^! few facts comp>e v fav\rably ) ! description ( o!r places1 & %[ t ,birm+ham 0 !n a place ( "s importance4 ,no *ur* is m5tion$1 & no prie/1 b ^? omissions d n necess>ily prove t ! place _h nei!r1 & probably x _h bo?4 ,! ext5t ( ! 8hide0 is v unc]ta9 & x seems to h v>i$ f sixty to "o hundr$ acres4 ,?is entry obvi\sly relates to ,birm+ham only1 & ,edgba/on1 ,a/on1 & o!r places are simil>ly describ$4 ,?is extract is m]ely giv5 to %[ t "s sort ( t[n exi/$ long be=e #ajhc-ajhf1 & t its "n 0 ne>ly z we spell & s\nd x n[4 ,aft] ,domesday ,book a long blank occurs1 except z to c]ta9 docum5t>y evid5ce z to ,fairs1 7#aaff & #abea71 & ! help giv5 to ,simon de ,mont=t aga9/ ,h5ry ,,iii41 by ,william de ,b]m+ham4 ,b a little light is ?r[n on ! condition ( ,birm+ham by fur!r exam9ation ( a curi\s & unique old map ( ,engl& & ,scotl& n[ 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 b :i* 0 kn[n to ,g\gh & includ$ 9 8 ,topography1 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #gg17 ) an engrav+ by ,basire1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is v imp]fect & inaccurate4 ,a photo-z9cograph ( ?is anci5t map 0 produc$ by ! ,ordnance ,(fice 9 #ahge1 ) a description by ,mr4 ,w4 ,basevi ,saund]s1 :o settles ! date ( ! map z circa #abhf-acjj4 ,9 ?is map1 :i* is rem>kably int]e/+ b ludicr\sly wrong 9 _m p>ts1 especially z to ,scotl&1 ,birm+ham di/9ctly appe>s4 ,ca!dral cities & l>ge *ur*es are g5]ally indicat$1 riv]s are m>k$1 & ev5 miles on roads1 :ile a l>ge numb] ( s+le h\ses are m>k$ to %[ t[ns1 :5 no names are giv54 ,9 ! portion m>k$ 8,ard5e0 "o h\se1 ) 8,brmyngh10 cle>ly appe>s betwe5 ,worce/] & ,li*field1 & is ! only t[n 9 ,w>wick%ire :i* is describ$ by "n1 n ev5 ,cov5try or ,w>wick be+ nam$4 ,?is seems to %[ t ,birm+ham 0 a place ( "s importance ev5 six hundr$ ye>s ago1 & t its "n 0 !n spell$ ne>ly z n[1 ! abbreviations probably indicat+ 8,b]myngham40 ,z ,dugdale's ,w>wick%ire is g5]ally limit$ to ! t]ritorial & family hi/ory1 :i* is difficult to cond5se1 & r>ely ref]s to ! exi/5ce or /ate ( ! build+s 9 8 "t1 !re is v little mat]ial = ! hi/ory ( ! t[n = sev]al c5turies4 ,he m5tions1 h[ev]1 t ,pet] de ,b]m+ham 8_h a ,ca/le "h :i* /ood ne>re a ,b[-%oot f ! ,*ur* s\?-we/w>ds0 7#ab ,h5ry ,,ii41 #aaff71 d\btless on ! site ( ,smi?field m>ket1 :i* _h build+s & moat till #ahae4 ,a m>ket 0 grant$ by ! same k+1 & on ,?ursdays1 & 0 probably l>gely frequ5t$ & help$ ! progress ( ! t[n4 ,f ?is de ,b]m+ham family1 ,dugdale says1 8d\btless came ! de ,b]m+hams ( ,irel&1 :o settl$ !re v anti5tly3 p]haps 9 ,h54 ,,ii4 days on ! fir/ conque/ ( t realm by ,ric4 ,/rongb[30 b ! family connection ) ,birm+ham end$ ) ,edw>d & 8 tragic /ory 9 #aede4 ,! ,priory4--,! ,hospital or ,priory ( ,/4 ,?omas ! ,apo/le has _h its "n & site pres]v$ by ! names 8,upp] & ,l[] ,priory10 8,m9ories10 c41 b ! exact site ( ! build+s & ! date ( ! f\ndation are unc]ta94 ,! gr\nds occupi$ a l>ge space along ,bull ,/reet1 ,dale ,end1 ,john ,/reet1 & ,/eelh\se ,lane2 b ev5 9 ! rec5t excavations = new /reets sc>cely a fragm5t has be5 f\nd4 ,a c5tury ago ! pseudo-antiqu>ian ,william ,hutton1 :o did 8 be/ to write a ,hi/ory ( ,birm+ham1 records t 9 #agge he remov$ 8tw5ty waggon loads ( old /ones1 great numb]s ( :i* 7 highly f9i%$ 9 ! ,go?ic ta/e2 p>ts ( porticos1 w9d[s1 ar*es1 ceil+s--"s flut$1 "s ciph]$1 yet complete z ! day !y left ! *isel10 & t aft] lett+ ! build]s de/roy ! great] portion1 he us$ "s 9 mak+ a fire-place 9 8an "u-gr\nd kit*540 ,!re is little hope n[ ( f9d+ any ( ^! relics or ( settl+ ! site on :i* ! ,priory build+s /ood4 ,ev5 ,dugdale fail$ to f9d its orig91 & simply records t ! fir/ m5tion occurs 9 #ac ,edwd4 ,i4 7#abhe71 & t ! ,commission]s ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 7#aede7 valu$ x at #h4 #hs4 #aj;d41 & t x 0 duly dissolv$4 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,*ur*4--,! ,"m ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,m>t9's1 claims great antiquity1 b its exact date has n be5 f\nd4 ,dur+ ! rec5t re/oration "s e>ly wall-pa9t+s 7 discov]$1 ) ! /ill m valuable rema9s :i* =m$ "p ( a ,norman ,*ur*1 v evid5tly on ! same site1 b all traces ( ^: hi/ory h be5 lo/4 ,! exi/+ ,*ur* has1 h[ev]1 "s highly int]e/+ monum5ts ( "s ( ! de ,b]m+hams ( ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies1 "o 9 alaba/]1 repres5t+ an ecclesia/ic1 be+ well kn[n z an almo/ unique example ( fifte5? c5tury art4 ,! pres5t re/or$ *ur* has replac$ an ugly brick cas+ :i* cov]$ ! decay+ portion ( an e>li] *ur* suppos$ to h be5 ( ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ) lat] alt]ations4 ,! ,regi/]s beg9 9 #aeee1 & h be5 c>efully pres]v$1 z well z v>i\s ,*ur* ,books :i* h be5 us$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,m>t9's by ,mr4 ,j4 ,?ackray ,bunce4 ,/4 ,john's ,*apel4--,ano!r ecclesia/ical relic1 9 "n only1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ugly la/ c5tury brick build+1 ,/4 ,john's ,*apel1 ,d]it5d1 :i* has replac$ ! 8propp] *appel10 :i* ,lel& saw 9 #aech1 an e>ly ,engli% build+ among ! trees by ! riv] side4 ,?is 8*apel0 0 f\nd$ 9 #acge1 by "s ( ! inhabitants ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley1 :o f\nd ! floods (t5 prev5t+ access to _! ,p>i% ,*ur* at ,a/on4 ,?irte5 ( ! inhabitants ( ! hamlets contribut$ ! funds1 & acquir$ ! "r ( 8appo9t+ "o ,*apla90 = ! s]vices1 & su* ,*apla9 is appo9t$ to ?is day by ! p>i%ion]s' votes4 ,tradition records t ,john ,rog]s1 "o ( ! e>ly translators ( ! ,bible1 & ! fir/ ,m>tyr ( ! reign ( ,m>y1 0 born 9 ,d]it5d ne> ?is ,*apel1 & a m>ble slab records 8 fame1 b ! tradition is d\btful1 & has n be5 fully confirm$4 ,! ,guild ( ! ,holy ,cross1 ^: ,hall 0 on ! site ( ! pres5t ,k+ ,edw>d's ,s*ool1 0 f\nd$ 9 #f ,ri*4 ,,ii4 7#achb71 = ! ma9t5ance ( two prie/s to celebrate s]vice daily 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t91 b t5 ye>s lat] 0 =m$ into a 8,guild or ,frat]nitie1 consi/+ ( m5 & wom5 ( ,birm+ham10 9 ! names ( ! 8,bailiffs & ,communaltie ( ,birm+ham & o!r adjac5t places1 = a ,*antrie ( prie/s & s]vices 9 ! ,*ur*1 = ! s\ls ( ! ,f\nd]s & all ! ,frat]nitie10 b 9 #cg ,h54 ,,viii4 7#aede7 ! l&s 7 valu$ at #ca4 #bs4 #aj;d41 & appropriat$ by ! ,cr[n1 & aft]w>ds1 #e ,edw4 ,,vi4 7#aeej71 7 us$ = ! f\ndation ( ! 8,free ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,six?1 = ! ,education & ,in/ruction ( ,*ildr5 9 ,gramm> = ev]10--! basis ( ! pres5t noble f\ndation1 n only 9 ,new ,/reet1 b 9 sev]al important ,bran* ,s*ools4 ,lel&'s ,description1 #aech4--,ne>ly half ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h pass$ be=e ,birm+ham 0 visit$ & describ$ by any /rang]1 & ! visit ( ,john ,lel& is a memorable l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! t[n4 ,8 few words are famili> b wor? quot+ aga91 n m]ely z a record1 b z a contra/ ) ! *ang$ conditions ( ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 he made 8 fam\s j\rney ?r\gh ,engl&1 & 9 #aech he visit$ ,birm+ham & rode ?r\gh ! t[n1 :i* he describes 9 picturesque words3--8,i came ?r\gh a pretty /reet or ev] ,i entr$ into ,b]m+ham t[ne4 ,?is /reet1 z ,i rememb]1 is call$ ,dirtey ,d]it54 ,9 x dwell smi!s & cutl]s1 & !re is a brooke ,rea t divide? ?is /reet f ,b]m+ham1 & is an hamlett or memb] belong+e to ! ,p>i% !rebye4 ,!re is at ! end ( ,dirtey a propp] *appell & mansion h\se ( tymb]1 h>d on ! rype bank z ! brooke runne? d[ne3 & z ,i w5t ?r\gh ! =d by ! foot bridge1 ! wat] ranne d[ne on ! "r h&1 & a fewe miles bel[ goe? into ,tame1 rip dextr4 99 99 99 99 ,! beauty ( ,b]migham1 a good m>kett t[ne 9 ! extreame p>ts ( ,w>wike-%ire1 is "o /reet go+ up alonge1 almo/ f ! left ripe ( ! brooke up a meane hill by ! l5g? ( a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,i saw b "o ,p>o* ,*ur* 9 ! t[ne4 ,!re be _m smi?s 9 ! t[ne t use to make knives & all mann\r ( cutt+e tooles1 & _m lor9]s t make bittes1 & a great _m naylors4 ,soe t a great "p ( ! t[ne is ma9ta9$ by smi!s :oe h _! iron & sea-cole out ( ,/af=d-%ire40 ,?is description ( ! t[n is m9ute & c>eful4 ,! 8mansion h\se ( tymb]0 /ill rema9s z ! ,old ,cr[n ,h\se 9 ,d]it5d2 & ne>ly opposite o!r half-timb]$ h\ses ( ! same p]iod survive4 ,! 8propp] *appell0 has greatly *ang$ its =m1 & ! descriptions ( trade are no long] /rictly accurate1 z "s ( ! h&icrafts are n[ bett] kn[n at ,%effield1 ,walsall1 & ,hales[54 ,"s o!r old h\ses ( ! sixte5? c5tury /ill rema91 "o notably 9 ,digbe?1 :i* has be5 c>efully pres]v$2 & "o e>ly sixte5? c5tury h\se 9 ,bull ,/reet1 ne> ,dale ,end1 has j be5 remov$ 7#ahhf74 ,"o rem>kable *ange has occurr$ s9ce ,lel&'s days2 = ! /reams :i* cross$ ! roads h disappe>$ b5ea?1 & ! pumps & wells & wat] c\rses are long s9ce gone4 ,camd5's ,description1 #aehd4--,! visit ( ,william ,camd5 confirms ,lel&'s acc\nt1 & %[s consid]able progress1 z ! t[n 0 8sw>m+ ) inhabitants & e*o+ ) ! noise ( anvils10 & ! g5]al prosp]ity evid5tly cont9u$ ?r\gh ! c5tury1 & f> into ! next c5tury too1 = x is cle> t ! manufacture ( swords1 if n ( guns & pi/ols1 _h begun & 0 de/9$ to ext5d ! fame & improve ! indu/rial condition ( ! t[n4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t4--,! busy occupants ( ! l9e ( road trav]s$ by ,lel& & ,camd5 _h s]i\s tr\ble a c5tury lat]4 ,*>les ,i4 on 8 way1 9 #afdb1 to ,edge ,hill _h /opp$ at ,a/on ,hall1 :i* _h be5 built e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 0 believ$ to be f a design by ,inigo ,jones4 ,sir ,?omas ,holte _h be5 true to ! ,k+1 b _h become unpopul> ) ! ,birm+ham p1 :o 7 on ! ,p>liam5t>y side4 ,a/on ,hall 0 attack$ & besieg$ = ?ree days1 & ! traces ( ! cannonad+ /ill rema94 ,9 ! ,april ( ! next ye>1 #afdc1 ! fi]y ,rup]t advanc$ to ,birm+ham f ,camp ,hill1 & 0 /opp$ 9 ,d]it5d by ! b>ricades & val\r ( ! p1 b he =c$ 8 way1 plund]$ & fir$ eighty h\ses1 & left ! t[n on ! o!r side aft] heavy losses ( life & limb4 ,cl>5don has describ$ ,birm+ham 8z ( great fame = he>ty wilful affect$ disloyalty to ! ,k+ z any t[n 9 ,engl&10 & ! t[n _h suppli$ ! ,p>liam5t>y army ) #ae1jjj swords1 b 8,pr9ce ,rup]t's ,burn+ ,cruelty to ,birm+ham0 only int5sifi$ ! opposition to ! ,k+ & 8 cause4 ,a ,city ( ,refuge4--,! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury saw _m m>k$ advances 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! t[n4 ,! extravagances ( ! re/oration p]iod greatly increas$ ! dem& = _m ( ! products ( ,birm+ham +5uity & skill4 ,! dem& = fire-arms also enc\rag$ & ext5d$ "o ( ! trades :i* 0 aft]w>ds to become "o ( ! great indu/ries ( ! t[n2 n only s1 b ,birm+ham _h become a sort ( ,city ( ,refuge = re=m]s ( all sorts1 & a sort ( ,free ,port = _m sorts ( manufactures :i*1 ow+ to ! cu/oms ( corporate t[ns1 7 re/rict$ else:]e4 ,! 8five mile10 & o!r acts1 drove out _m useful & able p & s5t !m to reside 9 a place :]e !re 0 m elb[ room & m free air1 & ?us n only ! population b ! en]gy & usefulness ( ! inhabitants rapidly increas$4 ,! visits ( ,george ,fox _h /imulat$ _m p1 l ^? ( ,wesley a c5tury lat]1 & e influ5ce1 indu/rial1 political1 religi\s1 social1 seem$ to cont9ue & develop & int5sify ! life & progress ( ! t[n4 ,e>ly ,pr9t]s & ,booksell]s--,! eighte5? c5tury add$ b little to ! antiquities1 b mu* to ! hi/ory ( ,birm+ham4 ,! indu/rial developm5ts :i* ,lel& & ,camd5 not$ made f> m rapid progress t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,birm+ham became z fam\s = fire-arms z x _h be5 = pikes & swords half a c5tury be=e4 ,ev5 t progress 01 h[ev]1 to be f> exce$$ be=e ! eighte5? c5tury end$1 & ! almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( manufactures _h become e/abli%$4 ,birm+ham 01 9 fact1 9 ^? times1 :at ,london has s9ce become1 ! c5tre t[>ds :i* ! =emo/ m5 ( ! day t5d$ = _m ye>s4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 ,dr4 ,johnson's fa!r came to ,birm+ham weekly ) a small /ock ( books--! only supply ! t[n seems to h _h--b a few ye>s lat] ,?omas ,w>r5 _h begun to pr9t1 newspap]s 7 />t$1 & books ( consid]able importance 7 publi%$4 ,dr4 ,johnson's fir/ lit]>y "w1 8 translation ( ,lobo's ,abyss9ia1 0 dictat$ to ,w>r51 b probably n pr9t$ 9 ,birm+ham1 al?\gh z e>ly z #agab1 & possibly t5 ye>s soon]1 books 7 pr9t$ 9 ! t[n4 ,s e>ly z #afeb a ma/] ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool _h publi%$ a ,lat9 ,gramm>--! e>lie/ ,birm+ham book--& 9 #agag ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,birm+ham appe>$ f ,mat!w ,unw9's press4 ,e>ly ,maps & ,engrav+s--,?omas ,w>r5's fir/ kn[n book is dat$ #agbh1 & _m important works aft]w>ds came f 8 press4 ,engrav+1 z well z pr9t+1 soon became common1 & _m excell5t examples soon came =?4 ,9 #agca1 ,william ,we/ley publi%$ ! fir/ map or ,plan ( ,birm+ham1 foll[$ by o!rs ( great value1 z ,brad=d's1 9 #agea1 & ,hanson's1 9 #aggi2 & ,brad=d also issu$ a 8,view ( ,birm+ham10 ( a size & quality unsurpass$ 9 l9e-engrav+1 ( :i* only two copies h surviv$4 ,_m folio & qu>to volumes appe>$ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury f ,?omas ,aris1 ,c4 ,e>l1 & o!rs1 & 7 rem>kably f9e productions = a midl& t[n a c5tury & a half ago4 ,john ,bask]ville--,all ^!1 h[ev]1 7 surpass$ by ! f>-fam$ productions ( ,john ,bask]ville's press1 = 8 exp]i5ce z a grave-/one cutt] 9 ,moor ,/reet1 & 8 f9e ta/e & re/less en]gy enabl$ him to produce type & pap]1 & to pr9t 9 s excell5t a /yle1 t 8 productions soon won ,european fame4 ,at ,easy ,hill--! h\se1 9 ru9s1 /ill rema9s--he made 8 own presses1 type1 & probably pap] to "s ext5t1 & sp5t hundr$s ( p\nds be=e he _h =m$ lett]s to please 8 fa/idi\s eyes & excell5t ta/e4 ,birm+ham has few great] claims to hon\r 9 ! indu/ries & arts ?an ^? :i* h s univ]sally be5 giv5 to ! ,bask]ville ,press4 ,directories--,! lat] half ( ! c5tury 0 ev5 m di/+ui%$ 9 _m o!r ways4 ,! mod]n ,directories 7 n popul> or common till late 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,ev5 ! r>e ,london ,directory ( #afgg does n seem to h _h _m imitators1 b ab\t #agej ! increas+ numb] ( trades /imulat$ ! dem&4 ,9 ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 & 9 ,%effield & o!r t[ns1 ,directories appe>$1 & ,birm+ham 0 among ! fir/1 & "o ( great int]e/ & value appe>$ 9 #aggj1 & probably e>li]1 foll[$ by o!rs1 ev] increas+ z ! population increas$1 b v curi\sly contra/+ ) ! huge volumes ( lat] days4 ,cotton ,sp9n+--,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 p]haps1 ( ! indu/rial s*emes 9 ,birm+ham1 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a cotton mill1 :i* /ill rema9s z a build+ & %[s its orig91 al?\gh n[ a roll+ mill4 ,x 0 ! natural result ( ! g5ius ( ,john ,wyatt & ( ,lewis ,paul1 = 9 a room 9 ! ,upp] ,priory--n[ cov]$ by ! s*ools ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds--! fir/ cotton sp9n+ ma*9e 0 erect$ & work$1 & ! old di/aff & sp9dle1 & sp9n+ ma*9e doom$4 ,?omas ,w>r51 ,edw>d ,cave1 ,dr4 ,james1 & o!rs1 took up ! speculation ( ,lewis ,paul1 & mills 7 built at ,birm+ham & ,nor?ampton1 b be=e ! c5tury clos$ !y _h fail$ to pay4 ,! ,soho ,works--,! mo/ fam\s ( all ! classes ( indu/rial ent]prises 9 ,birm+ham 0 ! fam\s 8,soho40 ,f ! manufacture ( 8toys0--/eel toys1 buckles1 buttons1 sword-hilts1 c4--9 ,sn[ ,hill1 ,mat!w ,b\lton _h remov$ to ,soho 9 #agfc4 ,!re he erect$ ma*9]y = wat] p[]1 b by happy accid5t1 ,james ,watt visit$ ! place1 & ,b\lton 0 s /ruck ) 8 improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e1 :i* ,soho only seem$ able to produce1 t a connection began :i* has immortalis$ ! names ( ,b\lton & ,watt1 & %$ undy+ glory on ! indu/rial hi/ory ( ,birm+ham4 ,! /ory has be5 too (t5 told to require repetition1 b ev5 n[ x has sc>cely be5 fully told4 ,soho itself has p]i%$1 sc>cely a relic rema9s1 b ,james ,watt's h\se at ,hea?field /ill exi/s ) relics :i* w ev] be an hon\r to 8 g5ius1 & w keep 8 memory gre54 ,all admir]s ( ! g5ius ( ,watt w hope & desire t ^! rema9s ( an indu/rial h]o1 a g5ius ( ! useful arts1 may become a public tru/1 to %[ po/]ity h[ s illu/ri\s a man ( sci5ce 0 valu$ 9 8 life1 & is hon\r$ by ^? :o rejoice 9 ! fruits ( 8 g5ius & skill4 ,fam\s ,m53 ! ,soho ,circle--,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,birm+ham w\ld be a full record ( ! m5 ( ! latt] half1 or ev5 ! la/ qu>t]1 ( ! la/ c5tury :o gave lu/re to ! t[n1 & :o mat]ially help$ its con/ant progress4 8,soho0 _h n only suppli$ :at ! _w _h long want$1 8p[]10 b x _h set up a /&>d ( excell5ce1 & _h tra9$ a class ( workm5 :o 7 to g =? to conqu]1 at home & abroad1 9 all indu/rial "w4 ,! _s ( ,soho is /ill abroad 9 ! l&1 & ,birm+ham may claim to h be5 "o ( ! =emo/ 9 ! me*anical progress ( ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,! galaxy ( great m51 z x has be5 call$1 :o met 9 ,birm+ham a c5tury ago is c]ta9ly rem>kable4 ,b\lton 0 a native ( ! t[n1 b _m 8/rang]s came )9 ! gates40 ,james ,watt--almo/ all-accompli%$--0 soon foll[$ by ,joseph ,prie/ley1 :o liv$ "h = elev5 ye>s4 ,8 fame _h prec$$ him1 8 great discov]ies _h be5 made4 ,a /orm ( popul> & ignorant bigotry drove him f ! t[n1 wreck$ 8 home1 ru9$ 8 laboratory1 & burn$ 8 libr>y2 b ! sons h 8blu%$ to f9d _! fa!rs 7 8 foes20 & a /atue hon\r$ 8 memory & 8 great discov]y ( oxyg5 on ! c5t5>y ( t day4 ,dr4 ,d>w91 ( ,li*field & ,d]by1 ! fa!r ( a noble l9e1 & himself a man ( g5ius & p[]1 0 a con/ant visitor4 ,william ,murdock1 "o ( ! able/ ( ! ,soho gr\p1 ! fir/ mak] ( a locomotive1 & ! practical inv5tor ( gas-light+1 0 long a resid5t 9 ! t[n1 & is buri$ ne> ,b\lton & ,watt4 ,john ,bask]ville1 ! pr9t]2 ,josiah ,w$gwood1 ! fam\s art-pott]2 ,james ,keir1 ! great *emi/2 ,ri*>d ,edgewor? & ,?omas ,day1 au?ors2 ,joseph ,b]+ton1 ! le>n$ ,roman ,ca?olic2 ,dr4 ,)]+1 ! botani/2 ,dr4 ,p>r1 ! fam\s ,greek s*ol>2 ,samuel ,galton1 ! ,quak]2 ,john ,pr\d1 ! ,sw$5borgian2 ,john ,wyatt1 ! inv5tor2 ,edmund ,hector1 ,johnson's fri5d2 & _m o!rs1 =m$ su* a 8happy family0 ( g5ius & wor? z few t[ns ( ! p]iod c\ld surpass or equal2 & t 8gold5 age0 ( ,birm+ham1 ! m5 & names1 & works & progress ( ! la/ c5tury1 mu/ ev] be rememb]$ & hon\r$1 ev5 9 ^! days ( quick] progress & great] victories 9 sci5tific & indu/rial pursuits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m v int]e/+ details ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,birm+ham are necess>ily omitt$ 9 ?is brief summ>y & may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ works3-- ,a/on ,hall1 7,a4 ,e4 ,ev]itt7 #ahdf 0 0 & ! ,holte ,family 7,davidson7 #ahed 0 0 ,monograph ( 7,niv57 #ahhj ,birm+ham1 ,hi/ory ( 7,w4 ,hutton7 #agha c4 0 0 ,presbyt]ian ,noncon=mity 9 7,j4 ,r4 ,wre=d7 #ahcb 0 0 & its ,vic9ity 7,w4 ,hawkes ,smi?7 #ahch 0 0 ,g5]al ,hospital ,musical ,fe/ivals 7,j4 ,t4 ,bunce7 #aheh 0 0 ,free ,s*ools1 ,colleges1 c4 7,g4 ,griffi?7 #ahfa 0 0 ,memorials ( ,old1--8,old ,cr[n ,h\se10 & 8,m5 & ,names0 7,t\lm9 ,smi?7 #ahfd 0 0 & ,midl& ,h>dw>e ,di/rict 7,s4 ,timm9s7 #ahff 0 0 ,build+s (1 ,two ,s]ies 78,e/e07 #ahff 0 0 ,life1 ,a ,c5tury (1 #agda to #ahda 7,j4 ,a4 ,lang=d7 #ahfh 0 0 ,que5's ,college1 ,annals ( 7,w4 ,s4 ,cox7 #ahgc 0 0 ,mod]n1 #ahda to #ahga 7,j4 ,a4 ,lang=d7 #ahgc c4 0 0 ,old ,/4 ,m>t9's ,*ur* 7,j4 ,t4 ,bunce7 #ahge 0 0 ,m5 7,e4 ,edw>ds7 #ahgg 0 0 ,corporation1 ,hi/ory ( 7,j4 ,t4 ,bunce7 #b vols4 #ahgh c4 0 0 ,old & ,new 7,r4 ,k4 ,d5t7 #ahhj 0 0 ,inv5tors ,inv5tions 7,r4 ,b4 ,pross]7 #ahha 0 0 ,old ,meet+ ,h\se & ,burial ,gr\nd 7,c4 ,h4 ,beale7 #ahhb 0 0 ,diction>y ( 7,t4 ,t4 ,h>man7 #ahhd ,b\lton & ,watt 7,s4 ,smiles7 #ahfe ,keir1 ,jas41 ,life ( 7,j4 ,k4 ,moilliett7 #ahfh ,watt1 ,jas41 ,life ( 7,j4 ,p4 ,muirhead7 #aheh 0 ,me*anical ,inv5tions 7,j4 ,p4 ,muirhead7 #ahed 0 ,me*anical ,inv5tions 7,e4 ,a4 ,c[p]71 ,transactions ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,novemb] #ahhc ,! ,ref]5ce ,libr>y conta9s all ! works nam$1 & _m o!rs1--e kn[n book or pamphlet1 map or directory1 relat+ to ! ,hi/ory ( ,birm+ham2 & ! detail$ catalogue 7pp4 #ic7 classifies ! collection "u num]\s head+s1 includ+ all ! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t relat+ to ,birm+ham & its neighb\rhood4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,local ,,gov]n+ ,,bodies4 ,,by ,j4 ,,?ackray ,,bunce4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ( ,birm+ham is adm9i/]$ by five sets ( au?orities3-- #a4 ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace4 #b4 ,t[n ,c\ncil4 #c4 ,dra9age ,bo>d4 #d4 ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians4 #e4 ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace4--,! fir/ ( ^! bodies 0 con/itut$ by ,royal ,grant 9 #ahch1 :5 ! t[n 0 incorporat$ z a municipal bor\gh4 ,a ,c\rt ( ,qu>t] ,sessions 0 !n next e/abli%$1 = ! trial ( prison]s1 & a ,record] 0 appo9t$4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,petty ,sessions = ! bor\gh 0 in/itut$ at ! same "t1 "u special commission ( ! peace4 ,! duties ( ! ju/ices are to ma9ta9 peace & ord] 9 ! bor\gh1 to adm9i/] ju/ice at petty sessions1 to appo9t visitors to ! prison1 & to grant lic5ces = public h\ses1 !atres1 & conc]t halls1 & lic5ces = music & danc+ 9 h\ses kept = ! sale ( liquor4 ,!y are inve/$ ) p[]s ( control ov] ! police on occasions ( actual or ?reat5$ di/urbance ( public ord]2 & any two ( !m1 sitt+ 9 petty sessions1 are emp[]$ to susp5d or dismiss any police con/able = suffici5t cause4 ,! ,t[n ,c\ncil has *>ge ( ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! bor\gh2 wat*+2 light+2 mak+1 dra9+1 & repair+ /reets & roads2 ! c>e ( ! public heal?1 by ! prev5tion & removal ( nuisances1 ! en=cem5t ( a sy/em ( h\se inspection1 ! collection & disposal ( night soil & h\se refuse1 & ! ma9t5ance ( a ,bor\gh ,hospital2 ! control ( ! ,bor\gh ,cemet]y1 7= :i* x acts z a ,burial ,bo>d27 ! provision & managem5t ( ,ba?s & ,p>ks2 ( ,free ,libr>ies1 ,museums1 & ,s*ools ( ,art2 & x also has control ( ! manufacture & sale ( ,gas1 & ! provision ( ,wat]4 ,! p[]s ( ! ,corporation1 orig9ally & to a limit$ ext5t conf]r$ by ,royal ,*>t] 9 #ahch1 7 by degrees enl>g$ by tw5ty special local ,acts or ,ord]s sanction$ by ,p>liam5t1 = v>i\s purposes4 ,! :ole ( ^! 71 9 #ahhc1 consolidat$ 9 ! ,birm+ham ,corporation ,consolidation ,act1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! ,municipal ,corporations ,am5dm5t ,act ( #ahhb1 & ! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge1 con/itute ! ,municipal ,law "u :i* ! affairs ( ! ,bor\gh are adm9i/]$4 ,! ,dra9age ,bo>d is a body compos$ 9 "p ( repres5tatives elect$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 & 9 "p ( repres5tatives elect$ by ! ,local ,bo>ds ( di/ricts adjo9+ ! ,bor\gh4 ,!re are tw5ty-two memb]s ( ?is ,bo>d1 two ( !m1 ! ,mayor ( ,birm+ham1 & ! ,*airman ( ! ,a/on ,manor ,local ,bo>d be+ ex-(ficio1 & ! o!rs be+ elect$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ,birm+ham ,t[n ,c\ncil elev52 "o ea* f ! ,local ,bo>ds ( ,a/on ,manor1 ,balsall ,hea?1 ,h&swor?1 ,h>borne1 ,saltley1 & ,sme?wick2 & "o ea* 7elect$ by ! respective ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians7 = ,a/on ,rural ,di/rict & ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,k+'s ,norton & ,nor?field1 & ,p]ry ,b>r4 ,! ,bo>d has *>ge ( ! sewage f ! di/ricts above nam$1 ext5d+ ov] an area ( #de1jjj acres4 ,! :ole ( ! sew]s are made to conv]ge to a common outlet at ,saltley1 :]e ! sewage is receiv$ into tanks1 & is !n purifi$1 fir/ by precipitation1 & next by pass+ x ?r\gh ! l& ( ! sewage f>m1 ! efflu5t wat]1 ?us r5d]$ cle> & h>mless1 be+ p\r$ into ! riv]s ,cole & ,tame4 ,! sludge rema9+ 9 ! sewage tanks is dug into ! l&4 ,= ! purposes ( sewage treatm5t ! ,dra9age ,bo>d has acquir$ ab\t #a1bjj acres ( l& 9 ! ,tame ,valley4 ,! ,bo>d has borr[+ p[]s1 ex]cis$ to ! ext5t ( #djj1jjj = ! acquisition ( l& & ! execution ( works2 & x has also rat+ p[]s = ! paym5t ( int]e/ & repaym5t ( capital1 & = curr5t exp5diture4 ,^! p[]s are ex]cis$ by s]v+ precepts ^u ! sev]al local au?orities includ$ 9 ! ,dra9age area1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( _! rat$ t5em5ts4 ,! ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians h *>ge ( ! poor law adm9i/ration ( ! ,bor\gh4 ,!re are ?ree p>i%es 9 ! ,bor\gh1 namely1 ,birm+ham1 ,edgba/on1 & "p ( ,a/on4 ,! p>i% ( ,birm+ham is sep>ately adm9i/]$ by a ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians1 orig9ally con/itut$ "u a ,local ,act ( #bc ,geo4 ,,iii4 7#aghb7 modifi$ by a local ,act ( #a & #b ,wm4 ,,iv4 7#ahca7 & fur!r modifi$ by 8ord]s0 ( ! ,poor ,law ,bo>d1 & ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d2 ! la/ ( ^! 0 issu$ 9 #ahhb4 ,! numb] ( ,gu>dians = ! p>i% is #fj1 & ! twelve ov]se]s 7! rat+ au?ority = poor law purposes7 also h seats on ! ,bo>d4 ,! p>i% ( ,edgba/on is :olly 9 ! ,bor\gh1 b x =ms "p ( ! ,k+'s ,norton ,union1 & z to ! poor law is gov]n$ by ! ,gu>dians ( t ,union4 ,! p>i% ( ,a/on is only p>tially )9 ! ,bor\gh2 x is adm9i/]$ by ! ,gu>dians ( ,a/on ,union4 ,edgba/on & ,a/on p>o*ial affairs are gov]n$ "u ! g5]al poor law ,acts1 !re be+ no local ,act = ei!r p>i%4 ,! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 :i* consi/s ( fifte5 memb]s1 0 fir/ elect$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgj1 "u ! ,elem5t>y ,education ,act pass$ 9 t ye>4 ,x has *>ge ( ! ,bo>d ,s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,bor\gh4 ,! above describ$ bodies are all ( !m repres5tative1 b are elect$ on diff]5t fran*ises1 & by diff]5t me?ods4 ,! ,t[n ,c\ncil is elect$ by ! votes ( all occupi]s 9 ! sixte5 w>ds 9 :i* ! ,bor\gh is divid$1 wom5 h\sehold]s be+ entitl$ to vote2 ?ree ,c\ncillors be+ *os5 = ea* w>d1 & "o ( ! ?ree retir+ ea* ye>2 & ! votes be+ giv5 by ballot4 ,! ,dra9age ,bo>d is elect$ by ! gov]n+ au?orities4 ,! ,gu>dians ( ! ,poor are *os51 9 ,birm+ham2 by ratepay]s ( #ab annual value1 ! :ole ,bo>d be+ elect$ at "o "t1 by vot+ pap]s deliv]$ at ! place ( election2 & 9 ! o!r p>i%es by all occupy+ h\sehold]s1 by vot+ pap]s collect$ f ! electors4 ,! ,s*ool ,bo>d is elect$ by ! votes ( all h\sehold]s1 ! :ole ,bo>d retir+ at ! end ( ?ree ye>s1 & ! votes be+ tak5 on ! cumulative plan1 ea* elector giv+ ! :ole ( 8 votes to "o c&idate1 or divid+ !m 9 any o!r proportion1 at pleasure4 ,ea* ( ! bodies is inve/$ ) borr[+ & rat+ p[]s1 limit$ by local or g5]al acts4 ,! ,t[n ,c\ncil levies rates on ! :ole ,bor\gh--a ,municipal or ,bor\gh ,rate = g5]al municipal purposes1 "u ! ,municipal ,corporations ,acts1 & an ,improvem5t ,rate1 = purposes specifi$ 9 ! ,local ,improvem5t ,act4 ,! ,dra9age ,bo>d & ! ,s*ool ,bo>d s]ve precepts ^u ! ,t[n ,c\ncil = ! am\nts !y respectively require1 & ^! am\nts are includ$ 9 ! ,bor\gh ,rate4 ,! ,gu>dians ( ! ,poor make rates = _! respective p>i%es = poor law purposes2 & !y collect1 on behalf ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 ! rates levi$ = municipal exp5diture1 includ+ ! money requir$ by ! ,dra9age ,bo>d & ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,!re is "o assessm5t = local rates1 made 7"u a rec5t agreem5t ) ! ,t[n ,c\ncil7 by ! p>i% ov]se]s4 ,! prec$+ /atem5t %ortly describes ! exi/+ arrangem5t ( local gov]nm5t 9 ,birm+ham2 b1 9 ord] to expla9 ! gr[? ( ! sy/em n[ 9 op]ation1 x is necess>y briefly to sket* ! hi/ory ( local adm9i/ration4 ,birm+ham has always be5 :at is call$ a free t[n1 t is1 until aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act 9 #ahce1 x _h no ,corporation1 ) a re/rict$ burgess roll1 & consequ5tly ! community 0 op5 to all :o c>$ to settle 9 ! t[n = ! purposes ( resid5ce or trade1 a circum/ance :i* l>gely contribut$ to ! rapid gr[? ( ,birm+ham 9 population1 indu/ry1 & weal?4 ,d[n to ! ye> #agfi1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! place 0 controll$ by ! ?ree sets ( au?orities exi/+ 9 all non-*>t]$ communities4--#a1 ! ju/ices1 to keep ! peace1 & to puni% crime4 #b1 ! c\rt leet 7) its elect$ jury1 its high & l[ bailiffs1 its ale ta/]s1 fle% connors1 & lea!r seal]s7 meet+ at irregul> int]vals1 "u ! direction ( ! ,"l ( ! ,manor1 & inve/$ ) ! c>e ( m>kets1 nuisances1 & o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to1 or int]f]+ )1 ! rights ( ! "l4 #c1 ! ,*ur*w>d5s1 :o transact$ ! *ur* & p>i% bus9ess1 & held ve/ry meet+s = g5]al t[n purposes1 & = ! *oice ( surveyors ( ! highways4 ,9 #agfi1 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 obta9$1 con/itut+ a body ( ,commission]s = ! purposes ( ma9ta9+1 improv+1 & light+ ! t[n1 & inve/$ ) g5]al p[]s affect+ ! heal? & safety ( ! inhabitants1 & ! common welf>e4 ,by subsequ5t ,acts--five 9 numb]1 ! la/ ( ^! be+ pass$ 9 #ahbh--! p[]s ( ! ,/reet ,commission]s 7 ext5d$1 & !y 7 au?oris$ by ! la/ nam$ ,act to build a ,t[n ,hall4 ,_! au?ority 0 conf9$ to :at 0 !n kn[n z 8! t[n ( ,birm+ham10 ! b\nd>ies ( :i* 7 co-ext5sive ) ! p>i% ( ,birm+ham4 ,! fir/ ,commission]s 7 nam$ 9 ! ,act con/itut+ !m1 & vacancies 7 !reaft] fill$ up by ! ,commission]s !mselves1 )\t ref]5ce to ! inhabitants4 ,! sy/em ( local gov]nm5t ?us in/itut$ cont9u$ un*ang$ until ! ye> #ahch4 ,9 #ahcb1 ,birm+ham 01 = ! fir/ "t1 "u ! provisions ( ! ,re=m ,act1 con/itut$ a ,p>liam5t>y bor\gh1 ) ! "r ( return+ two memb]s to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! ,bor\gh 7 s arrang$ z to include ! p>i% ( ,birm+ham1 ! p>i% ( ,edgba/on1 & ! hamlets ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley1 & ,dudde/on & ,ne*ells1 9 ! p>i% ( ,a/on1 ! area ?us =m$ be+ #h1bdj acres4 ,! ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m ,act 0 foll[$ by ! pass+ ( ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act1 9 #ahce4 ,= a consid]able "t !re _h be5 a /rong feel+ 9 fav\r ( "s complet] =m ( local gov]nm5t ?an t af=d$ by ! ,commission]s ,acts1 & especially = gov]nm5t f\nd$ ^u ! repres5tative pr9ciple4 ,9 #ahcg1 /eps 7 tak5 to obta9 a *>t] ( incorporation = ! t[n1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act2 & 9 ,octob]1 #ahch1 aft] mu* opposition1 bo? locally & 9 ,p>liam5t1 a *>t] 0 grant$1 & ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham came into exi/5ce4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! new ,municipal ,bor\gh 7 fix$ s z to correspond ) ^? ( ! ,p>liam5t>y ,bor\gh1 above describ$4 ,! area 0 divid$ into ?irte5 w>ds 7ext5d$ 9 #ahgc to sixte5 w>ds71 & ! ,c\ncil 0 con/itut$ ( #af ald]m5 & #dh c\ncillors4 ,! fir/ elections ( c\ncillors took place on ! #bf? ( ,decemb]1 #ahch1 & on ! day foll[+ ! ,c\ncil met1 & elect$ ! ald]m51 ! gov]n+ body be+ !n fully con/itut$4 ,mr4 ,william ,s*olefield 0 elect$ ! fir/ ,mayor4 ,al?\gh ,birm+ham _h n[ obta9$ a sy/em ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ! /ate ( affairs 0 by no means satisfactory4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,birm+ham ! self-elect$ ,commission]s ( ! ,/reet ,act reta9$ _! full au?ority1 & 9 ! di/rict ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley local gov]nm5t 0 = c]ta9 purposes /ill ex]cis$ by a body ( ,commission]s con/itut$ by an ,act pass$ 9 #agia1 :ile ,dudde/on & ,ne*ells 7 gov]n$ by ,commission]s appo9t$ "u an ,act ( #ahbi4 ,!re 7 consequ5tly f\r gov]n+ bodies )9 ! bor\gh1 & ! p[]s ( ! new ,corporation 7 consequ5tly s]i\sly limit$ & its action imp$$4 ,o!r difficulties ( a peculi>ly emb>rass+ "* spe$ily develop$ !mselves4 ,! validity ( ! ,*>t] 0 conte/$ bo? 9 ! ,law ,c\rts & 9 ,p>liam5t2 disputes arose betwe5 ! ,bor\gh ,magi/racy & ! ,c\nty ,b5*2 h9drances 7 put 9 ! way ( ! ,c\rt ( ,qu>t] ,sessions grant$ = ! ,bor\gh4 ,9 addition to ^! causes ( disquiet ! occurr5ce ( ! ,*>ti/ riots ( #ahci furni%$ a pretext = )draw+ f ! ,corporation ! "r ( e/abli%+ a con/abul>y or police =ce = ! t[n1 & a special ,police ,act 0 pass$ by :i*1 :ile paid = by ! ratepay]s1 ! police =ce 0 plac$ "u ! absolute control ( a ,gov]nm5t ,commission]4 ,9 #ahdb ?is p]plex+ condition ( affairs 01 h[ev]1 br\ght to an end1 by ! pass+ ( an ,act ( ,p>liam5t confirm+ ! ,*>t]s ( ,birm+ham & ,man*e/]1 & an ,act 0 also pass$ transf]r+ to ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham ! control ( ! local police =ce4 ,! p[]s ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 h[ev]1 7 /ill v limit$1 ow+ to ! conflict+ local au?orities exi/+ 9 ! ,bor\gh1 & x became evid5t 9 ! c\rse ( "t t1 9 ! public int]e/s1 ! repres5tative body mu/ f9ally be made supreme4 ,! m9or bodies did n yield )\t a conte/1 b 9 ! end ! pressure ( op9ion ov]came _! resi/ance1 & 9 #ahea ! pass+ ( ! ,birm+ham ,improvem5t ,act put an end to all ! bodies ( ,commission]s1 & transf]r$ _! p[]s1 ) o!rs provid$ by ! ,act1 to ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 z ! repres5tative ( ! ratepay]s ( ! bor\gh1 & ! ,t[n ,c\ncil became !nce=w>d ! sole gov]n+ au?ority = all municipal purposes4 ,! ,act m5tion$ fur!r au?oris$ ! borr[+ ( loans = purposes ( t[n improvem5ts & = a sy/em ( sew]age1 & emp[]$ ! ,c\ncil to levy a special rate = su* purposes1 9 addition to ! ord9>y municipal rate levi$ "u ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 9 #ahfa1 a second ,improvem5t ,act inve/$ ! ,corporation ) fur!r p[]s ( adm9i/ration & ( borr[+2 & num]\s o!r ,acts 7 subsequ5tly obta9$ = specific purposes4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,p>ks ,act1 #ahed2 an ord] 7#ahgc7 ext5d+ to sixte5 ! numb] ( ,w>ds 9 ! ,bor\gh2--an ,act giv+ ! ,c\ncil p[] to acquire clos$ burial gr\nds & to lay !m out z places ( public recreation1 pass$ 9 #ahgh2 ,acts = ! pur*ase ( ! ,gas & ,wat] und]tak+s 9 #ahge2 an ,act = a ,sanit>y ,improvem5t ,s*eme "u ! provisions ( ! ,artisans' ,dwell+s ,act1 #ahgf2 = ! con/itution ( a ,dra9age ,bo>d1 9 #ahgh2 & = ! issue ( ,corporation ,/ock 9 #ahhj4 ,! p[]s ( mo/ ( ^! enactm5ts1 ) additional p[]s1 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,birm+ham ,corporation ,consolidation ,act ( #ahhc1 :i*1 among/ o!r provisions1 aboli%$ ! re/riction to "o p5ny 9 ! p\nd previ\sly impos$ ^u ! ,free ,libr>ies ,rate 7"u ! ,g5]al ,libr>ies ,act7 & au?oris$ ! ,c\ncil to conduct a ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,! ,consolidation ,act1 !re=e1 n[ con/itutes ! au?ority "u :i* 79 addition to ! p[]s conf]r$ by g5]al municipal law7 ! gov]nm5t ( ! bor\gh is n[ adm9i/]$4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t1 extract$ f ! 8,hi/ory ( ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham10 expla9s ! scope & work+ ( ! sy/em3-- 8,! municipal gov]nm5t1 "u ! ,*>t] ( ,incorporation & ! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t relat+ to municipal corporations1 is conduct$ by a c\ncil1 consi/+ ( =ty-eight c\ncillors & sixte5 ald]m54 8,?ree c\ncillors are allott$ to & elect$ by ea* ( ! sixte5 w>ds into :i* ! bor\gh is divid$1 & ea* c\ncillor is elect$ = ?ree ye>s1 ! elections be+ s arrang$ t "o-?ird ( ! c\ncillors 7"o 9 ea* w>d7 retire e ye>1 & elections = ! *oice ( _! successors are held on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]4 ,! ald]m5 are *os5 by ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil1 & are elect$ = six ye>s2 !y may be *os5 f among/ ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil1 or f fit p]sons n memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil1 b :o are qualifi$ = election to x4 ,! ,mayor is *os5 by ! ,c\ncil1 on ! n9? ( ,novemb]1 = a t]m ( "o ye>4 ,"u ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act ( #ahce1 x 0 obligatory t1 at ! "t ( be+ elect$1 he %\ld be a memb] ( ! ,c\ncil2 b by ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act ( #ahhb x is provid$ 7sec4 #ae7 t #8! ,mayor %all be a fit p]son elect$ by ! ,c\ncil f among ! ald]m5 or c\ncillors1 or p]sons qualifi$ to be su*4' ,!re is n[ no prop]ty qualification requir$ = any memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil4 8,! ,c\ncil1 z a :ole1 is ! rat+ & controll+ au?ority = ! ,bor\gh4 ,9 all matt]s subject$ to its au?ority x acts ^u communications f ! ,mayor1 ^u motions made ^u its own initiative 7regulat$ by its /&+ ord]s = ! conduct ( bus9ess7 & ^u reports & proposals f ! ,committees x appo9ts1 & to :i* x delegates specifi$ bran*es ( municipal "w1 "u su* regulations & ) su* limitations z x may direct4 8,^! ,committees h v>i$ f "t to "t2 at pres5t !y are sixte5 9 numb]1 & are nam$1 con/itut$1 & emp[]$ z foll[s1 tak+ !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are /at$ 9 ! #8,bor\gh ( ,birm+ham ,municipal ,di>y1' issu$ by ! ,t[n ,cl]k1 "u ! direction ( ! ,c\ncil3-- #a4--;,ba?s & ,p>ks ,committee4--8,to h *>ge ( ! public ba?s1 p>ks1 g>d5s1 & recreation gr\nds1 & ! build+s !reon 7except+ ! recreation gr\nd 9 ,/4 ,clem5t's ,road1 9 *>ge ( ! ,gas ,committee1 & ! build+s 9 ,add]ley ,p>k1 9 *>ge ( ! ,free ,libr>ies ,committee72 to h *>ge ( ! trees plant$ 9 ! /reets2 to lay out disus$ burial gr\nds acquir$ by ! ,c\ncil2 & to arrange = supplies ( coal & coke to ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! ,corporation1 except+ ! ,lunatic ,asylum1 ,public ,works1 ,gas & ,wat] ,committees4 #b4--;,e/ates ,committee4--8,to take *>ge ( all e/ates & build+s belong+ to ! ,corporation1 n 9 *>ge ( o!r ,committees 7includ+ ! ,c\ncil ,h\se72 to make rules = grant+ ! use ( ! ,t[n ,hall2 to sell1 let or ex*ange l&s or build+s n requir$ = public purposes1 z ! ,c\ncil may resolve2 to sup]9t5d ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,bor\gh ,cemet]y1 & p]=m ! functions ( ! ,burial ,bo>d2 & to arrange = ! acquisition ( clos$ burial gr\nds4 #c4--;,f9ance ,committee4--8,g5]ally to h *>ge ( ! acc\nts & f9ancial dep>tm5ts ( ! ,bor\gh1 report+ !reon to ! ,c\ncil--& ?us to pres5t e/imates ( income & exp5diture = ! ye>2 to recomm5d rates1 & to see to ! collection ( rates2 to cause ! valuations ( rateable prop]ty to be ma9ta9$1 & to he> & decide appeals aga9/ assessm5ts2 to negotiate loans1 & to conduct & manage ! ,birm+ham ,corporation ,/ock1 #8) all ! p[]s conf]r$ ^u ! ,c\ncil by ! ,birm+ham ,corporation ,/ock ,ord]s2' to effect fire insurances1 insurances on prop]ty belong+ to ! ,corporation 7except+ t 9 *>ge ( ! ,wat] & ,improvem5t ,committees72 to pr9t & issue ! ,c\ncil ,m9utes2 & to make ord]s ^u ! ,bor\gh ,treasur] = paym5ts ( int]e/ on loans & annuities1 & = acc\nts = moneys :i* ! sev]al ,committees ( ! ,c\ncil are au?oris$ to exp5d4 #d4--;,g5]al ,purposes ,committee4--8,to att5d to all bus9ess & matt]s ref]r$ to x by ! ,c\ncil1 ( a g5]al "*1 n entru/$ to ! v>i\s o!r ,committees1 & to sugge/ to ! ,c\ncil1 f "t to "t1 any new bus9ess1 :i*1 9 its op9ion1 is important to ! public int]e/4 #e4--,m>kets & ,fairs ,committee4--8,to transact all matt]s relat+ to ! regulation1 control1 & managem5t ( ! ,m>kets & ,fairs hold5 9 ! ,bor\gh2 to adm9i/] ! ,weights & ,measures ,act1 ! ,dairies ,act 7s f> z x relates to c[-%$s71 & ! ,contagi\s ,diseases 7,animals7 ,act2 to regulate slaught]h\ses2 to inspect meat1 game1 fi%1 p\ltry1 & o!r simil> articles ( food (f]$ = sale4 #f4--;,heal? ,committee4--8,to ex]cise ! p[]s conf]r$ by legislation = ! regulation ( lodg+-h\ses1 smoke nuisances1 nuisances g5]ally1 (f5sive trades1 & infecti\s diseases2 to en=ce ! p[]s ( ! ,c\ncil ) ref]5ce to dra9s1 closets1 a%pits1 c41 to c>ry out ! ,acts = prev5t+ adult]ation ( food & drugs2 to h *>ge ( ! ,small-pox & o!r ,bor\gh ,hospitals2 to h *>ge ( ! collection1 removal1 & disposal ( ! night soil ( ! ,bor\gh2 to #8proce$ ) ! "w ( ! int]ception ( ! cont5ts ( privies & a%pits1 s f> z ! p[]s ( ! ,c\ncil w enable !m2' to en=ce ! ,canal ,boats ,act1 ! ,factories ,act 7#ahhc71 & ! ,dairies & ,milk%ops ,ord]s1 s f> z relates to dairies & milk%ops4 #g4--,public ,works ,committee4--8,to h *>ge ( all works connect$ ) dra9+1 pav+1 ma9ta9+1 cleans+1 & light+ ! /reets & roads )9 ! ,bor\gh2 to submit to ! ,c\ncil 7& "u its au?ority to execute7 all necess>y /reet alt]ations & improvem5ts1 & to act 9 all o!r matt]s aris+ out ( ! ,acts & ,bye-laws relat+ to /reets & build+s1 to fix cab-/&s2 to take *>ge ( public monum5ts & /atues 7except+ ! ,*amb]la9 ,memorial ,f\nta9 9 *>ge ( ! ,wat] ,committee72 & to con/ruct & ma9ta9 ! l9es ( tramways au?oris$ to be laid )9 ! ,bor\gh4 #h4--,wat* ,committee4--8,to execute ! p[]s relat+ to ! police =ce giv5 by law2 to take *>ge ( ! fire brigade2 to execute bye-laws regulat+ cabs & omnibuses1 & to lic5se driv]s ( su* vehicles & ( tramway c>s2 to adm9i/] ! ,/eam ,:i/les ,act1 ! ,explosives ,act1 ! ,petroleum ,acts2 to control ! public mortu>ies2 to lic5se m>9e /ore deal]s2 to en=ce ! provisions ( ! ,consolidation ,act 7#ahhc7 relat+ to ! employm5t ( *ildr51 & ! means ( +ress & egress to & f public build+s2 & to en=ce ! bye-laws = ! suppression ( %\t+ 9 ! public /reets4 ,by g5]al ,acts ( ,p>liam5t ! ,wat* ,committee is au?oris$ to appo9t1 dismiss1 control1 & fix ! rate ( paym5t ( ! police con/ables4 #i4--,lunatic ,asylums ,committee4--8,to h ! managem5t & control ( ! ,lunatic ,asylums at ,w9son ,gre5 & ,rub]y ,hill1 #8) all ! p[]s1 & subject to all ! provisions ( ! sev]al ,acts ( ,p>liam5t n[ 9 =ce ) reg>d to su* lunatic asylums4' #aj4--;,free ,libr>ies ,committee4--8,to c>ry into effect ! provisions ( ! ,free ,libr>ies & ,museums ,act1 z am5d$ by ! ,corporation ,consolidation ,act 7#ahhc72 report+ to ! ,c\ncil f "t to "t = approval4 #aa4--;,indu/rial ,s*ool ,committee4--8,to c>ry into effect ! ,indu/rial ,s*ools ,act1 & to h *>ge ( ! ,bor\gh ,indu/rial ,s*ool 7at ,%u/oke71 & ! l& & build+s connect$ !re)4 #ab4--;,gas ,committee4--8,to conduct & manage ! ,corporation ,gas ,dep>tm5t1 ) all ! p[]s conf]r$ ^u ! ,c\ncil2 report+ f "t to "t !reon4 #ac4--,wat] ,committee4--8,to conduct & manage ! ,corporation ,wat] ,dep>tm5t1 ) all ! p[]s conf]r$ ^u ! ,c\ncil1 report+ f "t to "t2 to h *>ge ( all public f\nta9s2 to in/itute & prosecute proce$+s = #8re/ra9+ & prev5t+ ! pollution ( ! riv] ,tame1 & ( any ( ! tribut>ies !re(1 ( ! /reams at ,witton1 ,plant's ,brook1 & ,:itacre1 & ( all o!r riv]s & /reams f :i* ! wat] supply ( ! bor\gh is obta9$4' #ad4--;,improvem5t ,committee4--8,to receive repres5tations f ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? ) reg>d to unheal?y areas )9 ! bor\gh1 & to submit s*emes !reon4 ,to conduct ! bus9ess aris+ out ( ! ord]s grant$ "u ! ,artisans' ,dwell+s ,act1 ) all ! p[]s !reby ve/$ 9 ! ,c\ncil1 except+ t agreem5ts = sales ( l&1 & = ! grant ( leases = t]ms long] ?an f\rte5 ye>s1 %all be provisional only1 until confirm$ by ! ,c\ncil1 & t no new /reet %all be laid out1 or any exi/+ /reet wid5$1 until approv$ by ! ,c\ncil4 #ae4--;,art ,gall]y ,pur*ase ,committee4--8,to h ! exp5diture ( #aj1jjj1 giv5 by ,messrs4 ,tangye1 & ( ! am\nts subscrib$ 9 addition !reto1 9 ! pur*ase ( objects ( art = ! ,art ,gall]y ( ! ,bor\gh4 #af4--,museum & ,s*ool ( ,art ,committee4--8,to c>ry out ! p[]s ( ! ,consolidation ,act ) ref]5ce to ! erection ( a ,s*ool ( ,art1 & to sup]9t5d ! arrangem5ts & completion ( ! ,art ,gall]y40 ,?is ,committee has ! *>ge ( ! ,s*ool ( ,art1 & is also emp[]$ to manage ! ,corporation ,art ,gall]y & ,museums4 ,) ! exceptions und]m5tion$1 ^! committees consi/ ( eight memb]s ea*4 ,! exceptions are--! ,lunatic ,asylums ,committee 7elev5 memb]s71 ! ,free ,libr>ies ,committee 7t5 memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil & six memb]s elect$ by ! ,c\ncil outside its own body71 ! ,art ,gall]y ,pur*ase ,committee 7consi/+ ( ! ,free ,libr>ies ,committee & n9e o!r memb]s72 ! ,museum & ,s*ool ( ,art ,committee1 :i* consi/s ( eight memb]s appo9t$ = life by ! ,society ( ,arts & ,s*ool ( ,art2 & ! ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee1 :i* consi/s ( "o memb] 7usually ! *airman7 elect$ by ea* ( ! committees ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,! mayor1 by virtue ( 8 (fice1 is a memb] ( all committees4 ,! ,t[n ,c\ncil is also inve/$ ) a %>e ( ! managem5t ( ! *ief educational in/itutions ( ! t[n1 ) ! exception ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,x appo9ts eight ,gov]nors 7hold+ (fice = six ye>s7 on ! ,bo>d ( ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,six?'s ,gramm> ,s*ool2 five memb]s 7hold+ (fice = life7 on ! ,tru/ ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,college2 & f\r ,gov]nors 7appo9t$ annually7 on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,midl& ,in/itute1 ! ,mayor = ! "t be+ be+ also a ,gov]nor ( ! ,in/itute1 by virtue ( 8 (fice4 ,x also appo9ts repres5tative ,gov]nors on ! gov]n+ bodies ( ,l5*'s ,tru/1 & sev]al o!r *>ities1 & fur!r appo9ts repres5tative ,gu>dians ( ! ,birm+ham ,pro( ,h\se1 = ! prov+ ( fire-arms4 ,! progress ( ,birm+ham s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( local repres5tative gov]nm5t is exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- #ahch4 #ahhd4 ,population #agj1jjj #dba1jjj ,p>liam5t>y ,elections #g1cjj #fc1gah ,burgesses #e1jbc #gd1afg ,rateable ,value #djg1jjj #a1efc1jjj ,rat$ ,t5em5ts #ci1jjj #ih1ghg ,dea? ,rate1 #ahdb to #ahea ye>ly av]age1 #bd4if 0 #ahgb 0 #ahha 0 #bc4be 0 #ahhb 0 #ahhd 0 #ba4f ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,education4 ,,by ,,osmund ,,airy1 ,m4,a41 ,h4,m4 ,,inspector ,,( ,,s*ools ,,= ,,birm+ham4 ,x c fairly be said t !re is probably no t[n 9 ,engl& :i* possesses a m complete educational sy/em ?an ,birm+ham4 ,?is sy/em has be5 no effect ( a pre-conceiv$ design1 b has gr[n up1 piece by piece1 9 ! /ress ( ! life ( a great manufactur+ c5tre1 :]e p ( leisure may be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&4 ,all ! m1 probably1 x has be5 con/antly & def9itely adapt+ itself to ! ne$s ( ! locality4 ,! boa/ is at any rate a j "o1 t 9 ?is busy population ! road is cle>1 cle> t is ( all artificial ob/ructions1 cle>] f> ?an 9 _m a m poli%$ & cultivat$ society1 = a boy to rise f ! gutt] to ! ,univ]sity1 or to em95ce 9 any sci5ce or art4 ,f\ndation ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool4--,k+ ,edw>d's ,s*ool owes its orig9 to an in/itution m ?an a c5tury & a half old] ?an itself4 ,! ,gild ( ! ,holy ,cross1 ! e>lie/ record ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 a writ ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 ,july #aj1 #acib1 0 a body :i* conc]n$ itself1 n ( c\rse ) education1 b ) functions p>tly religi\s & p>tly quasi-municipal4 ,x possess$ a ,gild ,hall1 a build+ ( wood & pla/]1 /&+ at a di/ance f ! t[n on ! s\? side ( ! highway to ,hales ,ow51 n[ ,new ,/reet4 ,9 #aedg its possessions 7 seiz$ by ! ,k+1 & !y cont9u$ 9 ! ,cr[n until #aeeb1 :5 ,edw>d ,,vi41 ^u ! petition ( ! inhabitants1 gave !m back to ! t[n = ! ma9t5ance ( a ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool1 = ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 9 gramm>4 ,! cle> ye>ly value ( ^! l&s 0 !n #ba1b & !y 7 assign$ to ,william ,symmons1 g5t41 ,ri*>d ,smallbrook1 ,bailiff1 & #ah o!r inhabitants1 8to hold by fealty only1 9 free soccage0 on condition ( an annual paym5t at ,mi*aelmas ( #a 7app>5tly commut$ 9 #ahaj = #be4 #aes4 #f;d474 ,^! tw5ty assignees 7 to hold _! position = life1 & all vacancies by dea? or removal 7 to be fill$ up by co-optation4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance !y 7 to be inhabitants ( ! manor ( ,birm+ham1 b ! re/riction 0 modifi$ 9 #ahcj4 ,!y 7 to nom9ate a ,p$agogue & a ,sub-p$agogue1 to ^: support ! rev5ues 7 to be exclusively employ$2 & !y 7 p]mitt$ to acquire fur!r rev5ues to an am\nt n exce$+ #bj p] annum4 ,,fir/ ,,/atutes4--,m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,oct4 #bj1 #afgf1 ! ,gov]nors issu$ _! fir/ /atutes4 ,no t5ant ( s*ool prop]ty might be a ,gov]nor4 ,! h\se1 !n occupi$ by ! *ief s*oolma/]1 ) a b>n & cr(t 9 ,new ,/reet1#c a close call$ ! ,l[] ,leas[e or ,broom close1 9 ! 8=eign0 ( ,birm+ham1 & ! pit on ! l[] side ( ! ,leas[e1 7 appropriat$ to ! use ( himself & 8 successors = ev]2 :ile ! u%]'s h\se1 ) ! g>d51 use ( ! pump1 & o!r appurt5ances1 a b>n & cr(t 9 ,new ,/reet1 & ,kimb]ley's cr(t 9 ,moor ,/reet1 7 simil>ly appropriat$ to ! u%]4 ,! sal>ies ( ! *ief ma/] & u%] 7 to be #fh4 #aes4 #j;d4 & #cd4 #fs4 #h;d4 respectively4 ,!re 7 appo9t$ also a *ief ma/]'s assi/ant2 an ,engli% ma/]1 to tea* 9 a di/9ct s*ool fifty boys#d to read ,engli%2 & a scriv5]1 to tea* tw5ty boys to write & ca/ acc\nts4 ,! fir/ two 7 to be unm>ri$1 b ! ,gov]nor res]v$ ! p[] ( all[+ ! scriv5] to m>ry4 #cj p] annum 0 all[$ = repairs to ! s*ool & ma/]s' h\ses1 paym5t ( dues1 etc4 ,ano!r /atute p]mitt$ ! ,gov]nors1 :5 _! funds all[$1 8to set out to ,poore ,tradesm51 :5 !y come out ( _! appr5tice%ip1 or o!rs :o want /ock to manage _! trade1 #aj a piece1 gratis1 = #f mon?s1 on good security20 b no record exi/s ( ?is hav+ be5 act$ ^u4 ,,s*ol>%ips4--#gj a ye> 0 devot$ to =m+ sev5 s*ol>%ips ( #aj a ye> ea*1 t5able at any college 9 ei!r ,univ]sity4#e ,*ildr5 f ! manor _h ! pref]5ce2 !n ^? f adjac5t places1 :o _h sp5t ! la/ ?ree ye>s 9 ! s*ool2 fail+ su*1 ! poore/ & mo/ capable1 to be select$ f ! upp] =m by an indep5d5t body4#f ,at ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ! *>t] 0 surr5d]$ to ! ,cr[n1 probably "u a writ ( 8,quo w>ranto20 a new "o dat$ ,febru>y #bj1 #afhe1 be+ grant$ by ,james ,,ii4 ,six ye>s lat]1 a decree 9 *anc]y 0 obta9$ annull+ ! new *>t]1 & re/or+ ! old "o4 ,,! ,,second ,,build+4--,9 #agjg1 ! old ,gild ,hall 0 remov$1 & a new build+ erect$1 consi/+ ( a c5tre & two w+s1 ! latt] com+ close up to ! /reet1 enclos+ ?ree sides ( a small quadrangle1 compris+ a dwell+ h\se = ! head ma/]1 "o l>ge & two small s*ool rooms1 & a libr>y4 ,a sep>ate h\se = ! second ma/] /ood beh9d4 ,a l>ge t[] 9 ! c5tre 0 8ornam5t$ ) a sleepy figure ( ! donor1 ,edw>d ,,vi41 dress$ 9 a royal mantle1 ) ! ensigns ( ! g>t]1 hold+ a ,bible & a sceptre40 ,9 #agef1 a set ( urns 0 plac$ on ! p>apet1 to relieve ! /iff air ( ! build+4#g ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,bran* ,,s*ools4--,9 #agea1 a /ep ( f>-rea*+ importance to ! t[n 0 tak54 ,! ,gov]nors orda9$ t 7hav+ reg>d to 8! great numb]s ( *ildr5 :o1 by reason ( _! pov]ty or ! neglig5ce ( _! p>5ts1 7 nev] taught to read ! ,engli% tongue1 & ! advantages f hav+ _m su* *ildr5 taught to read ,engli%1 m ?an c\ld be taught 9 ! ,s*ool07 f\r ma/]s or mi/resses#h %\ld be *os5 to tea* ,engli% to n m ?an =ty boys or girls apiece 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! t[n1 ) a sal>y ( #ae1 or less 9 proportion to ! numb]s4 ,9 ,octob]1 #agij1 we read t ! ,gov]nors 8h v laudably op5$ an ev5+ s*ool 9 _! rooms 9 ,%utt ,lane0 7us$ z a bran* s*ool previ\s to #aghh71 8= ! in/ruction ( =ty boys 9 writ+ & acc\nts2 ano!r s*ool is also op5$ 9 ,mr4 ,peele's 9 ,great ,*>les ,/reet = tw5ty boys40#i ,,corruption ,,9 ,,! ,,managem5t4--,up to #ahbd1 h[ev]1 ! s*ool 0 f> f do+ its duty4 ,! rev5ues disappe>$ 9 my/]i\s ways4 ,! ,head ,ma/]1 ,mr4 ,cooke1 gave leases z he ?\ght prop]1 bo? z to t]ms & duration4 ,no money 0 grant$ = s*ol>%ips4 ,! p>5ts paid ! mo/ exorbitant t]ms = books & /ation]y4 8,altoge!r ! s*ool 0 a ne/ ( peculation1 & gre$9ess became s p>am\nt t ! /atue ( ! ,royal ,f\nd] 0 all[$ to decay & to tumble f its "t-hon\r$ elevation into ! quadrangle 9 front ( ! s*ool40 ,9 #ahbd1 an intrigue betwe5 ! ,gov]nors1 ! ,ma/]s1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,li*field 7^: cons5t 0 necess>y to all *anges71 to move ! s*ool f ! t[n1 & make x select1 0 fru/rat$ by ! vigor\s action ( ! inhabitants1 & a commission 0 appo9t$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y to c>ry out a ?or\gh inve/igation into ! conduct ( ! s*ool4 ,9 #ahbe ! ,ma/] 0 ord]$ to draw up a s*eme = its future e/abli%m5t1 & to report :e!r x %\ld be rebuilt2 & 9 #ahbh x 0 fur!r ref]r$ to him to enquire :e!r ! old site or a new "o %\ld be *os51 & h[ ! money requir$ %\ld be rais$4 ,,! ,,bill ,,( #ahcj-a4--;,9 ,may1 #ahcj1 aft] a prolong$ /ruggle ( ! ,gov]nors & ,ma/] aga9/ ! p1 a bill 0 pres5t$ to p>liam5t to enable ! ,gov]nors to build a new s*ool1 to raise #ej1jjj = ! purpose1 & to regulate ! s*ool accord+ to a s*eme approv$ by ,*anc]y4 ,x 0 vehem5tly oppos$ by ! ,diss5t]s1 on ! clause direct+ t 8no p]son %all be elect$ a gov]nor :o is n a memb] ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,engl&10 & 0 ?r[n out on ! ?ird read+ 9 ! ,lords1 b pass$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ! obnoxi\s clauses hav+ be5 remov$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! s*ool 0 to be rebuilt on ! old site1 at a co/ ( #cj1jjj1 & all bran*es ( an ,engli% education1 9 addition to ! dead languages1 7 to be taught4 ,no boy 0 to be admitt$ "u eight ye>s ( age1 or reta9$ aft] n9ete5 7no limits ( age _h exi/$ hi!rto72 & boys1 n sons ( inhabitants1 7 to pay fees4 ,9 ! second place1 a new s*ool 0 to be built di/9ct f ! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 = ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages2 :ile f\r bran* s*ools = ! free education ( boys & girls ( ! humbl] classes 7 to be erect$ be=e #ahdj1 #a1jjj be+ sp5t ^u ea*4 ,t5 exhibitions1 ea* ( #ej p] annum1 7 creat$1 ,birm+ham boys tak+ prec$5ce4 ,ratepay]s1 ?\gh non-resid5t1 might be gov]nors1 provid$ !y 7 n t5ants ( s*ool prop]ty1 & att5d$ once 9 two ye>s4 ,! acc\nts 7 to be publi%$ ye>ly1 & !re 0 also to be an annual exam9ation ( ! s*ool4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,build+4--,! new build+ 0 erect$ f ! designs ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,b>ry1 ! ar*itect ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! /yle is ! late/ pure ,go?ic 9 ,engl&1 t :i* prevail$ imm$iately be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! #af? c5tury4 8,! s*ool is ent]$ by a spaci\s por*1 highly ornam5t$3 two l>ge ap>tm5ts1 ) oak pannell$ walls & ceil+s1 are ! s*ool room = ! comm]cial s*ool2#aj ! classical s*ool is #abj feet long1 #de high1 #cj wide1 ) a l(ty angul> ro(1 support$ by a s]ies ( magnific5t obtuse angl$ ar*es ( ! ,tudor /yle4 ,at ! end1 :]e ! *air ( ! ,head ,ma/] is plac$1 is a h&some l(ty oak c>v$ scre54 ,! ,second ,ma/]'s *air is opposite to ?is1 & ! ,u%]'s *airs are on ! sides4 ,!re is a libr>y & a f9e bu/ ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 by ,s*eemak]40 ,x 0 n until #ahcf t ! ,gov]nors 7 able to c>ry out actively ! provisions ( ! ,act ( #ahca4 ,a fre% ,act 9 #ahcg am5d$ ! =m] "o by repeal+ ! p[] to build a sep>ate mod]n s*ool1 :i* x 0 n[ arrang$ %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! premises ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,! new build+ _h co/ #fg1jjj1 in/ead ( #cj1jjj2 & ! excess 0 to be defray$ out ( ! #ej1jjj m5tion$ 9 ! ,act ( #ahca4 ,by ! s*eme approv$ 9 ,*anc]y1 9 #ahch1 ma/]s 7 ord]$ to be appo9t$ dur+ t ye> 9 elem5t>y lit]ature1 geography1 elem5ts ( composition1 sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory1 ma!matics1 natural philosophy1 writ+1 & ari?metic2 ,fr5* & ,g]man ma/]s 9 #ahci & #ahdj2 & ,spani% & ,italian :5 advisable4 ,tempor>y lectur]s might also be employ$1 & a visitation ( ! s*ool 0 to take place once a ye>4 ,a bran* s*ool 0 9 progress 9 ,a/on ,/reet1 9 #ahcg1 & a second 0 propos$ 9 ,cottage ,lane1 ne> ! ,s&pits4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,ox5b\ld & ,miss ,a4 ,corbett 7 elect$ ma/] & mi/ress ( two o!rs 9 ! ,p>ade1 9 ,augu/1 #ahch2 & a f\r? = boys1 0 op5$ 9 ,m]id5 ,/reet1 on ,april #aj1 #ahci4 ,^! bran* s*ools1 ! hi/ory ( :i* x is difficult to make out cle>ly1 7 = ! "t regulat$ by ! /atute ( #aheb1 :i* e/abli%$ f\r s*ools1 ,gem ,/reet1 ,edw>d ,/reet1 ,m]id5 ,/reet1 & ,ba? ,r[1 accommodat+ altoge!r #eaj boys1 f #h to #ad ye>s ( age1 & #dij girls f #g to #ac4 ,! *ildr5 7 nom9at$ by ! ,gov]nors1 & exam9$ = admission by ! ,head ,ma/]1 :o _h entire control ( ^! s*ools1 visit$ !m once a mon?1 & made an annual report on _! condition to ! ,gov]nors4 ,a g5]al ,engli% & religi\s education 0 giv52 ! boys le>n+ 9 addition bookkeep+ & ! elem5ts ( geometry1 & ! girls1 knitt+ & pla9 ne$lework4 ,9 #ahfa x 0 ord]$ t ! second ma/] %\ld h ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! ,engli% s*ool1 "u ! direction ( ! head ma/]1 :o reta9$ 9 8 h&s ! admission & promotion ( s*ol>s1 & mo/ o!r matt]s ( importance4 ,,discont5t ,,9 ,,! ,,t[n4--,mean:ile s]i\s discont5t _h aris5 ) ! con/itution ( ! body ( gov]nors4 ,by ! orig9al *>t] x 0 laid d[n t !y %\ld be 8tw5ty ( ! m discreet inhabitants40 ,b1 by ! op]ation ( ! me?od ( co-optation 9 fill+ up vacancies1 ! foll[+ /ate ( ?+s1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 "o ( ! assi/ant commission]s ( #ahfd1 _h aris54 8,! ,bo>d has fairly repres5t$ ! upp] or m select section ( society 9 ,birm+ham1 s f> z ?is section is politically cons]vative & atta*$ to ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,x has be5 necess>ily antagoni/ic to ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 & c>eless or contemptu\s ( local politics4 ,to belong to x has be5 a c]ta9 social di/9ction4 ,social & municipal di/9ction h n co9cid$1 & h5ce ! ,bo>d has be5 an object ( public animosity1 irrespectively ( ! mann] 9 :i* x has ex]cis$ its functions40#aa ,& ?is x /ill m /rongly put 9 ! report ( ! ,commission4 8,no diss5t]1 )9 ! memory ( man1 has be5 a gov]nor2 till rec5tly no "o ( lib]al politics has be5 a gov]nor2 no mayor ( ! t[n has till ! pres5t ye> be5 a gov]nor2 no memb] ( ! bor\gh except "o1 a cons]vative2 n "o ,t[n ,c\ncillor40 ,abortive attempts 7 made 9 #ahca1 #ahdb1 & #ahfa1 to introduce ! ,t[n ,c\ncil elem5t2 & 9 #ahfd1 aft] mu* newspap] agitation1 signalis$ especially by ! lett]s ( 8,hi/oricus10#ab a gramm> s*ool ,re=m ,association 0 =m$1 :i*1 9 #ahfe1 9 conjunction ) ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 endeav\r$ 9 va9 to induce ! ,gov]nors to surr5d] ! pr9ciple ( co-optation4 ,bo? appeal$ to ! ,end[$ ,s*ools ,commission]s1 :o propos$ t !re %\ld be #ba gov]nors1 ( :om #aj %\ld be *os5 by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 & ! re/ by co-optation2 & t = ! future free education %\ld be giv5 only to ^? :o _h pass$ a competitive exam9ation4 ,9 #ahfh1 h[ev]1 ! ,t[n ,c\ncil resolv$ to dem& t all ! gov]nors %\ld be elect$ f _! body1 a dem& !y repeat$ 9 #ahgb 79 answ] to a slight modification by ! ,commission]s ( ! above s*eme74 ,!y also object$ to ! propos$ entrance & tuition fees4 ,,! ,,new ,,s*eme4--,f9ally1 9 #ahge1 ! ,*>ity ,commission]s propos$ ! s*eme 9 a great measure n[ 9 =ce4#ac ,!re 7 to be #ba gov]nors1 ( :om eight 7 to be nom9at$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 & f\r by ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & ,london ,univ]sities1 & ! ,tea*]s on ! f\ndation2 ! rema9d] by ! gov]nors !mselves4 ,^? nom9at$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil 7 to s]ve = six ye>s1 ^? by ! ,univ]sities & ,tea*]s = sev53 all 7 to be eligible = reappo9tm5t4 ,boys 7 to ent] ! s*ool by competitive exam9ation 9 two classes1 7#a7 free f\ndation s*ol>s2 7#b7 ^? pay+ entrance & tuition fees4#ad ,?is s*eme 0 vehem5tly b unsuccessfully conte/$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,all ef=ts to move ! ,*>ity ,commission]s 7 unavail+4 ,:5 at l5g? x rea*$ ! ,commons1 on ,m>* #e?1 #ahgh1 ,mr4 ,bright1 support$ by ! o!r ,bor\gh memb]s1 ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 & ,mr4 ,muntz1 mov$ its rejection2 b ! motion 0 defeat$ by a majority ( #ei1 9 a h\se ( #aii1 & ! s*eme receiv$ ! royal ass5t on ,m>* #af?4 ,imm$iately previ\s to #ahgh1 ! s*ools on ! f\ndation 7 7#a7 ,! ,gramm> ,s*ool 7,classical1 ,engli%1 & ,l[]7 ) #ehd boys3 7#b7 ! ,bran* ,elem5t>y ,s*ools ) #fjg boys & #eed girls4#ae ,a great developm5t 0 n[ arrang$ =4 ,!re 7 n[ to be 7#a7 a ,high ,s*ool = ,boys up to ! age ( #ai1 ) prep>ation = ! ,univ]sities2 7#b7 a ,middle ,s*ool = ,boys to age ( #af1 :5 ,lat91 at lea/ "o mod]n language1 natural sci5ce1 & draw+1 7 to be taught4 7#c7 ,an ,upp] ,s*ool = ,girls4 7#d7 ,! exi/+ bran* ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 or 8,l[] ,middle0 ,s*ool = *ildr5 to age ( #ad1 tea*+ all subjects includ$ 9 ! possible curriculum ( ! be/ public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools#af ?\gh rea*+ a f> high] /&>d ?an is !re obta9$4 ,! necessity = ! head & second ma/]s be+ 9 ,ord]s 0 done away )2 ! religi\s tea*+ 0 to be undoctr9al1 & !re 0 to be an emphatic consci5ce clause3 no ma/] might hold any b5efice or cure ( s\ls1 nor might he 9 future1#ag )\t ! express p]mission ( ! ,gov]nors1 take bo>d]s4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,middle ,s*ool 0 increas$1 ?\gh supreme au?ority 9 matt]s ( discipl9e 0 /ill res]v$ to ! ,head ,ma/]4 ,provision 0 made = ! subdivision ( ! ,middle ,s*ool & ! ,upp] ,girls' ,s*ool1 :5 desirable1 & = ! e/abli%m5t ( ev5+ s*ools4 ,,s*ol>%ips 7 arrang$ z foll[s3--7#a7 ,f\ndation ,s*ol>%ips 9 all ! ,s*ools1 ! hold]s ( :i* receiv$ education free4 ,! numb] ( ^! 0 n to exce$ a ?ird ( ! total numb] 9 ea* s*ool4 ,half ( ^? giv5 9 ! ,l[] ,middle ,s*ools 7 re/rict$ to s*ol>s att5d+ ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools )9 ! ,bor\gh1 = n less ?an two consecutive ye>s imm$iately prec$+ admission1 & a ?ird ( ! rema9d] 7 (f]$ = competition among ! c&idates = admission2 ! re/ be+ compet$ = by s*ol>s already 9 ! ,s*ool4 7#b7 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,s*ol>%ips1 viz43 annual paym5ts to des]v+ s*ol>s :ile at ! s*ool1 to an am\nt n less ?an #bjj a ye>2 ! value ( ea* to be n m ?an #be a ye> plus tuition fees4 7#c7 ,besides ! ,james ,*>ities exhibitions ( #ej a ye> at ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 #djj a ye> 0 to be giv5 = exhibitions at ei!r ( ! ,univ]sities1 to s*ol>s ( at lea/ two ye>s /&+ 9 ! ,high ,s*ool2 & #bjj = exhibitions t5able at any educational in/itution = boys or girls at ei!r ,high or ,middle ,s*ool4 ,all ^! s*ol>%ips 7 to be ga9$ by competition4#ah ,9 ! competitive exam9ation = entrance1 pref]5ce 0 to be giv5 to boys & girls resid5t )9 t5 miles ( ,birm+ham4 ,,developm5t ,,( #ahhc4--;,9 #ahhc1 ! f9al /ep 9 developm5t 0 tak54 ,x 0 felt t ! 8,l[] ,middle0 ,s*ools1 7 n[ do+ "w :i* l>gely ov]lapp$ t ( ! ,middle ,s*ool1 & ! cons5t ( ! ,*>ity ,commission]s 0 obta9$ to ! foll[+ *ange4 ,^! ,s*ools 7 conv]t$ into ,s*ools ( ! same grade z ! 8,middle0 ,s*ool ( ! #ahgh s*eme1 7#a7 ,! ,girls' ,s*ool at ,m]id5 /reet _h be5 transf]r$ to ,camp hill1 9 #ahha1 & a ,boys' ,s*ool 0 n[ erect$ on ! same site4 7#b7 ,! ,propriet>y ,s*ool at ! ,five ,ways 0 absorb$ into ! f\ndation1 & ! /aff ( ! old ,middle ,s*ool1 hi!rto domicil$ at ,new ,/reet1 0 transf]r$ to improv$ build+s !re1 ! boys f ! ,ba? ,r[ ,s*ool also be+ tak5 94 ,! pupils f ! old ,middle ,s*ool 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,boys' ,s*ools n[ op5$4 7#c7 ,?is enabl$ ! provision ( #ahgh = a ,high ,s*ool = ,girls to be c>ri$ out#ai 9 ! ,new ,/reet ,build+s ?us left vacant4 7#d7 ,a new s*ool = ,boys & ,girls 0 erect$ 9 ,alb]t ,road1 ,a/on1 to :i* ! s*ol>s f ,gem ,/reet 7 transf]r$4 ,9 #ahhb1 ! ,boys ,s*ools at ,edw>d ,/reet1 ,m]id5 ,/reet1 & ,ba? ,r[ 7 clos$4 ,?us1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,s*ools "u ! f\ndation are--,high ,s*ools = ,boys & ,girls at ,new ,/reet2 ,gramm> ,s*ools = ,boys at ! ,five ,ways1 ,boys & ,girls at ,a/on & ,camp ,hill1 ,girls at ,summ] ,hill & ,ba? ,r[4 ,! admission fee is at ! ,high ,s*ool1 #aj_/-1 & at ! ,gramm> ,s*ools1 #b_/f2 ! annual tuition fee at ! ,high ,s*ools1 #i2 at ! ,gramm> ,s*ools1 #c4 ,among ! num]\s hon\rs ga9$ at ! ,univ]sities s9ce #ahjj %\ld be m5tion$ ! foll[+3--at ,cambridge1 #h *ancellor's m$alli/s1 & #aj univ]sity s*ol>s2 #f s5ior classics1 #bh fir/ class-m5 9 ! classical tripos1 & #f fir/ class-m5 9 ! moral sci5ce tripos2 #ce wrangl]s3 at ,ox=d1 #h univ]sity s*ol>s1 #e fir/ class-m5 9 ,lit]is ,humanioribus1 #aa 9 classical mod]ations1 & #b 9 ,discipl9is ,ma!maticis et ,physicis4 ,! pres5t ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 "o ,bi%op 7,lightfoot71 & "o ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 7,we/cott71 are also old ,birm+ham boys4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ! s*ool has also ga9$ high & num]\s di/9ctions at ,london ,univ]sity1 ,que5's ,college 7,birm+ham71 & ! ,mason ,sci5ce ,college4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,ma/]s f ! e>lie/ date n[ kn[n3--circa #afej1 ,john ,b>ton2 #afed1 ,na?aniel ,brooksby2 #afhe1 ,john ,hickes1 ,m4,a42 #afid1 ,james ,p>k9son2 #agbb1 ,john ,han/$2 #agbf1 ,edw>d ,ma9w>+2 #agdf1 ,john ,wilk9son2 #agei1 ,?omas ,gre52 #agff1 ,john ,brails=d2 #agge1 ,?omas ,price2 #agig1 ,john ,cooke2 #ahcj1 ,francis ,jeune 7aft]w>ds ,dean ( ,j]sey1 ,ma/] ( ,pembroke ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ,bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh72 #ahch1 ,james ,pr9ce ,lee 7aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,man*e/]72 #ahdh1 ,edw9 ,hamilton ,gif=d1 ,ar*deacon ( ,london2 #ahfb1 ,*>les ,evans2 #ahgb1 ,a4 ,r4 ,v>dy4 ,x %\ld also be m5tion$ t 9 #ahcj1 ! second ma/] 0 ! ,rev4 ,rann ,k5n$y1 fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ,head ,ma/] ( ,%rewsbury1 himself a classic ( ! highe/ atta9m5ts4 ,que5's ,college4--,! /ory ( ,que5's ,college is an int]e/+ record ( m+l$ success & failure2 ( success :]e x set ab\t do+ mu* ne$$ "w1 & ( failure :]e x appe>$ to be plac+ itself 9 antagonism to ! prevail+ _s & influ5ces ( ! t[n4 ,! =mation ( a ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y = ,birm+ham & ! ,midl& ,c\nties 0 sugge/$ 9 #ahbh by ,mr4 ,s&s ,cox1 :o _h made a dilig5t inspection ( all ! *ief m$ical s*ools at home & abroad2 & x 0 imm$iately c>ri$ out by ! help ( ,dr4 ,john/one & ! un/9t$ lib]ality ( ,dr4 ,w>ne=d4 ,lecture%ips 9 v>i\s bran*es ( ,m$ic9e 7 at once e/abli%$1 & 9 #ahcj a ,museum & ,libr>y 7 fitt$ up4 ,f #ahcf to #ahdc ! new ,in/itution 0 kn[n z 8,! ,birm+ham ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y10 ! royal patronage hav+ be5 obta9$ 9 ! =m] ye>4 ,b 9 #ahdc a ,royal ,*>t] ( ,incorporation 0 grant$ to x "u ! title ( 8,! ,que5's ,college1 at ,birm+ham40 ,by ! munific5t end[m5ts ( ,dr4 ,w>ne=d1#bj ! ,gov]nors 7 soon enabl$ to wid5 ! scope ( ! college4 ,dep>tm5ts 7 creat$ = lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art1 & = in/ruction 9 ! doctr9es & duties ( ,*ri/ianity accord+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,que5's ,hospital 0 f\nd$ ) a *apla9cy1 also end[$ ) #a1jjj by ,dr4 ,w>ne=d1 :o1 9 addition1 appe>s to h borne almo/ ! :ole exp5se ( ! ,college ,*apel4 ,an arrangem5t 0 n[ made :]eby ! ,london ,univ]sity admitt$ /ud5ts ( ! college = ! degrees ( ,ba*elor & ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e1 &1 ^u ! college ,c]tificate1 = ,b4,a41 ,m4,a41 ,b4,c4,l41 & ,d4,c4,l4 ,! exclusively ,*ur* ( ,engl& "* ( ! college & all conc]n$ ) x 0 untir+ly insi/$ ^u by its promot]s4 ,a *apel 0 e/abli%$ ) daily s]vices at :i* ! att5dance 0 compulsory4 ,by ! supplem5tal *>t] ( #ahdg x 0 laid d[n t ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ! ,diocese 0 to be ! visitor2 ! ,pr9cipal1 :o 0 to be a ,nobleman1 or "o ( ! ,hon4 ,gov]nors1 mu/ also belong to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t mu/ be a dignit>y ( ! ,*ur* ne> ,birm+ham3 all ! classical1 ma!matical1 & m$ical tutors mu/ also be *ur*m54 ,! feel+s :i* prompt$ ^! rigor\s regulations are concisely express$ 9 a lett] ( ,dr4 ,w>ne=d to ,mr4 ,s&s ,cox 9 #ahdi1 9 :i* he says1 8to gu>d aga9/ ! subtle designs ( ! ,jesuits1 & ! insidi\s intrusion ( malignant diss5t]s1 imp]atively requires mu* delib]ation60 ,f a second supplem5tal *>t] ( #ahea1 x appe>s t ,dr4 ,w>ne=d _h giv5 #d1djj1 increas$ 9 #aheb by #f1ejj1 = a ,pr(essor%ip ( ,pa/oral ,!ology2 & #c1ejj1 increas$ 9 #aheb by #b1ejj1 = a ,w>d5%ip1 ! hold] ( :i* mu/ necess>ily be a cl]gyman4 ,all resid5t /ud5ts 7 to be memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & att5dance at ,*apel s]vice 0 compulsory4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! attempt to erect an exclusively ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,college 9 a t[n 9 :i* diss5t 0 ov]:elm+ly pr$om9ant 0 a lead+ cause ( ! failure :i* await$ ! in/itution4 ,! affairs ( ! college 7 by ! orig9al *>t] to be conduct$ by a c\ncil ( eighte51 ( :om twelve 7 to be elect$ by ! fir/ body ( ,gov]nors1 & two 7 to be ,pr(essors elect$ f _! own body2 ! ,pr9cipal1 ,vice-,pr9cipal1 ,treasur]1 & ,dean ( ! ,faculty complet$ ! numb]4 ,vacancies 9 ! c\ncil 7 to be fill$ up by co-optation1 & vacancies 9 ! ,pr(essorial /aff by ! c\ncil f a li/ suppli$ by ! ,pr(essors4 ,by ! supplem5tal *>t] ( #ahdg1 ! ,pr9cipal & ,c\ncil 7 con/itut$ "o body politic & corporate1 & 7 all[$ to acquire prop]ty ( an annual value n exce$+ #b1ejj1 & ! same am\nt = ! hospital4 ,! c\ncil 0 also greatly wid5$ by twelve ex-(ficio ,gov]nors1 ( :om two 7 memb]s ( ! c\ncil ( ! hospital1 :i* 0 repres5t$ also by ! s5ior ,physician & s5ior ,surgeon2 ! o!rs 7 ! ,"l-,lieut5ant & ,high ,%]iff ( ,w>wick%ire1 ! ,dean ( ,worce/]1 ,ar*deacon ( ,cov5try1 ! ,mayor ( ! bor\gh1 ! ,high ,bailiff ( ! ,manor1 & ! ,rectors ( ,/4 ,m>t9's & ,/4 ,philip's4 ,to ?is body ( ex-(ficio gov]nors 0 entru/$ ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,w>d51 :o lat] became ! real rul] ( ! college1 all matt]s ( g5]al organisation & discipl9e1 & all religi\s duties1 be+ 9 8 h&s4 ,! c\ncil 0 fur!r wid5$ by ! admission ( two memb]s ( ! ,in/itute ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 & two ea* f ! ,birm+ham ,ar*itectural & ,law ,societies4 ,an ea/ w+ 0 add$ to ! college1 = eng9e]+ & ar*itecture1 conta9+ lecture rooms & an eng9e]+ work%op4 ,a ?ree ye>s' c\rse & ! pass+ ( two public exam9ations con/itut$ ! requirem5ts = ! degree ( ,c4,e4 ( ,que5's ,college4 ,a ,dep>tm5t ( ,g5]al ,lit]ature 0 =m$1 ,dr4 ,w>ne=d end[+ x 9 #aheb ) #b1jjj4 ,a full collegiate sy/em 0 e/abli%$ = ?is dep>tm5t1 ) resid5t1 & lat] non-resid5t /ud5ts1 at :i* a ?ree ye>s' c\rse 0 to be pass$4 ,! subjects ( /udy 7 to be ,greek1 ,lat91 ,ma!matics1 ,logic1 ,mod]n ,languages1 ,hi/ory1 ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,natural1 ,political1 & ,moral ,philosophy1 & ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 ! subjects select$ hav+ p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! requirem5ts = ! exam9ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,a ,junior ,dep>tm5t 0 also e/abli%$ 9 or ab\t #ahea1 = a two ye>s' prep>atory c\rse ) collegiate discipl9e4 ,! :ole con/itution ( ! college 01 h[ev]1 codifi$ by ! 8,rules & ,regulations0 ( #aheg2 by :i* x appe>s t ^! some:at ambiti\s views1 po9t+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,univ]sity1 _h become modifi$4 ,! design ( ! college1 z n[ laid d[n1 0 8to provide in/ruction = "y m5 int5d+ to engage 9 "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ pr(essions3--7#a7 ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y2 7#b7 ,civil ,ar*itecture & ,eng9e]+2 7#c7 ,!ology 7) a view to ord9ation72 & any o!r pr(essional /udy :i* may f "t to "t be add$4#ba ,?is in/ruction is comb9$ ) a sy/em ( collegiate tra9+ & moral discipl9e accord+ to ! religi\s pr9ciples ( ! ,engli% s*ools & colleges connect$ ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & ) s mu* ( ! ord9>y bran*es ( a lib]al education1 9 a dep>tm5t ( arts & g5]al lit]ature1 z may be prop]ly giv5 9 subord9ation & 9 ref]5ce to su* special /udies40 ,= ! collegiate education ! inclusive fees 7 to be #ge a ye>4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is idea ( creat+ a resid5t ,univ]sity 9 ,birm+ham 0 ! result ( mi/ak51 ?\gh religi\s1 zeal4 ,= ! deep & e>ne/ feel+s :i* prompt$ x we mu/ ref] to ! record ( ! meet+ ( ,april #bj1 #ahdc1 conta9$ 9 ,mr4 ,s&s-,cox's ,annals ( ,que5's ,college1 publi%$ 9 #ahgc4 ,b ! conditions ( life 9 ! t[n 7 n fav\rable1 & ! s*eme broke d[n ?r\gh its own weight4 ,resid5t /ud5ts !re 71 inde$1 9 small numb]s2 b ! pecuni>y loss :i* !y caus$ to ! college 0 consid]able1 & 9 #ahgc t "p ( ! s*eme f :i*1 ?irty ye>s be=e1 s mu* _h be5 hop$1 0 decl>$ n to be 8an ess5tial "p ( ! ,college10 & 0 all[$ to lapse4 ,"l ,lyttelton1 ! ,presid5t1 9 a lett] writt5 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgc1 /rongly1 ?\gh reluctantly1 urg$ ?is /ep4 ,z /rongly1 too1 he urg$ t ! !ological dep>tm5t %\ld be discont9u$4 8,! m simply & s+ly ! college c h5ce=? be limit$ to ! objects ( a place ( in/ruction = m$ical /ud5ts1 ! bett] & m likely x is to atta9 ^? objects4 ,! hopes t ! college might become a ,univ]sity1 ) ! consequ5t attempt to engraft ^u x ,faculties ( ,arts1 ,law1 & o!rs1 are n[1 z ,i fe>1 m]e dreams ( ! pa/40 ,mean:ile ! "w ( ! college appe>s = "s ye>s to h be5 conduct$ ) consid]able vig\r1 & a c]ta9 success4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 :e!r f bad managem5t1 or f ! inh]5t faults ( ! con/itution1 x began to decay1 & !n its decl9e 0 rapid4 ,9 #ahfc1 an appeal 0 put out to relieve x f a debt ( ne>ly #d1jjj2 & 9 #ahfd1 its condition fell "u ! eyes ( ! ,*>ity ,commission]s4 ,z ! result ( _! enquiry 8x appe>$ 9 effect t ! college _h fall5 into a /ate ( decay1 & 0 on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy2 t ! build+s 7 suff]+ f want ( funds = repairs1 & ! /ud5ts dim9i%+1 & t ! college c\ld n be made effective & answ] ! purpose = :i* x 0 f\nd$1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 & t ! pres5t con/itution ( ! said college 0 defective40 ,accord+ly1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfg1 a s*eme 0 ord]$ to be drawn up = ! future managem5t1 approv$ by ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls1 ,may #g1 #ahfg1 & confirm$ by 8,! ,que5's ,college1 ,birm+ham1 ,act40 ,! c\ncil 0 h5ce=? to consi/ ( ! ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,w>d51 & twelve o!rs4 ,no condition ( *ur*man%ip 0 atta*$ to ! la/ nam$4 ,all vacancies 7 to be fill$ up1 no long] by co-optation1 b by ! annual meet+s4 ,(fic]s ( ! college might s]ve on ! ,c\ncil1 b no "o :o 0 conc]n$ 9 ! pr(its ( any "w done or mat]ials provid$ = ! college4 ,! ?ree orig9al dep>tm5ts1 !ology1 m$ic9e1 & arts1#bb 7 ma9ta9$1 ! ,w>d5 to be ! resid5t head ( all ?ree4 ,ar*itecture & eng9e]+ 7 dropp$ out4 ,until ! debt 0 cle>$ (f1 ! (fices ( ,w>d5 & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 7 to be held by ! same p]son1 aft]w>ds by diff]5t p]sons1 ! ,pr(essor to be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 & ,visitor4 ,!re 7 to be also ,pr(essors ( ,classics & ,ma!matics & a ,m$ical ,tutor4 ,! rights ( ! *ur* 7 fur!r secur$ by a clause ref]r+ all que/ions t\*+ h] doctr9e & discipl9e to ! ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 & 9 ! la/ resort to ! ,visitor1 ^: decision 0 to be f9al4 ,) ! obvi\s exceptions1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,w>d5 & ,!ology ,pr(essor1 all religi\s te/s on ! memb]s ( ! /aff 7 aboli%$4 ,me?ods 7 laid d[n = ! paym5t ( ! exi/+ debt4 ,a clause1 specially decl>+ t ! natural hi/ory & anatomy museum 7 to be pres]v$ 9 ! college1 along ) ! models ( ma*9]y & philosophical app>atus1 & 7 to be op5 to prop]ly qualifi$ p]sons free ( *>ge1 0 violat$ 9 #ahgj by _! be+ remov$ to ,a/on ,hall1 ! rooms ?us set free be+ giv5 up to ! ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,f9ally1 ! college & hospital 7 entirely sep>at$1 ! latt] be+ compell$ to repay ,w>ne=d's end[m5t ( #a1jjj4 ,dur+ #ahgc & #ahgd1 ev5+ classes 9 connection ) ! ,arts ,dep>tm5t 7 />t$ 8to af=d to "y m5 :o h _h a good education1 & :o desire to ma9ta9 & improve _! acquirem5ts1 an opportunity ( do+ ?is at a small exp5se40 ,morn+ ,classes = ladies 9 connection ) ! ,birm+ham ,high] ,education ,association 7 also attempt$4 ,! ,arts ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,college itself appe>s to h di$ a natural dea? 9 #ahgb3 9 #ahga x conta9$ 8?ree or f\r /ud5ts prep>+ = admission into ! ,!ological or ,m$ical ,dep>tm5ts40 ,! ,!ological ,dep>tm5t also has l$ a langui%+ exi/5ce4 ,9 #ahgd x conta9$ b #aa /ud5ts#bc & f !n until #ahhb ! numb] fluctuat$ betwe5 #aa & #bc4 ,s9ce !n x has aga9 be5 decl9+4 ,! report ( #ahhe lam5ts ?is fact1 b gives no figures4 ,an attempt has be5 made 9 ?is ye> to raise ! /&>d ( ?is dep>tm5t by appo9t+ ! ,cambridge ,prelim9>y ,exam9ation z ! f9al exam9ation ( ! ,college4 ,x is by ! ,m$ical ,s*ool1 its orig9al raison d'tre1 t ,que5's ,college has a di/9ct claim ^u ,birm+ham & ! ,midl&s4 ,?is "p ( ! s*eme has always fl\ri%$ & /ill is fl\ri%+2 & x is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important prov9cial s*ools ( m$ic9e 9 ! k+dom4 ,x />t$ ) almo/ its full developm5t f ! beg9n+4 ,?us 9 #ahbh ! plan ( lectures includ$ anatomy1 physiology1 & pa?ology1 mat]ia m$ica & m$ical botany1 *emi/ry1 & ph>macy1 pr9ciples & practice ( physic & surg]y1 midwif]y & o!r diseases ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,9 #ahde1 we f9d ?is li/ increas$ by ! division ( anatomy into 8,g5]al & ,surgical10 & 8,descriptive & ,comp>ative40 ,*emi/ry also 0 add$4 ,9 #ahgd1 ! ,*air ( ,pa?ology1 :i* _h dropp$ out ( ! orig9al li/1 0 recreat$1 & an additional ,pr(essor%ip ( ,physiology & ,anatomy appo9t$4 ,9 #ahhj1 foll[+ ! ,act = ! ,regi/ration ( ,d5ti/s1 a ,s*ool ( ,d5tal ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y 0 =m$1 & ?is 0 recognis$ 9 #ahhb by ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,! lectures on anatomy & *emi/ry 7 recognis$ z qualify+ = ! degrees ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 #ahhe1 ! ,bor\gh ,lunatic ,asylum 0 associat$ ) ! ,college1 /ud5ts be+ n[ at lib]ty to obta9 in/ruction 9 lunacy & m5tal diseases4 ,summ] dissections 7 also c>ri$ on = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is ye>4 ,9 #ahhb1 consequ5t ^u ! organisation ( ! ,mason ,sci5ce ,college1 an important *ange 0 made4 ,x 0 felt t if bo? in/itutions c>ri$ on1 )9 a /one's ?r[ ( ea* o!r1 p>allel c\rses ( lectures1 great wa/e ( p[] w\ld ensue4 ,x 0 !re=e arrang$ t ! lectures on *emi/ry1 botany1 & physiology %\ld 9 future be deliv]$ by ! ,pr(essors ( ,mason ,college1 act+ z lectur]s = ,que5's ,college1 & deliv]+ c\rses ( lectures suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( m$ical /ud5ts4 ,9 ?is way n only 0 ! ov]lapp+ avoid$1 b ! end[m5ts ( ,que5's ,college 7 mat]ially reliev$1 :ile ! res\rces ( ! ,mason ,college magnific5t libr>y 7 also available to ! /ud5ts ( ! =m]4 ,! ,birm+ham ,m$ical ,s*ool 0 n[ plac$ 9 a position ( equality ) ! ri*e/ & be/ organis$ ,colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t 9 #ahgi1 9 addition to ! already exi/+ ,+leby ,s*ol>%ips1 two new classes ( entrance s*ol>%ips 7 creat$ by ! ,c\ncil1 ! ,syd5ham & ,que5's4 ,! =m] 7 to be giv5 by ! vote ( ! ,c\ncil to ! orphan sons ( legally qualifi$ m$ical m52 ! ,que5's 7 to be aw>d$ by exam9ation to sons ( m$ical m52 ! sons ( =m] /ud5ts hav+ ! pref]5ce 9 bo? cases4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! college conta9s consid]ably m ?an #ajj /ud5ts1 t be+ ! normal numb]4 ,t its condition1 s f> z m$ic9e is conc]n$1 is "o ( vigor\s vitality1 may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ extract f ! la/ ,report4 8,! /ud5ts h pass$ exam9ations at five ,univ]sities1 9 six cases ga9+ di/9ction1 "o be+ ! highe/ atta9able4 ,at ! ,prim>y ,exam9ation = ! ,memb]%ip ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons ( ,engl&1 ?irty /ud5ts pass$ 9 "o or bo? bran*es4 ,at ! above m5tion$ exam9ations !re 7 only f\r complete rejections dur+ ! ye>4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 also1 t ?is result does n accrue f c>eful we$+ out ( /ud5ts by a te/ exam9ation4 ,all /ud5ts1 hav+ att5d$ ! requir$ numb] ( lectures1 7 p]mitt$ to pres5t !mselves = exam9ation40 ,mason ,college4--,! s*eme ( a ,univ]sity at ,que5's ,college _h1 z we h se51 brok5 d[n ?r\gh ! inh]5t defects ( its design4 ,we come n[ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ano!r ,univ]sity1 :i* 9 its build+1 equipm5t1 & aims1 =ms a wor?y completion to ! educational sy/em ( ! t[n4 ,indirectly ! result1 no d\bt1 ( t movem5t = ,univ]sity ext5sion :i* has *>act]iz$ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is college 0 directly ! "w ( "o man1 ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 ^: =tune _h be5 made dur+ sixty ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,birm+ham1 & :o 0 already a b5efactor to ! t[n ?r\gh ! ,orphanage & ,alm%\ses he _h e/abli%$ at ,erd+ton4 ,! consid]ations :i* prompt$ him to ?is noble f\ndation are ?us express$ by himself3--8,:5 ,i 0 a "y man--x is s long ago t :ile /ill liv+ 9 ?is g5]ation ,i c recall ! memories ( a "t long pa/--!re 7 no means ( sci5tific tea*+ op5 to ! artisan classes ( our manufactur+ t[ns2 & ^? :o1 l myself1 w\ld gladly h b5efit$ by !m 7 compell$ to plod _! we>y way1 "u disadvantages & ?r\gh difficulties ( :i* our "y m5 ( ?is day c =m no adequate idea4 ,s*ools at t "t 7 few & poor1 !re 7 no in/itutions ( popul> tea*+1 no ev5+ classes to :i* y\?s might g aft] _! day's "w 0 end$40 ,at eighty ye>s ( age1 !re=e1 he det]m9$ to provide 8enl>g$ means ( sci5tific in/ruction1 on ! scale requir$ by ! necessities ( ?is t[n & di/rict1 & ^u t]ms :i* r5d] x easily available by p]sons ( all classes1 ev5 ! v humble/40 ,:atev] 0 necess>y = ! improvem5t ( sci5tific indu/ry1 & = ! cultivation ( art1 especially z appli$ to manufactures1 0 to be taught2 facilities 7 to be af=d$1 if desirable1 = m$ical in/ruction1 &1 mo/ wisely1 ! door 0 left op5 = any fur!r developm5t necess>y to adapt ! s*eme to ! requirem5ts ( future ye>s4 ,! plan ( ! college fir/ began to assume %ape ab\t #ahfh1 "u ! advice ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,johnson1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,law 9 ,que5's ,college2 ,mr4 ,george ,%aw1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,que5's ,college2 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,?ackray ,bunce4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgj1 t ! ,f\ndation ,de$ 0 execut$1 by :i* ,dr4 ,blake & ,mr4 ,johnson 7 con/itut$ ! fir/ tru/ees4 ,! ,f\nd] _h already pur*as$ "s l& 9 ,edmund ,/reet1 & an endeav\r 0 made to secure ! gr\nd at ! corn] ( ,edmund ,/reet & ,congreve ,/reet 7^u :i* ! new ,lib]al ,club n[ /&s72 fail+ t ! l& /ret*+ ?r\gh ,edmund ,/reet to ,great ,*>les ,/reet 01 aft] _m difficulties & delays1 obta9$4 ,! site conta9s ab\t an acre4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahgb1 ! six tru/ees requir$ by ! f\ndation de$ 7 ?us nom9at$3 ,dr4 ,blake1 ,messrs4 ,g4 ,j4 ,johnson1 ,w4 ,c4 ,aitk51 ,j4 ,t4 ,bunce1 ,george ,%aw1 & ,dr4 ,heslop2 & _! fir/ meet+ 0 held on ,feb4 #bcrd1 #ahgc4 ,! ar*itect select$ by ! f\nd]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,coss9s1 _h mean:ile be5 visit+ ! pr9cipal sci5ce colleges at home & abroad2 & 8 plans1 prep>$ f ?is exp]i5ce1 7 approv$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahgd4 ,on ! f\nd]'s #hj? bir?day1 ,febru>y #be?1 #ahge1 ! fir/ /one 0 laid by himself1 :51 9 reply+ to a congratulatory address1 he gave an int]e/+ sket* ( 8 c>e] f ! day :5 he cobbl$ %oes 9 ,kidd]m9/]1 to ! "t :5 he became ! own] ( ! l>ge/ p5 factory 9 ! _w4 ,a full description ( ! college build+s z complet$ may be f\nd 9 ! ,birm+ham ,daily ,po/ = ,octob] #bnd1 #ahhj4bd ,s9ce t "t an important addition has be5 made by ! erection ( a s]ies ( rooms = ! ,physiological dep>tm5t4 ,! ,f\ndation ,de$ lays d[n ?is g5]al /atem5t z to ! aims ( ! propos$ college3-- 8,x be+ und]/ood t ! in/itution int5d$ to be h]eby f\nd$ is to be call$ ,josiah ,mason's ,sci5tific ,college1 or ,josiah ,mason's ,college = ! /udy ( ,practical ,sci5ce1 he1 ! said ,josiah ,mason1 h]eby decl>es t 8 int5tion 9 f\nd+ ! same is to promote ?or\gh sy/ematic education & in/ruction specially adapt$ to ! practical1 me*anical1 & arti/ic requirem5ts ( ! manufactures & indu/rial pursuits ( ! midl& di/rict1 & p>ticul>ly ! bor\ghs ( ,birm+ham & ,kidd]m9/]1 to ! exclusion ( m]e lit]>y education & in/ruction1 & ( all tea*+ ( !ology & ( subjects purely !ological1 :i* limitations ! said ,josiah ,mason h]eby decl>es to be fundam5tal40 ,! de$ !n provides = two c\rses ( in/ruction1 namely3-- #a4--,regul> sy/ematic in/ruction 7to qualify /ud5ts ei!r = ! ,b4,sc4 & ,d4,sc4 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 or = any pr(ession or pursuit 9 :i* sci5tific k c be usefully appli$47 #b4--,popul> in/ruction1 :i* x is int5d$ %all be giv5 by ev5+ lectures to artisans & o!rs :o _c att5d ! classes = regul> sy/ematic in/ruction4 ,! regul> in/ruction 0 to include ! foll[+3--,ma!matics1 ab/ract & appli$2 ,physics1 ma!matical & exp]im5tal2 ,*emi/ry1 !oretical1 practical1 & appli$2 ,! ,natural ,sci5ces1 especially geology & m9]alogy1 ) _! application to m9es & metallurgy2 ,botany & ,zoology2 ,physiology1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,laws ( ,heal?2 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man ,languages4 ,by a subsequ5t de$ ( ,febru>y #bc1 #ahgd1 ,anatomy1 & ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 7 add$ to ! li/4 ,& by a ?ird de$1 ,febru>y #bc1 #ahha1 x is provid$ t 79 ord] to qualify ! ,college = admission z a con/itu5t memb] ( ! ,london or ,victoria ,univ]sities7 regul> sy/ematic in/ruction may at ! discretion ( ! ,tru/ees include all su* o!r subjects z ! ,tru/ees may = ! "t be+ judge necess>y or desirable = ! b5efit ( ! /ud5ts4 ,simil> lib]ty to v>y ! c\rse ( in/ruction1 ei!r by ! addition ( fre% subjects1 or discont9uance ( any subject previ\sly taught1 accord+ to ! discretion ( ! ,tru/ees1 is giv5 9 ! case ( ! ,popul> ,in/ruction4 ,moreov]1 once 9 e fifte5 ye>s ! provisions ( ! de$ may be v>i$1 s z bett] to adapt ! regulations to ! circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! importance ( ?is provision1 :i* =m$ ! subject ( ! p]oration ( a beautiful spee* by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] at ! op5+ c]emony1 :i* end$ ?us3--8,let him re/ assur$ t su* fai? is nev] beli$1 & t ris+ & com+ g5]ations1 :ile applaud+ 8 munific5ce1 w hon\r & *]i% 8 memory = no?+ s mu* z = t "o clause 9 :i* he seems to say1 l a wise fa!r1 #8,*ildr51 ,i tru/ y4'0 7,college ,cal5d>1 #ahhj-ha47 ,"o class ( subjects alone is emphatically exclud$4 ,x is 8provid$ always1 t no lectures1 or tea*+1 or exam9ation1 %all be p]mitt$ 9 ! in/itution ^u !ology1 or any "q or subject 9 its nature purely !ological1 or ^u any "q :i* = ! "t be+ %all be ! subject ( p>ty political controv]sy40 ,& ?is condition 8! said ,josiah ,mason do? decl>e to be fundam5tal40 ,simil>ly x is decl>$ to be a fundam5tal condition t 8no pr9cipal1 vice-pr9cipal1 pr(essor1 tea*]1 or o!r (fic]1 s]vant1 or assi/ant ( ! in/itution %all be requir$ to make any decl>ation z to1 or to submit to any te/ :atev] ( _! religi\s or !ological op9ions1 or be presum$ to be qualifi$ or disqualifi$ by any su* religi\s or !ological op9ions1 b %all be appo9t$ solely = _! fitness to give ! sci5tific or arti/ic in/ruction requir$ f !m40 ,! contra/ ) ,que5's ,college 0 complete4 ,fees 7 to be paid by /ud5ts1 ! admission ( :om is subject to no limitation :atev] 9 ! popul> classes4#be ,! only limitation z reg>ds ! regul> classes is t ! ,tru/ees are to give ! pref]5ce1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to c&idates :o h be5 or are inmates ( ! ,orphanage1 to ! ext5t ( n m ?an "o-fif? ( ! :ole numb] ( regul> /ud5ts1 & !reaft] to c&idates born )9 ! bor\gh ( ,birm+ham & ,kidd]m9/]1 9 ! proportion ( two ,birm+ham to "o ,kidd]m9/] /ud5t4 ,! orig9al de$ provid$ t no /ud5t n :olly dep5d5t = a livelihood ^u 8 own skill or lab\r1 or dep5d+ ^u ! support ( 8 p>5ts or "s o!r p]son1 %\ld be admitt$ to ! college2 & t /ud5ts %\ld n be "u f\rte5 nor above tw5ty-five ye>s ( age4 ,by ! de$ ( v>iation1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgj1 ! limit ( age 0 done away )1 & ! conditions above laid d[n 7 made to apply to ! remission ( fees4 ,a prelim9>y exam9ation = admission is impos$ only ^u /ud5ts "u ! age ( sixte5 ye>s4 ,9 e l9e ! de$ brea!s ! _s ( mod]n ,birm+ham2 x conta9s regulations direct$ to a cle> aim1 ) absolute fre$om to v>y ^? regulations s z be/1 at any giv5 "t1 to secure t aim by recognis+ new conditions2 x excludes f its s*eme no subject ( useful le>n+2 & x ma9ta9s ! idea t secul> in/ruction is ( too high a dignity to be fett]$1 z reg>ds ei!r pupils or in/ructors1 by !ological or political consid]ations4 ,9 "o provision n yet notic$ x recognises ) equal directness1 ! pr9ciple by :i* ,birm+ham has = long be5 p]vad$1 viz41 t ov] all ! great in/itutions ( ! t[n1 popul> control ought to be ex]cis$4 ,until ! dea? ( ! f\nd]1 ! gov]n+ body 0 to consi/ ( six tru/ees2 b x 0 ord]$ t aft] 8 dea? ! ,t[n ,c\ncil 0 to nom9ate five o!rs4 ,vacancies 9 ! ,bor\gh ,tru/ees 7 to be fill$ up by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil2 ^? 9 ! o!r six by ! :ole body4 ,"o s+le qualification is laid d[n z fundam5tal = ! tru/ee%ip4 ,! hold] mu/ be a ,prote/ant & a layman4 ,on ,octob] #a/1 #ahhj1 ! ,college 0 =mally op5$1 :5 a brilliant address 0 deliv]$ 9 ! ,t[n ,hall1 by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 be=e a meet+ att5d$ by repres5tatives ( ! ,univ]sities1 & _m lead+ sci5tific bodies1 & presid$ ov] by ! ,mayor2 &1 9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day took place ! =mal transf] ( ! build+ by ! ,f\nd] to ! ,tru/ees4 8,?us 0 complet$ a "w :i* /&s )\t p>allel 9 ! annals ( mod]n education 9 ,engl&1 ! gift ( a college1 amply plann$1 nobly built1 lib]ally end[$2 ! g5]\s b5efaction ( "o man1 :o look$ = no rew>d b ! consci\sness t1 by ! f\ndation1 o!rs w\ld h ! means ( acquir+ k d5i$ by ! pov]ty ( 8 e>ly life to himself2 tru/+ t ?\gh unbless$ ) *ildr5 ( 8 own1 he might1 9 ! /ud5ts ( 8 college1 leave beh9d him an intellig5t1 e>ne/1 indu/ri\s1 & tru? lov+ & tru? seek+ prog5y = _m g5]ations to come40 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( "w1 #ec /ud5ts att5d$3 9 #ahhd-he1 #ebc1 ( :om #aii 7 9 ! ev5+ classes4 ,dur+ ! session1 #ahhb-c1 ! college began receiv+ a grant f ! sci5ce & art dep>tm5t1 9 aid ( ! in/ruction ( a limit$ numb] ( tea*]s engag$ 9 sci5ce tea*+4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 by arrangem5t ) ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ! ,c\ncil grant$ six ,wright ,memorial ,s*ol>%ips1 to enable s*ol>s f ,bo>d ,s*ools to g ?r\gh a sci5ce c\rse at ,mason ,college4#bf ,^! s*ol>%ips are t5able = ?ree ye>s1 & relieve ! s*ol>s ( ! paym5t ( all fees4 ,! ,mason ,college ,union1 =m$ ) ! sanction ( ! c\ncil1 0 n[ op5$4#bg ,! circum/ances att5d+ ! admission ( /ud5ts f ,que5's ,college to c]ta9 classes w be f\nd detail$ 9 ! section treat+ ( t in/itution4 ,! completion ( ! s*eme necessitat$ ! creation ( a new ,*air ( ,botany4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! session1 ! c\ncil con/itut$ ! ,pr(essors ( ! ,college an ,academic ,bo>d1 to act g5]ally "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! c\ncil 9 regulat+ & co-ord9at+ ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! college2 ! *airman%ip be+ held by ! ,pr(essors 9 turn4 ,9 ,july1 #ahhc1 a dep>tm5t ( ,coal ,m9+ & ,colli]y ,managem5t 0 e/abli%$1 & upw>ds ( tw5ty /ud5ts att5d$1 pr9cipally "y m9+ eng9e]s1 prep>+ = ! gov]nm5t exam9ation4 ,dur+ ! ye> c\rses ( lectures ^u education1 provid$ by ,mr4 ,george ,dixon1 7 deliv]$ by ,pr(essor ,meiklejohn & ,mr4 ,h4 ,c\r?ope ,b[54 ,dur+ #ahhd1 ! c\ncil 7 enabl$ to fill up a gap :i* !y _h (t5 deplor$ by ! creation ( n9e s*ol>%ips1 z foll[s3 ,two entrance s*ol>%ips ( #cj ea*2 "o ( #cj = /ud5ts ( "o ye>'s /&+2 two ( #cj ea* = /ud5ts ( two ye>s' /&+2 two ( #bj ea*1 connect$ ) ! exam9ations ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london2 & two te*nical s*ol>%ips ( #cj ea*4 ,ea* ( ^! is t5able = "o ye>4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,messrs4 ,ri*>d & ,george ,tangye ea* creat$ a s*ol>%ip ( ! annual value ( #cj4 ,free popul> lectures = artisans 7 giv5 ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 ! tickets be+ di/ribut$ among ab\t "o hundr$ ( ! lead+ firms4 ,s mu* 7 !y valu$1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to repeat ea* lecture4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ features ( ! college is its noble libr>y4 ,) ?is w always be connect$ ! "n ( ! late ,dr4 ,heslop1 its *ief b5efactor1 inde$1 x may be said1 its mak]4 ,z e>ly z #ahhb1 out ( its #d1hfi volumes1 he _h contribut$ #c1acj4 ,on ! #bcrd ,febru>y1 #ahhf1 ! libr>y conta9$ #ag1eed vols4 ,! geological museum conta9$ at ! same date #ai1aae specim5s4 ,! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute is at pres5t educat+ m ?an #djjj p]sons ( bo? sexes & ( all ranks2 & ?is fact alone is suffici5t to %[ its importance4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* x proce$s is "o :i* at ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t 0 entirely novel1 ?\gh x has s9ce be5 adopt$ 9 o!r simil> in/itutions4 ,x has nev] pr(ess$ to lay d[n a priori a c\rse ( in/ruction :i* x consid]s ought to be giv52 b1 by supply+ a want :]ev] su* want has be5 made kn[n1 x has endeav\r$ to adapt itself con/antly to requirem5ts ( ! p :i* o!rwise w\ld nev] be satisfi$4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,*amb]la91 8,we h nev] made up our m9ds to tea* any p>ticul> subject1 unless we 7 conv9c$ t !re exi/$ outside our walls a pres5t read9ess to /udy x4 ,b1 once conv9c$ ( su* a desire1 we h done :atev] we c\ld to meet x40 ,! ,in/itute _h its orig91 /rangely en\gh1 at a "t ( m>k$ intellectual decad5ce 9 ,birm+ham4 ,! exi/+ societies1 ! ,philosophical ,in/itution1 ! ,me*anics' ,in/itution1 & ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 7 dead or moribund4 ,on ,june #aj?1 #aheb1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,ryl&1 a few memb]s ( ! fir/-nam$ society met & appo9t$ a committee :i* report$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahec4 ,on ,septemb] #f? ! ,t[n ,c\ncil gave a grant ( ! pres5t site1 & by an ,act obta9$ 9 #ahed ! ,in/itute 0 incorporat$4 ,9 ?is ,act ! objects ( ! ,in/itute are def9$ to be ! 8diffusion & advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,lit]ature1 & ,art40 ,!re 7 to be two dep>tm5ts1 7a7 ,g5]al1 to provide 7#a7 ,read+ & ,news ,rooms2 7#b7 ,libr>ies1 ,museums1 a gall]y ( ! f9e arts1 collection ( m9+ records1 & o!r collections = sci5tific purposes2 7#c7 ,lectures & meet+s = discussion 9 ! high] bran*es ( k1 7b7 ,indu/rial1 to provide 7#a7 classes = elem5t>y & progressive in/ruction 9 ,ma!matics & ,practical ,sci5ce1 & su* o!r subjects z may seem fit to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,in/itute2 7#b7 laboratories1 models1 philosophical app>atus1 & all o!r ?+s necess>y = ! objects ( ! ,in/itute4#bh ,! ,in/itute 0 to be gov]n$ by a ,c\ncil ( tw5ty-five consi/+ ( 7#a7 ,(ficial ,gov]nors1 a ,presid5t1 two ,vice-presid5ts1 & a ,treasur]2 ! head ma/] ( ,k+ ,edw>d's ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ! w>d5 ( ,que5's ,college1 ! *airm5 ( ! ,committee ( ! ,birm+ham ,society ( ,arts1 & ( ! gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ornam5tal ,art4 7#b7 ,bor\gh ,gov]nors1 ! ,mayor & f\r memb]s ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 elect$ annually by t body2 & 7#c7 ?irte5 ,elect$ ,gov]nors1 viz3 elev5 memb]s ( ! ,in/itute1 & two /ud5ts ( ! ,indu/rial ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ,presid5t1 ! ,vice-,presid5ts1 & ! ?irte51 7 to be *os5 by ! memb]s ( ! ,in/itute at ! annual g5]al meet+4 ,casual vacancies 7 to be fill$ up by ! ,c\ncil1 :i* 0 to meet at lea/ once a mon?4 ,n less ?an ?ree ( ! ?irte5 7 to be reg>d$ z ineligible = re-election ea* ye>4 ,among ! ,presid5ts w be f\nd ! m5 mo/ em95t 9 _! v>i\s bran*es ( k4 ,a />t 0 made 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahed1 ! sal>y ( a ,sci5ce tea*] = ! fir/ ye> hav+ be5 gu>ante$ by ! ,sci5ce & ,art dep>tm5t4 ,classes 7 op5$ 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,physics1 & ,physiology1 = bo? sexes1 & 7 c>ri$ on 9 ! room ( ! ,philosophical ,in/itute 9 ,cannon ,/reet1 until #aheg4 ,on ,novemb] #bbnd1 #ahee1 #aj1jjj hav+ previ\sly be5 subscrib$ to ! build+ fund1 ! fir/ /one ( ! new build+s 0 laid by ! ,pr9ce ,consort4 ,p5ny ,sci5tific lectures 7 n[ />t$2 &1 9 def]5ce to a mo/ rem>kable expression ( op9ion on ! "p ( ! artisans !mselves t !y _h n education suffici5t to enable !m to pr(it by ! lectures z giv51 ,p5ny ,lectures on elem5t>y ,ma!matics & ,sci5ce 7 also giv54 ,9 #ahef ,mr4 ,george ,dawson & ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s volunte]$ to conduct an ,engli% ,lit]ature class1 :i* !y cont9u$ = ?ree ye>s1 & classes1 also taught volunt>ily1 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,ari?metic1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,engli% ,hi/ory1 ,logic1 ,languages1 & ,?\ght4#bi ,9 #ahei1 a subscription ( #e1jjj hav+ be5 rais$ to pay (f ! debt incurr$1 ! ,in/itute n[ locat$ 9 its own build+s1 f\nd$ a ,*emical ,society--at pres5t ! ,in/itute ,sci5tific ,society--memb]s ( :i* deliv]$ lectures to ! m5 9 work%ops1 z well z ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,societies4 ,9 ! exam9ation by ! ,society ( ,arts 9 #ahei1 "o ,in/itute /ud5t1 ,c4 ,j4 ,woodw>d1 n[ at ! head ( ! ,*emical dep>tm5t ( ! ,in/itute1 took ! fir/ prize 9 *emi/ry1 twelve o!rs ga9+ c]tificates2 :ile 9 #ahfj bo? ! ,engli% lit]ature prizes 7 c>ri$ (f by two o!r /ud5ts1 ,h5ry ,simpson & ,h[>d ,s4 ,pe>son1 n[ ,lectur] on ,engli% ,lit]ature at ! ,in/itute4 ,t ! "r classes 7 be+ t\*$ is %[n by ! fact t #cc p] c5t4 ( ! /ud5ts 7 artisans1 #cc p] c5t4 %opm5 & cl]ks1 & #af p] c5t4 wom5 ( ! same ranks4 ,9 #ahfh ! numb]s 7 #de1 #bi1 & #ba p] c5t4 ,a /eady increase bo? ( /ud5ts & subscrib]s 7! latt] induc$ by ! annual conv]sazione & ! high quality ( ! occasional lectures7 took place dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s2 & ! /ud5ts 7 /imulat$ by ! _m valuable prizes (f]$ by lead+ inhabitants & by ! ,c5tral ,lit]>y ,association4 ,s cr[d$ _h ! classes n[ become1 t x 0 imp]ative to secure fur!r space2 & 9 #ahgc ! prospect ( ?is 0 secur$ by a re-arrangem5t ( build+s & an ex*ange ( l& ) ! ,free ,libr>ies1 #ae1jjj be+ subscrib$ = ! alt]ations propos$4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> ,*>les ,k+sley _h deliv]$ a fam\s presid5tial address1 "o result ( :i* 0 an anonym\s gift ( #b1ejj to f\nd a class 9 ! ,laws ( ,heal?4 ,?is class 0 op5$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahgc1 ) #djj /ud5ts1 & ev] s9ce t "t has =m$ an important feature 9 ! ,in/itute's programme1 bran* classes 9 ! subject be+ e/abli%$ 9 #ahgh 9 f\r ( ! ,bo>d ,s*ools4 ,at ! same date a new dep>ture 0 made by f\nd+ bran* classes at ?ree ,bo>d ,s*ools 9 ! outskirts ( ! bor\gh4 ,( ! success ( ! ,indu/rial ,dep>tm5t up to ?is "t we _c d bett] ?an quote f an article by ,mr4 ,edw9 ,smi?1 = _m ye>s secret>y to ! ,in/itute1 9 ! ,c5tral ,lit]>y ,magaz9e = ,april1 #ahgd3-- 8,x has enabl$ a pupil tea*] f a national s*ool to w9 a ,:itwor? s*ol>%ip aga9/ competitors f ! univ]sities & f ! pr9cipal sci5ce colleges 9 ! k+dom2 a work+ rule mak] to w9 a s*ol>%ip at "o ( ! ,royal ,colleges ( ,sci5ce1 & a work+ electro-plat] to w9 ! fir/ prizes f ! ,society ( ,arts 9 f\r mod]n languages2 x has s5t out di/+ui%$ pupils to take "p 9 ! civil s]vice ( ,india1 to conduct m9+ op]ations 9 ,am]ica1 to take "p 9 ! telegraphic s]vice ( ,au/ralia1 to fill an important comm]cial po/ 9 ,japan1 to conduct ! laboratory "w 9 "s ( ! l>ge/ manufactories 9 ! c\ntry1 to become head ma/]s & assi/ant ma/]s 9 our ,gramm> ,s*ools1 to help 9 ! sci5ce tea*+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & to fill responsible po/s on newspap]s ( ! prov9cial press2 twelve ( its own tea*]s h be5 educat$ 9 its classes1 & x has s5t into ! manufactories & work%ops ( ! t[n1 m5 :o h appli$ to num]\s useful purposes 9 _! trade ! k :i* !y h acquir$ )9 ! walls ( ! ,in/itute40 ,dur+ #ahgh 0 begun ! erection ( ! new build+s f ! designs ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,*amb]la91 at an e/imat$ co/ ( #cj1jjj4 ,! great fire ( ,janu>y #aa?1 #ahgi1 :i* utt]ly de/roy$ ! ,free ,libr>ies1 greatly int]f]$ ) ! "w1 & x 0 n until ! summ] ( #ahha1 t ! beautiful build+s front+ to ,p>adise ,/reet1 7 ready = occupation4 ,! burd5 ( ! heavy debt incurr$ 0 some:at light5$ by ! prospects ( a beque/1 subject to two lives1 ( #ej1jjj4 ,hi!rto1 ! annual exam9ation ( ! classes :i* did n fall "u ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5ts _h be5 conduct$ by volunte]s4 ,an endeav\r 0 made 9 #ahhj to induce ! ,s5ate ( ! ,london ,univ]sity to und]take ?is "w4 ,! ,s5ate did n see its way to d ?is1 b x sugge/$ t ! c\ncil %\ld apply to ! ,rev4 ,philip ,magnus1 "o ( ! ,univ]sity ,exam9]s1 & lat] a memb] ( ! ,commission on ,te*nical ,education4 ,mr4 ,magnus und]took ! duty1 & ! plan has be5 reta9$ s9ce !n1 ! /&>d = ! c\ncil c]tificate be+ made z ne>ly z possible t ( ! matriculation exam9ations at ,london4 ,9 ?is ye> 0 f\nd$ ! ,in/itute ,union ( ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts1 & x 0 n[1 too1 t ! ,in/itute gave bir? to a numb] ( local in/itutes1 environ+ ! t[n 9 a cont9u\s *a91 =m$ on ! l9es ( ! p>5t body1 & s]v+ local requirem5ts4#cj ,dur+ #ahhb1 a musical section 0 begun1 ) #aeg memb]s1 & an in/rum5tal class ) #ejj4 ,a /ill m notewor?y movem5t 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a class 9 practical metallurgy4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> ?is _h develop$ into an excell5t laboratory1 furnaces1 balance room1 fume *amb]s1 & b5*es = tw5ty-?ree /ud5ts2 ! class be+ "u ! c>e ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,hiorns4 ,a new class 0 also =m$ 9 iron & /eel1 9 connection ) ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute4 ,! c\ncil co-op]at$1 too1 9 organiz+ a c\rse ( lectures on ,heal? by em95t m$ical m5 9 ! t[n1 simil> to ^? deliv]$ 9 ,ed9burgh & else:]e1 & ^! h s9ce be5 an annual in/itution4 ,dur+ ?is fruitful ye> 7 f\nd$ ! ,in/itute ,magaz9e1 & ! ,debat+1 ,dramatic1 & ,lit]>y ,sections4 ,an ,ar*ological ,section1 /ill 9 full vitality1 _h be5 organiz$ z e>ly z #ahgj1 & cont9ues to issue qu>to volumes ( ,transactions1 conta9+ ! ,pap]s read1 ) orig9al illu/rations & records ( excursions to local & o!r places ( ar*ological int]e/s4 ,fruitful1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ?is ye> ( #ahhc 01 x /&s out z "o peculi>ly sad 9 ! ,in/itute hi/ory1 = dur+ x took place ! sudd5 dea? ( ,mr4 ,john ,h5ry ,*amb]la91 :o z ,hon4 ,secret>y s9ce #ahfe1 _h cont9u\sly devot$ himself to its int]e/4 ,9 ! words ( ! ,report = #ahhc1 8,"u 8 guidance ! ,in/itute _h und]gone developm5t :i* is truly m>vell\s ''' he _h g5ius to see ! ne$s ( ! "t1 & ! direction 9 :i* ! ,in/itute c\ld be develop$ to meet !m4''' ,! wisdom ( 8 c\nsel1 ! ext5t & v>iety ( 8 k1 ! grace ( 8 eloqu5ce1 & ! wond]ful *>m ( 8 p]sonal pres5ce1 made him a colleague :om x is impossible to replace4 ,he expir$ almo/ 9 ! act ( s]v+ ! ,in/itute40 ,dur+ #ahhd1 a meteorological obs]vatory 0 =m$ at ! ,monum5t1 9 ,monum5t ,road1 an anemomet] be+ erect$ !re at ! co/ ( ,mr4 ,follett ,osl]1 & ! ,birm+ham ,*ess ,club became a new section ( ! ,in/itute4 ,9 #ahhe1 ! ,s*ool ( ,art 0 remov$ f ! ,in/itute ,build+s1 :]e x _h hi!rto f\nd a home1 to ! beautiful build+ 9 ,edmund ,/reet erect$ by ! t[n = its reception4 ,?is gave great additional space1 sorely ne$$1 = ! indu/rial dep>tm5t1 &1 on ! initiative ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,k5rick1 x 0 at once utilis$1 at a co/ ( #b1jjj 7gu>ante$ by ,mr4 ,k5rick7 = a great expansion ( ! metallurgical classes4 ,an eng9e]+ work%op 0 =m$1 & ! laboratory greatly increas$1 s t ! ,in/itute n[ possesses--& x is p]haps its mo/ int]e/+ feature--! mo/ ext5sive metallurgical s*ool 9 ,great ,brita91 "o inde$ well-nigh wor?y ( ! position ( ,birm+ham 9 ! manufactur+ _w4 ,9 ?is ye> too1 classes 9 s++ & 9 ! practice ( sev]al musical in/rum5ts 7 =m$1 ! viol9 class be+ p>ticul>ly successful4 ,& a tea*]s' bo>d 0 e/abli%$1 f :i* valuable sugge/ions are (f]$ to ! c\ncil = improvem5ts 9 ! education giv5 to ! classes4 ,! foll[+ figures are wor? record+4 ,9 #ahed1 !re 7 "o memb]#ca & #afe /ud5ts2 9 #ahgd1 #aeia memb]s1 & #bagi /ud5ts2 9 #ahhf1 #aibg memb]s1 & 79 ! c5tral & bran* classes7 #daij /ud5ts1 ?us di/ribut$3 sci5ce1 #adgd2 language & lit]ature1 #ajdf2 ari?metic1 #cbd2 matriculation1 #ac2 music1 #abcc2 ladies #ajj4 ,elem5t>y ,education4--,! "w p]=m$ by ! ,s*ool ,bo>d may be be/ realiz$ f ! foll[+ figures4 ,previ\s to ! pass+ ( ! ,elem5t>y ,education ,act1 #ahgj1 !re 7 )9 ! ,bor\gh public elem5t>y s*ools ) accommodation = #bh1ihc *ildr51 & %ortly aft]w>ds fur!r accommodation 0 made = #a1dgf2 s t 9 r\nd numb]s !re 7 places = ab\t #cj1jjj *ildr54 ,!re 7 also ! s call$ elem5t>y s*ools on ! ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi4's f\ndation1 notic$ "u t head1 & a few private adv5ture s*ools4 ,! (ficial enquiry ( #ahga %[$1 h[ev]1 t accommodation 0 !n necess>y = #ee1jjj1 s t ev5 !n ! t[n 0 sc>cely m ?an half suppli$4 ,b1 fur!r1 ?is half supply 0 b half utiliz$1 s9ce ! av]age att5dance 9 ! s*ools 0 only ab\t #af1jjj4 ,dur+ ! fifte5 ye>s ( its exi/5ce ! ,s*ool ,bo>d has provid$ ?irty-two l>ge sets ( new build+s1 mo/ ( !m ) ext5sive playgr\nds1 & x also occupies ?ree sets ( s*ool premises :i* are r5t$4 ,! total accommodation provid$ 9 ^! s*ools is suffici5t = #ce1bgg *ildr52 :ile t 9 ! ,d5om9ational ,s*ools is n[ ab\t ! same z 9 #ahga1 ! total be+ #bi1ada4 ,a few c]tifi$ effici5t s*ools accommodate #gid *ildr52 s t !re is at ! pres5t date a total accommodation ( #fe1bab1 or m ?an d\ble t ( #ahga4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! *ange wr\ght 9 ! av]age att5dance4 ,9 #ahga ?is 0 #ej4c p] c5t4 ( ! numb] on ! books4 ,9 o!r words1 out ( e #ajj places provid$ #ej 7 vacant4 ,! av]age att5dance is n[ #he p] c5t4 ,ev5 n[ ! accommodation provid$ does n rea* t requir$4 ,! population be+ #dbj1jjj !re %\ld be places = "o-six? ( t numb]1 accord+ to ! gov]nm5t scale1 t is = #gj1jjj4 ,?us ! ,bo>d is /ill beh9d-h& to ! am\nt ( #e1jjj places4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ! av]age ( ! la/ eight ye>s1 ! population ( ! ,bor\gh is increas+ at ! rate ( #fj1jjj p] annum1 & consequ5tly ! accommodation requir$ at ! rate ( #a1jjj p] annum4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,bo>d has to provide five new s*ools to cat* up ! pres5t deficit1 & "o s*ool e ye> to keep pace ) ! ye>ly increase4 ,besides ! s*ools ^: curriculum is conf9$ to ! subjects nam$ 9 ! ,new ,code1 ! ,bo>d has e/abli%$1 ^u ! initiative & 9 a great measure at ! co/ ( ! ,*airman1 ,george ,dixon1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 a ,te*nical ,s*ool = boys 9 ! #g? /&>d1 :i* provides an education 9 elem5t>y sci5ce1 ma*9e con/ruction1 c42 & :i* is furni%$ ) a l>ge *emical laboratory1 & an admirably fitt$ lecture room1 a special room = tea*+ te*nical draw+1 & a work%op 9 :i* ! boys are tra9$ to ! use ( tools & to work+ f scale4 ,?is s*ool1 :i* is well wor? a visit1 is 9 ,bridge ,/reet1 five m9utes' walk f ! ,t[n ,hall1 9 premises h&$ ov] to ! ,bo>d1 r5t free1 & p>tially fitt$ up by ,mr4 ,dixon4 ,_m ( ! ,bo>d ,s*ools =m real ar*itectural ornam5ts ( ! t[n4 ,!y are 9 ?ree /ages ( design1 ! e>lie/ be+ t 9 :i* boys1 girls1 & infants =m sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 ! boys & ! infants be+ usually on ! gr\nd floor1 ! girls on ! floor above ! boys4 ,9 ! second /age a l>ge c5tre hall is surr\nd$ by class-rooms on ! gr\nd floor2 half way to ! ro( runs a gall]y1 f :i* doors op5 into ano!r set ( class-rooms4 ,! infants are on ! gr\nd floor 7except 9 ,hope ,/reet71 9 a sep>ate "p ( ! build+2 ! :ole s*ool be+ "u ! sup]vision ( a ma/]4 ,9 ! la/ /age ev]y?+ is on ! gr\nd floor4 ,! late/ erect$ build+s ( ?is /age are models ( air9ess & light4 ,! specim5s ( ! ?ree /yles easie/ rea*$ & mo/ wor? see+ are respectively ,bri/ol ,/reet1 ,icknield ,/reet1 & ,/rat=d ,road or ,f\ndry ,road4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t half-"t s*ol>s are n[ almo/ unkn[n1 al?\gh ! conditions ( life w\ld seem to po9t to a wide ext5sion ( ! sy/em4 ,a few s*ol>%ips1 f> few] ?an c\ld be wi%$1 are at ! disposal ( ! ,bo>d4 ,!y are ( ?ree classes1 ,major1 ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce1 & ,m9or4 ,boys :o hold ! ,wright1 ,piddock1 & ,j4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 ,memorial ,s*ol>%ips receive #ae a ye>1 on c]ta9 conditions1 dur+ a two ye>s' c\rse at ,k+ ,edw>d's ,s*ool1 & #be a ye>1 ) remittance ( fees1 = ?ree ye>s m at ,mason ,college4 ,sev]al ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce ,s*ol>%ips1 9 connection ) ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 h hi!rto be5 provid$ out ( a fund call$ ! ,high] ,education ,fund1 rais$ = ! purpose ( assi/+ poor b des]v+ s*ol>s1 by :i* a grant ( #e is gu>ante$1 ) an additional #e on pass+ a good exam9ation "u ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! funds rais$ = provid+ ,m9or ,s*ol>%ips are all exhau/$1 except ! ,*amb]la9 & ,edgba/on ,day ,s*ool = ,girls ,tru/ ,funds4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,bo>d's "w1 :5 a ,*ur* majority 0 elect$1 religi\s education 0 giv5 9 ! ,birm+ham s*ools4 ,^u ! accession ( ! ,lib]al & ,non-,con=mi/ p>ty to p[] su* education 0 entirely done away )4 ,! result ( frequ5t & some:at bitt] controv]sy has be5 t at pres5t a small portion ( ! ,bible is read ea* day by ! head tea*] )\t note or comm5t4 ,! ,volunt>y ,s*ools h1 up till q rec5tly1 _h no common organization4 ,!re has n[1 h[ev]1 be5 =m$ an ,association ( ,volunt>y ,s*ool ,manag]s1 "u ^: auspices x is propos$ to und]take "s am\nt ( inspection1 & :i* w frame & discuss all measures direct$ to _! common welf>e4 ,! ,*airman is ! ,rev4 ,canon ,b[lby1 ,rector ( ,/4 ,philip's4 ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art4--,by ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,,taylor1 ,head ,ma/]4--,! ,society ( ,arts & ,s*ool ( ,art 71 9 ,june1 #ahhe1 transf]r$ to ! ,corporation "u ! above title4 ,?is ,society 0 e/abli%$ at a meet+ held 9 ! ,public ,(fice1 ,moor ,/reet1 on #g? ,febru>y1 #ahba1 at :i* x 0 resolv$3--7#a47 8,t an ,in/itution be n[ e/abli%$ 9 ,birm+ham = ! enc\ragem5t ( arts & manufactures1 & t x be call$ #8,! ,birm+ham ,society ( ,arts4'0 7#b47 8,t a ,museum be =m$ = ! reception ( ! mo/ approv$ specim5s ( sculpture1 & ( all su* o!r works illu/rative ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( ,art z ! ,society may h ! means ( procur+40 7#c47 8,t suitable accommodation be provid$ = /ud5ts40 ,a subscription li/ 0 =?) op5$1 & ,sir ,rob]t ,lawley1 ,b>t41 gave 9 addition a valuable collection ( ca/s f ! antique4 ,! ,museum ?us =m$ 0 op5$ = memb]s & /ud5ts 9 ,may1 #ahbb1 & 9 #ahbg ! fir/ annual exhibition ( pictures 0 held4 ,9 #ahbi ! ,society erect$ ! gall]ies 9 ,new ,/reet1 n[ occupi$ by ! ,royal ,society ( ,arti/s1 & 9 ?is ye> ! fir/ conv]sazione ( ! ,society ( ,arts took place4 ,until #ahdb ! ,society 0 manag$ by a jo9t committee1 compos$ ( lay & pr(essional memb]s ) equal p[]s4 ,! lay committee1 repres5t+ ! subscrib]s1 7 desir\s ( fur!r+ ! orig9al int5tion ( provid+ means = art education by apply+ = aid f ! ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,design1 newly =m$ 9 ,london4 ,hi!rto ! tea*+ _h be5 c>ri$ on by ! memb]s ( ! pr(essional1 or arti/s' committee1 :o act$ z visitors to ! ,s*ool = ,draw+ f ! ,antique4 ,! s*ool 0 op5 on two ev5+s 9 ea* week1 b ! av]age nightly att5dance 0 only f\rte54 ,! pr(essional committee demurr$ aga9/ ^! propos$ *anges1 &1 on _! be+ adopt$ by ! subscrib]s1 )drew f ! ,society1 & aft]w>ds =m$ ! pres5t ,royal ,society ( ,arti/s4 ,9 #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,dobson1 :o is n[ an ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy1 became ! fir/ ,head ,ma/]1 & ! title ( ! ,society 0 at ?is "t alt]$ to 8,! ,society ( ,arts & ,s*ool ( ,design40 ,9 #ahde1 ,mr4 ,heavyside succe$$ ,mr4 ,dobson1 b held ! (fice = a ye> only1 be+ 9 turn succe$$ by ,mr4 ,?os4 ,cl>ke4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts at ?is "t 0 #ddh4 ,mr4 ,george ,wallis became ,head ,ma/] 9 #ahea1 & introduc$ _m *anges 9 ! organization & "w ( ! s*ool4 ,he resign$ 9 #aheg1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,raimba* be+ 8 successor4 ,by an agreem5t betwe5 ! ,society ( ,arti/s & ! ,c\ncil ( ! newly f\nd$ ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute1 ! latt] und]took to provide d\ble ! exi/+ accommodation = ! ,society ( ,arts 9 _! propos$ build+2 & ! s*ool 0 transf]r$ 9 ! summ] ( #aheh to ! rooms :i* x cont9u$ to occupy until la/ ye>4 ,! record ( ! s*ool f ! fir/ seems to be "o ( cont9u\sly increas+ success2 = 9 #ahfd ! numb] ( /ud5ts _h m ?an d\bl$1 be+ #ici1 includ+ elem5t>y & advanc$ classes4 ,9 its e>ly days ! s*ool 0 mu* indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,james ,pr9ce ,lee1 ,m4,a41 :o held ! po/ ( ,*airman until he 0 remov$ to ! ,see ( ,man*e/]1 & 9 m rec5t times to ! late ,mr4 ,john ,h5ry ,*amb]la91 ,*airman1 & ,mr4 ,edw9 ,smi?1 ,secret>y4 ,9 #ahge ! :ole ( ! elem5t>y tea*+ 9 ! ev5+ 0 transf]r$ to bran* classes held 9 ,bo>d ,s*ools4 ,a mo/ g5]\s (f] 0 made to ! s*ool 9 #ahgf4 ,an anonym\s donor plac$ ! sum ( #aj1jjj at ! disposal ( ! ,committee1 ) a reque/ t x %\ld be *iefly1 if n altoge!r1 employ$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! tea*+ dep>tm5t1 & 9 ! f\ndation ( s*ol>%ips or exhibitions4 ,on ! resignation ( ,mr4 ,raimba*1 ! pres5t ,head ,ma/] 7,mr4 ,edw>d ,r4 ,taylor7 0 appo9t$ 9 ,may1 #ahgg4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhj a s*eme 0 initiat$ by a donation ( #e1jjj f ,messrs4 ,ri*>d & ,george ,tangye1 :i* has result$ 9 ! pres5t ,museum & ,art ,gall]y1 ) its noble collection ( pictures & objects ( indu/rial art1 ! gifts ( weal?y citiz5s to ! t[n4 ,! increas+ difficulties "u :i* ! ,s*ool ( ,art lab\r$ 9 provid+ room = ! education by :i* alone ^! art treasures c\ld be made ( use to ! t[n 7 n lo/ sight (1 & 9 #ahha ! ,mayor 7,mr4 ,ri*>d ,*amb]la91 ,m4,p47 0 enabl$ to ann\nce to ! ,corporation t l& w\ld be giv5 by ,mr4 ,cregoe ,colmore1 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 on :i* to build a ,s*ool ( ,art1 & t ,miss ,ryl& w\ld give #aj1jjj1 & ,messrs4 ,ri*>d & ,george ,tangye w\ld also give #aj1jjj t[>ds ! co/ ( build+ a ,s*ool on condition t ! ,t[n ,c\ncil w\ld und]take its managem5t4 ,! result ( ?is g5]osity is ! beautiful build+ 9 ,m>g>et ,/reet1 ! la/ "w ( ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,*amb]la91 :o _h = _m ye>s act$ z ,*airman ( ! ,s*ool1 & _h tak5 ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 its success4 ,x may fairly claim to be "o ( ! be/ s*ools ( art ev] erect$4 ,! light+ is bright & *e]ful1 furni%+ 9 ?is a contra/ to mo/ ( su* in/itutions2 & ! accommodation1 especially = ! modell+ classes & ^? = /udies be>+ on design1 is mo/ ample1 & a great improvem5t on t giv5 9 ! old premises4 ,9 ! ,c5tral & ,bran* ,s*ools !re are ?is ,session #gcc /ud5ts1 & 9 ! sev5 ,bran* ,s*ools #gjf /ud5ts1 mo/ly artisans4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( _! occupations3-- ,ar*itects ,assi/ants #da ,art ,/ud5ts #eg ,art ,tea*]s #ae ,arti/s #g ,brassf\nd]s ,work]s #dj ,cab9et ,mak]s #g ,c>p5t]s & ,jo9]s #bh ,cl]ks & ,(fice ,boys #id ,design]s #aa ,die ,s9k]s #ed ,draughtsm5 #cf ,eng9e]s1 ,fitt]s1 & ,turn]s #hh ,engrav]s1 ,emboss]s1 & ,*as]s #di ,glass ,pa9t]s #bg ,glass ,cutt]s #i ,japann]s #e ,jewell]s ,silv]smi?s #cg ,li?ograph]s #dj ,modell]s #h ,nail ,cutt]s #i ,patt]n ,mak]s #ab ,photograph]s #f ,tea*]s #ajc ,turn]s #f ,tool ,mak]s #f ,wat*mak]s #g ,wood ,c>v]s #c ,?irty-f\r o!r trades are also repres5t$1 besides ! *ildr5 ( artisans4 ,! ,aw>ds ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t to ! s*ool 9 #ahgg & 9 #ahhe1 w %ew ! m rec5t progress ( ! s*ool4 #ahgg1 ,m$als1 ,prizes1 & ,s*ol>%ips1 #aaj #ahhe 0 0 0 #cbj #ahgg1 ,c]tificates #aeg #ahhe 0 #feh ,( ^! prizes & c]tificates1 #dj prizes & #bgc c]tificates 7 la/ ye> aw>d$ = exam9ations 9 ! advanc$ sections1 includ+ pa9t+1 design1 draw+ f ! figure1 modell+ ! figure1 hi/ory ( ornam5t1 anatomy1 etc42 ! total ( aw>ds obta9$ by all ! #aih ,s*ools ( ,art 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom be+ only #bje prizes1 & #a1ibd c]tificates4 ,by ! munific5ce ( 8! anonym\s donor10 ! ,corporation are enabl$ to (f] ! foll[+ free admissions & s*ol>%ips t5able 9 ! s*ool = two ye>s3-- ,eighty free admissions to ! ,bran* ,s*ools2 ,fifty free admissions to ! ,c5tral ,s*ools2 ,t5 s*ol>%ips ( #e p] annum2 ,two s*ol>%ips ( #bj p] annum2 ,two s*ol>%ips ( #dj p] annum4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,libr>ies3 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,mull9s4 ,! fir/ ,public ,libr>y1 #agcc1 0 "o :i* /ill exi/s1 & 0 f\nd$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,higgs1 fir/ ,rector ( ,/4 ,philip's1 :o left 8 ,libr>y & a sum ( money = a ,p>o*ial ,libr>y 8free to all ,cl]gym5 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ! t[n & neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham1 & ( all o!r /ud5ts :o %all be recomm5d$ ei!r by ! ,rector ( ,/4 ,philip's1 or ! ,rector ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 9 ,birm+ham1 or ! ,rector ( ,%eldon1 ne> ,birm+ham10 & :i* 0 8design$ = ! enc\ragem5t & promotion ( useful ,lit]ature1 m especially ( !ological le>n+40 ,! books 7 to be l5t out at ! discretion ( ! ,tru/ees to suitable p]sons1 & a folio 0 to be kept six weeks1 a qu>to "o mon?1 & an octavo or duodecimo f\rte5 days4 ,! ,end[m5t 0 #bjj 9 #c p] c5ts41 & x 0 ann\nc$ t donations w\ld be v acceptable 8= ! increase ( ! ,libr>y10 z no paym5t 0 requir$ = admission to ! use ( x4 ,! ,libr>y 0 long kept 9 a room adjo9+ ,/4 ,philip's ,rectory1 7& is duly provid$ = 9 ! ,new ,rectory7 & des]ves ?is m5tion z ! fir/ ,free ,libr>y 9 our t[n4 ,subscription ,libr>ies4--,subscription ,libr>ies _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,william ,hutton 9 ,bull ,/reet 79 #agea71 ,joseph ,crompton 9 ,colmore ,r[1 & o!rs 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 b ! mo/ important 0 t ( ,john ,l[e1 at ! ,/amp ,(fice 9 ,*]ry ,/reet1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aggf1 & ! catalogue ( :i* 9 #agif includ$ #ajc pages2 & m ?an #aj1jjj ,/&>d ,books1 to :i* ! price ( ea* 0 add$ 9 case ( a pur*ase4 ,! annual subscriptions 7 #af_/- or a gu9ea accord+ to ! privileges1 & n only 7 qu>t]ly subscrib]s tak51 b non-subscrib]s c\ld h books to read on deposit+ _! value1 at twop5ce p] volume p] week2 or if ov] f\r %ill+s 9 value at ?reep5ce p] volume p] week4 ,& ! ,libr>y 0 to be op5 f eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ till n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! read]s ( a c5tury ago t a l>ge numb] ( ,fr5* books 7 provid$ = _! use4 ,9 #aghg a ,subscription ,libr>y 0 op5$ at #ac ,suffolk ,/reet1 by ,m4 & ,s4 ,olds4 ,! subscription 0 #ab_/- p] ye>1 #g_/- ! half ye>1 & #d_/- ! qu>t]4 ,! ,birm+ham 7,old7 ,libr>y 0 f\nd$ ab\t ,novemb]1 #aggi1 7?\gh ! exact place ( its orig9ation is n kn[n71 by n9ete5 subscrib]s1 ne>ly all be+ ,diss5t]s1 9 fact1 only "o be+ a memb] ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,! proposal 0 made to ! laity g5]ally1 & to "s ( ! ,cl]gy1 sev]al ( :om became memb]s :5 ! ,libr>y _h become a success4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on broad pr9ciples to supply ! num]\s read]s ) books1 :i* few private p]sons c\ld af=d to buy1 & x 0 bas$ on pr9ciples s s\nd t x has be5 highly successful1 & has be5 "o ( ! mo/ prosp]\s & long-liv$ ( all prov9cial ,libr>ies4 ,at fir/1 its progress seems to h be5 sl[1 & its hi/ory obscure2 b on ! arrival ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley 9 ,birm+ham1 9 #aghj1 its real prosp]ity comm5c$4 ,8 exp]i5ce ( a simil> ,libr>y at ,le$s1 & 8 *>act]i/ic en]gy & en?usiasm 7 giv5 to ! "y ,in/itution4 ,he n only wrote ! v>i\s adv]tisem5ts :i* appe>$1 b he drew up a code ( laws on ! pr9ciple adopt$ at ,le$s1 & ! be/ te/imony to _! m]it is t !y h be5 sub/antially )\t important *anges = #ajj ye>s4 ,! books 7 to be b\ght by a ,committee ( tw5ty *os5 annually4 ,! ,laws c\ld be made or repeal$ only at an ,annual ,meet+ or by special notice4 ,books 7 to be propos$ by ! ,subscrib]s1 & select$ by ! ,committee4 ,! plan prov$ highly successful1 & ! ,subscrib]s rapidly increas$4 ,! entrance fee 0 ,"o ,gu9ea1 & ! ,subscription ,six ,%ill+s a ye>1 rais$ to ,eight ,%ill+s 9 #agha4 ,! ,libr>ian 0 paid #aj a ye>1 att5dance #b to #e p4m4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ! ,libr>y _h its home at ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,john ,lee1 junr41 #aae1 ,sn[ ,hill1 b 0 aft]w>ds remov$ to ,messrs4 ,pe>son & ,rollason's1 ,swan ,y>d1 ,high ,/reet4 ,by ,janu>y1 #aghb1 a ,libr>y ,room 0 tak51 & ! books remov$ !re1 8h\rs #b to #e10 )9 ^? h\rs any ,subscrib] might see ! books1 read & make extracts1 etc41 at 8 pleasure2 9 #aghe1 elev5 to "o 0 add$ to ! h\rs4 ,9 #agij1 ,may #e?1 ! ,libr>y 0 re-op5$ at ! ,upp] ,priory 7late ,mr4 ,payton's ,repository7#cb ) #d1jjj volumes4 ,ab\t ?is "t a plan 0 />t$ to build a ,libr>y on a ,tont9e ,sy/em ( #aha %>es1 8ne> to a /reet call$ ,*]ry ,/reet1 & !n lately us$ z a ,b[l+ ,gre51 =m]ly call$ ,corbett's ,b[l+ ,gre540 ,an ext5sion d\bl+ ! area ( ! ,libr>y ,build+s 0 made ab\t #ahdc4 ,at its ,c5t5>y1 #ahgi1 ?is ,libr>y conta9$ #ej1jjj volumes4 ,x has n[ 7#ahhf7 #a1eia proprietors & subscrib]s2 an annual income ( #a1fhj2 an exp5diture ( #a1eca2 & #ihd volumes 7 add$ to ! ,libr>y 9 #ahhe4 ,! ,libr>ian is ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,sc>se4 ,birm+ham ,new ,libr>y4--,9 #agid ! ,new ,libr>y 0 f\nd$ by "s :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! managem5t ( ! ,p>5t ,in/itution4 ,! ,laws ( ! ,old ,libr>y 7 adopt$1 ) two exceptions4 ,x 0 orig9ally />t$ 9 ,cannon ,/reet4 ,rooms 7 !n built on ! ,tont9e plan1 9 ,temple ,r[ ,we/1 :]e ! ,jo9t ,/ock ,bank n[ /&s1 & aft] a m or less successful c>e] ! ,new ,libr>y 0 amalgamat$ ) ! ,union ,/reet or ,old ,birm+ham ,libr>y 9 #ahfj4 ,! ,m$ical ,libr>y & ,in/itute4--,?is ,libr>y 0 =m$ 9 #agij at a meet+ at ! ,union ,tav]n 9 ,*]ry ,/reet1 & rema9$ = _m ye>s z "p ( ! ,old ,birm+ham ,libr>y1 accessible to ! ord9>y subscrib]s1 b on ! =mation ( ! ,m$ical ,in/itute1 9 #ahgh1 ! books 7 giv5 up to ! promot]s ( ! ,in/itute4 ,x is n[ a libr>y ( "s #aa1ejj vols4 at ! new build+ 9 ,edmund ,/reet4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,johnson is ! ,libr>ian4 ,! ,in/itute is support$ by ! *ief m$ical m5 ( ! t[n & neighb\rhood4 ,! ,birm+ham ,law ,libr>y 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahca1 by ! ,b>ri/]s & ,attorneys practis+ 9 ,birm+ham & ! neighb\rhood4 ,?is is support$ by annual subscriptions4 ,x conta9s ne>ly #f1jjj volumes ( ,law ,works1 ,reports1 ,acts1 etc4 ,x is 9 ,well+ton ,passage1 ,b5nett's ,hill4 ,an admirable ,catalogue ( ?is ,libr>y has be5 compil$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,horton4 ,! ,mason ,college 9 ,edmund ,/reet1 op5$ 9 #ahhj1 has n[ a v *oice ,sci5tific ,libr>y4 ,x is especially ri* 9 ,engli% & ,=eign ,s]ials1 ,transactions1 ,j\rnals1 ,magaz9es1 ,reviews1 ,reports1 etc41 ( :i* ,mr4 ,s4 ,allport ! ,libr>ian publi%$ a ,catalogue 9 #ahhc4 ,x owes mu* ( its high "* to ! late ,dr4 ,heslop1 :o took great int]e/ 9 its =mation & gave ?ree-f\r?s ( ! books4 ,o!r ,libr>ies4--,among ! ,libr>ies ( ! pa/ %\ld be record$3 7#a7 ,! ,me*anics' ,in/itution f\nd$ 9 #ahbf1 & c>ri$ on till #ahdb4 ,x _h a ,ref]5ce & ,circulat+ ,libr>y ) a ,read+ ,room = ! use ( ! memb]s4 7#b7 ,! ,artisans' ,libr>y1 f\nd$ 9 #ahca1 op5 ?ree ev5+s a week4 ,( small] ,libr>ies1 ! ,p>o*ial "o ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 f\nd$ by ! ,rector 7,dr4 ,mill]7 9 #ahej1 0 f> above ! av]age "* ( su* ,in/itutions2 x 0 locat$ 9 ,+e ,/reet1 & 0 mu* us$4 ,news ,rooms1 ei!r ) ,libr>ies or alone1 7 n num]\s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahjh1 ! fir/ subscription ,news ,room appe>s to h be5 op5$ at ,messrs4 ,?omson & ,wrightson's ,/amp ,(fice1 ,new ,/reet1 op5 f #i a4m4 to #i p4m4 ,f\r ,london ,daily ,pap]s1 ,lloyd's ,li/1 ,prices ,curr5t1 "o ,sunday1 ?ree ,prov9cial1 & ?ree ,birm+ham ,pap]s1 ) ,reviews & ,magaz9es 7 provid$4 ,a ,comm]cial ,news ,room 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbc1 by a numb] ( g5tlem51 :o took ,%>es ( #bj ea* to erect a ,build+ & c>ry on ! "w4 ,a ,news ,room ( l>ge size & importance 0 built 9 #ahbe1 9 ,wat]loo ,/reet1 corn] ( ,b5nett's ,hill1 :]e ! old ,c\nty ,c\rt /ood1 & :]e ! ,inl& ,rev5ue ,(fice n[ /&s4 ,z ?is conta9$ all ! lead+ ,london ,p]iodicals & ,=eign ,newspap]s1 ,%ipp+1 ,comm]cial & ,law ,intellig5ce1 files ( important ,pap]s1 ,london ,gazette1 ,times & local ,j\rnals1 x may almo/ be includ$ among our ,libr>ies4 ,z a contra/ ) ?is1 ! only ,news ,room ( t "t1 !re are n[ ,n9e1 9 addition to ! ,ref]5ce ,read+ ,room1 viz43--,?ree ,subscription1 ! ,old ,libr>y1 ! ,midl& ,in/itute1 & ! ,ex*ange respectively1 & six free ,news ,rooms1 viz41 ! ,c5tral ,news ,room1 & five ,bran*es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n4 ,! ,free ,libr>ies ( ,birm+ham4--,^! 7 orig9at$1 & are su/a9$1 by ! municipality1 at ! co/ ( ! ratepay]s1 by ! levy+ ( a rate ( a little ov] "o p5ny 9 ! p\nd on ! r5ts or rateable value ( ! ,bor\gh4 ,?is rate produces #i1ejj a ye> & ma9ta9s ! pr9cipal or ,c5tral ,libr>ies1 :i* include ,ref]5ce ,dep>tm5t ( #hj1jjj volumes1 ,c5tral ,l5d+ ,libr>y ( #be1jjj volumes1 & a ,news ,room us$ regul>ly by ab\t #e1jjj read]s a day4 ,x also ma9ta9s ?ree ,bran* ,libr>ies ( #aj1jjj volumes ea*1 ) capaci\s & well suppli$ ,news ,rooms1 & two o!rs ( small] dim5sions op5$ only at night4 ,altoge!r ^! v>i\s dep>tm5ts issue m ?an #b1jjj volumes1 & accommodate 9 ! ,read+ & ,news ,rooms m ?an #aa1jjj read]s daily4 ,^! ,free ,libr>ies 7 comm5c$ t5tatively & mode/ly 9 a leas$ h\se & %opp+ 9 ,con/itution ,hill 7or ,nor!rn "p7 9 #ahfa1 "s d\bts app>5tly exi/+ !n :e!r su* in/itutions 7 really ne$$ or w\ld be appreciat$ "h4 ,! ,libr>y comm5c$ ) #f1jjj volumes1 & an issue = ! fir/ ye> ( #ajh1jjj4 ,n[ !re are ne>ly #adj1jjj volumes available1 ) an issue ( #hdd1jjj p] annum1 & "o ( ! mo/ urg5t pleas on behalf ( & by ! population n[ be=e ! ,t[n ,c\ncil is = m ,free ,libr>ies4 ,s /rong is ! desire = ! privileges ^! ,libr>ies af=d1 t at ,w>d ,elections ! "q has be5 ask$ ( ,c\ncillors z a te/ ( political fitness3 8,w y vote = a ,free ,libr>y & ,news ,room = ?is ,w>d80 ,?is g5]al will+ness ( ! p to be tax$ = ! high] b5efits ( k & culture = !mselves & _! *ildr5 is suffici5tly novel to be wor?y ( notice4 ,! success ( ! exp]im5t at ,con/itution ,hill induc$ ! ,free ,libr>ies' ,committee to prep>e plans on a scale comm5surate ) ! dem&s ( ! ,t[n1 & x 0 resolv$ to comm5ce ! ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,libr>ies consi/+ ( ,ref]5ce ,dep>tm5t & ,read+ ,room1 ,c5tral ,l5d+ ,libr>y & ,news ,room1 & to provide ,bran* ,libr>ies & ,news ,rooms = ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict at ,go/a ,gre51 & = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict at ,d]it5d4 ,?is plan has s9ce be5 ext5d$ to provide ,libr>ies & ,news ,rooms at ,ne*ells1 ,small ,hea?1 & ,spr+ ,hill1 7^! ?ree h yet to be built74 ,! small & incommodi\s ,room at ,con/itution ,hill or ,nor!rn ,di/rict1 ! />t+ po9t 9 #ahfa ( ! ,libr>ies1 0 sup]s$$ by a l>ge & h&some build+ 9 ,july #ahhc4 ,! co/ ( ^! build+s 0 defray$ f loans borr[$ on ! sy/em ( an annual repaym5t ( loan & int]e/ 9 "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,! fir/ ,ref]5ce ,libr>y ( #af1jjj volumes1 ) ! ,c5tral ,l5d+ ,dep>tm5t & ,news ,room1 0 op5$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahff1 & an eloqu5t & orig9al address by ! late ,george ,dawson1 decl>$ ^! ,libr>ies op5 & free = ev]1 & />t$ !m on _! c\rse ( usefulness4 ,z reg>ds ! "* ( books read1 x may be said t by f> ! l>ge/ dem& 9 ! ,ref]5ce ,libr>y is = books ( practical value 9 ,sci5ce & ,art1 & t ! ta/e = ,sci5tific ,works 9 ! ,l5d+ ,libr>ies is /eadily gr[+1 & ! ,committee are only too glad to meet ! dem&4 ,^! ,free ,l5d+ ,libr>ies seem to rea* all classes ) _! elevat+ & gladd5+ influ5ce4 ,!re are n only books = ! /ud5t & work] by :i* !y may be help$ 9 ! bus9ess ( life1 b !re are books = ! we>y1 books ( /&>d music1 books = little *ildr51 & ev5 books = ! bl9d4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,libr>ies has be51 ) "o exception1 an unbrok5 record ( success1 & :at a _w ( happ9ess & gr[? tw5ty-five ye>s ( successful ,libr>y "w means x is v difficult to measure or e/imate4 ,! exception 0 ! calamit\s fire :i* occurr$ on ,janu>y #aa1 #ahgi4 ,! ,build+ 0 9 process ( enl>gem5t1 & _h be5 to a consid]able ext5t giv5 up into ! build]s' h&s dur+ its recon/ruction4 ,a /rong wall _h giv5 place = ! "t be+--to avoid ! clos+ ( ! ,ref]5ce ,libr>y & ,news ,room dur+ ! alt]ations--to tempor>y arrangem5ts ( wood & simil> mat]ial4 ,! w9t] 0 sev]e1 ! gas 0 froz51 an en]getic workman 9 attempt+ to produce a ?aw ignit$ a flame :i* blaz$ up beyond 8 control1 set fire to ! tempor>y scre5 divid+ ! exi/+ ,libr>y f ! ext5sion1 &1 spread+ to ! adjo9+ %elves1 soon embrac$ ! :ole ( ! ,libr>y 9 "o va/ blaze4 ,z ?is occurr$ at mid-day on a ,saturday1 ! ,rooms ( ! ,libr>y 7 cr[d$ ) ,read]s1 b no "o 0 injur$4 ,all sorts & conditions ( m5 /rove to save :at c\ld be sav$ ( ! preci\s books1 b ! fire 0 ma/]1 & ! salvage 0 small4 ,! pride ! p _h 9 _! ,free ,libr>y1 & _! grief at its de/ruction 7 %ewn 9 a mo/ pa!tic mann]1 books be+ (f]$ f _! own collections1 great & small1 t[>d ! re/oration4 ,nor 0 ?is feel+ conf9$ to ! t[n4 ,h] ,maje/y s5t a note ?r\gh ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,ponsonby1 9 :i* %e (f]$ a valuable selection ( books z foll[s3-- 8,buck+ham ,palace1 ,m>* #bd1 #ahgi4 ,sir1 ,i am comm&$ by ! ,que5 to enquire if ! ,manag]s ( ! ,birm+ham ,libr>y w accept f ,h] ,maje/y ! volumes1 a li/ ( :i* ,i enclose4 ,n be+ c]ta9 to :om ,i %\ld address myself1 ,i h v5tur$ to tr\ble y ) ?is lett]1 9 ! hope t y w communicate ! ,que5's (f] 9 ! prop] qu>t]4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,h5ry ,f4 ,,ponsonby40 8,! ,mayor ( ,birm+ham40 ,! books (f]$ 73 ,lepsius1 7,c4 ,r47--,d5kmael] aus ,aegypt5 und ,ae?iopi54 #ab vols41 l>ge folio4 ,bock1 7,f47--,die ,kle9odi5 des heilig5 ,rmis*5 ,rei*es ,deuts*] ,nation4 #a vol41 l>ge folio4 #ahfd4 ,na%1 7,joseph7--,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,folio4 #ahdh4 ,wyatt1 7,m4 ,digby7--,! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ! #ai? ,c5tury4 #b vols41 folio4 #ahec4 ,^! works1 ! noble/ ( _! k9d1 & on ! subjects ( :i* !y treat1 are n only co/ly b exce$+ly useful1 m especially ! f9e illu/rations 9 ! 8,monum5ts ( ,egypt & ,e?iopia10 & ! 8,art ,treasures ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire ( ! ,g]man ,nation40 ,expressions ( sympa?y & gifts ( books came f ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,am]ica1 &1 f ne>ly e t[n 9 ,engl&4 ,! *ief m5 ( ,birm+ham met1 & subscriptions am\nt+ to ne>ly #ae1jjj 7 giv5 to supplem5t ! am\nt = :i* ! books _h be5 insur$--to raise aga9 & at once :at all classes pr\dly & lov+ly call$ 8,our ,free ,libr>y40 ,! build+s 9 ,ratcliff ,place h ris5 aga9 9 nobl] proportions1 & on ext5d$ space1 ! rates = _! support are ungrudg+ly giv51 & !re is no place bett] us$4 ,! issue ( books ext5ds ye>ly ) ! advance ( education1 & goes on to supply t = :i* ! s*ool creates a dem&4 ,! /ud5t w "h f9d plac$ at 8 s]vice ! mo/ complete & co/ly works 9 art1 ar*itecture1 ar*ology1 botany1 natural hi/ory1 sci5ce1 !ology1 politics1 poetry1 z well z c\nty hi/ories1 & topographical works1 & sets ( all ! pr9cipal weekly1 mon?ly1 qu>t]ly & annual publications1 ) files ( important newspap]s1 etc41 f v e>ly p]iods to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,libr>y conta9s sev]al special collections3 ,! ,,byron collection 7#bge vols471 giv5 by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,tangye4 ,! ,,c]vantes collection 7#djj vols471 giv5 by ! late ,mr4 ,william ,bragge4 ,! ,,milton collection 7#ahb vols471 giv5 by ,mr4 ,frank ,wright4 ,a collection ( local lit]ature ( unequall$ ext5t1--! acquisition ( _m ye>s by ,david ,mal9s1 ,sam3 ,timm9s & o!rs--has be5 g5]\sly plac$ at ! disposal ( ! t[n4 ,?is rem>kable collection ( books1 pamphlets1 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 maps1 views ( ! build+s1 portraits1 etc41 already consi/s ( ov] #f1jjj articles1 & is catalogu$ 9 a pamphlet ( #ic pages4 ,! ,%akespe>e ,memorial ,libr>y 0 f\nd$ at ! ,t]c5t5>y ( ,%akespe>e's ,bir? 79 #ahfd7 by ! unit$ ex]tions ( ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s & ! late ,george ,dawson4 ,! orig9al collection de/roy$ by ! fire has be5 re/or$ to m ?an its =m] proportions1 & n[ consi/s ( upw>ds ( #g1jjj volumes1 editions1 plays1 & ,%akespe>iana 9 tw5ty-six languages1 includ+ ! fir/ f\r folio editions ( ,%akespe>e's ,works1 & ne>ly e edition issu$ s9ce1 z well z v>i\s translations f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is collection1 l ! re/ ( ! ,libr>y is op5 to all /ud5ts free1 & is l>gely us$1 /ud5ts ( ,%akespe>e com+ "h f ,cambridge1 ,dubl91 & ev5 f ,b]l94 ,! disa/r\s fire ( #ahgi de/roy$ ! l>g] "p ( ! ,c]vantes ,libr>y1 & ( ! spl5did ,/aunton ,collection ( ,w>wick%ire ,books1 ,manuscripts1 ,engrav+s1 ,portraits1 etc41 b ^! are be+ replac$ z fully z possible by gifts & pur*ases z opportunities occur4 ,! ,ref]5ce ,libr>y 7only7 has be5 op5$ on ,sundays1 f #c to #i1 s9ce ,april1 #ahgb1 & is g5]ally well us$4 ,! read]s are suppli$ ) books by six ,assi/ants1 ( :om five are ,jews4 ,suburban ,libr>ies4--,! influ5ce ( ! ,birm+ham ,free ,libr>ies has n be5 conf9$ to ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,bor\gh4 ,9 ! spirit$ suburban ,manor ( ,a/on a ,free ,libr>y 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,may #ahgg2 ?is 0 foll[$ by ,h&swor? 9 #ahhj2 & bo? ^! ,suburbs h h&some provision made 9 ! public build+s1 = good ,libr>ies & ,news ,rooms4 ,! ,libr>ian ( ,a/on ,manor ,free ,libr>y is ,mr4 ,r4 ,k4 ,d5t1 ! au?or ( 8,old & ,new ,birm+ham10 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,rob]ts is ! ,libr>ian ( ,h&swor?4 ,)9 a circle ( t5 or twelve miles !re are sub/antial ,free ,libr>ies at ,d>la/on1 ,dudley1 ,bil/on1 ,bri]ley ,hill1 ,sme?wick1 ,we/ ,bromwi*1 ,walsall1 ,w$nesbury & ,will5hall2 & )9 a little wid] radius w be f\nd ! ,free ,libr>ies ( ,burslem1 ,cov5try1 ,hanley1 ,kidd]m9/]1 ,leam+ton1 ,li*field1 ,tamwor?1 ,tipton1 ,wolv]hampton1 & ,worce/]2 a l>g] numb] )9 su* an area ?an w be f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! k+dom4 ,! brief acc\nt "h giv5 is compil$ f ! foll[+ works1 9 ea* ( :i* fur!r details ( int]e/ may be f\nd3-- ,hutton's ,hi/ory ( ,birm+ham4 ,six? ,edition1 #ahce4 ,lang=d's ,c5tury ( ,birm+ham ,life1 #ahfh4 ,lang=d's ,mod]n ,birm+ham & its ,in/itutions1 #ahgc-ahgg4 ,dawson's ,inaugural ,address at op5+ ( ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 #ahff4 ,d5t's ,old & ,new ,birm+ham1 #ahhj4 ,c5t5>y ( ! ,birm+ham ,libr>y1 by ,sam3 ,timm9s1 #ahgi4 ,%[ell's ,diction>y ( ,birm+ham1 #ahhe4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,lit]>y1 ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,arti/ic ,,societies4 ,,by ,,sam3 ,,timm9s4 ,! ,*apt] ,,ii41 on 8,education10 has includ$ ! m active & valuable societies :i* h develop$ into important organizations = ! full & regul> tea*+ ( ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 & ,art1 b x has be5 ?\ght desirable to give a brief summ>y ( ! local societies :i* = ne>ly a c5tury h assi/$ 9 creat+ ! dem& :i* ! l>g] in/itutions h be5 e/abli%$ to supply4 ,birm+ham has n be5 s rem>kable z "s o!r t[ns = its societies =m$ ( lov]s ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 & x is c]ta9ly rem>kable1 & almo/ repreh5sible1 t s l>ge a c5tre has nev] _h a def9ite ,lit]>y ,society or ,lit]>y ,club1 associat+ all1 & !y are _m1 :o are lov]s ( books 9 all dep>tm5ts1 & n m]ely ( lit]ature ( a sci5tific1 te*nical1 & practical k9d4 ,su* a society1 or su* a club1 %\ld c]ta9ly exi/ 9 a great ,midl& t[n1 z 9 ,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1 & o!r places4 ,! ,lun> ,society ( ! la/ c5tury1 :i* includ$ among its memb]s or visitors1 ,prie/ley1 ,b\lton1 ,watt1 ,d>w91 ,)]+1 ,keir1 ,galton1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,smeaton1 ,edgewor?1 ,day1 ,w$gwood1 ,bask]ville1 0 f\nd$ ab\t #agfe1 & z ! h\ses ( ! memb]s 7 di/ant f ea* o!r1 & ! roads d>k & sometimes dang]\s at night1 ! meet+s 7 held at 8full moon10 h5ce 8,! ,lunatics0 or 8,lun> ,society0 d]iv$ its "n4 ,its objects 7 social & sci5tific r ?an lit]>y & x has left no lit]>y memorials ( its meet+s4 ,debat+ ,societies4--,among ! e>lie/ ( ! societies1 common 9 lat] days1 & :i* 7 ! m ne$ful :5 newspap]s 7 few1 7 ! ,debat+ ,societies1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ! 8,rob9 ,hood ,free ,debat+ ,society10 0 a tav]n-society1 f\nd$ 9 #aggd1 & 0 foll[$ 9 ! same ye> by ano!r1 & probably a rival1 or sec$$ body1 z a 8,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,free & ,c&id ,disputation10 b bo? soon discuss$ !mselves out ( exi/5ce4 ,9 #aghi a 8,society = ,free ,debate0 0 =m$1 & l ! o!rs x discuss$ social1 moral1 & political que/ions1 s t 9 #agib ! magi/rates int]f]$1 on ! gr\nd t ! rec5t riots %\ld disc\rage public discussions ( dang]\s subjects4 ,philosophical ,in/itution4--,at ! close ( ! c5tury1 ab\t ! ye> #agid1 a ,philosophic & ,arti/ic ,society 0 propos$1 & 9 #ahjj ! fir/ /eps 7 tak5 to f\nd ! ,birm+ham ,philosophical ,in/itution1 :i* 0 s successful t1 9 #ahac1 a suitable build+1 ) a lecture room = two hundr$ he>]s1 a news room1 a museum1 & o!r necess>y rooms1 7 erect$1 & 7 op5$ by a lecture by ,rev4 ,j4 ,corrie1 a fri5d & biograph] ( ,prie/ley1 9 ,octob]1 #ahad4 ,?is society fl\ri%$ = _m ye>s1 ) lectures f em95t m51 a good libr>y & museum1 & 0 f9ally succe$$ by ! ,midl& ,in/itute on a mu* l>g] & m popul> scale4 ,"o ( its notable practical uses 0 ! erection ( ,mr4 ,follett ,osl]'s fir/ ,anemomet]1 & excell5t ,clock = public conv5i5ce4 ,= _m ye>s pap]s 7 read & discuss$ by memb]s1 & publi%$ 9 ,transactions 9 :i* meteorological1 indu/rial1 & sci5tific facts ( hi/oric importance h be5 pres]v$4 ,society ( ,arts & ,exhibitions4--,9 ,april1 #ahad1 ! 8arti/s & amateurs10 propos$ to =m a society1 & to hold an annual exhibition ( pictures1 & ! promot]s secur$ z honor>y memb]s1 ,b5jam9 ,we/1 ,sir ,j4 ,soane1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,john ,flaxman1 & ,ri*>d ,we/macott4 ,! fir/ exhibition 0 held 9 ! 8,academy ( ,arts10--a build+ /ill rema9+ 9 ,union ,passage--& prov$ v attractive4 ,9 #ahba1 ! ,arti/ic ,society propos$ to exp& & to =m a ,society ( ,arts1 & 9 #ahbb1 ! site ( ! pres5t l>ge build+ 7!n tempor>y7 0 secur$1 & replac$1 9 #ahbg1 by a p]man5t build+1 *iefly f ! lib]ality ( ,sir ,rob]t ,lawley1 :o gave a l>ge numb] ( ca/s f antique1 & 9 t ye> ! fir/ great exhibition ( pictures 0 held4 ,z a pro( ( ! necessity ( su* an exhibition & ( su* a ,society1 x w be wor? :ile to quote ! rem>ks ( ,ca!r9e ,hutton1 ! daught] ( ! hi/orian1 h]self a woman ( good s5se & good ta/e1 s9ce %e pr$ict$ t ! propos$ society w\ld 8die a natural dea?10 t ! 8g5ius ( ! arti/s ( ,birm+ham 0 m calculat$ to pa9t tea bo>ds ?an pictures10 & t ! propos$ rooms w\ld soon 8s]ve = a ,me?odi/ ,meet+ ,h\se40 ,= m ?an sixty ye>s s9ce t prophecy1 ! rooms h be5 us$1 ) "o int]val1 caus$ by qu>rels1 = a s]ies ( exhibitions ( pa9t+s & draw+s1 n only 9 autumn1 b 9 spr+ exhibitions too1 :i* secure "s ( ! be/ pictures by ! =emo/ arti/s ( ! day4 ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y4--,9 #ahbh1 ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y 0 begun 9 ,sn[ ,hill1 by ! late ,w4 ,s&s ,cox1 & 0 f9ally exp&$ into ! ,que5's ,college1 :i* has be5 fully describ$1 b ! 8,society0 side ( ?is & o!r simil> in/itutions1 0 orig9ally a s]ies ( meet+s ( memb]s1 & n any sort ( college or s*ool4 ,me*anics' ,in/itute & ,artisans' ,libr>y4--,! success ( ,dr4 ,birkbeck's popul> in/itution 9 ,london l$ to ! =mation ( a ,me*anics' ,in/itution 9 ,birm+ham1 9 #ahbe1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,artisan's ,libr>y4 ,f v>i\s causes ?is society 0 n successful1 b x 0 "o ( ! fir/ attempts to rea* ! masses ( ! p ) lit]>y & sci5tific tea*+1 & num]\s classes 7 well taught & gave valuable help to ! "y m5 ( t day4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable results ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itution1 & "o ( ! causes1 un=tunately1 ( its failure1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ,indu/rial ,exhibitions ( manufactures & processes 9 #ahdj1 & foll[$ by a second :i* 0 f9ancially a failure4 ,9 #ahda ano!r 8,in/itution0 on a some:at diff]5t plan 0 e/abli%$ "u ! patronage ( ,"l ,john ,mann]s & ! 8,"y ,engl&0 p>ty z ! 8,a!nic ,in/itute0 = m5tal1 moral1 & physical improvem5t1 comb9$ ) rational amusem5ts--a?letic & o!rs4 ,9 #ahdc ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution foll[$ & 0 c>ri$ on successfully till #ahec on r broad] l9es ?an ! ,me*anics' ,in/itution1 b x attract$ r ! middle ?an ! humbl] classes1 & f9ally fail$1 to be foll[$ by ! ,midl& ,in/itute z previ\sly describ$4 ,9 #ahej an important society 0 f\nd$ 9 ,birm+ham to advocate ! e/abli%m5t ( 8free1 secul>1 & compulsory0 education1 & ?is develop$ into ! 8,national ,public ,s*ool ,association10 & 9 #ahfg into ! 8,national ,education ,league10 :i* 0 ! mo/ important factor 9 ! education ( ! c\ntry by ! agitation :i* result$ 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,education ,act ( #ahgj4 ,9 #aheb-ec ano!r attempt 0 made to =m a ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,in/itution1 to take up ! "w :i* ! ,me*anics' ,in/itution & ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution _h fail$ to accompli%4 ,! fir/ public help giv5 0 by "o ( ! fir/ public read+s ( ! ,*ri/mas ,c>ol1 by ,*>les ,dick5s1 :i* produc$ = ! ?ree read+s1 #bbg4 #ais4 #i;d41 & cont9u$ ! int]e/ & help :i* ,dick5s _h giv5 z ,presid5t ( ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution "s ye>s be=e4 ,f ?is date ! ,midl& ,in/itute has mo/ successfully provid$ = all classes1 by its lit]ature & sci5ce classes1 its public lectures1 & its musical & ar*ological sections1 & has become "o ( ! mo/ successful ( all simil> in/itutions4 ,magaz9es & ,pamphlets4--,s e>ly z #agfd a 8,birm+ham ,regi/] & ,ent]ta9+ ,museum0 _h be5 publi%$ on ! l9es ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 & t5 ye>s lat] a 8,m$ical ,miscellany0 appe>$ :i*1 h[ev]1 did n live long1 & no simil> s]ial appe>$ till #ahag4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod1 & especially j be=e or aft] ! riots 9 #agia1 ! t[n 0 delug$ ) pamphlets1 *iefly on political subjects1 & great feuds arose4 ,! pupils ( ! fam\s 8,hazelwood ,s*ool0 issu$ ! 8,hazelwood ,magaz9e10 (t5 illu/rat$ ) et*+s & li?ographs f #ahbb to #ahcj1 & ! pupils ( ,k+ ,edw>d's ,s*ool h f "t to "t _h a 8,magaz9e0 ( _! own4 ,?is example 0 foll[$ by ! 8,propriet>y ,s*ool0 on two or ?ree occasions4 8,! ,oscotian0 9 #ahbh rea*$ #c vols41 & 0 resum$ lat]1 & is /ill issu$4 ,= sev]al ye>s1 circa #ahcj1 sev]al ,magaz9es devot$ to ! drama 7 publi%$1 & 7 useful 9 _! day4 ,newspap]s4--,! pamphlets ( ! la/ c5tury 7 sup]s$$ by ! newspap] press2 ,birm+ham1 :i* _h a 8,j\rnal0 9 #agca1 & a 8,gazette0 9 #agda2 _h its fir/ 8,daily ,press0 9 #ahee1 :5 ! taxes on k 7 repeal$1 & 8,daily ,po/0 9 #aheg1 & 8,daily ,gazette0 9 #ahfb4 ,9 #ahfi1 an attempt 0 made to e/abli% a ,midl& 8,illu/rat$ ,news10 :i* cont9u$ = "s two ye>s4 ,9 ! same ye> ! fir/ halfp5ny ev5+ pap] appe>$1 ! 8,daily ,mail10 & 9 #ahga1 ! 8,birm+ham ,morn+ ,news0 0 e/abli%$1 ) ! late ,george ,dawson z its fir/ editor4 ,magaz9es4--,magaz9e lit]ature has (t5 be5 attempt$ s9ce #agfd1 b n successfully4 ,9 #ahgf1 ! 8,birm+ham ,exam9]10 a weekly newspap] ( politics & lit]ature 0 tri$ = "s mon?s1 & ab\t ! same "t ! 8,m$ical ,review10 ! 8,midl& ,naturali/10 & ! 8,c5tral ,lit]>y ,magaz9e10 7 f\nd$ & fl\ri% /ill4 ,an illu/rat$ ,magaz9e1 8,mid-,engl&0 appe>$ 9 #ahgi1 b fail$ to secure ! 8,midl&0 read]s2 & ! 8,midl& ,antiqu>y10 devot$ to ar*ology1 g5ealogy1 & h]aldry1 s9ce #ahgi4 ,debat+ ,societies h be5 num]\s1 & h g5]ally held _! gr\nd1 & help$ to tra9 "s ( ! be/ speak]s & debat]s ( our day4 ,! ,birm+ham ,debat+ ,society 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahdf1 & amalgamat$ ) ! ,edgba/on ,society 9 #ahee4 ,p>liam5t>y ,debat+ ,societies--8e*oes0 ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons--h be5 tri$ two or ?ree times b )\t success1 al?\gh fl\ri%+ = "s ye>s4 ,! ,c5tral ,lit]>y ,association has be5 "o ( ! mo/ long-liv$ & popul> ( debat+ societies1 & its ,magaz9e has also be5 a m>k$ success4 ,9 #ahef an ,amateur ,dramatic ,club 0 =m$1 & _m v excell5t p]=mances 7 giv54 ,a ,dramatic ,club1 hold+ w9t] meet+s1 has be5 e/abli%$ s9ce = ! read+ ( pap]s1 & ! celebration ( ! ,%akespe>e ,anniv]s>y2 & 8,our ,%akespe>e ,club0 has met = m ?an ?irty ye>s z a social r ?an lit]>y club1 ^: *ief "w 0 to f\nd ! ,%akespe>e ,memorial ,libr>y4 ,a ,graduates ,club 0 f\nd$ by ! late ,dr4 ,c4 ,badham = social meet+s ( ,univ]sity ,graduates2 a ,clef ,club has rec5tly be5 op5$ = lov]s ( music2 ! ,hi/orical ,society1 at ,mason ,college1 has be5 m]g$ into ! ,philosophical ,society1 :i* meets 9 ! same build+2 ! ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,society has _m & devot$ memb]s2 ! ,law ,society has its le>n$ discussions2 ! ,m$ical ,in/itute has its ,libr>y & ,meet+s2 ! /ud5ts ( ! ,midl& ,in/itute & ( ,mason ,college h _! respective societies & magaz9es2 ! ,ar*ological section ( ! ,in/itute has its meet+s1 excursions1 & transactions2 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society its num]\s memb]s1 & its excursions & magaz9e1--all be+ social z well z sci5tific1 & help+ to raise ! /&>d ( ta/e & k among all classes ( ! t[n4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,*>itable ,,in/itutions4 ,,by ,c4,e4 ,,ma!ws4 ,! ,birm+ham ,g5]al ,hospital4--,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! second half ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,birm+ham 0 a small manufactur+ t[n ) a population b little 9 excess ( #cj1jjj s\ls4 ,at t "t no m$ical or surgical relief c\ld be obta9$ by its suff]+ poor except at ! ,infirm>y atta*$ to ! ,workh\se4 ,b 9 ,novemb]1 #agfe1 ,dr4 ,a%1 an em95t memb] ( ! local m$ical pr(ession1 call$ a meet+ ( ! pr9cipal inhabitants 8to consid] ! advisability ( e/abli%+ a g5]al hospital = ! relief ( ! sick & lame40 ,a public meet+ 0 held at ! ,swan1 ,novemb] #ba1 #agfe1 :i* result$ 9 8,b5efactions0 #a1eee #ahs4 #j;d4 & 8,annual ,subscriptions0 #dbd #ajs4 #j;d4 ,little 0 done 7o!r ?an ! creation ( a build+ debt7 until ! ye> #aggi1 :5 ?is great *>ity fairly ent]$ ^u its long c>e] ( humanity1 usefulness1 & hon\r4 ,its income 9 ^? e>ly ye>s 0 scanty1 its pati5ts few & f> betwe51 x _h no end[m5t :atev]4 ,x 0 a privileg$ in/itution1 t is1 except 9 cases ( extreme urg5cy1 its b5efits 7 giv5 only to ! hold]s ( subscrib]s' tickets4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahhe1 #c1ede 9-pati5ts & #ch1eja out-pati5ts 7 treat$ at ?is ,in/itution4 ,its subscription li/ am\nt$ to #e1ddh2 ! income ( its end[m5ts rea*$ ! respectable figure ( #b1ghg1 & ! total income f all s\rces1 ord9>y & extraord9>y1 0 ne>ly #ae1jjj4 ,x is /ill 9 !ory a privileg$ in/itution2 b m ?an two-?irds ( ! 9-pati5ts1 & m ?an half ( ! out-pati5ts 7 admitt$ 9 #ahhe z 8accid5ts & urg5t cases0 )\t recomm5dation4 ,9 rec5t ye>s enorm\s improvem5ts h be5 made bo? 9 ! laws & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ?is ,hospital4 ,! old sy/em by :i* e ,gov]nor _h a vote 9 ! election ( a ,m$ical ,(fic] has be5 aboli%$1 & vacancies = ! mu* covet$ position ( ,physician or ,surgeon to ! *>ity are n[ fill$ by a suffici5tly l>ge & repres5tative ,committee4 ,! legacies1 :i* are v num]\s1 are fund$ to ! ext5t ( "o half ( _! am\nt2 & ! annual reports are models = cle>ness & accuracy ( in=mation4 ,a great ext5sion ( ! hospital "w has rec5tly be5 made4 ,a bran* ,hospital = *ronic cases has be5 e/abli%$ by ! munific5ce ( ,mr4 ,john ,jaffray1 & has rec5tly be5 op5$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! ,end[m5t ,fund ( ?is dep>tm5t already exce$s #cj1jjj1 & special subscriptions h be5 obta9$ am\nt+ to ne>ly #ejj a ye>4 ,! great ,tri5nial ,musical ,fe/ivals1 :i* 9 late ye>s h ceas$ to be peculi> to ,birm+ham1 7 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! ,birm+ham ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,a ,committee ( ! ,gov]nors is specially appo9t$ to c>ry out ^! important und]tak+s1 & !y h sp>$ no ef=t 9 procur+ ! f9e/ music f ! able/ ,compos]s1 r5d]$ by ! =emo/ arti/s ( ! "t4 ,! ,elijah ( ,m5delssohn1 ! ,eli & ,naaman ( ,co/a1 ! ,light ( ! ,_w ( ,sullivan1 ! ,/4 ,pet] ( ,b5$ict1 & ! ,r$emption & ,mors et ,vita ( ,g\nod1 are "s ( ! great works fir/ produc$ at ,birm+ham "u ! managem5t ( ! 8,or*e/ral ,committee10 ^: aim has be5 on ! "o h& to obta9 ! p]fection ( music1 & on ! o!r to augm5t ! income ( ! ,hospital4 ,^! ,fe/ivals h be5 held s9ce ! ye> #agfh1 & h result$ 9 a net pr(it to ! ,hospital ( ov] #abj1jjj4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahdi1 ! gross receipts at any ,fe/ival h nev] be5 less ?an #aj1jjj1 & 9 "o ye> !y exce$$ #af1jjj4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe1 :5 ! la/ ,fe/ival 0 held1 ! gross receipts 7 #ac1gae1 & ! net pr(it accru+ to ! ,*>ity 0 #c1ejj4 ,! ,que5's ,hospital4--,?is great ,hospital is ! second g5]al ,hospital 9 ,birm+ham4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #ahdj1 9 connection ) ! ,birm+ham ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y2 a ,s*ool :i* 9 #ahdc became incorporat$ "u ! "n ( ! 8,que5's ,college40 ,x has an unusually l>ge act+ ,m$ical & ,surgical ,/aff consi/+ ( ?ree ,physicians1 f\r ,surgeons1 "o ,physician = ,out-pati5ts1 two casualty ,surgeons1 an ,oph?almic ,surgeon1 a ,d5tal ,surgeon1 & an ,ob/etric ,(fic]4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ z a privileg$ ,in/itution1 b 9 ! ye> #ahge ! regulations !n exi/+ 7 *ang$1 & x became a ,free ,hospital4 ,f t "t no privileges ( any k9d h be5 giv5 to subscrib]s1 & ! suff]+ & des]v+ poor h be5 receiv$ & treat$ )\t any conditions or qualifications o!r ?an ! urg5cy ( _! ne$ ( relief4 ,!re is no d\bt t s9ce ! ,hospital became free1 x has ga9$ greatly 9 public confid5ce & popul>ity4 ,! ,9-pati5ts treat$ 9 #ahhe 7 #a1idd1 ! ,out-pati5ts 7 #bd1jfc4 ,"s ye>s ago x _h a consid]able end[m5t1 b great enl>gem5ts & improvem5ts ( ! ,hospital 7 necess>y1 & 7 c>ri$ out a few ye>s s9ce at a co/ ( #bf1jjj1 ( :i* sum #aj1jjj 0 tak5 f ! end[m5t1 & ! rema9d] 0 rais$ by an active & intellig5t ,committee4 ,! pres5t end[m5t is only ab\t #e1jjj4 ,! annual income f all s\rces may be tak5 at #h1jjj1 & ! annual exp5diture is ab\t ! same1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt t ) a l>g] income ! ,committee c\ld provide 9 ! pres5t build+s a great increase 9 ! numb] ( b$s1 & s mat]ially r$uce ! av]age co/ p] pati5t4 ,! ord9>y income ( a m$ical *>ity is d]iv$ f subscriptions1 donations1 legacies1 & ! income result+ f inve/m5ts4 ,by ! laws ( _m *>ities legacies are inve/$1 & ! income only ( su* inve/m5ts is appli$ to ! annual purposes ( ! *>ity4 ,! ,que5's ,hospital has n be5 able to take ?is c\rse2 all legacies paid 9 any ye> be+ appli$ to ! g5]al purposes ( ! in/itution4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe ! income ( ! ,hospital 0 made up z foll[s3--,f ,subscriptions #b1fdh1 f ,donations #bef1 f ,legacies #a1fba1 f ,regi/ration ,fees #heb1 f ,income ( ,inve/m5ts #aig2 b ^! figures am\nt 9 all only to #e1egd1 & x has be5 /at$ t ! income ( ! ,hospital is ab\t #h1jjj a ye>4 ,h[ !n has ! balance be5 obta9$8 ,9 ,engl& !re is no compulsory rate 9 aid ( our *>itable in/itutions4 ,m4 ,guizot left x on record t :5 he fir/ visit$ ?is c\ntry no?+ surpris$ him m ?an ! con/ant recurr5ce ( ! words t met him at e turn 9 ,london--8support$ by volunt>y contributions40 ,b ! income aris+ f 8ord9>y s\rces0 0 r>ely suffici5t to enable ,hospital manag]s to cope ) ! responsibilities ?r[n ^u !m )\t incurr+ con/ant deficits & sometimes f9ancial disa/]4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago "s ,birm+ham m51 among/ :om ! late ,rector ( ,birm+ham 7,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mill]7 des]ves mo/ hon\rable m5tion1 grappl$ ) ! difficulty4 ,! v>i\s ,cl]gy & ,m9i/]s ( ,religion1 assi/$ by prom95t lay t[nsm51 det]m9$ to organise a g5]al ,collection once a ye> 9 all ! ,*ur*es & ,*apels ( ! t[n & neighb\rhood1 = ! b5efit ( ! local ,m$ical ,*>ities4 ,?us orig9at$ 8,hospital ,sunday40 ,x 0 resolv$ t e ?ird ye> ! :ole collection %\ld g to ! ,g5]al ,hospital1 e ?ird ye> to ! ,que5's ,hospital1 & e ?ird ye> t x %\ld be divid$ among ! small] ,m$ical ,*>ities 9 c]ta9 proportions bas$ ^u ! numb] ( pati5ts reliev$4 8,hospital ,sunday0 became imm5sely popul>1 & ! example set by ,birm+ham 0 imitat$ by ! metropolis & by ! l>g] t[ns & cities ( ,engl&4 ,s9ce its e/abli%m5t up to la/ ye> ! m$ical *>ities ( ,birm+ham h receiv$ f ! ,hospital ,sunday ,fund ! enorm\s subsidy ( #abd1dcj4 ,f ?is s\rce ! ,que5's ,hospital has receiv$1 up to ! ye> #ahhd1 #db1ahh2 its tri5nial collection am\nt$ to #d1cef 9 #ahha1 & to #d1aha 9 #ahhd4 ,b ! ye> #ahgc witness$ a new dep>ture4 ,x 0 felt t x 0 n en\gh to make collections only f ! habitual frequ5t]s ( *ur*es & *apels1 mo/ ( :om might be assum$ to be regul> subscrib]s to ! v>i\s *>ities or donors to _! funds4 ,x 0 felt too t ! great body ( ! artisan population 7 able & will+ to d some?+ = ! support ( ! great in/itutions f\nd$ almo/ :olly = _! b5efit2 & ?us 8,hospital ,saturday0 became a fri5dly b =midable rival to 8,hospital ,sunday40 ,once a ye> collections are made 9 all ! manufactories & l>ge work%ops 9 ! t[n & di/rict1 & up to1 & includ+ ! ye> #ahhe1 ! hospitals h be5 subsidis$ f ?is welcome s\rce to ! ext5t ( #df1hjj4 ,n only s1 b ^! annual collections are /eadily gr[+ 9 am\nt1 to ! great cr$it ( ! indu/rial population & to ! la/+ b5efit ( ! *>ities ( ! t[n4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! increas+ annual am\nt ! ,que5's ,hospital has ?us receiv$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhj x 0 #fgj2 9 #ahha1 #gaa2 9 #ahhb1 #heb2 9 #ahhc1 #ica2 9 #ahhd1 #a1jef2 9 #ahhe1 #a1ace1 & ! acc\nts = ! pres5t ye> %ew a l>ge increase on any figures hi!rto record$4 ,! ,birm+ham ,g5]al ,disp5s>y4--,?is ,in/itution is ! olde/ m$ical *>ity 9 ,birm+ham except ! ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #agid1 & has des]v$ly enjoy$ a v l>ge %>e ( public confid5ce4 ,x is a /rictly privileg$ in/itution4 ,e subscrib] has s _m tickets = 8 subscription1 & has also ! p[] ( procur+ sup]num]>y tickets4 ,!re are ( c\rse no b$s1 all pati5ts be+ att5d$ at _! own homes4 ,accid5ts or urg5t cases1 su* z sometimes put great pressure ^u ! res\rces ( a g5]al hospital1 are "h extremely r>e4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no debt4 ,! s]vices ( ! m$ical /aff c be pur*as$ at a rate suffici5t to cov] ! co/4 ,consequ5tly ! subscription li/ has always be5 l>ge1 ! f9ances inv>iably prosp]\s1 ! rev5ue always 9 excess ( ! exp5diture4 ,s great has be5 ! success ( ?is in/itution1 t ! manag]s sometimes h>dly "k :at to d ) _! money4 ,! income = ! ye> #ahhe f all s\rces 0 consid]ably 9 excess ( #f1jjj4 ,! :ole exp5diture 0 "u #e1jjj1 & ! manag]s 7 able out ( ! income ( ! ye> to put by #a1ejj4 ,! income f inve/m5ts alone 0 #fjh4 ,!re 0 a consid]able sum on deposit1 & a l>ge cr$it balance at ! ,bank4 ,!re is a c5tral disp5s>y 9 ,union ,/reet1 & bran*es at ,camp ,hill1 ,a/on1 & ,ladywood1 all ) ,resid5t ,surgeons atta*$4 ,9 =m] days x _h a l>ge midwif]y & vacc9ation dep>tm5t1 b ! =m] 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahfi & ! latt] 9 #ahgj4 ,! disp5s>y1 !re=e1 n[ addresses itself only to ! ord9>y m$ical treatm5t ( ! sick poor4 ,all ! m$ical (fic]s1 includ+ ! consult+ (fic]s1 are paid = _! s]vices4 ,! pati5ts :o1 9 #ahga1 numb]$ #aj1egj1 _h increas$ 9 #ahhe to #ba1hhh4 ,! ,or?opdic & ,sp9al ,hospital4--,?is small b useful in/itution has exi/$ s9ce ! ye> #ahag4 ,x has ?ree ,act+-,surgeons1 & "o ,assi/ant ,surgeon4 ,! ,surgeons att5d daily & give gratuit\s advice to ! de=m$ poor4 ,ord9>y cases are admitt$ )\t lett]s ( recomm5dation1 b 9 ! num]\s cases :]e supports or in/rum5ts are requir$1 subscrib]s' tickets are necess>y to cov] ! co/4 ,! in/rum5ts suppli$ 9 #ahhe co/ upw>ds ( #ejj4 ,! new cases 9 t ye> 7 #a1fed1 ! att5dances #g1dci4 ,! total exp5diture 0 ab\t #a1djj4 ,! ,eye ,hospital4--,! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,eye ,hospital is "o ( ! be/ special ,hospitals 9 ! prov9ces4 ,x has n only be5 ( incalculable s]vice to ! poor ( ! t[n & neighb\rhood1 b x has f\nd$ an important s*ool ( oph?almic sci5ce 9 ! ,midl& di/rict4 ,diseases ( ! eye _c be adequately dealt ) at g5]al hospitals4 ,:]e ! delicacies & difficulties ( any disord] are su* z to require m9ute manipulative skill & practition]s ( great exp]i5ce1 a special ,in/itution is imp]atively necess>y4 ,?is ,hospital has _h a really spl5did c>e]4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahbd1 & comm5c$ its op]ations 9 a humble mann] 9 ,cannon ,/reet4 ,x !n migrat$ into improv$ premises 9 ,/eelh\se ,lane4 ,9 #ahfa x f\nd a ?ird home 9 ,temple ,r[1 & 9 #ahhd a new ,hospital 0 erect$ & op5$ 9 ,*ur* ,/reet capable ( accommodat+ #gj b$s4 ,! act+ ,m$ical ,(fic]s ( ! ,in/itution 7exclusive ( ,h\se or ,resid5t ,surgeons7 are by ! laws to consi/ ( n less ?an f\r & n m ?an six ,honor>y ,surgeons1 s t ample provision is made to secure ! adequate surgical treatm5t ( ! pres5t pati5ts & ( any probable increase 9 _! numb]4 ,9 ord] to insure ! maximum ( surgical ability e act+ ,surgeon is b\nd to resign 8 appo9tm5t on 8 atta9+ ! age ( #ee ye>s1 or on becom+ physically unable to dis*>ge 8 duties 9 an effici5t mann]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe !re 7 #ibe 9-pati5ts & #ac1dfa out-pati5ts4 #eij op]ations 7 p]=m$ dur+ ! ye> on 9-pati5ts alone4 ,! annual income is l>ge1 b z yet h>dly adequate to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! new ,hospital4 ,! income = #ahhd 0 #c1hjg1 & ! exp5diture #c1bac2 b ! income = #ahhe 0 only #c1jih1 :il/ ! exp5diture 0 #d1ahg4 ,! ,ly+-9 ,*>ity4--,?is is a small b mo/ useful & des]v+ ,in/itution4 ,x 0 f\nd$ z a ,ly+-9 ,hospital 9 ! ye> #ahdb4 ,its orig9al manag]s attempt$ to deal n only ) ly+-9 cases 9 ! w>ds ( ! ,hospital1 b also ) ! ord9>y diseases ( wom51 & ) *ildr54 ,! ,in/itution 0 nev] successful1 *iefly because x attempt$ too mu*4 ,z a rule no ,in/itution devot$ to m ?an "o speciality succe$s4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! /ati/ics ( ,ly+-9 ,hospitals came to be exam9$1 x 0 discov]$ t !re 0 a great diff]5ce 9 ! mortality ( pati5ts treat$ 9 ,hospitals & ( pati5ts treat$ at _! own homes4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgd1 ! sy/em ( ! *>ity 0 remodell$1 a l>ge build+ 0 ab&on$1 & pati5ts 7 att5d$ only at home4 ,! *ange has prov$ em95tly successful4 ,f\r compet5t ,midwives are regul>ly employ$1 all ( :om h l>ge exp]i5ce4 ,! m$ical /aff consi/s ( a consult+ ,surgeon & f\r act+ ,surgeons :o are call$ 9 9 cases ( difficulty or dang]4 ,! compet5ce ( ! ,midwives is be/ te/$ by ! fact t ! s]vices ( ! memb]s ( ! honor>y m$ical /aff are only requir$ on an av]age once 9 #dd cases4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe1 #ica cases 7 att5d$ at a co/ ( less ?an #ejj4 ,few in/itutions 9 ,birm+ham h 9 rec5t ye>s done bett] "w at a m reasonable co/ ?an ! ,ly+-9 ,*>ity4 ,free ,hospital = ,sick ,*ildr54--,?is ,hospital has be5 "o ( ! mo/ successful ev] f\nd$ 9 ,birm+ham4 ,x is a g5]al ,hospital s f> z reg>ds disease1 b a special ,hospital s f> z reg>ds age4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfa1 & 0 op5$ = ! reception ( pati5ts on ! #a/ ,janu>y1 #ahfb1 & dur+ t ye> its income & exp5diture 7 ab\t #gjj4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe1 its 9-pati5ts 7 #gac4 ,home pati5ts1 #bg4 ,out-pati5ts1 #ab1fib4 ,its income & exp5diture exce$$ #d1jjj4 ,few local in/itutions h ev] enjoy$ great] popul>ity4 ,! ,*>ity f its v "n appeals to a v wide circle1 & ! adm9i/ration has be5 m>k$ by =esight & discretion4 ,n only 0 x ! fir/ ,free ,hospital 9 ! t[n1 b x 0 e/abli%$ on pr9ciples !n consid]$ novel1 b :i* h s9ce 9 "p at lea/ be5 adopt$ by o!r local in/itutions4 ,= in/ance1 ! t5ure ( (fice ( physicians & surgeons is limit$1 & ! m$ical (fic]s1 ?\gh absolute 9 _! own dep>tm5t1 _c sit ^u ! ,bo>d ( ,managem5t4 ,aga91 at ?is ,hospital1 fir/ 9 ,birm+ham1 0 an hone/ ef=t made to limit ! relief giv5 to ! ,hospital population only1 t is to ^? :o 7 above paup]ism1 b bel[ ! capability ( pay+ = m$ical advice4 ,"h too1 ! sy/em 0 fir/ adopt$ ( pay+ ! ,junior memb]s ( ! ,m$ical ,/aff1 & "h also 0 ! pr9ciple fir/ laid d[n ( ve/+ ! election ( m$ical (fic]s ( ! *>ity 9 a l>ge & repres5tative ,committee4 ,?is rule has be5 almo/ unanim\sly foll[$ by o!r local in/itutions4 ,! ,hospital has a disp5s>y & out-pati5t dep>tm5t 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 an 9-pati5t dep>tm5t ) deta*$ fev] w>ds 9 ,broad ,/reet1 & a convalesc5t dep>tm5t ) sep>ate managem5t1 _m miles f ! t[n4 #aea *ildr5 7 receiv$ 9 ! convalesc5t home dur+ ! ye> #ahhe4 ,! "w ( ! ,committee ( ,managem5t ( ?is ,hospital is supplem5t$ by ! k9dly aid ( a l>ge ,committee ( ,lady ,visitors1 & by a ,special ,committee ( ,ladies = ! managem5t ( ! ,convalesc5t ,home4 ,! ,e> & ,?roat ,hospital4--,?is is a small in/itution1 hav+ = its object ! treatm5t ( diseases ( ! e> & ?roat4 ,x has lately be5 recon/ruct$ ^u a new basis4 ,x is r a disp5s>y ?an a hospital1 hav+ no 9-pati5t dep>tm5t4 ,tickets c be obta9$ by pati5ts desir+ ! advice ( ! ,m$ical (fic]s4 ,! subscription li/ is "u #ajj a ye>1 ! income be+ made up by contributions f ! ,hospital ,sunday & ,hospital ,saturday ,funds1 toge!r ) ! am\nt realis$ by ! sale ( supplem5t>y tickets4 ,! total numb] ( cases treat$ dur+ ! ye> #ahhe1 0 #b1cih4 ,! ,d5tal ,hospital4--,?is in/itution 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfj1 & %\ld r h be5 t]m$ ! ,d5tal ,disp5s>y ?an ! ,d5tal ,hospital4 ,x has five honor>y d5tal surgeons & f\r honor>y adm9i/rators ( an/hetics4 ,?us ! advantages & res\rces ( mod]n d5ti/ry are plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ^? :o b = ?is in/itution w\ld und]go mu* prev5table pa94 ,e fitt+ applicant suff]+ pa9 is entitl$ to advice & att5tion1 b special op]ations are p]=m$ only ^u pati5ts :o h a recomm5dation f a ,gov]nor4 ,!re 7 #i1dec pati5ts 9 #ahhe4 ,! exp5diture 0 less ?an #cjj4 ,! ,sanatorium4--,?is ,in/itution 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahff1 & has prov$ a mo/ valuable supplem5t to ! "w ( our local hospitals4 ,x enables convalesc5t pati5ts to obta9 re/1 pure air & nutriti\s diet at "o ( ! mo/ heal?y & beautiful spots )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ,birm+ham4 ,"s ye>s ago a fund _h be5 rais$ = relief ( di/ress 9 ! cotton di/ricts1 & :5 ! di/ress _h subsid$ a consid]able portion ( ! fund rema9$ undispos$ (4 ,) ! cons5t ( ! donors #d1ejj 0 devot$ to =m+ a nucleus = ! ,build+ ,fund ( ! ,sanatorium4 ,! "w 0 complet$ 9 #ahgc4 ,! total co/ ( ! site1 build+s1 & furniture 0 #af1hjj4 ,! in/itution receives #dj male1 & #dj female pati5ts1 & e possible ef=t is made to provide = _! heal? & _! amusem5t4 ,no privileges are giv5 to subscrib]s2 b pati5ts are receiv$ ei!r f ! ,m$ical ,*>ities 9 ,birm+ham1 or f ! g5]al public1 on ! recomm5dation ( a m$ical practition]4 ,! income & exp5diture are ab\t #b1jjj a ye>4 ,! *>ity applies all donations exce$+ #aj to a deposit or inve/m5t fund1 & t5 p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt ( ! fund s creat$ is )drawn ea* ye> = ! curr5t purposes ( ! in/itution4 ,! ,homopa?ic ,hospital & ,disp5s>y4--,?is hospital is support$ by ! fri5ds ( ! sy/em ( homopa?y4 ,x has "o honor>y physician & five honor>y surgeons4 ,x is a g5]al hospital1 & has dep>tm5ts = 9-pati5ts1 out-pati5ts1 & home pati5ts4 ,! 9-pati5t sy/em is diff]5t f t ( mo/ g5]al hospitals1 a c]ta9 numb] ( b$s be+ res]v$ = pati5ts :o c af=d to pay = ! b5efits !y receive4 ,aga91 all 9-pati5ts are admitt$ at ! discretion ( ! m$ical /aff1 s t z reg>ds ?is dep>tm5t ! hospital is free1 no subscrib] hav+ ! privilege ( ensur+ a b$4 ,subscrib]s h tickets = out-pati5ts & = home visits4 ,?is provision = visit+ pati5ts at _! own homes is ( great value 9 connection ) ?is ,*>ity4 ,! 9-pati5ts 9 #ahhe 7 #afg4 ,! home-pati5ts #ehd4 ,! out-pati5ts #ah1geb4 ,! exp5diture = #ahhe 0 #a1fdj4 ,! income #a1chj1 leav+ a deficit ( #bfj4 ,ladies z well z g5tlem5 s]ve on ! ,committee ( ,managem5t4 ,! ,hospital = ,wom54--,?is is a valuable & important ,in/itution4 ,:5 ! ,ly+-9 ,hospital gave up ! treatm5t ( wom5's special diseases & devot$ itself exclusively to midwif]y1 !re 0 an op5+ = an in/itution = ! reception & treatm5t ( wom5 afflict$ ) diseases peculi> to _! sex4 ,two classes ( pati5ts are admitt$4 ,pay+ pati5ts :o contribute ! :ole or "p ( ! co/ ( treatm5t1 & g5]al cases1 :i* are admitt$ )\t any subscrib]'s ticket ( recomm5dation4 ,! exp5diture = ! ye> #ahhd 7no report has be5 issu$ = #ahhe7 0 #a1gcf4 ,! income 0 #a1dff1 leav+ a deficit ( #bgj4 ,dur+ ! same ye> ! out-pati5ts 7 #c1bii1 & ! 9-pati5ts #bid4 ,! act+ ,m$ical /aff consi/s ( five ,surgeons1 "o ( :om is a lady4 ,x w be obvi\s t 9 a ,hospital ( ?is "* _m op]ations ( c>d9al importance are con/antly p]=m$4 ,no few] ?an #bag op]ations 7 p]=m$ dur+ ! ye> #ahhd4 ,! ,sk9 & ,lock ,hospital4--,?is ,in/itution 0 op5$ 9 #ahha = ! treatm5t ( sk9 & lock diseases4 ,!re 0 ample room = x1 no special dep>tm5t = cases ( ?is k9d exi/+ 9 any ( ! g5]al ,hospitals ( ! t[n4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahhe ne>ly #b1jjj cases 7 treat$4 ,! income ( ! ye> am\nt$ to #a1jha1 & ! exp5diture only to #fbd4 ,! ,committee ( ,managem5t1 h[ev]1 are desir\s ( erect+ a ,hospital1 & ?us be enabl$ to deal ) s]i\s cases z 9-pati5ts4 ,a site has be5 secur$ = ?is purpose 9 ,john ,bright ,/reet4 ,x is e/imat$ t #e1jjj w be requir$4 #a1bjj ( :i* has already be5 obta9$4 ,! ,hospital is conduct$ on ! free sy/em1 b "s pati5ts are receiv$ on paym5t ( a sum suffici5t to cov] ! b>e co/ ( _! treatm5t4 ,! ,deaf & ,dumb ,in/itution4--,?is ,*>ity is an educational e/abli%m5t4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ne>ly ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago = ! in/ruction ( deaf & dumb *ildr54 #gj boys & #eh girls 7 on ! books dur+ ! ye> #ahhe4 ,! ,*>ity is support$ by volunt>y contributions1 supplem5t$ to a consid]able ext5t by paym5ts on behalf ( ! inmates4 ,*ildr5 are admitt$ by election1 & ! election takes place at ! ,annual ,g5]al ,meet+4 ,e ,gov]nor is entitl$ to "o vote 9 respect ( a donation ( #aj1 or an annual subscription ( #a4 #as4 ,*ildr5 admitt$ )\t election pay #be p] annum4 ,elect$ *ildr5 pay #aj if !y come f ,w>wick%ire1 ,worce/]%ire1 or ,/af=d%ire2 #ae if !y come f o!r ,c\nties1 & #bj if ma9ta9$ by ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians4 ,! sy/em ( education is excell5t4 ,*ildr5 are taught n only by means ( ! manual alphabet b by articulation & lip read+1 9 cases :]e t sy/em c be advantage\sly employ$4 ,! ,in/itution is plac$ 9 a heal?y & beautiful situation 9 ,*ur* ,road1 ,edgba/on4 ,! income = ! ye> #ahhe 0 #b1gbf1 made up z foll[s3--,subscriptions #dfa1 ,legacies #hjd1 ,donations #fc1 ,int]e/ on ,inve/m5ts #djj1 ,paym5ts = ,pupils #ihf1 ,sundries #ab4 ,total #b1gbf4 ,! exp5diture 0 ab\t #ajj 9 excess ( ! income4 ,!re is no rule z to fund+ legacies4 ,! *>ity does excell5t "w & is des]v$ly popul>4 ,! ,g5]al ,in/itution = ! ,bl9d4--,?is ,in/itution has be5 ( imm5se b5efit to ! t[n & neighb\rhood4 ,! build+s are h&some & commodi\s1 & are situat$ 9 a *>m+ "p ( ,edgba/on1 ab\t two miles f ! c5tre ( ,birm+ham4 ,! ,*>ity 0 f\nd$ ?irty-eight ye>s ago4 ,! exp5diture 9 #ahhe 0 a little 9 excess ( #d1bjj1 :il/ ! income1 includ+ sales ( mat]ials manufactur$ by ! inmates1 rea*$ ! l>ge sum ( #f1bgj4 ,! subscriptions & donations am\nt$ to #ggh1 ,legacies #b1aai1 ! int]e/ on inve/m5ts 0 #gcd4 ,paym5ts by ,pupils #gfe1 ,sales #a1hgd4 ,"h too ! legacies are n fund$4 ,b ! l>ge sum receiv$ f legacies 9 #ahhe1 toge!r ) ! balance 9 h& at ! comm5cem5t ( t ye>1 enabl$ ! manag]s to inve/ ov] #b1jjj out ( ! ye>'s income4 #df males & #cb females 7 9 ! ,in/itution 9 #ahhe1 & #beg adult bl9d p]sons 7 visit$ & taught at _! own homes4 ,great ef=ts are made by ! manag]s to f9d p]man5t employm5t = pupils :o h be5 taught at ?is excell5t *>ity4 ,_m pupils are turn$ out fully compet5t organi/s1 & _m become pr(essional piano tun]s1 & foll[ ! trade ( basket mak+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,ecclesia/ical4 ,,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,johnson4 ,! municipal bor\gh ( ,birm+ham comprises ! :ole ( ! p>i%es ( ,birm+ham & ,edgba/on1 & "p ( ! adjo9+ p>i% ( ,a/on4 ,all ^! p>i%es 7 =m]ly 9 ! ,ar*deaconry ( ,cov5try1 z "p ( ! diocese ( ,li*field & ,cov5try1 & are n[ 9 ! same ,ar*deaconry z "p ( ! diocese ( ,worce/]4 ,by an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 dat$ #bbnd ,decemb]1 #ahcf1 made 9 pursuance ( ! #f #g ,w4 ,,iv41 c4 #gg1 ! ,ar*deaconry ( ,cov5try 0 tak5 away f ! diocese ( ,li*field & ,cov5try1 & annex$ to t ( ,worce/]1 & ! =m] diocese became ! diocese ( ,li*field only4 ,! te/am5t>y jurisdiction ( ! ,bi%op ( ,li*field ov] ! ar*deaconry1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ until ! jurisdiction ( all ! ecclesia/ical c\rts 9 su* matt]s 0 aboli%$ z f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aheh1 by ! #bj & #ba ,vic41 c4 #gg4 ,! orig9al p>i% ( ,birm+ham 7o!rwise call$ ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t91 f ! "m *ur* ( ! p>i% d$icat$ to t ,sa9t7 conta9s #b1ffj acres only1 :il/ ! acreage ( ! entire bor\gh is #h1dbj acres4 ,! diff]5ce is made up ( ! entire p>i% ( ,edgba/on1 #b1gij acres1 & "p ( ! p>i% ( ,a/on1 #b1igj acres4 ,tak+ ! p>i%es sep>ately1 we comm5ce ) ! ,,p>i% ,,( ,,birm+ham4#cc ,/4 ,m>t9's4--,we f9d t ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! "m *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 9 our national records is a lic5ce ( ! #f? ( ,may1 #accj 7#d ,edw>d ,,iii471 to ,walt] de ,clode%ale1 ( ,saltley 7!n an adjo9+ hamlet71 to grant l&s = ! end[m5t ( a prie/ to say mass daily at ! alt> ( ! ,virg9 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's4 ,sev5te5 ye>s aft]w>ds 7#ba ,edw>d ,,iii471 ,ri*>d1 son ( ,walt] de ,clode%ale1 obta9$ a lic5ce = a fur!r grant to end[ a second prie/ to say daily mass4 ,9 #acib 7#af ,ri*>d ,,ii471 !re is a record ( a lic5ce to f\nd & end[ a guild 9 hon\r ( ,! ,holy ,cross1 & ano!r *antry 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's = two *apla9s4 ,all ^! *>ities 7 suppress$ at ! "t ( ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,! end[m5ts ( ! ,clode%ale *>ities 7 sold1#cd z 0 also a small "p ( ! end[m5ts ( ! ,guild ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,! re/ 7 re-grant$ by ,edw>d ,,vi4 = ! f\ndation & end[m5t ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,= ?ree c5turies aft] its f\ndation ,/4 ,m>t9's ,*ur* mu/ h be5 ne>ly at ! top ( ! t[n1 :i* consi/$1 z ,lel& saw x ev5 9 #aech1 ( "o long /reet1 namely1 ! pres5t ,digbe? & ,high ,/reet1 & ! old *ur* suffic$ = all its wants1 especially z ! l[] "p ( ! t[n bel[ ,digbe? 0 s]v$ by ! *apel ( ,/4 ,john1 notic$ "u ,a/on p>i%4#ce ,! t[] & spire1 hav+ become unsafe1 7 tak5 d[n & rebuilt 9 #ahee1 & 9 #ahgb ! rebuild+ ( ! re/ ( ! *ur* 0 comm5c$1 & x 0 f9i%$ & re-consecrat$ on ! #bj? ( ,july1 #ahge4 ,atta*$ to ! *ur* are mission rooms 9 ,b>wick ,/reet & ,p>k ,/reet4 ,! orig9al p>i% has be51 by ! successive ag5cies ( special acts ( p>liam5t1 ! ord]s ( ! ,*ur* ,build+ ,commission]s 7#ahah to #ahef71 & aft]w>ds ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,commission]s1 or by ! ,bi%op 9 ex]cise ( p[]s giv5 by #a & #b1 ,w4 ,,iv41 c4 #ch 7n[ repeal$71 divid$ into five rectories & tw5ty-"o vic>ages 7all incumb5ts ( *ur*es entitl$ to p]=m m>riages1 *ur*+s1 & baptisms1 & receive ! fees = _! own use1 be+ n[ t]m$ vic>s "u ! /atute #ca & #cb ,vic41 c4 #aag74 ,! successive divisions are detail$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,/4 ,philip's4--,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 ,birm+ham _h ext5d$ nor?w>ds & upw>ds f ! "m *ur*1 & ?is necessitat$ ! f\ndation ( ,/4 ,philip's ,*ur* & p>i%1 creat$ by special ,act ( ,p>liam5t 7#g ,anne1 c4 #aca1 ,a4,d4 #agjh7 entitl$ 8,an ,act = build+ a p>i% *ur* & p>sonage h\se1 & mak+ a new *ur* & new p>i% 9 ,birm+ham1 to be call$ ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,philip40 ,! preamble recites t !re 0 only "o *ur* 9 ! p>i% ( ,birm+ham1 & t x 0 exp$i5t to build ano!r 9 ! 8high t[n qu>t]40 ,x !n c>ves out ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t91 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,philip1 & con/itutes x a rectory4 ,! *ur* 0 consecrat$ 9 #agae1 & p>tly rebuilt & enl>g$ 9 #ahhd4 ,its situation1 betwe5 ,colmore ,r[ & ,temple ,r[1 is ! f9e/ 9 ! t[n4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew4--,! next ecclesia/ical /ructure 9 ord] ( "t1 0 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's1 built 9 #agdi z a *apel ( ease to ,/4 ,m>t9's1 to accommodate ! !n rapidly increas+ population ea/ ( ,/4 ,m>t9's4 ,! l& 0 ! gift ( ,joseph ,j5n5s1 ^: "n is /ill commemorat$ 9 ,j5n5s ,r[4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdg1 x 0 creat$ a di/rict *apelry1 & 9 #ahfi1 a "p ( ! di/rict 0 assign$ to ! consolidat$ *apelry ( ,/4 ,gabriel4 ,! *ur*y>d & ! adjo9+ burial gr\nd ( ,/4 ,m>t91 conta9+ f\r acres & a half 7call$ ! ,p>k ,/reet ,burial ,gr\nd7 71 9 ! ye> #ahhj1 conv]t$ by ! ,corporation into a public g>d54 ,!re is a mission room 9 ,fox /reet1 atta*$ to ! *ur*4 ,9 ! ye> #aggb1 ! fir/ ,*ur* ,ext5sion ,society 0 =m$ 9 ,birm+ham = ! purpose ( build+ 8"o or m *ur*es10 :i* result$ 9 ! pass+ ( ano!r ,act ( ,p>liam5t 7#ab ,geo4 ,,iii41 c4 #fd1 ,a4,d4 #aggb7 8= build+ two new *apels1 & provid+ burial places !reto40 ,! fir/ built ( ^! two *apels 0-- ,/4 ,m>y's1 complet$ 9 #aggd on l& grant$ by ,m>y ,weaman1 :o gave h] *ri/ian "n to ! *ur* & h] surname to ! adjo9+ /reet4 ,x 0 orig9ally a *apel ( ease to ,/4 ,m>t9's1 b 0 creat$ a di/rict *apelry 9 #ahda4 ,! *apel 0 ?or\ghly r5ovat$ 9 #aheg1 & 9 #ahhb ! disus$ burial gr\nd 01 at ! co/ ( ! ,corporation1 laid out z a g>d5 = public use4 ,/4 ,paul's4--,! o!r ( ! two *ur*es built "u ! act ( #aggb 0 ,/4 ,paul's1 9 :at 0 !n ! nor!rnmo/ "p ( ,birm+ham4 ,x 0 built 9 #aggi1 on l& giv5 by ,*>les ,colmore out ( a l>ge e/ate he _h !re4 ,x 0 creat$ a di/rict 9 ! ye> #ahda4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 at ! top ( ,new ,/reet1 :i* enjoys ! un5viable di/9ction ( be+ ! uglie/ *ur* 9 ! t[n1 0 au?oris$ by a special act ( p>liam5t ( ! ye> #ahjc 8= erect+ a new *ur* to be call$ ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 9 ! t[n ( ,birm+ham40 ,all ! sitt+s 7 to be free1 & x !re=e obta9$ ! "n ( 8! ,free ,*ur*40 ,x 0 consecrat$ 9 #ahac1 b n f9i%$ until ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahfe x 0 con/itut$ a consolidat$ *apelry out ( ! p>i%es ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & ,/4 ,philip4 ,atta*$ to ! *ur* are mission rooms 9 ,p9fold /reet & ,fleet /reet4 ,?is 0 ! la/ ( ! *ur*es = :i* a special ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 requir$1 = 9 ! ye> #ahah1 ! ,act #eh1 ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #de1 0 pass$1 e/abli%+ ! ,*ur* ,build+ ,commission & grant+ a sum ( "o million 7increas$ six ye>s aft]w>ds to a million & a half7 = build+ additional *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & = ! division ( p>i%es4 ,/4 ,george's4--,! fir/ result ( ?is 9 ,birm+ham 0 ,/4 ,george's ,*ur* ne> ,t[] ,/reet1 consecrat$ ,july #cj?1 #ahbb4 ,at t "t ! site 0 surr\nd$ by gre5 fields1 & x 0 kn[n z ,/4 ,george's 9 ! ,fields4 ,9 pursuance ( ! provisions ( ! ,act ( #ahah1 x 0 con/itut$ a sep>ate p>i%1 tak5 out ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 & because ,/4 ,m>t9's 0 a rectory1 ,/4 ,george's became a rectory also4 ,! ,*ur* itself 0 enl>g$ 9 #ahhb4 ,!re are mission rooms 9 ,new ,summ] ,/reet & ,smi? ,/reet1 lic5s$ = wor%ip4 ,! di/rict *apelries ( ,/4 ,/eph5 & ,/4 ,mat?ias1 h be5 con/itut$ out ( ! orig9al p>i% ( ,/4 ,george4 ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,dale ,end 0 consecrat$ ,augu/ #aj?1 #ahbg1 z a *apel ( ease to ,/4 ,philip's ,*ur*1 9 :i* p>i% x 04 ,x 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahca1 & rebuilt 9 #ahcg4 ,9 #ahdg1 x 0 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry4 ,/4 ,?omas's 9 ,holl[ay ,head 0 consecrat$ ,octob] #bbnd1 #ahbi1 & l ,/4 ,george's1 0 con/itut$ a new p>i%1 c>v$ out ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 & a rectory "u ! #eh ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #de4 ,p>ts ( ! orig9al p>i% h be5 assign$ to ! di/ricts ( ,immanuel & ,/4 ,asaph4 ,all ,sa9ts1 built ne> ,lodge ,road at ,birm+ham ,hea?1 0 orig9ally a small ,*ur*1 consecrat$ ,septemb] #bh?1 #ahcc1 & greatly enl>g$ 9 #ahha4 ,x is a p>i% & rectory =m$ 9 ! ye> #ahcd1 out ( ,/4 ,m>t9's p>i%1 & a portion ( ! p>i% has be5 s9ce assign$ to ! di/rict *apelry ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,!re are two mission halls1 "o 9 ,heaton ,/reet1 & ! o!r at ,n9eveh ,s*oolroom1 atta*$ to ,all ,sa9ts4 ,?is 0 ! la/ ( ! rectories creat$ "u ! ,act ( #ahah4 ,all ! di/ricts subsequ5tly creat$ h be5 ei!r assign$ by ! ,bi%op or =m$ "u ! ,peel ,acts1 #ahdc & #ahdd1 or ! ,new ,p>i%es 7,m>quis ( ,bl&=d's7 ,act1 #ahef4 ,bi%op ,ryd]'s ,*ur*1 9 ,gem ,/reet1 0 built 9 #ahch1 on l& grant$ by ! ,gov]nors ( ,k+ ,edw>d's ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,x is s call$ aft] ,dr4 ,ryd] 7b4 #aggg1 d4 #ahcf7 :o 0 successively ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/] 7#ahae-ahbd71 & aft]w>ds ( ,li*field & ,cov5try 7#ahbd-ahcf71 & :o greatly int]e/$ himself 9 *ur* ext5sion 9 ! poor] & m popul\s p>ts ( 8 diocese4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj a sep>ate di/rict 0 assign$ to x4 ,9 ! ye> #ahch a society 0 =m$ = build+ t5 new *ur*es 9 ,birm+ham2 only five 7 built1 & ^! 7 ,/4 ,mat!w's1 ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,/4 ,luke's1 ,/4 ,/eph5's1 & ,/4 ,&rew's4 ,?ree ( ^!1 namely1 ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,/4 ,luke's1 & ,/4 ,/eph5's 7 9 ! p>i% ( ,birm+ham4 ,! o!r two w be notic$ "u ,a/on p>i%4 ,/4 ,m>k's is 9 ,k+ ,edw>d's ,road1 ,summ] ,hill1 & is built on l& grant$ by ! ,gov]nors ( ,k+ ,edw>d's ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,x 0 consecrat$ 9 #ahda1 & 9 ! same ye> con/itut$ a di/rict out ( ,/4 ,m>t9's p>i%4 ,!re is a mission room 9 ,/ew>d ,/reet4 ,/4 ,luke's1 9 ! ,bri/ol ,road1 almo/ on ! bord] ( ! p>i% ( ,edgba/on4 ,x 0 consecrat$ ,septemb] #bh?1 #ahdb4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdd x 0 con/itut$ a di/rict p>i% out ( ,/4 ,m>t9's4 ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,newt[n ,r[1 built on "p ( ! e/ate ( ! ,gov]nors ( ,k+ ,edw>d's ,gramm> ,s*ool1 0 consecrat$ ,july #bcrd1 #ahdd1 & !n con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,george4 ,a portion ( x has s9ce be5 assign$ to ! di/rict ( ,/4 ,nicolas4 ,!re is a mission room 9 ,!odore ,/reet4 ,/4 ,jude's1 9 ,tonk ,/reet1 9 ! mid/ ( "o ( ! poore/ di/ricts ( ! t[n1 0 consecrat$ #bf? ,july1 #ahea1 & enl>g$ 9 #ahgi4 ,9 ! ye> #ahde1 be=e ! build+ ( ! *ur*1 x 0 con/itut$ a di/rict out ( ! p>i%es ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & ,/4 ,philip4 ,/4 ,john's 7,ladywood71 ,monum5t ,road1 built on l& grant$ by ! ,gov]nors ( ! ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool1 0 consecrat$ ,m>* #ae?1 #ahed4 ,by an ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 gazett$ ,june #bj?1 #ahed1 x 0 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ,/4 ,m>t9's p>i%1 & has s9ce 7#ahgf7 _h ! di/rict *apelry ( ,/4 ,m>g>et's c>v$ out ( x4 ,! *ur* 0 greatly enl>g$ 9 #ahha4 ,/4 ,mat?ias'1 ,:eel] ,/reet1 is ! *ur* ( a new di/rict *apelry =m$ 9 ! ye> #ahef out ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,george1 & "p ( t di/rict has s9ce be5 assign$ to ,/4 ,savi\r's4 ,! *ur* 0 consecrat$ ,june #d?1 #ahef1 & enl>g$ 9 #ahgi4 ,/4 ,b>nabas'1 ,ryl& ,/reet ,nor?4 ,! p>i% 0 =m$ out ( ,/4 ,m>t9's 9 ! ye> #ahfa1 ! *ur* hav+ be5 built & consecrat$ ,octob] #bd?1 #ahfj4 ,at a v little di/ance is ,immanuel ,*ur*1 9 ,broad ,/reet1 :i* occupies ! site ( :at 0 once ! *apel ( ! ,magdal5 ,asylum4 ,x 0 consecrat$ ,may #g?1 #ahfe1 & is ! *ur* ( a p>i% =m$ 9 t ye> out ( ,/4 ,?omas's p>i%4 ,/4 ,david's1 ,bissell ,/reet1 is ! *ur* ( a di/rict *apelry =m$ 9 ! ye> #ahff out ( ,/4 ,luke's p>i%4 ,! *ur* 0 consecrat$ 9 ,july1 #ahfe4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfe1 ,! ,birm+ham ,*ur* ,ext5sion ,society 0 =m$4 ,9 #ahfg ,miss ,ryl& contribut$ a sum ( #aj1jjj t[>ds ! same objects & subsequ5tly a second donation ( #aj1jjj4 ,out ( ^! donations ! co/ ( ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,gabriel1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce 7see ,a/on71 & ,/4 ,nicolas 0 ma9ly defray$4 ,/4 ,nicolas'1 9 ,l[] ,t[] ,/reet1 consecrat$ ,july #ab?1 #ahfh1 &1 by ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 #ah? ,june1 #ahfi1 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ,/4 ,/eph5's p>i%4 ,/4 ,asaph's1 ,great ,colmore ,/reet1 ( :i* ! site 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,cregoe ,colmore1 0 consecrat$ ,decemb] #h?1 #ahfh4 ,by ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 #ah? ,june1 #ahfi1 x 0 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,/4 ,gabriel's1 9 ,pick=d ,/reet1 ,digbe?1 0 consecrat$ ,janu>y #e?1 #ahfi1 & by ord] 9 ,c\ncil #g? ,augu/1 #ahfi1 0 =m$ z a consolidat$ *apelry out ( ! p>i%es ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,/4 ,cu?b]t's1 ,/4 ,cu?b]t's ,road1 ,birm+ham ,hea?1 0 consecrat$ ,m>* #ai?1 #ahgb1 & is a vic>age con/itut$ by ord] 9 ,c\ncil #ae? ,octob]1 #ahgb1 out ( ! p>i% ( ,all ,sa9ts4 ,/4 ,savi\r's1 ,bridge ,/reet1 ,hockley1 0 consecrat$ ,may #a/1 #ahgd1 & 9 ! same ye> con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ! new p>i% ( ,/4 ,mat?ias4 ,/4 ,m>g>et's1 ,l$sam ,/reet1 ,ladywood1 consecrat$ ,octob] #bnd1 #ahge1 & by ord] 9 c\ncil #ab? ,febru>y1 #ahgf1 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,john1 ,ladywood4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,gillott ,road1 ,summ]field1 built 9 memory ( ! =ty-n9e ye>s' m9i/ry ( ! late ,rev4 ,george ,lea1 ,m4,a41 at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,birm+ham1 & ,/4 ,george's1 ,edgba/on4 ,x 0 consecrat$ ,april #cj?1 #ahhe2 ! same ye> x 0 creat$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ,/4 ,john's1 ,ladywood4 ,n[ pass+ into ! ,,p>i% ,,( ,,edgba/on4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew4--,! p>i% *ur*1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 is at ! junction ( ,*ur* ,road & ,priory ,road1 & close to ,edgba/on ,p>k & ,hall4 ,!re is said to h be5 a *ur* on ! site 9 #gge4 ,! pres5t *ur* n[ 7#ahhf7 9 c\rse ( enl>gem5t 0 rebuilt 9 #ahaj4 ,! vic>s ( ,edgba/on h be5 rem>kable = longevity4 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,pixell1 :o 0 induct$ 9 #agfj1 0 succe$$ by 8 son ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,pixell 9 #agid1 & he held ! liv+ = #ed ye>s4 ,on 8 dea?1 9 #ahdh1 ! late ,rev4 ,isaac ,spoon] became vic>1 & held x until 8 dea? 9 #ahhd4 ,/4 ,george's4--,! rapid increase ( population 9 ?is p>i%1 ! ,we/ ,end ( ,birm+ham1 l$ to ! build+ ( ,/4 ,george's ,*ur*1 at ! end ( ,cal?orpe ,road1 ab\t half a mile ne>] ! t[n ?an ! old *ur*1 to :i* x 0 a *apel ( ease4 ,x 0 consecrat$ ,novemb] #bh?1 #ahch4 ,x 0 greatly enl>g$ 9 #ahhe1 & con/itut$ a sep>ate di/rict 9 #aheb1 by ! ,*ur* ,build+ ,commission]s4 ,/4 ,james's 9 ,/4 ,james's ,road1 0 ano!r *apel ( ease1 consecrat$ #a/ ,june1 #aheb4 ,9 ! same ye> x _h a sep>ate di/rict assign$ to x by ! ,*ur* ,build+ ,commission]s4 ,/4 ,augu/9e's1 ne> ! top ( ! ,hagley ,road1 0 built 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 z ano!r *apel ( ease to ,edgba/on ,old ,*ur*1 to s]ve ! increas+ population ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! p>i%4 ,x 0 consecrat$ ,septemb] #ab?1 #ahfh1 & co/ #i1jjj4 ,a t[] & spire1 add$ 9 #ahgf1 co/ #d1jjj m4 ,x has n yet 7#ahhf7 any di/rict legally assign$ to x4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 a tempor>y *ur*1 9 ! ,p]%ore ,road1 is ano!r *apel ( ease 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! p>i%4 ,x is ! gift ( ,mrs4 ,spoon]1 z a memorial ( h] late husb&1 ! ,rev4 ,isaac ,spoon]1 vic> ( ! p>i% #ahdh to #ahhd4 ,,p>i% ,,( ,,a/on4 ,we h to deal only ) ! portion ( ?is p>i% :i* is includ$ 9 ! ,bor\gh1 & comm5ce ) ! *apel ( ,/4 ,john's1 ,d]it5d1 :i* is ! second mo/ anci5t *ur* 9 ! t[n4 ,x is situate j ov] ! ,a/on side ( ! /ream :i* divides t p>i% f ,birm+ham1 & 0 f\nd$ 9 #acge by "s inhabitants ( ! hamlets ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley1 because ( ! inconv5i5ce ( resort+ to ! p>i% *ur* ( ,a/on1 ?ree miles away4 ,! !n ,"l ( ! ,manor ( ,birm+ham gave ! l&1 & ! inhabitants built ! *apel1 & by an agreem5t1 /ill extant1 dat$ #bi? ,may1 #acha1 & made betwe5 ! ,prior & monks ( ,tyke=d1 patrons ( ! p>i% *ur* ( ,a/on1 ! vic> ( ,a/on1 ! ,"l ( ! ,manor ( ,birm+ham1 & ?irte5 ( ! inhabitants ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,bi%op ( ! diocese1 !n call$ ,cov5try & ,li*field1 ! inhabitants ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley 7 emp[]$ to appo9t1 8at _! own *>ges10 a *apla9 to celebrate div9e s]vice 9 a c]ta9 *apel 9 honor ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ !re lately built4#cf ,! *apla9 is /ill elect$ by ! vote ( ! inhabitants ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley1 & d[n to ! ye> #ahdb ! proce$+s did n diff] f ^? ( a conte/$ political election4 ,! la/ election took place ,june #ae?1 #ahgj1 :5 ! pres5t *apla91 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,badg]1 ,m4,a41 0 elect$ by a majority ( #aefa votes ov] 8 oppon5t4 ,! pres5t *apel dates f #agce4 ,!re is a mission room 9 ,d>w9 ,/reet4 ,"p ( ! di/rict conv5tionally assign$ to x 01 by ord] dat$ #bi? ,decemb]1 #ahhe1 legally creat$ a 8,peel di/rict0 )\t a *ur*1 by ! "n ( ,/4 ,basil's4 ,?is *apel ( ,/4 ,john rema9$ f ! f\rte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury ! only *apel ( ease to ! p>i% *ur* ( ,a/on = ! increas+ population ( t "p ( ! t[n :i* gradually ext5d$ itself into ,a/on p>i%4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury a g5teel suburb _h =m$ itself at ! ea/ end ( ! t[n1 on ! ,cole%ill road1 ( :i* ! ea/]n portions ( ,great ,brook ,/reet & ,a%t$ ,r[ are /ill evid5ces4 ,dr4 ,a%1 a celebrat$ physician ( ,birm+ham1 & f\nd] ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital1 built :at ,hutton calls a 8sumptu\s h\se0 !re4 ,:5 he left x to live 9 ,london x 0 alt]$ into a propriet>y *apel by a ,mr4 ,brooke1 an attorney1 :o gave 8 "n to ! /reet4 ,! *apel 0 op5$ on ! #i? ( ,octob]1 #agia1 b 0 sold 9 #agih & aft]w>ds became-- ,/4 ,james's ,*apel1 ,a%t$1 consecrat$ ,augu/ #g?1 #ahjg4 ,f its close proximity to ! cavalry b>racks1 x 0 call$ 8,! ,b>rack's ,*apel40 ,a sep>ate p>i% 0 allott$ to x out ( ! ,a/on p>i%1 9 ! ye> #ahec4 ,!re is a mission room 9 ,vauxhall ,road4 ,holy ,tr9ity ,*apel1 at ! top ( ,brad=d ,/reet1 0 ! result ( a meet+ = *ur* ext5sion1 held 9 ,octob]1 #ahah4 ,x 0 consecrat$ #bcrd ,janu>y1 #ahbc1 & a di/rict c>v$ out ( ,a/on p>i% 0 allott$ to x 9 ! ye> #ahfd4 ,p>ts ( t di/rict h s9ce be5 assign$ to ,/4 ,alban & ,all ,sa9ts'1 ,smallhea?4 ,!re is a mission hall 9 ,s&y ,lane4 ,/4 ,mat!w's1 ,great ,li/] ,/reet1 0 consecrat$ #bj? ,octob]1 #ahdj1 & made ! *ur* ( a di/rict1 #ahdb4 ,! t[n has s9ce ext5d$ = a mile ea/w>d1 & di/ricts out ( ,/4 ,mat!w's di/rict h be5 c>v$ out & assign$ to ! di/rict *apelries ( ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ,/4 ,anne1 ,dudde/on1 7q4v47 ,!re is a mission room 9 ,lup9 ,/reet4 ,/4 ,&rew's1 9 ,/4 ,&rew's ,road1 ne> ! ,cov5try ,road1 0 consecrat$ ,septemb] #cj?1 #ahdf1 hav+ be5 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ! p>i% ( ,a/on4 ,atta*$ is an iron *ur*1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,oswald1 opposite ,smallhea? ,p>k4 ,/4 ,clem5t's1 9 ,ne*ells ,p>k ,road1 0 consecrat$ ,augu/ #cj?1 #ahei1 & a di/rict out ( ,/4 ,mat!w's1 ,dudde/on1 assign$ to x 9 #ahfj4 ,x has a mission room 9 ,high ,p>k ,/reet1 & a mission hall 9 ,cuckoo ,road4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ne> ! ,/rat=d ,road1 ,sp>kbrook1 built on l& giv5 by ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,lloyd1 0 consecrat$ ,octob] #a1 #ahfg1 & a p>ticul> di/rict assign$ to x #ba/ ,novemb]1 #ahfg4 ,!re is a mission hall 9 ,dolobran ,road4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce's1 9 ,d>tm\? ,/reet1 0 consecrat$ ,june #be?1 #ahfh1 & by ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 #ad? ,septemb]1 9 ! same ye>1 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,/4 ,anne's1 9 ,cato ,/reet1 ,ne*ells1 built p>tly out ( funds provid$ by ! ,*ur* ,ext5sion ,society1 0 consecrat$ #bbnd ,octob]1 #ahfi1 & by ord] 9 ,c\ncil ( ,decemb] #g?1 0 con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ! di/rict ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,atta*$ is a mission room 9 ,great ,francis ,/reet4 ,all ,sa9ts'1 ,cooksey ,road1 ,smallhea?1 0 built by ! fri5ds ( ! late ,rev4 ,joseph ,oldkn[1 ,d4,d41 :o 0 = _m ye>s vic> ( ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,bordesley 7q4v47 9 memory ( him4 ,x 0 consecrat$ ,july #bh?1 #ahhc4 ,x _h be5 previ\sly made a di/rict by ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 #e? ,augu/1 #ahge4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's 9 ,s*olefield ,/reet1 ,ne*ells1 consecrat$ ,novemb] #h?1 #ahgh1 & con/itut$ a di/rict *apelry out ( ,/4 ,clem5t's1 ,ne*ells1 by ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 dat$ #bj? ,m>*1 #ahgi4 ,!re is a mission room 9 ,smi? ,/reet4 ,/4 ,alban ! ,m>tyr1 at ! corn] ( ,conyb]e ,/reet & ,ryl& ,/reet1 consecrat$ ,may #crd1 #ahha4 ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ *ur*es 9 ! ,bor\gh1 & ! s]vices are rituali/ic4 ,a mission *apel d$icat$ to ,/4 ,alban 0 fir/ op5$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfe1 &1 9 #ahgc1 a s*ool *apel d$icat$ to ,/4 ,patrick1 & situat$ 9 ,highgate ,/reet4 ,^! are n[ bo? atta*$ to ! l>g] *ur*4 ,by ord] 9 ,c\ncil dat$ #ai? ,augu/1 #ahga1 a di/rict _h be5 previ\sly assign$ to x out ( ,holy ,tr9ity p>i%4 ,! o!r p>ticul>s relat+ to ! ,*ur*es 9 ! ,bor\gh w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ alphabetical li/4 ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,9 ,,! ,,bor\gh ,,( ,,birm+ham4 ,a means ,a/on ,p>i%1 ,b ,birm+ham ,p>i%1 ,e ,edgba/on ,p>i%1 ,r ,rectory1 & ,v ,vic>age4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,net ,value ,free ,p>i% ------ ,sit- ( ,incumb5t ,population t+s --- & la/ c5sus4= ,degree1 -----poor4 ,b5ifice4 & ,patron4 ,total ,ye> ( ,*ur* admission4 accomm- odation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,b ,all ,sa9ts ,r,p4,e4 ,wilson1 ,tru/ees #bch #bhfef #gae #cjj ,m4,a4 #ahhb ,a ,all ,sa9ts1 ,g4,f4,b4 ,cross1 ,tru/ees #aej #iabc #gbj all ,small ,hea? ,v ,m4,a4 #ahge ,b ,bi%op ,ryd] ,v,j4 ,phelps ,tru/ees #cjj #ggcg #hdj #bjj ,g>d9]1 ,d4,d4 #ahge ,b ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,v,e4,r4 ,mason1 ,! ,bi%op #ccj #daeh #afjjaajj ,m4,a4 #ahha ,a ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,v,g4 ,tonge1 ,m4,a4 ,tru/ees #djj #abgcj #ijj #dej ,sp>kbrook #ahfg ,b ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,v,g4,s4 ,walk]1 ,! ,bi%op -- -- #hjj #dej ,summ]field ,m4,a4 #ahhe ,e ,edgba/on ,old ,v,cresswell ,"l #edb #ajjbd #fgc #aci ,*ur* ,/range1 ,cal?orpe ,m4,a4 #ahhe ,a ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,v,a4,h4 ,watts ,tru/ees #ccj #abefc #aejj #ijj ,bordesley #ahhc ,b ,immanuel ,v,r4 ,br51 ,m4,a4 ,tru/ees #big #ijaa #hje #fje #ahhe ,a ,/4 ,alban ! ,j4,s4 ,pollock1 ,tru/ees #aej #abgbc #ajjj all ,m>tyr1 ,di/4 ,m4,a4 #ahga ,e ,/4 ,ambrose ,a ,/4 ,&rew1 ,j4 ,williamson1 ,bi%op & #cbj #ajjjj #hjj #bjj ,bordesley ,v ,m4,a4 #ahgf ,tru/ees alt4 ,a ,/4 ,anne ,v,t4,j4 ,hawor?1 ,! ,bi%op #cjj #ecjb #haj #djj ,m4,a4 #ahgc ,b ,/4 ,asaph ,v,r4 ,flet*]1 ,tru/ees #cfj #ajhjj #ajjj #ejj ,m4,a4 #ahgi ,e ,/4 ,augu/9e ,*4,j4,c4 ,bliss>d1 ,! ,bi%op #ejj -- #fej #ej ,m4,a4 #ahfh ,b ,/4 ,b>nabas ,v,p]cy ,wall] ,tru/ees #che #gbej #ajej #fej #ahha ,b ,/4 ,b>?olomew ,v,james ,eagles1 ,rector ( #cjj #fejj #ahjj #hjj ,m4,a4 #ahea ,/4 ,m>t9 ,a ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,v,t4,h4 ,nock1 ,m4,a4,tru/ees -- #gadi #gej #djj #ahgi ,a ,/4 ,clem5t ,v,j4,t4 ,butl91 ,vic> ( ,/4 #caj #iejj #hej #ejj ,b4,a4 #ahgi ,mat!w ,b ,/4 ,cu?b]t ,v,w4,h4 ,t>leton1 ,tru/ees #bej #hjjb #gbj #eif ,m4,a4 #ahgb ,b ,/4 ,david ,v,h4 ,boyd51 ,b4,a4,tru/ees #cae #ajchb #ihe #gcc #ahff ,b ,/4 ,gabriel ,v,w4,h4 ,c>iss1 ,! ,bi%op #cej #egjj #fej all ,m4,a4 #ahhd ,b ,/4 ,george ,r,j4,g4 ,dixon1 ,tru/ees #djj #afjfe #baejadej ,m4,a4 #ahge ,e ,/4 ,george ,v,c4,m4 ,ow51 ,m4,a4,"l #dej #gjjj #acej #dej #ahhc ,cal?orpe ,a ,/4 ,james1 ,v,j4 ,orr1 ,m4,a4 ,tru/ees #cjj #afjjj #acej #dej ,a%t$ #ahhe ,e ,/4 ,james ,v,w4,e4 ,iv5s1 ,"l #bej #fbca #ijj #bbe ,m4,a4 #ahhe ,cal?orpe ,a ,/4 ,john1 ,*4,w4,c4 ,badg]1 ,p>i%ion]s #cjj #ajddh #hij #aej ,d]it5d ,m4,a4 #ahgj ( ,d]it5d & ,bordesley ,b ,/4 ,john1 ,v,j4,l4 ,port]1 ,rector ( -- #adagf -- #ajej ,ladywood ,m4,a4 #ahfi ,/4 ,m>t9 ,b ,/4 ,jude ,v,t4,g4 ,watton1 ,! ,bi%op #cej #gjjj #ajjj #fjj ,m4,a4 #ahgc ,a ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,v,j4,f4,m4 ,:i%1 ,! ,bi%op #cbj #eggh #gej #djj ,b4,a4 #ahgi ,b ,/4 ,luke ,v,w4,b4 ,wilk9son1,tru/ees #cjj #ajdhf #hjj #cjj ,m4,a4 #ahge ,b ,,/4 ,,m>t9 ,r,w4 ,wilk9son1 ,tru/ees #ajdh #agdje #bbjj #adj ,d4,d4 #ahff ,b ,/4 ,m>g>et ,p4,c4,h4,a4 ,na% ,! ,bi%op #cjj #ffec #hjj all #ahge ,b ,/4 ,m>k ,v,r4,l4,g4 ,pidcock1,! ,bi%op #cej #afjjj #ajjj #djj ,m4,a4 #ahgg & ,tru/ees ,b ,/4 ,m>y ,v,h4 ,fo/] ,pegg1,tru/ees #bge #efeg #afjj #cej ,m4,a4 #ahff ,a ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,v,j4 ,byr*more ,tru/ees #cjj #hbaf #aejd #fgi ,dudde/on #ahgi ,b ,/4 ,mat?ias ,v,j4,s4 ,davies1 ,tru/ees #cjj #ajjjj #ajjj all ,m4,a4 #ahhf ,b ,/4 ,nicolas ,v,w4,h4 ,connor1 ,! ,bi%op #cjj #ebbj #eff all ,m4,a4 #ahgf ,b ,/4 ,paul ,v,r4,b4 ,burges1 ,tru/ees #cjj #aeajj #abjj #fjj ,m4,a4 #ahfg ,b ,/4 ,pet] ,v,r4 ,dell1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,bi%op #caj #bejj #aejj all #ahgj ,b ,/4 ,philip ,r,h4,b4 ,b[lby1 ,! ,bi%op #idi #bhhe #agej #efj ,m4,a4 #ahge ,b ,/4 ,savi\r ,v,m4 ,p>k] ,tru/ees #chj #ejjj #gcj all #ahgd ,b ,/4 ,/eph5 ,v,p4 ,reynolds1 ,! ,bi%op #bej #abefj #aaej #gjj ,,ll4,b4 #ahed ,b ,/4 ,?omas ,r,t4,d4 ,hal/$1 ,tru/ees #fej #aajjj #bajjaejj ,m4,a4 #ahgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,non-,,con=mi/s4#cg ,! e>lie/ ,noncon=mi/ place ( wor%ip1 ( :i* any record rema9s1 0 8,! ,old ,meet+10 :i*1 ) its gravey>d1 has s rec5tly z ! ye> #ahhb be5 remov$ = ! enl>gem5t ( ! railway /ation 9 ,new ,/reet4 ,z old ,birm+ham 0 n a corporate t[n x did n come )9 ! provisions ( ,! ,five-,mile ,act 7,a4,d4 #affe71 & 0 naturally ! resort ( p]secut$ ,noncon=mi/s f ! neighb\r+ bor\ghs4 ,on ! fir/ ,decl>ation ( ,indulg5ce put =? by ,*>les ! ,second 9 #afgb1 rooms 7 lic5s$ = public wor%ip1 & 9 #afhg elev5 diss5t]s b\ght a plot ( l& 9 :at 0 !n call$ ,philip ,/reet1 & built a meet+ h\se1 f9i%$ 9 #afhi1 ! ye> ( ! pass+ ( ,! ,tol]ation ,act4 ,z ! total co/ ( l& & build+ 0 only #bbj1 x c\ld n h accommodat$ _m he>]s1 & we f9d t ano!r meet+ h\se1 call$ ! 8,l[] ,meet+ ,h\se10 0 built 9 ,d]it5d 9 a y>d :i* 0 until lately call$ 8,meet+ ,h\se ,y>d10 n[ tak5 into ! cont9uation ( ,milk ,/reet into ,d]it5d4 ,?is second *apel 0 injur$ 9 ! ,sa*ev]ell ,riots 9 #agae1 & aft]w>ds ! congregation remov$1 9 #agcb1 to :at 0 =m]ly ! 8,new ,meet+10 9 ,moor ,/reet1 :]e !y rema9$ until ! la/ day ( ! ye> #ahfa4 ,! wor%ipp]s at bo? ^! two orig9al meet+ h\ses call$ !mselves1 & 7 call$ 8,presbyt]ians10 us$ z ! anti!sis to 8,episcopalian10 al?\gh !y 7 really 8,indep5d5t0 9 _! =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,9 !ology bo? congregations 7 at fir/ ,calv9i/ic1 b ,mr4 ,h[ell1 ! six? 9 succession ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,old ,meet+1 hav+ become an av[$ ,arian1 ! m or?odox m9ority )drew 9 ! ye> #agdg1 & f\nd$ ! *ur* 9 ,c>r's ,lane--7see 8,congregationali/s407 ,x is cr$itable to ! good feel+ ( ! sep>ati/s t none ( !m sold _! %>es 9 ! 8,old ,meet+0 & "o ( !m 0 re-appo9t$ a tru/ee ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,f ,arianism ! congregations ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,meet+s gradually became ,unit>ian & are h5ce=? treat$ "u t title4 ,unit>ians4--,! ,old ,meet+ ,h\se1 built 9 #afhi1 0 burn$ 9 ! riots ( #agia1 & aft]w>ds rebuilt4 ,x _h atta*$ a burial gr\nd :i* 0 us$ by bo? ! congregations ( ! ,old & ,new ,meet+s1 & 9 :i* 7 int]r$ ! rema9s ( _m ( ! =emo/ m5 9 ! public life ( ,birm+ham = two c5turies4#ch ,z be=e /at$ ! meet+ h\se & gr\nd 7 sold to ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway ,company 9 #ahhb1 & ! rema9s ( ! dead 7 transf]r$ to a sep>ate piece ( gr\nd 9 ! ,bor\gh ,cemet]y at ,witton1 & ! ,congregation h built a new ,,old ,,meet+ ,,*ur*1 9 ! ,bri/ol ,road1 :i* 0 op5$ 9 #ahhe4 ,,! ,,new ,,meet+ ,,h\se1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 ! m9i/] f #aghj to #agia1 0 de/roy$ 9 ! riots ( #agia & rebuilt on its orig9al site 9 ,moor ,/reet4 ,! situation hav+ become inconv5i5t x 0 7#ahfa7 sold to ! ,roman ,ca?olics & became ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 ,moor ,/reet 7q4v471 & ! ,new ,meet+ congregation remov$ to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,messiah1 ,broad ,/reet1 op5$ #a/ ,janu>y1 #ahfb4 ,! ,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 is ! m9i/]4 ,,ne:all ,,hill ,,*apel 0 next 9 ord] ( "t to ! ,old & ,new ,meet+s1 & 0 built 9 #ahdj by memb]s ( bo? congregations1 :o _h previ\sly a h\se = wor%ip & ,sunday s*ools 9 ,cambridge ,/reet4 ,,hur/ ,,/reet ,,*apel 0 built 9 ! ye> #ahdd z a mission *apel & has be5 s9ce enl>g$4 ,ano!r mission m imm$iately connect$ ) ! ,new ,meet+ is ,,lawr5ce ,,/reet ,,*apel1 :i* 0 orig9ally built z a place ( wor%ip = ! ,bapti/s !n occupi$ by ! disciples ( ,zion ,w>d1 & aft]w>ds us$ by ! foll[]s ( ,rob]t ,ow51 :o 7 at "o "t num]\s 9 ,birm+ham4 ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,free ,,*ri/ian ,,society h a *apel 9 ,fazeley ,/reet1 s]v$ by ,lay prea*]s4 ,bapti/s4--,x is some:at s+ul> t two ( ! olde/ *apels belong+ to ?is body1 namely1 ,cannon ,/reet & ,freeman ,/reet1 h n[ ceas$ to exi/4 ,cannon ,/reet ,*apel 0 built 9 #agcg on a "p ( :at 0 !n a *]ry or*>d 7:i* gave its "n to ,*]ry ,/reet74 ,! orig9al build+ 0 greatly enl>g$ 9 #ahjf4 ,9 ^? days ! well-to-d tradesm5 ( ,birm+ham liv$ 9 ! t[n1 & ! t[n *apels consequ5tly drew _! occupants f ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! old memb]s di$1 & _! sons & daught]s w5t to live 9 ! suburbs1 & s ,cannon ,/reet1 :i* 0 ! fl\ri%+ "m *ur* ( ! ,p>ticul> ,bapti/s1 dw9dl$ 9 numb]s4 ,=tunately ! site ( x 0 requir$ by ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham1 & x 0 sold = #bf1ejj1 & is n[ occupi$ by ! ,c5tral ,arcade 9 ,corporation ,/reet4 ,! pur*ase money 01 "u a s*eme sanction$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 exp5d$ 9 aid ( sev]al ,bapti/ *apels 9 ! t[n & suburbs4 ,! ,*apel 9 ,freeman ,/reet is said to h be5 old] ?an ,cannon ,/reet to :i* place ! wor%ipp]s at ,freeman ,/reet jo9$ !mselves 9 #ageb1 & ! edifice itself 0 tak5 d[n 9 #ahef4 ,! next ,*apel 9 ord] ( date 0 built 9 ,bond ,/reet 7ne> ,con/itution ,hill7 0 op5$ 9 ! ye> #aghf1 & 0 = _m ye>s a fl\ri%+ *ur*1 b gradually decay$ 9 numb]s & influ5ce1 & is n[ occupi$ by ! ,unit$ ,me?odi/s 7q4v474 ,! *ief exi/+ places ( wor%ip n[ belong+ to ! ,bapti/s are ,,ne:all ,,/reet ,,*apel1 orig9ally built 9 #agia by ! foll[]s ( ,emanuel ,sw$5borg4 ,,graham ,,/reet or ,,m\nt ,,zion ,,*apel1 op5$ 9 #ahbd by ! celebrat$ ,edw>d ,irv+4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds ! pulpit 0 occupi$ = "s "t by ! late ,george ,dawson1 & subsequ5tly1 f #ahea to #ahgd1 by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,v9ce1 ^: dea? 0 felt z a public calamity4 ,,h5eage ,,/reet ,,*apel1 ( :i* ! f\ndation /one 0 laid #a/ ( ,augu/1 #ahch1 to commemorate ! emancipation ( ! ,we/ ,indian negroes4 ,,circus ,,*apel1 ,brad=d ,/reet1 op5$ #ahdh1 s call$ because x 0 =m]ly a circus4 ,,wycliffe ,,*ur*1 9 ! ,bri/ol ,road1 op5$ 9 #ahfa4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,r$eem]1 ,hagley ,road1 built by a portion ( ! congregation ( ,graham ,/reet1 aid$ by a contribution ( ! ,cannon ,/reet tru/ees1 & op5$ 9 #ahhb4 ,!re are also *apels 9 ,guild=d ,/reet1 ,hope ,/reet1 ,lodge ,road 7,hockley71 ,great ,k+ ,/reet1 ,/rat=d ,road1 ,spr+ ,hill1 ,victoria ,/reet 7,small ,hea?71 ,w>wick ,/reet 7,d]it5d71 & ,wynn ,/reet 7,great ,colmore ,/reet74 ,!re is also a *apel belong+ to ! ,p>ticul> ,bapti/s ( ,calv9i/ic views 9 ,fr$]ick ,/reet 7,ne:all ,hill71 built 9 #ahej ) ! proce$s ( an old *apel 9 ,b>?olomew ,/reet1 :i* 0 call$ ! 8,cave ( ,adullam10 & remov$ by ! ext5sion ( ! railway into ,new ,/reet4 ,! ,g5]al or ,arm9ian ,bapti/s _h ! *apel 9 ,freeman ,/reet 7n[ remov$71 & 9 ,septemb]1 #aghf1 op5$ ! exi/+ *apel 9 ,,lomb>d ,,/reet4 ,congregationali/s4--,,c>r',s ,,lane4--,?is ,*ur* 0 =m$1 z be=e /at$1 9 #agdg1 by memb]s ( ! fir/ ,noncon=mi/ ,meet+ h\se1 ! 8,old ,meet+10 :o did n agree ) ! ,arianism ( ! !n m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,h[ell4 ,! fir/ build+ 0 op5$ 9 #agdh1 & 0 !n1 z 0 ! cu/om ) meet+ h\ses1 built 9 a y>d to scre5 x f obs]vation4 ,x has be5 sev]al times enl>g$ & rebuilt4 ,! names ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,angell ,james1 :o 0 m9i/] "h f #ahjf to 8 dea?1 #a/ ,octob]1 #ahei1 & ( 8 successor ,r4 ,w4 ,dale1 ,,ll4,d41 ! pres5t m9i/]1 are kn[n ?r\gh\t ! *ri/ian _w4 ,,eb5ez] ,,*apel1 9 ,/eelh\se ,lane1 0 built 9 #ahah by ! admir]s ( a m9i/] celebrat$ 9 8 day1 ! ,rev4 ,jehoiada ,brew]1 :o laid ! f\ndation /one 9 #ahaf1 b di$ be=e ! build+ 0 f9i%$4#ci ,f end[m5ts furni%$ by ?ree memb]s ( ?is congregation1 ,mr4 ,mansfield & 8 two si/]s1 ,miss ,mansfield & ,mrs4 ,glov]1 a college = ! education ( m9i/]s 0 e/abli%$ at ,spr+ ,hill1 ,dudley ,road1 !n remov$ to ,moseley1 & is n[ int5d$ to be recon/itut$ at ,ox=d z 8,mansfield ,college40 ,,highbury ,,*apel1 ,graham ,/reet1 orig9ally =m$ by ! remnant ( ! ,liv]y ,/reet congregation1 0 op5$ 9 #ahde4 ,,francis ,,road 7,edgba/on7 ,,*apel 0 built to commemorate ! fiftie? ye> ( ! pa/orate ( ,c>r's ,lane ,*apel1 by ! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,james4 ,he laid ! f\ndation /one #aa? ,septemb]1 #ahee4 ,! ,congregationali/s h also *apels 9 ,goo* ,/reet1 ,moseley ,road1 ,/4 ,&rew's ,road1 ,saltley1 ,small ,hea?1 ,p>ade 7,tab]nacle71 & ,w9son ,gre5 ,road1 & sev]al o!rs outside ! ,bor\gh1 b 9 imm$iate proximity to x44 ,society ( ,fri5ds4--,george ,fox records 9 8 j\rnal t he held a meet+ 9 ,birm+ham 9 ! ye> #afee1 & !re is good reason to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a small society f t date1 meet+ 9 private h\ses until #agjc1 :5 a pla9 brick meet+ h\se front+ ,bull ,/reet 0 built4 ,!re may h be5 an e>li] meet+ h\se 9 ,monm\? ,/reet1 :]e !re 0 a burial gr\nd1 acquir$ 9 #ahea by ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & n[ ! site ( ! ,arcade4 ,! meet+ h\se 9 ,bull ,/reet 0 sev]al times enl>g$1 & 9 #ahef x 0 pull$ d[n1 %ops built front+ ! /reet1 & a m commodi\s meet+ h\se built 9 ! re>4 ,!re is also ano!r meet+ place 9 ,ba? ,r[4 ,meet+s = religi\s wor%ip & in/ruction1 conduct$ by memb]s ( ! ,society1 are held on ,sundays at ,sev]n ,/reet ,s*ools1 & ! ,bo>d ,s*ools 9 ,moseley ,/reet & ,bri/ol ,/reet4 ,! ,e>ly ,fir/-,day ,morn+ ,s*ool1 & ! o!r s*ools & classes at ,sev]n ,/reet1 e/abli%$ by ! ,fri5ds1 h done1 & are do+ an incalculable am\nt ( good4 ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s4--,john ,wesley prea*$ 8 fir/ s]mon 9 ,birm+ham 9 #agdc1 b x 0 n until #agfd t 8 foll[]s acquir$ an old play h\se 9 ,moor ,/reet z _! fir/ *apel :i* he op5$4 ,9 #aghb !y _h s prosp]$ z to build a *apel 9 ,*]ry ,/reet1 :i* 0 op5$ by ,john ,wesley himself1 !n 9 8 eightie? ye>4 ,?is *apel1 enl>g$ 9 ! ye> #ahbc1 is n[ 7,july1 #ahhf7 to be pull$ d[n1 & a new *apel built 9 ,corporation ,/reet4 ,! rapid increase ( numb]s necessitat$ additional *apels 9 ,brad=d ,/reet 7#aghf71 ,,belmont ,,r[ 7#aghi71 ,,m>t9 ,,/reet1 7,broad ,/reet7 7#ahcd71 ,,newt[n ,,r[ ,,*apel 7#ahcg71 ,,wesley ,,*apel1 ,con/itution ,hill 7#ahch71 besides a *apel 9 ,bell ,b>n ,road = :i* ! pres5t ,,bri/ol ,,road ,,*apel 7#ahed7 0 sub/itut$4 ,= ! purposes ( connexional organization ! ,birm+ham di/rict is divid$ into sev5 circuits1 :i* include n only ! *apels already m5tion$ b also ?irty-?ree o!rs )9 ! ,bor\gh & its suburbs1 includ+ ,sme?wick4 ,,me?odi/ ,,new ,,connexion4--,?is section ( ! ,me?odi/ ,community1 :i* sep>at$ f ! ,wesleyans 9 #agig1 only on que/ions ( ! %>e ( ! laity 9 *ur* gov]nm5t1 fir/ built a *apel 9 ,ox=d ,/reet 7#ahaa7 n[ disus$1 !n ano!r 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! t[n1 ,unett ,/reet 7#ahch71 & h s9ce built small] ones 9 ,moseley ,/reet1 ,prie/ley ,road 7,/rat=d ,road7 ,ladywood1 ,hea? ,/reet & ,crabtree ,road 7,brookfields7 9 ! ,bor\gh4 ,^! & a *apel at ,sme?wick are divid$ into two circuits suppli$ by ?ree circuit m9i/]s4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,me?odi/s4--,?is body has ?irte5 *apels 9 & ne> to ! ,bor\gh1 divid$ into ?ree circuits1 & s]v$ by f\r regul> m9i/]s4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is 9 ,goo* ,/reet1 & ! o!rs 9 ! ,bor\gh are 9 ,sp>kbrook1 ,k+ ,/reet1 ,"l ,/reet1 ,ne*ells1 ,g>rison ,lane1 ,:itmore ,/reet 7,hockley7 & ,ladywood4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,me?odi/ ,,free ,,*ur*es h two circuits & two circuit m9i/]s & *apels 9 ,rocky ,lane 7,ne*ells7 ,bond ,/reet1 7rec5tly acquir$ f ! ,bapti/s1 q4v47 & ,muntz ,/reet 7,birm+ham ,hea?7 besides "o at ,wa%wood ,hea?4 ,,! ,,wesleyan ,,re=m]s4--,h "o regul> m9i/] & two *apels 9 ,upp] ,tr9ity ,/reet & ,floodgate ,/reet4 ,! ,engli% ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4--,^! are ! or?odox ,presbyt]ians1 z di/+ui%$ f ! *ur*es :i*1 l ! ,old ,meet+ congregation1 became ,arian or ,unit>ian4 ,!y fir/ occupi$ :at is n[ ! ,bapti/ ,*apel at ,m\nt ,zion1 :i* 0 op5$ by ! celebrat$ ,edw>d ,irv+ 7see ,bapti/s71 & !n a *apel 9 ,ne:all ,/reet1 aft]w>ds ! *ur* 9 ,,broad ,,/reet1 :i* is _! pr9cipal edifice4 ,!y h also *ur*es at ,camp ,hill & ,new ,john ,/reet ,we/4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,bre?r5 h a head place ( wor%ip at ! ,c5tral ,hall1 ,great ,*>les ,/reet1 & o!r meet+ places 9 ,gre5 ,lane 7,small ,hea?71 ,new ,john ,/reet ,we/1 ,camp ,hill1 & ,icknield ,port ,road 9 ! ,bor\gh1 & f\r o!rs 9 ! outskirts4 ,sev]al o!r religi\s bodies h only "o or two places ( wor%ip1 & among ^! may be nam$-- ,! ,bloomsbury ,in/itution ,mission ,hall1 9 ,bloomsbury ,/reet4 ,! ,boatm5's ,hall 9 ,bridge ,/reet 7,broad ,/reet74 ,! ,ca?olic ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 9 ,summ] ,hill ,t]race1 a new *ur* built by ! congregation =m]ly assembl+ at :at 0 call$ ! ,irv+ite ,*ur*1 9 ,ne:all ,/reet4 ,! ,*ri/adelphians1 :o meet 9 ! ,temp]ance ,hall1 9 ,temple ,/reet4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,savi\r1 9 ,edw>d ,/reet 7,p>ade71 built 9 #ahdg = ,mr4 ,george ,dawson1 ,m4,a41 on 8 leav+ ! ,m\nt ,zion 7,bapti/s7 ,*apel 7q4v474 ,a free *ur*1 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple t common ,*ri/ian wor%ip & pursuit ( religi\s tru?1 & n doctr9al agreem5t1 are ! true bases ( ,*ri/ian union4 ,! ,jewi% ,synagogue1 9 ,blu*] ,/reet1 top ( ,sev]n ,/reet1 0 built 9 #ahef1 to supply ! place ( a small] synagogue 9 ,sev]n ,/reet4 ,x co/ upw>ds ( #h1jjj4 ,! ,new ,*ur*1 or ,sw$5borgians1 _h = _! fir/ *apel ! "o 9 ,ne:all ,/reet 7n[ occupi$ by ! ,bapti/s1 q4v47 !n1 9 #ahcj1 remov$ to a new *apel 9 ,summ] ,lane1 & subsequ5tly1 9 #ahge1 to an elegant *ur*1 a little way ov] ! ,bor\gh b\nd>y1 9 ,wre?am ,road 7,soho ,hill74 ,! ,wel% ,calv9i/ic ,me?odi/s1 :o h a *apel 9 ,granville ,/reet 7,ba? ,r[71 & ano!r 9 ,hockley ,hill1 j ov] ! ,bor\gh b\nd>y4 ,! ,wel% ,congregationali/s h a *apel 9 ,:eel] ,/reet4 ,roman ,ca?olics4--,!re is no record ( any ,roman ,ca?olic place ( wor%ip 9 ,birm+ham f ! ,re=mation until ! publication1 by ,james ! ,second1 ( ! illegal ,decl>ation ( ,indulg5ce 9 #afhg4 ,9 t ye> ! f\ndation ( a *ur* & conv5t1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 0 laid ne> ! /reet /ill call$ ,mas%\se ,lane1 & probably on ! site ( ! pres5t ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 7q4v474 ,x 0 sc>cely built :5 x 0 pull$ d[n at ! ,revolution ( #afhh4 ,! prie/s 7:o 7 ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,francis7 remov$ to a f>m h\se 9 a lane ne> ,h>borne1 ! approa* to :i*1 at ! top ( ,ri*mond ,hill ,road1 ,edgba/on1 0 kn[n z ,mas%\se ,lane4 ,! fir/ *apel 9 ! t[n 0 ! "o d$icat$ to ,,/4 ,,pet]1 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,place1 a little way out ( ,broad ,/reet1 built 9 #aghf1 & a burial gr\nd & s*ools add$ & subsequ5tly enl>g$4 ,! next 0 a *apel 9 ,%adwell ,/reet1 built 9 #ahji1 & d$icat$ to ,/4 ,*ad1 :i* aft]w>ds gave place to ,,/4 ,,*ad',s ,,ca!dral1 ,ba? ,/reet1 built aft] ! designs ( ,a4 ,welby ,pug9 at a co/ ( #fj1jjj1 & consecrat$ ,june #bb1 #ahda4 ,,/4 ,,anne',s1 ,alce/] ,/reet1 0 orig9ally a di/ill]y1 & 0 acquir$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,oratory ( ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 ( :om ,john ,h5ry 7n[ ,c>d9al7 ,newman 0 "o4 ,9 #aheb1 ! ,fa!rs remov$ to ! ,hagley ,road 7q4v471 & ,/4 ,anne's became a secul> mission4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception1 ,hagley ,road1 ,edgba/on4 ,"h1 9 addition to ! ,*ur*1 is a resid5ce = ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 & a s*ool = ! education ( ! sons ( ! ,ca?olic g5try4 ,x is int]e/+ to e educat$ man z hav+ be5 = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ! abode ( ,john ,h5ry 7,c>d9al7 ,newman4 ,,/4 ,,mi*ael',s1 ,moor ,/reet1 =m]ly ! ,new ,meet+ ,h\se ( ! ,unit>ians 7q4v471 & pur*as$ f t body 9 #ahfa1 & op5$ 9 #ahfb4 ,,/4 ,,joseph',s1 ,ne*ells1 =m]ly only a *apel ( ! cemet]y !re s]v$ f ,/4 ,*ad's1 became a *ur* ) two prie/s 9 ! ye> #ahgb4 ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,( ,,si5na 9 ! ,horse ,fair 0 consecrat$ ,septemb] #bh1 #ahge1 & ,,/4 ,,patrick',s 9 ! ,dudley ,road 0 op5$ 9 #ahgf4 ,birm+ham is "o ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,sees creat$ by ! celebrat$ ,papal-,decree ( #bi? ,septemb]1 #ahej4 ,to t date f #aehd1 :5 ! la/ ( ! old ,roman ,ca?olic ,prelates di$1 ! ,engli% ,romani/s _h be5 gov]n$ 9 matt]s ecclesia/ical by ,vic>s-,apo/olic1 ( :om ! la/ & be/ kn[n 0 ,bi%op 79 p>tibus7 aft]w>ds ,c>d9al ,wiseman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ?is enum]ation ( ! num]\s *ur*es & *apels1 :i* ! limit$ numb] ( pages at ! writ]'s disposal necess>ily r$uces to almo/ a catalogue1 x may be useful to summ>ise ! g5]al results ( ! religi\s life ( ! t[n4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t e *ur* & *apel is a c5tre ( educational & philan?ropic "w ( _m k9ds4 ,! cl]gy ( ! e/abli%$ *ur* h almo/ a monopoly ( day s*ools1 :il/ ! v>i\s d5om9ations ( diss5t]s = ! mo/ "p leave ! education ( ! poor to ! ,bo>d s*ools4 ,night s*ools are common to bo? *ur*es & *apels--,sunday s*ools are univ]sally atta*$ to bo?4 ,!n !re are ! auxili>y organisations ( ,bible ,classes1 ,l5d+ ,libr>ies1 ,provid5t ,societies1 ,sick ,clubs1 ,sav+ ,clubs1 ,clo?+ ,clubs1 ,improvem5t ,societies1 ,mo!rs' ,meet+s1 ,dorcas ,societies1 ,lectures on ,heal? & ,dome/ic ,economy by ladies1 &1 atta*$ to "s *ur*es & *apels1 classes = in/ruction 9 elem5t>y ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature4 ,( ! ?ree p>ties into :i* ! e/abli%$ *ur* is commonly divid$1 viz41 ,l[1 ,high1 & ,broad1 ! g5]al tone ( ! ,birm+ham cl]gy = ! la/ fifty ye>s has be5 decid$ly l[4 ,a glance at ! table w %ew t ! rights ( pres5tation to ! "m *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & ! o!r ?ree rectories ( ,all ,sa9ts1 ,/4 ,george1 & ,/4 ,?omas1 & also to _m ( ! newly-creat$ vic>ages1 are ve/$ 9 tru/ees4 ,) ! exception ( two or ?ree ( ! new *ur*es1 su* z ^? ( ,/4 ,alban ! ,m>tyr1 & ! ,oldkn[ ,memorial ,*ur*1 ^! tru/ees h be5 ( ! type ( ! ,simeon ,tru/ees4 ,= _m ye>s ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,bordesley1 0 ! sole repres5tative ( ,high ,*ur* ritual & doctr9e1 bo? ( :i* h made great progress ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & at _m ( ! *ur*es ! s]vices are di/9ctly 8high]0 ?an =m]ly4 ,! same influ5ces h be5 at "w among ,noncon=mi/s4 ,! old patt]n ( meet+h\se has giv5 place ev]y:]e to a m ecclesia/ical /yle1 & ev5 :]e ! /ructure _c be alt]$1 ! walls are col\r$ & decorat$4 ,! congregational pla9 song ( half a c5tury ago is v>i$ & improv$ by *ant+ & an!ms1 & 9 "o ,noncon=mi/ ,*ur* may be se5 a surplic$ *oir4 ,! 8,broad0 ,*ur* p>ty is sc>cely repres5t$ 9 ,birm+ham1 & ) ! exceptions ( ! ,head ,ma/] & "s ( ! o!r ,ma/]s ( ! ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool1 & ! ,rector ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 :o1 f 8 position1 is naturally a repres5tative man1 ! ,birm+ham cl]gy d n conc]n !mselves mu* ) ei!r ! political1 municipal1 sci5tific1 or lit]>y pursuits ( _! fell[ t[nsm54 ,!y h ! good reason t ! "w ( _! p>i%es makes su* dem&s ^u !m t !y h nei!r "t nor /r5g? = any o!r lab\rs4 ,h5ce ! public "w ( ! t[n 7) ! exception ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 on :i* ! cl]gy h be5 always /rongly repres5t$7 has = ! la/ =ty ye>s be5 m influ5c$ by ! lead+ ,noncon=mi/ m9i/]s ?an by ! cl]gy4 ,:il/ ! religi\s activity ( ! ,noncon=mi/s has n abat$1 !y h ga9$ imm5sely 9 influ5ce 9 all ! gov]n+ bodies & public in/itutions4 ,= example1 = a c5tury previ\s to ! ye> #ahgc1 no diss5t] _h be5 elect$ a ,gov]nor ( ! ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool2 n[ !re are n9e ,noncon=mi/s out ( ! tw5ty-"o ,gov]nors4 ,! religi\s activity ( ! ,*ur* has be5 wid5$ & deep5$ by ! developm5t ( ! p>o*ial sy/em1 :il/ ! natural 8set0 ( noncon=mi/ activity t[>ds political & social re=ms has won = !m ! control ( political & municipal affairs4 ,?is _c be bett] illu/rat$ ?an by a few p>ticul>s ( ! composition ( ! ,birm+ham ,t[n ,c\ncil1 :i* has acquir$ ! reputation ( be+ above ! av]age ( ,t[n ,c\ncils 9 ! social /&+ & ability ( its memb]s4 ,( ! sixty-f\r memb]s ( :i* ! ,t[n ,c\ncil is compos$1 sev5te5 only are *ur*m54 ,( ! sixte5 ,ald]m5 7assum$ to be elect$ by ! ,c\ncil on acc\nt ( s]vices ei!r exceptional 9 k9d or duration7 only "o is a *ur*man4 ,! =ty-sev5 memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil n belong+ to ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 are compos$ ( six ,bapti/s1 n9e ,congregationali/s1 six memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 "o ,jew1 "o ,presbyt]ian1 two ,roman ,ca?olics1 n9e ,unit>ians1 six ,und5om9ational1 & sev5 memb]s ( ! ,wesleyan & o!r ,me?odi/ bodies4 ,! prepond]ance ( ,quak]s & ,unit>ians 9 ! ,c\ncil1 9 proportion to _! num]ical /r5g? 9 ! c\ntry1 is v rem>kable4 ,! numb] ( memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 is ab\t "o to e #a1gbe ( ! population1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahha4 ,! numb] ( _! memb]s & att5dants on _! s]vices 9 ,birm+ham1 is ab\t "o to e #ebg ( ! population ( ! ,bor\gh2 :il/ 9 ! ,c\ncil _! numb]s are ne>ly "o 9 t5 7accurately #i4cge p] c5t47 or m ?an fifty times _! num]ical proportion4 ,x is n possible to det]m9e s accurately ! numb] ( ,unit>ians1 b x may be safely ass]t$ t _! repres5tation 9 ! ,c\ncil is _m times 9 excess ( _! num]ical proportion4 ,,burial ,,gr\nds ,,& ,,cemet]ies4 ,mo/ ( ! ,*ur*es built 9 ,birm+ham up to ! ye> #ahcd _h *ur*y>ds add$ to !m4 ,! ,*ur*y>d ( ,/4 ,m>t9 be+ f\nd inadequate1 ne>ly ?ree acres ( l& 9 ,p>k ,/reet 0 consecrat$ 9 ! ye> #ahac z a burial gr\nd1 & h be5 s9ce laid out z a public g>d5 7see ,/4 ,b>?olomew74 ,!re 7 burial gr\nds atta*$ to ! ,old ,meet+1 to ! ,bapti/ ,*apel1 ,cannon ,/reet1 & to ! ,fri5ds ,meet+ ,h\se2 !re 0 also a piece ( gr\nd 9 ,walm] ,lane1 appropriat$ by a ,congregationali/1 ,joseph ,scott1 = ! burial ( ,prote/ant ,diss5t]s 7,a4,d4 #aggi74 ,!re 7 also burial gr\nds = ! ,jewi% ,community 9 a spot call$ ! ,frogg]y1 n[ "p ( ,new ,/reet ,/ation1 9 ,granville ,/reet & ,be?olom ,r[4 ,9 #ahcb1 a jo9t /ock company 0 =m$ = con/ruct+ ! ,g5]al ,cemet]y at ,key ,hill--! area ( :i* is ab\t twelve acres4 ,divid$ f x by ,pits=d ,/reet is ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,cemet]y1 consecrat$ 9 #ahdh4 ,9 #ahej ! ,ca?olic ,cemet]y ( ,/4 ,joseph 0 e/abli%$4 ,by successive ord]s 9 ,c\ncil mo/ ( ! intra-mural burial gr\nds 7 clos$1 & 9 ! ye> #ahfj ! ,corporation pur*as$ #aje acres ( l& at ,witton = a ,bor\gh ,cemet]y4 ,( ?is area1 fifty-?ree acres are consecrat$ = use by memb]s ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*2 ?irty-five are set ap>t = ,noncon=mi/s1 two acres & a half h be5 sold = ! use ( ! ,hebrew ,community1 & ! residue is appropriat$ = ! use ( ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,!re are f\r di/9ct build+s = ! use ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,roman ,ca?olics1 ,noncon=mi/s1 & ,jews4 ,to ?is ,cemet]y ! c(f9s f ,scott's burial gr\nd 7#gb71 ,cannon ,/reet ,*apel 7#adb71 & ! ,old ,meet+ ,h\se 7#aejc71 h be5 remov$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,art4 ,ar*itecture4--,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,coss9s4--,al?\gh anci5tly possess+ a ,*ur*1 a ,priory & a ,ca/le1 ,birm+ham n[ reta9s h>dly a ve/ige ( ! "w ( ! build]s ( ! middle ages4 ,:5 ! old ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahgb to make way = its v f9e successor1 ! indications ( its hi/ory1 hidd5 = ne>ly two c5turies by a cas+ ( brickwork1 7 reveal$3 traces 7 f\nd ( ! "w ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies1 & consid]able rema9s ( :at mu/ h be5 a f9e build+1 ma9ly ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! alt> tombs1 ) effigies ( ! ,lords de ,birm+ham1 7 c>efully pres]v$ & refix$ 9 ! new ,*ur*1 & are well wor?y ( exam9ation4#dj ,a few h\ses ( ! fram$ timb] & pla/] con/ruction common 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 rema9 9 ,digbe?1 & "o ( a v int]e/+ k9d 0 ?is ye> remov$ f ! corn] ( ,bull ,/reet4 ,! e>lie/ 9 date is ! ,old ,cr[n ,h\se1 :i* is probably ( ! fir/ half ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,?is 0 a v int]e/+ specim5 ( ! m massively con/ruct$1 b simpl] k9d1 ) gables at ! extremities ( ! front1 & a c5tral por* ( two /ories2 b ! :ole ( ! gr\nd floor 0 recon/ruct$ ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 & x has rec5tly be5 fur!r disfigur$ by pa9t+ & gra9+4 ,at ,camp ,hill !re is a v f9e half-timb]$ h\se 9 good pres]vation4 ,?is has ! date #afja cut on ! por*4 ,mo/ ( ! h\ses burnt by ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 :5 he sack$ ! t[n 9 #afdc1 7 probably ( ! half-timb]$ k9d1 s9ce sev]al /ill rema94 ,,/4 ,,philip',s ,,*ur*4--,f ?is "t !re is no?+ to m>k ! ar*itectural progress ( ! t[n until ! important ev5t ( ! mak+ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 pass$ 9 #agaa1 ( a new p>i% ( ,/4 ,philip 9 ,birm+ham4 ,?is 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! build+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,philip1 a rem>kably good example ( ! ,s*ool ( ,engli% ,r5aissance f\nd$ by ,wr5 & cont9u$ by 8 pupils1 ( :om ! ar*itect ( ?is ,*ur*1 ,?omas ,ar*]1 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful4 ,! fir/ /one ( ! ,*ur* 0 laid 9 #agaa1 & x 0 consecrat$ 9 #agae4 ,x is a l>ge build+1 ! area divid$ into nave & aisles by squ>e1 flut$ pill>s1 c>ry+ semicircul> ar*es1 & support+ gall]ies :i* ext5d ov] ! aisles4 ,) ! exception ( ! /eeple1 ! :ole has be5 re/or$1 & )9 ! la/ ye> ! *ancel1 :i* 0 b a %all[ recess1 has be5 l5g!n$ by "o bay4 ,! f9e ea/ w9d[ by ,mr4 ,burne ,jones1 a native ( ,birm+ham1 is consid]$ to be "o ( 8 mo/ successful works4 ,! build+ ( ! ,*ur* 0 soon foll[$ by ! erection ( r[s ( h\ses ( an uni=m "* on ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,^! h ne>ly all disappe>$3 !y 7 built ( brick 9 ! good dome/ic /yle ( ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 ) picturesque doorways1 ) curv$ & brok5 p$im5ts1 balu/rad$ p>apets1 & heavy :ite sa%es ) broad m\ld$ frames4 ,! int]iors _h f9e oak /aircases ) turn$ & twi/$ balu/]s1 & 7 good examples ( ! *e]y home-l dwell+s ( _! "t4 ,o!r build+s1 =m+ 8,! ,old ,squ>e10 ( a some:at simil> "*1 h lately be5 pull$ d[n to make way = a new /reet1 & v little t is ev5 z old z ! 8,georges0 w be left u aft] a v %ort "t4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,hall4--,! build+ ( ! ,t[n ,hall1 begun 9 #ahcb1 0 ! fir/ great local ar*itectural ev5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x 0 design$ by ,messrs4 ,hansom ,wel*1 ar*itects1 ( ,liv]pool1 9 pr(ess$ imitation ( ! ,cor9?ian ,temple ( ,jupit] ,/ator at ,rome1 b x falls f> bel[ its prototype 9 ! scale & ri*ness ( ! 8ord]40 ,to prop]ly adapt a temple ( ! ,romans to ! v>i\s wants & requirem5ts ( a ,t[n ,hall = ! p ( ,birm+ham requir$ consid]able inv5tive skill1 & to obta9 ! requir$ height ! temple 0 m\nt$ on a l(ty ru/icat$ basem5t4 ,! gr& flights ( /eps to ! colonnades1 :i* add s mu* dignity to ! ,greek & ,roman temples1 are "h accessible only by means ( a ladd]4 ,x is nev]!less a noble build+1 ( ,anglesey m>ble1 ?\gh :at we admire 9 ! ext]ior is due to ! anci5t ar*itect1 & n to ! adapt]s4 ,! int]ior is well suit$ to its _m & v>i$ uses1 b ! entrances are n>r[ & undignifi$1 & ! lobbies insuffici5t4 ,,! ,,free ,,gramm> ,,s*ool1 or ,k+ ,edw>d's ,s*ool1 0 f\nd$ on ! prop]ty belong+ to ! ,gild ( ! ,holy ,cross1 tak5 possession ( by ,h5ry ,,viii41 & re/or$ to ! t[n by ,edw>d ,,vi4 9 ! %ape ( an educational end[m5t4 ,! old hall us$ by ! ,gild /ood on ! site ( ! pres5t s*ool1 & x is probable t x 0 us$ z a s*ool until new build+s 7 erect$ 9 #agjg4 ,( t edifice draw+s are 9 exi/5ce1 :i* %[ x to h be5 ( two /oreys1 & =m+ ?ree sides ( a quadrangle1 ) a t[] ov] ! c5tral & *ief entrance1 t]m9at$ by a cupola4 ,! build+s 7 ( brick1 ) /one dress+s2 ! w9d[s squ>e-head$1 ( ! heavy-sa%$ description us$ 9 ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ! "t4 ,a high balu/rad$ p>apet hid ! ro(s f sight4 ,! ,s*ool 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahcb1 & ! pres5t noble build+ erect$ on its site4 ,! /yle is t ( ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 commonly call$ ,tudor1 & al?\gh erect$ s soon aft] ! revival ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 x has sc>cely be5 excell$ = boldness & propriety ( design or = purity ( detail4 ,x =ms on plan a ne>ly equal-sid$ squ>e4 ,! *ief front1 fac+ ,new ,/reet1 has slightly project+ w+s1 9 :i* are f9e ,oriel w9d[s1 ( two /ories1 ! int]m$iate l5g? be+ divid$ by boldly project+ buttresses1 t]m9at$ by crocket$ p9nacles1 into n9e bays ( two /ories 9 height4 ,! entrance is 9 ! middle bay1 ?r\gh a h&some m\ld$ & c>v$ doorway1 to a ve/ibule f9ely gro9$ 9 /one4 ,! upp] floor ( ! c5tral "p ( ! front is n[ occupi$ by ! ,girls' ,s*ool1 & is light$ by gr& trac]i$ & transom$ w9d[s ( ?ree lights4 ,! s\? front1 look+ t[>ds ! railway /ation1 conta9s ! ,boys' ,s*ool1 & is ( a simpl]1 b q z good a design z ! ma9 elevation4 ,! two pr9cipal s*oolrooms are v f9e1 ) op5 timb] ro(s4 ,! ar*itect 0 ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry1 & a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! details ( ?is build+ & ( ^? ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t ( ab\t ?is "t may be obs]v$4 ,,*ri/ ,,*ur*4--,*ri/ ,*ur*1 consecrat$ 9 #ahac1 /&s at ! junction ( ,new ,/reet ) ,ann ,/reet1 & occupies ! mo/ prom95t & ! be/ position 9 ! t[n1 b is q unwor?y ( its site4 ,x is 9 ! quasi-,classic /yle prevail+ 9 ! "t ( ,george ,,iii41 ) a l(ty b ill-proportion$ t[] & spire1 & a we/]n portico ( ! ,roman ,doric ord]4 ,,/4 ,,pet]',s4--,sev]al ( ! *ur*es succe$+ ! la/ 7 built by ! well kn[n ,?omas ,rickman2 among ^! 7 ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,dale ,end1 a heavy1 un9t]e/+ build+1 ) a ,grecian ,doric portico1 surm\nt$ by a 8,temple-(-!-,w9ds0-l /ructure z a /eeple4 ,,/4 ,,?omas',s4--,/4 ,?omas's1 at ,holl[ay ,head1 ano!r ( ,rickman's1 is design$ 9 ! same _s1 b ) details ( ! ,ionic ord]4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( ! revival ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 7 made "h by ,rickman1 ! mo/ important ( :i*1 ,,/4 ,,george',s1 a l>ge p]p5dicul> /ructure1 is = its "t fairly good1 b ! details are ?9 & wiry4 ,a numb] ( *eap *ur*es foll[$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 none ( !m des]v+ ( notice2 b "s bett] ?+s 7 be+ done4 ,,/4 ,,*ad',s4--,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,*ad1 9 ,ba? ,/reet1 by ! eld] ,pug91 ?\gh 9 "s p>ts b>e & mean f want ( funds1 %ews ! g5ius ( ! ar*itect 9 its plan1 its impos+ int]ior1 & its f9e we/]n front4 ,( ! *ur*es ( q mod]n date1 we h fir/ ! rebuilt ,"m ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 be=e ref]r$ to4 ,! t[] 0 re-cas$ & ! spire rebuilt 9 #ahed-e1 & 9 #ahgc-e ! pres5t build+ 0 erect$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,*atw91 ar*itect1 ( ,birm+ham1 & complet$ 9 #ahge1 at a co/ ( #bh1bef4 ,! /yle is ,go?ic1 z x _h become p]fect$ 9 ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury1 & x has be5 us$ by ! ar*itect ) great skill & judgm5t4 ,! int]ior is exce$+ly f9e1 & ! ext]ior n unwor?y ( x4 ,pres]v$ 9 ! nor? & s\? *apels at ! ea/ end1 are ! f9e sepul*ral monum5ts ( ! ,lords de ,birm+ham4 ,x has excell5t /a9$ glass w9d[s by ,wm4 ,morris1 ,h>dman1 & o!rs4 ,,/4 ,,augu/9e',s & ! ,,lea ,,memorial ,,*ur*1 bo? at ,edgba/on1 are also f9e *ur*es by ! same ar*itect4 ,! noble spire ( ! =m] is a conspicu\s & beautiful object f a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,,a/on ,,*ur* has lately be5 rebuilt by ,mr4 ,*atw91 ) ! exception ( ! t[] & spire1 at a co/ ( #ae1jjj4 ,! *ur* conta9s _m monum5ts ( ! ,erd+tons1 ,ard5s1 ,holts1 ,dev]eux1 & o!r ,w>wick%ire families4 ,! v beautiful t[] & spire are ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,,h&swor? ,,p>i% ,,*ur* has also be5 rebuilt by ! same ar*itect1 ) ! exception ( ! t[] & ! 8,watt ,*apel40 ,besides ! monum5t by ,*antry to ,james ,watt1 !re are int]e/+ monum5ts to ,b\lton1 ,murdock1 & o!r local celebrities4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,alban1 9 ,conyb]e ,/reet1 lately erect$ by ,mr4 ,hansom1 ( ,london1 9 ! /yle ( ! #ac? c5tury1 has an extremely f9e int]ior1 gro9$ ?r\gh\t ) /one4 ,! t[] & spire are unf9i%$4 ,ano!r good *ur* by ! same ar*itect1 is t ( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e 7,r4 ,c47 9 ! ,horse ,fair1 also ) unf9i%$ t[] & spire4 ,,! ,,diss5t+ ,,congregations h "s notewor?y build+s4 ,among/ ^? ( ! ,unit>ians1 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,messiah1 9 ,broad ,/reet1 by ,mr4 ,bateman1 & ! 8,old ,meet+ ,tru/0 ,*ur*1 9 ! ,bri/ol ,road1 lately erect$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,coss9s1 are ! mo/ important4 ,! ,bapti/s h two h&some *ur*es1 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,r$eem]1 9 ,hagley ,road1 by ,cubitt1 ( ,london1 & ,wycliffe ,*ur*1 by ! late ,mr4 ,cran/on1 9 ,bri/ol ,/reet4 ,! ,ca?olic ,apo/olic ,*ur* ( ! ,irv+ites1 9 ! 8,s& ,pits10 is a bold build+ ( brick & t]ra cotta1 ) a noble nave1 by ,mr4 ,*atw94 ,,! ,,municipal ,,build+s ( ! t[n1 ) ! exception ( ! ,t[n ,hall1 are ne>ly all ( q rec5t con/ruction4 ,fir/ among ^! is ! ,c\ncil ,h\se 9 ,colmore ,r[1 ne> ! top ( ,new ,/reet4 ,?is noble & commodi\s build+ 0 op5$ 9 #ahgh1 & comprises a gr& suite ( reception rooms1 a f9e ,c\ncil ,*amb]1 semicircul> on plan1 (fices = ! ,mayor1 ,t[n ,cl]k1 ,surveyor1 ,treasur]1 ,*ief ( ,police & o!r (fic]s1 & a l>ge numb] ( committee rooms4 ,! approa*es1 /aircases & corridors are all h&some & spaci\s4 ,! fronts are con/ruct$ ( ,d]by%ire /one 9 ! ,italian /yle1 ! pr9cipal elevation t[>ds ,colmore ,r[ consi/+ ( an impos+ c5tre1 ) porte-co*]1 & w+s4 ,! tympanums ( ! p$im5ts are fill$ ) gr\ps ( sculpture1 & ! l>ge ar* ov] ! portico conta9s "s f9e "w 9 ,mosaic by ,salviati4 ,! ar*itect 0 ,mr4 ,yeoville ,?omason4 ,,art ,,gall]y4--,adjo9+ ! ,c\ncil ,h\se1 is ! ,art ,gall]y1 by ! same ar*itect1 :i* =ms ) x "o block ( build+s surr\nd+ a quadrangle4 ,?is 0 op5$ la/ ye>1 & is a s]ies ( gall]ies probably n excell$ by any 9 ,engl&4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ! int]ior is a va/ dom$ circul> room1 f :i* ! o!r rooms are ent]$4 ,,! ,,p>o*ial ,,(fices1 9 ,edmund & ,ne:all ,/reets1 by ,mr4 ,w>d1 =m a l>ge & h&some block1 conta9+ ! (fices ( ! ,poor ,law ,gu>dians1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ,regi/r> ( ,bir?s1 ,dea?s & ,m>riages1 c4 ,,! ,,gall]ies ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arti/s1 ,new ,/reet4--,! pr9cipal room is circul>1 #eb feet 9 diamet]1 & !re are sev]al o!r rooms1 :i*1 ) ! f9e ,cor9?ian ,portico1 7 complet$ 9 #ahbi4 ,!y h s9ce be5 mu* improv$ & enl>g$1 & n[ =m a v excell5t set ( gall]ies4 ,to describe prop]ly ! ,educational ,build+s ( ! t[n w\ld require a volume2 a few only ( ! pr9cipal ones c be notic$4 ,! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ! olde/ ( !m1 has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! ,mason ,college1 f\nd$ by ! late ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 is a f9e build+ ( brick & /one 9 ,edmund /reet1 ! fir/ /one ( :i* 0 laid 9 #ahge1 & ! build+ op5$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahhj4 ,?is in/itution comprises l>ge & complete ,laboratories = ,*emi/ry1 ,physics1 ,physiology1 ,botany1 & ,eng9e]+2 f\r ,lecture ,!atres1 & a v great numb] ( class & o!r rooms ( all sizes1 suit$ to _! v>i$ requirem5ts1 ! :ole cov]+ an area ( ab\t #b1ejj squ>e y>ds4 ,! /yle ( ,ar*itecture is t ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,! pr9cipal front 9 ,edmund ,/reet1 ( ab\t #aej feet 9 l5g?1 is symmetrically arrang$ ) a l(ty c5tre & gabl$ side w+s4 ,! pr9cipal entrance 9 ! middle ( ! front is a v l>ge & deeply recess$ m\ld$ & %aft$ ar*way op5+ to a f9e gro9$ ve/ibule1 ! cross passages lead+ f :i* are also gro9$ 9 /one4 ,ov] ! entrance is a l(ty d\ble oriel b5ea? a gable1 ! t]m9al ( :i* is a m]maid 7! cre/ ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason71 #abb feet f ! pavem5t4 ,! co/ 0 ab\t #fj1jjj1 includ+ ! elaborate & co/ly fitt+s ( ! laboratories4 ,! :ole ( ! build+s & fitt+s 7 design$ by ,mr4 ,je?ro ,a4 ,coss9s1 ,ar*itect1 ( ,birm+ham4 ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,& ,,midl& ,,in/itute & ! ,,free ,,libr>ies =m "o unit$ gr\p4 ,! ,in/itute build+s1 by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,b>ry1 7 op5$ 9 #ahef by ! ,pr9ce ,consort4 ,! completion ( ! design to receive ! ,ref]5ce & ,l5d+ ,libr>ies 0 c>ri$ out by ,messrs4 ,m>t9 & ,*amb]la92 ! :ole has s9ce be5 l>gely add$ to1 ! ,l5d+ & ,ref]5ce ,libr>ies h be5 rebuilt1 & a new w+ erect$ 9 ,p>adise ,/reet1 by ! same ar*itects4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,art1 also by ,m>t9 ,*amb]la91 9 ,edmund ,/reet1 is 9 ! v orig9al mod]n ,go?ic /yle1 almo/ creat$ by ! late ,j4 ,h4 ,*amb]la91 & practis$ ) su* great success by ! firm to :i* he belong$4 ,! ,s*ool is p]haps ! f9e/ ( _! works1 & possesses a r>e grace & ref9em5t 9 e detail4 ,! arrangem5ts = ! conv5i5ce ( ma/]s & /ud5ts are also excell5t4 ,,bo>d ,,s*ools4--,s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,elem5t>y ,education ,act1 9 #ahgj1 ab\t ?irty l>ge ,bo>d ,s*ools h be5 erect$ 9 ! t[n1 mo/ ( !m by ,messrs4 ,m>t9 & ,*amb]la91 !y are ne>ly all ( great excell5ce & are ornam5ts to ! t[n4 ,,! ,,ex*ange1 9 ,/eph5son ,place1 0 built 9 #ahfe1 by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,holmes1 ar*itect1 ( ,birm+ham1 & has s9ce be5 consid]ably enl>g$4 ,x has a l>ge ex*ange room on ! gr\nd floor1 ov] a "p ( :i* is a room = assemblies4 ,! build+ also conta9s a ,re/aurant1 %ops on ! gr\nd floor1 & a l>ge numb] ( (fices4 ,! fronts1 t[>ds ,/eph5son ,place & ,new ,/reet1 9 a ,go?ic /yle1 are l(ty & impos+4 ,,! 8,,arcades0 are a feature ( mod]n ,birm+ham4 ,! ,great ,we/]n ,arcade 0 built 9 #ahgf1 at a co/ ( #gj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,w>d1 ( ,birm+ham1 0 ! ar*itect4 ,! av5ue1 f\r hundr$ feet long1 has eighty-f\r %ops on two /ories1 ! upp] ti] op5+ to a balcony4 ,! l5g? is divid$ equally by a circul> space cov]$ by a l(ty dome4 ,! glaz$ ro( is c>ri$ by a s]ies ( semicircul> ar*es1 ! p]spective effect ( :i* is v /rik+4 ,9 an almo/ /raight l9e ) ! la/1 & only divid$ f x by ! wid? ( a /reet1 is ! ,nor? ,we/]n ,arcade1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j5k9s4 ,9 its g5]al features x is mu* l ! fir/1 b ( great] wid?1 & ! %ops are l>g]4 ,x may be add$ t ^! arcades h be5 f9ancially a great success1 & are mu* us$ z a conv5i5t & pleasant ?or\ghf>e f ! ,great ,we/]n ,/ation to ,corporation ,/reet4 ,!re are sev]al o!r arcades 9 ! t[n1 "s ( :i* are wor?y ( a visit4 ,until ! pass+ ( ! ,/reet ,improvem5t ,act ( #ahgf1 ,birm+ham _h b v few /reets t 7 wor?y ( ! size & importance ( ! t[n4 ,new ,/reet is1 h[ev]1 a f9e & picturesque ?or\ghf>e1 ! slight rise & easy curve contribut+ v mu* to ! g5]al effect4 ,,corporation ,,/reet1 lead+ f ,new ,/reet1 opposite ! entrance to ! ,railway ,/ation1 to ! ,a/on ,road1 has be5 b lately =m$2 x is n yet entirely f9i%$1 b is already an unusually f9e /reet4 ,_m ( ! build+s are ( great height & co/l9ess4 ,x promises to be "o ( ! noble/ ?or\ghf>es to be f\nd 9 any ( our great t[ns4 ,,a/on ,,hall4--,sir ,?omas ,holte1 ^: family _h long be5 resid5t at ,dudde/on1 9 ! p>i% ( ,a/on1 began to build ?is magnific5t h\se 9 #afah1 & 9 #afca he came to reside 9 x4 ,9 #ahfd x 0 pur*as$ by ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham1 toge!r ) =ty-?ree acres ( ! once ext5sive p>k1 imm$iately surr\nd+ x1 & 9 ! same ye> x 0 ?r[n op5 to ! public4 ,dugdale1 :o wrote :il/ ! ,hall 0 fre% f ! h&s ( ! build]s1 calls x 8a noble fabric1 :i* = beauty & /ate mu* exce$e? any 9 ^! p>ts10 & ! same may yet be said ( x4 ,x is well situat$ on high gr\nd at a di/ance ( ab\t two miles f ,/eph5son ,place1 & reta9s ab\t x "s ( ! gr& old *e/nut & o!r trees = :i* ! p>k 0 fam\s4 ,mo/ ( ! outbuild+s1 includ+ ! /ables1 h\ses ( ! ,*ief ,falcon] & o!r (fic]s1 & ! *ief entrance lodge also rema91 & add mu* to ! int]e/ & g5]al effect4 ,! pr9cipal front1 approa*$ by :at rema9s ( ! ,*e/nut ,tree ,av5ue1 is symmetrically arrang$1 & consi/s ( a c5tral block ) w+s ( consid]able projection1 enclos+ a c\rt ( :i* "o side is op5 to ! ,ea/4 ,! *ief entrance door 9 ! middle ( ! front is "u a squ>e t[] furni%$ ) a l(ty ogee curv$ ro(1 ea* ( ! w+s has also a door f ! c\rt1 "u a simil> t[]4 ,! t[]s1 ! curv$ gables1 & ! l(ty bay w9d[s :i* t]m9ate ! w+s1 comb9e 9 produc+ an extremely picturesque & impos+ effect4 ,! w9d[s are all squ>e head$ & mullion$1 ! wall+ is ( ?9 bricks1 ) w9d[s1 doors1 & o!r important details ( /one4 ,! entrance hall is f9e & l(ty1 & ! pr9cipal /aircase ) massive squ>e newels & scroll "w balu/rade is extremely ri* 9 effect4 ,! great draw+ room1 ! d9+ room1 ,lady ,holte's room1 & ! great gall]y1 #acf feet long1 are all gr& ap>tm5ts ) elaborate ceil+s 9 intricate geometrical patt]ns1 ri* cornices1 & magnific5t *imney pieces4 ,besides ^? m5tion$1 !re are a great numb] ( rooms ( less importance4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts conta9 collections ( great int]e/4 ,pa9t+4--,by ,e4 ,r4 ,,taylor4--,= ! op5+ ( ! ,corporation ,art ,gall]y 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhe1 ! l>ge room 0 fill$ ) a loan collection ( pictures by ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,r4,a41 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,burne ,jones1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,^! works1 toge!r ) o!rs ( a decorative "*1 belong+ to ! t[n1 h enabl$ ! ,birm+ham public to view1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! highe/ phases ( ,engli% ,art4 ,! hi/ory ( ,art proves t1 :5 ! nobl] walks ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture rea* a high /&>d ( execution1 decorative "*1 & poetic insight1 ,art1 z appli$ to manufactures1 makes correspond+ progress4 ,decorative & poetic art 9 pa9t+ z se5 9 ! works ( ,leighton1 ,watts1 ,burne ,jones1 ,rossetti1 ,mason1 ,ri*mond1 ,alb]t ,moore1 ,walt] ,crane1 & o!rs is1 !re=e1 ( special int]e/ to a manufactur+ t[n l ,birm+ham4 ,s long z ^! m5 exhibit ! possibilities ( decorative art1 _! "w mu/ be fraught ) good to ^? engag$ 9 apply+ simil> pr9ciples to art manufactures1 & 7:at is ( equal importance7 mu/ educate ^? :o are to be us]s ( art productions4 ,,birm+ham ,,arti/s4--,! names ( at lea/ two ,birm+ham m5 w ev] hold a prom95t place 9 ! annals ( ,engli% ,art1--,david ,cox & ,e4 ,burne ,jones2 & z1 f 8 resid5ce "h & 8 be+ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,arti/s 9 ?is t[n1 ,george ,mason may also be fairly consid]$ a local man1 ,birm+ham may be said to h produc$ ?ree great ,ma/]s--ea* p]haps ! highe/ 9 8 p>ticul> bran*--9 ! ?ree mo/ *>act]i/ic phases & developm5ts ( ,engli% ,art4 ,( ?is ! t[n may be ju/ly pr\d4 ,,david ,,cox4--,david ,cox 0 born 9 ,birm+ham 9 #aghc4 ,8 bir?-place 0 ne> to 8,! ,old ,cr[n10 a not$ anci5t timb]$ h\se 9 ,d]it5d4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly art in/ruction f ,joseph ,b>b]1 :o conduct$ an academy close to ! site ( ! pres5t ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,9 ! ma/]%ip ( t academy1 ,joseph ,b>b] 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,j4 ,v9c5t ,b>b]4 ,a few doors away1 ,samuel ,l9es c>ri$ on a draw+ s*ool4 ,^! 7 ! only means ( art in/ruction 9 ! t[n until ! =mation ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ^: "w is n[ cont9u$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,municipal ,s*ool4 ,cox 0 appr5tic$ = eighte5 mon?s to a m9iature pa9t] on lockets & snuff boxes4 ,ow+ to ! bankruptcy ( 8 ma/]1 8 engagem5t 0 t]m9at$ at ! end ( t p]iod4 ,he aft]w>ds became sc5e pa9t] at ! ,birm+ham ,!atre1 !n "u ! managem5t ( ! eld] ,macready4 ,john ,v>ley1 ! fam\s wat]-col\r pa9t]1 & ,mll] also gave him a few lessons 9 wat]-col\rs & oils1 respectively4 ,?us ,cox receiv$ :at 0 = 8 day a fairly good education 9 art1 if 9 ?is we include 8 initiation fir/ into m9iature pa9t+ & !n into sc5e pa9t+4 ,9 #ahac he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,pa9t]s 9 ,wat] ,col\rs4 ,dur+ 8 :ole c>e]1 he seems to h possess$ a /rong affection = 8 native place2 &1 z soon z he 0 fre$ f ! worries & anxieties ( tea*+1 he came to ,gre5field ,h\se1 ,h>borne1 :]e he sp5t ! la/ eighte5 ye>s ( 8 life1 work+ at 8 belov$ art1 & pay+ visits1 f "t to "t1 to fav\rite ,bettws-y-,co$4 ,he di$ 9 #ahei4 ,cox 0 contempor>y ) ,con/able & ,cr[e4 ,all ?ree receiv$ b slight recognition ( _! m]its :ile liv+2 b s9ce dea? _! "w has be5 highly prais$ & mu* s\ght aft]4 ,yet ^! m5--& ,cox p>ticul>ly--7 ! fir/ to c>ry out t direct /udy f nature :i* has become ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% s*ool1 z di/9ct f ! /udio compositions & artificialities :i* fl\ri%$ f ! "t ( ,claude to _! own4 ,!re is e probability t ! love = ,engli% sc5]y--sc5]y s full ( col\r & "*2 s v>i$ & s *angeful--has be5 greatly /imulat$ among/ ! p by ! fact t ^! arti/s h portray$ its beauties 9 _! pa9t+s1 & h ?us in/ill$ a p]ception (1 & love =1 ^! beauties 9 nature4 ,( ! works ( ,cox1 ! ,art ,gall]y conta9s ?irty-?ree oil pa9t+s 7! ,nettlefold ,beque/71 & two or ?ree wat]-col\rs4 ,?is is p]haps ! f9e/ collection ( 8 oil col\rs extant1 & among x may be specially m5tion$3 8,%eep ,%e>+0 7#bg7 & 8,driv+ ,cattle0 7#bh71 bo? full 9 col\r1 & simple & direct 9 execution2 :ile 8,*ang+ ,pa/ure0 7#i7 may be cit$ z "o ( 8 be/ works4 ,9 ! picture la/ m5tion$1 ! sunset sky1 ! purpli% blue di/ance1 & ! tru? ( ! light 9 ! middle di/ance & =egr\nd %\ld receive p>ticul> att5tion4 8,9 ! ,hayfield0 7#bf7 is m 9 8 wat]-col\r mann]2 z is also 8 gr& 8,rhyl ,s&s0 7#aj71 9 :i* ! effect ( ! sea breeze is felt all ov] ! picture4 8,bettws ,*ur*0 7#aa71 8,t5d+ ,%eep1 ,bettws-y-,co$0 7#ab71 & 8,ev5+0 7#bd7 are excell5t examples ( t quiet & unaffect$1 yet highly poetic treatm5t by :i* he ennobl$ ! simple/ mat]ials2 :ile 8,! ,%rimp]s0 7#ca7 is p]haps ! be/ ( 8 pictures ( a s&y %ore4 8,! ,miss+ ,lamb0 7#b7 is int]e/+1 9 t x %[s 8 me?od ( comm5c+ "w4 8,ask+ ! ,way0 7#dj7 is a f9e example ( 8 wat]-col\rs4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! beautiful specim5s ( ,cox's lab\r is plac$ 8,! ,late ,david ,cox0 7#ag71 by ,sir ,john ,watson ,gordon--"o ( ! mo/ successful portraits ( a great arti/ by a bro!r arti/4 ,alike by its success & ! evid5t sympa?y betwe5 pa9t] & subject1 ! "w recalls ! portrait ( ,hook by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,millais4 ,:il/ a c>eful /udy ( ,cox's life & pictures1 ( 8 e>ne/ & lov+ me?ods ( "w1 & ( ! glori\s h>ve/ !refrom result+1 has _h a highly b5eficial effect on ! _w ( ,art1 !re is no d\bt t f ! sudd5 rise 9 value ( 8 pictures1 & ! consequ5t magnify+ ( any scrap ( pap] 8 h& _h t\*$1 z well z f ! fact t ! "w ( 8 late/ & broade/ /yle 0 mo/ accessible1 a c]ta9 s]vile imitation ( 8 mann]isms1 supplant$ ! e>ne/ & lov+ /udy ( nature1 :i* *>act]is$ ,cox to ! end4 ,^! mann]isms1 :i* by long /udy he _h e>n$ ! "r to use1 & :i* 9 8 "w 7 always full ( mean+1 too (t5 became 9 ! productions ( 8 imitators mean+less & pret5ti\s4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 is cur+ ?is evil2 & ! good alone w rema94 ,z an example ( ! enorm\s increase 9 ! monet>y value ( 8 pictures1 x may be /at$ t 8,lanca/] s&s10 = :i* ,cox receiv$ #aj1 0 sold at ! ,gillott sale = #c1jjj gu9eas4 ,,george ,,mason4--,! "w ( ,george ,mason1 ,a4,r4,a4 7born #ahah2 di$ #ahgb71 m>ks a fur!r developm5t ( ,engli% ,art4 ,he1 l ,fr$]ick ,walk]1 op5$ up /ill deep] poetic sympa?ies = u4 ,dur+ ! v>i$ phases ( humanity1 its toil & its re/1 7 no long] treat$ z m]e accessories to ! l&scape1 b z a l>ge & ess5tial "p ( x2 n ins]t$ to give a po9t1 or /ory1 or bit ( col\r to ! picture1 b int5d$ f ! beg9n+ to ess5tially =m a "p ( its gr[? z a "w ( art4 ,& ev5 :5 !re is no human incid5t poetically treat$1 z 9 8 8,ev5+ ,hymn10 or 8,h>ve/ ,moon10 !re is some?+ 9 8 s*emes ( col\r or o!r treatm5t ( 8 l&scape :i* occurs to awak5 a human int]e/ nev] rea*$ ev5 by ,cox or ,turn]4 ,?is s*ool has _h ! /ronge/ & wide/ influ5ce on ! ,engli% ,art ( to-day4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! ,birm+ham ,art ,gall]y conta9s no examples ( ! works ( ,george ,mason4 ,e4 ,,burne ,,jones4--,! ?ird phase is t repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,burne ,jones & ,mr4 ,watts4 ,?is be+ ! mo/ rec5t developm5t1 its =ce _c yet be measur$2 b !re is little d\bt t x w be ! greate/ ( ! ?ree4 ,= six mon?s aft] ! op5+ ( ! gall]y1 "o end ( ! l>ge room a=esaid 0 fill$ ) a magnific5t collection ( ! works ( ,mr4 ,burne ,jones2 & at a rec5t exhibition ( ! ,birm+ham ,society ( ,arti/s1 0 %ewn 8 noble/ "w1 8,! ,six ,days ( ,creation40 ,! sale ( ! ,graham collection has disp]s$ mo/ ( ^!4 ,p]haps no previ\s sale _h evok$ s mu* int]e/1--n ev5 t ( ! ,gillott collection4 ,! en?usiasm !n ev9c$1 z well z ! l>ge prices obta9$1 %ew t ! "w ( ! arti/ is already receiv+ j recognition4 ,9 addition to 8,! ,six ,days ( ,creation10 !re 7 7e4g47 exhibit$ at ,birm+ham 8,le ,*ant d',am\r10 8,v5us's ,mirror10 8,! ,beguil+ ( ,m]l910 8,love 9 ! ,ru9s10 8,love ,disguis$ z ,reason10 b z ^! are no long] "h1 x is unnecess>y n[ to describe !m4 8,! ,fea/ ( ,peleus0 has be5 l5t by its =tunate possessor1 ,mr4 ,ald]man ,k5rick1 ,m4,p4 ,?is picture--at lea/ f an arti/'s po9t ( view--is "o ( ! pa9t]'s mo/ beautiful works4 ,at ! m>riage ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 ! ,goddess ( ,discord ?r[s d[n a gold5 apple1 to be claim$ by ! mo/ beautiful4 ,juno1 ,v5us1 & ,m9]va rise eag]ly to claim x4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are ?ree fates4 ,! composition1 draw+1 s*eme ( col\r1 & m>vell\s realization ev5 ( ! m9ute/ details ( =m & col\r r5d] ?is "w "o ( exceptionally high "*1 &1 tak5 z a :ole1 ! mo/ enjoyable ( all ! arti/'s productions4 ,att5tion may also be "h direct$ to ! fact t !re h be5 plac$ 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's & ,/4 ,philip's ,*ur*es1 ,birm+ham1 two lovely /a9$ glass w9d[s1 bo? design$ by ,mr4 ,burne ,jones4 ,! arti/'s practice 9 /a9$ glass1 temp]a1 & mosaic has1 no d\bt1 greatly influ5c$ 8 /yle ( composition & col\r4 ,,municipal ,,gall]y4--,pictures by ! foll[+ ,birm+ham arti/s1 nam$ alphabetically1 belong to ! ,corporation3-- ,bak]1 ,alfr$--7an arti/ ( great promise1 :o di$ :5 "y7--8,h>ve/ ,"t40 ,bak]1 ,s4 ,h4--8,nant ,gwylt40 ,breakspe>e1 ,w4 ,a4--8,! ,daught] ( ! ,h\se40 ,burt1 ,c4 ,t4--8,! ,edge ,hills1 f ,burton ,dassett40 ,fe5ey1 ,p4 ,m4--8,llyn ,idwal40 ,hall1 ,w4--7,david ,cox's mo/ intimate fri5d & biograph]7--8,a ,peep out ( ,*ur*1 ,bettws-y-,co$40 ,?is picture is int]e/+ z depict+ a sc5e 9 ! art-home ( ,cox4 ,h5%aw1 ,f4 ,h4--,?ree f9e l&scapes1 ( :i* ! be/ is 8,a ,di/ant ,view ( ,k5ilwor? ,ca/le40 ,langley1 ,walt]1 ,r4,i4--8,memories0--an excell5t example ( ?is arti/1 :o has already by 8 "w done mu* hon\r to ,birm+ham4 ,x %[s 8 deep sympa?y ) ! humble life ( ,engli% fi%] folk1 & is admirable 9 execution1 light+1 & col\r4 ,l9es1 ,samuel--8,llyn ,idwal40 ,munns1 ,h4 ,t4--,portraits4 ,phillips ,t41 ,r4,a4--,portrait ( ,sir ,john ,frankl94 ,pratt1 ,jona?an--,portraits4 ,rod51 ,w4 ,t4--,portraits4 ,taylor1 ,edw>d ,r4--8,! ,birm+ham ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 ,de/roy$ by ,fire1 ,janu>y1 #ahgi40 ,walton1 ,elijah--8,monte ,t(ana 9 ,tyrol40 ,wyatt1 ,h4--8,juliet40 ,"o o!r "n %\ld be includ$ 9 any li/ ( ,birm+ham arti/s4 ,x is t ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,wa9wright1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 :o has accept$ a commission = ! ,art ,gall]y4 ,9 ! circul> picture gall]y w be f\nd ! admirable s]ies ( hi/orical works by ,sir ,james ,d4 ,s9ton1 ,p4,r4,i41 repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! life ( a soldi] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,among ! portraits ( special local int]e/ are ^? by ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,rod51 ( ,samuel ,l9es1 ! ,birm+ham arti/2 ( ,pet] ,holl9s1 ! ,birm+ham sculptor2 ( 8 ,em95ce ,c>d9al ,newman2 & ( ,john ,h5ry ,*amb]la91 :o has be5 ju/ly describ$ z ! 8second f\nd] ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute10 & :o1 until 8 lam5t$ dea?1 0 ,*airman ( ! ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,^? ( ,john ,bright1 by ,frank ,holt1 ,r4,a42 ( ,george ,dawson1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,munns2 ( ,william ,murdock1 by ,john ,graham2 ( ,ar?ur ,ryl&1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute1 & sometime ,mayor ( ! t[n1 by ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,gordon2 & ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 by ,t4 ,phillips1 ,r4,a41 also des]ve note 9 ?is connexion4 ,,watts ,,& ,,portraits4--,! l>ge room ( ! ,art ,gall]y is ne>ly fill$ ) a collection ( ,mr4 ,watt's pictures1 k9dly l5t by ! arti/4 ,mu* int]e/ n[ atta*es to ^! works1 z ,mr4 ,watts has j (f]$ !m1 ) o!rs1 to ! nation4 ,we c some:at measure ?is noble gift :5 we rememb] t ! collection conta9s portraits ( "s ( our able/ & mo/ fam\s m51 z well z l>ge & important figure pictures1 ! "w ( a lifetime1 & t ^! are ! be/ works ( an arti/ ( _w-wide reputation4 ,! ,engli% ,s*ool ( portraiture has atta9$ a high /&>d 9 ! works ( su* arti/s z ,millais1 ,holl1 ,ouless1 & ,ri*mond2 b ! portraits by ,watts /& ap>t f ev5 ^! 9 _! nobility ( treatm5t1 s*eme ( col\r1 & r5d]+ ( ! man1 8 v life & s\l4 ,! portraits ( ,mr4 ,burne ,jones1 ! ,m>quis ( ,salisbury1 & ,lady ,g>vagh1 recall to m9d ! be/ works ( ,reynolds & ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,joa*im1 a lamp-light /udy--is q ,rembr&t l4 ,^? ( ,c>d9al ,mann+1 ,c>lyle1 ,mr4 ,br[n+1 ,mrs4 ,mann]s1 9 blue aga9/ a blue backgr\nd2 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,"l ,lawr5ce1 ,"l ,%]brook & ,philip ,cald]on1 ,r4,a41 also m]it c>eful obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,watts's subject pictures are pa9t$ ) ! noble/ motives1 & ! me?ods ( execution & s*emes ( col\r are all made subord9ate to ! idea4 ,! subject 8,love & ,dea?10 0 sugge/$ by ! /ruggle ( ne> fri5ds to resi/ a fatal disease 9 a "y man :om ! arti/ 0 pa9t+2 & "h ! p[] ( art1 imag9ation1 col\r1 conception1 draw+ ( drap]y & figure1 all unite1 n = te*nical display1 b to realize 9 an int5se degree ! motive ( ! picture4 ,! same may be said ( 8,mammon20 d$icat$ to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ! previ\s picture ! col\r is blue-grey2 9 ?is x is gold & sc>let4 8,! ,meet+ ( ,jacob & ,esau0 is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! successful def9ition ( opposite *>act]s4 8,orpheus & ,eurydice0 is descriptive ( ! mom5t :5 ,orpheus looks back1 & :51 by reason ( ?is act ( impati5ce1 ,eurydice s9ks back to ,hades4 8,fata ,morgana10 turn+ on h] foll[]s ?r\gh life1 is also a spl5did "w4 ,?is room fur!r conta9s ! l>ge pa9t+ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,ri*mond1 ,m4,a41 entitl$ 8,an ,audi5ce 9 ,a!ns dur+ a ,repres5tation ( ! ,agamemnon40 ,?is1 too1 is a mo/ valuable decorative "w ( ,art 9 ! attitudes1 co/umes & expressions ( ! audi5ce1 & 9 ! r5d]+ 9 col\r & tone ( ! cle> sunlight ( ,greece4 ,o!r decorative works 9 ! ,art ,gall]y are ,mr4 ,alb]t ,moore's 8,dream]s10 lovely figures mo/ delicately pa9t$ 9 a s*eme ( yell[ orange1 grey & gre52 8,sapphires10 blue & orange2 & 8,can>ies10 yell[ orange & grey1 ) a little gre54 ,on a scre5 w also be f\nd a small b v f9e collection ( works 9 wat]-col\r by ,mr4 ,walt] ,langley1 ,r4,i41 includ+ 8,among/ ! ,miss+10 8,"t move? n10 & _m well kn[n works by ?is arti/4 ,! t[n possesses "o ( ! /ronge/ examples ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,leighton1 ,p4,r4,a4 8,a ,condotti]e0 is q ,titianesque 9 its pa9t+ ( fle%1 arm\r1 & drap]y4 ,"o example by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,hunt is also ! prop]ty ( ! t[n4 ,x is call$ 8,a ,norwegian ,midnight10 & !re9 are display$ col\r1 my/]y1 s5se ( space1 & mov+ cl\d =ms4 ,two ( ! f9e/ pa9t+s by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,moore1 ,a4,r4,a41 are also includ$--8,summ] ,"t1 (f ,cornwall10 & 8,! ,ne:av5 ,packet40 ,o!r works 9 ! ,gall]y ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/ are3 8,intellect & ,in/9ct10 by ,h4 ,/acey ,m>ks1 ,r4,a42 8,detect$ ,correspond5ce10 by ,john ,opie1 ,r4,a42 8,a ,m>tyr ( ! #af? ,c5tury10 by ,w4 ,geets2 8,febru>y ,fill ,dyke10 by ,b4 ,w4 ,lead]1 ,a4,r4,a42 8,ready = ,"w10 by ,john ,s4 ,noble2 8,a ,nor?-,we/ ,gale10 by ,john ,brett1 ,a4,r4,a42 8,homew>d10 by ,w4 ,napi] ,h5ry2 & 8,! ,poa*]'s ,wid[10 by ,breton ,rivi]e1 ,r4,a4 ,x is a matt] ( real congratulation to ,birm+ham t h] sons h tak5 a prom95t place 9 ! _w ( ,art1 & t1 ow+ to an enlight5$ policy1 ! t[n n[ possesses a suitable gall]y1 :]e9 high-class works may be view$ by all4 ,! works exhibit$1 :e!r pur*as$ by ! ,committee or on loan1 are g5]ally ( su* a decorative "* z to be ( ! greate/ value to design]s & o!r ,art workm54 ,x is to be hop$ t1 /imulat$ by pa/ example1 z well z by pres5t opportunities1 ! inhabitants w fully appreciate ! importance ( fur!r+ t ,art1 :i* is at once a s\rce ( pleasure to ! work]s1 & ( illimitable enjoym5t to ! behold]s4 ,sculpture4--,by ,,:itwor? ,,wallis4--,! hi/ory ( ! bir? & gr[? ( sculpture1 ) no ^w = its decad5ce1 dea?1 & ultimate r5aissance w\ld alone be a subject difficult to compress into ! space ( a volume1 b :5 !re is to be add$ to t "s acc\nt ( ! art 9 ! "t ( ! supremacy ( its a*ievem5t1 be=e x became ta9t$ ) decay1 ! task is va/ inde$4 ,=tunately su* a diss]tation is n requir$ 9 ?is place4 ,! art ( sculpture is n re/rict$1 z mo/ p ?9k1 to ! c>v+ ( m]e m>ble & /one4 ,9 its /rict mean+ x is ! art ( cutt+ any mat]ial :atsoev] into any requir$ %ape2 b ! ^w is n[ g5]ally accept$ = ! art ( repres5t+ any?+ by =m1 no matt] :at ! mat]ial may be1 or :at ! me?od ( its mak+2 s t ! ^w 8sculpture0 applies to ,sculpture prop]1 & to ca/+s 9 bronze1 z well z to ! c>v+ ( gems1 ivories1 & to modell+ 9 wax & clay4 ,,egyptian ,,sculpture4--,9 e "p ( ! _w1 9 mod]n z 9 anci5t times1 savage races h delight$ to decorate _! weapons ) c>v+1 & to make repres5tations ( m5 & animals1 :i* !y aft]w>ds wor%ipp$4 ,b x 0 ,egypt1 t cradle-l& ( le>n+ & ( art1 :i* seems to be ! nation :]e fir/ ! rud5ess ( savage c>v+ 0 br\ght "u re/ra9t & nurtur$ into ,sculpture4 ,:at _h previ\sly be5 an amusem5t 0 *ang$ by _! prie/s into an art4 ,b ^! v prie/s :o fir/ fo/]$ ! art 7 ultimately ! means ( /unt+ its gr[? & arre/+ its highe/ developm5t4 ,! rev]5ce :i* long ages ( wor%ip caus$ ! ar*aic /atues to receive induc$ ! prie/s1 :o 7 ! repres5tatives ( le>n+ & ( wisdom1 to make ^! old types symbolical ( div9e attributes1 & x 0 consid]$ sacrilegi\s to attempt to alt] :at _h gradually come to be believ$ 0 ! true lik5ess ( ! god4 ,?us religion1 :i* 0 ! k9d fo/]-"m ( ! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+1 came1 lat] on1 to be its mo/ det]m9$ enemy4 ,:il/ 9 ,egypt ,sculpture 0 be+ /rangl$ by ,conv5tion1 all progress be+ arre/$1 & all orig9ality />v$ out ( x by ! regulations :i* b\nd x to its ar*aic =m1 a new race ( arti/s arose along ! %ores & amid/ ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ,greece ,art f\nd a new & happy home4 ,greek ,sculpture1 bas$ on ,egyptian prec$5t1 & influ5c$ greatly 9 its gr[? by ,phnician ?\ght1 gradually fre$ itself f all ! trammels ( ! pa/1 & =m$ a s*ool ( ,sculpture1 ! results ( :i* h nev] be5 equall$ 9 all ! aft] ages ( art production4 ,,greek ,,sculpture4--,x 0 left to ! beauty-lov+ ,greeks to p]ceive t ,sculpture 0 ( all o!rs ! art by :i* !y c\ld be/ express & be/ immortalise ! mo/ p]fect ( all ,nature's physical beauties4 ,x 0 ! ,greeks :o made ,sculpture :at x 01 & ) _! s*ool di$ out ! highe/ developm5t ( ! art4 ,! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 & all t foll[$ 9 _! tra9--! treasures ( ! ,ea/ unfold$1 mighty mon>*ies f\nd$1 /ately cities built--af=d$ opportunities = ! spread ( ?is art4 ,?us x became transplant$ into /range l&s1 & 0 subject$ to new influ5ce & aspirations4 ,aft] ! ,mac$onian & ,syrian w>s ! victori\s ,romans c>ri$ (f ) !m ! /atues & o!r art objects f ! conqu]$ c\ntries4 ,foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( _! conqu]ors came ! ,greek arti/s !mselves to ,rome1 b ! art nev] became naturalis$ !re1 x soon lo/ all its ideality & became m]ely imitative 9 treatm5t4 ,"u ,anton9us x lo/ mu* ( its grace & elegance1 b ! _s ( ! ,greek is mighty ev5 9 dy+1 & ?\gh x sank "u ,sev]us & 8 successors1 its influ5ce 0 /ill app>5t until close ^u ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 ! great art ( ! anci5ts 0 entirely lo/4 ,,italian ,,sculpture4--,sculpture reviv$ 9 ,italy 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury "u ,nicolo ,pisano4 ,all ! rema9s ( art :i* _h escap$ de/ruction f b>b>ian viol5ce1 religi\s fanaticism1 & natural causes1 7 n[ c>efully collect$1 & ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce & admiration = ! antique gradually develop$ into t great revival :i* we designate 8,! ,r5aissance40 ,! weal?ie/ & mo/ p[]ful ,flor5t9e families vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( art 9 all its bran*es1 & ) ! arti/s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies rais$ mod]n art to its l(tie/ pit* ( spl5d\r4 ,despite ?is fact x nev] atta9$ ! sublimity & tranquil gr&eur ( ! antique4 ,aft] ! glori\s epo*s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael a rapid decl9e set 94 ,true feel+ quickly disappe>$1 giv+ way to affect$ grace1 extravagance1 & excessive ornam5t4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,w9ckelmann 0 ! fir/ :o influ5c$ ! revival ( mod]n art1 & op5$ ! eyes ( 8 contempor>ies to ! glories & elevat$ beauty ( ! arts ( antiquity4 ,antonio ,canova became ! f\nd] ( ! new p]iod1 8 works be+ specially m>k$ by pure simplicity & classical ideality1 & by 8 side /&s ,?orwalds51 ^: arti/ic productions 7 z admirable z !y 7 num]\s4 ,,engli% ,,sculpture4--,9 ,engl& ,john ,banks1 :o may be reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ,engli% ideal sculpture1 pav$ ! way = 8 great successor ,john ,flaxman1 & ! latt] ) 8 deep appreciation ( sev]e simplicity & true =m1 8 love & admiration = ! ,greek /atues1 br\ght into ?is c\ntry ! classical _s1 & f\nd$ ! s*ools ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to judge by ! progress :i* mod]n sculpture has made1 & by ! _m noble works erect$ ( late ye>s1 x is on a f> saf] road ?an dur+ ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,engl& x is n likely t !re w ev] be su* a great s*ool ( sculpture z ( ! si/] art ( pa9t+4 ,! greate/ hope = ideal or poetic sculpture re/s ) ! p !mselves1 :o mu/ be able to appreciate & love ! beautiful1 & ?is elevation ( ! ta/e ( ! public c only be accompli%$ by arti/s refus+ to p&] to a l[ ideal1 b fe>lessly & jeal\sly devot+ !mselves to ! execution ( ^? works :i* w t\* ! t5d]e/ feel+s & ar\se ! noble/ ?\ghts4 ,,local ,,sculpture4--,birm+ham1 ?\gh possess+ a fair numb] ( sculptural monum5ts1 c boa/ un=tunately b ( few :i* %[ real arti/ic m]it4 ,9 ! ,entrance ,hall ( ! ,free ,libr>ies1 ,ratcliff ,place1 /&s ,mr4 ,foley's admirable /atue ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 :i* is consid]$ to be "o ( 8 f9e/ works4 ,! ,pr9ce is attir$ 9 ! robes ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]4 ,by its side is plac$ ! companion /atue ( h] ,maje/y ! ,que51 :i* 0 also entru/$ to ,mr4 ,foley4 ,t arti/ un=tunately dy+1 ! "w 0 c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,wooln]1 ,r4,a41 ) f> f a pleas+ result4 ,bo? /atues are int5d$ = ! ,c\ncil ,h\se4 ,! l>ge/1 & c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ prom95t1 monum5ts 9 ,birm+ham is ! bronze /atue erect$ by ! inhabitants to ! memory ( ,admiral ,"l ,nelson4 ,x is situat$ 9 ,high ,/reet1 & 0 execut$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/macott4 ,x repres5ts ,nelson 9 a reposeful & dignifi$ attitude1 8 left arm re/+ ^u an an*or4 ,! backgr\nd is =m$ ( ! pr[ ( a vessel & a sail4 ,! /atue is m\nt$ on a p$e/al ( /atu>y m>ble1 embelli%$ ) figures4 ,! corn] po/s are said to be cannon =m]ly 9 use on bo>d ! 8,victory40 ,an auctione]1 :o liv$ 9 ,high ,/reet1 left sixp5ce p] week to be paid 9 p]petuity1 out ( ! r5t ( a h\se1 to be devot$ to ! clean+ ( ! /atue4 ,! bronze /atue ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 at ! top ( ,new ,/reet1 is int]e/+ z be+ ! "w ( a tal5t$ ,birm+ham sculptor1 ,mr4 ,pet] ,holl9s1 & = ! fact t x 0 ! fir/ bronze /atue ca/ 9 "o piece 9 ,birm+ham4 ,! attitude ( ! ,/atesman is "o ( firmness2 ! face is v expressive1 & %[s /rong intellectual p[]4 ,mr4 ,holl9s likewise execut$ ! /atue erect$ to ! memory ( ,sir ,r[l& ,hill1 :i* /&s 9 ! ,po/ ,(fice1 ,p>adise ,/reet4 ,( o!r works by ?is sculptor1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! bu/s ( ,william ,s*olefield1 ,ma!w ,dav5port ,hill1 ,q4,c41 & ,david ,cox1 all ( :i* are 9 ! ,museum & ,art ,gall]y1 & a f9e bu/ ( ,j4 ,w4 ,:ateley1 9 ! ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,at ! ,five ways1 ,edgba/on1 /&s ! /atue erect$ to ! memory ( ,joseph ,/urge1 an em95t memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,! monum5t is pleas+ 9 arrangem5t4 ,! c5tre figure repres5ts ,joseph ,/urge1 8 "r h& re/+ on ! ,bible1 8 left ext5d$ t[>ds a figure symbolical ( ,peace1 :il/ on ! o!r side is a figure typical ( ,*>ity4 ,?is is reput$ to be an excell5t lik5ess ( ! philan?ropi/1 & ! expression is "o ( b5evol5ce & t5d]ness4 ,x is ! "w ( ! late ,john ,?omas1 a sculptor ( "s em95ce1 :o un=tunately di$ be=e he c\ld put ! f9i%+ t\*es to ?is memorial4 ,mr4 ,?omas 0 also ! sculptor ( ! /atue ( ,?omas ,attwood 8! fa!r ( ,political ,unions10 situat$ at ! top ( ,/eph5son ,place4 ,?omas ,attwood /&s 9 ! act ( address+ a public meet+1 ! "r h& out/ret*$1 :il/ 8 left grasps a scroll be>+ ! ^w 8,re=m40 ,9 ! ,art ,gall]y is a f9e bronze gr\p ( ,boadicea & h] daught]s1 also ! "w ( ,mr4 ,john ,?omas4 ,9 front ( ! ,c\ncil ,h\se /&s ! /atue ( ,dr4 ,joseph ,prie/ley1 ! discov]] ( oxyg51 :o 0 driv5 f ! t[n by a ,birm+ham mob1 & ^: prop]ty 0 de/roy$ 9 ! riots ( #agia4 ,! /atue1 a v pleas+ "o1 is ! "w ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,williamson1 ( ,e%]1 :o is also ! sculptor ( ! adjac5t /atue ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,skirr[ ,wright1 & by ! same h& is a /rik+ bu/ ( ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s1 ,f4,s4,a41 :i* /&s 9 ! ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 & an equally admirable bu/ ( ! late ,dr4 ,heslop1 n[ 9 ! ,mason ,sci5ce ,college4 ,?is arti/ also execut$ ! late/ addition to ,birm+ham ,sculpture1 ! /atue ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 & 0 also entru/$ ) ! /atue ( ! late ,george ,dawson1 opposite ! ,art ,gall]y1 :i* /&s "u a highly ornate canopy1 design$ by ! late ,john ,h5ry ,*amb]la94 ,?is /atue1 :i* is suppos$ to be an excell5t lik5ess ( ,mr4 ,dawson1 0 execut$ on acc\nt ( ! dissatisfaction caus$ by ! fir/ figure1 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,wooln]1 ,r4,a4 ,! effigy by ! latt] sculptor is /ill mo/ un=tunately p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! ,free ,libr>y4 ,at ! back ( ! ,t[n ,hall1 /&s a ,memorial ,f\nta91 erect$ to commemorate ! municipal s]vices ( ! ,"r ,hon4 ,joseph ,*amb]la91 ,m4,p4 ,9 ! s\? side is a m$allion portrait ( ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 by ,mr4 ,?omas ,wooln]1 ,r4,a4 ,! memorial1 :i* is ar*itecturally treat$ & ri*ly decorat$ ) ,v5etian mosaics1 0 design$ by ! late ,john ,h5ry ,*amb]la94 ,9 ,ratcliff ,place /&s und\bt$ly ! f9e/ /atue 9 ! t[n1 t ( ,james ,watt1 by ,alex&] ,munro4 ,! calm dignity ( ! figure1 ! graceful pose ( ! same1 ! gr& ?\ghtful face1 & ! v rem>kable lik5ess ( ! great eng9e]1 r5d] x a "w ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,! orig9al model ( ! head is 9 ! ,art ,gall]y4 ,! ,art ,gall]y conta9s 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$ z locat$ !re91 ! two orig9al pla/] models ( ,foley's great /atues ( ,burke & ,goldsmi?2 an int]e/+ copy ( ! ,v5us di ,m$ici by ,raphael ,monti1 & "s v admirable specim5s ( e>ly ,italian & r5aissance sculpture4 ,9 ! ,ve/ibule /&s a v dignifi$ & impressive bronze /atue ( ,buddha ( ,indian make1 & ( ! greate/ antiquity2 & also a v rem>kable piece ( ,h9doo sculpture 9 black m>ble4 ,9 ,/4 ,john's1 ,d]it5d1 is a memorial bu/ ( ,john ,rog]s1 :o edit$ ! fir/ ,engli% ,bible1 & 0 ! fir/ m>tyr ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,m>y4 ,! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,h&swor?1 "s little di/ance f ,birm+ham1 conta9s "o ( ,sir ,francis ,*antrey's mo/ rem>kable & beautiful works1 ! /atue ( ,james ,watt2 & by ! same sculptor is a f9e monum5t erect$ to ! memory ( ,william ,murdock4 ,"h is also ! excell5t bu/ ( ,mat!w ,b\lton1 by ,john ,flaxman4 ,music4--,by ,w4 ,,bayley ,,m>%all4--,! mo/ casual obs]v] _c fail to notice ! rapid /rides :i* ,birm+ham has tak5 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! cultivation ( ,music4 ,we h n[ an or*e/ra ( ne>ly "o hundr$ p]=m]s compos$ ( citiz5s ( ! t[n1 num]\s *oral societies bo? public & private1 well-qualifi$ pr(essors 9 all ! bran*es ( musical /udy1 & an excell5t musical club4 ,^! comb9$ ag5cies are rapidly remov+ ! /igma :i* 0 =m]ly s tru?fully appli$--t ,birm+ham 0 l a boa-con/rictor1 mak+ a huge meal ( music once e ?ree ye>s1 & do+ little b sleep betwe5 times4 ,9 no bran* ( music is ?is progress m manife/ ?an 9 ! s]vices ( ! *ur*4 ,"s sixte5 ye>s ago1 x 0 q ! exception to he> ev5 ! psalms *ant$2 n[ *oral s]vices & well-r5d]$ an!ms may be he>d 9 mo/ ( ! *ur*es4 ,! limits ( ?is article w only all[ a brief ref]5ce to ! pr9cipal societies & ag5cies engag$ 9 ! fur!rance ( music 9 ,birm+ham4 ,,tri5nial ,,fe/ivals4--,! ,birm+ham ,tri5nial ,fe/ivals are n[ univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be ! mo/ important ,music meet+s 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,! fir/ ,fe/ival 0 held 9 #agfh4 ,9 #agii ! scale ( ! celebration 0 enl>g$1 & s9ce !n1 ) "o exception1 !y h be5 held tri5nially4 ,! managem5t is 9 ! h&s ( a small committee1 appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nors ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital1 & ! :ole ( ! proce$s g to ! funds ( t ,in/itution2 ?is has am\nt$ to upw>ds ( #abj1jjj s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! ,fe/ivals4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( m ?an a c5tury ov] :i* ! ,fe/ivals h n[ ext5d$1 !y h atta9$ ,european celebrity1 & h be5 di/+ui%$ by ! production ( a l>ge numb] ( orig9al works ( ! highe/ rank1 among :i* may be m5tion$3 ,m5delssohn's ,lob-gesang 7#ahdj71 & ,elijah :i* 0 specially writt5 = ! #ahdf ,fe/ival2 ,co/a's ,eli 7#ahee71 & ,naaman 7#ahfd72 ,b5nett's ,woman ( ,sam>ia 7#ahfg72 ,sullivan's ,k5ilwor? 7#ahfd71 & ,light ( ! ,_w 7#ahgc72 ,sm>t's ,bride ( ,dunk]ron 7#ahfd72 ,b>nett's ,anci5t ,m>9] 7#ahfg71 & ,p>adise & ! ,p]i 7#ahgj72 ,b5$ict's ,/4 ,pet] 7#ahgj72 ,macf>r5's ,resurrection 7#ahgf72 ,gade's ,zion 7#ahgf7 & ,psy*e 7#ahhb72 ,hill]'s ,nala & ,damayanti 7#ahga72 ,r&egg]'s ,fridol9 7#ahgc72 ,c[5's ,corsair 7#ahgf7 & ,sleep+ ,beauty 7#ahhe72 ,g\nod's ,r$emption 7#ahhb7 & ,mors et ,vita 7#ahhe72 ,gaul's ,holy ,city 7#ahhb72 ,/an=d's ,?ree ,holy ,*ildr5 7#ahhe72 ,dvorak's ,spectre's ,bride 7#ahhe74 ,! next ,fe/ival w be held 9 #ahhh4 ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,impey1 #bf1 ,wat]loo ,/reet4 ,,fe/ival ,,*oral ,,society4--,! date ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival ,*oral ,society1 ! premi] society ( ! t[n1 is unkn[n2 9 #ahcd1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,holl9s1 ! fir/ ,organi/ ( ! ,t[n ,hall 0 appo9t$ conductor2 ^u 8 dea? 9 #ahda1 ,mr4 ,/impson 0 appo9t$ to bo? (fices1 & ! society 0 reorganis$ & e/abli%$ ) a p]man5t relief fund to be employ$ 9 case ( sickness among its memb]s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ill-heal?1 ,mr4 ,/impson resign$ ! conductor%ip 9 #ahee1 & ,mr4 ,/ockley 7! pres5t conductor71 0 appo9t$2 ,mr4 ,/impson cont9u+ z organi/ ( ! t[n1 ! duties ( :i* (fice he /ill fai?fully dis*>ges4 ,s9ce #ahdf1 ! *oruses ( ! ,musical ,fe/ivals h be5 ma9ly compos$ ( memb]s ( ! ,fe/ival ,*oral ,society4 ,! society gives annually a s]ies ( high-class subscription conc]ts4 ,! managem5t is 9 ! h&s ( a ,committee ( fifte5 memb]s4 ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,v4 ,corni%1 #ee1 ,v>na ,road1 ,edgba/on4 ,,amateur ,,h>monic ,,association4--,! ,birm+ham ,amateur ,h>monic ,association 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #ahee1 &1 z its "n implies1 is a purely ,amateur ,association1 m = ! /udy & practice ( *oral music ?an = ! public p]=mance !re(4 ,! memb]s h1 h[ev]1 done good s]vice 9 plac+ be=e _! fri5ds at op5 rehe>sals & private conc]ts1 f "t to "t1 a great numb] ( works previ\sly unkn[n to ,birm+ham1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are--,h&el's oratorios1 ,jeph?a 7#ahga7 & ,jo%ua 7#ahgb72 ,haydn's ,fir/ ,mass 7#ahei72 ,hummell's ,mass 9 ,e flat1 :i* 0 specially pr9t$ = ! ,association1 & produc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl& on ,decemb] #ac1 #ahfe2 ,g\nod's ,messe ,sol5nelle 9 ,g 7#ahff71 ,gallia 7#ahgc71 & ,messe du ,sacr ,cur 7#ahgh72 ,s*ub]t's ,mass 9 ,e flat1 fir/ p]=mance 9 ,engl& 7#ahfh71 ,song ( ,miriam 7#ahfi71 & ,mass 9 ,f 7#ahhd72 ,b5$ict's ,cur de ,lion 7#ahfi72 ,gade's ,erl ,k+'s ,daught] 7#ahfi72 ,sullivan's ,on ,%ore & ,sea 7#ahgb72 ,macf>r5's ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ 7#ahgd72 ,sm>t's ,jacob 7#ahge72 ,bee?ov5's ,*oral ,fantasia 7#ahge72 ,a/orga's ,/abat ,mat] 7#ahha72 ,bridge's ,boadicea 7#ahha72 ,hodson's ,gold5 ,leg5d 7#ahhd72 ,lloyd's ,h]o & ,le&] 7#ahhd72 & = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl&1 ,raff's ,die ,tageszeit5 7#ahhe74 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,j4 ,sutton 0 appo9t$ conductor at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,association's exi/5ce1 & cont9u$ 9 (fice until #ahgg1 :51 ^u 8 resignation1 ,mr4 ,/ockley1 ! pres5t conductor 0 appo9t$2 ! memb]s meet weekly = practice dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,! managem5t is 9 ! h&s ( a ,committee ( fifte5 memb]s4 ,honor>y ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,bayley ,m>%all1 #ae1 ,augu/us ,road1 ,edgba/on4 ,,amateur ,,musical ,,union4--,! ,edgba/on ,amateur ,musical ,union 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfc1 = ! cultivation & enc\ragem5t ( ! ta/e = or*e/ral music1 & = ! /udy & p]=mance ( or*e/ral works by ! great compos]s4 ,?is society has by h>d "w & en]getic managem5t sl[ly b surely made its way2 at ! fir/ conc]t only fifte5 amateur memb]s assi/$ 9 ! b&1 only two ( :om 7 among ! w9d dep>tm5t2 ! b& n[ consi/s ( #dg memb]s1 is practically complete z to w9d1 & ev5 includes drums4 ,! libr>y belong+ to ! society n[ conta9s a v f9e & complete collection ( /&>d works besides a l>ge numb] ( pieces ( a light] "*4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,du*em91 :o took a v active "p 9 ! =mation ( ! society1 = n9ete5 ye>s act$ z honor>y conductor2 ^u 8 resignation 9 #ahhb1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,j4 ,sutton 0 appo9t$ conductor4 ,honor>y ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,b&9elli1 ,p9son ,villa1 ,fulham ,road1 ,sp>khill4 ,,philh>monic ,,union4--,! ,birm+ham ,philh>monic ,union 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgj1 ^u a some:at simil> basis to ! ,fe/ival ,*oral ,society1 "u ! conductor%ip ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,sw9n]ton ,heap4 ,! ,society has giv5 annually s9ce its =mation a s]ies ( conc]ts1 ) some:at v>y+ pecuni>y success2 &1 l its companions1 has introduc$ _m important novelties1 among :i* are3--,ba*'s ,/4 ,mat!w ,passion & ! ,*ri/mas ,oratorio1 & ,max ,bru*'s ,odysseus4 ,! ,society meets weekly = practice4 ,! managem5t is 9 ! h&s ( a committee ( n9e memb]s4 ,secret>y3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,woodw>d1 #ga1 ,colmore ,r[4 ,,midl& ,,musical ,,society4--,! ,midl& ,musical ,society 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhj by ! memb]s ( ! advanc$ s++ class 9 connection ) ! ,*ur* ( ! ,savi\r4 ,unlike ! o!r musical societies ( ! t[n1 ! ,midl& ,musical ,society is free1 ! memb]s n pay+ any subscription2 ! free use ( a rehe>sal room be+ grant$ by ! ,*ur* ,committee1 & ! conductor1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,/ev5son1 be+ an honor>y (fic]4 ,! ,society possesses a l5d+ libr>y ( ov] #a1jjj volumes ( music = ! use ( its memb]s1 & n[ consi/s ( a *orus ( #bdj & a well appo9t$ amateur b&4 ,sev]al conc]ts = *>itable purposes h be5 giv5 by ! memb]s1 & a s]ies ( t5 conc]ts = ! work+ classes1 9 ! ,t[n ,hall1 to :i* ! admission 0 twop5ce & sixp5ce = floor & gall]ies respectively1 at "o ( :i* ,g\nod's ,r$emption 0 p]=m$4 ,x is ! int5tion ( ! committee to cont9ue ^! conc]ts dur+ ! ensu+ season4 ,honor>y ,secret>y3 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,p>k]1 ,ea/ ,view1 ,rob]t ,road1 ,h&swor?4 ,,sunday ,,s*ool ,,union ,,*oral ,,society4--,! ,birm+ham ,sunday ,s*ool ,union ,*oral ,society 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhj4 ,z its "n implies1 ?is society is connect$ ) ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,union1 & result$ f ! v successful annual fe/ivals :i* 7 giv5 by a *orus ( "s #gjj1 select$ f ! v>i\s s*ools 9 ! union4 ,! society meets weekly = practice "u ! conductor%ip ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,gaul4 ,hon4 ,secret>y3 ,mr4 ,h4 ,p>kes1 #cc1 ,brighton ,road1 ,moseley4 ,,musical ,,society4--,! ,birm+ham ,musical ,society 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdb ^u ! basis ( a fri5dly sick & b5efit society1 & = ! social int]c\rse ( music lov]s & especially = ! practice ( glee & madrigal s++4 ,! memb]s meet =tnightly1 & s successfully h ! affairs ( ! society be5 manag$ t ! inve/$ funds am\nt to upw>ds ( #b1jjj4 ,! excell5t p]=mances ( ! ,birm+ham ,glee ,union1 ,messrs4 ,bickley1 ,woodall1 ,"y1 & ,/illi>d1 all ( :om are memb]s ( ! society1 are well-kn[n ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,! on]\s po/ ( ,musical director1 :i* has be5 fill$ by _m musicians ( note1 is n[ ably occupi$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,george ,halliley4 ,,musical ,,association4--,! ,birm+ham ,musical ,association 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahgi ) ! object ( provid+ a s]ies ( high-class conc]ts at popul> prices1 e/abli%+ classes = musical in/ruction1 vocal & in/rum5tal1 & ! provision ( a l>ge ,musical ,libr>y4 ,^u fur!r consid]ation ! e/abli%m5t ( classes & ! =mation ( a libr>y 7 ab&on$4 ,! weekly *eap conc]ts on ,saturday nights h be5 cont9u$ ) a few int]missions dur+ successive w9t]s & h n[ rea*$ a total ( #aei1 to :i* ! admission is ?reep5ce & sixp5ce = ! floor & gall]ies respectively4 ,a b& & *orus h also be5 organis$ & h r5d]$ mat]ial assi/ance at ! ,saturday night conc]ts4 ,honor>y ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h5driks1 #be1 ,cannon ,/reet4 ,,messrs4 ,,h>rison',s ,,conc]ts4--,?is admirable s]ies ( subscription conc]ts 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgj4 ,prior to ?is ! pres5t s5ior p>tn]1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,h>rison1 gave high class miscellane\s conc]ts at irregul> int]vals1 comm5c+ z f> back z #crd ,febru>y1 #ahec1 :5 ! late ,mr4 ,weiss & ,mr4 ,sims ,reeves 7:o 0 ev5 !n spok5 ( z ! great ,engli% ,t5or71 took "p 9 ! programme4 ,9 #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,h>rison took 8 nephew ,mr4 ,p]cy ,h>rison into p>tn]%ip1 & ! annual s]ies ( subscription conc]ts 7 inaugurat$1 ! managem5t ( :i* = ent]prise & skill 9 secur+ all ! lead+ arti/es1 vocal & in/rum5tal1 ( ! musical _w1 has made !m well-kn[n ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,besides treat+ _! subscrib]s to su* />s z ,patti1 ,nilsson1 ,albani1 ,titj5s1 ,sims ,reeves1 ,lloyd1 ,santley1 ,maas1 ,norman ,n]uda1 ,sophie ,m5t]1 ,*>les ,hall1 ,pa*mann1 ,hans von ,bl[1 ,joa*im1 ,wilhelmi1 ,piatti1 ,bottes9i1 c42 lov]s ( or*e/ral music h be5 provid$ = by ! annual engagem5t ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,hall's well-kn[n b&4 ,,mr4 ,,/ockley',s ,,conc]ts4--,! ,subscription ,or*e/ral ,conc]ts 7 in/itut$ 9 #ahgc by ,mr4 ,/ockley1 ! conductor ( ! ,fe/ival ,*oral ,society4 ,= ! fir/ few seasons ^! excell5t conc]ts met ) b scanty support1 & 7 c>ri$ on "u s]i\s difficulties1 & at a consid]able loss2 ?ree conc]ts 7 giv5 ea* season1 & ! b& consi/$ ( ab\t #ej memb]s4 ,mr4 ,/ockley1 h[ev]1 /eadily p]sev]$ ) ! good "w1 & met ) increas+ support2 9 #ahha1 ! b& 0 augm5t$ to its pres5t numb] ( #hj1 ( :om no less ?an #gf are bona fide resid5ts 9 ! di/rict2 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! numb] ( conc]ts 7 increas$ to f\r ea* season2 & ! support n[ accord$ is mo/ enc\rag+1 ! annual balance-%eet no long] %[+ a loss4 ,! programmes h always includ$ a complete symphony at ea* conc]t1 "o or two classical ov]tures & small] or*e/ral pieces2 two s+]s ( em95ce h be5 engag$ = ea* conc]t1 & ! vocal items z f> z possible arrang$ to correspond ) ! classical "* ( ! in/rum5tal4 ,mr4 ,/ockley mu/ n[ be congratulat$ ^u ! successful result ( ?irte5 ye>s' h>d "w1 "u v disc\rag+ circum/ances at fir/1 to popul>ise good or*e/ral music4 ,,*amb] ,,conc]ts4--,birm+ham 9 ! pa/ has p]si/5tly refra9$ f adequately support+ *amb] conc]ts1 ev5 :5 ! qu>tette consi/$ ( "s ( ! greate/ liv+ in/rum5tali/s4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,sw9n]ton ,heap1 ) praisewor?y zeal1 gives an annual s]ies ( high class *amb] conc]ts1 = :i* ! subscription li/ is mu* small] ?an ! excell5ce ( ! conc]ts %\ld comm&4 ,x is to be e>ne/ly hop$ t 8 lab\rs w 9 ! end be rew>d$ ) ! success !y s ri*ly des]ve4 ,,! ,,clef ,,club4--,! ,clef ,club 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahha1 to provide a c5tral resort = ! /udy & practice ( vocal & in/rum5tal music1 comb9$ ) ! g5]al accommodation ( a ,club4 ,mon?ly ,smok+ ,conc]ts are held 9 ! ,club ,rooms1 ! executants be+ select$ f among ! memb]s1 & ! programmes conf9$ to /rictly 8*amb] music40 ,x may safely be said t s9ce its =mation ! ,clef ,club has done mu* to elevate ! ta/e ( its memb]s1 & promote ! /udy & appreciation ( *amb] music4 ,! success :i* att5d$ ! developm5t ( ! ,club 0 s great1 t greatly enl>g$ premises soon became necess>y2 & ! promises ( support be+ s enc\rag+1 x 0 det]m9$ to regi/] ! ,club "u ! ,companies ,act1 & v greatly enl>ge ! orig9al s*eme4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan k9dly accept$ ! po/ ( ,presid5t ( ! ,club1 & %[$ w>m int]e/ 9 ! details ( ! new s*eme4 ,! lease ( ! pres5t club premises 9 ,p>adise ,/reet1 close to ! ,t[n ,hall1 hav+ be5 secur$1 & ! ext5sive alt]ations complet$1 ! club ent]$ ^u its new life 9 ,july1 #ahhe4 ,9 addition to ! mon?ly conc]ts !re is an impromptu smok+ conc]t e ,friday night4 ,honor>y ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,huxley1 ,clef ,club1 ,p>adise ,/reet4 ,,flute ,,society4--,! ,birm+ham ,flute ,society1 probably ! only flute society 9 ,engl&1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahef to enc\rage & develop ! p]=mance ( classical flute music2 ! ,society possesses a v f9e libr>y1 consi/+ ( all ! conc]tante duetts1 trios1 & qu>tettes ( ,b]bigui]1 ,fr/5au1 ,kuhlau1 ,kuffn]1 ,kumm]1 ,gabrielsky1 & ,tul\4 ,! memb]s meet twice a mon?4 ,honor>y ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,hughes1 #dj1 ,*apman ,road1 ,smallhea?4 ,,musical ,,in/ruction4--,!re is no m important /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! /udy ( music ?an a ?or\gh sy/em ( elem5t>y education2 ! ,birm+ham ,s*ool ,bo>d1 fully recognis+ ?is1 9 #ahgf made provision = ! sy/ematic tea*+ ( music 9 all ! s*ools "u _! control4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,dobson 0 appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t ( musical in/ruction1 & has =mulat$ a v ?or\gh sy/em2 ! tonic sol-fa me?od is adopt$ & infants1 if only sev5 ye>s ( age1 are taught to s+ f note correctly4 ,"o h\r p] week is allott$ to ?is subject 9 two half-h\r lessons2 9 addition to ?is two or m classes are occasionally gr\p$ 9 divisions = unit$ rehe>sal & musical drill4 ,9 addition to in/ruction 9 s++1 viol9 & brass b& classes 7 comm5c$ la/ w9t]1 also on ! tonic sol-fa me?od1 & h be5 v successful4 ,_m ?\s& *ildr5 h ?us be5 taught1 by _! voices be+ tra9$ 9 connection ) ! e> & und]/&+1 to s+ correctly1 & h be5 musically educat$ 9 su* a way z to enable !m 9 aft] ye>s to li/5 intellig5tly & enjoy good music4 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,music4--,! ,s*ool ( ,music 9 its pres5t =m at ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahhe4 ,classes 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! foll[+ bran*es--!ory ( music1 elem5t>y & advanc$ "p s++ & solo s++1 7a sep>ate class = ea* voice1 soprano1 contralto1 t5or & bass74 ,! pian(orte1 viol9 7elem5t>y1 int]m$iate & advanc$71 cl>ionet1 flute1 violoncello1 & brass in/rum5ts g5]ally4 ,dur+ ! fir/ t]m !re 7 #a1bcc /ud5ts 9 ! s*ool1 ! fees range f "o p5ny p] lesson to half-a-gu9ea = a t]m ( #ab to #ae lessons4 ,dur+ ! curr5t season ! foll[+ additional classes h be5 sanction$ by ! ,c\ncil--organ1 bassoon1 oboe1 d\ble bass1 & viola2 & x is probable t classes w be =m$ = ensemble or*e/ral play+ & "p s++4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,manufactur+ ,,indu/ries 7,,birm+ham ,,& ,,di/rict47 ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodw>d1 ,b4,sc4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages an attempt is made to give to ! read] "s idea ( ! ext5t & v>iety ( ! manufactures ( our t[n & neighb\rhood4 ,! me?od foll[$ is to /ate at ! outset ! classes ( mat]ial :i* come into ! t[n1 & to foll[ ^! 9 ! m9d's eye ?r\gh smelt+ furnace1 =ge1 or work%op1 until !y come out 9 a wond]ful v>iety ( articles1 "o or m ( :i* w ultimately be f\nd 9 ! possession ( e nation ( ! e>?4 ,to c>ry out ! propos$ me?od ) fulness & accuracy w\ld require a /rict blockade ( ! t[n1 simil> to t adopt$ = collect+ t[n dues 9 cont95tal t[ns ) ag5ts to report ! quantities & qualities ( ! goods pass+ 9 & out4 ,fail+ ?is1 we may1 ?r\gh ! ag5cies ( ! railway & canal companies obta9 at lea/ "s idea ( ! "* & ext5t ( our trade4 ,9 prep>+ "s /ati/ics relat+ to goods br\ght into & tak5 out ( ! t[n1 ,i am p>ticul>ly indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,wigg91 ,m4,p41 "o ( ! directors ( ! ,midl& ,railway1 & also to ,mr4 ,john ,noble1 g5]al manag] ( t railway2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,gri]son1 g5]al manag] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway2 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,f9dlay1 g5]al manag] ( ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,pil*]1 ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,navigations1 & ,mr4 ,george1 ( ! ,birm+ham & ,worce/] ,canal1 h also be5 good en\gh to supply in=mation4 ,9 consid]+ ! traffic ( our t[n we mu/ rememb] t ,birm+ham is n only a manufactur+ c5tre b a di/ributor ( goods :i* arrive "h 9 bulk4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) ! circum/ance t1 f its inl& position1 !re is a great deal ( ?r\gh traffic1 r5d]s x difficult to obta9 su* satisfactory figures z ,i hop$ to h done :5 ,i comm5c$ ?is "w4 ,/atem5t ( pr9cipal classes ( goods com+ into & go+ out ( ,birm+ham by railway dur+ ! ye> #ahhe1 ) weight 9 tons ( ea* class4 ,,inw>ds4 ,coal & ,coke #higeda ,lime #ecbg ,lime/one1 ,bricks1 c4 #adcae ,glass #gfhi ,iron & ,/eel #aaehgd ,t9 ,plates & ,z9c #ajchb ,spelt] or ,z9c #bbefd ,h>dw>e & ,miscellane\s #acdbjd ,/one #aefba ,timb] #fceia ,pap] ,mak+ ,mat]ials #eeej ,drugs & ,drysalt]y #adhfg ,gra9 #abfghc ,groc]y & ,provisions #fahhh ,lea!r #ceii ,,outw>ds4 ,b$/eads #cdigf ,brass ,copp]1 ,+ot & ,wire #dfig ,galvanis$ ,wire & ,w>e #aagje ,glass #faea ,h>dw>e & ,lamps #aajeig ,iron & ,metal ,tubes #acegj ,iron ,wire & ,%eet #biii ,iron ,ca/+s #iaff ,nails #ahicf ,roll$ ,metal #gfai ,pap] & ,/ation]y #idij ,ma*9]y ,hides & ,lea!r #ccged ,miscellane\s ,f "o :>f alone 9 ,birm+ham !re 7 deliv]$ into ! t[n by canal la/ ye> ab\t #dj1jjj tons ( v>i\s goods1 ( :i* ! foll[+ w s]ve z examples--,timb]1 #chaj tons2 salt1 #ddc tons2 metals1 #cidh tons2 road /one1 #aj1hba tons2 potatoes1 mat*es1 mill /ones1 glue & groc]ies1 #abba tons1 :il/ traffic ov] "o ( ! canals 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> 0 #g1cbg1bfi tons1 includ+ m]*&ise1 #igb1gdi tons2 pig iron1 #ehf1dcd tons2 coal1 #c1ccc1hfe tons2 iron /one1 #die1iab tons2 s&1 #aae1gia tons2 lime & lime/one1 #adj1hbh tons2 road mat]ials & manure1 #ebe1bdi tons2 & bricks1 #dfj1cei tons4 ,nature ( ! ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries ( ,birm+ham & ! ,di/rict4--,x is difficult1 if n impossible to classify satisfactorily ! v>i$ indu/ries ( ,birm+ham & ! di/rict4 ,! "o adopt$ has z its basis1 ! raw mat]ials ( diff]5t k9ds z us$ up 9 ! trades ( ! t[n4 ,9 ord] to obta9 in=mation z to progress ( ! trades1 or *ange 9 _! "*1 ,i h extract$ f ,kelly's ,directory ( #ahfd ! numb] ( ea* trade z !n giv51 & comp>$ x ) ! numb] 9 ! la/ ,directory publi%$1 viz41 #ahhd3-- ,,trades ,,( ,,birm+ham ,,& ,,! ,,c\nties ,,( ,,/af=d%ire1 ,,w>wick%ire1 ,,& ,,worce/]%ire4 ,i4--,production ( ,mat]ials f ,ores1 includ+ ,*emicals4 ,a4--,,non-,,metal4 ,no4 9 ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,black ,lead #b #da;,*emicals #cc #ed ,col\r ,gr9d]s & ,manufactur]s #bi #ea ,glue1 ,is+lass #f #g #db,mungo #j #a ,optical ,glass #a #a ,pap] #ca #ba ,ice #j #a ,glass #da #fb ,b4--,,metal ,,& ,,alloy4 ,no4 9 ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,alloy ,mak]s #j #a ,alum9ium #j #a ,brass & ,yell[ ,metal #j #f ,copp] #g #aj ,g]man ,silv] #ad #aj ,iron #hh #ajc ,nickel ,cobalt #b #b ,/eel #ah #ba ,,ii4--,f9i%$ ,articles4 ,a4--,,non-,,metal4 ,no4 9 ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,b>omet] & ,!rmomet] #b #d ,lea!r ,articles #bh #eg ,bicycle ,saddle #j #c ,:olesale ,boot & ,%oe #aa #db ,clay-- ,pott]y1 ,encau/ic ,tiles1 ,t]ra ,cotta1 ,p>ian #dc #dc ,telegraph ,insulator #j #a ,ivory1 ,pe>l1 & ,bone ,work]s #ei #ed ,*ocolate #b #f ,floor ,clo? #b ,india ,rubb] ,goods #e #ad 0 0 ,/amps #j #c ,bri/le1 ,fibre1 ,hair1 ,fea!rs-- ,besom #a #a ,*imney ,sweep+ ,ma*9es #j #b ,he>se ,plume #a ,:ip #ce #cc ,bru%es #hh #ajf ,cotton #b #d ,measur+ ,tape #g #f ,wood5 ,articles-- ,boxes 7& ,pap]7 #bg #gg ,clock ,case #aa #g ,cork ,cutt]s #i #ab ,clog & ,patt5 #he #abg ,rules #cg #bc ,picture ,frames #dj #ii ,tobacco ,pipe #bi #ah ,railway ,c>riage #aa #ac ,bell[s #aj #ad ,ca/+ ,m\ld ,patt]n ,mak]s #cj #bg ,glass ,articles-- ,ligh?\se #a #a ,bottle1 ,plate & ,w9d[1 ,decant]s1 ,tumbl]s1 c41 ,look+ ,glass1 ,fr5* ,%ade #ej #fe ,toys #ac #c ,artificial ,eyes #a #f ,horn-- ,lant]n ,leaf #e #j ,combs #f #d ,pap] & ,pulp-- ,pap] #ca #ba ,papi] ,m* #ai #ae ,black ,ornam5t #j #bd ,acc\nt ,books #aj #bj ,bags #d #af ,gun ,wads #f #d ,b4--,,metal4 ,no4 9 ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,gold-- ,*a9s #dc #ej ,broo*es & ,jewell]y #cdf #dgb ,p5cil ,case #ba #ba ,r+ #c #bi ,leaf #bj #ad ,wat* ,case #aj #dc ,silv]-- ,spoons1 c41 ,lockets1 ,bracelets1 c4 7,silv]smi?s7 #ea #ajc ,leaf ,reflectors 7,plate7 #a #f ,copp]-- ,pans1 ,kettles1 c41 ,sug> ,pans 7,copp]smi?s7 ,tubes #ba #bj ,plate ,engrav+ #b #ah ,wire ,lightn+ ,conductors #j #d ,p]cussion ,cap #e #d ,lead-- ,pipes #j #a ,pumps ,iron & ,/eel-- ,an*ors #ab #bb ,b$/eads 7,metal7 #ea #dh ,bicycles ,bird ,cage ,wire ,"w #dd #ei ,bridle ,bit #ajd #fg ,bo>d+ ,pike #a #b ,boil]s ,buckles #be #be ,nuts & ,bolts #ai #ha ,*a9 #de #aca ,coa* ,furniture1 c4 #fj #dh ,c(f9 ,furniture #ag #ad ,corkscrew #ag #af ,door ,spr+ #d #f ,e>? ,bor+ ,app4 #j #a ,=ge 7,portable7 #c #b ,fry+ ,pan #g #i ,f5c+ ,foil #j #a ,f5d] #de #ee ,fire ,irons #eg #ee ,fi% ,hook #fh #cf ,gun 7#bg ,bran*es7 #eec #dbd ,gas ,hold] #h #e ,gas ,met]s #a #a ,hair ,p9 #f #g ,hamm] #ah #ab ,h&cuff #c #d ,hyd'lic ,ma*9]y #a #b ,h+e 7& ,brass7 #dg #ea ,holl[ ,w>e #aj #bc ,hooks ,hook & ,eye #ad #ac ,ladle ,ro(+ #h #ae ,tanks #ab #bj ,boats #i #i ,bridge #i #ab ,gird] #g #i ,jews ,h>p #f #h ,keys #hg #adj ,lance & ,javel9 #a #a ,locks 7#ac ,br'n*'s7 #afd #beb ,lasso ,r+s #dc,mat*et #d #f ,m>9]'s ,compass ,ne$les 7#g ,br'n*47 #agb #abf ,nutcrack]s #c #aj ,nailmak]s #bjg #bce ,p5s #ah #ai ,p5 ,hold] #af #ad ,quoit ,mak]s ,quicksilv] ,bottle ,r+s 7,split1 c47 #ac #af ,scale & ,weight #be #be ,screws #ga #db ,sew+ ,ma*9es #aj #cj ,spectacle ,frames #i #af ,safes #ae #bg ,spr+ ,mak]s #h #ad ,spr+ ,mattress #j #b ,/eel ,toy #eh #ci ,sword #ag #d ,toa/+ ,=k ,tack ,umbrella ,p>asol ,furniture #ab #aa ,vice #di #cb ,brass-- ,ammunition cases #a #b ,b$/eads ,belt clasp #g #c ,coa* bead+ #e #d ,c&le/ick #ab #i ,coa* h&les #b #e ,cocks #bi #ce ,*&eli] #dj #ea ,*ur* ,furniture #d #f ,clock movem5ts ,cornice pole #c #ab ,curta9 hook #j #aj ,curta9 r+ #d #ad ,door bolts ,door h&les ,electrical bell app>atus #b #g ,fog signal #a #a ,f]rule ,gas burn] #d #d ,gauge #f #ac ,ma!matical in/4 #aj #aj ,milit>y ornam5t #ab #ae ,pap] fa/5]s ,roa/+ jack #g #b ,/air rod 7case7 #f #g ,!atrical jewell]y #j #a ,?imble #ac #ab ,wat*es 7#bi bran*es7 #dif #gij ,t9 ,plate-- ,c(f9 ,furniture #ag #ad ,di% ,cov]s #a #g ,groc]s' ,cani/]s #b #b ,lamps ,ba?s ,cook+ ,ut5sils ,c&le/icks ,t9 ,alloys1 h>d & s(t-- ,be] ,eng9e #ai #aj ,bells #aj #ag ,dram ,flask ,m$als ,measures1 ,tank>ds ,composition ,pipe ,/5cil ,plates ,tea ,pots ,cream ,jugs1 c4 ,britannia ,metal ,w>e ,manufactur]s #bj #ac ,g]man ,silv]-- ,cruet ,frames ,tea ,pots ,spoons1 c4 ,electro-plat$ ,w>e ,electro-plat]s ,gild]s #aaj #bae ,dess]t ,knife ,=k ,implem5ts & ,tools us$ 9 ,manufactures4 ,awl ,blade1 ,aug]1 ,anvil1 ,brace & ,bit1 ,bookb9d]s' ,tools1 ,bell[s1 ,bullet ,m\ld1 ,bru%es1 ,coa* ,wr5*1 ,file ,cutt]1 ,glazi]s' ,diamond1 ,gun ,implem5ts1 ,hamm]1 ,hoe1 ,iron ,ladle1 ,la/ & ,boot ,tree1 ,nails1 ,rivet1 ,saw1 ,screw1 ,tack1 ,gimp ,p91 c41 ,vice1 ,press ,tools1 ,pun*es4 ,dep5d5t ,manufactures & ,processes4 ,a4--,,non-,,metal4 ,box ,mak]s 7,wood71 ,box ,mak]s 7,pap]71 ,brick 7,fire71 ,bookb9d+1 ,ca/+ ,pot & ,crucible1 ,em]y & ,glass ,clo? ,pap]1 ,emboss$ ,pap]1 ,engrav]s 7,block71 ,felt1 ,glass ,m\ld1 ,jewell]y ,case1 ,lamp ,wick1 ,li?ography1 ,pr9t+1 ,pit* ,pap]1 ,pe>l ,work]s1 ,r\ge1 ,rope & ,tw9e1 ,seal+ ,wax1 ,tortoise ,%ell ,work]s4 ,dep5d5t ,manufactures & ,processes4 ,b4--,,metal4 ,assay]s1 ,bronze ,p[d]1 & ,gold & ,silv] ,leaf1 ,die ,s9k]s1 ,iron & ,/eel ,hoop1 ,lett] ,cutt]s1 ,music ,smi?1 ,roll]s1 ,ref9]s1 ,sweep ,smelt]s1 ,wat] ,tuy]e ,iron ,manufactur]s1 ,weav]s' ,mail4 ,processes c>ri$ on = ! ,trade4 ,brass ,poli%]s1 ,buckle ,plat]1 ,*as]s1 ,*9a ,decorators1 ,coa* ,pa9t]s1 ,dipp]s & ,silv]]s1 ,diamond ,cutt]1 ,engrav]s & ,woodcutt]s1 ,enamell]s1 ,electrotyp]s1 ,electro-plat]s1 ,eng9e ,turn]s1 ,galvanis]s1 ,glass ,quick]1 ,glass ,pa9t]s1 ,glass ,gr9d]s1 ,glass ,b5d]s1 ,glass ,cutt]s1 ,h>ness ,plat]s1 ,iron ,plan]s1 ,iron ,ca/]s1 ,iron ,brazi]s1 ,jewell]s' ,/amp]s1 ,jewell]s' ,glass ,cutt]1 ,lapid>ies1 ,metal ,sp9n]s1 ,metal ,p]=ators1 ,metal ,flut]s1 ,ma*9e ,rul]s1 ,magic ,lant]n ,slide ,pa9t]1 ,/]eotyp]s4 ,deal]s & ,m]*ants4 ,asbe/os1 ,c>ozo ,nut1 ,cotton ,wa/e1 ,copp] & ,metal1 ,gr9d/one1 ,iron1 ,salt4 ,v>iety ( ,mat]ials us$ 9 ! ,manufactures4 ,x may be expect$ t 9 a v>iety ( manufactures1 su* z ^? j giv51 num]\s mat]ials w\ld be requir$4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 z f> z possible :at mat]ials are us$ 9 ! t[n1 circul>s 7 s5t out to _m firms1 & f in=mation suppli$1 9 reply to ^! circul>s & f o!r s\rces1 ! foll[+ li/ has be5 prep>$4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,manufactures ,,( ,,birm+ham ,,& ,,! ,,di/rict4 ,,note4--,aft] ! "n ( ! mat]ial1 :i* is pr9t$ 9 small capitals1 is giv5 9 ord9>y type ! trades1 or a few typical ones1 9 :i* ! mat]ial is us$4 ,,ores4 ,,antimony4--,nickel & cobalt ref9+4 ,,br[n ,,iron ,,ore4--,gas works4 ,,copp] ,,pyrites--7,,spani% ,,ore74--,copp] extraction & ref9+1 sulphuric acid works4 ,,cobalt ,,& ,,nickel4--,nickel & ,cobalt ref9+4 ,h,,matite4--,iron smelt+1 nickel & cobalt ref9+1 malleable iron ca/+1 poli%+ works4 ,,gal5a4--,ref9+ lead slags & products4 ,,iron ,,pyrites4--,sulphuric acid manufacture4 ,,manganese ,,oxide4--,weldon's process = *lor9e4 ,,t9 ,,ore4--,nickel & cobalt ref9+1 b$/ead manufacture1 t9 plate works4 ,,metals4 ,,antimony4--,britannia metal works1 pewt] work+1 /]eotyp+1 eng9e]s' brassf\nd+4 ,,alum9ium4--,alum9ium bronze1 metal beat+1 p5 & p5cil case1 gauge mak+1 sew+ ma*9e4 ,,bismu?4--,eng9e]s' brassf\ndry1 sold] mak+4 ,,copp]4--,alloy mak]s1 copp]smi?s1 copp] & brass tube works1 gas fitt+1 railway c>riage works1 brass f\nd+1 /]eotyp+1 nail mak+1 gun mak+1 roa/ jack1 clocks1 electro works1 jewell]s1 ma!matical in/rum5t mak]s4 ,,gold4--,jewell]y1 gilt toy1 ?imble mak+1 brassf\nd+1 *a9s1 spectacles1 wat* *a9s & cases1 electro-plate1 gun mak+1 swords1 p5s4 ,,iron & ,,/eel4--,all trades4 ,,lead4--,*emical manufactures1 alloy mak]s1 pewt] & ,britannia metal1 nickel & cobalt ref9+1 electro-plate1 :ip1 p51 nail1 /]eotyp+1 india rubb] /amps1 railway c>riage1 gun1 brassf\nd+1 ?imble1 %ip's log4 ,,magnesium4--,ma!matical in/rum5t4 ,,nickel4--,electro-plate1 p5 & p5cil1 /]eotyp+1 :ip button1 ne$le1 sword1 photo-frames1 fire-irons1 t9 plate1 sew+ ma*9e1 coa* furniture & h>ness1 bicycle1 /eam gauge4 ,,plat9um4--,ma!matical in/rum5t1 nickel & cobalt ref9+1 photo-frames1 electro-plate1 w$d+ r+1 ?imble1 brassf\nd+4 ,,iridium & ,,palladium4--,p5 & p5cil4 ,,quicksilv]4--,optical in/rum5t1 nickel & cobalt ref9+1 /]eotyp+1 ?imble & :ip1 gauge1 electro-plate1 art metal1 clock4 ,,silv]4--,silv]smi?1 jewell]y1 c>riage furniture1 :ip m\nts1 sword1 electro-plate1 hook & eye1 ma!matical in/rum5t1 gun1 silv] plat+1 button1 /]eotyp+1 spectacles1 *a9s1 b$/ead1 ?imbles4 ,,t94--,cocoa1 /]eotyp+1 :ip1 roll$ metals1 toilet p91 nail1 ne$le1 railway c>riage1 ma!matical in/rum5t1 tool mak+1 gas met]s1 roa/+ jack1 eng9e]s' brassf\nd+1 axle boxes1 clock1 b$/ead1 ?imble1 gauge1 electro-plate1 brassf\nd+1 :olesale boot & %oe4 ,,t9 ,,plate4--,v>i\s bran*es ( ! t9 plate trade1 %ip's log1 /eam gauge1 art metal1 nickel & cobalt ref9+1 button1 cocoa1 pr9t+1 electro-plate1 ne$le4 ,,z9c & ,,spelt]4--,brass & alloy mak]s1 yell[ & %ea?+ metal1 ?imble1 :ip1 art metal1 galvanis+1 copp] extraction1 button1 /]eotyp+1 alkali1 electro-plate1 nail1 wat* *a94 ,,note4--,! applications ( ! comp\nd metals or alloys1 su* z ,,brass1 ,,britannia ,,metal1 ,,bell ,,metal1 ,,g]man ,,silv]1 ,,gun ,,metal1 ,,phosphor ,,t91 ,,f]ro-,,manganese1 ,,h>d ,,& ,,s(t ,,sold]s1 & o!rs1 are n giv5 = want ( space4 ,! mo/ important trades consum+ metal 9 ! =m ( leaf & p[d]--,,gold ,,leaf1 ,,silv] ,,leaf & ,,bronzes--are b$/ead manufactur+1 picture frame mak+1 japann+1 li?ography1 art metal "w 7plani%+47 ,,acids4 ,,acetic 7,,v9eg>74--,gelat9e manufacture1 button1 li?ography1 :ip1 sword1 art metal1 gas fitt+1 b$/eads4 ,,boracic4--,g]man silv]1 electro-deposition4 ,,c>bolic4--,gelat9e1 soap1 ammunition works4 ,,citric4--,li?ography1 art metal4 ,,hydr(luoric4--,glass1 gas fitt+1 nickel & cobalt works1 button mak+1 railway c>riage4 ,,hydro*loric 7,,muriatic or ,,spirits ( ,,salt74--,metal trades g5]ally1 gas manufacture1 gelat9e1 pr9t+1 *emical trades1 railway c>riage4 ,,hydrocyanic4--,button1 p5 & p5hold]1 electro-plate4 ,,nitric 7,,aqua ,,=tis74--,metal trades g5]ally1 especially brass1 gelat9e1 button1 :ip1 sword1 gun1 hook & eye4 ,,oxalic4--,t9 plate1 art metal "w1 button1 tool mak+1 :ip1 p5 & p5hold]s1 :olesale boot & %oe trade4 ,,pyrogallic4--,gas manufacture1 art metal4 ,,sulphuric 7,,oil ,,( ,,vitriol74--,iron wire1 nails1 b$/eads1 button1 p51 gelat9e1 *emical trades1 soap1 hook & eye1 t9 plate1 brass trades1 gun1 :ip1 sword4 ,,t>t>ic4--,gelat9e1 nickel & cobalt1 art metal4 ,,*emicals4 ,,ammonia & ,,ammonium ,,salts4--,gas manufacture1 brass trades g5]ally1 galvanis+1 buttons1 t9 plate1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 nails1 pap]4 ,,ars5i\s ,,anhydride or ,,:ite ,,ars5ic4--,brass f\nd+1 *&eli]1 electro-plate1 buttons4 ,,alum4--,gelat9e1 pap]1 roll$ metal1 buttons1 :olesale boot & %oe4 ,,borax4--,metal trades g5]ally1 jewell]s1 gelat9e4 ,,copp] ,,sulphate or ,,blue ,,/one4--,iron wire1 electro-plate1 buttons1 fibre dress+1 pr9t+4 ,,glyc]9e4--,gas fitt+s1 soap1 pr9t+4 ,,iod9e4--,copp] extraction4 ,,iron ,,sulphate or ,,copp]as4--,buttons1 fibre dress+1 brass f\nd+1 em]y pap]1 :olesale boot & %oe1 r\ge manufacture4 ,,lead ,,acetate 7,,sug> ,,( ,,lead74--,gelat9e1 buttons1 t9 plate works1 oil & col\r works4 ,,m]curic ,,*loride 7,,corrosive ,,sublimate74--,buttons1 jewell]y1 optical in/rum5ts1 gold beat+4 ,,nickel ,,sulphate4--,trades 9 :i* nickel plat+ is us$1 bicycles1 sew+ ma*9es1 bridle bit1 c4 ,,potassium ,,salts 7,,cau/ic ,,pota%1 ,,cyanide1 ,,c>bonate1 ,,sal ,,enixum1 ,,f]rocyanide1 ,,f]ridcyanide1 ,,p]manganate1 ,,bi*romate1 ,,*lorate1 ,,argol or ,,t>t>74--,brass f\nd+1 electro-plate1 b$/ead1 jewell]y1 gelat9e1 glass1 buttons1 soap1 :ip1 t9 plate4 ,,plat9um ,,*loride4--,electro-plate1 buttons1 optical in/rum5ts4 ,,sodium ,,salts 7,,cau/ic ,,soda1 ,,c>bonate1 ,,br[n ,,a%1 ,,acetate1 ,,salt1 ,,sulphate74--,brass f\nd+1 jewell]y1 alloys1 electro-plate1 fibre dress+1 t9 plate1 soap4 ,,sulphur4--,*emical works1 roll$ metal works1 sword1 t9 plate4 ,,z9c ,,salts 7,,*loride1 ,,sulphate74--,gelat9e1 buttons1 pr9t+4 ,,pigm5ts4 ,,brunswick ,,gre51 ,,c>m9e1 ,,*rome ,,yell[1 ,,cobalt1 ,,gamboge1 ,,indian ,,r$1 ,,indigo1 ,,ivory ,,black1 ,,lamp ,,black1 ,,o*re1 ,,orange ,,*rome1 ,,orpim5t1 ,,prussian ,,blue1 ,,r$ ,,lead1 ,,s*eele',s ,,gre51 ,,smalts1 ,,umb]1 ,,ultram>9e1 ,,v]digris1 ,,v]milion1 ,,yell[ ,,o*re1 ,,zaffre1 ,,z9c ,,:ite1 ,,:ite ,,lead4--7,r$ & :ite lead are us$ = lutes z well z = pigm5ts1 r$ lead too is l>gely consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( fl9t glass74 ,brass f\nd+1 t9 plate works1 japann+1 b$/eads1 li?ography1 bru% works1 coa* & c>riage works1 buttons1 ammunition works1 cycles1 art metal "w4 ,,/ones4 ,,qu>ry ,,/ones1 ,,lime/one1 ,,bil/on & ,,d]by 7,,gr9d7 ,,/ones1 ,,li?ographic ,,/one1 ,,:et/one1 ,,rag/one1 ,,wat] ,,( ,,ayr ,,/one1 ,,turkey ,,/one1 ,,arkansas4--,iron smelt+1 *emical works1 nickel & cobalt ref9+1 sword1 edge tool1 & tool gr9d+ g5]ally1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 t9 plate1 brass f\nd+1 gun1 button1 sword1 art metal1 electro-plate4 ,,apatite1 ,,sombr]ite1 & ,,native ,,phosphates4--,phosphorus manufacture4 ,,flur ,,sp>4--,alloys1 eng9e]s' brass f\ndry1 roa/+ jack1 hydr(luoric acid manufacture4 ,,mica4--,gas fitt+1 /ove mak]s1 brass f\nd+1 %ip's log1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,felsp>4--,pott]y1 art metal4 ,,rock ,,cry/al4--,spectacle manufacture1 art metal1 electrical app>atus1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,agate1 ,,blood/one1 ,h,,matite4--,z burni%]s 9 _m trades4 ,,diamond ,,bort4--,diamond cutt+1 lapid>y "w1 spectacle manufacture1 railway c>riage4 ,,diamond4--,jewell]y1 glazi]s' diamond manufacture4 ,,amb]1 ,,ame?y/1 ,,crocidolite1 ,,g>net1 ,,opal ,,ruby1 ,,sapphire1 ,,c>nelian1 ,,topaz1 ,c4--,cut /ones 9 jewell]y1 lapid>y "w1 wat* & clock manufacture1 art metal "w1 electro-plate1 :ip1 f9e wire draw+4 ,,gums4 ,,arabic4--,brass f\nd+1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 optical in/rum5t1 electro-plate1 p51 :ip1 light metal trades1 :olesale boot & %oe4 ,,b5zo94--,wire mattress1 railway c>riage4 ,,copal4--,button1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 electro-plate1 ne$les1 optical in/rum5ts4 ,,dam>4--,button1 optical in/rum5ts4 ,,dextr9e4--,pr9t+ & li?ography1 p5 & p5hold]s1 optical in/rum5t1 ?imble4 ,,gutta ,,p]*a4--,electro-plate1 brass f\nd+1 railway c>riage1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 roll$ light brass metal "w1 ne$le1 ?imble1 :olesale boot & %oe4 ,,india ,,rubb]4--,vulcanis$ ,india rubb] works4 ,,ma/ic4--,buttons1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 t9 plate4 ,,s&>ac4--,buttons1 pr9t+4 ,,%ell-,,lac4--,lacqu] manufacture1 brass f\nd+1 light metal "w1 railway c>riage1 p5 & p5hold]1 :ip1 button1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 sword1 optical in/rum5t1 roa/+ jack1 ?imble1 electro-plate4 ,,tragacan?4--,pr9t+ & li?ography1 :olesale boot & %oe trade4 ,,oils1 ,,v>ni%es1 c4 ,,animal ,,oils 7,,l>d1 ,,neat',s ,,foot1 ,,sp]m1 ,,seal1 ,,:ale1 ,,tall[1 ,,tra974--,roll$ metal1 electro-plate1 buttons1 p5 & p5hold]1 nails1 fire irons1 b$/ead1 w$d+ r+1 brass f\nd+1 gas manufacture1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 optical in/rum5t1 alloy mak+1 railway c>riage1 eng9e]s' brass f\nd+1 soap1 :olesale boot & %oe4 ,,vegetable ,,oils 7,,colza1 ,,coca ,,nut1 ,,l9se$1 ,,rape1 ,,olive1 ,,palm1 ,,p9e74--,gas manufacture1 fibre & brass dress+1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 electro-plate1 roll$ metal1 t9 plate1 c>riage furniture1 optical in/rum5t1 soap1 pap]1 button1 alkali works1 iron wire1 b$/ead4 ,,m9]al ,,oils 7,,petroleum1 ,,petrol9e1 ,,coal ,,%ale74--,fibre dress+1 brass f\nd+1 gas manufacture1 spectacles1 lapid>ies' "w1 li?ography & pr9t+1 railway c>riage4 ,,b5zol9e1 ,,bisulphide ,,( ,,c>bon1 ,,coal ,,naph?a1 ,,e!r1 ,,me?ylat$ ,,_s1 ,,spirits ,,( ,,w9e1 ,,t> ,,spirits1 ,,turp5t9e1 ,,t]eb9e1 ,,wood ,,naph?a4--,papi] m*1 japann+1 lacqu]1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 electro-plate1 button1 ?imble1 cycle1 :ip1 soap1 brassf\nd+1 railway c>riage1 bottle jack1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,asphaltum1 ,,bitum51 ,,gold ,,size4--,pr9t+ & li?ography1 t9 plate1 papi] m*1 b$/ead1 picture frame1 ornam5tal glass1 brassf\nd+1 art metal4 ,,pit*1 ,,res94--,soap1 electro-plate1 t9-plate1 b$/ead1 c>riage furniture1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 ?imble1 pap]1 brassf\nd+1 :olesale boot & %oe trade4 ,,v>ni%es 7,,copal1 ,,ma/ic1 ,,japan1 ,,pontypool74--#cj or #dj v>ieties are kn[n 9 ! trade1 ! names (t5 imply+ ! purpose = :i* ! v>ni% is us$ z coa*-body v>ni%1 oak v>ni%1 und]coat+1 f9i%+1 c4 ,coa* & c>riage works1 h\se decoration1 furniture1 t9-plate1 papi] m*1 b$/ead1 c(f9 furniture1 fog signal cases1 iron holl[-w>e1 enamel lea!r4 ,,lea!rs ,,& ,,fabrics4 ,,basil or ,,%eep ,,sk91 ,,buffalo1 ,,bull ,,neck1 ,,calf1 ,,crocodile1 ,,c[ ,,hide1 ,,dog ,,fi%1 ,,donkey1 ,,gnu1 ,,horse ,,hide1 ,,kang>oo1 ,,pig ,,sk91 ,,russian1 ,,skiv]s1 ,,*amois1 or ,,wa% ,,lea!r1 ,,sea ,,horse1 or ,,walrus1 ,,vellum4--,:olesale saddl]y & lea!r trades g5]ally1 :olesale boot & %oe trade1 poli%+ 9 ! metal trades1 p>ts ( articles 9 ! electro-plate1 t9 plate1 :ip1 & _m o!r trades4 ,,buckram1 ,,clo?1 ,,flannel1 ,,plu%1 ,,sat91 ,,silk1 ,,velvet4--,railway c>riage works1 t9 plate1 brassf\nd+1 button1 ne$le1 optical in/rum5t1 cocoa1 lea!r trades4 ,,felt4--,corrugat$ iron1 brassf\nd+1 light brass roll$ metal works1 railway c>riage works1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 electro-plate1 art metal1 optical in/rum5t1 glass poli%+4 ,,pap]4--,pap] box trade1 papi] m*1 wrapp+ up 9 all trades4 ,,woods4 ,,a%1 ,,baywood1 ,,bee*1 ,,bir*1 ,,elm1 ,,fir1 ,,maple1 ,,oak1 ,,p9e1 ,,teak4--,"o or m ( !m us$ 9 mo/ trades1 railway c>riage1 cab9et1 t9 plate1 brass f\nd+1 edge tools1 clog1 electro-plate4 ,,beef ,,wood4--,gun trade1 ramrod4 ,,black?orn4--,:ip4 ,,boxwood4--,us$ 9 metal trades1 g5]ally = *ocks4 ,,c$>4--,railway c>riage1 cab9et1 p5 & p5hold]1 ne$le1 art metal1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,cocus ,,wood4--,optical in/rum5t4 ,,ebony4--,gun1 gas fitt+1 brass f\nd+1 button1 electro-plate1 tool1 art metal1 railway c>riage4 ,,hickory4--,:ip1 roll$ metal1 ne$le1 f]rule1 railway c>riage4 ,,holly4--,tool1 :ip4 ,,hold] ,,wood4--,clog4 ,,lancewood1 ,,p>tridge ,,wood1 ,,sat9 ,,wood1 ,,snake ,,wood4--,gun1 clog1 :ip1 ne$le1 p5 & p5hold]1 brass f\nd+1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,lignum ,,vit4--,button1 :ip1 brass f\nd+1 art metal1 roll$ metal1 tool1 corkscrew4 ,,malacca ,,cane4--,gold beat+4 ,,maple4--,gun1 railway c>riage1 cycle & sew+ ma*9e1 brass f\nd+4 ,,pea*4--,electro-plate4 ,,pe>4--,coal m9+1 glass1 pr9t+ & li?ography4 ,,rosewood4--,gun1 railway c>riage1 cab9et1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 p5 & p5hold]1 electro-plate1 tool4 ,,sycamore4--,railway c>riage1 electro-plate1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 art metal4 ,,tulip4--,art metal4 ,,walnut4--,gun1 electro-plate1 brass f\nd+1 railway c>riage1 cab9et1 p5 & p5hold]1 art metal1 mat*et4 ,,yew4--,:ip4 ,,zebra4--,button1 electro-plate1 p5 & p5hold]1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,dye ,,/uffs4 ,,anil9e ,,col\rs1 ,,alkanet1 ,,ar*il1 ,,burwood1 ,,cudbe>1 ,,cate*u1 ,,divi ,,divi1 ,,dragon',s ,,blood1 ,,fu/ic1 ,,indigo1 ,,gall ,,nuts1 ,,logwood1 ,,myrabolans1 ,,r$ ,,s&]s1 ,,%umac1 ,,turm]ic4--,furniture & cab9et works1 button1 railway c>riage1 fibre & bass dress+1 art metal1 :ip1 pap]1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 mat*et1 :olesale boot & %oe trade4 ,,n ,,class$4 ,,asbe/os4--,gas fitt+1 pap]1 railway c>riage1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 electro-plate1 t9 plate4 ,,bones ,,& ,,bone ,,wa/e4--,glue1 buttons1 electro-plate1 light brass roll$ metal works1 c>riage furniture4 ,,beeswax1 ,,p>aff9 ,,wax4--,brass f\nd+1 alloy1 :ip1 b$/ead1 electro-plate1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 light brass roll$ metal works1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,burdock1 ,,keck1 ,,eld] ,,pi?4--,wat* ,f9i%+4 ,,ba? ,,brick4--,gas fitt+1 :ip1 light brass roll$ metal works1 %ips' log1 optical in/rum5t1 railway c>riage4 ,,black ,,lead4--,black lead works1 gas fitt+1 railway c>riage1 electro-plate1 t9 plate1 nails1 :ip1 buttons4 ,,*alk1 ,,:it5+1 ,,fr5* ,,*alk4--,gas fitt+1 brass f\nd+1 electro-plate1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 sword1 railway c>riage1 t9 plate1 fibre dress+1 buttons1 p5 & p5hold]4 ,,coal ,,t>1 ,,creosote4--,t> di/ill+1 railway c>riage1 soap1 electro-plate1 light brass roll$ metal works4 ,,catgut4--,b&s = la!s 9 ne>ly all trades4 ,,camel ,,hair1 ,,sable ,,hair4--,railway c>riage1 electro-plate1 wat* *a91 brass f\nd+1 art metal1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,cotton ,,wa/e4--,9 ne>ly all ! metal trades4 ,,cotton ,,wool ,,& ,,wadd+4--,= /or+ & pack+ 9 jewell]y & o!r trades4 ,,cotton1 ,,?read1 ,,tape4--,ne>ly all trades4 ,,cuttle ,,fi%4--,pr9t+ & li?ography1 jewell]y4 ,,crocus1 ,,colco?>1 ,,r\ge4--,brassf\nd+1 gas fitt+1 b$/ead1 electro-plate1 t9 plate1 jewell]y1 glass gr9d+1 & poli%+4 ,,*>coal4--brassf\nd+1 gas fitt+1 b$/ead1 electro-plate alloy1 w$d+ r+1 nails4 ,,*9a ,,clay4--,porcela9 7,worce/]71 pap]1 eng9e]s' brassf\nd+4 ,,cocoa 7,,!obroma ,,cacao74--,cocoa & *ocolate manufacture4 ,,eggs4--,pr9t+ & li?ography1 photographic frame & cab9et "w4 ,,em]y4--,= gr9d+ & poli%+ 9 all ! metal trades1 glass gr9d+1 lapid>y "w1 :olesale boot & %oe trade4 ,,fl\r4--,t9 plate1 brassf\nd+1 alloys1 railway c>riage1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 b$/ead1 nails1 papi] m*1 pap] box1 pocket book1 :olesale boot & %oe trade4 ,,flax4--,:ip ,manufacture4 ,,flock1 ,,fea!rs4--,uphol/]y & b$d+ manufacture1 artificial fly4 ,,fire ,,clay4--,furnaces 9 all manufactures4 ,,full]',s ,,e>?4--,p91 cycle & sew+ ma*9e4 ,,fl9ts4--,african gun trade1 nickel & cobalt1 *emical works4 ,,f\nd]s' ,,du/4--,= ca/+1 metal trades g5]ally4 ,,gall ,,nuts4--,ink1 brassf\nd+4 #dd;,,gypsum ,,& ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4--,gold beat+1 pap]1 gas manufacture1 railway c>riage1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 :ip1 brassf\nd+1 nails4 ,,gas ,,c>bon4--,electrical app>atus mak]s1 %ip's log1 ?imble1 :ip1 art metal1 optical in/rum5ts4 ,,gelat9e ,,& ,,glue4--,9 ne>ly all trades4 ,,ganni/]4--,alloys1 roll$ metals1 iron & /eel works1 brassf\nd+4 ,,gold ,,beat]s' ,,sk94--,gold beat+1 electro-plate4 ,,h>es' ,,feet4--,gold beat+1 wat* *a91 :ip1 tool1 ?imble1 pr9t+ & li?ography4 ,,hemp1 ,,hurds1 ,,t[4--,rope & tw9e1 alloy1 electro-plate1 c>riage furniture1 t9 plate1 brassf\nd+1 gas fitt+1 railway c>riage1 an*or1 sword1 ?imble4 ,,honey4--,bronze p[d]1 cocoa & *ocolate4 ,,horse ,,hair4--,railway c>riage1 :ip1 fi%+ tackle1 uphol/]y & b$d+4 ,,ivory4--,bone & ivory & billi>d ball turn]s1 electro-plate1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,iri% ,,moss1 ,,tannate ,,( ,,soda4--,us$ g5]ally to prev5t scal+ 9 /eam boil]s4 ,,jute1 ,,kittool ,,fibre4--,pap]1 glue1 fibre1 dress+1 electro-plate4 ,,liv] ,,( ,,sulphur4--,= bronz+ 9 v>i\s metal trades4 ,,lime4--,build+1 pap]1 glue1 *emical works1 iron wire1 brassf\nd+1 electro-plate1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 railway c>riage4 ,,m>9e ,,glue4--,alloys1 railway c>riage1 roll$ light metal1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,nuts 7,,betel1 ,,coquilla1 ,,c>ozo74--,buttons4 ,,oil/one ,,du/4--,gun1 clock1 wat* f9i%+4 ,,p>aff9 ,,wax4--,railway c>riage works1 axle box1 roll$ light metal works4 ,,poli%+ ,,?read4--,wat* *a91 spectacle1 cycle & sew+ ma*9e4 ,,pumice ,,/one4--,gr9d+ & poli%+ 9 mo/ metal trades1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 papi] m*4 ,,pe>l ,,%ell4--,pe>l work]s1 papi] m*1 b$/ead1 electro-plate1 optical in/rum5t4 ,,putty ,,p[d]4--,lapid>y1 electro-plate1 dies9k+1 ne$les1 :ip1 sword1 ?imble4 ,,quills4--,:ip1 fi%+ tackle4 ,,rott5/one4--,= poli%+ 9 ! metal trades1 papi] m*1 pe>l "w4 ,,s& 7,,fonta9bleau1 ,,tr5t1 ,,silv]1 ,,loam1 ,,core1 ,c74--,glass manufacture1 glass gr9d+1 m\ld+ 9 ! metal trades1 = s& bla/ 9 ! electro-plate trade4 ,,s&if] or ,,glass ,,gall4--,jewell]y1 electro-plate1 wat* *a94 ,,sawdu/4--,gas manufacture1 brass f\nd+ & brass trades g5]ally1 railway c>riage1 pr9t+ & li?ography4 ,,seal+ ,,wax4--,= p>cell+ 9 ne>ly all trades4 ,,silk4--,railway c>riage1 button1 t9 plate1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 ne$les & fi% hook4 ,,size4--,railway c>riage1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 t9 plate1 optical in/rum5t1 h\se decoration1 electro-gild+4 ,,slate ,,& ,,slate ,,p5cil4--,jewell]y1 railway c>riage1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 electro-plate1 t9 plate4 ,,slag ,,wool4--,gas fitt+s1 eng9e]s' brass f\nd+4 ,,soap4--,ne>ly all trades4 ,,sponge4--,t9 plate1 art metal1 roll$ light brass trade1 :ip1 electro-plate1 pr9t+ & li?ography4 ,,/ale ,,be]4--,electro-plat+ & gild+1 wire work+4 ,,sug>4--,cocoa1 electro-plate1 t9 plate1 %ips' log1 pr9t+ & li?ography4 ,,/raw or ,,hay4--,b$d+1 pack+ 9 ne>ly all trades4 ,,swan',s ,,d[n4--,electro-plate1 bridle bit1 t9 plate4 ,,tortoise ,,%ell4--,tortoise %ell work]s1 button4 ,,vulcanite4--,button1 ammunition1 railway c>riage4 ,,:alebone4--,:ip manufacture4 ,,wool4--,railway c>riage1 felt1 pr9t+ & li?ography1 b$d+1 ne$les1 optical in/rum5t4 ,9 ref]5ce to "s mat]ials1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,robottom1 :o has introduc$ a v>iety ( new products = use 9 ,birm+ham s5ds me ! foll[+ notes3 ,cryolite f ,gre5l&1 is us$ 9 mak+ glass globes = ! electric light4 ,nitrate ( soda1 f ,*ili4--,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,lloyd1 m]*ant1 ,ne:all ,/reet1 sold ! fir/ small lot to ,w4 ,c4 ,al/on1 ab\t #ej ye>s ago2 s9ce !n ,i h sold l>ge quantities to ! manufactur]s ( nitric acid4 ,l>d oil 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,birm+ham4 ,c>nubia wax 7,brazil7 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,birm+ham = wax tap]s4 ,mica4--,! fir/ import ( l>ge plates f ,india 0 sold to ,griffi?s & ,br[ett = lant]ns to be us$ 9 p[d] magaz9es4 ,i/le or ,mexican ,fibre4--,! fir/ bale 0 sold by me to ,mrs4 ,grew1 ( ,*ur* /reet1 & us$ = bru% mak+4 ,k\rie ,gum1 f ,new ,zeal&1 fir/ us$ 9 ,birm+ham by ,b>ratt1 ,po/ans & o!rs = v>ni% mak+4 ,c[ ,hair f ,riv] ,plate us$ = circul> bru%es 9 glass cutt+4 ,c>ozo nuts or ,vegetable ,ivory4--,! fir/ arrivals f ,v5ezuela 7 sold to ,mr4 ,burgiss1 ( ,great ,*>les ,/reet1 = toys2 aft]w>ds "s 7 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,bricknall1 button mak]1 :o fir/ made buttons f ?is mat]ial4 ,subsequ5tly ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,wright1 !n a cl]k ) ,smi? & ,kemp1 took up ! mat]ial1 & x soon became g5]ally us$4 ,n[ "s ?\s&s ( tons are consum$ e ye> = ?is purpose4 ,piassava4--8,i sold ! fir/ small lot to ,ri*>d ,de51 & got him to retail x to ,iri%m5 liv+ 9 ,london ,pr5tice /reet & neighb\rhood1 to make into bass brooms = hawk+4 ,at ! pres5t "t "s #bjj tons p] week ( ?is mat]ial is made up into brooms4 ,gum ,animi1 l>gely us$ 9 ,birm+ham = v>ni%4 ,button ,lac 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,birm+ham by ,joseph ,%or?\se1 ,m>ket ,/reet1 :o _h ! fir/ five cases f ,calcutta1 = ! manufacture ( lacqu]4 ,kiltool1 f ,ceylon4 ,! fir/ %ipm5t came to me1 ,i put x aside 9 "s /ables at my h\se 9 ! ,cov5try ,road1 int5d+ to sell x = putt+ "u ripe /rawb]ries1 b by accid5t ,i f\nd out t by putt+ x into hot oil x took a beautiful black col\r4 ,^u ?is ,mr4 ,lov$ee1 ( ,b>?olomew ,/reet1 at my sugge/ion1 dress$ & prep>$ ! mat]ial = ! bru% trade4 ,x is n[ us$ 9 great quantities40 ,lemon1 ,orange1 & ,citron ,peel4--,l>ge quantities s5t to ,birm+ham to be c&i$ at ,mr4 ,pattison's works1 ,spr+ ,hill4 ,!y are import$ f ,sicily4 ,! read] hav+ n[ "s idea ( ! mat]ials ent]+ our di/rict1 let u see g5]ally1 ?\gh 9 m]e outl9e1 h[ ^! mat]ials are work$ up 9 ! metal trades4 ,,ores4--,! only ores smelt$ 9 our di/rict on a l>ge scale are iron & nickel & cobalt4 ,small quantities ( gal5a & copp] pyrites are us$4 ,spani% ore1 an iron pyrites conta9+ two or ?ree p] c5t4 ( copp]1 has ! sulphur burnt (f 9 ! *emical works1 & ! copp] is subsequ5tly precipitat$ & ref9$4 ,,metals ,,& ,,alloys4--,iron & /eel are n[ ext5sively produc$ f ca/ iron 9 our di/rict by ! mod]n me?ods z well z by ! old] ones ( puddl+ 9 ! case ( iron1 & cem5t+ 9 ! case ( /eel4 ,! basic ,bessem] process has be5 adopt$ on a l>ge scale by ,mr4 ,a4 ,hickman1 ( ! ,spr+ ,vale ,furnaces1 ,bil/on4 ,?ree conv]t]s are us$1 "o l9$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] 7ganni/]71 ! o!r two ) a pa/e made ( dolomite 7magnesian lime/one7 & t>1 ! process ( conv]sion be+ comm5c$ 9 ! fir/ nam$ conv]t]1 & f9i%$ 9 ! o!rs4 ,at ! same works are mod]n type bla/ furnaces 9 :i* ! wa/e gases are utilis$ = heat+ ! bla/ on ! reg5]ative pr9ciple1 two /oves be+ ^? ( ,mr4 ,c[p]'s sy/em1 :ile !re are ?ree new ones inv5t$ by ,=d & ,moncan4 ,messrs4 ,hatton & ,sons ( ,bil/on1 adopt a fix$ ,bessem] conv]t] 9 :i* bla/ ( l[ pressure c be us$4 ,at ! same works ! ,wilson gas produc] is us$ = re-heat+ furnaces1 & an arrangem5t on ! ,pons>d pr9ciple is adopt$ = rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! air us$ 9 ! combu/ion ( ! gas4 ,mr4 ,smi?-,casson has 9 use at ! ,r\nd ,oak ,works a novel gas furnace ( 8 inv5tion4 ,at ! ,pat5t ,%aft & ,axle ,tree ,works a modification ( ! 7,siem5s7 op5 he>? furnace 7an improvem5t by ,dick & ,riley7 is be+ us$4#de ,at ,messrs4 ,cox ,bro!rs & ,holl&1 ,alce/] ,/reet1 crucible /eel is made4 ,! cem5t+ process is c>ri$ on at ! ,brades ,/eel ,works1 ,oldbury4 ,,copp]4--,! crude copp] kn[n z ,*ili b>s & precipitat$ copp] f *emical works1 :]e ! sulphur ( ! ore has be5 previ\sly utiliz$1 are ref9$ ext5sively 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham4 ,,lead4--,lead refuse ( v>i\s k9ds1 toge!r ) gal5a1 is treat$ at "o small works 9 ! t[n4 ,,alloys4--,9 mo/ cases manufactur]s mix _! own metals4 ,h[ev]1 brass1 ,g]man-silv]1 & o!r alloys are ext5sively manufactur$ = ! trade4 ,! metal or alloy hav+ be5 made1 is subject to v>i\s g5]al processes1 ei!r z prelim9>y to manufacture1 or 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal3-- ,,ca/+4--,f a draw+ ! patt]n is made 9 wood-- ( an in* to ! foot long] 9 case ( ca/-iron1 & d4 9 case ( brass to all[ = %r9k+4 ,! patt]n is laid 9 s&1 (t5 conta9$ 9 a ca/+ frame1 :i*1 f its pla/icity1 non-fusibility1 & o!r prop]ties l5ds itself admirably = m\ld mak+4 ,! m\ld is du/$ ov] ) *>coal1 or ) a mixture kn[n z f\nd]s' du/1 & ! ca/+ !n made by p\r+ metal 94 ,) small articles 9 brass1 metal patt]ns are us$4 ,= gold articles1 su* z w$d+ r+s1 an iron frame is us$1 fill$ ) ! f9e/ r$ s&4 ,= small gold "w1 ! cuttle fi% bone is us$ z a m\ld1 ! patt]n be+ press$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 s&4#df ,a special feature 9 ! process ( ca/+ 9 our di/rict is ! production ( 8*ill$0 ca/+s = rolls4 ,! m\ld = ! b>rel "p ( ! roll is a heavy cyl9drical ca/+ ( iron truly bor$ out to a size suffici5t to all[ ( ! roll be+ turn$ to ! requir$ size4 ,! molt5 iron is run into ! m\ld sidelong1 & f ! bottom1 s z to give ! metal a rotatory motion4 ,?is rotatory motion causes ! du/ & slag to keep 9 ! c5tre1 leav+ a pure metal 9 contact ) ! m\ld4 ,?is metal *ill$ by contact ) ! massive metal m\ld1 produces ! h>d & close texture requir$4#dg ,keys1 /irrups1 hob nails1 & _m small articles are produc$ by ca/+1 ! ca/+ be+ aft]w>ds r5d]$ malleable by ! process ( cem5tation1 :i* consi/s 9 pack+ ! articles 9 an iron box ) p[d]$ hmatite1 & heat+ f ?ree to sev5 days4 ,iron ca/+s are also anneal$ by pack+ ) c9d]s 9 a box1 :i* is !n heat$ = "s "t1 z ) ! malleable ca/ iron4 ,,roll+1 ,,wire ,,& ,,tube ,,draw+4--,iron1 brass1 /eel1 & ,g]man silv] are us$ up 9 ! =m ( %eet1 wire1 & tube4 ,) l>ge firms produc+ f9i%$ articles1 ^! processes are done on ! premises1 b !re are sev]al works devot$ to ! production ( %eet metal1 wire1 or tube only1 & roll+ = ! trade4 ,9 ! jewell]s' di/rict1 ! ca/ +ots ( ! preci\s metals are tak5 to roll+ mills 9 ! neighb\rhood to be roll$ d[n to ! requir$ degree ( f95ess4 ,= "s articles1 su* z spoons1 :]e a blank is requir$ ( v>y+ ?ickness1 /rips ( metal are ?9n$ 9 p>ts by :at is kn[n z 8cross roll+10 ! rolls be+ expos$ at "o end1 s t a /rip ( metal may be pass$ ?r\gh1 :i* is ?us ?9n$ d[n at "o end4 ,tube draw+ is effect$ by cutt+ a /rip ( metal :i* is !n pass$ ?r\gh rolls to give x a gutt] =m4 ,"o end ( ! gutt] is n[ beat5 up to =m a tang t c be gripp$ by ! tongs ( ! draw b5*1 & ! gutt] is pull$ ?r\gh a conical hole :i* r\ghly =ms ! tube4 ,! op5 seam ( ! tube is n[ braz$1 & aft] clean+1 ?is r\ghly =m$ tube is slipp$ ov] a /eel rod or m&ril4 ,bo? m&ril & tube are drawn ?r\gh a smoo? circul> hole :5 a smoo? uni=m tube is =m$4 ,flut$ tap] tubes are made z describ$ at 7,b4 p4 #cbddh7 by means ( 8t9s10 b a novel me?od is n[ adopt$ = smoo? tap] tubes4 ,a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( metal is r\ghly made into a conical tube :i* is put on a tap] m&ril revolv+ 9 a la!4 ,a flat /eel burni%] is press$ on to ! tube z x revolves press+ ! metal to take ! %ape ( ! m&ril4 ,twi/$ tubes are produc$ by draw+ ! tube ?r\gh a revolv+ nut 7,b4 p4 #cbedh71 emboss$ or ornam5t$ tubes by draw+ a pla9 tube ?r\gh a die1 compos$ ( a s]ies1 f\r say1 ( small :eels or pulleys on ! edge ( ea* :eel be+ impress$ ! desir$ patt]n4 ,z ! tube is drawn ?r\gh ! die1 ! :eels turn & impress on ! tube ! patt]n !y c>ry on _! surface4 ,z /at$ 7,b4 p4 #cbfdh71 ! inv5tion is due to ,mr4 ,fe>n4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$ t ! process fail$ 9 8 h&s1 b 0 subsequ5tly tak5 up by ,messrs4 ,w9field & ,co41 :o1 ) ! help ( _! eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,pre/on1 br\ght ! process to p]fection4 ,,press ,,tool ,,"w4--,! next g5]al process 9 ! manufacture ( _m metallic articles is cutt+ out a blank into ! requisite %ape4 ,?is is done by :at is call$ a press tool consi/+ ( two p>ts2 "o a firm block ( /eel1 9 :i* is an ap]ture1 circul>1 oval1 or :atev] %ape may be desir$1 & ! o!r a pun* ( correspond+ %ape1 a piece ( metal be+ plac$ ov] ! ap]ture1 ! pun* is =c$ d[n by a screw ( high pit* on to ! metal1 :5 a blank is cut out at "o bl[1 & falls into a pan plac$ to receive x4#di ,,/amp+4--,us$ = holl[+ blanks 9 a numb] ( trades4 ,! blank cut by h& or tool is plac$ on a m\ld or die1 & a heavy weight1 c>ry+ on its l[] surface ! c\nt]p>t ( ! m\ld1 work+ 9 guides s z to fall true1 c be lift$ up & all[$ to fall on ! blank until ! metal is =c$ into ! %ape ( ! m\ld4 ,z ! metal h>d5s by successive bl[s1 ! blanks are anneal$ 7t is heat$ & all[$ to cool7 z (t5 z may be f\nd necess>y4 ,! weight :i* gives ! bl[ is support$ by a /rap pass+ ov] a :eel 9 con/ant motion4 ,s long z ! /rap hangs loosely ov] ! :eel1 ! friction ( ! mov+ :eel is insuffici5t to lift ! weight1 b imm$iately ! workman makes ! /rap taut1 ! weight is c>ri$ up & is let fall by ! workman releas+ 8 hold on ! /rap4 ,,%ap+4--,?9 metal is %ap$ by pressure appli$ by means ( a screw press1 ! metal be+ plac$ betwe5 a die or m\ld & its c\nt]p>t4 ,,automatic ,,ma*9]y4--,a numb] ( articles produc$ f wire1 su* z p9s1 nails1 hooks & eyes1 hair p9s1 etc41 are made completely by automatic ma*9]y1 ! wire be+ w\nd (f a reel at "o end ( ! ma*9e & trans=m$ into ! v>i\s articles z x passes along until x comes out at ! o!r end ( ! ma*9e1 a f9i%$ or ne>ly f9i%$ article4 ,,automatic ,,turn+ ,,& ,,%ap+4--,gun /ocks1 boot la/s1 tool h&les & o!r simil> articles are automatically turn$4 ,) a gun /ock = example1 ! r\gh =m cut f a plank is put 9 a la!1 above is plac$ a /eel model or dummy ( ! =m requir$ to be turn$1 ! model & ! wood5 blank are made to revolve at precisely ! same spe$1 & a rotat+ cutt] travels sl[ly along f "o end ( ! blank to ! o!r1 ! movem5t ( ! cutt] inw>ds or outw>ds be+ regulat$ by ! dummy4 ,! wood5 blank hav+ be5 put 9 ! la!s1 ! cutt+ is />t$1 & x !n goes on until f9i%$1 :5 ! la! /ops automatically4 ,! %ap+ ( gun locks & _m o!r p>ts ( ! gun is effect$ by caus+ a revolv+ cutt] to be mov$ ov] a fix$ /eel model or dummy1 ! cutt] ?us %apes ! blank to a fac-simile ( ! patt]n or dummy4#ej ,,sp9n+4--,tea pot bodies & a v>iety ( articles 9 ,britannia metal are 8spun40 ,a piece ( wood #d or #e in*es 9 diamet] is atta*$ to ! la! head1 & 9 ?is a holl[ correspond+ to ! bottom ( ! tea pot is turn$4 ,a %eet ( metal ( a foot or s diamet] is n[ put aga9/ ! wood & press$ into ! holl[ by a wood5 cyl9drical m\ld ) a r\nd base :i* corresponds to ! concavity4 ,! disc is rotat$ v rapidly & ! workman presses ! s(t metal ov] ! m\ld s z to =m a vessel 9 %ape some:at resembl+ a c(fee cup ) upright sides1 ! cyl9drical m\ld is tak5 out & replac$ by a disc ( wood 9 two halves1 held 9 place by a sp9dle f ! back c5tre ( ! la!4 ,! metal cyl9d] is n[ gradually clos$ 9 until ! op5+ is r$uc$ to ! requir$ size1 :5 ! body is complete4 ,! sp9dle is )drawn & ! divid$ disc ( wood easily %akes out4 ,,draw+ ,,?r\gh4--,umbrella f]rules1 p5cil cases1 c>tridge cases1 & a v>iety ( articles are made by 8draw+ ?r\gh40 ,! f9e/ example ( ?is process is se5 9 ! manufacture ( a metallic c>tridge case1 su* z is us$ 9 ! new ,enfield-,m>t9i rifle4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,bayliss1 ,manag+ ,director ( ! ,birm+ham ,small ,arms & ,metal ,company1 = ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,! brass is roll$ to ! requir$ ?ickness4#ea ,x is !n pass$ into a ma*9e :i* =ms x into a %all[ cup4 ,?is ma*9e consi/s ( a tubul> pun* :i* cuts out a disc ( #a4be in* diamet]1 imm$iately ^u :i* a solid plug pass+ ?r\gh ! tubul> pun*1 presses ! disc ?r\gh a /eel r+1 s t x falls to ! gr\nd z a %all[ brass cup4 ,?ree ( ^! are produc$ by "o bl[ ( ! press4 ,! cups are heat$ 9 a muffle to a r$ heat1 !n dipp$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid to remove scale1 wa%$1 coat$ ) soap & oil1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a second ma*9e 9 :i* a slightly n>r[] pun* =ces ! cup ?r\gh a slightly n>r[] r+1 & ?us ! cup1 :ile reta9+ ! same ?ickness at ! bottom1 is made slightly n>r[] & mu* deep]4 ,repetitions ( ! process 7six altoge!r7 produce a case r m ?an half-an-in* wide & ?ree in*es long1 :i*1 :5 cut (f to prop] l5g?1 ind5t$ at ! bottom = reception ( ! cap1 & "s o!r f9i%+ processes gone ?r\gh1 is ready = ! *>ge ( p[d]4 ,! process is appli$ to small articles l p5cil cases1 & at ! ,small ,arms & ,metal ,company to cases z l>ge z #ebj in* diamet] & #ae in* long4 ,,sold]+4--,h>d sold]+ or braz+ consi/s 9 fus+ an alloy ( high melt+ po9t betwe5 two junctions ( ! metal to be sold]$ s z firmly to connect !m4 ,! sold] 9 f9e p[d] is mix$ ) p[d]$ borax1 & made into a puddle ) wat]1 & !n spread ab\t ! p>ts to be sold]$ toge!r4 ,! article is n[ heat$ by fire or gas1 & ! mom5t :5 ! sold] runs1 is c>efully wat*$4 ,gold & silv] sold]+ us$ 9 ! jewell]y trades is on a small scale simil> to braz+1 ! sold] us$ is a gold or silv] alloy ( slightly l[] melt+ po9t ?an ! article to be sold]$3 ! borax is commonly appli$ by previ\sly rubb+ d[n a cry/al on a piece ( slate & ! :ite puddle ?us obta9$ appli$ by means ( a camel hair p5cil to ! junction on :i* ! sold] is plac$4 ,! article is support$ on a piece ( pumice /one & ! necess>y heat produc$ by ! flame f a m\? bl[pipe4 ,9 s(t sold]+ an alloy ( t9 & lead is us$1 ! melt$ alloy be+ spread by means ( a 8bit0 or 8doctor10 consi/+ ( a piece ( copp] atta*$ to an iron rod set 9 a wood5 h&le4 ,a flux call$ 8monkey0 or 8_s10 consi/+ ( muriatic acid ) dissolv$ z9c1 hav+ previ\sly be5 appli$4 ,=m]ly res9 0 us$ z a flux1 b ?is is n[ to a great ext5t sup]s$$ by ! mixture j spok5 (4 ,,scrat* ,,bru%+ is us$ to produce a ri* r\gh surface previ\s to gild+4 ,revolv+ bru%es ( brass wire scrat* ! surface ( ! article :i* is kept well moi/5$ ) /ale be] or ) wat] to :i* size has be5 add$4 ,( late ye>s ! ,,s& ,,bla/ has be5 introduc$ = r\gh+ surfaces4 ,s& is f$ into a p[]ful bla/ ( air1 & a f9e fro/$ surface produc$4 ,if ! article is protect$ 9 places by a mask ( pap] or s(t metal cut out 9 any desir$ patt]n1 an ornam5tal patt]n is produc$ requir+ only a little *as+ to f9i% x4 ,! s& bla/ is us$ too 9 ! production ( an imitation ( engrav$ glass1 9 emboss+ glass z a sub/itute = hydr(luoric acid1 & = re-cutt+ old files4 ,,dipp+4--,9 ord] to clean brass articles1 !y are dipp$ into a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 ! temp]ature & /r5g? ( acid det]m9+ :e!r ! dipp+ is bright or dead4 ,! bright articles are n[ f9i%$ by burni%+ or poli%+1 & are !n ready = ,,lacqu]+4--,! articles are laid on an iron table heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #bcj ,f4 by sup]-heat$ /eam4 ,:5 w>m1 ! lacqu]1 :i* is a solution ( %ell-lac 9 spirits ( w9e1 is bru%$ ov]1 ! _s evaporates & leaves a protect+ coat+ ( gum4 ,,gold ,,cutt+ or ,,lapp+ 9 jewell]y consi/s 9 press+ articles aga9/ a rapidly revolv+ disc or 8lap10 compos$ ( lead & t91 to ! surface ( :i* f9e em]y has be5 appli$4 ,! faces ( ! article :i* h ?us be5 8cut0 are subsequ5tly poli%$ on a 8bob10 t is on a :eel cov]$ ) lea!r on its edge or circumf]5ce4#eb ,,col\r+ 9 jewell]y ref]s to a ri* gold col\r obta9$ on gold articles4 ,! process at fir/ c\ld be appli$ only to jewell]y ( high quality1 b n[ #ae & #ah c>at gold is col\r$4 ,! articles are heat$ to dull r$ness to de/roy grease & dirt1 !n hung on plat9um wires & imm]s$ 9 a boil+ mixture ( salt1 saltpetre1 & muriatic acid & wat]4 ,aft] dry+ out 9 sawdu/ !y are scrat*-bru%$4#eb ,!re are _m extremely int]e/+ processes 9 ! trades ( our t[n besides ^? :i* apply exclusively to ! metal trades1 b = ^! ,i h no space4 ,^? :o wi% = full in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory1 position1 & g5]al "* ( ! ,birm+ham indu/ries1 mu/ consult 8,birm+ham & ! ,midl& ,h>dw>e ,di/rict10 edit$ by ,mr4 ,sam4 ,timm9s4 ,?is volume1 :i* 0 publi%$ on ! occasion ( ! visit ( ! ,briti% ,association to ! t[n 9 #ahfe1 is exhau/ive1 describ+ ! trades z !y !n exi/$4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to supplem5t ,mr4 ,timm9s' book1 application has be5 made to v>i\s g5tlem5 :o h be5 good en\gh to provide ! foll[+ %ort notices 7or ! sub/ance ( !m7 ( ! v>i\s trades ref]r$ to at l5g? 9 ! volume4 ,9 addition !re are "s notices ( indu/ries :i* h be5 introduc$ s9ce ! ye> #ahfe4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,details ,,( ,,birm+ham ,,trade ,,s9ce #ahfe4 ,introductory ,note4--,! ref]5ces to 8,birm+ham & ! ,midl& ,h>dw>e ,di/rict0 volume are quot$ z 8,b410 foll[$ by a numb] indicat+ ! page4 ,?us 7,b4 #gg7 means1 ,see 8,birm+ham & ! ,midl& ,h>dw>e ,di/rict01 page #gg4 ,! trades are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,assay ,(fice ( ,birm+ham4--,h4 ,,we/wood4--7,b4 #dii74 ,! assay m>ks cont9ue to be s highly valu$ by ! public t all goods are n[ s5t to be assay$ & m>k$ except ^? ( ! commone/ quality1 & a few ri*ly wr\ght articles t w\ld be injur$ 9 ! process4#ec ,! /ati/ics ( ! ,assay ,(fice =m an index to ! condition ( ! gold & silv] trades ( ! t[n4 ,! foll[+ tables are a cont9uation ( ^? giv5 by ,mr4 ,ryl& 7,b4 #ejg74 ,,weight ,,( ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,w>es ,,assay$ ,,& ,,m>k$ ,,9 ,,birm+ham4 ,ye> ends ,gold4 ,silv]4 ,june #bd? oz4 oz4 #ahfe #cj1gcc #ii1fhh #ahff #ce1gje #ij1gcf #ahfg #cd1aad #hc1eja #ahfh #cf1agj #gi1fdb #ahfi #dg1fid #hg1jbg #ahgj #dh1abc #hd1cbc #ahga #eh1cbc #ha1bdh #ahgb #ge1icc #ia1ihh #ahgc #ih1acd #ajf1dae #ahgd #aaf1cbe #acd1idi #ahge #aac1fdb #ada1abc #ahgf #abj1jai #adb1adh #ahgg #aad1ggb #afc1jdg #ahgh #ajd1bjb #aei1hdg #ahgi #hg1jdb #aff1dfi #ahhj #ha1fjf #bci1hce #ahha #gj1dff #cca1bji #ahhb #hf1hcg #eaa1gdc #ahhc #ia1jec #hea1ieg #ahhd #ii1gii #ibf1ifh #ahhe #ig1fah #hhh1cia ,,am\nt ,,( ,,plate ,,duty ,,collect$4 ,ye> ends ,july #bd?4 ,date4 ,am\nt4 #ahfe #aa1aad #ahff #aa1dic #ahfg #i1ida #ahfh #i1gfa #ahfi #aj1eje #ahgj #aj1gfg #ahga #aa1bgj #ahgb #ab1fjc #ahgc #ad1hhi #ahgd #ag1hih #ahge #ah1bjb ,ye> ends ,june #bd?4 #ahgf #ah1fhi #ahgg #ai1jec #ahgh #ah1djf #ahgi #ae1geb #ahhj #ac1hih #ahha #ae1ada #ahhb #ah1fdi #ahhc #ai1ffc #ahhd #bj1idc #ahhe #bj1bba ,,numb] ,,( ,,assays ,,made ,,9 ,,birm+ham4 ,date4 ,numb]4 #ahdc #a1fhe #ahec #b1dgg #ahfc #f1hbc #ahgc #ch1ach #ahhc #aja1jab ,b$/eads1 ,iron & ,brass4--,l4 ,,bri]ley4--7,b4 #fbd47 ,9 #ahdi !re 7 only ab\t eight manufactur]s ( metallic b$/eads 9 ,birm+ham & ! neighb\rhood1 ^: unit$ production probably rea*$ #djj f9i%$ articles p] week4 ,9 #ahfe ! numb] _h increas$ to tw5ty1 ) a weekly output ( ab\t #e1jjj2 ! numb] ( mak]s )9 a radius ( fifte5 miles is ab\t =ty1 & ! weekly production n f> %ort ( #bj1jjj4 ,z ! numb] ( manufactur]s increas$1 & competition necess>ily became ke5]1 s improvem5ts 7 cont9ually be+ effect$4 ,! old imitation bamboo cane gave way to m arti/ic effects ( col\r4 ,! pill>s & rails 7 decorat$ ) fl[]s & ,dut* metal1 or ) gold--accompli%$ p>tly by h&1 & p>tly by ! process 7long kn[n 9 ! pott]ies = ornam5t+ *9a w>e7 call$ transf]r+4 ,?is some:at pron\nc$1 if n 8l\d0 /yle ( decoration1 ?\gh /ill 9 dem& = =eign c\ntries1 has 9 its turn be5 replac$ by pla9 poli%$ surfaces1 reliev$ at int]vals ) brass1 nickel1 or silv] plat$ jo9ts1 & m\nt+s4 ,prices range n[ 7#ahhf7 f #e_/- or #f_/- = a pla9 /ump b$/ead to #ajj = electro-silv] plat$ canopy or =e "p con/ruct$ to suit ,ori5tal ta/e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ buys & also makes metallic b$/eads4 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ! ,cape1 ,mauritius1 ,canada1 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,/ates ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,egypt1 ,*9a1 & to "s ext5t1 ,japan1 pur*ase4 ,ab\t #ejj p]sons are n[ employ$ 9 ,birm+ham & neighb\rhood 9 ! b$/ead trade2 ! av]age e>n+s ( m5 are ab\t #bc_/- p] week1 & ( wom5 ab\t #ad_/- p] week4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s wire mattresses h be5 introduc$4 ,! price 0 =m]ly #d to #e = a mattress1 accord+ to wid?4 ,n[ a good "o may be obta9$ at a price v>y+ f #bj_/- to #dj_/-4 ,:ile ,birm+ham & ! di/rict is ! pr9cipal seat ( ! b$/ead trade !re are ext5sive manufactories 9 ,london1 ,man*e/]1 ,glasg[1 & ,bri/ol4 ,metallic b$/eads are also made ext5sively 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ( late ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates also4 ,a great numb] are1 h[ev]1 /ill export$ to ,spa9 & ,am]ica 9 spite ( ! native competition1 & protective duties am\nt+ to #de p] c5t4 ,our trade ) ,spa9 is v mu* r$uc$ ( late ye>s 9 consequ5ce ( ,engl& be+ d5i$ ! advantage ( 8! fav\r$ nation0 clause4 ,block ,pap] & its ,uses4--,j4 ,b4 ,,gausby4--7,b4 #egd47 ,s9ce ! previ\s pap] on ?is subject 0 writt51 !re has be5 no alt]ation 9 ! process ( manufacture1 nor has !re be5 any m>k$ developm5t ( ! trade z a :ole4 ,! manufacture ( panels ( v>i\s ?ickness has increas$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! adoption 9 ! place ( wood1 :]e b5d+ or exposure to v>y+ conditions ( moi/ure are requir$4 ,! great quantities ( trays import$ f ,japan = "s "t *eck$ ! dem& = m\ld$ pap] tray blanks1 b ! dem& is n[ return+4 ,fa%ion has h[ev] dealt less k9dly ) ! manufacture ( slabs 9 blocks = ! purpose ( manufactur+ artificial jet ornam5ts4 ,?is bran* ( ! trade is entirely de/roy$4 ,boil] ,plate & ,gas ,hold]s4--,w4 ,s4 ,,su!rl&4--7,b4 #ic47 ,9 spite ( heavy duties1 boil] & gas app>atus are /ill export$4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s _m types ( tubul> boil]s h be5 introduc$1 b ! "o flut$ or ,corni% boil]1 ! simple egg-end1 & ! ,lanca%ire & d\ble boil] ) cross tubes are mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,mild /eel has be5 introduc$ into boil] mak+ & plate mak+ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 ?\gh x is /ill a conte/$ po9t :e!r x is sup]ior to iron :5 all ?+s are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,x requires to h all rivet holes drill$1 & x mu/ be c>efully anneal$1 ?\gh ! writ] is in=m$ by ,mr4 ,edw9 ,danks1 ( ,oldbury1 t /eel mak]s (t5 pref] to h _! plates ei!r work$ cold or at a r$ heat1 & n 9 ! int]m$iate condition4 ,drill+ ma*9es especially design$ are n[ us$4 ,hydraulic ma*9es ( greatly improv$ con/ruction h come into use = facilitat+ ! op]ations 9 ! boil] y>d4 ,^! ma*9es are portable1 ! wat] be+ suppli$ ?r\gh a flexible tube4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( ! int]nal boil] flues h be5 made to enable !m to resi/ increas$ pressure1 & fur!r to all[ ! expansion & contraction ( ! flue )\t injury4 ,( ^! improvem5ts1 ! mo/ not$ are ,fox's corrugat$ flues1 ! b[l+ r+1 ! flang$ flue1 & ,arnold's flue4 ,an improvem5t introduc$ by ! writ] into boil] plate work+1 is ! sy/em ( weld+ by gas1 adopt$ 9 ,birm+ham by ,messrs4 ,piggott1 & by ,messrs4 ,lloyd & ,lloyd1 = tubul> & o!r "w & appli$ by ,mr4 ,puplett = weld+ plate %eets ( /eel only1 #ab & #ac w4g4 ?ick into ice m\lds4 ,x is f\nd t ! /r5g? ( ! weld equals t ( ! solid plate1 & ! process is a cleanly & conv5i5t "o4 ,hemisph]ical sug> pans ( #h & #i feet diamet] )\t a jo9t are made by ,messrs4 ,piggott1 :o use ?is process4 ,gas ,hold]s4--,s9ce #ahfe mu* l>g] gas hold]s h be5 made4 ,! two design$ by ,mr4 ,hunt1 & rec5tly erect$ at ! ,w9dsor ,/reet ,works1 ,birm+ham1 h ea* a capacity ( #f1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 & are at ! pres5t "t ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,brassf\ndry4--7,b4 #bbe74 ,no important *anges h tak5 place 9 ?is trade s9ce ! la/ report 0 writt54 ,at ,messrs4 ,w9field's & o!r mak]s1 light & elegant 8electroli]s10 = electric light+1 h be5 add$ to ! usual run ( "w4 ,a g5]al *eap5+ ( brass articles has result$ among o!r causes f ! r$uction 9 price ( copp]4 ,9 ! table 7,b4 #bei7 x w be se5 t 9 #ahee copp] 0 #abf a ton1 ! prices s9ce #ahfe1 :5 x 0 #ib1 h be5-- #ahff #hh #ahfg #gh #ahfh #gf #ahfi #ge #ahgj #gj #ahga #ge #ahgb #if #ahgc #ib #ahgd #hg #ahge #hh #ahgf #hb #ahgg #ge #ahgh #fg #ahgi #fc #ahhj #fg #ahha #ff #ahhb #gb #ahhc #fg #ahhd #ei #ahhe #dh ,! increas$ imports f ,am]ica acc\nt = ! fall 9 price1 ! increase 9 ,lake ,sup]ior copp] alone be+ f #be1dci tons 9 #ahhb1 to #ce1jjj 9 #ahhe4ed ,button ,trade4--,j4 ,p4 ,,turn]4--7,b4 #dcb47 ,a fa%ion = cov]$ buttons 9 v>i\s qualities ( mohair or its imitations1 9 diagonal patt]ns1 has prevail$ at home & abroad = "s ye>s4 ,^! are l>gely made 9 ,birm+ham1 b z _m or m are import$ f ,g]many1 :]e ! cov]+ is :olly produc$1 &1 fur!r1 a bett] f9i% to ! buttons is obta9$4 ,vegetable ,ivory or ,c>ozo ,nut ,buttons4--,! ,g]mans produce m beautiful designs & sup]ior f9i% at ! same prices1 & ! ,birm+ham m>kets are n[ almo/ annihilat$4 ,! =eign trade ,birm+ham once _h is ext+ui%$4 ,pe>l ,buttons4--,s9ce #ahfe a new supply ( pe>l %ell has be5 obta9$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/ r\nd ,au/ralia1 & ?is locality is our *ief s\rce ( supply4 ,x is wor? #bjj p] ton = pick$ p>cels1 & ab\t #aej p] ton :5 deliv]$ "h4 ,! be/ ( ?is %ell is equal or ne>ly s to ! be/ ,macass> %ells4 ,panama %ells are n[ f\nd 9 b small quantities1 & in/ead ( only fet*+ #bj to #cj p] ton1 z quot$ 9 #ahfe1 !y are n[ wor? #ej to #gj4 ,glass ,buttons4--,"s fancy glass buttons made 9 ,birm+ham are /ill unsurpass$ 9 /yle1 b ! sale is a limit$ "o4 ,m ?an ev] come f ,bohemia1 :]e !y are bett] made ?an =m]ly1 & equally l[ 9 price4 ,! button trade 9 ,p>is has _h to yield to ,g]man competition equally ) t 9 ,engl&4#ee ,ca/ ,iron & ,holl[ ,w>e4--,w4 ,,k5rick1 ,m4,p4--7,b4 #ajc47 ,s9ce #ahff ! increase 9 ! trade is rem>kable1 & "s important improvem5ts h be5 introduc$ by :i* ! public has obta9$ a v sup]ior article1 at a price q z l[1 if n l[] ?an be=e4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! trade has d\bl$ 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,enamell$ iron w>e has become bett] kn[n & m appreciat$4 ,t5 firms are n[ engag$ 9 ?is manufacture4 ,messrs4 ,baldw91 ( ,/\rport1 h introduc$ & pat5t$ a new process1 :]eby !y claim ! production ( a bett] enamel at a l[] price1 ow+ to ! use ( a s+le coat4 ,?is v>iety is call$ mottl$ enamel w>e4 ,messrs4 ,k5rick 7 ! fir/ 9 ! trade to introduce a cov] /amp$ out ( a s+le piece ( metal )\t rivet or seam1 & ?is 0 manufactur$ "u a pat5t tak5 out by ,mr4 ,ryl& 9 #ahfh4 ,s9ce !n ! adoption ( a solid cov] has ext5d$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! trade4 ,by ano!r pat5t1 ! firm fix$ ! tubul> h&le to ! saucepan by means ( a socket 9 :i* ! tube 0 securely lock$ )\t a rivet4 ,! process ( anneal+ has be5 improv$ by a sav+ ( "t occupi$ 9 ! process4 ,ma*9]y has be5 introduc$ into ! m\ld+ ( holl[-w>e1 ! /amp+ & f9i%+ ( cov]s1 & ! dress+ ( h+es & sa% pulleys4 ,! odd "w :i* comprises mo/ small articles ( ca/ iron us$ by build]s' furni%]s1 c41 has und]gone a great *ange 9 appe>ance1 ow+ to ! introduction ( a new /yle ( f9i% f ,am]ica4 ,a coat ( transp>5t v>ni% is n[ appli$1 ! iron be+ previ\sly poli%$ on ^? p>ts 9 relief1 & ! result is an appe>ance some:at resembl+ antique bronze4 ,?is1 toge!r ) great] lightness & elegance ( design1 has giv5 an impetus to ! trade1 & has l$ to ! introduction ( iron :]e brass 0 previ\sly us$4 ,! fav\rable conditions ( lab\r describ$ 9 #ahff /ill prevail1 ?\gh x may be add$ t progress 9 ?is direction has at lea/ kept pace ) ! advance 9 progress ( manufacture1 & ! great] excell5ce 9 ! w>e produc$4 ,! provisions ( ! ,factory ,acts h long appli$ to ?is indu/ry ) b5eficial results4 ,! h\rs ( lab\r h be5 r$uc$1 & ?anks to ! ,education ,act ( #ahgj1 ! intellig5ce & docility ( ! y\ng] op]atives are _! notable *>act]i/ics4 ,:at is n[ want$ is ! e/abli%m5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art classes :]e ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie processes may be le>nt1 & ! p[] to add beauty ( =m to articles ( utility may be acquir$4 ,:5 ^! bran*es ( te*nical tra9+ are add$ to ! c\rse ( elem5t>y in/ruction 9 our public ,s*ools1 all t is ne$$ to secure ! prosp]ity ( ,briti% indu/ry w h be5 done4 ,! be/ relations z a rule n[ exi/ betwe5 employ]s & employ$2 ! =m] are less exact+ & m sympa!tic1 ! latt] take ju/] views ( ! relation ( capital & lab\r1 & are m ready to co-op]ate ) _! employ]s to a common end4 ,! wid] introduction ( ma*9]y has be5 att5d$ ) ! l>g] employm5t ( female lab\r1 & ?is seems to be an inevitable t5d5cy ( mod]n processes ( manufacture4 ,on ! o!r h& _m m skill$ workm5 are requir$ 9 ! fitt+ & ma*9e %ops1 :i* n[ =m an important dep>tm5t 9 l>ge works ( ! class "h describ$4 ,clocks4--,)9 ! la/ ye> or two a new indu/ry has be5 import$ into ! t[n by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,davies1 =m]ly ( ! ,ansonia ,clock ,company1 ,brooklyn4 ,a company has be5 =m$ "u ! "n ( ! ,briti% ,unit$ ,clock ,company1 ( #cd1 ,f>r+don ,road1 ,london4 ,! works are 9 ,great ,hampton ,/reet1 ,birm+ham4 ,! company make ! r\nd or drum-l "t pieces1 ! works ( :i* are ma*9e-made1 ! p>ts be+ int]*angeable1 & are suppli$ retail at a few %ill+s ea*4 ,co9age4--,,ralph ,,heaton4--7,b4 #eeb74 ,co9+ presses devis$ by a ,g]man nam$ ,uhlhorn1 b manufactur$ & improv$ by ,messrs4 ,heaton1 h be5 suppli$ to ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,! great advantage ( ! new presses is t !y require no f\ndation1 & are sil5t & automatic 9 action4 ,! blanks are dropp$ into a tube1 & ! ma*9e c>ries !m =w>d "o by "o to ! dies1 :]e !y are f9i%$ & fall into a box 9 front ( ! workman4 ,) reg>d to ! manufacture ( blanks1 ,birm+ham has f "t to "t furni%$ ^! to a numb] ( ,/ates1 & is do+ s n[4 ,nickel co9age 7an alloy ( #bj p] c5t4 nickel1 & #hj p] c5t4 copp]7 has be5 suppli$ to ,jamaica 9 p5ce1 half p5ce1 & f>?+s4 ,9 #ahhd1 sev5ty-five tons nickel alloy 7 co9$ = ,s]via1 & an entirely new co9age ( bo? silv] & nickel = ! ,republic ( ,ecuador4 ,at ! pres5t "t 7#ahhf7 ,messrs4 ,heaton are supply+ ,columbia & ,egypt ) nickel co9age4 ,! nickel alloy is an excell5t mat]ial = co9age4 ,9 #ahgb ! ,birm+ham ,m9t deliv]$ silv] blanks to ! ,royal ,m9t1 = a co9age ( ! nom9al value ( #a1jjj1jjj4 ,?is 0 complet$ 9 six mon?s4 ,! lett] ,h bel[ ! date w be f\nd on _m ( ! bronze co9s 9 circulation2 ?is implies t ! co9s 7 /ruck at ! ,birm+ham ,m9t4 ,at ! "t ( _! introduction 9 #ahge1 x 0 suppos$ t an ext5sive gang ( =g]s 7 at "w1 & ! m9t au?orities 7 communicat$ ) by an anonym\s writ]1 :o /at$ t ! c\nt]feit co9s c\ld be di/+ui%$ by ! small lett] ,h bel[ ! date4 ,messrs4 ,heaton h suppli$ co9s to no less ?an #ci /ates or au?orities4 ,9 #ahfh1 ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t ord]$ five million lire 9 pieces ( #aj c5times2 & 9 consid]ation ( ! satisfactory mann] 9 :i* ?is & o!r co9ages _h be5 c>ri$ out1 8 maje/y1 ,k+ ,victor ,emmanuel1 conf]r$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood on ! firm4 ,electric ,light+4--,,h5ry ,,lea1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4--,! p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s foll[+ ! la/ ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,birm+ham1 9 ! ye> #ahfe1 0 devoid ( any und]tak+s 9 electric light+1 o!r ?an 9 ! direction ( ! application ( p[]ful arc lights = ligh?\se purposes1 z practis$ by ,messrs4 ,*ance ,bros41 ( ,spon ,lane1 ne> ,birm+ham1 :o1 beg9n+ 9 #ahfb ) app>atus hav+ optical adju/m5ts = electric arc lights ( small p[]1 proce$$ to introduce m & m p[]ful lights1 ( :i* ! ,s\t] ,po9t revolv+ light ( ! #bnd & #crd ord] built 9 #ahgj1 ! ,s\? ,=el&s fix$ lights1 two 9 numb]1 & ( ! #crd ord]1 built 9 ! same ye>2 ! ,sydney ,heads light ( ! #a/ ord] & ( #aa1jjj c&le p[]1 built 9 #ahhj2 & ! fla%+ light at ,t9o1 ne> ,spezia1 a lamp ( ! #bnd ord]1 f9i%$ 9 #ahhe1 are examples %ew+ ! great progress made dur+ ! p]iod ref]r$ to4 ,! ,sydney ,heads light is said to be ! lead+ light ( ! _w4 ,! motive p[] employ$ = x is ! ,otto sil5t gas eng9e4 ,! c>bons are #bc millimetres1 or upw>ds ( 9 dia4 ,p>ticul>s ( ^! und]tak+s w be f\nd 9 a special pap] ^u ,ligh?\se ,"w 9 ano!r "p ( ?is volume4 ,! fir/ application ( arc light+ = ord9>y bus9ess purposes 9 ?is di/rict is believ$ to be t ( ! ,birm+ham ,h\sehold ,supply ,association ,limit$1 :i* 0 fix$ 9 ! ye> #ahhj-a "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! writ]1 :o employ$ a pair ( #h #ab ,horizontal ,tangye ,eng9es to drive a ,bru% ,dynamo work+ sixte5 arc lamps4 ,among/ o!r examples ( arc light+ subsequ5tly put d[n may be nam$ ^? at ,messrs4 ,br[n ,m>%alls ,co4's ,c>riage ,works at ,saltley1 ,messrs4 ,john ,wilkes & ,sons' ,roll+ ,mills 9 ,liv]pool ,/reet1 ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co4's ,%[ ,rooms1 9 ,ne:all ,/reet1 ! ,new ,briti% ,iron ,co4's ,works at ,corngreaves1 ! ,l[] ,gr\nds at ,a/on ,p>k1 & ,messrs4 ,cadbury ,bros4' ,cocoa ,manufactory1 ne> ,birm+ham1 ! latt] be+ only v rec5tly />t$ ^u ! ,gul*] sy/em4 ,! inc&esc5t or gl[ electric lamp1 fir/ made its appe>ance ^u a l>ge scale 9 ,birm+ham1 9 ! ye> #ahhb1 :5 ! ,birm+ham ,t[n ,hall 0 successfully illum9at$ = ! ,tri5nial ,musical ,fe/ival1 by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,w4 ,w9field & ,co41 :o _h alli$ !mselves ) ,messrs4 ,r4 ,e4 ,crompton & ,co41 ( ,*elms=d1 = electric light+ und]tak+s4 ,?is in/allation 0 e/abli%$ "u ! writ]'s sup]9t5d5ce1 & consi/$ ( #ddj ,swan gl[ lamps1 susp5d$ f ornam5tal p5dants plac$ ar\nd ! walls ( ! ,hall1 a *amb] hav+ v ne>ly ! proportions ( a d\ble cube1 & measur+ #afe;ft4 #fe;ft4 #fe;ft4 high4 ,v>i\s lamps 9 o!r rooms rais$ ! numb] to #ejj4 ,cables 7 laid und]nea? ! /reets1 = a di/ance ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile1 to ! works ( ,messrs4 ,w9field & ,co41 9 ,cambridge /reet1 :]e n9e ,brg9 ,dynamos1 sep>ately excit$ by two simil> ma*9es1 7 employ$ to g5]ate ! electricity1 ! motive p[] be+ ! old roll+ mill eng9e1 f ! fly:eel ( :i* a belt convey$ ! motion to ! electric ma*9]y4 ,?is :eel1 be+ #be;ft4 diamet]1 weigh+ ab\t #be tons1 & revolv+ #ej times p] m9ute1 af=d$ a s\rce ( motion1 ! /ead9ess ( :i* left no?+ to be desir$4 ,! m>k$ diff]5ce ( temp]ature 9 ! ,t[n ,hall dur+ ! ev5+ p]=mances1 z comp>$ ) ! previ\s use ( gas--#gj at ! ceil+ in/ead ( #aaj--0 fully appreciat$ by ! l>ge audi5ces ( t fe/ival4 ,subsequ5tly ! numb] ( lamps 0 increas$ to upw>ds ( #fjj1 by ! addition ( two p5dants4 ,! same means ( illum9ation 7 us$ = ! #ahhe ,tri5nial ,fe/ival1 z well z on _m occasions ( conc]ts1 etc4 ,! :ole plant /ill rema9s ! prop]ty ( ,messrs4 ,w9field & ,co4 ,^u some:at simil> l9es ! same firm fitt$ up ! ,le$s ,t[n ,hall1 = ! ,fe/ival ( #ahhc1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! :ole ( ! light 0 d]iv$ f p5dants susp5d$ f ! ceil+ by /eel wire ropes4 ,! ma*9]y 9 ?is case 0 also situat$ ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhb1 ,messrs4 ,elwell1 ,p>k]1 & ,co41 comm5c$ electrical bus9ess 9 ,wolv]hampton1 ) second>y or /orage batt]ies con/ruct$ ^u a modification ( ! ,plant me?od ( manufacture4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ! same firm began to make dynamos = *>g+ _! batt]ies1 s9ce :i* "t ! output has increas$1 & n[ am\nts to a total ( ab\t #ejj dynamos1 besides sev]al ?\s&s ( /orage cells1 ! latt] be+ n[ made "u ! jo9t ,pat5ts ( ! ,wolv]hampton ,firm1 & ! ,electrical ,p[] ,/orage ,co41 ,limit$1 ( ,london4 ,! ,london ,/ock ,ex*ange1 ,lloyd's ,%ipp+ ,(fices1 ! ,man*e/] ,art ,gall]y1 ,"l ,%rewsbury's seat at ,+e/re ,hall1 ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire ,railway ,co41 ! ,blackpool ,electric ,tramway1 ! ,giants' ,causeway ,electric ,tramway1 ! ,cannock ,*ase ,colli]y1 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y & _m o!r e/abli%m5ts are light$ or work$ by means ( dynamos manufactur$ by ! ,wolv]hampton firm4 ,among/ in/allations set up 9 ,birm+ham "u ! writ]'s sup]9t5d5ce may be m5tion$ ! ,!atre ,royal1 9 ,new ,/reet1 & ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,!atre1 9 ,broad ,/reet1 9 ea* ( :i* ! plant consi/s ( a #af-;,h4,p4 ,otto sil5t gas eng9e1 driv+ a #cjj light ,f]ranti alt]nate curr5t dynamo ) a ,siem5's excit]1 & ) appliances at ! prompt side = l[]+ or turn+ out ! light at w4 #bjj lights are run v brightly ) an exp5diture ( ab\t #hjj cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,a simil> numb] ( ord9>y gas burn]s w\ld require f #a1jjj to #a1bjj cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,! ,birm+ham ,lib]al ,club1 9 ,congreve ,/reet1 ano!r example1 has #afj lamps :i* are work$ f a #aj-unit comp\nd dynamo1 made by ,messrs4 ,crompton & ,co41 ( ,*elms=d1 ! motive p[] be+ a #ab-;,h4,p4 comp\nd /eam eng9e1 by ,messrs4 ,m>%all1 ,sons1 & ,co41 ,limit$1 ( ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,?is ma*9e is an excell5t specim5 ( a self-regulat+ dynamo1 ! commutator n hav+ be5 t\*$ ) any?+ co>s] ?an well-worn em]y clo? s9ce ,febru>y la/1 its surface pres5t+ a highly-poli%$ appe>ance4 ,no /orage cells are us$1 ! light+ be+ d]iv$ directly f ! ma*9e4 ,9 ! suburbs1 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,mit*ell1 ,hagley ,road1 ,edgba/on1 has ab\t #dj lights1 & is work$ f a #b-;,h4,p4 ,otto sil5t gas eng9e1 & a #b-unit ,crompton %unt-w\nd dynamo1 *>g+ #bd /orage cells ( ! ,e4,p4,s4 7,electrical ,p[] ,/orage ,co4's7 type4 ,! writ]'s h\se1 #g1 ,cl>5don ,road1 ,edgba/on1 is also electrically light$ by #bd ,e4,p4,s4 cells1 *>g$ by a #cj-light ,*amb]la9 ,hookham dynamo1 work$ f a -,h4,p4 ,otto gas eng9e4 ,messrs4 ,*amb]la9 ,hookham began1 a few ye>s ago1 ! manufacture ( dynamos hav+ p]man5t /eel magnets1 b !y subsequ5tly adopt$ ! m usual type ( electro-magnetic ma*9es4 ,p>ticul>s are n to h& ( ?is firm's "w1 b ! resid5ces ( ,messrs4 ,walt] ,*amb]la9 & ,h]b]t ,*amb]la9 are among/ ! examples ( dome/ic electric light+ c>ri$ out by ! firm1 ^: att5tion1 h[ev]1 has be5 direct$ pr9cipally to ! manufacture ( dynamos = electro-deposit+ purposes1 :]e v heavy curr5ts ( l[ electro-motive =ce are requir$4 ,! public supply ( electricity 0 9 #ahhb-c ! subject ( mu* att5tion on ! "p ( ,messrs4 ,w9field ,crompton1 "u ^: auspices ! ,inc&esc5t ,electric ,light+ ,co4 ,ld4 0 regi/]$4 ,an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 obta9$1 & plans & e/imates 7 made by ! writ] = light+ a l>ge di/rict 9 ,birm+ham f c5tral /ations4 ,c>efully collect$ /ati/ics ( ! gas consumption 9 ! propos$ di/rict af=d$ "s int]e/+ in=mation1 su* z1 = in/ance1 t ! av]age co/ ( gas p] burn] p] annum1 call$ ! burn] e>n+s1 v>i$ f #b;d4 to #dc_/f p] burn] p] annum1 & %[$ a mean e>n+ = ! :ole di/rict ( #aj_/b p] burn] p] annum1 ! av]age price ( gas be+ ab\t #b_/c p] #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,f v>i\s causes1 *ief among/ !m be+ ! adv]se re/rictions ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,act ( #ahhb1 ! op]ations ( ! ,company h rema9$ 9 abeyance4 ,! ,birm+ham ,act is1 h[ev]1 /ill 9 =ce1 & %\ld ! ef=ts :i* are n[ be+ made = ! removal or sub/antial modification ( ! obnoxi\s clauses ( ! ,act meet ) ! desir$ success1 ,birm+ham may yet enjoy ! advantages ( a public supply ( electric light1 ! luxury ( :i* only ^? :o h liv$ 9 an electrically light$ h\se c fully appreciate4 ,fl9t ,glass ,manufacture ( ,birm+ham4--,a4 ,c4 ,,osl]4--7,b4 #ebf47 ,fur!r inv5tions h be5 made ) reg>d to furnaces4 ,frisby's pat5t1 ! fuel ins]t$ f bel[1 in/ead ( be+ ?r[n on ! top ( ! fire1 has met ) "s am\nt ( fav\r1 hav+ be5 adopt$ by sev]al ,/\rbridge h\ses4 ,btius's pat5t1 by :i* ! e>li] /ages ( combu/ion take place bel[ ! floor ( ! furnace1 & a curr5t ( heat$ air is suppli$ to complete ! combu/ion z ! inflammable gases pass ?r\gh an op5+ 9 its floor into ! furnace itself1 has n[ be5 9 use at ,messrs4 ,osl]'s = _m ye>s4 ,! process ( et*+ by hydr(luoric acid1 has be5 l>gely develop$ z a means ( ornam5t+ glass1 & has to a l>ge ext5t sup]s$$ engrav+4 ,highly arti/ic designs are produc$ by a comb9ation ( et*+ & engrav+4 ,me*anical me?ods are adopt$ 9 produc+ _m effective bord]s4 ,among new inv5tions = ! ornam5tation ( glass1 %\ld be m5tion$ ! process ( 8?read+10 t is1 ! surr\nd+ & p>tial cov]+ ( a body ( glass ( "o col\r ) a cont9u\s ?read ( glass ( ano!r col\r1 by :i* _m beautiful effects ( v>y+ & ton$ col\r are produc$4 ,rec5t ye>s h also se5 ! revival ( :at is t]m$ cameo cutt+ on glass4 ,a body ( glass be+ =m$ ( lay]s ( diff]5t col\rs1 ! out] lay] or lay]s are p>tially remov$ by eat+ away by hydr(luoric acid1 & ! rema9+ portions are !n wr\ght into designs ) ! *isel or grav]4 ,a reproduction ( ! ,portl& ,vase is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( ?is reviv$ art1 :i* (f]s excell5t opportunity = ! comb9ation ( lu/r\s col\rs ( v>i$ hue ) delicate & exquisite ornam5tation4 ,m>k$ progress has be5 made 9 ! production ( col\r$ glass1 =m]ly almo/ a monopoly ( ! ,bohemian mak]s4 ,h+es ( ,wr\ght ,iron4--,f4 ,e4 ,,m>t9eau4--7,b4 #faj47 ,mat]ial consum$ at "t ( ,briti% ,association ,meet+1 9 #ahdi1 0 ab\t #gjj tons2 9 #ahfe1 ab\t #b1ejj tons1 & ?is ye>1 #ahhf1 ab\t #c1ejj tons p] annum4 ,9 #ahfe1 ab\t #cjj p 7 employ$ 9 ! trade1 !re are n[ ab\t #chj4 ,/rip /eel has to a c]ta9 ext5t replac$ /rip iron 9 ! manufacture4 ,hydraulic ,ma*9]y4--,,messrs4 ,,tangye4--7,b4 #fdg47 ,! ,cornwall ,works h rapidly ext5d$1 n[ occupy+ six times ! area cov]$ 9 #ahfe4 #b1jjj m5 are employ$4 ,9 addition to hydraulic ma*9]y1 /eam eng9es1 ma*9e tools1 ma*9]y = gas works1 pat5t retort lids1 gas /ok+ & *>g+ ma*9es1 gas eng9es ( a novel & economical type1 /eam boil]s ( all k9ds1 & fix$ & portable /eam cranes are manufactur$4 ,^! works w n[ turn out p] mon? #bjj /eam pump+ eng9es1 #dj /eam boil]s1 #ajj /eam eng9es us$ = o!r purposes ?an pump+1 #hjj cranes1 crabs1 & lift+ app>atus4 #cjj hydraulic presses1 lifts1 & jacks4 #e1jjj complete sets ( pulley blocks1 & #a1jjj gas retort m\?-pieces & lids4 ,jewell]y4--,,john ,,bragg4 7,b4 #deb74--;,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,trade4--,?is g5]al title includes a numb] ( s call$ 8,trades0 :i* appe> 9 ! ,directory "u sep>ate heads4 ,x cov]s n only gold & silv] 8,jewell]s10 b gold & silv] *a9 mak]s1 gilt1 plat$1 & black ornam5t jewell]s1 z well z all ^? subsidi>y bran*es :i* exi/ solely = ! g5]al trade1 su* = in/ance z lapid>ies1 /one deal]s1 gold cutt]s1 *as]s1 engrav]s1 jewell]s' die s9k]s1 tool mak]s & /amp]s1 enamell]s1 case mak]s1 & also jewell]y factors4 ,9 sev]al l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 _m ( ^! sep>ate dep>tm5ts are c>ri$ on )9 ! walls & "u "o c5tral managem5t4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice ,directory = #ahhe gives #a1abc ma/]-m5 ?us engag$ 9 ,birm+ham4 ,to ^! h[ev] mu/ be add$ a l>ge numb] ( 8g>ret0 ma/]s or 8out work]s0 ^: names d n s appe>1 & :o employ p]haps only "o1 two1 or ?ree p]sons ea*4 ,x is e/imat$ t #ad1jjj to #af1jjj p]sons are actively employ$ 9 ?is trade 9 ,birm+ham1 :ile probably #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj are locally dep5d5t ^u x4 ,! am\nt ( capital "h engag$ 9 x is enorm\s1 &1 )\t d\bt1 l>g] ?an any o!r di/9ct & sep>ate trade ( ! t[n4 ,! manufacture is /ill1 z at la/ report1 aggregat$ 9 "o locality1 ?\gh x is ext5d+ its area4 ,! c5tral po9t is ne> to :]e ,w>/one ,lane is cross$ by ,nor?ampton ,/reet or ,vyse ,/reet4 ,,lab\r ,,& ,,wages4--,! increase ( female lab\r1 p>ticul>ly 9 silv] jewell]y & 9 w>eh\se duties1 is v consid]able1 & has t5d$ to keep d[n ! wages ( m54 ,/ill1 ^! h ris5 to v high po9ts 9 seasons ( prosp]ity1 & ev5 9 ! pres5t "t ( depress$ prices1 a skill$ j\rneyman jewell] e>ns ) 8 own h&s #cjs4 to #des4 p] week ( ab\t #ed h\rs4 ,a trade society exi/s1 b no?+ approa*+ to a 8/rike0 is possible1 because ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( dep>tm5ts1 ! con/ant *ange ( patt]ns1 & ! habit ( ea* workman agree+ p]sonally ) 8 employ] or =eman z to prices ( piece "w4 ,mo/ ( ! manufactories are well v5tilat$1 ! newly built ones be+ l>ge & commodi\s 9 e respect4 ,,bullion ,,us$4--,an e/imate has be5 made by ^? mo/ compet5t to judge z to ! value ( gold & silv] us$ by ?is trade 9 ,birm+ham p] annum4 ,tak+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s z a basis1 x seems probable t ! annual consumption ( gold "h is ab\t #gej1jjj1 & ( silv] 7at ! pres5t l[ price7 f #cjj1jjj to #cej1jjj4 ,"o l>ge manufactur] ( silv] jewell]y has1 )9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 us$ upw>ds ( #c1jjj oz4 ( f9e silv] p] week4 ,sov]eigns are /ill ext5sively us$ to melt in/ead ( gra9 gold4 ,x may be ask$1 8,:y melt sov]eigns :5 gold1 comm]cially pure1 c be _h f ! deal]s )\t pay+ co/s ( m9t+80 ,! answ] is3 ! co/ ( m9t+ is s small t aga9/ ! o!r advantages atta*+ to ! practice1 x is ( no acc\nt4 ,^! advantages are--#a/1 ! gra9 gold ( comm]ce _c be reli$ ^u = absolute fre$om f accid5tal or sup]flu\s alloy2 & #bnd1 t o!r qualities1 su* z uni=m h>dness1 t5acity1 & ductility--( ! utmo/ importance to "s bran*es ( ! trade--are ensur$ by us+ !m4 ,! metallurgical sci5ce & te*nical skill ( our national assay]s & melt]s at ! m9t1 are !re=e freely us$ by our manufactur]s to enable !m to alloy to ! utmo/ nicety1 & yet ) a c]ta9ty ( _! goods1 :5 made1 pass+ ! 8,hall40 ,?is1 !re=e1 is a "q ( economy4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,trade4--,! imm5sely increas$ production ( silv] jewell]y has t5d$ to almo/ oblit]ate two dep>tm5ts :i* tw5ty-five ye>s ago 7 ( l>ge proportions--viz41 ! gilt & ! plat$ jewell]y trades4 ,! workm5 9 ^! bran*es h mo/ly turn$ _! h&s to silv] work+4 ,notice mu/ be tak5 ( "s new developm5ts1 :i* h become practically new trades to ! t[n4 ,! manufacture ( co/ly (ficial insignia1 su* z mayoral *a9s1 municipal badges1 pres5tation caskets1 gold & silv] c]emonial keys1 c41 is new s9ce la/ report4 ,m ?an sev5ty su* mayoral *a9s h be5 made "h s9ce !n4 ,! manufacture ( wat* cases 9 gold & silv]1 b p>ticul>ly 9 silv]1 is also a new & v consid]able trade1 employ+ hundr$s ( p4 ,n few] ?an #fj1jjj to #hj1jjj silv] wat* cases p] annum are n[ turn$ out f ,birm+ham manufactories4 ,ano!r new trade1 ?\gh at pres5t n a l>ge "o1 is diamond cutt+1 b !re is no reason :y x %\ld n become an important bus9ess "h4 ,,arti/ic ,,progress4--,h[ f> ! trade has l$ or has foll[$ public ta/e x is impossible to say1 b t a g5]al improvem5t has tak5 place is und5iable4 ,9 place ( ! huge bracelets1 broo*es1 e>r+s1 & lockets ( tw5ty ye>s ago1 we n[ h small & elegant articles ( ! mo/ ta/eful designs4 ,ev5 su* jewell]y z is produc$ greatly by ! aid ( ma*9]y1 = ! sake ( *eapness1 is (t5 *>act]is$ by p]fect /yle4 ,silv] broo*es may be b\ght :olesale = "o %ill+ ea* :i* w\ld n disgrace any we>] ( ! mo/ ref9$ ta/e4 ,9 ! gold trade also1 ! productions = ! great middle classes are equally neat & comm5dable1 bo? z to =m & detail ( decoration4 ,! great] use ( gems1 bo? 9 gold & silv] jewell]y1 is a di/9ct feature ( pres5t requirem5ts4 ,a mo/ rem>kable evid5ce ( ! above /atem5ts is af=d$ by "o bran* ( ! trade1 :i* n[ exports to ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l& goods 9 l>ge & increas+ quantities1 w9n+ its way by /yle z well z price aga9/ ! be/ mak]s ( ! ,cont95t4 ,comp>$ ) ! l classes & prices ( goods tw5ty ye>s ago1 !re is no d\bt b t beauty ( design is greatly improv$2 nor c !re be a d\bt ei!r b t our ,national ,art ,tea*+ has *iefly contribut$ to ! improvem5t4 ,,*emi/ry4--,*emi/ry has consid]ably improv$ ! v>i\s processes 9 :i* its aid c be appli$4 ,alloy+ is m skilfully & exactly p]=m$4 ,! art ( melt+ is bett] und]/ood4 8,color+0 7:i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) 8gild+07 is n[ c>ri$ to a pit* ( rem>kable excell5ce4 ,at date ( la/ report1 ?is1 :i* is a purely *emical process1 0 done )\t mu* intellig5ce1 & no?+ l[] ?an #ae c>at gold c\ld be ) c]ta9ty s f9i%$4 ,b n[ ^? :o devote !mselves specially to ?is bran* ( "w1 c produce a beautiful 8color0 on #ab c>at gold4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be /at$1 t ^u ! l[] quality1 su* bloom & ri* col\r is fugitive1 :ile ^u ! high] qualities x is p]man5t4 ,gild+ by electric processes is done ) increas$ economy & skill4 ,p>cel gild+1 oxydis+1 & gild+ ) v>i\s color$ alloys 9 solution1 are c>ri$ to a high pit* ( excell5ce4 ,! *emical treatm5t ( wa/e1 su* z %op sweep+s1 & ! wat] us$ = wa%+ ( h&s is mu* improv$4 ,9 ! bus9ess ( ref9+1 sc>cely any?+ is lo/4 ,,me*anical ,,conditions4--,s mu* dep5ds1 & w always dep5d ^u skill$ h&icraft 9 ! ,jewell]y trades1 t !re is n mu* to record 9 ! way ( me*anical progress4 ,/ill1 9 "s tools !re are notable improvem5ts4 ,! +5uity manife/$ 9 ! me*anical production ( gold & silv] 8p>ts10 to be aft]w>ds put toge!r into great v>ieties ( patt]ns1 is rem>kable4 8,s& bla/0 is a new me*anical means us$ = produc+ ! ri* dead surface s mu* admir$ on gold & silv]4 ,! la!1 draw b5*1 die /amp1 & press1 effect mu* m ?an !y did = ! trade #bj ye>s ago4 ,gas eng9es are n[ commonly us$1 ev5 9 small %ops4 ,,preci\s ,,/ones4--,! gem & preci\s /one bus9ess toge!r ) t ( ! lapid>y =m a mo/ important elem5t ( ! jewell]y trade4 ,we h "s #ce local /one deal]s & lapid>ies4 ,besides ^!1 ,birm+ham is visit$ con/antly by deal]s f ,london1 ,p>is1 ,hamburg1 & else:]e1 :o d l>ge trades "h4 ,diamonds & o!r gems 9 ! r\gh are also sold "h increas+ly4 ,comp>$ ) date ( la/ report1 ! sales ( diamonds & o!r gems to ! trade 9 ?is t[n is probably tw5ty times l>g]4 ,s+le firms w ea* buy & m\nt up #bj1jjj or #be1jjj wor? ( gems 9 a ye>4 ,x is n[ a recognis$ & di/9ct "n ( ?is bran* ( ! trade1 8,diamond & ,gem ,m\nt]10 & ! ,directory gives ab\t #be ( ^? :o d n ord9>ily int]f]e ) o!r jewell]y4 ,_m ,birm+ham factors n[ c>ry magnific5t /ocks ( diamond goods manufactur$ "h1 :i* 0 n ! case tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,,prices ,,& ,,*eapness4--,any comp>ative notes :i* did n recognise ! *eapness ( mod]n jewell]y w\ld be incomplete4 ,?is *eapness is a real ?+ & n a delusion4 ,g5u9e gold & silv] broo*es1 r+s1 bracelets1 c4 set ) gems1 are n[ (f]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 at prices :i* (t5 cause d\bts ( _! quality4 ,gold1 x is true1 rema9s at ! same /&>d value2 b silv] is "o-fif? l[] 9 price4 ,sev]al causes h act$ toge!r1 result+ 9 ?is consid]able r$uction 9 retail sell+ prices ( bo? gold & silv] goods4 ,fir/1 workm5's prices are mu* l[]1 al?\gh _! total weekly e>n+s are n mat]ially alt]$4 ,?is is effect$ by me*anical improvem5ts2 by ! l>g] quantities ( "o patt]n made at once2 & by ! employm5t ( girls & y\?s "u m54 ,secondly1 ! rates ( pr(it realis$ by manufactur]1 factor1 & %opkeep] are l[]4 ,la/ly1 diamonds & "s o!r gems ext5sively us$ are mu* l[] 9 price1 especially _! second & ?ird qualities1 ?an at date ( la/ report4 ,,di/ribution4--z a rule1 manufactur+ jewell]s nei!r cultivate trade ) %opkeep]s nor ) ! private pur*as]1 b sell to ! factors1 or middle m54 ,a factor sees all _! /ocks1 select+ f ea* to compose 8 own1 & s (f]s a bett] v>iety to ! %opkeep]s ?r\gh\t ! k+dom ?an c\ld o!rwise be done4 ,!re are 9 ,birm+ham ab\t fifty ( su* factors4 ,b ! l9e ( dem>cation is some:at indef9ite1 because _m ( !m manufacture c]ta9 specialities = !mselves4 ,/ill ! sy/em is ! be/ "u pres5t circum/ances1 & works on ! :ole to ! mutual good ( all p>ties4 ,! factors 9 ,london1 & m]*ants g5]ally1 are also l>ge pur*as]s f ,birm+ham manufactur]s4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice is ! *ief eng9e ( di/ribution = small p>cels1 & all little ord]s & repairs4 ,two private firms1 h[ev]1 d a consid]able bus9ess by collect+1 ?r\gh ag5ts1 9 ,london1 ,cov5try1 & ,birm+ham1 small jewell]y p>cels1 convey+ !m by rail1 & !n deliv]+ !m v quickly & *eaply 9 ^? t[ns4 ,! losses are practically nil1 al?\gh p]fect %oals ( su* little packages are despat*$ & deliv]$ daily by ^! means1 toge!r ) ! railways4 ,ligh?\se ,app>atus4--,j4 ,,k5w>d4--7,b4 #aec74 ,! ,ligh?\se ,works ( ,*ance ,bro!rs & ,co41 ,spon ,lane1 ne> ,birm+ham1 are ! only works ( ! k9d 9 ! k+dom4 ,! improvem5ts s9ce #ahfe may be not$ "u3 7#a7 ! optical ag5ts1 7#b7 ! lamps & burn]s ) ! illum9ant or fuel us$ 9 !m1 7#c7 ! me*anical appliances4 ,! six orig9al ord]s ( optical app>atus di/+ui%$ by _! radii & height are no long] ! only types4 ,!re is ! hyp]-radial fir/ ord] l5s1 ^: focal di/ance is #a1ccj millimetres1 & diamet] ab\t #ajd in*es1 ! usual fir/ ord] be+ ab\t #gb in*es diamet]1 & !re are sev]al v>ieties bel[ ! #f? ord] ^: radius is #aej mm4 ,( ^! ! ,%ip ,light introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,*ance ) a focal di/ance ( #abe mm41 is ! mo/ important4 ,v>i\s new arrangem5ts ( cond5s+ lights :]e f "o flame1 c]ta9 sea sectors are /rongly illum9at$ by means ( v]tical prisms1 :ile o!r sectors are less int5sely light$1 h be5 adopt$ ) signal success1 z h also sev]al special designs :]e a col\r$ & a :ite beam ( equal int5sity are conc]n$4 ,! new l5ses = port & h>b\r lights1 & ^? us$ ) ! electric arc on bo>d vessels ( w> = se>* purposes1 introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,*ance1 may be nam$4 ,! pres5t two mo/ p[]ful lights 9 ! _w are ! ,macqu>ie at ,sydney ,heads 7a revolv+ electric light ( ! fir/ ord]7 & ! ,t9o ne> ,spezia1 a revolv+ electric light ( ! second ord]4 ,9 bo? a s+le optical ag5t is employ$1 & c>bons f #ae to #be mm4 diamet]4 ,ano!r improvem5t is ! %ip light l5s design$ to give adequate int5sity & p5etrat+ p[] 9 a vessel's signal lights1 especially h] side lights1 :]eby an increas$ lum9\s range c be secur$ & ! risk ( collision greatly less5$4 ,! v]tical angle subt5d$ by l5ticul> refract+ app>atus has be5 increas$ f #de & #dg to #hj1 & ev5 by ! use ( d5se fl9t glass to #ib4 ,9 ?is way ! normal p[] ( ! c5tral or l5s portion ( a light1 always two-?irds ( ! :ole p[]1 has be5 s augm5t$ t x is f\nd advisable to disp5se ) ! prisms bo? upp] & l[]1 & to dep5d on ! refractors alone4 ,:5 high] degrees ( int5sity are ne$$1 a second ti] ( l5ses c be sup]pos$ on ! fir/1 & a ?ird & f\r? add$1 a sep>ate flame be+ 9 ! focus ( ea* ti]4 ,?is has be5 done by ,mr4 ,wigham1 ( ,dubl91 ) gas flames1 & by ,sir ,james ,d\glas ) oil flames4 ,! two great divisions ( ligh?\se app>atus into fix$ sections & revolv+ sections h be5 ext5d$4 ,?us ! old fix$ light1 ! revolv+ light ) equally recurr+ s+le fla%es1 ! composite fix$ & fla%+ light1 always objectionable f its unequal p[]1 h be5 supplem5t$ by ! occult+ light1 & ! gr\p fla%+ light :i* la/ 0 design$ by ,dr4 ,john ,hopk9son1 & fir/ con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,*ance4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! beams are s5t out 9 gr\ps1 ea* beam ( ! gr\p be+ sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a %ort int]val ( "t1 & ea* gr\p by a long] int]val4 ,! lights on a coa/ c ?us be di/+ui%$ by _! s+le fla%1 d\ble fla%1 or triple fla%4#ef ,,illum9ants ,,& ,,burn]s4--,m9]al oil has be5 introduc$1 & special burn]s design$ 9 ord] to burn x4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! old colza oil burn]s 7kn[n z ,fresnel burn]s7 has an int5sity ( #bcj c&le units1 or #bcf c&le units p] squ>e in*1 :ile a simil> burn] = p>aff9 has be5 report$ z af=d+ #dae c&le units1 or #ddc units4 ,! late/ develop$ ,trimley burn] ( ,sir ,james ,d\glas1 ) n9e conc5tric wicks1 gives #dih units4 ,! oil us$ has a fla%+ po9t ( #aed ,f4 ,! av]age co/ ( m9]al oil is "o-f\r? t ( vegetable oil4 ,gas is also freely employ$1 & 9 ! #ajh-;jet burn] ( ,mr4 ,wigham x has atta9$ a p[] ( #b1dcc c&les1 & 9 ! #aj-r+ burn] ( ,sir ,james ,d\glas1 a p[] ( #b1fai c&les4 ,beyond ! highe/ rea* ( oil or gas burn]s1 say #b1ejj or #b1fjj c&les1 is ! electric arc giv+ an int5sity ( beam ( t5 millions ( c&les4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale is ! duplex burn]1 :i*1 ) ! new ,*ance l5ses1 is available 9 ! smalle/ app>atus = a horizon ( f sev5 to t5 miles4 ,! ,spon ,lane ,ligh?\se ,works h be5 ext5d$ greatly s9ce ! la/ visit ( ! ,association4 ,! unique me?ods ( gr9d+ & poli%+ ! optical glass h n be5 mat]ially *ang$1 b ! numb] & v>iety ( ma*9es h be5 l>gely increas$4 ,9 ! me*anical %ops !re is n[ a complete outillage = turn+1 drill+1 %ap+1 screw+1 c41 applicable to all ! old designs & processes1 & also ! new] bran*es introduc$ s9ce #ahfe4 ,!re are ab\t #bjj workpeople employ$1 _m ) consummate skill & intellig5ce1 z may be assum$ f ! precise & highly f9i%$ "w 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,at ?is date ab\t #bfj complete sea lights & ab\t #cjj complete h>b\r lights h be5 s5t out1 toge!r ) ab\t #bjj small] port lights & ab\t #cgj ( ! rec5tly design$ %ip lights4 ,v /rik+ specim5s ( optical sci5ce h be5 contribut$ by ,messrs4 ,*ance1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! li/ ( dioptric lights !y h suppli$ ar\nd our own coa/s1 ( :i* ,! ,long%ips1 ! ,wolf ,rock1 ! ,flambor\gh ,head1 ! ,h>tl& ,po9t1 ! ,/>t ,po9t1 ! ,s\? ,/ack ,rock1 ,! ,casquets1 ,bull ,po9t1 ,anvil ,po9t1 ! ,eddy/one1 & _m o!rs are examples4 ,mr4 ,k5w>d w be glad to give fur!r in=mation to any memb] ( ! ,association :o may take an int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,locks & ,lock ,mak+4--,j4 ,c4 ,,tildesley4--7,b4 #gg47 ,! price ( *eap padlocks is /ill l[]4 ,iron padlocks ( ! *eape/ class are n[ be+ made 9 ?is di/rict 7,will5hall7 & deliv]$ free 9 ,bombay & ,calcutta1 at fivep5ce halfp5ny p] doz56 ,9 ref]5ce to ! table 7,b4 #hi71 ! numb] ( employ]s may be set d[n z #ajj less 7t is #cej7 & at lea/ #a1jjj mu/ be d$uct$ f ! total numb] ( workpeople1 br++ x to ab\t #c1iej4 ,! production ( locks 9 ! di/rict may n[ be comput$ at #be1jjj doz5s p] week1 z aga9/ #ca1ejj doz5s p] week1 z e/imat$ 9 #ahfe4 ,! r$uctions be+ *iefly 9 ! pad1 cab9et1 *e/1 & till dep>tm5ts1 :i* are be+ driv5 h>d by ,am]ica & cont95tal competition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 door locks 7rim1 dead1 mortice1 & drawback7 are be+ made 9 l>g] quantities ?an ev]1 & are be+ sold at prices :i* w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z fabul\s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! av]age e>n+s ( locksmi?s are #ae to #bj p] c5t4 less ?an ! figures giv5 at 7,b4 #hi47 ,am]ican competition 9 ca/+s has1 s f> z ! lock trade is conc]n$1 consid]ably dim9i%$ s9ce #ahfe4 ,by gr9d+ ,engli% s& to ! f95ess ( fl\r1 & by ! adoption ( ,pla/] ( ,p>is m\lds & improv$ me?ods ( ca/+1 transatlantic supremacy ov] ,engl& no long] prevails4 ,:ile 9 ! matt] ( *eap & cle> ca/+s !y h ma9ta9$ = _! productions ! reputation = practical qualities :i* has s long di/+ui%$ !m4 ,arti/ic design & ornam5tation h improv$4 ,g]many is n[ ! mo/ =midable rival to ! ,engli% lockmak]1 ow+ to ! l[ wages & long h\rs endur$ by ! ,g]man locksmi?s4 ,! rem$y = ?is /ate ( affairs ought1 9 ! int]e/s bo? ( comm]ce & humanity to be f\nd n 9 a retrograde movem5t on ! "p ( ,engl& to ,g]many1 b 9 ! upris+ ( ! ,g]man workman1 to secure ! same /atus z t enjoy$ by 8 ,engli% confr]e4 ,magic ,lant]n ,slide ,pa9t+4--,h4 ,h4 ,,/anton4--,! old fa%ion$ me?od ( trac+ f a draw+ or engrav+ ?\gh /ill us$1 has giv5 way to a great ext5t to ! introduction ( photography4 ,special draw+s are made1 photograph$ on to glass1 & subsequ5tly pa9t$4 ,girls & also arti/s are employ$ 9 ! "w4 ,photographic slides f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w come to ,birm+ham to be f9i%$4 ,measur+ ,rules & ,tapes4--,,john ,,rabone4 7,b4 #fbh47 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! 8g>ret0 at ,hea?field ,hall1 ne> ,birm+ham1 :]e ,watt amus$ himself dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life ) 8 copy+ ma*9es--! prototypes ( ^? aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,am]ican & ,enfield--is /ill to be se5 an example ( ,watt's e>ly "w 9 ,london be=e he ent]$ ^u 8 remodell+ ( ! /eam eng9e 9 connection ) ,mat!w ,b\lton4 ,9 "o ( ! draw]s !re are pres]v$ sev]al ( ! old fa%ion$ tools1 =m]ly1 & /ill us$ 9 rule mak+ by h&1 & also c>efully wrapp$ up 9 pap] by ,watt himself1 is a 8brass sector ) a ,fr5* jo9t10 :i*1 unlike 8 compasses & o!r ma!matical in/rum5ts1 has und]gone no we>1 & is z faultlessly cle> & p]fect z x 0 on ! day x left ! mak]'s h&s4 ,! only assumption t c be made respect+ x is t x is ! id5tical 8brass sector ) a ,fr5* jo9t10 ( :i* "y ,watt s gl[+ly wrote to 8 fa!r1 n[ a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago2 & if t be s1 x is ! only kn[n specim5 ( ! great eng9e]'s "w z a rule mak]4 ,prior to ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,birm+ham1 9 #ahfe1 ma*9]y _h be5 br\ght into ! trade to b a small ext5t comp>$ ) :at has s9ce be5 ! case 9 ! mak+ & m>k+ ( all k9ds ( rules4 ,accurately eng9e-divid$1 #b-;feet fold+ /eel rules1 retail$ at a %ill+ ea*1 are a new feature ( ! trade1 :i* is a boon to me*anics !y nev] be=e _h4 ,! employm5t ( automatic ma*9]y has q revolutionis$ ! trade1 by br++ l>g] capital into x1 & increas+ ! numb] ( workpeople sixfold1 at ! same "t enabl+ employ]s to pay high] wages ?an !y c\ld possibly d :5 all dep5d$ ^u unaid$ h& lab\r4 ,! trade has always be5 9 comp>atively few h&s1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! names appe>+ 9 "o directory z mak]s1 be+ m]ely deal]s1 or j\rneym52 9 "o case fifte5 ( ! m5 s describ$ be+ m]ely j\rneym5 ( "o employ]4 ,! bulk ( ! trade is n[ 9 ! h&s ( z few mak]s z might be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&1 b competition is n r5d]$ !reby less sev]e1 b is r m excessive4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s a great *ange has tak5 place 9 _m c\ntries by ! adoption ( ! metre z a /&>d measure4 ,s9ce #ahgj all ! numb]less measures ( little ,g]man t[ns1 _m ) bo? decimal & duo-decimal divisions1 h be5 aboli%$1 & ! use ( ! metre alone legalis$4 ,o!r nations h foll[$ ! example ( ,g]many4 ,_m ( ! rules made = export to su* c\ntries z ,russia1 :i* h n legalis$ ! metre1 are m>k$ ) x 9 addition to ! local measures1 ?us prep>+ ! way = its future adoption4 ,its use has be5 legalis$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ?\gh n made compulsory1 & _m ( ! measures made = export to =eign c\ntries :]e ,engli% cu/oms prevail are m>k$ ) bo? ,engli% & metrical divisions4 ,milit>y ,arms ,trade4--,j4 ,d4 ,,goodman4--7,b4 #cha47 ,at ! date ( ! notice ( ! gun trade1 publi%$ 9 ! transactions ( ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association held 9 ,birm+ham 9 #ahfe1 ! ,briti% =ces 7 arm$ ) muzzle-load+ guns4 ,! arm ( ! s]vice 0 t kn[n z ! 8,enfield ,rifle40 ,x 0 adopt$ by a committee ( milit>y (fic]s1 appo9t$ by ,"l ,h>d+e1 ,ma/] ,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance1 9 #ahec4 ,9 #ahfe ! bree*-load+ sy/em 0 receiv+ mu* att5tion4 ,! ,wesley ,ri*>ds' ,bree*-load] _h be5 = "s "t 9 use 9 ! s]vice on an exp]im5tal scale1 & _h be5 te/$ 9 ! field1 bo? 9 ,*9a & ,new ,zeal&4 ,s f> back z #ahfa1 a ?\s& bree*-load]s1 on ,t]ry's pr9ciple1 _h be5 issu$ to ! troops1 b did n prove successful4 ,trial 0 also made ( ,%>p's ,am]ican ,bree*-load+ ,rifle4 ,! successful use ( ! ,ne$legun ,bree*-load]1 by ! ,prussians1 9 ! ,dani% w> ( #ahfd1 gave great urg5cy to ! enquiry4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahfd1 ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t invit$ proposals = ! conv]sion ( ! ,enfield rifle into a bree*load]4 ,fifty diff]5t sy/ems 7 s5t 91 ( :i* five only 7 ultimately select$ = trial4 ,f\r ( ^! 7 capp+ & "o 0 a non-capp+ arm--t is1 "o 9 :i* ! c>tridge c>ries its own ignition4 ,on #ad? ,m>*1 #ahfe1 ! ,woolwi* ,committee issu$ _! ,report on ! v>i\s sy/ems :i* _h be5 submitt$1 9 :i* aft] speak+ ( ! obvi\s disadvantages :i* a bree*load] requir+ a cap pres5ts1 :5 contra/$ ) "o adapt$ = a c>tridge c>ry+ its own ignition1 proce$s to say3-- 8,! ,committee h n[ respectfully to submit _! obs]vations on ! :ole "q4 8,! ultimate armam5t ( ! infantry ) bree*-load+ weapons is det]m9$ ^u4 ,x w\ld be done at a comp>atively small co/ by conv]sion1 b x is n[ well kn[n t ! calibre1 twi/1 & =m ( rifl+ ( ! #8,enfield' is n ! mo/ fav\rable = f9e %oot+1 & x is q c]ta9 t no conv]t$ arms c possess ! precision :i* w be easily atta9$ 9 a new bree*load] ( small] gauge & quick] twi/4 ,nor w ! soldi] be able to c>ry t increas$ quantity ( ammunition1 :i* is s desirable1 )\t a r$uction ( calibre4 8,!re are c]ta9 circum/ances 9 :i*1 not)/&+ all ! inconv5i5ces :i* w att5d ! co-exi/5ce ( unalt]$ arms1 conv]t$ arms1 & new arms1 ) _! diff]5t ammunitions1 x may /ill be desirable to proce$ ) ! conv]sion on ! gr\nd ( its small co/1 & ( ! less "t 9 :i* ! arms c be turn$ out2 b ! ,committee d n feel 9 a position at pres5t to recomm5d su* a measure40 ,9 ! end1 ! economical view prevail$1 & x 0 det]m9$ to conv]t ! ,enfield rifles to ! ,snid] sy/em4 ,! effect ( ?is decision 0 to po/pone to #ahga1 :5 ! ,m>t9i rifle 0 adopt$1 ! advantages recognis$ 9 ! ,woolwi* ,report1 :i* w\ld be obta9$ by a small] bore1 quick] twi/1 & a diff]5t =m ( rifl+4 ,9 ,july1 #ahff1 ! ,birm+ham ,small ,arms ,company 0 in/ruct$ to proce$ ) ! conv]sion ( ! ,enfield rifles to bree*-load]s to ! full ext5t ( _! p[]4 ,! ,london ,small ,arms ,company 0 v %ortly aft]w>ds e/abli%$4 ,!y receiv$ simil> in/ructions4 ,! result 0 t ! :ole ( ! ,enfield rifles available 7 conv]t$1 z foll[s3-- ,enfield 7,gov]nm5t ,factory7 #bif1ceb ,birm+ham ,small ,arms ,company #aef1jjj ,london ,small ,arms ,company #he1bjj ------- #ecg1eeb ,z ?is numb] 0 insuffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! s]vice1 & z x 0 indisp5sable t !re %\ld be b "o description ( arm 9 use1 x became necess>y t new ,snid]s %\ld be made4 ,9 #ahfi1 & subsequ5tly1 ord]s 7 issu$ to ! trade1 & ! foll[+ supplies 7 made3-- ,enfield #bjj1ebc ,birm+ham ,small ,arms ,company #ib1hcg ,london ,small ,arms ,company #db1ebe ,national ,arms ,company #b1jjj ------- #ccg1hhe ,mak+ a total ( #hge1dcg ,snid] arms4 ,! adoption ( ! ,m>t9i-,h5ry rifle result$ f an invitation to inv5tors1 issu$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t fir/ 9 #ahff4 ,m ?an #ajj diff]5t arms & #di descriptions ( ammunition 7 s5t 91 b ! committee appo9t$ to make ! selection report$ t none came up to ! requirem5ts4 ,! invitation 0 repeat$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfg1 result+ 9 #de additional arms be+ submitt$4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahfi1 ! ,committee report$ recomm5d+ a comb9ation ( ! ,m>t9i ,bree* ,action & ! ,h5ry rifl+1 & = ! ammunition1 ! ,box] coil$ case4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>1 trials ( ?is arm 7 made 9 ! s]vice1 & f9ally1 9 #ahga1 x 0 def9itely adopt$4 ,ord]s 7 aft]w>ds issu$ to ! trade1 & ! foll[+ /atem5t %[s ! numb]s :i* h be5 manufactur$ at ! ,gov]nm5t ,factory1 & by ! trade1 up to ,m>*1 #ahhe3-- ,enfield #ehc1gih ,birm+ham ,small ,arms ,company #ajg1bai ,london ,small ,arms ,company #gd1aca ,national ,arms ,company #ab1def ------- #ggg1fjd ,x has n[ 7,july1 #ahhf7 be5 decid$ to adopt a new arm1 embody+ ! improvem5ts sugge/$ by ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! use ( ! ,m>t9i1 dur+ ! s]vice x has und]gone4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! calibre ( ! b>rel if /ill fur!r r$uc$ w\ld mu* improve ! %oot+1 an increase be+ made at ! same "t 9 ! twi/ ( ! rifl+4 ,a ,committee has = "s "t pa/ _h ! matt] "u consid]ation1 & f9ally h recomm5d$ an arm :i* is to be kn[n z ! ,enfield-,m>t9i4 ,9 ! new arm1 ! ,m>t9i action is reta9$1 ! outside dim5sions ( ! b>rel are ! same1 b ! bore is r$uc$ f #de in* to #d in*4 ,:ile ! twi/ ( ! rifl+ is increas$ f #a turn 9 #bb in*es to #a turn 9 #ae in*es4 ,! weight ( ! bullet is r$uc$ f #dhj gra9s to #chd1 ! p[d] *>ge be+ ! same z 9 ! =m] rifle1 #he gra9s4 ,a wood5 h& gu>d is fix$ ov] ! bree* end ( ! b>rel to protect ! h& ( ! soldi] :5 ! b>rel becomes heat$ by rapid fir+4 ,! b>rel is no long] imb$d$ 9 ! =e-end ( ! /ock2 x 0 f\nd t ! ext]ior ( ! b>rel 0 liable to ru/ f contact ) ! wood4 ,! =e-end is n[ s %ap$ t ! b>rel simply lies ^u x1 held 9 place by ! b&s :i* surr\nd bo? /ock & b>rel4 ,! back sight is provid$ ) a w9d gauge1 & a lock+ bolt secures ! trigg] :5 ! arm is at full cock4 ,a sword bayonet is sub/itut$ = ! =m] triangul>-%ap$ bayonet4 ,a 8quick load]0 w be us$ ) ?is arm4 ,x hangs on ! side ( ! body ( ! action1 & holds six c>tridges4 ,! c>tridges are act$ ^u by a spr+ :i* =ces ! head ( ! c>tridge ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! lid1 ready = ! soldi]'s h&4 ,) ?is 8quick load]10 six r\nds c be fir$ 9 ab\t #be seconds1 :]eas1 9 load+ f ! p\*1 #dj seconds are requir$4 ,?is description1 ( ! new arm may be subsequ5tly modifi$1 z ! recomm5dation ( ! ,committee has n yet be5 confirm$4 ,,dim5sions1 ,c41 ,,( ,,! ,,bree*-,,load+ ,,arms ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,s]vice4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,m>t9i ,,enfield- ,,snid]4 ,,h5ry4 ,,m>t9i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,rifle4 ,l5g? ( ,b>rel #ci;94 #cc;94 #cc;94 ,l5g? ov] all #d;ft4 #g;94 #d;ft4 #a;94 #d;ft4 #a;94 ,l5g? ) ,bayonet #f;ft4 94 #e;ft4 #aa;94#e;ft4 #aa;94 ,weight ) ,bayonet #ilb4 #adoz4 #ilb4 #adoz4#ajlb4 #doz4 ,weight )\t ,bayonet #ilb4 #ilb4 #ilb4 #foz4 ,no4 ( ,grooves 9 ,b>rel #c #g #g ,calibre 4#egg 4#de 4#d ,twi/ ( ,rifl+ #a turn 9 #gh;94 #bb;94 #ae;94 ,velocity ( ,muzzle p] second #abdj;ft4 #acae;ft4 #aegj;ft4 ,trajectory at #ejj y>ds #aa4ce;ft4 #h4eid;ft4 #f4gjd;ft4 ,figure ( ,m]it at #ejj y>ds #j4hi;ft4 #j4ee;ft4 #j4cj;ft4 ,,ammunition4 ,weight ( ,load$ ,c>tridge1 gra9s #gae #geh #gah ,p[d] 0 #gj #he #he ,bullet 0 #dhj #dhj #chd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,description ,,( ,,arms ,,us$ ,,by ,,o!r ,,c\ntries4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,c\ntry4 ,,description4 ,,calibre4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,am]ica1 ,u4,s4 ,spr+field #dej ,au/ria ,w]ndl #dcc ,belgium ,alb9i ,bra5dl9 ,d5m>k ,rem+ton #dcc ,egypt ,rem+ton #dcc ,france ,gras #dcc ,france ,kropats*ek ,magaz9e ,gun 9 ,navy #dcc ,g]many ,maus] #dcc ,greece ,gras #dcc ,holl& ,beaumont #dcc ,italy ,vett]li #djh ,norway & ,sw$5 ,j>man #cig ,portugal ,m>t9i ,h5ry #dej ,r\mania ,peabody ,m>t9i #dej ,russia ,b]dan #dbj ,s]via ,b]dan #dbj ,spa9 ,rem+ton #dcc ,switz]l& ,vett]li ,magaz9e #dji ,turkey ,peabody ,m>t9i #dej ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,z x is ess5tial t all arms made = ! s]vice %\ld be int]*angeable1 ! ord]s to ! trade h be5 conf9$ to ! factories :]e ! "w is done exclusively by ma*9]y1 viz41 to ! ,small ,arms ,company & ,national ,arms ,company 9 ,birm+ham1 & to ! ,london ,small ,arms ,company1 ^: works are at ,b[4 ,! ,national ,arms ,company1 :i* 0 incorporat$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgb1 is no long] 9 exi/5ce1 hav+ gone into liquidation 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhb4 ,) a paid up capital ( #ccj1jjj !y erect$ gun works at ,sp>kbrook1 & ammunition works at ,hold=d4 ,! gun works h n[ be5 pur*as$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! ,hold=d ,works are on ! m>ket = sale4 ,! same irregul>ity 9 ! ,gov]nm5t employm5t1 :i* prov$ fatal to ! ,national ,arms ,company1 act$ v prejudicially = bo? ! o!r ,companies4 ,! ,birm+ham ,company paid no divid5d dur+ ! five ye>s #ahgi-hc1 & a nom9al "o only 9 #ahhd4 ,to ?is unc]ta9ty ( ,gov]nm5t employm5t may be attribut$ ! difficulty ( obta9+ swords & bayonets1 to :i*1 a %ort "t s9ce1 att5tion 0 call$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,:5 milit>y arms 7 suppli$ by ! ord9>y h&-made trade1 !re 7 f\r bayonet-mak]s 9 ,birm+ham & ,we/ ,bromwi*1 :]e1 n[1 !re is n "o2 & 9 ,birm+ham !re is only "o manufactur] ( swords1 :5 =m]ly !re 7 sev]al4 ,! manufacture ( triangul> bayonets has be51 ) trifl+ exceptions1 conf9$ ( late to ,enfield1 :ile sword bayonets1 n made at ,enfield1 h be5 procur$ f ,sol+54 ,! future ,enfield-,m>t9i is to be provid$ ) a sword bayonet4 ,! pla9ly express$ wi% ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons is t 9 future1 all swords & sword bayonets %all be made 9 ,engl&1 ( ,engli% mat]ial4 ,!re w n be ! slighte/ difficulty 9 c>ry+ out ?is wi%4 ,birm+ham w be able to produce any numb] t may be want$1 b to keep toge!r ! requir$ /aff ( workm5 x is necess>y t ! dem& %\ld be cont9u\s4 ,9 ! manufacture ( rifles1 z well z bayonets1 !re is e reason to hope t ! future employm5t ( ! trade w be m regul> & cont9u\s4 ,! pa/ bitt] exp]i5ce has %[n t ! trade _c live )\t /eady employm5t1 & x is n[ fully recognis$ t x is n desirable t ?is c\ntry %\ld rema9 dep5d5t = its supply ( arms on "o ,gov]nm5t manufactory at ,enfield4 ,,ammunition4--,up to ! pres5t "t ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t h adh]$ to ! use ( ! ,box] c>tridge1 ! case ( :i* is made up ( ?9 coil$ brass1 atta*$ to an iron base1 :i* c>ries ! ignition4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ all o!r ,european nations h us$ a solid metal c>tridge case1 i4e41 a case 9 "o piece /amp$ out ( a flat disc4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t h n[ decid$ t ! solid case %all be us$1 ) ! new ,enfield-,m>t9i rifle4 ,a plant = ! manufacture ( ^! c>tridges is be+ prep>$ at ,woolwi*4 ,x is fully int5d$ also to employ ! trade4 ,ord]s h already be5 issu$ to ! ,birm+ham ,small ,arms ,company & ,messrs4 ,kyno* & ,company1 ,birm+ham1 & ,messrs4 ,eley ,bro!rs1 ( ,london1 :o h all _h long exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture ( ?is description ( c>tridge4 ,nails 7cut74--,r4 ,f4 ,,m>t9eau4--7,b4 #fac74 ,! ma*9es = cutt+ tacks & small nails up to #a in* are n[ f$ automatically4 ,"o unskill$ workman c keep five or six ma*9es go+4 ,! ma*9es d n "w s fa/ z ! h& f$1 b !re are few] /oppages1 & ! quantity turn$ out is great]4 ,?is improvem5t has r$uc$ ! price #cj p] c5t4 ,! pres5t ma*9es turn out ! "w s t x ne$ n be look$ ov] & sort$ z 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,! cut nail trade has develop$ 9 ! ,nor? & at ! pres5t "t1 !re are z _m nails made at ,le$s z at ,birm+ham4 ,! bett] class ( nail is1 h[ev]1 suppli$ f ,birm+ham4 ,london brew]s s5d coa/+ vessels up ! ea/ coa/ ) c>goes ( /\t1 & !y return f ,hull ) cut nails at v l[ freight4 ,! quantity ( nails made 9 ,birm+ham is ab\t ! same z 9 #ahfe4 ,! ,fr5* & ,belgians h giv5 up mak+ cut nails1 b !y make tacks4 ,no ,fr5* tacks or t+les 7! smalle/ sort ( tacks us$ 9 ! %oe trade7 are n[ import$ into ,engl&1 on ! contr>y1 "s are be+ export$ into ,france4 ,mild /eel has be5 introduc$ s9ce #ahfe4 ,/eel nails are n[ be+ made at only a %ill+ p] cwt4 above ! price ( iron nails4 ,^! /eel nails w cl5*1 & h5ce are replac+ wr\ght nails4 ,! manufacture ( wire nails has be5 introduc$ into ,birm+ham s9ce #ahfe4 ,on its introduction1 wire 0 import$ f ,g]many & ,belgium1 ow+ to its *eapness & l[ freight1 b n[1 z ,engli% wire has fall5 9 price1 x is us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! =eign4 ,wire nails are suit$ = h>d wood1 h5ce a l>ge trade is done 9 !m 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,cape1 ,india1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 are m>kets = ,birm+ham nails4 ,wom5 get ab\t t5 %ill+s a week4 ,y\?s z fe$]s ab\t #ae to #bj %ill+s1 skill$ me*anics f #cj to #ej %ill+s1 & lab\r]s #ae to #bj %ill+s p] week4 ,ne$les & ,fi% ,hooks4--,j4 ,m4 ,,woodw>d4--7,b4 #aig74 ,! po9t+ ( ne$les is n[ done exclusively by ma*9]y4 ,! new ma*9es introduc$ into ! trade )9 ! la/ #be ye>s1 are ! ma*9es = cutt+1 99po9t+1 99skimm+1 /amp+1 eye+1 99po9t h&+1 99temp]+1 sc\r+1 99h&+1 99c\nt+1 head+ & tail+1 blue+1 99burni%+1 99f9i%+1 assort+1 & /ick+4 ,! ma*9es m>k$ ) 99 produce n only *eap]1 b bett] quality ( "w4 ,electro-gild+ has tak5 ! place ( ! old e!r gild+4 ,z reg>ds ma*9]y us$ 9 ! production ( sew+ ma*9e ne$les1 ! *ief novelty is ! 8groov+0 ma*9e1 :i* is tak+ ! place ( ! old /amp+ process4 ,f special enquiries made ,i conclude t 9 ! ne$le di/rict ! weekly productions ( all k9ds ( ne$les & goods ak9 to ne$les1 _c be less ?an #ej1jjj1jjj 9 numb]4 ,p9s4 ,9 addition to p9s 9 ord9>y use1 /eel & glass head$ p9s are made at ,r$dit*1 ! weekly production ( all k9ds ( p9s be+ ab\t two tons4 ,an attempt is be+ made to adapt ! ma*9es = ! production ( two p9s at a "t in/ead ( "o4 ,fi% hooks & fi%+ tackle are n[ made almo/ entirely by ma*9]y4 ,artificial fly mak+ is altoge!r done by h&2 fea!rs ( v>i\s birds are us$ = 8sea flies40 ,sp9n+ baits are %ap$ mu* l ! b[l ( a spoon1 & are electro-plat$ s z to cause a glitt]+ appe>ance :5 9 motion4 ,swivels 9 connection ) ^! baits =m a bran* indu/ry1 & ma*9]y = ! dress+ & turn+ ( ^! has ( late be5 introduc$4 ,! manufacture ( fi%+ rods is n[ an important bran*4 ,among ! new aids to production are ! turn+ ma*9e & ! ma*9e = splitt+ bamboo canes = ! manufacture ( 8split cane0 rods4 ,^! curi\s & co/ly articles fir/ came f ,am]ica1 & ! mak+ ( !m by h& requires ! greate/ pati5ce z well z ! highe/ skill 9 jo9+1 e "p ( ! rod1 f ! butt to ! ?9ne/ memb]1 hav+ to be split l5g?wise into six pieces1 ea* w$ge-l 9 section1 & !n glu$ toge!r aga9 ) ! greate/ c>e & exactness4 ,reel mak+ has be5 introduc$ ( late ye>s4 ,"o manufactory turns out ab\t #ej doz5 rods1 #g1jjj floats1 #ac1jjj flies1 #d1jjj1jjj fi%-hooks1 & #e1jjj swivels p] week4 ,electro-t9n+ is n[ us$ = small sea-hooks4 ,! weekly production ( fi%-hooks is approximately #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,nickel1 ,cobalt & ,g]man ,silv]4--,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,john/one4--7,b4 #fgc47 ,_m ( ! orig9al s\rces ( nickel h become exhau/$4 ,x is n[ f\nd pl5tifully 9 ,norway 79 magnetic pyrites1 conta9+ ab\t #d or #e p] c5t47 ,hung>y /ill supplies ore4 ,! ,s\? ,african supply ( ore1 7an ars5ide ( ov] #be p] c5t cobalt7 has fall5 (f4 ,s\? ,am]ica & h] des]t ( ,atacama 0 a great s\rce ( nickel or cobalt1 "s ( its hydrat$ ars5iates rea*+ z mu* z #be 9 ! ores ( nickel1 & #ag 9 ! ores ( cobalt4 ,! sole m9e 9 ,connecticut has be5 work$ = _m ye>s4 ,sw$5 has yield$ nickel f ! ,klefra & o!r m9es4 ,g]many supplies nickel f ! ,mansfeld m9es4 ,ab\t #ahgd nickel 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,isl& ( ,new ,cal$onia1 & l>ge quantities ( ! ore 7 %ipp$ to ?is c\ntry & to ,france4 ,!re appe>s n[ to be a con/ant supply f ?is s\rce4 ,! ore is a d\ble silicate ( nickel & magnesia1 av]ag+ #g to #aj nickel4 ,lat] /ill nickel & cobalt h be5 discov]$ 9 ,nevada4 ,pass+ ov] ! hi/ory#eg ( ! production ( nickel1 :i* is already1 to "s ext5t1 describ$ 9 8,birm+ham & ,midl& ,h>dw>e ,di/rict10 x %\ld be m5tion$ t nickel1 ?\gh brittle "u ! hamm]1 has be5 successfully r5d]$ malleable by treatm5t 9 :i* manganese is employ$4 ,! process ( r5d]+ nickel malleable is due to ,messrs4 ,wigg9 ,co41 :o pat5t$ ! process 9 #ahhj4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,dr4 ,fleitman1 9 ,g]many1 succe$$ also 9 r5d]+ nickel malleable by us+ magnesium in/ead ( manganese4 ,! nickel ?us produc$ may be roll$ into plates & drawn into wire1 or be /amp$1 beat5 or rais$ into any article ( common use1 & x may be weld$ to itself or to iron4 ,x is less malleable :5 x conta9s c>bon ?an :5 pure4 ,besides its application = ! production ( ,g]man silv]1 nickel is l>gely us$ z anodes = nickel plat+1 & = co9age 9 _m c\ntries4 ,its oxide is us$ 9 ! ,pott]ies = giv+ a s(t br[n t9t to *9a & e>!nw>e1 & x is also employ$ = ! production ( nickel salts = plat+4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahgc adopt$ nickel alloy = co9age1 & ! exceptional dem& advanc$ ! price f #d_/- to #af_/- p] lb4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ow+ to ! ext5sive supplies f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! ke5 competition 9 ! trade1 nickel is r$uc$ to #b_/- p] lb4 ,cobalt has sc>cely any application2 x is us$ z an anode 9 plat+1 & = "s p>ts ( sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,x does n :it5 copp] to ! same ext5t t nickel does4 ,! oxides ( cobalt are ( great value 9 ! arts1 n only = ! production ( ! beautiful blue col\rs giv5 to *9a1 e>!nw>e1 & glass1 b also z a basis ( ! blue pigm5t kn[n z cobalt blue4 ,! oxide ( cobalt 0 9 #ahda #dj_/- p] lb42 to-day x is ab\t #h_/- p] lb4 ,latt]ly !re is a t5d5cy to replace brass & electro-plate by :ite alloys :i* h nickel = _! basis4 ,spoons1 =ks1 fitt+s = railway & %ip fitt+s1 b> fitt+s1 & h>ness furniture h be5 l>gely manufactur$ f ^! metals4 ,^! alloys are kn[n "u v>i\s names1 su* z silv]oid1 arg5toid1 navol9e1 nickel9e1 alum9ium metal1 c41 b !y are all v>ieties ( ,g]man silv]1 conta9+ 9 "s cases small proportions ( t91 lead1 cadmium1 & o!r metals4 ,papi] ,m* ,trade4--,e4 ,h4 ,,hodson4--7,b4 #eff74 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s wood pulp import$ f ,sw$5 has be5 introduc$ z a sub/itute = pap] pulp1 & is us$ = small desks1 "w boxes1 jewel cases1 & _m o!r articles1 ?us enabl+ ,birm+ham manufactur]s to compete ) ,*9ese & ,japanese lacqu]$ goods4 ,a *ange too has tak5 place 9 ! mode ( ornam5tation4 ,in/ead ( employ+ arti/s at a high rate ( wage1 transf]s are us$ :i* c be appli$ to ! articles by boys & girls4 ,g]man papi] m* is import$ into ?is c\ntry duty free1 b on ! o!r h&1 ,engli% papi] m* is subject$ to heavy duties be=e x rea*es ! ,g]man & ,cont95tal ,m>kets4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t !re /ill cont9ues a /eady dem& = small quantities ( exp5sive articles made ( papi] m*1 ?\gh = ! supply ( ! ,million1 ! old papi] m* is replac$ by ! ,sw$i% pulp above ref]r$ to4 ,pewt] ,britannia ,metal ,trade4--,w4 ,,p]ks4--7,b4 #fag74 ,! two trades are di/9ct4 ,pewt] consi/s ( #ie p>ts t91 #d p>ts copp]1 & #a "p antimony4 ,! metal is ca/ 9 iron or brass m\lds4 ,britannia metal is n ca/1 b roll$1 /amp$1 swag$1 or spun4 ,its composition is simil> to pewt]1 b a little m antimony & copp] & less t94 ,! /aple articles 9 pewt] are /ill ale & w9e measures1 tank>d & dr9k+ cups1 ! mo/ saleable %apes are id5tical ) ^? :i* ,hog>? pa9t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!re has be5 a revival ( pewt] = ink pots = ,bo>d ,s*ool use & home use4 ,9 =eign m>kets a tea-pot kn[n z ! ,dut* patt]n is /ill sold ( ! same %ape1 /yle1 & /r5g? z x has be5 = ! la/ #gj ye>s4 ,mak]s h tri$ to introduce wr\ght metal pots in/ead ( ca/ pewt]1 b ! =eign trad]s d n c>e = !m4 ,! trade 9 be] eng9es & b> fitt+s has mu* increas$ )9 ! la/ #bj ye>s4 ,plate1 ,cr[n1 & ,%eet ,glass4--,,h5ry ,,*ance4--7,b4 #adg47 ,9 ! #ahfd report x 0 m5tion$ t ca/ plate glass is manufactur$ at ,sme?wick 7,plate ,glass ,company7 cr[n1 %eet1 & roll$ or r\gh plate glass at ,sme?wick 7,messrs4 ,*ance ,bro!rs & ,co47 & at ,/\rbridge 7,/\rbridge ,glass ,company47 ,( ^! ?ree manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 t ( ,messrs4 ,*ance ,bro!rs & ,co4 is ! only "o n[ 9 op]ation4 ,antique glass = decorative purposes & glass %ades are manufactur$ at ,oldbury by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,*ance & ,co4 ,cr[n glass is n[ almo/ ext9ct2 ,messrs4 ,*ance h[ev] /ill make ! v limit$ quantity requir$4 ,! price ( ord9>y %eet glass has fall5 f "o %ill+ & twop5ce p] foot 9 #ahhd prior to ! repeal ( ! duty1 to ?ree halfp5ce 9 #ahhf4 ,roll$ plate glass is n[ made by mo/ ( ! manufactur]s ( %eet glass1 & by sev]al firms :o conf9e !mselves to ?is bran* ( trade4 ,! ,siem5s' reg5]ative furnace has n only be5 successfully appli$ to furnaces conta9+ pots1 b by its aid ,messrs4 ,siem5s h be5 able to disp5se ) pots & employ l>ge tanks made ( clay1 = ! melt+ ( glass4 ,by ?is means ! process ( melt+ & work+ becomes cont9u\s4 ,! raw mat]ials are introduc$ at "o end ( ! tank furnace & arrive1 aft] gradual trans=mation1 at ! o!r end1 9 ! %ape ( melt$ glass4 ,plat$ ,w>es4--,,elk+ton ,,& ,,co4--7,b4 #dgg47 ,a great impetus has be5 giv5 to ! trade ow+ to ! developm5t ( hotel life 9 ,london & all l>ge t[ns1 toge!r ) ! equipm5ts requir$ = ocean-go+ /eam]s1 9 _m cases special designs hav+ ref]5ce to ! build+ be+ requir$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ta/e ( ! public is n[ = simple & useful designs4 ,! old =m ( /amp+1 9 :i* ! /amp 0 lift$ by "o or m workm51 has be5 sup]s$$ by ! me?od describ$ on page #agb4 ,a di% cov] :i* =m]ly requir$ hundr$s ( bl[s n[ requires only six1 & in/ead ( ! old process ( smoo?+ ! surface ) hamm] & /ake a 8:eel+0 ma*9e is us$1 & ! swage or %ape lapp$ ov] in/ead ( m\nt+ ) a wire1 ! "t consum$ be+ ab\t "o tw5tie? "p ( t requir$ by ! old process4 ,improvem5ts 9 metals us$ enables ! holl[ bodies ( c(fee & tea s]vices to be 8spun0 7see page #agd7 in/ead ( be+ sl[ly rais$ into =m by wood5 mallets & /eel hamm]s4 ,sp9n+ oval bodies is n[ ext5sively practis$1 ?\gh at "o "t x 0 consid]$ impossible to treat ,g]man silv] 9 ?is way4 ,?is process 7oval sp9n+7 is us$ only :5 "o or two articles ( a p>ticul> %ape are requir$4 ,:5 great numb]s are requir$ /amp+ is ! process adopt$4 ,press "w 9 %ap+ articles has consid]ably improv$1 & has replac$1 to "s consid]able ext5t1 ! t$i\s process ( *as+ & emboss+4 ,enamell+ has be5 introduc$1 b ow+ to ,japanese competition ! trade is gradually fall+ (f4 ,! enamell+1 kn[n z cloisonn is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,! decoration1 birds1 fl[]s1 c41 is trac$ on ! surface ( ! object to be enamell$1 v ?9 wire ( any metal1 b g5]ally silv] or copp]1 is !n b5t by h& to ! v>i\s =ms trac$ on ! metal4 ,?is process requires ! utmo/ c>e4 ,! wire ?us b5t is !n sold]$ d[n to ! surface ( ! object1 ! diff]5t col\rs put 9 9 ! =m ( pa/e into ! diff]5t divisions =m$ by ! b5t wire1 & ! :ole is subject$ to int5se heat until ! col\rs are completely fus$4 ,:5 cold ! surface is rubb$ d[n flat1 & f9ally poli%$4 ,9 ! *amplev process ! spaces = ! col\rs are cut out ) a grav]4 ,! process ( damasc5+ l>gely c>ri$ on by ,messrs4 ,elk+ton is describ$ at 7,b4 #ede47 ,sold]+ arrangem5ts are mu* improv$1 ! introduction ( ! pat5t bl[pipe saves "t1 & ! workman is able to sold]1 clean] & produce a firm] jo9t+ ?an ) ! old process4 ,! s& bla/ is a new feature 9 ! f9i%+ dep>tm5t4 ,refrig]ation4--,s4 ,,puplett4--,me*anical refrig]ation owes its developm5t to ! ent]prise ( ,birm+ham m54 ,! imports ( ice into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7 9 #ahhd ne>ly #cjj1jjj tons4 ,refrig]at+ ma*9]y is supply+ ice 9 competition ) ^! importations4 ,9 addition1 refrig]at+ ma*9]y is us$ 9 brew+ = ! purpose ( cool+ wort quickly1 9 bacon cur+1 9 work+ ( butt] & butt]9e1 cocoa1 & c&les1 9 oil ref9+ & t> di/ill+1 & 9 telegraphic works = secur+ a l[ temp]ature :5 te/+ cables4 ,freez+ ma*9es h too be5 us$ 9 s9k+ & tunnell+1 ! wat] be+ prev5t$ f runn+ into ! %aft ow+ to ! h>d5+ ( ! e>? by freez+4 ,! co/ ( import$ ice may be tak5 z #bj_/- p] ton1 :ile ma*9e ice c be made = #e_/- p] ton4 ,! fir/ comm]cial ma*9e1 pat5t$ by ,james ,h>rison1 ( ,geelong1 9 #ahef1 0 an e!r ma*9e1 & made 9 ,london4 ,aft]w>ds ma*9es ( ?is k9d 7 made by ,mr4 ,philips1 ( ! ,atlas ,works1 9 ,oozells ,/reet1 ,birm+ham4 ,9 #ahfa ,c>r %[$ ! advantages ( ammonia ov] e!r z a refrig]ant1 & s9ce !n ,mort & ,di*olle1 ( ,sydney1 & ,/anley1 ( ,london1 h pat5t$ v>i\s modifications ( ! ,c>r sy/em4 ,pictet has devot$ _m ye>s to ! subject1 & has id5tifi$ himself ) sulphur\s acid z a refrig]ant1 & rec5tly claims to h discov]$ a fluid t]m$ liquide ,pictet1 ,,sco2 9 addition to ^! refrig]ants1 air1 wat]1 *loride ( me?yl1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 c>bonic acid1 & nitr\s oxide h be5 us$4 ,! ma*9es made 9 ,birm+ham by ! ,birm+ham ,refrig]at+ ,company are ammonia ma*9es4 ,?is =m ( ma*9e consi/s ( 7#a7 a multitubul> vessel call$ ! refrig]ator1 conta9+ liquid 7anhydr\s7 ammonia--9 ?is vessel vaporization takes place2 7#b7 a vap\r pump1 by :i* ! ammonia =m$ by evaporation is exhau/$ f ! refrig]ator1 compress$1 liquefi$1 & =c$ into 7#c7 ! cond5s]1 consi/+ ( a multitubul> vessel surr\nd$ by wat]2 7#d7 a circulat+ pump = supply+ ! cond5s] ) wat]2 7#e7 ice tanks surr\nd$ by a ba? ( a liquid ( a l[ freez+ po9t1 su* z a solution ( *loride ( calcium or ( common salt2 7#f7 a circulat+ pump = circulat+ ! br9e ?r\gh ! refrig]ator & ar\nd ! ice tanks2 7#g7 ! /eam eng9e or o!r motor = driv+ ! vap\r & circulat+ pumps4 ,rope ,mak+4--,j4 ,t4 ,,wright4--7,b4 #egh74 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a ma*9e has be5 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,good1 an ,am]ican1 = treat+ fibres z import$1 m p>ticul>ly ,manilla4 ,by means ( flut$ roll]s1 & a sy/em ( b>s fitt$ ) /rong /eel p9s :i* press upw>ds into ! hemp1 ! fibres are dress$ & /raight5$ out1 ! op]ation is aid$ by a pat5t$ ma*9e kn[n z ,wright & ,laid]'s ,pat5t ,sun & ,planet ,hacklebus4 ,f9ally1 ! hemp fibres are drawn (f ! p9s & deliv]$ 9 a compact & cont9u\s sliv] into a c plac$ 9 front to receive x4 ,^! sliv]s be+ 9 "o l5g?1 are n[ pass$ on to ! draw+ frames to be accumulat$ toge!r4 ,/eel ,p5 ,trade4--,,maurice ,,pollack4--7,b4 #fcd47--,!re has be5 little improvem5t s9ce #ahfe4 ,muffles heat$ by gas on ! plan ( ,dr4 ,siem5s1 h be5 introduc$ = temp]+ & col\r+1 & ord9>y gas is also us$ 9 connection ) ^! processes1 b ^! improvem5ts are only us$ by "o or two firms1 & m z a matt] ( conv5i5ce ?an z a means ( mak+ p5s ( a bett] quality or l[] price4 ,_m pat5ts h be5 tak5 out s9ce #ahfe = new /yles ( p5s1 ! mo/ successful h be5 ^? :i* deal ) ! po9ts2 ^! h be5 turn$ up or turn$ d[n1 ?ick5$1 or plani%$1 all = ! purpose ( produc+ smoo? po9ts to glide freely ov] pap] ev5 ) a r\gh surface4 ,! fa%ion 9 pap] & ink mat]ially influ5ces ! /yle ( p5s4 ,! ,j p5s 7s call$ because t lett] 0 emboss$ ^u "o ( ! fir/ & be/ kn[n broad po9ts7 h be5 ext5sively us$1 & h influ5c$ h& writ+1 especially t ( ladies4 ,calligraphy z an art has fall5 (f 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ?is has influ5c$ p5 manufacture4 ,! mo/ delicately made p5s are manufactur$ = =eign use4 ,!re are1 p]haps1 n s _m p5 works n[ z !re 7 9 #ahfe1 b ! productive p[] has va/ly increas$4 ,! pres5t weekly av]age ( p5s manufactur$ is ab\t #afj1jjj grosses1 requir+ f #af to #ah tons ( /eel1 ( :i* only #h tons appe>s 9 ! article1 ! re/ be+ loss or wa/e4 ,p5 /eel is /ill produc$ 9 ,%effield1 ! be/ be+ made f ,sw$i% iron4 ,! numb] ( girls & wom5 employ$ is f #c1bjj to #c1fjj1 :il/ ! numb] ( m5 employ$ z tool mak]s1 roll]s1 eng9e]s1 /ok]s1 c41 h>dly exce$s #ejj4 ,! increase 9 make s9ce #ahfe1 ( q #fj p] c5t4 is ma9ly due to ! export trade4 ,no new p5 manufactories h be5 e/abli%$ s9ce #ahfe1 except 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e !re are n[ f\r p5 works1 b ( ^!1 only "o is ( importance4 ,9 ,france1 !re are n[ only ?ree p5 manufactories1 & ! production is less ?an x 0 ?ree ye>s ago4 ,9 ,g]many !re is only "o1 & its make ?\gh improv$ 9 quality is v inconsid]able 9 comp>ison ) ! l>ge consumption ( /eel p5s 9 ,g]many4 ,an attempt has be5 made to e/abli% works 9 ,russia1 :]e ! duty on /eel p5s is high1 b aft] exi/+ "o or two ye>s1 ! manufactory 0 burnt d[n1 & no attempt has be5 made to re-build x4 ,! ,cu/oms duty on /eel p5s ) ! exception ( ,russia1 are ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is #f;d4 p] gross1 is v mod]ate1 & prev5ts ! importation ( l[ & middle class p5s4 ,! price obta9$ = /eel p5s dep5ds m ^u ! reputation ( ! mak] or ( ! m>k ?an ^u _! intr9sic value1 h5ce ! difficulty ( giv+ an av]age value ( ea* gross ( p5s produc$4#eh ,/\rbridge ,fire ,clay4--,,george ,,k+ ,,h>rison4--7,b4 #acc47 ,! di/rict suff]s f high railway rates4 ,! quantity ( clay rais$ p] week n[ is ab\t #c1ejj tons1 say #afj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,ab\t #dj million bricks are made p] annum4 ,salt4--,j4 ,h4 ,,holly]4--7,b4 #ach47 ,at ! ,/oke ,prior ,works f #ejj to #gjj h&s are employ$4 ,! salt manufactur$ is f #c1jjj to #d1jjj tons p] week4 ,! entire produce ( salt 9 ,worce/]%ire is ab\t #bej1jjj tons p] annum4 ,! ,br9e pits are ab\t #a1jjj feet deep4 8,butt] salt0 is l>gely export$ f ,droitwi* to ,india & ,au/ralia4 ,r\nd pans h be5 introduc$ s9ce #ahfe4 ,! aggregate traffic1 t is1 coal receiv$ & salt =w>d$1 ( ! ,/oke ,prior works is ab\t #a1jjj tons p] day4 ,swords & ,mat*ets4--,f4 ,m4 ,,mole1 ,,jun4--7,b4 #fdi47 ,! conv5tional ideas z to ! ext5t ( ! sword trade are v errone\s4 ,our army is small & only horse soldi]s & (fic]s c>ry swords4 ,:5 once equipp$ "o s+le sword =g] w produce :at is requir$4 ,h5ce ! mat*et trade is comb9$ ) sword manufacture4 7,! mat*et is a l>ge knife us$ 9 sug> cultivation 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,s\? ,am]ica47 ,! extraord9>y dem& = swords at ! "t ( ! ,crimean w>1 & ! inability ( ,engli% firms to supply x1 gave ! />t to =eign competition4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n t ! l>g] proportion ( ! (fic]s' swords sold 9 ?is c\ntry are ei!r ,g]man swords import$ complete or =eign blades m\nt$ 9 ,london4 ,!re h be5 sev]al spurts 9 ! trade1 b ^! di$ out1 & at ! pres5t "t ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,mole & ,son1 ( ,birm+ham1 are ! only manufactur]s :o take ,gov]nm5t contracts4 ,an outl9e ( ! me?od ( manufacture is giv5 9 7,b4 #fdi7 & is simil> to t ( edge tools g5]ally--7see p4 #bjh74 ,9 ornam5t+ ! hilts ( swords fire or m]cury gild+#ei is us$4 ,! 8gripe0 is ( wood 7walnut or bee*71 & cov]$ ) dog fi% sk94 ,t9 ,plate ,w>e4--,a4 ,n4 ,,hopk9s4--7,b4 #fch47 ,fifty ye>s ago workm5 made a v>iety ( articles ) sev]al pieces ( t9 plate sold]$ toge!r4 ,! introduction ( ma*9]y 9 ! trade is r$uc+ ! numb] ( skill$ workm54 ,9 #ahce-f ,mr4 ,?omas ,griffi?s took out a pat5t = /amp+ & burni%+2 %ortly aft]w>ds ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hopk9s comm5c$ ! manufacture ( 8,pat5t tea-pots40 ,c&le/icks & o!r articles made 9 ! same way quickly foll[$1 & /amp+ & burni%+ op5$ up possibilities :i* till !n _h n be5 dream$ ( 9 ! trade4 ,9 #ahdj :at 0 ?\ght a mon/] /amp 0 put d[n to /amp ! top ( an #ah-;in* imp]ial di% cov]4 ,fur!r improvem5ts 9 /amp+ l$ to ! trade be+ spe$ily "o ( ! mo/ important1 bo? 9 ?is t[n & ! neighb\r+ "o ( ,wolv]hampton4 ,a little "t lat]1 t9 plate work]s turn$ _! att5tion to ! /amp+ ( a few cul9>y articles1 su* z col&]s1 gravy /ra9]s1 c41 & ( wa%-h& bas9s4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ^! %eet iron 0 us$1 & ! articles :5 f9i%$ 7 t9n$ by ! same process z t us$ by t9 plate mak]s1 & 7 !n sold z 8t9n$ wr\ght iron holl[ w>e10 & once m an increas+ impetus 0 giv5 to ! trade4 ,milk pans & 8prospect+0 pans 7 made 9 ?is way1 & ! advance made j at ?is "t by ! ,au/ralian ,colonies on ! great discov]ies ( gold op5$ out a l>ge field1 :]e ! goods h be5 b\ght 9 ev]-increas+ quantities1 :ile %ortly aft]1 ! ,cape & ,s\? ,am]ica z well z ,canada became l>ge cu/om]s = a simil> class ( goods4 ,india too came into ! m>ket = brass & copp] articles1 :ile ,egypt1 especially ab\t ! "t ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 began to be a mo/ important cu/om] = ! copp] ut5sils hi!rto manufactur$ only by ! natives1 b :i* ! sup]ior ma*9]y ! ,engli% manufactur] possess$1 enabl$ him to produce mu* bett] & *eap]4 ,mean:ile ! ,fr5* ,exhibition ( #ahee _h %[n to our manufactur]s specim5s ( /amp+ sup]ior to any?+ !y c\ld produce1 & "o or two unsuccessful attempts 7 made by !m to obta9 a ne>] inspection ( ! ,fr5* me?od ( /amp+ or m prop]ly press+4 ,9 "o way & ano!r x leak$ out t ! ,fr5* mak]s employ$ a pressure plate & a gradual =c+ process1 in/ead ( ! %>p bl[ by :i* ! ,engli% /amp] p\nd$ 8 mat]ial into ! requir$ %ape4 ,! late ,mr4 ,clutton ,salt pur*as$ ! pat5t "r = ?is c\ntry1 & 9 #ahfg a ma*9e 0 9 op]ation at ! works ( ! ,birm+ham ,enamel ,co41 ) :i* ,mr4 ,salt 0 at t "t connect$1 & ,messrs4 ,griffi?s & ,br[ett took out a lic5ce to use ! pat5t4 ,improvem5ts 9 /amp+ foll[$1 keep+ well abrea/ ( ! new process1 & ultimately out/ripp+ x1 especially z reg>ds size ( vessel produc$4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em ( press+ 0 tak5 up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z e>ly z #ahfe ! works ( ,lalance & ,geos*e91 at ,woodhav51 ,new ,york1 7 9 active op]ation on ?is pr9ciple4 ,9 #ahff a ,birm+ham man1 nam$ ,w4 ,page1 son ( an old ,birm+ham wor?y1 travell$ to ,new ,york1 & erect$ improv$ ma*9es on ! ,fr5* sy/em 9 ! factory ( ,messrs4 ,ket*am & ,co4 ,^! ma*9es economis$ mat]ial1 & at ! same "t quick5$ production4 ,9 #ahgb ,mr4 ,sat*ell ,hopk9s1 ( ,birm+ham1 aft] communication ) ,mr4 ,page1 put d[n a numb] ( ma*9es on ,mr4 ,page's pr9ciple1 includ+ "o :i* is ev5 n[ ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful ( its k9d4 ,a simil> =m ( ma*9e 0 adopt$ by o!r firms1 & !re soon foll[$ an extraord9>y developm5t ( ! trade hi!rto kn[n z ! 8,/amp$ ,t9 ,holl[-w>e10 b n[ z ! 8,press$ ,bright ,t9n$ ,holl[-w>e0 ,trade4 ,9 ano!r important bran* ( ! trade1 ?\gh !re has n be5 s mu* scope = improvem5t1 advance has n be5 want+4 ,! common & ugly japann$ w>e1 9 :i* /5cil plates 7 l>gely us$1 has be5 sup]s$$ by 8transf]s10 & by an inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,hopk9s1 ! japann+ ( articles ) backgr\nds highly poli%$ has be5 sup]s$$ by a dead1 morocco-l surface1 9 l[ tones ( pleas+ appe>ance4 ,9 iron plate work+ ! only new me*anical appliance introduc$ s9ce #ahfg is a ma*9e or s]ies ( ma*9es = mak+ buckets1 by :i* ! article is practically made 9 "o op]ation4 ,! l[ wages ( workm5 :o make buckets1 c\pl$ ) ! l[ prices to :i* manufactur]s h be5 driv5 by excessive competition1 r5d] ! employm5t ( ^! ma*9es ( d\btful advantage4 ,besides ,birm+ham1 manufactories are e/abli%$ 9 ,wolv]hampton1 ,london1 ,read+1 ,%effield1 & o!r t[ns4 ,treatm5t ( ,wa/e4--,! foll[+ facts are suppli$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,bak]3--,%eet iron scrap & la! turn+s are work$ up aga9 into %eet iron4 ,copp] clipp+s & turn+s are remelt$4 ,copp] scale is resmelt$1 z also brass clipp+s & brass du/4 ,gold scrap ( ! japann+ dep>tm5t is s5t to ! gold ref9]s1 & ! leaf metal scrap to ! bronze p[d] manufactur]s4 ,t9 plate scrap1 aft] ! l>g] pieces h be5 sold to ! button mak]s1 are 8/ripp$0--t is1 ! t9 is remov$ by imm]sion 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! result+ t9 salt is us$ by calico pr9t]s4 ,! iron scrap1 aft] removal ( ! t91 is us$ = precipitat+ copp] by ! wet process4 ,t9 oxide1 kn[n z 8drop t910 =m$ on ! surface ( ! metal 9 ! t9n+ pot1 is1 aft] recov]y ( z mu* ( ! t9 z possible1 s5t to ! t9 smelt]4 ,galvaniz+ dross1 an alloy ( z9c & iron1 :i* s9ks to ! bottom ( ! galvaniz+ ba?1 is remov$ by a p]=at$ ladle1 & ref9$ by di/ill+ (f ! z9c4 ,z9c a%es1 t is c9d]s :i* h fall5 on ! molt5 metal & absorb$ z9c1 is also ref9$ by di/illation4 ,flux skimm+s1 or t :i* is skimm$ (f f ! galvaniz+ ba?1 is an oxide & *loride ( z9c4 ,?is is put 9 a vat2 /irr$ ) hot wat]1 ! oxide falls to ! bottom ( ! vat1 b ! *loride dissolves4 ,! cle> solution is heat$ ) gas liquor1 :5 z9c precipitates z c>bonate1 & ! *loride ( ammonium1 n[ 9 solution1 is recov]$ by evaporation4 ,! solid residues are work$ up 9 pa9t mills into z9c :ite4 ,tools 7,heavy ,edge74--,a4 ,,w9kl] ,,wills4--7,b4 #fef47 ,9 addition to edge tools prop]1 su* z axes1 adzes1 hat*ets1 & o!r articles1 ! trade includes pickaxes1 spades1 %ovels1 =ks1 hoes1 aug]s1 tr[els1 %ipscrap]s1 c4 ,! numb] ( patt]ns regul>ly suppli$ by ! manufactur]s ( ,birm+ham & ! neighb\rhood is e/imat$ at sev]al ?\s&s1 ea* nation & almo/ ea* di/rict requir+ special patt]ns ( its own4 ,! "* ( ! soil1 habit ( p & o!r circum/ances affect ! =m ( tool ?\gh us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! enorm\s hoe1 ) a blade ne>ly a foot wide & ( ! same dep?1 :i* is 9 univ]sal use 9 ,guatemala1 w\ld be useless 9 ,valp>aiso1 because ! soil is light 9 "o c\ntry & heavy 9 ! o!r4 ,a ,brazilian axe is made ?us3--,a piece ( b> iron is tak5 & ! middle "p ?9n$ out "u a light /eam hamm] to ! ?ickness requir$ to =m ! edge ( ! tool4 ,! blank is !n d\bl$ ov] ^u itself & ! bottom "p weld$ toge!r4 ,a b> ( h>d ca/ /eel is weld$ on to ! bottom ( ! blank2 ! /eel be+ !n cut (f f ! b> to a wid? correspond+ to t ( ! blank4 ,! embryo axe1 by means ( a /eam hamm]1 is =g$ "u tools ( suitable %ape fix$ 9 ! head ( ! hamm]1 ! f9al %ape be+ giv5 by h& tools4 ,! tool is n[ ready = h>d5+ & temp]+--! /eel$ end ( ! axe is heat$ to a blood r$ 9 a sl[ furnace & is !n plung$ into cold wat]4 ,x is n[ temp]$ by sl[ly heat+ till x assumes ! requir$ t9t4 ,! tool is n[ ready to be gr\nd1 poli%$ on a succession ( wood5 :eels or bobs1 dress$ ) em]y ( gradually increas+ f95ess1 & !n to h its upp] "p japann$ black1 blue1 sc>let1 or bronze-col\r$1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! consum]4 ,! pr9cipal ma*9]y employ$ consi/s ( %e>s1 8squeez]s10 tilt & trip hamm]s1 /rik+ f #bjj to #djj bl[s p] m9ute1 /eam hamm]s1 %e>+ & pun*+ ma*9es1 /amps1 rolls1 & la/ly1 massive ma*9es or presses ( v>i\s con/ruction1 us$ = %ap+ ! eyes ( hoes1 pickaxes1 c4 ,! wood h&les requir$ = spades1 %ovels1 c41 =m a di/9ct bran* ( ! trade4 ,hickory h&les are almo/ exclusively us$ 9 ! w$ge axes s l>gely employ$ 9 ,india & ! colonies2 ^! h&les are necess>ily import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,self-act+ ma*9es h dur+ late ye>s be5 introduc$ = ! turn+ ( a% h&les = axes1 hat*ets1 c4 ,! h&les ( spades1 %ovels1 & =ks are ( a% sawn f planks1 subsequ5tly turn$ 9 la!s4 ,to b5d !m1 !y are /eam$ & press$ into %ape by p[]ful screws4 ,! only wa/e products are ! scale or dross :i* falls f ! heat$ iron1 & ! %e>+s or scraps cut (f ! tools4 ,bo? are sold to ! ironma/]--! =m] = fettl+ 8 furnace1 ! latt] to be work$ up aga9 into b> iron4 ,! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! trade 9 ,birm+ham & ! di/rict is probably #c1jjj to #d1jjj4 ,! conditions ( ! manufacture h be5 greatly alt]$ dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s by ! ext5sive introduction ( ma*9]y to replace manual lab\r2 at ! pres5t "t a mu* l>g] numb] ( boys & y\?s are employ$ ?an 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,_! wages range f #hs4 to #aes4 p] week accord+ to age4 ,=gem5 e>n on an av]age #b4 #ajs4 or #c4 p] week2 =em5 smi?s ab\t #b41 & _! /rik]s or und]h&s ab\t #a4 to #a4 #es1 :5 9 full "w4 ,wom5 are only employ$ 9 japann+1 wrapp+ up & simil> light "w4 ,! revolution :i* has tak5 place 9 ! me?od ( manufacture dur+ rec5t ye>s 0 l>gely accel]at$ by ! tyrannical op]ations ( ! =m]ly p[]ful trades union ( edge-tool mak]s1 :i*1 dur+ ! p]iod ( l>ge dem& :i* prevail$ f #ahgb to #ahgd1 us$ e available means to limit production1 & to make x impossible = ! manufactur]s to execute ord]s 9 reasonable "t4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! productive p[] ( ! trade has be5 s enorm\sly increas$ t at pres5t x is altoge!r disproportionate to ! dem&1 & h5ce1 9 ?is z 9 almo/ e o!r bran* ( manufacture1 unremun]ative prices & reckless competition are un=tunately ! ord] ( ! day4 ,umbrellas & ,p>asols4--,,william ,,holl&4--7,b4 #fff74 ,s9ce ! previ\s article 0 writt5 ma*9]y has be5 ext5sively introduc$1 an umbrella rib be+ n[ made by automatic ma*9]y 9 "o op]ation in/ead ( sev]al4 ,! squ>e or r\nd iron wire = ! /ret*] is also simil>ly conv]t$ into =m ne>ly ready = japann+4 ,9 "s cases1 ev5 ! rivet+ or atta*+ ! rib to ! /ret*] is done by ma*9]y1 b z yet ! exp]im5t rema9s to be prov$ good & economical4 ,! numb] ( h&s employ$ has increas$4 ,"s hundr$s ( m51 wom51 girls1 & boys are employ$4 ,! mat]ials h und]gone a *ange1 z9c & iron h displac$ to a l>ge ext5t brass & copp]1 & great competition has caus$ ev]y?+ to be light5$ & *eap5$2 b a reaction is tak+ place 9 ?is respect1 & bett] & /rong] goods are com+ into use4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( umbrellas & p>asols are n[ gilt1 bronz$1 enamell$1 silv] & nickel-plat$1 in/ead ( be+ simply japann$ z 0 ! case =m]ly4 ,! pat5ts :i* h be5 tak5 out 9 connection ) umbrellas & p>asols are num]\s1 & 9 _m cases trivial4 ,ov] #hjj pat5ts 7 grant$ betwe5 #ahfg & #ahgf1 & s9ce !n ! inv5tive ball has be5 roll+ /ill m rapidly4 ,x has be5 propos$ to use a transp>5t mat]ial to enable "o to see ahead :5 protect+ ! face ) ! umbrella4 ,ano!r arranges = sp9n+ ! umbrella s z to drive (f ! ra91 o!r proposals are to fold ! umbrella s z to g inside a /ick1 to conv]t x :5 necess>y into a railway c>riage key1 a corkscrew1 or a pike1 writ+ mat]ials h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! h&les1 & a v>iety ( contrivances propos$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( all ^! pat5ts is "o = fix+ ! umbrella to ! hat some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ?at*$ ,indians ( :om "o reads 9 books ( travel4 ,wat* ,manufacture4--,r4 ,l4 ,,bragge4--,! 8wat*mak]s0 ( ,birm+ham ( =ty or fifty ye>s ago 7 r repair]s ?an mak]s1 ?\gh !re 0 sc>cely a "p ( ! me*anism ( a wat* :i* !y 7 n at times oblig$ to make4 ,( ^! wat*mak]s1 ,s4 ,allport1 ( ,bull ,/reet1 0 consid]$ to take ! lead4 ,!re 7 also ,t4 ,w>wick1 9 ,colmore ,r[2 ,birley1 9 ,high ,/reet1 & o!rs4 ,at ?is "t ! highe/ class wat*es 7 made 9 ,london4 ,liv]pool also _h a reputation = goods ( high quality4 ,cov5try1 h[ev]1 enjoy$ a l>g] indu/ry ?an ei!r ( ! o!r c5tres nam$4 ,! fir/ e>ne/ & p]si/5t ef=t to include wat* manufacture z a ,birm+ham indu/ry 0 made by ,messrs4 ,hodgk9s & ,boo?1 :o comm5c$ ab\t #ahdc1 & cont9u$ till #ahej1 :5 ,messrs4 ,betts & ,fairfax succe$$ to ! bus9ess4 ,messrs4 ,*>les ,wood & ,sons1 ( ,ba? ,/reet & ( ,/4 ,paul's ,squ>e1 n long aft]w>d ga9$ a reputation z manufactur]s ( high quality wat*es4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,ehrh>dt1 9 #ahgc1 erect$ a l>ge manufactory = production ( wat*es accord+ to mod]n ideas1 & ! ,engli% ,wat* ,company 7,limit$7 h also erect$ ext5sive ranges ( %opp+ 9 ,villa ,/reet4 ,exclusive ( 8jobb]s10 !re are probably ab\t #fjj to #gjj artisan wat*mak]s employ$ 9 ! t[n1 ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( :om are females2 "s #ejj ( ^! are employ$ at ! two l>ge manufactories j m5tion$4 ,x is probable t ne>ly #gjj wat*es p] week are turn$ out 9 ,birm+ham4 ,birm+ham wat*es h a good reputation1 & !re is n a 8duff]0 wat* turn$ out f "o ye>'s end to ano!r4 ,"o s+ul> feature ( ! trade is t ! "n ( ! mak] r>ely appe>s on a wat*--manufactur]s g5]ally put on ! names ( _! cu/om]s4 ,_m l>ge export h\ses h adopt$ fictiti\s names1 "u :i* a c]ta9 patt]n wat* has atta9$ a reputation t makes ! "n a valuable prop]ty4 ,a l>ge ,colonial trade is done on ^! l9es4 ,messrs4 ,d5nison1 ,wigley1 & ,co41 manufacture wat* cases1 employ+ ab\t #ajj h&s1 mak+ ! cases = ,am]ican companies4 ,^! cases z well z _m ,swiss ones pass ?r\gh ! ,birm+ham ,assay ,(fice1 & are aft]w>ds s5t abroad = ! movem5ts to be fitt$ 94 ,s9ce ?is practice prevail$1 x is obvi\s t ! ,assay ,(fice returns are no index ( ! numb] ( wat*es made 9 ?is t[n4 ,almo/ ! only bran* ( ?is trade :i* is n localis$ is ! enamell+ & pa9t+ ( ! dials4 ,wat* glass mak+ is sc>cely practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ne>ly ! :ole supply ( ! wat*mak+ _w com+ f ! ,cont95t4 ,wire ,work+4--,j4 ,b4 ,,gausby4--7,b4 #eif47 ,no m>k$ dep>ture f processes previ\sly describ$ has tak5 place4 ,m att5tion is n[ paid to decoration1 & !re is an endeav\r to introduce m arti/ic designs4 ,! l>ge dem& = wire nett+ made by ma*9]y z describ$ 7,b4 #eig7 has l$ to a wide ext5sion ( locality = its manufacture4 ,l>ge wire draw+ firms & galvaniz]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry h tak5 up ! manufacture1 s t al?\gh ,birm+ham /ill turns out a l>ge quantity ( ! article1 %e has n be5 able to reta9 ! manufacture )9 h] b\nds4 ,wire 7,/eel74--,,*>les ,,lean4--7,b4 #eia47 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago a horse 0 employ$ = draw+ wire by a firm 9 ! t[n4 ,new applications ( wire )9 rec5t ye>s h be5 telephones1 deep sea s\nd+1 road & a]ial tramways1 & cycles4 ,! scrap wire is utilis$ = nails2 x is also b\ght by hawk]s = ! purpose ( mak+ riddles & a numb] ( wire articles4 ,no wom5 or girls are employ$ 9 ! trade ( ! di/rict1 & p]haps ab\t #gjj m5 & boys1 ! bulk ( :om draw iron wire only4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r articles on ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix4--,,ed4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,geology ,,& ,,physiography4 7,,birm+ham ,,di/rict47 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,*as4 ,,lapwor?1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,physiography4 ,! t[n ( ,birm+ham lies almo/ 9 ! exact geographical c5tre ( ,engl& & ,wales1 midway betwe5 sea & sea4 ,its di/ance 9 a /raight l9e f ! ?ree ne>e/ sea-ports on ! opposite sides ( ! isl&1 ,liv]pool1 ,bo/on1 & ,bri/ol1 is ab\t #he miles 9 ea* case1 :ile its di/ance f ,london & ,s\?ampton is only a few miles m4 ,! ma9 wat]%$ ( ,s\!rn ,brita91 :i* comm5ces to ! nor?w>d 9 ! ,p5n9e ,range & divides ! riv]s :i* fl[ ea/w>d into ! ,g]man ,ocean f ^? :i* dra9 we/w>d into ! ,iri% ,sea & ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 ent]s ^u ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict f ! nor?w>d by way ( ,cannock ,*ase1 crosses ! 8,black ,c\ntry0 ab\t six miles to ! we/ ( ,birm+ham1 & passes out ( ! di/rict to ! s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,lickey ,hills1 r\nd ! headwat]s ( ! ,avon to ! ,edge ,hills & ! ,cotswolds4 ,! t[n ( ,birm+ham & its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 is dra9$ by ! brooklets :i* unite to =m ! riv] ,tame1 ! fir/ ( ! s\!rn tribut>ies ( ! ,tr5t4 ,?us1 physiographically speak+1 ,birm+ham lies well )9 ! bas9 ( ! ,humb]4 ,to ! we/ ( ! wat]%$ ( ,dudley & ! ,lickey1 ! riv]s ( ! di/rict h a %ort & rapid desc5t to ! ma9 /ream ( ! ,sev]n2 to ! s\? ea/w>d1 !y glide g5tly across ! ,midl& ,pla9 to its tribut>y--! s(t-fl[+ ,avon4 ,! physical c5tre ( ! di/rict is ! locality ( ,b>nt ,gre51 a po9t on ! ,midl& ,railway1 ab\t eight miles to ! s\? ( ! t[n4 ,f ?is po9t radiate ! sev]al l[ hill ranges :i* give to ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham its di/9ctive "*4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ranges 7=m+ ! ma9 wat]%$1 & con/itut+ ! natural backbone ( ! area7 is compos$ ( ! ,l[] ,lickey ,hills & _! nor!rly ext5sions--! roll+ heights ( ,hales[51 ! conspicu\s m\nd ( ,r[ley ,regis 7#hbj feet71 & ! beautifully wood$ heights ( ,dudley ,ca/le 7#gcj feet71 ! ,wr5's ,ne/1 & ,s$gley ,hill4 ,to ! we/ ( ?is axial ridge1 a second range be>+ po9ts ( a some:at great] elevation1 /ret*es f ! same locality ( ,b>nt ,gre5 ?r\gh ! ,upp] or ,bromsgrove ,lickey ,hills 7#ijj feet7 to ,hagley1 :]e x is kn[n z ! ,cl5t ,hills 7#a1jbh feet74 ,^! look out f> & wide ov] ! beautifully f]tile valley ( ! ,sev]n1 & are cont9u$ to ! nor?-we/w>d 9 ! heights ( ,/\rbridge & ,abbots ,ca/le4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ma9 ,lickey & ,dudley axis1 ! c\ntry is less conspicu\sly div]sifi$4 ,! hill-ranges are broad]1 & rise almo/ imp]ceptibly f ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! less elevat$ areas =ms :at may be t]m$ ! ,birm+ham plateau4 ,?is is an irregul> /rip ( brok5 gr\nd1 ab\t tw5ty miles 9 l5g? by f\r or five miles 9 bread?1 :i* takes orig9 f ! nor?-ea/]n slopes ( ! ,lickeys betwe5 ,nor?field & ,hales[51 & sweeps nor?w>ds ?r\gh ,h>borne1 ,birm+ham1 ,b>r & ,sutton ,p>k1 into ! wild di/rict ( ,cannock ,*ase4 ,on ?is irregul> plateau /& ! t[n ( ,birm+ham & its suburban villages ( ,h>borne1 ,edgba/on1 ,moseley1 ,a/on1 ,h&swor?1 & ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,! we/]n side ( ! plateau ov]looks ! 8,black ,c\ntry40 ,x is m>k$ out by ! t]race ( ,sme?wick1 ,s&well1 & ,great ,b>r1 & culm9ates 9 ! conspicu\s fir-topp$ hill ( ,b>r ,beacon 7#hjj feet74 ,! ea/w>d m>g9 ( ! plateau is mu* less pron\nc$1 & subsides g5tly into ! great ,midl& pla9 ( ,w>wick & ,tamwor?1 along a l9e drawn f ,nor?field1 ?r\gh ,k+'s ,hea?1 ,moseley1 ,camp ,hill1 & ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,! gr\nd =m+ ! ,birm+ham plateau rises & falls into an endless succession ( heights & holl[s2 "h s9k+ d[n into broad tree-%elt]$1 /ream-cut valleys1 !re ris+ into long l[ m\nds & hills4 ,! subsoil ?r\gh\t is ma9ly gravel or s&y clay1 & ! und]gr\nd dra9age is1 z a rule1 excell5t4 ,! nor?-we/]n half ( ! plateau /ill reta9s its orig9al =e/ "*1 & ! primeval aspect ( ! di/rict is recall$ by ! wild area ( ,sutton ,p>k--a picturesque admixture ( long1 dry1 pebbly m\nds1 cov]$ ) ?ick woods ( oak1 a% & holly1 & divid$ f ea* o!r by op5 glades ( gorse pat*es1 ) long1 flat1 treeless expanses1 %r\d$ 9 d>k hea!r & pick$ out "h & !re ) deep1 cle> wat]-pools4 ,! c5tral half ( ! plateau is n[ cov]$ by ! great t[n ( ,birm+ham & its imm$iate dep5d5cies4 ,! t[n /&s ^u a s]ies ( broad r\nd$ knolls1 divid$ f ea* o!r by int]v5+ op5 valleys4 ,! m elevat$ po9ts are m>k$ by ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,philip's1 ,ne:all ,hill1 ,soho ,hill1 & ! ,monum5t2 :ile ! great maze ( /reets1 manufactories & comm]cial build+s fill up all ! space betwe54 ,/rictly speak+1 ! t[n prop] lies 9 ! angle includ$ betwe5 ! riv] ,tame & its little tribut>y ! ,rea4 ,! ,tame runs 9 a broad valley r\nd ! nor?-ea/]n side ( ! t[n to ! l[-ly+ di/rict ( ,saltley1 & !nce takes its c\rse nor?-ea/w>d across ! ,midl& pla9 t[>ds ! ,tr5t at ,burton4 ,! little riv] ,rea1 :i* is ! ,birm+ham riv] p> excell5ce1 runs f ! ,lickey ,hills ?r\gh ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ! t[n1 across ! l[-ly+ di/rict ( ,digbe?1 & jo9s ! ,tame at ,saltley4 ,! s\?-we/]n portion ( ! ,birm+ham plateau is occupi$ by ! fa%ionable di/rict ( ,edgba/on & ! neighb\r+ suburbs ( ,h>borne & ,moseley4 ,:ile ! orig9al upl& "* ( ! plateau is /ill di/9ctly app>5t1 ! dwell]s 9 ?is s\!rn area h 9 all o!r respects utt]ly *ang$ its =m] aspect4 ,! l& has be5 reclaim$ & enclos$4 ,9 place ( ! wild oak & a%1 we h masses ( ! ,elizabe?an elm1 ! fir & ! bee*2 & 9 place ( ! wild hea!r1 cultivat$ lawns & grassy fields4 ,e advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! natural res\rces ( site & soil2 & ! result is t ,edgba/on & its surr\nd+s =m "o broad expanse ( mansions1 woods & fields1 well wor?y ( ! t[n & neighb\rhood4 ,to ! we/w>d ( ! ,birm+ham plateau lies ! di/rict ( ! 8,black ,c\ntry10 ( :i* ! t[n ( ,dudley is ! natural c5tre4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,birm+ham plateau1 x is a l[l& di/rict ( wild confusion--a maze ( m9es1 *imneys1 factories1 & /raggl+ villages & t[ns1 %r\d$ 9 a canopy ( smoke & /eam4 ,! natural soil is g5]ally hidd5 f sight by heaps ( m9+ spoil1 & m\nds ( rubbi%1 cut ?r\gh 9 all directions by l9es ( railway & broad canals4 ,! beautiful wood$ hill ( ,dudley1 cr[n$ ) its grey keep1 & ! neighb\r+ oak-clad ridges ( ! ,wr5's ,ne/ & ,s$gley1 rise l isl&s ( v]dure out ( ! d>k sea ( m9+ gr\nd ar\nd1 & look /rangely out ( place amid _! gloomy surr\nd+s4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,birm+ham plateau lies ! broad pla9 ( ,tamwor? & ,nuneaton1 wat]$ by ! sluggi% /ream ( ! ,tame4 ,! pla9 is cont9u$ f> to ! s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ri*ly wood$ di/rict ( ,w>wick1 ,alce/]1 & ! old ,=e/ ( ,ard51 & !nce d[n ! valley ( ,%akespe>e's ,avon1 to ! t]race ( ! ,edge ,hills & ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,cotswolds4 ,,geology4 7,,birm+ham ,,di/rict74 ,paleozoic ,rocks4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,c4 ,,lapwor?1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,introduction4 ,! ,birm+ham di/rict1 or t area ( :i* ,birm+ham con/itutes ! natural capital & comm]cial c5tre1 ext5ds f ,/af=d on ! nor? to ,tewkesbury on ! s\?1 & f ,well+ton on ! we/ to ,leice/] on ! ea/1 =m+ an area ab\t #fj miles 9 l5g? by #ej 9 bread?4 ,9 no s+le di/rict 9 ,brita9 is ! relation ( ! physiography ( ! c\ntry se5 to be m /rik+ly dep5d5t ^u its geological /ructure ?an )9 ! limits ( ! ,birm+ham di/rict4 ,e hill1 ridge1 pla91 & valley ( any importance is a m]e reflex ( ! und]gr\nd geology4 ,! local di/ribution & physical peculi>ities ( its rock =mations af=d a natural & complete explanation ( all its special sc5ic peculi>ities4 ,! dom9ant geological =mation ( ?is ,midl& area is ! great ,mesozoic =mation ( ! ,triassic or ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 :i* /ret*es ?r\gh ,s\!rn ,brita9 9 a cont9u\s b& f ,h>tlepool to ,exet]1 & divides ! brok5 & contort$ ,paleozoic rocks ( ! we/ f ! flat-ly+ ,neozoics ( ! ea/4 ,?is great b& ( ,new ,r$ ,s&/one atta9s its wide/ ext5sion 9 ! nor? ( ! ,birm+ham di/rict1 betwe5 ,eccle%all & ,*>nwood ,=e/1 :]e its transv]se diamet] is ab\t #ej miles4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! ,birm+ham di/rict1 h[ev]1 its diamet] rapidly decreases1 until 9 ! extreme s\?1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,worce/] & ! ,malv]ns1 its bread? is r$uc$ to ab\t #aj miles4 ,! r$ rocks ( ?is ,triassic =mation n only =m by f> ! mo/ pr$om9ant & mo/ conspicu\s geological feature ( ! di/rict at ! pres5t "t1 b n long s9ce1 geologically speak+1 !y mu/ h ext5d$ ov] ! entire area 9 "o unbrok5 expanse4 ,!y n[ con/itute a %eet ( r$ s&/ones & m>ls1 ?r\gh :i* protrude1 9 num]\s b&s & pat*es1 ! old] ,paleozoic rocks4 ,al?\gh n[h]e v /eeply incl9$1 ^! r$ b$s ( ! ,triassic h be5 b5t into sev]al long l[ ar*es1 or broad domes1 ^: long] axes range approximately nor? & s\?4 ,! summits ( _m ( ^! ar*es h be5 d5ud$1 & ! und]ly+ old] rocks h aga9 be5 b>$ to-day4 ,f\r ( ^! ar*es are especially conspicu\s1 ^? ( ! ,wrek91 ,malv]n1 ,dudley1 & ,nuneaton4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ! und]ly+ ,coal ,measures are laid b>e1 =m+ ! f\r coalfields ( ,coalbrookdale1 ,=e/ ( ,wyre1 ,s\? ,/af=d1 & ,ea/]n ,w>wick1 all ( :i* %ew r\nd _! out] m>g9s a n>r[ b& ( ! int]m$iate =mation ( ! ,p]mian4 ,9 ea* ( ^! anticl9als1 too1 ! d5udation ( ! core ( ! ar* has be5 suffici5t to we> away ! ,c>bonif]\s f its c5tre1 & to expose to view yet old] =mations--! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre1 ! ,silurian 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 ! ,malv]ns1 & ,coalbrookdale1 & ev5 ! ,upp] ,cambrian & its und]ly+ igne\s rocks 9 ! ,wrek91 ! ,lickey1 & ne> ,nuneaton4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,silurian ( ,abb]ley & ,dudley1 & ! rec5tly discov]$ ,cambrian ( ,nuneaton1 h[ev]1 ^! pre-,c>bonif]\s rocks are comp>atively inconspicu\s1 ris+ up m]ely 9 n>r[ b&s 9 ! cores ( long w$ge-%ap$ hills4 ,f ! economical z well z f ! /ructural po9t ( view1 by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! geological ar*es is t ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 :i* is ! s\?w>d cont9uation ( ! ,p5n9e *a91 & "p ( ! true backbone ( ,s\!rn ,brita94 ,! c5tral axis ( ?is ar* runs1 z we h se51 ?r\gh ! ,dudley ,hills1 & dies away 9 ! complex ( faults to ! s\? ( ! ,lickeys4 ,on ! natural consequ5ces ( ! rise ( ?is ar*1 all ! physical1 sc5ic1 & economic peculi>ities ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! di/rict are ess5tially dep5d5t4 ,! hills & pla9s ar\nd ,birm+ham are all m or less relat$ to ?is gr& anticl9al--! hills m>k+ ! uplift$ edges ( ! h>d] rocks1 ! lime/ones1 s&/ones1 & pebble b$s2 & ! pla9s1 ! position ( ! g5tly incl9$ s(t %ales & m>ls4 ,x has br\ght )9 workable di/ance ( ! surface ! coals & iron/ones ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 & ! valuable lime/ones ( ! ,dudley ,hills1 & x has _h its f9al effect 9 br++ toge!r ! ov]fl[+ population ( ! t[n & di/rict4 ,! orig9al simplicity ( ! geological /ructure ( ! floor ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict is mu* complicat$ by fractures1 faults1 & uncon=mities4 ,! ,wrek9 & ! ,malv]ns are bo? affect$ by pr(\nd dislocations4 ,! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coldfield is b\nd$ bo? on ! ea/w>d & ! we/w>d by faults ( m ?an ord9>y magnitude1 :ile a long /raight fault m ?an #bj miles 9 l5g? runs ?r\gh ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ,birm+ham itself1 & fl+s d[n ! ,keup] m>ls ( ! ,w>wick pla9 aga9/ ! old] s&/ones ( ! ,birm+ham plateau4 ,9 ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict z ev]y:]e 9 ,brita91 ! ,triassic =mation re/s uncon=mably ^u ev]y?+ bel[4 ,at ! same "t1 its memb]s ov]lap ea* o!r m or less irregul>ly1 & %ew a rapid dim9ution 9 ?ickness :5 foll[$ f we/ to ea/4 ,?us x happ5s t n only d ! pre-,triassic rocks make _! appe>ance 9 _! expect$ positions along ! ma9 anticl9al l9es1 b _m ( ! old ridges ( ,palozoic rocks1 :i* rose out ( ! ,triassic wat]s1 h _h _! envelop+ pall ( r$ s&/one remov$ f _! flanks & summits1 :i* h ?us be5 b>$ once m to ! light ( day4 ,su* are1 9 "p1 ! ridges ( ! ,wrek91 ! ,malv]ns1 ! ,lickeys1 & ! ,=e/ ( ,*>nwood4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,sev]n1 to ! we/ ( ,birm+ham1 ! /rata run 9 n>r[ b&s4 ,! c5tral portion ( ?is valley ly+ betwe5 ,coalbrookdale & ,bridgnor?1 to ! we/ ( ! ma9 anticl9al ( ! ,birm+ham di/rict1 owes all its /rik+ beauty & v>iety to ! rapid alt]nations ( h>d & s(t /rata :i* occur )9 its limits4 ,9 ! great ,midl& pla9 to ! ea/ ( ,birm+ham1 ! /rata are spread out 9 broad %eets4 ,! pla9 is und]la9 9 great "p by ! comp>atively homog5e\s flat ly+ ,keup] m>ls1 ) _! int]calat$ b&s ( h>d] s&/ones4 ,its sc5]y is consequ5tly less v>i$ ?an t ( ! ,sev]n valley1 b x is ri* 9 t sweet sylvan beauty :i* is almo/ peculi> to ! ,engli% l&scape1 & x =ms "o broad expanse ( g5tly roll+ f>ml& & woodl&1 ^: gre5 cre/$ waves sweep onw>d to ! ea/ & s\?1 mile beyond mile1 till !y break aga9/ ! long %ore-l sc>p ( ! h>d] ,jurassics4 ,,! ,,local ,,rock ,,=mations4 ,z w be app>5t ^u a /udy ( ! accompany+ geological map1 ! geological =mations expos$ )9 ?irty miles ( ,birm+ham1 include ! entire /ratigraphical succession betwe5 ! ,cambrian & ! middle portion ( ! ,jurassic1 ) two notable exceptions4 ,! two =mations locally want+ are ! ,ordovician & ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! ne>e/ kn[n ,ordovician rocks occur 9 c5tral ,%rop%ire1 to ! ea/ ( ,*ur* ,/retton2 ! ne>e/ ,old ,r$ ,s&/one b$s are met ) to ! s\? ( ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre4 ,! natural sequ5ce ( =mations1 & ! localities :]e ! sev]al =mations are mo/ conspicu\sly display$1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,=mations ,,( ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,di/rict4 ,,mesozoic1 ,,or ,,second>y ,,rocks4 ,,liassic4 ,middle ,lias 7,m>l/one7--,edge ,hill1 ,f5ny ,compton4 ,l[] ,lias ,clays--,h>bury1 ,rugby4 ,,rh,,tic4 ,m>ls & ,:ite ,lias--,h>bury1 ,kn[le1 ,woot5 ,waw54 ,,triassic4 ,upp] ,trias or ,keup]3 7a7 ,new ,r$ ,m>l--,moseley1 ,k+'s ,norton1 c41 c4 7b7 ,l[] ,keup] or ,wat]/ones--,birm+ham1 ,w>wick4 ,l[] ,trias or ,bunt]3 7a7 ,upp] ,mottl$ ,s&/one--,h>borne1 ,edgba/on1 ,hockley4 7b7 ,pebble ,b$s & ,conglom]ate--,sutton ,p>k1 ,sme?wick4 7c7 ,l[] ,mottl$ ,s&/one--,cl5t ,hills1 ,/\rbridge4 ,,pal,,ozoic1 ,,or ,,prim>y ,,rocks4 ,,p]mian1 ,,or ,,dyassic4 7a7 ,p]mian ,breccia--,cl5t ,hills1 ,nor?field4 7b7 ,r$ ,s&/ones & ,m>ls--,hales[51 ,enville1 ,rub]y4 ,,c>bonif]\s4 7a7 ,upp] ,coal ,measures ) ,spir>ks ,lime/one1 c4--,s&well1 ,arley4 7b7 ,l[] ,coal ,measures--,oldbury1 ,bil/on1 ,hawkesbury4 7c7 ,mill/one ,grit--,abs5t ne> ,birm+ham1 pres5t ne> ,colebrookdale4 7d7 ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one--,abs5t4 ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one ,,or ,,devonian ,abs5t ne> ,birm+ham1 pres5t 9 ,=e/ ( ,wyre4 ,,silurian4 7a7 ,ludl[ ,%ales & ,lime/ones--,s$gley ,hill4 7b7 ,w5lock ,%ales & ,lime/one--,dudley ,hill1 ,wr5's ,ne/1 ,walsall4 7c7 ,woolhope ,b$s--,b>r & ,rub]y4 7d7 ,ll&ov]y or ,mayhill--,rub]y4 ,,ordovician4 ,abs5t4 ,,cambrian4 ,upp] ,cambrian3 7a7 ,tremadoc ,b$s & ,l+ula ,flags4--,%9eton1 ,nuneaton1 ,l[] ,lickey1 & ,malv]ns4 ,,fundam5tal1 ,,cry/all9e ,,& ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 7a7 ,*>nwood ,volcanic ,rocks--,*>nwood ,=e/1 ,caldecote ,hill1 ,! ,wrek94 7b7 ,malv]n ,cry/all9e ,rocks--,nor? ,hill1 ,h]e=d ,beacon1 c4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,cry/all9e ,,& ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,malv]ns1 ,,! ,,wrek91 ,,& ,,*>nwood ,,=e/4 ,! rocks :i* und\bt$ly occupy ! l[e/ place 9 ! geological =mations ( ! ,birm+ham di/rict are ^? cry/all9e & p>tly s*i/ose masses :i* =m ! core ( ! ,malv]n ,hills2 & c]ta9 well-m>k$ volcanic rocks :i* occur at ! ,wrek9 & ,nuneaton1 & :i* appe> to h _! equival5ts 9 ! great igne\s s]ies ( ,*>nwood ,=e/4 ,t all ^! m or less cry/all9e rocks are ( high] antiquity ?an ! ,upp] ,cambrian ( ,wales is demon/rat$ by ! fact t fossilif]\s rocks conta9+ ,cambrian fossils ( ?is age ov]lie !m1 :ile ! l[e/ recognisable zones ( ^! ov]ly+ fossilif]\s rocks 7! ,hollybu% s&/one ( ! ,malv]ns1 ! qu>tzite ( ! ,wrek91 & ! ,h>t%ill qu>tzite ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,nuneaton7 are 9 "p compos$ ( _! fragm5ts4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 !y belong 9 "p to ! ,middle or ,l[] ,cambrian1 or :olly app]ta9 to ! e>li] =mations ( ! ,ar*ean1 mu/ z yet rema9 an op5 "q4 7a47 ,,malv]n ,,hills4--,! core ( ! ,malv]n ,hills is compos$ ( a co>se sy5itic1 & m or less gneissose rock1 pi]c$ by ve9s ( qu>tzo-felspa?ic rock ( igne\s orig9 7,h]e=d ,beacon1 c74 ,! ma9 mass :i* is co>sely cry/all9e1 becomes occasionally di/9ctly gneissose & ev5 s*i/ose1 & its m9]al b&s /rike f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 i4e41 transv]se to ! g5]al tr5d ( ! ,malv]n ,ridge4 ,! basem5t b$s ( ! ,hollybu% s&/ones 7,cambrian7 & ! ,ll&ov]y re/ uncon=mably ^u ?is rock1 :i* has consequ5tly be5 claim$ by "s geologi/s z di/9ctly ( ,ar*ean age1 repres5t+ 9 "p ! ,laur5tian ( ,logan4 ,! be/ localities = /udy+ ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! ,malv]n rocks are ! qu>ries ( ! ,nor? ,hill & ! ,wy*1 & ! ea/]n slopes ( ! hills betwe5 ,malv]n ,wells & ,h]e=d%ire ,beacon4 7b47 ,,! ,,wrek94--,! core ( ! beautiful hill ( ! ,wrek9 is =m$ by a magnific5t s]ies ( highly acidic volcanic rocks--rhyolitic lavas & a%es4 ,z fir/ po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,callaway1 !y rise out uncon=mably f bel[ fossilif]\s rocks ( ,upp] ,cambrian age4 7,hollybu% ,s&/one & ,%9eton ,%ales7 & are believ$ by him to be ( ,ar*ean age4 ,! f9e/ exhibitions ( ! volcanic a%es ( ! gr\p are met ) 9 qu>ries on ! flanks ( ! ,wrek9 itself1 :ile ! rhyolitic lavas occur 9 scatt]$ localities along ! hill4 ,a broad m\nd ( ! same igne\s s]ies rises out f bel[ ! ,triassic to ! s\? ( ,walcot ,/ation1 & a mo/ beautiful & in/ructive section ( b&$ & sph]ulitic rhyolites is %ewn 9 ! qu>ry at ! locality kn[n z ! ,lee ,rock4 ,! truly volcanic nature ( ^! rem>kable rocks 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 & _! orig9al *>act]i/ics1 & ! *anges !y h und]gone s9ce _! =mation1 h be5 describ$ by him 9 a well-kn[n s]ies ( memoirs4 ,_! geological position1 & _! relation to ! associat$ fossilif]\s /rata1 & to ! simil> rhyolitic rocks ( ,ca] ,c>adoc & ,pontesbury h be5 fully discuss$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,callaway1 ,f4,g4,s4 7c47 ,,nuneaton 7,,caldecote ,,hill74--,a ?9 gr\p ( volcanic breccias & tuffs1 ) associat$ qu>tz-felsites1 & diabase1 rises out f bel[ ! ,upp] ,cambrians ( ,nuneaton1 9 ! ,p>k ( ,caldecote ,hill4 ,! l[e/ zone ( ! ov]ly+ ,cambrian ,h>t%ill qu>tzite is 9 "p compos$ ( _! fragm5ts4 ,! a%es are %ewn 9 old cutt+s to ! nor?-we/ ( ,caldecote ,lodge1 ! qu>tz-porphyries & diabase 9 an old qu>ry ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile to ! s\?w>d1 :ile ! breccia compos$ ( ! fragm5ts ( ^! old rocks1 9 ! base ( ! ,cambrian qu>tzite is be/ %ewn on ! tramway /ill f>!r to ! s\?w>d1 lead+ d[n to ! ,cov5try ,canal4 7d47 ,,*>nwood ,,=e/4--,?is di/rict is =m$ ( an isl& ( anci5t igne\s & /ratifi$ rocks ris+ out f bel[ ! ,upp] ,trias4 ,! /ratifi$ rocks are almo/ :olly compos$ ( mat]ials ( volcanic orig91 & %ade (f on ! "o h& into co>se volcanic agglom]ates1 & on ! o!r into f9e gre5 slates l ^? ( ! ,borr[dale s]ies 9 ! ,lake ,di/rict1 to :i* inde$ ! :ole ( ! b$d$ ,*>nwood rocks be> a /rik+ resemblance4 ,! /ratifi$ volcanic rocks are pi]c$ by num]\s igne\s intrusions4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s are ^? class$ by ,pr(essor ,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s41 z sy5ite4 ,^! are mo/ conspicu\s ne> ,groby1 ,bradgate1 & g5]ally 9 ! s\? ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,*>nwood area4 ,a mass ( beautiful hornbl5dic granite rises ?r\gh ! ,trias imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ,*>nwood ,=e/ at ,m\nt ,sorrel1 ne> ,b>r[ on ,so>4 ,a few lat] dykes ( alt]$ &esite occur )9 ! =e/ itself1 & diorite 9 ! outli] ( ,brazil ,wood4 ,to ! s\? ( ,*>nwood ,=e/1 sev]al rem>kable po9ts ( sy5itic rock protrude ?r\gh ! flat-ly+ ,trias4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! are ! hills ( ,sapcote1 ,cr(t1 & ,end]by4 ,!re is no direct evid5ce ( ! ,cambrian or pre-,cambrian age ( ! ,*>nwood rocks1 b /rata id5tical ) ! fossilif]\s ,/ock+=d %ales 7,upp] ,cambrian7 ( ,nuneaton1 h be5 pi]c$ 9 sev]al bor+s ?r\gh ! ,trias ne> ,leice/]1 ,m>ket ,boswor?1 etc41 & appe> to re/ at once ^u ! ,*>nwood rocks1 z d ! ,nuneaton b$s ^u ! ,caldecote volcanic gr\p4 ,,cambrian ,,rocks4 ,no fossilif]\s /rata unequivocally ( ,l[] ,cambrian age occur )9 ! limits ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict2 b /rata ( ,upp] ,cambrian age are met ) 9 sev]al localities4 ,!y 7 fir/ recognis$ by ,pr(essor ,phillips 9 ! area ( ! ,malv]n ,hills1 & h be5 subsequ5tly detect$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s at ! ,wrek91 at ,nuneaton1 & 9 ! ,l[] ,lickey ,hills4 ,,malv]n ,,hills4--,! ,upp] ,cambrian b$s ( ! ,malv]ns re/ ^u ! cry/all9e rocks ( ! axis ( ! hills to ! s\? ( ,h]e=d%ire ,beacon1 along ! slopes ( ,midsumm] ,hill & ,keys ,hill4 ,! l[e/ zone is ! ,hollybu% ,s&/one1 a light gre5 micace\s rock1 conta9+ tubes ( sea worms & ,kutorg9a c+ulata4 ,! ,hollybu% ,s&/one is succe$$ by %iv]y %ales1 some:at s&y bel[1 & becom+ d>k] & m c>bonace\s above4 ,9 _! l[] b$s !y yield3--,obolella ,salt]i1 ,obolella sagittalis1 ,l+ula pygmea1 etc4 ,9 _! middle b$s !y af=d ,pellura sc>abeoides1 ,sph]op?almus alatus1 ,agno/is pisi=mis1 ,agno/us trisectus1 etc41 well-kn[n fossils ( ! ,upp] ,l+ula ,flags 7,dolgelly7 ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,_! highe/ b$s conta9 ,dictyonema sociale1 a fossil :i* passes up into ! succe$+ ,tremadoc ,slates4 ,! re/ ( ! local succession ( ! ,cambrian rocks is hidd5 by ! uncon=mable ov]lap ( ,silurian4 ,! ,hollybu% ,s&/one & ! ov]ly+ s&y %ales conta9 num]\s int]calat$ volcanic rocks1 "s ( :i* are ( ! age ( ! surr\nd+ /rata1 :ile o!rs are intrusive4 ,,nuneaton ,,di/rict4--,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n ( ,nuneaton 9 ea/]n ,w>wick%ire1 a /rip ( ,cambrian rocks1 ab\t eight miles 9 l5g? by "o 9 bread?1 has be5 detect$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! rocks consi/ ( volcanic a%es1 qu>tzites & ?9-b$d$ %ales1 pi]c$ by dioritic dykes4 ,^! /rata 7 =m]ly mapp$ z alt]$ ,mill/one ,grit & ,c>bonif]\s %ale1 & _! ,cambrian age has only be5 rec5tly demon/rat$ by ! discov]ies ( ,birm+ham geologi/s4 ,! complete succession is z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,,caldecote ,,volcanic ,,gr\p4--,well-b$d$ tuffs & volcanic a%es 7see ante7 ) masses ( ,qu>tz-felsites & diabase4 7#b47 ,,h>t%ill ,,qu>tzite4--,?ick-b$d$ qu>tzites1 ) occasional lay]s ( s&y %ale4 7#c47 ,,/ock+=d ,,%ales4-- 7a47 ,l[] ,division4--7,obolella ,b$s7 ,purple & gre5 %ales ) ,obolella ,salt]i1 ,l+ulella pygmea1 ,l+ulella lepis1 ,acrotreta1 ,protospongia1 c4 7b47 ,upp] ,division4--7,agnosias ,b$s7 ,grey & black %ales ) ,agno/us pisi=mis4 ,beyri*ia ,angel9i & ,l+ulella ,ni*olsoni1 9 ! l[] zones1 & ,sph]op?almus alatus & ,dictyonema 9 ! upp] zones4 ,^! ,cambrian rocks are ov]la9 uncon=mably by ! ,coal measures to ! we/1 & by ! ,keup] b$s to ! ea/2 ! b\nd>y ( ! area is1 h[ev]1 locally def9$ by l9es ( fault4 ,! basem5t b$s ( ! ,h>t%ill ,qu>tzite are locally compos$ ( fragm5ts ( ! und]ly+ volcanic rocks 7,caldecote ,b$s74 ,! ,qu>tzite itself1 :i* =ms ! *ief road metal ( ! neighb\rhood1 is laid b>e 9 a long s]ies ( qu>ries betwe5 ,nuneaton & ,h>t%ill4 ,! ov]ly+ purple & gre5 %ales ( ! ,/ock+=d ,b$s range f ,m>/on ,jabet1 s\? ( ,*ilv]s ,coton to ,a!r/one ,outwoods4 ,! be/ section is se5 9 ,p>ley ,p>k ,lane ne> ,a!r/one1 & ! fossils h be5 obta9$ f ?is section1 f ,a!r/one ,oakwoods1 ,camp ,hill1 & ,m>/on ,jabet4 ,! be/ section ( ! succe$+ grey & black ,%ales occurs 9 ! cutt+ ( ! ,midl& ,railway ne> ,/ock+=d1 :i* gives its "n to ! =mation4 ,_! fossils h be5 procur$ f ! rocks ( ?is section2 f ! cutt+ at ,*ilv]s ,coton1 ! banks ( ! ,cov5try ,canal1 f ,oldbury res]voir1 ,mawbornes & ,m]evale ,p>k4 ,! num]\s intrusive dykes ( volcanic rock =m a conspicu\s feature 9 ! geology ( ^! ,cambrian /rata4 ,!y are =m$ ( co>se-gra9$ diorites1 mu* qu>ri$ = road metal1 k]bs1 & setts4 ,good sections occur 9 ! qu>ries ne> ,tuttle ,hill1 9 ! railway cutt+s ne> ,/ock+=d & ,*ilv]s ,coton1 & 9 qu>ries ne> ,oldbury ,res]voir4 ,a small pat* ( ^! ,nuneaton ,cambrians is met ) on ! nor?-we/]n m>g9 ( ! ,ea/ ,w>wick%ire coalfield1 at ,do/ ,hill1 to ! s\? ( ,tamwor?4 ,x consi/s ( ! usual annelide-be>+ ,/ock+=d ,%ales1 pi]c$ by an intrusive mass ( diorite4 ,,l[] ,,lickey ,,hills4--,! core ( ! ,l[] ,lickey ,hills betwe5 ,b>nt ,gre5 & ,rub]y1 ab\t eight miles s\? ( ,birm+ham1 is =m$ ( a mass ( qu>tzite id5tical 9 all its ma9 features ) t ( ,h>t%ill1 ne> ,nuneaton4 ,at ! village ( ,rub]y1 9 an exposure on ! roadside1 x is se5 to be uncon=mably ov]la9 by fossilif]\s ,ll&ov]y s&/one1 ! basem5t b$s ( :i* conta9 fragm5ts ( ! und]ly+ qu>tzite 9 abundance4 ,at ! s\?-we/]n extremity ( ! ,l[] ,lickey ,range ! qu>tzites conta9 fragm5ts ( igne\s rocks1 & appe> to pass d[n into a s]ies ( felspa?ic grits1 pi]c$ by dioritic dykes simil> to ^? ( ! ,nuneaton ,di/rict4 ,good sections ( ! qu>tzites are laid b>e at ,rub]y ,/ation1 at ! village ( ,rub]y1 & 9 a l>ge qu>ry ne> ! roadside1 a mile nor?w>d f ,k5dall ,end4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ locality ! qu>tzites are se5 greatly fold$ & fault$4 ,,wrek9 ,,di/rict4--,9 ! ,wrek9 area ! great volcanic s]ies ( ! hills is imm$iately ov]la9 by a qu>tzite simil> to t ( ! ,h>t%ill & ! ,lickey1 ! basem5t b$ simil>ly conta9+ fragm5ts ( ! und]ly+ volcanic rocks4 ,! qu>tzite is succe$$ by ! ,hollybu% s&/one1 ) its *>act]i/ic fossil1 ,kutorg9a c+ulata4 ,a broad area1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,hollybu% s&/one & ! uncon=mably ov]ly+ ,silurian rocks ( ,buildwas1 is occupi$ by a s]ies ( ,upp] ,cambrian rocks1 d5om9at$ by ,dr4 ,callaway ! ,%9eton ,%ales1 & *>act]is$ by ! =ms3--,ol5us ,salt]i1 ,sphrop?almus1 ,asaphellus ,homfrayi1 c41 ,bryograptus ,callavei1 c41 ally+ !m ) ! ,tremadoc ,b$s ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,,silurian ,,rocks4 ,! rocks ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em are fully develop$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict1 "u _! mo/ typical aspect4 ,! well kn[n localities ( ,dudley & ,b>r h be5 fam\s 9 ! geological _w s9ce ! publication ( ,mur*ison's great "w1 ! ,silurian ,sy/em2 & ! abundance & beauty ( ! fossils ( ! lime/one rocks ( ! di/rict place x next to ! typical area ( ,c5tral ,%rop%ire z ! repres5tative c\ntry ( ! ,silurian rocks4 ,! ,silurian /rata are all ( ! well-kn[n ,salopian type1 %ew+ sev]al ?ick-b$d$ lime/ones1 occurr+ on di/9ct horizons 9 a great ?ickness ( d>k blue or grey nodul> %ales & mud/ones4 ,!y make _! appe>ance 9 %>p anticl9al ar*es 9 ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield1 & along its fault$ m>g9s4 ,f\r ( ^! exposures occur along ! cre/ ( ! ,lickey-,dudley anticl9al--at ,rub]y1 ,dudley ,ca/le ,hill1 ! ,wr5's ,ne/1 & ,s$gley4 ,! l>ge/ cont9u\s exposure is t ne> ! t[n ( ,walsall1 on ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! coalfield4 ,all ! ,silurian =mations f ! ,mayhill ,s&/one to ! ,ludl[ 7,ayme/ry7 ,lime/one are recognisable1 b ! t]m9al ,d[nton s&/one is lo/ bel[ ! uncon=mably ov]ly+ ,c>bonif]\s4 ,none ( ! localities1 h[ev]1 %ew ! complete consecutive s]ies1 :i* is made out by piec+ toge!r ! sections occurr+ 9 ! sev]al areas4 7#a47 ,,l[] ,,lickey ,,hills4-- 7a47 ,l&ov]y or ,mayhill ,rocks4--,! usual r$ & grey ,p5tam]us s&/one ( ! ,mayhill =mation is expos$ along ! nor?-we/ flank ( ! ,l[] ,lickey ,hills4 ,x may be se5 re/+ uncon=mably ^u ! ,cambrian qu>tzite 9 ! village ( ,rub]y1 & at ,lea* ,hea?4 ,ca/s ( fossils are abundant 9 "s ( ! s&/ones a few feet above ! base ( ! =mation1 & include ! well kn[n =ms3--,p5tam]us oblongus1 ,p5tam]us l5s1 ,/rophom5a expansa1 ,attrypa reticul>is1 etc4--,^! may be collect$ f ! rocks at ! village ( ,rub]y1 & f ! fragm5ts ( s&/one scatt]$ ov] ! fields betwe5 ! ,asylum & ,lea* ,hea?4 7b47 ,woolhope or ,b>r ,lime/one4--,! ,ll&ov]y s&/one is foll[$ 79 a /ream section bel[ ! ,asylum7 by pale blue %ales & mud/ones conta9+ a b$ ( h>d calc>e\s rock1 af=d+ examples ( ,ill5us ,b>ri5sis1 ,atrypa reticul>is1 ,encr9urus punctatus1 ,rhyn*onella ,lewisii2 b ! section is a poor "o1 & is cov]$ up almo/ imm$iately by ! ov]ly+ ,c>bonif]\s4 7#b47 ,,walsall ,,& ,,b>r4--,?is is ! typical area = ! well kn[n ,b>r ,trilobite ,ill5us ,b>ri5sis4 ,! qu>ries ( ! ,woolhope ,lime/one :i* af=d x are n[ disus$1 b a good section ( ! fossilif]\s %ales above is display$ 9 ! railway cutt+ betwe5 ,aldridge & ,walsall4 ,! ov]ly+ ,w5lock or ,dudley ,lime/ones are m9$ at ! t[n ( ,walsall itself1 b good fossils are n[ comp>atively r>e4 7#c47 ,,dudley ,,& ,,! ,,wr5',s ,,ne/4--,by f> ! mo/ notable & int]e/+ ( ! ,silurian exposures are ^? ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,dudley4 ,9 ! ?ree exposures ( ,dudley ,ca/le1 ! ,wr5's ,ne/1 & ,s$gley ,hill1 ! ,silurian lime/one rises up 9 /eep dome-l =ms4 ,?is lime/one1 :i* is t ( ! ,w5lock ( ,siluria1 is "h compos$ ( two calc>e\s b&s--! high] ab\t #bh feet 9 ?ickness1 & ! l[] ab\t #db feet--sep>at$ f ea* o!r by an int]m$iate zone ( ab\t #ij feet ( gray %ales4 ,! lime/one has be5 work$ = c5turies z a flux = ! iron/ones ( ! coalfield4 ,! hills h be5 m9$ to a great dep?1 & all ! be/ lime/one rock extract$4 ,! int]v5+ & envelop+ %ales h be5 all[$ to rema91 & ! pres5t /ructure ( ! hills is t ( a c5tral dome surr\nd$ by two envelop+ %ells1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by two m or less empty spaces4 ,:]e ! dip ( ! rock is high1 & ^! excavat$ p>ts are expos$1 !y =m deep moat-l holl[s1 b\nd$ by walls ( %ale4 ,:]e ! dip is l[1 & ! ov]hang+ rocks are support$ by ! va/ pill>s left by ! workm51 ^! excavations =m magnific5t cav]ns ( peculi> weirdness & beauty4 ,9 ! he>t ( ! hill at great] dep?s !y =m damp gloomy *asms ( enorm\s ext5t1 :i* c only be se5 to p]fection :5 lit up by artificial light4 ,! ,dudley lime/one b&s & ! surr\nd+ calc>e\s %ales h long be5 fam\s = ! abundance & beauty ( _! includ$ fossils4 ,_m ( ! type species ( ,mur*ison's ,silurian ,sy/em came f ?is locality2 b s9ce ! sup]ficial lime/ones h be5 work$ out1 good specim5s are exce$+ly r>e4 ,an excell5t collection ( ! fossils ( ^! b$s is laid out 9 ! ,dudley ,museum1 & ano!r 9 ! ,geological ,museum ( ! ,mason ,college4 ,_m good collections are 9 ! possession ( private individuals 9 ,dudley & else:]e4 ,! be/ localities = fossils at pres5t are ! %aly slopes on ! flanks ( ! ,wr5's ,ne/1 :]e ! usual ,w5lock ,bra*iopods & ,corals are abundant1 b ! beautiful ,trilobites ( ! =mation are b r>ely met )4 ,! ,w5lock lime/one occurs bo? 9 ! ,dudley ,ca/le ,hill & 9 ! ,wr5's ,ne/4 ,! ,ayme/ry lime/one is only met ) 9 a s+le locality on ! flanks ( ,s$gley ,hill1 :]e x yields occasional specim5s ( its *>act]i/ic fossil1 ! ,p5tam]us ,knightii4 ,,c>bonif]\s ,,rocks4 ,rocks ( ,c>bonif]\s age make _! appe>ance at f\r di/9ct localities )9 ! limits ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict1 viz41 9 ! coal fields ( ,coalbrookdale1 ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre1 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 & ,ea/ ,w>wick%ire4 ,! /rata expos$ on ! la/ ?ree ( ^! coalfields are ^? ( ! upp] ,c>bonif]\s or ,coal measures2 nei!r ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/one nor ! ,mill/one grit be+ met ) outside ! limits ( ! coalfield ( ,coalbrookdale4 ,9 ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre ! ,coal measures re/ ^u ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 9 ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield ^u ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,silurian1 & 9 ! ,ea/ ,w>wick%ire ^u ! ,upp] ,cambrian rocks4 ,9 ^! ?ree coalfields a two-fold division ( ! ,c>bonif]\s is recognisable3-- 7a47 ,! ,l[] ,coal ,measures prop]1 consi/+ ( grey s&/ones & %ales ) occasional coal seams1 "s ( :i* are ( rem>kable ?ickness4 7b47 ,upp] ,coal ,measures1 or ,hales[5 grey & r$ s&/ones1 brick clays & m>ls1 ) occasional coal-seams1 none1 h[ev]1 ( comm]cial value4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire & ,ea/ ,w>wick%ire coalfields1 ! well kn[n 8,spirorbis ,lime/one0 ( ! ,upp] ,coal ,measures occurs 9 its normal place ne> ! summit ( ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies4 ,,s\? ,,/af=d%ire ,,coalfield4--,! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire are arrang$ 9 a broad dome ab\t #bc miles 9 l5g? by #f 9 bread?4 ,_! basem5t b$s re/ uncon=mably ^u ! ,silurian ar\nd ! flanks ( ! ,dudley ,hills1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,walsall4 ,_! highe/ b$s dip con=mably bel[ ! ,p]mian rocks at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! coalfield s\? ( ,hales[51 & are ov]lapp$ uncon=mably by ! ,triassic pebble b$s at its nor!rn extremity1 9 ! di/rict ( ,cannock ,*ase4 ,! ea/]n & we/]n b\nd>ies ( ! coalfield are =m$ by l9es ( fault1 :i* h flung d[n aga9/ ! ,coal ,measures ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,p]mian & ! ,triassic4 ,! total ?ickness ( ! ,c>bonif]\s b$s is ab\t #a1cjj feet1 & ! normal succession 9 ! c5tral & highe/ "p ( ! coalfield is z foll[s3-- ,upp] ,coal ,measures4-- #b;a4 ,hales[5 ,s&/one ,gr\p1 #fjj to #hjj feet4 #b;b4 ,r$ ,coal ,measure ,clays4 ,l[] ,coal ,measures1 #ejj to #fjj feet1 conta9+ sev]al excell5t coal seams1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3-- 7a47 ,broo* ,coal1 #d feet4 7b47 ,?ick ,coal1 #cj feet4 7c47 ,hea!n ,coal1 #c feet4 7d47 ,new ,m9e ,coal1 #b to #aa feet4 7e47 ,fire ,clay ,coal1 #a to #ad feet4 7f47 ,bottom ,coal1 five feet & above4 ,^! measures include sev]al zones ( workable iron/one1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are3-- 7#a47 ,! ,p9s & ,p5nye>? iron/ones1 bel[ ! ,broo* coal4 7#b47 ,! ,:itt]y & ,gubb9 iron/ones1 bel[ ! ,?ick coal4 7#c47 ,! ,blue ,flats1 ,silv] ,?reads & ,diamond ,iron/ones1 bel[ ! ,bottom coal4 ,= its size ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield has prov$ itself ! ri*e/ m9]al area 9 ,brita94 ,?ick coal seams1 ri* b&s ( iron/one1 & great ?icknesses ( ,silurian lime/one1 all occur )9 a %ort di/ance ( ea* o!r1 & all )9 easy rea* ( ! m9]4 ,! natural result has be5 t ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield & its imm$iate neighb\rhood has be5 ! great coal & iron m>t ( ,c5tral ,brita91 & ! abundance & *eapness ( its mat]ial x has af=d$1 h r5d]$ ,birm+ham & ! 8,black ,c\ntry0 ! h>dw>e work%op ( ! _w4 ,almo/ all ! available coal seams & iron/one b$s )9 easy rea* h be5 long s9ce practically work$ out1 b !re is /ill mu* excell5t coal & iron to be obta9$ at great] dep?s1 especially 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! coalfield4 ,( late ye>s ! ,triassic rocks :i* surr\nd ! coalfield h be5 pi]c$ 9 ord] to rea* ! ,coal measures b5ea?4 ,an entirely new coalfield has be5 develop$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ! di/rict ( ,cannock ,*ase2 & two mo/ rem>kable colli]ies1 ^? ( ,s&well ,p>k1 & ,ham/ead1 h be5 op5$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham itself4 ,! area imm$iately und]la9 by ! ,coal measures con/itutes ! di/rict ( ! 8,black ,c\ntry10 :i* ext5ds f ! we/]n m>g9 ( ,birm+ham to ! fr+e ( ,cannock ,*ase4 ,x includes )9 its limits1 ! l>ge t[ns ( ,dudley1 ,walsall1 ,wolv]hampton1 ,bil/on1 & o!rs ( sc>cely less note4 ,! mo/ rem>kable seam ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield is t kn[n z ! ,t5 y>d or ,?ick coal1 a cont9u\s b$ ( workable coal f #be to #cj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?is und]lies all ! s\? c5tral "p ( ! field 9 ! area enclos$ by ,sme?wick1 ,oldbury1 ,dudley1 ,walsall & ,bil/on4 ,to ! s\?w>d ne> ,hales[5 x ?9s out & becomes mix$ ) %aly mat]ial4 ,x is 9 reality compos$ ( #ac or #ad sup]impos$ coal seams1 :i* =m an app>5tly unbrok5 mass1 b are easily di/+ui%$ individually by ! practis$ ,?ick coal m9]4 ,z we pass nor?w>d f ! typical ,?ick coal area t[>ds ,walsall & ,cannock ,*ase1 ! compon5t seams become sep>at$ by int]calat$ s&/ones & %ales1 s t ev5tually 9 ! di/rict ( ,ess+ton & ,pelsall ! ,?ick coal is repres5t$ by #ad di/9ct coals occurr+ at int]vals 9 a mass ( s&y rock1 betwe5 #ejj & #fjj feet 9 total ?ickness4 ,! ,?ick coal is kn[n to ext5d f> to ! ea/w>d1 beyond ! pres5t m>g9 ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield4 ,! fir/ attempt to rea* x ?r\gh ! r$ gr\nd 7,p]mian7 0 made "u ! bold & skilful guidance ( ! late ,mr4 ,h5ry ,johnson1 ,c4,e41 ( ,dudley1 at ! locality ( ,s&well ,p>k4 ,! coal 0 rea*$ 9 #ahgc at a dep? ( #a1bej feet & f\nd to be ( its orig9al ?ickness1 & ( excell5t quality4 ,! next attempt :i* 0 made at ,ham/ead ,hall1 ab\t ?ree miles outside ! limit ( ! coalfield1 0 ev5 bold] & m haz>d\s1 b x 0 ev5tually cr[n$ ) equal success2 ! ,?ick coal be+ rea*$ at a dep? ( #a1hjj feet4 ,z ! dem& = coal increases1 o!r colli]ies w d\btless be />t$ at fre% localities outside ! limits ( ! coalfield1 = !re c be no "q t ! ,?ick coal ext5ds f> to ! ea/w>d1 "u & beyond ! t[n ( ,birm+ham itself4 ,! /rata ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield af=d ! usual fossils ( ! ,briti% ,coal ,measures4 ,! ro(s ( ! coal seams1 & ! lay]s ( c>bonace\s %ale1 locally furni% well pres]v$ examples ( ,lepidod5dron1 ,sigill>ia1 ,calamites1 ,annul>ia1 ,pecopt]is1 ,neuropt]is1 etc41 (t5 associat$ ) abundant specim5s ( ! peculi> ,unio-l %ell1 ,an?racosia3 :ile ! iron/one nodules occasionally yield fragm5t>y ,cru/aceans & ,insects4 ,m>9e fossils are pr9cipally conf9$ to ! l[] b$s ( ! s]ies1 bel[ ! ,?ick coal4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( true lime/one b$s 9 ! coalfield1 ! *>act]i/ic corals1 c41 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s are abs5t1 b ! foll[+ m>9e =ms are n uncommon 9 ! l[] iron/ones3-- ,l+ula elliptica1 ,disc9a nitida1 ,producta scrabicula1 ,conul>ia quadrisulcata1 ,aviculopect5 scal>is1 ,gyracan?us f>mosus1 ,megali*?ys ,hibb]ti1 ,pcilodus angu/us4 ,^! h be5 met ) at sev]al localities ne> ,walsall1 ,oldbury1 ,old ,hill1 ,k+sw9=d1 & ,oldsw9=d1 etc4 ,! rocks ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield are pi]c$ locally by %eets ( igne\s rock4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is a mass ( dol]ite ab\t two miles & a half 9 l5g?1 :i* caps ! long ridge ( ,r[ley ,regis4 ,x is trav]s$ by sev]al m9+ %afts1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! dol]ite into ! workable coals bel[4 ,o!r igne\s masses occur ne> ,dudley1 & at ,p\k ,hill1 ne> ,walsall4 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,w>wick%ire ,,coalfield4--,! rocks ( ?is coalfield =m a n>r[ /rip ab\t #ae miles 9 l5g?1 rang+ f ,tamwor? on ! nor? to ,b$wor? on ! ,s\?4 ,! coalbe>+ /rata re/ uncon=mably ^u ! ,cambrian bel[1 & pass up con=mably into ! ,p]mian above4 ,! sequ5ce ( ! b$s is practically id5tical ) t ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire--! ri*] coal measures be+ all conf9$ to ! l[] "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies1 & pass+ up ?r\gh a gr\p ( col\r$ clays into a f9al gr\p ( b>r5 s&/ones4 ,9 ! nor? ( ! coalfield five workable seams ( coal occur1 sep>at$ by _m feet ( b>r5 measures4 ,z !y pass to ! s\?w>d ! int]m$iate /rata ?9 out1 & ! coal-b$s practically come toge!r at ,hawkesbury to =m "o ,ma9 coal seam1 z d ! correspond+ memb]s ( ! ,?ick coal ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire4 ,x is probable t ! two coalfields 7 =m$ 9 ! same g5]al area ( deposition1 & except = ! possibility ( its de/ruction by erosion prior to ! deposition ( ! ,triassic1 x might be sugge/$ ) safety t ! ,?ick coal ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ext5ds 9 a cont9u\s %eet "u ! r$ rocks ( ,nor!rn ,w>wick%ire f ,sme?wick to ,hawkesbury4 ,,=e/ ,,( ,,wyre4--,unlike ! /rata ( ! o!r coalfields1 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ! coalfield ( ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre are comp>atively b>r5 ( good coal seams4 ,! be/1 :i* is locally kn[n z ! ,ma9 coal1 is ab\t sev5-& a-half feet 9 ?ickness1 & occurs at an av]age dep? ( #cjj feet4 ,,coalbrookdale4--,?is coalfield1 :i* lies to ! ea/ ( ! ,wrek91 cov]s an area ( ab\t #bh squ>e miles4 ,x orig9ally conta9$ ab\t #bh coal seams1 b ! majority ( ^! are n[ practically work$ out4 ,! succession includes ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/one1 ! ,mill/one grit1 & ! ,l[] coal-measures 9 con=mable sequ5ce4 ,! ,upp] coal-measures re/ 9 a holl[ erod$ out ( ! ,l[] coal-measures b5ea?1 =m+ :at is locally kn[n z ! 8,symon ,fault40 ,,p]mian ,,or ,,dyassic4 ,! ,p]mian rocks ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict are totally di/9ct 9 _! petrological *>act]s f ^? ( ! typical area ( ,york%ire & ,durham4 ,no true lime/ones are pres5t1 & ! =mation is :olly made up ( r$ s&/ones1 m>ls & b$s ( angul> breccia4 ,! l[e/ zones ( ! ,p]mian repose con=mably ^u ! ,upp] ,coal ,measures ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield 9 ! slopes ( ! hills to ! s\? ( ,hales[51 & its /rata are se5 9 correspond+ relation to ! ,c>bonif]\s on ! ea/ ( ! ,coalfields ( ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre & ,coalbrookdale1 & to ! we/ ( ! ,coalfield ( ,ea/]n ,w>wick%ire4 ,! ,p]mian is ev]y:]e cov]$ up uncon=mably1 or locally ov]lapp$1 by ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,triassic =mation2 all ! subdivisions ( ! ,triassic s]ies be+ f\nd re/+ imm$iately ^u x 9 turns z !y are foll[$ f ! valley ( ! ,sev]n to ! neighb\rhood ( ,*>nwood ,=e/4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,enville & ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre1 ?ree divisions are recognisable 9 ! ,p]mian1 viz43-- 7#a47 ,l[] ,r$ ,s&/ones & ,m>ls1 ) b&s ( calc>e\s conglom]ate4 7#b47 ,co>se ,breccia4 7#c47 ,upp] ,r$ ,s&/ones & ,m>ls4 ,r\nd ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield ! ,breccia is ! highe/ division expos$1 & ?is only occurs 9 =ce to ! s\? ( ! coalfield4 ,betwe5 ,tamwor? & ,k5ilwor?1 to ! ea/ ( ,birm+ham1 ! ,p]mian /rata floor a wide tract ( c\ntry1 & lie almo/ horizontal4 ,r$ s&/ones1 m>ls & b$s ( breccia occur 9 association1 b ! divisions nam$ above are n individually recognisable4 ,by f> ! mo/ /rik+ local memb] ( ! ,p]mian =mation is ! s-call$ ,volcanic or ,p]mian ,breccia4 ,x is f\nd 9 scatt]$ pat*es ov] an area ( ab\t #ejj squ>e miles1 ext5d+ f ! ,malv]ns to ,enville1 ,/\rbridge1 & ! ,lickey ,hills4 ,x is made up ( angul> fragm5ts ( volcanic rocks1 tuffs1 alt]$ %ales1 grits1 & slabs ( fossilif]\s s&/one & lime/ones1 all emb$d$ 9 pa/e ( bright r$ m>l or pebbly s&/one4 ,x is usually bo? und]la9 & ov]la9 by r$ s&/ones & m>ls1 b sometimes1 z at ,/agbury & ,woodbury ,hills1 c41 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,sev]n1 x reposes at once ^u pre-,p]mian rock4 ,?is peculi> ,breccia is well display$ 9 ! ,cl5t ,hills1 betwe5 ,hagley & ,hales[54 ,x !re reposes ^u ! ,l[] ,p]mian ,s&/ones ) calc>e\s grit b&s--7:i* may be se5 above ! little ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,k5elm7--& =ms all ! highe/ po9ts ( ! ,cl5t ,hills1 pass+ uncon=mably to ! s\?w>d "u ! pebble b$s ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,9 ?is locality ! angul> fragm5ts compos+ ! ,breccia are ma9ly volcanic3--rhyolites1 porphyrites1 a%es1 & volcanic grits1 emb$d$ 9 a co>se matrix =m$ ( simil> mat]ials4 ,o!r sections are se5 9 ! ,bromsgrove ,lickey ,hills1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,nor?field4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ locality an excell5t section is expos$ 9 a lane lead+ f ! ,bell ,inn to ,bangham ,pit4 ,9 ?is exposure ! breccia1 :i* %[s ! usual prepond]ance ( volcanic mat]ials1 conta9s 9 addition fragm5ts ( ,silurian lime/one 7cr[d$ ) *>act]i/ic fossils71 & pieces ( ,l&ov]y grit & %ale4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,&rew ,ramsay1#fj ?is ,p]mian breccia is probably ( glacial orig91 its mat]ials hav+ be5 br\ght d[n by ice 9 ,p]mian times f ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,longmynd 9 c5tral ,%rop%ire1 :]e all ! =mations repres5t$ 9 its d]iv$ rock fragm5ts occur at pres5t 9 natural juxtaposition4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,jukes1#fa ! fragm5ts ( ! ,nor?field breccia1 at any rate1 8may h be5 d]iv$ f adjac5t rocks1 n[ conceal$ "u ! ,p]mian & ,new ,r$ ,s&/one40 ,! ,triassic ,rocks4 ,,by ,w4 ,,j]ome ,,h>rison1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! ,midl& ,c\nties ( ,engl& is compos$ ( r$ s&/ones & m>ls4 ,! t[n ( ,birm+ham /&s ^u1 & is surr\nd$ by rocks ( ?is "*4 ,!y =m ! ,triassic ,sy/em ( geologi/s1 ! fir/ ( ! f\r gr& memb]s ( ! ,mesozoic s]ies4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! title ,trias is a misnom] z appli$ to ! ,engli% developm5t ( ! rocks ( ?is sy/em4 ,! c5tral memb] ( ! typical ,g]man succession1 ! ,mus*elkalk1 is want+ 9 ,brita92 & only ! upp] & l[] divisions1 ! s-call$ ,keup] & ,bunt]1 are repres5t$4 ,! ,bunt] or l[] ,trias1 consi/s 9 ! ,midl& areas ( a mass ( pebble b$s or conglom]ate1 usually und]la9 & ov]la9 by v>iegat$ s&/ones4 ,! ,keup] is =m$ ( a great ?ickness ( r$ m>ly /rata1 ) a ?ick s&/one 7,wat]/ones7 at ! base4 ,! foll[+ table %ews ! subdivisions ( ! ,trias :i* h be5 recognis$ 9 ,engl&1 toge!r ) 7a7 _! maximum ?ickness1 & 7b7 _! ?ickness 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham4 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,triassic ,,/rata-- ,?ickness ,?ickness ne> 9 ,*e%ire4 ,birm+ham4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,,keup] ,,r$ ,,m>ls 7) ! ,upp] ,keup] ,s&/one7 f4 #f4 #c1jjj #gjj ,,l[] ,,keup] ,,s&/one1 f4 #e4 #dej #bjj ,mus*elkalk 7want+ 9 ,engl&74 ,,upp] ,,mottl$ ,,s&/one1 f4 #c4 #ejj #bjj ,,pebble ,,b$s1 or ,bunt] ,conglom]ate1 f4 #b4 #fjj #djj ,,l[] ,,mottl$ ,,s&/one1 f4 #a4 #djj 7want+47 ,! ,trias ent]s ,engl& on ! s\? coa/1 betwe5 ,torbay & ,exm\?4 ,at ! little wat]+-place ( ,budleigh ,salt]ton !re is a b$ ( qu>tzite pebbles 9 ! ,trias #ajj feet ?ick :i* is wor?y ( /udy 9 connection ) ! great numb]s ( simil> pebbles t occur 9 ! same /rata r\nd ,birm+ham4 ,9 ,we/ ,som]set & ,devon1 ! ,triassic /rata are #c1ejj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,_! subdivisions _c be correlat$ ) ^? ( ! ,midl&s1 = !y appe> to h be5 deposit$ 9 a sep>ate bas91 ( :i* ! ,m5dips1 c41 /ill m>k ! nor!rn b\nd>y4 ,cross+ into ,gl\ce/]%ire1 we f9d ! vale ( ! ,sev]n compos$ ( ,triassic m>ls1 & !nce nor?w>ds ! 8r$ rocks0 broad5 till !y =m ! pla9s ( ,*e%ire & ,s\? ,lanca%ire on ! we/1 & ext5d ea/w>d to ,w>wick1 ,leice/]1 & ,d]by4 ,f ?is great c5tral pla9 ( our isl& a long /rip ( ,triassic s&/ones & m>ls runs nor?w>ds1 =m+ ! ,vale ( ,tr5t & ! ,vale ( ,york1 until f9ally x rea*es ! coa/ betwe5 ,r$c> & ,h>tlepool4 ,along ! ma9 l9e ( outcrop--f ! ,malv]n ,hills to ! m\? ( ! ,tees--! ,triassic /rata incl9e g5tly1 or dip1 to ! s\?-ea/1 at f two to five degrees4 ,( ! two great divisions ( ! ,trias1 ! l[] 7,bunt]7 is ma9ly s&y2 :ile ! upp] 7,keup]7 is *iefly a /iff m>l or clay4 ,"o result ( ?is is t :ile ! outcrop ( ! =m] is usually b>r51 =m+ mu* hea? or wa/e l&1 z ,%]wood ,=e/1 ! ,keup] m>ls produce a ri* soil1 well fitt$ = ! pl\gh4 ,ow+ to ! s(t nature ( ! /rata1 valleys are usually holl[$ out 9 ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,mottl$ ,s&/ones1 :ile ! ,keup] m>ls =m an undulat+ pla94 ,on ! o!r h& ! h>d] nature ( ! ,bunt] pebble b$1 & ! ,l[] ,keup] ,s&/one1 causes ^! two rocks to =m esc>pm5ts or l9es ( hills1 p>allel to ea* o!r2 ! abrupt face g5]ally look+ we/ or nor?-we/1 :ile ! g5tle slope is to ! ea/ or s\?-ea/1 agree+ ) ! av]age dip4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,r$ ,,& ,,mottl$ ,,s&/one4--,r\nd ,bridg5or? ?is division re/s uncon=mably on ,p]mian /rata1 & is ab\t #fej feet ?ick4 ,x is a homog5e\s s&/one1 ( r$di%-br[n1 yell[1 & bright r$ col\rs1 entirely devoid ( pebbles4 ,z we foll[ ?is /ratum to ! ea/ x decreases 9 ?ickness1 be+ only #bjj feet ne> ,/\rbridge4 ,ea/ ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire field1 ! ,l[] ,mottl$ ,s&/one is entirely abs5t1 & ! ,bunt] pebble b$s repose directly ^u ! ,p]mian rocks4 ,geologi/s desir\s ( exam9+ ! 8,l[] ,mottl$0 %\ld visit ,k9v] ,edge1 we/ ( ,/\rbridge1 :]e ?is rock is well se5 und]ly+ ! ,bunt] conglom]ate4 ,its upp] portion has "h be5 h>d5$ by calc>e\s matt]1 & projects beyond ! pebble b$s above4 ,caves1 or 8rock-h\ses10 h be5 excavat$ 9 ! ,edge1 & 9 a deta*$ mass ( s&/one call$ ! ,holy ,au/5 ,rock4 ,! ,l[] ,mottl$ ,s&/one is aga9 visible on ,:itt+ton ,common1 betwe5 ,k9v] & ,/\rbridge4 ,x is ev]y:]e q unfossilif]\s4 8,false b$d+0 is especially *>act]i/ic ( ?is division1 b x is common 9 all ! ,midl& ,triassic s&/ones4 ,,! ,,bunt] ,,conglom]ate ,,or ,,pebble-,,b$ occupies ! surface ( ! ,birm+ham area1 along a l9e runn+ f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/4 ,x ext5ds f ,worce/]1 by ,bridgnor?1 ,/\rbridge1 ,cannock ,*ase1 & ,sutton ,p>k to ,li*field4 ,at all ^! places x is se5 z a rem>kable mass ( r\nd$ pebbles--mo/ly yell[1 br[n1 or liv]-col\r$ qu>tzites--& atta9s a ?ickness ( #cjj feet at ,cannock ,*ase4 ,we/ ( ,/\rbridge ! ,conglom]ate =ms ! 8,ridge10 & caps ,k9v] ,edge1 dipp+ ea/ or s\?-ea/ at f five to eight degrees4 ,!nce x is traceable nor?w>d by ,upp] ,p5n & ,bu%bury to ,cannock ,*ase1 :]e x =ms a wide undulat+ hea?y moorl&1 six miles 9 bread? f ,b$nall on ! we/ to ,rugeley on ! ea/1 & is expos$ 9 _m gravel pits & o!r excavations4 ,! ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield lies l a great w$ge betwe5 ! ,trias on its we/]n & ea/]n sides4 ,cross+ ov] f ,/\rbridge1 we aga9 f9d ! ,bunt] ,conglom]ate or ,pebble-b$s ext5d+ betwe5 ,h>borne & ,sme?wick1 & !nce x runs nor?w>d 9 a broad b& across ! we/]n suburbs ( ,birm+ham1 by ,w9son ,gre51 ,h&swor?1 ,p]ry ,b>r1 & ,p]ry1 to ,sutton ,p>k 7:]e its outcrop is #c miles wide71 & on to ,aldridge1 ,wre=d1 ,hopwas ,wood1 & ,li*field ,racec\rse4 ,all along ?is l9e ! ,pebble-b$s re/ on ,p]mian m>ls1 & _! ?ickness at ,b>r ,beacon is ab\t #djj feet4 ,good sections ( ! pebble-b$s are r>e on ! s\?-we/ or we/ ( ,birm+ham1 b 9 ! nor?-we/ !y are well se5 9 a qu>ry s\? ( ,great ,b>r ,/ation1 & 9 "o or two sections ne> ! ,beacon4 ,at ,sutton1 exposures along ! new railway l9es to ,li*field & to ,walsall h be5 num]\s & good1 & ! ,qu>ry 9 ! ,p>k1 close to ,blackroot ,pool1 gives a v]tical section ( ?irty feet4 ,ea* section %[s a mass ( well-r\nd$ h>d pebbles1 :i* h be5 s press$ toge!r dur+ ! e>?-movem5ts t h tak5 place s9ce _! deposition t _m are crack$1 :ile all be> :ite ind5tations4 ,! ,bunt] ,conglom]ate conta9s no fossils ( contemporane\s age1 b _m species ( %ells h be5 obta9$ f ! h>d1 r\nd$ lumps ( rock ( :i* x is compos$4 ,^! fossils be+ ( necessity ( ! age ( ! rock-fragm5ts 9 :i* !y are includ$1 !y furni% a clue to ! s\rces f :i* ! pebble-b$s 7 d]iv$4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( ^! d]ivative fossils w give "s idea ( ! results :i* h already be5 obta9$3-- ,,ordovician 79 qu>tzite pebbles74--7,ar5ig ,b$s47 ,l+ula ,lesueurii4 7,?is int]e/+ bra*iopod %ell has n yet be5 f\nd 9 its p>5t rock 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh x is n uncommon 9 ! ,gres ,armorica9 ( ,brittany1 a qu>tzite on ! same horizon z ! ,/ip] /ones72 v>i\s lamellibran*s su* z ,modiolopsis1 ,palae>ca1 & ,lyrodesma occur4 7,c>adoc & ,bala ,b$s47--,sev5 or eight species ( bra*iopods1 ( :i* ! commone/ is ,or?is ,budleigh5sis2 a cr9oid 7,glyptocr9us basalis71 c4 7,may ,hill ,s&/one47--,lumps ( co>se s&/one1 id5tical li?ologically ) ! rock :i* flanks ! ,lickey ,hills1 occur commonly2 !y conta9 num]\s ca/s ( ,/rickl&9ia lirata1 c4 ,,devonian4--,n9e or t5 species ( bra*iopods 7especially ,spirif]a ,v]neuilii74 ,rema9s ( trilobites1 su* z ,phacops & ,homalonotus are n unfrequ5t4 ,,m\nta9 ,,lime/one4--,mr4 ,molyneux enum]ates tw5ty-two species ( m\nta9 lime/one fossils--bra*iopods1 corals1 cr9oids1 c4--:i* he obta9$ f ! ,bunt] pebble-b$s ( ,tr5?am4 ,ne> ,birm+ham1 fragm5ts ( p>tly decompos$ *]t1 9 :i* ! /ems ( cr9oids are beautifully %[n1 are common 9 ! same /rata4 ,,! ,,upp] ,,r$ ,,& ,,mottl$ ,,s&/one4--,/\rbridge /&s on ! bright r$ s&s ( ?is division1 :i* ext5d nor?w>d ?r\gh ,k+sw9=d to ,trysall & ,tett5hall4 ,s\? ( ,birm+ham we f9d ! same /rata at ,h>borne ,hea? & ,mill--!re is a good exposure und]nea? ! drift 9 ,flavel's brick pit at 8,cali=nia0--f :i* po9t we c trace ! 8,upp] ,mottl$0 across ! we/]n "p ( ,birm+ham1 by ,rotton ,p>k ,res]voir & ! ,botanical ,g>d5s2 ! beautiful s(t r$ s&/one =m+ a /rip ab\t a mile 9 wid? betwe5 ,spr+ ,hill1 ,hockley ,brook1 ,a/on ,villa1 & ,bir*fields on ! we/1 to ! foot ( ,sn[ ,hill1 & ,a/on ,p>k on ! ea/4 ,9 ! cemet]y adjo9+ ! ,great ,we/]n ,/ation at ,hockley1 !re is a gr& section1 =ty feet 9 height1 :]e ! incoh]5t s& is l>gely work$ = m\ld+ & f\ndry purposes4 ,x is also expos$ 9 & r\nd ,a/on ,p>k4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,keup] ,,s&/one4--,! l[] memb] ( ! ,keup] is ! mo/ consolidat$ "p ( ! ,triassic =mation1 be+ be/ kn[n z a tol]ably h>d s&/one1 :ite or p9k 9 col\r1 :i* (t5 yields good build+ /one4 ,! 8basem5t b$s0 ( ! ,keup] are c]ta9 co>se s&/ones & *ocolate col\r$ m>ls se5 9 a pit at 8,cali=nia10 ne> ,h>borne4 ,above ^! come massively-b$d$ s&/ones1 ( :i* !re is a good exposure 9 ! n[ disus$ qu>ry at ,weoley ,ca/le4 ,comm5c+ at ,edgba/on1 we c trace ! ,l[] ,keup] ,s&/one by ! ,five ,ways1 & across ! c5tral highe/ "p ( ,birm+ham to ,ne*ells1 ,gravelly ,hill1 & ,erd+ton4 ,its l[] b\nd>y l9e1 :]e x reposes on ! ,bunt]1 may be indicat$ by a l9e drawn f ! junction ( ,monum5t ,road ) ,hagley ,road to ! bottom ( ,sn[ ,hill1 & !nce to ,a/on ,/ation4 ,f ?is po9t x ext5ds ea/w>d1 = f "o mile 7,edgba/on7 to half-a-mile 7,a/on74 ,! ridge on :i* /&s ! ,t[n ,hall1 ,/4 ,philip's ,*ur*1 c41 7#dge feet above sea-level7 is =m$ by ! ,l[] ,keup] ,s&/one1 & deep excavations = f\ndations 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 frequ5tly disclose ! ?9-b$d$1 dull-col\r$1 p9ki% s&/ones 7kn[n to workm5 z 8sk]ry07 :i* con/itute ! upp] portion ( ?is rock4 ,its ?ickness "u ,birm+ham may be e/imat$ at #bjj feet4 ,! av]age dip is f ?ree to five degrees s\?-ea/4 ,simil> b$s are expos$ 9 ! cutt+ at ,bromsgrove ,railway ,/ation1 & x 0 f a qu>ry "h 7n[ clos$7 t ! rem>kable fossil fi% 0 obta9$1 :i* 0 describ$ by ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton z ,dipt]onotus cyphus4 ,f qu>ries at ,coton ,end1 ,guy's ,cliff1 ,cubb+ton & ,blak$[n ,hill1 ne> ,w>wick1 bones & tee? ( f\r species ( ! ,labyr9?odon h be5 obta9$1 & foot-pr9ts ( ! same creature h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,keup] ,s&/one 9 _m localities4 ,,! ,,keup] ,,r$ ,,m>l is ! upp]mo/ memb] ( ! ,trias4 ,ne> ,birm+ham x is abruptly sep>at$ f ! ,l[] ,keup] ,s&/one by a l9e ( fault1 :i* c be trac$ f ,selly ,oak nor?w>ds to ! junction ( ! ,rea ) ! ,tame4 ,ea/ ( ?is l9e ( fault1 ! r$ m>ls ext5d = t5 or twelve miles =m+ an undulat+ f]tile pla91 on :i* /& ,moseley1 ,smallhea?1 & ,ca/le ,bromwi*1 ,cole%ill & ,:itacre4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ,keup] ,m>ls is consid]able4 ,a bor+ 9 ,smallhea? ,p>k 0 made to a dep? ( #ddj feet entirely 9 su* /rata2 b q lately ano!r bor+ at ,k+'s ,hea? has be5 cont9u$ to a dep? ( #gjj feet4 ,gypsum is pl5tiful 9 ! r$ m>ls1 occurr+ 9 :ite fibr\s lay]s1 b n ( suffici5t ?ickness to be ( any value 9 ?is di/rict4 ,at ,droitwi* 7eighte5 miles s\?-we/ ( ,birm+ham7 ! ,keup] ,m>ls conta9 a ?ick b$ ( rock salt1 :i* yields an inexhau/ible supply ( br9e4 ,! ,upp] ,keup] ,s&/one is a ?9 b& ( s&/one1 n exce$+ ?irty feet 9 ?ickness1 :i* occurs irregul>ly 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,keup] ,m>ls4 ,x is well expos$ at ! entrance to ! canal tunnel at ,%rewley ,common1 & 9 a small qu>ry at ,r[+ton 7?irte5 miles s\?-ea/ ( ,birm+ham71 & also crops out on ! hill sides at _m po9ts 9 ,s\? ,w>wick%ire4 ,f ?is ?9 /ratum1 ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 ,f4,g4,s41 has obta9$ a fossil fi% 7,paloniscus sup]/es71 & ! cru/acean 7,e/h]ia m9uta74 ,specim5s ( ^! may be se5 9 ! ,w>wick ,museum1 :i* conta9s ! f9e/ collection ( ,triassic fossils possess$ by any prov9cial museum4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,triassic ,,rocks ,,7 ,,=m$4--,accord+ to ! writ]'s views1 ! area n[ occupi$ by c5tral ,engl&1 alt]nat$ 9 condition dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 betwe5 a l[ pla9 & a %all[ sea4 ,9 ! ,p]mian p]iod1 l& conditions prevail$1 except 9 ! ,nor? & ,nor? ,midl& ,c\nties1 :]e a bracki% sea some:at l ! ,baltic1 x may be--occupi$ a %all[ depression4 ,9 ,triassic times ?is c5tral sea appe>s to h be5 completely cut (f f ! op5 ocean1 & to h =m$ a l>ge inl& lake1 comp>able to ! ,caspian or ! ,dead ,sea ( our own day4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ?is inl& sea 0 =m$ by a ridge ( old rocks :i* ext5d$ f ,*>nwood by ,h>t%ill & ! ,lickey to ! ,wrek9 & ,malv]n ,hills4 ,9 ! bas9 nor? ( ?is axial ridge1 all ! subdivisions ( ! ,bunt] & ! ,keup] 7 9 turn deposit$2 & ! cliffs & reefs ( ! ,palozoic rocks ( :i* ?is coa/l9e 0 compos$1 yield$ l>ge contributions to ! pebble-b$s1 s&s & m>ls1 :i* con/itute ! ,trias4 ,accord+ to a !ory orig9ally advanc$ by ,pr(essor ,hull1 & ably support$ by ,pr(essor ,bonney1 ! pebbles ( ! ,bunt] 7 ma9ly d]iv$ f ! ,paleozoic ,rocks ( ! ,n4,w4 & ,n4,e41 "s be+ possibly furni%$ by ! anci5t /rata ( ,n4,w4 ,scotl&4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,triassic sea 7 s ov]*>g$ ) salts ( iron1 t e gra9 ( s& 0 encru/$1 be=e its deposition1 ) a pellicle ( p]oxide ( iron3 ( *loride ( sodium 7common salt7 & sulphate ( sodium 7gypsum71 !re 0 also an excess1 s t mu* 0 deposit$ on ! sea-floor1 produc+ b$s ( rock-salt & ( gypsum1 ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! m9]al sub/ances 9 ! wat] 0 prejudicial to life1 s t--z 9 ! ,dead ,sea1 & 9 ,lake ,utah to-day--few liv+ creatures c\ld inhabit ! ,triassic sea1 & fossils are consequ5tly ( extreme r>ity 9 /rata ( ?is age4 ,! ,trias z a s\rce ( ,wat] ,supply4--,! ,triassic /rata are s por\s1 t !y absorb a l>ge proportion ( ! ra9 :i* falls ^u !m1 & !y consequ5tly =m an und]gr\nd res]voir :i*1 :5 tapp$ by wells or boreholes1 is capable ( yield+ an almo/ inexhau/ible supply ( good1 ?\gh some:at h>d wat]4 ,9 ?is way ,birm+ham receives ?ree-f\r?s ( its wat] f ?ree deep wells--two on ! nor?-ea/ ( ! t[n1 at ,a/on & at ,p]ry respectively1 & "o on ! s\?-we/1 ne> ,selly ,oak4 ,^! wells ext5d to dep?s ( #djj feet1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,mottl$ ,s&/one1 & pi]c+ ! pebble b$s1 & ! av]age supply ( wat] f ea* is ?ree million gallons p] day4 ,! h>dness v>ies f n9e to fifte5 degrees4 ,!re are _m o!r deep wells 9 & r\nd ! ,we/ ( ,birm+ham1 & at ,/\rbridge1 ,wolv]hampton1 etc41 :i* d]ive _! wat] f ! same s\rce4 ,liassic & ,rhtic4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,brodie1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,! ,lias occupies a l>ge area 9 ! s\? & ea/ ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict1 & consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( ! middle & l[] divisions4 ,! highe/ position ( ! ,lias is se5 on ! s\? & s\?-ea/]n division ( ,w>wick%ire1 ! middle ,lias =ms ! hills project+ 9 spurs to ! nor?-we/1 & ! l[] division ext5d+ 9 ! same direction1 at a l[] level1 up to ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,trias4 ,,upp] ,,lias4--,! ,upp] ,lias is *iefly repres5t$ by a ?9 b$ ( clay1 ) "s *>act]i/ic fossils4 ,x occurs on ! hills ( ,f5ny ,compton & else:]e1 & !re is evid5ce to %[ t x =m]ly capp$ ! range ( ! ,edge ,hills adjac5t1 occupy+ its natural position above ! m>l/one1 or ,middle ,lias1 ( :i* !y are ma9ly compos$4 ,f ,f5ny ,compton to ,h>bury1 a good desc5d+ section may be obta9$ f ! m>l/one 7rock b$71 ?r\gh ! und]ly+ clays & m>ly b$s1 ?r\gh ! 8,lima ,b$s0 & ,:ite ,lias1 to ! ,new ,r$ ,m>ls at ,h>bury4 ,,m>l/one ,,or ,,middle ,,lias4--,! ,m>l/one 7rock b$7 is l>gely qu>ri$ on ! ,avon & ,burton ,dassett ,hills4 ,x =ms a good build+ /one1 m or less indurat$1 ( a gre5 or yell[ br[n col\r1 sometimes f]rug9\s4 ,x =ms a conspicu\s range ( hills ( mod]ate height ( :i* ,edge ,hill is ! highe/1 f :i* x /rikes s\?w>d t[>ds ,ox=d%ire4 ,! pla9 bel[ is occupi$ by ! und]ly+ division ( ! ,l[] ,lias4 ,9 ?is c\nty ! m>l/one conta9s v few fossils1 & ^? *iefly bra*iopod\s %ells belong+ to ! g5us ,t]ebratula4 ,9 mo/ cases else:]e ! ,m>l/one prop]1 or highe/ zone1 is v fossilif]\s1 & ab\nds 9 m>9e %ells1 :i* are usually well pres]v$4 ,! s&y b$s imm$iately bel[ are r>ely expos$1 b crop out 9 a lane ne> ,bi?am ,h\se1 :]e z usual !y conta9 _m fossils4 ,! inf]ior clays & m>ls are n visible except 9 "s brick pits ne> ,f5ny ,compton & along ! l9e ( railway4 ,^! are v full ( fossils 9 ! zone ( ,ammonites ,jamiesoni & ,ibex1 "h ne>ly "o hundr$ feet ?ick1 & especially at "o horizon 9 a co>se1 h>d1 /ony b& :i* conta9s num]\s corals t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! cutt+1 ne> ! /ation4 ,,l[] ,,lias4--,= ! mo/ "p ?is =mation spreads ov] ! portion ( ! c\ntry on ! nor?-ea/1 ea/1 s\?-ea/1 s\? & s\?-we/ ( ,w>wick4 ,a rem>kably f9e section is expos$ 9 ! railway cutt+ ne> ,h>bury ,/ation4 ,?is portion ( ! s]ies is also l>gely qu>ri$ at ,rugby1 & 9 o!r places s\? & s\?-ea/ ( ,/rat=d4 ,! /rata consi/ ( b$s ( blue clay or %ale int]/ratifi$ ) b$s ( blue rubbly & argillace\s lime/one1 mu* qu>ri$ = hydraulic lime4 ,"o good section ( ! lime-yield+ b$s occurs at ,messrs4 ,greaves & ,lak9's ,qu>ries at ,/ockton & ,h>bury4 ,! l[e/ zones ( ! ,lias are l>gely qu>ri$ at ,wilmcote1 & may be se5 at ! rem>kable outli] ( ,br[n's ,wood1 ne> ,h5ley-9-,ard51 & at ano!r 7,copt ,hea?71 ne> ,kn[le4 ,^! two la/ are ( special int]e/1 because !y %ew ! l[e/ b$s ( ! ,lias 79 connection ) & pass+ into ! ,rhtics17 re/+ imm$iately ^u ! ,new ,r$ ,m>ls4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ,l[] ,lias 9 ! c\nty is above #fjj feet2 b only ! inf]ior zones ( ,ammonites angulatus & ,a4 planorbis are laid op5 to any great ext5t4 ,! be/ sections ( ! ,lima b$s 7,a4 angulatus zone7 occur 9 ! railway cutt+ at ,h>bury1 ,/ockton lime qu>ries1 & ! ext5sive qu>ries at ,newbold ne> ,rugby4 ,fossils are n v num]\s1 b ! foll[+ occur3--,gryphea incurva1 ,rhyn*onella v>iabilis1 ,ammonites angulatus1 ,pect51 v>i\s species1 ,lima gigantea1 & bones & tee? ( ,plesiosaurus & ,i*?yosaurus4 ,fi% are comp>atively r>e1 two or ?ree only 7 f\nd at ,h>bury & a v few ne> ,rugby4 ,! high] gr\nd r\nd ,wilmcote & ,b9ton is also capp$ by ^! ,lima b$s2 b ! di/rict is m or less affect$ by small faults1 s t c]ta9 b$s 9 "o contigu\s qu>ry are abs5t 9 ano!r4 ,! l[] lime/ones 7insect b$s7 are l>gely work$ 9 ?is locality1 & are ( mu* economical value4 ,) ! exception ( rema9s ( insects & fragm5ts ( plants1 ! fossils are entirely m>9e1 ,ammonites planorbis & ,a4 ,john/oni1 be+ abundant & *>act]i/ic4 ,cru/acea belong+ to ! g5]a ,a/acus & ,eryon1 ! latt] ( great size are n unfrequ5tly met )4 ,small fi%es1 ,pholidophorus ,/rickl&i1 & ! l>g] ,dap$ium & ,tetragonolepis m r>ely occur4 ,a f9e example ( ! latt] is pres]v$ 9 ! ,w>wick ,museum4 ,! l>ge ,enaliosaurians are well repres5t$ by "s f9e specim5s ( ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus2 ! ,p4 megacephalus 9 ! ,museum at ,w>wick be+ ne>ly entire1 measur+ #ad feet #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,l>ge masses ( driftwood & a few fronds ( f]ns are sometimes met )4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ & rem>kable fossils are ! insects4 ,tw5ty-f\r families & g5]a 7 det]m9$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 s9ce :i* "t _m important additions h be5 made4 ,! ,coleopt]a & ,neuropt]a are mo/ num]\s4 ,small beetles are n unfrequ5tly f\nd entire4 ,among ^! may be not$ ! families ,bupre/id1 ,elat]id1 ,c>abid1 & o!rs4 ,!re are also rema9s ( ,or?opt]a1 ,homopt]a1 ,libellulid1 & "s ,dipt]a4 ,_m ( ! ,neuropt]a 7 evid5tly ( gigantic proportions1 b mo/ ( ! insects 7 ( small size1 & l ! associat$ plants1 are indicative ( a temp]ate climate4 ,!y are mo/ ne>ly alli$ to =ms :i* n[ inhabit ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re are few ext9ct or unkn[n g5]a among !m4 ,,rh,,tic ,,s]ies4--,! highe/ b$s ref]r$ to ?is s]ies consi/ ( c]ta9 h>d1 f9e gra9$ lime/ones1 :i*1 f _! ord9>y :ite col\r1 h be5 t]m$ ,:ite ,lias4 ,!y occupy a consid]able area s\? & s\?-ea/ ( ,w>wick4 ,!y con/itute a purely local deposit1 & are conf9$ = ! mo/ "p to ?is c\nty & ,som]set%ire4 ,!y are (t5 close-gra9$ & h>d lime/ones1 & make a useful build+ mat]ial & a good lime4 ,_! col\r is mo/ly :ite1 ) a yell[ t+e1 & occasionally p9k & grey4 ,"s geologi/s consid] ^! b$s to belong to ! 8,rhtic ,s]ies10 o!rs to ! passage b$s betwe5 ! ,lias & ! latt]1 :ile o!rs /ill class !m ) ! ,lias4 ,! undisput$ ,rhtic rocks lie betwe5 ! ,:ite ,lias & ! ,triassic ,m>ls4 ,9 ,w>wick%ire !y are r>ely expos$1 & !n mu* r$uc$ 9 bulk1 comp>$ ) _! developm5t 9 ,gl\ce/] & ,glamorgan4 ,!y may be se5 to a limit$ ext5t bel[ ! ,:ite ,lias 9 ! railway cutt+ at ,h>bury1 :]e a b& ( yell[i% s&/one conta9s ! small bivalv$ cru/acean1 ,e/h]ia m9uta2 & also at ! small outli] ( ,br[n's ,wood1 & at ,/oop]'s ,wood1 ne> ,wooton ,waw51 :]e ?is s&/one occurs ) inf]ior %elly lime/ones & s&y b&s1 conta9+ ! usual ,rhtic fossils1 e4g41 ,c>dium ,rhticum1 ,avicula contorta1 ,pleurophorus elongatus1 ,pect5 valoni5sis1 & ,s*izodus cloac9us4 ,! ne>e/ exposure ( ! ,rhtic to ,birm+ham occurs r\nd ! fr+e ( an outli] ( ,l[] ,lias re/+ on ! ,upp] ,r$ ,m>l ne> ! village ( ,kn[le4 ,?is outli] is ab\t a mile & a half long1 by half a mile broad4 ,its highe/ b$s at ,copt ,hea? conta9 ,ammonites planorbis4 ,! b$s ref]r$ to ! ,rhtic include a /ratum ( yell[ micace\s s&/one full ( ,s*izodus cloac9us1 :i*1 ?\gh usually 9 ! =m ( ca/s1 is %>p & well def9$4 ,! bone b$1 ?\gh no :]e expos$1 is probably pres5t 9 its normal position4 ,a f9e section1 ) num]\s *>act]i/ic ,rhtic fossils 0 expos$ on ! railway cutt+ at ,summ] ,hill1 betwe5 ,/rat=d & ,alce/]4 ,rhtic black %ales 7 pass$ ?r\gh at ,snitt]field1 9 mak+ a tunnel 9 connection ) ! new res]voir = ,/rat=d4 ,glacial & ,po/ ,t]ti>y ,deposits4 ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,po/ ,t]ti>y ,deposits are scatt]$ pr(usely ov] ! di/rict ( :i* ,birm+ham is ! c5tre1 & pres5t _m problems ( too complicat$ a "* to be discuss$ 9 ! pages ( ?is guide4 ,x mu/ suffice to indicate a few ( _! *ief exposures & *>act]i/ics4 ,! t]m 8,b\ld] ,clay0 is us$ 9 ?is note to d5ote a clay %[n to be connect$ ) ! ,glacial epo*1 by conta9+ a great] or less numb] ( erratic blocks2 & 9 ! employm5t ( ! t]m1 no !ory reg>d+ ! me?od ( =mation ( ! deposit w be impli$4 ,! ,po/ ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! di/rict may be arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]al ord]3-- ,i4--,l[] b\ld] clays4 ,,ii4--,middle glacial clays1 s&s1 & gravels4 ,,iii4--,upp] b\ld] clays4 ,,iv4--,po/ glacial clay1 s&s1 & gravels4 ,! mo/ complete section t has be5 f\nd is at 8,cali=nia10 ne> ,h>borne4 ,re/+ ^u ! ,bunt] ,s&/one1 ab\t #dhj feet above ! sea level1 is a ,l[] b\ld] clay1 conta9+ erratic b\ld]s ( slate1 felsite1 qu>tzite1 int]mix$ ) blocks & /ones ( local orig94 ,_m ( ! erratics are angul>1 & "s 7especially ! slates7 are f9ely /riat$4 ,! :ole deposit is un/ratifi$ & compact1 & ! b\ld]s are r\ghly press$ toge!r1 9 e v>iety ( position1 )\t any ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,?is b\ld] clay is succe$$ by ! ,middle ,s&s & ,gravels :i* are irregul>ly /ratifi$ & %[ false b$d+4 ,fragm5ts ( coal occur among ! pebbles4 ,! s&s & gravels dip rapidly to ! ,s4,w41 & pass "u an ,upp] b\ld] clay4 ,! ,upp] ,b\ld] ,clay consi/s ( a compact mass ( clay ) erratics scatt]$ ?r\gh x2 b ! erratics are nei!r s abundant nor s confus$ly press$ toge!r z 9 ! l[] b$4 ,granite has be5 f\nd1 al?\gh r>ely1 associat$ ) ! travell$ felsites & qu>tzites1 toge!r ) a few fl9ts2 & local /ones & blocks are also mix$ up ) ! clay--! clay itself h[ev] l>gely prepond]at+ & be+ available = brick mak+4 ,! s]ies is capp$ by a mixture ( clay1 s&1 & gravel 9 v>y+ proportions1 :i* fills _m holl[s t h be5 wa%$ out ( ! upp] clay2 & mu/ be reg>d$ z ,po/ ,glacial4 ,tak+ ! g5]al divisions indicat$ by ! ,cali=nia section1 att5tion may be direct$ to ! foll[+ illu/rative facts & sections4 ,glacial /ri ^u ! surface ( ! rock h be5 notic$ at ,weoley ,hill ,qu>ry close to ,cali=nia4 ,! removal ( a mass ( clay1 s&1 & gravel expos$ a di/9ctly /riat$ surface ( h>d5$ ,bunt] ,s&/one4 ,! poli%$ surface dips t[>ds ! s\? we/1 9 :i* direction ! pr9cipal /ri run1 al?\gh !re are sev]al cross /ri4 ,! complete section %ews 7a7 /riat$ & poli%$ ,bunt] 7altitude #ebj feet above sea level72 7b7 ?9 b$ ( m>l2 7c7 s&s & gravels 7,middle ,glacial72 7d7 clay 7,upp] ,b\ld] ,clay74 ,a v l>ge numb] ( well-m>k$ & f9ely smoo!d & poli%$ grooves occur ^u ! blocks ( native rock :i* are /rewn ov] ! irregul>ly %ap$ mass ( basalt con/itut+ ,r[ley ,hill1 ,worce/]%ire4 ,isolat$ groov$ blocks re/ ^u ! surface ( ! hill1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ by ext]nal =ce into _! pres5t position2 b !re is also1 at ,r[ley ,hall ,qu>ry1 a k9d ( plat=m1 capp+ ! solid mass ( basalt1 :i* is almo/ entirely compos$ ( blocks ) smoo!d & groov$ surfaces1 /iffly imb$d$ 9 clay4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r1 s9ce ! basalt readily develops jo9ts1 ^! grooves may n be rudim5t>y jo9ts1 or :e!r dis9tegration may n h tak5 place along c]ta9 l9es :i* h gradually become grooves4 ,i ent]ta9 no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( _! glacial orig94 ,no o!r explanation ?an t ! grooves 7 ! "w ( mov+ ice c acc\nt1 ,i ?9k1 = _! excell5t poli%1 _! frequ5t p>allelism1 _! adaptation to ! holl[s & protub]ances ( ! blocks !y cross1 & _! pr$om9ant tr5d f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,! abs5ce ( erratics f ! b\ld] clay 9 :i* ! groov$ basaltic blocks are emb$d$ is evid5ce ( local ice action at ,r[ley ,hill4 ,x is notable also t angul> blocks ( basalt f ,r[ley ,hill h be5 f\nd 9 ,birm+ham1 blocks :i* mu/ h travell$ at lea/ six miles4 ,x is (t5 difficult to decide ! precise age ( ! b\ld] clays ( ! di/rict2 & :e!r any individual b$ is ref]r$ to ! upp] or ! l[] s]ies is m dep5d5t ^u ! glacial !ories t may be adopt$ ?an ^u any obs]vations t c be made 9 ! field4 ,a ,b\ld] ,clay1 ( a typical k9d1 has be5 expos$ at a bricky>d1 at ! bottom ( ,oak ,/reet1 ,wolv]hampton4 ,?is clay conta9s an extraord9>y numb] & v>iety ( erratic blocks1 )\t "q f ! ,lake ,di/rict & s\? ( ,scotl&1 a few fl9ts1 toge!r ) pebbles f ! ,bunt] b$s4 ,"o ( ! sides ( a b\ld] ( felsite1 measur+ #aa #c #c;ft41 is flat & smoo?1 & cov]$ ) p>allel /ri4 ,! s&s & gravels ris+ 9 small hillocks ne> ! ,cemet]y1 & slightly cov]+ ! clay ( ! pit1 are probably ,middle glacial4 ,a b\ld] clay1 =m]ly expos$ at ,icknield ,/reet1 ,birm+ham1 :ile pres5t+ ! same physical *>act]i/ics z ! ,wolv]hampton clay1 diff]$ f x widely 9 ! nature ( ! emb$d$ erratic blocks4 ,in/ead ( hav+ travell$ f ! ,lake ,di/rict or ,scotl&1 a l>ge proportion 7 d]iv$ f rocks t occur 9 situ at ! ,b]wyn & ,ar5ig ,hills4 ,! condition ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ridge1 aga9/ :i* ?is b\ld] clay re/$1 0 rem>kable4 ,! s&/one rock 0 brok5 up1 & l>ge fragm5ts ( x 7 lift$ out ( _! position & ?ru/ into ! middle ( ! drift4 ,! *anges ( level :i* occurr$ dur+ ! glacial epo* are %[n by ! deposits at ,frankley ,hill4 ,9 ! clays & s&s cut ?r\gh by ! ,hales[5 ,railway only a few erratics 7felsites7 7 f\nd2 b on ! summit ( ! section !y are abundant & ( l>ge size 7e4g41 #d #d #b;ft47 ,pr(essor ,bonney1 :o has exam9$ !m1 feels c]ta9 !y mu/ h come f ,wales1 hav+ se5 no?+ l !m 9 ! ,lake ,di/rict4 ,_! height is ne>ly #hjj;ft4 above ! sea level4 ,7 ^! erratics br\ght by l& ice1 ! alt]ation 9 ! physical geography ( ! c\ntry mu/ h be5 enorm\s to h enabl$ a glaci] to h mov$ d[nw>ds ov] ?is po9t2 7 !y dropp$ f iceb]gs1 ! l& mu/ h be5 depress$ to ! ext5t ( at lea/ #ijj;ft41 to =m a sea 9 :i* ! b]gs c\ld h float$4 ,turn+ to ! ,middle ,glacial ,clays1 ,s&s1 & ,gravels1 ^! may be se5 m or less develop$ 9 almo/ e section cut ?r\gh undulat+ gr\nd2 & !y are occasionally twi/$ & contort$4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham !y are n fossilif]\s4 ,at ,ketley1 ne> ,well+ton 7,%rop%ire7 h[ev]1 fossilif]\s s&s & gravels occur1 :i* ,i am incl9$ 7provisionally7 to assign to ?is p]iod4 ,!y re/ ^u a b$ conta9+ erratic blocks ( granite1 & o!r rocks ( nor!rn orig92 & ,i collect$ f !m #ac species ( mollusca4 ,only "o species 0 peculi>ly nor!rn 7a/>te borealis7 b all 9 ! gr\p h an arctic range ( habitat4 ,! elevation ( ^! b$s is ab\t #ceg feet above ! sea4 ,at ,fox ,hall ,field1 ,new ,lodge1 ,lille%all 7,%rop%ire7 9 a pit work$ = s&1 #dfc feet above ! sea1 ,mr4 ,woodw>d discov]$ #ba species ( mollusca1 ?ree--viz41 ,d5talium abyssorum1 ,natica aff9is1 & ,a/>te borealis--be+ *>act]i/ically arctic & ext9ct 9 ,briti% wat]s4 ,! ,upp] ,b\ld] ,clay is work$ = bricks 9 _m localities4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! ,l[] ,b\ld] ,clay1 by hav+ erractic blocks sp>sely scatt]$ ?r\gh x4 ,x is (t5 v compact & t5aci\s4 ,no fossils h z yet be5 f\nd 9 x2 unless inde$ a clay d]iv$ f a dra9 9 a /reet at ,wolv]hampton1 9 :i* ,i detect$ fragm5ts ( ,tell9a bal?ica1 ! sp9e ( an ,e*9us1 ,polymorph9a lactea1 & ,poly/omella crispa1 may be assign$ to ?is division ( ! epo*4 ,! extraord9>y disp]sion ( erratic blocks ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd rema9s to be notic$1 & con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a 9 local glacial geology4 ,i di/+ui% ! b\ld]s re/+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd f ^? emb$d$ 9 ! clay b$s1 al?\gh x is ( c\rse possible & probable t ! clay has be5 l>gely d5ud$1 & ! b\ld]s h ?us be5 left expos$4 ,_m ( ^! erratic blocks may !re=e belong to ! ,l[] ,b\ld] ,clay2 :ile o!rs may h fall5 f ! iceb]gs :i* dur+ ! prov$ subsid5ce ( ! l& mu/ h float$ ov] ! 8,midl&0 sea1 & h be5 deposit$ 9 ! ,upp] b\ld] clay1 :ile x 0 9 process ( accumulation4 ,h[ f> ! disp]sion ( erratics ov] ! ,midl&s may be ref]r$ to ! ice %eet ( "s geologi/s1 or to ! iceb]gs ( ! ,ar*ipelago p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 mu/1 at pres5t1 be reg>d$ z an op5 "q4 ,! ,midl& erratics h und\bt$ly travell$ f ?ree di/9ct regions1 viz41 7#a7 f ,wales1 7#b7 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,lake di/rict1 & 7#c7 ,kirkcudbright%ire4 ,b\ld]s f ! m ea/]ly "p ( ! ,lake di/rict1 su* z ! ,snap granite b\ld]s1 s abundantly spread ov] ,york%ire1 h n be5 f\nd 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,! peculi> di/ribution ( ! ,midl& erratics is notewor?y4 ,comm5c+ at ,bu%bury ,hill 7a little to ! nor? ( ,wolv]hampton1 on ! table l& fac+ t[>ds ! ,n4,w47 ! ,lake rocks & ! ,scot* rocks--,criffell granites & ,eskdale granites--are l>gely int]m+l$4 ,j\rney+ we/w>ds1 a /ream ( b\ld]s f ,wales crosses ! nor!rn /reams4 ,on & ar\nd ! ,cl5t ,hills 7#ajbc feet7 s\? we/ ( ,birm+ham1 ,wel% felsites are ! only b\ld]s to be f\nd4 ,birm+ham itself be+ 9 ! re> ( ! high] "p ( ! table l& on :i* x /&s1 is 9 a k9d ( protect$ di/rict1 s f> z ! nor!rn /ream ( b\ld]s is conc]n$1 & ! erratics 9 its imm$iate vic9ity are *iefly ,wel% felsites2 a few fragm5ts h[ev] ( granite are occasionally f\nd4 ,,po/ ,,glacial ,,b$s4--,! mo/ complete section ( po/ glacial b$s 9 ?is locality 0 obta9$ dur+ excavations made at ,%u/oke1 ne> ,birm+ham2 :5 a b$ ( black peat1 conta9+ ! rema9s ( ,elephas antiquus1 ,c]vus elephas1 & ,bos primig5ius1 ) hazel nuts & fragm5ts ( wood1 0 discov]$ #g;ft4 #f;94 b5ea? ! surface4 ,! section 0 z foll[s3-- ,soil #a;ft4 #j;94 ,s&y m>l #a;ft4 #h;94 ,yell[ clay 7/iff7 #c;ft4 #h;94 ,blue clay 7/iff7 #a;ft4 #b;94 ,black peat #a;ft4 #aj;94 8,balla/0 gravel & s& #c;ft4 #j;94 ,s&/one & m>l4 ,! fossils f\nd 9 ! peat h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,geological ,museum ( ! ,mason ,college4 ,,petrography4 ,notes on ! ,igne\s & ,metamorphic ,rocks ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict4 ,,by ,s4 ,,allport1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,! space available = "s acc\nt ( ! cry/all9e rocks be+ /rictly limit$1 x w\ld be useless to attempt any?+ m ?an a brief g5]al description ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ v>ieties4 ,=tunately !re is abundance ( mat]ial1 = ,birm+ham1 z a c5tral po9t1 af=ds unusual facilities = ! /udy ( ?is bran* ( petrology4 ,al?\gh ! rocks "h describ$ appe> to be scatt]$ ov] a r wide area1 x w be f\nd t e locality m5tion$ may n only be easily rea*$ f "o ( ! railway /ations1 b t a good s]ies ( specim5s may be collect$ & ! return j\rney made )9 ! same day4 ,,! ,,malv]n ,,hills4--,x 0 cle>ly %[n by ,dr4 ,holl1 9 #ahfe1 7,qu>4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxi47 t ! c5tral portion or axis ( ?is *a9 ( hills consi/s ( a great s]ies ( true cry/all9e s*i/s1 among :i* ! prevail+ types are hornbl5dic & micace\s gneiss1 hornbl5de-s*i/1 mica-s*i/1 & a qu>tzo-felspa?ic rock1 all ( :i* are m or less di/9ctly foliat$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 great v>iety 9 ! relative proportions ( ! con/itu5ts2 9 _m places ei!r ! hornbl5de or ! mica are ne>ly1 or ev5 q abs5t2 ! felsp> & qu>tz !n =m ! mass ( ! rock4 ,9 ! qu>ries on ! ea/ side ( ! ,nor? ,hill1 beautiful examples ( hornbl5de & felsp> rock are abundant2 !y conta9 m or less qu>tz1 ) a little mica1 & occasionally pass by ins5sible gradations f a well-m>k$ gneissic /ructure into a co>sely cry/all9e mass 9 :i* foliation is no long] app>5t4 ,^! latt] are1 h[ev]1 exceptional cases1 & !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt t we h "h1 9 ! ,midl&s1 a consid]able exposure ( ! olde/ type ( foliat$ cry/all9e s*i/s1 or z !y are n[ frequ5tly call$ ,pre-,cambrian or ,ar*an rocks4 ,! rocks ( ! ,nor? ,hill are probably ! olde/2 !y h be5 mu* di/urb$1 & are g5]ally ! mo/ co>sely cry/all9e ( ! s]ies4 ,! m basic portions h suff]$ a consid]able am\nt ( alt]ation2 ! second>y con/itu5ts1 *lorite & epidote1 become abundant1 & occasionally ! hornbl5de has be5 completely replac$ by ! latt] m9]al2 ! rock !n becomes an epidote s*i/ ( a pale-yell[i% col\r4 ,9 ,sw9y>ds ,hill !re is a micace\s gneiss ) g>nets1 & 9 ,ragg$/one ,hill !re are int]e/+ v>ieties ( contort$ mica-s*i/ conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( qu>tz4 ,dykes ( intrusive rocks occur 9 ne>ly all ! hills1 b become f> m num]\s t[>ds ! nor?2 !y are v uni=m 9 appe>ance1 & are probably alt]$ dol]ites or diorites2 v few specim5s h be5 exam9$1 & !y belong to ! =m] gr\p4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,hill !re are "s masses ( true diorite1 b _! relation to ! hornbl5dic gneisses ) :i* !y are associat$ has n be5 cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,,m\nt ,,sorrel ,,granite4--,! granite is ( two v>ieties1 r$ & grey1 ! diff]5ce be+ due to ! fact1 t 9 ! r$ masses1 ! p>tially decompos$ felsp> has be5 col\r$ by f]ric oxide4 ,! rock is a hornbl5dic granite1 ! con/itu5ts be+ qu>tz1 felsp>1 biotite1 hornbl5de & titanite1 ) magnetite & a little apatite4 ,! felsp>s are or?oclase & plagioclase2 ! =m] is mu* decompos$1 :ile ! plagioclase frequ5tly rema9s cle>1 & exhibits well its tw9 /riation4 ,biotite 0 orig9ally abundant1 b is v frequ5tly replac$ by a cle> gre5 sub/ance1 :i* is /rongly di*roic1 ! two col\rs be+ grass-gre51 & cle> yell[4 ,! hornbl5de has be5 greatly decompos$2 cle> cry/als are1 h[ev]1 n uncommon1 & exhibit ! usual optical *>act]s ( ! m9]al4 ,! products ( alt]ation are *lorite & epidote4 ,! titanite appe>s 9 r$di%-br[n gra9s1 b is n v abundant4 ,9 #ahgi1 ! writ] discov]$ ! junction ( ! granite ) ! s$im5t>y rocks1 & prov$ t ! =m] 0 intrusive 7,geol4 ,mag4 dec4 ii41 ,vol4 vi41 p4 #aha74 ,! junction occurs 9 ,brazil ,wood1 :]e !re is a small qu>ry1 9 :i* granite ve9s may be se5 to p5etrate ! /rata 9 v>i\s directions2 a l>ge mass ( granite is also )9 a few y>ds4 ,"s ( ! ph5om5a ( contact metamorphism may "h be readily /udi$1 ! granite hav+ conv]t$ ! slate into a cry/all9e micace\s s*i/1 q simil> 9 "* to ^? produc$ "u l conditions r\nd ! granite 9 ,cornwall & else:]e4 ,small g>nets occur 9 ! alt]$ slates1 & also 9 ! granite close to ! junction4 ,,! ,,*>nwood ,,sy5ites4--,! ,sy5ites & o!r igne\s rocks ( ,*>nwood1 h be5 describ$ by ,messrs4 ,hill & ,bonney 7,qu>4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 xxxiv41 p4 #aii47 ,! orig9al con/itu5ts are felsp>1 hornbl5de1 qu>tz1 apatite1 ilm5ite1 magnetite & titanite4 ,! felsp> is ( two k9ds1 or?oclase & plagioclase1 ! =m] is v turbid & decompos$1 :ile ! plagioclase is cle>1 & reta9s its usual optical *>act]s4 ,! curi\s int]cry/allization ( qu>tz & felsp>1 kn[n z micropegmatite1 is common 9 ! masses ( sy5ite ne> ,groby2 ! be/ examples1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd by ! writ] 9 ! ,m>kfield rock1 :]e x appe>s to =m a gr\nd-mass 9 :i* ! l>g] cry/als ( or?oclase & plagioclase are enclos$4 ,a small portion ( ! hornbl5de is /ill *>act]i/ic1 b ! great] portion appe>s 9 v>i\s /ages ( decomposition2 ! alt]ation products be+ *lorite & epidote4 ,titanite is by no means r>e1 & occurs 9 well =m$ tw9 cry/als4 ,,diorites ,,( ,,a!r/one ,,& ,,nuneaton4--,a c>eful exam9ation ( _m specim5s collect$ by ! writ] f ! v>i\s masses m>k$ 9 ! map #fc ,s4,w4 ( ! ,geological ,survey %[s cle>ly t !y are diorites1 ! *>act]i/ic con/itu5ts be+ hornbl5de & a tricl9ic felsp>2 ^! m9]als1 toge!r ) magnetite & apatite are inv>iably pres5t1 & 9 addition1 a little or?oclase is seldom abs5t4 ,! be/ specim5 exam9$ is f a qu>ry ne> ,m>/on ,jabet2 x is a f9e-gra9$ rock1 simil> to a basalt 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 b conta9s num]\s cry/als ( hornbl5de & plagioclase :i* are g5]ally q unalt]$4 ,! cle> br[n cry/als ( hornbl5de are unusually well develop$1 & af=d excell5t opportunities ( exam9+ _! cry/allographic & optical *>act]s4 ,!re are also pres5t _m gra9s ( magnetite1 & a few ne$les ( apatite4 ,! only product ( alt]ation is a little calcite 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! cry/als4 ,o!r specim5s f ! same qu>ry w p]haps give a bett] idea ( ! g5]al "* ( ! rocks ( ! di/rict1 & !y possess a special int]e/1 z !y af=d unusually good examples ( successive /ages ( alt]ation4 ,9 "o specim5 ! con/itu5ts are well pres]v$1 ! plagioclase is cle> & exhibits its *>act]i/ic tw9 /riation2 ! hornbl5de is1 = ! mo/ "p1 unalt]$1 b is mu* fissur$1 & occasionally conta9s s _m cavities t ! cry/als are little m ?an skeletons4 ,a gr\nd-mass 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts 7 set has be5 highly alt]$1 & n[ consi/s ( a f9e granul> sub/ance1 p>tly s]p5t9\s1 ) "h & !re a little calcite4 ,a second example is q simil> 9 texture to ! la/2 ! felsp>1 /ill recognisable z tricl9ic1 has be5 p>tially conv]t$ into a grey turbid sub/ance4 ,! hornbl5de occurs 9 v>i\s /ages ( alt]ation2 "s cry/als are b slightly attack$1 :ile o!rs are to a consid]able ext5t replac$ by a pale gre5 s]p5t9\s sub/ance4 ,! alt]ation has foll[$ ! cleavage-l9es & fractures1 :ile ! num]\s cavities j m5tion$ are also fill$ by ! same sub/ance4 ,9 a s+le slice !re may be se5 almo/ e degree ( *ange f a slight m>g9al erosion to a m]e skeleton ( ! orig9al4 ,( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 "s little is always left2 & :e!r ! alt]ation be little or great1 ! cry/all9e =ms are p]fectly pres]v$4 ,9 a ?ird specim5 ! alt]ation has proce$$ /ill fur!r1 ! :ole ( ! hornbl5de cry/als hav+ be5 completely conv]t$ into pale gre5 pseudomorphs2 !y 7 orig9ally l>ge & well develop$1 & _! =ms are /ill p]fectly %>p & di/9ct4 ,! felsp> is "h q turbid & opaque1 & ! int]/itial gr\nd-mass is repres5t$ by calcite4 ,purley ,p>k1 ne> ,a!r/one4--,! rock "h conta9s1 9 addition to ! usual br[n hornbl5de1 _m cry/als & gra9s ( cle> yell[i% augite1 & sev]al pseudomorphs aft] oliv9e4 ,! augite cry/als exhibit ! usual =ms1 "s be+ tw9s4 ,! pseudomorphs aft] oliv9e are q simil> to o!rs obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 highly alt]$ dol]ites1 !y consi/ ( calcite or calcite & viridite2 !y are num]\s1 & are g5]ally l>g] ?an ! cry/als ( augite or hornbl5de4 ,qu>ry close to ,a!r/one4--,?is rock also conta9s bo? augite & hornbl5de2 & la/ly1 9 ! railway cutt+ at ,*ilv]s ,coton1 sev]al int]e/+ v>ieties ( diorite may be f\nd4 ,,! ,,rhyolites ,,( ,,! ,,wrek9 ,,ne> ,,well+ton1 ,,%rop%ire4--,9 ! l>ge qu>ry 9 ,lawr5ce ,hill1 at ! nor? end ( ! ,wrek91 & at ,lea ,rock on ! ,%rewsbury ,road1 are to be f\nd "s ( ! mo/ beautiful v>ieties ( anci5t volcanic glassy rocks hi!rto discov]$ 9 ,brita94 ,! rocks 9 _! pres5t condition d n look l glass1 ow+ to a process ( devitrification1 :i* !y h evid5tly und]gone4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no room = d\bt z to _! orig9al vitre\s condition1 = !y exhibit1 "u ! microscope1 c]ta9 peculi> p]litic & sph]ulitic v>ieties ( /ructure1 associat$ ) *>act]i/ic =ms ( microli?s1 :i* are f\nd only 9 ! pit*/one & obsidian v>ieties ( volcanic glass4 ,9 ! qu>ry 9 ,lawr5ce ,hill1 ?ick b$s ( volcanic a%es & agglom]ates are to be se5 dipp+ t[>ds ! nor? at a high angle1 & an exam9ation ( ?is hill & ! ,wrek9 %[s t !y bo? consi/ ( a s]ies ( /ratifi$ a%es alt]nat+ ) sev]al fl[s ( rhyolite4 ,"o ( ! a% b$s conta9s num]\s sph]oidal blocks ( ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic v>ieties ( glassy rocks2 !y h n yet be5 describ$1 b x may "h be /at$ t1 9 addition to _m typical v>ieties ( kn[n rhyolites1 !re are also includ$ among !m "s ( ! r>] glassy k9ds describ$ by ,zirkel 9 8 ,petrography ( ! #dj? ,p>allel4 ,beautiful examples ( ! sph]ulitic & p]litic v>ieties may be f\nd at ,lea ,rock1 & h be5 describ$ by ! writ] 9 ! ,qu>4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 xxxiii41 p4 #ddi4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,callaway1 t all ^! rhyolites are ( ,pre-,cambrian age2 we h "h1 !re=e1 ! cle>e/ pro( t1 dur+ v e>ly geological p]iods volcanic action 0 ( ! same k9d1 & produc$ ! same results1 z 9 m rec5t times4 ,,s\? ,,/af=d%ire4--,! igne\s rocks ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield belong to ! basic s]ies1 & are1 )\t exception1 dol]ites or basalts1 ! latt] be+ m]ely a f9e gra9$ v>iety ( ! =m]4 ,!y h be5 intrud$ among ! coal measures & %ales1 & are frequ5tly f\nd 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! orig9al m9]al con/itu5ts are cry/als1 or cry/all9e gra9s ( tricl9ic felsp>1 augite1 oliv9e1 magnetite1 ilm5ite1 & apatite4 ,^! m9]als are v frequ5tly q unalt]$1 ) ! exception ( ! oliv9e1 :i* is (t5 p>tly conv]t$ into s]p5t9e2 ?is is ! pale gre5 sub/ance se5 along ! cracks1 & ar\nd ! sides ( ! gra9s2 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! decomposition has be5 cont9u$ until ! =mation ( complete s]p5t9\s pseudomorphs aft] oliv9e has be5 ! result4 ,! ,hail/one ,hill1 ne> ,r[ley ,*ur*1 is ! be/ locality = v>ieties 9 texture & composition1 z also = contemporane\s ve9s4 ,9 ! l>ge qu>ry !re is a v co>sely cry/all9e v>iety conta9+ l>ge flat plates ( ilm5ite1 & "h also may be f\nd "s light-col\r$ ve9s 9 :i* or?oclase is ! pr$om9ant felsp>4 ,! writ] has also f\nd 9 ! same qu>ry vessicul> & amygdaloidal v>ieties ( ! rock4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be m5tion$ t1 m9ute details ( /ructure & composition c only be /udi$ 9 ?9 slices "u ! microscope4 ,rocks ( simil> "* to ! above occur 9 ! foll[+ localities3--,p\k ,hill1 ne> ,walsall2 ,titt]/on ,clee ,hill 7%eet #ee1 ,n4,w471 ,kn[l ,hill1 ne> ,k9let 7%eet #ee1 ,n4,e471 & ,sw9n]ton ,p>k1 eight miles ,n4,e4 ( ,/af=d4 ,= full] descriptions ( ^! rocks1 see ,allport1 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxx41 p4 #ebi4 ,m9+ ,/ati/ics ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,,b5ton1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,m9]als ,,work$4--,! pr9cipal m9]als work$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield are coal1 iron/one1 & fireclay f ! ,c>bonif]\s =mations1 & lime/one f ! und]ly+ ,silurian rocks4 ,,! ,,coal is bitum9\s1 non-cak+1 & mu* ( x conta9s a high p]c5tage ( wat] & oxyg54 ,"s ( ! seams produce excell5t h\se-coal1 o!rs manufactur+ & /eam coal4 ,,! ,,iron/one is an argillace\s c>bonate ( iron1 occurr+ z nodules 9 ! ro(s ( ! coal seams1 or z ?9 b$s )9 !m4 ,,! ,,fireclay1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/\rbridge1 has a high refractory p[]4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,m9]als ,,rais$4--,! annual produce ( m9]als dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s has rema9$ )\t any consid]able alt]ation4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,m9]al ,/ati/ics = #ahhe are n yet publi%$1 b 9 #ahhd ! quantities ( m9]als rais$ 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield 73--,coal1 #i1fhh1jdg tons2 iron/one1 #aaf1iea tons2 fireclay1 #bje1cbj tons2 lime/one 7no /ati/ics giv574 ,! respective values ( ^! m9]als at ! m9es 7 e/imat$ at3--coal1 #b1ghe1cac2 iron/one1 #fb1igd2 fireclay1 #db1gha4 ,! total numb] ( p]sons employ$ at ! m9es dur+ ! same p]iod 0 #bc1ghb4 ,,de/9ation ,,( ,,! ,,m9]als4--,! great] "p ( ! coal is consum$ 9 ! di/rict = h\se purposes1 = /eam rais+1 = ! manufacture ( bricks1 pott]y1 glass1 salt1 c4 ,! rema9d] is c>ri$ out ( ! coalfield into ! s\? & s\?-we/]n di/ricts ( ,engl& by ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n1 ,great ,we/]n1 & ,midl& ,railway ,companies1 = h\se & /eam purposes4 ,! gas coals & coke us$ 9 ! ,birm+ham di/rict are n ! product ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalmeasures1 b are br\ght pr9cipally f ,nor? ,/af=d%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 & ,york%ire4 ,! :ole ( ! iron/one rais$ is smelt$ )9 ! di/rict1 9 addition to l>ge quantities ( iron ore 7hydrat$ oxide7 br\ght f ! ,nor?ampton & ,nor? ,/af=d%ire m9es4 ,! manufacture ( pig iron has )9 ! la/ decade decreas$ to su* an ext5t t less ?an "o-?ird ( ! exi/+ furnaces ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire are at pres5t 9 bla/4 ,! quantity ( pig produc$ 9 ! coalfield 9 #ahhd1 0 #cef1hgc tons2 9 ! r$uction ( :i* #haj1icf tons ( coal 7includ+ coal conv]t$ into coke7 7 us$1 or ab\t #de cwts4 ( coal to "o ton ( pig iron4 ,! :ole ( ! pig iron is reta9$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! f9i%$ iron trade reta9s its importance1 m ?an "o-?ird ( ! exi/+ puddl+ furnaces & roll+ mills 9 ,great ,brita9 occur )9 ! limits ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield4 ,! f9i%$ iron is produc$ f local pig iron1 & f pig iron br\ght f ,d]by%ire1 ,york%ire1 & ,nor? ,/af=d%ire4 ,! /eel production 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire is gradually increas+4 ,! processes adopt$ are ^? kn[n z ! ,bessem]1 ,gil*ri/ & op5 he>?4 ,! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire fireclay is work$ pr9cipally 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brettle ,lane & ,/\rbridge1 & is employ$ 9 ! production ( firebricks1 gas retorts1 pott]y1 etc4 ,mu* also is convey$ into o!r di/ricts 9 a raw condition = pott]y purposes4 ,! ,silurian lime/one is work$ p>tly 9 op5 "w 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dudley1 & p>tly by ord9>y und]gr\nd m9+ op]ations at ! ,wr5's ,ne/1 ,s$gley1 & at ,walsall4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,m9+ ,,( ,,s\? ,,/af=d%ire4--,!re are sev]al notewor?y features 9 ! m9+ ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire4 ,a /rang] is especially impress$ ) ! l>ge numb] ( sep>ate colli]ies 9 work+ 7ab\t #fjj7 9 proportion to ! quantity ( m9]al rais$4 ,?is peculi>ity is due ess5tially to ! insignificant dep? at :i* ! m9]als occur bel[ ! surface 7inde$1 at ,foxy>d1 ne> ,tipton1 coal has long be5 qu>ri$ 9 an outcrop ( ! #aj y>d seam74 ,?is 8,%all[ ,m9+0 has pass$ its m]idian4 ,! future m9+ ( ! di/rict is =eca/ by ^? rem>kable op]ations on ! 8r$ gr\nd10 =m+ ! ea/]n side ( ! coalfield4 ,! mo/ rec5tly op5$ seam 9 ! r$ gr\nd is at ,hamp/ead1 ?ree miles nor? ( ,birm+ham1 :]e coal m9+ is c>ri$ on bel[ ! ,p]mian & ,triassic1 at a dep? ( m ?an #fjj y>ds4 ,ano!r feature ( ! m9+ is ! unique ,s\? ,/af=d%ire mode ( gett+ coal 9 ! t5 y>d seam1 call$ 8,squ>e ,"w40 ,?is me?od has met ) mu* condemnation f /rang]s1 b aft] trial ( o!r me?ods1 x /ill dom9ates4 ,a fur!r & mo/ /rongly m>k$ peculi>ity ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire area is ! t5d5cy ( "s ( ! ,black ,c\ntry coals to spontane\s ignition4 ,mu* coal has ?us 9 times pa/ be5 sacrific$2 b a bett] acqua9tance ) ! causes ( ?is ph5om5on has l$ to measures :i* h r$uc$ & :i* mu/ /ill fur!r r$uce ?is sacrifice ( weal?4 ,,m9es' ,,dra9age4--,9 ! ,tipton & ,old ,hill di/ricts _m ( ! coal m9es are wat]-logg$4 ,9 #ahgc a ,p>liam5t>y ,commission h[ev] 0 appo9t$ to dra9 ?is area1 & 0 emp[]$ to levy rates to defray ! dra9age exp5ses4 ,! dra9age area "u ! direction ( ?is ,m9es' ,dra9age ,commission is #ej squ>e miles4 ,! pr9cipal pump+ /ations are ! ,moat1 ! ,/onehea? ,/ation1 & ! ,bradley ,/ation4 ,! ,bradley pump+ eng9es 7a qu>t] ( a mile f ,moxley on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway7 are ( ! comp\nd type hav+ #eb-;in* & #ij-;in* /eam cyl9d]s4 ,^! eng9es1 ) a #aj feet /roke1 & six /rokes p] m9ute1 "w two #bg-;in* plung] pumps1 & raise f a dep? ( #abf y>ds m ?an #d1jjj1jjj gallons ( wat] p] #bd h\rs4 ,z a result ( ?is gallant ef=t to recov] ^! wat]-logg$ m9]als1 ! numb] ( pump+ /ations has be5 gradually r$uc$ 9 ! ,tipton di/rict f #gg 9 #ahgc to #aj 9 #ahhe1 & ! quantity ( wat] f #bc1jjj1jjj to #aj1jjj1jjj ( gallons daily4 ,to meet ! inevitable exp5ses1 a rate ( #i;d4 p] /atute ton is levi$ on all coals1 slack1 & iron/one2 #c;d4 p] /atute ton on all fireclay & lime/one1 & #a;d4 p] /atute ton = surface dra9age on all m9]als1 rais$ 9 ! ,tipton di/rict4 ,9 ! ,old ,hill di/rict a mu* l[] m9es'-dra9age rate is collect$4 ,,lit]ature4 ,,books1 ,,pap]s ,,& ,,maps ,,be>+ ,,^u ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,di/rict4 ,fundam5tal ,gneissic & ,volcanic ,rocks4 ,phillips1 ,pr(41 8,on ! ,geology ( ! ,malv]n & ,abb]ley ,hills40 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ,vol4 ii41 #ahdh4 ,holl1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,b41 8,on ! ,geology & ,/ructure ( ! ,malv]n ,hills40 ,qu>t4 ,j\rnal ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxi41 p4 #gb4 ,callaway1 ,dr4 ,c41 8,on a second ,pre-,cambrian ,gr\p 9 ! ,malv]n ,hills40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahhj1 ,nov4 #ahhj4 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,,ll4,d41 & ,rev4 ,w4 ,hill1 ,m4,a4 8,on ! ,pre-,c>bonif]\s ,rocks ( ,*>nwood ,=e/40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahgg1 p4 #ged1 c4 ,allport4 ,s41 8,anci5t ,devitrifi$ ,pit*/ones & ,p]lites f ,l[] ,silurian ,di/rict ( ,%rop%ire40 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 #ahgg1 p4 #dci4 ,callaway1 ,dr4 ,*as41 8,! ,pre-,cambrian ,rocks ( ,%rop%ire40 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahgi1 p4 #fdc2 ibid1 #ahhb1 p4 #abj4 ,cambrian ,=mations4 ,pr(4 ,phillips1 8,geology ( ,malv]n & ,abb]ley ,hills40 ,see above4 ,holl1 ,dr4 ,h41 8,geology & ,/ructure ( ! ,malv]n ,hills40 ,see above4 ,callaway1 ,dr4 ,c41 8,on a new ,area ( ,upp] ,cambrian ,rocks 9 ,s\? ,%rop%ire40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahgg4 p4 #feb4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h\ghton41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 8,note on ! ,age ( ! ,qu>tzite ( ! ,lickey40 ,proce$+s ,birm+ham ,philosophical ,society1 #ahha-b1 p4 #bjf4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,lapwor?1 8,on ! ,discov]y ( ,cambrian ,rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham20 ibid1 p4 #bcd4 ,see also ,geological ,magaz9e1 #ahhb1 p4 #efc2 ibid1 ,july1 #ahhf4 ,w4 ,j]ome ,h>rison1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,on ! ,pre-,c>bonif]\s ,floor ( ! ,midl&s40 ,midl& ,naturali/1 #ahee1 p4 #ch4 ,silurian ,rocks4 ,sir ,r4 ,j4 ,mur*ison1 8,silurian ,sy/em10 p4 #djh1 & #dhj4 ,j4 ,beete ,jukes1 ,f4,r4,s4 8,! ,geology ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield40 #bnd ,ed41 p4 #ade et seq4 ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks4 ,sir ,r4 ,j4 ,mur*ison1 8,silurian ,sy/em10 p4 #dfc4 ,j4 ,beete ,jukes1 ,f4,r4,s4 8,! ,geology ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfields40 #bnd ,edition2 see also ,jukes1 8,on ! ,geological ,/ructure ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield40 ,birm+ham & ,midl& & ,h>dw>e ,di/rict1 #ahff1 p4 #a4 ,h[ell1 ,h41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 8,! ,geology ( ! ,w>wick%ire ,coalfield40 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahei4 ,p]mian & ,triassic ,rocks4 ,hull1 ,pr(41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 8,triassic & ,p]mian ,rocks ( ! ,midl&s40 ,memoirs ,geol4 ,survey4 ,sir ,&4 ,ramsay1 ,f4,r4,s41 8,on ! occurr5ce ( ,angul> b\ld]s 9 ! ,p]mian ,breccia ( ,%rop%ire & ,worce/]%ire40 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 #ahee1 p4 #ahe4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 8,upp] ,keup] ,s&/one ( ,w>wick%ire40 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xii41 p4 #cgd4 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,c4 ,miall1 8,labyr9?odonts f ! ,keup] ,s&/one1 9 ! ,w>wick ,museum40 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxx41 p4 #dag4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h>rison1 8,on ! ,qu>tzite ,pebbles conta9$ 9 ! ,triassic ,/rata ( ,engl&1 & on _! ,d]ivation f an ,anci5t ,l& ,b>ri] 9 ,c5tral ,engl&40 ,proc4 ,birm+ham ,phil4 ,soc41 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #aeg4 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 8,on ! ,pebbles 9 ! ,bunt] ,b$s40 ,geol4 ,mag4 = #ahhj1 p4 #djd4 ,?os4 ,davidson1 8,bra*iopoda ( ! ,budleigh-,salt]ton ,pebble ,b$40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 ,vol4 xxvi41 p4 #gj4 #ahgj4 ,liassic & ,rhtic ,rocks4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 8,lias ,outli]s at ,kn[le & ,wooton ,waw540 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxi41 p4 #aei4 #ahfe4 ,r4 ,f4 ,tomes1 8,corals ( ! ,lias40 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxxiv41 p4 #agi4 #ahgh4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h>rison1 8,! ,rhtic ,section at ,dunhamp/ead1 ne> ,droitwi*40 ,proc4 ,dudley ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #aae4 ,glacial & ,po/ ,t]ti>y ,=mations4 8,! ,direction & ,limits ( ,disp]sion1 etc41 ( ! ,erratic ,blocks ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl& & ,ea/ ( ,wales10 by ,d4 ,mack9to%1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ,geological ,society1 ,vol4 xxxv41 p4 #dbe4 8,! ,correlation ( ! ,drift ,deposits ( ! ,n4,w4 ( ,engl&1 ) ^? ( ! ,midl& & ,ea/]n ,c\nties10 by ,d4 ,mack9to%1 ibid1 ,vol4 xxxvi41 p4 #agh4 8,po/ ,t]ti>y ,b$s ( ! ,midl& ,di/rict10 by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 & ,c4 ,j4 ,woodw>d4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 #ahgc1 p4 #dc4 8,on a ,section ( ,glacial ,drift1 rec5tly expos$ 9 ,icknield ,/reet1 ,birm+ham40 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey4 ,proce$+s ( ,philosophical ,society ( ,birm+ham4 ,vol4 iii4 p4 #bji4 8,! ,groov$ ,blocks & ,b\ld] ,clays ( ,r[ley ,hill40 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey4 ,ibid1 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #dei2 & ,vol4 iv41 p4 #fi4 8,reports ( ! ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association on ! ,di/ribution1 etc41 ( ,erratic ,blocks2 drawn up by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey40 #ahgc-ahhe4 8,! ,geological ,section along ! ,we/ ,suburban ,railway f ,birm+ham to ,k+'s ,norton40 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,m>t94 ,proce$+s ( ,philosophical ,society ( ,birm+ham1 ,vol4 iv41 p4 #beg4 ,petrography4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,diorites ( ,e4 ,w>wick%ire ,coalfield40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,c>bonif]\s ,dol]ites40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 xxx41 p4 #ebi4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,vitre\s ,rocks ( ! ,wrek910 ibid1 xxxiii41 #ddi4 ,see also ! ,pap]s by ,pr(essor ,phillips1 ,dr4 ,holl1 & ,dr4 ,c4 ,callaway1 ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,bonney & ,rev4 ,t4 ,hill1 cit$ above4 ,t4 ,h4 ,wall]1 ,b4,sc41 8,obs]vations on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,r[ley ,rag40 ,midl& ,naturali/1 #ahhe1 p4 #bfa4 ,maps ( ,birm+ham ,di/rict4 ,publi%$ by ,h4,m4 ,geological ,survey4 #fb--,s4,e4 ,birm+ham4 #fb--,n4,w4 ,p5kridge4 #fc--,n4,w4 ,m>ket ,boswor?4 #ec--,n4,w4 ,cov5try4 #ed--,n4,w4 ,droitwi*4 #fb--,s4,w4 ,dudley4 #fb--,n4,e4 ,li*field4 #fc--,s4,w4 ,nuneaton4 #ed--,n4,e4 ,h5ley-9-,ard54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,! ma9 outl9es & colors ( ! =mations c41 9 ! accompany+ ,geological ,sket*-,map correspond ) ^? ( ! above m5tion$ "o in* ,survey ,maps ( ! ,di/rict4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,zoology4 ,,"u ,,! ,,g5]al ,,editor%ip ,,( ,w4 ,r4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,introduction4 ,x is believ$ t ?is is ! fir/ attempt to give a connect$ acc\nt ( ! ,zoology ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham1 al?\gh ! ,botany ( ! ,di/rict has long attract$ dilig5t & en?usia/ic work]s4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 has n be5 neglect$1 & pa/ & pres5t memb]s ( ! ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,society1 & o!r naturali/s1 h f "t to "t made public1 9 ! ,midl& ,naturali/ & else:]e1 _! obs]vations on ! m important classes ( ! animal k+dom4 ,"s ( ! classes 9 ! sub-k+doms1 ,,protozoa1 ,c,,l5t]ata1 ,,v]mes1 & ,,ar?ropoda 7x is to be regrett$7 h be5 almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,! limit$ am\nt ( space allott$ to ,zoology 9 ! pres5t volume & ! limit$ am\nt ( "t at ! disposal ( ! contributors h prev5t$ ! pres5tation ( complete li/s 9 all ! divisions select$1 al?\gh ! ,editor believes t ! v>i\s pap]s n[ submitt$ furni%--s f> z !y g--a v fair1 if n an exhau/ive acc\nt ( our local fauna4 ,x w\ld h be5 desirable to h discuss$1 m fully ?an is done by ! v>i\s contributors1 ! "q ( ! ,geographical di/ribution ( animals 9 ! di/rict1 b ?is "q1 = ! reasons above /at$1 mu/ be left until ano!r occasion4 ,! division ( ! ,,microscopic ,,fauna has be5 made some:at arbitr>ily1 9 ord] to meet local circum/ances4 ,x is hop$ t at "s future "t ^! pap]s may be ext5d$1 & become ! f\ndation = a complete record ( ! ,zoology ( ! di/rict4 ,)\t any invidi\s comp>ison1 ! ,editor may say t1 9 ! doma9 ( local zoology1 by f> ! mo/ sy/ematic /udy has be5 t devot$ dur+ _m ye>s by ,mr4 ,?omas ,bolton1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 to ! microscopic fauna ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,! numb] ( new species :i* ?is able & indu/ri\s naturali/ has add$ to sci5ce1 probably equals if n exce$s t ( ! discov]ies record$ 9 any o!r "p ( ,engl& dur+ ! "t ,mr4 ,bolton has be5 an obs]v]4 ,moreov]1 8 novel & successful me?od ( dissem9at+ ^! organisms among microscopi/s1 has contribut$ l>gely to sci5tific k1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b on ! ,cont95t1 & ev5 9 ,am]ica4 ,al?\gh n com+ )9 ! category ( ! local fauna1 v f9e collections ( ! classes ,,e*9od]mata & ,,cru/acea h be5 made by ,mr4 ,g4 ,%]riff ,tye1 ( ,ri*mond ,road1 ,h&swor?1 :o w be happy to %[ ! same to memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,8 excell5t collection ( ,,mollusca1 _m ( :i* are notic$ 9 ?is volume1 w also be on view4 ,! ,entomological collection made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,blat*--! "w ( a lifetime--_m specim5s ( :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ?is volume1 w simil>ly be on view1 on application to ,mr4 ,blat*1 at ,gre5 ,lane1 ,small ,hea?4 ,x is "r to /ate t ?is naturali/ has add$ v _m new species to ! fauna ( ! di/rict4 ,! ,coleopt]a occurr+ 9 ! ,midl&s w be exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,blat* 9 ,b+ley ,hall4 ,! collection ( local fi%es tak5 by memb]s ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,piscatorial ,association 7e/abli%$ 9 #ahgi7 ( :i* ,mr4 ,james ,gregory is ,honor>y ,secret>y1 conta9s "s v h&some & well-m\nt$ specim5s :i* may ord9>ily be se5 9 ! ,society's ,room1 at ! ,gr& ,hotel1 on application to ,mr4 ,field1 ! proprietor4 ,! collection = ! pres5t =ms "p ( ! ,exhibition 9 ,b+ley ,hall4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ?is ,association has done good "w 9 /ock+ ! ,riv] ,tr5t ) ab\t #ce1jjj ,tr\t fry 7,salmo f>io7 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! ,editor (f]s no apology = m5tion+ ! exceptionally f9e ,orni?ological collection ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,*ase1 ,presid5t ( ! ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,society4 ,! collection comprises1 9 sequ5ce1 ! eggs1 & ! birds 9 v>i\s /ages ( gr[? t[>ds maturity4 ,! specim5s are m\nt$ s z to %[ in/ructively ! surr\nd+s ( ! v>i\s birds z se5 9 _! natural habitats4 ,mr4 ,*ase w be happy to %[ 8 collection to memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 on application at 8 resid5ce1 ,s\?field1 #g1 ,edgba/on ,road1 ,edgba/on4 ,al?\gh ,birm+ham is ne>ly ! c5tral "p ( ,engl&1 & ?us f>!/ remov$ f ! sea1 x may n be un9t]e/+ to /ate t "s att5tion has be5 giv5 to ,m>9e ,zoology1 ! ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,society hav+ sev]al times made excursions to p>ts ( ! coa/ = ! purpose ( dr$g+ specim5s4 ,! ,,p5natulida1 dr$g$ by ! ,society1 at ,oban1 9 #ahha1 7 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,milnes ,m>%all1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,m>%all1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 9 a ,report1 ) illu/rations by ! au?ors1 publi%$ 9 ! 8,midl& ,naturali/0 = #ahhb1 :i* ga9$ ! ,d>w9 ,gold ,m$al1 aw>d$ by ! ,midl& ,union ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,societies1 at ! six? annual meet+1 held at ,tamwor?1 9 #ahhc4 ,! specim5s may be se5 9 ! annexe ( ! ,exhibition1 at ,b+ley ,hall4 ,! limit ( radius ( ab\t tw5ty miles r\nd ,birm+ham1 includ+ p>ts ( ! c\nties ( ,w>wick1 ,worce/]1 & ,/af=d1 *os5 by ! botani/s :o h contribut$ to ! pres5t "w1 has be5 g5]ally accept$ by ! zoologi/s except 9 ! division ( ! ,,mollusca1 :i* is ma9ly conf9$ to a radius ( twelve miles1 z fix$ by local ,con*ologi/s sev]al ye>s ago4 ,"s latitude has h[ev] be5 all[$1 to meet exceptional cases1 necessitat$ by ! wid] range ( animals z comp>$ ) t ( plants4 ,! ?anks ( ! ,editor are due to ! v>i\s local contributors1 & especially to ,mr4 ,e4 de ,hamel1 late ,presid5t ( ! ,tamwor? ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 = 8 k9d co-op]ation 9 furni%+ ! *apt] on ,mammals & ,reptiles4 ,9 /rict ord] ( classification1 ! division ( ,reptiles %\ld h foll[$ t ( ,birds1 b = conv5i5ce 9 ! pres5t arrangem5t x has n be5 ?\ght desirable to sep>ate ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,mammals & ,reptiles4 ,,by ,e4 ,,de ,,hamel4 ,i4--,,mammals4 ,! di/rict ar\nd ,birm+ham is admirably suit$ = our native animals1 ab\nd+ z x does ) f]tile & well-wat]$ valleys1 wild moorl&s1 & ext5sive woods2 on ! o!r h&1 its l>ge population r5d]s ! prolong$ exi/5ce ( individual & /rik+ r>ities well-nigh impossible4 ,! value ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] has be5 mu* enhanc$ by ! p]sonal obs]vations ( _m ( ! be/ ,midl& naturali/s4 ,,*eiropt]a4 ,adopt+ ! late ,pr(essor ,bell's classification ( ,briti% quadrup$s & reptiles1 ! ,bats come fir/ "u consid]ation2 & out ( ! f\rte5 species describ$ by him1 no few] ?an n9e are to be f\nd 9 ?is di/rict4 ,! ,noctule or ,great ,bat1 ,scotophilus noctula1 is ! l>ge/ ( our ,briti% species1 & is *>act]is$ by its l(ty flight4 ,!re is a colony ( ^! ,bats 9 ! ro( ( ,cliff ,hall1 ne> ,k+sbury1 & ano!r 9 a holl[ ( a lime tree 9 ! ,moat ,h\se ,av5ue1 ,tamwor?4 ,! ,hairy-arm$ ,bat1 ,s4 ,leisl]i1 :i* has a zig-zag flight1 occurs on ! ,w>wick%ire ,avon4 ,! ,common ,bat1 or ,flitt]m\se1 ,s4 pipi/rellus1 is (t5 se5 fly+ ne> build+s 9 broad daylight1 & secretes itself 9 crevices4 ,! ,r$di%-grey ,bat1 ,vesp]tilio natt]]i1 is f\nd 9 ro(s ( *ur*es & simil> build+s4 ,daub5ton's ,bat1 ,v4 ,daub5tonii1 flies close to ! surface ( wat]1 & has be5 se5 fly+ bo? at mid-day & dusk ov] ! ,riv] ,ank] at ,tamwor?1 & is abundant at ,/rat=d-on-,avon2 x hides 9 trees & build+s4 ,! ,:isk]$ ,bat1 ,v4 my/ac9us1 frequ5ts ! %elt]$ side ( high h$ges1 & secretes itself 9 any conv5i5t *9k4 ,! ,long-e>$ ,bat1 ,plecotus auritus1 possesses e>s ne>ly z long z its head & body comb9$1 & is g5]ally di/ribut$2 x collects 9 clu/]s "u til$ ro(s & 9 *ur* t[]s4 ,! ,b>ba/elle ,bat1 ,b>ba/ellus ,daub5tonii1 is n uncommon 9 ,w>wick%ire2 x flutt]s lazily r\nd mov+ objects1 & hides 9 crevices4 ,! la/ local species is ! ,less] ,horse-%oe ,bat1 ,rh9olophus hipposid]os1 :i* is greg>i\s1 & haunts ro(s ( h\ses2 x is easily di/+ui%$ by its curi\s nasal app5dage4 ,,insectivora4 ,! ,h$gehog1 ,er9aceus ,europu1 common ev]y:]e1 hib]nates 9 a ne/ ( leaves4 ,! ,mole1 ,talpa ,europa2 abundant1 pi$ & light col\r$ v>ieties pl5tiful4 ,! ,common ,%rew1 ,sorex vulg>is1 (t51 f\nd dead on pa?ways4 ,! ,wat] ,%rew1 ,s4 fodi5s1 is m r>e1 b has be5 f\nd ne> ,tamwor?1 at ,great ,b>r1 & 9 ! ,birm+ham ,botanical ,g>d5s4 ,! ,less] ,%rew1 ,s4 pygmu1 is omitt$1 z x is n[ g5]ally consid]$ to be b a v>iety ( ,s4 fodi5s4 ,,c>nivora4 ,! ,badg] or ,brock1 ,meles taxus1 :il/ r>e1 is v equally di/ribut$ ov] ! di/rict4 ,on ,april #ad?1 #ahgg1 "o 0 obta9$ 9 ! ,foxhole ,hill1 9 ,b5tley ,big wood1 ne> ,a!r/one2 a female & ?ree "y ones 7 tak5 alive 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhd1 9 a wood1 ne> ,croxall2 !re are "s m badg]s 9 ! same wood ?is ye>1 #ahhf4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahhe1 a s+le "o 0 captur$ at ,b5tley1 ne> ,r$dit*2 ! keep] at ,beaudes]t reports t !y are /ill pl5tiful on ,cannock ,*ase4 ,! ,ott]1 ,lutra vulg>is1 l ! ,badg]1 ?\gh r>e1 /ill frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,midl&s1 especially on ! riv]s ,ank]1 ,tame1 & ,tr5t1 & _! tribut>ies2 z well z ! ,w>wick%ire ,avon4 ,on ! ,tame1 a few ye>s s9ce1 a female ,ott] & brood ( "y ones 0 se5 sev]al times swimm+ ne> an osi] b$ 9 ! ,cliff mead[s2 ano!r 0 %ot :5 cross+ ! riv] at ! back ( ,broad ,isl&1 ne> ,tamwor?2 two "y ones 7 kill$ 9 a hay field1 close by ,hopwas ,wood2 & a l>ge ,ott] 0 f\nd 9 a brook at ,wigg9ton1 a mile f ! riv]1 & de/roy$ aft] a desp]ate enc\nt]2 /ill ano!r 0 se5 trott+ along ! banks ( ! ,tame1 close by ! t[n ( ,tamwor?2 :ile ! l>ge/ ,ott] kn[n to h be5 tak5 9 ! riv] ,avon 0 captur$ on ! fir/ ( ,june1 #ahhf1 at its junction ) ! riv] ,arr[2 x weigh$ #bhlbs4 ,! ,weasel1 ,mu/ela vulg>is1 & ! ,/oat1 ,m4 erm9ea1 are bo? pl5tiful4 ,! ,polecat or ,fit*et1 ,m4 putorius1 is becom+ decid$ly r>e1 only ?ree hav+ be5 record$ 9 ! di/rict dur+ ! la/ few ye>s2 ! fir/ ( ^! occurr$ at ,alvecote ,wood1 ! second at ,h9ts1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,tamwor?1 & ! ?ird at ,m]ivale1 ne> ,a!r/one4 ,! ,p9e ,m>t51 ,m>tes abietum1 al?\gh believ$ n[ to be absolutely ext9ct 9 ! ,midl&s1 us$ to be f\nd 9 ,ne$wood ,=e/1 & a specim5 tak5 _m ye>s ago ne> ,rugeley is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,*ase4 ,! ,fox1 ,vulpes vulg>is1 be+ /rictly pres]v$1 is suffici5tly abundant4 ,,rod5tia4 ,! ,squirrel1 ,sciurus vulg>is1 is ?9ly di/ribut$1 & may occasionally be se5 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge woods1 z = in/ance1 ^? 9 ,sutton1 ,hagley1 & ,arbury ,p>ks1 :]e ! dreys are built on ! =k$ bran*es ( ! trees4 ,! ,dorm\se1 ,myoxus avellan>ius1 is also r>e1 b is occasionally met ) by h$g]s1 :5 dress+ f5ces4 ,z x is semi-greg>i\s1 :5 "o is f\nd m may be expect$4 ,! ne/ is built ( grass1 compact1 globul>1 ab\t five in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ! entrance ne> ! base4 ,a ne/ 0 tak5 at ,c(ton ,res]voir1 ne> ,b>nt ,gre51 9 ,april1 #ahhe4 ,! ,h>ve/ ,m\se1 ,mus m9utus1 is ! smalle/ ( our quadrup$s1 build+ a small r\nd & firm ne/ among ! e>s ( corn1 or /ems ( re$s4 ,x is g5]ally di/ribut$1 & has be5 tak5 ne> ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 ,m]ivale & ,a!r/one4 ,! long-tail$ ,field ,m\se1 ,m4 sylvaticus1 is pl5tiful1 & (t5 turn$ up by ! spade or pl\gh4 ,! ,common ,m\se1 ,m4 musculus1 abundant 9 build+s4 ,! ,black ,rat1 ,m4 rattus1 al?\gh r>e1 is /ill to be f\nd 9 small colonies1 g5]ally 9 ! cell>s ( l>ge t[ns1 :]e x is comp>atively secure f ! attacks ( its greate/ enemy & de/roy]1 ! ,br[n ,rat4 ,a s+le rec5t example has be5 tak5 )9 ! la/ six mon?s at ,new ,p>ks1 ne> ,leice/]1 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 ,mott4 ,! r>ity ( ! occurr5ce ju/ifies ?is record1 al?\gh ! locality is outside ! radius agre$ ^u4 ,! ,br[n ,rat1 ,m4 decumanus is abundant 9 bo? build+s & h$g][s4 ,! ,wat] ,vole1 ,arvicola amphibius1 bett] kn[n z ! ,wat] ,rat1 is common on all ! /reams ( ! ,midl&s4 ,! common ,field-,vole1 ,a4 agre/is1 is pl5tiful 9 ! mead[s1 :]e _! ne/s are frequ5tly expos$ by ! m[]s4 ,! ,r$ ,field or ,bank-,vole1 ,a4 gl>eolus1 is mu* m r>e & di/+ui%$ f ! la/ species1 by its ri* *e/nut fur2 sev]al ( ^! 7 tak5 at ,belvoir ,ca/le1 9 ,july1 #ahhe4 ,! ,h>e1 ,lepus timidus1 & ! ,rabbit1 ,l4 cuniculus1 h be5 greatly r$uc$ 9 numb]s s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,h>es & ,rabbits ,bill 9 #ahha4 ,,rum9antia4 ,! ,r$ ,de]1 ,c]vus elaphus1 z rec5tly z #ahjj1 roam$ wild ov] ,cannock ,*ase & ,ne$wood ,=e/1 b is n[ conf9$ to ! areas ( ! l>ge p>ks1 su* z ,gopsall & ,beaudes]t4 ,! ,fall[ ,de]1 ,c4 dama1 =m]ly exi/$ 9 ?\s&s on ,cannock ,*ase1 & is n[ ! *ief ornam5t ( ! p>ks4 ,! ,roe ,de]1 ,capreolus caprea1 0 also common1 b has become ext9ct4 ,! ,wild ,cattle1 ,bos taurus1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! ,lords ,f]r>s1 at ,*>tley1 ne> ,/af=d1 /ill con/itute ! greate/ curiosity among ! ,midl& mammals4 ,g>n]1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire1 relates t ^! animals at "o "t roam$ free ov] ,ne$wood ,=e/1 & h[1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,william de ,f]r>iis enclos$ a ?\s& acres ( high-ly+ moorl&1 ! turf ( :i* is 9 ! same condition n[ z !n1 & )9 ?is enclosure ! animals are ma9ta9$ 9 _! pri/9e purity4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is h]d consi/s ( ab\t ?irty head1 compris+ ?ree bulls1 ! olde/ ag$ n9e ye>s1 a magnific5t bea/1 ) deep *e/1 black muzzle & e>s1 black-tipp$1 wide-spread+ horns1 & =efeet also fleck$ ) black1 ! prevail+ col\r be+ a ri* creamy :ite4 ,s s5sitive are ^! cattle1 z ! result ( _! high bre$+1 t calves unduly h&l$ are =sak5 by _! mo!rs2 & old] bea/s1 if subject$ to =cible re/ra9t1 w (t51 z ! keep] put x to ! writ]1 8j wag _! tails & die40 ,:5 ! calves are ) !m ! c[s are dang]\s to approa*4 ,,pa*yd]mata4 ,be=e leav+ ! local mammals1 ! celebrat$ r$ bre$ ( ,tamwor? ,pigs1 ,sus scr(a1 des]ves m5tion z "o ( ! be/1 mo/ useful1 & heal?y ( ! _m well-kn[n k9ds2 b !re is no reason to suppose t x1 any m ?an ! o!rs1 c claim desc5t f ! reput$ ,wild ,pigs ( ,ne$wood4 ,,ii4--,,reptiles4 ,,sauria4 ,! ,s& ,liz>d1 ,lac]ta agilis1 occurs 9 ,leice/]%ire & ,worce/]%ire1 & is to be met ) on ,cannock ,*ase & simil> localities4 ,! ,vivip>\s ,liz>d1 ,zootoca vivip>a1 is f\nd 9 ,sutton ,p>k1 is small] & m active ?an ! ,s& ,liz>d1 & diff]s f t species inasmu* z ! "y are born alive4 ,,saurophidia4 ,! ,bl9dworm1 ,anguis fragilis1 is n infrequ5t1 specim5s h be5 obta9$ at ,sutton ,p>k1 ,m]ivale1 ,baddesley ,ensor1 ,beaudes]t1 ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre & ,habb]ley ,valley1 ne> ,kidd]m9/]4 ,,ophidia4 ,! ,r+$ ,snake1 ,natrix torquata1 is seldom se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,tamwor?--al?\gh on "o occasion ! occupants ( a boat on ! riv] ,ank] saw "o ( ^! snakes glide d[n ! bank & swim t[>ds !m--x is common 9 ,m]ivale ,p>k1 occasionally f\nd 9 ,sutton ,p>k1 & ne> ,dudley4 ,! ,vip] or ,add]1 ,pelias b]us1 our only poison\s reptile1 is locally common1 b g5]ally r>e2 a l>ge numb] 7 kill$ 9 ,sutton ,p>k dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhd2 x is pl5tiful on ,*>tley ,moss1 ,cannock ,*ase1 & 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,wyre4 ,! ,vip] is %ort] & ?ick] ?an ! ,common ,snake1 & easily di/+ui%$ by ! ,v %ap$ m>k+ on ! head4 ,,an\ra4 ,! ,common ,frog1 ,rana tempor>ia1 is v abundant1 & may be se5 9 hundr$s 9 ! dit*es dur+ ,m>*4 ,! ,common ,toad1 ,bufo vulg>is1 is also g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,,urodela4 ,! ,common ,w>ty-,newt1 ,triton cri/atus1 may be f\nd 9 ponds ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,! ,smoo?-,newt1 ,lissotriton punctatus1 is a habitant ( e cle> horsepond1 :]e x c be se5 ei!r bask+ on ! bottom1 or ris+ to ! surface = air2 ?is species (t5 leaves ! wat]1 & hides "u /ones4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,birds4 ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,*ase4 ,! di/rict surr\nd+ ,birm+ham does n pres5t any /rik+ or special feature to ! orni?ologi/2 b ow+ to its v>i$ "*1 compris+ z x does hill & dale1 ) consid]able /ret*es ( moorl& & a pl5tiful supply ( wat]1 9 riv]s1 res]voirs & pools1 x =ms haunts p>ticul>ly attractive to birds4 ,! numb] ( local species record$ is l>ge1 consi/+ ( ab\t sixty resid5ts1 =ty-two migrants1 & eighty occasional & r>e visitors2 mak+ a total ( "o hundr$ & eighty-two species4 ,! l>ge numb] ( m>9e or littoral species occurr+ s f> inl& is an int]e/+ fact to be not$1 & f ! records ( su* species z ! ,curlew ,s&pip]1 ,turn/one1 ,r+ ,dott]el1 ,common & ,arctic ,t]ns1 mu* valuable in=mation might be br\ght to be> ^u "s ( ! knotty problems ( migration4 ,x is pr9cipally dur+ autumn t su* species are notic$1 & inv>iably ! examples obta9$ are immature1 or birds ( ! ye>4 ,! classification & synonymy us$ 9 ?is brief summ>y is 9 accordance ) ! f\r? edition ( 8,y>rell's ,briti% ,birds40 ,,accipitres4 ,,falconid4--,gold5 ,eagle1 ,aquila *rysaetus1 has occurr$ at ,ne$wood4 ,:ite-tail$ ,eagle1 ,halitus albicilla1 has occurr$ at ,cannock ,*ase4 ,osprey1 ,p&ion halitus1 v r>e2 has occurr$ at ,witton1 & ne> ,li*field4 ,p]egr9e ,falcon1 ,falco p]egr9us1 r>e visitor2 "o %ot at ,olton1 ne> ,solihull1 9 ,decemb] #ahhj2 x has also occurr$ at ,pack+ton1 ,wat] ,orton1 & ,poleswor?1 ne> ,tamwor?4 ,hobby1 ,f4 subbuteo1 frequ5tly tak5 by ! birdcat*]s 9 _! nets4 ,x has br$ 9 ,w>wick%ire4 ,m]l91 ,f4 salon1 n common2 m frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! autumn4 ,ke/rel1 ,f4 t9nunculus1 common & g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,sp>r[ ,hawk1 ,accipit] nisus1 common4 ,kite1 ,milvus ict9us1 has occurr$ at ,poleswor?1 ne> ,tamwor?4 ,common ,buzz>d1 ,buteo vulg>is1 an occasional visitor2 has occurr$ at ,alce/] & ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,r\gh-legg$ ,buzz>d1 ,b4 lagopus1 v r>e2 twice obta9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cole%ill4 ,honey ,buzz>d1 ,p]nis apivorus1 v r>e2 has occurr$ at ,/oneleigh4 ,h5 ,h>ri]1 ,circus cyaneus1 a r>e visitor2 has occurr$ at ,alce/]4 ,m>% ,h>ri]1 ,c4 rug9osus1 v r>e2 has be5 obta9$ at ,el=d1 ne> ,tamwor?4 ,,/rigid4--,tawny ,owl1 ,/rix aluco1 fairly common 9 wood$ di/ricts4 ,long-e>$ ,owl1 ,asio otus1 fairly abundant & bre$s "h4 ,%ort-e>$ ,owl1 ,a4 accipitr9us1 an autumn migrant4 ,b>n ,owl1 ,aluco flammeus1 abundant4 ,,pass]es4 ,,laniid4--,great ,grey ,%rike1 ,lanius excubitor1 frequ5tly occurs dur+ autumn & w9t]2 x has be5 tak5 at ,wylde ,gre51 ,novemb] #ad?1 #ahga1 & at ,rub]y ,hill1 ,octob] #ca/1 #ahha4 ,r$-back$ ,%rike1 ,l4 collurio1 g5]ally di/ribut$ & bre$s "h4 ,,muscicapid4--,spott$ ,flycat*]1 ,muscicapa grisola1 a common summ] visitor4 ,pi$ ,flycat*]1 ,m4 atricapilla1 r>e4 ,,oriolid4--,gold5 ,oriole1 ,oriolus galbula1 "o 0 obta9$ at ,b>ton1 ne> ,tamwor?4--8,zoologi/10 #ahga1 p4 #bfci4 ,,c9clid4--,dipp]1 ,c9clus aquaticus1 v r>e 9 ! di/rict2 "o 0 %ot at ,h&swor?1 ,janu>y #ab?1 #ahhb4 ,,turdid4--,missel ,?ru%1 ,turdus viscivorus1 common & bre$s "h4 ,song ,?ru%1 ,t4 musicus1 common4 ,r$w+1 ,t4 iliacus1 w9t] visitor4 ,fieldf>e1 ,t4 pil>is1 w9t] visitor4 ,blackbird1 ,t4 m]ula1 abundant ev]y:]e & increas+4 ,r+ ,ouzel1 ,t4 torquatus1 n common1 has occurr$ at ,wylde ,gre5 & ,gravelly ,hill4 ,,sylviid4--,h$ge sp>r[1 ,acc5tor modul>is1 abundant4 ,r$brea/1 ,eri?acus rubecula1 common & resid5t4 ,night+ale1 ,daulias lusc9ia1 n v pl5tiful ?r\gh\t ! di/rict1 b to be f\nd fairly num]\s 9 fav\r$ localities1 & bre$s "h4 ,blue?roat1 ,ruticilla suecica1 v r>e2 once occurr$ ne> ,birm+ham1 78,y>rell's ,briti% ,birds10 ,vol4 i41 p4 #cbb74 ,r$/>t1 ,r4 phnicurus1 common summ] visitor4 ,/one*at1 ,saxicola rubicola1 & ,:9*at1 ,s4 rubetra1 are to be met ) 9 suitable localities4 ,:eate>1 ,s4 nan!1 common 9 spr+2 g5]ally arrives ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 ,re$ ,w>bl]1 ,acrocephalus /rep]us1 a summ] visitor & bre$s "h4 ,s$ge ,w>bl]1 ,a4 s*nobnus1 pl5tiful ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,gras%opp] ,w>bl]1 ,a4 nvius1 f> f common2 has occurr$ at ,b>nt ,gre51 ,alce/]1 ,sutton1 ,tamwor?2 bre$s "h sp>+ly4 ,:ite?roat1 ,sylvia rufa1 abundant 9 summ]4 ,less] ,:ite?roat1 ,s4 curruca1 n s abundant z ! previ\s species4 ,g>d5 ,w>bl]1 ,s4 salic>ia1 common summ] migrant4 ,blackcap1 ,s4 atricapilla1 locally di/ribut$4 ,wood ,wr51 ,phylloscopus sibilatrix1 common dur+ summ]1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,selly ,oak4 ,will[ ,wr51 ,p4 tro*ilus1 abundant4 ,*iff*aff1 ,p4 collybita1 "o ( ! e>lie/ summ] migrants4 ,gold5-cre/$ ,wr51 ,regulus cri/atus1 frequ5tly bre$s "h4 ,,troglodytid4--,wr51 ,troglodytes p>vulus1 abundant4 ,,c]?iid4--,tree ,creep]1 ,c]?ia famili>is1 common2 especially 9 ,sutton ,p>k4 ,,sittid4--,nu?at*1 ,sittia csia1 g5]ally to be met ) :]e old trees ab\nd4 ,a/on1 ,edgba/on1 & ,sutton ,coldfield are localities :]e x has be5 obs]v$4 ,,p>id4--,titm\se1 ,p>us4 ,?is g5us is well repres5t$1 ^? species :i* occur be+ pl5tiful4 ,,ampelid4--,waxw+1 ,ampelis g>rulus1 r>e2 has occurr$ at irregul> int]vals2 "o %ot 9 ! gr\nds ( ,a/on ,hall1 by a gamekeep] ( ,james ,watt1 ,esq41 ab\t ! ye> #ahde1 & ano!r at ,r$nal1 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahhb4 ,,motacillid4--,pi$ ,wagtail1 ,motacilla lugubris1 common4 ,grey ,wagtail1 ,m4 sulphurea1 has be5 obs]v$ sev]al times 9 full summ] plumage1 & probably bre$s 9 ! di/rict4 ,yell[ ,wagtail1 ,m4 raii1 regul> summ] migrant4 ,tree ,pipit1 ,an?us trivialis1 n r>e1 b local4 ,mead[ ,pipit1 ,a4 prat5sis1 common4 ,,alaudid4--,sky ,l>k1 ,alauda arv5sis1 resid5t & common4 ,wood ,l>k1 ,a4 arborea1 r>e4 ,,emb]izid4--,sn[ bunt+1 ,plectrophanes nivalis1 r>e2 has occurr$ at ,h>borne4 ,re$ ,bunt+1 ,emb]iza s*niclus1 g5]ally to be met ) 9 suitable localities4 ,yell[ ,bunt+1 ,e4 citr9ella1 abundant4 ,bunt+1 ,e4 mili>ia1 frequ5t4 ,,fr+illid4--,*aff9*1 ,fr+illa clebs1 common4 ,brambl+1 ,f4 montifr+illa1 occasionally occurs 9 ! w9t]4 ,tree sp>r[1 ,pass] montanus1 v local 9 di/ribution4 ,h\se ,sp>r[1 ,p4 dome/icus1 abundant ev]y:]e4 ,hawf9*1 ,cocco?rau/es vulg>is1 m pl5tiful ?an =m]ly2 n[ bre$s regul>ly 9 ! di/rict4 ,gre5f9*1 ,c4 *loris1 common4 ,goldf9*1 ,c>duelis elegans1 sc>ce4 ,sisk91 ,c4 sp9us1 occasionally occurs 9 ! w9t]4 ,less] ,r$poll1 ,l9ota rufesc5s1 common & resid5t4 ,l9net1 ,l4 cannab9a1 common & resid5t4 ,bullf9*1 ,pyrrhula europa1 g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,crossbill1 ,loxia curviro/ra1 r>e2 a pair 7 %ot 9 ,a/on ,p>k ab\t #ahde2 x has also occurr$ at ,solihull & ,wylde ,gre54 ,,/urnid4--,/>l+1 ,/urnus vulg>is1 abundant & resid5t4 ,,corvid4--,cr[1 ,corvus corone1 n r>e4 ,grey cr[1 ,c4 cornix1 mo/ly notic$ dur+ w9t]2 ! ne/ ( ?is species 0 tak5 9 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,may1 #ahhc4 ,rook1 ,c4 frugilegus1 abundant & increas+4 ,jackdaw1 ,c4 mon$ula1 common4 ,magpie1 ,pica ru/ica1 common 9 localities n /rictly pres]v$4 ,jay1 ,g>rulus gl&>ius1 common 9 l>ge woods4 ,,hirund9id4--,swall[1 ,hirundo ru/ica4 ,m>t91 ,*elidon urbica1 & ! ,s& ,m>t91 ,cotyle rip>ia1 are all common summ] visitors4 ,,pic>i4 ,,cypselid4--,swift1 ,cypselus apus1 summ] visitor1 r local4 ,,caprimulgid4--,night-j>1 ,caprimulgus europu1 g5]ally di/ribut$2 frequ5t+ woods adjo9+ hea?s2 especially pl5tiful 9 ,sutton ,p>k4 ,,cuculid4--,cuckoo1 ,cuculus canorus1 summ] migrant4 ,,upupid4--,hoopoe1 ,upupa epops1 an accid5tal visitor2 has be5 %ot at ,witton1 ,qu9ton1 ,oscott1 & ,baddesley ne> ,tamwor?4 ,,alc$9id4--,k+fi%]1 ,alc$o ispida1 fairly num]\s2 to be met ) on mo/ ( ! riv]s & brooks4 ,,picid4--,gre5 ,woodpeck]1 ,gec9us viridis1 n common1 b bre$s4 ,great] spott$ ,woodpeck]1 ,d5drocopus major1 sc>ce4 ,less] spott$ ,woodpeck]1 ,d4 m9or1 (t5 obta9$1 b by no means common4 ,wryneck1 ,jynx torquilla1 summ] migrant1 r local 9 di/ribution4 ,,columb4 ,,columbid4--,r+ ,dove1 ,columba palumbus1 common4 ,/ock ,dove1 ,c4 nas1 n num]\s1 b (t5 met )4 ,turtle ,dove1 ,turtur communis1 occurs 9 consid]able numb]s & bre$s "h4 ,,pt]ocletes4 ,,pt]oclid4--,pallas' ,s& ,gr\se1 ,syrrhaptes p>adoxus1 v r>e2 has occurr$ 9 ,/af=d%ire2 also at ,sw9f5 ne> ,tamwor?4 78,zoologi/10 #ahgc1 p4 #c1hja74 ,,gall94 ,,tetraonid4--,black gr\se1 ,tetrao urogallus1 =m]ly common1 n[ ne>ly ext9ct2 a brace %ot 9 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,octob]1 #ahga4 ,r$ gr\se1 ,lagopus scoticus1 v r>e4 ,,phasianid4--,pheasant1 ,phasianus col*icus1 common 9 pres]ves4 ,p>tridge1 ,p]dix c9]ea1 common4 ,r$-legg$ p>tridge1 ,caccabis rufa1 occasionally met )2 has be5 %ot at ,ladbrook1 & ,great ,b>r4 ,quail1 ,coturnix communis1 r>e2 has be5 obta9$ ne> ,tamwor?4 ,,fulic>i4 ,,rallid4--,l& ,rail1 ,crex prat5sis1 common summ] migrant4 ,spott$ ,crake1 ,porzana m>uetta1 occurs m frequ5tly 9 autumn2 ! ne/ has be5 tak5 9 ,sutton ,p>k4 ,wat] rail1 ,rallus aquaticus1 m r>e ?an =m]ly4 ,moor ,h51 ,gall9ula *loropus1 common4 ,common ,coot1 ,fulica atra n r>e4 ,,alectorides4 ,,otidid4--,little ,bu/>d1 ,otis tetrax1 once at ,?ick?orn1 ne> ,tamwor?4 ,,limicol4 ,,*>adriid4--,cream-col\r$ ,c\rs]1 ,cursorius gallicus1 has be5 obta9$ at ,yoxall4 ,dott]el1 ,eudromias mor9ellus1 v r>e2 has occurr$ at ,cannock ,*ase #ahge1 & at ,p]ry ,b>r1 #ahhb4 ,r+$ ,plov]1 gialitis hiaticula1 r>e2 occasionally met ) 9 autumn4 ,gold5 ,plov]1 ,*>adrius pluvialis1 r>e4 ,lapw+1 ,vanellus vulg>is1 common & resid5t4 ,turn/one1 ,/repsilas int]pres1 v r>e4 ,oy/]-cat*]1 ,hmatopus o/ralegus1 has be5 obta9$ at ,yoxall4 ,,scolopacid4--,r$-neck$ ,phal>ope1 ,phal>opus hyp]boreus1 has occurr$ once at ,tamwor?4 ,woodcock1 ,scolopax ru/icula1 r>e4 ,great ,snipe1 ,gall9ago major1 "o obta9$ at ,poleswor? & ano!r is said to h be5 se5 9 ,sutton ,p>k7874 ,common ,snipe1 ,g4 cle/is1 w9t] visitor2 bre$s "h 9 small numb]s4 ,jack ,snipe1 ,g4 gall9ula1 w9t] visitor2 n num]\s4 ,dunl91 ,tr+a alp9a1 v r>e2 has occurr$ at ,small ,hea?4 ,curlew ,s&pip]1 ,t4 sub>quata1 r>e2 a small flock se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b>nt ,gre5 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhe4 ,ruff1 ,ma*etes pugnax1 v r>e2 once occurr$ at ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,b>tram's ,s&pip]1 ,b>tramia longicauda1 once ne> ,w>wick1 on ,octob] #ca/1 #ahea 7,zool4 pp4 #c1ccj1 #c1chh1 #d1bed74 ,common ,s&pip]1 ,totanus hypoleucus1 summ] visitor2 x is probable ?is species bre$s 9 ! di/rict4 ,wood ,s&pip]1 ,t4 gl>eola1 v r>e1 once occurr$ at ! ,sewage ,f>m4 ,gre5 ,s&pip]1 ,t4 o*ropus1 has occurr$ at ,pack+ton1 ne> ,tamwor?4 ,r$%ank1 ,t4 calidris1 r>e2 has occurr$ at ! ,sewage ,f>ms2 also at ,sutton ,coldfield & ne> ,tamwor?4 ,gre5%ank1 ,t4 canesc5s1 occasional visitor 9 autumn2 has occurr$ at ,ca/le ,bromwi*4 ,curlew1 ,num5ius arquata1 r>e2 has occurr$ at ,great ,b>r & ,poleswor?4 ,,gavi4 ,,l>id4--,black ,t]n1 ,hydro*elidon nigra1 (t5 occurs 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,s&wi* ,t]n1 ,/]na cantiaca1 occasional visitor2 m frequ5tly obs]v$ t[>ds autumn4 ,common ,t]n1 ,/]na fluviatilis1 (t5 obs]v$ dur+ spr+ & autumn migration2 *iefly birds ( ! ye> dur+ ! latt] p]iod4 ,arctic ,t]n1 ,s4 macrura1 ! same rem>ks apply to ?is species z to ,s4 fluviatilis4 ,sab9e's ,gull1 ,xema sab9ii1 once occurr$ ne> ,cole%ill1 9 ,octob]1 #ahhc4 ,black-head$ ,gull1 ,l>us ridibundus1 n r>e2 frequ5tly met ) dur+ spr+ on "s ( ! l>ge res]voirs4 ,less] ,black-back$ ,gull1 ,l>us fuscus1 r>e2 has be5 %ot at ,bromsgrove & ,h&swor?4 ,great ,black-back$ ,gull1 ,l4 m>9us1 once occurr$ at ,%u/oke1 ,septemb] #bj?1 #ahgd4 ,l>ge ,gulls are (t5 obs]v$ pass+ ov]1 :i* probably belong to ?is species4 ,common ,gull1 ,l4 canus1 r>e1 has be5 %ot ne> ,alce/]4 ,kittiwake ,gull1 ,rissa tridactyla1 r>e2 occasionally se5 dur+ w9t]4 ,pomatorh9e ,skua1 ,/]cor>ius pomatorh9us1 v r>e2 consid]+ ! unusual numb] ( ,skuas t appe>$ dur+ ! autumn ( #ahgi1 x is r surpris+ t m examples 7 n notic$ 9 ?is di/rict1 v few be+ %ot4 ,buffon's ,skua1 ,s4 p>asiticus2 an immature bird 0 %ot on ,li*field ,racec\rse 9 ,octob] #ahgd4 ,,tub9>es4 ,,procell>iid4--,manx ,%e>wat]1 ,puff9us anglorum2 an immature bird 0 pick$ up exhau/$ 9 ! ,*&os road 9 ?is t[n1 ,septemb] #e?1 #ahhj4 ,=k$-tail$ ,petrel1 ,cymo*orea leucorrhoa1 v r>e4 ,"o pick$ up ,septemb] #d?1 #ahhc1 dead 9 a y>d1 9 ,guild=d /reet 9 ?is t[n1 & subsequ5tly record$ 9 ! local pap]s z ,procell>ia pelagica4 ,/ormy ,petrel1 ,p4 pelagica1 has occurr$ too _m times to p>ticul>ize ea* in/ance4 ,,pygopodes4 ,,alcid4--,little ,auk1 ,m]gulus alle1 v r>e2 sev]al in/ances are on record ( its occurr5ce 9 ! di/rict1 "o 0 obta9$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahfc4 ,puff91 ,frat]cula arctica2 "o pick$ up 9 ,broad /reet 9 ?is t[n1 9 an exhau/$ condition1 #ahhd4 ,,colymbid4--,great ,nor!rn ,div]1 ,colymbus glacialis1 v r>e2 "o 0 obta9$ at ,tipton1 ,janu>y #h?1 #ahgg4 ,,podicip$id4--,great cre/$ ,grebe1 ,podiceps cri/atus1 g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! di/rict1 & f> f r>e2 bre$s regul>ly at ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,little ,a/on1 & ,b>nt ,gre54 ,sclavonian ,grebe1 ,p4 auritus2 "o %ot at ,sutton ,coldfield1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfh4 ,little ,grebe1 ,p4 fluviatilis1 n r>e2 bre$s sp>+ly 9 suitable localities2 small flocks or families are (t5 obs]v$ dur+ ! autumn & w9t]1 especially on ! riv] ,tame4 ,,/eganopodes4 ,,pelecanid4--,common ,cormorant1 ,phalacrocorax c>bo1 a r>e occasional visitor4 ,%ag1 ,p4 graculus1 v r>e2 has occurr$ twice 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,k+'s ,norton1 also ne> ,tamwor?4 ,! ,gannet1 ,sula bassana1 "o tak5 exhau/$ 9 a field ( potatoes ne> ,tamwor?4 ,,h]odiones4 ,,ardeid4--,common ,h]on1 ,ardea c9]ea1 g5]ally to be met )4 ,!re are sev]al ,h]onries 9 ! c\nty ( ,w>wick4 ,little ,egret1 ,ardea g>zetta1 said to h be5 obta9$ at ,sutton ,coldfield1 _m ye>s ago4 ,night h]on1 ,nycticorax griseus1 "o obta9$ ne> ,alce/]4 ,common ,bitt]n1 ,botaurus /ell>is1 m r>e ?an =m]ly2 a great _m examples h be5 obta9$ f "t to "t1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,,odontogloss4 ,,ph,,nicopt]id4--,flam+o1 ,phnicopt]us roseus2 "o /at$ to h be5 %ot 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,wolv]hampton1 b probably an escap$ bird4 ,,ans]es4 ,,anatid4--,br5t ,goose1 ,b]nicla br5ta1 sc>ce2 two %ot at ,k+'s ,norton1 ,octob] #bd?1 #ahhb1 dur+ /ormy wea!r2 has also be5 obta9$ ne> ,tamwor?4 ,flocks ( geese are (t5 obs]v$ pass+ ov]head1 b ( c\rse x is impossible to det]m9e to :at species !y belong4 ,canada ,goose1 ,b4 canad5sis1 has be5 %ot sev]al times 9 ! di/rict1 :e!r escap$ specim5s or n1 x is difficult to say1 z ?is species is (t5 kept 9 a semi-wild /ate4 ,mute ,swan1 ,cygnus olor1 is to be f\nd ^u _m l>ge pools & ornam5tal wat]s2 bre$s "h pl5tifully4 ,poli% ,swan1 ,c4 immutabilis1 once occurr$ at ,e>lswood res]voir4 ,ruddy ,%eld-,duck1 ,tadorna cas>ca1 has be5 %ot at ,ne*ells1 also at ,y>dley ,wood2 probably escap$ birds4 ,common ,%eld-,duck1 ,t4 cornuta1 r>e visitor4 ,a magnific5t male 0 %ot at ,hawkesbury1 ne> ,cov5try1 9 #ahha4 ,mall>d1 ,anas boscas1 pl5tiful on "s pools2 bre$s ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,gadwall1 ,a4 /rep]a1 v r>e2 "o %ot ne> ,li*field 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgc4 ,%ovell]1 ,spatula clypeata1 =m]ly br$ 9 ,/af=d%ire1 b v sc>ce ( late ye>s2 "o %ot at ,sutton ,coldfield1 9 #ahfg4 ,teal1 ,qu]qu$ula crecca1 sp>+ly met )1 a few pairs bre$ 9 ! di/rict2 ! ne/ has sev]al times be5 tak5 9 ,sutton ,p>k4 ,widgeon1 ,m>eca p5elope1 w9t] visitor2 (t5 se5 9 l>ge flocks ^u ! res]voirs & pools dur+ sev]e wea!r4 ,scaup1 ,fuligula m>ila1 has occurr$ once at ,wi*nor ne> ,tamwor?4 ,po*>d1 ,f4 f]9a1 r>e2 has be5 %ot ne> ,tamwor?4 ,tuft$ ,duck1 ,f4 cri/ata1 v r>e2 a male 0 %ot 9 ,a/on ,p>k _m ye>s ago1 by a gamekeep] ( ,james ,watt1 ,esq4 ,gold5 ,eye1 ,clangula glaucion1 "o %ot ne> ,tamwor?4 ,goos&]1 ,m]gus m]gans]1 an accid5tal visitor 9 w9t]2 specim5s obta9$ are g5]ally ei!r immature birds or females4 ,r$-brea/$ ,m]gans]1 ,m4 s]rator1 v sc>ce2 only "y birds h be5 obta9$4 ,smew1 ,m4 albellus1 v r>e4 ,a female 0 %ot on ! canal at ,selly ,oak1 ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,ano!r example ( ?is species 0 obta9$ at ,el=d1 ne> ,tamwor?4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,fi%es & ,mollusca4 ,,by ,g4 ,,%]riff ,,tye4 ,i4--,,fi%es4 ,! wat]s )9 easy rea* ( ,birm+ham af=d to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,fi%es excell5t opportunities = /udy1 & are mu* resort$ to by angl]s4 ,to ^? :o d n incl9e to ! /udy ( fi% or fi%+1 x w probably be a matt] ( surprise to "k ! abundance & excell5ce ( ! individuals1 & ! v>iety ( species occurr+ )9 an h\r's walk ( ! c5tre ( our t[n4 ,( ! riv] ,tame1 a well-kn[n angl] /ates3 8,9 my op9ion ?is is a rem>kable little riv]2 9 ?ree & a half miles x conta9s 9 abundance at lea/ t5 species ( fi%1 viz41 tr\t1 pike1 *ub1 t5*1 p]*1 roa*1 rudd1 dace1 gudgeon1 m9n[1 all ( :i*1 except ! pike1 atta9 to a size equal to any 9 riv]s or pools )9 a hundr$ miles ( ,birm+ham40 ,l>ge fi% are n s common n[ z =m]ly1 b probably ?is riv] w recov]1 & atta9 its wont$ excell5ce1 :5 ! 8,black ,c\ntry0 sew]age works are complet$4 ,! riv] ,cole is a f9e tr\t /ream4 ,! riv] ,bly!1 ,cole%ill1 is an excell5t /ream1 especially = eels4 ,! riv] ,tr5t ) its tribut>ies1 ! ,ank]1 ,tame1 & ,mease1 is celebrat$ = _m species ( fi%1 & is a great resort ( angl]s4 ,e>lswood & ! ,corporation res]voirs1 ! pools at ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,great ,b>r ,p>k1 ,k+'s ,norton1 ,b>nt ,gre51 & _m o!rs are all well /ock$ ) fi%1 & w r5d] f9e examples to all :o seek !m4 ,! writ]'s ?anks are cordially r5d]$ to memb]s ( ! ,birm+ham ,piscatorial ,association & to o!r g5tlem5 = valuable in=mation1 k9dly giv51 respect+ ! localities & habitats ( ,fi%es4 ,! weights ( ! l>ge/ specim5s record$1 h all be5 v]ifi$ by ! angl]s :o h tak5 !m4 ,! classification adopt$ 9 ?is pap] is t ( 8,y>rell's ,briti% ,fi%es10 second edition1 #ahda4 ,! numb] ( local species record$ is ?irty-?ree4 ,,acan?opt]ygii4 ,p]*1 ,p]ca fluviatilis1 accommodates itself to ei!r riv] or pool1 ! =m] produc+ ! cleane/ & h&some/ fi%4 ,x has be5 tak5 ( f9e size1 #d lbs41 ,rotton ,p>k ,res]voir2 #c lbs41 ,t>debigg2 #c lbs41 ,rotton ,p>k ,res]voir2 #b lbs4 to #c lbs4 f ,old ,soho ,pool1 n[ ! site ( a ,railway ,:>f4 ,ruffe1 ,ac]9a vulg>is1 n uncommon1 riv] ,tr5t1 ,alrewas4 ,! writ] has tak5 a numb] f a pool ne> ,w$nesbury4 ,mill]'s ,?umb1 ,cottus gobio1 is to be met ) 9 mo/ ( our little rivulets1 lurk+ "u /ones4 ,! ,r\gh-tail$ ?ree-sp9$ ,/ickleback1 ,ga/]o/eus tra*urus2 ubiquit\s4 ,! males 9 ! bre$+ season are respl5d5t 9 sc>let & gre51 & fight = supremacy4 ,x is rem>kable ) :at ease individuals accommodate !mselves to sea wat]4 ,! ,smoo?-tail$ ,/ickleback1 ,g4 leiurus2 ! ,%ort-sp9$ ,/ickleback1 ,g4 bra*yc5tus2 ! ,f\r-sp9$ ,/ickleback1 ,g4 sp9ulosus & ! ,t5-sp9$ ,/ickleback1 ,g4 pungitius2 al?\gh n s common z ,g4 tra*urus1 are all f\nd 9 dit*es communicat+ ) ! riv] ,ank]1 at ,tamwor?4 ,,abdom9al ,,malacopt]ygii4 ,c>p1 ,cypr9us c>pio4 ,! writ] has _h "o ( l>ge size f ,plants ,brook ,res]voir1 #g lbs41 & has se5 a l>g] "o 9 ! pool4 ,! l>ge/ record$ 0 f ,s&well ,pool1 #ab lbs4 ,crucian ,c>p1 ,c4 c>assius1 is n uncommon2 ! writ] has se5 numb]s ( !m tak5 f small cattle pits on a f>m 9 ,w>wick%ire4 ,x is a pretty & h>dy species 9 an aqu>ium4 ,gold ,c>p1 ,c4 auratus1 ! well kn[n 8gold-fi%10 us$ to bre$ 9 a pool at ,we/ ,bromwi*1 into :i* w>m wat] f an eng9e fl[$1 b x is n f\nd !re n[4 ,b>bel1 ,b>bus vulg>is1 is f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! ,riv] ,tr5t1 b 9 g5]al size n to be comp>$ ) ^? tak5 9 ! ,?ames4 ,riv] ,tr5t1 #g lbs4 & #h lbs4 ,gudgeon1 ,gobio fluviatilis1 9 /reams fairly common1 also 9 canals1 b r>e 9 pools4 ,e>lswood ,res]voir4 ,t5*1 ,t9ca vulg>is1 n uncommon2 ( l>ge size at ,h&swor?1 ,sutton ,coldfield1 & ne> ,b>nt ,gre51 9 pools2 pl5tiful at ! latt] place1 riv]s ,tame1 ,ank]1 c42 #c lbs4 ,edgba/on ,pool4 ,x is "o ( ! easie/ fi%es to keep 9 conf9em5t4 ,a gold5 v>iety ( ?is species is br$ 9 ! private pools ( g5tlem5 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is said to h be5 introduc$ f ,g]many4 ,f9e specim5s 7 to be se5 at ! rec5t ,fi%]ies ,exhibition 9 ,london4 ,bream1 ,abramis brama1 9 ! l>g] riv]s4 ,:5 ?is species assembles1 aft] an ov]night's bait+1 x may (t5 be tak5 9 great numb]s4 #e lbs4 ,riv] ,tr5t4 ,! writ] has kn[n a few h\rs' fi%+ 9 a ,w>wick%ire /ream to yield suffici5t f9e fi%es ( ?is species to fill a hamp] z mu* z a c\ple ( m5 c\ld c>ry4 ,roa*1 ,leuciscus rutilus1 occurs v commonly & ( l>ge size2 old ,soho ,pool1 #c lbs4 weight1 a truly noble fi%2 ,%>pley ,res]voir1 #b lbs4 ,dace1 ,leuciscus vulg>is1 ,riv] ,tr5t1 #ad ozs4 ,*ub1 ,leuciscus cephalus1 ,riv] ,tame1 #e lbs4 #e lbs4 & _m approa*+ t weight4 ,rudd or ,r$-eye1 ,leuciscus ery?rop?almus4 ,9 ! ,riv] ,tame4 ,bleak1 ,leuciscus alburnus4 ,9 /reams & 9 ,e>lswood ,res]voir4 ,a fri5d rem>ks1 8,i h tak5 ?is species 9 ,e>lswood ,res]voir1 & ,gudgeon also1 ! only in/ance ,i h met ) :]e ^! two riv] fi% h occurr$ 9 a pool40 ,!y 7 probably br$ f escap$ bait4 ,m9n[1 ,leuciscus phox9us1 common 9 _m /reams4 ,loa*1 ,cobitis b>batula1 is f\nd 9 /reamlets 9 _m places4 ,! writ] has tak5 x at ,h&swor?4 ,x is said to be delicate food4 ,! ,sp9$-,loa*1 ,botia tnia1 is r>] ?an ! prec$+4 ,x has be5 tak5 9 ! ,riv]s ,ank] & ,tame at ,tamwor?4 ,pike1 ,esox lucius1 is f\nd 9 l>ge pools & riv]s4 #bf lbs42 #be lbs4 #f oz41 ,e>lswood ,res]voir2 #bc lbs41 ,middleton ,pool2 #bb lbs4 #f oz41 ,pebble ,mill ,pool2 #ab & #ac lbs41 ,sutton ,p>k4 ,! writ] c\ld relate _m in/ances ( ! voracity ( ! ,pike1 & incid5ts ( sport1--"o mu/ suffice4 ,a ,pike 0 hook$ ne> "s floodgates 9 ! ,tame1 & on tak+ out ! hook he f\nd t x _h gone ?r\gh a ,wat]-,%rew1 :i* ! fi% _h j tak51 & /ill held 9 its m\?4 ,salmon1 ! k+ ( ,briti% fi%es1 ,salmo sal>1 comes legitimately )9 our radius ( tw5ty miles4 ,x has be5 tak5 f ! ,eel traps 9 ! ,riv] ,tame at ,tamwor?2 9 ! ,riv] ,tr5t at ,yoxall2 & 9 ! ,riv] ,sev]n at ,bewdley4 ,at ! la/ m5tion$ place a specim5 weigh+ #dj lbs4 has be5 captur$4 ,common ,tr\t1 ,s4 f>io1 ,b\rne ,brook1 ,fazeley1 #g lbs42 ,riv] ,tame1 #e lbs41 #d lbs4 sev]al1 & _m bel[ t weight2 ,riv] ,tr5t1 #d lbs4 #b ozs42 ,riv] ,cole1 ,pack+ton4 ,lo*lev5 ,tr\t1 ,s4 ,lev55sis4 ,9 ,april1 #ahhd1 ! ,wat] ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham /ock$ _! new res]voir 7#ij acres7 at ,%u/oke ) #c1jjj ( ?is fi%4 ,! res]voir at ,witton 0 /ock$ ) #b1jjj fi% at ! same "t4 ,!y 7 ye>l+s1 ab\t #c in*es long1 & are n[ 7,augu/1 #ahhf7 f #b lbs4 to #c lbs4 9 weight4 ,^! res]voirs w !re=e 9 a few ye>s be good places = ?is species ( ,tr\t4 ,grayl+1 ,?ymallus vulg>is1 ,riv] ,tr5t1 ,%5/one1 #b lbs42 ,alrewas1 #ag ozs42 ,b\rne ,brook1 ,fazeley4 ,,subbra*ial ,,malacopt]ygii4 ,! ,burbot1 ,lota vulg>is1 ! only ,briti% species ( ! family ( ! ,gadid t lives p]man5tly 9 fre% wat]1 is f\nd 9 ! ,riv] ,ank] at ,tamwor?1 ! l>ge/ fi% record$ be+ #e lbs42 #c lbs4 #b ozs4 ,,apodal ,,malacopt]ygii4 ,! ,%>p-nos$ ,eel1 ,anguilla acutiro/ris1 & ! ,broad-nos$ ,eel1 ,anguilla latiro/ris4 ,9 riv]s & pools g5]ally4 ,f9e specim5s ( ,a4 acutiro/ris are tak5 9 ! ,riv] ,bly!1 "s weigh+ #d lbs4 ea*4 ,! ?ird species ( ,eel m5tion$ by ,y>rell1 ! ,snig1 ,a4 m$ioro/ris1 occurs ) ! two o!rs 9 ! ,worce/]%ire ,avon1 & d\btless f9ds its way into ! ,arr[ & o!r tribut>y /reams4 ,x diff]s f ! two prec$+ species1 be+ mu* small]1 individuals r>ely exce$+ half a p\nd ea*2 & 9 its habit ( rov+ & fe$+ by day4 ,x is ( sup]ior flav\r to its cong5]s4 ,! ,snig may easily be di/+ui%$ by ! fir/ five c]vical v]tebr1 :i* are smoo? & free f sp9\s processes1 always pres5t 9 ! %>p-nos$ & broad-nos$ ,eels4 ,,*ondropt]ygii4 ,lamp]n or riv] ,lamprey1 ,petromyzon fluviatilis4 ,9 ! ,riv] ,tr5t1 & also ! ,tame & 9 /reamlets1 ,sutton ,p>k1 c4 ,,ii4--,,mollusca4 ,! di/rict ar\nd ,birm+ham is an excell5t field = t]re/rial & fluviatile ,mollusca4 ,)9 a circle ( twelve miles radius1 :i* includes a portion ( ! ,c\nties ( ,w>wick1 ,/af=d1 & ,worce/]1 c be f\nd fifty p] c5t4 ( ! species & v>ieties enum]at$ 9 ,dr4 ,j4 ,gwyn ,jeffreys' 8,briti% ,con*ology40 ,no special quality ( soil or geological condition is requir$ = ! exi/5ce ( ,molluscs2 :atev] ! nature ( ! gr\nd may be1 "s species or o!r w rew>d ! se>*]4 ,! numb] ( t]re/rial species is usually ! greate/ :]e lime/one is pres5t2 inde$ "s species d n seem able to ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce away f x1 e4g41 ,helix ericetorum1 ,h4 virgata1 ,h4 arbu/orum1 & ,cyclo/oma elegans4 ,! /ill beautiful gr\nds ( ,dudley ,ca/le 7 once 8happy hunt+ gr\nds0 = ! collectors ( ,mollusca1 b ! smoke ( a ?\s& fires has ca/ a baleful influ5ce ov] ! locality4 ,! dead %ells ( species1 once abundant1 are conclusive evid5ce t ! ,molluscan fauna d n n[ enjoy a cong5ial atmosph]e 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,helix arbu/orum1 may1 not)/&+1 /ill be f\nd !re1 its ne>e/ proximity to ,birm+ham4 ,among ! noticeable species ( ! di/rict may be m5tion$ ,te/acella ,haliotidea1 f\nd 9 ! g>d5 ( a flori/ at ,r$dit*2 ,succ9ea viresc5s1 7,morelet7 ,s4 putris v>4 vitrea 7,jeffreys71 :i* ! writ] has tak5 ne> ,plants ,brook ,res]voir2 ,zonites glab]1 f\nd ne> ,solihull2 ,helix ,cantiana1#fb ,h5ley-9-,ard52 ,h4 virgata1 ,grafton1 ne> ,alce/]2 ,balia p]v]sa1 ,f5ny ,compton1 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,! ?ree la/ nam$ species are outside ! twelve miles radius4 ,,con*if]a4 ,! ,midl&s are ri* 9 fluviatile =ms1 ne>ly all ! kn[n ,briti% species occur4 ,^? wor? not+ among ! ,sphriid are--,sphrium corneum1 v>4 ,scaldiana1 ,acock's ,gre52 ,s4 corneum1 v>4 flavesc5s1 ,plants ,brook2 ,s4 rivicola & ,s4 ovale1 ,acock's ,gre5 & ,ru%all ,canal4 ,s4 lacu/re is n uncommon1 & is f\nd abundantly 9 a pond at ,h&swor?4 ,! ,pisidia are well repres5t$1 f\r out ( our five species occurr+4 ,x is curi\s t ! l>ge =m ,pisidium amnicum has n hi!rto be5 tak5 9 ! di/rict4 ,! writ] took ,p4 roseum#fc f sev]al ponds at ,m]id5 9 #ahhe-f4 ,! ,unionid are extremely pl5tiful1 & ! two species ,unio tumidus & ,u4 pictorum atta9 to an imm5se size4 ,9 ! writ]'s cab9et are examples ( ,u4 pictorum ( ! foll[+ dim5sions--#b 94 #e1 #b 94 #e1 #b 94 #e1 "s ( !m weigh+ ne>ly #d ounces avoirdupois2 & ( ,u4 tumidus1 #b 94 #d1 #b 94 #d1 #b 94 #e1 ! weight ( "s examples rea*+ ne>ly #f ounces avoirdupois4 ,^! are probably ! f9e/ %ells ( _! k9d ev] tak5 any:]e4 ,anodonta cygnea is common1 & its v>ieties incrassata1 ,zell5sis1 pallida1 & ro/rata occur4 ,a4 anat9a1 & ! v>ieties radiata & v5tricosa are f\nd2 h&some %ells ( ! latt] occur at ,b>r ,p>k & 9 ! riv] ,bly! at ,cole%ill4 ,dreiss5a polymorpha is commonly di/ribut$4 ,,ga/]opoda4 ,9 ! ord] ,pect9ibran*iata1 ,n]it9a fluviatilis1 ! only repres5tative 9 ,engl& ( a g5us ( _w-wide di/ribution1 has occurr$ 9 ! riv] ,tame at ,a/on1 b ! writ] believes is n n[ to be f\nd !re4 ,"o ( our two species ( ,palud9id1 ,palud9a vivip>a1#fd ,by?9ia t5taculata1 ,b4 ,lea*ii1 & ,valvata pisc9alis make up ! li/ ( op]culate wat] snails4 ,among ! ,limnid examples ( ! foll[+ g5]a occur4 ,9 ! g5us ,planorbis we f9d all ! species except ,planorbis l9eatus1 exclud+ ( c\rse ,p4 dilatatus 7,g\ld71 :i* only occurs at ,man*e/]1 hav+ be5 introduc$ on cotton f ,am]ica4 ,! epiphragm =m$ by ,p4 spirorbis1 9 summ]1 :5 ! sol> heat has dri$ up its habitat1 is a s+ul> item ( its economy4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is habit enabl$ ,p4 dilatatus to rea* our %ores4 ,physa hypnorum & ,p4 font9alis are bo? repres5t$2 !y are *>m+ inhabitants ( an aqu>ium1 _! habit ( ?read sp9n+1#fe especially 9 ! "y /ate1 makes !m lively creatures2 ! lob$ mantle ( ,p4 font9alis1 ne>ly enclos+ ! %ell1 gives a peculi> "* to ! animal4 ,( ! six species ( ,limna#ff :i* occur1 x w n be ne$ful to m5tion m ?an "o1 :i* is ! r>e/ ) u1 viz43 ,limna glabra4 ,bo? species ( ,ancylus are mod]ately common4 ,( t]re/rial ,mollusca we enum]ate ! foll[+ ,limacid--,arion at]1 ,a4 hort5sis1 ,limax m>g9atus1 ,l4 flavus1 ,l4 agre/is1 ,l4 arborum1 ,l4 maximus1 & z be=e said "o ( ! ,te/acellid viz41 ,t4 ,haliotidea4 ,among ! ,helicid ( c\rse ! common k9ds are all pres5t4 ,( ! g5us ,zonites we h ! foll[+ species3 ,zonites cell>ius1 ,z4 glab]1 ,z4 alli>ius1 & its v>4 viridula1 ,z4 nitidulus1 ,z4 purus1 & its v>4 m>g>itacea1 ,z4 radiatulus1 ,z4 nitidus1 ,z4 excavatus 7"o only1 at ,kn[le71 ,z4 cry/all9us4 ,among ! small] species ( ,helix1 att5tion may be call$ to ! foll[+3 ,h4 aculeata1 a m9ute sp9y coronet2 ,h4 pygma1 ! smalle/ ( kn[n ,helices2 ,helix fusca1 tak5 9 two localities only1 at ,kn[le & ,selly ,oak4 ,( ! f\r species ( ,pupa f\nd 9 ,brita91 two only occur1 ,pupa umbilicata & ,p4 m>g9ata4 ,( ! latt] species a colony ( ! :ite v>iety has be5 f\nd inhabit+ a wall at ,cleeve ,prior1 ,worce/]%ire4 ,only two out ( our elev5 species ( ,v]tigo h occurr$1 viz43 ,v]tigo ed5tula & its v>iety columella1 & ,v4 pygma4 ,two ,clausili are f\nd1 ,clausilia lam9ata & ,c4 rugosa4 ,x is some:at s+ul> t ( ! f\r species inhabit+ ?is c\ntry ! la/ nam$ is ubiquit\s1 :ile ,c4 ,rolphii & ,c4 biplicata are local4 ,! writ] has tak5 ! r>e alb9o =m ( ,c4 rugosa1 at ,selly ,oak4 ,t exquisite %ell1 ,co*licopa trid5s1 v>4 cry/all9a1 has be5 tak5 9 ?ree places2 ! type is l>gely di/ribut$ 9 our neighb\rhood1 :]eas 9 o!rs x is r>e1 :ile ,c4 lubrica is widespread 9 ,engl&4 ,a*at9a acicula1 dead %ells only1 ,dudley ,ca/le4 ,c>y*ium m9imum is commonly di/ribut$4 ,9 giv+ ?is outl9e ( ! ,molluscan ,fauna ( our neighb\rhood1 ! writ] has call$ att5tion to ! valuable pap]s on ,embryology by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 z %$d+ great light on ! aff9ities ( ! ,mollusca ) o!r gr\ps4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,insects4 ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,blat*4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham1 & 9 fact ! ,midl& di/rict g5]ally1 has nev] be5 consid]$ p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ei!r ! numb] or v>iety ( its insect productions1 & x is a fact t a collection ( ,midl& species1 ( :atev] ord]1 %[s v wide gaps1 bo? 9 g5]a & species1 :5 comp>$ ) "o =m$ 9 ! ea/ or s\? ( ,engl&4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,midl& ,c\nties are n entirely b>r5 9 ?is respect1 & a catalogue ( ! insects kn[n to occur )9 a radius ( tw5ty miles ( ,birm+ham w\ld be a v respectable "o4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s a l>ge numb] ( v int]e/+ species h be5 discov]$1 & !re c be no d\bt t ) m work]s & great] en?usiasm consid]able additions w\ld cont9ue to be made4 ,by ext5d+ ! radius some:at our li/ w\ld embrace a good array ( species :i* seem to be peculi> to ! ,midl&s1 su* z ,bembidium adu/um1 ,eu!ia clavata1 ,euplectus nubig5a1 ,t]$us nitidus1 ,macrony*us quadritub]culatus1 ,hylectus d]me/oides1 ,tropid]es sepicola1 ,bagu diglyptus1 ,notodonta bicolor1 c41 c4 ,at any rate ^! insects h n hi!rto be5 detect$ 9 any o!r ,briti% localities4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t local entomology suff]s greatly f two unt[>d circum/ances1 viz41 ! lack ( /ud5ts & ! want ( a c>efully compil$ li/ ( species ( ! sev]al ord]s4 ,! publication ( a catalogue ( local insects z f> z our pres5t k ext5ds1 w\ld und\bt$ly t5d to /imulate ! intellig5t pursuit ( ?is /udy1 & x seems surpris+ t su* an important "w has n long ago be5 und]tak5 by ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,societies ( ! di/rict4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! limit$ space all[$ = ?is pap] its object w1 p]haps1 be/ be secur$ by giv+ z full a li/ z possible1 ( ! r>] & m int]e/+ species belong+ to ! two mo/ popul> ord]s1 viz41 ! ,coleopt]a & ! ,lepidopt]a1 toge!r ) "s ( ! localities 9 :i* !y occur4 ,) few exceptions ! ref]5ces w be to insects :i* inhabit ! tw5ty miles radius1 a wid] range be+ tak5 only 9 specially int]e/+ cases1 b ev5 !n x w be impossible to give any?+ l an adequate idea ( ! beetles1 butt]flies1 & mo?s ( ! di/rict4 ,to prev5t ! possibility ( error x %\ld be /at$ t ! nom5clature adopt$ is 7= ! beetles7 t ( ! 8,catalogue ( ,briti% ,coleopt]a1 by ,mat!ws & ,f[l]1 #ahhc10 & 7= ! butt]flies & mo?s7 8,synonymic ,li/ ( ,briti% ,lepidopt]a1 by ,ri*>d ,s\?1 #ahhd40 ,,coleopt]a4 ,?is ord] is well repres5t$2 c]ta9 localities 9 ! di/rict are fav\rable to _! exi/5ce & economy1 & _m r>ities occur4 ,only "o ,cic9dela 7,cic9dela campe/ris7 inhabits our di/rict & t is g5]ally di/ribut$ & pl5tiful1 especially 9 s&y places4 ,! curi\s & elegant ,cy*rus ro/ratus is (t5 f\nd "u /ones & loose b>k at ,dudley & ,bewdley1 & ! h&some ,c>abus nit5s & its cong5] ,c4 arv5sis1 may be tak5 on ,cannock ,*ase1 bo? species be+ n[ v sc>ce4 ,elaphrus rip>ius & ,e4 cupreus occur n uncommonly 9 wet & boggy places4 ,notiophilus sub/riatus 7g5]ally a sea-side species7 may be f\nd occasionally on ,cannock ,*ase1 & s also may ! curi\s ,nebria livida4 ,?is latt] beetle 0 fir/ discov]$ on ! ,*ase by ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,h>ris1 & ! writ] has v]ifi$ its occurr5ce !re _m times4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ?is is ! only kn[n in/ance ( ?is species inhabit+ an inl& locality--its head qu>t]s be+ at ,bridl+ton ,quay & two or ?ree o!r p>ts ( ! nor?-ea/ coa/--x lives 9 ! argillace\s cliffs1 & on ,cannock ,*ase x is met ) 9 a simil> =mation4 ,( ! curi\s g5us ,dys*irius two species only appe> to h settl$ 9 our neighb\rhood1 viz41 ,d4 neus & ,d4 globosus1 bo? occur at ,bewdley & on ,cannock ,*ase--! latt] also at ,cole%ill & ,sutton ,p>k4 ,! g5us ,bembidium is well repres5t$1 #cc ( ! #ej ,briti% species & v>ieties be+ tak5 9 ! ,birm+ham di/rict4 ,a few may be nam$3 ,b4 rufesc5s1 "u b>k & 9 damp places2 ,b4 qu9que/riatum1 on walls at ,smallhea? & ,olton2 ,b4 ,mann]heimii1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,b4 articulatum1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,b4 nigricorne1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,b4 monticola1 ,bewdley2 ,b4 ,/eph5si1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,b4 pras9um1 ,bewdley4 ,9 ?is connection ! writ] may p]haps be all[$ to ref] to ! f9d+ by himself ( ,b4 adu/um 9 l>ge numb]s at ,tewkesbury4 ,?is species 0 previ\sly repres5t$ only by a v few old specim5s1 & _h n be5 f\nd = m ?an #dj ye>s1 until he _h ! pleasure ( re-e/abli%+ x4 ,patrobus assimilis is f\nd sp>+ly on ,cannock ,*ase2 ,tre*us discus1 ,t4 micros & ,t4 secalis1 are pl5tiful 9 ! riv] banks at ,bewdley2 ,t4 micros occasionally turns up at ,smallhea? among/ bones plac$ 9 ! g>d5 z a trap = ,homalot2 ,t4 obtusus has occurr$ at ,bewdley & ,cannock ,*ase1 & 9 ! latt] locality ! writ] once f\nd a few examples ( ! r>e ,t4 rub5s4 ,! important g5us ,pt]o/i*us has _m repres5tatives3 ,p4 v]sicolor1 at ,solihull1 ,sutton ,p>k1 & ,cannock ,*ase2 ,p4 lepidus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,p4 picimanus & ,p4 an?rac9us1 ,bewdley2 ,p4 m9or1 ,cole%ill & ,cannock ,*ase2 ,platyd]us ruficollis seems to be g5]ally di/ribut$1 b sc>ce4 ,am>a fulva may frequ5tly be tak5 "u /ones 9 s&y places at ,sutton ,p>k1 ,cannock ,*ase1 & ,bewdley2 ,a4 consul>is at ,sutton ,p>k & ,hopwas ,wood2 ,a4 sp9ipes1 at ,dudley & ,bewdley2 ,a4 patricia1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,a4 acum9ata1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,a4 lunicollis1 ,small ,hea?1 ,sutton1 ,cannock ,*ase1 & ,bewdley2 ,a4 cont9ua1 ,a4 communis1 & ,a4 ovata1 at ,kn[le1 ,cole%ill1 & ,bewdley4 ,badi/] sodalis is to be _h at ,dudley & ,bewdley4 ,all ! species ( ,cala?us occur1 & ,taphria nivalis1 a closely alli$ beetle1 turns up n[ & aga91 s+ly1 at ,small ,hea?1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 & ,tr5* ,woods4 ,! ,an*om5i are fairly well repres5t$1 & x seems v likely t additional species may yet be add$ to our local li/4 ,! foll[+ may be select$ z mo/ wor?y ( notice3 ,an*om5us oblongus1 ,bewdley2 ,a4 atratus1 ,cole%ill1 ,cannock ,*ase1 & ,bewdley4 ,a s+le ,lebia *lorocephala 0 captur$ 9 h$ge rubbi% ne> ,acock's ,gre54 ,dromius quadrisignatus is a ,sutton ,p>k species1 be+ f\nd r>ely "u b>k ( ,oak trees4 ,ble*rus maurus1 :i* seems decid$ly out ( its reckon+ 9 a ,midl& locality1 has be5 tak5 at ,bewdley & ,leam+ton4 ,all ! species ( ,metabletus occur1 & are pretty g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,cym9dis vapor>iorum inhabits ,cannock ,*ase1 :]e x may be f\nd lurk+ "u ! hea!r & loose /ones1 b is n abundant4 ,9 ! same locality ! curi\s ,miscod]a arctica may1 9 "s seasons1 be met ) 9 pl5ty4 ,two species ( ,*lnius occur1 viz43 ,c4 ve/itus at ,bewdley1 & ,c4 nigricornis at ,cannock ,*ase4 ,( ! ext5sive g5us ,h>palus1 ! foll[+ species may be cit$1 x be+ und]/ood t sev]al ( ! common] =ms exi/ "h 9 great abundance4 ,h4 puncticollis1 ,dudley & ,bewdley2 ,h4 griseus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,h4 t>dus1 ,sutton ,p>k & ,bewdley4 ,! pretty little ,acupalpus exiguus & v4 luridus may be obta9$ by se>*+ ! ,sphagnum on ! m>g9 ( ,cole%ill ,pool4 ,all ! ,bradycelli1 except ,b4 placidus & ,b4 coll>is1 are pl5tiful 9 ! di/rict1 & 9 c]ta9 spots1 su* z ,cannock ,*ase1 !y are extremely abundant4 ,anisodactylus b9otatus occurs on ,cannock ,*ase1 b is n (t5 to be f\nd4 ,! wat] beetles are pretty num]\sly repres5t$ 9 ! di/rict g5]ally1 ! be/ localities = !m be+ ,cole%ill1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,cannock ,*ase1 & ,bewdley4 ,x mu/ suffice to m5tion a few ( ! r>] or m /rik+ k9ds1 e4g41 ,bry*ius elevatus1 at ,y>dley & ,kn[le2 ,haliplus c9]eus1 at ,kn[le2 ,hydroporus sept5trionalis1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 m>g9atus1 ,kn[le2 ,h4 picipes1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,h4 lepidus1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,h4 duodecimpu/ulatus1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 assimilis1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,kn[le1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,h4 dorsalis1 ,y>dley1 ,kn[le2 ,h4 m>g9atus1 ,kn[le2 ,h4 nigrita1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 monticola1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,h4 neglectus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,h4 umbrosus1 ,kn[le2 ,h4 augu/atus1 ,kn[le2 ,ilybius at]1 ,kn[le1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,i4 guttig]1 ,cole%ill2 ,agabus ,soli]i1 ,kn[le2 ,a4 aff9is1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,gyr9us caspius1 ,hopwas2 ,hydrobius picicrus1 ,kn[le2 ,laccobius s9uatus1 ,kn[le2 ,l4 alutaceus1 ,kn[le2 ,l4 m9utus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,l4 bipunctatus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,limnebius nitidus1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,l4 pic9us1 ,kn[le2 ,*t>?ria sem9ulum1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,helophorus qualis1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 ,mulsanti1 ,bewdley2 ,hydro*us augu/atus1 ,kn[le2 ,hydrna palu/ris1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 nigrita1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 atricapilla1 ,kn[le2 ! r>e ,lept9us te/aceus has be5 tak5 at ,ne$wood 9 ! ne/s ( wild bees4 ,aga?idium nigrip5ne ,sutton ,p>k2 ,a4 lvigatum1 ,kn[le1 ,dudley2 ,a4 atrum1 ,y>dley1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,a4 sem9ulum1 ,cole%ill1 ,kn[le1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,a4 v>ians1 ,kn[le2 ,a4 rotundatum1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,a4 convexum1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,amphicyllis globus1 ,bewdley2 ,leoides orbicul>is1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,anisotoma picea1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,a4 litura1 ,kn[le4 ,sev]al ( ! ,bury+ ,beetles--,necrophorus & ,silpha--occur g5]ally 9 ! di/rict1 z also d _m ( ! ,*olev4 ,colons are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce--only two species hav+ put 9 an appe>ance1 viz3 ,colon d5tipes1 ,kn[le2 & ,c4 brunneum1 ,kn[le4 ,! int]e/+ gr\ps ( ,scydmnid & ,pselaphid are rem>kably well repres5t$1 b room c be f\nd = only a few ( ! r>] species3 e4g41 ,scydmnus exilis1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,bewdley2 ,s4 angulatus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,s4 hirticollis1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,eu!ia plicata1 ,budd5 ,wood1 ,e4 ,s*aumii1 ,smallhea?1 ,kn[le2 ,e4 ,scydmnoides1 ,kn[le 7abundantly72 ,e4 clavata1 new to ,brita91 discov]$ by ! writ] 9 ,%]wood ,=e/2 ,bryaxis impressa1 ,cole%ill2 ,euplectus punctatus1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,e4 nigricans1 ?r\gh\t ! di/rict2 ,e4 nanus1 ,edgba/on1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,e4 bicolor1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,bewdley2 ,e4 nubig5a1 a v di/9ct species1 new to ,brita91 discov]$ by ! writ] 9 ,%]wood ,=e/ 9 #ahhe4 ,! ,bra*elytra h n _h mu* att5tion paid to !m 9 ! ,midl&s1 ! gr\p be+ a v l>ge "o1 & ! species mo/ly difficult to det]m9e4 ,^! insects are pl5tiful 9 ! di/rict & _m r>e =ms occur4 ,a few only1 comp>atively1 c be "h specifi$3--,is*noglossa cortic9a1 ,olton1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,old ,hill2 ,?iasophila angulata1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,bewdley 7,ants' ,ne/s72 ,d9>da ,m>kelii1 ,bewdley 79 ,ants' ,ne/s72 ,atemeles em>g9atus1 ,bewdley 79 ,ants' ,ne/s72 ,ilyobates nigricollis1 ,callic]us obscurus1 ,c4 rigidicornis1 ,kn[le2 ,ta*yusa scitula1 ,bewdley2 ,ocyusa maura1 ,cole%ill2 ,o4 pic9a1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,bewdley2 ,oxypoda exoleta1 ,smallhea?1 ,o4 recondita1 ,budd5 ,wood 7,ants' ,ne/s1 ,=mica rufa72 ,o4 s]icea1 new to ,brita91 ,smallhea?1 ,edgba/on1 ,kn[le4 ,9 ! g5us ,homalota !re are #afj ,briti% species1 ( :i* ! writ] has1 up to ! pres5t1 f\nd #ic 9 ! ,birm+ham di/rict4 ,! foll[+ may be not$3 ,h4 currax & ,h4 insecta1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 pav5s1 ,smallhea?2 ,h4 eximia1 ,bewdley 7previ\sly only f\nd on banks ( ,scot* riv]s72 ,h4 luteipes1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 sylvicola1 ,cole%ill1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 monticola1 ,smallhea?2 ,h4 curtip5nis1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,h4 autumnalis1 ,kn[le1 ,old ,hill1 ,bewdley1 ,middleton1 ne> ,tamwor?2 ,gymnusa brevicollis & ,g4 v>iegata occur on ,cannock ,*ase1 ! latt] also at ,sutton ,p>k2 ,megacronus incl9ans may be f\nd at ,bewdley1 & ,m4 c+ulatus at ,sutton ,p>k & ,cannock ,*ase2 ,/aphyl9us latebricola 79 ,ants' ,ne/s71 at ,sutton ,p>k & ,bewdley2 ,philon?us fulvipes1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,ancyrophorus homal9us1 ,bewdley2 ,trogophlu halophilus1 ,hopwas ,wood7672 ,delea/] di*r\s & v>4 adu/us1 ,bewdley2 ,geodromicus nigrita1 ,bewdley2 ,deliphrum tectum1 ,kn[le2 ,acidota cr5ata1 ,cole%ill2 ,a4 cru5tata1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,coryphium augu/icolle1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,kn[le1 ,hopwas2 ,homalium ,all>di1 ,smallhea?2 ,h4 punctip5ne1 ,edgba/on1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 deplanatum1 ,kn[le1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,h4 brevicorne1 ,kn[le2 ,h4 gracilicorne1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,h4 salicis1 ,%]wood ,=e/2 ,phlo*>is subtilissima & ,progna?a quadricornis1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,ne$wood4 ,_m ( ! ,tri*opt]ygid are f\nd 9 pr(usion1 includ+ a good numb] ( r>e species4 ,pt9ella te/acea1 ,p4 d5ticollis1 ,p4 apt]a1 & ,p4 angu/ula1 are all pl5tiful 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! di/rict1 f ,smallhea? & ,kn[le to ,cannock ,*ase & ,bewdley ,=e/4 ,pt]yx suturalis is also g5]ally di/ribut$ & fairly abundant4 ,sev]al good species ( ,tri*opt]yx occur 9 hot-b$s at ,kn[le & ,edgba/on1 & also on ! riv] banks at ,bewdley4 ,millidium trisulcatum sometimes sw>ms 9 "o spot at ,kn[le4 ,pt5idium ,gressn]i1 a new ,briti% species1 may be m5tion$ z hav+ be5 captur$ 9 #ahhe at ,%]wood ,=e/4 ,triplax russica ab\nds on ,cannock ,*ase1 & ,t4 nea may be tak5 sp>+ly at ,ne$wood4 ,! v r>e ,t]$us nitidus1 aft] be+ lo/ sight ( = ne>ly #ej ye>s1 0 aga9 f\nd 9 ,%]wood ,=e/ by ! writ] 9 #ahhd & #ahhe4 ,myrmetes piceus1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,bewdley2 ,gna?oncus rotundatus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 v>4 punctulatus1 ,kn[le2 ,abru granulum1 ,sal=d ,priors2 ,plegad]us dissectus1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,sal=d ,priors2 ,epura augu/ula1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,crypt>*a /rigata & ,c4 imp]ialis1 ,kn[le2 ,rhizophagus3 n9e ( ! species occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham1 & ! t5?1 ,r4 cruleip5nis has be5 tak5 at ,matlock2 ,?ymalus limbatus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,psamm*us bipunctatus1 ,cole%ill1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,an!rophagus nigricornis1 ,bewdley2 ,a4 silaceus1 ,m>/on ,gre51 ,bewdley2 ,a4 pall5s1 ,solihull1 ,bewdley2 ,myrmecox5us1 vapor>iorum1 ,edgba/on1 ,kn[le2 ,scaphidium quadrimaculatum may be tak5 at ,cannock ,*ase & ,bewdley2 ,diphyllus lunatus1 9 ! same localities & also ne> ,kn[le2 ,byrrhus fasciatus & ,b4 dorsalis1 at ,cannock ,*ase2 ,georyssus pygmu1 ,bewdley4 ,! rem>kable beetle1 ,macrony*us quadritub]culatus1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ?is li/1 its only ,briti% habitat be+ ! riv] ,dove1 ne> ,burton-on-,tr5t4 ,com+ n[ to ! ,lamellicornia1 ! foll[+ species may be not$3 ,lucanus c]vus1 ,bewdley2 ,dorcus p>allelopip$us1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,sal=d ,priors2 ,aphodius tesselatus & ,a4 porcus1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,ammcius brevis1 ,bewdley 7banks ( ,sev]n72 ,trox sabulosus & ,t4 scab]1 ,bewdley & ,cannock ,*ase2 ,hoplia philan?us1 ,bewdley1 ,kn[le1 c4 ,( ! ,s]ricornia1 a few examples may be giv53 e4g41 ,agrilus augu/atus & ,a4 laticornis1 ,bewdley2 ! brilliant ,tra*ys troglodytes1 q a ,s\!rn species1 :i* ! writ] has on sev]al occasions captur$ 9 an old pa/ure at ,kn[le2 ,elat] cocc9atus1 ,%]wood2 ,e4 pomorum1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,e4 balteatus1 ,cole%ill1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,a?u rhombeus1 ,%]wood2 ,corymbites pect9icornis1 ,c4 cupreus1 & v>4 rug9osus1 ,c4 neus1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,s]icosomus brunneus & v4 fugax1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,hydrocyphon deflexicollis1 ,bewdley2 ,scirtes hemisphricus1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,lampyris noctiluca is spread ov] ! :ole di/rict1 b is mo/ abundant 9 ,bewdley ,=e/2 ,mala*ius neus is f\nd at ,kn[le1 & ,haplocnemus impressus at ,sutton ,p>k2 ,cl]us =mic>ius occurs at ,sal=d ,priors2 ,hylectus d]me/oides & ,sph9dus dubius at ,cannock ,*ase & ,%]wood ,=e/2 ,niptus cr5atus & ,h$obia imp]ialis occur at ,kn[le4 ,( ! ,longicornia1 x mu/ suffice to m5tion ! foll[+3--,prionus cori>ius1 ,a/on & ,cannock ,*ase2 ,callidium alni1 ,kn[le2 ,clytus my/icus1 ,bewdley2 ,pa*yta coll>is & ,p4 octomaculata1 ,bewdley2 ,/rangalia quadrifasciata1 ,bewdley & ,cannock ,*ase2 ,s4 nigra1 ,bewdley4 ,_m ( ! ,donaci are pl5tiful1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ local species be+ ,d4 aff9is1 :i* is f\nd at ,kn[le4 ,cly?ra trid5tata & ,c4 quadripunctata inhabit ,bewdley ,=e/1 b ,c4 trid5tata is v r>ely met )4 ,cryptocephalus coryli1 ,c4 punctig]1 & ,c4 fulcratus may be beat5 out ( bir*es on ,cannock ,*ase1 & at ,*>tley ! ,scot* species1 ,c4 decempunctatus1 has be5 tak54 ,salp+us at] is at ,kn[le1 & ,s4 ca/aneus at ,cole%ill & ,cannock ,*ase4 ,! curi\s ,notoxus monoc]os is abundant at ,kidd]m9/] & ,bewdley4 ,among ! ,rhyn*ophora ! foll[+ may be not$3 ,platyrh9us latiro/ris & ,an?ribus alb9us1 ,sal=d ,priors2 ,tropid]es sepicola1 ,budd5 ,wood 7unique72 ,*oragus ,%epp>di1 ,sal=d ,priors2 ,apion ,hook]i1 ,kn[le & ,tr5* ,woods2 ,a4 filiro/re1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,cnopsis fissiro/ris & ,c4 ,waltoni1 ,cannock ,*ase1 also on ,h>tlebury ,common2 ,cleonus sulciro/ris1 ,erd+ton2 ,cliodes g]anii & ,c4 exiguus1 ,bewdley2 ,amalus scortillum1 ,bewdley1 ,sal=d ,priors2 ,magdal9us b>bicornis1 ,bewdley2 ,rhyncolus gracilis1 ,%]wood ,=e/ is notewor?y2 ,phioph?orus rhododactylus1 ,bewdley2 ,scolytus de/ructor1 ,y>dley2 ,s4 intricatus & ,s4 rugulosus1 ,bewdley2 ,xylocleptes bisp9us1 ,sutton ,p>k & ,malv]n4 ,,lepidopt]a4 ,?is ord] has receiv$ ! lion's %>e ( att5tion f local collectors1 ) ! result t a v fair proportion ( ! ,briti% ,micro-,lepidopt]a has be5 discov]$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! ,micro-,lepidopt]a h1 h[ev]1 n be5 look$ up ) any en?usiasm1 & consequ5tly our k ( ! ext5t to :i* ^! int]e/+ little mo?s occur ab\t u is extremely limit$4 ,! ,rhopaloc]a include all ! common species1 & also a few :i* are always consid]$ desirable by e collector4 ,at ,bewdley1 ,aporia cratgi us$ to be f\nd1 & d\btless c\ld yet be obta9$ if c>efully s\ght =4 ,leucophasia s9apis flies m or less abundantly at ,bewdley ,=e/ & ,tr5* ,woods2 x has also be5 occasionally tak5 9 woods ne> ,kn[le4 ,colias edusa always an erratic species1 sometimes visits ! ,midl&s1 & has be5 captur$ at ,y>dley1 ,cole%ill1 ,kn[le1 & o!r places4 ,c4 hyale also turn$ up once or twice 9 ! di/rict4 ,gonopt]yx rhamni is g5]ally di/ribut$ & pl5tiful4 ,argynnis sel5e1 ,a4 euphrosyne1 ,a4 aglaia1 ,a4 adippe1 & ,a4 paphia occur ne> ,kn[le1 & at ,bewdley !y are all f\nd 9 great abundance2 ! v>iety vales9a has likewise be5 captur$ 9 ! ,=e/4 ,melita aur9ia is n r>e 9 c]ta9 spots ne> ,kn[le & ,bewdley4 ,vanessa ,c4 album may occasionally be se5 fly+ 9 ! /reets ( ,birm+ham1 especially 9 ! region ( ,sp>kbrook & ,moseley4 ,v4 poly*loros flies at ,kn[le4 ,v4 antiopa has sev]al times be5 captur$ at ,bewdley2 & ,v4 io1 ,v4 atalanta1 & ,v4 c>dui are met ) ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,lim5itis sibylla has n be5 he>d ( ne>] ?an ,*ur* ,/retton1 b ,apatura iris has be5 tak5 9 woods n f> f ,cov5try & ,leam+ton4 ,melan>gia galatea is a common butt]fly at ,sal=d ,priors & ,tr5* ,woods4 ,ep9ephele hyp]an!s is abundant at ,bewdley4 ,! s\!rn limit ( ,cnonympha typhon appe>s to be ,*>tley ,moss1 :]e ! butt]fly 7bo? light & d>k =ms7 is any?+ b r>e4 ,!cla betul1 ,t4 ,w4 album1 ,t4 pruni1 & ,t4 qu]cus fly at ,tr5* ,woods2 ,t4 qu]cus also ne> ,kn[le1 at ,bewdley1 c42 & ,t4 rubi is extremely pl5tiful at ,sutton ,p>k & ,cannock ,*ase4 ,lycna argiolus is f\nd 9 sev]al localities ne> ,birm+ham1 b ab\nds 9 ! ,holly ,woods at ,sutton ,p>k4 ,l4 semi>gus us$ to be tak5 _m ye>s s9ce1 close to ,birm+ham1 b seems to h become q ext9ct4 ,9 ! division ,het]oc]a ! foll[+ li/ ( select$ species ) localities mu/ suffice to repres5t ! mo?s ( ! di/rict3--,a*]ontia atropos1 ,kn[le1 ,dudley1 ,bewdley2 ,sph9x convolvuli1 ,birm+ham 7frequ5t72 ,s4 ligu/ri1 ,kn[le1 ,sutton1 ,bewdley2 ,deilephila galii & ,d4 livornica1 ,birm+ham 7occasional72 ,*rocampa cel]io1 ,birm+ham 7#ahfh72 ,c4 n]ii1 ,birm+ham 7#ahfi72 ,c4 porcellus1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,c4 elp5or1 ,solihull1 ,hockley ,hea?2 ,sm]9?us ocellatus1 ,s4 populi & ,s4 tili are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,macroglossa /ellat>um affects all our localities2 ,m4 fuci=mis & ,m4 bombyli=mis may be f\nd ne> ,kn[le4 ,ino /atices at ,olton1 ,m>/on ,gre51 ,kn[le2 ,zygna filip5dul v>4 *rysan!mi1 ,bewdley ,=e/2 ,li?osia mesomella1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,eu*elia jacob us$ to be f\nd at ,saltley2 ,nemeophila russula & ,n4 plantag9is1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,*>tley ,moss2 ,spilosoma fulig9osa1 ,kn[le2 ,s4 m5dica1 ,smallhea?2 ,cossus lignip]da1 ?r\gh\t ! di/rict2 ,zeuz]a pyr9a1 ,kn[le2 ,het]og5ea limacodes1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,leucoma salicis1 ,kn[le2 ,psilura mona*a1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,orgyia gno/igma1 ,bewdley1 ,cov5try1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,saturnia pavonia1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,drepana sicula1 ,tr5* ,woods 7"o l>va #ahhe72 ,d4 b9>ia1 ne> ,kn[le2 ,dicranura furcula & ,d4 bifida1 ne> ,kn[le2 ,pt]o/oma palp9a1 ,kn[le2 ,notodonta bicolor1 ,burntwood1 ,/af=d%ire2 ,n4 dicta1 ,n4 dictoides1 ,n4 drom$>ius1 ,n4 zizac1 ,n4 trimacula1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,?yatira d]asa & ,t4 batis1 ,kn[le1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,asphalia flavicornis1 ,kn[le1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,a4 rid5s1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,acronycta trid5s1 ,kn[le 7l>v on ,elm ,trees72 ,a4 lepor9a1 ,kn[le2 ,a4 ac]is1 ,smallhea?2 ,a4 alni1 ,smallhea?1 ,edgba/on1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,nonagria arund9is1 ,kn[le1 c42 ,gortyna o*racea1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,agrotis suffusa1 ,kn[le2 ,a4 rip1 ,bewdley2 ,triphna ian?9a1 ,t4 fimbria1 ,t4 int]jecta1 ,y>dley1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,amphipyra pyramidea1 ,kn[le2 ,panolus p9ip]da1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,tniocampa gracilis1 ,y>dley1 ,kn[le2 ,an*ocelis lunosa1 ,kidd]m9/]2 ,xan?ia citrago1 ,x4 fulvago1 ,x4 circell>is1 ,kn[le2 ,eremobia o*roleuca1 ,acock's ,gre51 ,y>dley2 ,dian?cia cucubali1 ,sp>kbrook1 ,kn[le2 ,hecat]a s]5a1 ,bewdley ,road1 ,kidd]m9/]2 ,polia *i1 ?r\gh\t ! di/rict2 ,aplecta t9cta1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,had5a glauca1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,xylocampa areola1 ,kn[le2 ,calocampa vetu/a1 ,c4 exoleta1 ,kn[le1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,xyl9a orni?opus1 ,kn[le2 ,cucullia v]basci1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,c4 *amomill & ,c4 umbratica1 ,cole%ill1 ,kn[le1 ,dudley2 ,habro/ola trip>tita & ,h4 triplasia1 ,kn[le2 ,plusia int]rogationis1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,an>ta myrtilli1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,bewdley ,=e/2 ,heliaca t5ebrata1 ,sp>kbrook1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,*>iclea umbra1 ,cole%ill2 ,era/ria fasciana1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,phytometra virid>ia1 ,kn[le1 ,cole%ill1 ,sutton1 ,cannock ,*ase1 c42 ,euclidia mi & ,e4 glyphica1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,catocala nupta1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,bromsgrove2 ,brephos p>!nias1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,epione apici>ia1 ,kn[le2 ,v5ilia macul>ia1 ,ang]ona prun>ia & ,eurym5e dolobr>ia1 ,bewdley ,=e/2 ,p]icallia syr+>ia1 ,smallhea?1 ,hall ,gre51 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,sel5ia lun>ia1 ne> ,birm+ham1 ,nyssia hispid>ia1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,bi/on hirt>ia1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,amphidasys /rat>ia1 ,kn[le1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,hem]ophila abrupt>ia1 ,edgba/on1 ,kn[le2 ,bo>mia robor>ia1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,b4 consort>ia1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,tephrosia punctul>ia1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,gnophos obscur>ia1 ,bewdley2 ,pseudot]pna pruniate1 ,kn[le2 ,geometra papilion>ia1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,phorodesma pu/ulata1 ,solihull2 ,zonosoma porata1 ,z4 p5dul>ia2 ,erd+ton1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,a/h5a luteata1 ,a4 c&idata1 ,a4 sylvata1 ,kn[le2 ,a4 blom]i1 ,ho> ,cross2 ,acidalia fumata1 ,*>tley2 ,a4 inornata1 ,*>tley1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,tim&ra amat>ia1 ,kn[le2 ,bapta tem]ata1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,mac>ia liturata1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,bupalis p9i>ia1 ,kn[le1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,m9oa mur9ata1 ,bewdley ,=e/2 ,aspilates /rigill>ia1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,*>tley2 ,abraxas sylvata1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,eupi!cia v5osata1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,lobophora halt]ata1 ,tr5* ,woods2 ,l4 viretata1 ,sutton ,p>k 7"s seasons v abundant72 ,l4 c>p9ata1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,!ra v>iata1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,*ase2 ,hypsipetes rub]ata1 ,h4 trifasciata1 ,solihull1 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,bewdley2 ,melanippe ha/ata1 ,kn[le1 ,bewdley2 ,anticlea s9uata1 ,a4 rubidata1 ,a4 badiata1 ,a4 d]ivata1 ,kn[le2 ,camptogramma fluviata1 ,kn[le2 ,cid>ia miata1 ,kn[le2 ,c>sia paludata1 v>4 imbutata1 ne> ,birm+ham4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,microscopic ,fauna4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,bolton1 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 ,! writ] 9 draw+ up ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! local ,microscopic ,fauna1 kn[+ h[ limit$ a space is all[$1 has 9 sev]al ( ! families giv5 only ! m r>e & rem>kable species :i* h come "u 8 own obs]vation4 ,! organisms includ$ 9 ?is division are abundant all r\nd ,birm+ham2 9 ! canals1 res]voirs1 & riv]s1 9 ! swags & cat*pits1 among/ ! spoil heaps ( ! 8,black ,c\ntry10 & 9 ! num]\s clay-pits on ! f>m l&s4 ,,insecta4 ,x is desirable to call att5tion to ! id5tification ( ! l>v ( ! ,tri*opt]\s insects ,agraylea multipunctata & ,oxye?ira co/alis1 by ,messrs4 ,k5ne? ,j4 ,morton & ,rob]t ,mc,lachlan4 ,! p]fect insects 7 br$ f l>v collect$ 9 ?is di/rict1 z ref]r$ to 9 ! 8,entomologi/s' ,mon?ly ,magaz9e10 ,may & ,june1 #ahhf4 ,s _m problems 9 ! life hi/ory ( insects1 hav+ aquatic l>v1 rema9 unsolv$1 t x is desirable t microscopi/s %\ld pay m att5tion to ?is subject4 ,,ara*nida4 ,! curi\s ,div+-bell ,spid]1 ,argyroneta aquatica1 is f\nd 9 ! pools at ,sutton ,p>k2 & a great v>iety ( species ( ! ,wat]-,mites is g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,mr ,w4 ,saville ,k5t reports t sev]al specim5s receiv$ f ?is di/rict are new to sci5ce4 ,t>digrada1 viz41 ,macrobiotus ,hufel&ii1 & o!r species1 may be f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e1 if c>efully look$ = among/ damp moss & decay+ alg4 ,,cru/acea4 ,9 ?is class %\ld be m5tion$ ! fre%wat] ,crayfi%1 ,a/acus fluviatilis1 n ( c\rse a microscopic organism2 b if x 7 omitt$ "h x w\ld n appe> 9 any ( ! o!r reports4 ,?is species is fairly di/ribut$ 9 mo/ ( ! small] brooks1 9 ! canals1 & l>g] res]voirs1 b is n s abundant or s l>ge z x is on ! lime =mations r\nd ,ox=d4 ,two o!r l>ge microscopic species ( ?is class1 ! fre%wat] ,%rimp1 ,gamm>us pulex1 & ! wat] ,wood-l\se1 ,asellus vulg>is1 are always pres5t1 ! =m] busy 9 its (fice ( scav5g] 9 ! s&y bottoms ( ! brooks & dit*es1 & ! latt] climb+ ab\t1 l a monkey1 among/ ! wat] we$s1 inve/igat+ ! mass ( liv+ & decay+ organisms ) :i* ! we$s are clo!d4 ,,entomo/raca4 ,! memb]s ( ?is sub-class are also to be f\nd ev]y:]e1 b x is desirable to call special att5tion to ! discov]y = ! fir/ "t 9 ,great ,brita9 ( ! wond]fully transp>5t ,leptodora hyal9a1 at a visit ( ! ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,society 9 #ahgi1 to ! ,olton ,res]voir1 ne> ,solihull4 ,x has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 _m localities1 & is v abundant 9 ! summ] & autumn 9 ! ,w>wick ,canal & sev]al res]voirs4 ,hyalodaphnia ,kahlb]g5sis is v g5]ally f\nd ) x4 ,argulus coregoni is f\nd 9 ! ,birm+ham & ,w>wick ,canal4 ,x _h only be5 discov]$ 9 ,great ,brita9 previ\sly 9 ! tanks ( ! ,royal ,aqu>ium at ,we/m9/]1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are n us$ = ,briti% fi% exclusively4 ,! ,fairy-%rimp1 ,*irocephalus diaphanus1 is f\nd 9 only "o locality 9 ! di/rict1 ne> ,kn[le4 ,a few specim5s ( ! v r>e ,lynceus acan?oc]coides 7 f\nd ne> ,bewdley1 & among/ o!r local f9ds may be m5tion$ ,mo9a rectiro/ris1 ,macro?rix roseus1 & ,ilyocryptus sordidus4 ,,polyzoa4 ,^! are g5]ally di/ribut$2 ,alcyonella fungosa1 ,plumatella rep5s1 ,fr$]icella sultana1 & ,paludicella ,ehr5b]gii cov] ! root-fibres "u ! banks ( ! ,riv] ,avon1 at ,eve%am4 ,lophopus cry/all9us is occasionally f\nd 9 ! brooks to ! s\? we/ ( ,birm+ham4 ,cri/atella muc$o is (t5 v abundant 9 ! l>g] res]voirs at ,sutton ,p>k1 ,b>nt ,gre51 ,olton1 c4 ,fr$]icella & ,paludicella1 h sev]al times be5 se5 9 ! t[n wat] suppli$ by ! ,corporation4 ,,rotif]a4 ,! di/rict appe>s to be v ri* 9 ^! organisms1 & a good numb] ( new species f ?is locality are enum]at$ 9 ! admirable ,monograph on ?is family n[ be+ publi%$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,hudson & ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,gosse4 ,9 ! five p>ts already publi%$ 7,july #ab?1 #ahhf71 !y record "o hundr$ & n9ety-two species1 ( :i* n9ety-eight h be5 f\nd 9 ?is di/rict1 tw5ty-two be+ new species4 ,( ! fifte5 ,floscul>i eight species h be5 f\nd "h1 viz41 ,floscul>i regalis 7new71 ,f4 coronetta1 ,f4 ornata1 ,f4 cornuta1 ,f4 campanulata1 ,f4 ambigua1 ,f4 calva1 & ,f4 mutabilis 7new74 ,/ephanoc]os ,ei*hornii may sometimes be se5 q clo?+ ! wat] we$s 9 ! canals & pools4 ,! always attractive build+ ,:eel-animalcule1 ,melic]ta r+5s1 is occasionally pres5t 9 abundance 9 ! canals1 riv]s1 & pools all ov] ! di/rict4 ,! writ] has tak5 ,melic]ta conif]a sev]al times4 ,melic]ta tubicol>ia 0 f\nd by ,dr4 ,hudson 9 ,sutton ,p>k1 & has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 o!r localities 9 ?is di/rict4 ,limnias c]atophylli is v g5]ally abundant4 ,limnias annulatus has be5 f\nd 9 two places4 ci/es cy/all9us is common1 & 4 int]m$ius n uncommon4 ,al?\gh beyond ! radius1 x may be int]e/+ to note t ,melic]ta ,janus1 new to ,engl&1 0 tak5 9 "o ( ! ,%rop%ire m]es1 by ! writ] on ! #bcrd ( ,june1 #ahhf4 ,x _h only be5 f\nd 9 ,scotl& be=e1 by ,mr4 ,hood1 9 #ahhj4 ,! new rotif]1 ci/es umbella1 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,wills1 toge!r ) ! r>e 4 pilula 9 a pool at ,sutton ,p>k4 ,! *>m+ clu/]$ rotif]1 ,lac9ul>ia socialis1 only appe>s 9 ! hot summ] mon?s1 b 0 surpris+ly abundant la/ ye> 9 ! ,riv] ,avon at ,w>wick1 lit]ally clo?+ ! we$s ) life4 ,?is rotif] 0 9 fair abundance a few ye>s back 9 ! ,b>nt ,gre5 ,res]voir1 & la/ ye> 9 ! neighb\r+ canal4 ,! /ill m *>m+ free-swimm+ clu/]$ rotif]1 ,cono*ilus volvox1 is m g5]ally pres5t1 b is n always easy to detect1 on acc\nt ( its transp>5cy & cont9u\s quick movem5ts4 ,! writ] has tak5 ?is rotif] 9 ! pools at ,sutton ,p>k ) a musl9 net 9 su* abundance z to =m q a jelly at ! bottom ( ! net4 ,he also f\nd a new species1 ,cono*ilus dossu>ius1 9 #ahhd4 ,( ! ,philod9id1 ! foll[+ h be5 f\nd--,philod9a roseola1 ,p4 citr9a1 ,p4 megalotro*a1 ,p4 aculeata2 ,rotif] vulg>is1 ,r4 t>dus1 ,r4 macroc]os1 ,r4 macrurus2 ,act9urus ,neptunius1 ,callid9a elegans1 & ,ad9eta vaga4 ,! r>e & pretty little ,microdon clavus may be f\nd swimm+ ab\t 9 ,cole%ill pool4 ,asplan*na1 ,syn*ta1 ,poly>?ra1 & ,tri>?ra1 may be nett$ 9 enorm\s numb]s 9 ! summ] mon?s1 especially 9 all ! canals & l>g] pools1 & !y occasionally ab\nd 9 ! small] pools & ev5 9 dit*es1 toge!r ) a great v>iety ( ! creep+ ones1 su* z ,philod9a1 ,rotif]1 ,notommata1 ,bra*ionus1 ,anura1 c4 ,! wond]ful v>iety ( ^! liv+ toge!r 9 a small dit* 9 ,sutton ,p>k is report$ ^u 9 a %ort pap] read by ! writ] be=e ! ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,society 9 ,febru>y la/1 & publi%$ 9 ! 8,midl& ,naturali/10 ,july1 #ahhf4 ,hydat9a s5ta & ,rh9ops vitrea may be look$ = among/ ! ,eugl5a viridis (t5 se5 luxuriat+ 9 f>m y>d dra9age4 ,! abnormal species1 ,p$alion mira1 0 f\nd at ,kn[le 9 #ahhd1 9 fair abundance4 ,! sp9y ,anura longisp9a 0 f\nd at ,olton ,res]voir v soon aft] x 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,am]ica1 & x soon aft]w>ds ab\nd$ 9 ! t[n wat]1 & may be f\nd 9 mo/ l>ge res]voirs4 ,,annelida1 ,,etc4 ,"s int]e/+ examples ( ! ,oligo*ta h be5 f\nd 9 ?is locality1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] or ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,b\sfield1 & ( ^! ! foll[+ are notewor?y--,*toga/] limni1 & ,c4 diaphanus1 ,nais hamata1 ,n4 lurida1 ,n4 app5diculata1 & ,n4 b>bata2 ,/yl>ia p>asitica1 ,d]o digitata1 ,d4 obtusa1 ,d4 ,p]ri]i1 ,d4 limosa1 & ,d4 crassa2 ,salv9a s]p5t9a1 & losoma quat]n>ium4 ,! ,c]c>ia 7! l>va ( a fluke7 :i* infe/s ! common ,wat] ,snail1 ,limna /agnatis1 is occasionally f\nd2 also ,meso/omum ro/ratum1 ,d]o/omum vorax1 ,plan>ia lactea1 & ,piscicola geometrica4 ,,hydrozoa4 ,bo? ,hydra vulg>is & ,h4 viridis are ( c\rse f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,cordylophora lacu/ris1 :i* is usually m abundant 9 bracki% wat]1 0 f\nd la/ ye> 9 ! canal at ,ham/ead1 ne> ,h&swor?4 ,! writ] has f\nd x 9 ! ,/\rbridge canal1 & 9 ! ,riv] ,/\r4 ,"s ye>s back ! writ] he>d ( a canal boat be+ dock$ at ,dudley ,port :i* 0 f\nd to be clo!d ) ?is ,hydrozoon z ) velvet4 ,,spongida4 ,! fre%wat] sponges1 ,spongilla fluviatilis & ,s4 lacu/ris1 are abundant1 b no "o has tak5 up ! subject 9 ?is di/rict1 to "w out ! diff]5t species into :i* ?is g5us is n[ divid$4 ,,infusoria4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,w4 ,saville ,k5t 0 prep>+ 8 manual on ?is subject1 he 0 suppli$ ) a great v>iety ( specim5s f ?is di/rict1 _m ( :i* prov$ to be new ones4 ,! foll[+ are wor?y ( m5tion3 ,an?ophysa vegetans1 ,rhipidod5dron ,huxleyi1 ,spongomonas inte/9alis2 v>i\s ,codosig & o!r ,*oano-flagellate monads1 includ+ ,salp+ca ,boltoni1 ,k5t1 7new72 ,eugl5a acus2 ,d9obryon s]tul>ia2 ,synura uvella2 ,urogl5a volvox 7v g5]al72 ,di/igma proteus2 ,hemid9ium nasutum2 ,p]id9ium tabulatum2 ,c]atium longicorne2 ,nassula ornata2 ,tra*elius ovum2 ,spiro/omum t]es1 & ,s4 ambiguum2 ,/5tor polymorphus1 ,s4 ,b>retti1 ,s4 cruleus1 & ,s4 nig]2 ,follicul9a ,boltoni1 ,k5t 7new47 ,! writ] has f\nd sev]al free swimm+ ,t9t9nus1 n correspond+ ) any t ,mr4 ,w4 ,saville ,k5t enum]ates2 ,did9ium nasutum2 ,tri*od9a p$iculus2 ,scyphidium ,from5tellii2 ,spiro*ona gemmip>a2 ,vorticella *loro/igma1 & ,v4 monilata2 ,c>*esium polyp9um1 & ,c4 epi/ylidis2 ,zoo?amnium arbuscula2 ,vag9icola t9cta2 ,?uricola folliculata2 ,co?urnia imb]bis2 ,ophrydium v]satile1 ,o4 ,ei*hornii1 & ,o4 sessile2 ,/i*otri*a remex2 ,at9eta lemn>um1 ,a4 gr&is1 & ,a4 my/ac9a2 ,d5drosoma radians4 ,,rhizopoda4 ,! foll[+ h be5 f\nd3 ,amba proteus1 ,a4 v]rucosa1 ,a4 radiosa1 & ,a4 villosa2 ,ouramba vorax2 ,li?amba vorax1 ,lanke/] 7new72 ,difflugia pyri=mis1 ,d4 spiralis1 & ,d4 corona2 ,cyphod]ia umbella2 ,arcella vulg>is2 ,act9ophrys sol2 ,raphidiophrys pallida1 & ,r4 elegans2 ,act9osphrium ,ei*hornii2 ,acan?ocy/is *tophora2 ,ar*]9a ,boltoni1 ,lanke/] 7new72 ,cla?rul9a elegans1 & ,biomyxa vagans4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,botany4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,ma!ws1 ,m4,a4 ,9 attempt+ to describe ! m int]e/+ features ( ! indig5\s ,flora ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham1 x is necess>y to def9e ! limits ( ! di/rict int5d$ to be includ$4 ,a circle ( #bj miles radius1 ) ! ,t[n ,hall z its c5tre1 has be5 f\nd conv5i5t z an approximate b\nd>y4 ,?is w enclose portions ( ! ?ree c\nties ( ,w>wick1 ,worce/]1 & ,/af=d1 :i* meet at a po9t on ! s\?-we/]n edge ( ! ,bor\gh1 & a small "p ( ! ,c\nty ( ,salop4 ,! latt]1 ) ! exception %ortly to be m5tion$1 w be exclud$ f consid]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! radius mu/ be ext5d$ ab\t two miles on ! s\?-ea/ to take 9 ! t[n ( ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 & ab\t ! same di/ance on ! we/ to take 9 ! woodl&s we/ ( ! ,sev]n f ,%rawley ,wood to ,wyre ,=e/ ne> ,bewdley4 ,a "p ( ! ,=e/ is 9 ,salop1 & to ?is ext5t only is ! latt] c\nty admitt$4 ,! di/rict ?us def9$ conta9s an area ( ab\t #ab1ejj squ>e miles4 ,x includes ! t[ns ( ,birm+ham1 ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,tamwor?1 ,nuneaton1 ,cov5try1 ,leam+ton1 ,w>wick1 ,/rat=d1 & ,alce/]1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,w>wick2 ( ,bromsgrove1 ,droitwi*1 ,/\rport1 ,bewdley1 ,kidd]m9/]1 ,/\rbridge1 ,hales[51 & ,dudley1 9 ,worce/]2 ( ,wolv]hampton1 ,walsall1 ,p5kridge1 ,cannock1 ,rugeley1 & ,li*field1 9 ,/af=d4 ,! vegetation ( any di/rict dep5ds p>tly on ! nature ( ! soil1 z det]m9$ by its geological /ructure1 p>tly on altitude & dra9age areas1 & p>tly on ! "* ( ! surface1 :e!r wat]1 bog1 hea?1 arable1 pa/ure or woodl&4 ,! geology has be5 treat$ ( 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is volume4 ,x w be suffici5t to say "h t ! r$ rocks ( ! ,trias occupy by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! area1 & t calc>e\s soils are r>e4 ,an elevat$ l9e ( c\ntry1 comm5c+ nor? ( ,wolv]hampton1 runs 9 a s\!rly direction1 by ,s$gley1 ,dudley1 & ! ,r[ley ,hills1 to ,frankley ,bee*es & ! ,upp] ,lickey1 :]e x atta9s an altitude ( ab\t #ijj feet above ! sea4 ,?is is ! great wat] p>t+ ( c5tral ,engl& :i* divides ! dra9age areas ( ! ,tr5t & ,sev]n4 ,f ! ,lickey1 a l9e ( l[] elevation runs 9 a we/]ly direction & divides ! tribut>ies ( ! ,tr5t f ^? ( ! ,avon4 ,! subord9ate riv] bas9s & surface *>act]i/ics w be notic$ 9 ! special articles4 ,a brief outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,botany ( ! ,midl& ,c\nties may be useful to /ud5ts1 & is !re=e includ$ 9 ^! rem>ks4 ,x comm5ces ) ! hon\r$ "n ( ,william ,)]+1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ,briti% ,botani/s4 ,born at ,well+ton1 9 ,%rop%ire1 9 #agda1 he practis$ z a physician 9 ,birm+ham1 :]e he di$ 9 #agii4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 well-kn[n 8,botanical arrangem5t ( ,briti% ,plants10 9 two volumes1 0 publi%$ 9 #aggf2 ! second1 9 ?ree vols4 9 #aghg2 ! ?ird1 9 f\r vols4 9 #agif4 ,x pass$ ?r\gh five fur!r editions1 9 f\r volumes1 aft] 8 dea?4 ,num]\s ref]5ces to localities 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham are conta9$ 9 ^! volumes4 ,sc>cely less di/+ui%$ 0 ,?omas ,purton 7#agfh-ahcc71 surgeon1 ( ,alce/]1 ! au?or ( 8,! ,midl& ,flora40 ,! fir/ two volumes ( ! "w appe>$ 9 #ahag1 ! ?ird 9 #ahba4 ,!y conta9 copi\s descriptions ( local habitats 9 ! c\nties ( ,w>wick1 ,worce/]1 & ,/af=d4 ,na%'s 8,hi/ory ( ,worce/]%ire10 #agha1 conta9s 7,introduction p4 lxxxix47 a li/ ( =ty-?ree r>e plants1 two only ( :i*1 ,vacc9ium ,oxycoccos & ,com>um palu/re1 record$ z gr[+ at ! ,lickey1 belong to ! ,birm+ham di/rict4 ,! ,supplem5t 7#agii7 has a fur!r li/ ( =ty-sev5 plants1 f\r ( :i* belong to ! di/rict4 ,! late ,w4 ,g4 ,p]ry1 booksell]1 ( ,w>wick1 publi%$ at ,w>wick1 9 #ahbj1 ! fir/ ,flora ( t c\nty1 "u ! title ( 8,plant ,v>vic5ses ,select40 ,he also contribut$ to ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 iv41 p4 #dej1 #ahca1 a li/ ( "s ( ! r>] plants ( ,worce/]%ire1 *iefly f ! neighb\rhood ( ,kidd]m9/] & ,bewdley4 ,! 8,hi/ory ( ,/\rbridge10 by ,william ,scott1 ,/\rbridge1 #ahcb1 conta9s a li/ ( plants f ! neighb\rhood ( t t[n1 9 ! c\nties ( ,worce/] & ,/af=d4 ,= a k ( ! plants ( ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,birm+ham1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! once celebrat$ 8,moseley ,wake ,gre510 ,botani/s are *iefly indebt$ to ! late ,william ,ick1 ,secret>y ( ! old ,philosophical ,society ( ,birm+ham4 ,mr4 ,ick publi%$ two li/s2 ! fir/ 9 8,! ,analy/10 = #ahcg1 ,vol4 vi41 p4 #bj2 ! second 9 ! 8,midl& ,c\nties ,h]ald10 ,aug4 #ahch4 ,! pres5t ,mrs4 ,av]y1 !n ,miss ,m4 ,a4 ,beilby1 0 a frequ5t visitor to ,moseley at ab\t t date1 & has oblig$ ! writ] ) a li/ ( ! r>ities ga!r$ by h] at ,moseley ,bog & ,common 9 #ahce & #ahcf4 ,a li/ ( "s ( ! r>] plants ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham1 by ,saml4 ,freeman1 appe>$ 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( ! ,phytologi/1 ,vol4 i41 p4 #bfa4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,bree1 ,rector ( ,allesley1 ne> ,cov5try1 0 a well-kn[n ,botani/4 ,he contribut$ to ,purton's ,midl& ,flora1 to ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & to ! fir/ s]ies ( ! ,phytologi/1 _m notices ( ! plants ( ! nor!rn "p ( 8 c\nty4 ,! fir/ volume ( ! la/ nam$ s]ial1 #ahdd1 pp4 #ejh-ead1 conta9s an acc\nt ( ! f]ns ( ,/af=d1 ,w>wick1 & ,worce/]1 f ! p5 ( ! ,editor1 ! late ,edw>d ,newman4 ,! second s]ies ( ! ,phytologi/1 #ahee to #ahfc1 0 edit$ by ! late ,alex&] ,irv9e ( ,*elsea4 ,sev]al plants f ! neighb\rhood ( ,cl5t & ,*ur*ill are record$ by ! ,editor1 9 an article on ! 8,botany ( ! ,cl5t ,hills10 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #che1 ,april1 #aheh4 ,! ,/udies ( ,w>wick%ire ,fungi1 made by ! late ,mrs4 ,f4 ,russell1 ( ,k5ilwor?1 w be notic$ 9 ! article on t gr\p ( plants4 ,! ,c\nty ,botany ( ,worce/] has be5 associat$ = upw>ds ( half a c5tury1 ) ! "n ( ! vet]an ,worce/] ,botani/1 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,lees4 ,8 fir/ obs]vations1 made 9 conjunction ) ! late ,dr4 ,/reet51 7 publi%$ 9 ,ha/+s's 8,illu/rations ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,worce/]%ire10 7#ahcd74 ,^!1 toge!r ) a fur!r li/ suppli$ by him to ! late ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 are incorporat$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ,worce/]%ire plants 9 8,! ,new ,botani/s' ,guide10 7#ahce74 ,! same "w conta9s li/s ( ! plants ( ,w>wick & ,/af=d4 ,9 #ahfg1 ,mr4 ,lees publi%$ 8 8,botany ( ,worce/]10 ! only complete record ( ! fl[]+ plants & f]ns ( ! :ole c\nty1 :i* has yet appe>$4 ,8 8,botany ( ! ,malv]n ,hills10 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree editions1 relates to a "p ( ! c\nty outside ! limits ( ! ,birm+ham di/rict4 ,! plants ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ! c\nty are enum]at$ 9 ! 8,flora ( ! ,cl5t & ,lickey ,hills10 by ! pres5t writ]4 ,fir/ edition1 #ahfh2 ,second ,edition1 #ahha4 ,he has be5 indebt$ = assi/ance to _m fri5ds1 too num]\s to m5tion 9 ?is notice4 8,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d10 by ,r4 ,g>n]1 #ahhd1 conta9s a li/ ( ! r>] plants ( t c\nty4 ,our m rec5t k ( its botany is due to ,dr4 ,fras]1 ( ,wolv]hampton1 ^: discov]ies are publi%$ 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,botanical ,record ,club1 #ahgc-ahhc4 ,^! reports conta9 also _m di/rict records communicat$ by ! ,editor1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,arnold ,lees1 & by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall4 ,! mod]n geographical botany ( ,w>wick is ! "w ( memb]s ( ! ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopal ,society1 & especially ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,wills1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,grove4 ,! volumes ( 8,! ,midl& ,naturali/0 h be5 enri*$ by num]\s pap]s f ^! ,botani/s1 = "o ( :i*1 ! monograph on ! ,pilobolid1 publi%$ 9 ,vol4 vii41 #ahhd1 ! ,d>w9 ,gold ,m$al ( ! ,midl& ,union ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,societies 0 aw>d$ to ,mr4 ,grove4 ,^? relat+ to ! ,botany ( ! c\nty are1 by ,mr4 ,bagnall1 8,! ,di/ribution ( ! ,roses10 7,vol4 i1 #ahgh71 8,! ,moss ,flora10 7,vols4 ii4 & iii41 #ahgi-hj71 8,! ,hepatic10 7,vol4 iii41 #ahhj71 & 8,! ,flora ( ,w>wick%ire10 7,vols4 iv4-ix41 #ahhj-hf72 by ,mr4 ,wills1 8,! ,desmidi ( ,sutton ,p>k10 7,vol4 iii41 #ahhj72 by ,mr4 ,grove1 8,! ,fungi ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham10 7,vols4 v4-vii41 #ahhb-hd47 ,! works ( ! late ,hewett ,cottrell ,watson1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sci5ce ( ! ,geographical ,botany ( ,great ,brita91 mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,^? conta9+ prov9cial or comital records1 besides ! new ,botani/s' ,guide already m5tion$1 are ! ,cybele ,britannica1 #ahdg-ahgb2 ,topographical ,botany1 #a/ edit41 #ahgc-d1 #bnd edit41 #ahhc4 ,x may be int]e/+ to m5tion t a ,/ud5ts' ,g>d5 = economic & m$ic9al plants 0 laid out 9 #ahhb1 9 ! ,edgba/on ,botanical ,g>d5s1 f ! plans ( ,pr(essor ,hillh\se1 ( ,mason ,college1 & t a ,/ud5ts' g>d5 ( ,briti% plants has be5 laid out1 9 ! pres5t ye>1 9 ,cannon ,hill ,p>k1 f ! plans ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,oliv]1 tea*] ( ,botany at ! ,midl& ,in/itute4 ,= ! e/abli%m5t ( ! latt] g>d51 /ud5ts are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,ald]man ,:ite1 *airman ( ! ,ba?s & ,p>ks ,committee ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,c\nty b\nd>ies h be5 s g5]ally adopt$ z ! limits ( local ,floras1 t x has be5 ?\ght desirable to adh]e to !m1 & to tabulate ! plants sep>ately = ,w>wick1 ,worce/]1 & ,/af=d1 :5ev] ! mat]ials at comm& h admitt$ ( ?is division4 ,! fl[]+ plants & f]ns pres5t no difficulty1 b ) respect to ! l[] =ms ( vegetation x has n always be5 f\nd possible to det]m9e _! comital di/ribution4 ,! plants indig5\s to ! di/rict are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ articles3-- ,! ,fl[]+ ,plants & ,f]ns by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall1 assi/$1 z to ,worce/]1 by ! editor ( ! section1 &1 z to ,/af=d1 by ,dr4 ,fras]4 ,! ,mosses1 ,hepatics1 & ,li*5s1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall4 ,! ,alg1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,wills4 ,! ,fungi1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,grove4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,fl[]+ ,plants1 ,f]ns1 c4 ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,! fl[]+ plants1 f]ns1 & f]n allies ( ! ,birm+ham ,di/rict w be describ$1 z /at$ 9 ! ,introductory ,rem>ks1 "u ! heads ( ! ?ree c\nties ( ,w>wick1 ,worce/]1 & ,/af=d4 ,! total flora ( ! di/rict comprises upw>ds ( #a1aaf fl[]+ plants & f]ns2 ( ^! #hdd are native1 #adc are v>ieties1 #ad ali5s1 #db coloni/s1 & #gc are d5iz5s4 ,! nom5clature adopt$ is t ( ! #g? edition ( ! 8,london ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,plants40 ,,w>wick4 ,! ,w>wick%ire portion ( ! di/rict comprises ! great] "p ( ,nor? ,w>wick%ire1 ) a portion ( ,s\? ,w>wick%ire4 ,x is wat]$ by ! ,tame1 ) its afflu5ts ! ,rea1 ,cole1 ,bly!1 ,b\rne1 & ,ank]2 & ! ,avon ) its afflu5ts ! ,leam1 ,s[1 ,alne1 & ,arr[4 ,! greate/ elevations occur at ,h>t%ill1 ,do/hill1 ,corley1 ,alne ,hills1 & ,arr[1 none ( :i* exce$ #eej feet above ! sea4 ,z a :ole x is well wood$1 b ! woods are usually small & n productive ( ! r>] woodl& species4 ,hea? l&s are mo/ly reclaim$1 & ! m ext5sive m>%es & bogs dra9$1 h5ce ericetal & bog plants are r>e4 ,x has be5 divid$ into ! foll[+ sub-di/ricts1 b\nd$ by ! wat] p>t+s ( ! riv] bas9s3--,i4 ,,tame1 ,,ii4 ,,bly!1 ,,iii4 ,,ank]1 ,,iv4 ,,avon1 ,v4 ,,s[1 ,,vi4 ,,alne1 ,,vii4 ,,arr[4 ,9 pres5t+ an acc\nt ( ! r>] plants z full a li/ f ea* sub-di/rict 7z space p]mits7 w be giv51 b _m ( ! plants cit$ = "o or o!r sub-di/rict may also be f\nd 9 "o or m ( ! o!rs4 ,! plants m>k$ by an a/]isk99 be=e ! "n are probably ext9ct4 ,i4 ,,tame4--,?is sub-di/rict embraces all ^? portions ( ! ,tame valley n dra9$ by ! ,bly! or ,ank]1 & includes ,sutton1 ,middleton1 ,wat] ,orton1 ,k+sbury1 ,%u/oke1 & ,arley4 ,! c\ntry is g5]ally flat1 b is slightly elevat$ on bo? "r & left banks1 ne> ,arley1 ,middleton1 ,do/hill1 & ,%u/oke4 ,9 ?is di/rict ab\t #gej fl[]+ plants & f]ns are record$2 among ! m r>e are-- ,ranunculus fluitans1 ,r4 ,l5orm&i1 ,r4 ,l+ua2 ,nympha alba2 ,viola palu/ris2 ,mo5*ia erecta2 ,orni?opus p]pusillus2 ,com>um palu/re2 ,rubus ,s*le*t5dalii1 ,r4 rosaceus2 ,rosa sphrica2 ,callitri*e obtusangula2 ,p>nassia palu/ris2 ,galium ulig9osum2 ,val]iana dioica2 ,*rysospl5ium alt]nifolium2 ,dipsacus pilosus2 ,c>l9a vulg>is2 ,c>duus nutans2 ,leontodon hirtus2 ,jasione montana2 ,vacc9ium ,vitis-,ida1 ,v4 ,oxycoccos2 ,m5yan!s trifoliata2 ,m5?a rotundifolia2 ,calam9?a ,ac9os2 ,scutell>ia m9or2 ,p+uicula vulg>is2 ,polygonum maculatum2 ,empetrum nigrum2 ,salix fusca2 ,juncus diffusus2 ,scirpus pauciflorus2 ,eriophorum vag9atum2 ,c>ex dioica1 ,c4 curta1 ,c4 ,ehrh>tiana1 ,c4 lvigata1 ,c4 fulva2 ,agro/is nigra2 ,botry*ium ,lun>ia2 ,nephrodium ,!lypt]is2 ,*>a opaca4 ,,ii4 ,,bly!4--,! ,bly!1 :i* rises on ! bord]s ( ,ea/ ,worce/]%ire ne> ,e>lswood1 takes its c\rse ?r\gh ,solihull1 ,kn[le1 ,hampton-9-,ard51 ,pack+ton1 & ,cole%ill1 to its conflu5ce ) ! ,tame1 ne> ,:itacre2 ) ?is is includ$ ! ,cole1 runn+ ?r\gh ,m>/on ,gre5 & ,cole%ill4 ,?is sub-di/rict is mo/ly flat1 ! soils are usually s&1 m>l1 & clay4 ,hea? l&s occur ne> ,e>lswood & ,cole%ill2 bogs & m>%es ne> ,cole%ill & ,b>/on4 ,! record$ flora is ab\t #hbj fl[]+ plants & f]ns1 ! foll[+ be+ ! m notewor?y3-- ,?alictrum flavum2 ,aquilegia vulg>is2 ,dros]a rotundifolia2 ,c]a/ium arv5se2 ,sag9a ciliata2 99,elat9e hex&ra2 ,hyp]icum elodes2 ,g]anium pyr5aicum2 ,g5i/a t9ctoria2 ,vicia tetrasp]ma2 ,rubus sub]ectus1 ,r4 adornatus2 ,rosa micran?a1 ,r4 surculosa1 ,r4 obtusifolia1 ,r4 ,reut]i2 ,pyrus torm9alis2 ,cotyl$on ,umbilicus2 nan! crocata2 ,*rophyllum ,an?riscus2 ,sambucus ,ebulus2 ,c>duus prat5sis2 ,an!mis arv5sis2 ,bid5s c]nua1 ,b4 trip>tita2 ,solidago virga-aurea2 ,lactuca muralis2 ,hi]acium umbellatum2 99,pyrola m$ia2 ,l9>ia m9or2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,v]onica ,buxbaumii2 99,oroban*e major2 ,m5?a pip]ita2 ,/a*ys ambigua2 ,myosotis rep5s1 ,m4 sylvatica1 ,m4 coll9a1 ,m4 v]sicolor2 ,lysima*ia vulg>is2 ,littorella lacu/ris2 ,populus canesc5s2 ,lemna gibba2 ,potomogeton rufesc5s2 ,or*is ,morio2 99,gymnad5ia conopsea2 ,n>!cium ossifragum2 ,rhyn*ospora alba2 ,scirpus multicaulis1 ,s4 cspitosus2 ,c>ex elongata2 ,agro/is can9a2 ,calamagro/is lanceolata4 ,,iii4 ,,ank]4--,! ,ank] rises ab\t #c miles ,s4,e4 ( ,b$wor?1 dra9s ! c\ntry ab\t ,b$wor?1 ,nuneaton1 ,a!r/one1 ,poleswor? & ,tamwor?1 & ent]s ! ,tame at ,tamwor?4 ,! c\ntry x wat]s is usually flat1 b on its left bank at ,h>t%ill & ,poleswor? !re is ris+ gr\nd ab\t #ejj feet above sea level4 ,9 ?is sub-di/rict ! ,w>wick%ire coalfields occur1 & x is possibly due to ! great preval5ce ( smoke t its flora is meagre & ! plants (t5 depaup]at$4 ,! record$ flora is ab\t #fhj fl[]+ plants & f]ns1 & among ! m r>e are3 99,myosurus m9imus2 ,c>dam9e am>a1 ,c4 impati5s2 ,viola ,rei*5ba*iana2 ,/ell>ia aquatica2 ,tilia p>vifolia2 ,rhamnus ca?>ticus2 ,g5i/a t9ctoria2 99,vicia sylvatica2 ,prunus insititia2 ,pot5tilla procumb5s2 ,rubus calvatus1 ,r4 mucronulatus1 ,r4 ,bloxamii1 ,r4 foliosus1 ,r4 ,bell>di2 ,rosa &egav5sis1 ,r4 bibracteata2 ,epilobium roseum2 nan! fluviatilis2 ,cornus sangu9ea2 ,matric>a ,*amomilla2 ,wahl5b]gia h$]acea2 ,atropa ,belladonna2 ,v]onica polita2 99,oroban*e elatior2 ,rumex prat5sis2 ,salix p5t&ra1 ,s4 rubra2 ,sp>ganium neglectum2 ,sagitt>ia sagittifolia2 ,butomus umbellatus2 ,potamogeton pusillus2 ,epipactis latifolia2 ,fritill>ia ,meleagris2 ,scirpus acicul>is2 ,n>dus /ricta2 ,cet]a* (fic9>um2 ,equisetum maximum2 ,*>a ,h$wigii4 ,,iv4 ,,avon4--,?is sub-di/rict includes t portion ( ,s\? ,w>wick )9 ! area n dra9$ by ! ,leam1 ,s[1 ,alne1 & ,arr[1 includ+ ,milv]ton1 ,/oneleigh1 ,w>wick1 ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 ,bid=d & ,sal=d ,priors4 ,?is valley is beautifully undulat+ & well-wood$1 wat]$ by _m m9or /reams1 ) v v>i$ soils & usually highly cultivat$4 ,its flora is peculi> f ! abs5ce ( bog & hea? plants1 ! records compris+ ab\t #igj fl[]+ plants & f]ns1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! r>]3-- ,ranunculus p>viflorus2 ,papav] /rigosum1 ,p4 ,lecoqii2 ,sisymbrium ,sophia2 ,erysimum *eiran?oides2 ,*eiran?us ,*eiri2 ,diplotaxis muralis2 ,viola odorata2 ,dian?us ,arm]ia2 ,hyp]icum dubium2 ,m$icago maculata2 ,a/ragalus glycyphyllus2 ,trifolium subt]raneum1 ,t4 scabrum1 ,t4 fragif]um1 ,t4 fili=me2 ,vicia la?yroides2 ,pot5tilla arg5tea2 ,rubus ,gun!ri1 ,r4 tub]culatus2 ,rosa /ylosa2 ,pot]ium ,sanguisorba2 ,geum int]m$ium2 ,epilobium tetragonum2 ,petrosel9um segetum2 ,s5ecio erucifolius2 ,crepis bi5nis2 ,solanum nigrum2 ,m5?a c>diaca2 ,myriophyllum alt]niflorum1 ,m4 spicatum2 ,salix ,h(fmanniana1 ,s4 ,helix2 ,potamageton flabellatus2 99,c>ex ,bn+haus5iana2 ,c>ex acuta1 ,c4 p5dula2 ,agro/is spica-v5ti2 ,bromus commutatus4 ,v4 ,,s[4--,! ,s[1 rises ne> ,a/ley1 & receives tribut>ies1 dra9+ ,combe fields1 ,br9kl[ & ,s[ ,wa/e on ! ea/1 & ,allesley1 ,corley1 & ,k5ilwor? on ! we/4 ,! high l& ab\t ,corley divides ! wat]%$s ( ! ,tame & ,avon4 ,! flora ( ?is sub-di/rict is ab\t #fia fl[]+ plants & f]ns1 ! m notewor?y be+-- ,ranunculus p5icillatus1 ,r4 radians2 99,arabis p]foliata2 ,g]anium columb9um2 ,rubus humifusus1 ,r4 hirtus1 ,r4 ,balf\rianus1 ,r4 ,gun!ri2 ,rosa ,doniana2 ,epilobium obscurum2 ,myriophyllum v]ticillatum2 ,callitri*e hamulata2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,pimp9ella magna2 ,silaus prat5sis2 ,arctium int]m$ium2 ,s]ratula t9ctoria2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,erig]on acris2 99,lactuca virosa2 ,campanula patula2 99,cuscuta ,europa2 ,v]b5a (fic9alis2 99,m5?a g5tilis2 ,nepeta ,cat>ia2 ,lamium maculatum2 ,cynoglossum montanum1 ,c4 (fic9ale2 ,*5opodium rubrum2 ,potamogeton obtusifolius1 ,p4 mucronatus2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,p>is quadrifolia2 ,calamagro/is ,epigeios2 ,lolium temul5tum2 ,aspidium angul>e2 ,*>a contr>ia4 ,,vi4 ,,alne4--,! ,alne1 rises ne> ,tanwor? on ! we/ bord] ( ,w>wick%ire1 ! high l& !re =m+ 9 "p ! wat]%$ ( ! ,avon & ,tame4 ,its c\rse is ?r\gh ,h5ley-9-,ard51 ne> "h x is jo9$ by an important tribut>y dra9+ ! c\ntry betwe5 ,h5ley1 ,lapwor?1 & ,r[+ton4 ,?is sub-di/rict is some:at hilly1 ! ,alne ,hills be+ ! highe/ elevations4 ,x includes ,tanwor?1 ,h5ley-9-,ard51 ,be>ley1 ,alne1 ,wilmcote1 ,clav]don1 ,hatton1 ,r[+ton4 ,! ,lias soils prevail 9 s\!rn "p ( ! di/rict4 ,! flora is ab\t #gde fl[]+ plants & f]ns1 ! foll[+ be+ ! m r>e-- ,clematis vitalba2 ,ranunculus ,dr\etii2 ,helian!mum vulg>e2 ,viola hirta2 ,g]anium prat5se1 ,g4 pusillum2 ,melilotus (fic9alis2 ,lotus t5uis2 99,la?yrus ,aphaca1 ,l4 ,nissolia2 ,spira ,filip5dula2 ,agrimonia odorata2 ,rubus ?yrsoideus2 ,rosa rubig9osa2 ,sison ,amomum2 ,caucalis daucoides2 ,galium tricorne2 ,val]iana ,mikani2 ,scabiosa columb>ia2 ,c>duus acaulis2 ,c5tauria ,scabiosa2 ,an!mis nobilis2 ,arctium majus2 ,picris hi]acioides2 ,helm9?ia e*ioides2 ,g5tiana am>ella2 ,l9>ia spuria1 99,l4 rep5s2 ,?ymus ,*amdrys2 ,ophrys apif]a2 ,juncus obtusiflorus2 ,av5a prat5sis2 ,bromus erectus2 ,b4 secal9us2 ,*>a longibracteata4 ,,vii4 ,,arr[4--,! ,arr[ ent]s ! c\nty ne> ,r$dit*1 & takes its c\rse ?r\gh a n>r[ hilly valley to its conflu5ce ) ! ,avon at ,sal=d ,priors1 pass+ on its way ,/udley1 ,alce/]1 ,arr[1 ,wix=d1 & ,broome4 ,?is sub-di/rict is well wood$2 ! soils are mo/ly ,keup] m>ls & s&1 ) ,lias soils prevail+ ab\t ,wix=d4 ,! flora has n be5 fully work$ out1 b ! record is n[ ab\t #gjf fl[]+ plants & f]ns2 among ! m notewor?y are3-- ,ranunculus circ9atus2 ,b]b]is vulg>is2 ,s9apis nigra2 ,sil5e noctiflora2 ,euonymus ,europu2 ,trifolium /riatum2 ,rosa sp9ossisma2 ,pyrus communis2 99,s$um ,telephium2 ,ribes nigrum2 ,bupleurum rotundifolium2 ,torilis infe/a2 ,adoxa ,mos*atell9a2 ,viburnum ,lantana2 ,c>duus crispus1 ,c4 ,eriophorus2 ,campanula glom]ata1 ,c4 ,tra*elium2 ,specul>ia hybrida2 ,*lora p]foliata2 99,hyoscyamus nig]2 ,l9>ia ,elat9e2 ,calam9?a m5?ifolia2 99,m>rubium vulg>e2 ,galeopsis ,ladanum1 ,g4 v]sicolor2 ,c5tunculus m9imus2 ,*5opodium polysp]mum1 ,c4 hybridum2 ,polygonum ,bi/orta2 ,daphne ,laureola2 ,c>p9us ,betulus2 ,salix tri&ra2 ,or*is pyramidalis2 ,spiran!s autumnalis2 99,epipactis palu/ris2 ,*ephalan!ra ensifolia2 ,iris ftidissima2 99,allium ol]aceum2 ,juncus ,g]>di2 ,c>ex divulsa1 99,c4 di/ans2 ,khl]ia cri/ata2 ,s*l]o*loa rigida2 ,bra*ipodium p9natum4 ,,worce/]4 ,! ,worce/]%ire portion ( ! di/rict ext5ds f ,oldbury & ,y>dley 9 ! nor?1 to ,abbot's ,morton on ! s\?4 ,x is wat]$ by ! ,cole & ,rea1 tribut>ies to ! ,tame1 by ! ,/\r & ,salw>p1 tribut>ies to ! ,sev]n1 by ! ,sev]n itself1 & by ! ,arr[ & m9or /reams tribut>ies to ! ,avon4 ,a range ( hills ab\t eight miles long runs across ! c\ntry f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 & articulates ) ! c5tral wat] p>t+ at ,bromsgrove ,lickey4 ,x includes ,cl5t1 ,walton & ,romsley ,hills1 ,frankley ,bee*es1 ! ,upp] & ! ,l[] ,lickey1 & rises 9 ,walton ,hill1 to a maximum height ( #ajcf feet above ! sea4 ,! ,worce/]%ire portion ( ! di/rict has be5 divid$ into ! foll[+ eight sub-di/ricts1 di/+ui%$ by ! ,roman num]als ,i4 to ,,viii4 ,x has n be5 f\nd conv5i5t 9 e case to adopt wat] p>t+s z sub-divisional b\nd>ies4 ,i4 ,,rea4 ,,ii4 ,,cl5t ,,& ,,lickey4 ,,iii4 ,,/\r4 ,,iv4 ,,ea/ ,,sev]n4 ,v4 ,,we/ ,,sev]n4 ,,vi4 ,,salw>p4 ,,vii4 ,,arr[4 ,,viii4 ,,avon4 ,i4 ,,rea4--,! nor?-ea/ angle ( ! c\nty1 dra9$ by ! ,rea & ,cole4 ,surface /rata1 r$ m>l1 occasionally cov]$ by mod]n drift4 ,! flora ( ?is sub-di/rict has1 unhappily1 ma9ly an hi/orical int]e/4 ,moseley ,wake ,gre5 & ,bog1 dra9$ & enclos$ 9 or ab\t #ahdj1 & n[ p>tly built ^u1 =m]ly produc$ ! foll[+ r>ities3-- ,viola palu/ris2 ,dros]a rotundifolia2 ,dian?us deltoides2 ,als9e t5uifolia2 ,radiola millegrana2 ,hyp]icum elodes2 ,com>um palu/re2 ,p>nassia palu/ris2 ,helosciadium inundatum2 ,hydrocotyle vulg>is2 ,c>duus prat5sis2 ,vacc9ium ,oxycoccus2 ,m5yan!s trifoliata2 ,p$icul>is palu/ris2 ,scutell>ia m9or2 ,anagallis t5ella2 ,c5tunculus m9imus2 ,n>!cium ossifragum2 ,rhyncospora alba2 ,eriophorum vag9atum2 ,triodia decumb5s2 ,mol9ia crulea2 ,nephrodium ,oreopt]is2 ,osmunda regalis2 ,lycopodium ,selago2 ,equisetum hyemale4 ,mo/ ( ! above plants are c]ta9ly1 & all probably1 ext9ct4 ,! same may be said (-- ,?alictrum flavum2 ,coronopus ,ruellii2 ,ly?rum ,salic>ia2 ,ribes alp9um2 nan! fi/ulosa2 ,v]onica ,anagallis2 ,triglo*9 palu/re2 ,butomus umbellatus2 record$ f o!r p>ts ( ?is sub-di/rict4 ,! r>] plants n[ exi/+ )9 x are3-- ,ranunculus pseudo-fluitans2 ,*elidonium majus2 ,c>dam9e am>a2 ,na/urtium amphibium2 ,na/urtium palu/re2 ,epilobium roseum2 ,sium augu/ifolium2 ,adoxa mos*atell9a2 ,galium ulig9osum2 ,hi]aceum umbellatum2 ,campanula latifolia2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,/a*ys palu/ris2 ,rumex ,hydrolapa?um2 ,n>cissus pseudo-n>cissus2 ,lemna trisulca2 ,sagitt>ia sagittifolia2 ,scirpus setaceus2 ,c>ex vesic>ia1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyp]us2 ,alopecurus fulvus2 ,triticum can9um4 ,,ii4 ,,cl5t ,,& ,,lickey4--,! ,cl5t & ,lickey ,hills1 ) ! head wat]s ( ! ,rea & ,arr[1 & upp] valley ( ! ,/\r to ,/\rbridge4 ,surface /rata2 ,wat] /ones1 ,bunt] s(t r$ s&/one & ,pebble b$1 ,p]mian breccia1 ,p]mian clays & s&/ones1 ,coal measures1 ,silurian & ,cambrian rocks ( ! l[] ,lickey4 ,?is sub-di/rict is ext5sively wood$1 especially 9 ! bas9 ( ! upp] ,/\r above ,hales[54 ,! r>] plants are-- ,ranunculus circ9atus1 ,r4 auricomus1 ,r4 p>viflorus1 ,r4 arv5sis2 ,corydalis claviculata2 ,lepidium ,smi?ii2 ,c>dam9e am>a1 ,c4 impati5s2 ,b>b>ea /ricta2 ,na/urtium amphibium2 ,erysimum *eiran?oides2 ,*eiran?us ,*eiri2 ,res$a luteola2 ,viola palu/ris2 ,polygala depressa2 ,mo5*ia erecta2 ,sp]gul>ia rubra2 ,hyp]icum ,&rosmun1 ,h4 humifusum2 ,g]anium sylvaticum1 ,g4 lucidum2 ,rhamnus ,frangula2 ,ulex ,gallii2 ,g5i/a t9ctoria2 ,ononis arv5sis4 ,o4 campe/ris2 ,melilotus arv5sis2 ,trifolium m$ium1 ,t4 hybridum2 ,orni?opus p]pusillus2 ,orobus tub]osus2 ,prunus ,avium2 ,geum rivale1 ,g4 int]m$ium2 ,rubus macrophyllus1 ,r4 ,spr5gelii1 ,r4 hy/rix1 ,r4 rudis1 ,r4 ,khl]i1 ,r4 fusco-at]1 ,r4 rotundifolius1 ,r4 t5ui>matus1 ,r4 div]sifolius2 ,rosa mollissima1 ,r4 tom5tosa1 ,r4 subglobosa1 ,r4 ,watsoni2 ,agrimonia ,eupatoria1 ,a4 odorata2 ,al*emilla vulg>is2 ,sanguisorba (fic9alis2 ,pot]ium muricatum2 ,pyrus ,aucup>ia2 ,epilobium angu/ifolium1 ,e4 obscurum2 ,callitri*e /agnalis2 ,peplis ,portula2 ,ribes rubrum1 ,r4 nigrum2 ,*rysospl5ium alt]nifolium2 ,adoxa mos*atell9a2 ,hydrocotyle vulg>is2 ,sanicula ,europa2 ,pimp9ella magna2 ,silaus prat5sis2 ,pa/9aca sativa2 ,torilis infe/a2 ,viscum album2 ,sambucus nigra2 ,viburnum ,opulus2 ,asp]ula odorata2 ,val]ianella d5tata2 ,dipsacus pilosus2 ,inula ,conyza1 ,i4 dys5t]ica2 ,matric>ia ,p>!nium2 ,m4 ,*amomilla2 ,doronicum ,p>dalian*es2 ,s5ecio erucifolius2 ,c>l9a vulg>is2 ,s]ratula t9ctoria2 ,c5taurea ,scabiosa2 ,lactuca muralis2 ,hi]acium murorum2 ,campanula latifolia2 ,erica tetralix2 ,vacc9ium ,myrtillus2 ,ery?ra ,c5taurium2 ,*lora p]foliata2 ,convolvulus sepium2 ,cuscuta ,trifolii2 ,oroban*e major2 ,la?ra squam>ia2 ,l9>ia ,cymbal>ia1 ,l4 rep5s2 ,p$icul>is sylvatica2 ,v]onica montana1 ,v4 ,buxbaumii2 ,calam9?a ,cl9opodium2 ,scutell>ia gal]iculata2 ,lamium ,galeobdolon2 ,galeopsis v]sicolor2 ,/a*ys ,betonica2 ,myosotis sylvatica2 ,cynoglossum (fic9ale2 ,primula caulesc5s2 ,lysima*ia vulg>is1 ,l4 ,nummul>ia2 ,*5opodium ,bonus-,h5ricus1 ,c4 olidum2 ,polygonum ,bi/orta2 ,euphorbia amygdaloides2 ,humulus ,lupulus2 ,salix p5t&ra1 ,s4 aurita2 ,p>is quadrifolia2 ,tamus communis2 ,or*is ,morio2 ,gymnad5ia conopsea2 ,neottia nidus-avis2 ,hab5>ia bifolia2 ,epipactis m$ia2 ,n>cissus pseudo-n>cissus2 ,sagitt>ia sagittifolia2 ,butomus umbellatus2 ,allium urs9um2 ,col*icum autumnale2 ,juncus squ>rosus2 ,luzula pilosa2 ,potamogeton rufesc5s1 ,p4 p]foliatus1 ,p4 crispus1 ,p4 pect9atus2 ,c>ex pulic>is1 ,c4 remota1 ,c4 pallesc5s4 ,c4 /rigosa1 ,c4 p5dula1 ,c4 pilulif]a1 ,c4 fulva1 ,c4 lepidoc>pa1 ,c4 sylvatica1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyp]us1 ,c4 b9]vis2 ,triodia decumb5s2 ,mol9ia crulea2 ,fe/uca gigantea2 ,bromus erectus2 ,n>dus /ricta2 ,equisetum maximum1 ,e4 sylvaticum1 ,e4 hyemale2 ,nephrodium ,oreopt]is1 ,n4 sp9ulosum2 ,aspidium aculeatum1 ,a4 angul>e3 ,aspl5ium ,tri*omanes2 ,ble*num boreale2 ,botry*ium ,lun>ia2 ,ophioglossum vulgatum2 ,lycopodium clavatum4 ,diplotaxis muralis2 ,bupl]um rotundifolium2 ,hyoscyamus nig]2 ,l9>ia ,elat9e2 ,borago ori5talis h occurr$ z casuals4 ,n>!cium ossifragum & ,dros]a rotundifolia =m]ly grew at ! ,l[] ,lickey4 ,! =m] 0 de/roy$ by dra9age ab\t #ahed1 ! latt] has be5 rec5tly extirpat$ by collectors4 ,cet]a* (fic9>um1 :i* grew 9 great abundance on ! g>d5 wall at ! ,leas[s f #ahej to #ahhd1 0 de/roy$ soon aft] ! latt] date4 ,,iii4 ,,/\r4--,c\ntry f ! foot ( ! ,cl5t ,hills to ! ea/ bank ( ! ,/\r1 ne> ,kidd]m9/]4 ,surface /rata--,wat]/ones1 s(t r$ ,bunt]1 ,pebble b$4 ,?is sub-di/rict is di/+ui%$ by ! /eep sc>ps ( ! wat]/ones1 ! s&y soils ( ! s(t r$ s&/one1 & ! num]\s pools on ! brooks :i* fl[ f ! ,cl5t ,hills into ! riv] ,/\r4 ,! r>] plants are-- ,rananculus circ9atus1 ,r4 fluitans1 ,r4 ,l5orm&i2 ,aquilegia vulg>is2 ,*elidonium majus2 ,na/urtium palu/re2 ,c>dam9e am>a2 ,b>b>ea prcox2 ,?laspi arv5se2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,viola palu/ris2 ,sag9a ciliata2 ,ar5>ia leptoclados2 ,c]a/ium aquaticum1 ,c4 semidec&rum2 ,sp]gul>ia rubra2 ,malva mos*ata2 ,hyp]icum dubium1 ,h4 humifusum2 ,g]anium columb9um2 ,erodium cicut>ium2 ,trifolium arv5se1 ,t4 fili=me2 ,orni?opus p]pusillus2 ,pot5tilla arg5tea2 ,com>um palu/re2 ,rubus sub]ectus1 ,r4 aff9is1 ,r4 umbrosus1 ,r4 rhamnifolius1 ,r4 ,l9dleianus1 ,r4 div]sifolius1 ,r4 t]nui>matus2 ,r4 sp9osissima1 ,r4 mollissima2 ,ly?rum ,salic>ia2 ,epilobium angu/ifolium4 ,e4 obscurum2 ,myriophyllum spicatum2 ,c]atophyllum aquaticum2 ,bryonia dioica2 ,s$um ,telephium1 ,s4 album2 ,ribes rubrum1 ,r4 nigrum2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,*rysospl5ium alt]nifolium2 ,p>nassia palu/ris2 ,hydrocotyle vulg>is2 ,sium angu/ifolium2 ,conium maculatum2 ,galium ulig9osum2 ,val]ianella olitoria2 ,gnaphalium sylvaticum2 ,an!mis arv5sis2 ,tanacetum vulg>e2 ,bid5s trip>tita1 ,b4 c]nua2 ,c>duus nutans2 ,leontodon hirtus2 ,hi]acium murorum1 ,h4 umbellatum2 ,jasione montana2 ,campanula patula2 ,m5yan!s trifoliata2 ,e*ium vulg>e2 ,myosotis v]sicolor2 ,solanum nigrum2 ,v]bascum ,?apsus1 ,v4 nigrum1 ,v4 virgatum2 ,v]onica ,anagallis1 ,v4 polita2 ,p$icul>is palu/ris2 ,v]b5a (fic9alis2 ,salvia v]b5aca2 ,m5?a sylve/ris2 ,m4 pip]ta2 ,calam9?a m5?ifolia1 ,c4 ,ac9os2 ,nepeta ,cat>ia2 ,rumex ,hydrolapa?um1 ,r4 prat5sis2 ,polygonum ,bi/orta1 ,p4 pseudo-dumetorum2 ,ana*>is ,als9a/rum2 ,or*is mascula1 ,o4 latifolia1 ,o4 inc>nata2 ,alisma ,plantago2 ,polygonatum multiflorum2 ,luzula sylvatica1 ,l4 pilosa2 ,typha augu/ifolia2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,sp>ganium ramosum1 ,s4 simplex2 ,potamogeton zo/]ifolius1 ,p4 flabellatus2 ,p4 luc5s2 ,zani*ellia palu/ris2 ,scirpus sylvaticus2 ,c>ex axill>is1 ,c4 di/i*a1 ,c4 muricata1 ,c4 paniculata1 ,c4 ,bo5+haus5iana1 ,c4 pilulif]a1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyp]us1 ,c4 ampullacea1 ,c4 paludosa2 ,n>dus /ricta2 ,aira c>yophyllea1 ,a4 prcox2 ,av5a pubesc5s2 ,fe/uca sciuroides1 ,f4 ,myurus2 ,bromus erectus2 ,triticum can9um2 ,equisetum maximum2 ,aspl5ium ,tri*omanes2 ,cet]a* (fic9>um4 ,camel9a sativa1 ,sil5e anglica1 ,an?oxan?um ,puelii1 h be5 f\nd z field casuals4 ,mimulus luteus is e/abli%$ 9 ! brooks at ,*ur*ill4 ,m$icago maculata1 ,xan?ium sp9osum1 ,polypogon monspeli5sis 7 gr[+ 9 #ahge on wool wa/e at ,hoo ,mill4 ,sium latifolium1 :i* grew 9 ,blak$[n ,pools1 9 ,purton's "t1 has be5 long ext9ct 9 t locality4 ,osmunda regalis1 :i* grew 9 ?is sub-di/rict 9 #aheb-c1 has disappe>$4 ,aspl5ium ,adiantum-nigrum & ,scolp5drium vulg>e h be5 all b ext]m9at$4 ,elat9e hex&ra & ,hydropip]1 report$ by ! late ,mr4 ,alex&] ,irv9e 9 a 8,mill ,pond ne> ,*ur*ill /ation10 9 #aheg1 h n be5 se5 by any o!r botani/4 ,,iv4 ,,ea/ ,,sev]n4--,c\ntry f ! we/ bank ( ! ,/\r to ! ea/ bank ( ! ,sev]n ne> ,bewdley & ,/\rport1 includ+ ,h>tlebury ,common ea/ ( ,sev]n1 bel[ ! junction ( ! ,/\r at ,/\rport4 ,surface /rata3 ,wat]/ones1 ,bunt] s&/one & ,pebble b$1 ,p]mian breccia1 ,coal measures1 ,old r$ s&/one2 cov]$ at ,h>tlebury ,common & else:]e ) mod]n drift4 ,! s& & bog plants ( ,h>tlebury ,common are ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! flora ( ?is sub-di/rict4 ,x conta9s-- ,ranunculus fluitans2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,brassica ,*eiran?us2 ,viola can9a2 ,dros]a rotundifolia2 ,c]a/ium arv5se2 ,sp]gul>ia rubra2 ,radiola millegrana2 ,erodium m>itimum2 ,g]anium prat5se1 ,g4 lucidum1 ,g4 pyr5aicum2 ,trifolium /riatum1 ,t4 arv5se2 ,orni?opus p]pusillus2 ,vicia la?yroides2 ,pot5tilla arg5tea2 ,com>um palu/re2 ,rubus sub]ectus1 ,r4 fusco-at]2 ,rosa sp9osissima2 ,pyrus torm9alis2 ,ly?rum ,salic>ia2 ,s$um dasyphyllum2 ,cotyl$on ,umbilicus2 ,hydrocotyle vulg>is2 ,helosciadium inundatum2 nan! crocata2 ,*rophyllum ,an?riscus2 ,lonic]a ,caprifolium1 ,l4 ,xylo/eum2 ,val]ianella c>9ata2 ,c>duus nutans2 ,hypo*ris glabra2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,erig]on acris2 ,campanula ,tra*elium2 ,erica tetralix2 ,monotropa hypopitys2 ,m5yan!s trifoliata2 ,myosotis coll9a2 ,v]bascum ,ly*nitis1 ,v4 virgatum2 ,nepeta ,cat>ia2 ,v]onica scutellata3 ,salvia v]b5aca2 ,calam9?a m5?ifolia1 ,c4 ,ac9os2 ,scutell>ia m9or2 ,m>rubium vulg>e2 ,rumex m>itimus2 ,potamogeton polygonifolius1 ,p4 obtusifolius2 ,juncus squ>rosus2 ,rhyncospora alba2 ,eriophorum augu/ifolium2 ,scirpus fluitans2 ,c>ex curta1 ,c4 pilulif]a1 ,c4 divulsa2 ,agro/is can9a2 ,triodia decumb5s2 ,n>dus /ricta2 ,equisetum sylvaticum2 ,aspl5ium ,adiantum-nigrum2 ,botry*ium ,lun>ia2 ,lycopodium clavatum1 ,l4 inundatum4 ,melilotus alba1 ,c>um ,c>ui1 ,arnos]is pusilla1 ,crepis ,nicnsis1 ,l9>ia m9or h be5 f\nd z casuals ne> ! ,railway ,viaduct ov] ! ,/\r1 s\? ( ,kidd]m9/]1 & ,c5taurea sol/itialis at ,h>tlebury2 ,lycopodium complanatum 0 ga!r$ on ,h>tlebury ,common 9 #ahcf1 b has n be5 se5 s9ce4 ,v4 ,,we/ ,,sev]n4--,c\ntry we/ ( ! ,sev]n1 f ,wyre ,=e/ on ! nor?1 to ,%rawley ,wood on ! s\?4 ,surface /rata3 ,wat]/ones1 s(t r$ ,bunt]1 ,p]mian breccia1 ,coal measures1 ,old r$ s&/one4 ,?is sub-di/rict ext5ds some:at beyond ! tw5ty miles radius4 ,x is *iefly rem>kable = ! l>ge area ( woodl& kn[n z ,wyre ,=e/1 :i* produces a numb] ( r>ities n f\nd else:]e )9 ! ,c\nty4 ,"p ( ! =e/ is 9 ,salop4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes plants f bo? c\nties3-- ,?alictrum flavum2 ,ranunculus fluitans2 ,aquilegia vulg>is2 ,c>dam9e impati5s2 ,na/urtium sylve/re2 ,polygala vulg>is2 ,sapon>ia (fic9alis2 ,hyp]icum montanum2 ,tilia p>vifolia1 ,t4 gr&ifolia2 ,g]anium sylvaticum1 ,g4 sangu9eum2 ,rhamnus ca?>ticus1 ,r4 ,frangula2 ,vicia sylvatica2 ,spira salicifolia2 ,pyrus torm9alis2 ,rubus saxatilis1 ,r4 villicaulis1 ,r4 hirtus1 ,r4 pyramidalis1 ,r4 ,gun!ri2 ,rosa mollissima1 ,r4 micran?a2 ,s$ium ,telephium2 ,galium erectum2 ,hi]acium murorum2 ,campanula latifolia1 ,c4 ,tra*elium2 ,pyrola m$ia1 ,p4 m9or2 ,g5tiana campe/ris2 ,m5?a ,pulegium2 ,p$icul>is palu/ris2 ,melampyrum prat5se2 ,scutell>ia m9or2 ,myosotis rep5s2 ,li?osp]mum (fic9ale2 ,c5tunculus m9imus2 ,junip]us communis2 ,convall>ia majalis2 ,or*is latifolia2 ,gymnad5ia conopsea2 ,hab5>ia *loran?a1 ,h4 viridis2 ,epipactis latifolia1 ,e4 palu/ris2 ,cephalan!ra ensifolia2 ,neottia nidus-avis2 ,spiran!s autumnalis2 ,scirpus pauciflorus1 ,s4 setaceus2 ,eriophorum latifolium2 ,c>ex pulic>is1 ,c4 divulsa1 ,c4 fulva1 ,c4 montana1 ,c4 /rigosa2 ,melica nutans2 ,nephrodium ,oreopt]is2 ,equisetum maximum1 ,e4 hyemale4 ,a s+le tree ( ,pyrus dome/ica1 once a celebrity ( ,wyre ,=e/1 & reput$ ! only wild "o 9 ,brita91 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahfb4 ,spiran!s /ioalis has once be5 ga!r$ 9 ! great bog 9 ! ,=e/2 ,coronilla v>ia occurs z a casual on ! "r bank ( ! ,sev]n1 ab\t a mile above ,bewdley4 ,,vi4 ,,arr[4--,c\ntry betwe5 ,b>nt ,gre5 & ,r$dit*1 surr\nd+ ! village ( ,alve*ur*4 ,) ! exception ( a small pat* ( ,wat]/one1 ?is sub-di/rict is entirely on ! ,r$ m>l4 ,sev]al l>ge res]voirs belong+ to ! ,worce/] canal are situat$ )9 x4 ,! foll[+ are its *>act]i/ic plants-- ,ranunculus ,dr\etii2 ,lepidum rud]ale2 ,viola palu/ris2 ,dros]a rotundifolia2 ,lotus t5uis2 ,rosa micran?a1 ,r4 sub-cri/ata1 ,r4 ,hail/onii1 ,r4 ,borr]i1 ,r4 bibracteata2 ,rubus adornatus1 ,r4 ?yrsoideus1 ,r4 pilosus2 ,la?yrus ,nissolia2 ,pyrus torm9alis2 ,epilobium angu/ifolium2 ,myriophyllum spicatum2 ,val]ianella d5tata2 ,an!mis arv5sis2 ,artemisia ,abs9?ium2 ,s]ratula t9ctoria2 ,c>duus crispus2 ,campanula patula2 ,myosotis rep5s2 ,p$icul>is palu/ris2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,v]onica ,anagallis1 ,v4 scutellata2 ,primula caulesc5s2 ,anagallis t5ella2 ,euphorbia amygdaloides2 ,rumex ,hydrolapa?um2 ,triglo*9 palu/re2 ,butomus umbellatus2 ,sagitt>ia sagittifolia2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,potamogeton polygonfolius2 ,ophrys apif]a2 ,juncus squ>rosus2 ,eleo*>is acicul>is2 ,scirpus setaceus2 ,calamagro/is ,epigejos2 ,n>dus /ricta2 ,equisetum sylvaticum2 ,ophioglossum vulgatum2 ,*>a flexilis4 ,,vii4 ,,salw>p4--,c\ntry f ! ,s4,w4 foot ( ! ,lickey ,hills1 to ! ,salw>p bel[ ,droitwi*4 ,surface /rata3 ,r$ ,m>l1 ,wat]/ones4 ,! mo/ noticeable features are ! ext5sive tract ( woodl& kn[n z ! ,r&ans1 & ! ,salt ,works ( ,/oke & ,droitwi*4 ,! latt] h r5d]$ ! canals & /reams 9 ! vic9ity m or less sal9e4 ,! *>act]i/ic plants are-- ,g]anium lucidum1 ,g4 ,pyr5aicum2 ,rhamnus ca?>ticus2 ,dipsacus sylve/ris2 ,sison ,amomum2 ,sc&ix ,pect5-,v5]is2 ,picris hi]acioides2 ,s5ecio erucifolius2 ,c>duus crispus2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,vacc9ium ,myrtillus2 ,melampyrum prat5se2 ,plantago m$ia2 ,scirpus ,tab]nmontani2 ,calamagro/is ,epigejos2 ,aspidium angul>e2 ,nephrodium sp9ulosum2 ,lycopodium clavatum4 ,polypodium ,dryopt]is1 & ,cy/opt]is fragilis1 :i* grew at ,cat%ill up to #ahfa1 are believ$ to be ext9ct4 ,! plants ( ! sal9e wat]s ( ,droitwi* des]ve sep>ate m5tion4 ,!y are-- ,lepidum rud]ale1 ,l4 latifolium2 ,sp]gul>ia sal9a3 ,apium graveol5s2 ,samolus ,val]&i2 ,glaux m>itima2 ,juncus ,g]>di2 ,scl]o*loa di/ans4 ,,viii4 ,,avon4--,! c\ntry ab\t ,feck5ham on ! /reams tribut>y to ! ,avon1 is situat$ p>tly on ! ,lias1 & p>tly on ! ,r$ ,m>l4 ,x is ! only "o ( ! eight sub-di/ricts 9 :i* ! ,lias occurs4 ,! foll[+ plants are pr9cipally *>act]i/ic ( ! calc>e\s soil ( ! ,lias-- ,trifolium fragif]um2 ,lotus t5uis2 ,melilotus (fic9alis2 ,a/ragalus glycyphyllus2 ,la?yrus ,nissolia2 ,pot]ium muricatum2 ,sison ,amomum2 ,conium maculatum2 ,pa/9aca sativa2 ,torilis nodosa2 ,picris hi]acioides2 ,helm9?ia e*ioides2 ,campanula latifolia2 ,li?osp]mum arv5se2 ,daphne ,laureola2 ,ophrys apif]a4 ,a l>ge tract ( bog l& kn[n z ,feck5ham ,moor exi/$ 9 ?is sub-di/rict 9 ! "t ( ,purton1 & produc$ ! foll[+ plants1 record$ 9 8 8,midl& ,flora0-- ,p>nassia palu/ris2 ,hydrocotyle vulg>is2 ,c>duus prat5sis2 ,p+uicula vulg>is2 ,triglo*9 palu/re2 ,alisma ranunculoides2 ,s*nus nigricans2 ,cladium ,m>iscus4 ,! moor 0 dra9$ _m ye>s ago1 & its plants are all ext9ct4 ,,/af=d4 ,! ,/af=d%ire portion ( ! di/rict ext5ds f ,upp] ,arley1 on ! we/ to ,p5kridge & ,rugeley on ! nor?1 & to ,tamwor? on ! ea/4 ,! p>i% ( ,dudley1 :i*1 al?\gh 9 ,worce/] is entirely surr\nd$ by ,/af=d1 w be treat$ z "p ( ! latt] c\nty4 ,! pr9cipal elevations are ! ,silurian ,hills ( ,dudley ,ca/le1 #eej feet1 & ( ! ,wr5's ,ne/1 #ejj feet above ! sea1 situat$ on ! c5tral wat] p>t+4 ,we/ ( ^! are ,k9v] ,edge1 #eej feet1 & on ! ea/ ,b>r ,beacon1 #fed feet4 ,x is wat]$ on ! we/ by ! ,sev]n1 on ! nor? & ea/ by ! ,tr5t & ,tame1 & o!r tribut>y /reams4 ,x produces on ! :ole an int]e/+ flora1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield ) ! colli]ies & iron works1 s de/ructive to vegetation1 is includ$ )9 its limits4 ,! sub-di/ricts adopt$ are3 ,i4 ,,sev]n1 ,,ii4 ,,tr5t1 ,,iii4 ,,tame4 ,i4 ,,sev]n4--,?is sub-di/rict comprises ,upp] ,arley1 ,k9v]1 ,enville1 ,dudley & ,s$gley1 ) mu* ( ! c\ntry ,w4 & ,n4,w41 ( ,wolv]hampton4 ,! ,coal measures ext5d ov] a consid]able area1 & ,silurian lime/ones & %ales occur ab\t ,s$gley & ,dudley4 ,! m int]e/+ plants are3-- ,ranunculus circ9atus1 ,r4 fluitans1 ,r4 p>viflorus2 ,b]b]is vulg>is2 ,s9apis nigra2 ,c>dam9e am>a1 ,c4 impati5s2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,viola palu/ris2 ,sapon>ia (fic9alis2 ,sil5e ,anglica2 ,c]a/ium arv5se2 ,sag9a ciliata2 ,hyp]icum ,&rosmum1 ,h4 dubium1 ,h4 humifusum2 ,g]anium pyr5aicum1 ,g4 columb9um2 ,erodium mos*atum1 ,e4 m>itimum2 ,euonymus ,europu2 ,rhamnus ca?>ticus2 ,r4 ,frangula2 ,g5i/a t9ctoria2 ,ulex ,gallii2 ,melilotus (fic9alis2 ,orni?opus p]pusillus2 ,vicia sylvatica1 ,v4 la?yroides2 ,prunus insititia1 ,p4 ,padus2 ,sanguisorba (fic9alis2 ,pot5tilla arg5tea2 ,com>um palu/re2 ,pyrus ,malus1 v>4 mitis2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,*rysospl5ium alt]nifolium2 ,helosciadium inundatum2 nan! fi/ulosa1 4 crocata2 ,torilis nodosa2 ,*rophyllum ,an?riscus2 ,viscum album2 ,viburnum ,opulus2 ,c>duus nutans1 ,c4 eriophorus1 ,c4 prat5sis2 ,c>l9a vulg>is2 ,gnaphalium sylvaticum2 ,doronicum ,p>dalian*es2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,solidago virga-aurea2 ,hypo*ris glabra2 ,leontodon hirtus2 ,picris hi]acioides2 ,helm9?ia e*ioides2 ,hi]acium umbellatum2 ,campanula ,rapunculus1 ,c4 patula2 ,monotropa hypopitys2 ,g5tiana ,am>ella2 ,*lora p]foliata2 ,atropa ,belladonna2 ,v]bascum ,?apsus1 ,v4 ,ly*nitis1 ,v4 ,?apso-ly*nitis2 ,l9>ia ,elat9e2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,mimulus luteus2 ,nepeta ,cat>ia2 ,scutell>ia m9or2 ,galeopsis ,ladanum2 ,e*ium vulg>e2 ,li?osp]mum (fic9ale2 ,myosotis sylvatica2 ,cynoglossum (fic9ale2 ,p>iet>ia (fic9alis2 ,ulmus montana2 ,*5opodium polysp]mum2 ,salix decipi5s1 ,s4 crulea1 ,s4 vitell9a1 ,s4 undulata1 ,s4 purpurea1 ,s4 ,woolg>iana1 ,s4 acum9ata1 ,s4 laur9a2 ,sp>ganium neglectum2 ,or*is mascula1 ,o4 ,morio1 ,o4 latifolia2 ,epipactis latifotia2 ,col*icum (fic9ale2 ,c>ex pulic>is1 ,c4 pallesc5s1 ,c4 /rigosa1 ,c4 p5dula2 ,poa nemoralis2 ,nephrodium ,!lypt]is2 ,botry*ium ,lun>ia2 ,lycopodium clavatum4 ,,ii4 ,,tr5t4--,comprises mu* ( ! c\ntry ly+ ,n4 & ,n4,e4 ( ,wolv]hampton1 includ+ ,codsall1 ,p5kridge1 ,cannock ,*ase1 ,rugeley1 ,abbotts ,bromley & ,alrewas4 ,mu* ( ?is sub-di/rict has a sub-,alp9e "* 9 its physical features & flora1 & is beautifully undulat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! rocks are ma9ly ,triassic1 b ! coal measures prevail ov] a consid]able area4 ,! m r>e plants are3-- ,?alictrum flavum2 ,ranunculus circ9atus1 ,r4 tri*ophyllus1 ,r4 ,dr\etii1 ,r4 ,baudotii v4 confusus1 ,r4 ,l5orm&i1 ,r4 flamula v>4 pseudo-reptans1 ,r4 ,l+ua1 ,r4 hirsutus1 ,r4 p>viflorus2 ,cal?a ,gu]ang]ii2 ,acta spicata2 ,papav] ,rhz v4 /rigosum2 ,*elidonium majus2 ,?laspi arv5se2 ,erysimum *eiran?oides2 ,arabis p]foliata2 ,na/urtium amphibium2 ,viola palu/ris1 ,v4 ,rei*5ba*iana2 ,dros]a rotundifolia2 ,polygala depressa2 ,tilia p>vifolia2 ,montia fontana2 ,prunus ,padus2 ,pot5tilla arg5tea2 ,rubus rhamnifolius1 ,r4 villicaulis1 ,r4 ,s*le*t5dalii1 ,r4 ,spr5gelii1 ,r4 ,bloxamii1 ,r4 rosaceus1 ,r4 infe/us1 ,r4 ,gun!ri1 ,r4 ,bell>dii2 ,rosa scabriuscula1 ,r4 tom5tella2 ,epilobium roseum2 ,hippuris vulg>is2 ,*rysospl5ium alt]nifolium2 ,hydrocotyle vulg>is2 nan! fi/ulosa1 4 ,phell&rium2 ,bid5s c]nua1 ,b4 trip>tita2 ,hi]acium maculatum2 ,wahl5b]gia h$]acea2 ,vacc9ium ,oxycoccus1 ,v4 ,vitis-,ida1 ,v4 ,myrtillus2 ,m5yan!s trifoliata2 ,m5?a pip]ita2 ,lamium ,galeobdolon2 ,myosotis palu/ris2 ,p+uicula vulg>is1 ,lysima*ia ,nummul>ia2 ,anagallis t5ella2 ,polygonum ,bi/orta2 ,rumex m>itimus2 ,empetrum nigrum2 ,salix p5t&ra1 ,s4 tri&ra1 ,s4 ,=byana1 ,s4 ,smi?iana1 ,s4 holos]icea1 ,s4 hyppophaefolia2 ,typha angu/ifolia2 ,potamogeton luc5s2 ,fritill>ia ,meleagris2 ,n>!cium ossifragum2 ,scirpus lacu/ris1 ,s4 sylvaticus2 ,eriophorum angu/ifolium1 ,e4 vag9atum2 ,c>ex dioica1 ,c4 curta1 ,c4 di/i*a1 ,c4 muricata1 ,c4 pilulif]a1 ,c4 b9]vis1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyp]us1 ,c4 vesic>ia1 ,c4 ampullacea2 ,calamogro/is ,epegeios2 ,milium effusum2 ,mol9ia crulea2 ,av5a pubesc5s1 ,a4 fatua2 ,triticum can9um2 ,n>dus /ricta2 ,osmunda regalis4 ,,iii4 ,,tame4--,?is sub-di/rict1 includes ,walsall1 ,li*field1 ,%5/one1 ,b>r & ,h&swor?4 ,! surface rocks are ,trias1 ,p]mian & ,coal measures1 & ! lime/ones ( ,walsall1 ,ru%all1 & ,hay ,head4 ,! greate/ elevation is ,b>r ,beacon4 ,bo? ! s\rce & ! m\? ( ! ,tame are )9 ! limits ( ?is sub-di/rict4 ,! pr9cipal plants are3-- ,?alictrum flavum2 ,arabis p]foliata2 ,c>dam9e am>a1 ,c4 impati5s2 ,na/urtium sylve/re2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,res$a ,luteola2 ,sil5e noctiflora2 ,malva mos*ata1 ,m4 rotundifolia2 ,erodium cicut>ium2 ,g5i/a ,anglica2 ,la?yrus ,nissolia2 ,orobus tub]osus2 ,prunus insititia1 ,p4 ,padus2 ,geum rivale2 ,rosa subglobosa1 ,r4 micran?a1 ,r4 coll9a2 ,rubus sub]ectus1 ,r4 rh>mnifolius2 ,pyrus ,aria2 ,s$um ,telephium2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,*rysospl5ium alt]nifolium2 ,p>nassia palu/ris2 ,helosciadium rep5s2 ,myrrhis odorata2 ,apium graveol5s2 nan! crocata2 ,dipsacus pilosus2 ,val]ianella d5tata2 ,galium ,)]+ii2 ,c>duus nutans1 ,c4 prat5sis2 ,an!mis nobilis2 ,erig]on acris2 ,campanula ,tra*elium1 ,c4 latifolia1 ,c4 patula2 ,solanum nigrum2 ,l9>ia m9or2 ,v]onica ,buxbaumii1 ,v4 montana1 ,v4 scutellata1 ,v4 ,anagallis2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,p+uicula vulg>is2 ,utricul>ia vulg>is2 ,lysima*ia vulg>is2 ,c5tunculus m9imus2 ,p>iet>ia (fic9alis2 ,ulmus montana2 ,salix p5t&ra2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,epipactis palu/ris2 ,convall>ia majalis2 ,typha angu/ifolia2 ,lemna gibba2 ,n>!cium ossifragum2 ,col*icum autumnale2 ,scirpus sylvaticus1 ,s4 cspitosus2 ,c>ex pallesc5s1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyp]us2 ,calamagro/is ,epegejos1 ,c4 lanceolatus2 ,milium effusum2 ,av5a pubesc5s2 ,triticum can9um2 ,aspl5ium ,ruta-mur>ia2 ,aspidium lobatum2 ,osmunda regalis4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,mosses1 ,hepatics1 & ,li*5s4 ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,9 describ+ ! r>] ,mosses1 ,hepatics & ,li*5s1 to be f\nd )9 ! di/rict1 ! mat]ials at comm& are n suffici5t to admit ( s m9ute an analysis ( di/ribution z t giv5 = ! fl[]+ plants 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,= ! mosses f\r sub-di/ricts w be adopt$3 ,i4 ,,w>wick1 ,,tame2 ,,ii4 ,,w>wick1 ,,avon2 ,,iii4 ,,worce/]2 ,,iv4 ,,/af=d4 ,= ! ,hepatics & ,li*5s1 ! enum]ation w be re/rict$ to ,w>wick only2 in=mation = ,worce/] & ,/af=d n be+ )9 rea*4 ,! nom5clature ( ! ,mosses & ,hepatics is t ( ! 8,london ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,mosses & ,hepatics10 #bnd ,edit41 #ahha4 ,! nom5clature ( ! ,li*5s is t ( 8,! ,li*5 ,flora10 ( ! ,revd4 ,w4 ,a4 ,leighton1 #ahga4 ,,mosses4 ,! ,moss ,flora ( ! :ole di/rict "u review1 s f> z records are available1 is ab\t #bgb species & v>ieties2 t ( ,w>wick%ire alone be+ ab\t #bfa4 ,its comp>ative pov]ty may be attribut$1 p>tly to ! abs5ce ( great elevations1 p>tly to ! preval5ce ( smoke ov] l>ge portions ( ! di/rict1 & p>tly to ! dra9+ ( bogs & m>%es1 & reclamation ( hea? l&s4 ,i4 ,,w>wick1 ,,tame4--,?is sub-di/rict includes t portion ( ! c\ntry wat]$ by ! ,tame & its afflu5ts1 ! ,cole1 ,bly!1 ,b\rne1 & ,ank]4 ,! foll[+ are ! m noticeable mosses4 ,sphagnum fimbriatum1 ,s4 squ>rosum1 ,s4 rubellum1 ,s4 papillosum1 ,s4 cymbifolium1 v>4 squ>rosulum2 ,sy/egium crispum2 99,dicranum spurium1 ,d4 fuscesc5s1 ,d4 majus2 ,campylopus flexuosus2 ,ar*idium phascoides2 ,pleuridium alt]nifolium2 ,leucobryum glaucum2 ,sphrangium muticum2 ,pottia m9utula2 ,tri*o/omum tophaceum2 ,tortula aloides1 ,t4 m>g9ata1 ,t4 rigidula1 ,t4 spadicea1 ,t4 insulana1 ,t4 tortuosa1 ,t4 subulata1 ,t4 papillosa2 ,encalypta /reptoc>pa2 ,racomitrium canesc5s2 ,zygodon viridissimus2 ,ulota int]m$ia2 ,ephem]um s]ratum2 ,fun>ia fascicul>e2 ,bryum pallesc5s1 ,b4 roseum2 ,mnium ro/ratum1 ,m4 /ell>e1 ,m4 subglobosum2 ,polytri*um gracile2 ,fissid5s adiantoides1 ,f4 exilis2 ,leucodon sciuroides2 ,amblyodon dealbatus2 ,philonotis fontana2 ,homalia tri*omanoides2 99,h$wigia ciliata2 ,bra*y!cium albicans2 ,eurhyn*ium speciosum1 ,e4 ,teesdalii2 ,plagio!cium sylvaticum1 ,p4 elegans1 ,p4 latebricola2 ,amble/egium fluviatile2 ,hypnum commutatum1 ,h4 exannulatum2 ,h4 ,cossoni1 ,h4 v]nicosum1 ,h4 falcatum1 ,h4 giganteum1 ,h4 /ram9eum1 ,h4 revolv5s4 ,,ii4 ,,w>wick1 ,,avon4--,?is sub-di/rict includes t portion ( ,avon )9 ! area1 & its afflu5ts1 ! ,s[1 ,alne1 & ,arr[4 ,! foll[+ are ! m r>e mosses3-- ,sphagnum auriculatum1 ,s4 subsecundum2 ,gymno/omum t5ue2 ,dicranum montanum2 ,d4 scop>ium2 ,campylopus pyri=mis2 ,pottia int]m$ia1 ,p4 cavifolia1 v>4 incana2 ,tortula rigida1 ,t4 ambigua1 ,t4 atro-vir5s1 ,t4 ,brebissoni1 ,t4 lvipila1 ,t4 int]m$ia1 ,t4 papillosa2 ,grimmia cr9ita2 ,or?otri*um saxatile1 ,o4 /ram9eum1 ,o4 t5ellum1 ,o4 leioc>pum1 ,o4 ,lyelii1 ,o4 rivul>e2 ,leptobryum pyri=me2 ,bryum p5dulum1 ,b4 murale2 ,mnium undulatum2 ,polytri*um =mosum2 ,fissid5s ,lylei1 ,f4 incurvus1 ,f4 pusillus1 ,f4 incon/ans1 ,f4 tam>9difolius2 ,crypha het]omalla2 ,anomodon viticulosum2 ,?amnium alopecurum2 ,climacium d5droides2 ,campto!cium lutesc5s2 ,scl]opodium cspitosum1 ,s4 illecebrum2 ,bra*y!cium rivul>e2 ,eurhyn*ium pumilum2 ,rhyn*o/egium t5ellum2 ,hypnum ,l9db]gii1 ,h4 /ellatum1 ,h4 *rysophyllum1 ,h4 cordifolium1 ,h4 spl5d5s1 ,h4 breviro/re1 ,h4 loreum1 ,h4 palu/re4 ,,iii4 ,,worce/]4--,! moss flora ( ?is sub-di/rict has n be5 publi%$2 b ! moss h]b>ia ( ,mr4 ,ma!ws & ! writ] af=d records ( ab\t #abg species4 ,_m ( ^! h already be5 record$ = ,w>wick1 & are !re=e omitt$ "h4 ,! foll[+1 :i* are ma9ly f ! ,/\r sub-di/rict1 are ! m notewor?y3-- ,sphagnum auriculatum2 ,s4 cuspidatum1 ,s4 int]m$ium2 ,dicranum scop>ium2 ,leucobryum glaucum2 ,pleuridium nitidum2 ,pottia ,wilsoni1 ,p4 int]m$ia2 ,tortula cuneifolia1 ,t4 convoluta2 ,encalypta vulg>is1 ,e4 /reptoc>pa2 ,racomitrium acicul>e1 ,r4 lanug9osum1 ,r4 fasicul>e2 ,pty*omitrium polyphyllum2 ,ulota int]m$ia2 ,or?otri*um ,lyellii2 ,ephem]um s]ratum2 ,physcomitrella pat5s2 ,amblyodon dealbatus2 ,philonotis fontana2 ,leptobryum pyri=me2 ,bryum p5dulum1 ,b4 roseum2 ,mnium /ell>e2 ,aulacomnium palu/re2 ,fissid5s exilis1 ,f4 adiantoides2 ,font9alis antipyretica2 ,neck]a crispa2 ,homalia tri*omanoides2 ,pt]ygophyllum luc5s2 ,climacium d5droides2 ,bra*y!cium populeum2 ,rhyn*o/egium murale2 ,hypnum commutatum1 ,h4 palu/re1 ,h4 *rysophyllum2 99,h4 scorpioides4 ,,iv4 ,,/af=d4--,! record giv5 9 ,g>n]'s ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire1 ( ! mosses ( t c\nty1 ref]s to localities :i* are all outside ! area4 ,h5ce x is impossible to d m ?an m5tion ! r>] species collect$ by myself1 mo/ly )9 a t5 mile radius ( ,birm+ham1 & a few additional records suppli$ by ,dr4 ,fras]4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,dicranella c]viculata1 ,d4 rufesc5s1 ,d4 crispa2 ,dicranum ,scop>ium1 ,d4 palu/re1 ,d4 majus2 ,pleuridium nitidum2 ,tortula ,horns*u*iana1 ,t4 ambigua1 ,t4 aloides2 ,didymodon rubellus2 ,pottia lanceolata1 ,p4 int]m$ia1 ,p4 m9utula2 ,ephem]um s]ratum2 ,encalypta /reptoc>pa2 ,philonotis fontana2 ,b>tramia pomi=mis2 ,web]a c>nea1 ,w4 annot9a2 ,bryum p5dulum1 ,b4 atro-purpureum1 ,b4 cuspidatum2 ,polytri*um /rictum2 ,fissid5s adiantoides2 ,tetraphis pellucida2 ,ento/hodon fascicul>e2 ,bra*y!cium populeum1 ,b4 albicans2 ,eurhyn*ium murale1 ,e4 ,teesdalii2 ,plagio!cium elegans1 ,p4 undulatum2 ,hypnum int]m$ium1 ,h4 *rysophyllum1 ,h4 v]nicosum1 ,h4 giganteum4 ,,hepatic4 ,! ,hepatic & ,li*5s are poorly repres5t$1 & z no available record ( ^! plants occurs1 only ^? ( ! ,w>wick%ire portion ( ! di/rict w be giv54 ,( ! ,hepatic only ab\t #da species h z yet be5 f\nd1 ! m notewor?y be+3-- ,fossombronia pusilla2 ,mado!ca platyphylla2 ,radula complanata2 ,scapania nemorosa1 ,s4 irrigua2 ,plagio*ila nemorosa2 ,aplozia cr5ulata1 ,a4 sphroc>pa2 ,gymnocolea inflata2 ,jung]mannia v5tricosa2 ,cephalozia byssacea1 ,c4 ,/>kii1 99,c4 curvifolia1 ,c4 conniv5s2 ,tri*ocolea tom5tella2 ,metzg]ia furcata2 ,aneura multifida1 ,a4 s9uata1 ,a4 p+uis2 ,lunul>ia cruciata2 ,conocephalus conicus2 ,an?oc]os punctatus1 ,a4 lvis2 ,riccia glauca2 ,ricciella fluitans4 ,,li*5s4 ,s f> z exp]i5ce s]ves ! ,li*5 flora ( ! di/rict appe>s to be v limit$4 ,f ,worce/]%ire ,i h se5 no records except t probably exhau/ive "o by ,mr4 ,edw9 ,lees 9 8 8,botany & ,geology ( ,malv]n10 :]e we f9d ab\t #bdj species record$ = ! ,malv]n di/rict1 b outside ! area "u notice "h4 ,= ,/af=d%ire1 ,g>n] records ab\t #ea species1 few ( :i* are localis$1 & ^? few are outside ! area4 ,9 ,purton's 8,midl& ,flora10 a fair record is giv5 ( ^! plants = ! ,midl& di/rict1 sev]al ( ! species !re record$ are1 h[ev]1 n[ ei!r assign$ to o!r ord]s z alg or fungi1 or are consid]$ to be imp]fect /ates ( o!r li*5s4 ,s f> z x is possible to judge f ,purton's records1 & ! obs]vations ( ! pres5t writ]1 ! ,li*5 flora ( t "p ( ,w>wick%ire )9 ! area "h adopt$ comprises ab\t #ajj species1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are "s ( ! m noticeable3-- ,collema nigresc5s2 ,calcium tri*iale1 ,c4 hyp]ellum1 ,c4 tra*el9um2 ,tra*ylia tympanella2 ,cladonia alcicornis1 ,c4 furcata1 ,c4 rangif]a1 ,c4 uncialis2 ,/]eocaulon pas*ale2 ,usnea hirta2 ,alectoria jubata2 ,ev]nia furfuracca3 ,ramul9a frax9ea1 ,r4 fa/igiata2 ,cetr>ia aculeata2 ,peltig]a rufesc5s1 ,p4 polydactyle2 ,/icta pulmonacea2 ,p>melia olivacea1 ,p4 cap]ata1 ,p4 lanata1 ,p4 p]lata2 ,physcia cili>is1 ,p4 pulv]ul5ta1 ,p4 /ell>is2 ,pann>ia pezizoides1 ,p4 nigra2 ,lecanora c&el>ia1 ,l4 pru9osa1 ,l4 p>ella1 ,l4 atra1 ,l4 sulphurea1 ,l4 f]rug9ea2 ,urceol>ia scruposa2 ,p]tus>ia communis2 ,phylictis agela2 ,lecidea rug9osa1 ,l4 qu]nea1 ,l4 p>asema1 ,l4 fusco-at]2 ,graphis scripta1 ,g4 s]p5t9a2 ,opegrapha atra1 ,o4 no?a2 ,ar?onia a/roidea1 ,a4 ,sw>tziana2 ,v]ruc>ia gemmata1 ,v4 epid]midis1 ,v4 nitida4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,alg4 ,,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,wills4 ,! great class ( ,alg includes ! sea-we$s1 toge!r ) a l>ge numb] ( plants1 mo/ly ( microscopic size & ( simple cellul> /ructure1 :i* ab\nd :]ev] fre% wat] is f\nd1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( runn+ /reams or /agnant pools1 or ev5 z cov]+ damp surfaces ( gr\nd4 ,a broad subdivision ( ! ,alg into ?ree gr\ps has be5 g5]ally accept$ by botani/s1 ^! be+ ! ,rhodospore 7r$-spor$71 ,melanospore 7d>k-spor$71 & ,*lorospore 7gre5-spor$74 ,! m>9e g5]a are di/ribut$ ov] all ?ree ( ^! gr\ps2 ! fre%wat] ones belong almo/ exclusively to ! la/4 ,! classification ( ! fre%wat] ,*lorosp]ms is by no means satisfactory1 b x is impossible to discuss x )9 ! limits ( ?is article4 ,x is to be regrett$ t sc>cely any ( ! botani/s ( ,birm+ham h made ! ,alg _! special /udy2 h5ce ! in=mation at our disposal is insuffici5t to enable u to gr\p ! record$ species ) ref]5ce to _! occurr5ce 9 ! sev]al adjac5t c\nties4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ! less important because ! di/ribution ( ?is class ( plants is n dep5d5t1 to ! same ext5t z t ( ,phnogams1 ei!r on climate or soil1 ?\gh x is probably n altoge!r indep5d5t ( ei!r4 ,_! abundance1 !re=e1 is 9 pretty direct proportion to t ( su* spaces ( wat] z af=d fav\rable conditions = _! gr[?4 ,h5ce1 z ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham is mo/ly *>act]is$ by light & por\s soils1 ! habitats 9 :i* ,alg are to be f\nd are some:at re/rict$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two conspicu\s exceptions4 ,! tract ( l& ab\t sev5 miles f ,birm+ham1 kn[n z ,sutton ,p>k1 embraces a s+ul> v>iety ( sc5]y & pres5ts conditions highly fav\rable to algoid gr[? 9 ! %ape ( cle> spr+s & /reams1 l>ge %eets ( wat]1 & a consid]able area ( peaty bogs4 ,aga91 ! m9+ di/rict ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,black ,c\ntry1 af=ds among its pit-banks a great numb] ( pools :i* are seldom dri$ up ev5 9 ! hotte/ summ]1 & _m ( :i* are p>tially f$ by wat] f adjac5t m9es or eng9es4 ,_! numb] has be5 mu* dim9i%$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s by ! op]ations ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,m9es ,dra9age ,commission1 b is /ill v l>ge & ^! con/itute a ri* hunt+ gr\nd to ! /ud5t ( fre%wat] ,alg4 ,! brief notes :i* foll[ mu/ be reg>d$ m]ely z an indication ( ! g5]al "* ( ?is bran* ( ! ,midl& ,flora4 ,any attempt sy/ematically to enum]ate ! record$ species w\ld f> exce$ ! necess>y limits ( ?is notice4 ,! great gr\p ( s-call$ ,unicellul> ,alg is univ]sally di/ribut$1 & ! famili> =ms includ$ "u ! ill-def9$ g5]a ( ,pleurococcus1 ,glocy/is1 ,tetraspora1 ,p$ia/rum1 c41 are f\nd abundantly 9 ?is di/rict :]ev] conditions fav\rable to _! gr[? are pres5t4 ,among ^! l[ =ms may be m5tion$ ,apiocy/is ,brauniana1 p>asitic on l>g] ,alg 9 /agnant pools2 ! extremely r>e ,mis*ococcus conf]vicola1 record$ z f\nd ne> ,/af=d1 & ,poly$rium tetrah$ricum f\nd on decay+ leaves 9 a small pit ne> ,sutton4 ,ophiocytium co*le>e1 until lately reg>d$ z a v sc>ce plant1 is n uncommon 9 simil> habitats4 ,! rem>kable ,hydrodictyon utriculatum1 popul>ly kn[n z 8,wat] ,net10 appe>$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,blackroot ,pool1 ,sutton ,p>k1 9 enorm\s quantities1 b %ortly disappe>$ & has n be5 se5 !re s9ce4 ,x has also be5 record$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,bolton z f\nd 9 ,b\rne ,pool1 ne> ,aldridge4 ,! l>ge tribe ( ,volvoc9e is repres5t$ by ! well-kn[n =ms ( ,gonium1 ,p&or9a1 & ,eudor9a1 & by ! typical ,volvox globator1 :i*1 z is its wont1 occasionally appe>s 9 "s ( ! pools ( ! di/rict 9 great pr(usion1 only to vani% z caprici\sly4 ,mr4 ,bolton has record$ ! r>e & int]e/+ ,volvox globator 1--! ,sphrosira volvox ( ,ehr5b]g--z occurr+ 9 ! small pool 9 ! gravel pit ne> ,blackroot ,pool1 ,sutton ,p>k4 ,pass+ to ! ,zygnemace1 ,vau*]iace & o!r filam5t\s ,alg1 we f9d a l>ge numb] ( species ( ,zygnema1 ,spirogyra1 ,zygogonium1 ,mesoc>pus1 ,/auroc>pus1 ,vau*]ia1 c41 occupy+ dit*es1 small pools & o!r /agnant wat]s2 x is sc>cely possible to take a bottleful ( wat] f ^! /ations 9 summ] & autumn )\t f9d+ examples ( ! curi\s modes ( reproduction *>act]i/ic ( ^! g5]a4 ,9 runn+ /reams & 9 ! /ill ponds ( ! di/rict ! long fronds ( ,ent]omorpha1 ! d5se tresses ( brilliant gre5 ,cladophor & ! graceful tufts ( ,/igeoclonium & ,*tophora ab\nd4 ,! exquisite ,ctophora endivifolia reappe>s at int]vals 9 ,keep]'s ,pool1 ,sutton ,p>k2 ?is species has also be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,bolton 9 an old gravel pit at ,hill ,hook & 9 ,e>lswood res]voir4 ,! elegant ,bulbo*te setig]a is met ) 9 small fragm5ts 9 /agnant pools1 & ! s+ul> ,coleo*te scutata is to be f\nd adh]5t to subm]g$ wat] we$s4 ,! tepid wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coal di/rict are specially fav\rable to ! gr[? ( ,oscillatorie1 :i* =m on _! m>g9s imm5se %eets ( ! deepe/ gre5 velvet4 ,sev]al species ( ,batra*osp]mum 7among :i* ,b4 atrum is locally ! r>e/1 hav+ be5 f\nd at ,hales[5 only7 occur 9 small masses 9 cle> /reams1 b !y mu/ be reg>d$ z some:at sc>ce plants4 ,lemania fluviatilis %\ld be m5tion$ z common 9 ! ,avon & ,sev]n1 & ! v r>e ,bangia atropurpurea z occurr+ on a wat] :eel 9 ! =m] riv] at ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 al?\gh ^! habitats are some:at beyond ! limits contemplat$ 9 ?is sket*4 ,! ,diatomace ( ! neighb\rhood d n appe> to h be5 ! objects ( sy/ematic /udy1 & ! only species ( special int]e/ :i* we rememb] to h f\nd is ! wond]ful ,bacill>ia p>adoxa1 well kn[n z a rem>kable microscopic object f ! /range mann] 9 :i* its l9e> fru/ules glide ov] "o ano!r1 s t ! :ole plant is incessantly assum+ a diff]5t =m4 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,bolton1 along ) _m o!r species1 9 a disus$ arm ( ! canal ne> ,albion ,/ation1 & by ! writ] 9 a small /ream ne> ! same spot4 ,a c>eful se>* w\ld d\btless result 9 ! discov]y ( a l>ge numb] ( repres5tative species ( ?is class4 ,9 conclusion1 we turn = a mom5t to ! v beautiful tribe ( ,desmidie1 &1 al?\gh ! di/rict by no means ab\nds 9 ! peaty bogs :i* are _! especial haunts1 a goodly li/ ( ord9>y species has be5 record$4 ,sutton ,p>k is ! be/ locality = ^! plants1 & 9 addition to ! common] =ms ( ,micra/]ias1 ,eua/rum1 ,clo/]ium1 c41 :i* are "h f\nd 9 abundance1 ?is habitat has yield$ _m r>e & sev]al new species1 among :i* ! foll[+ are wor?y ( special notice1 viz43--,micra/]ias papillif]a1 ,m4 ,cruxmelit5sis1 ,m4 angulosa1 ,m4 d5ticulata1 v>4 li*moides1 & ,m4 ,am]icana1 =ma major2 ,cosm>ium coronatum1 ,clo/]ium directum1 ,cl4 angu/atum1 & ,cl4 ,prit*>dianum2 ,p5ium clo/]iodes1 ,p4 ,j5n]i1 & ,p4 ,ngeli4 ,a m detail$ li/ ( species is inadmissible1 b ! =ego+ brief sket* w suffice to %[ t ! ,fre%wat] ,alg ( ! neighb\rhood are tol]ably abundant1 & by no means devoid ( int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,fungi4 ,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,grove1 ,b4,a4 ,! di/rict ( :i* ,birm+ham is ! c5tre is 9 "s ways peculi>ly int]e/+ to a ,briti% ,mycologi/4 ,x 0 ! sc5e ( ! lab\rs ( two /ud5ts ( ,briti% ,fungi :o w always hold an hon\rable place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce 9 ?is c\ntry--,william ,)]+ & ,?omas ,purton4 ,)]+ 0 9 8 "t 7#agda-agii7 ! =emo/ physician ( ?is t[n4 ,he liv$ = _m ye>s at ,edgba/on ,hall1 a resid5ce /ill situat$ among picturesque sc5]y j on ! edge ( ! t[n1 & !n no d\bt a wild] & m productive spot ?an n[4 ,_m species & v>ieties ( ,fungi new to ,brita9 or new to sci5ce rew>d$ 8 con/ant rese>*es 9 ! p>k surr\nd+ ! hall1 & "s ( ! =ms :i* he describ$ /ill l+] 9 ?is retreat4 ,pack+ton ,p>k1 ab\t t5 miles f ! t[n1 is ano!r locality frequ5tly quot$ by him2 9 fact by f> ! great majority ( ! species f\nd by ,)]+ himself came f ^! two places4 ,)]+ enjoys ! di/9ction ( be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ au?ors on ! ,briti% ,flora1 :o devot$ to ! ,fungi a space ev5 dec5tly comp>able ) t devot$ to ! ,fl[]+ plants4 ,9 8 8,arrangem5t ( ,briti% plants0 7#crd edition71 #abhf species ( ,phan]ogams are record$1 & #eff ( ,fungi1 :i* ?us fill m ?an "o-?ird z mu* space z _! sup]iors 9 rank4 ,?omas ,purton 0 a surgeon ( ,alce/]1 a t[n ab\t #ah miles f ,birm+ham4 ,9 8 8,midl& ,flora0 7#ahag-ahba71 he gives descriptions ( ov] #djj species ( ,fungi1 f\nd *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,alce/]1 especially 9 ,ov]sley ,wood & ,ragley ,p>k4 ,he provides moreov] excell5t col\r$ engrav+s ( #ce species4 ,s9ce ! :ole numb] ( ,fl[]+ ,plants record$ by ,purton f ! ,midl&s is only #gih1 x w be se5 t he surpasses ,)]+ 9 devot+ m ?an half z mu* space to ! ,fungi z to ! ,phan]ogams4 ,mrs4 ,russell1 ( ,k5ilwor?1 made1 a few ye>s s9ce1 a ne>ly exhau/ive /udy ( ! ,hym5omycetes ( ,k5ilwor?1 ,/oneleigh1 & ,w>wick1 & bequea!d to ! ,briti% ,museum h] valuable s]ies ( ov] #cjj col\r$ illu/rations4 ,b ) ?is exception little has be5 done rec5tly to elucidate ! ,fungi ( ! neighb\rhood ( ?is t[n1 until ! subject 0 tak5 up1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall & ! writ]4 ,on reckon+ up ! numb] ( species n[ kn[n to occur 9 ?is di/rict x w be f\nd t !y consid]ably exce$ #ijj4 ,x is probable t ! di/rict is z productive z any o!r 9 ! small] & microscopic k9ds1 b ! l>g] species ( ,fungi are1 ) few exceptions1 n to be f\nd 9 any great abundance4 ,f want ( suffici5t mat]ial1 x is n possible to treat ?is gr\p successfully1 z has be5 done ) ! ,phan]ogams1 accord+ to ! c\nties4 ,x w be pref]able m]ely to /r+ toge!r %ort notices ( a few ( ! m rem>kable or uncommon k9ds1 accord+ to ! ord]s into :i* ! class 8,fungi0 is divid$4 ,! names are ^? ( ,/ev5son's 8,hym5omycetes ,britannici10 s f> z x is publi%$1 & ( ,cooke's 8,h&book0 or 8,grevillea0 = ! re/4 ,! fir/ & mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! ord]s is ! ,hym5omycetes1 ! mu%room & toad-/ool family1 ( :i* ! common mu%room may be tak5 z ! type4 ,^! are all di/+ui%$ by hav+ ! spore-be>+ cells arrang$ 9 a m or less cont9u\s expos$ surface1 ev5 or v>i\sly fold$4 ,9 ! m typical species1 ?is surface assumes ! =m ( ! flat lam9 :i* are t]m$ gills4 ,( ^!1 ,ag>icus nitidus has be5 f\nd at ,cole%ill ,pool2 ! yell[ v>iety ( ,ag4 cep/ipes at ,sutton ,coldfield2 ,ag4 poly/ictus & ,ag4 pessundatus1 ne> ,k5ilwor?2 ,ag4 /ans 9 ,edgba/on ,p>k2 ,ag4 virgatus1 bo? !re & at ,cole%ill ,pool2 ,ag4 inornatus at ,k5ilwor?2 ,ag4 tuba1 at ,middleton2 ,ag4 ditopus1 !re & 9 ,edgba/on ,p>k2 ,ag4 platyphyllus frequ5tly 9 & ne> ,sutton ,p>k2 ,ag4 rancidus at ,middleton2 ,ag4 pullatus1 at ,cole%ill ,pool2 ,ag4 leucogalus1 at ,new ,p>k1 ,middleton2 ,ag4 electicus1 on ru% /ems 9 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,ag4 subpalmatus1 at ,k5ilwor? & ne> ,/udley ,ca/le2 ,ag4 petaloides1 v>4 spa?ulatus1 at ,ov]sley2 ,ag4 volvaceus1 ,ag4 speciosus1 & ,ag4 umbrosus1 at ,k5ilwor?2 ,ag4 jubatus1 ne> ,b>nt ,gre52 ,ag4 het]oclitus1 _m /rik+ & well develop$ specim5s at ,sutton ,coldfield2 & ,ag4 lanug9osus1 9 ,ov]sley ,wood4 ,ag4 horizontalis is said by ,purton to be 8n r>e0 ne> ,alce/]1 & he records ,ag4 er9aceus & ,ag4 pezizoides f ! same locality4 ,ag4 e*9atus1 ) its rem>kable blood-r$ gills1 is f\nd frequ5tly at ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! sy/ematic ord] comes 9 ! my/]i\s ,ag4 v]sicolor ( ,)]+1 ( :i* he f\nd only a few specim5s 9 ,edgba/on ,p>k1 & :i* has nev] s9ce be5 se5 by any o!r au?or2 yet nei!r ,fries nor ! o!rs v5ture to omit x1 because ,)]+ gives s cle> & unmi/akeable a description z almo/ to preclude ! possibility ( error4 ,ag4 luteonit5s & ,ag4 s>cocephalus h be5 f\nd at ,k5ilwor?2 ,ag4 udus is common 9 ,sutton ,p>k & ! neighb\rhood1 & is also f\nd among ! ,lickey ,hills1 accompani$ 9 ! latt] place by ! v>iety polytri*i4 ,ag4 areolatus has be5 f\nd at ,w>wick2 ,ag4 atrorufus at ,sutton2 ,ag4 retirugis at ,k5ilwor? & ,middleton2 & ,bolton's ,ag4 c9ctulus 78,hi/ory ( ,funguses10 tab4 #aeb71 :i* is omitt$ by ,fries z possibly incorrectly figur$1 is said by ,purton to be 8n r>e0 ne> ,alce/]4 ,( ! g5]a alli$ to ,ag>icus1 ! r>e species f\nd "h are r few4 ,! di/rict seems to be especially ill suppli$ ) ! l>g] ,cort9>ii4 ,sc>cely m ?an ?irty species ( ?is g5us are record$1 ( :i* ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3--,cort9>ius cyanipes1 f ,k5ilwor?2 ,c4 callo*r\s1 f ,edgba/on2 ,c4 scaurus1 f ,pack+ton2 ,c4 violaceus1 :i* seems to h be5 f\nd by ,purton2 ,c4 calli/eus & ,c4 o*roleucus1 f ,k5ilwor?2 ,c4 sangu9eus1 9 ,sutton ,p>k2 ,c4 bulbosus1 f ,ov]sley2 ,c4 armillatus1 at ,cole%ill ,pool2 ,c4 brunneus 7record$ only by ,)]+ among ,briti% au?ors71 9 ,pack+ton ,p>k2 & ,c4 hemitri*us1 9 ,sutton ,p>k4 ,! o!r gill$ g5]a may be briefly dismiss$4 ,gomphidius viscidus & ,g4 glut9osus h bo? occurr$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,lact>ii are n uncommon4 ,l4 deliciosus is frequ5t 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ,sutton ,p>k1 & is record$ by bo? ,)]+ & ,purton2 x also occurs at ,hagley & at ,bromsgrove ,lickey1 b is v local4 ,l4 turpis1 ( l>ge size1 ab\nds 9 sev]al woods 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sutton2 ,l4 cilicioides1 ,l4 uvidus1 ,l4 hysg9us1 ,l4 zon>ius1 ,l4 pyrogalus1 ,l4 glyciosmus1 & ,l4 camphoratus1 9 addition to ! m common species1 h all be5 f\nd2 z also ,russula delica1 ,r4 rosacea1 ,r4 citr9a1 ,r4 lutea1 & ! v r>e ,r4 drimeia1 ,hygrophorus *rysodon & ,h4 russo-coriaceus h be5 f\nd at ,k5ilwor?2 ,purton f\nd ! pretty little ,m>asmius ,hudsoni2 ,l5t9us tigr9us is record$ by ,)]+1 f ,pack+ton ,p>k2 ,l4 adhr5s by bo? ,)]+ & ,purton2 & ,l4 lepideus & ,l4 co*leatus h be5 met ) sev]al times4 ,panus con*atus 0 f\nd by ,)]+ at ,edgba/on1 & by ,purton at ,/udley1 & ! writ] has f\nd ,p4 torulosus 9 ,pack+ton ,p>k4 ,among ! pore-be>+ ,hym5omycetes1 ! mo/ /rik+ & r>e is ,boletus 7,/robilomyces7 /robilaceus1 f\nd at 8! ,valley10 ,bromsgrove1 9 #ahfa4 ,boletus badius is r common1 & is an edible species4 ,! r>e ,b4 p>asiticus has be5 f\nd at ,middleton2 ,b4 /ripes & ,b4 olivaceus are also on record4 ,! writ] has f\nd ! true ,polyporus frondosus ,fr4 once 9 ,sutton ,p>k1 & f9e specim5s ( ,p4 giganteus 9 ,edgba/on ,p>k4 ,purton records ,p4 het]oclitus f ,ov]sley1 & ,p4 molluscus is occasionally f\nd at ,sutton & ,cole%ill ,pool4 ,! curi\s ,pty*oga/] albus1 :i* is n[ usually consid]$ a conidial =m ( a ,polyporus1 call$ ,p4 pty*oga/]1 has occurr$ 9 ,sutton ,p>k on /umps ( firs4 ,trametes gibbosa is f\nd at ,sutton2 ,ddalea confragosa 9 ! coppice ne> ,w9dley ,pool2 & ! edible ,fi/ul9a hepatica is occasionally met ) on old oaks 9 ,sutton ,p>k1 ,hagley ,p>k1 & else:]e4 ,dismiss+ ! re/ ( ! ,hym5omycetes1 9 :i* !re is little wor?y ( m5tion to record1 we come to ! ,ga/romycetes1 or ,puff-ball family1 9 :i* ! spore-be>+ surface is m or less conceal$ )9 an out] coat+1 & mo/ frequ5tly breaks up into a du/y mass4 ,! ,myxomycetes1 :i* 7 =m]ly includ$ 9 ?is gr\p1 w "h be plac$ 9 _! prop] position at ! end ( ! ,fungi4 ,( ! ab]rant gr\p to :i* ! common ,/9khorn 7n v common 9 ?is di/rict7 belongs1 ! m brilliant ,cynophallus can9us is record$ by ,purton1 f ne> ,bridgnor?1 & 0 f\nd at ,bromsgrove ,lickey1 9 #ahef4 ,! v r>e & rem>kable ,e>?-/>1 ,gea/] coli=mis1 has n be5 f\nd 9 ! di/rict to :i* ?is notice is limit$1 b x has be5 twice f\nd 9 ! c\nty ( ,worce/]4 ,! localities are giv5 z 8ne> ,hanley ,ca/le1 ,worce/]%ire10 ,mr4 ,ball>d1 by ,)]+2 & 8,hanley ,common1 ,worce/]%ire10 ,mr4 ,ruf=d1 by ,purton4 ,9 ! same place ,gea/] =nicatus occurr$1 & ?is is said by ,)]+ to h be5 f\nd also 8at ,bir*es ,gre51 ne> ,birm+ham40 ,g4 limbatus is record$ f ,edgba/on ,p>k1 ,/onebridge1 ,allesley1 ,ov]sley1 & ,ru%=d4 ,ano!r gr\p ( ,fungi is t :i* gr[s ^u liv+ leaves1 ! v>i\s =ms ( :i* are kn[n z ,clu/]-cups1 ,ru/1 ,smut & ,br&4 ,^! are :at are usually call$ ,leaf-,fungi4 ,_m species are common "h2 b1 z mo/ k9ds gr[ only ^u c]ta9 specifi$ plants1 x foll[s t _! range is det]m9$ 9 great measure by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( _! ho/s4 ,podisoma sab9 & ,p4 junip]i h be5 f\nd 9 ! di/rict4 ,! only r>e clu/]-cup record$ is cidium depaup]ans1 :i* occurs e summ] on cultivat$ ,violas 9 a few localities1 & 9 "o ( ^! x is uni=mly accompani$ & foll[$ by ! ,pucc9ia1 to :i* ! "n ( ,pucc9ia gra has be5 giv5 by ! writ]4 ,till lately ?is cidium 0 n kn[n to occur out ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 b ,pr(essor ,trelease1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 9 a private lett] says t he has rec5tly se5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates specim5s app>5tly id5tical ) x4 ,pucc9ia son*i 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,hawkes1 ne> ,great ,b>r1 on se$l+s ( ,son*us1 & z yet has n be5 f\nd any:]e else 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! species ( ! next gr\p1 ! ,discomycetes1 or ,cup-fungi1 are n uncommon1 ?\gh few ( ! %[y =ms are to be se54 ,! common ,morell occurs1 sp>+ly 9 ! di/rict1 & ,mor*ella semilib]a is record$ f ,badsey4 ,helvella crispa1 ,h4 lacunosa1 ,h4 ela/ica2 ,mitrula paludosa2 ,spa?ul>ia flavida2 ,leotia lubrica2 ,geoglossum glabrum1 ,g4 hirsutum1 & ,rhiz9a undulata h all be5 f\nd1 ?\gh r>ely4 ,among ! m9ut] species may be m5tion$ ,peziza dematiicola1 ( :i* ! writ] f\nd a few specim5s at ,sutton two ye>s ago1 ?is be+ ! fir/ & at pres5t ! only locality cit$1 s9ce ! place :]e ! orig9al specim5s ( ,b]keley 7 discov]$ is unkn[n4 ,p4 asp]ior has be5 f\nd at ,b]kswell 7! only ,briti% locality72 ! curi\s ,p4 ,curreiana1 on ru% /ems 9 ,sutton ,p>k & else:]e2 & ! r>e ,p4 ,cr\ani1 ,p4 ,dalm5i5sis1 ,p4 /]eicola2 ,ascobolus m9utissimus2 ,vibrissea leptospora2 ,propolis pyri1 & a new species :i* ,mr4 ,phillips has nam$ ,d]matea nectrioides1 at v>i\s places 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! next gr\p ( ,fungi is ! ,pyr5omycetes or ,globe-fungi4 ,!y occur usually on dead b>k & wood1 or /alks ( plants1 & are mo/ly black1 m r>ely r$ or br[n4 ,sev]al common species look l gra9s ( gunp[d] scatt]$ ov] ! wood4 ,among ^! ,)]+ m5tions no species at all r>e f ?is di/rict1 & ,purton only ?ree--,melogramma ,bulli>di1 ,m4 ga/r9um1 & ,sphria pomi=mis4 ,to ^! may be add$ ,nectria mammoidea & ,hypomyces c&icans f ne> ,sutton2 ,eutypa velut9a & ,e4 scabrosa f ,b]kswell2 ,valsa c9cta ,fr41 ,v4 aglo/oma1 & ,sphria ampullasca1 f ,sutton2 ,lophio/oma angu/ilabra1 f ,middleton2 & ! int]e/+ ,gymnoascus rub]1 :i* af=ds a glimpse ( ! mode by :i* ! ,pyr5omycetes 7 evolv$1 has appe>$ 9 ,birm+ham itself4 ,( ! ,mucor9i or ,p9-m\ld family1 to :i* belongs ! p9-%ap$ m\ld1 s common on decay+ meat--two species ( ,pilobolus1 ,p4 dipus & ,p4 ,kle9ii1 rem>kable = _! extraord9>y explosive p[]1 h be5 f\nd "h & n[h]e else 9 ! k+dom4 ,! same is true ( two species ( ,morti]ella1 ,m4 ,c&elabrum & ,m4 polycephala1 ( :i* ev5 ! g5us is n kn[n f any o!r ,briti% locality4 ,la/ly we come to ! ,myxomycetes1 a gr\p :i*1 ?\gh di/9ctly fungal1 approximates 9 "s degree to ! animal k+dom4 ,^! are r abundant "h1 ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! ,briti% ,species hav+ be5 f\nd2 includ+ ! r>e ,didymium p]tusum2 ,badhamia hyal9a2 ,en]!nema papillatum2 ,dictydium umbilicatum2 ,cribr>ia aurantiaca2 ,arcyria c9]ea1 & ,prototri*ia flagellif]a4 ,wor?y ( especial notice is ,phys>um leucophum ,fr41 hi!rto only kn[n z ,briti% by specim5s publi%$ by ,cooke 9 8 8,fungi ,britannici40 ,! writ] has f\nd ?is at ,sutton 9 abundance1 & id5tifies x ) ! h]et(ore unid5tifi$ ,tri*ia rubi=mis ( ,purton1 ^: description is accompani$ by an exce$+ly accurate & picturesque plate 78,midl& ,flora10 tab4 #cg47 ,besides ! gr\ps ( ,fungi enum]at$ above1 !re are o!rs m obscure & consequ5tly less int]e/+ to _m /ud5ts1 ( :i* no m5tion w be made "h1 al?\gh num]\s r>e or undescrib$ species belong+ to !m h be5 f\nd 9 ! di/rict )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,,app5dix4 ,,articles ,,receiv$ ,,too ,,late ,,to ,,be ,,includ$ ,,alphabetically ,,betwe5 ,,pages #aag #bab4 ,*a9s1 ,cables1 & ,an*ors4--,,b5jam9 ,,h+ley1 ,m4,p4--7,b4 #ii74 ,! manufacture ( *a9s1 cables1 & an*ors is c>ri$ on at ,tipton1 & to a mu* l>g] ext5t at ,ne!rton1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,old ,hill ne> ,dudley4 ,! manufacture ( *a9 cables 9 _! pres5t =m1 namely1 ) elongat$ l9ks support$ by a b> or /ud 9 ! c5tre ( ea* l9k is ( comp>atively mod]n orig92 !re are ,naval m5 /ill liv+ :o rememb] t ,m5-(-,w> & ,m]*ant ,%ips 7 fitt$ ) hemp5 cables ( l>ge diamet]1 :i* occupi$ a consid]able space 9 ! =e-hold ( ! %ip4 ,! ,briti% ,fleet 9 ,nelson's fight+ days knew n *a9 cables1 b 0 encumb]$ ) l>ge coils ( hemp5 rope4 ,x is c]ta9 t iron *a9s ( "s description 7 kn[n & us$ 9 ! days ( ! ,romans1 z x is record$ t ,julius ,cs> c\ld n cut ! cables ( ! vessels ( ! ,gauls1 because !y 7 made ( iron4 ,su* *a9s 7 d\btless a succession ( iron r+s1 or 8,s0 hooks ( comp>atively small size4 ,x is believ$ t ! fir/ *a9 cable 0 us$ on a ,briti% ,%ip1 9 ! ye> #ahjh4 ,x 0 made by a blacksmi? nam$ ,rob]t ,fl9n1 at ,nor? ,%ields1 = a vessel :i* at t "t 0 reckon$ to be ( a consid]able size1 namely1 ! 8,ann & ,isabella40 ( #bba tons4 ,x n only sav$ t vessel :5 9 p]il1 b also sav$ a :ole ti] ( %ips t _h be5 made fa/ to h]1 _! hemp5 cables hav+ be5 cut by ! ice1 ow+ to a great flood ) mu* ice 9 ! ,tyne4 ,?is notable in/ance gave a great impetus to ! mak+ ( *a9 cables on ! banks ( ! ,tyne1 :]e x is /ill c>ri$ on to a consid]able ext5t4 ,at ab\t ! same date1 ,samuel ,br[n1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,samuel ,br[n1 a ,lieut5ant 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 hav+1 x is said1 be5 9 communication ) ,fl9n1 & tak5 a great int]e/ 9 ,fl9n's iron cables1 took out a pat5t1 & 9 ! ye> #ahaj he prevail$ ^u ! ,briti% ,admiralty to put iron cables on sev]al ,m5-(-,w>1 ) su* successful results t ! days ( hemp5 cables became numb]$2 ,lieut5ant ,br[n aft]w>ds devot$ 8 att5tion to ! mak+ ( *a9 cables1 & e/abli%$ a manufactory at ,millwall on ! ,?ames1 he also1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8,john ,r5nie1 an ,eng9e]10 con/ruct$ an effici5t te/+ ma*9e z he 80 ( op9ion t !re 0 no?+ m ess5tial 9 complet+ an iron cable ?an ! mo/ rigid att5tion to prov+40 ,! manufacture ( *a9 cables naturally comm5c$ on ! sea coa/1 & x rapidly spread f ! ,tyne & ,we>1 :]e x fir/ comm5c$1 to ,london1 ,liv]pool1 ,bri/ol1 & to ,ab]de51 & ,irv9e 9 ,scotl&4 ,x may be said1 t up to ! ye> #ahbj1 al?\gh *a9 mak+ 0 a local indu/ry 9 ! di/rict ( ,birm+ham1 x 0 conf9$ to small weld$ *a9s 9 ! =m ( elongat$ r+s1 = f>m+ & dome/ic purposes2 b ab\t ! ye> #ahbj a new impetus 0 giv5 to x by ! late ,mr4 ,noah ,h+ley1 :o !n c>ri$ on bus9ess z a nail ma/] & deal] 9 small *a9s at ,cradley ,hea? ne> ,dudley4 ,he 9 ! c\rse ( 8 bus9ess made p]iodical visits to ! ,port ( ,liv]pool1 travell+ sometimes by ! ,/age ,coa*1 & at o!r times on horseback1 & !re1 "o ( ! new *a9 cables1 ) a /ud 9 ! c5tre ( ea* l9k1 attract$ 8 att5tion4 ,he at once resolv$ to develop ! trade 9 ,/af=d%ire1 & )\t hesitation made a contract to supply to a ,liv]pool %ip own]1 a *a9 cable made ( iron #a in* diamet] to be us$ 9 lieu ( an hemp5 "o4 ,x 0 a bold v5ture1 z no workman 9 ! ,midl& di/rict _h ev] se5 a *a9 ( su* l>ge size1 or "o fitt$ ) /uds1 b aft] a few trials a workman ) ! assi/ance ( two /rik]s1 & two boys to bl[ ! bell[s1 succe$$ 9 turn+ out a good *a9 cable :i* 0 duly deliv]$ 9 ,liv]pool1 & did good s]vice on bo>d %ip4 ,! mak+ ( ?is fir/ *a9 cable 0 a s\rce ( wond] 9 ! di/rict1 & p came f f> & wide to see x4 ,mr4 ,h+ley aft]w>ds introduc$ ! mak+ ( an*ors 9 a simil> mann]--br++ m5 f ,liv]pool ) a k ( ! trade1 & aft]w>ds erect+ ! fir/ ,nasmy?'s /eam hamm] = t purpose 9 ! ,/af=d%ire di/rict1 namely1 at ,ne!rton ,ironworks1 ne> ,dudley4 ,mr4 ,h+ley liv$ to see ! *a9 cable & an*or trade develop$ to a l>ge ext5t1 & by sev]al em95t firms :o engag$ 9 ! bus9ess 9 & ab\t ,dudley2 he also took "p 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( effici5t public te/+ ma*9es at ,ne!rton & at ,tipton1 "u ! au?ority ( an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 mak+ compulsory ! te/+ ( cables & an*ors = ,briti% %ips4 ,! ma*9es 9 "q are "u ! control ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & ( ,lloyd's ,regi/ry ( ,briti% & ,=eign %ipp+1 & are ( ! mo/ p[]ful description4 ,"o ( ! ma*9es at ,ne!rton is n only capable ( te/+1 b also ( break+ = exp]im5tal purposes1 a *a9 made ( b> iron #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! manufacture ( an*ors & cables is n[ almo/ exclusively locat$ 9 ,/af=d%ire1 hav+ entirely left ! sea coa/ except at ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,! mak+ ( *a9 cables & an*ors is = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ on 9 factories & exclusively by m5 & boys ) ! aid ( ma*9]y1 b ! small] *a9s = a v>iety ( purposes1 & especially trace *a9s1 are made to a l>ge ext5t by wom5 & girls 9 %ops atta*$ to ! cottages4 ,!re are _m hundr$s1 probably a ?\s& or two1 ( ! %ops 9 "q spread ar\nd ! di/rict ( ,cradley ,hea? & ,old ,hill 9 ! c\nty ( ,/af=d4 ,x _c be said t su* "w is unsuitable = wom5 & girls )9 c]ta9 limits2 b !re is no d\bt t close inspection "u ! ,work%ops ,act is necess>y1 & t !re %\ld be /rict limitations ( ! h\rs ( lab\r4 ,! t5d5cy is n only to "w *ildr5 ( t5d] ye>s1 b to d s until late at night1 especially at ! end ( ! week1 to make up = lo/ "t 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! week4 ,x is comput$ t ! ,/af=d%ire *a9 & an*or trade z a :ole consumes annually ab\t #ej1jjj to #gj1jjj tons ( iron1 accord+ to ! /ate ( trade1 & ! annual value1 :5 trade is fair1 approa*es "o million /]l+4 ,! workpeople e>n f five %ill+s p] week--! wages ( a woman or girl--to fifty %ill+s p] week1 ! wages ( a l>ge cable mak]4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t an*or mak]s are to a consid]able ext5t ei!r ,iri% or ( ,iri% orig91 ! desc5dants ( ! orig9al /ock import$ f ,liv]pool by ! late ,mr4 ,noah ,h+ley4 ,_! "w is labori\s & ! wages cont9ue high1 v>y+ f ?irty to sixty %ill+s p] week1 & = ! mo/ "p !y sp5d x freely4 ,die ,s9k+4--,g4 ,,%]riff ,,tye4--7,b4 #efj47 ,= broo*es1 buttons1 c41 a block ( iron is m\ld$ by ! =g] on to :i* a piece ( ca/ /eel is weld$4 ,m$al dies are all /eel1 z ! p[]ful pressure appli$ w\ld flatt5 !m 7 !y ( iron4 ,:5 a %>p bl[ is giv51 in/ead ( pressure1 ! "p-/eel die /&s ! bl[ well1 ?\gh x w n )/& a squeeze4 ,:ile ! /eel is s(t ! die is cut out ) /eel cutt+ tools & f9i%$ by grav]s1 previ\s to ! f9al poli%+4 ,! die s9k]s ( ,birm+ham make dies = ! foll[+ purposes1 among o!rs3 buttons1 milit>y ornam5ts1 brassf\ndry1 plat$ w>es1 tea trays & t9 "w1 gun "w & small iron "w1 m$als & co9s1 jewell]y1 seals = wax & pap] emboss+1 brass dies = pap] wrapp]s & b&s1 z us$ 9 ! :olesale l95 trades2 ne$les1 pap]s1 etc41 :eels & rolls = ornam5t+ metal tubes or %eets4 ,saddl]y ,trade4--,,?omas ,,middlemore4--7,b4 #dfc74 ,obsolete ,articles ( ,manufacture4--,! articles suppli$ by ! ,saddl]y trades be+ = use r ?an = ornam5t1 x foll[s t fa%ion c h little effect 9 mak+ any ( !m obsolete4 ,old wants h /ill to be satisfi$4 ,x is yet wor? notic+ t :il/ a v l>ge trade 0 done "s #cj ye>s ago 9 %ot belts1 %ot & cap p\*es1 & p[d] flasks1 ?is trade has n[ become practically obsolete1 s9ce ! bree*load] has sup]s$$ ! muzzleload]4 ,c>tridges1 bo? = milit>y & sport+ purposes1 are n[ c>ri$ 9 a bag1 or a b&oli]1 i4e41 a %\ld] or wai/ belt1 to :i* is fa/5$ transv]sely a s]ies ( pockets1 ea* ( :i* holds a c>tridge4 ,new v>ieties introduc$4--,= welts ( saddles1 8hide bellies0 split v ?9 h = ! mo/ "p tak5 ! place ( seal sk9s4 ,crocodile sk9s h be5 us$ occasionally = saddles ) indiff]5t success1 b = bags1 purses & pocket books1 !y1 along ) snake sk9s1 h be5 l>gely & successfully employ$4 ,calf sk9s = ! latt] purposes h be5 sup]s$$ by hides split specially ?94 ,kang>oo sk9s are n[ us$ 9 ! :ip trade = cov]+ :ips1 b /ill m = mak+ ! :ip ?ong4 ,hog sk9s1 = :i* =m]ly ! sole use 0 ! saddle manufacture1 are n[ prep>$ = furniture purposes1 bookb9d+1 & bags4 ,!y h ! advantages ( be+ v durable1 & ( hav+ a unique & h&some gra94 ,saddles--,! old 8spr+ b>10 to :i* ! /irrup lea!r is fa/5$1 is gradually giv+ way to ! 8safety b>10 ! object ( :i* is to release ! rid] 9 ! ev5t ( a fall1 & to remove ! dang] ( 8 be+ dragg$1 :i* is an univ]sally admitt$ fault ( ! old 8spr+ b>40 ,fur!r1 increas$ safety is secur$ to lady rid]s by v>i\s 8safety /irrups0 :i* r5d] dragg+ by ! foot impossible4 ,= ! com=t ( ! horse ! foll[+ inv5tions are wor? notice3--8,gauss5's corrugat$ rubb] pannels0 :i* break ! j> caus$ by ! weight ( ! rid]--8,inflat$ air pannels10 :i* h ! same effect--8v5tilat+ pannels10 :i* are at ! same "t movable2 ^! la/ prev5t ! dang] ( sore backs1 & are v readily clean$2 !y promise to become ( g5]al use4 ,h>ness4--,! *anges t h "h tak5 place conc]n r ! furniture or metal "w1 ?an ! g5]al =m4 ,= *eap] k9ds ( h>ness1 electro-plat+ has sup]s$$ close plat+4 ,aga91 electro-plat+ 9 its turn is be+ sup]s$$ by ! new :ite metals1 :i* are alloys hav+ ! col\r ( silv]1 & ( analog\s composition to ,g]man silv]4 ,! advantages ( ! new metals are1 t !y are uni=m 9 _! composition1 & !re=e durable1 *eap1 & ( good appe>ance4 ,milit>y4--,! regulation saddle ( #bj ye>s back1 call$ ! 8,nolan10 has be5 sup]s$$ by an 8,iron ,ar* ,saddle10 & n[ ano!r regulation1 introduc$ 9 #ahhd1 made entirely ( /eel1 ) ! exception ( ! wood5 side b>s1 is be+ us$ along ) ! 8,iron ,ar* ,saddle40 ,! old 8knapsack0 has giv5 place to ! new 8,valise ,equipm5t10 :i* 0 design$ to di/ribute ! weight ( ! pack m ev5ly4 ,on ! introduction ( ! ,camel ,corps1 a special equipm5t 0 design$4 ,l>ge quantities ( ?is patt]n 7 us$ 9 ! ,egyptian campaign4 ,travell+ ,appo9tm5ts4--,! 8,glad/one ,bag10 a comb9ation ( a bag & portmanteau1 has become m popul> ?an any k9d ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,t9 ,boxes h q replac$ ! old wood5 trunks4 ,! quality has1 h[ev]1 ( late ye>s1 be5 s r$uc$ 9 ord] to =ce a sale1 t unque/ionably a reaction has set 9 aga9/ !m4 ,:5 damag$ !y are unsightly1 & _c be repair$4 ,baskets cov]$ ) canvas or lea!r are n[1 9 consequ5ce ( _! *eapness1 lightness1 & /r5g?1 mu* us$ = ladies' travell+ trunks4 ,! introduction ( ,bicycles & ,tricycles has creat$ a new & va/ trade 9 saddles1 sat*els1 & ! l = :eelm54 ,! trade is n[ only second 9 importance to t = ord9>y ,engli% rid+ saddles4 ,increase s9ce #ahfe4--;,9 ! ye> #ahfd1 ! decl>$ value ( ! exports ( saddl]y & h>ness = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 #cde1dai4 ,= ! ye> #ahhe1 ! total value 0 only #che1fhg4 ,?is increase1 ( less ?an #ab p] c5t41 comp>es unfav\rably ) t ( ! sixte5 ye>s f #ahdi to #ahfe1 :i* 0 m ?an #cjj p] c5t4 ,! exports = ! fir/ f\r mon?s ( ! pres5t ye> 7 #abb1jic1 :i* is less ?an ! exports = ! same p]iod 9 #ahfe by #h1efi4 ,?is decl9+ prosp]ity1 :i* has occurr$ dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s1 is due to a /rangl$ trade 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & dr\ghts 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,good seasons1 & a rise 9 ! wool m>ket1 give promise ( an imm$iately bett] future = ! saddl]y trade4 ,effects ( ! spread ( ,civilization on ,supply ( ,raw ,mat]ial4--,! mo/ notewor?y fact 9 ! lea!r trade1 ) reg>d to ! spread ( civilization ^u its supply ( mat]ial1 is furni%$ by ! basils n[ s5t 9 enorm\s quantities f ! ,au/ralasian ,colonies4 ,be=e #ahfe1 a %eep 0 gr[n simply = its fleece1 & tall[4 ,( late ye>s ! sk9 has be5 tann$1 & conv]t$ into a basil4 ,^! ,colonial basils supply a dem& :i* ! home production has1 ( late ye>s1 fail$ to satisfy4 ,! ,colonial basils are excell5t 9 col\r & texture4 ,if !y 7 tann$ 9 l>* in/ead ( ! native mimosa b>k1 !y c\ld sc>cely be fur!r improv$4 ,! increase ( competition has1 dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 l$ to ! adult]ation ( lea!r4 ,! adult]ants mo/ us$ are glucose & b>ytes4 ,su* adult]ation is n[ s g5]al1 t l>ge consum]s ( lea!r are compell$ to avail !mselves ( ! res\rces ( *emical sci5ce1 9 ord] to le>n ! true value ( ! lea!r !y buy1 by asc]ta9+ ! k9d1 & by e/imat+ ! quantity ( ! adult]ant employ$ 9 ! lea!r te/$4 ,new ,processes introduc$ 9 ,lea!r ,dress+4--,! old 8,splitt+0 ,ma*9es h be5 improv$1 & a new k9d call$ ! 8,b& ,knife0 has be5 introduc$4 ,fur!r ,ma*9es = 8,sc\r+10 8,sett+10 & 8,roll+0 lea!r h be5 inv5t$1 :i* d _! "w bo? bett] & *eap] ?an h& lab\r4 ,! curri]1 z a rule1 welcomes ^! ma*9es1 s9ce he is !reby reliev$ f mu* h>d physical toil1 :il/ 8 special skill has an unimpair$ scope1 & is j t "p ( 8 "w t is be/ remun]at$4 ,saddles--,! sew+ by ,ma*9e has n[ become univ]sal1 & 9 po9t ( quality is only j inf]ior to h& "w4 ,h>ness--,! 8,lock ,/it*0 ,ma*9e has sup]s$$ ! 8,*a9 ,/it*0 ,ma*9e4 ,! =m] sews ) h>d wax1 su* z is us$ 9 h&work4 ,g5]ally = all cutt+1 :]e quantities are requir$1 & :5 %ap$ pieces o!r ?an /rips are want$1 ! /eam press has sup]s$$ ! h& knife4 ,ma*9]y or ,h& ,lab\r4--,dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s all bran*es ( ! saddl]y trades h b5efit$ by ! /eadily increas$ employm5t ( ma*9]y--?is is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! curry+ ( lea!r4 ,effects ( ,improv$ modes ( ,manufacture on ,co/ ( ,production4--,! articles ( ! saddl]y trade comb9e s _m diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial & include su* a v>iety ( lab\r1 t no e/imate c\ld be reli$ ^u ( ! r$uction ( co/ due to improv$ me?ods ( manufacture4 ,! values ( articles g5]ally reckon$ 9 money are ab\t #aj p] c5t4 bel[ ! values ( #ahfe4 ,pres5t ,ext5t & ,description ( ,manufacture4--,9 reg>d to ! ,home trade x is only ne$ful to say t ow+ to ! agricultural depression ( ! pa/ #aj ye>s1 ! dem& = saddl]y has v greatly fall5 (f4 ,to "s ext5t ?is fall+ (f 9 bulk is suppli$ by ! dem&s ( cycle rid]s4 ,9 ! ,=eign trade ! pa/ #bj ye>s h witness$ a va/ developm5t ( ! dem& f ! ,s\? ,african ,colonies4 ,?is1 ow+ to a s]ies ( seasons ( dr\ght1 to ! comm]cial panic ( ! diamond fields1 & to ! unsettl$ political /ate ( ! ,colonies1 has be5 foll[$ by an unp>allel$ /ate ( depression1 :i* has made ! export saddl]y trade "o ( ! mo/ disa/r\sly depress$ ( our indu/ries4 ,inde$1 x has be5 rem>k$ by "o ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! trade1 t1 if ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s cont9ue1 ,walsall1 :i* solely dep5ds on ! saddl]y & lea!r trades1 w1 be=e long1 we> ! same look z ,bruges1 ) grass gr[+ 9 its /reets4 ,effects ( ,=eign ,t>iffs4--,! effect ( ! cont9u$ high duties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 to practically kill ! ,engli% trade bo? 9 saddl]y & saddl]s' ironmong]y4 ,s9ce ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 ! ,fr5* t>iff has be5 increas$4 ,?is seems to h _h little effect on ! saddl]y trade betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,unque/ionably1 h[ev]1 ,france is n[ los+ m>kets :]e =m]ly h] goods 7 pref]r$ to ^? ( ?is c\ntry4 ,:]e else ,manufacture c>ri$ on4--,s9ce #ahfe1 ,glasg[ has ceas$ to be an important c5tre ( ! saddl]y trade4 ,x is n[ *iefly c>ri$ on 9 ,birm+ham & ,walsall1 = export saddl]y4 ,9 milit>y goods1 ,b]mondsey competes ) ,birm+ham & ,walsall4 ,approximate ,numb] ( ,p]sons employ$ 9 ?is ,t[n & ,di/rict4--,m51 ,wom51 ,boys1 & ,girls4--,no satisfactory /atem5t c n[ be made1 z ! pres5t "t is "o ( exceptional depression4 ,av]age ,e>n+s4--,speak+ g5]ally !re has be5 a r$uction 9 money wages ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,?is wage reckon$ 9 commodities1 ( c\rse1 repres5ts a sub/antial improvem5t1 z comp>$ ) #ahfe4 ,9 good times ! workman 0 nev] s well remun]at$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 8 employ] s poorly rew>d$4 ,social ,condition ( ,workpeople4--,no rem>k ne$ be made 9 reg>d to ! improvem5t ( 8 social condition :i* ! saddl] has %>$ ) ^? ( o!r trades4 ,! ,factory ,acts h practically end$ ! employm5t ( *ildr54 ,! trade h>dly kn[s ! 8half-tim]40 ,! new ,pat5ts ,act has prov$ a great /imulus to ! inv5tion ( ! workman4 ,utilisation ( ,wa/e4--,if ! pa/ #e ye>s h be5 disa/r\s = ! saddl]y trade1 mis=tune has yet taught its lessons4 ,*ief among/ ^! are an economical use ( mat]ial1 & ! utilisation ( wa/e4 ,! belly & %\ld] p>ts ( hides1 :i* us$ (t5 to be s5t to m>ket1 are n[ mo/ly consum$1 ?us sav+ capital & enabl+ a *eap] article to be produc$4 ,aga91 ! scrap lea!r1 :i* is necess>ily creat$ by ev5 ! mo/ c>eful cutt+1 is n[ utilis$ 9 mak+ goods ( extraord9>y *eapness4 ,a splitt+ ma*9e = divid+ pieces ( lea!r1 h[ev] small1 into any requir$ numb] ( ?icknesses1 is ( great help to ?is end4 ,:5 lea!r is r$uc$ 9 size bel[ :at is requir$ = any article ( comm]ce1 x is !n us$ ei!r = h>d5+ purposes1 or to =m imitation lea!r :5 r$uc$ to a pulp & roll$ ei!r by itself or ) rope fibre4 ,*emicals4--,9 obta9+ ! /ati/ical in=mation on p4 #aeb1 ,i am indebt$ 9 great measure to ,dr4 ,bo/ock ,hill1 ,secret>y ( ! ,birm+ham ,section ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4--,c4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,geology ,,& ,,physiography4 ,,"p ,,iii41 ,,pages #bac ,,to #bfe4 ,,m9]als4 7,,( ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,di/rict47 ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodw>d1 ,b4,,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,! cry/all9e m9]als occurr+ )9 ! limits ( ! ,birm+ham di/rict may be mo/ conv5i5tly ref]r$ to "u ! titles ( ! sev]al c\nties 9 :i* !y actually occur4 ,^! c\nties are3 ,d]by%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,w>wick%ire1 & ,worce/]%ire4 ,d]by%ire4--,! m9es 9 ?is c\nty are work$ out1 & !re is b little opportunity ( meet+ ) m9]als4 ,on ! spoil-banks ( ! old m9es poor specim5s may be f\nd4 ,mr4 ,john ,tym1 ( ,ca/leton1 is a local deal]1 & ! guide to ! ,high ,tor ,grotto has m9]als = sale4 ,! foll[+ li/ ) localities is tak5 f a pap] on 8,economic ,geology ( ,d]by%ire10 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,/okes1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,h4,m4 ,inspector ( ,m9es4 ,b>ytes1 ne>ly all lead m9es1 ,ne:av52 ,bl5de1 ,old hillocks1 ne> ,a%ov] & ,h>t+ton2 ,gypsum1 ,*ella/on1 also railway cutt+ betwe5 ,tr5t & ,l\ghbor\gh2 ,br[n ,hmatite1 nor? we/ ( ,hubb]dale m9e1 ne> ,tadd+ton1 also ne> ,elton2 ,br[n ,lead ,ore 8,l9nets10 ,elton1 & ,ne:av51 ,w9/]2 ,calcite1 col\rless at lead m9es ( ,ne!r ,haddon1 ne> ,bakewell4 ,alp>t1 ,a%ov]1 & ,wirkswor? yield good specim5s4 ,elat]ite1 ,w9dy ,knoll ,qu>ry1 ,ma9 ,tor1 ,ca/leton2 ,fluor ,sp>1 ,blue ,john & o!r m9es1 ,ca/leton2 ,limonite1 a field1 "o mile nor? ( ,ca/leton1 & to ! ea/ ( ,od9 ,lead m9e2 ,petroleum1 ,ridd+s ,colli]y1 ne> ,alfreton4 ,a sump is sunk at ! bottom ( ! m9e1 & into ?is ! oil f9ds its way4 ,"s ye>s z mu* z #ajj tons ( oil h be5 obta9$ at a price z high z #g4 #ajs4 p] ton4 ,phosg5ite1 v sc>ce1 ,me] ,brook ,s\gh m9e1 ne> ,workswor?2 ,pyrites1 l>ge cubic cry/als at ,gregory m9e1 ne> ,a%ov]2 ,rock cry/al1 ,buxton1 9 amygdaloid cavities ( toad /one2 also ,diamond ,hill1 ne> ,mill]'s ,dale /ation2 ,t[anite1 ,old hillocks at ,ecton m9e1 ,cumb]l& m9e1 ,matlock ,ba?2 ,wad1 m9es ne> ,elton2 ,:ite ,lead ,ore 7,c]ussite71 ne> ,brass+ton2 ,heyspots m9e1 ne> ,elton2 ,cab9 m9e1 ,ne:av54 ,a m ext5sive li/ ( ! m9]als ( ,d]by%ire1 compil$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,mello1 w be f\nd 9 8,! ,midl& ,naturali/10 ,vol4 iv41 p4 #ahc4 ,gl\ce/]%ire4--,mr4 ,h4,b4 ,woodw>d1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 has giv5 ! foll[+ li/3--,agate1 ,b]keley1 ,damory ,bridge2 ,b>ytes1 ,tortwor?2 ,bitum51 ,clifton2 ,br[n ,sp>1 ,tortwor?2 ,cele/9e1 ,tortwor?1 ,?ornbury1 ,wickw>1 ,au/2 ,fluor ,sp>1 ,clifton2 ,g?ite1 ,clifton2 ,jasp]1 ,tortwor?2 ,prehnite1 ,wood=d ,bridge1 ,b]keley2 ,rock ,salt 7pseudomorphs71 ,au/2 ,/eatite1 ,tortwor?2 ,talc1 ,tortwor?2 ,vivianite1 ne> ,clifton4 ,pyle ,hill1 ne> ,clifton1 is a well-kn[n locality = ,cele/9e4 ,at ,g>d5 ,cliff1 ne> ,we/bury-on-,sev]n1 ! 8bone b$0 is well expos$1 & 9 ?is b$ occurs pl5ty ( iron pyrites2 & 9 ! %ales1 z might be expect$1 cry/als ( sel5ite occur4 ,leice/]%ire4--,gold occurs 9 ! qu>tz ve9s r\nd ,p$l> ,tor1 ,*>nwood ,=e/4 ,g>nets occur 9 8gneiss0 at ,brazil ,wood 7,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h>rison74 ,copp] pyrites1 ,molybd5um1 ,m\nt ,sorrel & ,bre$on4 ,gal5a1 ,bl5de1 ,dimm9sdale2 ,dolomite1 ,cl\d ,hill2 ,gypsum & ,sel5ite1 v>i\s places2 ,iron pyrites 9 cubes1 ,s)l& ,great ,pit 7,mr4 ,james ,plant74 ,nor?ampton%ire & ,ox=d%ire4--,b>ytes1 ,bl5de1 ,calcite1 ,gal5a1 ,glauconite1 ,gypsum 7,sel5ite71 ,lignite1 ,limonite1 ,pyrites1 ,web/]ite1 occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,banbury 7,mr4 ,?omas ,beesley74 ,nott+ham%ire4--,gypsum occurs 9 ve9s ne> ,ret=d1 & is us$ = g>d5 rock-"w4 ,%rop%ire4--,at ,lille%all an old m9e kn[n z ! ,/ump ,leas[1 work$ = lime/one1 yield$ ! foll[+ m9]als3#fg--,qu>tz1 a m9ute cry/al only4 ,erubescite1 a few m9ute pat*es 9 ! massive =m4 ,copp] ,pyrites1 9 sph5oids4 ,iron ,pyrites1 9 radiat+ masses4 ,hmatite1 9 m9ute *ocolate-col\r$ hemisph]ical masses1 also 9 an almo/ cont9ual film conta9+ ! calc sp> & o!r m9]als ) a copp]y %e54 ,b>ytes1 9 p9k1 lamell>1 some:at radiat+ masses4 ,at ! free surfaces ( ^! masses are transp>5t cry/als4 ,calcite1 9 beautiful ice-l clu/]s ( cry/als tak+ ! =m ( /eep ?ree-fac$ pyramids4 ,! gr\ps are made up ( /eep scal5oh$r\s ) rhomboh$ral summits4 ,! calcite is 9 "s cases p9k due to manganese1 a sample conta9$ #abj p] c5t4 ( ,mn,o4 ,9 ! l[] measures ! calcite occurs 9 po9t$ scal5oh$r\s l9+ cavities 9 ! /one4 ,dolomite1 is ! mo/ int]e/+ m9]al ( ! gr\p4 ,x occurs 9 nodules made up ( a succession ( lam9 ( v>y+ diamet]s1 ! lam9 cry/alliz+ at ! edges 9 rhombs resembl+ pe>l sp>4 ,! composition ( "o sample ( ?is dolomite is ne>ly id5tical ) :at accord+ to ,boricky is "o ( ! possible values ( ,ank]ite4 ,ano!r approximates to ! =mula #c ,ca,c,o 7,fe,mn7 ,,co ,mg,c,o & %\ld be describ$ z a f]rif]\s dolomite4 ,9 ! m9+ di/rict ( ,we/ ,%rop%ire _m beautiful & int]e/+ m9]als are met )4 ,! di/rict is be/ rea*$ f ,birm+ham by tak+ tra9 to ,m9/]ley1 via ,%rewsbury4 ,at ,snailbea* ,m9e1 ne> ,m9/]ley1 occur beautiful rhombs ( ,calcite1 hav+ a violet t+e1 due to a small quantity ( manganese4 ,!re are also cry/als ( ,bl5de & ,gal5a4 ,at sev]al ( ! m9es ,)]ite & ,b>ytes are f\nd1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,morton1 o!r m9]als met ) are ,qu>tz1 ,*alc$ony1 ,petroleum1 ,pyrites1 ,mala*ite1 ,r$ru?ite1 ,wad1 ,m9ium1 & ,c]ussite4 ,at ,wo!rton1 two miles f ,*irbury1 is a f9e b>ytes lode :i* has be5 work$ = m ?an #fj ye>s1 at fir/ z an op5 m9e1 & subsequ5tly by means ( a %aft4 ,! b>ytes is rem>kably pure1 & aft] gr9d+ is sold 9 l>ge quantities4 ,9 ! lode are crevices & cavities fill$ ) a f9e mud1 & p5etrat+ into ! mud are f9e transp>5t cry/als4 ,^! cry/als h be5 measur$ by ,mr4 ,mi]s1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & a record ( ! =ms pres5t w be f\nd 9 8 description4#fh 78,nature10 vol4 xxix41 p4 #bi47 ,9 connection ) ! m9]alogy ( ,%rop%ire1 x %\ld be record$ t ! extremely r>e in/ance ( ! fall ( an iron meteorite 9 ! ,briti% ,isles took place 9 ?is c\nty at ,r[ton1 ne> ,well+ton1 on ,april #bj?1 #ahgf4 ,?is meteorite 0 extract$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,brooks1 f ! hole 9 :i* x _h buri$ itself1 & 0 hot :5 remov$4 ,x is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,pr(4 ,maskelyne has giv5 p>ticul>s ( x 9 8,nature10 vol4 xiv41 p4 #dgb4 ,x weighs #g lbs4 #aa oz41 8is a mass ( metallic iron irregul>ly angul>1 al?\gh all its edges appe> to h be5 r\nd$ by fusion 9 its transit ?r\gh ! air1 &1 except at ! po9t :]e x fir/ /ruck ! gr\nd1 x is cov]$ by a ?9 black pellicle ( ! magnetic oxide ( iron ''' ! expos$ metallic "p ( ! surface exhibits cry/all9e /ructure v cle>ly :5 x is et*$4 ,x is only ! sev5? arosid]ite or meteoric iron ( :i* ! fall has be5 witness$1 al?\gh upw>ds ( a hundr$ iron masses h be5 discov]$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe1 :i* are und\bt$ly meteoric1 & two su* h be5 f\nd 9 ,great ,brita940#fi ,w>wick%ire4--,_m ye>s ago a pocket ( ,grey ,oxide ( ,manganese 0 f\nd ne> ,a!r/one1 b ,i h be5 unable to f9d n[ any traces ( x4 ,gypsum occurs 9 ! cutt+ ( a disus$ railway ne> ,h5ley-9-,ard51 & at ,sp]nall 7,sp]nall ,pla/] ,pits71 ne> ,alce/]4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,atk9s has call$ att5tion to ! fact t gypsum 0 met ) 9 s9k+ an artesian well 9 ,small ,hea? ,p>k1 ne> ,birm+ham2 he also m5tions ! occurr5ce ( ,gre5 ,copp] ,c>bonate at ,vaughton's ,hole1 ne> ,birm+ham4 ,worce/]%ire4--,dr4 ,h>vey ,b4 ,holl m5tions ! foll[+ m9]als z occurr+ at ! ,malv]n ,hills3--,qu>tz1 ,or?oclase1 ,labradorite1 ,&]9e1 ,pota% ,mica1 ,f]rug9\s ,mica 7,biolite71 ,augite1 ,hornbl5de1 ,epidote1 ,*lorite1 ,hmatite1 ,calc ,sp>1 ,graphite1 ,zeolites1 & ,g>net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ articles ref] to subjects :i* c\ld n be includ$ 9 previ\s pap]s1 & :i* are yet wor? notice z "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,birm+ham4--,,ed4 ,botanical ,g>d5s4--,,sam3 ,,timm9s4--,! fir/ proposal to e/abli% ,botanical ,g>d5s1 9 accordance ) ! sci5ce ( horticulture ( ! "t1 0 made 9 #ahbi4 ,twelve acres 7 secur$ 9 ! !n rural suburb ( ,edgba/on1 & on ! advice ( ! fam\s ,j4 ,c4 ,l\don f\r m acres 7 add$1 & ! build+s erect$ by ,cl>ke ( ,birm+ham1 & op5$ to ! public 9 #ahca4 ,! orig9al capital 0 #ejj %>es ( #e ea*1 & an annual paym5t ( ?ree gu9eas :i* secur$ c]ta9 privileges ( admission beyond ^? ( ! subscrib]'s paym5t4 ,! in/itution fl\ri%$1 ) "s vicissitudes1 = _m ye>s1 b 0 necess>ily exclusive1 & only rec5tly h admissions be5 made m easy by r$uc$ & v>y+ *>ges on diff]5t days4 ,on ,monday--! p's day--l>ge numb]s att5d1 & ! exp]im5t has prov$ successful4 ,! build+s 7 rec5tly greatly ext5d$ & re>rang$ f ! designs ( ,mr4 ,frank ,osborne1 & are n[ believ$ to be among/ ! be/ ( ! k+dom4 ,fl[] %[s are held dur+ ! summ]1 & prizes aw>d$1 :i* are eag]ly cont5d$ = by num]\s horticulturi/s & flori/s ( ! t[n & neighb\rhood4 ,gu9ea ,g>d5s4--,,sam3 ,,timm9s4--,ne> ! ,botanical ,g>d5s a gr\p ( small g>d5s may be se51 :i* are ! only 8survivals0 ( ! acres ( 8allotm5t g>d5s0 or 8gu9ea g>d5s10 :i* surr\nd$ ,birm+ham )9 a mile f ! c5tre z late z #ahcj to #ahdj4 ,birm+ham 01 9 fact1 a t[n ( g>d5s fifty ye>s ago1 n m]ely z to ! g>d5s atta*$ to h\ses--front & back g>d5s 9 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! t[n1--b ( ! gr\ps ( g>d5s r5t$ by workm5 & o!rs1 :o c\ld rea* _! g>d5s easily f _! homes by a %ort walk1 & devote morn+s & ev5+s to !m4 ,! sites ( ! ,k5t ,/reet ,ba?s1 & ^? opposite ,/4 ,?omas's ,*ur*1--at ,ladywood1 ,spr+ ,hill1 ,hockley1 ,h&swor?1 & ,a/on road1--all )9 ! ,p>i% ,b\nd>y1 =m$ a belt ( g>d5s :]e ! workman & 8 family (t5 sp5t ! summ] ev5+s & enjoy$ ! 7!n7 c\ntry air4 ,all is n[ *ang$1 & ! di/ances ev5 by rail & tram are too great1 & l& too valuable1 to be let out 9 readily accessible g>d5s = ! work]s ( ! t[n1 :o _c = _m reasons live 9 ! suburbs :i* railways h op5$ s9ce #ahdj4 ,sunday ,lecture ,society4--,,?os4 ,,rose4--,?is ,society1 :i* has n[ become "o ( ! mo/ successful ( our local in/itutions1 _h a v humble orig94 ,9 #ahgg1 a few memb]s ( ! ,birm+ham ,temp]ance ,society 7=emo/ among/ :om 0 ,mr4 ,?os4 ,hew9s71 conceiv$ ! idea ( hold+ ,meet+s on ,sunday ev5+s 8= ! social1 moral1 & intellectual improvem5t ( ! non-*ur* & *apel-go+ portion ( ! community40 ,!y accord+ly =m$ !mselves into a ,committee1 :o engag$ ! !n newly erect$ ,bo>d ,s*ools 9 ,bri/ol ,/reet1 = ! w9t] season ( #ahgg-h1 & comm5c$ :at 7 describ$ z 8,sunday ,ev5+ ,meet+s = ! ,p40 ,= a %ort "t ^! meet+s 7 ( a purely temp]ance "*1 b f9d+ t !y 7 n s ?or\ghly appreciat$ z !y _h expect$1 ! ,committee ext5d$ ! v>iety ( ! subjects1 & lectures 7 deliv]$ embrac+ a wide range ( ?\ght1 bo? moral & religi\s1 lit]>y & dramatic1 sci5tific & hi/orical1 occasionally int]sp]s$ ) musical ev5+s illu/rative ( ! pr9cipal oratorios4 ,=emo/ among/ ! lectur]s 7:o numb]$ _m ( our *ief local lit]>y & sci5tific m571 0 ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s1 :o f ! fir/ took an active "p 9 ! movem5t1 ! success ( :i* 0 f ?is "t assur$1 ! lectures be+ att5d$ by cr[d$ & appreciative audi5ces e ,sunday ev5+1 & occasionally hundr$s 7 unable to obta9 admission4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! !n ,mayor 7,ald]man ,r4 ,*amb]la971 g5]\sly (f]$ ! ,committee ! free use ( ! ,t[n ,hall1 & = "s mon?s ! lectures 7 deliv]$ consecutively 9 t place to audi5ces numb]+ f #c to #d1jjj ea* ,sunday4 ,?is gave rise to consid]able opposition on ! "p ( ! v>i\s religi\s sects ( ! t[n aga9/ :at 0 consid]$ to be 8a monopoly ( ! use ( ! hall by "o p>ticul> sect10 & aft] mu* controv]sy 9 ! public press1 & debate 9 ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 ! "q ( ! lett+ ( ! ,t[n ,hall on ,sundays 0 left 9 ! h&s ( ! ,mayor = ! "t be+1 on ! und]/&+ t its cont9u\s use by any "o sect %\ld be refus$4 ,!reupon ! lectures 7 resum$ 9 ! ,bri/ol ,/reet ,bo>d ,s*ool1 ) occasional special lectures 9 ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,9 #ahha1 ! movem5t assum$ a m repres5tative "*4 ,! !n ,hon4 ,sec4 7,mr4 ,t4 ,rose71 assi/$ by "s ( ! lead+ memb]s ( ! ,committee1 took /eps to organize a ,sunday ,lecture ,society1 & a ,meet+ 0 held on ,july #a/1 #ahha1 "u ! ,presid5cy ( ,mr4 ,william ,h>ris1 ,j4,p41 :5 ! pres5t ,society 0 publicly inaugurat$1 ! objects be+--8,to provide = ! deliv]y on ,sundays 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,birm+ham1 & to enc\rage ! deliv]y else:]e ( lectures ^u subjects calculat$ to promote ! social1 moral1 & intellectual well-be+ ( ! community at l>ge1 z hi!rto conduct$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,sunday ,ev5+ ,meet+s = ! ,p40 ,! con/itution ( ! ,society also provid$ t a m9imum subscription ( ,"o ,%ill+ p] ye> %\ld con/itute memb]%ip1 & t any pecuni>y pr(it %\ld be appli$ to ! fur!r promotion ( ! objects ( ! ,society4 ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s 0 elect$ fir/ ,presid5t1 & ! managem5t ( its affairs 0 entru/$ to a ,committee ( #cj1 exclusive ( ,(fic]s1 to be elect$ annually f among/ ! body ( memb]s4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,society's exi/5ce ! memb]s numb]$ #hj1 includ+ ! names ( _m ( ! mo/ influ5tial public m5 ( ! t[n1 & ! subscription li/ am\nt$ to #de4 #ads4 #f;d4 ,! numb] ( memb]s is n[ #afh1 & ! subscription li/ am\nts to #gj2 ! income be+ fur!r augm5t$ by ! collections tak5 at ! v>i\s lectures 7:i* are ?us l>gely self-support+74 ,ne>ly all ! lectures be+ giv5 volunt>ily1 ! co/ ( work+ ! ,society is comp>atively small1 & is fully met by ! income d]iv$ f subscriptions & collections4 ,five ( ! pr9cipal ,bo>d ,s*ools are engag$ e ,sunday ev5+ ?r\gh\t ! w9t] season1 f ,octob] to ,april1 & at int]vals special lectures are deliv]$ 9 ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,dur+ ! season f #ahhe to #ahhf1 #ga lectures 7 deliv]$ at ! ,bo>d ,s*ools1 ) a total att5dance ( #bc1aej1 or an av]age ( #cbf to ea* lecture1 & #aj lectures 7 deliv]$ at ! ,t[n ,hall1 ) a total att5dance ( #cc1jjj1 or an av]age ( #c1cjj = ea* lecture4 ,ald4 ,r4 ,*amb]la91 ,m4,p41 is n[ ,presid5t ( ! ,society1 z well z "o ( its mo/ popul> lectur]s4 ,9 ,c\ncillor ,r4 ,f4 ,m>t9eau1 ! ,committee possesses a mo/ able & en]getic ,*airman4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? is ! ,treasur]1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,=re/]1 ,no4 #a1 ,summ] ,hill ,t]race1 wor?ily fills ! (fice ( ,hon4 ,secret>y4 ,newspap]s4--,,sam3 ,,timm9s4--,! e>lie/ kn[n ,birm+ham ,newspap] 0 8,! ,birm+ham ,j\rnal10 publi%$ by ,?omas ,w>r51 9 #agcc4 ,x 0 at fir/ publi%$ on ,?ursdays1 b aft]w>ds on ,mondays4 ,only "o copy has surviv$1 t ( ,may #ba/1 #agcc1 ,no4 ,,xxviii4 ,! 8,j\rnal0 is int]e/+ z x %[s "s traces ( ! /yle ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 :o v probably assi/$ ,w>r5 9 8 newspap]4 8,aris's ,birm+ham ,gazette0 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agda1 & its orig9al title is us$ on ! ,saturday issue f ! ,daily ,gazette ,(fice to ?is day4 ,x 0 orig9ally publi%$ on ,mondays1 & "s ( its e>li] issues bore ano!r head+1 = special ,c\nty circulation4 8,sw9ney's ,birm+ham ,*ronicle0 0 publi%$ = sev]al ye>s1 f #agif to #ahaf1 b no complete file has be5 pres]v$4 ,jabet's 8,comm]cial ,h]ald0 0 issu$ f #ahjd to #ahac4 ,! 8,birm+ham ,j\rnal0 0 reviv$ 9 #ahbe1 by ,wm4 ,hodgetts1 & 0 cont9u$ until absorb$ 9 8,! ,daily ,po/40 ,! 8,birm+ham ,adv]tis]0 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahcc1 & cont9u$ till #ahde4 ,9 #ahcf1 ! 8,midl& ,c\nties ,h]ald0 0 begun on a new plan ( gratuit\s circulation & is cont9u$ z a %eet ( adv]tisem5ts & news relat+ to ! l& & agricultural int]e/s to ?is day4 ,! 8,birm+ham ,morn+ ,news0 appe>$ 9 #ahga1 ) ,george ,dawson z its fir/ editor1 & 0 cont9u$ till #ahge4 8,aris's ,birm+ham ,gazette0 0 "o ( ! fir/ two c\ntry pap]s :i* began a s]ies ( 8,local ,notes & ,qu]ies0 9 #ahef4 ,! example has be5 v g5]ally foll[$1 & ! s]ies cont9u$ 9 ! 8,weekly ,po/0 & ! 8,weekly ,m]cury10 & _m important facts ( local hi/ory h ?us be5 discov]$ & pres]v$4 ,! removal ( ! 8taxes on k0--! /amp duty & adv]tisem5t duty & ! pap] duty--soon produc$ local daily pap]s1 ! fir/ be+ ! 8,daily ,press10 9 #ahee1 edit$ = "s "t by ,george ,dawson1 & foll[$ by ! 8,daily ,m]cury40 ,9 #aheg ! 8,daily ,po/0 0 />t$1 & 9 #ahgi ! 8,daily ,globe0 appe>$4 ,9 #ahfi ! 8,midl& ,illu/rat$ ,news0 0 begun1 b x surviv$ only ab\t a ye> & a half4 ,among ! o!r newspap]s 7 ! 8,birm+ham ,*ronicle0 7#ahbc72 ! 8,midl& ,*ronicle0 7#ahaa72 ! 8,philan?ropi/0 7#ahce74 ,_m o!r %ort-liv$ newspap]s h be5 issu$ f "t to "t--_m ( :i* are to "s ext5t pres]v$ by odd copies 9 ! ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 & among !m a ,g]man newspap] ( :i* only "o numb] appe>$4 ,birm+ham 0 "o ( ! fir/ t[ns :i* produc$ a ,sunday newspap]--! 8,sunday ,e*o10 & "s o!rs h be5 issu$ s9ce4 ,! 8*eap press0 secur$ a v l>ge numb] ( read]s1 :5 ! fir/ halfp5ny daily ev5+ pap]1 ! 8,daily ,mail10 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfi1 foll[$ = "s "t by a simil> issue f ! 8,daily ,gazette0 (fice1 & aft]w>ds by ! 8,midl& ,e*o40 ,_m mon?ly pamphlets--practically newspap]s--7 issu$1 su* z ! 8,indep5d5t0 7#ahbg71 & 8,inspector0 7#ahag72 ! 8,weekly ,record]0 & 8,regi/]0 7#ahai71 by ,george ,edmonds2 & _m s]ials1 s>ca/ic or humor\s1 h appe>$ f "t to "t4 ,! scurril\s 8,argus0 ( fifty ye>s ago1 & lat] ! 8,t[n ,cri]0 7#ahfa71 8,brum10 8,graphic10 8,d>t10 8,owl10 8,free ,lance10 c41 ) our illu/rat$ 8,phonographic ,pun*10 & "o local mon?ly1 8,edgba/onia10 9 :i* _m int]e/+ biographies ( local celebrities h appe>$4 ,on sev]al occasions ,sunday s]mons h be5 publi%$ 9 s]ials su* z ! 8,birm+ham ,pulpit0 7#ahga-gc74 ,o!r attempts to e/abli% newspap]s = discussion r ?an m]e news h be5 tri$ z 9 ! 8,lib]al ,review0 7#ahhj74 ,!atres4--,,sam3 ,,timm9s4--,birm+ham has be5 fam\s z a !atrical t[n = ne>ly a c5tury1 & especially z ! 8tra9+ gr\nd0 :]e _m ( ! lead+ actors ( ! pres5t c5tury le>n$ _! art & won _! fir/ laurels4 ,! /age 01 h[ev]1 r a late creation 9 ,birm+ham1 & no traces are f\nd e>li] ?an ab\t #agcj1 :5 m]e boo?s s]v$ ! purpose ( a 8play-h\se10 & actors 7 only 8rogues & vagabonds0 accord+ to law4 8,a %$ 9 ,temple ,/reet0 & a 8/able 9 ,ca/le ,/reet10 ) admission ?reep5ce ea*1 & ! small b& p>ad+ ! t[n dur+ ! day1 9 ! abs5ce ( newspap]s1 to ann\nce ! p]=mance1 =m$1 accord+ to ,hutton1 ! 8rise ( ! drama0 9 our t[n4 ,z e>ly z #agej travell+ circuses & !atres appe>$ 9 ,cole%ill ,/reet2 & 9 #ahjb ! fam\s ,a/ley br\ght 8 circus to ! 8back ( ! ,/ork ,hotel40 ,9 #agcj a tempor>y build+ 0 erect$ 9 ,moor ,/reet1 9 #agdc ano!r 9 ,new ,/reet1 9 #agdg ano!r 9 ,smallbrook ,/reet1 & 9 #aggf a m important & p]man5t !atre 0 built 9 ,k+ ,/reet--a /reet cov]$ by ! railway /ation & ,/eph5son ,place1 & ! site ( ! !atre be+ n[ t ( ! front ( ! ,ex*ange4 ,?is became an important !atre1 & exi/$ till late 9 ! c5tury 9 competition ) ! pres5t ,!atre ,royal1 :i* 0 f\nd$ ab\t ! same date4 ,! few play bills :i* h surviv$1 & ! exp5diture on ! build+1 %[ t e ef=t 0 made to d ju/ice to ! drama a c5tury ago4 ,at ?is date !atres 7 m]ely tol]at$1 b 9 #aggg an application 0 made = a lic5ce = ! ,new ,/reet ,!atre to play = 8f\r mon?s 9 ! ye>10 & ?is application 0 some:at fam\s1 = x 0 eloqu5tly support$ by ,edmund ,burke1 :o us$ ! phrase--s9ce s well-kn[n & s little und]/ood--t ,birm+ham 0 ! 8great ,toy-%op ( ,europe40 ,! phrase1 h[ev]1 0 n new1 b 0 us$ 9 a book by ,sir ,samuel ,morl& a hundr$ ye>s e>li] to describe ! %ops :]e tr9kets & small /eel & iron w>es 7 sold1 & n 9 connection ) *ildr5's 8toys40 ,! second read+ ( ! ,bill1 to enable ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ to grant a ,pat5t 01 h[ev]1 lo/1 b ! ent]prise 0 cont9u$1 & 9 #aghj ! pres5t front ( ! ,!atre ,royal 0 erect$ ) a commodi\s !atre1 well light$ by wax c&les1 & ) 8! passages w>m$ ) /oves0 z ! p]=mances 7 to be giv5 9 ! w9t] z well z ! summ] mon?s4 ,x 0 n till #ahjg t a 8,pat5t0 0 secur$ = ! ,!atre :i* !n became ! ,!atre ,royal1 & /ill rema9s "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,"l ,*amb]la94 ,9 #aggh a 8wood5 build+0 0 erect$ z an 8op]a h\se10 ne> ! ,pl\gh & ,h>r[1 9 ! ,moseley ,road1 b ?is 0 burn$ d[n soon aft]4 ,9 #agib1 ! ,!atre ,royal 0 de/roy$ by fire1 & aga9 9 #ahbj1 b ! front rema9$ unh>m$ 9 ^! two great fires & ! m$allions ( ,%akespe>e & ,g>rick rema9 z plac$ 9 #aghj4 ,9 bo? cases ! fires 7 believ$ to be inc5di>y & ) good reason too4 ,9 #agie ! ,!atre 0 rebuilt & re-op5$ by ,william ,macready1 :o rema9$ till #ahaj1 9 :i* ye>1 on ,june #aa1 8 future fam\s son1 ,william ,*>les ,macready1 appe>$ z ,romeo1--8a "y g5tleman & 8 fir/ appe>ance on any /age40 ,9 #ahac1 ,macready 0 foll[$ by ,elli/on1 z lessee1 & 9 #ahai he 0 succe$$ by ,alfr$ ,bunn4 ,dur+ all ?is p]iod all ! great actresses1 & actors1 & s+]s1 & celebrities ( ! "t appe>$ on ! ,!atre ,royal /age1 & a v complete s]ies ( ,play ,bills has =tunately be5 pres]v$4 ,! pres5t lessee1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,simpson1 & 8 fa!r h _h ! ,!atre ,royal = fifty ye>s1 & rec5tly additions & alt]ations h be5 made1 n only 9 ! ,!atre prop]1 b 9 ! accessory rooms = actors & sc5]y :i* h nev] be5 surpass$ = ext5t & conv5i5ce4 ,! ,!atre ,royal 01 practically1 ! only !atre = _m ye>s1 b 9 #ahec a dramatic lic5ce 0 grant$ by ! magi/rates = a build+ on ! ,b+ley ,hall site3 9 #ahef ! 8,music ,hall0 9 ,broad ,/reet 0 built1 b 9 #ahfb x 0 conv]t$ into a !atre1 & op5$ z ! ,royal ,op]etta ,h\se1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,swanbor\gh4 ,9 #ahff x 0 b\ght by ,mr4 ,james ,rodg]s1 & 9 #ahgf 0 practically rebuilt1 & additions & alt]ations are n[ 9 progress "u ,mr4 ,rodg]s & 8 ,son4 ,9 #ahgi a lic5se 0 grant$ to ! ,holte ,!atre1 9 ! ,a/on ,l[] ,gr\nds2 & ! ,gr& ,!atre1 ,corporation ,/reet1 built & manag$ by ,mr4 ,&rew ,melville1 0 op5$ ,novemb] #ad1 #ahhc4 ,9 #aghe an ,amphi!atre exi/$ 9 ,liv]y ,/reet & 0 conv]t$ into a ,*apel3 9 ,k+ ,/reet ! ,!atre 0 also conv]t$ into a ,*apel1 & aft]w>ds back aga9 to a ,public ,hall2 & 9 #ahbg ! ,circus ( ,james ,ryan1 p]man5tly built "s ye>s lat]1 0 conv]t$ into ! ,circus ,*apel4 ,9 %ort1 ! great progress ( ,birm+ham 9 ! second half ( ! la/ c5tury 0 felt 9 e way3 ! ,musical ,fe/ival 0 f\nd$1 & ! drama grew rapidly z ! t[n ext5d$ & ! ta/e ( ! public improv$4 ,,! ,,cov5try ,,indu/ries4 ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,fretton1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! ribbon & wat* manufactures ( ,cov5try1 ) te*nical descriptions ( ! v>i\s processes involv$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! raw mat]ial1 9 its progress ( manufacture f its primitive condition to its f9i%$ /ate1 hav+ already appe>$ 9 ! compreh5sive s]ies ( articles 9 ! midl& indu/ries1 publi%$ on ! occasion ( ! =m] visit ( ! ,association 9 #ahfe1 x only rema9s to note ! *anges & additions :i* h be5 made s9ce t p]iod 9 ! ,indu/ries ( ,cov5try4 ,ribbon ,trade4--,sev]al causes h comb9$ to produce a v s]i\s decl9e 9 ! manufacture ( silk fabrics1 ! *ief ( !m be+ ! ,fr5* comm]cial treaty1 to :i* may be add$ *ange ( fa%ion1 & increas$ competition & m rapid production by ! fur!r developm5t ( ma*9]y4 ,f #ahfj to #ahgh ! ribbon trade 9 ,cov5try & its neighb\rhood1 _h decreas$ by at lea/ "o half1 & ! decl9e has be5 go+ on s9ce t p]iod1 ) exceptional exp]i5ces ( spasmodic improvem5t1 ev] s9ce4 ,ef=ts h be5 made 9 v>i\s ways to direct ! textile skill ( ! artisans into o!r *annels :]e9 _! weav+ abilities might be turn$ to _! advantage1 & ! area ( textile manufactures increas$4 ,9 "o ( ^! dep>tm5ts may be specially notic$ ! manufacture ( bookm>ks1 & o!r illum9at$ ribbons4 ,?is trade 0 *iefly introduc$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,/ev5s1 & has be5 mo/ successfully develop$ by himself & o!r manufactur]s1 until _! ext5t1 beauty ( design1 v>iety ( application1 c41 h be5 m>vell\s4 ,portraits1 val5t9es1 pres5ts suitable to ! seasons1 bir?days1 views ( not$ build+s1 poetical s5t5ces1 mottoes1 labels1 & o!r decorative & descriptive ornam5ts h be5 produc$1 :i*1 half a c5tury ago1 x w\ld h be5 deem$ impossible to produce f a loom4 ,b ?is has involv$ ! con/ruction ( complicat$ & exp5sive ma*9]y1 & has rais$ ! art ( loom-mak+ consid]ably4 ,su* a trade is1 aft] all1 b limit$1 x is ! production ( a luxury1 a m]*&ise 8:i* none b ! ri* c buy40 ,trimm+ ,trade4--,ano!r dep>tm5t ( textile indu/ry :i* has sprung up1 some:at analog\s to ! ,ribbon manufacture1 is ! ,trimm+ trade1 = :i* special looms h be5 adopt$--cambric frill+1 ma9ly introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,ca%2 bead "w1 & o!r ornam5tal fabrics h also be5 introduc$4 ,cotton ,sp9n+ & ,weav+4--,soon aft] ! decl9e ( ! ribbon trade ! att5tion ( ! ,cov5try manufactur]s 0 drawn to ! exp]im5t ( introduc+ ! cotton sp9n+ & weav+4 ,a l>ge factory ) suitable annexes = c>ry+ on a l>ge trade 0 erect$ on ! nor? side ( ! city by a company =m$ 9 #ahfj1 ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,h4 ,widdr+ton1 !n vic> ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 tak+ a great int]e/ 9 ! project4 ,its op]ations h be5 att5d$ by v>i$ success2 ! di/ance f ! c5tres ( ! cotton trade =m+ an ob/acle to its full developm5t1 ! sp9n+ dep>tm5t has receiv$ mo/ att5tion4 ,ela/ic ,web4--,9 #ahei ,messrs4 ,dalton & ,b>ton introduc$ ! manufacture ( ela/ic webs1 b aft]w>ds dispos$ ( ?is dep>tm5t ( _! bus9ess to ,mr4 ,pridmore1 by :om x is /ill c>ri$ on at ,fole%ill4 ,9 #ahfb a company 0 =m$ = c>ry+ on ! same k9d ( trade1 *iefly ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! vic> ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 & kn[n z ! ,cov5try ,ela/ic ,weav+ ,company1 & = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s x conduct$ a l>ge bus9ess1 hav+ bran*es at ,r$ ,lane1 ,fole%ill1 & 9 ,:ite ,fri>s' ,lane1 ,cov5try4 ,ow+ to a brisk competition 9 o!r weav+ c5tres1 & consequ5t ov]-production1 ! company dissolv$ a few ye>s ago1 a portion ( ! plant & trade be+ reta9$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,odell1 "o ( ! memb]s ( ! company1 & /ill successfully c>ri$ on4 ,!re are sev]al firms 9 ! city conduct+ simil> bus9ess4 ,! ,brad=d ,/uff ,manufacture 0 introduc$ into ,cov5try 9 #ahfd1 & e/abli%$ 9 a l>ge disus$ factory1 orig9ally erect$ z a cotton mill1 9 ,hill ,/reet1 aft]w>ds occupi$ z a ribbon manufactory4 ,! firm is kn[n z ! 8,leigh0 ,mills ,company 7,limit$71 ! pres5t ,"l-,lieut5ant ( ! ,c\nty hav+ %[n mu* int]e/ 9 ! promotion ( ?is & o!r new indu/ries 9 ,cov5try4 ,excell5t wooll5 & wor/$ goods are made "h1 silk & cotton be+ also us$ 9 "s ( ! v>ieties manufactur$4 ,coa* ,lace & ,broad ,/uffs = railway & o!r c>riages1 trimm+s = furniture1 c41 are l>gely manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,dalton & ,b>ton1 ,messrs4 ,p]k9s & ,son1 & o!rs4 ,silk ,dye+ is /ill c>ri$ on to a consid]able ext5t by sev]al firms1 & ! city ma9ta9s its old "* = ! p]man5ce & brilliancy exhibit$ 9 ?is class ( "w1 :i* is "o ( ! anci5t /aples ( ! city4 ,x w be se5 t :ile ,cov5try /ill ma9ta9s its textile productions 9 ! weav+ indu/ry1 its works are n conf9$ to ribbons1 & ! manufactur]s & artisans g5]ally des]ve ! highe/ comm5dation = ! _s & ! aptitude !y h display$ 9 adapt+ !mselves to ! alt]$ circum/ances ( ! textile indu/ry ( ! city1 & ! op5+ up ( new bran*es ( ! weav+ indu/ry has emancipat$ ! city f dep5d5ce on ! ribbon trade alone4 ,_m firms are /ill engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( ribbons1 sa%es1 ladies' sc>fs1 c41 & dur+ ! la/ ye> or two1 gauzes hav+ be5 9 dem& h be5 l>gely made4 ,wat* ,manufactur+4--,cov5try is "o ( ! pr9cipal places 9 ,engl& = ?is bran* ( manufactur+ indu/ry1 & at ! head ( ! num]\s firms engag$ !re91 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,ro!rham & ,sons hold ! fir/ & olde/ position4 ,a trade ( su* ext5t1 & exhibit+ s _m /ages ( progress 9 its production1 necess>ily possesses _m features ( int]e/1 & may be divid$ into ! foll[+1 ) m9or divisions spr++ f !m3--wat* manufactur]s1 case mak]s1 engrav]s1 spr+]s1 eng9e-turn]s1 & poli%]s2 cap mak]s1 dial mak]s1 escapem5t1 balance1 pallet1 roll]1 & lev] mak]s2 movem5t1 motion1 index1 h&1 & glass mak]s2 fuzee cutt]s1 gild]s1 exam9]s1 & f9i%]s2 jewell]s1 keyless motion & movem5t mak]s1 & motion]s4 ,! trade has be5 subject to _m *anges & fluctuations1 & is at pres5t 9 a depress$ /ate1 ow+ l>gely to =eign competition1 & ! production ( *eap wat*es by means ( ma*9]y4 ,ef=ts h be5 made by m ?an "o ( ! ,cov5try firms to meet ! latt] s\rce ( competition by ! introduction ( ma*9]y 9 ! con/ruction ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! wat*1 & 9 ! subdivision ( lab\r1 m especially 9 ! class kn[n z 8go+ b>rels0 ) v>i\s measures ( success2 b = ! bett] class ( wat*1 ! old sy/em bids fair to ma9ta9 its position4 ,a project = ! e/abli%m5t ( te*nical s*ools = special in/ruction 9 ! v>i\s processes 9 connection ) ! ,cov5try /aple trades 9 g5]al1 & t ( ,horology 9 p>ticul>1 is /ill "u consid]ation1 & may lead to satisfactory results4 ,!re are ab\t #aej manufactur]s ( wat*es 9 ,cov5try4 ,! ,cycle ,manufacture 0 introduc$ into ?is city ab\t #bj ye>s ago 9 conjunction ) ! mak+ ( sew+ ma*9es4 ,! latt] bran* ( trade has giv5 place almo/ entirely to ! =m]1 & ! reputation :i* ! v>i\s firms engag$ 9 ! trade h succe$$ 9 obta9+1 h plac$ ,cov5try 9 ! fir/ rank 9 ?is new & peculi> manufacture4 ,! ,cov5try ,ma*9i/s' ,company 7,*eylesmore7 7 ! fir/ to introduce ?is trade into ?is c\ntry1 & x is /ill "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! produc]s4 ,among ! re/ may be m5tion$ ! ,rudge1 ,premi]1 ,s+] & ,co41 ,fleet1 ,c5taur1 ,meteor1 ,excelsior1 ,well+ton1 ,victoria1 & o!rs1 all ( :i* h "s speciality claim+ "s peculi> excell5ce4 ,arti/ic ,"w 9 ,metal 0 introduc$ into ,cov5try *iefly by ! ex]tions & arti/ic ta/e ( ,mr4 ,skidmore ov] #cj ye>s ago1 & has be5 foll[$ out by himself1 & by v>i\s ,companies 9 ! same direction ev] s9ce4 ,"w f ! diff]5t firms e/abli%$ 9 ,cov5try ( great excell5ce1 may be f\nd 9 _m ( ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & on ! ,cont95t1 notably 9 ,li*field & ,h]e=d ,ca!drals1 ,pr9ce ,consort ,memorial1 ,burl+ton ,h\se1 c4 ,ironf\nd+ & agricultural implem5t manufactur+ has also atta9$ a high position ( excell5ce "u ! firm ( ,matt]son1 ,huxley1 & ,watson ( ?is city4 ,,footnotes #a ,! in=mation 9 ?is section1 up to ! close ( #ahhd1 is tak5 f ! v accurate & int]e/+ 8,hi/ory ( ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham10 by ,j4 ,?ackray ,bunce4 ,two vols41 #ahgh & #ahhe4 #b ,9 #agie x _h ris5 to #a1bjj2 9 #ahah to #c1jjj2 9 #ahfa to #aa1jjj2 9 #ahhj to #ba1ihc2 & x is reckon$ t at ! end ( ! c5tury ! rev5ue ( ! ,s*ool w be #ej1jjj4 #c ,?is b>n & cr(t 7 tak5 away 9 #agch f bo? *ief ma/] & u%]1 & _! sal>ies rais$ 9 lieu to #hh4 #aes4 #j;d4 & #fj4 #d ,9 all ^! provisions boys f ! manor _h ! pref]5ce4 #e ,an alt]native plan1 app>5tly n adopt$1 0 to h two exhibitions ( #e ea*1 at ,ca!r9e ,hall1 ,cambridge2 & two fell[%ips ( #cj a ye> ea* at ! same college4 #f ,! fir/ exhibition]s 7 ,william ,miln] & ,b>?olomew ,baldw91 9 #afgg4 ,up to #ahag1 eighty-two exhibition]s _h be5 elect$4 ,9 #agbc1 h[ev]1 a *anc]y commission decl>$ x a manife/ brea* ( tru/ on ! ,gov]nors' "p t no exhibition _h be5 grant$ = tw5ty ye>s2 :ile on ,janu>y #ah1 #agcd1 ! *ief ma/]1 hav+ no s*ol>s "u 8 c>e1 ,william ,spilsbury1 jun41 a s*ol> 9 ! u%]'s s*ool1 0 elect$ exhibition] at ,ox=d1 no o!r boy be+ qualifi$ or likely to be qualifi$ = "s ye>s4 #g ,see ! illu/rations 9 ,hutton's ,birm+ham4 #h ,! fir/ appo9t$ 7 9 #ageb1 z foll[s3 ,william ,la?am1 9 ,dudley ,/reet2 ,?omas ,wilson1 ne> ! ,old ,cross2 ,m>y ,ank]s1 wife ( ,noel ,ank]s1 9 ,freeman ,/reet2 ano!r ,wid[ ,au/91 9 ,london ,pr5tice ,/reet4 #i ,= "s reason n v cle>1 ! bran* s*ool 9 ,%utt ,lane1 z also a draw+ s*ool e/abli%$ by ! ,gov]nors1 7 9 #ahbi decl>$ by a decree 9 ,*anc]y to be unau?oris$ by ! *>t]1 & 7 !n discont9u$4 #aj ,?is 0 ! orig9al int5tion4 ,b "o ( ^! two l>ge ap>tm5ts 0 tak5 by ! ,gov]nors1 & ! room design$ = ! libr>y 0 giv5 to ! comm]cial s*ool 9 its place4 ,! latt] is n[ ! assembly room ( ! ,girls ,high ,s*ool4 #aa ,x %\ld be add$ t ,mr4 ,gre5's report also decl>es t 8x is univ]sally admitt$ t ! pres5t ,bo>d has dis*>g$ its duties ) all c>e & consci5ti\sness40 #ab ,! pres5t bailiff4 #ac ,see ! developm5t ( #ahhc4 #ad ,! imposition ( fees has ev] be5 a sore po9t4 ,! fir/ report ( ! new ,t[n ,c\ncil ,gov]nors 0 issu$ on ,janu>y #g?1 #ahgi1 & /at$ t !y _h endeav\r$ to r$uce ^! fees2 & 9 #ahhj !y express$ _! regret at _! imposition4 #ae ,9 #ahjj1 !re 7 #abj boys3 9 #ahej1 #bej boys2 9 #ahfj1 #def boys 9 ,gramm> ,s*ool1 & #ajhj *ildr5 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools3 !re are n[ #cdc boys & #aie girls 9 ! ,high ,s*ool3 #hdi boys & #fdd girls 9 ! ,gramm> ,s*ools4 ,gr& total1 #adic4 #af ,! numb] ( ,ma/]s 9 ! ,gramm> ,s*ool 01 9 #ahgh1 #bf2 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools !re 7 #bj tea*]s & #ba monitors4 #ag ,exi/+ rights res]v$2 9 #ahgh ! ,head ,ma/] _h #ag1 & ! second ,ma/]1 #e bo>d]s4 #ah ,^! am\nts h be5 greatly exce$$4 ,! annual exp5diture on exhibitions is1 ,boys' ,high ,s*ool1 #fij2 ,girls1 #bjj2 ,boys' ,gramm> ,s*ool1 #bgj2 ,girls1 #cfj4 ,!re is only "o ,james ,exhibition4 #ai ,op5$ ,septemb]1 #ahhc4 #bj ,five sums ( #a1jjj ea* = ,s*ol>%ips1 ,prize ,essays1 ,*apla9cy1 ,div9ity ,lecture%ip1 & ,m$ical ,tutor%ip4 #ba e4g41 ,law1 :i* 0 %ortly add$4 #bb ,! arts dep>tm5t be+ h5ce=w>d reg>d$ z prep>atory to ! o!r two4 #bc ,9 t ye> ! pres5t ,w>d51 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,p\lton1 came into (fice1 & ! numb] imm$iately increas$ to #bb4 #bd ,! pur*ase value ( ! prop]ty 0 #aaj1jjj1 yield+ an annual r5t ( #c1gjj4 #fj1jjj 0 sp5t ^u ! build+ & furni%+4 ,! total am\nt ( ! b5efaction w1 9 ! end1 approa* #bjj1jjj4 ,z e>ly z #ahhb1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! ,c\ncil 8view ) regret ! n>r[ m>g9 t is likely to exi/ unless ! pres5t end[m5t is supplem5t$ by o!r gifts10--,report1 p4 #aa4--;& ?is anxiety is aga9 =cibly express$ 9 #ahhe4 ,x 0 reliev$ 9 t ye>1 h[ev]1 by an 8,additional ,end[m5t ,fund10 ! subscriptions to :i* rea*$ #d1hee4 #be ,9 #ahhb1 x 0 ord]$ t wives & *ildr5 ( ,pr(essors1 ,lectur]s1 & ,secret>ies1 :o di$ dur+ _! t]m ( (fice1 be admitt$ to all classes )\t paym5t4 #bf ,two exhibitions ( #ae ea*1 increas$ next ye> to f\r1 aw>d$ by ! ,gov]nors ( ,k+ ,edw>d's ,s*ools1 & a ,sci5ce ,s*ol>%ip ( #bj a ye>1 creat$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ,piddock's ,*>ity1 are also t5able at ! ,college4 #bg ,v>i\s o!r societies h be5 =m$ )9 ! college1 e4g41 ,physical1 ,*emical1 ,botanical1 ,poesy1 & ,fr5* ,debat+ ,societies4 #bh ,! ,libr>ies & ,f9e ,art ,gall]y 7 %ortly und]tak5 by ! t[n1 & h nev] =m$ "p ( ! "w ( ! ,in/itute4 #bi ,paid ,tea*]s 7 sub/itut$ 9 #ahfj4 #cj ,! ,p]ry ,b>r & ,h>borne ,in/itutes _h be5 op5$ previ\sly4 #ca ,m4 ,a*ille ,albits4 #cb ,n[ cov]$ by ! ,s*ools ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & :]e ,wyatt & ,paul's fir/ sp9n+ ( cotton by roll]s 0 tri$4 #cc ,! pr9cipal object ( ?is "p is to %ew ! developm5t ( ! p>o*ial sy/em1 & read]s w !re=e k9dly notice-- #a4--;,all ar*itectural details are omitt$1 & w be f\nd "u ! head1 8,ar*itecture10 :]e !re is any?+ special to notice4 #b4--,p>ticul>s z to patronage1 annual value ( liv+s1 numb] ( sitt+s1 are1 9 ord] to economise space & prev5t repetition1 relegat$ to a table at ! end ( ?is section1 9 :i* table all ! *ur*es 9 ! ,bor\gh are arrang$ alphabetically1 irrespective ( :e!r !y are 9 ! p>i% ( ,birm+ham1 ,edgba/on1 or t "p ( ,a/on p>i% :i* is )9 ! ,bor\gh4 #cd ,= ! records ( ^! sales see a valuable pap] by ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,holliday on ,/4 ,m>t9's ,*ur*1 9 ! ,transactions = #ahgc ( ! ,ar*ological ,section ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute4 #ce ,see ! excell5t monograph1 8,old ,/4 ,m>t9's10 by ,j4 ,t4 ,bunce1 #ahge4 #cf ,a copy & translation ( ?is int]e/+ docum5t w be f\nd 9 ,t\lm9 ,smi?'s ,memorials ( ,old ,birm+ham1 #ahfd4 #cg ,! mat]ials = ! hi/orical facts are to be f\nd 9 ! 8,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,prote/ant ,non-,con=mity 9 ,birm+ham10 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,wre=d1 =m]ly m9i/] ( ! ,new ,meet+ ,h\se1 ,birm+ham1 #ahcb1 & 8,prote/ant ,non-,con=mity 9 ,birm+ham10 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,james1 ,birm+ham1 #ahdi4 #ch ,see ! int]e/+ volume1 8,memorials ( ! ,old ,meet+ ,h\se & ,burial ,gr\nd40 by ,ca!r9e ,hutton ,beale4 ,pr9t$ = subscrib]s by ,:ite & ,pike1 ,birm+ham4 #ci ,9 ! ord] ( "t !re 0 an int]m$iate meet+ h\se 9 ,liv]y ,/reet1 orig9ally a circus1 & us$ by ! congregations ( ! ,old & ,new ,meet+s1 :il/ ^? meet+ h\ses 7 be+ rebuilt aft] ! riots ( #agia4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds occupi$ by a "p ( ! ,c>r's ,lane congregation1 on ,mr4 ,brew]'s resignation ( ! pa/orate !re 9 #ahjb1 &1 x becom+ too small1 x 0 resolv$ to build ,eb5ez] ,*apel4 ,! *apel 9 ,liv]y ,/reet 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahec1 & ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t ( ,m4 ,bill+1 ,sons1 & ,co41 is built on ! site4 #dj ,an excell5t pap] on ! ,old ,*ur* may be f\nd 9 ! ?ird vol4 ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,ar*ological ,section ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute4 #da ,! pr9cipal *emicals manufactur$ on a l>ge scale are3--,sulphuric1 ,sulphur\s1 ,hydro*loric1 ,nitric1 ,crude ,c>bolic1 ,hydrocyanic1 & ,hydr(luoric ,acids2 ,wa%+ ,soda1 ,bic>bonate ( ,soda1 ,ro*elle ,salt1 ,glaub]'s ,salt1 ,c>bonate ( ,pota%1 ,bic>bonate ( ,pota%1 ,*lorate ( ,pota%1 ,cyanide ( ,potassium1 ,iodide ( ,potassium1 ,oxalate ( ,pota%1 ,blea*+ ,p[d]1 ,ammonia1 ,sulphate ( ,ammonia1 ,sal ,ammoniac1 ,c>bonate ( ,ammonia1 ,precipitat$ ,*alk1 ,bisulphite ( ,lime1 ,citrate ( ,magnesia1 ,fluid ,magnesia1 ,nitrates ( ,b>ium & ,/rontium1 ,sulphate ( ,copp]1 ,phosphorus1 ,milk ( ,sulphur1 ,t9 ,cry/als1 ,b5zol1 ,tolu5e1 ,xyl5e1 ,ph5ol1 ,naph?al5e1 ,crude ,an?rac5e1 & o!r ,t> ,products1 ,fruit ,ess5ces4 #db ,mungo consi/s ( tailors' scraps ( clo? torn up into %r$s1 & r5d]$ suitable = work+ up afre%4 ,%oddy is a simil> mat]ial1 b made f old g>m5ts in/ead ( new mat]ial4 #dc ,a heavy knife us$ = cutt+ d[n sug> cane4 #dd ,among goldbeat]s ,gypsum goes by ! "n ( talc #de ,i am indebt$ to my colleague ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,hiorns = ^! p>ticul>s4 #df ,sometimes 8! process is simply p]=m$ by rubb+ two pieces ( bone q flat on a smoo? /one1 & !n cutt+ 9 "o ( ! pieces ! %ape requir$1 leav+ a hole ?r\gh to ! edge by :i* to p\r 9 ! metal40--,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,bragg4 #dg ,= ^! p>ticul>s ,i am indebt$ to my colleague1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,irons4 #dh 8,birm+ham & ,midl& ,h>dw>e ,di/rict10 edit$ by ,samuel ,timm9s1 ,london1 ,h>dwicke1 #ahff4 #di ,! screw h&-press s g5]ally us$ 9 ,birm+ham trades 0 ! fir/ great means ( *eap5+ ! mak+ ( /eel p5s1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 made by h&1 9 ,%effield & ,london4 ,mr4 ,mit*ell1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,gillott1 & ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 7 ! fir/ to make /eel p5s by press "w4--,ed4 #ej ,?is me*anism 0 fir/ us$ by ,james ,watt1 = copy+ m$allions & bu/s1 & 8 ma*9es are /ill pres]v$ at ,hea?field ,hall1 ,h&swor?4--,ed4 #ea ,= ! ,enfield-,m>t9i ( #jd bore1 ! ?ickness is #jacj in*1 & ! disc cut out is #abje 9 diamet]4 #eb ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,davis = ^! p>ticul>s4 #ec ,9 ^! cases ! value ( ! gold is trifl+ z comp>$ ) ! lab\r exp5d$1 h5ce !re is e confid5ce 9 ! value ( ! metal4 #ed ,! /ati/ics giv5 h be5 suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,crawley1 ,p>sons & ,co4 #ee ,i h be5 surpris$ to note ,birm+ham made pe>l buttons put on c>ds head$ ,n\veaut1 ,p>is4 ,i und]/& t _m ( ^! buttons are s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,c4 ,j4 ,w4 #ef ,sir ,william ,?omson has propos$ int]vals correspond+ to ! dots & da%es ( ! ,morse alphabet 9 ord] to di/+ui% ligh?\ses4 ,c4 ,j4 ,w4 #eg ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ,mr4 ,edw>d ,:ite ,b5son1 fa!r ( ! pres5t ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 0 associat$ ) ,mr4 ,ask9 9 ! e>ly exp]im5ts on extraction ( nickel4 #eh ,mr4 ,h5ry ,bore1 :o has be5 connect$ ) ! ,p]ryan ,p5 ,works = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 has 9 ! press a "w deal+ pr9cipally ) ! orig9 ( p5 mak+4 ,mr4 ,bore's inve/igation po9ts to ,mr4 ,john ,mit*ell z ! fir/ to introduce ! mak+ ( p5s by means ( tools pr9cipally if n entirely 8 inv5tion1 b !re is little d\bt t ! use ( /eel p5s by ! writ+ public is due 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! en]gy ( ,mr4 ,james ,p]ry1 :o 0 assi/$ 9 ?is "w by ! late ,sir ,josiah ,mason4 #ei ,an amalgam ( gold is spread on ! "w to be gilt4 ,! article is !n put 9 an ov5 & heat$ till ! m]cury escapes1 leav+ ! gold beh9d4 ,milit>y buttons & ornam5ts are gilt 9 ?is mann]4--,c4 ,j4 ,w4 #fj ,ramsay4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rnal ,geol4 ,society1 #ahee1 p4 #aia1 c4 #fa ,jukes1 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coalfield1 #bnd ,edition1 p4 #ae4 #fb ,= a ,note by ! writ] on ! di/ribution ( ?is species 9 ,brita91 see ,midl& ,naturali/1 ,vol4 #a1 #ahgh1 p4 #cbc4 #fc ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ,embryology ( ^! l[ly creatures w f9d a pap] ^u ! subject by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 9 ! 8,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society40 ,"p ,i4 #ahge4 #fd ,a pap] by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] on ! ,invag9ate planula1 or ,diplobla/ic phase ( ,palud9a vivip>a1 may be f\nd 9 ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce40 ,new ,s]ies4 ,no4 #eh4 ,april1 #ahge4 #fe ,= a pap] by ! writ] on ?is habit 9 ! ,mollusca1 see 8,con*ological ,j\rnal10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dja1 et seq4 #ahgd-h4 #ff ,see ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce10 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ef1 ,octob]1 #ahge1 = ! ,embryology ( ,l4 /agnalis1 by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]4 #fg ,= detail$ description see 8,on a gr\p ( m9]als f ,lille%all1 ,salop1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,woodw>d40 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ,geological ,society10 ,augu/1 #ahhc1 p4 #dff4 #fh ,= p>ticul>s relat+ to ?is m9e1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,yell&4 #fi ,pr(essor ,maskelyne 9 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association ,committee on ,lum9\s ,meteors1 #ahgf1 p4 #aff1 quot$ 9 a pap] by ,t[n%5d4 ,mr4 ,hall on 8,contributions t[>ds a ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,meteorites10 9 ! 8,m9]alogical ,magaz9e10 #ahgi4 ,,index4 ,alm%\ses1 xvi41 xvii41 xix4 ,ar*itecture1 #aah ,art ,gall]y1 xiii4 ,art ,gall]y ,pur*ase ,fund1 xviii4 ,art1 ,s*ool (1 xviii4 ,arti/s 7,local71 #acb ,cox1 ,david1 #abh ,jones1 ,e4 ,burne1 #aca ,mason1 ,geo41 #acj ,a/on ,hall1 #abf ,bask]ville1 ,john1 #i ,ba?s & ,p>ks1 xi4 ,,botany-- ,alg1 #cce ,fl[]+ ,plants1 ,f]ns1 etc4 ( ,w>wick%ire1 #caf ,worce/]%ire1 #cbj ,/af=d%ire1 #cbg ,fungi1 #cci ,hepatic1 #ccc ,ick1 ,wm41 #cac ,introductory rem>ks1 #caa ,li*5s1 #ccc ,mosses ( ,w>wick%ire1 #cca ,worce/]%ire1 #ccb ,/af=d%ire1 #ccc ,p]ry1 ,w4 ,g41 #cac ,purton1 ,?o41 #cab ,/ud5ts' ,g>d51 #cae ,)]+1 ,wm41 #cab ,botanical ,g>d5s1 #ceg ,b\lton1 ,m41 #aj ,*amb]la91 ,j4 ,h41 #eb1 #eg1 #abe ,,*>itable ,,in/itutions-- ,bl9d ,in/itution1 #ic ,*ildr5's ,hospital1 #hh ,deaf & ,dumb1 #ib ,d5tal ,hospital1 #hi ,disp5s>y1 #he ,e> & ,?roat ,hospital1 #hi ,eye ,hospital1 #hf ,g5]al ,hospital1 #ha ,homopa?ic ,hospital1 #ij ,ly+-9 ,*>ity1 #hg ,or?opdic ,hospital1 #hf ,que5's ,hospital1 #hc ,sanatorium1 #ij ,sk9 & ,lock ,hospital1 #ia ,wom5's ,hospital1 #ia ,clubs1 xx4 ,contributors1 v4 ,corporation1 ,hi/ory (1 ix4 ,corporation ,l&1 xiv4 ,cotton ,sp9n+1 #i ,,cov5try ,,indu/ries-- ,arti/ic ,"w 9 ,metal1 #cgj ,brad=d ,/uff ,manufacture1 #cfh ,coa* ,lace1 etc41 #cfh ,cotton ,sp9n+ & ,weav+1 #cfg ,cycle ,manufacture1 #cfi ,ela/ic ,web1 #cfg ,ribbon ,trade1 #cff ,silk ,dye+1 #cfh ,trimm+ ,trade1 #cfi ,wat* ,manufactur+1 #cfh ,dawson1 ,geo41 #aab1 #acc ,debat+ ,societies1 #gd1 #gi ,d]it5d ,*apel1 #e ,dick5s1 ,*41 #gh ,directories1 #i ,dra9age ,bo>d1 #ad ,dudley ,tru/1 xviii4 ,,ecclesia/ical-- ,a/on1 ,p>i% (1 #id1 #ajb ,bapti/s1 #ajg1 #aaf ,birm+ham1 ,p>i% (1 #id ,burial ,gr\nds1 #aag ,cemet]ies1 #aag ,*apels1 #ajf ,*ur*es1 #id ,congregationali/s1 #aji1 #aac1 #aaf ,diss5t]s--see ,noncon=mi/s1 #aje ,edgba/on1 ,p>i% (1 #id1 #aja ,fri5ds1 ,society (1 #aaj1 #aaf ,jewi% ,synagogue1 #aab ,me?odi/s1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aaf ,noncon=mi/ ,*ur*es & ,*apels1 #aje ,p>i%es ( ! ,bor\gh1 #id ,presbyt]ians1 #aab ,quak]s 7see ,fri5ds71 #aaj1 #aaf ,roman ,ca?olics1 #aac1 #aaf ,sw$5borgians1 #aac ,unit>ians1 #ajf1 #aaf ,wesleyans1 #aaj1 #aaf ,elem5t>y ,education1 #eh ,religi\s ,education & ,volunt>y ,s*ools1 #fj ,te*nical ,s*ool1 #ei ,free ,libr>ies1 xviii4 ,gas & ,wat] ,companies1 xiii4 ,,geology ,,physiography-- ,abb]ley1 #bah ,anticl9al1 #bag ,ar*an ,rocks1 #bbb ,ard51 ,=e/ (1 #baf ,ar5ig ,rocks1 #bdj ,a!r/one1 #bbe1 #bef ,ayme/ry ,lime/one1 #bcj ,axes ( ,elevation1 #bad1 #bag ,bala ,rocks1 #bdj ,bangham ,pit1 #bcf ,b>nt ,gre51 #bac1 #bbf ,b>r ,beacon1 #bad1 #bdj ,b>r1 ,great1 #bad1 #bbg1 #bdj ,b>r ,lime/one1 #bbh ,bibliography ( ,birm+ham ,geology1 #bfc1 #bfe ,birm+ham ,plateau1 #bae ,black ,c\ntry1 #bac1 #baf1 #bcb ,b\ld] ,clay1 #bdh1 #bec ,b\ld] ,clay1 l[]1 #bdi ,b\ld] ,clay1 upp]1 #bdi1 #beb ,brazil ,wood1 #bef ,breccia1 ,volcanic1 #bce ,bridgnor?1 #bch ,bromsgrove1 #bdb ,broo* ,coal1 #bca ,budleigh ,salt]ton1 #bcg ,bunt]1 #bcg1 #bej ,caldecote1 ,volcanic ,rocks (1 #bbc1 #bbe ,cali=nia1 #bda1 #bdi ,cambrian ,rocks1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbd-bbg ,cannock ,*ase1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bci ,c>adoc ,rocks1 #bdj ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks1 #bah1 #bba1 #bcj-bcd ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one1 #bcj1 #bcd1 #bda ,*>nwood ,=e/1 #bag1 #bba ,*>nwood ,=e/1 ,rocks (1 #bbc1 #bef ,*ilv]s ,coton1 #bbf ,cl5t ,hills1 #bad1 #bcf1 #bec ,coalfield1 ,=e/ ( ,wyre1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bcd ,coalbrookdale1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bcd ,coalfield1 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 #bah1 #bbg1 #bcj ,coal ,measures1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bcd ,coal1 #bfj ,coalfield1 ,coalbrookdale1 #bcd ,coalfield1 ,w>wick%ire1 #bcd ,copt ,hea?1 #bdh ,cr(t1 #bbd ,cry/all9e ,rocks1 #bba ,devonian ,rocks1 #bda ,dra9age ( ,m9es1 #bfb ,do/ ,hill1 #bbf ,droitwi*1 #bdc ,dudley1 #bad1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bcd ,dudley1 ,lime/one (1 #bbi1 #bfa ,edge ,hill1 #bde ,edgba/on1 #bae ,end]by1 #bbd ,enville1 #bce ,erratic ,blocks1 #bdi1 #bea ,f5ny ,compton1 #bde ,fire ,clay1 #bfj ,fossils1 ,cambrian1 #bbd1 #bbg ,c>bonif]\s1 #bcc1 #bda ,devonian1 #bda ,lias1 #bde ,ordovician1 #bdj ,po/ ,t]ti>y1 #beb ,rhtic1 #bdg ,silurian1 #bbh1 #bdj ,trias1 #bda ,fundam5tal ,rocks1 #bba1 #bbd ,geology1 #baf1 #bfe ,geological ,=mation1 ,table (1 #bbj1 #bba ,glacial ,deposits1 #bdh1 #bec ,glacial ,s&s1 #bdi ,gypsum1 #bdb ,hail/one ,qu>ry1 #bei ,hales[51 ,s&/one1 #bcj1 #bcb ,ham/ead1 #bcb1 #bfb ,h>borne1 #bae ,h>bury1 #bde1 #bdh ,h>t%ill1 ,rocks (1 #bbe ,hawkesbury1 #bcd ,hea!n ,coal1 #bcj ,hockley1 #bda ,hollybu% ,s&/one1 ,fossils (1 #bbd ,hollybu% ,s&/one1 #bba1 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