,,handbook ,,of ,,birmingham4 ,illustration ,,prepared ,,for ,,the ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,association4 #ahhf4 ,,birmingham3 ,,hall ,,and ,,english1 ,,printers1 ,c41 ,,high ,,street4 #ahhf4 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,introduction1 by ,g4 ,j4 ,,johnson ix4 ,,part ,i4 ,,old ,,birmingham1 by ,,sam3 ,,timmins #a ,,part ,,ii4 ,,modern ,,birmingham1 edited by ,,sam3 ,,timmins3 ,chap4 ,i4 ,local ,governing ,bodies1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,,bunce #ac ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,education1 by ,,osmund ,,airy1 ,m4,a4 #bf ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,libraries3 ,past and ,present1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,,mullins #fe ,chap4 ,,iv4 ,literary1 ,scientific1 and ,artistic ,societies1 by ,,sam3 ,,timmins #ge ,chap4 ,v4 ,charitable ,institutions1 by ,c4 ,e4 ,,mathews #ha ,chap4 ,,vi4 ,ecclesiastical1 by ,g4 ,j4 ,,johnson1 with folded ,table4 #ie ,chap4 ,,vii4 ,,art-- 7a7 ,architecture1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,,cossins #aah 7b7 ,painting1 by ,e4 ,r4 ,,taylor #abg 7c7 ,sculpture1 by ,,whitworth ,,wallis #ace 7d7 ,music1 by ,w4 ,,bayley ,,marshall #ada ,chap4 ,,viii4 ,manufacturing ,industries1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodward1 ,b4,sc4 #aej ,see also ,appendix1 p4 #cdf4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,geology ,,and ,,physiography1 edited by ,prof4 ,c4 ,,lapworth1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4-- ,physiography #bac ,geology1 illustrated by a ,geological ,map of the ,birmingham ,district 7in pocket at end of vol47 #baf ,palozoic ,rocks1 by ,prof4 ,c4 ,,lapworth3 7a7 ,introduction #baf 7b7 ,fundamental ,rocks #bba 7c7 ,cambrian ,rocks #bbd 7d7 ,silurian ,rocks #bbg 7e7 ,carboniferous ,rocks #bcj 7f7 ,permian ,rocks #bce ,triassic ,rocks1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,,harrison1 ,f4,g4,s4 #bcg ,liassic and ,rhtic1 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,brodie1 ,m4,a4 #bdd ,glacial and ,post-,tertiary ,deposits1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 #bdh ,petrography1 by ,s4 ,,allport1 ,f4,g4,s4 #bed ,mining ,statistics of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield1 by ,prof4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,benton1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,g4,s4 #bfj ,minerals of ,birmingham ,district1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodward1 ,b4,sc4 7see ,appendix7 #cec ,,part ,,iv4 ,,zoology1 edited by ,w4 ,r4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,l4,s43 ,introduction1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,l4,s4 #bff ,chap4 ,i4 ,mammals and ,reptiles by ,e4 ,,de ,,hamel #bfi ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,birds1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,,chase #bge ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,fishes and ,mollusca1 by ,g4 ,,sherriff ,,tye #bhe ,chap4 ,,iv4 ,insects1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,,blatch #bic ,chap4 ,v4 ,microscopic ,fauna1 by ,t4 ,,bolton1 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 #cje ,,part ,v4 ,,botany1 edited by ,,wm4 ,,mathews1 ,m4,a43 ,introductory ,remarks1 by ,,wm4 ,,mathews1 ,m4,a4 #caa ,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,flowering ,plants1 ,ferns1 c41 by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 #caf ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the ,mosses1 ,hepatics1 and ,lichens1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 #cca ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,alg1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,,wills #cce ,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the ,fungi1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,,grove1 ,b4,a4 #cci ,,appendix4 ,chains1 ,cables1 and ,anchors1 by ,b4 ,,hingley1 ,m4,p4 #cdf ,die ,sinking1 by ,g4 ,,sherriff ,,tye #cdh ,saddlery ,trade1 by ,,thos4 ,,middlemore #cdh ,botanical ,gardens1 by ,,sam3 ,,timmins #ceg ,guinea ,gardens1 by ,,sam3 ,,timmins #ceh ,sunday ,lecture ,society1 by ,,thos4 ,,rose #ceh ,newspapers1 by ,,sam3 ,,timmins #cfa ,theatres1 by ,,sam3 ,,timmins #cfb ,coventry ,industries1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,,fretton1 ,f4,s4,a4 #cff ,,contributors4 7,the figures show the pages of this work where the articles appear47 ,,page4 ,airy1 ,o4 #bf ,allport1 ,s4 #bbb1 #bed1 #bfc ,bagnall1 ,j4 ,e4 #caf ,baker1 ,t4 ,j4 #bjh ,bayliss1 ,t4 ,r4 #agd ,benson1 ,e4 ,w4 #bja ,benton1 ,w4 ,e4 #bfj ,blatch1 ,w4 ,g4 #bic ,bolton1 ,t4 #cje ,bragg1 ,john #ahg ,bragge1 ,r4 ,l4 #baj ,brodie1 ,p4 ,b4 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bfd ,brierley1 ,l4 #agh ,bunce1 ,j4 ,t4 #ac ,callaway1 ,c4 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bei1 #bfc ,chance1 ,henry #bjb ,chase1 ,r4 ,w4 #bge ,cossins1 ,j4 ,a4 #aah ,crosskey1 ,h4 ,w4 #bdh ,elkington and ,co4 #bjc ,fretton1 ,w4 ,g4 #cff ,gausby1 ,j4 ,b4 #agi1 #baa ,grove1 ,w4 ,b4 #cci1 #cde ,goodman1 ,j4 ,d4 #aid ,hamel1 ,e4 de #bfi ,harrison1 ,g4 ,k4 #bjf ,harrison1 ,w4 ,j4 #bcg1 #bfd ,heaton1 ,ralph #ahb ,hingley1 ,benjamin #cdf ,hiorns1 ,w4 ,a4 ,h4 #afi ,hodson1 ,e4 ,h4 #bjb ,holland1 ,wm4 #baj ,hollyer1 ,j4 ,h4 #bjf ,hopkins1 ,a4 ,n4 #bjf ,hughes1 ,w4 ,r4 #bff ,johnson1 ,g4 ,j4 ix41 #id ,johnstone1 ,a4 ,s4 #bja ,kenward1 ,j4 #aia ,kenrick1 ,w4 #aha ,lapworth1 ,c4 #bac1 #bad1 #bfd ,lea1 ,henry #ahc ,lean1 ,ch4 #bab ,marshall1 ,w4 ,b4 #ada ,martineau1 ,f4 ,e4 #ahg ,martineau1 ,r4 ,f4 #aii ,mathews1 ,c4 ,e4 #ha ,mathews1 ,wm4 #caa ,middlemore1 ,thos4 #cdh ,mole1 ,f4 ,m4 #bjf ,mullins1 ,j4 ,d4 #fe ,osler1 ,a4 ,c4 #ahf ,perks1 ,w4 #bjb ,pollack1 ,maurice #bje ,puplett1 ,s4 #bjd ,rabone1 ,j4 #aic ,stanton1 ,h4 ,h4 #aic ,sutherland1 ,w4 ,s4 #agi ,tangye ,bros4 #ahg ,taylor1 ,e4 ,r4 #abg ,tildesley1 ,j4 ,c4 #aic ,timmins1 ,sam3 #a1 #ge1 #ceg1 #cfa ,turner1 ,j4 ,p4 #aha ,tye1 ,g4 ,s4 #bhe1 #cdh ,wallis1 ,w4 #ace ,westwood1 ,h4 #agg ,wills1 ,a4 ,w4 #bjh1 #cce1 #cch ,woodward1 ,c4 ,j4 #aej1 #ceb1 #cec ,woodward1 ,j4 ,m4 #bjj ,wright1 ,j4 ,t4 #bjd ,,corrections4 ,,page ,,line ,,for ,,read #h #bc ,warren ,hector #gi #ad #agca #agcc #acc #h ,sinton ,linton 0 #ai ,holt ,holl 0 #bf ,watt's ,watts's #aie #a ,wesley ,westley #bae #ai ,st4 ,philip's ,st4 ,philip #baf #ca ,paleozoic ,palozoic #bag #cc 0 0 0 #cd ,triassic ,trias #bai #d ,coldfield ,coalfield #bbj #bc ,rhtic ,rhtic #bba #a ,spirorks ,spirorbis 0 #f ,colebrookdale ,coalbrookdale #bbb #d1 #af1 #bh ,archean ,archan #bbf #a ,parley ,purley 0 #e ,shales shales #bbh #h ,landovery ,llandovery 0 #af ,attrypa ,atrypa #bca last line its material the material #bce #af in turns in turn #bdj #cb omit various lamellibranchs 0 #cg add ,,silurian #beb #aa astarte ,astarte 0 #ba erractic erratic ,,introduction4 ,,by ,g4,j4 ,,johnson4 ,this ,handbook1 being prepared for the use of the members of the ,british ,association1 at their meeting in ,birmingham1 in #ahhf1 it is deemed desirable to preface it by a very brief sketch of the progress of the town since the first meeting here of the ,association in #ahci1 a period only three years short of half a century4 ,the ,corporation4#a--,when the ,association met in ,birmingham1 on the #bfth of ,august1 #ahci1 the ,borough had recently been incorporated--the first meeting of the ,town ,council having been held on the #bgth of the previous ,december2 but when the ,council attempted to exercise the power of making a ,borough ,rate1 the ,overseers refused to levy it in consequence of objections which had been raised to the validity of the ,charter4 ,in addition to these pecuniary difficulties1 the town was just recovering from the effects of the ,chartist riots1 in the ,bull ,ring1 seven weeks before4 ,the ,corporation had not the control of a single policeman or constable1 and the town was in charge of a body of ,london police4 ,the same day on which the ,association met1 the ,royal assent was given to an ,act 7#b and #c ,vic41 c4 #hh71 hurriedly passed1 to appoint a ,commissioner of ,police in the ,borough for two years1 and to authorise an advance of #aj1jjj1 for the purpose of organizing and paying a police force4 ,the validity of the charter of incorporation was ultimately settled by a statutory confirmation 7#e and #f ,vic41 c4 ,,iii71 which received the royal assent on the #abth of ,august1 #ahdb4 ,as a consequence1 the control of the police was transferred to the ,watch ,committee of the ,corporation4 ,at the time of the transfer the strength of the force was #cjj men1 and the population of the borough #ahc1jjj4 ,the population is now about #dbg1jjj1 and the police force is #eej in number1 and is both efficient and adequate4 ,the great cost of conveying prisoners and lunatics to the ,county ,gaol and ,asylum at ,warwick1 and the inadequacy of both to the increasing population1 rendered the building of a ,borough ,gaol and ,lunatic ,asylum at ,winson ,green a necessity1 and as soon as the ,corporation obtained the control of the police the gaol was proceeded with and opened in #ahdi4 ,in the following year the ,lunatic ,asylum was opened1 to which was added1 in #ahhb1 another ,asylum at ,rubery ,hill1 near ,bromsgrove4 ,the year #ahea is memorable in our municipal history for the vesting in the ,corporation1 for the first time1 of complete control over the entire borough by the transfer to it of the conflicting powers and jurisdictions of the other governing bodies 7see pp4 #ah and #ai47 ,up to that date the formation and maintenance of the streets1 roads1 and footways of the town1 the lighting and drainage1 and all the other important work now undertaken by the ,public ,works ,committee of the ,corporation could not be dealt with in any uniform system1 because six other governing bodies or officials had statutory powers over the portions of the ,borough which were outside the parish of ,birmingham4 ,with the year #aheb a new and uniform system commenced1 and not an hour too soon1 having regard to the rapid increase of the population and the consequent multiplication of new streets and roads4 ,the aspect of the town has been completely changed in the paving of the roads and footways1 the lighting of the streets1 the widening of many of the principal thoroughfares1 and the carrying into operation of a complete and uniform system of drainage and sewerage4 ,to the ,public ,works ,committee belongs also the control of the numerous tramways which lead from the centre of the town to the suburbs in every direction1 except the upper part of ,edgbaston1 the approach to which is rendered difficult by the narrowness of ,broad ,street4 ,the improved system of drainage and sewerage brought to an issue the serious question of how the sewage of the town was to be dealt with4 ,from the year #aheh this had become a serious and increasing difficulty1 involving the ,corporation in constant and costly litigation with the neighbouring landowners1 resulting in injunctions from the ,court of ,chancery4 ,in #ahga a special ,committee called 8,the ,sewage ,enquiry ,committee0 was instituted1 who recommended the course ultimately adopted1 viz43 the formation of a board representing the whole drainage area1 and the establishment of a large sewage farm at ,saltley4 ,the latter was first undertaken and found to be a solution of the difficulty1 and in the year #ahgg the other object was attained by the constitution of the 8,birmingham ,tame and ,rea ,district ,drainage ,board10 composed of twenty-two representatives from the different governing bodies in the drainage area1 of whom twelve are elected by the ,town ,council of ,birmingham4 ,to this body the sewage farm has been transferred1 and is now carried on with the most beneficial result4 ,immediately after the passing of the ,public ,health ,act1 #ahgb1 the ,borough was constituted an ,urban ,sanitary ,district and the ,council as the ,urban ,sanitary ,authority1 set itself vigorously to the work of improving the public health4 ,a ,borough ,hospital for the treatment of small pox and scarlet fever was established in #ahgd4 ,the ,public ,health ,act1 #ahge1 indirectly removed for sanitary purposes the limit on rating powers to which the ,council were obliged to submit in their ,act of #ahea4 ,by the zealous labours of the ,health ,committee1 and the liberal application of the pecuniary resources placed at its command by the ,act of #ahge1 the death rate has been reduced from #bd4h per #a1jjj in #ahgd to #ai4a in #ahhe1 although the mean density of the population has increased in the same period #bj per cent4 ,in #ahea the first of the four sets of public baths was opened in ,kent ,street1 followed by other sets in ,woodcock ,street 7#ahfj71 ,northwood ,street 7#ahfb71 and ,monument ,road 7#ahhc74 ,under the management of the same ,committee of the ,council are placed the ten public parks and recreation grounds of the ,borough1 of which five have been given to the ,corporation and five have been acquired by purchase4 ,the list is as follows3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,name4 ,date of ,,area4 ,,gift ,,or ,,purchase4 ,acquisition4 ,a4 ,r4 ,p4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,adderley ,park #ahef #aj #j #bb;,gift of ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,adderley 7now ,lord ,norton74 ,calthorpe ,park #aheg #ba #a #ac,lease by ,lord ,calthorpe at a nominal rent4 ,aston ,park and ,hall #ahfd #dc #j #j,purchased for #bf1jjj1 of which #g1jjj was raised by subscriptions4 ,aston ,park and ,hall #ahgc #f #b #h,purchased for #d1gej4 ,cannon ,hill ,park #ahgc #eg #a #i;,gift by ,miss ,ryland4 ,highgate ,park #ahgf #h #j #bh,land purchased for #h1jjj and #g1jjj expended in laying out4 ,summerfield ,park #ahgf #ab #j #bj,land purchased for #h1jjj #c1heg expended in laying out4 ,burbury ,st4 ,recreation ,ground #ahgg #d #a #c;,gift by ,mr4 ,william ,middlemore4 ,small ,heath ,park #ahgi #da #c #cd;,gift by ,miss ,ryland4 ,park ,st4 ,gardens #ahhj #d #a #ce;,disused burial grounds laid out at cost of ,st4 ,mary's ,gardens #ahhb #b #b #jab1jii4 --------- #bba #c #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,in #ahfj the ,free ,libraries ,act was adopted1 and the first branch library was opened in ,constitution ,hill1 on the #crd of ,april1 #ahfa4 ,the first ,central ,lending ,library and ,art ,gallery were opened on the #fth ,sept41 #ahfe1 on the occasion of the meeting of the ,british ,association4 7,see for the subsequent history of the ,free ,libraries p4 #fi et seq47 ,in #ahfc the ,borough ,cemetery at ,witton was completed4 7,see p4 #aag47 ,in #ahgd1 a ,fire ,brigade was established1 which now consists of thirty well-trained men1 with six engines1 and all suitable apparatus4 ,from the year #ahea to #ahgc was a period of steady progress in our municipal affairs2 but the mayoralty of the ,right ,hon4 7then ,mr47 ,joseph ,chamberlain1 #ahgc-f1 was signalised by the building of the ,council ,house2 the acquisition of the undertakings of the two ,gas ,companies of the ,borough1 as well as that of the ,waterworks ,company1 and the authorisation of a great scheme of street improvement of which the formation of ,corporation ,street is the principal feature4 ,curiously enough1 the acquisition of the gas supply of the ,borough had a consequence1 apparently as far removed as ,tenterden steeple from the ,goodwin ,sands1 viz41 the provision of the present commodious ,art ,gallery 7p4 #abc47 ,the explanation is1 that under the ,free ,libraries ,act1 the ,town ,council had the power to appropriate the site for the purpose of an ,art ,gallery1 but no power to raise money to erect the building otherwise than by the penny rate1 which was then hardly sufficient for the annual cost of the ,free ,libraries4 ,the ,gas department of the ,corporation requiring to build larger offices1 the ,council1 at the request of the ,free ,libraries ,committee1 granted the land to the ,gas ,committee1 on condition that they should build over their offices the new ,art ,gallery1 which they have done at an estimated cost of #dj1jjj4 ,by this means a difficulty which seemed insuperable was overcome4 ,in addition to this benefit to the town1 the ,gas ,committee have earned for the ,corporation a profit of more than #be1jjj a year4 ,thirty years of municipal activity1 such as has been described1 commencing with the ,act of #ahea1 of course involved repeated applications to ,parliament1 and in #ahhb the mass of legislation was found to be enormous1 and a consolidation of twenty separate ,acts was effected by the ,birmingham 7,corporation7 ,consolidation ,act1 #ahhc1 which removed the limit of the ,free ,library rate1 and enabled the ,corporation to establish the ,municipal ,school of ,art 7see p4 xviii471 and to provide adequate funds for the maintenance of the ,corporation ,art ,gallery4 ,thus the same ,corporation which1 in #ahci1 had no revenue1 nor means of obtaining any1 and required to be assisted by the ,government with a loan of #aj1jjj for police purposes1 in the year #ahhe1 levied rates for municipal purposes 7exclusive of poor's rate and the ,school ,board rate7 to the amount of #cah1hhb1 being #ds4 #e;d4 in the pound on the annual value of the rateable property of the borough1 and now borrows money readily at three-and-a-quarter per cent4 ,its revenue1 and the income received from some of the ,committees1 sufficed to keep the operations of the ,corporation in working order1 and to pay the interest on #g1fjf1bfi--the aggregate amount of the liabilities on capital account on #cast ,december1 #ahhe4 ,with reference to this large amount of indebtedness it should be noted that #b1gbj1jfa is the capitalized value at twenty-five years' purchase of the annuities granted as the purchase moneys of the ,birmingham and ,staffordshire ,gas ,company1 and the ,water ,works ,company1 and that #dej1jjj was paid in cash for the purchase of ,the ,birmingham ,gas ,company1 and also that #a1ebj1efg has been expended on the ,improvement ,scheme4 ,this reduces the sum still due for the debts of the former governing bodies and all the public works executed by the ,corporation since #ahci1 to #b1iae1fcj1 and there can be no doubt that the whole of the indebtedness is more than balanced by the value of the property belonging to the ,corporation4 ,it remains to be noticed that the ,corporation is the largest landowner in the ,borough1 owning more than #b1jjj acres of land 7including its share of the sewage farm7 and is the largest employer of labour1 employing upwards of #d1jjj persons4 ,also that in ,july1 #ahhd1 ,birmingham was made an assize town2 whereupon the ,town ,council took into immediate consideration the necessity of building ,courts for ,assizes1 ,quarter ,sessions and ,petty ,sessions1 and in ,july1 #ahhf1 approved of plans for the purpose4 ,the 8,new ,law ,courts0 as they are termed1 will be erected in ,corporation ,street4 ,population4--,in the year #ahci the population of the ,borough was estimated at #ahj1jjj4 ,the following is the result of each subsequent census1 namely3-- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,year4 ,,houses4 ,,population4 ,,increase ,,per ,,cent4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ahda #dj1jjj #ahb1hid #bheg #ahea #dh1hid #bcb1hda #bgcj #ahfa #ei1bjj #bif1jgf #bgaa #ahga #gd1daf #cdc1ghg #afaj #ahha #gh1cja #djh1jjd #ahfg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,the population in #ahhf is estimated to be about #dbg1jjj4 ,a still more striking example of the progress of the town is afforded by the following statement kindly prepared by ,mr4 ,s4 ,walliker1 the energetic and courteous ,postmaster of the town4 ,,statement ,,shewing ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,birmingham ,,post ,,office ,,during ,,the ,,past #bj ,,years4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total ,proportion number of of ,letters1 ,letters1 c41 to ,no4 of ,no4 of ,no4 of ,no4 of c41 population1,telegraph,money-,order ,boxes ,officers delivered or number ,offices4 ,offices4 for employed4 during of letters ,letters4 the to each year4 individual4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahff #ac1jbc1bjj #cidf #i #i #fj #afb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahhe-fcj1ihc1fbe #gbje #cc #gh #bcc #hfh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,in #ahga 7the year after the ,telegraphs were transferred to the ,post ,office71 the number of ,telegraph ,messages dealt with was #a1jha1hbe1 and in #ahhe-f1 #c1aaa1ffb4 ,the number of ,parcels dealt with in #ahhe-f was #b1dib1fhi4 ,gifts for public purposes4--8,more than princely1 civic munificence0 was a happy phrase of ,professor ,max ,mller on the occasion of the opening of the ,mason ,science ,college1 and it is certain that in proportion as the feeling of citizenship in any community becomes strong it will manifest itself in the establishment or assistance of institutions for public purposes4 ,birmingham has never been without examples of this kind4 ,the earliest of the existing charities of the town is-- ,lench's ,trust1 originated by a feoffment1 #aath ,march1 #aebe1 by ,william ,lench1 of lands in and near ,birmingham to trustees4 ,with this trust many other smaller gifts have been incorporated1 and the income of the whole is now applied to the maintenance of four sets of almshouses for aged women1 in ,conybere ,street1 ,hospital ,street1 ,ladywood ,road1 and ,ravenhurst ,street4 ,the total number of inmates is #agh1 and each of them has a house and four shillings a week4 ,the income of this charity has grown with the growth of the town like that of the ,grammar ,school 7see p4 #bf47 ,in #ahci it was #geh1 in #ahhf it is #c1jhe4 ,the next endowment in order of time was that of the ,free ,grammar ,school 7see p4 #bf7 to which has since been added one half of the endowment of ,milward's ,charity 7,a4,d4 #afhd74 ,then came-- ,fentham's ,charity 7,a4,d4 #agab71 part of the revenue of which is appropriated to the maintenance of certain boys in the ,blue ,coat ,school1 distinguished by a dark green dress4 ,with the exception of a number of smaller charities for apprenticing boys1 relieving poor widows1 giving doles of bread1 no important public benefactions were bestowed for nearly a century4 ,almshouses in imitation of ,lench's ,trust1 twenty in number1 were built by ,joseph ,dowell1 in ,warner ,street1 in #ahbj1 and another set by ,mrs4 ,glover1 in ,steelhouse ,lane1 for thirty-six aged women1 in #ahcb4 ,the last twenty years have been fruitful in gifts by our wealthier citizens beginning with-- ,evans' ,cottage ,homes1 ,founded in #ahfg1 by ,alfred ,smith ,evans 7of the then well-known firm of ,evans and ,askin71 are six cottages at ,selly ,oak1 of a superior kind to the ordinary almshouse1 for ladies of reduced means4 ,each inmate is required to possess an income of #be a year1 and receives #bj a year from the trust4 ,vacancies in the trustees are supplied by magistrates of the borough1 appointed by the ,town ,council4 ,the ,orphanage and ,almshouses at ,erdington1 completed in #ahfh1 at a cost of #fj1jjj1 by the late ,sir ,josiah 7then ,josiah7 ,mason1 and endowed with an annual income from landed property1 which in #ahhe produced #f1djj4 ,the ,orphanage contains upwards of #cjj children1 in the proportion of two girls to one boy4 ,the ,almshouses contain #cj poor women4 ,seven of the fourteen trustees are appointed by the ,town ,council4 ,crowley's ,orphanage4--,thomas ,crowley1 a timber merchant1 of ,birmingham1 who died #bhth ,february1 #ahfi1 by deed dated #aeth ,february1 #ahfi1 settled #aj1jjj upon trusts to educate poor orphan girls4 ,no orphanage has yet been built1 but temporary homes have been opened in ,ladywood ,road4 ,the ,james' ,trust4--,the ,misses ,elizabeth and ,emma ,james1 by deed dated #ast ,november1 #ahfi1 conveyed a freehold estate in ,paradise ,street1 as an endowment for 8,the ,james' ,almhouses0 they had built at ,nechells for aged women1 to provide five annuities of #bj each for poor and decayed gentlewomen1 and a scholarship of #ej a year from the ,free ,grammar ,school at ,birmingham to the ,universities of ,oxford or ,cambridge4 ,the net income is about #gej per annum1 the surplus beyond #dej per annum is to be accumulated1 and applied in building additional almshouses4 ,the ,public ,picture ,gallery ,fund originated in a gift in the year #ahga1 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,clarkson ,osler 7of the well-known firm of glass manufacturers7 of a sum of #c1jjj for the purchase of pictures for the ,corporation ,art ,gallery4 ,this sum is augmented by other donations and amounts subscribed1 and has been the means of adorning the ,art ,gallery with many valuable pictures4 ,dudley ,trust4--,mr4 ,william ,dudley1 a ,jeweller of ,birmingham1 by deed dated #hth ,may1 #ahge1 settled #ajj1jjj in the hands of ,trustees to be used in 7#a7 ,loans to young tradesmen at low rates of interest2 7#b7 ,annuities to aged tradesmen1 and 7#c7 ,surplus to be applied in aid of the charitable institutions of the ,borough4 ,four of the ,trustees are to be appointed by the ,town ,council4 ,free ,libraries4--,in order of time reference should be made to the fund of nearly #ae1jjj raised in #ahgi to refurnish the ,reference ,library after the fire1 and to the valuable gifts of books detailed at p4 #gb et seq4 ,the ,art ,gallery ,purchase ,fund originated in an offer of ,messrs4 ,tangye1 on #crd ,july1 #ahhj1 to contribute #e1jjj to a fund for the purchase of examples of art for the ,new ,art ,gallery1 since built by the ,gas ,committee as previously stated 7p4 xiii471 and a further #e1jjj on condition that an equal sum was raised by public subscription4 ,the sum of #g1jjj additional was raised and placed at the disposal of a ,special ,committee of the ,town ,council1 called the 8,art ,gallery ,purchase ,committee40 ,the ,mason ,science ,college4--,for a full account of which 7see p4 #de71 was opened #ast ,october1 #ahhj4 ,its cost was #fj1jjj1 and it is endowed with landed property producing #c1fjj per annum4 ,of the eleven ,trustees1 five are appointed by the ,town ,council4 ,the ,wilkes ,bequest4--,mr4 ,alfred ,salt ,wilkes1 a ,manufacturer in ,birmingham1 who died on the #bith ,july1 #ahha1 left a sum of money expected to realise #ih1jjj for division1 after two life interests1 between the ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute and the ,general ,hospital4 ,municipal ,school of ,art4--,on the #ith of ,november1 #ahha1 the retiring ,mayor1 ,mr4 ,richard ,chamberlain1 announced to the ,council that ,miss ,ryland had offered #aj1jjj1 ,messrs4 ,richard and ,george ,tangye1 another #aj1jjj 7afterwards increased to #aj1icg71 and ,mr4 ,cregoe ,colmore a piece of land worth #ad1jjj for the building of the present ,school of ,art4 ,the foundation stone was laid #cast ,march1 #ahhd1 by ,mr4 ,richard ,tangye1 and the building 7see p4 #abe7 finished and opened on #adth ,september1 #ahhe4 ,the former ,school of ,art1 a voluntary association supported by public subscription 7and to which ,miss ,ryland had been a generous donor7 being transferred to the ,corporation4 ,the ,princess ,alice ,orphanage1 at ,chester ,road1 was established1 #ahhb1 partly by a donation of #aj1jjj by ,mr4 ,solomon ,jevons1 of ,birmingham4 ,the ,lloyds' ,almshouses1 in ,belgrave ,road1 were founded by the widow of ,mr4 ,james ,lloyd1 a banker1 of ,birmingham4 ,the ,jaffray ,suburban ,hospital1 at ,erdington1 for the treatment of chronic and non-contagious cases in connection with the ,birmingham ,general ,hospital1 is the latest1 but not the least of the gifts to the town4 ,it was built and furnished at the sole cost of ,mr4 ,john ,jaffray1 and opened on the #bgth ,november1 #ahhe4 ,an enumeration of these gifts would not be complete without reference to the five gifts of public parks particularised in the list at page xii4 ,in addition to these benefactions1 mention ought to be made of the numerous gifts of pictures1 sculptures and bronzes1 given to the ,art ,gallery by our leading citizens1 which will be found detailed in the ,art ,gallery ,catalogue4 ,five of these gifts are deserving of special mention1 namely1 7#a7 the collection of arms given #agth ,august1 #ahgf1 by the ,guardians of the ,birmingham ,proof ,house1 and now arranged in the south gallery2 7#b7 the collection of pictures of ,david ,cox given by the late ,j4 ,h4 ,nettlefold2 7#c7 ,mller's well known 8,prayers in the ,desert10 and others given by the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,joseph ,chamberlain2 7#d7 a collection of ,wedgwood ware given by ,messrs4 ,richard and ,george ,tangye2 and 7#e7 the clock in the tower of the ,art ,gallery given by ,mr4 ,follett ,osler1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,now that so admirable a gallery has been provided for the reception of such gifts1 it may be confidently hoped that others equally valuable will be constantly added by the public spirit and liberality of the citizens of ,birmingham4 ,it is computed that the value of these and other smaller gifts for public purposes for the last twenty years approaches1 if it does not exceed1 one million sterling4 ,hospital ,sunday and ,saturday ,collections4--,the suggestion of a collection in the churches and chapels of the town on the last ,sunday in ,october1 for the medical charities was made by the ,midland ,counties' ,herald ,newspaper1 ,october1 #ahei4 ,it was warmly taken up by the then ,rector of ,birmingham1 ,dr4 ,miller1 and has been continued annually since #bgth ,october1 #ahei4 ,the total sum contributed up to and including the collection in ,october1 #ahhe1 is #abd1dcc1 the average for twenty-seven years being #d1fjh4 ,hospital ,saturday ,collection4--,the first ,hospital ,saturday ,collection1 designed to reach a class differing from the contributors to the ,hospital ,sunday ,collection1 took place ,march #aeth1 #ahgc4 ,it has gradually grown in amount1 and now produces a larger annual sum than the ,hospital ,sunday ,collection4 ,the amount raised in fourteen years is #fc1bej1 or an average of #d1eag4 ,the last collection produced #f1eba4 ,clubs4--,small clubs1 meeting at stated times for social purposes1 were always common in ,birmingham4 ,the ,bean ,club1 which meets annually1 has existed since #affj4 ,the 8parlours0 of the better class of public houses were places where tradesmen used to assemble in the evenings and were social clubs in the old sense4 ,in #ahdj the present ,waterloo ,rooms1 now occupied by the ,midland ,conservative ,club1 were built for a club house1 but the time was not ripe and they were let to the ,government for the ,old ,bankruptcy ,court4 ,,the ,,union ,,club 7non-political7 was the first club in the modern sense1 and was established in #ahef1 in rooms in ,bennett's ,hill1 and succeeded so well that the present club-house1 at the corner of ,colmore ,row and ,newhall ,street1 was built for it1 and the club removed there in ,may1 #ahfi4 ,,the ,,midland ,,club1 in ,new ,street1 was established in the year #ahfi1 and is a non-political club4 ,,the ,,conservative ,,club was established in #ahgb4 ,the present club house is in ,union ,street1 but a larger club house in ,temple ,row is being built4 ,,the ,,liberal ,,club was established in the year #ahgg1 in ,new ,street1 and in ,november1 #ahhe1 was removed to the stately building at the corner of ,congreve ,street and ,edmund ,street4 ,,the ,,reform ,,club was established in the year #ahgi1 under the title of the ,junior ,liberal ,club4 ,it occupies rooms in ,new ,street4 ,,the ,,midland ,,conservative ,,club1 which now occupies the ,waterloo ,rooms1 in ,waterloo ,street1 was established in the year #ahhb4 ,all the above clubs are open to members of the ,association during the meeting of #ahhf1 on presentation of their cards of membership4 ,for an account of ,the ,clef ,club see page #adh4 ,other clubs of a political1 social1 or scientific character are very numerous in ,birmingham4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the matters touched upon in this ,introduction must be regarded as illustrative of the progress of the town in a few particulars which did not fall within any of the divisions of ,part ,,ii4 of this ,handbook 7see ,table of ,contents74 ,fully to realize the development in every direction of our municipal1 educational1 ecclesiastical1 literary1 artistic1 and industrial life1 the whole of that part should be consulted4 ,the remainder of the book will shew how assiduously various branches of science are cultivated amongst us4 ,,part ,i4 ,,history ,,and ,,antiquities4 #ajhf--ahjj4 ,,by ,,sam3 ,,timmins4 ,origin of ,name4--,eight hundred years ago the name of ,birmingham first appeared in history1 and almost exactly with the present name of the town4 ,in the famous ,domesday ,book 7#ajhc-ajhf71 compiled for ,william the ,norman1 the name is spelled 8,bermingeha'10 but the varieties of spelling1 from the conquest1 have been remarkable4 ,some curious collector has summed up one hundred and forty variations1 but most of these may be resolved into two forms of pronunciation--either ,birmingham or ,bromicham4 ,it is curious that no other town or village in ,england seems to have a similar name to that of ,birmingham1 and hence its etymology is somewhat obscure4 ,hutton's favourite origin was ,broom from the plant1 ,wych1 a dwelling or a descent1 and ,ham a home1 so that ,bromwycham was supposed to be the original name indicating local details2 but ,hutton had forgotten to look at ,domesday ,book1 or to explain how ,bromwycham had been turned into ,birmingham4 ,still more1 he had neglected ,dugdale's remark that while 8ham10 for home1 explained the final syllable1 the other two syllables certainly denoted some personal name4 ,all later researches have tended to confirm this suggestion1 and modern philologists1 including ,prof4 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 are almost unanimous in agreeing that 8,berm10 or 8,beorm10 or some similar form represents the name of some ,saxon tribe or people1 and that ,bermingham would be a patronymic or family name1 with the 8ing0 or 8iung0 denoting some progeny or tribe1 and giving the name to the 8de ,berminghams10 who flourished in the place1 as ,dugdale fully shows4 ,early ,history4--,as to the ante-,norman holders1 ,dugdale says on the authority of ,domesday ,book1 that in 8,edward the ,confessor's days 7,birmingham was7 the freehold of one ,ulvvine10 but the history begins with the ,domesday ,book which gives the following details3--8,richard holds of ,william 7,fitz ,ausculf7 four hides in ,bermingha'4 ,the arable employs six ploughs2 one is in the demesne4 ,there are five villeins and four bordars with two ploughs4 ,wood half a mile long1 and four furlongs broad4 ,it was1 and is worth #bjs40 ,these few facts compare very favourably with the description of other places1 and show that ,birmingham was then a place of some importance4 ,no church is mentioned1 and no priest1 but those omissions do not necessarily prove that the place had neither1 and probably it had both4 ,the extent of the 8hide0 is very uncertain and it seems to have varied from sixty to one hundred acres4 ,this entry obviously relates to ,birmingham only1 and ,edgbaston1 ,aston1 and other places are similarly described4 ,this extract is merely given to show that some sort of town existed long before #ajhc-ajhf1 and that its name was nearly as we spell and sound it now4 ,after ,domesday ,book a long blank occurs1 except as to certain documentary evidence as to ,fairs1 7#aaff and #abea71 and the help given to ,simon de ,montfort against ,henry ,,iii41 by ,william de ,bermingham4 ,but a little light is thrown on the condition of ,birmingham by further examination of a curious and unique old map of ,england and ,scotland now in the ,bodleian ,library1 but which was known to ,gough and included in his ,topography1 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #gg17 with an engraving by ,basire1 which1 however1 is very imperfect and inaccurate4 ,a photo-zincograph of this ancient map was produced by the ,ordnance ,office in #ahge1 with a description by ,mr4 ,w4 ,basevi ,saunders1 who settles the date of the map as circa #abhf-acjj4 ,in this map1 which is remarkably interesting but ludicrously wrong in many parts1 especially as to ,scotland1 ,birmingham distinctly appears4 ,cathedral cities and large churches are generally indicated1 rivers are marked1 and even miles on roads1 while a large number of single houses are marked to show towns1 when no names are given4 ,in the portion marked 8,ardene0 one house1 with 8,brmyngh10 clearly appears between ,worcester and ,lichfield1 and is the only town in ,warwickshire which is described by name1 not even ,coventry or ,warwick being named4 ,this seems to show that ,birmingham was a place of some importance even six hundred years ago1 and that its name was then spelled nearly as now1 the abbreviations probably indicating 8,bermyngham40 ,as ,dugdale's ,warwickshire is generally limited to the territorial and family history1 which is difficult to condense1 and rarely refers to the existence or state of the buildings in his time1 there is very little material for the history of the town for several centuries4 ,he mentions1 however1 that ,peter de ,bermingham 8had a ,castle here which stood nearre a ,bow-shoot from the ,church south-westwards0 7#ab ,henry ,,ii41 #aaff71 doubtless on the site of ,smithfield market1 which had buildings and moat till #ahae4 ,a market was granted by the same king1 and on ,thursdays1 and was probably largely frequented and helped the progress of the town4 ,from this de ,bermingham family1 ,dugdale says1 8doubtless came the de ,berminghams of ,ireland1 who settled there very antiently3 perhaps in ,hen4 ,,ii4 days on the first conquest of that realm by ,ric4 ,strongbow30 but the family connection with ,birmingham ended with ,edward and his tragic story in #aede4 ,the ,priory4--,the ,hospital or ,priory of ,st4 ,thomas the ,apostle has had its name and site preserved by the names 8,upper and ,lower ,priory10 8,minories10 c41 but the exact site of the buildings and the date of the foundation are uncertain4 ,the grounds occupied a large space along ,bull ,street1 ,dale ,end1 ,john ,street1 and ,steelhouse ,lane2 but even in the recent excavations for new streets scarcely a fragment has been found4 ,a century ago the pseudo-antiquarian ,william ,hutton1 who did his best to write a ,history of ,birmingham1 records that in #agge he removed 8twenty waggon loads of old stones1 great numbers of which were highly finished in the ,gothic taste2 parts of porticos1 windows1 arches1 ceilings--some fluted1 some ciphered1 yet complete as the day they left the chisel10 and that after letting the builders destroy the greater portion1 he used some in making a fire-place in 8an under-ground kitchen40 ,there is little hope now of finding any of these relics or of settling the site on which the ,priory buildings stood4 ,even ,dugdale failed to find its origin1 and simply records that the first mention occurs in #ac ,edwd4 ,i4 7#abhe71 and that the ,commissioners of ,henry ,,viii4 7#aede7 valued it at #h4 #hs4 #aj;d41 and that it was duly dissolved4 ,st4 ,martin's ,church4--,the ,mother ,church1 ,st4 ,martin's1 claims great antiquity1 but its exact date has not been found4 ,during the recent restoration some early wall-paintings were discovered1 with the still more valuable remains which formed part of a ,norman ,church1 very evidently on the same site1 but all traces of whose history have been lost4 ,the existing ,church has1 however1 some highly interesting monuments of some of the de ,berminghams of the thirteenth1 fourteenth1 and fifteenth centuries1 one in alabaster1 representing an ecclesiastic1 being well known as an almost unique example of fifteenth century art4 ,the present restored church has replaced an ugly brick casing which covered the decaying portion of an earlier church supposed to have been of the latter part of the thirteenth century with later alterations4 ,the ,registers begin in #aeee1 and have been carefully preserved1 as well as various ,church ,books which have been used in the ,history of ,st4 ,martin's by ,mr4 ,j4 ,thackray ,bunce4 ,st4 ,john's ,chapel4--,another ecclesiastical relic1 in name only1 is to be found in the ugly last century brick building1 ,st4 ,john's ,chapel1 ,deritend1 which has replaced the 8propper chappel10 which ,leland saw in #aech1 an early ,english building among the trees by the river side4 ,this 8chapel0 was founded in #acge1 by some of the inhabitants of ,deritend and ,bordesley1 who found the floods often preventing access to their ,parish ,church at ,aston4 ,thirteen of the inhabitants of the hamlets contributed the funds1 and acquired the right of 8appointing one ,chaplain0 for the services1 and such ,chaplain is appointed to this day by the parishioners' votes4 ,tradition records that ,john ,rogers1 one of the early translators of the ,bible1 and the first ,martyr of the reign of ,mary1 was born in ,deritend near this ,chapel1 and a marble slab records his fame1 but the tradition is doubtful1 and has not been fully confirmed4 ,the ,guild of the ,holy ,cross1 whose ,hall was on the site of the present ,king ,edward's ,school1 was founded in #f ,rich4 ,,ii4 7#achb71 for the maintenance of two priests to celebrate service daily in the ,church of ,st4 ,martin1 but ten years later was formed into a 8,guild or ,fraternitie1 consisting of men and women of ,birmingham10 in the names of the 8,bailiffs and ,communaltie of ,birmingham and other adjacent places1 for a ,chantrie of priests and services in the ,church1 for the souls of the ,founders and all the ,fraternitie10 but in #cg ,hen4 ,,viii4 7#aede7 the lands were valued at #ca4 #bs4 #aj;d41 and appropriated by the ,crown1 and afterwards1 #e ,edw4 ,,vi4 7#aeej71 were used for the foundation of the 8,free ,grammar ,school of ,king ,edward the ,sixth1 for the ,education and ,instruction of ,children in ,grammar for ever10--the basis of the present noble foundation1 not only in ,new ,street1 but in several important ,branch ,schools4 ,leland's ,description1 #aech4--,nearly half of the sixteenth century had passed before ,birmingham was visited and described by any stranger1 and the visit of ,john ,leland is a memorable landmark in the history of the town4 ,his few words are familiar but worth quoting again1 not merely as a record1 but as a contrast with the changed conditions of over three hundred years4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 he made his famous journey through ,england1 and in #aech he visited ,birmingham and rode through the town1 which he describes in picturesque words3--8,i came through a pretty street or ever ,i entred into ,bermingham towne4 ,this street1 as ,i remember1 is called ,dirtey ,deriten4 ,in it dwell smithes and cutlers1 and there is a brooke ,rea that divideth this street from ,bermingham1 and is an hamlett or member belonginge to the ,parish therebye4 ,there is at the end of ,dirtey a propper chappell and mansion house of tymber1 hard on the rype bank as the brooke runneth downe3 and as ,i went through the ford by the foot bridge1 the water ranne downe on the right hand1 and a fewe miles below goeth into ,tame1 rip dextr4 99 99 99 99 ,the beauty of ,bermigham1 a good markett towne in the extreame parts of ,warwike-shire1 is one street going up alonge1 almost from the left ripe of the brooke up a meane hill by the length of a quarter of a mile4 ,i saw but one ,paroch ,church in the towne4 ,there be many smiths in the towne that use to make knives and all mannour of cuttinge tooles1 and many loriners that make bittes1 and a great many naylors4 ,soe that a great part of the towne is maintained by smithes whoe have their iron and sea-cole out of ,stafford-shire40 ,this description of the town is minute and careful4 ,the 8mansion house of tymber0 still remains as the ,old ,crown ,house in ,deritend2 and nearly opposite other half-timbered houses of the same period survive4 ,the 8propper chappell0 has greatly changed its form1 and the descriptions of trade are no longer strictly accurate1 as some of the handicrafts are now better known at ,sheffield1 ,walsall1 and ,halesowen4 ,some other old houses of the sixteenth century still remain1 one notably in ,digbeth1 which has been carefully preserved2 and one early sixteenth century house in ,bull ,street1 near ,dale ,end1 has just been removed 7#ahhf74 ,one remarkable change has occurred since ,leland's days2 for the streams which crossed the roads have disappeared beneath1 and the pumps and wells and water courses are long since gone4 ,camden's ,description1 #aehd4--,the visit of ,william ,camden confirms ,leland's account1 and shows considerable progress1 as the town was 8swarming with inhabitants and echoing with the noise of anvils10 and the general prosperity evidently continued through the century1 and far into the next century too1 for it is clear that the manufacture of swords1 if not of guns and pistols1 had begun and was destined to extend the fame and improve the industrial condition of the town4 ,prince ,rupert4--,the busy occupants of the line of road traversed by ,leland and ,camden had serious trouble a century later4 ,charles ,i4 on his way1 in #afdb1 to ,edge ,hill had stopped at ,aston ,hall1 which had been built early in the seventeenth century1 and was believed to be from a design by ,inigo ,jones4 ,sir ,thomas ,holte had been true to the ,king1 but had become unpopular with the ,birmingham people1 who were on the ,parliamentary side4 ,aston ,hall was attacked and besieged for three days1 and the traces of the cannonading still remain4 ,in the ,april of the next year1 #afdc1 the fiery ,rupert advanced to ,birmingham from ,camp ,hill1 and was stopped in ,deritend by the barricades and valour of the people1 but he forced his way1 plundered and fired eighty houses1 and left the town on the other side after heavy losses of life and limb4 ,clarendon has described ,birmingham 8as of great fame for hearty wilful affected disloyalty to the ,king as any town in ,england10 and the town had supplied the ,parliamentary army with #ae1jjj swords1 but 8,prince ,rupert's ,burning ,cruelty to ,birmingham0 only intensified the opposition to the ,king and his cause4 ,a ,city of ,refuge4--,the latter part of the seventeenth century saw many marked advances in the prosperity of the town4 ,the extravagances of the restoration period greatly increased the demand for many of the products of ,birmingham ingenuity and skill4 ,the demand for fire-arms also encouraged and extended one of the trades which was afterwards to become one of the great industries of the town2 not only so1 but ,birmingham had become a sort of ,city of ,refuge for reformers of all sorts1 and a sort of ,free ,port for many sorts of manufactures which1 owing to the customs of corporate towns1 were restricted elsewhere4 ,the 8five mile10 and other acts1 drove out many useful and able people and sent them to reside in a place where there was more elbow room and more free air1 and thus not only the population but the energy and usefulness of the inhabitants rapidly increased4 ,the visits of ,george ,fox had stimulated many people1 like those of ,wesley a century later1 and every influence1 industrial1 political1 religious1 social1 seemed to continue and develop and intensify the life and progress of the town4 ,early ,printers and ,booksellers--,the eighteenth century added but little to the antiquities1 but much to the history of ,birmingham4 ,the industrial developments which ,leland and ,camden noted made far more rapid progress towards the end of the seventeenth century1 when ,birmingham became as famous for fire-arms as it had been for pikes and swords half a century before4 ,even that progress was1 however1 to be far exceeded before the eighteenth century ended1 and the almost infinite variety of manufactures had become established4 ,birmingham was1 in fact1 in those times1 what ,london has since become1 the centre towards which the foremost men of the day tended for many years4 ,in the early years of the century1 ,dr4 ,johnson's father came to ,birmingham weekly with a small stock of books--the only supply the town seems to have had--but a few years later ,thomas ,warren had begun to print1 newspapers were started1 and books of considerable importance were published4 ,dr4 ,johnson's first literary work1 his translation of ,lobo's ,abyssinia1 was dictated to ,warren1 but probably not printed in ,birmingham1 although as early as #agab1 and possibly ten years sooner1 books were printed in the town4 ,so early as #afeb a master of the ,grammar ,school had published a ,latin ,grammar--the earliest ,birmingham book--and in #agag the first book printed in ,birmingham appeared from ,matthew ,unwin's press4 ,early ,maps and ,engravings--,thomas ,warren's first known book is dated #agbh1 and many important works afterwards came from his press4 ,engraving1 as well as printing1 soon became common1 and many excellent examples soon came forth4 ,in #agca1 ,william ,westley published the first map or ,plan of ,birmingham1 followed by others of great value1 as ,bradford's1 in #agea1 and ,hanson's1 in #aggi2 and ,bradford also issued a 8,view of ,birmingham10 of a size and quality unsurpassed in line-engraving1 of which only two copies have survived4 ,many folio and quarto volumes appeared in the middle of the century from ,thomas ,aris1 ,c4 ,earl1 and others1 and were remarkably fine productions for a midland town a century and a half ago4 ,john ,baskerville--,all these1 however1 were surpassed by the far-famed productions of ,john ,baskerville's press1 for his experience as a grave-stone cutter in ,moor ,street1 and his fine taste and restless energy enabled him to produce type and paper1 and to print in so excellent a style1 that his productions soon won ,european fame4 ,at ,easy ,hill--the house1 in ruins1 still remains--he made his own presses1 type1 and probably paper to some extent1 and spent hundreds of pounds before he had formed letters to please his fastidious eyes and excellent taste4 ,birmingham has few greater claims to honour in the industries and arts than those which have so universally been given to the ,baskerville ,press4 ,directories--,the later half of the century was even more distinguished in many other ways4 ,the modern ,directories were not popular or common till late in the last century4 ,even the rare ,london ,directory of #afgg does not seem to have had many imitators1 but about #agej the increasing number of trades stimulated the demand4 ,in ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 and in ,sheffield and other towns1 ,directories appeared1 and ,birmingham was among the first1 and one of great interest and value appeared in #aggj1 and probably earlier1 followed by others1 ever increasing as the population increased1 but very curiously contrasting with the huge volumes of later days4 ,cotton ,spinning--,one of the most remarkable1 perhaps1 of the industrial schemes in ,birmingham1 was the establishment of a cotton mill1 which still remains as a building and shows its origin1 although now a rolling mill4 ,it was the natural result of the genius of ,john ,wyatt and of ,lewis ,paul1 for in a room in the ,upper ,priory--now covered by the schools of the ,society of ,friends--the first cotton spinning machine was erected and worked1 and the old distaff and spindle1 and spinning machine doomed4 ,thomas ,warren1 ,edward ,cave1 ,dr4 ,james1 and others1 took up the speculation of ,lewis ,paul1 and mills were built at ,birmingham and ,northampton1 but before the century closed they had failed to pay4 ,the ,soho ,works--,the most famous of all the classes of industrial enterprises in ,birmingham was the famous 8,soho40 ,from the manufacture of 8toys0--steel toys1 buckles1 buttons1 sword-hilts1 c4--in ,snow ,hill1 ,matthew ,boulton had removed to ,soho in #agfc4 ,there he erected machinery for water power1 but by happy accident1 ,james ,watt visited the place1 and ,boulton was so struck with his improvements in the steam engine1 which ,soho only seemed able to produce1 that a connection began which has immortalised the names of ,boulton and ,watt1 and shed undying glory on the industrial history of ,birmingham4 ,the story has been too often told to require repetition1 but even now it has scarcely been fully told4 ,soho itself has perished1 scarcely a relic remains1 but ,james ,watt's house at ,heathfield still exists with relics which will ever be an honour to his genius1 and will keep his memory green4 ,all admirers of the genius of ,watt will hope and desire that these remains of an industrial hero1 a genius of the useful arts1 may become a public trust1 to show posterity how so illustrious a man of science was valued in his life1 and is honoured by those who rejoice in the fruits of his genius and skill4 ,famous ,men3 the ,soho ,circle--,one of the most remarkable chapters in the history of ,birmingham would be a full record of the men of the latter half1 or even the last quarter1 of the last century who gave lustre to the town1 and who materially helped its constant progress4 8,soho0 had not only supplied what the world had long wanted1 8power10 but it had set up a standard of excellence1 and had trained a class of workmen who were to go forth to conquer1 at home and abroad1 in all industrial work4 ,the spirit of ,soho is still abroad in the land1 and ,birmingham may claim to have been one of the foremost in the mechanical progress of the past hundred years4 ,the galaxy of great men1 as it has been called1 who met in ,birmingham a century ago is certainly remarkable4 ,boulton was a native of the town1 but many 8strangers came within the gates40 ,james ,watt--almost all-accomplished--was soon followed by ,joseph ,priestley1 who lived here for eleven years4 ,his fame had preceded him1 his great discoveries had been made4 ,a storm of popular and ignorant bigotry drove him from the town1 wrecked his home1 ruined his laboratory1 and burned his library2 but the sons have 8blushed to find their fathers were his foes20 and a statue honoured his memory and his great discovery of oxygen on the centenary of that day4 ,dr4 ,darwin1 of ,lichfield and ,derby1 the father of a noble line1 and himself a man of genius and power1 was a constant visitor4 ,william ,murdock1 one of the ablest of the ,soho group1 the first maker of a locomotive1 and the practical inventor of gas-lighting1 was long a resident in the town1 and is buried near ,boulton and ,watt4 ,john ,baskerville1 the printer2 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 the famous art-potter2 ,james ,keir1 the great chemist2 ,richard ,edgeworth and ,thomas ,day1 authors2 ,joseph ,berington1 the learned ,roman ,catholic2 ,dr4 ,withering1 the botanist2 ,dr4 ,parr1 the famous ,greek scholar2 ,samuel ,galton1 the ,quaker2 ,john ,proud1 the ,swedenborgian2 ,john ,wyatt1 the inventor2 ,edmund ,hector1 ,johnson's friend2 and many others1 formed such a 8happy family0 of genius and worth as few towns of the period could surpass or equal2 and that 8golden age0 of ,birmingham1 the men and names1 and works and progress of the last century1 must ever be remembered and honoured1 even in these days of quicker progress and greater victories in scientific and industrial pursuits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many very interesting details of the ,history of ,birmingham are necessarily omitted in this brief summary and may be found in the following works3-- ,aston ,hall1 7,a4 ,e4 ,everitt7 #ahdf 0 0 and the ,holte ,family 7,davidson7 #ahed 0 0 ,monograph of 7,niven7 #ahhj ,birmingham1 ,history of 7,w4 ,hutton7 #agha c4 0 0 ,presbyterian ,nonconformity in 7,j4 ,r4 ,wreford7 #ahcb 0 0 and its ,vicinity 7,w4 ,hawkes ,smith7 #ahch 0 0 ,general ,hospital ,musical ,festivals 7,j4 ,t4 ,bunce7 #aheh 0 0 ,free ,schools1 ,colleges1 c4 7,g4 ,griffith7 #ahfa 0 0 ,memorials of ,old1--8,old ,crown ,house10 and 8,men and ,names0 7,toulmin ,smith7 #ahfd 0 0 and ,midland ,hardware ,district 7,s4 ,timmins7 #ahff 0 0 ,buildings of1 ,two ,series 78,este07 #ahff 0 0 ,life1 ,a ,century of1 #agda to #ahda 7,j4 ,a4 ,langford7 #ahfh 0 0 ,queen's ,college1 ,annals of 7,w4 ,s4 ,cox7 #ahgc 0 0 ,modern1 #ahda to #ahga 7,j4 ,a4 ,langford7 #ahgc c4 0 0 ,old ,st4 ,martin's ,church 7,j4 ,t4 ,bunce7 #ahge 0 0 ,men 7,e4 ,edwards7 #ahgg 0 0 ,corporation1 ,history of 7,j4 ,t4 ,bunce7 #b vols4 #ahgh c4 0 0 ,old and ,new 7,r4 ,k4 ,dent7 #ahhj 0 0 ,inventors ,inventions 7,r4 ,b4 ,prosser7 #ahha 0 0 ,old ,meeting ,house and ,burial ,ground 7,c4 ,h4 ,beale7 #ahhb 0 0 ,dictionary of 7,t4 ,t4 ,harman7 #ahhd ,boulton and ,watt 7,s4 ,smiles7 #ahfe ,keir1 ,jas41 ,life of 7,j4 ,k4 ,moilliett7 #ahfh ,watt1 ,jas41 ,life of 7,j4 ,p4 ,muirhead7 #aheh 0 ,mechanical ,inventions 7,j4 ,p4 ,muirhead7 #ahed 0 ,mechanical ,inventions 7,e4 ,a4 ,cowper71 ,transactions of ,mechanical ,engineers1 ,november #ahhc ,the ,reference ,library contains all the works named1 and many others1--every known book or pamphlet1 map or directory1 relating to the ,history of ,birmingham2 and the detailed catalogue 7pp4 #ic7 classifies the collection under numerous headings1 including all the ,acts of ,parliament relating to ,birmingham and its neighbourhood4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,local ,,governing ,,bodies4 ,,by ,j4 ,,thackray ,,bunce4 ,the ,local ,government of ,birmingham is administered by five sets of authorities3-- #a4 ,justices of the ,peace4 #b4 ,town ,council4 #c4 ,drainage ,board4 #d4 ,boards of ,guardians4 #e4 ,school ,board4 ,justices of the ,peace4--,the first of these bodies was constituted by ,royal ,grant in #ahch1 when the town was incorporated as a municipal borough4 ,a ,court of ,quarter ,sessions was then next established1 for the trial of prisoners1 and a ,recorder was appointed4 ,the ,court of ,petty ,sessions for the borough was instituted at the same time1 under special commission of the peace4 ,the duties of the justices are to maintain peace and order in the borough1 to administer justice at petty sessions1 to appoint visitors to the prison1 and to grant licences for public houses1 theatres1 and concert halls1 and licences for music and dancing in houses kept for the sale of liquor4 ,they are invested with powers of control over the police on occasions of actual or threatened disturbance of public order2 and any two of them1 sitting in petty sessions1 are empowered to suspend or dismiss any police constable for sufficient cause4 ,the ,town ,council has charge of the general administration of the affairs of the borough2 watching2 lighting2 making1 draining1 and repairing streets and roads2 the care of the public health1 by the prevention and removal of nuisances1 the enforcement of a system of house inspection1 the collection and disposal of night soil and house refuse1 and the maintenance of a ,borough ,hospital2 the control of the ,borough ,cemetery1 7for which it acts as a ,burial ,board27 the provision and management of ,baths and ,parks2 of ,free ,libraries1 ,museums1 and ,schools of ,art2 and it also has control of the manufacture and sale of ,gas1 and the provision of ,water4 ,the powers of the ,corporation1 originally and to a limited extent conferred by ,royal ,charter in #ahch1 were by degrees enlarged by twenty special local ,acts or ,orders sanctioned by ,parliament1 for various purposes4 ,the whole of these were1 in #ahhc1 consolidated in the ,birmingham ,corporation ,consolidation ,act1 which1 together with the ,municipal ,corporations ,amendment ,act of #ahhb1 and the ,public ,health ,act of #ahge1 constitute the ,municipal ,law under which the affairs of the ,borough are administered4 ,the ,drainage ,board is a body composed in part of representatives elected by the ,town ,council1 and in part of representatives elected by the ,local ,boards of districts adjoining the ,borough4 ,there are twenty-two members of this ,board1 two of them1 the ,mayor of ,birmingham1 and the ,chairman of the ,aston ,manor ,local ,board being ex-officio1 and the others being elected in the following proportions3 ,birmingham ,town ,council eleven2 one each from the ,local ,boards of ,aston ,manor1 ,balsall ,heath1 ,handsworth1 ,harborne1 ,saltley1 and ,smethwick2 and one each 7elected by the respective ,boards of ,guardians7 for ,aston ,rural ,district and ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,king's ,norton and ,northfield1 and ,perry ,barr4 ,the ,board has charge of the sewage from the districts above named1 extending over an area of #de1jjj acres4 ,the whole of the sewers are made to converge to a common outlet at ,saltley1 where the sewage is received into tanks1 and is then purified1 first by precipitation1 and next by passing it through the land of the sewage farm1 the effluent water1 thus rendered clear and harmless1 being poured into the rivers ,cole and ,tame4 ,the sludge remaining in the sewage tanks is dug into the land4 ,for the purposes of sewage treatment the ,drainage ,board has acquired about #a1bjj acres of land in the ,tame ,valley4 ,the ,board has borrowing powers1 exercised to the extent of #djj1jjj for the acquisition of land and the execution of works2 and it has also rating powers for the payment of interest and repayment of capital1 and for current expenditure4 ,these powers are exercised by serving precepts upon the several local authorities included in the ,drainage area1 in proportion to the number of their rated tenements4 ,the ,boards of ,guardians have charge of the poor law administration of the ,borough4 ,there are three parishes in the ,borough1 namely1 ,birmingham1 ,edgbaston1 and part of ,aston4 ,the parish of ,birmingham is separately administered by a ,board of ,guardians1 originally constituted under a ,local ,act of #bc ,geo4 ,,iii4 7#aghb7 modified by a local ,act of #a and #b ,wm4 ,,iv4 7#ahca7 and further modified by 8orders0 of the ,poor ,law ,board1 and the ,local ,government ,board2 the last of these was issued in #ahhb4 ,the number of ,guardians for the parish is #fj1 and the twelve overseers 7the rating authority for poor law purposes7 also have seats on the ,board4 ,the parish of ,edgbaston is wholly in the ,borough1 but it forms part of the ,king's ,norton ,union1 and as to the poor law is governed by the ,guardians of that ,union4 ,the parish of ,aston is only partially within the ,borough2 it is administered by the ,guardians of ,aston ,union4 ,edgbaston and ,aston parochial affairs are governed under the general poor law ,acts1 there being no local ,act for either parish4 ,the ,school ,board1 which consists of fifteen members1 was first elected in ,november1 #ahgj1 under the ,elementary ,education ,act passed in that year4 ,it has charge of the ,board ,schools throughout the ,borough4 ,the above described bodies are all of them representative1 but are elected on different franchises1 and by different methods4 ,the ,town ,council is elected by the votes of all occupiers in the sixteen wards in which the ,borough is divided1 women householders being entitled to vote2 three ,councillors being chosen for each ward1 and one of the three retiring each year2 and the votes being given by ballot4 ,the ,drainage ,board is elected by the governing authorities4 ,the ,guardians of the ,poor are chosen1 in ,birmingham2 by ratepayers of #ab annual value1 the whole ,board being elected at one time1 by voting papers delivered at the place of election2 and in the other parishes by all occupying householders1 by voting papers collected from the electors4 ,the ,school ,board is elected by the votes of all householders1 the whole ,board retiring at the end of three years1 and the votes being taken on the cumulative plan1 each elector giving the whole of his votes to one candidate1 or dividing them in any other proportion1 at pleasure4 ,each of the bodies is invested with borrowing and rating powers1 limited by local or general acts4 ,the ,town ,council levies rates on the whole ,borough--a ,municipal or ,borough ,rate for general municipal purposes1 under the ,municipal ,corporations ,acts1 and an ,improvement ,rate1 for purposes specified in the ,local ,improvement ,act4 ,the ,drainage ,board and the ,school ,board serve precepts upon the ,town ,council for the amounts they respectively require1 and these amounts are included in the ,borough ,rate4 ,the ,guardians of the ,poor make rates for their respective parishes for poor law purposes2 and they collect1 on behalf of the ,town ,council1 the rates levied for municipal expenditure1 including the money required by the ,drainage ,board and the ,school ,board4 ,there is one assessment for local rates1 made 7under a recent agreement with the ,town ,council7 by the parish overseers4 ,the preceding statement shortly describes the existing arrangement of local government in ,birmingham2 but1 in order to explain the growth of the system now in operation1 it is necessary briefly to sketch the history of local administration4 ,birmingham has always been what is called a free town1 that is1 until after the passing of the ,municipal ,corporations ,act in #ahce1 it had no ,corporation1 with a restricted burgess roll1 and consequently the community was open to all who cared to settle in the town for the purposes of residence or trade1 a circumstance which largely contributed to the rapid growth of ,birmingham in population1 industry1 and wealth4 ,down to the year #agfi1 the government of the place was controlled by the three sets of authorities existing in all non-chartered communities4--#a1 the justices1 to keep the peace1 and to punish crime4 #b1 the court leet 7with its elected jury1 its high and low bailiffs1 its ale tasters1 flesh connors1 and leather sealers7 meeting at irregular intervals1 under the direction of the ,lord of the ,manor1 and invested with the care of markets1 nuisances1 and other matters pertaining to1 or interfering with1 the rights of the lord4 #c1 the ,churchwardens1 who transacted the church and parish business1 and held vestry meetings for general town purposes1 and for the choice of surveyors of the highways4 ,in #agfi1 an ,act of ,parliament was obtained1 constituting a body of ,commissioners for the purposes of maintaining1 improving1 and lighting the town1 and invested with general powers affecting the health and safety of the inhabitants1 and the common welfare4 ,by subsequent ,acts--five in number1 the last of these being passed in #ahbh--the powers of the ,street ,commissioners were extended1 and they were authorised by the last named ,act to build a ,town ,hall4 ,their authority was confined to what was then known as 8the town of ,birmingham10 the boundaries of which were co-extensive with the parish of ,birmingham4 ,the first ,commissioners were named in the ,act constituting them1 and vacancies were thereafter filled up by the ,commissioners themselves1 without reference to the inhabitants4 ,the system of local government thus instituted continued unchanged until the year #ahch4 ,in #ahcb1 ,birmingham was1 for the first time1 under the provisions of the ,reform ,act1 constituted a ,parliamentary borough1 with the right of returning two members to the ,house of ,commons4 ,the boundaries of the ,borough were so arranged as to include the parish of ,birmingham1 the parish of ,edgbaston1 and the hamlets of ,deritend and ,bordesley1 and ,duddeston and ,nechells1 in the parish of ,aston1 the area thus formed being #h1bdj acres4 ,the ,parliamentary ,reform ,act was followed by the passing of the ,municipal ,corporations ,act1 in #ahce4 ,for a considerable time there had been a strong feeling in favour of some completer form of local government than that afforded by the ,commissioners ,acts1 and especially for government founded upon the representative principle4 ,in #ahcg1 steps were taken to obtain a charter of incorporation for the town1 under the authority of the ,municipal ,corporations ,act2 and in ,october1 #ahch1 after much opposition1 both locally and in ,parliament1 a charter was granted1 and the ,corporation of ,birmingham came into existence4 ,the boundaries of the new ,municipal ,borough were fixed so as to correspond with those of the ,parliamentary ,borough1 above described4 ,the area was divided into thirteen wards 7extended in #ahgc to sixteen wards71 and the ,council was constituted of #af aldermen and #dh councillors4 ,the first elections of councillors took place on the #bfth of ,december1 #ahch1 and on the day following the ,council met1 and elected the aldermen1 the governing body being then fully constituted4 ,mr4 ,william ,scholefield was elected the first ,mayor4 ,although ,birmingham had now obtained a system of representative government1 the state of affairs was by no means satisfactory4 ,in the parish of ,birmingham the self-elected ,commissioners of the ,street ,act retained their full authority1 and in the district of ,deritend and ,bordesley local government was for certain purposes still exercised by a body of ,commissioners constituted by an ,act passed in #agia1 while ,duddeston and ,nechells were governed by ,commissioners appointed under an ,act of #ahbi4 ,there were consequently four governing bodies within the borough1 and the powers of the new ,corporation were consequently seriously limited and its action impeded4 ,other difficulties of a peculiarly embarrassing character speedily developed themselves4 ,the validity of the ,charter was contested both in the ,law ,courts and in ,parliament2 disputes arose between the ,borough ,magistracy and the ,county ,bench2 hindrances were put in the way of the ,court of ,quarter ,sessions granted for the ,borough4 ,in addition to these causes of disquiet the occurrence of the ,chartist riots of #ahci furnished a pretext for withdrawing from the ,corporation the right of establishing a constabulary or police force for the town1 and a special ,police ,act was passed by which1 while paid for by the ratepayers1 the police force was placed under the absolute control of a ,government ,commissioner4 ,in #ahdb this perplexing condition of affairs was1 however1 brought to an end1 by the passing of an ,act of ,parliament confirming the ,charters of ,birmingham and ,manchester1 and an ,act was also passed transferring to the ,corporation of ,birmingham the control of the local police force4 ,the powers of the ,town ,council1 however1 were still very limited1 owing to the conflicting local authorities existing in the ,borough1 and it became evident in the course of time that1 in the public interests1 the representative body must finally be made supreme4 ,the minor bodies did not yield without a contest1 but in the end the pressure of opinion overcame their resistance1 and in #ahea the passing of the ,birmingham ,improvement ,act put an end to all the bodies of ,commissioners1 and transferred their powers1 with others provided by the ,act1 to the ,town ,council1 as the representative of the ratepayers of the borough1 and the ,town ,council became thenceforward the sole governing authority for all municipal purposes4 ,the ,act mentioned further authorised the borrowing of loans for purposes of town improvements and for a system of sewerage1 and empowered the ,council to levy a special rate for such purposes1 in addition to the ordinary municipal rate levied under the ,municipal ,corporations ,act4 ,ten years later1 in #ahfa1 a second ,improvement ,act invested the ,corporation with further powers of administration and of borrowing2 and numerous other ,acts were subsequently obtained for specific purposes4 ,among these were the ,parks ,act1 #ahed2 an order 7#ahgc7 extending to sixteen the number of ,wards in the ,borough2--an ,act giving the ,council power to acquire closed burial grounds and to lay them out as places of public recreation1 passed in #ahgh2 ,acts for the purchase of the ,gas and ,water undertakings in #ahge2 an ,act for a ,sanitary ,improvement ,scheme under the provisions of the ,artisans' ,dwellings ,act1 #ahgf2 for the constitution of a ,drainage ,board1 in #ahgh2 and for the issue of ,corporation ,stock in #ahhj4 ,the powers of most of these enactments1 with additional powers1 were embodied in the ,birmingham ,corporation ,consolidation ,act of #ahhc1 which1 amongst other provisions1 abolished the restriction to one penny in the pound previously imposed upon the ,free ,libraries ,rate 7under the ,general ,libraries ,act7 and authorised the ,council to conduct a ,municipal ,school of ,art4 ,the ,consolidation ,act1 therefore1 now constitutes the authority under which 7in addition to the powers conferred by general municipal law7 the government of the borough is now administered4 ,the following statement1 extracted from the 8,history of the ,corporation of ,birmingham10 explains the scope and working of the system3-- 8,the municipal government1 under the ,charter of ,incorporation and the ,acts of ,parliament relating to municipal corporations1 is conducted by a council1 consisting of forty-eight councillors and sixteen aldermen4 8,three councillors are allotted to and elected by each of the sixteen wards into which the borough is divided1 and each councillor is elected for three years1 the elections being so arranged that one-third of the councillors 7one in each ward7 retire every year1 and elections for the choice of their successors are held on the first of ,november4 ,the aldermen are chosen by the members of the ,council1 and are elected for six years2 they may be chosen from amongst the members of the ,council1 or from fit persons not members of the ,council1 but who are qualified for election to it4 ,the ,mayor is chosen by the ,council1 on the ninth of ,november1 for a term of one year4 ,under the ,municipal ,corporations ,act of #ahce1 it was obligatory that1 at the time of being elected1 he should be a member of the ,council2 but by the ,municipal ,corporations ,act of #ahhb it is provided 7sec4 #ae7 that #8the ,mayor shall be a fit person elected by the ,council from among the aldermen or councillors1 or persons qualified to be such4' ,there is now no property qualification required for any members of the ,council4 8,the ,council1 as a whole1 is the rating and controlling authority for the ,borough4 ,in all matters subjected to its authority it acts upon communications from the ,mayor1 upon motions made upon its own initiative 7regulated by its standing orders for the conduct of business7 and upon reports and proposals from the ,committees it appoints1 and to which it delegates specified branches of municipal work1 under such regulations and with such limitations as it may direct4 8,these ,committees have varied from time to time2 at present they are sixteen in number1 and are named1 constituted1 and empowered as follows1 taking them in the order in which they are stated in the #8,borough of ,birmingham ,municipal ,diary1' issued by the ,town ,clerk1 under the direction of the ,council3-- #a4--;,baths and ,parks ,committee4--8,to have charge of the public baths1 parks1 gardens1 and recreation grounds1 and the buildings thereon 7excepting the recreation ground in ,st4 ,clement's ,road1 in charge of the ,gas ,committee1 and the buildings in ,adderley ,park1 in charge of the ,free ,libraries ,committee72 to have charge of the trees planted in the streets2 to lay out disused burial grounds acquired by the ,council2 and to arrange for supplies of coal and coke to the several departments of the ,corporation1 excepting the ,lunatic ,asylum1 ,public ,works1 ,gas and ,water ,committees4 #b4--;,estates ,committee4--8,to take charge of all estates and buildings belonging to the ,corporation1 not in charge of other ,committees 7including the ,council ,house72 to make rules for granting the use of the ,town ,hall2 to sell1 let or exchange lands or buildings not required for public purposes1 as the ,council may resolve2 to superintend the arrangements of the ,borough ,cemetery1 and perform the functions of the ,burial ,board2 and to arrange for the acquisition of closed burial grounds4 #c4--;,finance ,committee4--8,generally to have charge of the accounts and financial departments of the ,borough1 reporting thereon to the ,council--and thus to present estimates of income and expenditure for the year2 to recommend rates1 and to see to the collection of rates2 to cause the valuations of rateable property to be maintained1 and to hear and decide appeals against assessments2 to negotiate loans1 and to conduct and manage the ,birmingham ,corporation ,stock1 #8with all the powers conferred upon the ,council by the ,birmingham ,corporation ,stock ,orders2' to effect fire insurances1 insurances on property belonging to the ,corporation 7excepting that in charge of the ,water and ,improvement ,committees72 to print and issue the ,council ,minutes2 and to make orders upon the ,borough ,treasurer for payments of interest on loans and annuities1 and for accounts for moneys which the several ,committees of the ,council are authorised to expend4 #d4--;,general ,purposes ,committee4--8,to attend to all business and matters referred to it by the ,council1 of a general character1 not entrusted to the various other ,committees1 and to suggest to the ,council1 from time to time1 any new business1 which1 in its opinion1 is important to the public interest4 #e4--,markets and ,fairs ,committee4--8,to transact all matters relating to the regulation1 control1 and management of the ,markets and ,fairs holden in the ,borough2 to administer the ,weights and ,measures ,act1 the ,dairies ,act 7so far as it relates to cow-sheds71 and the ,contagious ,diseases 7,animals7 ,act2 to regulate slaughterhouses2 to inspect meat1 game1 fish1 poultry1 and other similar articles of food offered for sale4 #f4--;,health ,committee4--8,to exercise the powers conferred by legislation for the regulation of lodging-houses1 smoke nuisances1 nuisances generally1 offensive trades1 and infectious diseases2 to enforce the powers of the ,council with reference to drains1 closets1 ashpits1 c41 to carry out the ,acts for preventing adulteration of food and drugs2 to have charge of the ,small-pox and other ,borough ,hospitals2 to have charge of the collection1 removal1 and disposal of the night soil of the ,borough2 to #8proceed with the work of the interception of the contents of privies and ashpits1 so far as the powers of the ,council will enable them2' to enforce the ,canal ,boats ,act1 the ,factories ,act 7#ahhc71 and the ,dairies and ,milkshops ,orders1 so far as relates to dairies and milkshops4 #g4--,public ,works ,committee4--8,to have charge of all works connected with draining1 paving1 maintaining1 cleansing1 and lighting the streets and roads within the ,borough2 to submit to the ,council 7and under its authority to execute7 all necessary street alterations and improvements1 and to act in all other matters arising out of the ,acts and ,bye-laws relating to streets and buildings1 to fix cab-stands2 to take charge of public monuments and statues 7excepting the ,chamberlain ,memorial ,fountain in charge of the ,water ,committee72 and to construct and maintain the lines of tramways authorised to be laid within the ,borough4 #h4--,watch ,committee4--8,to execute the powers relating to the police force given by law2 to take charge of the fire brigade2 to execute bye-laws regulating cabs and omnibuses1 and to license drivers of such vehicles and of tramway cars2 to administer the ,steam ,whistles ,act1 the ,explosives ,act1 the ,petroleum ,acts2 to control the public mortuaries2 to license marine store dealers2 to enforce the provisions of the ,consolidation ,act 7#ahhc7 relating to the employment of children1 and the means of ingress and egress to and from public buildings2 and to enforce the bye-laws for the suppression of shouting in the public streets4 ,by general ,acts of ,parliament the ,watch ,committee is authorised to appoint1 dismiss1 control1 and fix the rate of payment of the police constables4 #i4--,lunatic ,asylums ,committee4--8,to have the management and control of the ,lunatic ,asylums at ,winson ,green and ,rubery ,hill1 #8with all the powers1 and subject to all the provisions of the several ,acts of ,parliament now in force with regard to such lunatic asylums4' #aj4--;,free ,libraries ,committee4--8,to carry into effect the provisions of the ,free ,libraries and ,museums ,act1 as amended by the ,corporation ,consolidation ,act 7#ahhc72 reporting to the ,council from time to time for approval4 #aa4--;,industrial ,school ,committee4--8,to carry into effect the ,industrial ,schools ,act1 and to have charge of the ,borough ,industrial ,school 7at ,shustoke71 and the land and buildings connected therewith4 #ab4--;,gas ,committee4--8,to conduct and manage the ,corporation ,gas ,department1 with all the powers conferred upon the ,council2 reporting from time to time thereon4 #ac4--,water ,committee4--8,to conduct and manage the ,corporation ,water ,department1 with all the powers conferred upon the ,council1 reporting from time to time2 to have charge of all public fountains2 to institute and prosecute proceedings for #8restraining and preventing the pollution of the river ,tame1 and of any of the tributaries thereof1 of the streams at ,witton1 ,plant's ,brook1 and ,whitacre1 and of all other rivers and streams from which the water supply of the borough is obtained4' #ad4--;,improvement ,committee4--8,to receive representations from the ,medical ,officer of ,health with regard to unhealthy areas within the borough1 and to submit schemes thereon4 ,to conduct the business arising out of the orders granted under the ,artisans' ,dwellings ,act1 with all the powers thereby vested in the ,council1 excepting that agreements for sales of land1 and for the grant of leases for terms longer than fourteen years1 shall be provisional only1 until confirmed by the ,council1 and that no new street shall be laid out1 or any existing street widened1 until approved by the ,council4 #ae4--;,art ,gallery ,purchase ,committee4--8,to have the expenditure of #aj1jjj1 given by ,messrs4 ,tangye1 and of the amounts subscribed in addition thereto1 in the purchase of objects of art for the ,art ,gallery of the ,borough4 #af4--,museum and ,school of ,art ,committee4--8,to carry out the powers of the ,consolidation ,act with reference to the erection of a ,school of ,art1 and to superintend the arrangements and completion of the ,art ,gallery40 ,this ,committee has the charge of the ,school of ,art1 and is also empowered to manage the ,corporation ,art ,gallery and ,museums4 ,with the exceptions undermentioned1 these committees consist of eight members each4 ,the exceptions are--the ,lunatic ,asylums ,committee 7eleven members71 the ,free ,libraries ,committee 7ten members of the ,council and six members elected by the ,council outside its own body71 the ,art ,gallery ,purchase ,committee 7consisting of the ,free ,libraries ,committee and nine other members72 the ,museum and ,school of ,art ,committee1 which consists of eight members appointed for life by the ,society of ,arts and ,school of ,art2 and the ,general ,purposes ,committee1 which consists of one member 7usually the chairman7 elected by each of the committees of the ,council4 ,the mayor1 by virtue of his office1 is a member of all committees4 ,the ,town ,council is also invested with a share of the management of the chief educational institutions of the town1 with the exception of the ,school ,board4 ,it appoints eight ,governors 7holding office for six years7 on the ,board of ,king ,edward the ,sixth's ,grammar ,school2 five members 7holding office for life7 on the ,trust of ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,college2 and four ,governors 7appointed annually7 on the ,council of the ,midland ,institute1 the ,mayor for the time being being also a ,governor of the ,institute1 by virtue of his office4 ,it also appoints representative ,governors on the governing bodies of ,lench's ,trust1 and several other charities1 and further appoints representative ,guardians of the ,birmingham ,proof ,house1 for the proving of fire-arms4 ,the progress of ,birmingham since the establishment of local representative government is exhibited in the following table3-- #ahch4 #ahhd4 ,population #agj1jjj #dba1jjj ,parliamentary ,elections #g1cjj #fc1gah ,burgesses #e1jbc #gd1afg ,rateable ,value #djg1jjj #a1efc1jjj ,rated ,tenements #ci1jjj #ih1ghg ,death ,rate1 #ahdb to #ahea yearly average1 #bd4if 0 #ahgb 0 #ahha 0 #bc4be 0 #ahhb 0 #ahhd 0 #ba4f ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,education4 ,,by ,,osmund ,,airy1 ,m4,a41 ,h4,m4 ,,inspector ,,of ,,schools ,,for ,,birmingham4 ,it can fairly be said that there is probably no town in ,england which possesses a more complete educational system than ,birmingham4 ,this system has been no effect of a pre-conceived design1 but has grown up1 piece by piece1 in the stress of the life of a great manufacturing centre1 where people of leisure may be counted on the fingers of one hand4 ,all the more1 probably1 it has been constantly and definitely adapting itself to the needs of the locality4 ,the boast is at any rate a just one1 that in this busy population the road is clear1 clear that is of all artificial obstructions1 clearer far than in many a more polished and cultivated society1 for a boy to rise from the gutter to the ,university1 or to eminence in any science or art4 ,foundation of the ,grammar ,school4--,king ,edward's ,school owes its origin to an institution more than a century and a half older than itself4 ,the ,gild of the ,holy ,cross1 the earliest record of which is to be found in a writ of ,richard ,,ii41 ,july #aj1 #acib1 was a body which concerned itself1 not of course with education1 but with functions partly religious and partly quasi-municipal4 ,it possessed a ,gild ,hall1 a building of wood and plaster1 standing at a distance from the town on the south side of the highway to ,hales ,owen1 now ,new ,street4 ,in #aedg its possessions were seized by the ,king1 and they continued in the ,crown until #aeeb1 when ,edward ,,vi41 upon the petition of the inhabitants1 gave them back to the town for the maintenance of a ,free ,grammar ,school1 for the instruction of children in grammar4 ,the clear yearly value of these lands was then #ba1b and they were assigned to ,william ,symmons1 gent41 ,richard ,smallbrook1 ,bailiff1 and #ah other inhabitants1 8to hold by fealty only1 in free soccage0 on condition of an annual payment at ,michaelmas of #a 7apparently commuted in #ahaj for #be4 #aes4 #f;d474 ,these twenty assignees were to hold their position for life1 and all vacancies by death or removal were to be filled up by co-optation4 ,in the first instance they were to be inhabitants of the manor of ,birmingham1 but the restriction was modified in #ahcj4 ,they were to nominate a ,pedagogue and a ,sub-pedagogue1 to whose support the revenues were to be exclusively employed2 and they were permitted to acquire further revenues to an amount not exceeding #bj per annum4 ,,first ,,statutes4--,more than one hundred years later1 ,oct4 #bj1 #afgf1 the ,governors issued their first statutes4 ,no tenant of school property might be a ,governor4 ,the house1 then occupied by the chief schoolmaster1 with a barn and croft in ,new ,street1#c a close called the ,lower ,leasowe or ,broom close1 in the 8foreign0 of ,birmingham1 and the pit on the lower side of the ,leasowe1 were appropriated to the use of himself and his successors for ever2 while the usher's house1 with the garden1 use of the pump1 and other appurtenances1 a barn and croft in ,new ,street1 and ,kimberley's croft in ,moor ,street1 were similarly appropriated to the usher4 ,the salaries of the chief master and usher were to be #fh4 #aes4 #j;d4 and #cd4 #fs4 #h;d4 respectively4 ,there were appointed also a chief master's assistant2 an ,english master1 to teach in a distinct school fifty boys#d to read ,english2 and a scrivener1 to teach twenty boys to write and cast accounts4 ,the first two were to be unmarried1 but the ,governor reserved the power of allowing the scrivener to marry4 #cj per annum was allowed for repairs to the school and masters' houses1 payment of dues1 etc4 ,another statute permitted the ,governors1 when their funds allowed1 8to set out to ,poore ,tradesmen1 when they come out of their apprenticeship1 or others who want stock to manage their trade1 #aj a piece1 gratis1 for #f months1 on good security20 but no record exists of this having been acted upon4 ,,scholarships4--#gj a year was devoted to forming seven scholarships of #aj a year each1 tenable at any college in either ,university4#e ,children from the manor had the preference2 then those from adjacent places1 who had spent the last three years in the school2 failing such1 the poorest and most capable1 to be selected from the upper form by an independent body4#f ,at the end of the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 the charter was surrendered to the ,crown1 probably under a writ of 8,quo warranto20 a new one dated ,february #bj1 #afhe1 being granted by ,james ,,ii4 ,six years later1 a decree in chancery was obtained annulling the new charter1 and restoring the old one4 ,,the ,,second ,,building4--,in #agjg1 the old ,gild ,hall was removed1 and a new building erected1 consisting of a centre and two wings1 the latter coming close up to the street1 enclosing three sides of a small quadrangle1 comprising a dwelling house for the head master1 one large and two small school rooms1 and a library4 ,a separate house for the second master stood behind4 ,a large tower in the centre was 8ornamented with a sleepy figure of the donor1 ,edward ,,vi41 dressed in a royal mantle1 with the ensigns of the garter1 holding a ,bible and a sceptre40 ,in #agef1 a set of urns was placed on the parapet1 to relieve the stiff air of the building4#g ,,establishment ,,of ,,branch ,,schools4--,in #agea1 a step of far-reaching importance to the town was taken4 ,the ,governors ordained that 7having regard to 8the great numbers of children who1 by reason of their poverty or the negligence of their parents1 were never taught to read the ,english tongue1 and the advantages from having many such children taught to read ,english1 more than could be taught in the ,school07 four masters or mistresses#h should be chosen to teach ,english to not more than forty boys or girls apiece in various parts of the town1 with a salary of #ae1 or less in proportion to the numbers4 ,in ,october1 #agij1 we read that the ,governors 8have very laudably opened an evening school in their rooms in ,shutt ,lane0 7used as a branch school previous to #aghh71 8for the instruction of forty boys in writing and accounts2 another school is also opened in ,mr4 ,peele's in ,great ,charles ,street for twenty boys40#i ,,corruption ,,in ,,the ,,management4--,up to #ahbd1 however1 the school was far from doing its duty4 ,the revenues disappeared in mysterious ways4 ,the ,head ,master1 ,mr4 ,cooke1 gave leases as he thought proper1 both as to terms and duration4 ,no money was granted for scholarships4 ,the parents paid the most exorbitant terms for books and stationery4 8,altogether the school was a nest of peculation1 and greediness became so paramount that the statue of the ,royal ,founder was allowed to decay and to tumble from its time-honoured elevation into the quadrangle in front of the school40 ,in #ahbd1 an intrigue between the ,governors1 the ,masters1 and the ,bishop of ,lichfield 7whose consent was necessary to all changes71 to move the school from the town1 and make it select1 was frustrated by the vigorous action of the inhabitants1 and a commission was appointed by the ,court of ,chancery to carry out a thorough investigation into the conduct of the school4 ,in #ahbe the ,master was ordered to draw up a scheme for its future establishment1 and to report whether it should be rebuilt2 and in #ahbh it was further referred to him to enquire whether the old site or a new one should be chosen1 and how the money required should be raised4 ,,the ,,bill ,,of #ahcj-a4--;,in ,may1 #ahcj1 after a prolonged struggle of the ,governors and ,master against the people1 a bill was presented to parliament to enable the ,governors to build a new school1 to raise #ej1jjj for the purpose1 and to regulate the school according to a scheme approved by ,chancery4 ,it was vehemently opposed by the ,dissenters1 on the clause directing that 8no person shall be elected a governor who is not a member of the ,established ,church of ,england10 and was thrown out on the third reading in the ,lords1 but passed in the following year1 the obnoxious clauses having been removed4 ,in the first place1 the school was to be rebuilt on the old site1 at a cost of #cj1jjj1 and all branches of an ,english education1 in addition to the dead languages1 were to be taught4 ,no boy was to be admitted under eight years of age1 or retained after nineteen 7no limits of age had existed hitherto72 and boys1 not sons of inhabitants1 were to pay fees4 ,in the second place1 a new school was to be built distinct from the ,grammar ,school1 for the teaching of modern languages2 while four branch schools for the free education of boys and girls of the humbler classes were to be erected before #ahdj1 #a1jjj being spent upon each4 ,ten exhibitions1 each of #ej per annum1 were created1 ,birmingham boys taking precedence4 ,ratepayers1 though non-resident1 might be governors1 provided they were not tenants of school property1 and attended once in two years4 ,the accounts were to be published yearly1 and there was also to be an annual examination of the school4 ,,the ,,present ,,building4--,the new building was erected from the designs of ,mr4 ,charles ,barry1 the architect of the ,houses of ,parliament4 ,the style is the latest pure ,gothic in ,england1 that which prevailed immediately before the commencement of the #afth century4 8,the school is entered by a spacious porch1 highly ornamented3 two large apartments1 with oak pannelled walls and ceilings1 are the school room for the commercial school2#aj the classical school is #abj feet long1 #de high1 #cj wide1 with a lofty angular roof1 supported by a series of magnificent obtuse angled arches of the ,tudor style4 ,at the end1 where the chair of the ,head ,master is placed1 is a handsome lofty oak carved screen4 ,the ,second ,master's chair is opposite to this1 and the ,usher's chairs are on the sides4 ,there is a library and a fine bust of ,edward ,,vi4 by ,scheemaker40 ,it was not until #ahcf that the ,governors were able to carry out actively the provisions of the ,act of #ahca4 ,a fresh ,act in #ahcg amended the former one by repealing the power to build a separate modern school1 which it was now arranged should be carried on in the premises of the ,grammar ,school4 ,the new building had cost #fg1jjj1 instead of #cj1jjj2 and the excess was to be defrayed out of the #ej1jjj mentioned in the ,act of #ahca4 ,by the scheme approved in ,chancery1 in #ahch1 masters were ordered to be appointed during that year in elementary literature1 geography1 elements of composition1 sacred and profane history1 mathematics1 natural philosophy1 writing1 and arithmetic2 ,french and ,german masters in #ahci and #ahdj2 and ,spanish and ,italian when advisable4 ,temporary lecturers might also be employed1 and a visitation of the school was to take place once a year4 ,a branch school was in progress in ,aston ,street1 in #ahcg1 and a second was proposed in ,cottage ,lane1 near the ,sandpits4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,oxenbould and ,miss ,a4 ,corbett were elected master and mistress of two others in the ,parade1 in ,august1 #ahch2 and a fourth for boys1 was opened in ,meriden ,street1 on ,april #aj1 #ahci4 ,these branch schools1 the history of which it is difficult to make out clearly1 were for the time regulated by the statute of #aheb1 which established four schools1 ,gem ,street1 ,edward ,street1 ,meriden ,street1 and ,bath ,row1 accommodating altogether #eaj boys1 from #h to #ad years of age1 and #dij girls from #g to #ac4 ,the children were nominated by the ,governors1 and examined for admission by the ,head ,master1 who had entire control of these schools1 visited them once a month1 and made an annual report on their condition to the ,governors4 ,a general ,english and religious education was given2 the boys learning in addition bookkeeping and the elements of geometry1 and the girls1 knitting and plain needlework4 ,in #ahfa it was ordered that the second master should have the general supervision of the ,english school1 under the direction of the head master1 who retained in his hands the admission and promotion of scholars1 and most other matters of importance4 ,,discontent ,,in ,,the ,,town4--,meanwhile serious discontent had arisen with the constitution of the body of governors4 ,by the original charter it was laid down that they should be 8twenty of the more discreet inhabitants40 ,but1 by the operation of the method of co-optation in filling up vacancies1 the following state of things1 as given by ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,green1 one of the assistant commissioners of #ahfd1 had arisen4 8,the ,board has fairly represented the upper or more select section of society in ,birmingham1 so far as this section is politically conservative and attached to the established ,church4 ,it has been necessarily antagonistic to the ,town ,council1 and careless or contemptuous of local politics4 ,to belong to it has been a certain social distinction4 ,social and municipal distinction have not coincided1 and hence the ,board has been an object of public animosity1 irrespectively of the manner in which it has exercised its functions40#aa ,and this it still more strongly put in the report of the ,commission4 8,no dissenter1 within the memory of man1 has been a governor2 till recently no one of liberal politics has been a governor2 no mayor of the town has till the present year been a governor2 no member of the borough except one1 a conservative2 not one ,town ,councillor40 ,abortive attempts were made in #ahca1 #ahdb1 and #ahfa1 to introduce the ,town ,council element2 and in #ahfd1 after much newspaper agitation1 signalised especially by the letters of 8,historicus10#ab a grammar school ,reform ,association was formed1 which1 in #ahfe1 in conjunction with the ,town ,council1 endeavoured in vain to induce the ,governors to surrender the principle of co-optation4 ,both appealed to the ,endowed ,schools ,commissioners1 who proposed that there should be #ba governors1 of whom #aj should be chosen by the ,town ,council1 and the rest by co-optation2 and that for the future free education should be given only to those who had passed a competitive examination4 ,in #ahfh1 however1 the ,town ,council resolved to demand that all the governors should be elected from their body1 a demand they repeated in #ahgb 7in answer to a slight modification by the ,commissioners of the above scheme74 ,they also objected to the proposed entrance and tuition fees4 ,,the ,,new ,,scheme4--,finally1 in #ahge1 the ,charity ,commissioners proposed the scheme in a great measure now in force4#ac ,there were to be #ba governors1 of whom eight were to be nominated by the ,town ,council1 and four by ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 and ,london ,universities1 and the ,teachers on the foundation2 the remainder by the governors themselves4 ,those nominated by the ,town ,council were to serve for six years1 those by the ,universities and ,teachers for seven3 all were to be eligible for reappointment4 ,boys were to enter the school by competitive examination in two classes1 7#a7 free foundation scholars2 7#b7 those paying entrance and tuition fees4#ad ,this scheme was vehemently but unsuccessfully contested by the ,town ,council4 ,all efforts to move the ,charity ,commissioners were unavailing4 ,when at length it reached the ,commons1 on ,march #eth1 #ahgh1 ,mr4 ,bright1 supported by the other ,borough members1 ,mr4 ,chamberlain1 and ,mr4 ,muntz1 moved its rejection2 but the motion was defeated by a majority of #ei1 in a house of #aii1 and the scheme received the royal assent on ,march #afth4 ,immediately previous to #ahgh1 the schools on the foundation were 7#a7 ,the ,grammar ,school 7,classical1 ,english1 and ,lower7 with #ehd boys3 7#b7 the ,branch ,elementary ,schools with #fjg boys and #eed girls4#ae ,a great development was now arranged for4 ,there were now to be 7#a7 a ,high ,school for ,boys up to the age of #ai1 with preparation for the ,universities2 7#b7 a ,middle ,school for ,boys to age of #af1 when ,latin1 at least one modern language1 natural science1 and drawing1 were to be taught4 7#c7 ,an ,upper ,school for ,girls4 7#d7 ,the existing branch ,elementary ,schools1 or 8,lower ,middle0 ,school for children to age of #ad1 teaching all subjects included in the possible curriculum of the best public ,elementary ,schools#af though reaching a far higher standard than is there obtained4 ,the necessity for the head and second masters being in ,orders was done away with2 the religious teaching was to be undoctrinal1 and there was to be an emphatic conscience clause3 no master might hold any benefice or cure of souls1 nor might he in future1#ag without the express permission of the ,governors1 take boarders4 ,the jurisdiction of the ,master of the ,middle ,school was increased1 though supreme authority in matters of discipline was still reserved to the ,head ,master4 ,provision was made for the subdivision of the ,middle ,school and the ,upper ,girls' ,school1 when desirable1 and for the establishment of evening schools4 ,,scholarships were arranged as follows3--7#a7 ,foundation ,scholarships in all the ,schools1 the holders of which received education free4 ,the number of these was not to exceed a third of the total number in each school4 ,half of those given in the ,lower ,middle ,schools were restricted to scholars attending ,public ,elementary ,schools within the ,borough1 for not less than two consecutive years immediately preceding admission1 and a third of the remainder were offered for competition among the candidates for admission2 the rest being competed for by scholars already in the ,school4 7#b7 ,king ,edward ,,vi4 ,scholarships1 viz43 annual payments to deserving scholars while at the school1 to an amount not less than #bjj a year2 the value of each to be not more than #be a year plus tuition fees4 7#c7 ,besides the ,james ,charities exhibitions of #ej a year at ,oxford or ,cambridge1 #djj a year was to be given for exhibitions at either of the ,universities1 to scholars of at least two years standing in the ,high ,school2 and #bjj for exhibitions tenable at any educational institution for boys or girls at either ,high or ,middle ,school4 ,all these scholarships were to be gained by competition4#ah ,in the competitive examination for entrance1 preference was to be given to boys and girls resident within ten miles of ,birmingham4 ,,development ,,of #ahhc4--;,in #ahhc1 the final step in development was taken4 ,it was felt that the 8,lower ,middle0 ,schools1 were now doing work which largely overlapped that of the ,middle ,school1 and the consent of the ,charity ,commissioners was obtained to the following change4 ,these ,schools were converted into ,schools of the same grade as the 8,middle0 ,school of the #ahgh scheme1 7#a7 ,the ,girls' ,school at ,meriden street had been transferred to ,camp hill1 in #ahha1 and a ,boys' ,school was now erected on the same site4 7#b7 ,the ,proprietary ,school at the ,five ,ways was absorbed into the foundation1 and the staff of the old ,middle ,school1 hitherto domiciled at ,new ,street1 was transferred to improved buildings there1 the boys from the ,bath ,row ,school also being taken in4 ,the pupils from the old ,middle ,school were dispersed throughout the various ,boys' ,schools now opened4 7#c7 ,this enabled the provision of #ahgh for a ,high ,school for ,girls to be carried out#ai in the ,new ,street ,buildings thus left vacant4 7#d7 ,a new school for ,boys and ,girls was erected in ,albert ,road1 ,aston1 to which the scholars from ,gem ,street were transferred4 ,in #ahhb1 the ,boys ,schools at ,edward ,street1 ,meriden ,street1 and ,bath ,row were closed4 ,thus1 at the present time1 the ,schools under the foundation are--,high ,schools for ,boys and ,girls at ,new ,street2 ,grammar ,schools for ,boys at the ,five ,ways1 ,boys and ,girls at ,aston and ,camp ,hill1 ,girls at ,summer ,hill and ,bath ,row4 ,the admission fee is at the ,high ,school1 #aj_/-1 and at the ,grammar ,schools1 #b_/f2 the annual tuition fee at the ,high ,schools1 #i2 at the ,grammar ,schools1 #c4 ,among the numerous honours gained at the ,universities since #ahjj should be mentioned the following3--at ,cambridge1 #h chancellor's medallists1 and #aj university scholars2 #f senior classics1 #bh first class-men in the classical tripos1 and #f first class-men in the moral science tripos2 #ce wranglers3 at ,oxford1 #h university scholars1 #e first class-men in ,literis ,humanioribus1 #aa in classical moderations1 and #b in ,disciplinis ,mathematicis et ,physicis4 ,the present ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 one ,bishop 7,lightfoot71 and one ,regius ,professor of ,divinity 7,westcott71 are also old ,birmingham boys4 ,during the past few years the school has also gained high and numerous distinctions at ,london ,university1 ,queen's ,college 7,birmingham71 and the ,mason ,science ,college4 ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,head ,,masters from the earliest date now known3--circa #afej1 ,john ,barton2 #afed1 ,nathaniel ,brooksby2 #afhe1 ,john ,hickes1 ,m4,a42 #afid1 ,james ,parkinson2 #agbb1 ,john ,hansted2 #agbf1 ,edward ,mainwaring2 #agdf1 ,john ,wilkinson2 #agei1 ,thomas ,green2 #agff1 ,john ,brailsford2 #agge1 ,thomas ,price2 #agig1 ,john ,cooke2 #ahcj1 ,francis ,jeune 7afterwards ,dean of ,jersey1 ,master of ,pembroke ,college1 ,oxford1 and ,bishop of ,peterborough72 #ahch1 ,james ,prince ,lee 7afterwards ,bishop of ,manchester72 #ahdh1 ,edwin ,hamilton ,gifford1 ,archdeacon of ,london2 #ahfb1 ,charles ,evans2 #ahgb1 ,a4 ,r4 ,vardy4 ,it should also be mentioned that in #ahcj1 the second master was the ,rev4 ,rann ,kennedy1 father of the celebrated ,head ,master of ,shrewsbury1 himself a classic of the highest attainments4 ,queen's ,college4--,the story of ,queen's ,college is an interesting record of mingled success and failure2 of success where it set about doing much needed work1 and of failure where it appeared to be placing itself in antagonism to the prevailing spirit and influences of the town4 ,the formation of a ,school of ,medicine and ,surgery for ,birmingham and the ,midland ,counties was suggested in #ahbh by ,mr4 ,sands ,cox1 who had made a diligent inspection of all the chief medical schools at home and abroad2 and it was immediately carried out by the help of ,dr4 ,johnstone and the unstinted liberality of ,dr4 ,warneford4 ,lectureships in various branches of ,medicine were at once established1 and in #ahcj a ,museum and ,library were fitted up4 ,from #ahcf to #ahdc the new ,institution was known as 8,the ,birmingham ,royal ,school of ,medicine and ,surgery10 the royal patronage having been obtained in the former year4 ,but in #ahdc a ,royal ,charter of ,incorporation was granted to it under the title of 8,the ,queen's ,college1 at ,birmingham40 ,by the munificent endowments of ,dr4 ,warneford1#bj the ,governors were soon enabled to widen the scope of the college4 ,departments were created for literature1 science1 and art1 and for instruction in the doctrines and duties of ,christianity according to the ,church of ,england4 ,queen's ,hospital was founded with a chaplaincy1 also endowed with #a1jjj by ,dr4 ,warneford1 who1 in addition1 appears to have borne almost the whole expense of the ,college ,chapel4 ,an arrangement was now made whereby the ,london ,university admitted students of the college for the degrees of ,bachelor and ,doctor of ,medicine1 and1 upon the college ,certificate1 for ,b4,a41 ,m4,a41 ,b4,c4,l41 and ,d4,c4,l4 ,the exclusively ,church of ,england character of the college and all concerned with it was untiringly insisted upon by its promoters4 ,a chapel was established with daily services at which the attendance was compulsory4 ,by the supplemental charter of #ahdg it was laid down that the ,lord ,bishop of the ,diocese was to be the visitor2 the ,principal1 who was to be a ,nobleman1 or one of the ,hon4 ,governors1 must also belong to the ,church of ,england4 ,the ,vice-,president must be a dignitary of the ,church near ,birmingham3 all the classical1 mathematical1 and medical tutors must also be churchmen4 ,the feelings which prompted these rigorous regulations are concisely expressed in a letter of ,dr4 ,warneford to ,mr4 ,sands ,cox in #ahdi1 in which he says1 8to guard against the subtle designs of the ,jesuits1 and the insidious intrusion of malignant dissenters1 imperatively requires much deliberation60 ,from a second supplemental charter of #ahea1 it appears that ,dr4 ,warneford had given #d1djj1 increased in #aheb by #f1ejj1 for a ,professorship of ,pastoral ,theology2 and #c1ejj1 increased in #aheb by #b1ejj1 for a ,wardenship1 the holder of which must necessarily be a clergyman4 ,all resident students were to be members of the ,church1 and attendance at ,chapel service was compulsory4 ,there can be little doubt that the attempt to erect an exclusively ,church of ,england ,college in a town in which dissent was overwhelmingly predominant was a leading cause of the failure which awaited the institution4 ,the affairs of the college were by the original charter to be conducted by a council of eighteen1 of whom twelve were to be elected by the first body of ,governors1 and two were to be ,professors elected from their own body2 the ,principal1 ,vice-,principal1 ,treasurer1 and ,dean of the ,faculty completed the number4 ,vacancies in the council were to be filled up by co-optation1 and vacancies in the ,professorial staff by the council from a list supplied by the ,professors4 ,by the supplemental charter of #ahdg1 the ,principal and ,council were constituted one body politic and corporate1 and were allowed to acquire property of an annual value not exceeding #b1ejj1 and the same amount for the hospital4 ,the council was also greatly widened by twelve ex-officio ,governors1 of whom two were members of the council of the hospital1 which was represented also by the senior ,physician and senior ,surgeon2 the others were the ,lord-,lieutenant and ,high ,sheriff of ,warwickshire1 the ,dean of ,worcester1 ,archdeacon of ,coventry1 the ,mayor of the borough1 the ,high ,bailiff of the ,manor1 and the ,rectors of ,st4 ,martin's and ,st4 ,philip's4 ,to this body of ex-officio governors was entrusted the appointment of the ,warden1 who later became the real ruler of the college1 all matters of general organisation and discipline1 and all religious duties1 being in his hands4 ,the council was further widened by the admission of two members of the ,institute of ,mechanical ,engineers1 and two each from the ,birmingham ,architectural and ,law ,societies4 ,an east wing was added to the college1 for engineering and architecture1 containing lecture rooms and an engineering workshop4 ,a three years' course and the passing of two public examinations constituted the requirements for the degree of ,c4,e4 of ,queen's ,college4 ,a ,department of ,general ,literature was formed1 ,dr4 ,warneford endowing it in #aheb with #b1jjj4 ,a full collegiate system was established for this department1 with resident1 and later non-resident students1 at which a three years' course was to be passed4 ,the subjects of study were to be ,greek1 ,latin1 ,mathematics1 ,logic1 ,modern ,languages1 ,history1 ,civil ,engineering1 ,natural1 ,political1 and ,moral ,philosophy1 and the doctrines of the ,church of ,england2 the subjects selected having particular reference to the requirements for the examination of the ,university of ,london4 ,a ,junior ,department was also established in or about #ahea1 for a two years' preparatory course with collegiate discipline4 ,the whole constitution of the college was1 however1 codified by the 8,rules and ,regulations0 of #aheg2 by which it appears that these somewhat ambitious views1 pointing to the establishment of a ,university1 had become modified4 ,the design of the college1 as now laid down1 was 8to provide instruction for young men intending to engage in one or other of the following professions3--7#a7 ,medicine and ,surgery2 7#b7 ,civil ,architecture and ,engineering2 7#c7 ,theology 7with a view to ordination72 and any other professional study which may from time to time be added4#ba ,this instruction is combined with a system of collegiate training and moral discipline according to the religious principles of the ,english schools and colleges connected with the ,church of ,england1 and with so much of the ordinary branches of a liberal education1 in a department of arts and general literature1 as may be properly given in subordination and in reference to such special studies40 ,for the collegiate education the inclusive fees were to be #ge a year4 ,there can be little doubt that this idea of creating a resident ,university in ,birmingham was the result of mistaken1 though religious1 zeal4 ,for the deep and earnest feelings which prompted it we must refer to the record of the meeting of ,april #bj1 #ahdc1 contained in ,mr4 ,sands-,cox's ,annals of ,queen's ,college1 published in #ahgc4 ,but the conditions of life in the town were not favourable1 and the scheme broke down through its own weight4 ,resident students there were1 indeed1 in small numbers2 but the pecuniary loss which they caused to the college was considerable1 and in #ahgc that part of the scheme from which1 thirty years before1 so much had been hoped1 was declared not to be 8an essential part of the ,college10 and was allowed to lapse4 ,lord ,lyttelton1 the ,president1 in a letter written in ,december1 #ahgc1 strongly1 though reluctantly1 urged this step4 ,as strongly1 too1 he urged that the theological department should be discontinued4 8,the more simply and singly the college can henceforth be limited to the objects of a place of instruction for medical students1 the better and more likely it is to attain those objects4 ,the hopes that the college might become a ,university1 with the consequent attempt to engraft upon it ,faculties of ,arts1 ,law1 and others1 are now1 as ,i fear1 mere dreams of the past40 ,meanwhile the work of the college appears for some years to have been conducted with considerable vigour1 and a certain success4 ,gradually1 however1 whether from bad management1 or from the inherent faults of the constitution1 it began to decay1 and then its decline was rapid4 ,in #ahfc1 an appeal was put out to relieve it from a debt of nearly #d1jjj2 and in #ahfd1 its condition fell under the eyes of the ,charity ,commissioners4 ,as the result of their enquiry 8it appeared in effect that the college had fallen into a state of decay1 and was on the verge of bankruptcy2 that the buildings were suffering from want of funds for repairs1 and the students diminishing1 and that the college could not be made effective and answer the purpose for which it was founded1 without the interference of the ,court of ,chancery1 and that the present constitution of the said college was defective40 ,accordingly1 in ,february1 #ahfg1 a scheme was ordered to be drawn up for the future management1 approved by the ,master of the ,rolls1 ,may #g1 #ahfg1 and confirmed by 8,the ,queen's ,college1 ,birmingham1 ,act40 ,the council was henceforth to consist of the ,president1 ,vice-,president1 ,warden1 and twelve others4 ,no condition of churchmanship was attached to the last named4 ,all vacancies were to be filled up1 no longer by co-optation1 but by the annual meetings4 ,officers of the college might serve on the ,council1 but no one who was concerned in the profits of any work done or materials provided for the college4 ,the three original departments1 theology1 medicine1 and arts1#bb were maintained1 the ,warden to be the resident head of all three4 ,architecture and engineering were dropped out4 ,until the debt was cleared off1 the offices of ,warden and ,professor of ,theology were to be held by the same person1 afterwards by different persons1 the ,professor to be appointed by the ,president1 ,vice-,president1 and ,visitor4 ,there were to be also ,professors of ,classics and ,mathematics and a ,medical ,tutor4 ,the rights of the church were further secured by a clause referring all questions touching her doctrine and discipline to the ,president and ,vice-,president1 and in the last resort to the ,visitor1 whose decision was to be final4 ,with the obvious exceptions1 however1 of the ,warden and ,theology ,professor1 all religious tests on the members of the staff were abolished4 ,methods were laid down for the payment of the existing debt4 ,a clause1 specially declaring that the natural history and anatomy museum were to be preserved in the college1 along with the models of machinery and philosophical apparatus1 and were to be open to properly qualified persons free of charge1 was violated in #ahgj by their being removed to ,aston ,hall1 the rooms thus set free being given up to the ,school of ,art4 ,finally1 the college and hospital were entirely separated1 the latter being compelled to repay ,warneford's endowment of #a1jjj4 ,during #ahgc and #ahgd1 evening classes in connection with the ,arts ,department were started 8to afford to young men who have had a good education1 and who desire to maintain and improve their acquirements1 an opportunity of doing this at a small expense40 ,morning ,classes for ladies in connection with the ,birmingham ,higher ,education ,association were also attempted4 ,the ,arts ,department of the ,college itself appears to have died a natural death in #ahgb3 in #ahga it contained 8three or four students preparing for admission into the ,theological or ,medical ,departments40 ,the ,theological ,department also has led a languishing existence4 ,in #ahgd it contained but #aa students#bc and from then until #ahhb the number fluctuated between #aa and #bc4 ,since then it has again been declining4 ,the report of #ahhe laments this fact1 but gives no figures4 ,an attempt has been made in this year to raise the standard of this department by appointing the ,cambridge ,preliminary ,examination as the final examination of the ,college4 ,it is by the ,medical ,school1 its original raison d'tre1 that ,queen's ,college has a distinct claim upon ,birmingham and the ,midlands4 ,this part of the scheme has always flourished and still is flourishing2 and it is justly regarded as one of the most important provincial schools of medicine in the kingdom4 ,it started with almost its full development from the beginning4 ,thus in #ahbh the plan of lectures included anatomy1 physiology1 and pathology1 materia medica and medical botany1 chemistry1 and pharmacy1 principles and practice of physic and surgery1 midwifery and other diseases of women and children4 ,in #ahde1 we find this list increased by the division of anatomy into 8,general and ,surgical10 and 8,descriptive and ,comparative40 ,chemistry also was added4 ,in #ahgd1 the ,chair of ,pathology1 which had dropped out of the original list1 was recreated1 and an additional ,professorship of ,physiology and ,anatomy appointed4 ,in #ahhj1 following the ,act for the ,registration of ,dentists1 a ,school of ,dental ,medicine and ,surgery was formed1 and this was recognised in #ahhb by the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons4 ,the lectures on anatomy and chemistry were recognised as qualifying for the degrees of the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,in #ahhe1 the ,borough ,lunatic ,asylum was associated with the ,college1 students being now at liberty to obtain instruction in lunacy and mental diseases4 ,summer dissections were also carried on for the first time in this year4 ,in #ahhb1 consequent upon the organisation of the ,mason ,science ,college1 an important change was made4 ,it was felt that if both institutions carried on1 within a stone's throw of each other1 parallel courses of lectures1 great waste of power would ensue4 ,it was therefore arranged that the lectures on chemistry1 botany1 and physiology should in future be delivered by the ,professors of ,mason ,college1 acting as lecturers for ,queen's ,college1 and delivering courses of lectures suited to the requirements of medical students4 ,in this way not only was the overlapping avoided1 but the endowments of ,queen's ,college were materially relieved1 while the resources of the ,mason ,college magnificent library were also available to the students of the former4 ,the ,birmingham ,medical ,school was now placed in a position of equality with the richest and best organised ,colleges in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,it should be mentioned that in #ahgi1 in addition to the already existing ,ingleby ,scholarships1 two new classes of entrance scholarships were created by the ,council1 the ,sydenham and ,queen's4 ,the former were to be given by the vote of the ,council to the orphan sons of legally qualified medical men2 the ,queen's were to be awarded by examination to sons of medical men2 the sons of former students having the preference in both cases4 ,at the present time the college contains considerably more than #ajj students1 that being the normal number4 ,that its condition1 so far as medicine is concerned1 is one of vigorous vitality1 may be gathered from the following extract from the last ,report4 8,the students have passed examinations at five ,universities1 in six cases gaining distinction1 one being the highest attainable4 ,at the ,primary ,examination for the ,membership of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons of ,england1 thirty students passed in one or both branches4 ,at the above mentioned examinations there were only four complete rejections during the year4 ,it must be borne in mind1 also1 that this result does not accrue from careful weeding out of students by a test examination4 ,all students1 having attended the required number of lectures1 were permitted to present themselves for examination40 ,mason ,college4--,the scheme of a ,university at ,queen's ,college had1 as we have seen1 broken down through the inherent defects of its design4 ,we come now to the establishment of another ,university1 which in its building1 equipment1 and aims1 forms a worthy completion to the educational system of the town4 ,indirectly the result1 no doubt1 of that movement for ,university extension which has characterized the last twenty years1 the establishment of this college was directly the work of one man1 ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 whose fortune had been made during sixty years' residence in ,birmingham1 and who was already a benefactor to the town through the ,orphanage and ,almshouses he had established at ,erdington4 ,the considerations which prompted him to this noble foundation are thus expressed by himself3--8,when ,i was a young man--it is so long ago that while still living in this generation ,i can recall the memories of a time long past--there were no means of scientific teaching open to the artisan classes of our manufacturing towns2 and those who1 like myself1 would gladly have benefited by them were compelled to plod their weary way1 under disadvantages and through difficulties of which our young men of this day can form no adequate idea4 ,schools at that time were few and poor1 there were no institutions of popular teaching1 no evening classes to which youths might go after their day's work was ended40 ,at eighty years of age1 therefore1 he determined to provide 8enlarged means of scientific instruction1 on the scale required by the necessities of this town and district1 and upon terms which render it easily available by persons of all classes1 even the very humblest40 ,whatever was necessary for the improvement of scientific industry1 and for the cultivation of art1 especially as applied to manufactures1 was to be taught2 facilities were to be afforded1 if desirable1 for medical instruction1 and1 most wisely1 the door was left open for any further development necessary to adapt the scheme to the requirements of future years4 ,the plan of the college first began to assume shape about #ahfh1 under the advice of ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,johnson1 formerly ,professor of ,law in ,queen's ,college2 ,mr4 ,george ,shaw1 formerly ,professor of ,chemistry at ,queen's ,college2 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,thackray ,bunce4 ,it was not1 however1 until ,december #ab1 #ahgj1 that the ,foundation ,deed was executed1 by which ,dr4 ,blake and ,mr4 ,johnson were constituted the first trustees4 ,the ,founder had already purchased some land in ,edmund ,street1 and an endeavour was made to secure the ground at the corner of ,edmund ,street and ,congreve ,street 7upon which the new ,liberal ,club now stands72 failing that the land stretching through ,edmund ,street to ,great ,charles ,street was1 after many difficulties and delays1 obtained4 ,the site contains about an acre4 ,in ,september1 #ahgb1 the six trustees required by the foundation deed were thus nominated3 ,dr4 ,blake1 ,messrs4 ,g4 ,j4 ,johnson1 ,w4 ,c4 ,aitken1 ,j4 ,t4 ,bunce1 ,george ,shaw1 and ,dr4 ,heslop2 and their first meeting was held on ,feb4 #bcrd1 #ahgc4 ,the architect selected by the founder1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,cossins1 had meanwhile been visiting the principal science colleges at home and abroad2 and his plans1 prepared from this experience1 were approved in the autumn of #ahgd4 ,on the founder's #hjth birthday1 ,february #beth1 #ahge1 the first stone was laid by himself1 when1 in replying to a congratulatory address1 he gave an interesting sketch of his career from the day when he cobbled shoes in ,kidderminster1 to the time when he became the owner of the largest pen factory in the world4 ,a full description of the college buildings as completed may be found in the ,birmingham ,daily ,post for ,october #bnd1 #ahhj4bd ,since that time an important addition has been made by the erection of a series of rooms for the ,physiological department4 ,the ,foundation ,deed lays down this general statement as to the aims of the proposed college3-- 8,it being understood that the institution intended to be hereby founded is to be called ,josiah ,mason's ,scientific ,college1 or ,josiah ,mason's ,college for the study of ,practical ,science1 he1 the said ,josiah ,mason1 hereby declares that his intention in founding the same is to promote thorough systematic education and instruction specially adapted to the practical1 mechanical1 and artistic requirements of the manufactures and industrial pursuits of the midland district1 and particularly the boroughs of ,birmingham and ,kidderminster1 to the exclusion of mere literary education and instruction1 and of all teaching of theology and of subjects purely theological1 which limitations the said ,josiah ,mason hereby declares to be fundamental40 ,the deed then provides for two courses of instruction1 namely3-- #a4--,regular systematic instruction 7to qualify students either for the ,b4,sc4 and ,d4,sc4 of the ,university of ,london1 or for any profession or pursuit in which scientific knowledge can be usefully applied47 #b4--,popular instruction1 which it is intended shall be given by evening lectures to artisans and others who cannot attend the classes for regular systematic instruction4 ,the regular instruction was to include the following3--,mathematics1 abstract and applied2 ,physics1 mathematical and experimental2 ,chemistry1 theoretical1 practical1 and applied2 ,the ,natural ,sciences1 especially geology and mineralogy1 with their application to mines and metallurgy2 ,botany and ,zoology2 ,physiology1 with reference to the ,laws of ,health2 ,english1 ,french1 and ,german ,languages4 ,by a subsequent deed of ,february #bc1 #ahgd1 ,anatomy1 and ,greek and ,latin languages1 were added to the list4 ,and by a third deed1 ,february #bc1 #ahha1 it is provided that 7in order to qualify the ,college for admission as a constituent member of the ,london or ,victoria ,universities7 regular systematic instruction may at the discretion of the ,trustees include all such other subjects as the ,trustees may for the time being judge necessary or desirable for the benefit of the students4 ,similar liberty to vary the course of instruction1 either by the addition of fresh subjects1 or discontinuance of any subject previously taught1 according to the discretion of the ,trustees1 is given in the case of the ,popular ,instruction4 ,moreover1 once in every fifteen years the provisions of the deed may be varied1 so as better to adapt the regulations to the circumstances of the time4 ,it is impossible to exaggerate the importance of this provision1 which formed the subject of the peroration of a beautiful speech by ,prof4 ,max ,mller at the opening ceremony1 which ended thus3--8,let him rest assured that such faith is never belied1 and that rising and coming generations1 while applauding his munificence1 will honour and cherish his memory for nothing so much as for that one clause in which he seems to say1 like a wise father1 #8,children1 ,i trust you4'0 7,college ,calendar1 #ahhj-ha47 ,one class of subjects alone is emphatically excluded4 ,it is 8provided always1 that no lectures1 or teaching1 or examination1 shall be permitted in the institution upon theology1 or any question or subject in its nature purely theological1 or upon any question which for the time being shall be the subject of party political controversy40 ,and this condition 8the said ,josiah ,mason doth declare to be fundamental40 ,similarly it is declared to be a fundamental condition that 8no principal1 vice-principal1 professor1 teacher1 or other officer1 servant1 or assistant of the institution shall be required to make any declaration as to1 or to submit to any test whatever of their religious or theological opinions1 or be presumed to be qualified or disqualified by any such religious or theological opinions1 but shall be appointed solely for their fitness to give the scientific or artistic instruction required from them40 ,the contrast with ,queen's ,college was complete4 ,fees were to be paid by students1 the admission of whom is subject to no limitation whatever in the popular classes4#be ,the only limitation as regards the regular classes is that the ,trustees are to give the preference1 all other things being equal1 to candidates who have been or are inmates of the ,orphanage1 to the extent of not more than one-fifth of the whole number of regular students1 and thereafter to candidates born within the borough of ,birmingham and ,kidderminster1 in the proportion of two ,birmingham to one ,kidderminster student4 ,the original deed provided that no student not wholly dependent for a livelihood upon his own skill or labour1 or depending upon the support of his parents or some other person1 should be admitted to the college2 and that students should not be under fourteen nor above twenty-five years of age4 ,by the deed of variation1 ,december #ab1 #ahgj1 the limit of age was done away with1 and the conditions above laid down were made to apply to the remission of fees4 ,a preliminary examination for admission is imposed only upon students under the age of sixteen years4 ,in every line the deed breathes the spirit of modern ,birmingham2 it contains regulations directed to a clear aim1 with absolute freedom to vary those regulations so as best1 at any given time1 to secure that aim by recognising new conditions2 it excludes from its scheme no subject of useful learning2 and it maintains the idea that secular instruction is of too high a dignity to be fettered1 as regards either pupils or instructors1 by theological or political considerations4 ,in one provision not yet noticed it recognises with equal directness1 the principle by which ,birmingham has for long been pervaded1 viz41 that over all the great institutions of the town1 popular control ought to be exercised4 ,until the death of the founder1 the governing body was to consist of six trustees2 but it was ordered that after his death the ,town ,council was to nominate five others4 ,vacancies in the ,borough ,trustees were to be filled up by the ,town ,council2 those in the other six by the whole body4 ,one single qualification is laid down as fundamental for the trusteeship4 ,the holder must be a ,protestant and a layman4 ,on ,october #ast1 #ahhj1 the ,college was formally opened1 when a brilliant address was delivered in the ,town ,hall1 by ,professor ,huxley1 before a meeting attended by representatives of the ,universities1 and many leading scientific bodies1 and presided over by the ,mayor2 and1 in the evening of the same day took place the formal transfer of the building by the ,founder to the ,trustees4 8,thus was completed a work which stands without parallel in the annals of modern education in ,england1 the gift of a college1 amply planned1 nobly built1 liberally endowed2 the generous benefaction of one man1 who looked for no reward but the consciousness that1 by the foundation1 others would have the means of acquiring knowledge denied by the poverty of his early life to himself2 trusting that though unblessed with children of his own1 he might1 in the students of his college1 leave behind him an intelligent1 earnest1 industrious1 and truth loving and truth seeking progeny for many generations to come40 ,during the first year of work1 #ec students attended3 in #ahhd-he1 #ebc1 of whom #aii were in the evening classes4 ,during the session1 #ahhb-c1 the college began receiving a grant from the science and art department1 in aid of the instruction of a limited number of teachers engaged in science teaching4 ,during the same year1 by arrangement with the ,school ,board1 the ,council granted six ,wright ,memorial ,scholarships1 to enable scholars from ,board ,schools to go through a science course at ,mason ,college4#bf ,these scholarships are tenable for three years1 and relieve the scholars of the payment of all fees4 ,the ,mason ,college ,union1 formed with the sanction of the council1 was now opened4#bg ,the circumstances attending the admission of students from ,queen's ,college to certain classes will be found detailed in the section treating of that institution4 ,the completion of the scheme necessitated the creation of a new ,chair of ,botany4 ,in the early part of the session1 the council constituted the ,professors of the ,college an ,academic ,board1 to act generally under the superintendence of the council in regulating and co-ordinating the various departments of the college2 the chairmanship being held by the ,professors in turn4 ,in ,july1 #ahhc1 a department of ,coal ,mining and ,colliery ,management was established1 and upwards of twenty students attended1 principally young mining engineers1 preparing for the government examination4 ,during the year courses of lectures upon education1 provided by ,mr4 ,george ,dixon1 were delivered by ,professor ,meiklejohn and ,mr4 ,h4 ,courthope ,bowen4 ,during #ahhd1 the council were enabled to fill up a gap which they had often deplored by the creation of nine scholarships1 as follows3 ,two entrance scholarships of #cj each2 one of #cj for students of one year's standing2 two of #cj each for students of two years' standing2 two of #bj each1 connected with the examinations of the ,university of ,london2 and two technical scholarships of #cj each4 ,each of these is tenable for one year4 ,in the following year1 ,messrs4 ,richard and ,george ,tangye each created a scholarship of the annual value of #cj4 ,free popular lectures for artisans were given throughout the winter1 the tickets being distributed among about one hundred of the leading firms4 ,so much were they valued1 that it was found necessary to repeat each lecture4 ,one of the most important and interesting features of the college is its noble library4 ,with this will always be connected the name of the late ,dr4 ,heslop1 its chief benefactor1 indeed1 it may be said1 its maker4 ,as early as #ahhb1 out of its #d1hfi volumes1 he had contributed #c1acj4 ,on the #bcrd ,february1 #ahhf1 the library contained #ag1eed vols4 ,the geological museum contained at the same date #ai1aae specimens4 ,the ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute is at present educating more than #djjj persons of both sexes and of all ranks2 and this fact alone is sufficient to show its importance4 ,the principle upon which it proceeds is one which at the time of its establishment was entirely novel1 though it has since been adopted in other similar institutions4 ,it has never professed to lay down a priori a course of instruction which it considers ought to be given2 but1 by supplying a want wherever such want has been made known1 it has endeavoured to adapt itself constantly to requirements of the people which otherwise would never be satisfied4 ,in the words of ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,chamberlain1 8,we have never made up our minds to teach any particular subject1 unless we were convinced that there existed outside our walls a present readiness to study it4 ,but1 once convinced of such a desire1 we have done whatever we could to meet it40 ,the ,institute had its origin1 strangely enough1 at a time of marked intellectual decadence in ,birmingham4 ,the existing societies1 the ,philosophical ,institution1 the ,mechanics' ,institution1 and the ,polytechnic ,institution1 were dead or moribund4 ,on ,june #ajth1 #aheb1 at the suggestion of ,mr4 ,arthur ,ryland1 a few members of the first-named society met and appointed a committee which reported in ,january1 #ahec4 ,on ,september #fth the ,town ,council gave a grant of the present site1 and by an ,act obtained in #ahed the ,institute was incorporated4 ,in this ,act the objects of the ,institute are defined to be the 8diffusion and advancement of ,science1 ,literature1 and ,art40 ,there were to be two departments1 7a7 ,general1 to provide 7#a7 ,reading and ,news ,rooms2 7#b7 ,libraries1 ,museums1 a gallery of the fine arts1 collection of mining records1 and other collections for scientific purposes2 7#c7 ,lectures and meetings for discussion in the higher branches of knowledge1 7b7 ,industrial1 to provide 7#a7 classes for elementary and progressive instruction in ,mathematics and ,practical ,science1 and such other subjects as may seem fit to the ,council of the ,institute2 7#b7 laboratories1 models1 philosophical apparatus1 and all other things necessary for the objects of the ,institute4#bh ,the ,institute was to be governed by a ,council of twenty-five consisting of 7#a7 ,official ,governors1 a ,president1 two ,vice-presidents1 and a ,treasurer2 the head master of ,king ,edward's ,grammar ,school1 the warden of ,queen's ,college1 the chairmen of the ,committee of the ,birmingham ,society of ,arts1 and of the government ,school of ornamental ,art4 7#b7 ,borough ,governors1 the ,mayor and four members of the ,town ,council1 elected annually by that body2 and 7#c7 thirteen ,elected ,governors1 viz3 eleven members of the ,institute1 and two students of the ,industrial ,department4 ,the ,president1 the ,vice-,presidents1 and the thirteen1 were to be chosen by the members of the ,institute at the annual general meeting4 ,casual vacancies were to be filled up by the ,council1 which was to meet at least once a month4 ,not less than three of the thirteen were to be regarded as ineligible for re-election each year4 ,among the ,presidents will be found the men most eminent in their various branches of knowledge4 ,a start was made in the beginning of #ahed1 the salary of a ,science teacher for the first year having been guaranteed by the ,science and ,art department4 ,classes were opened in ,chemistry1 ,physics1 and ,physiology1 for both sexes1 and were carried on in the room of the ,philosophical ,institute in ,cannon ,street1 until #aheg4 ,on ,november #bbnd1 #ahee1 #aj1jjj having previously been subscribed to the building fund1 the first stone of the new buildings was laid by the ,prince ,consort4 ,penny ,scientific lectures were now started2 and1 in deference to a most remarkable expression of opinion on the part of the artisans themselves that they had not education sufficient to enable them to profit by the lectures as given1 ,penny ,lectures on elementary ,mathematics and ,science were also given4 ,in #ahef ,mr4 ,george ,dawson and ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timmins volunteered to conduct an ,english ,literature class1 which they continued for three years1 and classes1 also taught voluntarily1 were established in ,arithmetic1 ,latin1 ,french1 ,english ,history1 ,logic1 ,languages1 and ,thought4#bi ,in #ahei1 a subscription of #e1jjj having been raised to pay off the debt incurred1 the ,institute now located in its own buildings1 founded a ,chemical ,society--at present the ,institute ,scientific ,society--members of which delivered lectures to the men in workshops1 as well as ,natural ,history and ,microscopical ,societies4 ,in the examination by the ,society of ,arts in #ahei1 one ,institute student1 ,c4 ,j4 ,woodward1 now at the head of the ,chemical department of the ,institute1 took the first prize in chemistry1 twelve others gaining certificates2 while in #ahfj both the ,english literature prizes were carried off by two other students1 ,henry ,simpson and ,howard ,s4 ,pearson1 now ,lecturer on ,english ,literature at the ,institute4 ,that the right classes were being touched is shown by the fact that #cc per cent4 of the students were artisans1 #cc per cent4 shopmen and clerks1 and #af per cent4 women of the same ranks4 ,in #ahfh the numbers were #de1 #bi1 and #ba per cent4 ,a steady increase both of students and subscribers 7the latter induced by the annual conversazione and the high quality of the occasional lectures7 took place during the following years2 and the students were stimulated by the many valuable prizes offered by leading inhabitants and by the ,central ,literary ,association4 ,so crowded had the classes now become1 that it was imperative to secure further space2 and in #ahgc the prospect of this was secured by a re-arrangement of buildings and an exchange of land with the ,free ,libraries1 #ae1jjj being subscribed for the alterations proposed4 ,in the previous year ,charles ,kingsley had delivered a famous presidential address1 one result of which was an anonymous gift of #b1ejj to found a class in the ,laws of ,health4 ,this class was opened in ,october1 #ahgc1 with #djj students1 and ever since that time has formed an important feature in the ,institute's programme1 branch classes in the subject being established in #ahgh in four of the ,board ,schools4 ,at the same date a new departure was made by founding branch classes at three ,board ,schools in the outskirts of the borough4 ,of the success of the ,industrial ,department up to this time we cannot do better than quote from an article by ,mr4 ,edwin ,smith1 for many years secretary to the ,institute1 in the ,central ,literary ,magazine for ,april1 #ahgd3-- 8,it has enabled a pupil teacher from a national school to win a ,whitworth scholarship against competitors from the universities and from the principal science colleges in the kingdom2 a working rule maker to win a scholarship at one of the ,royal ,colleges of ,science1 and a working electro-plater to win the first prizes from the ,society of ,arts in four modern languages2 it has sent out distinguished pupils to take part in the civil service of ,india1 to conduct mining operations in ,america1 to take part in the telegraphic service of ,australia1 to fill an important commercial post in ,japan1 to conduct the laboratory work in some of the largest manufactories in the country1 to become head masters and assistant masters in our ,grammar ,schools1 to help in the science teaching of the ,university of ,cambridge1 and to fill responsible posts on newspapers of the provincial press2 twelve of its own teachers have been educated in its classes1 and it has sent into the manufactories and workshops of the town1 men who have applied to numerous useful purposes in their trade the knowledge which they have acquired within the walls of the ,institute40 ,during #ahgh was begun the erection of the new buildings from the designs of ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,chamberlain1 at an estimated cost of #cj1jjj4 ,the great fire of ,january #aath1 #ahgi1 which utterly destroyed the ,free ,libraries1 greatly interfered with the work1 and it was not until the summer of #ahha1 that the beautiful buildings fronting to ,paradise ,street1 were ready for occupation4 ,the burden of the heavy debt incurred was somewhat lightened by the prospects of a bequest1 subject to two lives1 of #ej1jjj4 ,hitherto1 the annual examination of the classes which did not fall under the ,science and ,art ,departments had been conducted by volunteers4 ,an endeavour was made in #ahhj to induce the ,senate of the ,london ,university to undertake this work4 ,the ,senate did not see its way to do this1 but it suggested that the council should apply to the ,rev4 ,philip ,magnus1 one of the ,university ,examiners1 and later a member of the ,commission on ,technical ,education4 ,mr4 ,magnus undertook the duty1 and the plan has been retained since then1 the standard for the council certificate being made as nearly as possible that of the matriculation examinations at ,london4 ,in this year was founded the ,institute ,union of ,teachers and ,students1 and it was now1 too1 that the ,institute gave birth to a number of local institutes1 environing the town in a continuous chain1 formed on the lines of the parent body1 and serving local requirements4#cj ,during #ahhb1 a musical section was begun1 with #aeg members1 and an instrumental class with #ejj4 ,a still more noteworthy movement was the establishment of a class in practical metallurgy4 ,during the following year this had developed into an excellent laboratory1 furnaces1 balance room1 fume chambers1 and benches for twenty-three students2 the class being under the care of ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,hiorns4 ,a new class was also formed in iron and steel1 in connection with the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute4 ,the council co-operated1 too1 in organizing a course of lectures on ,health by eminent medical men in the town1 similar to those delivered in ,edinburgh and elsewhere1 and these have since been an annual institution4 ,during this fruitful year were founded the ,institute ,magazine1 and the ,debating1 ,dramatic1 and ,literary ,sections4 ,an ,archological ,section1 still in full vitality1 had been organized as early as #ahgj1 and continues to issue quarto volumes of ,transactions1 containing the ,papers read1 with original illustrations and records of excursions to local and other places of archological interests4 ,fruitful1 however1 though this year of #ahhc was1 it stands out as one peculiarly sad in the ,institute history1 for during it took place the sudden death of ,mr4 ,john ,henry ,chamberlain1 who as ,hon4 ,secretary since #ahfe1 had continuously devoted himself to its interest4 ,in the words of the ,report for #ahhc1 8,under his guidance the ,institute had undergone development which is truly marvellous ''' he had genius to see the needs of the time1 and the direction in which the ,institute could be developed to meet them4''' ,the wisdom of his counsel1 the extent and variety of his knowledge1 the grace of his eloquence1 and the wonderful charm of his personal presence1 made him a colleague whom it is impossible to replace4 ,he expired almost in the act of serving the ,institute40 ,during #ahhd1 a meteorological observatory was formed at the ,monument1 in ,monument ,road1 an anemometer being erected there at the cost of ,mr4 ,follett ,osler1 and the ,birmingham ,chess ,club became a new section of the ,institute4 ,in #ahhe1 the ,school of ,art was removed from the ,institute ,buildings1 where it had hitherto found a home1 to the beautiful building in ,edmund ,street erected by the town for its reception4 ,this gave great additional space1 sorely needed1 for the industrial department1 and1 on the initiative of ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,kenrick1 it was at once utilised1 at a cost of #b1jjj 7guaranteed by ,mr4 ,kenrick7 for a great expansion of the metallurgical classes4 ,an engineering workshop was formed1 and the laboratory greatly increased1 so that the ,institute now possesses--and it is perhaps its most interesting feature--the most extensive metallurgical school in ,great ,britain1 one indeed well-nigh worthy of the position of ,birmingham in the manufacturing world4 ,in this year too1 classes in singing and in the practice of several musical instruments were formed1 the violin class being particularly successful4 ,and a teachers' board was established1 from which valuable suggestions are offered to the council for improvements in the education given to the classes4 ,the following figures are worth recording4 ,in #ahed1 there were one member#ca and #afe students2 in #ahgd1 #aeia members1 and #bagi students2 in #ahhf1 #aibg members1 and 7in the central and branch classes7 #daij students1 thus distributed3 science1 #adgd2 language and literature1 #ajdf2 arithmetic1 #cbd2 matriculation1 #ac2 music1 #abcc2 ladies #ajj4 ,elementary ,education4--,the work performed by the ,school ,board may be best realized from the following figures4 ,previous to the passing of the ,elementary ,education ,act1 #ahgj1 there were within the ,borough public elementary schools with accommodation for #bh1ihc children1 and shortly afterwards further accommodation was made for #a1dgf2 so that in round numbers there were places for about #cj1jjj children4 ,there were also the so called elementary schools on the ,king ,edward ,,vi4's foundation1 noticed under that head1 and a few private adventure schools4 ,the official enquiry of #ahga showed1 however1 that accommodation was then necessary for #ee1jjj1 so that even then the town was scarcely more than half supplied4 ,but1 further1 this half supply was but half utilized1 since the average attendance in the schools was only about #af1jjj4 ,during the fifteen years of its existence the ,school ,board has provided thirty-two large sets of new buildings1 most of them with extensive playgrounds1 and it also occupies three sets of school premises which are rented4 ,the total accommodation provided in these schools is sufficient for #ce1bgg children2 while that in the ,denominational ,schools is now about the same as in #ahga1 the total being #bi1ada4 ,a few certified efficient schools accommodate #gid children2 so that there is at the present date a total accommodation of #fe1bab1 or more than double that of #ahga4 ,still more remarkable is the change wrought in the average attendance4 ,in #ahga this was #ej4c per cent4 of the number on the books4 ,in other words1 out of every #ajj places provided #ej were vacant4 ,the average attendance is now #he per cent4 ,even now the accommodation provided does not reach that required4 ,the population being #dbj1jjj there should be places for one-sixth of that number1 according to the government scale1 that is for #gj1jjj4 ,thus the ,board is still behind-hand to the amount of #e1jjj places4 ,moreover1 according to the average of the last eight years1 the population of the ,borough is increasing at the rate of #fj1jjj per annum1 and consequently the accommodation required at the rate of #a1jjj per annum4 ,in other words1 the ,board has to provide five new schools to catch up the present deficit1 and one school every year to keep pace with the yearly increase4 ,besides the schools whose curriculum is confined to the subjects named in the ,new ,code1 the ,board has established1 upon the initiative and in a great measure at the cost of the ,chairman1 ,george ,dixon1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 a ,technical ,school for boys in the #gth standard1 which provides an education in elementary science1 machine construction1 c42 and which is furnished with a large chemical laboratory1 and an admirably fitted lecture room1 a special room for teaching technical drawing1 and a workshop in which the boys are trained to the use of tools and to working from scale4 ,this school1 which is well worth a visit1 is in ,bridge ,street1 five minutes' walk from the ,town ,hall1 in premises handed over to the ,board1 rent free1 and partially fitted up by ,mr4 ,dixon4 ,many of the ,board ,schools form real architectural ornaments of the town4 ,they are in three stages of design1 the earliest being that in which boys1 girls1 and infants form separate departments1 the boys and the infants being usually on the ground floor1 the girls on the floor above the boys4 ,in the second stage a large centre hall is surrounded by class-rooms on the ground floor2 half way to the roof runs a gallery1 from which doors open into another set of class-rooms4 ,the infants are on the ground floor 7except in ,hope ,street71 in a separate part of the building2 the whole school being under the supervision of a master4 ,in the last stage everything is on the ground floor4 ,the latest erected buildings of this stage are models of airiness and light4 ,the specimens of the three styles easiest reached and most worth seeing are respectively ,bristol ,street1 ,icknield ,street1 and ,stratford ,road or ,foundry ,road4 ,it should be noticed that half-time scholars are now almost unknown1 although the conditions of life would seem to point to a wide extension of the system4 ,a few scholarships1 far fewer than could be wished1 are at the disposal of the ,board4 ,they are of three classes1 ,major1 ,elementary ,science1 and ,minor4 ,boys who hold the ,wright1 ,piddock1 and ,j4 ,h4 ,chamberlain ,memorial ,scholarships receive #ae a year1 on certain conditions1 during a two years' course at ,king ,edward's ,school1 and #be a year1 with remittance of fees1 for three years more at ,mason ,college4 ,several ,elementary ,science ,scholarships1 in connection with the ,science and ,art ,department1 have hitherto been provided out of a fund called the ,higher ,education ,fund1 raised for the purpose of assisting poor but deserving scholars1 by which a grant of #e is guaranteed1 with an additional #e on passing a good examination under the ,science and ,art ,department4 ,it is greatly to be regretted that the funds raised for providing ,minor ,scholarships are all exhausted1 except the ,chamberlain and ,edgbaston ,day ,school for ,girls ,trust ,funds4 ,in the early stages of the ,board's work1 when a ,church majority was elected1 religious education was given in the ,birmingham schools4 ,upon the accession of the ,liberal and ,non-,conformist party to power such education was entirely done away with4 ,the result of frequent and somewhat bitter controversy has been that at present a small portion of the ,bible is read each day by the head teacher without note or comment4 ,the ,voluntary ,schools have1 up till quite recently1 had no common organization4 ,there has now1 however1 been formed an ,association of ,voluntary ,school ,managers1 under whose auspices it is proposed to undertake some amount of inspection1 and which will frame and discuss all measures directed to their common welfare4 ,the ,chairman is the ,rev4 ,canon ,bowlby1 ,rector of ,st4 ,philip's4 ,municipal ,school of ,art4--,by ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,,taylor1 ,head ,master4--,the ,society of ,arts and ,school of ,art were1 in ,june1 #ahhe1 transferred to the ,corporation under the above title4 ,this ,society was established at a meeting held in the ,public ,office1 ,moor ,street1 on #gth ,february1 #ahba1 at which it was resolved3--7#a47 8,that an ,institution be now established in ,birmingham for the encouragement of arts and manufactures1 and that it be called #8,the ,birmingham ,society of ,arts4'0 7#b47 8,that a ,museum be formed for the reception of the most approved specimens of sculpture1 and of all such other works illustrative of the different branches of ,art as the ,society may have the means of procuring40 7#c47 8,that suitable accommodation be provided for students40 ,a subscription list was forthwith opened1 and ,sir ,robert ,lawley1 ,bart41 gave in addition a valuable collection of casts from the antique4 ,the ,museum thus formed was opened for members and students in ,may1 #ahbb1 and in #ahbg the first annual exhibition of pictures was held4 ,in #ahbi the ,society erected the galleries in ,new ,street1 now occupied by the ,royal ,society of ,artists1 and in this year the first conversazione of the ,society of ,arts took place4 ,until #ahdb the ,society was managed by a joint committee1 composed of lay and professional members with equal powers4 ,the lay committee1 representing the subscribers1 were desirous of furthering the original intention of providing means for art education by applying for aid from the ,government ,school of ,design1 newly formed in ,london4 ,hitherto the teaching had been carried on by the members of the professional1 or artists' committee1 who acted as visitors to the ,school for ,drawing from the ,antique4 ,the school was open on two evenings in each week1 but the average nightly attendance was only fourteen4 ,the professional committee demurred against these proposed changes1 and1 on their being adopted by the subscribers1 withdrew from the ,society1 and afterwards formed the present ,royal ,society of ,artists4 ,in #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,dobson1 who is now an ,associate of the ,royal ,academy1 became the first ,head ,master1 and the title of the ,society was at this time altered to 8,the ,society of ,arts and ,school of ,design40 ,in #ahde1 ,mr4 ,heavyside succeeded ,mr4 ,dobson1 but held the office for a year only1 being in turn succeeded by ,mr4 ,thos4 ,clarke4 ,the number of students at this time was #ddh4 ,mr4 ,george ,wallis became ,head ,master in #ahea1 and introduced many changes in the organization and work of the school4 ,he resigned in #aheg1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,raimbach being his successor4 ,by an agreement between the ,society of ,artists and the ,council of the newly founded ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute1 the latter undertook to provide double the existing accommodation for the ,society of ,arts in their proposed building2 and the school was transferred in the summer of #aheh to the rooms which it continued to occupy until last year4 ,the record of the school from the first seems to be one of continuously increasing success2 for in #ahfd the number of students had more than doubled1 being #ici1 including elementary and advanced classes4 ,in its early days the school was much indebted to the ,rev4 ,james ,prince ,lee1 ,m4,a41 who held the post of ,chairman until he was removed to the ,see of ,manchester1 and in more recent times to the late ,mr4 ,john ,henry ,chamberlain1 ,chairman1 and ,mr4 ,edwin ,smith1 ,secretary4 ,in #ahge the whole of the elementary teaching in the evening was transferred to branch classes held in ,board ,schools4 ,a most generous offer was made to the school in #ahgf4 ,an anonymous donor placed the sum of #aj1jjj at the disposal of the ,committee1 with a request that it should be chiefly1 if not altogether1 employed in the improvement of the teaching department1 and in the foundation of scholarships or exhibitions4 ,on the resignation of ,mr4 ,raimbach1 the present ,head ,master 7,mr4 ,edward ,r4 ,taylor7 was appointed in ,may1 #ahgg4 ,in the year #ahhj a scheme was initiated by a donation of #e1jjj from ,messrs4 ,richard and ,george ,tangye1 which has resulted in the present ,museum and ,art ,gallery1 with its noble collection of pictures and objects of industrial art1 the gifts of wealthy citizens to the town4 ,the increasing difficulties under which the ,school of ,art laboured in providing room for the education by which alone these art treasures could be made of use to the town were not lost sight of1 and in #ahha the ,mayor 7,mr4 ,richard ,chamberlain1 ,m4,p47 was enabled to announce to the ,corporation that land would be given by ,mr4 ,cregoe ,colmore1 in the centre of the town1 on which to build a ,school of ,art1 and that ,miss ,ryland would give #aj1jjj1 and ,messrs4 ,richard and ,george ,tangye would also give #aj1jjj towards the cost of building a ,school on condition that the ,town ,council would undertake its management4 ,the result of this generosity is the beautiful building in ,margaret ,street1 the last work of the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,chamberlain1 who had for many years acted as ,chairman of the ,school1 and had taken the deepest interest in its success4 ,it may fairly claim to be one of the best schools of art ever erected4 ,the lighting is bright and cheerful1 furnishing in this a contrast to most of such institutions2 and the accommodation1 especially for the modelling classes and those for studies bearing on design1 is most ample1 and a great improvement on that given in the old premises4 ,in the ,central and ,branch ,schools there are this ,session #gcc students1 and in the seven ,branch ,schools #gjf students1 mostly artisans4 ,the following are some of their occupations3-- ,architects ,assistants #da ,art ,students #eg ,art ,teachers #ae ,artists #g ,brassfounders ,workers #dj ,cabinet ,makers #g ,carpenters and ,joiners #bh ,clerks and ,office ,boys #id ,designers #aa ,die ,sinkers #ed ,draughtsmen #cf ,engineers1 ,fitters1 and ,turners #hh ,engravers1 ,embossers1 and ,chasers #di ,glass ,painters #bg ,glass ,cutters #i ,japanners #e ,jewellers ,silversmiths #cg ,lithographers #dj ,modellers #h ,nail ,cutters #i ,pattern ,makers #ab ,photographers #f ,teachers #ajc ,turners #f ,tool ,makers #f ,watchmakers #g ,wood ,carvers #c ,thirty-four other trades are also represented1 besides the children of artisans4 ,the ,awards of the ,science and ,art ,department to the school in #ahgg and in #ahhe1 will shew the more recent progress of the school4 #ahgg1 ,medals1 ,prizes1 and ,scholarships1 #aaj #ahhe 0 0 0 #cbj #ahgg1 ,certificates #aeg #ahhe 0 #feh ,of these prizes and certificates1 #dj prizes and #bgc certificates were last year awarded for examinations in the advanced sections1 including painting1 design1 drawing from the figure1 modelling the figure1 history of ornament1 anatomy1 etc42 the total of awards obtained by all the #aih ,schools of ,art in the ,united ,kingdom being only #bje prizes1 and #a1ibd certificates4 ,by the munificence of 8the anonymous donor10 the ,corporation are enabled to offer the following free admissions and scholarships tenable in the school for two years3-- ,eighty free admissions to the ,branch ,schools2 ,fifty free admissions to the ,central ,schools2 ,ten scholarships of #e per annum2 ,two scholarships of #bj per annum2 ,two scholarships of #dj per annum4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,libraries3 ,,past ,,and ,,present4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,mullins4 ,the first ,public ,library1 #agcc1 was one which still exists1 and was founded by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,higgs1 first ,rector of ,st4 ,philip's1 who left his ,library and a sum of money for a ,parochial ,library 8free to all ,clergymen of the ,church of ,england in the town and neighbourhood of ,birmingham1 and of all other students who shall be recommended either by the ,rector of ,st4 ,philip's1 or the ,rector of ,st4 ,martin's1 in ,birmingham1 or the ,rector of ,sheldon1 near ,birmingham10 and which was 8designed for the encouragement and promotion of useful ,literature1 more especially of theological learning40 ,the books were to be lent out at the discretion of the ,trustees to suitable persons1 and a folio was to be kept six weeks1 a quarto one month1 and an octavo or duodecimo fourteen days4 ,the ,endowment was #bjj in #c per cents41 and it was announced that donations would be very acceptable 8for the increase of the ,library10 as no payment was required for admission to the use of it4 ,the ,library was long kept in a room adjoining ,st4 ,philip's ,rectory1 7and is duly provided for in the ,new ,rectory7 and deserves this mention as the first ,free ,library in our town4 ,subscription ,libraries4--,subscription ,libraries had been established by ,william ,hutton in ,bull ,street 7in #agea71 ,joseph ,crompton in ,colmore ,row1 and others in the latter half of the last century1 but the most important was that of ,john ,lowe1 at the ,stamp ,office in ,cherry ,street1 which was established in #aggf1 and the catalogue of which in #agif included #ajc pages2 and more than #aj1jjj ,standard ,books1 to which the price of each was added in case of a purchase4 ,the annual subscriptions were #af_/- or a guinea according to the privileges1 and not only were quarterly subscribers taken1 but non-subscribers could have books to read on depositing their value1 at twopence per volume per week2 or if over four shillings in value at threepence per volume per week4 ,and the ,library was to be open from eight o'clock in the morning till nine o'clock in the evening4 ,it is to the credit of the readers of a century ago that a large number of ,french books were provided for their use4 ,in #aghg a ,subscription ,library was opened at #ac ,suffolk ,street1 by ,m4 and ,s4 ,olds4 ,the subscription was #ab_/- per year1 #g_/- the half year1 and #d_/- the quarter4 ,the ,birmingham 7,old7 ,library was founded about ,november1 #aggi1 7though the exact place of its origination is not known71 by nineteen subscribers1 nearly all being ,dissenters1 in fact1 only one being a member of the ,established ,church4 ,the proposal was made to the laity generally1 and to some of the ,clergy1 several of whom became members when the ,library had become a success4 ,it was founded on broad principles to supply the numerous readers with books1 which few private persons could afford to buy1 and it was based on principles so sound that it has been highly successful1 and has been one of the most prosperous and long-lived of all provincial ,libraries4 ,at first1 its progress seems to have been slow1 and its history obscure2 but on the arrival of ,dr4 ,priestley in ,birmingham1 in #aghj1 its real prosperity commenced4 ,his experience of a similar ,library at ,leeds1 and his characteristic energy and enthusiasm were given to the young ,institution4 ,he not only wrote the various advertisements which appeared1 but he drew up a code of laws on the principle adopted at ,leeds1 and the best testimony to their merit is that they have been substantially without important changes for #ajj years4 ,the books were to be bought by a ,committee of twenty chosen annually4 ,the ,laws could be made or repealed only at an ,annual ,meeting or by special notice4 ,books were to be proposed by the ,subscribers1 and selected by the ,committee4 ,the plan proved highly successful1 and the ,subscribers rapidly increased4 ,the entrance fee was ,one ,guinea1 and the ,subscription ,six ,shillings a year1 raised to ,eight ,shillings in #agha4 ,the ,librarian was paid #aj a year1 attendance #b to #e p4m4 ,during the first two years the ,library had its home at the house of ,mr4 ,john ,lee1 junr41 #aae1 ,snow ,hill1 but was afterwards removed to ,messrs4 ,pearson and ,rollason's1 ,swan ,yard1 ,high ,street4 ,by ,january1 #aghb1 a ,library ,room was taken1 and the books removed there1 8hours #b to #e10 within those hours any ,subscriber might see the books1 read and make extracts1 etc41 at his pleasure2 in #aghe1 eleven to one was added to the hours4 ,in #agij1 ,may #eth1 the ,library was re-opened at the ,upper ,priory 7late ,mr4 ,payton's ,repository7#cb with #d1jjj volumes4 ,about this time a plan was started to build a ,library on a ,tontine ,system of #aha shares1 8near to a street called ,cherry ,street1 and then lately used as a ,bowling ,green1 formerly called ,corbett's ,bowling ,green40 ,an extension doubling the area of the ,library ,buildings was made about #ahdc4 ,at its ,centenary1 #ahgi1 this ,library contained #ej1jjj volumes4 ,it has now 7#ahhf7 #a1eia proprietors and subscribers2 an annual income of #a1fhj2 an expenditure of #a1eca2 and #ihd volumes were added to the ,library in #ahhe4 ,the ,librarian is ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,scarse4 ,birmingham ,new ,library4--,in #agid the ,new ,library was founded by some who were dissatisfied with the management of the ,parent ,institution4 ,the ,laws of the ,old ,library were adopted1 with two exceptions4 ,it was originally started in ,cannon ,street4 ,rooms were then built on the ,tontine plan1 in ,temple ,row ,west1 where the ,joint ,stock ,bank now stands1 and after a more or less successful career the ,new ,library was amalgamated with the ,union ,street or ,old ,birmingham ,library in #ahfj4 ,the ,medical ,library and ,institute4--,this ,library was formed in #agij at a meeting at the ,union ,tavern in ,cherry ,street1 and remained for many years as part of the ,old ,birmingham ,library1 accessible to the ordinary subscribers1 but on the formation of the ,medical ,institute1 in #ahgh1 the books were given up to the promoters of the ,institute4 ,it is now a library of some #aa1ejj vols4 at the new building in ,edmund ,street4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,johnson is the ,librarian4 ,the ,institute is supported by the chief medical men of the town and neighbourhood4 ,the ,birmingham ,law ,library was founded in #ahca1 by the ,barristers and ,attorneys practising in ,birmingham and the neighbourhood4 ,this is supported by annual subscriptions4 ,it contains nearly #f1jjj volumes of ,law ,works1 ,reports1 ,acts1 etc4 ,it is in ,wellington ,passage1 ,bennett's ,hill4 ,an admirable ,catalogue of this ,library has been compiled by ,mr4 ,thomas ,horton4 ,the ,mason ,college in ,edmund ,street1 opened in #ahhj1 has now a very choice ,scientific ,library4 ,it is especially rich in ,english and ,foreign ,serials1 ,transactions1 ,journals1 ,magazines1 ,reviews1 ,reports1 etc41 of which ,mr4 ,s4 ,allport the ,librarian published a ,catalogue in #ahhc4 ,it owes much of its high character to the late ,dr4 ,heslop1 who took great interest in its formation and gave three-fourths of the books4 ,other ,libraries4--,among the ,libraries of the past should be recorded3 7#a7 ,the ,mechanics' ,institution founded in #ahbf1 and carried on till #ahdb4 ,it had a ,reference and ,circulating ,library with a ,reading ,room for the use of the members4 7#b7 ,the ,artisans' ,library1 founded in #ahca1 open three evenings a week4 ,of smaller ,libraries1 the ,parochial one of ,st4 ,martin's1 founded by the ,rector 7,dr4 ,miller7 in #ahej1 was far above the average character of such ,institutions2 it was located in ,inge ,street1 and was much used4 ,news ,rooms1 either with ,libraries or alone1 were not numerous in the early part of this century4 ,in ,august1 #ahjh1 the first subscription ,news ,room appears to have been opened at ,messrs4 ,thomson and ,wrightson's ,stamp ,office1 ,new ,street1 open from #i a4m4 to #i p4m4 ,four ,london ,daily ,papers1 ,lloyd's ,list1 ,prices ,current1 one ,sunday1 three ,provincial1 and three ,birmingham ,papers1 with ,reviews and ,magazines were provided4 ,a ,commercial ,news ,room was established in #ahbc1 by a number of gentlemen1 who took ,shares of #bj each to erect a ,building and carry on the work4 ,a ,news ,room of large size and importance was built in #ahbe1 in ,waterloo ,street1 corner of ,bennett's ,hill1 where the old ,county ,court stood1 and where the ,inland ,revenue ,office now stands4 ,as this contained all the leading ,london ,periodicals and ,foreign ,newspapers1 ,shipping1 ,commercial and ,law ,intelligence1 files of important ,papers1 ,london ,gazette1 ,times and local ,journals1 it may almost be included among our ,libraries4 ,as a contrast with this1 the only ,news ,room of that time1 there are now ,nine1 in addition to the ,reference ,reading ,room1 viz43--,three ,subscription1 the ,old ,library1 the ,midland ,institute1 and the ,exchange respectively1 and six free ,news ,rooms1 viz41 the ,central ,news ,room1 and five ,branches in different parts of the town4 ,the ,free ,libraries of ,birmingham4--,these were originated1 and are sustained1 by the municipality1 at the cost of the ratepayers1 by the levying of a rate of a little over one penny in the pound on the rents or rateable value of the ,borough4 ,this rate produces #i1ejj a year and maintains the principal or ,central ,libraries1 which include ,reference ,department of #hj1jjj volumes1 ,central ,lending ,library of #be1jjj volumes1 and a ,news ,room used regularly by about #e1jjj readers a day4 ,it also maintains three ,branch ,libraries of #aj1jjj volumes each1 with capacious and well supplied ,news ,rooms1 and two others of smaller dimensions opened only at night4 ,altogether these various departments issue more than #b1jjj volumes1 and accommodate in the ,reading and ,news ,rooms more than #aa1jjj readers daily4 ,these ,free ,libraries were commenced tentatively and modestly in a leased house and shopping in ,constitution ,hill 7or ,northern part7 in #ahfa1 some doubts apparently existing then whether such institutions were really needed or would be appreciated here4 ,the ,library commenced with #f1jjj volumes1 and an issue for the first year of #ajh1jjj4 ,now there are nearly #adj1jjj volumes available1 with an issue of #hdd1jjj per annum1 and one of the most urgent pleas on behalf of and by the population now before the ,town ,council is for more ,free ,libraries4 ,so strong is the desire for the privileges these ,libraries afford1 that at ,ward ,elections the question has been asked of ,councillors as a test of political fitness3 8,will you vote for a ,free ,library and ,news ,room for this ,ward80 ,this general willingness of the people to be taxed for the higher benefits of knowledge and culture for themselves and their children is sufficiently novel to be worthy of notice4 ,the success of the experiment at ,constitution ,hill induced the ,free ,libraries' ,committee to prepare plans on a scale commensurate with the demands of the ,town1 and it was resolved to commence the ,central and ,western ,libraries consisting of ,reference ,department and ,reading ,room1 ,central ,lending ,library and ,news ,room1 and to provide ,branch ,libraries and ,news ,rooms for the ,eastern ,district at ,gosta ,green1 and for the ,southern ,district at ,deritend4 ,this plan has since been extended to provide ,libraries and ,news ,rooms at ,nechells1 ,small ,heath1 and ,spring ,hill1 7these three have yet to be built74 ,the small and incommodious ,room at ,constitution ,hill or ,northern ,district1 the starting point in #ahfa of the ,libraries1 was superseded by a large and handsome building in ,july #ahhc4 ,the cost of these buildings was defrayed from loans borrowed on the system of an annual repayment of loan and interest in one hundred years4 ,the first ,reference ,library of #af1jjj volumes1 with the ,central ,lending ,department and ,news ,room1 was opened in ,october1 #ahff1 and an eloquent and original address by the late ,george ,dawson1 declared these ,libraries open and free for ever1 and started them on their course of usefulness4 ,as regards the character of books read1 it may be said that by far the largest demand in the ,reference ,library is for books of practical value in ,science and ,art1 and that the taste for ,scientific ,works in the ,lending ,libraries is steadily growing1 and the ,committee are only too glad to meet the demand4 ,these ,free ,lending ,libraries seem to reach all classes with their elevating and gladdening influence4 ,there are not only books for the student and worker by which they may be helped in the business of life1 but there are books for the weary1 books of standard music1 books for little children1 and even books for the blind4 ,the ,history of the ,libraries has been1 with one exception1 an unbroken record of success1 and what a world of happiness and growth twenty-five years of successful ,library work means it is very difficult to measure or estimate4 ,the exception was the calamitous fire which occurred on ,january #aa1 #ahgi4 ,the ,building was in process of enlargement1 and had been to a considerable extent given up into the builders' hands during its reconstruction4 ,a strong wall had given place for the time being--to avoid the closing of the ,reference ,library and ,news ,room during the alterations--to temporary arrangements of wood and similar material4 ,the winter was severe1 the gas was frozen1 an energetic workman in attempting to produce a thaw ignited a flame which blazed up beyond his control1 set fire to the temporary screen dividing the existing ,library from the extension1 and1 spreading to the adjoining shelves1 soon embraced the whole of the ,library in one vast blaze4 ,as this occurred at mid-day on a ,saturday1 the ,rooms of the ,library were crowded with ,readers1 but no one was injured4 ,all sorts and conditions of men strove to save what could be saved of the precious books1 but the fire was master1 and the salvage was small4 ,the pride the people had in their ,free ,library1 and their grief at its destruction were shewn in a most pathetic manner1 books being offered from their own collections1 great and small1 toward the restoration4 ,nor was this feeling confined to the town4 ,her ,majesty sent a note through ,lieutenant-,general ,ponsonby1 in which she offered a valuable selection of books as follows3-- 8,buckingham ,palace1 ,march #bd1 #ahgi4 ,sir1 ,i am commanded by the ,queen to enquire if the ,managers of the ,birmingham ,library will accept from ,her ,majesty the volumes1 a list of which ,i enclose4 ,not being certain to whom ,i should address myself1 ,i have ventured to trouble you with this letter1 in the hope that you will communicate the ,queen's offer in the proper quarter4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 ,your obedient servant1 ,,henry ,f4 ,,ponsonby40 8,the ,mayor of ,birmingham40 ,the books offered were3 ,lepsius1 7,c4 ,r47--,denkmaeler aus ,aegypten und ,aethiopien4 #ab vols41 large folio4 ,bock1 7,f47--,die ,kleinodien des heiligen ,rmischen ,reiches ,deutscher ,nation4 #a vol41 large folio4 #ahfd4 ,nash1 7,joseph7--,windsor ,castle4 ,folio4 #ahdh4 ,wyatt1 7,m4 ,digby7--,the ,industrial ,arts of the #aith ,century4 #b vols41 folio4 #ahec4 ,these works1 the noblest of their kind1 and on the subjects of which they treat1 are not only costly but exceedingly useful1 more especially the fine illustrations in the 8,monuments of ,egypt and ,ethiopia10 and the 8,art ,treasures of the ,holy ,roman ,empire of the ,german ,nation40 ,expressions of sympathy and gifts of books came from ,germany1 ,italy1 ,america1 and1 from nearly every town in ,england4 ,the chief men of ,birmingham met1 and subscriptions amounting to nearly #ae1jjj were given to supplement the amount for which the books had been insured--to raise again and at once what all classes proudly and lovingly called 8,our ,free ,library40 ,the buildings in ,ratcliff ,place have risen again in nobler proportions1 and on extended space1 the rates for their support are ungrudgingly given1 and there is no place better used4 ,the issue of books extends yearly with the advance of education1 and goes on to supply that for which the school creates a demand4 ,the student will here find placed at his service the most complete and costly works in art1 architecture1 archology1 botany1 natural history1 science1 theology1 politics1 poetry1 as well as county histories1 and topographical works1 and sets of all the principal weekly1 monthly1 quarterly and annual publications1 with files of important newspapers1 etc41 from very early periods to the present time4 ,the ,library contains several special collections3 ,the ,,byron collection 7#bge vols471 given by ,mr4 ,richard ,tangye4 ,the ,,cervantes collection 7#djj vols471 given by the late ,mr4 ,william ,bragge4 ,the ,,milton collection 7#ahb vols471 given by ,mr4 ,frank ,wright4 ,a collection of local literature of unequalled extent1--the acquisition of many years by ,david ,malins1 ,sam3 ,timmins and others--has been generously placed at the disposal of the town4 ,this remarkable collection of books1 pamphlets1 ,acts of ,parliament1 maps1 views of the buildings1 portraits1 etc41 already consists of over #f1jjj articles1 and is catalogued in a pamphlet of #ic pages4 ,the ,shakespeare ,memorial ,library was founded at the ,tercentenary of ,shakespeare's ,birth 7in #ahfd7 by the united exertions of ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timmins and the late ,george ,dawson4 ,the original collection destroyed by the fire has been restored to more than its former proportions1 and now consists of upwards of #g1jjj volumes1 editions1 plays1 and ,shakespeariana in twenty-six languages1 including the first four folio editions of ,shakespeare's ,works1 and nearly every edition issued since1 as well as various translations from all parts of the world4 ,this collection1 like the rest of the ,library is open to all students free1 and is largely used1 students of ,shakespeare coming here from ,cambridge1 ,dublin1 and even from ,berlin4 ,the disastrous fire of #ahgi destroyed the larger part of the ,cervantes ,library1 and of the splendid ,staunton ,collection of ,warwickshire ,books1 ,manuscripts1 ,engravings1 ,portraits1 etc41 but these are being replaced as fully as possible by gifts and purchases as opportunities occur4 ,the ,reference ,library 7only7 has been opened on ,sundays1 from #c to #i1 since ,april1 #ahgb1 and is generally well used4 ,the readers are supplied with books by six ,assistants1 of whom five are ,jews4 ,suburban ,libraries4--,the influence of the ,birmingham ,free ,libraries has not been confined to the boundaries of the ,borough4 ,in the spirited suburban ,manor of ,aston a ,free ,library was established in ,may #ahgg2 this was followed by ,handsworth in #ahhj2 and both these ,suburbs have handsome provision made in the public buildings1 for good ,libraries and ,news ,rooms4 ,the ,librarian of ,aston ,manor ,free ,library is ,mr4 ,r4 ,k4 ,dent1 the author of 8,old and ,new ,birmingham10 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,roberts is the ,librarian of ,handsworth4 ,within a circle of ten or twelve miles there are substantial ,free ,libraries at ,darlaston1 ,dudley1 ,bilston1 ,brierley ,hill1 ,smethwick1 ,west ,bromwich1 ,walsall1 ,wednesbury and ,willenhall2 and within a little wider radius will be found the ,free ,libraries of ,burslem1 ,coventry1 ,hanley1 ,kidderminster1 ,leamington1 ,lichfield1 ,tamworth1 ,tipton1 ,wolverhampton1 and ,worcester2 a larger number within such an area than will be found in any other part of the kingdom4 ,the brief account here given is compiled from the following works1 in each of which further details of interest may be found3-- ,hutton's ,history of ,birmingham4 ,sixth ,edition1 #ahce4 ,langford's ,century of ,birmingham ,life1 #ahfh4 ,langford's ,modern ,birmingham and its ,institutions1 #ahgc-ahgg4 ,dawson's ,inaugural ,address at opening of ,reference ,library1 #ahff4 ,dent's ,old and ,new ,birmingham1 #ahhj4 ,centenary of the ,birmingham ,library1 by ,sam3 ,timmins1 #ahgi4 ,showell's ,dictionary of ,birmingham1 #ahhe4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,literary1 ,,scientific ,,and ,,artistic ,,societies4 ,,by ,,sam3 ,,timmins4 ,the ,chapter ,,ii41 on 8,education10 has included the more active and valuable societies which have developed into important organizations for the full and regular teaching of ,literature1 ,science1 and ,art1 but it has been thought desirable to give a brief summary of the local societies which for nearly a century have assisted in creating the demand which the larger institutions have been established to supply4 ,birmingham has not been so remarkable as some other towns for its societies formed of lovers of literature and science1 and it is certainly remarkable1 and almost reprehensible1 that so large a centre has never had a definite ,literary ,society or ,literary ,club1 associating all1 and they are many1 who are lovers of books in all departments1 and not merely of literature of a scientific1 technical1 and practical kind4 ,such a society1 or such a club1 should certainly exist in a great ,midland town1 as in ,manchester1 ,liverpool1 and other places4 ,the ,lunar ,society of the last century1 which included among its members or visitors1 ,priestley1 ,boulton1 ,watt1 ,darwin1 ,withering1 ,keir1 ,galton1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,smeaton1 ,edgeworth1 ,day1 ,wedgwood1 ,baskerville1 was founded about #agfe1 and as the houses of the members were distant from each other1 and the roads dark and sometimes dangerous at night1 the meetings were held at 8full moon10 hence 8,the ,lunatics0 or 8,lunar ,society0 derived its name4 ,its objects were social and scientific rather than literary and it has left no literary memorials of its meetings4 ,debating ,societies4--,among the earliest of the societies1 common in later days1 and which were the more needful when newspapers were few1 were the ,debating ,societies1 the first of which1 the 8,robin ,hood ,free ,debating ,society10 was a tavern-society1 founded in #aggd1 and was followed in the same year by another1 and probably a rival1 or seceded body1 as a 8,society for the ,encouragement of ,free and ,candid ,disputation10 but both soon discussed themselves out of existence4 ,in #aghi a 8,society for ,free ,debate0 was formed1 and like the others it discussed social1 moral1 and political questions1 so that in #agib the magistrates interfered1 on the ground that the recent riots should discourage public discussions of dangerous subjects4 ,philosophical ,institution4--,at the close of the century1 about the year #agid1 a ,philosophic and ,artistic ,society was proposed1 and in #ahjj the first steps were taken to found the ,birmingham ,philosophical ,institution1 which was so successful that1 in #ahac1 a suitable building1 with a lecture room for two hundred hearers1 a news room1 a museum1 and other necessary rooms1 were erected1 and were opened by a lecture by ,rev4 ,j4 ,corrie1 a friend and biographer of ,priestley1 in ,october1 #ahad4 ,this society flourished for many years1 with lectures from eminent men1 a good library and museum1 and was finally succeeded by the ,midland ,institute on a much larger and more popular scale4 ,one of its notable practical uses was the erection of ,mr4 ,follett ,osler's first ,anemometer1 and excellent ,clock for public convenience4 ,for many years papers were read and discussed by members1 and published in ,transactions in which meteorological1 industrial1 and scientific facts of historic importance have been preserved4 ,society of ,arts and ,exhibitions4--,in ,april1 #ahad1 the 8artists and amateurs10 proposed to form a society1 and to hold an annual exhibition of pictures1 and the promoters secured as honorary members1 ,benjamin ,west1 ,sir ,j4 ,soane1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turner1 ,john ,flaxman1 and ,richard ,westmacott4 ,the first exhibition was held in the 8,academy of ,arts10--a building still remaining in ,union ,passage--and proved very attractive4 ,in #ahba1 the ,artistic ,society proposed to expand and to form a ,society of ,arts1 and in #ahbb1 the site of the present large building 7then temporary7 was secured1 and replaced1 in #ahbg1 by a permanent building1 chiefly from the liberality of ,sir ,robert ,lawley1 who gave a large number of casts from antique1 and in that year the first great exhibition of pictures was held4 ,as a proof of the necessity of such an exhibition and of such a ,society1 it will be worth while to quote the remarks of ,catherine ,hutton1 the daughter of the historian1 herself a woman of good sense and good taste1 since she predicted that the proposed society would 8die a natural death10 that the 8genius of the artists of ,birmingham was more calculated to paint tea boards than pictures10 and that the proposed rooms would soon 8serve for a ,methodist ,meeting ,house40 ,for more than sixty years since that prophecy1 the rooms have been used1 with one interval1 caused by quarrels1 for a series of exhibitions of paintings and drawings1 not only in autumn1 but in spring exhibitions too1 which secure some of the best pictures by the foremost artists of the day4 ,school of ,medicine and ,surgery4--,in #ahbh1 the ,school of ,medicine and ,surgery was begun in ,snow ,hill1 by the late ,w4 ,sands ,cox1 and was finally expanded into the ,queen's ,college1 which has been fully described1 but the 8,society0 side of this and other similar institutions1 was originally a series of meetings of members1 and not any sort of college or school4 ,mechanics' ,institute and ,artisans' ,library4--,the success of ,dr4 ,birkbeck's popular institution in ,london led to the formation of a ,mechanics' ,institution in ,birmingham1 in #ahbe1 and the establishment of an ,artisan's ,library4 ,from various causes this society was not successful1 but it was one of the first attempts to reach the masses of the people with literary and scientific teaching1 and numerous classes were well taught and gave valuable help to the young men of that day4 ,one of the most remarkable results of the ,mechanics' ,institution1 and one of the causes1 unfortunately1 of its failure1 was one of the first of ,industrial ,exhibitions of manufactures and processes in #ahdj1 and followed by a second which was financially a failure4 ,in #ahda another 8,institution0 on a somewhat different plan was established under the patronage of ,lord ,john ,manners and the 8,young ,england0 party as the 8,athenic ,institute0 for mental1 moral1 and physical improvement1 combined with rational amusements--athletic and others4 ,in #ahdc the ,polytechnic ,institution followed and was carried on successfully till #ahec on rather broader lines than the ,mechanics' ,institution1 but it attracted rather the middle than the humbler classes1 and finally failed1 to be followed by the ,midland ,institute as previously described4 ,in #ahej an important society was founded in ,birmingham to advocate the establishment of 8free1 secular1 and compulsory0 education1 and this developed into the 8,national ,public ,school ,association10 and in #ahfg into the 8,national ,education ,league10 which was the most important factor in the education of the country by the agitation which resulted in the ,elementary ,education ,act of #ahgj4 ,in #aheb-ec another attempt was made to form a ,literary and ,scientific ,institution1 to take up the work which the ,mechanics' ,institution and the ,polytechnic ,institution had failed to accomplish4 ,the first public help given was by one of the first public readings of the ,christmas ,carol1 by ,charles ,dickens1 which produced for the three readings1 #bbg4 #ais4 #i;d41 and continued the interest and help which ,dickens had given as ,president of the ,polytechnic ,institution some years before4 ,from this date the ,midland ,institute has most successfully provided for all classes1 by its literature and science classes1 its public lectures1 and its musical and archological sections1 and has become one of the most successful of all similar institutions4 ,magazines and ,pamphlets4--,so early as #agfd a 8,birmingham ,register and ,entertaining ,museum0 had been published on the lines of the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 and ten years later a 8,medical ,miscellany0 appeared which1 however1 did not live long1 and no similar serial appeared till #ahag4 ,during the whole of this period1 and especially just before or after the riots in #agia1 the town was deluged with pamphlets1 chiefly on political subjects1 and great feuds arose4 ,the pupils of the famous 8,hazelwood ,school0 issued the 8,hazelwood ,magazine10 often illustrated with etchings and lithographs from #ahbb to #ahcj1 and the pupils of ,king ,edward's ,school have from time to time had a 8,magazine0 of their own4 ,this example was followed by the 8,proprietary ,school0 on two or three occasions4 8,the ,oscotian0 in #ahbh reached #c vols41 and was resumed later1 and is still issued4 ,for several years1 circa #ahcj1 several ,magazines devoted to the drama were published1 and were useful in their day4 ,newspapers4--,the pamphlets of the last century were superseded by the newspaper press2 ,birmingham1 which had a 8,journal0 in #agca1 and a 8,gazette0 in #agda2 had its first 8,daily ,press0 in #ahee1 when the taxes on knowledge were repealed1 and 8,daily ,post0 in #aheg1 and 8,daily ,gazette0 in #ahfb4 ,in #ahfi1 an attempt was made to establish a ,midland 8,illustrated ,news10 which continued for some two years4 ,in the same year the first halfpenny evening paper appeared1 the 8,daily ,mail10 and in #ahga1 the 8,birmingham ,morning ,news0 was established1 with the late ,george ,dawson as its first editor4 ,magazines4--,magazine literature has often been attempted since #agfd1 but not successfully4 ,in #ahgf1 the 8,birmingham ,examiner10 a weekly newspaper of politics and literature was tried for some months1 and about the same time the 8,medical ,review10 the 8,midland ,naturalist10 and the 8,central ,literary ,magazine10 were founded and flourish still4 ,an illustrated ,magazine1 8,mid-,england0 appeared in #ahgi1 but failed to secure the 8,midland0 readers2 and the 8,midland ,antiquary10 devoted to archology1 genealogy1 and heraldry1 since #ahgi4 ,debating ,societies have been numerous1 and have generally held their ground1 and helped to train some of the best speakers and debaters of our day4 ,the ,birmingham ,debating ,society was founded in #ahdf1 and amalgamated with the ,edgbaston ,society in #ahee4 ,parliamentary ,debating ,societies--8echoes0 of the ,house of ,commons--have been tried two or three times but without success1 although flourishing for some years4 ,the ,central ,literary ,association has been one of the most long-lived and popular of debating societies1 and its ,magazine has also been a marked success4 ,in #ahef an ,amateur ,dramatic ,club was formed1 and many very excellent performances were given4 ,a ,dramatic ,club1 holding winter meetings1 has been established since for the reading of papers1 and the celebration of the ,shakespeare ,anniversary2 and 8,our ,shakespeare ,club0 has met for more than thirty years as a social rather than literary club1 whose chief work was to found the ,shakespeare ,memorial ,library4 ,a ,graduates ,club was founded by the late ,dr4 ,c4 ,badham for social meetings of ,university ,graduates2 a ,clef ,club has recently been opened for lovers of music2 the ,historical ,society1 at ,mason ,college1 has been merged into the ,philosophical ,society1 which meets in the same building2 the ,natural ,history and ,microscopical ,society has many and devoted members2 the ,law ,society has its learned discussions2 the ,medical ,institute has its ,library and ,meetings2 the students of the ,midland ,institute and of ,mason ,college have their respective societies and magazines2 the ,archological section of the ,institute has its meetings1 excursions1 and transactions2 the ,natural ,history ,society its numerous members1 and its excursions and magazine1--all being social as well as scientific1 and helping to raise the standard of taste and knowledge among all classes of the town4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,charitable ,,institutions4 ,,by ,c4,e4 ,,mathews4 ,the ,birmingham ,general ,hospital4--,at the commencement of the second half of the last century1 ,birmingham was a small manufacturing town with a population but little in excess of #cj1jjj souls4 ,at that time no medical or surgical relief could be obtained by its suffering poor except at the ,infirmary attached to the ,workhouse4 ,but in ,november1 #agfe1 ,dr4 ,ash1 an eminent member of the local medical profession1 called a meeting of the principal inhabitants 8to consider the advisability of establishing a general hospital for the relief of the sick and lame40 ,a public meeting was held at the ,swan1 ,november #ba1 #agfe1 which resulted in 8,benefactions0 #a1eee #ahs4 #j;d4 and 8,annual ,subscriptions0 #dbd #ajs4 #j;d4 ,little was done 7other than the creation of a building debt7 until the year #aggi1 when this great charity fairly entered upon its long career of humanity1 usefulness1 and honour4 ,its income in those early years was scanty1 its patients few and far between1 it had no endowment whatever4 ,it was a privileged institution1 that is1 except in cases of extreme urgency1 its benefits were given only to the holders of subscribers' tickets4 ,during the year #ahhe1 #c1ede in-patients and #ch1eja out-patients were treated at this ,institution4 ,its subscription list amounted to #e1ddh2 the income of its endowments reached the respectable figure of #b1ghg1 and the total income from all sources1 ordinary and extraordinary1 was nearly #ae1jjj4 ,it is still in theory a privileged institution2 but more than two-thirds of the in-patients1 and more than half of the out-patients were admitted in #ahhe as 8accidents and urgent cases0 without recommendation4 ,in recent years enormous improvements have been made both in the laws and in the administration of this ,hospital4 ,the old system by which every ,governor had a vote in the election of a ,medical ,officer has been abolished1 and vacancies for the much coveted position of ,physician or ,surgeon to the charity are now filled by a sufficiently large and representative ,committee4 ,the legacies1 which are very numerous1 are funded to the extent of one half of their amount2 and the annual reports are models for clearness and accuracy of information4 ,a great extension of the hospital work has recently been made4 ,a branch ,hospital for chronic cases has been established by the munificence of ,mr4 ,john ,jaffray1 and has recently been opened by the ,prince of ,wales4 ,the ,endowment ,fund of this department already exceeds #cj1jjj1 and special subscriptions have been obtained amounting to nearly #ejj a year4 ,the great ,triennial ,musical ,festivals1 which in late years have ceased to be peculiar to ,birmingham1 were first established in connection with the ,birmingham ,general ,hospital4 ,a ,committee of the ,governors is specially appointed to carry out these important undertakings1 and they have spared no effort in procuring the finest music from the ablest ,composers1 rendered by the foremost artists of the time4 ,the ,elijah of ,mendelssohn1 the ,eli and ,naaman of ,costa1 the ,light of the ,world of ,sullivan1 the ,st4 ,peter of ,benedict1 and the ,redemption and ,mors et ,vita of ,gounod1 are some of the great works first produced at ,birmingham under the management of the 8,orchestral ,committee10 whose aim has been on the one hand to obtain the perfection of music1 and on the other to augment the income of the ,hospital4 ,these ,festivals have been held since the year #agfh1 and have resulted in a net profit to the ,hospital of over #abj1jjj4 ,since the year #ahdi1 the gross receipts at any ,festival have never been less than #aj1jjj1 and in one year they exceeded #af1jjj4 ,in the year #ahhe1 when the last ,festival was held1 the gross receipts were #ac1gae1 and the net profit accruing to the ,charity was #c1ejj4 ,the ,queen's ,hospital4--,this great ,hospital is the second general ,hospital in ,birmingham4 ,it was founded in the year #ahdj1 in connection with the ,birmingham ,school of ,medicine and ,surgery2 a ,school which in #ahdc became incorporated under the name of the 8,queen's ,college40 ,it has an unusually large acting ,medical and ,surgical ,staff consisting of three ,physicians1 four ,surgeons1 one ,physician for ,out-patients1 two casualty ,surgeons1 an ,ophthalmic ,surgeon1 a ,dental ,surgeon1 and an ,obstetric ,officer4 ,it was established as a privileged ,institution1 but in the year #ahge the regulations then existing were changed1 and it became a ,free ,hospital4 ,from that time no privileges of any kind have been given to subscribers1 and the suffering and deserving poor have been received and treated without any conditions or qualifications other than the urgency of their need of relief4 ,there is no doubt that since the ,hospital became free1 it has gained greatly in public confidence and popularity4 ,the ,in-patients treated in #ahhe were #a1idd1 the ,out-patients were #bd1jfc4 ,some years ago it had a considerable endowment1 but great enlargements and improvements of the ,hospital were necessary1 and were carried out a few years since at a cost of #bf1jjj1 of which sum #aj1jjj was taken from the endowment1 and the remainder was raised by an active and intelligent ,committee4 ,the present endowment is only about #e1jjj4 ,the annual income from all sources may be taken at #h1jjj1 and the annual expenditure is about the same1 though there is no doubt that with a larger income the ,committee could provide in the present buildings a great increase in the number of beds1 and so materially reduce the average cost per patient4 ,the ordinary income of a medical charity is derived from subscriptions1 donations1 legacies1 and the income resulting from investments4 ,by the laws of many charities legacies are invested1 and the income only of such investments is applied to the annual purposes of the charity4 ,the ,queen's ,hospital has not been able to take this course2 all legacies paid in any year being applied to the general purposes of the institution4 ,in the year #ahhe the income of the ,hospital was made up as follows3--,from ,subscriptions #b1fdh1 from ,donations #bef1 from ,legacies #a1fba1 from ,registration ,fees #heb1 from ,income of ,investments #aig2 but these figures amount in all only to #e1egd1 and it has been stated that the income of the ,hospital is about #h1jjj a year4 ,how then has the balance been obtained8 ,in ,england there is no compulsory rate in aid of our charitable institutions4 ,m4 ,guizot left it on record that when he first visited this country nothing surprised him more than the constant recurrence of the words that met him at every turn in ,london--8supported by voluntary contributions40 ,but the income arising from 8ordinary sources0 was rarely sufficient to enable ,hospital managers to cope with the responsibilities thrown upon them without incurring constant deficits and sometimes financial disaster4 ,twenty-five years ago some ,birmingham men1 amongst whom the late ,rector of ,birmingham 7,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,miller7 deserves most honourable mention1 grappled with the difficulty4 ,the various ,clergy and ,ministers of ,religion1 assisted by prominent lay townsmen1 determined to organise a general ,collection once a year in all the ,churches and ,chapels of the town and neighbourhood1 for the benefit of the local ,medical ,charities4 ,thus originated 8,hospital ,sunday40 ,it was resolved that every third year the whole collection should go to the ,general ,hospital1 every third year to the ,queen's ,hospital1 and every third year that it should be divided among the smaller ,medical ,charities in certain proportions based upon the number of patients relieved4 8,hospital ,sunday0 became immensely popular1 and the example set by ,birmingham was imitated by the metropolis and by the larger towns and cities of ,england4 ,since its establishment up to last year the medical charities of ,birmingham have received from the ,hospital ,sunday ,fund the enormous subsidy of #abd1dcj4 ,from this source the ,queen's ,hospital has received1 up to the year #ahhd1 #db1ahh2 its triennial collection amounted to #d1cef in #ahha1 and to #d1aha in #ahhd4 ,but the year #ahgc witnessed a new departure4 ,it was felt that it was not enough to make collections only from the habitual frequenters of churches and chapels1 most of whom might be assumed to be regular subscribers to the various charities or donors to their funds4 ,it was felt too that the great body of the artisan population were able and willing to do something for the support of the great institutions founded almost wholly for their benefit2 and thus 8,hospital ,saturday0 became a friendly but formidable rival to 8,hospital ,sunday40 ,once a year collections are made in all the manufactories and large workshops in the town and district1 and up to1 and including the year #ahhe1 the hospitals have been subsidised from this welcome source to the extent of #df1hjj4 ,not only so1 but these annual collections are steadily growing in amount1 to the great credit of the industrial population and to the lasting benefit of the charities of the town4 ,it is interesting to note the increasing annual amount the ,queen's ,hospital has thus received4 ,in the year #ahhj it was #fgj2 in #ahha1 #gaa2 in #ahhb1 #heb2 in #ahhc1 #ica2 in #ahhd1 #a1jef2 in #ahhe1 #a1ace1 and the accounts for the present year shew a large increase on any figures hitherto recorded4 ,the ,birmingham ,general ,dispensary4--,this ,institution is the oldest medical charity in ,birmingham except the ,general ,hospital4 ,it was founded in #agid1 and has deservedly enjoyed a very large share of public confidence4 ,it is a strictly privileged institution4 ,every subscriber has so many tickets for his subscription1 and has also the power of procuring supernumerary tickets4 ,there are of course no beds1 all patients being attended at their own homes4 ,accidents or urgent cases1 such as sometimes put great pressure upon the resources of a general hospital1 are here extremely rare4 ,there is1 therefore1 no debt4 ,the services of the medical staff can be purchased at a rate sufficient to cover the cost4 ,consequently the subscription list has always been large1 the finances invariably prosperous1 the revenue always in excess of the expenditure4 ,so great has been the success of this institution1 that the managers sometimes hardly know what to do with their money4 ,the income for the year #ahhe from all sources was considerably in excess of #f1jjj4 ,the whole expenditure was under #e1jjj1 and the managers were able out of the income of the year to put by #a1ejj4 ,the income from investments alone was #fjh4 ,there was a considerable sum on deposit1 and a large credit balance at the ,bank4 ,there is a central dispensary in ,union ,street1 and branches at ,camp ,hill1 ,aston1 and ,ladywood1 all with ,resident ,surgeons attached4 ,in former days it had a large midwifery and vaccination department1 but the former was abandoned in #ahfi and the latter in #ahgj4 ,the dispensary1 therefore1 now addresses itself only to the ordinary medical treatment of the sick poor4 ,all the medical officers1 including the consulting officers1 are paid for their services4 ,the patients who1 in #ahga1 numbered #aj1egj1 had increased in #ahhe to #ba1hhh4 ,the ,orthopdic and ,spinal ,hospital4--,this small but useful institution has existed since the year #ahag4 ,it has three ,acting-,surgeons1 and one ,assistant ,surgeon4 ,the ,surgeons attend daily and give gratuitous advice to the deformed poor4 ,ordinary cases are admitted without letters of recommendation1 but in the numerous cases where supports or instruments are required1 subscribers' tickets are necessary to cover the cost4 ,the instruments supplied in #ahhe cost upwards of #ejj4 ,the new cases in that year were #a1fed1 the attendances #g1dci4 ,the total expenditure was about #a1djj4 ,the ,eye ,hospital4--,the ,birmingham and ,midland ,eye ,hospital is one of the best special ,hospitals in the provinces4 ,it has not only been of incalculable service to the poor of the town and neighbourhood1 but it has founded an important school of ophthalmic science in the ,midland district4 ,diseases of the eye cannot be adequately dealt with at general hospitals4 ,where the delicacies and difficulties of any disorder are such as to require minute manipulative skill and practitioners of great experience1 a special ,institution is imperatively necessary4 ,this ,hospital has had a really splendid career4 ,it was founded in #ahbd1 and commenced its operations in a humble manner in ,cannon ,street4 ,it then migrated into improved premises in ,steelhouse ,lane4 ,in #ahfa it found a third home in ,temple ,row1 and in #ahhd a new ,hospital was erected and opened in ,church ,street capable of accommodating #gj beds4 ,the acting ,medical ,officers of the ,institution 7exclusive of ,house or ,resident ,surgeons7 are by the laws to consist of not less than four and not more than six ,honorary ,surgeons1 so that ample provision is made to secure the adequate surgical treatment of the present patients and of any probable increase in their number4 ,in order to insure the maximum of surgical ability every acting ,surgeon is bound to resign his appointment on his attaining the age of #ee years1 or on becoming physically unable to discharge his duties in an efficient manner4 ,in the year #ahhe there were #ibe in-patients and #ac1dfa out-patients4 #eij operations were performed during the year on in-patients alone4 ,the annual income is large1 but as yet hardly adequate to meet the requirements of the new ,hospital4 ,the income for #ahhd was #c1hjg1 and the expenditure #c1bac2 but the income for #ahhe was only #c1jih1 whilst the expenditure was #d1ahg4 ,the ,lying-in ,charity4--,this is a small but most useful and deserving ,institution4 ,it was founded as a ,lying-in ,hospital in the year #ahdb4 ,its original managers attempted to deal not only with lying-in cases in the wards of the ,hospital1 but also with the ordinary diseases of women1 and with children4 ,the ,institution was never successful1 chiefly because it attempted too much4 ,as a rule no ,institution devoted to more than one speciality succeeds4 ,moreover1 when the statistics of ,lying-in ,hospitals came to be examined1 it was discovered that there was a great difference in the mortality of patients treated in ,hospitals and of patients treated at their own homes4 ,in the year #ahgd1 the system of the charity was remodelled1 a large building was abandoned1 and patients were attended only at home4 ,the change has proved eminently successful4 ,four competent ,midwives are regularly employed1 all of whom have large experience4 ,the medical staff consists of a consulting ,surgeon and four acting ,surgeons who are called in in cases of difficulty or danger4 ,the competence of the ,midwives is best tested by the fact that the services of the members of the honorary medical staff are only required on an average once in #dd cases4 ,in the year #ahhe1 #ica cases were attended at a cost of less than #ejj4 ,few institutions in ,birmingham have in recent years done better work at a more reasonable cost than the ,lying-in ,charity4 ,free ,hospital for ,sick ,children4--,this ,hospital has been one of the most successful ever founded in ,birmingham4 ,it is a general ,hospital so far as regards disease1 but a special ,hospital so far as regards age4 ,it was founded in #ahfa1 and was opened for the reception of patients on the #ast ,january1 #ahfb1 and during that year its income and expenditure were about #gjj4 ,in the year #ahhe1 its in-patients were #gac4 ,home patients1 #bg4 ,out-patients1 #ab1fib4 ,its income and expenditure exceeded #d1jjj4 ,few local institutions have ever enjoyed greater popularity4 ,the ,charity from its very name appeals to a very wide circle1 and the administration has been marked by foresight and discretion4 ,not only was it the first ,free ,hospital in the town1 but it was established on principles then considered novel1 but which have since in part at least been adopted by other local institutions4 ,for instance1 the tenure of office of physicians and surgeons is limited1 and the medical officers1 though absolute in their own department1 cannot sit upon the ,board of ,management4 ,again1 at this ,hospital1 first in ,birmingham1 was an honest effort made to limit the relief given to the ,hospital population only1 that is to those who were above pauperism1 but below the capability of paying for medical advice4 ,here too1 the system was first adopted of paying the ,junior members of the ,medical ,staff1 and here also was the principle first laid down of vesting the election of medical officers of the charity in a large and representative ,committee4 ,this rule has been almost unanimously followed by other local institutions4 ,the ,hospital has a dispensary and out-patient department in the centre of the town1 an in-patient department with detached fever wards in ,broad ,street1 and a convalescent department with separate management1 many miles from the town4 #aea children were received in the convalescent home during the year #ahhe4 ,the work of the ,committee of ,management of this ,hospital is supplemented by the kindly aid of a large ,committee of ,lady ,visitors1 and by a ,special ,committee of ,ladies for the management of the ,convalescent ,home4 ,the ,ear and ,throat ,hospital4--,this is a small institution1 having for its object the treatment of diseases of the ear and throat4 ,it has lately been reconstructed upon a new basis4 ,it is rather a dispensary than a hospital1 having no in-patient department4 ,tickets can be obtained by patients desiring the advice of the ,medical officers4 ,the subscription list is under #ajj a year1 the income being made up by contributions from the ,hospital ,sunday and ,hospital ,saturday ,funds1 together with the amount realised by the sale of supplementary tickets4 ,the total number of cases treated during the year #ahhe1 was #b1cih4 ,the ,dental ,hospital4--,this institution was founded in #ahfj1 and should rather have been termed the ,dental ,dispensary than the ,dental ,hospital4 ,it has five honorary dental surgeons and four honorary administrators of ansthetics4 ,thus the advantages and resources of modern dentistry are placed within the reach of those who but for this institution would undergo much preventable pain4 ,every fitting applicant suffering pain is entitled to advice and attention1 but special operations are performed only upon patients who have a recommendation from a ,governor4 ,there were #i1dec patients in #ahhe4 ,the expenditure was less than #cjj4 ,the ,sanatorium4--,this ,institution was founded in #ahff1 and has proved a most valuable supplement to the work of our local hospitals4 ,it enables convalescent patients to obtain rest1 pure air and nutritious diet at one of the most healthy and beautiful spots within a reasonable distance of ,birmingham4 ,some years ago a fund had been raised for relief of distress in the cotton districts1 and when the distress had subsided a considerable portion of the fund remained undisposed of4 ,with the consent of the donors #d1ejj was devoted to forming a nucleus for the ,building ,fund of the ,sanatorium4 ,the work was completed in #ahgc4 ,the total cost of the site1 buildings1 and furniture was #af1hjj4 ,the institution receives #dj male1 and #dj female patients1 and every possible effort is made to provide for their health and their amusement4 ,no privileges are given to subscribers2 but patients are received either from the ,medical ,charities in ,birmingham1 or from the general public1 on the recommendation of a medical practitioner4 ,the income and expenditure are about #b1jjj a year4 ,the charity applies all donations exceeding #aj to a deposit or investment fund1 and ten per cent4 of the amount of the fund so created is withdrawn each year for the current purposes of the institution4 ,the ,homopathic ,hospital and ,dispensary4--,this hospital is supported by the friends of the system of homopathy4 ,it has one honorary physician and five honorary surgeons4 ,it is a general hospital1 and has departments for in-patients1 out-patients1 and home patients4 ,the in-patient system is different from that of most general hospitals1 a certain number of beds being reserved for patients who can afford to pay for the benefits they receive4 ,again1 all in-patients are admitted at the discretion of the medical staff1 so that as regards this department the hospital is free1 no subscriber having the privilege of ensuring a bed4 ,subscribers have tickets for out-patients and for home visits4 ,this provision for visiting patients at their own homes is of great value in connection with this ,charity4 ,the in-patients in #ahhe were #afg4 ,the home-patients #ehd4 ,the out-patients #ah1geb4 ,the expenditure for #ahhe was #a1fdj4 ,the income #a1chj1 leaving a deficit of #bfj4 ,ladies as well as gentlemen serve on the ,committee of ,management4 ,the ,hospital for ,women4--,this is a valuable and important ,institution4 ,when the ,lying-in ,hospital gave up the treatment of women's special diseases and devoted itself exclusively to midwifery1 there was an opening for an institution for the reception and treatment of women afflicted with diseases peculiar to their sex4 ,two classes of patients are admitted4 ,paying patients who contribute the whole or part of the cost of treatment1 and general cases1 which are admitted without any subscriber's ticket of recommendation4 ,the expenditure for the year #ahhd 7no report has been issued for #ahhe7 was #a1gcf4 ,the income was #a1dff1 leaving a deficit of #bgj4 ,during the same year the out-patients were #c1bii1 and the in-patients #bid4 ,the acting ,medical staff consists of five ,surgeons1 one of whom is a lady4 ,it will be obvious that in a ,hospital of this character many operations of cardinal importance are constantly performed4 ,no fewer than #bag operations were performed during the year #ahhd4 ,the ,skin and ,lock ,hospital4--,this ,institution was opened in #ahha for the treatment of skin and lock diseases4 ,there was ample room for it1 no special department for cases of this kind existing in any of the general ,hospitals of the town4 ,during the year #ahhe nearly #b1jjj cases were treated4 ,the income of the year amounted to #a1jha1 and the expenditure only to #fbd4 ,the ,committee of ,management1 however1 are desirous of erecting a ,hospital1 and thus be enabled to deal with serious cases as in-patients4 ,a site has been secured for this purpose in ,john ,bright ,street4 ,it is estimated that #e1jjj will be required4 #a1bjj of which has already been obtained4 ,the ,hospital is conducted on the free system1 but some patients are received on payment of a sum sufficient to cover the bare cost of their treatment4 ,the ,deaf and ,dumb ,institution4--,this ,charity is an educational establishment4 ,it was founded nearly three quarters of a century ago for the instruction of deaf and dumb children4 #gj boys and #eh girls were on the books during the year #ahhe4 ,the ,charity is supported by voluntary contributions1 supplemented to a considerable extent by payments on behalf of the inmates4 ,children are admitted by election1 and the election takes place at the ,annual ,general ,meeting4 ,every ,governor is entitled to one vote in respect of a donation of #aj1 or an annual subscription of #a4 #as4 ,children admitted without election pay #be per annum4 ,elected children pay #aj if they come from ,warwickshire1 ,worcestershire1 or ,staffordshire2 #ae if they come from other ,counties1 and #bj if maintained by ,boards of ,guardians4 ,the system of education is excellent4 ,children are taught not only by means of the manual alphabet but by articulation and lip reading1 in cases where that system can be advantageously employed4 ,the ,institution is placed in a healthy and beautiful situation in ,church ,road1 ,edgbaston4 ,the income for the year #ahhe was #b1gbf1 made up as follows3--,subscriptions #dfa1 ,legacies #hjd1 ,donations #fc1 ,interest on ,investments #djj1 ,payments for ,pupils #ihf1 ,sundries #ab4 ,total #b1gbf4 ,the expenditure was about #ajj in excess of the income4 ,there is no rule as to funding legacies4 ,the charity does excellent work and is deservedly popular4 ,the ,general ,institution for the ,blind4--,this ,institution has been of immense benefit to the town and neighbourhood4 ,the buildings are handsome and commodious1 and are situated in a charming part of ,edgbaston1 about two miles from the centre of ,birmingham4 ,the ,charity was founded thirty-eight years ago4 ,the expenditure in #ahhe was a little in excess of #d1bjj1 whilst the income1 including sales of materials manufactured by the inmates1 reached the large sum of #f1bgj4 ,the subscriptions and donations amounted to #ggh1 ,legacies #b1aai1 the interest on investments was #gcd4 ,payments by ,pupils #gfe1 ,sales #a1hgd4 ,here too the legacies are not funded4 ,but the large sum received from legacies in #ahhe1 together with the balance in hand at the commencement of that year1 enabled the managers to invest over #b1jjj out of the year's income4 #df males and #cb females were in the ,institution in #ahhe1 and #beg adult blind persons were visited and taught at their own homes4 ,great efforts are made by the managers to find permanent employment for pupils who have been taught at this excellent charity4 ,many pupils are turned out fully competent organists1 and many become professional piano tuners1 and follow the trade of basket making4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,ecclesiastical4 ,,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,johnson4 ,the municipal borough of ,birmingham comprises the whole of the parishes of ,birmingham and ,edgbaston1 and part of the adjoining parish of ,aston4 ,all these parishes were formerly in the ,archdeaconry of ,coventry1 as part of the diocese of ,lichfield and ,coventry1 and are now in the same ,archdeaconry as part of the diocese of ,worcester4 ,by an ,order in ,council1 dated #bbnd ,december1 #ahcf1 made in pursuance of the #f #g ,will4 ,,iv41 c4 #gg1 the ,archdeaconry of ,coventry was taken away from the diocese of ,lichfield and ,coventry1 and annexed to that of ,worcester1 and the former diocese became the diocese of ,lichfield only4 ,the testamentary jurisdiction of the ,bishop of ,lichfield over the archdeaconry1 however1 continued until the jurisdiction of all the ecclesiastical courts in such matters was abolished as from the #ast of ,january1 #aheh1 by the #bj and #ba ,vic41 c4 #gg4 ,the original parish of ,birmingham 7otherwise called the parish of ,st4 ,martin1 from the mother church of the parish dedicated to that ,saint7 contains #b1ffj acres only1 whilst the acreage of the entire borough is #h1dbj acres4 ,the difference is made up of the entire parish of ,edgbaston1 #b1gij acres1 and part of the parish of ,aston1 #b1igj acres4 ,taking the parishes separately1 we commence with the ,,parish ,,of ,,birmingham4#cc ,st4 ,martin's4--,we find that the earliest mention of the mother church of ,st4 ,martin in our national records is a licence of the #fth of ,may1 #accj 7#d ,edward ,,iii471 to ,walter de ,clodeshale1 of ,saltley 7then an adjoining hamlet71 to grant lands for the endowment of a priest to say mass daily at the altar of the ,virgin in ,st4 ,martin's4 ,seventeen years afterwards 7#ba ,edward ,,iii471 ,richard1 son of ,walter de ,clodeshale1 obtained a licence for a further grant to endow a second priest to say daily mass4 ,in #acib 7#af ,richard ,,ii471 there is a record of a licence to found and endow a guild in honour of ,the ,holy ,cross1 and another chantry in ,st4 ,martin's for two chaplains4 ,all these charities were suppressed at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries4 ,the endowments of the ,clodeshale charities were sold1#cd as was also a small part of the endowments of the ,guild of the ,holy ,cross4 ,the rest were re-granted by ,edward ,,vi4 for the foundation and endowment of the ,grammar ,school4 ,for three centuries after its foundation ,st4 ,martin's ,church must have been nearly at the top of the town1 which consisted1 as ,leland saw it even in #aech1 of one long street1 namely1 the present ,digbeth and ,high ,street1 and the old church sufficed for all its wants1 especially as the lower part of the town below ,digbeth was served by the chapel of ,st4 ,john1 noticed under ,aston parish4#ce ,the tower and spire1 having become unsafe1 were taken down and rebuilt in #ahee1 and in #ahgb the rebuilding of the rest of the church was commenced1 and it was finished and re-consecrated on the #bjth of ,july1 #ahge4 ,attached to the church are mission rooms in ,barwick ,street and ,park ,street4 ,the original parish has been1 by the successive agencies of special acts of parliament1 the orders of the ,church ,building ,commissioners 7#ahah to #ahef71 and afterwards of the ,ecclesiastical ,commissioners1 or by the ,bishop in exercise of powers given by #a and #b1 ,w4 ,,iv41 c4 #ch 7now repealed71 divided into five rectories and twenty-one vicarages 7all incumbents of churches entitled to perform marriages1 churchings1 and baptisms1 and receive the fees for their own use1 being now termed vicars under the statute #ca and #cb ,vic41 c4 #aag74 ,the successive divisions are detailed in chronological order4 ,st4 ,philip's4--,in the early part of the reign of ,queen ,anne1 ,birmingham had extended northwards and upwards from the mother church1 and this necessitated the foundation of ,st4 ,philip's ,church and parish1 created by special ,act of ,parliament 7#g ,anne1 c4 #aca1 ,a4,d4 #agjh7 entitled 8,an ,act for building a parish church and parsonage house1 and making a new church and new parish in ,birmingham1 to be called the parish of ,st4 ,philip40 ,the preamble recites that there was only one church in the parish of ,birmingham1 and that it was expedient to build another in the 8high town quarter40 ,it then carves out of the parish of ,st4 ,martin1 the parish of ,st4 ,philip1 and constitutes it a rectory4 ,the church was consecrated in #agae1 and partly rebuilt and enlarged in #ahhd4 ,its situation1 between ,colmore ,row and ,temple ,row1 is the finest in the town4 ,st4 ,bartholomew4--,the next ecclesiastical structure in order of time1 was ,st4 ,bartholomew's1 built in #agdi as a chapel of ease to ,st4 ,martin's1 to accommodate the then rapidly increasing population east of ,st4 ,martin's4 ,the land was the gift of ,joseph ,jennens1 whose name is still commemorated in ,jennens ,row4 ,in the year #ahdg1 it was created a district chapelry1 and in #ahfi1 a part of the district was assigned to the consolidated chapelry of ,st4 ,gabriel4 ,the churchyard and the adjoining burial ground of ,st4 ,martin1 containing four acres and a half 7called the ,park ,street ,burial ,ground7 were1 in the year #ahhj1 converted by the ,corporation into a public garden4 ,there is a mission room in ,fox street1 attached to the church4 ,in the year #aggb1 the first ,church ,extension ,society was formed in ,birmingham for the purpose of building 8one or more churches10 which resulted in the passing of another ,act of ,parliament 7#ab ,geo4 ,,iii41 c4 #fd1 ,a4,d4 #aggb7 8for building two new chapels1 and providing burial places thereto40 ,the first built of these two chapels was-- ,st4 ,mary's1 completed in #aggd on land granted by ,mary ,weaman1 who gave her christian name to the church and her surname to the adjoining street4 ,it was originally a chapel of ease to ,st4 ,martin's1 but was created a district chapelry in #ahda4 ,the chapel was thoroughly renovated in #aheg1 and in #ahhb the disused burial ground was1 at the cost of the ,corporation1 laid out as a garden for public use4 ,st4 ,paul's4--,the other of the two churches built under the act of #aggb was ,st4 ,paul's1 in what was then the northernmost part of ,birmingham4 ,it was built in #aggi1 on land given by ,charles ,colmore out of a large estate he had there4 ,it was created a district in the year #ahda4 ,christ ,church1 at the top of ,new ,street1 which enjoys the unenviable distinction of being the ugliest church in the town1 was authorised by a special act of parliament of the year #ahjc 8for erecting a new church to be called ,christ ,church1 in the town of ,birmingham40 ,all the sittings were to be free1 and it therefore obtained the name of 8the ,free ,church40 ,it was consecrated in #ahac1 but not finished until three years later4 ,in #ahfe it was constituted a consolidated chapelry out of the parishes of ,st4 ,martin and ,st4 ,philip4 ,attached to the church are mission rooms in ,pinfold street and ,fleet street4 ,this was the last of the churches for which a special ,act of ,parliament was required1 for in the year #ahah1 the ,act #eh1 ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #de1 was passed1 establishing the ,church ,building ,commission and granting a sum of one million 7increased six years afterwards to a million and a half7 for building additional churches throughout the kingdom1 and for the division of parishes4 ,st4 ,george's4--,the first result of this in ,birmingham was ,st4 ,george's ,church near ,tower ,street1 consecrated ,july #cjth1 #ahbb4 ,at that time the site was surrounded by green fields1 and it was known as ,st4 ,george's in the ,fields4 ,in pursuance of the provisions of the ,act of #ahah1 it was constituted a separate parish1 taken out of ,st4 ,martin's1 and because ,st4 ,martin's was a rectory1 ,st4 ,george's became a rectory also4 ,the ,church itself was enlarged in #ahhb4 ,there are mission rooms in ,new ,summer ,street and ,smith ,street1 licensed for worship4 ,the district chapelries of ,st4 ,stephen and ,st4 ,matthias1 have been constituted out of the original parish of ,st4 ,george4 ,st4 ,peter's in ,dale ,end was consecrated ,august #ajth1 #ahbg1 as a chapel of ease to ,st4 ,philip's ,church1 in which parish it was4 ,it was destroyed by fire in #ahca1 and rebuilt in #ahcg4 ,in #ahdg1 it was constituted a district chapelry4 ,st4 ,thomas's in ,holloway ,head was consecrated ,october #bbnd1 #ahbi1 and like ,st4 ,george's1 was constituted a new parish1 carved out of ,st4 ,martin's1 and a rectory under the #eh ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #de4 ,parts of the original parish have been assigned to the districts of ,immanuel and ,st4 ,asaph4 ,all ,saints1 built near ,lodge ,road at ,birmingham ,heath1 was originally a small ,church1 consecrated ,september #bhth1 #ahcc1 and greatly enlarged in #ahha4 ,it is a parish and rectory formed in the year #ahcd1 out of ,st4 ,martin's parish1 and a portion of the parish has been since assigned to the district chapelry of ,st4 ,cuthbert4 ,there are two mission halls1 one in ,heaton ,street1 and the other at ,nineveh ,schoolroom1 attached to ,all ,saints4 ,this was the last of the rectories created under the ,act of #ahah4 ,all the districts subsequently created have been either assigned by the ,bishop or formed under the ,peel ,acts1 #ahdc and #ahdd1 or the ,new ,parishes 7,marquis of ,blandford's7 ,act1 #ahef4 ,bishop ,ryder's ,church1 in ,gem ,street1 was built in #ahch1 on land granted by the ,governors of ,king ,edward's ,grammar ,school4 ,it is so called after ,dr4 ,ryder 7b4 #aggg1 d4 #ahcf7 who was successively ,bishop of ,gloucester 7#ahae-ahbd71 and afterwards of ,lichfield and ,coventry 7#ahbd-ahcf71 and who greatly interested himself in church extension in the poorer and more populous parts of his diocese4 ,in the year #ahdj a separate district was assigned to it4 ,in the year #ahch a society was formed for building ten new churches in ,birmingham2 only five were built1 and these were ,st4 ,matthew's1 ,st4 ,mark's1 ,st4 ,luke's1 ,st4 ,stephen's1 and ,st4 ,andrew's4 ,three of these1 namely1 ,st4 ,mark's1 ,st4 ,luke's1 and ,st4 ,stephen's were in the parish of ,birmingham4 ,the other two will be noticed under ,aston parish4 ,st4 ,mark's is in ,king ,edward's ,road1 ,summer ,hill1 and is built on land granted by the ,governors of ,king ,edward's ,grammar ,school4 ,it was consecrated in #ahda1 and in the same year constituted a district out of ,st4 ,martin's parish4 ,there is a mission room in ,steward ,street4 ,st4 ,luke's1 in the ,bristol ,road1 almost on the border of the parish of ,edgbaston4 ,it was consecrated ,september #bhth1 #ahdb4 ,in the year #ahdd it was constituted a district parish out of ,st4 ,martin's4 ,st4 ,stephen's1 ,newtown ,row1 built on part of the estate of the ,governors of ,king ,edward's ,grammar ,school1 was consecrated ,july #bcrd1 #ahdd1 and then constituted a district chapelry out of the parish of ,st4 ,george4 ,a portion of it has since been assigned to the district of ,st4 ,nicolas4 ,there is a mission room in ,theodore ,street4 ,st4 ,jude's1 in ,tonk ,street1 in the midst of one of the poorest districts of the town1 was consecrated #bfth ,july1 #ahea1 and enlarged in #ahgi4 ,in the year #ahde1 before the building of the church1 it was constituted a district out of the parishes of ,st4 ,martin and ,st4 ,philip4 ,st4 ,john's 7,ladywood71 ,monument ,road1 built on land granted by the ,governors of the ,free ,grammar ,school1 was consecrated ,march #aeth1 #ahed4 ,by an order in ,council1 gazetted ,june #bjth1 #ahed1 it was constituted a district chapelry out of ,st4 ,martin's parish1 and has since 7#ahgf7 had the district chapelry of ,st4 ,margaret's carved out of it4 ,the church was greatly enlarged in #ahha4 ,st4 ,matthias'1 ,wheeler ,street1 is the church of a new district chapelry formed in the year #ahef out of the parish of ,st4 ,george1 and part of that district has since been assigned to ,st4 ,saviour's4 ,the church was consecrated ,june #dth1 #ahef1 and enlarged in #ahgi4 ,st4 ,barnabas'1 ,ryland ,street ,north4 ,the parish was formed out of ,st4 ,martin's in the year #ahfa1 the church having been built and consecrated ,october #bdth1 #ahfj4 ,at a very little distance is ,immanuel ,church1 in ,broad ,street1 which occupies the site of what was once the chapel of the ,magdalen ,asylum4 ,it was consecrated ,may #gth1 #ahfe1 and is the church of a parish formed in that year out of ,st4 ,thomas's parish4 ,st4 ,david's1 ,bissell ,street1 is the church of a district chapelry formed in the year #ahff out of ,st4 ,luke's parish4 ,the church was consecrated in ,july1 #ahfe4 ,in ,january1 #ahfe1 ,the ,birmingham ,church ,extension ,society was formed4 ,in #ahfg ,miss ,ryland contributed a sum of #aj1jjj towards the same objects and subsequently a second donation of #aj1jjj4 ,out of these donations the cost of the churches of ,st4 ,gabriel1 ,st4 ,lawrence 7see ,aston71 and ,st4 ,nicolas was mainly defrayed4 ,st4 ,nicolas'1 in ,lower ,tower ,street1 consecrated ,july #abth1 #ahfh1 and1 by order in ,council1 #ahth ,june1 #ahfi1 constituted a district chapelry out of ,st4 ,stephen's parish4 ,st4 ,asaph's1 ,great ,colmore ,street1 of which the site was presented by ,mr4 ,cregoe ,colmore1 was consecrated ,december #hth1 #ahfh4 ,by order in ,council1 #ahth ,june1 #ahfi1 it was constituted a district chapelry out of the parish of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,st4 ,gabriel's1 in ,pickford ,street1 ,digbeth1 was consecrated ,january #eth1 #ahfi1 and by order in ,council #gth ,august1 #ahfi1 was formed as a consolidated chapelry out of the parishes of ,st4 ,martin and ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,st4 ,cuthbert's1 ,st4 ,cuthbert's ,road1 ,birmingham ,heath1 was consecrated ,march #aith1 #ahgb1 and is a vicarage constituted by order in ,council #aeth ,october1 #ahgb1 out of the parish of ,all ,saints4 ,st4 ,saviour's1 ,bridge ,street1 ,hockley1 was consecrated ,may #ast1 #ahgd1 and in the same year constituted a district chapelry out of the new parish of ,st4 ,matthias4 ,st4 ,margaret's1 ,ledsam ,street1 ,ladywood1 consecrated ,october #bnd1 #ahge1 and by order in council #abth ,february1 #ahgf1 constituted a district chapelry out of the parish of ,st4 ,john1 ,ladywood4 ,christ ,church1 ,gillott ,road1 ,summerfield1 built in memory of the forty-nine years' ministry of the late ,rev4 ,george ,lea1 ,m4,a41 at ,christ ,church1 ,birmingham1 and ,st4 ,george's1 ,edgbaston4 ,it was consecrated ,april #cjth1 #ahhe2 the same year it was created a district chapelry out of ,st4 ,john's1 ,ladywood4 ,now passing into the ,,parish ,,of ,,edgbaston4 ,st4 ,bartholomew4--,the parish church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,bartholomew1 is at the junction of ,church ,road and ,priory ,road1 and close to ,edgbaston ,park and ,hall4 ,there is said to have been a church on the site in #gge4 ,the present church now 7#ahhf7 in course of enlargement was rebuilt in #ahaj4 ,the vicars of ,edgbaston have been remarkable for longevity4 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,pixell1 who was inducted in #agfj1 was succeeded by his son the ,rev4 ,charles ,pixell in #agid1 and he held the living for #ed years4 ,on his death1 in #ahdh1 the late ,rev4 ,isaac ,spooner became vicar1 and held it until his death in #ahhd4 ,st4 ,george's4--,the rapid increase of population in this parish1 the ,west ,end of ,birmingham1 led to the building of ,st4 ,george's ,church1 at the end of ,calthorpe ,road1 about half a mile nearer the town than the old church1 to which it was a chapel of ease4 ,it was consecrated ,november #bhth1 #ahch4 ,it was greatly enlarged in #ahhe1 and constituted a separate district in #aheb1 by the ,church ,building ,commissioners4 ,st4 ,james's in ,st4 ,james's ,road1 was another chapel of ease1 consecrated #ast ,june1 #aheb4 ,in the same year it had a separate district assigned to it by the ,church ,building ,commissioners4 ,st4 ,augustine's1 near the top of the ,hagley ,road1 was built in the year #ahfg1 as another chapel of ease to ,edgbaston ,old ,church1 to serve the increasing population of the northern portion of the parish4 ,it was consecrated ,september #abth1 #ahfh1 and cost #i1jjj4 ,a tower and spire1 added in #ahgf1 cost #d1jjj more4 ,it has not yet 7#ahhf7 any district legally assigned to it4 ,st4 ,ambrose1 a temporary church1 in the ,pershore ,road1 is another chapel of ease in the southern portion of the parish4 ,it is the gift of ,mrs4 ,spooner1 as a memorial of her late husband1 the ,rev4 ,isaac ,spooner1 vicar of the parish #ahdh to #ahhd4 ,,parish ,,of ,,aston4 ,we have to deal only with the portion of this parish which is included in the ,borough1 and commence with the chapel of ,st4 ,john's1 ,deritend1 which is the second most ancient church in the town4 ,it is situate just over the ,aston side of the stream which divides that parish from ,birmingham1 and was founded in #acge by some inhabitants of the hamlets of ,deritend and ,bordesley1 because of the inconvenience of resorting to the parish church of ,aston1 three miles away4 ,the then ,lord of the ,manor of ,birmingham gave the land1 and the inhabitants built the chapel1 and by an agreement1 still extant1 dated #bith ,may1 #acha1 and made between the ,prior and monks of ,tykeford1 patrons of the parish church of ,aston1 the vicar of ,aston1 the ,lord of the ,manor of ,birmingham1 and thirteen of the inhabitants of ,deritend and ,bordesley1 with the consent of the ,bishop of the diocese1 then called ,coventry and ,lichfield1 the inhabitants of ,deritend and ,bordesley were empowered to appoint1 8at their own charges10 a chaplain to celebrate divine service in a certain chapel in honor of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist there lately built4#cf ,the chaplain is still elected by the vote of the inhabitants of ,deritend and ,bordesley1 and down to the year #ahdb the proceedings did not differ from those of a contested political election4 ,the last election took place ,june #aeth1 #ahgj1 when the present chaplain1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,badger1 ,m4,a41 was elected by a majority of #aefa votes over his opponent4 ,the present chapel dates from #agce4 ,there is a mission room in ,darwin ,street4 ,part of the district conventionally assigned to it was1 by order dated #bith ,december1 #ahhe1 legally created a 8,peel district0 without a church1 by the name of ,st4 ,basil's4 ,this chapel of ,st4 ,john remained from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century the only chapel of ease to the parish church of ,aston for the increasing population of that part of the town which gradually extended itself into ,aston parish4 ,in the early part of this century a genteel suburb had formed itself at the east end of the town1 on the ,coleshill road1 of which the eastern portions of ,great ,brook ,street and ,ashted ,row are still evidences4 ,dr4 ,ash1 a celebrated physician of ,birmingham1 and founder of the ,general ,hospital1 built what ,hutton calls a 8sumptuous house0 there4 ,when he left it to live in ,london it was altered into a proprietary chapel by a ,mr4 ,brooke1 an attorney1 who gave his name to the street4 ,the chapel was opened on the #ith of ,october1 #agia1 but was sold in #agih and afterwards became-- ,st4 ,james's ,chapel1 ,ashted1 consecrated ,august #gth1 #ahjg4 ,from its close proximity to the cavalry barracks1 it was called 8,the ,barrack's ,chapel40 ,a separate parish was allotted to it out of the ,aston parish1 in the year #ahec4 ,there is a mission room in ,vauxhall ,road4 ,holy ,trinity ,chapel1 at the top of ,bradford ,street1 was the result of a meeting for church extension1 held in ,october1 #ahah4 ,it was consecrated #bcrd ,january1 #ahbc1 and a district carved out of ,aston parish was allotted to it in the year #ahfd4 ,parts of that district have since been assigned to ,st4 ,alban and ,all ,saints'1 ,smallheath4 ,there is a mission hall in ,sandy ,lane4 ,st4 ,matthew's1 ,great ,lister ,street1 was consecrated #bjth ,october1 #ahdj1 and made the church of a district1 #ahdb4 ,the town has since extended for a mile eastward1 and districts out of ,st4 ,matthew's district have been carved out and assigned to the district chapelries of ,st4 ,clement1 ,st4 ,lawrence1 and ,st4 ,anne1 ,duddeston1 7q4v47 ,there is a mission room in ,lupin ,street4 ,st4 ,andrew's1 in ,st4 ,andrew's ,road1 near the ,coventry ,road1 was consecrated ,september #cjth1 #ahdf1 having been constituted a district chapelry out of the parish of ,aston4 ,attached is an iron church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,oswald1 opposite ,smallheath ,park4 ,st4 ,clement's1 in ,nechells ,park ,road1 was consecrated ,august #cjth1 #ahei1 and a district out of ,st4 ,matthew's1 ,duddeston1 assigned to it in #ahfj4 ,it has a mission room in ,high ,park ,street1 and a mission hall in ,cuckoo ,road4 ,christ ,church1 near the ,stratford ,road1 ,sparkbrook1 built on land given by ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,lloyd1 was consecrated ,october #a1 #ahfg1 and a particular district assigned to it #bast ,november1 #ahfg4 ,there is a mission hall in ,dolobran ,road4 ,st4 ,lawrence's1 in ,dartmouth ,street1 was consecrated ,june #beth1 #ahfh1 and by order in ,council1 #adth ,september1 in the same year1 constituted a district chapelry out of the parish of ,st4 ,matthew4 ,st4 ,anne's1 in ,cato ,street1 ,nechells1 built partly out of funds provided by the ,church ,extension ,society1 was consecrated #bbnd ,october1 #ahfi1 and by order in ,council of ,december #gth1 was constituted a district chapelry out of the district of ,st4 ,matthew4 ,attached is a mission room in ,great ,francis ,street4 ,all ,saints'1 ,cooksey ,road1 ,smallheath1 was built by the friends of the late ,rev4 ,joseph ,oldknow1 ,d4,d41 who was for many years vicar of ,holy ,trinity1 ,bordesley 7q4v47 in memory of him4 ,it was consecrated ,july #bhth1 #ahhc4 ,it had been previously made a district by order in ,council1 #eth ,august1 #ahge4 ,st4 ,catherine's in ,scholefield ,street1 ,nechells1 consecrated ,november #hth1 #ahgh1 and constituted a district chapelry out of ,st4 ,clement's1 ,nechells1 by order in ,council1 dated #bjth ,march1 #ahgi4 ,there is a mission room in ,smith ,street4 ,st4 ,alban the ,martyr1 at the corner of ,conybere ,street and ,ryland ,street1 consecrated ,may #crd1 #ahha4 ,this is one of the finest churches in the ,borough1 and the services are ritualistic4 ,a mission chapel dedicated to ,st4 ,alban was first opened in ,september1 #ahfe1 and1 in #ahgc1 a school chapel dedicated to ,st4 ,patrick1 and situated in ,highgate ,street4 ,these are now both attached to the larger church4 ,by order in ,council dated #aith ,august1 #ahga1 a district had been previously assigned to it out of ,holy ,trinity parish4 ,the other particulars relating to the ,churches in the ,borough will be found in the following alphabetical list4 ,,alphabetical ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,churches ,,in ,,the ,,borough ,,of ,,birmingham4 ,a means ,aston ,parish1 ,b ,birmingham ,parish1 ,e ,edgbaston ,parish1 ,r ,rectory1 and ,v ,vicarage4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,net ,value ,free ,parish ------ ,sit- of ,incumbent ,population tings --- and last census4for ,degree1 -----poor4 ,benifice4 and ,patron4 ,total ,year of ,church admission4 accomm- odation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,b ,all ,saints ,r,p4,e4 ,wilson1 ,trustees #bch #bhfef #gae #cjj ,m4,a4 #ahhb ,a ,all ,saints1 ,g4,f4,b4 ,cross1 ,trustees #aej #iabc #gbj all ,small ,heath ,v ,m4,a4 #ahge ,b ,bishop ,ryder ,v,j4 ,phelps ,trustees #cjj #ggcg #hdj #bjj ,gardiner1 ,d4,d4 #ahge ,b ,christ ,church ,v,e4,r4 ,mason1 ,the ,bishop #ccj #daeh #afjjaajj ,m4,a4 #ahha ,a ,christ ,church1 ,v,g4 ,tonge1 ,m4,a4 ,trustees #djj #abgcj #ijj #dej ,sparkbrook #ahfg ,b ,christ ,church1 ,v,g4,s4 ,walker1 ,the ,bishop -- -- #hjj #dej ,summerfield ,m4,a4 #ahhe ,e ,edgbaston ,old ,v,cresswell ,lord #edb #ajjbd #fgc #aci ,church ,strange1 ,calthorpe ,m4,a4 #ahhe ,a ,holy ,trinity1 ,v,a4,h4 ,watts ,trustees #ccj #abefc #aejj #ijj ,bordesley #ahhc ,b ,immanuel ,v,r4 ,bren1 ,m4,a4 ,trustees #big #ijaa #hje #fje #ahhe ,a ,st4 ,alban the ,j4,s4 ,pollock1 ,trustees #aej #abgbc #ajjj all ,martyr1 ,dist4 ,m4,a4 #ahga ,e ,st4 ,ambrose ,a ,st4 ,andrew1 ,j4 ,williamson1 ,bishop and #cbj #ajjjj #hjj #bjj ,bordesley ,v ,m4,a4 #ahgf ,trustees alt4 ,a ,st4 ,anne ,v,t4,j4 ,haworth1 ,the ,bishop #cjj #ecjb #haj #djj ,m4,a4 #ahgc ,b ,st4 ,asaph ,v,r4 ,fletcher1 ,trustees #cfj #ajhjj #ajjj #ejj ,m4,a4 #ahgi ,e ,st4 ,augustine ,ch4,j4,c4 ,blissard1 ,the ,bishop #ejj -- #fej #ej ,m4,a4 #ahfh ,b ,st4 ,barnabas ,v,percy ,waller ,trustees #che #gbej #ajej #fej #ahha ,b ,st4 ,bartholomew ,v,james ,eagles1 ,rector of #cjj #fejj #ahjj #hjj ,m4,a4 #ahea ,st4 ,martin ,a ,st4 ,catherine ,v,t4,h4 ,nock1 ,m4,a4,trustees -- #gadi #gej #djj #ahgi ,a ,st4 ,clement ,v,j4,t4 ,butlin1 ,vicar of ,st4 #caj #iejj #hej #ejj ,b4,a4 #ahgi ,matthew ,b ,st4 ,cuthbert ,v,w4,h4 ,tarleton1 ,trustees #bej #hjjb #gbj #eif ,m4,a4 #ahgb ,b ,st4 ,david ,v,h4 ,boyden1 ,b4,a4,trustees #cae #ajchb #ihe #gcc #ahff ,b ,st4 ,gabriel ,v,w4,h4 ,cariss1 ,the ,bishop #cej #egjj #fej all ,m4,a4 #ahhd ,b ,st4 ,george ,r,j4,g4 ,dixon1 ,trustees #djj #afjfe #baejadej ,m4,a4 #ahge ,e ,st4 ,george ,v,c4,m4 ,owen1 ,m4,a4,lord #dej #gjjj #acej #dej #ahhc ,calthorpe ,a ,st4 ,james1 ,v,j4 ,orr1 ,m4,a4 ,trustees #cjj #afjjj #acej #dej ,ashted #ahhe ,e ,st4 ,james ,v,w4,e4 ,ivens1 ,lord #bej #fbca #ijj #bbe ,m4,a4 #ahhe ,calthorpe ,a ,st4 ,john1 ,ch4,w4,c4 ,badger1 ,parishioners #cjj #ajddh #hij #aej ,deritend ,m4,a4 #ahgj of ,deritend and ,bordesley ,b ,st4 ,john1 ,v,j4,l4 ,porter1 ,rector of -- #adagf -- #ajej ,ladywood ,m4,a4 #ahfi ,st4 ,martin ,b ,st4 ,jude ,v,t4,g4 ,watton1 ,the ,bishop #cej #gjjj #ajjj #fjj ,m4,a4 #ahgc ,a ,st4 ,lawrence ,v,j4,f4,m4 ,whish1 ,the ,bishop #cbj #eggh #gej #djj ,b4,a4 #ahgi ,b ,st4 ,luke ,v,w4,b4 ,wilkinson1,trustees #cjj #ajdhf #hjj #cjj ,m4,a4 #ahge ,b ,,st4 ,,martin ,r,w4 ,wilkinson1 ,trustees #ajdh #agdje #bbjj #adj ,d4,d4 #ahff ,b ,st4 ,margaret ,p4,c4,h4,a4 ,nash ,the ,bishop #cjj #ffec #hjj all #ahge ,b ,st4 ,mark ,v,r4,l4,g4 ,pidcock1,the ,bishop #cej #afjjj #ajjj #djj ,m4,a4 #ahgg and ,trustees ,b ,st4 ,mary ,v,h4 ,foster ,pegg1,trustees #bge #efeg #afjj #cej ,m4,a4 #ahff ,a ,st4 ,matthew1 ,v,j4 ,byrchmore ,trustees #cjj #hbaf #aejd #fgi ,duddeston #ahgi ,b ,st4 ,matthias ,v,j4,s4 ,davies1 ,trustees #cjj #ajjjj #ajjj all ,m4,a4 #ahhf ,b ,st4 ,nicolas ,v,w4,h4 ,connor1 ,the ,bishop #cjj #ebbj #eff all ,m4,a4 #ahgf ,b ,st4 ,paul ,v,r4,b4 ,burges1 ,trustees #cjj #aeajj #abjj #fjj ,m4,a4 #ahfg ,b ,st4 ,peter ,v,r4 ,dell1 ,m4,a4 ,the ,bishop #caj #bejj #aejj all #ahgj ,b ,st4 ,philip ,r,h4,b4 ,bowlby1 ,the ,bishop #idi #bhhe #agej #efj ,m4,a4 #ahge ,b ,st4 ,saviour ,v,m4 ,parker ,trustees #chj #ejjj #gcj all #ahgd ,b ,st4 ,stephen ,v,p4 ,reynolds1 ,the ,bishop #bej #abefj #aaej #gjj ,,ll4,b4 #ahed ,b ,st4 ,thomas ,r,t4,d4 ,halsted1 ,trustees #fej #aajjj #bajjaejj ,m4,a4 #ahgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,non-,,conformists4#cg ,the earliest ,nonconformist place of worship1 of which any record remains1 was 8,the ,old ,meeting10 which1 with its graveyard1 has so recently as the year #ahhb been removed for the enlargement of the railway station in ,new ,street4 ,as old ,birmingham was not a corporate town it did not come within the provisions of ,the ,five-,mile ,act 7,a4,d4 #affe71 and was naturally the resort of persecuted ,nonconformists from the neighbouring boroughs4 ,on the first ,declaration of ,indulgence put forth by ,charles the ,second in #afgb1 rooms were licensed for public worship1 and in #afhg eleven dissenters bought a plot of land in what was then called ,philip ,street1 and built a meeting house1 finished in #afhi1 the year of the passing of ,the ,toleration ,act4 ,as the total cost of land and building was only #bbj1 it could not have accommodated many hearers1 and we find that another meeting house1 called the 8,lower ,meeting ,house10 was built in ,deritend in a yard which was until lately called 8,meeting ,house ,yard10 now taken into the continuation of ,milk ,street into ,deritend4 ,this second chapel was injured in the ,sacheverell ,riots in #agae1 and afterwards the congregation removed1 in #agcb1 to what was formerly the 8,new ,meeting10 in ,moor ,street1 where they remained until the last day of the year #ahfa4 ,the worshippers at both these two original meeting houses called themselves1 and were called 8,presbyterians10 used as the antithesis to 8,episcopalian10 although they were really 8,independent0 in their form of church government4 ,in theology both congregations were at first ,calvinistic1 but ,mr4 ,howell1 the sixth in succession of the ministers of the ,old ,meeting1 having become an avowed ,arian1 the more orthodox minority withdrew in the year #agdg1 and founded the church in ,carr's ,lane--7see 8,congregationalists407 ,it is creditable to the good feeling of the separatists that none of them sold their shares in the 8,old ,meeting0 and one of them was re-appointed a trustee thirty years afterwards4 ,from ,arianism the congregations of both the ,old and ,new ,meetings gradually became ,unitarian and are henceforth treated under that title4 ,unitarians4--,the ,old ,meeting ,house1 built in #afhi1 was burned in the riots of #agia1 and afterwards rebuilt4 ,it had attached a burial ground which was used by both the congregations of the ,old and ,new ,meetings1 and in which were interred the remains of many of the foremost men in the public life of ,birmingham for two centuries4#ch ,as before stated the meeting house and ground were sold to the ,london and ,north ,western ,railway ,company in #ahhb1 and the remains of the dead were transferred to a separate piece of ground in the ,borough ,cemetery at ,witton1 and the ,congregation have built a new ,,old ,,meeting ,,church1 in the ,bristol ,road1 which was opened in #ahhe4 ,,the ,,new ,,meeting ,,house1 of which ,dr4 ,priestley was the minister from #aghj to #agia1 was destroyed in the riots of #agia and rebuilt on its original site in ,moor ,street4 ,the situation having become inconvenient it was 7#ahfa7 sold to the ,roman ,catholics and became ,st4 ,michael's1 ,moor ,street 7q4v471 and the ,new ,meeting congregation removed to ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,messiah1 ,broad ,street1 opened #ast ,january1 #ahfb4 ,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 is the minister4 ,,newhall ,,hill ,,chapel was next in order of time to the ,old and ,new ,meetings1 and was built in #ahdj by members of both congregations1 who had previously a house for worship and ,sunday schools in ,cambridge ,street4 ,,hurst ,,street ,,chapel was built in the year #ahdd as a mission chapel and has been since enlarged4 ,another mission more immediately connected with the ,new ,meeting is ,,lawrence ,,street ,,chapel1 which was originally built as a place of worship for the ,baptists then occupied by the disciples of ,zion ,ward1 and afterwards used by the followers of ,robert ,owen1 who were at one time numerous in ,birmingham4 ,,the ,,birmingham ,,free ,,christian ,,society have a chapel in ,fazeley ,street1 served by ,lay preachers4 ,baptists4--,it is somewhat singular that two of the oldest chapels belonging to this body1 namely1 ,cannon ,street and ,freeman ,street1 have now ceased to exist4 ,cannon ,street ,chapel was built in #agcg on a part of what was then a cherry orchard 7which gave its name to ,cherry ,street74 ,the original building was greatly enlarged in #ahjf4 ,in those days the well-to-do tradesmen of ,birmingham lived in the town1 and the town chapels consequently drew their occupants from the immediate neighbourhood4 ,gradually1 however1 the old members died1 and their sons and daughters went to live in the suburbs1 and so ,cannon ,street1 which was the flourishing mother church of the ,particular ,baptists1 dwindled in numbers4 ,fortunately the site of it was required by the ,corporation of ,birmingham1 and it was sold for #bf1ejj1 and is now occupied by the ,central ,arcade in ,corporation ,street4 ,the purchase money was1 under a scheme sanctioned by the ,court of ,chancery1 expended in aid of several ,baptist chapels in the town and suburbs4 ,the ,chapel in ,freeman ,street is said to have been older than ,cannon ,street to which place the worshippers at ,freeman ,street joined themselves in #ageb1 and the edifice itself was taken down in #ahef4 ,the next ,chapel in order of date was built in ,bond ,street 7near ,constitution ,hill7 was opened in the year #aghf1 and was for many years a flourishing church1 but gradually decayed in numbers and influence1 and is now occupied by the ,united ,methodists 7q4v474 ,the chief existing places of worship now belonging to the ,baptists are ,,newhall ,,street ,,chapel1 originally built in #agia by the followers of ,emanuel ,swedenborg4 ,,graham ,,street or ,,mount ,,zion ,,chapel1 opened in #ahbd by the celebrated ,edward ,irving4 ,twenty years afterwards the pulpit was occupied for some time by the late ,george ,dawson1 and subsequently1 from #ahea to #ahgd1 by the ,rev4 ,charles ,vince1 whose death was felt as a public calamity4 ,,heneage ,,street ,,chapel1 of which the foundation stone was laid #ast of ,august1 #ahch1 to commemorate the emancipation of the ,west ,indian negroes4 ,,circus ,,chapel1 ,bradford ,street1 opened #ahdh1 so called because it was formerly a circus4 ,,wycliffe ,,church1 in the ,bristol ,road1 opened in #ahfa4 ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,redeemer1 ,hagley ,road1 built by a portion of the congregation of ,graham ,street1 aided by a contribution of the ,cannon ,street trustees1 and opened in #ahhb4 ,there are also chapels in ,guildford ,street1 ,hope ,street1 ,lodge ,road 7,hockley71 ,great ,king ,street1 ,stratford ,road1 ,spring ,hill1 ,victoria ,street 7,small ,heath71 ,warwick ,street 7,deritend71 and ,wynn ,street 7,great ,colmore ,street74 ,there is also a chapel belonging to the ,particular ,baptists of ,calvinistic views in ,frederick ,street 7,newhall ,hill71 built in #ahej with the proceeds of an old chapel in ,bartholomew ,street1 which was called the 8,cave of ,adullam10 and removed by the extension of the railway into ,new ,street4 ,the ,general or ,arminian ,baptists had the chapel in ,freeman ,street 7now removed71 and in ,september1 #aghf1 opened the existing chapel in ,,lombard ,,street4 ,congregationalists4--,,carr',s ,,lane4--,this ,church was formed1 as before stated1 in #agdg1 by members of the first ,nonconformist ,meeting house1 the 8,old ,meeting10 who did not agree with the ,arianism of the then minister1 ,mr4 ,howell4 ,the first building was opened in #agdh1 and was then1 as was the custom with meeting houses1 built in a yard to screen it from observation4 ,it has been several times enlarged and rebuilt4 ,the names of the ,rev4 ,john ,angell ,james1 who was minister here from #ahjf to his death1 #ast ,october1 #ahei1 and of his successor ,r4 ,w4 ,dale1 ,,ll4,d41 the present minister1 are known throughout the christian world4 ,,ebenezer ,,chapel1 in ,steelhouse ,lane1 was built in #ahah by the admirers of a minister celebrated in his day1 the ,rev4 ,jehoiada ,brewer1 who laid the foundation stone in #ahaf1 but died before the building was finished4#ci ,from endowments furnished by three members of this congregation1 ,mr4 ,mansfield and his two sisters1 ,miss ,mansfield and ,mrs4 ,glover1 a college for the education of ministers was established at ,spring ,hill1 ,dudley ,road1 then removed to ,moseley1 and is now intended to be reconstituted at ,oxford as 8,mansfield ,college40 ,,highbury ,,chapel1 ,graham ,street1 originally formed by the remnant of the ,livery ,street congregation1 was opened in #ahde4 ,,francis ,,road 7,edgbaston7 ,,chapel was built to commemorate the fiftieth year of the pastorate of ,carr's ,lane ,chapel1 by the late ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,james4 ,he laid the foundation stone #aath ,september1 #ahee4 ,the ,congregationalists have also chapels in ,gooch ,street1 ,moseley ,road1 ,st4 ,andrew's ,road1 ,saltley1 ,small ,heath1 ,parade 7,tabernacle71 and ,winson ,green ,road1 and several others outside the ,borough1 but in immediate proximity to it44 ,society of ,friends4--,george ,fox records in his journal that he held a meeting in ,birmingham in the year #afee1 and there is good reason to believe in the existence of a small society from that date1 meeting in private houses until #agjc1 when a plain brick meeting house fronting ,bull ,street was built4 ,there may have been an earlier meeting house in ,monmouth ,street1 where there was a burial ground1 acquired in #ahea by the ,great ,western ,railway1 and now the site of the ,arcade4 ,the meeting house in ,bull ,street was several times enlarged1 and in #ahef it was pulled down1 shops built fronting the street1 and a more commodious meeting house built in the rear4 ,there is also another meeting place in ,bath ,row4 ,meetings for religious worship and instruction1 conducted by members of the ,society1 are held on ,sundays at ,severn ,street ,schools1 and the ,board ,schools in ,moseley ,street and ,bristol ,street4 ,the ,early ,first-,day ,morning ,school1 and the other schools and classes at ,severn ,street1 established by the ,friends1 have done1 and are doing an incalculable amount of good4 ,wesleyan ,methodists4--,john ,wesley preached his first sermon in ,birmingham in #agdc1 but it was not until #agfd that his followers acquired an old play house in ,moor ,street as their first chapel which he opened4 ,in #aghb they had so prospered as to build a chapel in ,cherry ,street1 which was opened by ,john ,wesley himself1 then in his eightieth year4 ,this chapel1 enlarged in the year #ahbc1 is now 7,july1 #ahhf7 to be pulled down1 and a new chapel built in ,corporation ,street4 ,the rapid increase of numbers necessitated additional chapels in ,bradford ,street 7#aghf71 ,,belmont ,,row 7#aghi71 ,,martin ,,street1 7,broad ,street7 7#ahcd71 ,,newtown ,,row ,,chapel 7#ahcg71 ,,wesley ,,chapel1 ,constitution ,hill 7#ahch71 besides a chapel in ,bell ,barn ,road for which the present ,,bristol ,,road ,,chapel 7#ahed7 was substituted4 ,for the purposes of connexional organization the ,birmingham district is divided into seven circuits1 which include not only the chapels already mentioned but also thirty-three others within the ,borough and its suburbs1 including ,smethwick4 ,,methodist ,,new ,,connexion4--,this section of the ,methodist ,community1 which separated from the ,wesleyans in #agig1 only on questions of the share of the laity in church government1 first built a chapel in ,oxford ,street 7#ahaa7 now disused1 then another in the northern part of the town1 ,unett ,street 7#ahch71 and have since built smaller ones in ,moseley ,street1 ,priestley ,road 7,stratford ,road7 ,ladywood1 ,heath ,street and ,crabtree ,road 7,brookfields7 in the ,borough4 ,these and a chapel at ,smethwick are divided into two circuits supplied by three circuit ministers4 ,,the ,,primitive ,,methodists4--,this body has thirteen chapels in and near to the ,borough1 divided into three circuits1 and served by four regular ministers4 ,the largest of these is in ,gooch ,street1 and the others in the ,borough are in ,sparkbrook1 ,king ,street1 ,lord ,street1 ,nechells1 ,garrison ,lane1 ,whitmore ,street 7,hockley7 and ,ladywood4 ,,the ,,united ,,methodist ,,free ,,churches have two circuits and two circuit ministers and chapels in ,rocky ,lane 7,nechells7 ,bond ,street1 7recently acquired from the ,baptists1 q4v47 and ,muntz ,street 7,birmingham ,heath7 besides one at ,washwood ,heath4 ,,the ,,wesleyan ,,reformers4--,have one regular minister and two chapels in ,upper ,trinity ,street and ,floodgate ,street4 ,the ,english ,presbyterian ,church4--,these are the orthodox ,presbyterians1 as distinguished from the churches which1 like the ,old ,meeting congregation1 became ,arian or ,unitarian4 ,they first occupied what is now the ,baptist ,chapel at ,mount ,zion1 which was opened by the celebrated ,edward ,irving 7see ,baptists71 and then a chapel in ,newhall ,street1 afterwards the church in ,,broad ,,street1 which is their principal edifice4 ,they have also churches at ,camp ,hill and ,new ,john ,street ,west4 ,the ,christian ,brethren have a head place of worship at the ,central ,hall1 ,great ,charles ,street1 and other meeting places in ,green ,lane 7,small ,heath71 ,new ,john ,street ,west1 ,camp ,hill1 and ,icknield ,port ,road in the ,borough1 and four others in the outskirts4 ,several other religious bodies have only one or two places of worship1 and among these may be named-- ,the ,bloomsbury ,institution ,mission ,hall1 in ,bloomsbury ,street4 ,the ,boatmen's ,hall in ,bridge ,street 7,broad ,street74 ,the ,catholic ,apostolic ,church1 in ,summer ,hill ,terrace1 a new church built by the congregation formerly assembling at what was called the ,irvingite ,church1 in ,newhall ,street4 ,the ,christadelphians1 who meet in the ,temperance ,hall1 in ,temple ,street4 ,the ,church of the ,saviour1 in ,edward ,street 7,parade71 built in #ahdg for ,mr4 ,george ,dawson1 ,m4,a41 on his leaving the ,mount ,zion 7,baptists7 ,chapel 7q4v474 ,a free church1 founded on the principle that common ,christian worship and pursuit of religious truth1 and not doctrinal agreement1 are the true bases of ,christian union4 ,the ,jewish ,synagogue1 in ,blucher ,street1 top of ,severn ,street1 was built in #ahef1 to supply the place of a smaller synagogue in ,severn ,street4 ,it cost upwards of #h1jjj4 ,the ,new ,church1 or ,swedenborgians1 had for their first chapel the one in ,newhall ,street 7now occupied by the ,baptists1 q4v47 then1 in #ahcj1 removed to a new chapel in ,summer ,lane1 and subsequently1 in #ahge1 to an elegant church1 a little way over the ,borough boundary1 in ,wretham ,road 7,soho ,hill74 ,the ,welsh ,calvinistic ,methodists1 who have a chapel in ,granville ,street 7,bath ,row71 and another in ,hockley ,hill1 just over the ,borough boundary4 ,the ,welsh ,congregationalists have a chapel in ,wheeler ,street4 ,roman ,catholics4--,there is no record of any ,roman ,catholic place of worship in ,birmingham from the ,reformation until the publication1 by ,james the ,second1 of the illegal ,declaration of ,indulgence in #afhg4 ,in that year the foundation of a church and convent1 dedicated to ,st4 ,mary ,magdalene1 was laid near the street still called ,masshouse ,lane1 and probably on the site of the present ,church of ,st4 ,bartholomew 7q4v474 ,it was scarcely built when it was pulled down at the ,revolution of #afhh4 ,the priests 7who were of the order of ,st4 ,francis7 removed to a farm house in a lane near ,harborne1 the approach to which1 at the top of ,richmond ,hill ,road1 ,edgbaston1 was known as ,masshouse ,lane4 ,the first chapel in the town was the one dedicated to ,,st4 ,,peter1 in ,st4 ,peter's ,place1 a little way out of ,broad ,street1 built in #aghf1 and a burial ground and schools added and subsequently enlarged4 ,the next was a chapel in ,shadwell ,street1 built in #ahji1 and dedicated to ,st4 ,chad1 which afterwards gave place to ,,st4 ,,chad',s ,,cathedral1 ,bath ,street1 built after the designs of ,a4 ,welby ,pugin at a cost of #fj1jjj1 and consecrated ,june #bb1 #ahda4 ,,st4 ,,anne',s1 ,alcester ,street1 was originally a distillery1 and was acquired by the ,fathers of the ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 of whom ,john ,henry 7now ,cardinal7 ,newman was one4 ,in #aheb1 the ,fathers removed to the ,hagley ,road 7q4v471 and ,st4 ,anne's became a secular mission4 ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,immaculate ,,conception1 ,hagley ,road1 ,edgbaston4 ,here1 in addition to the ,church1 is a residence for the ,fathers of the ,order of ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 and a school for the education of the sons of the ,catholic gentry4 ,it is interesting to every educated man as having been for more than a quarter of a century the abode of ,john ,henry 7,cardinal7 ,newman4 ,,st4 ,,michael',s1 ,moor ,street1 formerly the ,new ,meeting ,house of the ,unitarians 7q4v471 and purchased from that body in #ahfa1 and opened in #ahfb4 ,,st4 ,,joseph',s1 ,nechells1 formerly only a chapel of the cemetery there served from ,st4 ,chad's1 became a church with two priests in the year #ahgb4 ,,st4 ,,catherine ,,of ,,sienna in the ,horse ,fair was consecrated ,september #bh1 #ahge1 and ,,st4 ,,patrick',s in the ,dudley ,road was opened in #ahgf4 ,birmingham is one of the ,roman ,catholic ,sees created by the celebrated ,papal-,decree of #bith ,september1 #ahej4 ,to that date from #aehd1 when the last of the old ,roman ,catholic ,prelates died1 the ,english ,romanists had been governed in matters ecclesiastical by ,vicars-,apostolic1 of whom the last and best known was ,bishop 7in partibus7 afterwards ,cardinal ,wiseman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after this enumeration of the numerous churches and chapels1 which the limited number of pages at the writer's disposal necessarily reduces to almost a catalogue1 it may be useful to summarise the general results of the religious life of the town4 ,it must never be forgotten that every church and chapel is a centre of educational and philanthropic work of many kinds4 ,the clergy of the established church have almost a monopoly of day schools1 whilst the various denominations of dissenters for the most part leave the education of the poor to the ,board schools4 ,night schools are common to both churches and chapels--,sunday schools are universally attached to both4 ,then there are the auxiliary organisations of ,bible ,classes1 ,lending ,libraries1 ,provident ,societies1 ,sick ,clubs1 ,saving ,clubs1 ,clothing ,clubs1 ,improvement ,societies1 ,mothers' ,meetings1 ,dorcas ,societies1 ,lectures on ,health and ,domestic ,economy by ladies1 and1 attached to some churches and chapels1 classes for instruction in elementary ,science and ,literature4 ,of the three parties into which the established church is commonly divided1 viz41 ,low1 ,high1 and ,broad1 the general tone of the ,birmingham clergy for the last fifty years has been decidedly low4 ,a glance at the table will shew that the rights of presentation to the mother church of ,st4 ,martin and the other three rectories of ,all ,saints1 ,st4 ,george1 and ,st4 ,thomas1 and also to many of the newly-created vicarages1 are vested in trustees4 ,with the exception of two or three of the new churches1 such as those of ,st4 ,alban the ,martyr1 and the ,oldknow ,memorial ,church1 these trustees have been of the type of the ,simeon ,trustees4 ,for many years ,holy ,trinity1 ,bordesley1 was the sole representative of ,high ,church ritual and doctrine1 both of which have made great progress the last quarter of a century1 and at many of the churches the services are distinctly 8higher0 than formerly4 ,the same influences have been at work among ,nonconformists4 ,the old pattern of meetinghouse has given place everywhere to a more ecclesiastical style1 and even where the structure cannot be altered1 the walls are coloured and decorated4 ,the congregational plain song of half a century ago is varied and improved by chanting and anthems1 and in one ,nonconformist ,church may be seen a surpliced choir4 ,the 8,broad0 ,church party is scarcely represented in ,birmingham1 and with the exceptions of the ,head ,master and some of the other ,masters of the ,free ,grammar ,school1 and the ,rector of ,st4 ,martin's1 who1 from his position1 is naturally a representative man1 the ,birmingham clergy do not concern themselves much with either the political1 municipal1 scientific1 or literary pursuits of their fellow townsmen4 ,they have the good reason that the work of their parishes makes such demands upon them that they have neither time nor strength for any other labours4 ,hence the public work of the town 7with the exception of the ,school ,board1 on which the clergy have been always strongly represented7 has for the last forty years been more influenced by the leading ,nonconformist ministers than by the clergy4 ,whilst the religious activity of the ,nonconformists has not abated1 they have gained immensely in influence in all the governing bodies and public institutions4 ,for example1 for a century previous to the year #ahgc1 no dissenter had been elected a ,governor of the ,free ,grammar ,school2 now there are nine ,nonconformists out of the twenty-one ,governors4 ,the religious activity of the ,church has been widened and deepened by the development of the parochial system1 whilst the natural 8set0 of nonconformist activity towards political and social reforms has won for them the control of political and municipal affairs4 ,this cannot be better illustrated than by a few particulars of the composition of the ,birmingham ,town ,council1 which has acquired the reputation of being above the average of ,town ,councils in the social standing and ability of its members4 ,of the sixty-four members of which the ,town ,council is composed1 seventeen only are churchmen4 ,of the sixteen ,aldermen 7assumed to be elected by the ,council on account of services either exceptional in kind or duration7 only one is a churchman4 ,the forty-seven members of the ,council not belonging to the ,established ,church1 are composed of six ,baptists1 nine ,congregationalists1 six members of the ,society of ,friends1 one ,jew1 one ,presbyterian1 two ,roman ,catholics1 nine ,unitarians1 six ,undenominational1 and seven members of the ,wesleyan and other ,methodist bodies4 ,the preponderance of ,quakers and ,unitarians in the ,council1 in proportion to their numerical strength in the country1 is very remarkable4 ,the number of members of the ,society of ,friends in ,england and ,wales1 is about one to every #a1gbe of the population1 according to the census of #ahha4 ,the number of their members and attendants on their services in ,birmingham1 is about one to every #ebg of the population of the ,borough2 whilst in the ,council their numbers are nearly one in ten 7accurately #i4cge per cent47 or more than fifty times their numerical proportion4 ,it is not possible to determine so accurately the number of ,unitarians1 but it may be safely asserted that their representation in the ,council is many times in excess of their numerical proportion4 ,,burial ,,grounds ,,and ,,cemeteries4 ,most of the ,churches built in ,birmingham up to the year #ahcd had churchyards added to them4 ,the ,churchyard of ,st4 ,martin being found inadequate1 nearly three acres of land in ,park ,street was consecrated in the year #ahac as a burial ground1 and have been since laid out as a public garden 7see ,st4 ,bartholomew74 ,there were burial grounds attached to the ,old ,meeting1 to the ,baptist ,chapel1 ,cannon ,street1 and to the ,friends ,meeting ,house2 there was also a piece of ground in ,walmer ,lane1 appropriated by a ,congregationalist1 ,joseph ,scott1 for the burial of ,protestant ,dissenters 7,a4,d4 #aggi74 ,there were also burial grounds for the ,jewish ,community in a spot called the ,froggery1 now part of ,new ,street ,station1 in ,granville ,street and ,betholom ,row4 ,in #ahcb1 a joint stock company was formed for constructing the ,general ,cemetery at ,key ,hill--the area of which is about twelve acres4 ,divided from it by ,pitsford ,street is the ,church of ,england ,cemetery1 consecrated in #ahdh4 ,in #ahej the ,catholic ,cemetery of ,st4 ,joseph was established4 ,by successive orders in ,council most of the intra-mural burial grounds were closed1 and in the year #ahfj the ,corporation purchased #aje acres of land at ,witton for a ,borough ,cemetery4 ,of this area1 fifty-three acres are consecrated for use by members of the ,established ,church2 thirty-five are set apart for ,nonconformists1 two acres and a half have been sold for the use of the ,hebrew ,community1 and the residue is appropriated for the use of ,roman ,catholics4 ,there are four distinct buildings for the use of the ,church of ,england1 ,roman ,catholics1 ,nonconformists1 and ,jews4 ,to this ,cemetery the coffins from ,scott's burial ground 7#gb71 ,cannon ,street ,chapel 7#adb71 and the ,old ,meeting ,house 7#aejc71 have been removed4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,art4 ,architecture4--,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,cossins4--,although anciently possessing a ,church1 a ,priory and a ,castle1 ,birmingham now retains hardly a vestige of the work of the builders of the middle ages4 ,when the old ,parish ,church of ,st4 ,martin was pulled down in #ahgb to make way for its very fine successor1 the indications of its history1 hidden for nearly two centuries by a casing of brickwork1 were revealed3 traces were found of the work of the #abth and #acth centuries1 and considerable remains of what must have been a fine building1 mainly of the #adth century4 ,the altar tombs1 with effigies of the ,lords de ,birmingham1 were carefully preserved and refixed in the new ,church1 and are well worthy of examination4#dj ,a few houses of the framed timber and plaster construction common in the #agth century1 remain in ,digbeth1 and one of a very interesting kind was this year removed from the corner of ,bull ,street4 ,the earliest in date is the ,old ,crown ,house1 which is probably of the first half of the #afth century4 ,this was a very interesting specimen of the more massively constructed1 but simpler kind1 with gables at the extremities of the front1 and a central porch of two stories2 but the whole of the ground floor was reconstructed about twenty years ago1 and it has recently been further disfigured by painting and graining4 ,at ,camp ,hill there is a very fine half-timbered house in good preservation4 ,this has the date #afja cut on the porch4 ,most of the houses burnt by ,prince ,rupert1 when he sacked the town in #afdc1 were probably of the half-timbered kind1 since several still remain4 ,,st4 ,,philip',s ,,church4--,from this time there is nothing to mark the architectural progress of the town until the important event of the making by ,act of ,parliament1 passed in #agaa1 of a new parish of ,st4 ,philip in ,birmingham4 ,this was immediately followed by the building of the ,church of ,st4 ,philip1 a remarkably good example of the ,school of ,english ,renaissance founded by ,wren and continued by his pupils1 of whom the architect of this ,church1 ,thomas ,archer1 was one of the most successful4 ,the first stone of the ,church was laid in #agaa1 and it was consecrated in #agae4 ,it is a large building1 the area divided into nave and aisles by square1 fluted pillars1 carrying semicircular arches1 and supporting galleries which extend over the aisles4 ,with the exception of the steeple1 the whole has been restored1 and within the last year the chancel1 which was but a shallow recess1 has been lengthened by one bay4 ,the fine east window by ,mr4 ,burne ,jones1 a native of ,birmingham1 is considered to be one of his most successful works4 ,the building of the ,church was soon followed by the erection of rows of houses of an uniform character on the north and south sides of the churchyard4 ,these have nearly all disappeared3 they were built of brick in the good domestic style of the early part of the last century1 with picturesque doorways1 with curved and broken pediments1 balustraded parapets1 and heavy white sashes with broad moulded frames4 ,the interiors had fine oak staircases with turned and twisted balusters1 and were good examples of the cheery home-like dwellings of their time4 ,other buildings1 forming 8,the ,old ,square10 of a somewhat similar character1 have lately been pulled down to make way for a new street1 and very little that is even as old as the 8,georges0 will be left us after a very short time4 ,,the ,,town ,,hall4--,the building of the ,town ,hall1 begun in #ahcb1 was the first great local architectural event of the present century4 ,it was designed by ,messrs4 ,hansom ,welch1 architects1 of ,liverpool1 in professed imitation of the ,corinthian ,temple of ,jupiter ,stator at ,rome1 but it falls far below its prototype in the scale and richness of the 8order40 ,to properly adapt a temple of the ,romans to the various wants and requirements of a ,town ,hall for the people of ,birmingham required considerable inventive skill1 and to obtain the required height the temple was mounted on a lofty rusticated basement4 ,the grand flights of steps to the colonnades1 which add so much dignity to the ,greek and ,roman temples1 are here accessible only by means of a ladder4 ,it is nevertheless a noble building1 of ,anglesey marble1 though what we admire in the exterior is due to the ancient architect1 and not to the adapters4 ,the interior is well suited to its many and varied uses1 but the entrances are narrow and undignified1 and the lobbies insufficient4 ,,the ,,free ,,grammar ,,school1 or ,king ,edward's ,school1 was founded on the property belonging to the ,gild of the ,holy ,cross1 taken possession of by ,henry ,,viii41 and restored to the town by ,edward ,,vi4 in the shape of an educational endowment4 ,the old hall used by the ,gild stood on the site of the present school1 and it is probable that it was used as a school until new buildings were erected in #agjg4 ,of that edifice drawings are in existence1 which show it to have been of two storeys1 and forming three sides of a quadrangle1 with a tower over the central and chief entrance1 terminated by a cupola4 ,the buildings were of brick1 with stone dressings2 the windows square-headed1 of the heavy-sashed description used in the domestic architecture of the time4 ,a high balustraded parapet hid the roofs from sight4 ,the ,school was pulled down in #ahcb1 and the present noble building erected on its site4 ,the style is that of the latter half of the fifteenth century1 commonly called ,tudor1 and although erected so soon after the revival of ,gothic architecture1 it has scarcely been excelled for boldness and propriety of design or for purity of detail4 ,it forms on plan a nearly equal-sided square4 ,the chief front1 facing ,new ,street1 has slightly projecting wings1 in which are fine ,oriel windows1 of two stories1 the intermediate length being divided by boldly projecting buttresses1 terminated by crocketed pinnacles1 into nine bays of two stories in height4 ,the entrance is in the middle bay1 through a handsome moulded and carved doorway1 to a vestibule finely groined in stone4 ,the upper floor of the central part of the front is now occupied by the ,girls' ,school1 and is lighted by grand traceried and transomed windows of three lights4 ,the south front1 looking towards the railway station1 contains the ,boys' ,school1 and is of a simpler1 but quite as good a design as the main elevation4 ,the two principal schoolrooms are very fine1 with open timber roofs4 ,the architect was ,sir ,charles ,barry1 and a striking similarity between the details of this building and of those of the ,houses of ,parliament of about this time may be observed4 ,,christ ,,church4--,christ ,church1 consecrated in #ahac1 stands at the junction of ,new ,street with ,ann ,street1 and occupies the most prominent and the best position in the town1 but is quite unworthy of its site4 ,it is in the quasi-,classic style prevailing in the time of ,george ,,iii41 with a lofty but ill-proportioned tower and spire1 and a western portico of the ,roman ,doric order4 ,,st4 ,,peter',s4--,several of the churches succeeding the last were built by the well known ,thomas ,rickman2 among these were ,st4 ,peter's in ,dale ,end1 a heavy1 uninteresting building1 with a ,grecian ,doric portico1 surmounted by a 8,temple-of-the-,winds0-like structure as a steeple4 ,,st4 ,,thomas',s4--,st4 ,thomas's1 at ,holloway ,head1 another of ,rickman's1 is designed in the same spirit1 but with details of the ,ionic order4 ,some of the earliest efforts of the revival of ,gothic architecture were made here by ,rickman1 the most important of which1 ,,st4 ,,george',s1 a large perpendicular structure1 is for its time fairly good1 but the details are thin and wiry4 ,a number of cheap churches followed in the first half of the present century1 none of them deserving of notice2 but some better things were being done4 ,,st4 ,,chad',s4--,the ,roman ,catholic ,cathedral ,church of ,st4 ,chad1 in ,bath ,street1 by the elder ,pugin1 though in some parts bare and mean from want of funds1 shews the genius of the architect in its plan1 its imposing interior1 and its fine western front4 ,of the churches of quite modern date1 we have first the rebuilt ,mother ,church of ,st4 ,martin before referred to4 ,the tower was re-cased and the spire rebuilt in #ahed-e1 and in #ahgc-e the present building was erected by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,chatwin1 architect1 of ,birmingham1 and completed in #ahge1 at a cost of #bh1bef4 ,the style is ,gothic1 as it had become perfected in the middle of the #adth century1 and it has been used by the architect with great skill and judgment4 ,the interior is exceedingly fine1 and the exterior not unworthy of it4 ,preserved in the north and south chapels at the east end1 are the fine sepulchral monuments of the ,lords de ,birmingham4 ,it has excellent stained glass windows by ,wm4 ,morris1 ,hardman1 and others4 ,,st4 ,,augustine',s and the ,,lea ,,memorial ,,church1 both at ,edgbaston1 are also fine churches by the same architect4 ,the noble spire of the former is a conspicuous and beautiful object from a large extent of country4 ,,aston ,,church has lately been rebuilt by ,mr4 ,chatwin1 with the exception of the tower and spire1 at a cost of #ae1jjj4 ,the church contains many monuments of the ,erdingtons1 ,ardens1 ,holts1 ,devereux1 and other ,warwickshire families4 ,the very beautiful tower and spire are of the #aeth century4 ,,handsworth ,,parish ,,church has also been rebuilt by the same architect1 with the exception of the tower and the 8,watt ,chapel40 ,besides the monument by ,chantry to ,james ,watt1 there are interesting monuments to ,boulton1 ,murdock1 and other local celebrities4 ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,alban1 in ,conybere ,street1 lately erected by ,mr4 ,hansom1 of ,london1 in the style of the #acth century1 has an extremely fine interior1 groined throughout with stone4 ,the tower and spire are unfinished4 ,another good church by the same architect1 is that of ,,st4 ,,catherine 7,r4 ,c47 in the ,horse ,fair1 also with unfinished tower and spire4 ,,the ,,dissenting ,,congregations have some noteworthy buildings4 ,amongst those of the ,unitarians1 the ,church of the ,messiah1 in ,broad ,street1 by ,mr4 ,bateman1 and the 8,old ,meeting ,trust0 ,church1 in the ,bristol ,road1 lately erected by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,cossins1 are the most important4 ,the ,baptists have two handsome churches1 the ,church of the ,redeemer1 in ,hagley ,road1 by ,cubitt1 of ,london1 and ,wycliffe ,church1 by the late ,mr4 ,cranston1 in ,bristol ,street4 ,the ,catholic ,apostolic ,church of the ,irvingites1 in the 8,sand ,pits10 is a bold building of brick and terra cotta1 with a noble nave1 by ,mr4 ,chatwin4 ,,the ,,municipal ,,buildings of the town1 with the exception of the ,town ,hall1 are nearly all of quite recent construction4 ,first among these is the ,council ,house in ,colmore ,row1 near the top of ,new ,street4 ,this noble and commodious building was opened in #ahgh1 and comprises a grand suite of reception rooms1 a fine ,council ,chamber1 semicircular on plan1 offices for the ,mayor1 ,town ,clerk1 ,surveyor1 ,treasurer1 ,chief of ,police and other officers1 and a large number of committee rooms4 ,the approaches1 staircases and corridors are all handsome and spacious4 ,the fronts are constructed of ,derbyshire stone in the ,italian style1 the principal elevation towards ,colmore ,row consisting of an imposing centre1 with porte-cocher1 and wings4 ,the tympanums of the pediments are filled with groups of sculpture1 and the large arch over the portico contains some fine work in ,mosaic by ,salviati4 ,the architect was ,mr4 ,yeoville ,thomason4 ,,art ,,gallery4--,adjoining the ,council ,house1 is the ,art ,gallery1 by the same architect1 which forms with it one block of buildings surrounding a quadrangle4 ,this was opened last year1 and is a series of galleries probably not excelled by any in ,england4 ,the principal feature of the interior is a vast domed circular room1 from which the other rooms are entered4 ,,the ,,parochial ,,offices1 in ,edmund and ,newhall ,streets1 by ,mr4 ,ward1 form a large and handsome block1 containing the offices of the ,poor ,law ,guardians1 the ,superintendent ,registrar of ,births1 ,deaths and ,marriages1 c4 ,,the ,,galleries ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,artists1 ,new ,street4--,the principal room is circular1 #eb feet in diameter1 and there are several other rooms1 which1 with the fine ,corinthian ,portico1 were completed in #ahbi4 ,they have since been much improved and enlarged1 and now form a very excellent set of galleries4 ,to describe properly the ,educational ,buildings of the town would require a volume2 a few only of the principal ones can be noticed4 ,the ,grammar ,school1 the oldest of them1 has already been referred to4 ,the ,mason ,college1 founded by the late ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 is a fine building of brick and stone in ,edmund street1 the first stone of which was laid in #ahge1 and the building opened in ,october1 #ahhj4 ,this institution comprises large and complete ,laboratories for ,chemistry1 ,physics1 ,physiology1 ,botany1 and ,engineering2 four ,lecture ,theatres1 and a very great number of class and other rooms of all sizes1 suited to their varied requirements1 the whole covering an area of about #b1ejj square yards4 ,the style of ,architecture is that of the #acth century4 ,the principal front in ,edmund ,street1 of about #aej feet in length1 is symmetrically arranged with a lofty centre and gabled side wings4 ,the principal entrance in the middle of the front is a very large and deeply recessed moulded and shafted archway opening to a fine groined vestibule1 the cross passages leading from which are also groined in stone4 ,over the entrance is a lofty double oriel beneath a gable1 the terminal of which is a mermaid 7the crest of ,sir ,josiah ,mason71 #abb feet from the pavement4 ,the cost was about #fj1jjj1 including the elaborate and costly fittings of the laboratories4 ,the whole of the buildings and fittings were designed by ,mr4 ,jethro ,a4 ,cossins1 ,architect1 of ,birmingham4 ,,the ,,birmingham ,,and ,,midland ,,institute and the ,,free ,,libraries form one united group4 ,the ,institute buildings1 by ,mr4 ,edward ,barry1 were opened in #ahef by the ,prince ,consort4 ,the completion of the design to receive the ,reference and ,lending ,libraries was carried out by ,messrs4 ,martin and ,chamberlain2 the whole has since been largely added to1 the ,lending and ,reference ,libraries have been rebuilt1 and a new wing erected in ,paradise ,street1 by the same architects4 ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,art1 also by ,martin ,chamberlain1 in ,edmund ,street1 is in the very original modern ,gothic style1 almost created by the late ,j4 ,h4 ,chamberlain1 and practised with such great success by the firm to which he belonged4 ,the ,school is perhaps the finest of their works1 and possesses a rare grace and refinement in every detail4 ,the arrangements for the convenience of masters and students are also excellent4 ,,board ,,schools4--,since the passing of the ,elementary ,education ,act1 in #ahgj1 about thirty large ,board ,schools have been erected in the town1 most of them by ,messrs4 ,martin and ,chamberlain1 they are nearly all of great excellence and are ornaments to the town4 ,,the ,,exchange1 in ,stephenson ,place1 was built in #ahfe1 by ,mr4 ,edward ,holmes1 architect1 of ,birmingham1 and has since been considerably enlarged4 ,it has a large exchange room on the ground floor1 over a part of which is a room for assemblies4 ,the building also contains a ,restaurant1 shops on the ground floor1 and a large number of offices4 ,the fronts1 towards ,stephenson ,place and ,new ,street1 in a ,gothic style1 are lofty and imposing4 ,,the 8,,arcades0 are a feature of modern ,birmingham4 ,the ,great ,western ,arcade was built in #ahgf1 at a cost of #gj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,ward1 of ,birmingham1 was the architect4 ,the avenue1 four hundred feet long1 has eighty-four shops on two stories1 the upper tier opening to a balcony4 ,the length is divided equally by a circular space covered by a lofty dome4 ,the glazed roof is carried by a series of semicircular arches1 the perspective effect of which is very striking4 ,in an almost straight line with the last1 and only divided from it by the width of a street1 is the ,north ,western ,arcade1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,jenkins4 ,in its general features it is much like the first1 but of greater width1 and the shops are larger4 ,it may be added that these arcades have been financially a great success1 and are much used as a convenient and pleasant thoroughfare from the ,great ,western ,station to ,corporation ,street4 ,there are several other arcades in the town1 some of which are worthy of a visit4 ,until the passing of the ,street ,improvement ,act of #ahgf1 ,birmingham had but very few streets that were worthy of the size and importance of the town4 ,new ,street is1 however1 a fine and picturesque thoroughfare1 the slight rise and easy curve contributing very much to the general effect4 ,,corporation ,,street1 leading from ,new ,street1 opposite the entrance to the ,railway ,station1 to the ,aston ,road1 has been but lately formed2 it is not yet entirely finished1 but is already an unusually fine street4 ,many of the buildings are of great height and costliness4 ,it promises to be one of the noblest thoroughfares to be found in any of our great towns4 ,,aston ,,hall4--,sir ,thomas ,holte1 whose family had long been resident at ,duddeston1 in the parish of ,aston1 began to build this magnificent house in #afah1 and in #afca he came to reside in it4 ,in #ahfd it was purchased by the ,corporation of ,birmingham1 together with forty-three acres of the once extensive park1 immediately surrounding it1 and in the same year it was thrown open to the public4 ,dugdale1 who wrote whilst the ,hall was fresh from the hands of the builders1 calls it 8a noble fabric1 which for beauty and state much exceedeth any in these parts10 and the same may yet be said of it4 ,it is well situated on high ground at a distance of about two miles from ,stephenson ,place1 and retains about it some of the grand old chestnut and other trees for which the park was famous4 ,most of the outbuildings1 including the stables1 houses of the ,chief ,falconer and other officers1 and the chief entrance lodge also remain1 and add much to the interest and general effect4 ,the principal front1 approached by what remains of the ,chestnut ,tree ,avenue1 is symmetrically arranged1 and consists of a central block with wings of considerable projection1 enclosing a court of which one side is open to the ,east4 ,the chief entrance door in the middle of the front is under a square tower furnished with a lofty ogee curved roof1 each of the wings has also a door from the court1 under a similar tower4 ,the towers1 the curved gables1 and the lofty bay windows which terminate the wings1 combine in producing an extremely picturesque and imposing effect4 ,the windows are all square headed and mullioned1 the walling is of thin bricks1 with windows1 doors1 and other important details of stone4 ,the entrance hall is fine and lofty1 and the principal staircase with massive square newels and scroll work balustrade is extremely rich in effect4 ,the great drawing room1 the dining room1 ,lady ,holte's room1 and the great gallery1 #acf feet long1 are all grand apartments with elaborate ceilings in intricate geometrical patterns1 rich cornices1 and magnificent chimney pieces4 ,besides those mentioned1 there are a great number of rooms of less importance4 ,many of the principal apartments contain collections of great interest4 ,painting4--,by ,e4 ,r4 ,,taylor4--,for the opening of the ,corporation ,art ,gallery in ,november1 #ahhe1 the large room was filled with a loan collection of pictures by ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,r4,a41 and ,mr4 ,e4 ,burne ,jones1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,these works1 together with others of a decorative character1 belonging to the town1 have enabled the ,birmingham public to view1 for the first time1 the highest phases of ,english ,art4 ,the history of ,art proves that1 when the nobler walks of ,painting and ,sculpture reach a high standard of execution1 decorative character1 and poetic insight1 ,art1 as applied to manufactures1 makes corresponding progress4 ,decorative and poetic art in painting as seen in the works of ,leighton1 ,watts1 ,burne ,jones1 ,rossetti1 ,mason1 ,richmond1 ,albert ,moore1 ,walter ,crane1 and others is1 therefore1 of special interest to a manufacturing town like ,birmingham4 ,so long as these men exhibit the possibilities of decorative art1 their work must be fraught with good to those engaged in applying similar principles to art manufactures1 and 7what is of equal importance7 must educate those who are to be users of art productions4 ,,birmingham ,,artists4--,the names of at least two ,birmingham men will ever hold a prominent place in the annals of ,english ,art1--,david ,cox and ,e4 ,burne ,jones2 and as1 from his residence here and his being a member of the ,royal ,society of ,artists in this town1 ,george ,mason may also be fairly considered a local man1 ,birmingham may be said to have produced three great ,masters--each perhaps the highest in his particular branch--in the three most characteristic phases and developments of ,english ,art4 ,of this the town may be justly proud4 ,,david ,,cox4--,david ,cox was born in ,birmingham in #aghc4 ,his birth-place was near to 8,the ,old ,crown10 a noted ancient timbered house in ,deritend4 ,he received his early art instruction from ,joseph ,barber1 who conducted an academy close to the site of the present ,municipal ,school of ,art4 ,in the mastership of that academy1 ,joseph ,barber was succeeded by his son1 ,j4 ,vincent ,barber4 ,a few doors away1 ,samuel ,lines carried on a drawing school4 ,these were the only means of art instruction in the town until the formation of the ,society of ,arts1 whose work is now continued in the above-mentioned ,municipal ,school4 ,cox was apprenticed for eighteen months to a miniature painter on lockets and snuff boxes4 ,owing to the bankruptcy of his master1 his engagement was terminated at the end of that period4 ,he afterwards became scene painter at the ,birmingham ,theatre1 then under the management of the elder ,macready4 ,john ,varley1 the famous water-colour painter1 and ,mller also gave him a few lessons in water-colours and oils1 respectively4 ,thus ,cox received what was for his day a fairly good education in art1 if in this we include his initiation first into miniature painting and then into scene painting4 ,in #ahac he was elected a member of the ,society of ,painters in ,water ,colours4 ,during his whole career1 he seems to have possessed a strong affection for his native place2 and1 as soon as he was freed from the worries and anxieties of teaching1 he came to ,greenfield ,house1 ,harborne1 where he spent the last eighteen years of his life1 working at his beloved art1 and paying visits1 from time to time1 to favourite ,bettws-y-,coed4 ,he died in #ahei4 ,cox was contemporary with ,constable and ,crowe4 ,all three received but slight recognition of their merits while living2 but since death their work has been highly praised and much sought after4 ,yet these men--and ,cox particularly--were the first to carry out that direct study from nature which has become the characteristic of the ,english school1 as distinct from the studio compositions and artificialities which flourished from the time of ,claude to their own4 ,there is every probability that the love for ,english scenery--scenery so full of colour and character2 so varied and so changeful--has been greatly stimulated amongst the people by the fact that these artists have portrayed its beauties in their paintings1 and have thus instilled a perception of1 and love for1 these beauties in nature4 ,of the works of ,cox1 the ,art ,gallery contains thirty-three oil paintings 7the ,nettlefold ,bequest71 and two or three water-colours4 ,this is perhaps the finest collection of his oil colours extant1 and among it may be specially mentioned3 8,sheep ,shearing0 7#bg7 and 8,driving ,cattle0 7#bh71 both full in colour1 and simple and direct in execution2 while 8,changing ,pasture0 7#i7 may be cited as one of his best works4 ,in the picture last mentioned1 the sunset sky1 the purplish blue distance1 and the truth of the light in the middle distance and foreground should receive particular attention4 8,in the ,hayfield0 7#bf7 is more in his water-colour manner2 as is also his grand 8,rhyl ,sands0 7#aj71 in which the effect of the sea breeze is felt all over the picture4 8,bettws ,church0 7#aa71 8,tending ,sheep1 ,bettws-y-,coed0 7#ab71 and 8,evening0 7#bd7 are excellent examples of that quiet and unaffected1 yet highly poetic treatment by which he ennobled the simplest materials2 while 8,the ,shrimpers0 7#ca7 is perhaps the best of his pictures of a sandy shore4 8,the ,missing ,lamb0 7#b7 is interesting1 in that it shows his method of commencing work4 8,asking the ,way0 7#dj7 is a fine example of his water-colours4 ,in the midst of these beautiful specimens of ,cox's labour is placed 8,the ,late ,david ,cox0 7#ag71 by ,sir ,john ,watson ,gordon--one of the most successful portraits of a great artist by a brother artist4 ,alike by its success and the evident sympathy between painter and subject1 the work recalls the portrait of ,hook by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,millais4 ,whilst a careful study of ,cox's life and pictures1 of his earnest and loving methods of work1 and of the glorious harvest therefrom resulting1 has had a highly beneficial effect on the world of ,art1 there is no doubt that from the sudden rise in value of his pictures1 and the consequent magnifying of any scrap of paper his hand had touched1 as well as from the fact that the work of his latest and broadest style was most accessible1 a certain servile imitation of his mannerisms1 supplanted the earnest and loving study of nature1 which characterised ,cox to the end4 ,these mannerisms1 which by long study he had earned the right to use1 and which in his work were always full of meaning1 too often became in the productions of his imitators meaningless and pretentious4 ,time1 however1 is curing this evil2 and the good alone will remain4 ,as an example of the enormous increase in the monetary value of his pictures1 it may be stated that 8,lancaster sands10 for which ,cox received #aj1 was sold at the ,gillott sale for #c1jjj guineas4 ,,george ,,mason4--,the work of ,george ,mason1 ,a4,r4,a4 7born #ahah2 died #ahgb71 marks a further development of ,english ,art4 ,he1 like ,frederick ,walker1 opened up still deeper poetic sympathies for us4 ,during the varied phases of humanity1 its toil and its rest1 were no longer treated as mere accessories to the landscape1 but as a large and essential part of it2 not inserted to give a point1 or story1 or bit of colour to the picture1 but intended from the beginning to essentially form a part of its growth as a work of art4 ,and even when there is no human incident poetically treated1 as in his 8,evening ,hymn10 or 8,harvest ,moon10 there is something in his schemes of colour or other treatment of his landscape which occurs to awaken a human interest never reached even by ,cox or ,turner4 ,this school has had the strongest and widest influence on the ,english ,art of to-day4 ,it is greatly to be regretted that the ,birmingham ,art ,gallery contains no examples of the works of ,george ,mason4 ,e4 ,,burne ,,jones4--,the third phase is that represented by ,mr4 ,e4 ,burne ,jones and ,mr4 ,watts4 ,this being the most recent development1 its force cannot yet be measured2 but there is little doubt that it will be the greatest of the three4 ,for six months after the opening of the gallery1 one end of the large room aforesaid was filled with a magnificent collection of the works of ,mr4 ,burne ,jones2 and at a recent exhibition of the ,birmingham ,society of ,artists1 was shewn his noblest work1 8,the ,six ,days of ,creation40 ,the sale of the ,graham collection has dispersed most of these4 ,perhaps no previous sale had evoked so much interest1--not even that of the ,gillott collection4 ,the enthusiasm then evinced1 as well as the large prices obtained1 shew that the work of the artist is already receiving just recognition4 ,in addition to 8,the ,six ,days of ,creation10 there were 7e4g47 exhibited at ,birmingham 8,le ,chant d',amour10 8,venus's ,mirror10 8,the ,beguiling of ,merlin10 8,love in the ,ruins10 8,love ,disguised as ,reason10 but as these are no longer here1 it is unnecessary now to describe them4 8,the ,feast of ,peleus0 has been lent by its fortunate possessor1 ,mr4 ,alderman ,kenrick1 ,m4,p4 ,this picture--at least from an artist's point of view--is one of the painter's most beautiful works4 ,at the marriage of ,peleus and ,thetis1 the ,goddess of ,discord throws down a golden apple1 to be claimed by the most beautiful4 ,juno1 ,venus1 and ,minerva rise eagerly to claim it4 ,in the foreground are three fates4 ,the composition1 drawing1 scheme of colour1 and marvellous realization even of the minutest details of form and colour render this work one of exceptionally high character1 and1 taken as a whole1 the most enjoyable of all the artist's productions4 ,attention may also be here directed to the fact that there have been placed in ,st4 ,martin's and ,st4 ,philip's ,churches1 ,birmingham1 two lovely stained glass windows1 both designed by ,mr4 ,burne ,jones4 ,the artist's practice in stained glass1 tempera1 and mosaic has1 no doubt1 greatly influenced his style of composition and colour4 ,,municipal ,,gallery4--,pictures by the following ,birmingham artists1 named alphabetically1 belong to the ,corporation3-- ,baker1 ,alfred--7an artist of great promise1 who died when young7--8,harvest ,time40 ,baker1 ,s4 ,h4--8,nant ,gwylt40 ,breakspeare1 ,w4 ,a4--8,the ,daughter of the ,house40 ,burt1 ,c4 ,t4--8,the ,edge ,hills1 from ,burton ,dassett40 ,feeney1 ,p4 ,m4--8,llyn ,idwal40 ,hall1 ,w4--7,david ,cox's most intimate friend and biographer7--8,a ,peep out of ,church1 ,bettws-y-,coed40 ,this picture is interesting as depicting a scene in the art-home of ,cox4 ,henshaw1 ,f4 ,h4--,three fine landscapes1 of which the best is 8,a ,distant ,view of ,kenilworth ,castle40 ,langley1 ,walter1 ,r4,i4--8,memories0--an excellent example of this artist1 who has already by his work done much honour to ,birmingham4 ,it shows his deep sympathy with the humble life of ,english fisher folk1 and is admirable in execution1 lighting1 and colour4 ,lines1 ,samuel--8,llyn ,idwal40 ,munns1 ,h4 ,t4--,portraits4 ,phillips ,t41 ,r4,a4--,portrait of ,sir ,john ,franklin4 ,pratt1 ,jonathan--,portraits4 ,roden1 ,w4 ,t4--,portraits4 ,taylor1 ,edward ,r4--8,the ,birmingham ,reference ,library1 ,destroyed by ,fire1 ,january1 #ahgi40 ,walton1 ,elijah--8,monte ,tofana in ,tyrol40 ,wyatt1 ,h4--8,juliet40 ,one other name should be included in any list of ,birmingham artists4 ,it is that of ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,wainwright1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 who has accepted a commission for the ,art ,gallery4 ,in the circular picture gallery will be found the admirable series of historical works by ,sir ,james ,d4 ,sinton1 ,p4,r4,i41 representing scenes in the life of a soldier in the sixteenth century4 ,among the portraits of special local interest are those by ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,roden1 of ,samuel ,lines1 the ,birmingham artist2 of ,peter ,hollins1 the ,birmingham sculptor2 of his ,eminence ,cardinal ,newman2 and of ,john ,henry ,chamberlain1 who has been justly described as the 8second founder of the ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute10 and who1 until his lamented death1 was ,chairman of the ,school of ,art4 ,those of ,john ,bright1 by ,frank ,holt1 ,r4,a42 of ,george ,dawson1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,munns2 of ,william ,murdock1 by ,john ,graham2 of ,arthur ,ryland1 the founder of the ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute1 and sometime ,mayor of the town1 by ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,gordon2 and of ,sir ,john ,franklin1 by ,t4 ,phillips1 ,r4,a41 also deserve note in this connexion4 ,,watts ,,and ,,portraits4--,the large room of the ,art ,gallery is nearly filled with a collection of ,mr4 ,watt's pictures1 kindly lent by the artist4 ,much interest now attaches to these works1 as ,mr4 ,watts has just offered them1 with others1 to the nation4 ,we can somewhat measure this noble gift when we remember that the collection contains portraits of some of our ablest and most famous men1 as well as large and important figure pictures1 the work of a lifetime1 and that these are the best works of an artist of world-wide reputation4 ,the ,english ,school of portraiture has attained a high standard in the works of such artists as ,millais1 ,holl1 ,ouless1 and ,richmond2 but the portraits by ,watts stand apart from even these in their nobility of treatment1 scheme of colour1 and rendering of the man1 his very life and soul4 ,the portraits of ,mr4 ,burne ,jones1 the ,marquis of ,salisbury1 and ,lady ,garvagh1 recall to mind the best works of ,reynolds and ,gainsborough4 ,again1 ,dr4 ,joachim1 a lamp-light study--is quite ,rembrandt like4 ,those of ,cardinal ,manning1 ,carlyle1 ,mr4 ,browning1 ,mrs4 ,manners1 in blue against a blue background2 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,lord ,lawrence1 ,lord ,sherbrook and ,philip ,calderon1 ,r4,a41 also merit careful observation4 ,mr4 ,watts's subject pictures are painted with the noblest motives1 and the methods of execution and schemes of colour are all made subordinate to the idea4 ,the subject 8,love and ,death10 was suggested by the struggle of near friends to resist a fatal disease in a young man whom the artist was painting2 and here the power of art1 imagination1 colour1 conception1 drawing of drapery and figure1 all unite1 not for technical display1 but to realize in an intense degree the motive of the picture4 ,the same may be said of 8,mammon20 dedicated to his worshippers4 ,in the previous picture the colour is blue-grey2 in this it is gold and scarlet4 8,the ,meeting of ,jacob and ,esau0 is a striking instance of the successful definition of opposite characters4 8,orpheus and ,eurydice0 is descriptive of the moment when ,orpheus looks back1 and when1 by reason of this act of impatience1 ,eurydice sinks back to ,hades4 8,fata ,morgana10 turning on her followers through life1 is also a splendid work4 ,this room further contains the large painting by ,professor ,w4 ,b4 ,richmond1 ,m4,a41 entitled 8,an ,audience in ,athens during a ,representation of the ,agamemnon40 ,this1 too1 is a most valuable decorative work of ,art in the attitudes1 costumes and expressions of the audience1 and in the rendering in colour and tone of the clear sunlight of ,greece4 ,other decorative works in the ,art ,gallery are ,mr4 ,albert ,moore's 8,dreamers10 lovely figures most delicately painted in a scheme of yellow orange1 grey and green2 8,sapphires10 blue and orange2 and 8,canaries10 yellow orange and grey1 with a little green4 ,on a screen will also be found a small but very fine collection of works in water-colour by ,mr4 ,walter ,langley1 ,r4,i41 including 8,amongst the ,missing10 8,time moveth not10 and many well known works by this artist4 ,the town possesses one of the strongest examples of ,sir ,frederick ,leighton1 ,p4,r4,a4 8,a ,condottiere0 is quite ,titianesque in its painting of flesh1 armour1 and drapery4 ,one example by ,mr4 ,alfred ,w4 ,hunt is also the property of the town4 ,it is called 8,a ,norwegian ,midnight10 and therein are displayed colour1 mystery1 sense of space1 and moving cloud forms4 ,two of the finest paintings by ,mr4 ,henry ,moore1 ,a4,r4,a41 are also included--8,summer ,time1 off ,cornwall10 and 8,the ,newhaven ,packet40 ,other works in the ,gallery of more than ordinary interest are3 8,intellect and ,instinct10 by ,h4 ,stacey ,marks1 ,r4,a42 8,detected ,correspondence10 by ,john ,opie1 ,r4,a42 8,a ,martyr of the #afth ,century10 by ,w4 ,geets2 8,february ,fill ,dyke10 by ,b4 ,w4 ,leader1 ,a4,r4,a42 8,ready for ,work10 by ,john ,s4 ,noble2 8,a ,north-,west ,gale10 by ,john ,brett1 ,a4,r4,a42 8,homeward10 by ,w4 ,napier ,henry2 and 8,the ,poacher's ,widow10 by ,breton ,riviere1 ,r4,a4 ,it is a matter of real congratulation to ,birmingham that her sons have taken a prominent place in the world of ,art1 and that1 owing to an enlightened policy1 the town now possesses a suitable gallery1 wherein high-class works may be viewed by all4 ,the works exhibited1 whether purchased by the ,committee or on loan1 are generally of such a decorative character as to be of the greatest value to designers and other ,art workmen4 ,it is to be hoped that1 stimulated by past example1 as well as by present opportunities1 the inhabitants will fully appreciate the importance of furthering that ,art1 which is at once a source of pleasure to the workers1 and of illimitable enjoyment to the beholders4 ,sculpture4--,by ,,whitworth ,,wallis4--,the history of the birth and growth of sculpture1 with no word for its decadence1 death1 and ultimate renaissance would alone be a subject difficult to compress into the space of a volume1 but when there is to be added to that some account of the art in the time of the supremacy of its achievement1 before it became tainted with decay1 the task is vast indeed4 ,fortunately such a dissertation is not required in this place4 ,the art of sculpture is not restricted1 as most people think1 to the carving of mere marble and stone4 ,in its strict meaning it is the art of cutting any material whatsoever into any required shape2 but the word is now generally accepted for the art of representing anything by form1 no matter what the material may be1 or what the method of its making2 so that the word 8sculpture0 applies to ,sculpture proper1 and to castings in bronze1 as well as to the carving of gems1 ivories1 and to modelling in wax and clay4 ,,egyptian ,,sculpture4--,in every part of the world1 in modern as in ancient times1 savage races have delighted to decorate their weapons with carving1 and to make representations of men and animals1 which they afterwards worshipped4 ,but it was ,egypt1 that cradle-land of learning and of art1 which seems to be the nation where first the rudeness of savage carving was brought under restraint and nurtured into ,sculpture4 ,what had previously been an amusement was changed by their priests into an art4 ,but these very priests who first fostered the art were ultimately the means of stunting its growth and arresting its highest development4 ,the reverence which long ages of worship caused the archaic statues to receive induced the priests1 who were the representatives of learning and of wisdom1 to make these old types symbolical of divine attributes1 and it was considered sacrilegious to attempt to alter what had gradually come to be believed was the true likeness of the god4 ,thus religion1 which was the kind foster-mother of the arts of sculpture and painting1 came1 later on1 to be its most determined enemy4 ,whilst in ,egypt ,sculpture was being strangled by ,convention1 all progress being arrested1 and all originality starved out of it by the regulations which bound it to its archaic form1 a new race of artists arose along the shores and amidst the islands of the ,mediterranean4 ,in ,greece ,art found a new and happy home4 ,greek ,sculpture1 based on ,egyptian precedent1 and influenced greatly in its growth by ,phnician thought1 gradually freed itself from all the trammels of the past1 and formed a school of ,sculpture1 the results of which have never been equalled in all the after ages of art production4 ,,greek ,,sculpture4--,it was left to the beauty-loving ,greeks to perceive that ,sculpture was of all others the art by which they could best express and best immortalise the most perfect of all ,nature's physical beauties4 ,it was the ,greeks who made ,sculpture what it was1 and with their school died out the highest development of the art4 ,the conquests of ,alexander1 and all that followed in their train--the treasures of the ,east unfolded1 mighty monarchies founded1 stately cities built--afforded opportunities for the spread of this art4 ,thus it became transplanted into strange lands1 and was subjected to new influence and aspirations4 ,after the ,macedonian and ,syrian wars the victorious ,romans carried off with them the statues and other art objects from the conquered countries4 ,following in the train of their conquerors came the ,greek artists themselves to ,rome1 but the art never became naturalised there1 it soon lost all its ideality and became merely imitative in treatment4 ,under ,antoninus it lost much of its grace and elegance1 but the spirit of the ,greek is mighty even in dying1 and though it sank under ,severus and his successors1 its influence was still apparent until close upon the time of ,constantine1 when the great art of the ancients was entirely lost4 ,,italian ,,sculpture4--,sculpture revived in ,italy in the thirteenth century under ,nicolo ,pisano4 ,all the remains of art which had escaped destruction from barbarian violence1 religious fanaticism1 and natural causes1 were now carefully collected1 and the sentiment of reverence and admiration for the antique gradually developed into that great revival which we designate 8,the ,renaissance40 ,the wealthiest and most powerful ,florentine families vied with each other in the encouragement of art in all its branches1 and with the artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries raised modern art to its loftiest pitch of splendour4 ,despite this fact it never attained the sublimity and tranquil grandeur of the antique4 ,after the glorious epochs of ,michael ,angelo and ,raphael a rapid decline set in4 ,true feeling quickly disappeared1 giving way to affected grace1 extravagance1 and excessive ornament4 ,during the eighteenth century1 ,winckelmann was the first who influenced the revival of modern art1 and opened the eyes of his contemporaries to the glories and elevated beauty of the arts of antiquity4 ,antonio ,canova became the founder of the new period1 his works being specially marked by pure simplicity and classical ideality1 and by his side stands ,thorwaldsen1 whose artistic productions were as admirable as they were numerous4 ,,english ,,sculpture4--,in ,england ,john ,banks1 who may be regarded as the father of ,english ideal sculpture1 paved the way for his great successor ,john ,flaxman1 and the latter with his deep appreciation of severe simplicity and true form1 his love and admiration for the ,greek statues1 brought into this country the classical spirit1 and founded the schools of the nineteenth century4 ,to judge by the progress which modern sculpture has made1 and by the many noble works erected of late years1 it is on a far safer road than during the end of the sixteenth century4 ,in ,england it is not likely that there will ever be such a great school of sculpture as of the sister art of painting4 ,the greatest hope for ideal or poetic sculpture rests with the people themselves1 who must be able to appreciate and love the beautiful1 and this elevation of the taste of the public can only be accomplished by artists refusing to pander to a low ideal1 but fearlessly and jealously devoting themselves to the execution of those works which will touch the tenderest feelings and arouse the noblest thoughts4 ,,local ,,sculpture4--,birmingham1 though possessing a fair number of sculptural monuments1 can boast unfortunately but of few which show real artistic merit4 ,in the ,entrance ,hall of the ,free ,libraries1 ,ratcliff ,place1 stands ,mr4 ,foley's admirable statue of ,prince ,albert1 which is considered to be one of his finest works4 ,the ,prince is attired in the robes of the ,order of the ,garter4 ,by its side is placed the companion statue of her ,majesty the ,queen1 which was also entrusted to ,mr4 ,foley4 ,that artist unfortunately dying1 the work was carried out by ,mr4 ,woolner1 ,r4,a41 with far from a pleasing result4 ,both statues are intended for the ,council ,house4 ,the largest1 and certainly one of the most prominent1 monuments in ,birmingham is the bronze statue erected by the inhabitants to the memory of ,admiral ,lord ,nelson4 ,it is situated in ,high ,street1 and was executed by ,sir ,richard ,westmacott4 ,it represents ,nelson in a reposeful and dignified attitude1 his left arm resting upon an anchor4 ,the background is formed of the prow of a vessel and a sail4 ,the statue is mounted on a pedestal of statuary marble1 embellished with figures4 ,the corner posts are said to be cannon formerly in use on board the 8,victory40 ,an auctioneer1 who lived in ,high ,street1 left sixpence per week to be paid in perpetuity1 out of the rent of a house1 to be devoted to the cleaning of the statue4 ,the bronze statue of ,sir ,robert ,peel1 at the top of ,new ,street1 is interesting as being the work of a talented ,birmingham sculptor1 ,mr4 ,peter ,hollins1 and for the fact that it was the first bronze statue cast in one piece in ,birmingham4 ,the attitude of the ,statesman is one of firmness2 the face is very expressive1 and shows strong intellectual power4 ,mr4 ,hollins likewise executed the statue erected to the memory of ,sir ,rowland ,hill1 which stands in the ,post ,office1 ,paradise ,street4 ,of other works by this sculptor1 ,i would draw attention to the busts of ,william ,scholefield1 ,mathew ,davenport ,hill1 ,q4,c41 and ,david ,cox1 all of which are in the ,museum and ,art ,gallery1 and a fine bust of ,j4 ,w4 ,whateley1 in the ,general ,hospital4 ,at the ,five ways1 ,edgbaston1 stands the statue erected to the memory of ,joseph ,sturge1 an eminent member of the ,society of ,friends4 ,the monument is pleasing in arrangement4 ,the centre figure represents ,joseph ,sturge1 his right hand resting on the ,bible1 his left extended towards a figure symbolical of ,peace1 whilst on the other side is a figure typical of ,charity4 ,this is reputed to be an excellent likeness of the philanthropist1 and the expression is one of benevolence and tenderness4 ,it is the work of the late ,john ,thomas1 a sculptor of some eminence1 who unfortunately died before he could put the finishing touches to this memorial4 ,mr4 ,thomas was also the sculptor of the statue of ,thomas ,attwood 8the father of ,political ,unions10 situated at the top of ,stephenson ,place4 ,thomas ,attwood stands in the act of addressing a public meeting1 the right hand outstretched1 whilst his left grasps a scroll bearing the word 8,reform40 ,in the ,art ,gallery is a fine bronze group of ,boadicea and her daughters1 also the work of ,mr4 ,john ,thomas4 ,in front of the ,council ,house stands the statue of ,dr4 ,joseph ,priestley1 the discoverer of oxygen1 who was driven from the town by a ,birmingham mob1 and whose property was destroyed in the riots of #agia4 ,the statue1 a very pleasing one1 is the work of ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,williamson1 of ,esher1 who is also the sculptor of the adjacent statue of ,mr4 ,j4 ,skirrow ,wright1 and by the same hand is a striking bust of ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timmins1 ,f4,s4,a41 which stands in the ,reference ,library1 and an equally admirable bust of the late ,dr4 ,heslop1 now in the ,mason ,science ,college4 ,this artist also executed the latest addition to ,birmingham ,sculpture1 the statue of ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 and was also entrusted with the statue of the late ,george ,dawson1 opposite the ,art ,gallery1 which stands under a highly ornate canopy1 designed by the late ,john ,henry ,chamberlain4 ,this statue1 which is supposed to be an excellent likeness of ,mr4 ,dawson1 was executed on account of the dissatisfaction caused by the first figure1 the work of ,mr4 ,woolner1 ,r4,a4 ,the effigy by the latter sculptor is still most unfortunately permitted to remain in the vestibule of the ,free ,library4 ,at the back of the ,town ,hall1 stands a ,memorial ,fountain1 erected to commemorate the municipal services of the ,right ,hon4 ,joseph ,chamberlain1 ,m4,p4 ,in the south side is a medallion portrait of ,mr4 ,chamberlain1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,woolner1 ,r4,a4 ,the memorial1 which is architecturally treated and richly decorated with ,venetian mosaics1 was designed by the late ,john ,henry ,chamberlain4 ,in ,ratcliff ,place stands undoubtedly the finest statue in the town1 that of ,james ,watt1 by ,alexander ,munro4 ,the calm dignity of the figure1 the graceful pose of the same1 the grand thoughtful face1 and the very remarkable likeness of the great engineer1 render it a work of the highest excellence4 ,the original model of the head is in the ,art ,gallery4 ,the ,art ,gallery contains in addition to those already mentioned as located therein1 the two original plaster models of ,foley's great statues of ,burke and ,goldsmith2 an interesting copy of the ,venus di ,medici by ,raphael ,monti1 and some very admirable specimens of early ,italian and renaissance sculpture4 ,in the ,vestibule stands a very dignified and impressive bronze statue of ,buddha of ,indian make1 and of the greatest antiquity2 and also a very remarkable piece of ,hindoo sculpture in black marble4 ,in ,st4 ,john's1 ,deritend1 is a memorial bust of ,john ,rogers1 who edited the first ,english ,bible1 and was the first martyr of the reign of ,queen ,mary4 ,the ,parish ,church of ,handsworth1 some little distance from ,birmingham1 contains one of ,sir ,francis ,chantrey's most remarkable and beautiful works1 the statue of ,james ,watt2 and by the same sculptor is a fine monument erected to the memory of ,william ,murdock4 ,here is also the excellent bust of ,matthew ,boulton1 by ,john ,flaxman4 ,music4--,by ,w4 ,,bayley ,,marshall4--,the most casual observer cannot fail to notice the rapid strides which ,birmingham has taken in recent years in the cultivation of ,music4 ,we have now an orchestra of nearly one hundred performers composed of citizens of the town1 numerous choral societies both public and private1 well-qualified professors in all the branches of musical study1 and an excellent musical club4 ,these combined agencies are rapidly removing the stigma which was formerly so truthfully applied--that ,birmingham was like a boa-constrictor1 making a huge meal of music once every three years1 and doing little but sleep between times4 ,in no branch of music is this progress more manifest than in the services of the church4 ,some sixteen years ago1 it was quite the exception to hear even the psalms chanted2 now choral services and well-rendered anthems may be heard in most of the churches4 ,the limits of this article will only allow a brief reference to the principal societies and agencies engaged in the furtherance of music in ,birmingham4 ,,triennial ,,festivals4--,the ,birmingham ,triennial ,festivals are now universally acknowledged to be the most important ,music meetings in the ,kingdom4 ,the first ,festival was held in #agfh4 ,in #agii the scale of the celebration was enlarged1 and since then1 with one exception1 they have been held triennially4 ,the management is in the hands of a small committee1 appointed by the ,governors of the ,general ,hospital1 and the whole of the proceeds go to the funds of that ,institution2 this has amounted to upwards of #abj1jjj since the foundation of the ,festivals4 ,during the period of more than a century over which the ,festivals have now extended1 they have attained ,european celebrity1 and have been distinguished by the production of a large number of original works of the highest rank1 among which may be mentioned3 ,mendelssohn's ,lob-gesang 7#ahdj71 and ,elijah which was specially written for the #ahdf ,festival2 ,costa's ,eli 7#ahee71 and ,naaman 7#ahfd72 ,bennett's ,woman of ,samaria 7#ahfg72 ,sullivan's ,kenilworth 7#ahfd71 and ,light of the ,world 7#ahgc72 ,smart's ,bride of ,dunkerron 7#ahfd72 ,barnett's ,ancient ,mariner 7#ahfg71 and ,paradise and the ,peri 7#ahgj72 ,benedict's ,st4 ,peter 7#ahgj72 ,macfarren's ,resurrection 7#ahgf72 ,gade's ,zion 7#ahgf7 and ,psyche 7#ahhb72 ,hiller's ,nala and ,damayanti 7#ahga72 ,randegger's ,fridolin 7#ahgc72 ,cowen's ,corsair 7#ahgf7 and ,sleeping ,beauty 7#ahhe72 ,gounod's ,redemption 7#ahhb7 and ,mors et ,vita 7#ahhe72 ,gaul's ,holy ,city 7#ahhb72 ,stanford's ,three ,holy ,children 7#ahhe72 ,dvorak's ,spectre's ,bride 7#ahhe74 ,the next ,festival will be held in #ahhh4 ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,impey1 #bf1 ,waterloo ,street4 ,,festival ,,choral ,,society4--,the date of the foundation of the ,birmingham ,festival ,choral ,society1 the premier society of the town1 is unknown2 in #ahcd1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,hollins1 the first ,organist of the ,town ,hall was appointed conductor2 upon his death in #ahda1 ,mr4 ,stimpson was appointed to both offices1 and the society was reorganised and established with a permanent relief fund to be employed in case of sickness among its members4 ,in consequence of ill-health1 ,mr4 ,stimpson resigned the conductorship in #ahee1 and ,mr4 ,stockley 7the present conductor71 was appointed2 ,mr4 ,stimpson continuing as organist of the town1 the duties of which office he still faithfully discharges4 ,since #ahdf1 the choruses of the ,musical ,festivals have been mainly composed of members of the ,festival ,choral ,society4 ,the society gives annually a series of high-class subscription concerts4 ,the management is in the hands of a ,committee of fifteen members4 ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,v4 ,cornish1 #ee1 ,varna ,road1 ,edgbaston4 ,,amateur ,,harmonic ,,association4--,the ,birmingham ,amateur ,harmonic ,association was established in the year #ahee1 and1 as its name implies1 is a purely ,amateur ,association1 more for the study and practice of choral music than for the public performance thereof4 ,the members have1 however1 done good service in placing before their friends at open rehearsals and private concerts1 from time to time1 a great number of works previously unknown to ,birmingham1 the most important of which are--,handel's oratorios1 ,jephtha 7#ahga7 and ,joshua 7#ahgb72 ,haydn's ,first ,mass 7#ahei72 ,hummell's ,mass in ,e flat1 which was specially printed for the ,association1 and produced for the first time in ,england on ,december #ac1 #ahfe2 ,gounod's ,messe ,solennelle in ,g 7#ahff71 ,gallia 7#ahgc71 and ,messe du ,sacr ,cur 7#ahgh72 ,schubert's ,mass in ,e flat1 first performance in ,england 7#ahfh71 ,song of ,miriam 7#ahfi71 and ,mass in ,f 7#ahhd72 ,benedict's ,cur de ,lion 7#ahfi72 ,gade's ,erl ,king's ,daughter 7#ahfi72 ,sullivan's ,on ,shore and ,sea 7#ahgb72 ,macfarren's ,st4 ,john ,baptist 7#ahgd72 ,smart's ,jacob 7#ahge72 ,beethoven's ,choral ,fantasia 7#ahge72 ,astorga's ,stabat ,mater 7#ahha72 ,bridge's ,boadicea 7#ahha72 ,hodson's ,golden ,legend 7#ahhd72 ,lloyd's ,hero and ,leander 7#ahhd72 and for the first time in ,england1 ,raff's ,die ,tageszeiten 7#ahhe74 ,mr4 ,alfred ,j4 ,sutton was appointed conductor at the commencement of the ,association's existence1 and continued in office until #ahgg1 when1 upon his resignation1 ,mr4 ,stockley1 the present conductor was appointed2 the members meet weekly for practice during the winter months4 ,the management is in the hands of a ,committee of fifteen members4 ,honorary ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,bayley ,marshall1 #ae1 ,augustus ,road1 ,edgbaston4 ,,amateur ,,musical ,,union4--,the ,edgbaston ,amateur ,musical ,union was established in #ahfc1 for the cultivation and encouragement of the taste for orchestral music1 and for the study and performance of orchestral works by the great composers4 ,this society has by hard work and energetic management slowly but surely made its way2 at the first concert only fifteen amateur members assisted in the band1 only two of whom were among the wind department2 the band now consists of #dg members1 is practically complete as to wind1 and even includes drums4 ,the library belonging to the society now contains a very fine and complete collection of standard works besides a large number of pieces of a lighter character4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,duchemin1 who took a very active part in the formation of the society1 for nineteen years acted as honorary conductor2 upon his resignation in #ahhb1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,j4 ,sutton was appointed conductor4 ,honorary ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,bandinelli1 ,pinson ,villa1 ,fulham ,road1 ,sparkhill4 ,,philharmonic ,,union4--,the ,birmingham ,philharmonic ,union was established in #ahgj1 upon a somewhat similar basis to the ,festival ,choral ,society1 under the conductorship of ,dr4 ,c4 ,swinnerton ,heap4 ,the ,society has given annually since its formation a series of concerts1 with somewhat varying pecuniary success2 and1 like its companions1 has introduced many important novelties1 among which are3--,bach's ,st4 ,matthew ,passion and the ,christmas ,oratorio1 and ,max ,bruch's ,odysseus4 ,the ,society meets weekly for practice4 ,the management is in the hands of a committee of nine members4 ,secretary3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,woodward1 #ga1 ,colmore ,row4 ,,midland ,,musical ,,society4--,the ,midland ,musical ,society was established in #ahhj by the members of the advanced singing class in connection with the ,church of the ,saviour4 ,unlike the other musical societies of the town1 the ,midland ,musical ,society is free1 the members not paying any subscription2 the free use of a rehearsal room being granted by the ,church ,committee1 and the conductor1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,stevenson1 being an honorary officer4 ,the ,society possesses a lending library of over #a1jjj volumes of music for the use of its members1 and now consists of a chorus of #bdj and a well appointed amateur band4 ,several concerts for charitable purposes have been given by the members1 and a series of ten concerts for the working classes1 in the ,town ,hall1 to which the admission was twopence and sixpence for floor and galleries respectively1 at one of which ,gounod's ,redemption was performed4 ,it is the intention of the committee to continue these concerts during the ensuing season4 ,honorary ,secretary3 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,parker1 ,east ,view1 ,robert ,road1 ,handsworth4 ,,sunday ,,school ,,union ,,choral ,,society4--,the ,birmingham ,sunday ,school ,union ,choral ,society was established in #ahhj4 ,as its name implies1 this society is connected with the ,sunday ,school ,union1 and resulted from the very successful annual festivals which were given by a chorus of some #gjj1 selected from the various schools in the union4 ,the society meets weekly for practice under the conductorship of ,mr4 ,alfred ,r4 ,gaul4 ,hon4 ,secretary3 ,mr4 ,h4 ,parkes1 #cc1 ,brighton ,road1 ,moseley4 ,,musical ,,society4--,the ,birmingham ,musical ,society was established in #ahdb upon the basis of a friendly sick and benefit society1 and for the social intercourse of music lovers and especially for the practice of glee and madrigal singing4 ,the members meet fortnightly1 and so successfully have the affairs of the society been managed that the invested funds amount to upwards of #b1jjj4 ,the excellent performances of the ,birmingham ,glee ,union1 ,messrs4 ,bickley1 ,woodall1 ,young1 and ,stilliard1 all of whom are members of the society1 are well-known throughout ,england4 ,the onerous post of ,musical director1 which has been filled by many musicians of note1 is now ably occupied by ,mr4 ,w4 ,george ,halliley4 ,,musical ,,association4--,the ,birmingham ,musical ,association was founded in #ahgi with the object of providing a series of high-class concerts at popular prices1 establishing classes for musical instruction1 vocal and instrumental1 and the provision of a large ,musical ,library4 ,upon further consideration the establishment of classes and the formation of a library were abandoned4 ,the weekly cheap concerts on ,saturday nights have been continued with a few intermissions during successive winters and have now reached a total of #aei1 to which the admission is threepence and sixpence for the floor and galleries respectively4 ,a band and chorus have also been organised and have rendered material assistance at the ,saturday night concerts4 ,honorary ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,hendriks1 #be1 ,cannon ,street4 ,,messrs4 ,,harrison',s ,,concerts4--,this admirable series of subscription concerts was established in #ahgj4 ,prior to this the present senior partner1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,harrison1 gave high class miscellaneous concerts at irregular intervals1 commencing as far back as #crd ,february1 #ahec1 when the late ,mr4 ,weiss and ,mr4 ,sims ,reeves 7who was even then spoken of as the great ,english ,tenor71 took part in the programme4 ,in #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,harrison took his nephew ,mr4 ,percy ,harrison into partnership1 and the annual series of subscription concerts were inaugurated1 the management of which for enterprise and skill in securing all the leading artistes1 vocal and instrumental1 of the musical world1 has made them well-known throughout the kingdom4 ,besides treating their subscribers to such stars as ,patti1 ,nilsson1 ,albani1 ,titjens1 ,sims ,reeves1 ,lloyd1 ,santley1 ,maas1 ,norman ,neruda1 ,sophie ,menter1 ,charles ,hall1 ,pachmann1 ,hans von ,blow1 ,joachim1 ,wilhelmi1 ,piatti1 ,bottesini1 c42 lovers of orchestral music have been provided for by the annual engagement of ,mr4 ,charles ,hall's well-known band4 ,,mr4 ,,stockley',s ,,concerts4--,the ,subscription ,orchestral ,concerts were instituted in #ahgc by ,mr4 ,stockley1 the conductor of the ,festival ,choral ,society4 ,for the first few seasons these excellent concerts met with but scanty support1 and were carried on under serious difficulties1 and at a considerable loss2 three concerts were given each season1 and the band consisted of about #ej members4 ,mr4 ,stockley1 however1 steadily persevered with the good work1 and met with increasing support2 in #ahha1 the band was augmented to its present number of #hj1 of whom no less than #gf are bona fide residents in the district2 in the following year the number of concerts were increased to four each season2 and the support now accorded is most encouraging1 the annual balance-sheet no longer showing a loss4 ,the programmes have always included a complete symphony at each concert1 one or two classical overtures and smaller orchestral pieces2 two singers of eminence have been engaged for each concert1 and the vocal items as far as possible arranged to correspond with the classical character of the instrumental4 ,mr4 ,stockley must now be congratulated upon the successful result of thirteen years' hard work1 under very discouraging circumstances at first1 to popularise good orchestral music4 ,,chamber ,,concerts4--,birmingham in the past has persistently refrained from adequately supporting chamber concerts1 even when the quartette consisted of some of the greatest living instrumentalists4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,swinnerton ,heap1 with praiseworthy zeal1 gives an annual series of high class chamber concerts1 for which the subscription list is much smaller than the excellence of the concerts should command4 ,it is to be earnestly hoped that his labours will in the end be rewarded with the success they so richly deserve4 ,,the ,,clef ,,club4--,the ,clef ,club was founded in #ahha1 to provide a central resort for the study and practice of vocal and instrumental music1 combined with the general accommodation of a ,club4 ,monthly ,smoking ,concerts are held in the ,club ,rooms1 the executants being selected from among the members1 and the programmes confined to strictly 8chamber music40 ,it may safely be said that since its formation the ,clef ,club has done much to elevate the taste of its members1 and promote the study and appreciation of chamber music4 ,the success which attended the development of the ,club was so great1 that greatly enlarged premises soon became necessary2 and the promises of support being so encouraging1 it was determined to register the ,club under the ,companies ,act1 and very greatly enlarge the original scheme4 ,sir ,arthur ,sullivan kindly accepted the post of ,president of the ,club1 and showed warm interest in the details of the new scheme4 ,the lease of the present club premises in ,paradise ,street1 close to the ,town ,hall1 having been secured1 and the extensive alterations completed1 the club entered upon its new life in ,july1 #ahhe4 ,in addition to the monthly concerts there is an impromptu smoking concert every ,friday night4 ,honorary ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,huxley1 ,clef ,club1 ,paradise ,street4 ,,flute ,,society4--,the ,birmingham ,flute ,society1 probably the only flute society in ,england1 was established in #ahef to encourage and develop the performance of classical flute music2 the ,society possesses a very fine library1 consisting of all the concertante duetts1 trios1 and quartettes of ,berbiguier1 ,frstenau1 ,kuhlau1 ,kuffner1 ,kummer1 ,gabrielsky1 and ,tulou4 ,the members meet twice a month4 ,honorary ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,h4 ,hughes1 #dj1 ,chapman ,road1 ,smallheath4 ,,musical ,,instruction4--,there is no more important step in the development of the study of music than a thorough system of elementary education2 the ,birmingham ,school ,board1 fully recognising this1 in #ahgf made provision for the systematic teaching of music in all the schools under their control4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,dobson was appointed superintendent of musical instruction1 and has formulated a very thorough system2 the tonic sol-fa method is adopted and infants1 if only seven years of age1 are taught to sing from note correctly4 ,one hour per week is allotted to this subject in two half-hour lessons2 in addition to this two or more classes are occasionally grouped in divisions for united rehearsal and musical drill4 ,in addition to instruction in singing1 violin and brass band classes were commenced last winter1 also on the tonic sol-fa method1 and have been very successful4 ,many thousand children have thus been taught1 by their voices being trained in connection with the ear and understanding1 to sing correctly1 and have been musically educated in such a way as to enable them in after years to listen intelligently and enjoy good music4 ,,school ,,of ,,music4--,the ,school of ,music in its present form at the ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute was commenced in #ahhe4 ,classes were established in the following branches--theory of music1 elementary and advanced part singing and solo singing1 7a separate class for each voice1 soprano1 contralto1 tenor and bass74 ,the pianoforte1 violin 7elementary1 intermediate and advanced71 clarionet1 flute1 violoncello1 and brass instruments generally4 ,during the first term there were #a1bcc students in the school1 the fees range from one penny per lesson to half-a-guinea for a term of #ab to #ae lessons4 ,during the current season the following additional classes have been sanctioned by the ,council--organ1 bassoon1 oboe1 double bass1 and viola2 and it is probable that classes will be formed for ensemble orchestral playing and part singing4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,manufacturing ,,industries 7,,birmingham ,,and ,,district47 ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodward1 ,b4,sc4 ,in the following pages an attempt is made to give to the reader some idea of the extent and variety of the manufactures of our town and neighbourhood4 ,the method followed is to state at the outset the classes of material which come into the town1 and to follow these in the mind's eye through smelting furnace1 forge1 or workshop1 until they come out in a wonderful variety of articles1 one or more of which will ultimately be found in the possession of every nation of the earth4 ,to carry out the proposed method with fulness and accuracy would require a strict blockade of the town1 similar to that adopted for collecting town dues in continental towns with agents to report the quantities and qualities of the goods passing in and out4 ,failing this1 we may1 through the agencies of the railway and canal companies obtain at least some idea of the character and extent of our trade4 ,in preparing some statistics relating to goods brought into and taken out of the town1 ,i am particularly indebted to the courtesy of ,mr4 ,henry ,wiggin1 ,m4,p41 one of the directors of the ,midland ,railway1 and also to ,mr4 ,john ,noble1 general manager of that railway2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,grierson1 general manager of the ,great ,western ,railway2 and ,mr4 ,g4 ,findlay1 general manager of the ,london and ,north ,western ,railway4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,pilcher1 of the ,birmingham ,canal ,navigations1 and ,mr4 ,george1 of the ,birmingham and ,worcester ,canal1 have also been good enough to supply information4 ,in considering the traffic of our town we must remember that ,birmingham is not only a manufacturing centre but a distributor of goods which arrive here in bulk4 ,this1 coupled with the circumstance that1 from its inland position1 there is a great deal of through traffic1 renders it difficult to obtain such satisfactory figures as ,i hoped to have done when ,i commenced this work4 ,statement of principal classes of goods coming into and going out of ,birmingham by railway during the year #ahhe1 with weight in tons of each class4 ,,inwards4 ,coal and ,coke #higeda ,lime #ecbg ,limestone1 ,bricks1 c4 #adcae ,glass #gfhi ,iron and ,steel #aaehgd ,tin ,plates and ,zinc #ajchb ,spelter or ,zinc #bbefd ,hardware and ,miscellaneous #acdbjd ,stone #aefba ,timber #fceia ,paper ,making ,materials #eeej ,drugs and ,drysaltery #adhfg ,grain #abfghc ,grocery and ,provisions #fahhh ,leather #ceii ,,outwards4 ,bedsteads #cdigf ,brass ,copper1 ,ingot and ,wire #dfig ,galvanised ,wire and ,ware #aagje ,glass #faea ,hardware and ,lamps #aajeig ,iron and ,metal ,tubes #acegj ,iron ,wire and ,sheet #biii ,iron ,castings #iaff ,nails #ahicf ,rolled ,metal #gfai ,paper and ,stationery #idij ,machinery ,hides and ,leather #ccged ,miscellaneous ,from one wharf alone in ,birmingham there were delivered into the town by canal last year about #dj1jjj tons of various goods1 of which the following will serve as examples--,timber1 #chaj tons2 salt1 #ddc tons2 metals1 #cidh tons2 road stone1 #aj1hba tons2 potatoes1 matches1 mill stones1 glue and groceries1 #abba tons1 whilst traffic over one of the canals in the course of the year was #g1cbg1bfi tons1 including merchandise1 #igb1gdi tons2 pig iron1 #ehf1dcd tons2 coal1 #c1ccc1hfe tons2 iron stone1 #die1iab tons2 sand1 #aae1gia tons2 lime and limestone1 #adj1hbh tons2 road materials and manure1 #ebe1bdi tons2 and bricks1 #dfj1cei tons4 ,nature of the ,manufacturing ,industries of ,birmingham and the ,district4--,it is difficult1 if not impossible to classify satisfactorily the varied industries of ,birmingham and the district4 ,the one adopted has as its basis1 the raw materials of different kinds as used up in the trades of the town4 ,in order to obtain information as to progress of the trades1 or change in their character1 ,i have extracted from ,kelly's ,directory of #ahfd the number of each trade as then given1 and compared it with the number in the last ,directory published1 viz41 #ahhd3-- ,,trades ,,of ,,birmingham ,,and ,,the ,,counties ,,of ,,staffordshire1 ,,warwickshire1 ,,and ,,worcestershire4 ,i4--,production of ,materials from ,ores1 including ,chemicals4 ,a4--,,non-,,metal4 ,no4 in ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,black ,lead #b #da;,chemicals #cc #ed ,colour ,grinders and ,manufacturers #bi #ea ,glue1 ,isinglass #f #g #db,mungo #j #a ,optical ,glass #a #a ,paper #ca #ba ,ice #j #a ,glass #da #fb ,b4--,,metal ,,and ,,alloy4 ,no4 in ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,alloy ,makers #j #a ,aluminium #j #a ,brass and ,yellow ,metal #j #f ,copper #g #aj ,german ,silver #ad #aj ,iron #hh #ajc ,nickel ,cobalt #b #b ,steel #ah #ba ,,ii4--,finished ,articles4 ,a4--,,non-,,metal4 ,no4 in ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,barometer and ,thermometer #b #d ,leather ,articles #bh #eg ,bicycle ,saddle #j #c ,wholesale ,boot and ,shoe #aa #db ,clay-- ,pottery1 ,encaustic ,tiles1 ,terra ,cotta1 ,parian #dc #dc ,telegraph ,insulator #j #a ,ivory1 ,pearl1 and ,bone ,workers #ei #ed ,chocolate #b #f ,floor ,cloth #b ,india ,rubber ,goods #e #ad 0 0 ,stamps #j #c ,bristle1 ,fibre1 ,hair1 ,feathers-- ,besom #a #a ,chimney ,sweeping ,machines #j #b ,hearse ,plume #a ,whip #ce #cc ,brushes #hh #ajf ,cotton #b #d ,measuring ,tape #g #f ,wooden ,articles-- ,boxes 7and ,paper7 #bg #gg ,clock ,case #aa #g ,cork ,cutters #i #ab ,clog and ,patten #he #abg ,rules #cg #bc ,picture ,frames #dj #ii ,tobacco ,pipe #bi #ah ,railway ,carriage #aa #ac ,bellows #aj #ad ,casting ,mould ,pattern ,makers #cj #bg ,glass ,articles-- ,lighthouse #a #a ,bottle1 ,plate and ,window1 ,decanters1 ,tumblers1 c41 ,looking ,glass1 ,french ,shade #ej #fe ,toys #ac #c ,artificial ,eyes #a #f ,horn-- ,lantern ,leaf #e #j ,combs #f #d ,paper and ,pulp-- ,paper #ca #ba ,papier ,mch #ai #ae ,black ,ornament #j #bd ,account ,books #aj #bj ,bags #d #af ,gun ,wads #f #d ,b4--,,metal4 ,no4 in ,directory4 #ahfd #ahhd ,gold-- ,chains #dc #ej ,brooches and ,jewellery #cdf #dgb ,pencil ,case #ba #ba ,ring #c #bi ,leaf #bj #ad ,watch ,case #aj #dc ,silver-- ,spoons1 c41 ,lockets1 ,bracelets1 c4 7,silversmiths7 #ea #ajc ,leaf ,reflectors 7,plate7 #a #f ,copper-- ,pans1 ,kettles1 c41 ,sugar ,pans 7,coppersmiths7 ,tubes #ba #bj ,plate ,engraving #b #ah ,wire ,lightning ,conductors #j #d ,percussion ,cap #e #d ,lead-- ,pipes #j #a ,pumps ,iron and ,steel-- ,anchors #ab #bb ,bedsteads 7,metal7 #ea #dh ,bicycles ,bird ,cage ,wire ,work #dd #ei ,bridle ,bit #ajd #fg ,boarding ,pike #a #b ,boilers ,buckles #be #be ,nuts and ,bolts #ai #ha ,chain #de #aca ,coach ,furniture1 c4 #fj #dh ,coffin ,furniture #ag #ad ,corkscrew #ag #af ,door ,spring #d #f ,earth ,boring ,app4 #j #a ,forge 7,portable7 #c #b ,frying ,pan #g #i ,fencing ,foil #j #a ,fender #de #ee ,fire ,irons #eg #ee ,fish ,hook #fh #cf ,gun 7#bg ,branches7 #eec #dbd ,gas ,holder #h #e ,gas ,meters #a #a ,hair ,pin #f #g ,hammer #ah #ab ,handcuff #c #d ,hyd'lic ,machinery #a #b ,hinge 7and ,brass7 #dg #ea ,hollow ,ware #aj #bc ,hooks ,hook and ,eye #ad #ac ,ladle ,roofing #h #ae ,tanks #ab #bj ,boats #i #i ,bridge #i #ab ,girder #g #i ,jews ,harp #f #h ,keys #hg #adj ,lance and ,javelin #a #a ,locks 7#ac ,br'nch's7 #afd #beb ,lasso ,rings #dc,matchet #d #f ,mariner's ,compass ,needles 7#g ,br'nch47 #agb #abf ,nutcrackers #c #aj ,nailmakers #bjg #bce ,pens #ah #ai ,pen ,holder #af #ad ,quoit ,makers ,quicksilver ,bottle ,rings 7,split1 c47 #ac #af ,scale and ,weight #be #be ,screws #ga #db ,sewing ,machines #aj #cj ,spectacle ,frames #i #af ,safes #ae #bg ,spring ,makers #h #ad ,spring ,mattress #j #b ,steel ,toy #eh #ci ,sword #ag #d ,toasting ,fork ,tack ,umbrella ,parasol ,furniture #ab #aa ,vice #di #cb ,brass-- ,ammunition cases #a #b ,bedsteads ,belt clasp #g #c ,coach beading #e #d ,candlestick #ab #i ,coach handles #b #e ,cocks #bi #ce ,chandelier #dj #ea ,church ,furniture #d #f ,clock movements ,cornice pole #c #ab ,curtain hook #j #aj ,curtain ring #d #ad ,door bolts ,door handles ,electrical bell apparatus #b #g ,fog signal #a #a ,ferrule ,gas burner #d #d ,gauge #f #ac ,mathematical inst4 #aj #aj ,military ornament #ab #ae ,paper fasteners ,roasting jack #g #b ,stair rod 7case7 #f #g ,theatrical jewellery #j #a ,thimble #ac #ab ,watches 7#bi branches7 #dif #gij ,tin ,plate-- ,coffin ,furniture #ag #ad ,dish ,covers #a #g ,grocers' ,canisters #b #b ,lamps ,baths ,cooking ,utensils ,candlesticks ,tin ,alloys1 hard and soft-- ,beer ,engine #ai #aj ,bells #aj #ag ,dram ,flask ,medals ,measures1 ,tankards ,composition ,pipe ,stencil ,plates ,tea ,pots ,cream ,jugs1 c4 ,britannia ,metal ,ware ,manufacturers #bj #ac ,german ,silver-- ,cruet ,frames ,tea ,pots ,spoons1 c4 ,electro-plated ,ware ,electro-platers ,gilders #aaj #bae ,dessert ,knife ,fork ,implements and ,tools used in ,manufactures4 ,awl ,blade1 ,auger1 ,anvil1 ,brace and ,bit1 ,bookbinders' ,tools1 ,bellows1 ,bullet ,mould1 ,brushes1 ,coach ,wrench1 ,file ,cutter1 ,glaziers' ,diamond1 ,gun ,implements1 ,hammer1 ,hoe1 ,iron ,ladle1 ,last and ,boot ,tree1 ,nails1 ,rivet1 ,saw1 ,screw1 ,tack1 ,gimp ,pin1 c41 ,vice1 ,press ,tools1 ,punches4 ,dependent ,manufactures and ,processes4 ,a4--,,non-,,metal4 ,box ,makers 7,wood71 ,box ,makers 7,paper71 ,brick 7,fire71 ,bookbinding1 ,casting ,pot and ,crucible1 ,emery and ,glass ,cloth ,paper1 ,embossed ,paper1 ,engravers 7,block71 ,felt1 ,glass ,mould1 ,jewellery ,case1 ,lamp ,wick1 ,lithography1 ,printing1 ,pitch ,paper1 ,pearl ,workers1 ,rouge1 ,rope and ,twine1 ,sealing ,wax1 ,tortoise ,shell ,workers4 ,dependent ,manufactures and ,processes4 ,b4--,,metal4 ,assayers1 ,bronze ,powder1 and ,gold and ,silver ,leaf1 ,die ,sinkers1 ,iron and ,steel ,hoop1 ,letter ,cutters1 ,music ,smith1 ,rollers1 ,refiners1 ,sweep ,smelters1 ,water ,tuyere ,iron ,manufacturers1 ,weavers' ,mail4 ,processes carried on for the ,trade4 ,brass ,polishers1 ,buckle ,plater1 ,chasers1 ,china ,decorators1 ,coach ,painters1 ,dippers and ,silverers1 ,diamond ,cutter1 ,engravers and ,woodcutters1 ,enamellers1 ,electrotypers1 ,electro-platers1 ,engine ,turners1 ,galvanisers1 ,glass ,quicker1 ,glass ,painters1 ,glass ,grinders1 ,glass ,benders1 ,glass ,cutters1 ,harness ,platers1 ,iron ,planers1 ,iron ,casters1 ,iron ,braziers1 ,jewellers' ,stampers1 ,jewellers' ,glass ,cutter1 ,lapidaries1 ,metal ,spinners1 ,metal ,perforators1 ,metal ,fluters1 ,machine ,rulers1 ,magic ,lantern ,slide ,painter1 ,stereotypers4 ,dealers and ,merchants4 ,asbestos1 ,carozo ,nut1 ,cotton ,waste1 ,copper and ,metal1 ,grindstone1 ,iron1 ,salt4 ,variety of ,materials used in the ,manufactures4 ,it may be expected that in a variety of manufactures1 such as those just given1 numerous materials would be required4 ,in order to ascertain as far as possible what materials are used in the town1 circulars were sent out to many firms1 and from information supplied1 in reply to these circulars and from other sources1 the following list has been prepared4 ,,statement ,,of ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,manufactures ,,of ,,birmingham ,,and ,,the ,,district4 ,,note4--,after the name of the material1 which is printed in small capitals1 is given in ordinary type the trades1 or a few typical ones1 in which the material is used4 ,,ores4 ,,antimony4--,nickel and cobalt refining4 ,,brown ,,iron ,,ore4--,gas works4 ,,copper ,,pyrites--7,,spanish ,,ore74--,copper extraction and refining1 sulphuric acid works4 ,,cobalt ,,and ,,nickel4--,nickel and ,cobalt refining4 ,h,,matite4--,iron smelting1 nickel and cobalt refining1 malleable iron casting1 polishing works4 ,,galena4--,refining lead slags and products4 ,,iron ,,pyrites4--,sulphuric acid manufacture4 ,,manganese ,,oxide4--,weldon's process for chlorine4 ,,tin ,,ore4--,nickel and cobalt refining1 bedstead manufacture1 tin plate works4 ,,metals4 ,,antimony4--,britannia metal works1 pewter working1 stereotyping1 engineers' brassfounding4 ,,aluminium4--,aluminium bronze1 metal beating1 pen and pencil case1 gauge making1 sewing machine4 ,,bismuth4--,engineers' brassfoundry1 solder making4 ,,copper4--,alloy makers1 coppersmiths1 copper and brass tube works1 gas fitting1 railway carriage works1 brass founding1 stereotyping1 nail making1 gun making1 roast jack1 clocks1 electro works1 jewellers1 mathematical instrument makers4 ,,gold4--,jewellery1 gilt toy1 thimble making1 brassfounding1 chains1 spectacles1 watch chains and cases1 electro-plate1 gun making1 swords1 pens4 ,,iron and ,,steel4--,all trades4 ,,lead4--,chemical manufactures1 alloy makers1 pewter and ,britannia metal1 nickel and cobalt refining1 electro-plate1 whip1 pen1 nail1 stereotyping1 india rubber stamps1 railway carriage1 gun1 brassfounding1 thimble1 ship's log4 ,,magnesium4--,mathematical instrument4 ,,nickel4--,electro-plate1 pen and pencil1 stereotyping1 whip button1 needle1 sword1 photo-frames1 fire-irons1 tin plate1 sewing machine1 coach furniture and harness1 bicycle1 steam gauge4 ,,platinum4--,mathematical instrument1 nickel and cobalt refining1 photo-frames1 electro-plate1 wedding ring1 thimble1 brassfounding4 ,,iridium and ,,palladium4--,pen and pencil4 ,,quicksilver4--,optical instrument1 nickel and cobalt refining1 stereotyping1 thimble and whip1 gauge1 electro-plate1 art metal1 clock4 ,,silver4--,silversmith1 jewellery1 carriage furniture1 whip mounts1 sword1 electro-plate1 hook and eye1 mathematical instrument1 gun1 silver plating1 button1 stereotyping1 spectacles1 chains1 bedstead1 thimbles4 ,,tin4--,cocoa1 stereotyping1 whip1 rolled metals1 toilet pin1 nail1 needle1 railway carriage1 mathematical instrument1 tool making1 gas meters1 roasting jack1 engineers' brassfounding1 axle boxes1 clock1 bedstead1 thimble1 gauge1 electro-plate1 brassfounding1 wholesale boot and shoe4 ,,tin ,,plate4--,various branches of the tin plate trade1 ship's log1 steam gauge1 art metal1 nickel and cobalt refining1 button1 cocoa1 printing1 electro-plate1 needle4 ,,zinc and ,,spelter4--,brass and alloy makers1 yellow and sheathing metal1 thimble1 whip1 art metal1 galvanising1 copper extraction1 button1 stereotyping1 alkali1 electro-plate1 nail1 watch chain4 ,,note4--,the applications of the compound metals or alloys1 such as ,,brass1 ,,britannia ,,metal1 ,,bell ,,metal1 ,,german ,,silver1 ,,gun ,,metal1 ,,phosphor ,,tin1 ,,ferro-,,manganese1 ,,hard ,,and ,,soft ,,solders1 and others1 are not given for want of space4 ,the most important trades consuming metal in the form of leaf and powder--,,gold ,,leaf1 ,,silver ,,leaf and ,,bronzes--are bedstead manufacturing1 picture frame making1 japanning1 lithography1 art metal work 7planishing47 ,,acids4 ,,acetic 7,,vinegar74--,gelatine manufacture1 button1 lithography1 whip1 sword1 art metal1 gas fitting1 bedsteads4 ,,boracic4--,german silver1 electro-deposition4 ,,carbolic4--,gelatine1 soap1 ammunition works4 ,,citric4--,lithography1 art metal4 ,,hydrofluoric4--,glass1 gas fitting1 nickel and cobalt works1 button making1 railway carriage4 ,,hydrochloric 7,,muriatic or ,,spirits of ,,salt74--,metal trades generally1 gas manufacture1 gelatine1 printing1 chemical trades1 railway carriage4 ,,hydrocyanic4--,button1 pen and penholder1 electro-plate4 ,,nitric 7,,aqua ,,fortis74--,metal trades generally1 especially brass1 gelatine1 button1 whip1 sword1 gun1 hook and eye4 ,,oxalic4--,tin plate1 art metal work1 button1 tool making1 whip1 pen and penholders1 wholesale boot and shoe trade4 ,,pyrogallic4--,gas manufacture1 art metal4 ,,sulphuric 7,,oil ,,of ,,vitriol74--,iron wire1 nails1 bedsteads1 button1 pen1 gelatine1 chemical trades1 soap1 hook and eye1 tin plate1 brass trades1 gun1 whip1 sword4 ,,tartaric4--,gelatine1 nickel and cobalt1 art metal4 ,,chemicals4 ,,ammonia and ,,ammonium ,,salts4--,gas manufacture1 brass trades generally1 galvanising1 buttons1 tin plate1 printing and lithography1 nails1 paper4 ,,arsenious ,,anhydride or ,,white ,,arsenic4--,brass founding1 chandelier1 electro-plate1 buttons4 ,,alum4--,gelatine1 paper1 rolled metal1 buttons1 wholesale boot and shoe4 ,,borax4--,metal trades generally1 jewellers1 gelatine4 ,,copper ,,sulphate or ,,blue ,,stone4--,iron wire1 electro-plate1 buttons1 fibre dressing1 printing4 ,,glycerine4--,gas fittings1 soap1 printing4 ,,iodine4--,copper extraction4 ,,iron ,,sulphate or ,,copperas4--,buttons1 fibre dressing1 brass founding1 emery paper1 wholesale boot and shoe1 rouge manufacture4 ,,lead ,,acetate 7,,sugar ,,of ,,lead74--,gelatine1 buttons1 tin plate works1 oil and colour works4 ,,mercuric ,,chloride 7,,corrosive ,,sublimate74--,buttons1 jewellery1 optical instruments1 gold beating4 ,,nickel ,,sulphate4--,trades in which nickel plating is used1 bicycles1 sewing machines1 bridle bit1 c4 ,,potassium ,,salts 7,,caustic ,,potash1 ,,cyanide1 ,,carbonate1 ,,sal ,,enixum1 ,,ferrocyanide1 ,,ferridcyanide1 ,,permanganate1 ,,bichromate1 ,,chlorate1 ,,argol or ,,tartar74--,brass founding1 electro-plate1 bedstead1 jewellery1 gelatine1 glass1 buttons1 soap1 whip1 tin plate4 ,,platinum ,,chloride4--,electro-plate1 buttons1 optical instruments4 ,,sodium ,,salts 7,,caustic ,,soda1 ,,carbonate1 ,,brown ,,ash1 ,,acetate1 ,,salt1 ,,sulphate74--,brass founding1 jewellery1 alloys1 electro-plate1 fibre dressing1 tin plate1 soap4 ,,sulphur4--,chemical works1 rolled metal works1 sword1 tin plate4 ,,zinc ,,salts 7,,chloride1 ,,sulphate74--,gelatine1 buttons1 printing4 ,,pigments4 ,,brunswick ,,green1 ,,carmine1 ,,chrome ,,yellow1 ,,cobalt1 ,,gamboge1 ,,indian ,,red1 ,,indigo1 ,,ivory ,,black1 ,,lamp ,,black1 ,,ochre1 ,,orange ,,chrome1 ,,orpiment1 ,,prussian ,,blue1 ,,red ,,lead1 ,,scheele',s ,,green1 ,,smalts1 ,,umber1 ,,ultramarine1 ,,verdigris1 ,,vermilion1 ,,yellow ,,ochre1 ,,zaffre1 ,,zinc ,,white1 ,,white ,,lead4--7,red and white lead are used for lutes as well as for pigments1 red lead too is largely consumed in the manufacture of flint glass74 ,brass founding1 tin plate works1 japanning1 bedsteads1 lithography1 brush works1 coach and carriage works1 buttons1 ammunition works1 cycles1 art metal work4 ,,stones4 ,,quarry ,,stones1 ,,limestone1 ,,bilston and ,,derby 7,,grind7 ,,stones1 ,,lithographic ,,stone1 ,,whetstone1 ,,ragstone1 ,,water ,,of ,,ayr ,,stone1 ,,turkey ,,stone1 ,,arkansas4--,iron smelting1 chemical works1 nickel and cobalt refining1 sword1 edge tool1 and tool grinding generally1 printing and lithography1 tin plate1 brass founding1 gun1 button1 sword1 art metal1 electro-plate4 ,,apatite1 ,,sombrerite1 and ,,native ,,phosphates4--,phosphorus manufacture4 ,,flur ,,spar4--,alloys1 engineers' brass foundry1 roasting jack1 hydrofluoric acid manufacture4 ,,mica4--,gas fitting1 stove makers1 brass founding1 ship's log1 optical instrument4 ,,felspar4--,pottery1 art metal4 ,,rock ,,crystal4--,spectacle manufacture1 art metal1 electrical apparatus1 optical instrument4 ,,agate1 ,,bloodstone1 ,h,,matite4--,as burnishers in many trades4 ,,diamond ,,bort4--,diamond cutting1 lapidary work1 spectacle manufacture1 railway carriage4 ,,diamond4--,jewellery1 glaziers' diamond manufacture4 ,,amber1 ,,amethyst1 ,,crocidolite1 ,,garnet1 ,,opal ,,ruby1 ,,sapphire1 ,,carnelian1 ,,topaz1 ,c4--,cut stones in jewellery1 lapidary work1 watch and clock manufacture1 art metal work1 electro-plate1 whip1 fine wire drawing4 ,,gums4 ,,arabic4--,brass founding1 printing and lithography1 optical instrument1 electro-plate1 pen1 whip1 light metal trades1 wholesale boot and shoe4 ,,benzoin4--,wire mattress1 railway carriage4 ,,copal4--,button1 printing and lithography1 electro-plate1 needles1 optical instruments4 ,,damar4--,button1 optical instruments4 ,,dextrine4--,printing and lithography1 pen and penholders1 optical instrument1 thimble4 ,,gutta ,,percha4--,electro-plate1 brass founding1 railway carriage1 printing and lithography1 rolled light brass metal work1 needle1 thimble1 wholesale boot and shoe4 ,,india ,,rubber4--,vulcanised ,india rubber works4 ,,mastic4--,buttons1 printing and lithography1 tin plate4 ,,sandarac4--,buttons1 printing4 ,,shell-,,lac4--,lacquer manufacture1 brass founding1 light metal work1 railway carriage1 pen and penholder1 whip1 button1 printing and lithography1 sword1 optical instrument1 roasting jack1 thimble1 electro-plate4 ,,tragacanth4--,printing and lithography1 wholesale boot and shoe trade4 ,,oils1 ,,varnishes1 c4 ,,animal ,,oils 7,,lard1 ,,neat',s ,,foot1 ,,sperm1 ,,seal1 ,,whale1 ,,tallow1 ,,train74--,rolled metal1 electro-plate1 buttons1 pen and penholder1 nails1 fire irons1 bedstead1 wedding ring1 brass founding1 gas manufacture1 printing and lithography1 optical instrument1 alloy making1 railway carriage1 engineers' brass founding1 soap1 wholesale boot and shoe4 ,,vegetable ,,oils 7,,colza1 ,,coca ,,nut1 ,,linseed1 ,,rape1 ,,olive1 ,,palm1 ,,pine74--,gas manufacture1 fibre and brass dressing1 printing and lithography1 electro-plate1 rolled metal1 tin plate1 carriage furniture1 optical instrument1 soap1 paper1 button1 alkali works1 iron wire1 bedstead4 ,,mineral ,,oils 7,,petroleum1 ,,petroline1 ,,coal ,,shale74--,fibre dressing1 brass founding1 gas manufacture1 spectacles1 lapidaries' work1 lithography and printing1 railway carriage4 ,,benzoline1 ,,bisulphide ,,of ,,carbon1 ,,coal ,,naphtha1 ,,ether1 ,,methylated ,,spirit1 ,,spirits ,,of ,,wine1 ,,tar ,,spirits1 ,,turpentine1 ,,terebine1 ,,wood ,,naphtha4--,papier mch1 japanning1 lacquer1 printing and lithography1 electro-plate1 button1 thimble1 cycle1 whip1 soap1 brassfounding1 railway carriage1 bottle jack1 optical instrument4 ,,asphaltum1 ,,bitumen1 ,,gold ,,size4--,printing and lithography1 tin plate1 papier mch1 bedstead1 picture frame1 ornamental glass1 brassfounding1 art metal4 ,,pitch1 ,,resin4--,soap1 electro-plate1 tin-plate1 bedstead1 carriage furniture1 printing and lithography1 thimble1 paper1 brassfounding1 wholesale boot and shoe trade4 ,,varnishes 7,,copal1 ,,mastic1 ,,japan1 ,,pontypool74--#cj or #dj varieties are known in the trade1 the names often implying the purpose for which the varnish is used as coach-body varnish1 oak varnish1 undercoating1 finishing1 c4 ,coach and carriage works1 house decoration1 furniture1 tin-plate1 papier mch1 bedstead1 coffin furniture1 fog signal cases1 iron hollow-ware1 enamel leather4 ,,leathers ,,and ,,fabrics4 ,,basil or ,,sheep ,,skin1 ,,buffalo1 ,,bull ,,neck1 ,,calf1 ,,crocodile1 ,,cow ,,hide1 ,,dog ,,fish1 ,,donkey1 ,,gnu1 ,,horse ,,hide1 ,,kangaroo1 ,,pig ,,skin1 ,,russian1 ,,skivers1 ,,chamois1 or ,,wash ,,leather1 ,,sea ,,horse1 or ,,walrus1 ,,vellum4--,wholesale saddlery and leather trades generally1 wholesale boot and shoe trade1 polishing in the metal trades1 parts of articles in the electro-plate1 tin plate1 whip1 and many other trades4 ,,buckram1 ,,cloth1 ,,flannel1 ,,plush1 ,,satin1 ,,silk1 ,,velvet4--,railway carriage works1 tin plate1 brassfounding1 button1 needle1 optical instrument1 cocoa1 leather trades4 ,,felt4--,corrugated iron1 brassfounding1 light brass rolled metal works1 railway carriage works1 printing and lithography1 electro-plate1 art metal1 optical instrument1 glass polishing4 ,,paper4--,paper box trade1 papier mch1 wrapping up in all trades4 ,,woods4 ,,ash1 ,,baywood1 ,,beech1 ,,birch1 ,,elm1 ,,fir1 ,,maple1 ,,oak1 ,,pine1 ,,teak4--,one or more of them used in most trades1 railway carriage1 cabinet1 tin plate1 brass founding1 edge tools1 clog1 electro-plate4 ,,beef ,,wood4--,gun trade1 ramrod4 ,,blackthorn4--,whip4 ,,boxwood4--,used in metal trades1 generally for chocks4 ,,cedar4--,railway carriage1 cabinet1 pen and penholder1 needle1 art metal1 optical instrument4 ,,cocus ,,wood4--,optical instrument4 ,,ebony4--,gun1 gas fitting1 brass founding1 button1 electro-plate1 tool1 art metal1 railway carriage4 ,,hickory4--,whip1 rolled metal1 needle1 ferrule1 railway carriage4 ,,holly4--,tool1 whip4 ,,holder ,,wood4--,clog4 ,,lancewood1 ,,partridge ,,wood1 ,,satin ,,wood1 ,,snake ,,wood4--,gun1 clog1 whip1 needle1 pen and penholder1 brass founding1 optical instrument4 ,,lignum ,,vit4--,button1 whip1 brass founding1 art metal1 rolled metal1 tool1 corkscrew4 ,,malacca ,,cane4--,gold beating4 ,,maple4--,gun1 railway carriage1 cycle and sewing machine1 brass founding4 ,,peach4--,electro-plate4 ,,pear4--,coal mining1 glass1 printing and lithography4 ,,rosewood4--,gun1 railway carriage1 cabinet1 printing and lithography1 pen and penholder1 electro-plate1 tool4 ,,sycamore4--,railway carriage1 electro-plate1 printing and lithography1 art metal4 ,,tulip4--,art metal4 ,,walnut4--,gun1 electro-plate1 brass founding1 railway carriage1 cabinet1 pen and penholder1 art metal1 matchet4 ,,yew4--,whip4 ,,zebra4--,button1 electro-plate1 pen and penholder1 optical instrument4 ,,dye ,,stuffs4 ,,aniline ,,colours1 ,,alkanet1 ,,archil1 ,,burwood1 ,,cudbear1 ,,catechu1 ,,divi ,,divi1 ,,dragon',s ,,blood1 ,,fustic1 ,,indigo1 ,,gall ,,nuts1 ,,logwood1 ,,myrabolans1 ,,red ,,sanders1 ,,shumac1 ,,turmeric4--,furniture and cabinet works1 button1 railway carriage1 fibre and bass dressing1 art metal1 whip1 paper1 printing and lithography1 matchet1 wholesale boot and shoe trade4 ,,not ,,classed4 ,,asbestos4--,gas fitting1 paper1 railway carriage1 printing and lithography1 electro-plate1 tin plate4 ,,bones ,,and ,,bone ,,waste4--,glue1 buttons1 electro-plate1 light brass rolled metal works1 carriage furniture4 ,,beeswax1 ,,paraffin ,,wax4--,brass founding1 alloy1 whip1 bedstead1 electro-plate1 printing and lithography1 light brass rolled metal works1 optical instrument4 ,,burdock1 ,,keck1 ,,elder ,,pith4--,watch ,finishing4 ,,bath ,,brick4--,gas fitting1 whip1 light brass rolled metal works1 ships' log1 optical instrument1 railway carriage4 ,,black ,,lead4--,black lead works1 gas fitting1 railway carriage1 electro-plate1 tin plate1 nails1 whip1 buttons4 ,,chalk1 ,,whitening1 ,,french ,,chalk4--,gas fitting1 brass founding1 electro-plate1 printing and lithography1 sword1 railway carriage1 tin plate1 fibre dressing1 buttons1 pen and penholder4 ,,coal ,,tar1 ,,creosote4--,tar distilling1 railway carriage1 soap1 electro-plate1 light brass rolled metal works4 ,,catgut4--,bands for lathes in nearly all trades4 ,,camel ,,hair1 ,,sable ,,hair4--,railway carriage1 electro-plate1 watch chain1 brass founding1 art metal1 optical instrument4 ,,cotton ,,waste4--,in nearly all the metal trades4 ,,cotton ,,wool ,,and ,,wadding4--,for storing and packing in jewellery and other trades4 ,,cotton1 ,,thread1 ,,tape4--,nearly all trades4 ,,cuttle ,,fish4--,printing and lithography1 jewellery4 ,,crocus1 ,,colcothar1 ,,rouge4--,brassfounding1 gas fitting1 bedstead1 electro-plate1 tin plate1 jewellery1 glass grinding1 and polishing4 ,,charcoal4--brassfounding1 gas fitting1 bedstead1 electro-plate alloy1 wedding ring1 nails4 ,,china ,,clay4--,porcelain 7,worcester71 paper1 engineers' brassfounding4 ,,cocoa 7,,theobroma ,,cacao74--,cocoa and chocolate manufacture4 ,,eggs4--,printing and lithography1 photographic frame and cabinet work4 ,,emery4--,for grinding and polishing in all the metal trades1 glass grinding1 lapidary work1 wholesale boot and shoe trade4 ,,flour4--,tin plate1 brassfounding1 alloys1 railway carriage1 printing and lithography1 bedstead1 nails1 papier mch1 paper box1 pocket book1 wholesale boot and shoe trade4 ,,flax4--,whip ,manufacture4 ,,flock1 ,,feathers4--,upholstery and bedding manufacture1 artificial fly4 ,,fire ,,clay4--,furnaces in all manufactures4 ,,fuller',s ,,earth4--,pin1 cycle and sewing machine4 ,,flints4--,african gun trade1 nickel and cobalt1 chemical works4 ,,founders' ,,dust4--,for casting1 metal trades generally4 ,,gall ,,nuts4--,ink1 brassfounding4 #dd;,,gypsum ,,and ,,plaster ,,of ,,paris4--,gold beating1 paper1 gas manufacture1 railway carriage1 printing and lithography1 whip1 brassfounding1 nails4 ,,gas ,,carbon4--,electrical apparatus makers1 ship's log1 thimble1 whip1 art metal1 optical instruments4 ,,gelatine ,,and ,,glue4--,in nearly all trades4 ,,gannister4--,alloys1 rolled metals1 iron and steel works1 brassfounding4 ,,gold ,,beaters' ,,skin4--,gold beating1 electro-plate4 ,,hares' ,,feet4--,gold beating1 watch chain1 whip1 tool1 thimble1 printing and lithography4 ,,hemp1 ,,hurds1 ,,tow4--,rope and twine1 alloy1 electro-plate1 carriage furniture1 tin plate1 brassfounding1 gas fitting1 railway carriage1 anchor1 sword1 thimble4 ,,honey4--,bronze powder1 cocoa and chocolate4 ,,horse ,,hair4--,railway carriage1 whip1 fishing tackle1 upholstery and bedding4 ,,ivory4--,bone and ivory and billiard ball turners1 electro-plate1 optical instrument4 ,,irish ,,moss1 ,,tannate ,,of ,,soda4--,used generally to prevent scaling in steam boilers4 ,,jute1 ,,kittool ,,fibre4--,paper1 glue1 fibre1 dressing1 electro-plate4 ,,liver ,,of ,,sulphur4--,for bronzing in various metal trades4 ,,lime4--,building1 paper1 glue1 chemical works1 iron wire1 brassfounding1 electro-plate1 printing and lithography1 railway carriage4 ,,marine ,,glue4--,alloys1 railway carriage1 rolled light metal1 optical instrument4 ,,nuts 7,,betel1 ,,coquilla1 ,,carozo74--,buttons4 ,,oilstone ,,dust4--,gun1 clock1 watch finishing4 ,,paraffin ,,wax4--,railway carriage works1 axle box1 rolled light metal works4 ,,polishing ,,thread4--,watch chain1 spectacle1 cycle and sewing machine4 ,,pumice ,,stone4--,grinding and polishing in most metal trades1 printing and lithography1 papier mch4 ,,pearl ,,shell4--,pearl workers1 papier mch1 bedstead1 electro-plate1 optical instrument4 ,,putty ,,powder4--,lapidary1 electro-plate1 diesinking1 needles1 whip1 sword1 thimble4 ,,quills4--,whip1 fishing tackle4 ,,rottenstone4--,for polishing in the metal trades1 papier mch1 pearl work4 ,,sand 7,,fontainbleau1 ,,trent1 ,,silver1 ,,loam1 ,,core1 ,c74--,glass manufacture1 glass grinding1 moulding in the metal trades1 for sand blast in the electro-plate trade4 ,,sandifer or ,,glass ,,gall4--,jewellery1 electro-plate1 watch chain4 ,,sawdust4--,gas manufacture1 brass founding and brass trades generally1 railway carriage1 printing and lithography4 ,,sealing ,,wax4--,for parcelling in nearly all trades4 ,,silk4--,railway carriage1 button1 tin plate1 printing and lithography1 needles and fish hook4 ,,size4--,railway carriage1 printing and lithography1 tin plate1 optical instrument1 house decoration1 electro-gilding4 ,,slate ,,and ,,slate ,,pencil4--,jewellery1 railway carriage1 printing and lithography1 electro-plate1 tin plate4 ,,slag ,,wool4--,gas fittings1 engineers' brass founding4 ,,soap4--,nearly all trades4 ,,sponge4--,tin plate1 art metal1 rolled light brass trade1 whip1 electro-plate1 printing and lithography4 ,,stale ,,beer4--,electro-plating and gilding1 wire working4 ,,sugar4--,cocoa1 electro-plate1 tin plate1 ships' log1 printing and lithography4 ,,straw or ,,hay4--,bedding1 packing in nearly all trades4 ,,swan',s ,,down4--,electro-plate1 bridle bit1 tin plate4 ,,tortoise ,,shell4--,tortoise shell workers1 button4 ,,vulcanite4--,button1 ammunition1 railway carriage4 ,,whalebone4--,whip manufacture4 ,,wool4--,railway carriage1 felt1 printing and lithography1 bedding1 needles1 optical instrument4 ,in reference to some materials1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,robottom1 who has introduced a variety of new products for use in ,birmingham sends me the following notes3 ,cryolite from ,greenland1 is used in making glass globes for the electric light4 ,nitrate of soda1 from ,chili4--,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,lloyd1 merchant1 ,newhall ,street1 sold the first small lot to ,w4 ,c4 ,alston1 about #ej years ago2 since then ,i have sold large quantities to the manufacturers of nitric acid4 ,lard oil was first used in ,birmingham4 ,carnubia wax 7,brazil7 was first used in ,birmingham for wax tapers4 ,mica4--,the first import of large plates from ,india was sold to ,griffiths and ,browett for lanterns to be used in powder magazines4 ,istle or ,mexican ,fibre4--,the first bale was sold by me to ,mrs4 ,grew1 of ,church street1 and used for brush making4 ,kourie ,gum1 from ,new ,zealand1 first used in ,birmingham by ,barratt1 ,postans and others for varnish making4 ,cow ,hair from ,river ,plate used for circular brushes in glass cutting4 ,carozo nuts or ,vegetable ,ivory4--,the first arrivals from ,venezuela were sold to ,mr4 ,burgiss1 of ,great ,charles ,street1 for toys2 afterwards some were obtained by ,mr4 ,bricknall1 button maker1 who first made buttons from this material4 ,subsequently the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,wright1 then a clerk with ,smith and ,kemp1 took up the material1 and it soon became generally used4 ,now some thousands of tons are consumed every year for this purpose4 ,piassava4--8,i sold the first small lot to ,richard ,deen1 and got him to retail it to ,irishmen living in ,london ,prentice street and neighbourhood1 to make into bass brooms for hawking4 ,at the present time some #bjj tons per week of this material is made up into brooms4 ,gum ,animi1 largely used in ,birmingham for varnish4 ,button ,lac was first used in ,birmingham by ,joseph ,shorthouse1 ,market ,street1 who had the first five cases from ,calcutta1 for the manufacture of lacquer4 ,kiltool1 from ,ceylon4 ,the first shipment came to me1 ,i put it aside in some stables at my house in the ,coventry ,road1 intending to sell it for putting under ripe strawberries1 but by accident ,i found out that by putting it into hot oil it took a beautiful black colour4 ,upon this ,mr4 ,lovedee1 of ,bartholomew ,street1 at my suggestion1 dressed and prepared the material for the brush trade4 ,it is now used in great quantities40 ,lemon1 ,orange1 and ,citron ,peel4--,large quantities sent to ,birmingham to be candied at ,mr4 ,pattison's works1 ,spring ,hill4 ,they are imported from ,sicily4 ,the reader having now some idea of the materials entering our district1 let us see generally1 though in mere outline1 how these materials are worked up in the metal trades4 ,,ores4--,the only ores smelted in our district on a large scale are iron and nickel and cobalt4 ,small quantities of galena and copper pyrites are used4 ,spanish ore1 an iron pyrites containing two or three per cent4 of copper1 has the sulphur burnt off in the chemical works1 and the copper is subsequently precipitated and refined4 ,,metals ,,and ,,alloys4--,iron and steel are now extensively produced from cast iron in our district by the modern methods as well as by the older ones of puddling in the case of iron1 and cementing in the case of steel4 ,the basic ,bessemer process has been adopted on a large scale by ,mr4 ,a4 ,hickman1 of the ,spring ,vale ,furnaces1 ,bilston4 ,three converters are used1 one lined in the ordinary manner 7gannister71 the other two with a paste made of dolomite 7magnesian limestone7 and tar1 the process of conversion being commenced in the first named converter1 and finished in the others4 ,at the same works are modern type blast furnaces in which the waste gases are utilised for heating the blast on the regenerative principle1 two stoves being those of ,mr4 ,cowper's system1 while there are three new ones invented by ,ford and ,moncan4 ,messrs4 ,hatton and ,sons of ,bilston1 adopt a fixed ,bessemer converter in which blast of low pressure can be used4 ,at the same works the ,wilson gas producer is used for re-heating furnaces1 and an arrangement on the ,ponsard principle is adopted for raising the temperature of the air used in the combustion of the gas4 ,mr4 ,smith-,casson has in use at the ,round ,oak ,works a novel gas furnace of his invention4 ,at the ,patent ,shaft and ,axle ,tree ,works a modification of the 7,siemens7 open hearth furnace 7an improvement by ,dick and ,riley7 is being used4#de ,at ,messrs4 ,cox ,brothers and ,holland1 ,alcester ,street1 crucible steel is made4 ,the cementing process is carried on at the ,brades ,steel ,works1 ,oldbury4 ,,copper4--,the crude copper known as ,chili bars and precipitated copper from chemical works1 where the sulphur of the ore has been previously utilized1 are refined extensively in the neighbourhood of ,birmingham4 ,,lead4--,lead refuse of various kinds1 together with galena1 is treated at one small works in the town4 ,,alloys4--,in most cases manufacturers mix their own metals4 ,however1 brass1 ,german-silver1 and other alloys are extensively manufactured for the trade4 ,the metal or alloy having been made1 is subject to various general processes1 either as preliminary to manufacture1 or in the course of manufacture1 of which the following are the principal3-- ,,casting4--,from a drawing the pattern is made in wood-- of an inch to the foot longer in case of cast-iron1 and do4 in case of brass to allow for shrinking4 ,the pattern is laid in sand1 often contained in a casting frame1 which1 from its plasticity1 non-fusibility1 and other properties lends itself admirably for mould making4 ,the mould is dusted over with charcoal1 or with a mixture known as founders' dust1 and the casting then made by pouring metal in4 ,with small articles in brass1 metal patterns are used4 ,for gold articles1 such as wedding rings1 an iron frame is used1 filled with the finest red sand4 ,for small gold work1 the cuttle fish bone is used as a mould1 the pattern being pressed in the same manner as in sand4#df ,a special feature in the process of casting in our district is the production of 8chilled0 castings for rolls4 ,the mould for the barrel part of the roll is a heavy cylindrical casting of iron truly bored out to a size sufficient to allow of the roll being turned to the required size4 ,the molten iron is run into the mould sidelong1 and from the bottom1 so as to give the metal a rotatory motion4 ,this rotatory motion causes the dust and slag to keep in the centre1 leaving a pure metal in contact with the mould4 ,this metal chilled by contact with the massive metal mould1 produces the hard and close texture required4#dg ,keys1 stirrups1 hob nails1 and many small articles are produced by casting1 the casting being afterwards rendered malleable by the process of cementation1 which consists in packing the articles in an iron box with powdered hmatite1 and heating from three to seven days4 ,iron castings are also annealed by packing with cinders in a box1 which is then heated for some time1 as with the malleable cast iron4 ,,rolling1 ,,wire ,,and ,,tube ,,drawing4--,iron1 brass1 steel1 and ,german silver are used up in the form of sheet1 wire1 and tube4 ,with large firms producing finished articles1 these processes are done on the premises1 but there are several works devoted to the production of sheet metal1 wire1 or tube only1 and rolling for the trade4 ,in the jewellers' district1 the cast ingots of the precious metals are taken to rolling mills in the neighbourhood to be rolled down to the required degree of fineness4 ,for some articles1 such as spoons1 where a blank is required of varying thickness1 strips of metal are thinned in parts by what is known as 8cross rolling10 the rolls being exposed at one end1 so that a strip of metal may be passed through1 which is thus thinned down at one end4 ,tube drawing is effected by cutting a strip of metal which is then passed through rolls to give it a gutter form4 ,one end of the gutter is now beaten up to form a tang that can be gripped by the tongs of the draw bench1 and the gutter is pulled through a conical hole which roughly forms the tube4 ,the open seam of the tube is now brazed1 and after cleaning1 this roughly formed tube is slipped over a steel rod or mandril4 ,both mandril and tube are drawn through a smooth circular hole when a smooth uniform tube is formed4 ,fluted taper tubes are made as described at 7,b4 p4 #cbddh7 by means of 8tins10 but a novel method is now adopted for smooth taper tubes4 ,a wedge-shaped piece of metal is roughly made into a conical tube which is put on a taper mandril revolving in a lathe4 ,a flat steel burnisher is pressed on to the tube as it revolves pressing the metal to take the shape of the mandril4 ,twisted tubes are produced by drawing the tube through a revolving nut 7,b4 p4 #cbedh71 embossed or ornamented tubes by drawing a plain tube through a die1 composed of a series1 four say1 of small wheels or pulleys on the edge of each wheel being impressed the desired pattern4 ,as the tube is drawn through the die1 the wheels turn and impress on the tube the pattern they carry on their surface4 ,as stated 7,b4 p4 #cbfdh71 the invention is due to ,mr4 ,fearn4 ,it should1 however1 be mentioned that the process failed in his hands1 but was subsequently taken up by ,messrs4 ,winfield and ,co41 who1 with the help of their engineer1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,preston1 brought the process to perfection4 ,,press ,,tool ,,work4--,the next general process in the manufacture of many metallic articles is cutting out a blank into the requisite shape4 ,this is done by what is called a press tool consisting of two parts2 one a firm block of steel1 in which is an aperture1 circular1 oval1 or whatever shape may be desired1 and the other a punch of corresponding shape1 a piece of metal being placed over the aperture1 the punch is forced down by a screw of high pitch on to the metal1 when a blank is cut out at one blow1 and falls into a pan placed to receive it4#di ,,stamping4--,used for hollowing blanks in a number of trades4 ,the blank cut by hand or tool is placed on a mould or die1 and a heavy weight1 carrying on its lower surface the counterpart of the mould1 working in guides so as to fall true1 can be lifted up and allowed to fall on the blank until the metal is forced into the shape of the mould4 ,as the metal hardens by successive blows1 the blanks are annealed 7that is heated and allowed to cool7 as often as may be found necessary4 ,the weight which gives the blow is supported by a strap passing over a wheel in constant motion4 ,so long as the strap hangs loosely over the wheel1 the friction of the moving wheel is insufficient to lift the weight1 but immediately the workman makes the strap taut1 the weight is carried up and is let fall by the workman releasing his hold on the strap4 ,,shaping4--,thin metal is shaped by pressure applied by means of a screw press1 the metal being placed between a die or mould and its counterpart4 ,,automatic ,,machinery4--,a number of articles produced from wire1 such as pins1 nails1 hooks and eyes1 hair pins1 etc41 are made completely by automatic machinery1 the wire being wound off a reel at one end of the machine and transformed into the various articles as it passes along until it comes out at the other end of the machine1 a finished or nearly finished article4 ,,automatic ,,turning ,,and ,,shaping4--,gun stocks1 boot lasts1 tool handles and other similar articles are automatically turned4 ,with a gun stock for example1 the rough form cut from a plank is put in a lathe1 above is placed a steel model or dummy of the form required to be turned1 the model and the wooden blank are made to revolve at precisely the same speed1 and a rotating cutter travels slowly along from one end of the blank to the other1 the movement of the cutter inwards or outwards being regulated by the dummy4 ,the wooden blank having been put in the lathes1 the cutting is started1 and it then goes on until finished1 when the lathe stops automatically4 ,the shaping of gun locks and many other parts of the gun is effected by causing a revolving cutter to be moved over a fixed steel model or dummy1 the cutter thus shapes the blank to a fac-simile of the pattern or dummy4#ej ,,spinning4--,tea pot bodies and a variety of articles in ,britannia metal are 8spun40 ,a piece of wood #d or #e inches in diameter is attached to the lathe head1 and in this a hollow corresponding to the bottom of the tea pot is turned4 ,a sheet of metal of a foot or so diameter is now put against the wood and pressed into the hollow by a wooden cylindrical mould with a round base which corresponds to the concavity4 ,the disc is rotated very rapidly and the workman presses the soft metal over the mould so as to form a vessel in shape somewhat resembling a coffee cup with upright sides1 the cylindrical mould is taken out and replaced by a disc of wood in two halves1 held in place by a spindle from the back centre of the lathe4 ,the metal cylinder is now gradually closed in until the opening is reduced to the required size1 when the body is complete4 ,the spindle is withdrawn and the divided disc of wood easily shakes out4 ,,drawing ,,through4--,umbrella ferrules1 pencil cases1 cartridge cases1 and a variety of articles are made by 8drawing through40 ,the finest example of this process is seen in the manufacture of a metallic cartridge case1 such as is used in the new ,enfield-,martini rifle4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,bayliss1 ,managing ,director of the ,birmingham ,small ,arms and ,metal ,company1 for the following particulars4 ,the brass is rolled to the required thickness4#ea ,it is then passed into a machine which forms it into a shallow cup4 ,this machine consists of a tubular punch which cuts out a disc of #a4be inch diameter1 immediately upon which a solid plug passing through the tubular punch1 presses the disc through a steel ring1 so that it falls to the ground as a shallow brass cup4 ,three of these are produced by one blow of the press4 ,the cups are heated in a muffle to a red heat1 then dipped in dilute sulphuric acid to remove scale1 washed1 coated with soap and oil1 and then passed through a second machine in which a slightly narrower punch forces the cup through a slightly narrower ring1 and thus the cup1 while retaining the same thickness at the bottom1 is made slightly narrower and much deeper4 ,repetitions of the process 7six altogether7 produce a case rather more than half-an-inch wide and three inches long1 which1 when cut off to proper length1 indented at the bottom for reception of the cap1 and some other finishing processes gone through1 is ready for the charge of powder4 ,the process is applied to small articles like pencil cases1 and at the ,small ,arms and ,metal ,company to cases as large as #ebj inch diameter and #ae inch long4 ,,soldering4--,hard soldering or brazing consists in fusing an alloy of high melting point between two junctions of the metal to be soldered so as firmly to connect them4 ,the solder in fine powder is mixed with powdered borax1 and made into a puddle with water1 and then spread about the parts to be soldered together4 ,the article is now heated by fire or gas1 and the moment when the solder runs1 is carefully watched4 ,gold and silver soldering used in the jewellery trades is on a small scale similar to brazing1 the solder used is a gold or silver alloy of slightly lower melting point than the article to be soldered3 the borax is commonly applied by previously rubbing down a crystal on a piece of slate and the white puddle thus obtained applied by means of a camel hair pencil to the junction on which the solder is placed4 ,the article is supported on a piece of pumice stone and the necessary heat produced by the flame from a mouth blowpipe4 ,in soft soldering an alloy of tin and lead is used1 the melted alloy being spread by means of a 8bit0 or 8doctor10 consisting of a piece of copper attached to an iron rod set in a wooden handle4 ,a flux called 8monkey0 or 8spirit10 consisting of muriatic acid with dissolved zinc1 having previously been applied4 ,formerly resin was used as a flux1 but this is now to a great extent superseded by the mixture just spoken of4 ,,scratch ,,brushing is used to produce a rich rough surface previous to gilding4 ,revolving brushes of brass wire scratch the surface of the article which is kept well moistened with stale beer or with water to which size has been added4 ,of late years the ,,sand ,,blast has been introduced for roughing surfaces4 ,sand is fed into a powerful blast of air1 and a fine frosted surface produced4 ,if the article is protected in places by a mask of paper or soft metal cut out in any desired pattern1 an ornamental pattern is produced requiring only a little chasing to finish it4 ,the sand blast is used too in the production of an imitation of engraved glass1 in embossing glass as a substitute for hydrofluoric acid1 and for re-cutting old files4 ,,dipping4--,in order to clean brass articles1 they are dipped into a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids1 the temperature and strength of acid determining whether the dipping is bright or dead4 ,the bright articles are now finished by burnishing or polishing1 and are then ready for ,,lacquering4--,the articles are laid on an iron table heated to a temperature of about #bcj ,f4 by super-heated steam4 ,when warm1 the lacquer1 which is a solution of shell-lac in spirits of wine1 is brushed over1 the spirit evaporates and leaves a protecting coating of gum4 ,,gold ,,cutting or ,,lapping in jewellery consists in pressing articles against a rapidly revolving disc or 8lap10 composed of lead and tin1 to the surface of which fine emery has been applied4 ,the faces of the article which have thus been 8cut0 are subsequently polished on a 8bob10 that is on a wheel covered with leather on its edge or circumference4#eb ,,colouring in jewellery refers to a rich gold colour obtained on gold articles4 ,the process at first could be applied only to jewellery of high quality1 but now #ae and #ah carat gold is coloured4 ,the articles are heated to dull redness to destroy grease and dirt1 then hung on platinum wires and immersed in a boiling mixture of salt1 saltpetre1 and muriatic acid and water4 ,after drying out in sawdust they are scratch-brushed4#eb ,there are many extremely interesting processes in the trades of our town besides those which apply exclusively to the metal trades1 but for these ,i have no space4 ,those who wish for full information respecting the history1 position1 and general character of the ,birmingham industries1 must consult 8,birmingham and the ,midland ,hardware ,district10 edited by ,mr4 ,sam4 ,timmins4 ,this volume1 which was published on the occasion of the visit of the ,british ,association to the town in #ahfe1 is exhaustive1 describing the trades as they then existed4 ,in order1 however1 to supplement ,mr4 ,timmins' book1 application has been made to various gentlemen who have been good enough to provide the following short notices 7or the substance of them7 of the various trades referred to at length in the volume4 ,in addition there are some notices of industries which have been introduced since the year #ahfe4 ,,supplementary ,,details ,,of ,,birmingham ,,trade ,,since #ahfe4 ,introductory ,note4--,the references to 8,birmingham and the ,midland ,hardware ,district0 volume are quoted as 8,b410 followed by a number indicating the page4 ,thus 7,b4 #gg7 means1 ,see 8,birmingham and the ,midland ,hardware ,district01 page #gg4 ,the trades are arranged alphabetically4 ,assay ,office of ,birmingham4--,h4 ,,westwood4--7,b4 #dii74 ,the assay marks continue to be so highly valued by the public that all goods are now sent to be assayed and marked except those of the commonest quality1 and a few richly wrought articles that would be injured in the process4#ec ,the statistics of the ,assay ,office form an index to the condition of the gold and silver trades of the town4 ,the following tables are a continuation of those given by ,mr4 ,ryland 7,b4 #ejg74 ,,weight ,,of ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,wares ,,assayed ,,and ,,marked ,,in ,,birmingham4 ,year ends ,gold4 ,silver4 ,june #bdth oz4 oz4 #ahfe #cj1gcc #ii1fhh #ahff #ce1gje #ij1gcf #ahfg #cd1aad #hc1eja #ahfh #cf1agj #gi1fdb #ahfi #dg1fid #hg1jbg #ahgj #dh1abc #hd1cbc #ahga #eh1cbc #ha1bdh #ahgb #ge1icc #ia1ihh #ahgc #ih1acd #ajf1dae #ahgd #aaf1cbe #acd1idi #ahge #aac1fdb #ada1abc #ahgf #abj1jai #adb1adh #ahgg #aad1ggb #afc1jdg #ahgh #ajd1bjb #aei1hdg #ahgi #hg1jdb #aff1dfi #ahhj #ha1fjf #bci1hce #ahha #gj1dff #cca1bji #ahhb #hf1hcg #eaa1gdc #ahhc #ia1jec #hea1ieg #ahhd #ii1gii #ibf1ifh #ahhe #ig1fah #hhh1cia ,,amount ,,of ,,plate ,,duty ,,collected4 ,year ends ,july #bdth4 ,date4 ,amount4 #ahfe #aa1aad #ahff #aa1dic #ahfg #i1ida #ahfh #i1gfa #ahfi #aj1eje #ahgj #aj1gfg #ahga #aa1bgj #ahgb #ab1fjc #ahgc #ad1hhi #ahgd #ag1hih #ahge #ah1bjb ,year ends ,june #bdth4 #ahgf #ah1fhi #ahgg #ai1jec #ahgh #ah1djf #ahgi #ae1geb #ahhj #ac1hih #ahha #ae1ada #ahhb #ah1fdi #ahhc #ai1ffc #ahhd #bj1idc #ahhe #bj1bba ,,number ,,of ,,assays ,,made ,,in ,,birmingham4 ,date4 ,number4 #ahdc #a1fhe #ahec #b1dgg #ahfc #f1hbc #ahgc #ch1ach #ahhc #aja1jab ,bedsteads1 ,iron and ,brass4--,l4 ,,brierley4--7,b4 #fbd47 ,in #ahdi there were only about eight manufacturers of metallic bedsteads in ,birmingham and the neighbourhood1 whose united production probably reached #djj finished articles per week4 ,in #ahfe the number had increased to twenty1 with a weekly output of about #e1jjj2 the number of makers within a radius of fifteen miles is about forty1 and the weekly production not far short of #bj1jjj4 ,as the number of manufacturers increased1 and competition necessarily became keener1 so improvements were continually being effected4 ,the old imitation bamboo cane gave way to more artistic effects of colour4 ,the pillars and rails were decorated with flowers and ,dutch metal1 or with gold--accomplished partly by hand1 and partly by the process 7long known in the potteries for ornamenting china ware7 called transferring4 ,this somewhat pronounced1 if not 8loud0 style of decoration1 though still in demand for foreign countries1 has in its turn been replaced by plain polished surfaces1 relieved at intervals with brass1 nickel1 or silver plated joints1 and mountings4 ,prices range now 7#ahhf7 from #e_/- or #f_/- for a plain stump bedstead to #ajj for electro-silver plated canopy or fore part constructed to suit ,oriental taste4 ,the ,united ,states now buys and also makes metallic bedsteads4 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 the ,cape1 ,mauritius1 ,canada1 ,east and ,west ,indies1 the ,states of ,south ,america1 ,egypt1 ,china1 and to some extent1 ,japan1 purchase4 ,about #ejj persons are now employed in ,birmingham and neighbourhood in the bedstead trade2 the average earnings of men are about #bc_/- per week1 and of women about #ad_/- per week4 ,within the last ten years wire mattresses have been introduced4 ,the price was formerly #d to #e for a mattress1 according to width4 ,now a good one may be obtained at a price varying from #bj_/- to #dj_/-4 ,while ,birmingham and the district is the principal seat of the bedstead trade there are extensive manufactories in ,london1 ,manchester1 ,glasgow1 and ,bristol4 ,metallic bedsteads are also made extensively in ,france1 ,spain1 ,italy1 ,germany1 and of late years in the ,united ,states also4 ,a great number are1 however1 still exported to ,spain and ,america in spite of the native competition1 and protective duties amounting to #de per cent4 ,our trade with ,spain is very much reduced of late years in consequence of ,england being denied the advantage of 8the favoured nation0 clause4 ,block ,paper and its ,uses4--,j4 ,b4 ,,gausby4--7,b4 #egd47 ,since the previous paper on this subject was written1 there has been no alteration in the process of manufacture1 nor has there been any marked development of the trade as a whole4 ,the manufacture of panels of various thickness has increased in consequence of their adoption in the place of wood1 where bending or exposure to varying conditions of moisture are required4 ,the great quantities of trays imported from ,japan for some time checked the demand for moulded paper tray blanks1 but the demand is now returning4 ,fashion has however dealt less kindly with the manufacture of slabs in blocks for the purpose of manufacturing artificial jet ornaments4 ,this branch of the trade is entirely destroyed4 ,boiler ,plate and ,gas ,holders4--,w4 ,s4 ,,sutherland4--7,b4 #ic47 ,in spite of heavy duties1 boiler and gas apparatus are still exported4 ,within the last twenty years many types of tubular boilers have been introduced1 but the one fluted or ,cornish boiler1 the simple egg-end1 and the ,lancashire and double boiler with cross tubes are most generally used4 ,mild steel has been introduced into boiler making and plate making during the last few years1 though it is still a contested point whether it is superior to iron when all things are taken into consideration4 ,it requires to have all rivet holes drilled1 and it must be carefully annealed1 though the writer is informed by ,mr4 ,edwin ,danks1 of ,oldbury1 that steel makers often prefer to have their plates either worked cold or at a red heat1 and not in the intermediate condition4 ,drilling machines especially designed are now used4 ,hydraulic machines of greatly improved construction have come into use for facilitating the operations in the boiler yard4 ,these machines are portable1 the water being supplied through a flexible tube4 ,improvements in the construction of the internal boiler flues have been made to enable them to resist increased pressure1 and further to allow the expansion and contraction of the flue without injury4 ,of these improvements1 the most noted are ,fox's corrugated flues1 the bowling ring1 the flanged flue1 and ,arnold's flue4 ,an improvement introduced by the writer into boiler plate working1 is the system of welding by gas1 adopted in ,birmingham by ,messrs4 ,piggott1 and by ,messrs4 ,lloyd and ,lloyd1 for tubular and other work and applied by ,mr4 ,puplett for welding plate sheets of steel only1 #ab and #ac w4g4 thick into ice moulds4 ,it is found that the strength of the weld equals that of the solid plate1 and the process is a cleanly and convenient one4 ,hemispherical sugar pans of #h and #i feet diameter without a joint are made by ,messrs4 ,piggott1 who use this process4 ,gas ,holders4--,since #ahfe much larger gas holders have been made4 ,the two designed by ,mr4 ,hunt1 and recently erected at the ,windsor ,street ,works1 ,birmingham1 have each a capacity of #f1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 and are at the present time the largest in the world4 ,brassfoundry4--7,b4 #bbe74 ,no important changes have taken place in this trade since the last report was written4 ,at ,messrs4 ,winfield's and other makers1 light and elegant 8electroliers10 for electric lighting1 have been added to the usual run of work4 ,a general cheapening of brass articles has resulted among other causes from the reduction in price of copper4 ,in the table 7,b4 #bei7 it will be seen that in #ahee copper was #abf a ton1 the prices since #ahfe1 when it was #ib1 have been-- #ahff #hh #ahfg #gh #ahfh #gf #ahfi #ge #ahgj #gj #ahga #ge #ahgb #if #ahgc #ib #ahgd #hg #ahge #hh #ahgf #hb #ahgg #ge #ahgh #fg #ahgi #fc #ahhj #fg #ahha #ff #ahhb #gb #ahhc #fg #ahhd #ei #ahhe #dh ,the increased imports from ,america account for the fall in price1 the increase in ,lake ,superior copper alone being from #be1dci tons in #ahhb1 to #ce1jjj in #ahhe4ed ,button ,trade4--,j4 ,p4 ,,turner4--7,b4 #dcb47 ,a fashion for covered buttons in various qualities of mohair or its imitations1 in diagonal patterns1 has prevailed at home and abroad for some years4 ,these are largely made in ,birmingham1 but as many or more are imported from ,germany1 where the covering is wholly produced1 and1 further1 a better finish to the buttons is obtained4 ,vegetable ,ivory or ,carozo ,nut ,buttons4--,the ,germans produce more beautiful designs and superior finish at the same prices1 and the ,birmingham markets are now almost annihilated4 ,the foreign trade ,birmingham once had is extinguished4 ,pearl ,buttons4--,since #ahfe a new supply of pearl shell has been obtained from various parts of the coast round ,australia1 and this locality is our chief source of supply4 ,it is worth #bjj per ton for picked parcels1 and about #aej per ton when delivered here4 ,the best of this shell is equal or nearly so to the best ,macassar shells4 ,panama shells are now found in but small quantities1 and instead of only fetching #bj to #cj per ton1 as quoted in #ahfe1 they are now worth #ej to #gj4 ,glass ,buttons4--,some fancy glass buttons made in ,birmingham are still unsurpassed in style1 but the sale is a limited one4 ,more than ever come from ,bohemia1 where they are better made than formerly1 and equally low in price4 ,the button trade in ,paris has had to yield to ,german competition equally with that in ,england4#ee ,cast ,iron and ,hollow ,ware4--,w4 ,,kenrick1 ,m4,p4--7,b4 #ajc47 ,since #ahff the increase in the trade is remarkable1 and some important improvements have been introduced by which the public has obtained a very superior article1 at a price quite as low1 if not lower than before4 ,roughly speaking1 the trade has doubled in twenty years4 ,enamelled iron ware has become better known and more appreciated4 ,ten firms are now engaged in this manufacture4 ,messrs4 ,baldwin1 of ,stourport1 have introduced and patented a new process1 whereby they claim the production of a better enamel at a lower price1 owing to the use of a single coat4 ,this variety is called mottled enamel ware4 ,messrs4 ,kenrick were the first in the trade to introduce a cover stamped out of a single piece of metal without rivet or seam1 and this was manufactured under a patent taken out by ,mr4 ,ryland in #ahfh4 ,since then the adoption of a solid cover has extended generally throughout the trade4 ,by another patent1 the firm fixed the tubular handle to the saucepan by means of a socket in which the tube was securely locked without a rivet4 ,the process of annealing has been improved by a saving of time occupied in the process4 ,machinery has been introduced into the moulding of hollow-ware1 the stamping and finishing of covers1 and the dressing of hinges and sash pulleys4 ,the odd work which comprises most small articles of cast iron used by builders' furnishers1 c41 has undergone a great change in appearance1 owing to the introduction of a new style of finish from ,america4 ,a coat of transparent varnish is now applied1 the iron being previously polished on those parts in relief1 and the result is an appearance somewhat resembling antique bronze4 ,this1 together with greater lightness and elegance of design1 has given an impetus to the trade1 and has led to the introduction of iron where brass was previously used4 ,the favourable conditions of labour described in #ahff still prevail1 though it may be added that progress in this direction has at least kept pace with the advance in progress of manufacture1 and the greater excellence in the ware produced4 ,the provisions of the ,factory ,acts have long applied to this industry with beneficial results4 ,the hours of labour have been reduced1 and thanks to the ,education ,act of #ahgj1 the intelligence and docility of the younger operatives are their notable characteristics4 ,what is now wanted is the establishment of ,science and ,art classes where the principles which underlie processes may be learnt1 and the power to add beauty of form to articles of utility may be acquired4 ,when these branches of technical training are added to the course of elementary instruction in our public ,schools1 all that is needed to secure the prosperity of ,british industry will have been done4 ,the best relations as a rule now exist between employers and employed2 the former are less exacting and more sympathetic1 the latter take juster views of the relation of capital and labour1 and are more ready to co-operate with their employers to a common end4 ,the wider introduction of machinery has been attended with the larger employment of female labour1 and this seems to be an inevitable tendency of modern processes of manufacture4 ,on the other hand many more skilled workmen are required in the fitting and machine shops1 which now form an important department in large works of the class here described4 ,clocks4--,within the last year or two a new industry has been imported into the town by ,mr4 ,edward ,davies1 formerly of the ,ansonia ,clock ,company1 ,brooklyn4 ,a company has been formed under the name of the ,british ,united ,clock ,company1 of #cd1 ,farringdon ,road1 ,london4 ,the works are in ,great ,hampton ,street1 ,birmingham4 ,the company make the round or drum-like time pieces1 the works of which are machine-made1 the parts being interchangeable1 and are supplied retail at a few shillings each4 ,coinage4--,,ralph ,,heaton4--7,b4 #eeb74 ,coining presses devised by a ,german named ,uhlhorn1 but manufactured and improved by ,messrs4 ,heaton1 have been supplied to the ,royal ,mint4 ,the great advantage of the new presses is that they require no foundation1 and are silent and automatic in action4 ,the blanks are dropped into a tube1 and the machine carries them forward one by one to the dies1 where they are finished and fall into a box in front of the workman4 ,with regard to the manufacture of blanks1 ,birmingham has from time to time furnished these to a number of ,states1 and is doing so now4 ,nickel coinage 7an alloy of #bj per cent4 nickel1 and #hj per cent4 copper7 has been supplied to ,jamaica in pence1 half pence1 and farthings4 ,in #ahhd1 seventy-five tons nickel alloy were coined for ,servia1 and an entirely new coinage of both silver and nickel for the ,republic of ,ecuador4 ,at the present time 7#ahhf7 ,messrs4 ,heaton are supplying ,columbia and ,egypt with nickel coinage4 ,the nickel alloy is an excellent material for coinage4 ,in #ahgb the ,birmingham ,mint delivered silver blanks to the ,royal ,mint1 for a coinage of the nominal value of #a1jjj1jjj4 ,this was completed in six months4 ,the letter ,h below the date will be found on many of the bronze coins in circulation2 this implies that the coins were struck at the ,birmingham ,mint4 ,at the time of their introduction in #ahge1 it was supposed that an extensive gang of forgers were at work1 and the mint authorities were communicated with by an anonymous writer1 who stated that the counterfeit coins could be distinguished by the small letter ,h below the date4 ,messrs4 ,heaton have supplied coins to no less than #ci states or authorities4 ,in #ahfh1 the ,italian ,government ordered five million lire in pieces of #aj centimes2 and in consideration of the satisfactory manner in which this and other coinages had been carried out1 his majesty1 ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 conferred the honour of knighthood on the firm4 ,electric ,lighting4--,,henry ,,lea1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4--,the period of fifteen years following the last ,meeting of the ,british ,association in ,birmingham1 in the year #ahfe1 was devoid of any undertakings in electric lighting1 other than in the direction of the application of powerful arc lights for lighthouse purposes1 as practised by ,messrs4 ,chance ,bros41 of ,spon ,lane1 near ,birmingham1 who1 beginning in #ahfb with apparatus having optical adjustments for electric arc lights of small power1 proceeded to introduce more and more powerful lights1 of which the ,souter ,point revolving light of the #bnd and #crd order built in #ahgj1 the ,south ,forelands fixed lights1 two in number1 and of the #crd order1 built in the same year2 the ,sydney ,heads light of the #ast order and of #aa1jjj candle power1 built in #ahhj2 and the flashing light at ,tino1 near ,spezia1 a lamp of the #bnd order1 finished in #ahhe1 are examples shewing the great progress made during the period referred to4 ,the ,sydney ,heads light is said to be the leading light of the world4 ,the motive power employed for it is the ,otto silent gas engine4 ,the carbons are #bc millimetres1 or upwards of in dia4 ,particulars of these undertakings will be found in a special paper upon ,lighthouse ,work in another part of this volume4 ,the first application of arc lighting for ordinary business purposes in this district is believed to be that of the ,birmingham ,household ,supply ,association ,limited1 which was fixed in the year #ahhj-a under the superintendence of the writer1 who employed a pair of #h #ab ,horizontal ,tangye ,engines to drive a ,brush ,dynamo working sixteen arc lamps4 ,amongst other examples of arc lighting subsequently put down may be named those at ,messrs4 ,brown ,marshalls ,co4's ,carriage ,works at ,saltley1 ,messrs4 ,john ,wilkes and ,sons' ,rolling ,mills in ,liverpool ,street1 ,messrs4 ,elkington ,co4's ,show ,rooms1 in ,newhall ,street1 the ,new ,british ,iron ,co4's ,works at ,corngreaves1 the ,lower ,grounds at ,aston ,park1 and ,messrs4 ,cadbury ,bros4' ,cocoa ,manufactory1 near ,birmingham1 the latter being only very recently started upon the ,gulcher system4 ,the incandescent or glow electric lamp1 first made its appearance upon a large scale in ,birmingham1 in the year #ahhb1 when the ,birmingham ,town ,hall was successfully illuminated for the ,triennial ,musical ,festival1 by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,w4 ,winfield and ,co41 who had allied themselves with ,messrs4 ,r4 ,e4 ,crompton and ,co41 of ,chelmsford1 for electric lighting undertakings4 ,this installation was established under the writer's superintendence1 and consisted of #ddj ,swan glow lamps1 suspended from ornamental pendants placed around the walls of the ,hall1 a chamber having very nearly the proportions of a double cube1 and measuring #afe;ft4 #fe;ft4 #fe;ft4 high4 ,various lamps in other rooms raised the number to #ejj4 ,cables were laid underneath the streets1 for a distance of about a quarter of a mile1 to the works of ,messrs4 ,winfield and ,co41 in ,cambridge street1 where nine ,brgin ,dynamos1 separately excited by two similar machines1 were employed to generate the electricity1 the motive power being the old rolling mill engine1 from the flywheel of which a belt conveyed the motion to the electric machinery4 ,this wheel1 being #be;ft4 diameter1 weighing about #be tons1 and revolving #ej times per minute1 afforded a source of motion1 the steadiness of which left nothing to be desired4 ,the marked difference of temperature in the ,town ,hall during the evening performances1 as compared with the previous use of gas--#gj at the ceiling instead of #aaj--was fully appreciated by the large audiences of that festival4 ,subsequently the number of lamps was increased to upwards of #fjj1 by the addition of two pendants4 ,the same means of illumination were used for the #ahhe ,triennial ,festival1 as well as on many occasions of concerts1 etc4 ,the whole plant still remains the property of ,messrs4 ,winfield and ,co4 ,upon somewhat similar lines the same firm fitted up the ,leeds ,town ,hall1 for the ,festival of #ahhc1 where1 however1 the whole of the light was derived from pendants suspended from the ceiling by steel wire ropes4 ,the machinery in this case was also situated about a quarter of a mile from the ,town ,hall4 ,in the year #ahhb1 ,messrs4 ,elwell1 ,parker1 and ,co41 commenced electrical business in ,wolverhampton1 with secondary or storage batteries constructed upon a modification of the ,plant method of manufacture4 ,shortly afterwards1 the same firm began to make dynamos for charging their batteries1 since which time the output has increased1 and now amounts to a total of about #ejj dynamos1 besides several thousands of storage cells1 the latter being now made under the joint ,patents of the ,wolverhampton ,firm1 and the ,electrical ,power ,storage ,co41 ,limited1 of ,london4 ,the ,london ,stock ,exchange1 ,lloyd's ,shipping ,offices1 the ,manchester ,art ,gallery1 ,lord ,shrewsbury's seat at ,ingestre ,hall1 the ,lancashire and ,yorkshire ,railway ,co41 the ,blackpool ,electric ,tramway1 the ,giants' ,causeway ,electric ,tramway1 the ,cannock ,chase ,colliery1 the ,grosvenor ,gallery and many other establishments are lighted or worked by means of dynamos manufactured by the ,wolverhampton firm4 ,amongst installations set up in ,birmingham under the writer's superintendence may be mentioned the ,theatre ,royal1 in ,new ,street1 and the ,prince of ,wales ,theatre1 in ,broad ,street1 in each of which the plant consists of a #af-;,h4,p4 ,otto silent gas engine1 driving a #cjj light ,ferranti alternate current dynamo with a ,siemen's exciter1 and with appliances at the prompt side for lowering or turning out the light at will4 #bjj lights are run very brightly with an expenditure of about #hjj cubic feet of gas per hour4 ,a similar number of ordinary gas burners would require from #a1jjj to #a1bjj cubic feet of gas per hour4 ,the ,birmingham ,liberal ,club1 in ,congreve ,street1 another example1 has #afj lamps which are worked from a #aj-unit compound dynamo1 made by ,messrs4 ,crompton and ,co41 of ,chelmsford1 the motive power being a #ab-;,h4,p4 compound steam engine1 by ,messrs4 ,marshall1 ,sons1 and ,co41 ,limited1 of ,gainsborough4 ,this machine is an excellent specimen of a self-regulating dynamo1 the commutator not having been touched with anything coarser than well-worn emery cloth since ,february last1 its surface presenting a highly-polished appearance4 ,no storage cells are used1 the lighting being derived directly from the machine4 ,in the suburbs1 the house of ,mr4 ,mitchell1 ,hagley ,road1 ,edgbaston1 has about #dj lights1 and is worked from a #b-;,h4,p4 ,otto silent gas engine1 and a #b-unit ,crompton shunt-wound dynamo1 charging #bd storage cells of the ,e4,p4,s4 7,electrical ,power ,storage ,co4's7 type4 ,the writer's house1 #g1 ,clarendon ,road1 ,edgbaston1 is also electrically lighted by #bd ,e4,p4,s4 cells1 charged by a #cj-light ,chamberlain ,hookham dynamo1 worked from a -,h4,p4 ,otto gas engine4 ,messrs4 ,chamberlain ,hookham began1 a few years ago1 the manufacture of dynamos having permanent steel magnets1 but they subsequently adopted the more usual type of electro-magnetic machines4 ,particulars are not to hand of this firm's work1 but the residences of ,messrs4 ,walter ,chamberlain and ,herbert ,chamberlain are amongst the examples of domestic electric lighting carried out by the firm1 whose attention1 however1 has been directed principally to the manufacture of dynamos for electro-depositing purposes1 where very heavy currents of low electro-motive force are required4 ,the public supply of electricity was in #ahhb-c the subject of much attention on the part of ,messrs4 ,winfield ,crompton1 under whose auspices the ,incandescent ,electric ,lighting ,co4 ,ld4 was registered4 ,an ,act of ,parliament was obtained1 and plans and estimates were made by the writer for lighting a large district in ,birmingham from central stations4 ,carefully collected statistics of the gas consumption in the proposed district afforded some interesting information1 such as1 for instance1 that the average cost of gas per burner per annum1 called the burner earnings1 varied from #b;d4 to #dc_/f per burner per annum1 and showed a mean earning for the whole district of #aj_/b per burner per annum1 the average price of gas being about #b_/c per #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,from various causes1 chief amongst them being the adverse restrictions of the ,electric ,lighting ,act of #ahhb1 the operations of the ,company have remained in abeyance4 ,the ,birmingham ,act is1 however1 still in force1 and should the efforts which are now being made for the removal or substantial modification of the obnoxious clauses of the ,act meet with the desired success1 ,birmingham may yet enjoy the advantages of a public supply of electric light1 the luxury of which only those who have lived in an electrically lighted house can fully appreciate4 ,flint ,glass ,manufacture of ,birmingham4--,a4 ,c4 ,,osler4--7,b4 #ebf47 ,further inventions have been made with regard to furnaces4 ,frisby's patent1 the fuel inserted from below1 instead of being thrown on the top of the fire1 has met with some amount of favour1 having been adopted by several ,stourbridge houses4 ,btius's patent1 by which the earlier stages of combustion take place below the floor of the furnace1 and a current of heated air is supplied to complete the combustion as the inflammable gases pass through an opening in its floor into the furnace itself1 has now been in use at ,messrs4 ,osler's for many years4 ,the process of etching by hydrofluoric acid1 has been largely developed as a means of ornamenting glass1 and has to a large extent superseded engraving4 ,highly artistic designs are produced by a combination of etching and engraving4 ,mechanical methods are adopted in producing many effective borders4 ,among new inventions for the ornamentation of glass1 should be mentioned the process of 8threading10 that is1 the surrounding and partial covering of a body of glass of one colour with a continuous thread of glass of another colour1 by which many beautiful effects of varying and toned colour are produced4 ,recent years have also seen the revival of what is termed cameo cutting on glass4 ,a body of glass being formed of layers of different colours1 the outer layer or layers are partially removed by eating away by hydrofluoric acid1 and the remaining portions are then wrought into designs with the chisel or graver4 ,a reproduction of the ,portland ,vase is one of the most remarkable specimens of this revived art1 which offers excellent opportunity for the combination of lustrous colours of varied hue with delicate and exquisite ornamentation4 ,marked progress has been made in the production of coloured glass1 formerly almost a monopoly of the ,bohemian makers4 ,hinges of ,wrought ,iron4--,f4 ,e4 ,,martineau4--7,b4 #faj47 ,material consumed at time of ,british ,association ,meeting1 in #ahdi1 was about #gjj tons2 in #ahfe1 about #b1ejj tons1 and this year1 #ahhf1 about #c1ejj tons per annum4 ,in #ahfe1 about #cjj people were employed in the trade1 there are now about #chj4 ,strip steel has to a certain extent replaced strip iron in the manufacture4 ,hydraulic ,machinery4--,,messrs4 ,,tangye4--7,b4 #fdg47 ,the ,cornwall ,works have rapidly extended1 now occupying six times the area covered in #ahfe4 #b1jjj men are employed4 ,in addition to hydraulic machinery1 steam engines1 machine tools1 machinery for gas works1 patent retort lids1 gas stoking and charging machines1 gas engines of a novel and economical type1 steam boilers of all kinds1 and fixed and portable steam cranes are manufactured4 ,these works will now turn out per month #bjj steam pumping engines1 #dj steam boilers1 #ajj steam engines used for other purposes than pumping1 #hjj cranes1 crabs1 and lifting apparatus4 #cjj hydraulic presses1 lifts1 and jacks4 #e1jjj complete sets of pulley blocks1 and #a1jjj gas retort mouth-pieces and lids4 ,jewellery4--,,john ,,bragg4 7,b4 #deb74--;,,extent ,,of ,,the ,,trade4--,this general title includes a number of so called 8,trades0 which appear in the ,directory under separate heads4 ,it covers not only gold and silver 8,jewellers10 but gold and silver chain makers1 gilt1 plated1 and black ornament jewellers1 as well as all those subsidiary branches which exist solely for the general trade1 such for instance as lapidaries1 stone dealers1 gold cutters1 chasers1 engravers1 jewellers' die sinkers1 tool makers and stampers1 enamellers1 case makers1 and also jewellery factors4 ,in several large establishments1 many of these separate departments are carried on within the walls and under one central management4 ,the ,post ,office ,directory for #ahhe gives #a1abc master-men thus engaged in ,birmingham4 ,to these however must be added a large number of 8garret0 masters or 8out workers0 whose names do not so appear1 and who employ perhaps only one1 two1 or three persons each4 ,it is estimated that #ad1jjj to #af1jjj persons are actively employed in this trade in ,birmingham1 while probably #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj are locally dependent upon it4 ,the amount of capital here engaged in it is enormous1 and1 without doubt1 larger than any other distinct and separate trade of the town4 ,the manufacture is still1 as at last report1 aggregated in one locality1 though it is extending its area4 ,the central point is near to where ,warstone ,lane is crossed by ,northampton ,street or ,vyse ,street4 ,,labour ,,and ,,wages4--,the increase of female labour1 particularly in silver jewellery and in warehouse duties1 is very considerable1 and has tended to keep down the wages of men4 ,still1 these have risen to very high points in seasons of prosperity1 and even in the present time of depressed prices1 a skilled journeyman jeweller earns with his own hands #cjs4 to #des4 per week of about #ed hours4 ,a trade society exists1 but nothing approaching to a 8strike0 is possible1 because of the infinite variety of departments1 the constant change of patterns1 and the habit of each workman agreeing personally with his employer or foreman as to prices of piece work4 ,most of the manufactories are well ventilated1 the newly built ones being large and commodious in every respect4 ,,bullion ,,used4--,an estimate has been made by those most competent to judge as to the value of gold and silver used by this trade in ,birmingham per annum4 ,taking the last three or four years as a basis1 it seems probable that the annual consumption of gold here is about #gej1jjj1 and of silver 7at the present low price7 from #cjj1jjj to #cej1jjj4 ,one large manufacturer of silver jewellery has1 within the last three years1 used upwards of #c1jjj oz4 of fine silver per week4 ,sovereigns are still extensively used to melt instead of grain gold4 ,it may be asked1 8,why melt sovereigns when gold1 commercially pure1 can be had from the dealers without paying costs of minting80 ,the answer is3 the cost of minting is so small that against the other advantages attaching to the practice1 it is of no account4 ,these advantages are--#ast1 the grain gold of commerce cannot be relied upon for absolute freedom from accidental or superfluous alloy2 and #bnd1 that other qualities1 such as uniform hardness1 tenacity1 and ductility--of the utmost importance to some branches of the trade--are ensured by using them4 ,the metallurgical science and technical skill of our national assayers and melters at the mint1 are therefore freely used by our manufacturers to enable them to alloy to the utmost nicety1 and yet with a certainty of their goods1 when made1 passing the 8,hall40 ,this1 therefore1 is a question of economy4 ,,changes ,,in ,,the ,,trade4--,the immensely increased production of silver jewellery has tended to almost obliterate two departments which twenty-five years ago were of large proportions--viz41 the gilt and the plated jewellery trades4 ,the workmen in these branches have mostly turned their hands to silver working4 ,notice must be taken of some new developments1 which have become practically new trades to the town4 ,the manufacture of costly official insignia1 such as mayoral chains1 municipal badges1 presentation caskets1 gold and silver ceremonial keys1 c41 is new since last report4 ,more than seventy such mayoral chains have been made here since then4 ,the manufacture of watch cases in gold and silver1 but particularly in silver1 is also a new and very considerable trade1 employing hundreds of people4 ,not fewer than #fj1jjj to #hj1jjj silver watch cases per annum are now turned out from ,birmingham manufactories4 ,another new trade1 though at present not a large one1 is diamond cutting1 but there is no reason why it should not become an important business here4 ,,artistic ,,progress4--,how far the trade has led or has followed public taste it is impossible to say1 but that a general improvement has taken place is undeniable4 ,in place of the huge bracelets1 brooches1 earrings1 and lockets of twenty years ago1 we now have small and elegant articles of the most tasteful designs4 ,even such jewellery as is produced greatly by the aid of machinery1 for the sake of cheapness1 is often characterised by perfect style4 ,silver brooches may be bought wholesale for one shilling each which would not disgrace any wearer of the most refined taste4 ,in the gold trade also1 the productions for the great middle classes are equally neat and commendable1 both as to form and detail of decoration4 ,the greater use of gems1 both in gold and silver jewellery1 is a distinct feature of present requirements4 ,a most remarkable evidence of the above statements is afforded by one branch of the trade1 which now exports to ,france1 ,germany1 and ,switzerland goods in large and increasing quantities1 winning its way by style as well as price against the best makers of the ,continent4 ,compared with the like classes and prices of goods twenty years ago1 there is no doubt but that beauty of design is greatly improved2 nor can there be a doubt either but that our ,national ,art ,teaching has chiefly contributed to the improvement4 ,,chemistry4--,chemistry has considerably improved the various processes in which its aid can be applied4 ,alloying is more skilfully and exactly performed4 ,the art of melting is better understood4 8,coloring0 7which must not be confounded with 8gilding07 is now carried to a pitch of remarkable excellence4 ,at date of last report1 this1 which is a purely chemical process1 was done without much intelligence1 and nothing lower than #ae carat gold could be with certainty so finished4 ,but now those who devote themselves specially to this branch of work1 can produce a beautiful 8color0 on #ab carat gold4 ,it must1 however1 be stated1 that upon the lower quality1 such bloom and rich colour is fugitive1 while upon the higher qualities it is permanent4 ,gilding by electric processes is done with increased economy and skill4 ,parcel gilding1 oxydising1 and gilding with various colored alloys in solution1 are carried to a high pitch of excellence4 ,the chemical treatment of waste1 such as shop sweepings1 and the water used for washing of hands is much improved4 ,in the business of refining1 scarcely anything is lost4 ,,mechanical ,,conditions4--,so much depends1 and will always depend upon skilled handicraft in the ,jewellery trades1 that there is not much to record in the way of mechanical progress4 ,still1 in some tools there are notable improvements4 ,the ingenuity manifested in the mechanical production of gold and silver 8parts10 to be afterwards put together into great varieties of patterns1 is remarkable4 8,sand blast0 is a new mechanical means used for producing the rich dead surface so much admired on gold and silver4 ,the lathe1 draw bench1 die stamp1 and press1 effect much more than they did for the trade #bj years ago4 ,gas engines are now commonly used1 even in small shops4 ,,precious ,,stones4--,the gem and precious stone business together with that of the lapidary form a most important element of the jewellery trade4 ,we have some #ce local stone dealers and lapidaries4 ,besides these1 ,birmingham is visited constantly by dealers from ,london1 ,paris1 ,hamburg1 and elsewhere1 who do large trades here4 ,diamonds and other gems in the rough are also sold here increasingly4 ,compared with date of last report1 the sales of diamonds and other gems to the trade in this town is probably twenty times larger4 ,single firms will each buy and mount up #bj1jjj or #be1jjj worth of gems in a year4 ,it is now a recognised and distinct name of this branch of the trade1 8,diamond and ,gem ,mounter10 and the ,directory gives about #be of those who do not ordinarily interfere with other jewellery4 ,many ,birmingham factors now carry magnificent stocks of diamond goods manufactured here1 which was not the case twenty years ago4 ,,prices ,,and ,,cheapness4--,any comparative notes which did not recognise the cheapness of modern jewellery would be incomplete4 ,this cheapness is a real thing and not a delusion4 ,genuine gold and silver brooches1 rings1 bracelets1 c4 set with gems1 are now offered throughout the country1 at prices which often cause doubts of their quality4 ,gold1 it is true1 remains at the same standard value2 but silver is one-fifth lower in price4 ,several causes have acted together1 resulting in this considerable reduction in retail selling prices of both gold and silver goods4 ,first1 workmen's prices are much lower1 although their total weekly earnings are not materially altered4 ,this is effected by mechanical improvements2 by the larger quantities of one pattern made at once2 and by the employment of girls and youths under men4 ,secondly1 the rates of profit realised by manufacturer1 factor1 and shopkeeper are lower4 ,lastly1 diamonds and some other gems extensively used are much lower in price1 especially their second and third qualities1 than at date of last report4 ,,distribution4--as a rule1 manufacturing jewellers neither cultivate trade with shopkeepers nor with the private purchaser1 but sell to the factors1 or middle men4 ,a factor sees all their stocks1 selecting from each to compose his own1 and so offers a better variety to the shopkeepers throughout the kingdom than could otherwise be done4 ,there are in ,birmingham about fifty of such factors4 ,but the line of demarcation is somewhat indefinite1 because many of them manufacture certain specialities for themselves4 ,still the system is the best under present circumstances1 and works on the whole to the mutual good of all parties4 ,the factors in ,london1 and merchants generally1 are also large purchasers from ,birmingham manufacturers4 ,the ,post ,office is the chief engine of distribution for small parcels1 and all little orders and repairs4 ,two private firms1 however1 do a considerable business by collecting1 through agents1 in ,london1 ,coventry1 and ,birmingham1 small jewellery parcels1 conveying them by rail1 and then delivering them very quickly and cheaply in those towns4 ,the losses are practically nil1 although perfect shoals of such little packages are despatched and delivered daily by these means1 together with the railways4 ,lighthouse ,apparatus4--,j4 ,,kenward4--7,b4 #aec74 ,the ,lighthouse ,works of ,chance ,brothers and ,co41 ,spon ,lane1 near ,birmingham1 are the only works of the kind in the kingdom4 ,the improvements since #ahfe may be noted under3 7#a7 the optical agents1 7#b7 the lamps and burners with the illuminant or fuel used in them1 7#c7 the mechanical appliances4 ,the six original orders of optical apparatus distinguished by their radii and height are no longer the only types4 ,there is the hyper-radial first order lens1 whose focal distance is #a1ccj millimetres1 and diameter about #ajd inches1 the usual first order being about #gb inches diameter1 and there are several varieties below the #fth order whose radius is #aej mm4 ,of these the ,ship ,light introduced by ,messrs4 ,chance with a focal distance of #abe mm41 is the most important4 ,various new arrangements of condensing lights where from one flame1 certain sea sectors are strongly illuminated by means of vertical prisms1 while other sectors are less intensely lighted1 have been adopted with signal success1 as have also several special designs where a coloured and a white beam of equal intensity are concerned4 ,the new lenses for port and harbour lights1 and those used with the electric arc on board vessels of war for search purposes1 introduced by ,messrs4 ,chance1 may be named4 ,the present two most powerful lights in the world are the ,macquarie at ,sydney ,heads 7a revolving electric light of the first order7 and the ,tino near ,spezia1 a revolving electric light of the second order4 ,in both a single optical agent is employed1 and carbons from #ae to #be mm4 diameter4 ,another improvement is the ship light lens designed to give adequate intensity and penetrating power in a vessel's signal lights1 especially her side lights1 whereby an increased luminous range can be secured and the risk of collision greatly lessened4 ,the vertical angle subtended by lenticular refracting apparatus has been increased from #de and #dg to #hj1 and even by the use of dense flint glass to #ib4 ,in this way the normal power of the central or lens portion of a light1 always two-thirds of the whole power1 has been so augmented that it is found advisable to dispense with the prisms both upper and lower1 and to depend on the refractors alone4 ,when higher degrees of intensity are needed1 a second tier of lenses can be superposed on the first1 and a third and fourth added1 a separate flame being in the focus of each tier4 ,this has been done by ,mr4 ,wigham1 of ,dublin1 with gas flames1 and by ,sir ,james ,douglas with oil flames4 ,the two great divisions of lighthouse apparatus into fixed sections and revolving sections have been extended4 ,thus the old fixed light1 the revolving light with equally recurring single flashes1 the composite fixed and flashing light1 always objectionable from its unequal power1 have been supplemented by the occulting light1 and the group flashing light which last was designed by ,dr4 ,john ,hopkinson1 and first constructed by ,messrs4 ,chance4 ,in this arrangement the beams are sent out in groups1 each beam of the group being separated from one another by a short interval of time1 and each group by a longer interval4 ,the lights on a coast can thus be distinguished by their single flash1 double flash1 or triple flash4#ef ,,illuminants ,,and ,,burners4--,mineral oil has been introduced1 and special burners designed in order to burn it4 ,the largest of the old colza oil burners 7known as ,fresnel burners7 has an intensity of #bcj candle units1 or #bcf candle units per square inch1 while a similar burner for paraffin has been reported as affording #dae candle units1 or #ddc units4 ,the latest developed ,trimley burner of ,sir ,james ,douglas1 with nine concentric wicks1 gives #dih units4 ,the oil used has a flashing point of #aed ,f4 ,the average cost of mineral oil is one-fourth that of vegetable oil4 ,gas is also freely employed1 and in the #ajh-;jet burner of ,mr4 ,wigham it has attained a power of #b1dcc candles1 and in the #aj-ring burner of ,sir ,james ,douglas1 a power of #b1fai candles4 ,beyond the highest reach of oil or gas burners1 say #b1ejj or #b1fjj candles1 is the electric arc giving an intensity of beam of ten millions of candles4 ,at the other end of the scale is the duplex burner1 which1 with the new ,chance lenses1 is available in the smallest apparatus for a horizon of from seven to ten miles4 ,the ,spon ,lane ,lighthouse ,works have been extended greatly since the last visit of the ,association4 ,the unique methods of grinding and polishing the optical glass have not been materially changed1 but the number and variety of machines have been largely increased4 ,in the mechanical shops there is now a complete outillage for turning1 drilling1 shaping1 screwing1 c41 applicable to all the old designs and processes1 and also the newer branches introduced since #ahfe4 ,there are about #bjj workpeople employed1 many with consummate skill and intelligence1 as may be assumed from the precise and highly finished work in which they are engaged4 ,at this date about #bfj complete sea lights and about #cjj complete harbour lights have been sent out1 together with about #bjj smaller port lights and about #cgj of the recently designed ship lights4 ,very striking specimens of optical science have been contributed by ,messrs4 ,chance1 as exemplified in the list of dioptric lights they have supplied around our own coasts1 of which ,the ,longships1 the ,wolf ,rock1 the ,flamborough ,head1 the ,hartland ,point1 the ,start ,point1 the ,south ,stack ,rock1 ,the ,casquets1 ,bull ,point1 ,anvil ,point1 the ,eddystone1 and many others are examples4 ,mr4 ,kenward will be glad to give further information to any member of the ,association who may take an interest in the subject4 ,locks and ,lock ,making4--,j4 ,c4 ,,tildesley4--7,b4 #gg47 ,the price of cheap padlocks is still lower4 ,iron padlocks of the cheapest class are now being made in this district 7,willenhall7 and delivered free in ,bombay and ,calcutta1 at fivepence halfpenny per dozen6 ,in reference to the table 7,b4 #hi71 the number of employers may be set down as #ajj less 7that is #cej7 and at least #a1jjj must be deducted from the total number of workpeople1 bringing it to about #c1iej4 ,the production of locks in the district may now be computed at #be1jjj dozens per week1 as against #ca1ejj dozens per week1 as estimated in #ahfe4 ,the reductions being chiefly in the pad1 cabinet1 chest1 and till departments1 which are being driven hard by ,america and continental competition4 ,on the other hand1 door locks 7rim1 dead1 mortice1 and drawback7 are being made in larger quantities than ever1 and are being sold at prices which would have been regarded as fabulous twenty years ago4 ,the average earnings of locksmiths are #ae to #bj per cent4 less than the figures given at 7,b4 #hi47 ,american competition in castings has1 so far as the lock trade is concerned1 considerably diminished since #ahfe4 ,by grinding ,english sand to the fineness of flour1 and by the adoption of ,plaster of ,paris moulds and improved methods of casting1 transatlantic supremacy over ,england no longer prevails4 ,while in the matter of cheap and clear castings they have maintained for their productions the reputation for practical qualities which has so long distinguished them4 ,artistic design and ornamentation have improved4 ,germany is now the most formidable rival to the ,english lockmaker1 owing to the low wages and long hours endured by the ,german locksmiths4 ,the remedy for this state of affairs ought1 in the interests both of commerce and humanity to be found not in a retrograde movement on the part of ,england to ,germany1 but in the uprising of the ,german workman1 to secure the same status as that enjoyed by his ,english confrere4 ,magic ,lantern ,slide ,painting4--,h4 ,h4 ,,stanton4--,the old fashioned method of tracing from a drawing or engraving though still used1 has given way to a great extent to the introduction of photography4 ,special drawings are made1 photographed on to glass1 and subsequently painted4 ,girls and also artists are employed in the work4 ,photographic slides from various parts of the world come to ,birmingham to be finished4 ,measuring ,rules and ,tapes4--,,john ,,rabone4 7,b4 #fbh47 ,it is noteworthy that in the 8garret0 at ,heathfield ,hall1 near ,birmingham1 where ,watt amused himself during the latter years of his life with his copying machines--the prototypes of those afterwards known as the ,american and ,enfield--is still to be seen an example of ,watt's early work in ,london before he entered upon his remodelling of the steam engine in connection with ,matthew ,boulton4 ,in one of the drawers there are preserved several of the old fashioned tools1 formerly1 and still used in rule making by hand1 and also carefully wrapped up in paper by ,watt himself1 is a 8brass sector with a ,french joint10 which1 unlike his compasses and other mathematical instruments1 has undergone no wear1 and is as faultlessly clear and perfect as it was on the day it left the maker's hands4 ,the only assumption that can be made respecting it is that it is the identical 8brass sector with a ,french joint10 of which young ,watt so glowingly wrote to his father1 now a hundred and thirty years ago2 and if that be so1 it is the only known specimen of the great engineer's work as a rule maker4 ,prior to the last meeting of the ,british ,association in ,birmingham1 in #ahfe1 machinery had been brought into the trade to but a small extent compared with what has since been the case in the making and marking of all kinds of rules4 ,accurately engine-divided1 #b-;feet folding steel rules1 retailed at a shilling each1 are a new feature of the trade1 which is a boon to mechanics they never before had4 ,the employment of automatic machinery has quite revolutionised the trade1 by bringing larger capital into it1 and increasing the number of workpeople sixfold1 at the same time enabling employers to pay higher wages than they could possibly do when all depended upon unaided hand labour4 ,the trade has always been in comparatively few hands1 three-fourths of the names appearing in one directory as makers1 being merely dealers1 or journeymen2 in one case fifteen of the men so described being merely journeymen of one employer4 ,the bulk of the trade is now in the hands of as few makers as might be counted on the fingers of one hand1 but competition is not rendered thereby less severe1 but is rather more excessive4 ,during the past twenty years a great change has taken place in many countries by the adoption of the metre as a standard measure4 ,since #ahgj all the numberless measures of little ,german towns1 many with both decimal and duo-decimal divisions1 have been abolished1 and the use of the metre alone legalised4 ,other nations have followed the example of ,germany4 ,many of the rules made for export to such countries as ,russia1 which have not legalised the metre1 are marked with it in addition to the local measures1 thus preparing the way for its future adoption4 ,its use has been legalised in ,great ,britain1 though not made compulsory1 and many of the measures made for export to foreign countries where ,english customs prevail are marked with both ,english and metrical divisions4 ,military ,arms ,trade4--,j4 ,d4 ,,goodman4--7,b4 #cha47 ,at the date of the notice of the gun trade1 published in the transactions of the meeting of the ,british ,association held in ,birmingham in #ahfe1 the ,british forces were armed with muzzle-loading guns4 ,the arm of the service was that known as the 8,enfield ,rifle40 ,it was adopted by a committee of military officers1 appointed by ,lord ,hardinge1 ,master ,general of the ,ordnance1 in #ahec4 ,in #ahfe the breech-loading system was receiving much attention4 ,the ,wesley ,richards' ,breech-loader had been for some time in use in the service on an experimental scale1 and had been tested in the field1 both in ,china and ,new ,zealand4 ,so far back as #ahfa1 a thousand breech-loaders1 on ,terry's principle1 had been issued to the troops1 but did not prove successful4 ,trial was also made of ,sharp's ,american ,breech-loading ,rifle4 ,the successful use of the ,needlegun ,breech-loader1 by the ,prussians1 in the ,danish war of #ahfd1 gave great urgency to the enquiry4 ,in ,august1 #ahfd1 the ,english ,government invited proposals for the conversion of the ,enfield rifle into a breechloader4 ,fifty different systems were sent in1 of which five only were ultimately selected for trial4 ,four of these were capping and one was a non-capping arm--that is1 one in which the cartridge carries its own ignition4 ,on #adth ,march1 #ahfe1 the ,woolwich ,committee issued their ,report on the various systems which had been submitted1 in which after speaking of the obvious disadvantages which a breechloader requiring a cap presents1 when contrasted with one adapted for a cartridge carrying its own ignition1 proceeds to say3-- 8,the ,committee have now respectfully to submit their observations on the whole question4 8,the ultimate armament of the infantry with breech-loading weapons is determined upon4 ,it would be done at a comparatively small cost by conversion1 but it is now well known that the calibre1 twist1 and form of rifling of the #8,enfield' is not the most favourable for fine shooting1 and it is quite certain that no converted arms can possess the precision which will be easily attained in a new breechloader of smaller gauge and quicker twist4 ,nor will the soldier be able to carry that increased quantity of ammunition1 which is so desirable1 without a reduction of calibre4 8,there are certain circumstances in which1 notwithstanding all the inconveniences which will attend the co-existence of unaltered arms1 converted arms1 and new arms1 with their different ammunitions1 it may still be desirable to proceed with the conversion on the ground of its small cost1 and of the less time in which the arms can be turned out2 but the ,committee do not feel in a position at present to recommend such a measure40 ,in the end1 the economical view prevailed1 and it was determined to convert the ,enfield rifles to the ,snider system4 ,the effect of this decision was to postpone to #ahga1 when the ,martini rifle was adopted1 the advantages recognised in the ,woolwich ,report1 which would be obtained by a smaller bore1 quicker twist1 and a different form of rifling4 ,in ,july1 #ahff1 the ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,company was instructed to proceed with the conversion of the ,enfield rifles to breech-loaders to the full extent of their power4 ,the ,london ,small ,arms ,company was very shortly afterwards established4 ,they received similar instructions4 ,the result was that the whole of the ,enfield rifles available were converted1 as follows3-- ,enfield 7,government ,factory7 #bif1ceb ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,company #aef1jjj ,london ,small ,arms ,company #he1bjj ------- #ecg1eeb ,as this number was insufficient for the requirements of the service1 and as it was indispensable that there should be but one description of arm in use1 it became necessary that new ,sniders should be made4 ,in #ahfi1 and subsequently1 orders were issued to the trade1 and the following supplies were made3-- ,enfield #bjj1ebc ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,company #ib1hcg ,london ,small ,arms ,company #db1ebe ,national ,arms ,company #b1jjj ------- #ccg1hhe ,making a total of #hge1dcg ,snider arms4 ,the adoption of the ,martini-,henry rifle resulted from an invitation to inventors1 issued by the ,war ,department first in #ahff4 ,more than #ajj different arms and #di descriptions of ammunition were sent in1 but the committee appointed to make the selection reported that none came up to the requirements4 ,the invitation was repeated in ,december1 #ahfg1 resulting in #de additional arms being submitted4 ,in ,february1 #ahfi1 the ,committee reported recommending a combination of the ,martini ,breech ,action and the ,henry rifling1 and for the ammunition1 the ,boxer coiled case4 ,during the following year1 trials of this arm were made in the service1 and finally1 in #ahga1 it was definitely adopted4 ,orders were afterwards issued to the trade1 and the following statement shows the numbers which have been manufactured at the ,government ,factory1 and by the trade1 up to ,march1 #ahhe3-- ,enfield #ehc1gih ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,company #ajg1bai ,london ,small ,arms ,company #gd1aca ,national ,arms ,company #ab1def ------- #ggg1fjd ,it has now 7,july1 #ahhf7 been decided to adopt a new arm1 embodying the improvements suggested by the experience gained in the use of the ,martini1 during the service it has undergone4 ,it has been found that the calibre of the barrel if still further reduced would much improve the shooting1 an increase being made at the same time in the twist of the rifling4 ,a ,committee has for some time past had the matter under consideration1 and finally have recommended an arm which is to be known as the ,enfield-,martini4 ,in the new arm1 the ,martini action is retained1 the outside dimensions of the barrel are the same1 but the bore is reduced from #de inch to #d inch4 ,while the twist of the rifling is increased from #a turn in #bb inches to #a turn in #ae inches4 ,the weight of the bullet is reduced from #dhj grains to #chd1 the powder charge being the same as in the former rifle1 #he grains4 ,a wooden hand guard is fixed over the breech end of the barrel to protect the hand of the soldier when the barrel becomes heated by rapid firing4 ,the barrel is no longer imbedded in the fore-end of the stock2 it was found that the exterior of the barrel was liable to rust from contact with the wood4 ,the fore-end is now so shaped that the barrel simply lies upon it1 held in place by the bands which surround both stock and barrel4 ,the back sight is provided with a wind gauge1 and a locking bolt secures the trigger when the arm is at full cock4 ,a sword bayonet is substituted for the former triangular-shaped bayonet4 ,a 8quick loader0 will be used with this arm4 ,it hangs on the side of the body of the action1 and holds six cartridges4 ,the cartridges are acted upon by a spring which forces the head of the cartridge through an aperture in the lid1 ready for the soldier's hand4 ,with this 8quick loader10 six rounds can be fired in about #be seconds1 whereas1 in loading from the pouch1 #dj seconds are required4 ,this description1 of the new arm may be subsequently modified1 as the recommendation of the ,committee has not yet been confirmed4 ,,dimensions1 ,c41 ,,of ,,the ,,breech-,,loading ,,arms ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,service4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,martini ,,enfield- ,,snider4 ,,henry4 ,,martini4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,rifle4 ,length of ,barrel #ci;in4 #cc;in4 #cc;in4 ,length over all #d;ft4 #g;in4 #d;ft4 #a;in4 #d;ft4 #a;in4 ,length with ,bayonet #f;ft4 in4 #e;ft4 #aa;in4#e;ft4 #aa;in4 ,weight with ,bayonet #ilb4 #adoz4 #ilb4 #adoz4#ajlb4 #doz4 ,weight without ,bayonet #ilb4 #ilb4 #ilb4 #foz4 ,no4 of ,grooves in ,barrel #c #g #g ,calibre 4#egg 4#de 4#d ,twist of ,rifling #a turn in #gh;in4 #bb;in4 #ae;in4 ,velocity of ,muzzle per second #abdj;ft4 #acae;ft4 #aegj;ft4 ,trajectory at #ejj yards #aa4ce;ft4 #h4eid;ft4 #f4gjd;ft4 ,figure of ,merit at #ejj yards #j4hi;ft4 #j4ee;ft4 #j4cj;ft4 ,,ammunition4 ,weight of ,loaded ,cartridge1 grains #gae #geh #gah ,powder 0 #gj #he #he ,bullet 0 #dhj #dhj #chd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,description ,,of ,,arms ,,used ,,by ,,other ,,countries4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,country4 ,,description4 ,,calibre4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,america1 ,u4,s4 ,springfield #dej ,austria ,werndl #dcc ,belgium ,albini ,braendlin ,denmark ,remington #dcc ,egypt ,remington #dcc ,france ,gras #dcc ,france ,kropatschek ,magazine ,gun in ,navy #dcc ,germany ,mauser #dcc ,greece ,gras #dcc ,holland ,beaumont #dcc ,italy ,vetterli #djh ,norway and ,sweden ,jarman #cig ,portugal ,martini ,henry #dej ,roumania ,peabody ,martini #dej ,russia ,berdan #dbj ,servia ,berdan #dbj ,spain ,remington #dcc ,switzerland ,vetterli ,magazine #dji ,turkey ,peabody ,martini #dej ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,as it is essential that all arms made for the service should be interchangeable1 the orders to the trade have been confined to the factories where the work is done exclusively by machinery1 viz41 to the ,small ,arms ,company and ,national ,arms ,company in ,birmingham1 and to the ,london ,small ,arms ,company1 whose works are at ,bow4 ,the ,national ,arms ,company1 which was incorporated in ,january1 #ahgb1 is no longer in existence1 having gone into liquidation in ,december1 #ahhb4 ,with a paid up capital of #ccj1jjj they erected gun works at ,sparkbrook1 and ammunition works at ,holdford4 ,the gun works have now been purchased by the ,government1 and the ,holdford ,works are on the market for sale4 ,the same irregularity in the ,government employment1 which proved fatal to the ,national ,arms ,company1 acted very prejudicially for both the other ,companies4 ,the ,birmingham ,company paid no dividend during the five years #ahgi-hc1 and a nominal one only in #ahhd4 ,to this uncertainty of ,government employment may be attributed the difficulty of obtaining swords and bayonets1 to which1 a short time since1 attention was called in ,parliament4 ,when military arms were supplied by the ordinary hand-made trade1 there were four bayonet-makers in ,birmingham and ,west ,bromwich1 where1 now1 there is not one2 and in ,birmingham there is only one manufacturer of swords1 when formerly there were several4 ,the manufacture of triangular bayonets has been1 with trifling exceptions1 confined of late to ,enfield1 while sword bayonets1 not made at ,enfield1 have been procured from ,solingen4 ,the future ,enfield-,martini is to be provided with a sword bayonet4 ,the plainly expressed wish of the ,house of ,commons is that in future1 all swords and sword bayonets shall be made in ,england1 of ,english material4 ,there will not be the slightest difficulty in carrying out this wish4 ,birmingham will be able to produce any number that may be wanted1 but to keep together the required staff of workmen it is necessary that the demand should be continuous4 ,in the manufacture of rifles1 as well as bayonets1 there is every reason to hope that the future employment of the trade will be more regular and continuous4 ,the past bitter experience has shown that the trade cannot live without steady employment1 and it is now fully recognised that it is not desirable that this country should remain dependent for its supply of arms on one ,government manufactory at ,enfield4 ,,ammunition4--,up to the present time the ,english ,government have adhered to the use of the ,boxer cartridge1 the case of which is made up of thin coiled brass1 attached to an iron base1 which carries the ignition4 ,for some years past all other ,european nations have used a solid metal cartridge case1 i4e41 a case in one piece stamped out of a flat disc4 ,the ,english ,government have now decided that the solid case shall be used1 with the new ,enfield-,martini rifle4 ,a plant for the manufacture of these cartridges is being prepared at ,woolwich4 ,it is fully intended also to employ the trade4 ,orders have already been issued to the ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,company and ,messrs4 ,kynoch and ,company1 ,birmingham1 and ,messrs4 ,eley ,brothers1 of ,london1 who have all had long experience in the manufacture of this description of cartridge4 ,nails 7cut74--,r4 ,f4 ,,martineau4--7,b4 #fac74 ,the machines for cutting tacks and small nails up to #a inch are now fed automatically4 ,one unskilled workman can keep five or six machines going4 ,the machines do not work so fast as the hand fed1 but there are fewer stoppages1 and the quantity turned out is greater4 ,this improvement has reduced the price #cj per cent4 ,the present machines turn out the work so that it need not be looked over and sorted as was formerly the case4 ,the cut nail trade has developed in the ,north and at the present time1 there are as many nails made at ,leeds as at ,birmingham4 ,the better class of nail is1 however1 supplied from ,birmingham4 ,london brewers send coasting vessels up the east coast with cargoes of stout1 and they return from ,hull with cut nails at very low freight4 ,the quantity of nails made in ,birmingham is about the same as in #ahfe4 ,the ,french and ,belgians have given up making cut nails1 but they make tacks4 ,no ,french tacks or tingles 7the smallest sort of tacks used in the shoe trade7 are now imported into ,england1 on the contrary1 some are being exported into ,france4 ,mild steel has been introduced since #ahfe4 ,steel nails are now being made at only a shilling per cwt4 above the price of iron nails4 ,these steel nails will clench1 and hence are replacing wrought nails4 ,the manufacture of wire nails has been introduced into ,birmingham since #ahfe4 ,on its introduction1 wire was imported from ,germany and ,belgium1 owing to its cheapness and low freight1 but now1 as ,english wire has fallen in price1 it is used in preference to the foreign4 ,wire nails are suited for hard wood1 hence a large trade is done in them in ,australia4 ,the ,cape1 ,india1 and ,south ,america1 are markets for ,birmingham nails4 ,women get about ten shillings a week4 ,youths as feeders about #ae to #bj shillings1 skilled mechanics from #cj to #ej shillings1 and labourers #ae to #bj shillings per week4 ,needles and ,fish ,hooks4--,j4 ,m4 ,,woodward4--7,b4 #aig74 ,the pointing of needles is now done exclusively by machinery4 ,the new machines introduced into the trade within the last #be years1 are the machines for cutting1 99pointing1 99skimming1 stamping1 eyeing1 99point handing1 99tempering1 scouring1 99handing1 99counting1 heading and tailing1 blueing1 99burnishing1 99finishing1 assorting1 and sticking4 ,the machines marked with 99 produce not only cheaper1 but better quality of work4 ,electro-gilding has taken the place of the old ether gilding4 ,as regards machinery used in the production of sewing machine needles1 the chief novelty is the 8grooving0 machine1 which is taking the place of the old stamping process4 ,from special enquiries made ,i conclude that in the needle district the weekly productions of all kinds of needles and goods akin to needles1 cannot be less than #ej1jjj1jjj in number4 ,pins4 ,in addition to pins in ordinary use1 steel and glass headed pins are made at ,redditch1 the weekly production of all kinds of pins being about two tons4 ,an attempt is being made to adapt the machines for the production of two pins at a time instead of one4 ,fish hooks and fishing tackle are now made almost entirely by machinery4 ,artificial fly making is altogether done by hand2 feathers of various birds are used for 8sea flies40 ,spinning baits are shaped much like the bowl of a spoon1 and are electro-plated so as to cause a glittering appearance when in motion4 ,swivels in connection with these baits form a branch industry1 and machinery for the dressing and turning of these has of late been introduced4 ,the manufacture of fishing rods is now an important branch4 ,among the new aids to production are the turning machine and the machine for splitting bamboo canes for the manufacture of 8split cane0 rods4 ,these curious and costly articles first came from ,america1 and the making of them by hand requires the greatest patience as well as the highest skill in joining1 every part of the rod1 from the butt to the thinnest member1 having to be split lengthwise into six pieces1 each wedge-like in section1 and then glued together again with the greatest care and exactness4 ,reel making has been introduced of late years4 ,one manufactory turns out about #ej dozen rods1 #g1jjj floats1 #ac1jjj flies1 #d1jjj1jjj fish-hooks1 and #e1jjj swivels per week4 ,electro-tinning is now used for small sea-hooks4 ,the weekly production of fish-hooks is approximately #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,nickel1 ,cobalt and ,german ,silver4--,,alfred ,s4 ,,johnstone4--7,b4 #fgc47 ,many of the original sources of nickel have become exhausted4 ,it is now found plentifully in ,norway 7in magnetic pyrites1 containing about #d or #e per cent47 ,hungary still supplies ore4 ,the ,south ,african supply of ore1 7an arsenide of over #be per cent cobalt7 has fallen off4 ,south ,america and her desert of ,atacama was a great source of nickel or cobalt1 some of its hydrated arseniates reaching as much as #be in the ores of nickel1 and #ag in the ores of cobalt4 ,the sole mine in ,connecticut has been worked for many years4 ,sweden has yielded nickel from the ,klefra and other mines4 ,germany supplies nickel from the ,mansfeld mines4 ,about #ahgd nickel was discovered in the ,island of ,new ,caledonia1 and large quantities of the ore were shipped to this country and to ,france4 ,there appears now to be a constant supply from this source4 ,the ore is a double silicate of nickel and magnesia1 averaging #g to #aj nickel4 ,later still nickel and cobalt have been discovered in ,nevada4 ,passing over the history#eg of the production of nickel1 which is already1 to some extent1 described in 8,birmingham and ,midland ,hardware ,district10 it should be mentioned that nickel1 though brittle under the hammer1 has been successfully rendered malleable by treatment in which manganese is employed4 ,the process of rendering nickel malleable is due to ,messrs4 ,wiggin ,co41 who patented the process in #ahhj4 ,about the same time ,dr4 ,fleitman1 in ,germany1 succeeded also in rendering nickel malleable by using magnesium instead of manganese4 ,the nickel thus produced may be rolled into plates and drawn into wire1 or be stamped1 beaten or raised into any article of common use1 and it may be welded to itself or to iron4 ,it is less malleable when it contains carbon than when pure4 ,besides its application for the production of ,german silver1 nickel is largely used as anodes for nickel plating1 and for coinage in many countries4 ,its oxide is used in the ,potteries for giving a soft brown tint to china and earthenware1 and it is also employed for the production of nickel salts for plating4 ,the ,german ,government in #ahgc adopted nickel alloy for coinage1 and the exceptional demand advanced the price from #d_/- to #af_/- per lb4 ,at the present time1 owing to the extensive supplies from all parts of the world1 and the keen competition in the trade1 nickel is reduced to #b_/- per lb4 ,cobalt has scarcely any application2 it is used as an anode in plating1 and for some parts of scientific instruments4 ,it does not whiten copper to the same extent that nickel does4 ,the oxides of cobalt are of great value in the arts1 not only for the production of the beautiful blue colours given to china1 earthenware1 and glass1 but also as a basis of the blue pigment known as cobalt blue4 ,the oxide of cobalt was in #ahda #dj_/- per lb42 to-day it is about #h_/- per lb4 ,latterly there is a tendency to replace brass and electro-plate by white alloys which have nickel for their basis4 ,spoons1 forks1 fittings for railway and ship fittings1 bar fittings1 and harness furniture have been largely manufactured from these metals4 ,these alloys are known under various names1 such as silveroid1 argentoid1 navoline1 nickeline1 aluminium metal1 c41 but they are all varieties of ,german silver1 containing in some cases small proportions of tin1 lead1 cadmium1 and other metals4 ,papier ,mch ,trade4--,e4 ,h4 ,,hodson4--7,b4 #eff74 ,within the last few years wood pulp imported from ,sweden has been introduced as a substitute for paper pulp1 and is used for small desks1 work boxes1 jewel cases1 and many other articles1 thus enabling ,birmingham manufacturers to compete with ,chinese and ,japanese lacquered goods4 ,a change too has taken place in the mode of ornamentation4 ,instead of employing artists at a high rate of wage1 transfers are used which can be applied to the articles by boys and girls4 ,german papier mch is imported into this country duty free1 but on the other hand1 ,english papier mch is subjected to heavy duties before it reaches the ,german and ,continental ,markets4 ,it should be mentioned that there still continues a steady demand for small quantities of expensive articles made of papier mch1 though for the supply of the ,million1 the old papier mch is replaced by the ,swedish pulp above referred to4 ,pewter ,britannia ,metal ,trade4--,w4 ,,perks4--7,b4 #fag74 ,the two trades are distinct4 ,pewter consists of #ie parts tin1 #d parts copper1 and #a part antimony4 ,the metal is cast in iron or brass moulds4 ,britannia metal is not cast1 but rolled1 stamped1 swaged1 or spun4 ,its composition is similar to pewter1 but a little more antimony and copper and less tin4 ,the staple articles in pewter are still ale and wine measures1 tankard and drinking cups1 the most saleable shapes are identical with those which ,hogarth painted in the early part of the last century4 ,there has been a revival of pewter for ink pots for ,board ,school use and home use4 ,in foreign markets a tea-pot known as the ,dutch pattern is still sold of the same shape1 style1 and strength as it has been for the last #gj years4 ,makers have tried to introduce wrought metal pots instead of cast pewter1 but the foreign traders do not care for them4 ,the trade in beer engines and bar fittings has much increased within the last #bj years4 ,plate1 ,crown1 and ,sheet ,glass4--,,henry ,,chance4--7,b4 #adg47 ,in the #ahfd report it was mentioned that cast plate glass is manufactured at ,smethwick 7,plate ,glass ,company7 crown1 sheet1 and rolled or rough plate glass at ,smethwick 7,messrs4 ,chance ,brothers and ,co47 and at ,stourbridge 7,stourbridge ,glass ,company47 ,of these three manufacturing establishments1 that of ,messrs4 ,chance ,brothers and ,co4 is the only one now in operation4 ,antique glass for decorative purposes and glass shades are manufactured at ,oldbury by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,chance and ,co4 ,crown glass is now almost extinct2 ,messrs4 ,chance however still make the very limited quantity required4 ,the price of ordinary sheet glass has fallen from one shilling and twopence per foot in #ahhd prior to the repeal of the duty1 to three halfpence in #ahhf4 ,rolled plate glass is now made by most of the manufacturers of sheet glass1 and by several firms who confine themselves to this branch of trade4 ,the ,siemens' regenerative furnace has not only been successfully applied to furnaces containing pots1 but by its aid ,messrs4 ,siemens have been able to dispense with pots and employ large tanks made of clay1 for the melting of glass4 ,by this means the process of melting and working becomes continuous4 ,the raw materials are introduced at one end of the tank furnace and arrive1 after gradual transformation1 at the other end1 in the shape of melted glass4 ,plated ,wares4--,,elkington ,,and ,,co4--7,b4 #dgg47 ,a great impetus has been given to the trade owing to the development of hotel life in ,london and all large towns1 together with the equipments required for ocean-going steamers1 in many cases special designs having reference to the building being required4 ,on the other hand the taste of the public is now for simple and useful designs4 ,the old form of stamping1 in which the stamp was lifted by one or more workmen1 has been superseded by the method described on page #agb4 ,a dish cover which formerly required hundreds of blows now requires only six1 and instead of the old process of smoothing the surface with hammer and stake a 8wheeling0 machine is used1 and the swage or shape lapped over instead of mounting with a wire1 the time consumed being about one twentieth part of that required by the old process4 ,improvements in metals used enables the hollow bodies of coffee and tea services to be 8spun0 7see page #agd7 instead of being slowly raised into form by wooden mallets and steel hammers4 ,spinning oval bodies is now extensively practised1 though at one time it was considered impossible to treat ,german silver in this way4 ,this process 7oval spinning7 is used only when one or two articles of a particular shape are required4 ,when great numbers are required stamping is the process adopted4 ,press work in shaping articles has considerably improved1 and has replaced1 to some considerable extent1 the tedious process of chasing and embossing4 ,enamelling has been introduced1 but owing to ,japanese competition the trade is gradually falling off4 ,the enamelling1 known as cloisonn is performed as follows3 ,the decoration1 birds1 flowers1 c41 is traced on the surface of the object to be enamelled1 very thin wire of any metal1 but generally silver or copper1 is then bent by hand to the various forms traced on the metal4 ,this process requires the utmost care4 ,the wire thus bent is then soldered down to the surface of the object1 the different colours put in in the form of paste into the different divisions formed by the bent wire1 and the whole is subjected to intense heat until the colours are completely fused4 ,when cold the surface is rubbed down flat1 and finally polished4 ,in the champlev process the spaces for the colours are cut out with a graver4 ,the process of damascening largely carried on by ,messrs4 ,elkington is described at 7,b4 #ede47 ,soldering arrangements are much improved1 the introduction of the patent blowpipe saves time1 and the workman is able to solder1 cleaner and produce a firmer jointing than with the old process4 ,the sand blast is a new feature in the finishing department4 ,refrigeration4--,s4 ,,puplett4--,mechanical refrigeration owes its development to the enterprise of ,birmingham men4 ,the imports of ice into the ,united ,kingdom were in #ahhd nearly #cjj1jjj tons4 ,refrigerating machinery is supplying ice in competition with these importations4 ,in addition1 refrigerating machinery is used in brewing for the purpose of cooling wort quickly1 in bacon curing1 in working of butter and butterine1 cocoa1 and candles1 in oil refining and tar distilling1 and in telegraphic works for securing a low temperature when testing cables4 ,freezing machines have too been used in sinking and tunnelling1 the water being prevented from running into the shaft owing to the hardening of the earth by freezing4 ,the cost of imported ice may be taken as #bj_/- per ton1 while machine ice can be made for #e_/- per ton4 ,the first commercial machine1 patented by ,james ,harrison1 of ,geelong1 in #ahef1 was an ether machine1 and made in ,london4 ,afterwards machines of this kind were made by ,mr4 ,philips1 of the ,atlas ,works1 in ,oozells ,street1 ,birmingham4 ,in #ahfa ,carr showed the advantages of ammonia over ether as a refrigerant1 and since then ,mort and ,dicholle1 of ,sydney1 and ,stanley1 of ,london1 have patented various modifications of the ,carr system4 ,pictet has devoted many years to the subject1 and has identified himself with sulphurous acid as a refrigerant1 and recently claims to have discovered a fluid termed liquide ,pictet1 ,,sco2 in addition to these refrigerants1 air1 water1 chloride of methyl1 bisulphide of carbon1 carbonic acid1 and nitrous oxide have been used4 ,the machines made in ,birmingham by the ,birmingham ,refrigerating ,company are ammonia machines4 ,this form of machine consists of 7#a7 a multitubular vessel called the refrigerator1 containing liquid 7anhydrous7 ammonia--in this vessel vaporization takes place2 7#b7 a vapour pump1 by which the ammonia formed by evaporation is exhausted from the refrigerator1 compressed1 liquefied1 and forced into 7#c7 the condenser1 consisting of a multitubular vessel surrounded by water2 7#d7 a circulating pump for supplying the condenser with water2 7#e7 ice tanks surrounded by a bath of a liquid of a low freezing point1 such as a solution of chloride of calcium or of common salt2 7#f7 a circulating pump for circulating the brine through the refrigerator and around the ice tanks2 7#g7 the steam engine or other motor for driving the vapour and circulating pumps4 ,rope ,making4--,j4 ,t4 ,,wright4--7,b4 #egh74 ,within the last few years a machine has been introduced by ,mr4 ,good1 an ,american1 for treating fibres as imported1 more particularly ,manilla4 ,by means of fluted rollers1 and a system of bars fitted with strong steel pins which press upwards into the hemp1 the fibres are dressed and straightened out1 the operation is aided by a patented machine known as ,wright and ,laider's ,patent ,sun and ,planet ,hacklebus4 ,finally1 the hemp fibres are drawn off the pins and delivered in a compact and continuous sliver into a can placed in front to receive it4 ,these slivers being in one length1 are now passed on to the drawing frames to be accumulated together4 ,steel ,pen ,trade4--,,maurice ,,pollack4--7,b4 #fcd47--,there has been little improvement since #ahfe4 ,muffles heated by gas on the plan of ,dr4 ,siemens1 have been introduced for tempering and colouring1 and ordinary gas is also used in connection with these processes1 but these improvements are only used by one or two firms1 and more as a matter of convenience than as a means of making pens of a better quality or lower price4 ,many patents have been taken out since #ahfe for new styles of pens1 the most successful have been those which deal with the points2 these have been turned up or turned down1 thickened1 or planished1 all for the purpose of producing smooth points to glide freely over paper even with a rough surface4 ,the fashion in paper and ink materially influences the style of pens4 ,the ,j pens 7so called because that letter was embossed upon one of the first and best known broad points7 have been extensively used1 and have influenced hand writing1 especially that of ladies4 ,calligraphy as an art has fallen off in this country1 and this has influenced pen manufacture4 ,the most delicately made pens are manufactured for foreign use4 ,there are1 perhaps1 not so many pen works now as there were in #ahfe1 but the productive power has vastly increased4 ,the present weekly average of pens manufactured is about #afj1jjj grosses1 requiring from #af to #ah tons of steel1 of which only #h tons appears in the article1 the rest being loss or waste4 ,pen steel is still produced in ,sheffield1 the best being made from ,swedish iron4 ,the number of girls and women employed is from #c1bjj to #c1fjj1 whilst the number of men employed as tool makers1 rollers1 engineers1 stokers1 c41 hardly exceeds #ejj4 ,the increase in make since #ahfe1 of quite #fj per cent4 is mainly due to the export trade4 ,no new pen manufactories have been established since #ahfe1 except in the ,united ,states1 where there are now four pen works1 but of these1 only one is of importance4 ,in ,france1 there are now only three pen manufactories1 and the production is less than it was three years ago4 ,in ,germany there is only one1 and its make though improved in quality is very inconsiderable in comparison with the large consumption of steel pens in ,germany4 ,an attempt has been made to establish works in ,russia1 where the duty on steel pens is high1 but after existing one or two years1 the manufactory was burnt down1 and no attempt has been made to re-build it4 ,the ,customs duty on steel pens with the exception of ,russia1 are the ,united ,states1 where it is #f;d4 per gross1 is very moderate1 and prevents the importation of low and middle class pens4 ,the price obtained for steel pens depends more upon the reputation of the maker or of the mark than upon their intrinsic value1 hence the difficulty of giving an average value of each gross of pens produced4#eh ,stourbridge ,fire ,clay4--,,george ,,king ,,harrison4--7,b4 #acc47 ,the district suffers from high railway rates4 ,the quantity of clay raised per week now is about #c1ejj tons1 say #afj1jjj tons per annum4 ,about #dj million bricks are made per annum4 ,salt4--,j4 ,h4 ,,hollyer4--7,b4 #ach47 ,at the ,stoke ,prior ,works from #ejj to #gjj hands are employed4 ,the salt manufactured is from #c1jjj to #d1jjj tons per week4 ,the entire produce of salt in ,worcestershire is about #bej1jjj tons per annum4 ,the ,brine pits are about #a1jjj feet deep4 8,butter salt0 is largely exported from ,droitwich to ,india and ,australia4 ,round pans have been introduced since #ahfe4 ,the aggregate traffic1 that is1 coal received and salt forwarded1 of the ,stoke ,prior works is about #a1jjj tons per day4 ,swords and ,matchets4--,f4 ,m4 ,,mole1 ,,jun4--7,b4 #fdi47 ,the conventional ideas as to the extent of the sword trade are very erroneous4 ,our army is small and only horse soldiers and officers carry swords4 ,when once equipped one single sword forger will produce what is required4 ,hence the matchet trade is combined with sword manufacture4 7,the matchet is a large knife used in sugar cultivation in the ,west ,indies and ,central ,south ,america47 ,the extraordinary demand for swords at the time of the ,crimean war1 and the inability of ,english firms to supply it1 gave the start to foreign competition4 ,it is not generally known that the larger proportion of the officers' swords sold in this country are either ,german swords imported complete or foreign blades mounted in ,london4 ,there have been several spurts in the trade1 but these died out1 and at the present time ,messrs4 ,robert ,mole and ,son1 of ,birmingham1 are the only manufacturers who take ,government contracts4 ,an outline of the method of manufacture is given in 7,b4 #fdi7 and is similar to that of edge tools generally--7see p4 #bjh74 ,in ornamenting the hilts of swords fire or mercury gilding#ei is used4 ,the 8gripe0 is of wood 7walnut or beech71 and covered with dog fish skin4 ,tin ,plate ,ware4--,a4 ,n4 ,,hopkins4--7,b4 #fch47 ,fifty years ago workmen made a variety of articles with several pieces of tin plate soldered together4 ,the introduction of machinery in the trade is reducing the number of skilled workmen4 ,in #ahce-f ,mr4 ,thomas ,griffiths took out a patent for stamping and burnishing2 shortly afterwards ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hopkins commenced the manufacture of 8,patent tea-pots40 ,candlesticks and other articles made in the same way quickly followed1 and stamping and burnishing opened up possibilities which till then had not been dreamed of in the trade4 ,in #ahdj what was thought a monster stamp was put down to stamp the top of an #ah-;inch imperial dish cover4 ,further improvements in stamping led to the trade being speedily one of the most important1 both in this town and the neighbouring one of ,wolverhampton4 ,a little time later1 tin plate workers turned their attention to the stamping of a few culinary articles1 such as colanders1 gravy strainers1 c41 and of wash-hand basins4 ,in the making of these sheet iron was used1 and the articles when finished were tinned by the same process as that used by tin plate makers1 and were then sold as 8tinned wrought iron hollow ware10 and once more an increasing impetus was given to the trade4 ,milk pans and 8prospecting0 pans were made in this way1 and the advance made just at this time by the ,australian ,colonies on the great discoveries of gold opened out a large field1 where the goods have been bought in ever-increasing quantities1 while shortly after1 the ,cape and ,south ,america as well as ,canada became large customers for a similar class of goods4 ,india too came into the market for brass and copper articles1 while ,egypt1 especially about the time of the ,american ,civil ,war1 began to be a most important customer for the copper utensils hitherto manufactured only by the natives1 but which the superior machinery the ,english manufacturer possessed1 enabled him to produce much better and cheaper4 ,meanwhile the ,french ,exhibition of #ahee had shown to our manufacturers specimens of stamping superior to anything they could produce1 and one or two unsuccessful attempts were made by them to obtain a nearer inspection of the ,french method of stamping or more properly pressing4 ,in one way and another it leaked out that the ,french makers employed a pressure plate and a gradual forcing process1 instead of the sharp blow by which the ,english stamper pounded his material into the required shape4 ,the late ,mr4 ,clutton ,salt purchased the patent right for this country1 and in #ahfg a machine was in operation at the works of the ,birmingham ,enamel ,co41 with which ,mr4 ,salt was at that time connected1 and ,messrs4 ,griffiths and ,browett took out a licence to use the patent4 ,improvements in stamping followed1 keeping well abreast of the new process1 and ultimately outstripping it1 especially as regards size of vessel produced4 ,the ,french system of pressing was taken up in the ,united ,states1 and as early as #ahfe the works of ,lalance and ,geoschein1 at ,woodhaven1 ,new ,york1 were in active operation on this principle4 ,in #ahff a ,birmingham man1 named ,w4 ,page1 son of an old ,birmingham worthy1 travelled to ,new ,york1 and erected improved machines on the ,french system in the factory of ,messrs4 ,ketcham and ,co4 ,these machines economised material1 and at the same time quickened production4 ,in #ahgb ,mr4 ,satchell ,hopkins1 of ,birmingham1 after communication with ,mr4 ,page1 put down a number of machines on ,mr4 ,page's principle1 including one which is even now the largest and most powerful of its kind4 ,a similar form of machine was adopted by other firms1 and there soon followed an extraordinary development of the trade hitherto known as the 8,stamped ,tin ,hollow-ware10 but now as the 8,pressed ,bright ,tinned ,hollow-ware0 ,trade4 ,in another important branch of the trade1 though there has not been so much scope for improvement1 advance has not been wanting4 ,the common and ugly japanned ware1 in which stencil plates were largely used1 has been superseded by 8transfers10 and by an invention of ,mr4 ,alfred ,hopkins1 the japanning of articles with backgrounds highly polished has been superseded by a dead1 morocco-like surface1 in low tones of pleasing appearance4 ,in iron plate working the only new mechanical appliance introduced since #ahfg is a machine or series of machines for making buckets1 by which the article is practically made in one operation4 ,the low wages of workmen who make buckets1 coupled with the low prices to which manufacturers have been driven by excessive competition1 render the employment of these machines of doubtful advantage4 ,besides ,birmingham1 manufactories are established in ,wolverhampton1 ,london1 ,reading1 ,sheffield1 and other towns4 ,treatment of ,waste4--,the following facts are supplied by ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,baker3--,sheet iron scrap and lathe turnings are worked up again into sheet iron4 ,copper clippings and turnings are remelted4 ,copper scale is resmelted1 as also brass clippings and brass dust4 ,gold scrap of the japanning department is sent to the gold refiners1 and the leaf metal scrap to the bronze powder manufacturers4 ,tin plate scrap1 after the larger pieces have been sold to the button makers1 are 8stripped0--that is1 the tin is removed by immersion in hydrochloric acid4 ,the resulting tin salt is used by calico printers4 ,the iron scrap1 after removal of the tin1 is used for precipitating copper by the wet process4 ,tin oxide1 known as 8drop tin10 formed on the surface of the metal in the tinning pot1 is1 after recovery of as much of the tin as possible1 sent to the tin smelter4 ,galvanizing dross1 an alloy of zinc and iron1 which sinks to the bottom of the galvanizing bath1 is removed by a perforated ladle1 and refined by distilling off the zinc4 ,zinc ashes1 that is cinders which have fallen on the molten metal and absorbed zinc1 is also refined by distillation4 ,flux skimmings1 or that which is skimmed off from the galvanizing bath1 is an oxide and chloride of zinc4 ,this is put in a vat2 stirred with hot water1 the oxide falls to the bottom of the vat1 but the chloride dissolves4 ,the clear solution is heated with gas liquor1 when zinc precipitates as carbonate1 and the chloride of ammonium1 now in solution1 is recovered by evaporation4 ,the solid residues are worked up in paint mills into zinc white4 ,tools 7,heavy ,edge74--,a4 ,,winkler ,,wills4--7,b4 #fef47 ,in addition to edge tools proper1 such as axes1 adzes1 hatchets1 and other articles1 the trade includes pickaxes1 spades1 shovels1 forks1 hoes1 augers1 trowels1 shipscrapers1 c4 ,the number of patterns regularly supplied by the manufacturers of ,birmingham and the neighbourhood is estimated at several thousands1 each nation and almost each district requiring special patterns of its own4 ,the character of the soil1 habit of people and other circumstances affect the form of tool though used for the same purpose4 ,the enormous hoe1 with a blade nearly a foot wide and of the same depth1 which is in universal use in ,guatemala1 would be useless in ,valparaiso1 because the soil is light in one country and heavy in the other4 ,a ,brazilian axe is made thus3--,a piece of bar iron is taken and the middle part thinned out under a light steam hammer to the thickness required to form the edge of the tool4 ,the blank is then doubled over upon itself and the bottom part welded together4 ,a bar of hard cast steel is welded on to the bottom of the blank2 the steel being then cut off from the bar to a width corresponding to that of the blank4 ,the embryo axe1 by means of a steam hammer1 is forged under tools of suitable shape fixed in the head of the hammer1 the final shape being given by hand tools4 ,the tool is now ready for hardening and tempering--the steeled end of the axe is heated to a blood red in a slow furnace and is then plunged into cold water4 ,it is now tempered by slowly heating till it assumes the required tint4 ,the tool is now ready to be ground1 polished on a succession of wooden wheels or bobs1 dressed with emery of gradually increasing fineness1 and then to have its upper part japanned black1 blue1 scarlet1 or bronze-coloured1 according to the taste of the consumer4 ,the principal machinery employed consists of shears1 8squeezers10 tilt and trip hammers1 striking from #bjj to #djj blows per minute1 steam hammers1 shearing and punching machines1 stamps1 rolls1 and lastly1 massive machines or presses of various construction1 used for shaping the eyes of hoes1 pickaxes1 c4 ,the wood handles required for spades1 shovels1 c41 form a distinct branch of the trade4 ,hickory handles are almost exclusively used in the wedge axes so largely employed in ,india and the colonies2 these handles are necessarily imported from the ,united ,states4 ,self-acting machines have during late years been introduced for the turning of ash handles for axes1 hatchets1 c4 ,the handles of spades1 shovels1 and forks are of ash sawn from planks1 subsequently turned in lathes4 ,to bend them1 they are steamed and pressed into shape by powerful screws4 ,the only waste products are the scale or dross which falls from the heated iron1 and the shearings or scraps cut off the tools4 ,both are sold to the ironmaster--the former for fettling his furnace1 the latter to be worked up again into bar iron4 ,the number of persons employed in the trade in ,birmingham and the district is probably #c1jjj to #d1jjj4 ,the conditions of the manufacture have been greatly altered during the last seven years by the extensive introduction of machinery to replace manual labour2 at the present time a much larger number of boys and youths are employed than was formerly the case4 ,their wages range from #hs4 to #aes4 per week according to age4 ,forgemen earn on an average #b4 #ajs4 or #c4 per week2 foremen smiths about #b41 and their strikers or underhands about #a4 to #a4 #es1 when in full work4 ,women are only employed in japanning1 wrapping up and similar light work4 ,the revolution which has taken place in the method of manufacture during recent years was largely accelerated by the tyrannical operations of the formerly powerful trades union of edge-tool makers1 which1 during the period of large demand which prevailed from #ahgb to #ahgd1 used every available means to limit production1 and to make it impossible for the manufacturers to execute orders in reasonable time4 ,as a consequence1 the productive power of the trade has been so enormously increased that at present it is altogether disproportionate to the demand1 and hence1 in this as in almost every other branch of manufacture1 unremunerative prices and reckless competition are unfortunately the order of the day4 ,umbrellas and ,parasols4--,,william ,,holland4--7,b4 #fff74 ,since the previous article was written machinery has been extensively introduced1 an umbrella rib being now made by automatic machinery in one operation instead of several4 ,the square or round iron wire for the stretcher is also similarly converted into form nearly ready for japanning4 ,in some cases1 even the riveting or attaching the rib to the stretcher is done by machinery1 but as yet the experiment remains to be proved good and economical4 ,the number of hands employed has increased4 ,some hundreds of men1 women1 girls1 and boys are employed4 ,the materials have undergone a change1 zinc and iron have displaced to a large extent brass and copper1 and great competition has caused everything to be lightened and cheapened2 but a reaction is taking place in this respect1 and better and stronger goods are coming into use4 ,the various parts of umbrellas and parasols are now gilt1 bronzed1 enamelled1 silver and nickel-plated1 instead of being simply japanned as was the case formerly4 ,the patents which have been taken out in connection with umbrellas and parasols are numerous1 and in many cases trivial4 ,over #hjj patents were granted between #ahfg and #ahgf1 and since then the inventive ball has been rolling still more rapidly4 ,it has been proposed to use a transparent material to enable one to see ahead when protecting the face with the umbrella4 ,another arranges for spinning the umbrella so as to drive off the rain1 other proposals are to fold the umbrella so as to go inside a stick1 to convert it when necessary into a railway carriage key1 a corkscrew1 or a pike1 writing materials have been inserted in the handles1 and a variety of contrivances proposed4 ,one of the most curious of all these patents is one for fixing the umbrella to the hat somewhat after the fashion of the thatched ,indians of whom one reads in books of travel4 ,watch ,manufacture4--,r4 ,l4 ,,bragge4--,the 8watchmakers0 of ,birmingham of forty or fifty years ago were rather repairers than makers1 though there was scarcely a part of the mechanism of a watch which they were not at times obliged to make4 ,of these watchmakers1 ,s4 ,allport1 of ,bull ,street1 was considered to take the lead4 ,there were also ,t4 ,warwick1 in ,colmore ,row2 ,birley1 in ,high ,street1 and others4 ,at this time the highest class watches were made in ,london4 ,liverpool also had a reputation for goods of high quality4 ,coventry1 however1 enjoyed a larger industry than either of the other centres named4 ,the first earnest and persistent effort to include watch manufacture as a ,birmingham industry was made by ,messrs4 ,hodgkins and ,booth1 who commenced about #ahdc1 and continued till #ahej1 when ,messrs4 ,betts and ,fairfax succeeded to the business4 ,messrs4 ,charles ,wood and ,sons1 of ,bath ,street and of ,st4 ,paul's ,square1 not long afterward gained a reputation as manufacturers of high quality watches4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,ehrhardt1 in #ahgc1 erected a large manufactory for production of watches according to modern ideas1 and the ,english ,watch ,company 7,limited7 have also erected extensive ranges of shopping in ,villa ,street4 ,exclusive of 8jobbers10 there are probably about #fjj to #gjj artisan watchmakers employed in the town1 about #cj per cent4 of whom are females2 some #ejj of these are employed at the two large manufactories just mentioned4 ,it is probable that nearly #gjj watches per week are turned out in ,birmingham4 ,birmingham watches have a good reputation1 and there is not a 8duffer0 watch turned out from one year's end to another4 ,one singular feature of the trade is that the name of the maker rarely appears on a watch--manufacturers generally put on the names of their customers4 ,many large export houses have adopted fictitious names1 under which a certain pattern watch has attained a reputation that makes the name a valuable property4 ,a large ,colonial trade is done on these lines4 ,messrs4 ,dennison1 ,wigley1 and ,co41 manufacture watch cases1 employing about #ajj hands1 making the cases for ,american companies4 ,these cases as well as many ,swiss ones pass through the ,birmingham ,assay ,office1 and are afterwards sent abroad for the movements to be fitted in4 ,since this practice prevailed1 it is obvious that the ,assay ,office returns are no index of the number of watches made in this town4 ,almost the only branch of this trade which is not localised is the enamelling and painting of the dials4 ,watch glass making is scarcely practised in this country1 nearly the whole supply of the watchmaking world coming from the ,continent4 ,wire ,working4--,j4 ,b4 ,,gausby4--7,b4 #eif47 ,no marked departure from processes previously described has taken place4 ,more attention is now paid to decoration1 and there is an endeavour to introduce more artistic designs4 ,the large demand for wire netting made by machinery as described 7,b4 #eig7 has led to a wide extension of locality for its manufacture4 ,large wire drawing firms and galvanizers in different parts of the country have taken up the manufacture1 so that although ,birmingham still turns out a large quantity of the article1 she has not been able to retain the manufacture within her bounds4 ,wire 7,steel74--,,charles ,,lean4--7,b4 #eia47 ,one hundred years ago a horse was employed for drawing wire by a firm in the town4 ,new applications of wire within recent years have been telephones1 deep sea sounding1 road and aerial tramways1 and cycles4 ,the scrap wire is utilised for nails2 it is also bought by hawkers for the purpose of making riddles and a number of wire articles4 ,no women or girls are employed in the trade of the district1 and perhaps about #gjj men and boys1 the bulk of whom draw iron wire only4 99 99 99 99 99 ,other articles on ,manufacturing ,industries will be found in ,appendix4--,,ed4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,geology ,,and ,,physiography4 7,,birmingham ,,district47 ,,edited ,,by ,,professor ,,chas4 ,,lapworth1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,physiography4 ,the town of ,birmingham lies almost in the exact geographical centre of ,england and ,wales1 midway between sea and sea4 ,its distance in a straight line from the three nearest sea-ports on the opposite sides of the island1 ,liverpool1 ,boston1 and ,bristol1 is about #he miles in each case1 while its distance from ,london and ,southampton is only a few miles more4 ,the main watershed of ,southern ,britain1 which commences to the northward in the ,pennine ,range and divides the rivers which flow eastward into the ,german ,ocean from those which drain westward into the ,irish ,sea and the ,bristol ,channel1 enters upon the ,birmingham ,district from the northward by way of ,cannock ,chase1 crosses the 8,black ,country0 about six miles to the west of ,birmingham1 and passes out of the district to the southward through the ,lickey ,hills1 round the headwaters of the ,avon to the ,edge ,hills and the ,cotswolds4 ,the town of ,birmingham and its immediate neighbourhood1 is drained by the brooklets which unite to form the river ,tame1 the first of the southern tributaries of the ,trent4 ,thus1 physiographically speaking1 ,birmingham lies well within the basin of the ,humber4 ,to the west of the watershed of ,dudley and the ,lickey1 the rivers of the district have a short and rapid descent to the main stream of the ,severn2 to the south eastward1 they glide gently across the ,midland ,plain to its tributary--the soft-flowing ,avon4 ,the physical centre of the district is the locality of ,barnt ,green1 a point on the ,midland ,railway1 about eight miles to the south of the town4 ,from this point radiate the several low hill ranges which give to the neighbourhood of ,birmingham its distinctive character4 ,the first of these ranges 7forming the main watershed1 and constituting the natural backbone of the area7 is composed of the ,lower ,lickey ,hills and their northerly extensions--the rolling heights of ,halesowen1 the conspicuous mound of ,rowley ,regis 7#hbj feet71 and the beautifully wooded heights of ,dudley ,castle 7#gcj feet71 the ,wren's ,nest1 and ,sedgley ,hill4 ,to the west of this axial ridge1 a second range bearing points of a somewhat greater elevation1 stretches from the same locality of ,barnt ,green through the ,upper or ,bromsgrove ,lickey ,hills 7#ijj feet7 to ,hagley1 where it is known as the ,clent ,hills 7#a1jbh feet74 ,these look out far and wide over the beautifully fertile valley of the ,severn1 and are continued to the north-westward in the heights of ,stourbridge and ,abbots ,castle4 ,to the east of the main ,lickey and ,dudley axis1 the country is less conspicuously diversified4 ,the hill-ranges are broader1 and rise almost imperceptibly from the surrounding plains4 ,the most important of these less elevated areas forms what may be termed the ,birmingham plateau4 ,this is an irregular strip of broken ground1 about twenty miles in length by four or five miles in breadth1 which takes origin from the north-eastern slopes of the ,lickeys between ,northfield and ,halesowen1 and sweeps northwards through ,harborne1 ,birmingham1 ,barr and ,sutton ,park1 into the wild district of ,cannock ,chase4 ,on this irregular plateau stand the town of ,birmingham and its suburban villages of ,harborne1 ,edgbaston1 ,moseley1 ,aston1 ,handsworth1 and ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,the western side of the plateau overlooks the 8,black ,country40 ,it is marked out by the terrace of ,smethwick1 ,sandwell1 and ,great ,barr1 and culminates in the conspicuous fir-topped hill of ,barr ,beacon 7#hjj feet74 ,the eastward margin of the plateau is much less pronounced1 and subsides gently into the great ,midland plain of ,warwick and ,tamworth1 along a line drawn from ,northfield1 through ,king's ,heath1 ,moseley1 ,camp ,hill1 and ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,the ground forming the ,birmingham plateau rises and falls into an endless succession of heights and hollows2 here sinking down into broad tree-sheltered1 stream-cut valleys1 there rising into long low mounds and hills4 ,the subsoil throughout is mainly gravel or sandy clay1 and the underground drainage is1 as a rule1 excellent4 ,the north-western half of the plateau still retains its original forest character1 and the primeval aspect of the district is recalled by the wild area of ,sutton ,park--a picturesque admixture of long1 dry1 pebbly mounds1 covered with thick woods of oak1 ash and holly1 and divided from each other by open glades of gorse patches1 with long1 flat1 treeless expanses1 shrouded in dark heather and picked out here and there with deep1 clear water-pools4 ,the central half of the plateau is now covered by the great town of ,birmingham and its immediate dependencies4 ,the town stands upon a series of broad rounded knolls1 divided from each other by intervening open valleys4 ,the more elevated points are marked by the church of ,st4 ,philip's1 ,newhall ,hill1 ,soho ,hill1 and the ,monument2 while the great maze of streets1 manufactories and commercial buildings fill up all the space between4 ,strictly speaking1 the town proper lies in the angle included between the river ,tame and its little tributary the ,rea4 ,the ,tame runs in a broad valley round the north-eastern side of the town to the low-lying district of ,saltley1 and thence takes its course north-eastward across the ,midland plain towards the ,trent at ,burton4 ,the little river ,rea1 which is the ,birmingham river par excellence1 runs from the ,lickey ,hills through the south-eastern corner of the town1 across the low-lying district of ,digbeth1 and joins the ,tame at ,saltley4 ,the south-western portion of the ,birmingham plateau is occupied by the fashionable district of ,edgbaston and the neighbouring suburbs of ,harborne and ,moseley4 ,while the original upland character of the plateau is still distinctly apparent1 the dwellers in this southern area have in all other respects utterly changed its former aspect4 ,the land has been reclaimed and enclosed4 ,in place of the wild oak and ash1 we have masses of the ,elizabethan elm1 the fir and the beech2 and in place of the wild heather1 cultivated lawns and grassy fields4 ,every advantage has been taken of the natural resources of site and soil2 and the result is that ,edgbaston and its surroundings form one broad expanse of mansions1 woods and fields1 well worthy of the town and neighbourhood4 ,to the westward of the ,birmingham plateau lies the district of the 8,black ,country10 of which the town of ,dudley is the natural centre4 ,compared with the ,birmingham plateau1 it is a lowland district of wild confusion--a maze of mines1 chimneys1 factories1 and straggling villages and towns1 shrouded in a canopy of smoke and steam4 ,the natural soil is generally hidden from sight by heaps of mining spoil1 and mounds of rubbish1 cut through in all directions by lines of railway and broad canals4 ,the beautiful wooded hill of ,dudley1 crowned with its grey keep1 and the neighbouring oak-clad ridges of the ,wren's ,nest and ,sedgley1 rise like islands of verdure out of the dark sea of mining ground around1 and look strangely out of place amid their gloomy surroundings4 ,to the east of the ,birmingham plateau lies the broad plain of ,tamworth and ,nuneaton1 watered by the sluggish stream of the ,tame4 ,the plain is continued far to the southward through the richly wooded district of ,warwick1 ,alcester1 and the old ,forest of ,arden1 and thence down the valley of ,shakespeare's ,avon1 to the terrace of the ,edge ,hills and the northern slopes of the ,cotswolds4 ,,geology4 7,,birmingham ,,district74 ,paleozoic ,rocks4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,c4 ,,lapworth1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,introduction4 ,the ,birmingham district1 or that area of which ,birmingham constitutes the natural capital and commercial centre1 extends from ,stafford on the north to ,tewkesbury on the south1 and from ,wellington on the west to ,leicester on the east1 forming an area about #fj miles in length by #ej in breadth4 ,in no single district in ,britain is the relation of the physiography of the country seen to be more strikingly dependent upon its geological structure than within the limits of the ,birmingham district4 ,every hill1 ridge1 plain1 and valley of any importance is a mere reflex of the underground geology4 ,the local distribution and physical peculiarities of its rock formations afford a natural and complete explanation of all its special scenic peculiarities4 ,the dominant geological formation of this ,midland area is the great ,mesozoic formation of the ,triassic or ,new ,red ,sandstone1 which stretches through ,southern ,britain in a continuous band from ,hartlepool to ,exeter1 and divides the broken and contorted ,paleozoic rocks of the west from the flat-lying ,neozoics of the east4 ,this great band of ,new ,red ,sandstone attains its widest extension in the north of the ,birmingham district1 between ,eccleshall and ,charnwood ,forest1 where its transverse diameter is about #ej miles4 ,within the limits of the ,birmingham district1 however1 its diameter rapidly decreases1 until in the extreme south1 in the neighbourhood of ,worcester and the ,malverns1 its breadth is reduced to about #aj miles4 ,the red rocks of this ,triassic formation not only form by far the most predominant and most conspicuous geological feature of the district at the present time1 but not long since1 geologically speaking1 they must have extended over the entire area in one unbroken expanse4 ,they now constitute a sheet of red sandstones and marls1 through which protrude1 in numerous bands and patches1 the older ,paleozoic rocks4 ,although nowhere very steeply inclined1 these red beds of the ,triassic have been bent into several long low arches1 or broad domes1 whose longer axes range approximately north and south4 ,the summits of many of these arches have been denuded1 and the underlying older rocks have again been bared to-day4 ,four of these arches are especially conspicuous1 those of the ,wrekin1 ,malvern1 ,dudley1 and ,nuneaton4 ,in each of these the underlying ,coal ,measures are laid bare1 forming the four coalfields of ,coalbrookdale1 ,forest of ,wyre1 ,south ,stafford1 and ,eastern ,warwick1 all of which shew round their outer margins a narrow band of the intermediate formation of the ,permian4 ,in each of these anticlinals1 too1 the denudation of the core of the arch has been sufficient to wear away the ,carboniferous from its centre1 and to expose to view yet older formations--the ,old ,red ,sandstone in the ,forest of ,wyre1 the ,silurian in ,south ,staffordshire1 the ,malverns1 and ,coalbrookdale1 and even the ,upper ,cambrian and its underlying igneous rocks in the ,wrekin1 the ,lickey1 and near ,nuneaton4 ,with the exception of the ,silurian of ,abberley and ,dudley1 and the recently discovered ,cambrian of ,nuneaton1 however1 these pre-,carboniferous rocks are comparatively inconspicuous1 rising up merely in narrow bands in the cores of long wedge-shaped hills4 ,from the economical as well as from the structural point of view1 by far the most important of these geological arches is that of ,south ,staffordshire1 which is the southward continuation of the ,pennine chain1 and part of the true backbone of ,southern ,britain4 ,the central axis of this arch runs1 as we have seen1 through the ,dudley ,hills1 and dies away in the complex of faults to the south of the ,lickeys4 ,on the natural consequences of the rise of this arch1 all the physical1 scenic1 and economic peculiarities of the central parts of the district are essentially dependent4 ,the hills and plains around ,birmingham are all more or less related to this grand anticlinal--the hills marking the uplifted edges of the harder rocks1 the limestones1 sandstones1 and pebble beds2 and the plains1 the position of the gently inclined soft shales and marls4 ,it has brought within workable distance of the surface the coals and ironstones of ,south ,staffordshire1 and the valuable limestones of the ,dudley ,hills1 and it has had its final effect in bringing together the overflowing population of the town and district4 ,the original simplicity of the geological structure of the floor of the ,birmingham ,district is much complicated by fractures1 faults1 and unconformities4 ,the ,wrekin and the ,malverns are both affected by profound dislocations4 ,the ,south ,staffordshire ,coldfield is bounded both on the eastward and the westward by faults of more than ordinary magnitude1 while a long straight fault more than #bj miles in length runs through the south-eastern part of ,birmingham itself1 and flings down the ,keuper marls of the ,warwick plain against the older sandstones of the ,birmingham plateau4 ,in the ,birmingham ,district as everywhere in ,britain1 the ,triassic formation rests unconformably upon everything below4 ,at the same time1 its members overlap each other more or less irregularly1 and shew a rapid diminution in thickness when followed from west to east4 ,thus it happens that not only do the pre-,triassic rocks make their appearance in their expected positions along the main anticlinal lines1 but many of the old ridges of ,palozoic rocks1 which rose out of the ,triassic waters1 have had their enveloping pall of red sandstone removed from their flanks and summits1 which have thus been bared once more to the light of day4 ,such are1 in part1 the ridges of the ,wrekin1 the ,malverns1 the ,lickeys1 and the ,forest of ,charnwood4 ,in the valley of the ,severn1 to the west of ,birmingham1 the strata run in narrow bands4 ,the central portion of this valley lying between ,coalbrookdale and ,bridgnorth1 to the west of the main anticlinal of the ,birmingham district1 owes all its striking beauty and variety to the rapid alternations of hard and soft strata which occur within its limits4 ,in the great ,midland plain to the east of ,birmingham1 the strata are spread out in broad sheets4 ,the plain is underlain in great part by the comparatively homogeneous flat lying ,keuper marls1 with their intercalated bands of harder sandstones4 ,its scenery is consequently less varied than that of the ,severn valley1 but it is rich in that sweet sylvan beauty which is almost peculiar to the ,english landscape1 and it forms one broad expanse of gently rolling farmland and woodland1 whose green crested waves sweep onward to the east and south1 mile beyond mile1 till they break against the long shore-like scarp of the harder ,jurassics4 ,,the ,,local ,,rock ,,formations4 ,as will be apparent upon a study of the accompanying geological map1 the geological formations exposed within thirty miles of ,birmingham1 include the entire stratigraphical succession between the ,cambrian and the middle portion of the ,jurassic1 with two notable exceptions4 ,the two formations locally wanting are the ,ordovician and the ,old ,red ,sandstone4 ,the nearest known ,ordovician rocks occur in central ,shropshire1 to the east of ,church ,stretton2 the nearest ,old ,red ,sandstone beds are met with to the south of the ,forest of ,wyre4 ,the natural sequence of formations1 and the localities where the several formations are most conspicuously displayed1 are given in the following table3-- ,,table ,,of ,,the ,,geological ,,formations ,,of ,,the ,,birmingham ,,district4 ,,mesozoic1 ,,or ,,secondary ,,rocks4 ,,liassic4 ,middle ,lias 7,marlstone7--,edge ,hill1 ,fenny ,compton4 ,lower ,lias ,clays--,harbury1 ,rugby4 ,,rh,,tic4 ,marls and ,white ,lias--,harbury1 ,knowle1 ,wooten ,wawen4 ,,triassic4 ,upper ,trias or ,keuper3 7a7 ,new ,red ,marl--,moseley1 ,king's ,norton1 c41 c4 7b7 ,lower ,keuper or ,waterstones--,birmingham1 ,warwick4 ,lower ,trias or ,bunter3 7a7 ,upper ,mottled ,sandstone--,harborne1 ,edgbaston1 ,hockley4 7b7 ,pebble ,beds and ,conglomerate--,sutton ,park1 ,smethwick4 7c7 ,lower ,mottled ,sandstone--,clent ,hills1 ,stourbridge4 ,,pal,,ozoic1 ,,or ,,primary ,,rocks4 ,,permian1 ,,or ,,dyassic4 7a7 ,permian ,breccia--,clent ,hills1 ,northfield4 7b7 ,red ,sandstones and ,marls--,halesowen1 ,enville1 ,rubery4 ,,carboniferous4 7a7 ,upper ,coal ,measures with ,spirarks ,limestone1 c4--,sandwell1 ,arley4 7b7 ,lower ,coal ,measures--,oldbury1 ,bilston1 ,hawkesbury4 7c7 ,millstone ,grit--,absent near ,birmingham1 present near ,colebrookdale4 7d7 ,carboniferous ,limestone--,absent4 ,,old ,,red ,,sandstone ,,or ,,devonian ,absent near ,birmingham1 present in ,forest of ,wyre4 ,,silurian4 7a7 ,ludlow ,shales and ,limestones--,sedgley ,hill4 7b7 ,wenlock ,shales and ,limestone--,dudley ,hill1 ,wren's ,nest1 ,walsall4 7c7 ,woolhope ,beds--,barr and ,rubery4 7d7 ,llandovery or ,mayhill--,rubery4 ,,ordovician4 ,absent4 ,,cambrian4 ,upper ,cambrian3 7a7 ,tremadoc ,beds and ,lingula ,flags4--,shineton1 ,nuneaton1 ,lower ,lickey1 and ,malverns4 ,,fundamental1 ,,crystalline ,,and ,,igneous ,,rocks4 7a7 ,charnwood ,volcanic ,rocks--,charnwood ,forest1 ,caldecote ,hill1 ,the ,wrekin4 7b7 ,malvern ,crystalline ,rocks--,north ,hill1 ,hereford ,beacon1 c4 ,,the ,,fundamental ,,crystalline ,,and ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,of ,,the ,,malverns1 ,,the ,,wrekin1 ,,and ,,charnwood ,,forest4 ,the rocks which undoubtedly occupy the lowest place in the geological formations of the ,birmingham district are those crystalline and partly schistose masses which form the core of the ,malvern ,hills2 and certain well-marked volcanic rocks which occur at the ,wrekin and ,nuneaton1 and which appear to have their equivalents in the great igneous series of ,charnwood ,forest4 ,that all these more or less crystalline rocks are of higher antiquity than the ,upper ,cambrian of ,wales is demonstrated by the fact that fossiliferous rocks containing ,cambrian fossils of this age overlie them1 while the lowest recognisable zones of these overlying fossiliferous rocks 7the ,hollybush sandstone of the ,malverns1 the quartzite of the ,wrekin1 and the ,hartshill quartzite of the neighbourhood of ,nuneaton7 are in part composed of their fragments4 ,whether1 however1 they belong in part to the ,middle or ,lower ,cambrian1 or wholly appertain to the earlier formations of the ,archean1 must as yet remain an open question4 7a47 ,,malvern ,,hills4--,the core of the ,malvern ,hills is composed of a coarse syenitic1 and more or less gneissose rock1 pierced by veins of quartzo-felspathic rock of igneous origin 7,hereford ,beacon1 c74 ,the main mass which is coarsely crystalline1 becomes occasionally distinctly gneissose and even schistose1 and its mineral bands strike from north-west to south-east1 i4e41 transverse to the general trend of the ,malvern ,ridge4 ,the basement beds of the ,hollybush sandstones 7,cambrian7 and the ,llandovery rest unconformably upon this rock1 which has consequently been claimed by some geologists as distinctly of ,archean age1 representing in part the ,laurentian of ,logan4 ,the best localities for studying the essential characters of the ,malvern rocks are the quarries of the ,north ,hill and the ,wych1 and the eastern slopes of the hills between ,malvern ,wells and ,herefordshire ,beacon4 7b47 ,,the ,,wrekin4--,the core of the beautiful hill of the ,wrekin is formed by a magnificent series of highly acidic volcanic rocks--rhyolitic lavas and ashes4 ,as first pointed out by ,dr4 ,callaway1 they rise out unconformably from below fossiliferous rocks of ,upper ,cambrian age4 7,hollybush ,sandstone and ,shineton ,shales7 and are believed by him to be of ,archean age4 ,the finest exhibitions of the volcanic ashes of the group are met with in quarries on the flanks of the ,wrekin itself1 while the rhyolitic lavas occur in scattered localities along the hill4 ,a broad mound of the same igneous series rises out from below the ,triassic to the south of ,walcot ,station1 and a most beautiful and instructive section of banded and spherulitic rhyolites is shewn in the quarry at the locality known as the ,lee ,rock4 ,the truly volcanic nature of these remarkable rocks was first pointed out by ,mr4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 and their original characteristics1 and the changes they have undergone since their formation1 have been described by him in a well-known series of memoirs4 ,their geological position1 and their relation to the associated fossiliferous strata1 and to the similar rhyolitic rocks of ,caer ,caradoc and ,pontesbury have been fully discussed by ,dr4 ,c4 ,callaway1 ,f4,g4,s4 7c47 ,,nuneaton 7,,caldecote ,,hill74--,a thin group of volcanic breccias and tuffs1 with associated quartz-felsites1 and diabase1 rises out from below the ,upper ,cambrians of ,nuneaton1 in the ,park of ,caldecote ,hill4 ,the lowest zone of the overlying ,cambrian ,hartshill quartzite is in part composed of their fragments4 ,the ashes are shewn in old cuttings to the north-west of ,caldecote ,lodge1 the quartz-porphyries and diabase in an old quarry about a quarter of a mile to the southward1 while the breccia composed of the fragments of these old rocks1 in the base of the ,cambrian quartzite is best shewn on the tramway still farther to the southward1 leading down to the ,coventry ,canal4 7d47 ,,charnwood ,,forest4--,this district is formed of an island of ancient igneous and stratified rocks rising out from below the ,upper ,trias4 ,the stratified rocks are almost wholly composed of materials of volcanic origin1 and shade off on the one hand into coarse volcanic agglomerates1 and on the other into fine green slates like those of the ,borrowdale series in the ,lake ,district1 to which indeed the whole of the bedded ,charnwood rocks bear a striking resemblance4 ,the stratified volcanic rocks are pierced by numerous igneous intrusions4 ,the most conspicuous are those classed by ,professor ,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s41 as syenite4 ,these are most conspicuous near ,groby1 ,bradgate1 and generally in the south eastern parts of the ,charnwood area4 ,a mass of beautiful hornblendic granite rises through the ,trias immediately to the east of ,charnwood ,forest at ,mount ,sorrel1 near ,barrow on ,soar4 ,a few later dykes of altered andesite occur within the forest itself1 and diorite in the outlier of ,brazil ,wood4 ,to the south of ,charnwood ,forest1 several remarkable points of syenitic rock protrude through the flat-lying ,trias4 ,the most conspicuous of these are the hills of ,sapcote1 ,croft1 and ,enderby4 ,there is no direct evidence of the ,cambrian or pre-,cambrian age of the ,charnwood rocks1 but strata identical with the fossiliferous ,stockingford shales 7,upper ,cambrian7 of ,nuneaton1 have been pierced in several borings through the ,trias near ,leicester1 ,market ,bosworth1 etc41 and appear to rest at once upon the ,charnwood rocks1 as do the ,nuneaton beds upon the ,caldecote volcanic group4 ,,cambrian ,,rocks4 ,no fossiliferous strata unequivocally of ,lower ,cambrian age occur within the limits of the ,birmingham ,district2 but strata of ,upper ,cambrian age are met with in several localities4 ,they were first recognised by ,professor ,phillips in the area of the ,malvern ,hills1 and have been subsequently detected within the last few years at the ,wrekin1 at ,nuneaton1 and in the ,lower ,lickey ,hills4 ,,malvern ,,hills4--,the ,upper ,cambrian beds of the ,malverns rest upon the crystalline rocks of the axis of the hills to the south of ,herefordshire ,beacon1 along the slopes of ,midsummer ,hill and ,keys ,hill4 ,the lowest zone is the ,hollybush ,sandstone1 a light green micaceous rock1 containing tubes of sea worms and ,kutorgina cingulata4 ,the ,hollybush ,sandstone is succeeded by shivery shales1 somewhat sandy below1 and becoming darker and more carbonaceous above4 ,in their lower beds they yield3--,obolella ,salteri1 ,obolella sagittalis1 ,lingula pygmea1 etc4 ,in their middle beds they afford ,pellura scarabeoides1 ,spheropthalmus alatus1 ,agnostis pisiformis1 ,agnostus trisectus1 etc41 well-known fossils of the ,upper ,lingula ,flags 7,dolgelly7 of ,north ,wales4 ,their highest beds contain ,dictyonema sociale1 a fossil which passes up into the succeeding ,tremadoc ,slates4 ,the rest of the local succession of the ,cambrian rocks is hidden by the unconformable overlap of ,silurian4 ,the ,hollybush ,sandstone and the overlying sandy shales contain numerous intercalated volcanic rocks1 some of which are of the age of the surrounding strata1 while others are intrusive4 ,,nuneaton ,,district4--,in the neighbourhood of the town of ,nuneaton in eastern ,warwickshire1 a strip of ,cambrian rocks1 about eight miles in length by one in breadth1 has been detected within the last few years4 ,the rocks consist of volcanic ashes1 quartzites and thin-bedded shales1 pierced by dioritic dykes4 ,these strata were formerly mapped as altered ,millstone ,grit and ,carboniferous shale1 and their ,cambrian age has only been recently demonstrated by the discoveries of ,birmingham geologists4 ,the complete succession is as follows3-- 7#a47 ,,caldecote ,,volcanic ,,group4--,well-bedded tuffs and volcanic ashes 7see ante7 with masses of ,quartz-felsites and diabase4 7#b47 ,,hartshill ,,quartzite4--,thick-bedded quartzites1 with occasional layers of sandy shale4 7#c47 ,,stockingford ,,shales4-- 7a47 ,lower ,division4--7,obolella ,beds7 ,purple and green shales with ,obolella ,salteri1 ,lingulella pygmea1 ,lingulella lepis1 ,acrotreta1 ,protospongia1 c4 7b47 ,upper ,division4--7,agnosias ,beds7 ,grey and black shales with ,agnostus pisiformis4 ,beyrichia ,angelini and ,lingulella ,nicholsoni1 in the lower zones1 and ,spheropthalmus alatus and ,dictyonema in the upper zones4 ,these ,cambrian rocks are overlain unconformably by the ,coal measures to the west1 and by the ,keuper beds to the east2 the boundary of the area is1 however1 locally defined by lines of fault4 ,the basement beds of the ,hartshill ,quartzite are locally composed of fragments of the underlying volcanic rocks 7,caldecote ,beds74 ,the ,quartzite itself1 which forms the chief road metal of the neighbourhood1 is laid bare in a long series of quarries between ,nuneaton and ,hartshill4 ,the overlying purple and green shales of the ,stockingford ,beds range from ,marston ,jabet1 south of ,chilvers ,coton to ,atherstone ,outwoods4 ,the best section is seen in ,parley ,park ,lane near ,atherstone1 and the fossils have been obtained from this section1 from ,atherstone ,oakwoods1 ,camp ,hill1 and ,marston ,jabet4 ,the best section of the succeeding grey and black ,shales occurs in the cutting of the ,midland ,railway near ,stockingford1 which gives its name to the formation4 ,their fossils have been procured from the rocks of this section2 from the cutting at ,chilvers ,coton1 the banks of the ,coventry ,canal1 from ,oldbury reservoir1 ,mawbornes and ,merevale ,park4 ,the numerous intrusive dykes of volcanic rock form a conspicuous feature in the geology of these ,cambrian strata4 ,they are formed of coarse-grained diorites1 much quarried for road metal1 kerbs1 and setts4 ,good sections occur in the quarries near ,tuttle ,hill1 in the railway cuttings near ,stockingford and ,chilvers ,coton1 and in quarries near ,oldbury ,reservoir4 ,a small patch of these ,nuneaton ,cambrians is met with on the north-western margin of the ,east ,warwickshire coalfield1 at ,dost ,hill1 to the south of ,tamworth4 ,it consists of the usual annelide-bearing ,stockingford ,shales1 pierced by an intrusive mass of diorite4 ,,lower ,,lickey ,,hills4--,the core of the ,lower ,lickey ,hills between ,barnt ,green and ,rubery1 about eight miles south of ,birmingham1 is formed of a mass of quartzite identical in all its main features with that of ,hartshill1 near ,nuneaton4 ,at the village of ,rubery1 in an exposure on the roadside1 it is seen to be unconformably overlain by fossiliferous ,llandovery sandstone1 the basement beds of which contain fragments of the underlying quartzite in abundance4 ,at the south-western extremity of the ,lower ,lickey ,range the quartzites contain fragments of igneous rocks1 and appear to pass down into a series of felspathic grits1 pierced by dioritic dykes similar to those of the ,nuneaton ,district4 ,good sections of the quartzites are laid bare at ,rubery ,station1 at the village of ,rubery1 and in a large quarry near the roadside1 a mile northward from ,kendall ,end4 ,in the last-named locality the quartzites are seen greatly folded and faulted4 ,,wrekin ,,district4--,in the ,wrekin area the great volcanic series of the hills is immediately overlain by a quartzite similar to that of the ,hartshill and the ,lickey1 the basement bed similarly containing fragments of the underlying volcanic rocks4 ,the quartzite is succeeded by the ,hollybush sandstone1 with its characteristic fossil1 ,kutorgina cingulata4 ,a broad area1 lying between the ,hollybush sandstone and the unconformably overlying ,silurian rocks of ,buildwas1 is occupied by a series of ,upper ,cambrian rocks1 denominated by ,dr4 ,callaway the ,shineton ,shales1 and characterised by the forms3--,olenus ,salteri1 ,sphropthalmus1 ,asaphellus ,homfrayi1 c41 ,bryograptus ,callavei1 c41 allying them with the ,tremadoc ,beds of ,north ,wales4 ,,silurian ,,rocks4 ,the rocks of the ,silurian ,system are fully developed within the limits of the ,birmingham ,district1 under their most typical aspect4 ,the well known localities of ,dudley and ,barr have been famous in the geological world since the publication of ,murchison's great work1 the ,silurian ,system2 and the abundance and beauty of the fossils of the limestone rocks of the district place it next to the typical area of ,central ,shropshire as the representative country of the ,silurian rocks4 ,the ,silurian strata are all of the well-known ,salopian type1 shewing several thick-bedded limestones1 occurring on distinct horizons in a great thickness of dark blue or grey nodular shales and mudstones4 ,they make their appearance in sharp anticlinal arches in the ,south ,staffordshire coalfield1 and along its faulted margins4 ,four of these exposures occur along the crest of the ,lickey-,dudley anticlinal--at ,rubery1 ,dudley ,castle ,hill1 the ,wren's ,nest1 and ,sedgley4 ,the largest continuous exposure is that near the town of ,walsall1 on the eastern margin of the coalfield4 ,all the ,silurian formations from the ,mayhill ,sandstone to the ,ludlow 7,aymestry7 ,limestone are recognisable1 but the terminal ,downton sandstone is lost below the unconformably overlying ,carboniferous4 ,none of the localities1 however1 shew the complete consecutive series1 which is made out by piecing together the sections occurring in the several areas4 7#a47 ,,lower ,,lickey ,,hills4-- 7a47 ,landovery or ,mayhill ,rocks4--,the usual red and grey ,pentamerus sandstone of the ,mayhill formation is exposed along the north-west flank of the ,lower ,lickey ,hills4 ,it may be seen resting unconformably upon the ,cambrian quartzite in the village of ,rubery1 and at ,leach ,heath4 ,casts of fossils are abundant in some of the sandstones a few feet above the base of the formation1 and include the well known forms3--,pentamerus oblongus1 ,pentamerus lens1 ,strophomena expansa1 ,attrypa reticularis1 etc4--,these may be collected from the rocks at the village of ,rubery1 and from the fragments of sandstone scattered over the fields between the ,asylum and ,leach ,heath4 7b47 ,woolhope or ,barr ,limestone4--,the ,llandovery sandstone is followed 7in a stream section below the ,asylum7 by pale blue shales and mudstones containing a bed of hard calcareous rock1 affording examples of ,illenus ,barriensis1 ,atrypa reticularis1 ,encrinurus punctatus1 ,rhynchonella ,lewisii2 but the section is a poor one1 and is covered up almost immediately by the overlying ,carboniferous4 7#b47 ,,walsall ,,and ,,barr4--,this is the typical area for the well known ,barr ,trilobite ,illenus ,barriensis4 ,the quarries of the ,woolhope ,limestone which afford it are now disused1 but a good section of the fossiliferous shales above is displayed in the railway cutting between ,aldridge and ,walsall4 ,the overlying ,wenlock or ,dudley ,limestones are mined at the town of ,walsall itself1 but good fossils are now comparatively rare4 7#c47 ,,dudley ,,and ,,the ,,wren',s ,,nest4--,by far the most notable and interesting of the ,silurian exposures are those of the neighbourhood of ,dudley4 ,in the three exposures of ,dudley ,castle1 the ,wren's ,nest1 and ,sedgley ,hill1 the ,silurian limestone rises up in steep dome-like forms4 ,this limestone1 which is that of the ,wenlock of ,siluria1 is here composed of two calcareous bands--the higher about #bh feet in thickness1 and the lower about #db feet--separated from each other by an intermediate zone of about #ij feet of gray shales4 ,the limestone has been worked for centuries as a flux for the ironstones of the coalfield4 ,the hills have been mined to a great depth1 and all the best limestone rock extracted4 ,the intervening and enveloping shales have been allowed to remain1 and the present structure of the hills is that of a central dome surrounded by two enveloping shells1 separated from each other by two more or less empty spaces4 ,where the dip of the rock is high1 and these excavated parts are exposed1 they form deep moat-like hollows1 bounded by walls of shale4 ,where the dip is low1 and the overhanging rocks are supported by the vast pillars left by the workmen1 these excavations form magnificent caverns of peculiar weirdness and beauty4 ,in the heart of the hill at greater depths they form damp gloomy chasms of enormous extent1 which can only be seen to perfection when lit up by artificial light4 ,the ,dudley limestone bands and the surrounding calcareous shales have long been famous for the abundance and beauty of their included fossils4 ,many of the type species of ,murchison's ,silurian ,system came from this locality2 but since the superficial limestones have been worked out1 good specimens are exceedingly rare4 ,an excellent collection of the fossils of these beds is laid out in the ,dudley ,museum1 and another in the ,geological ,museum of the ,mason ,college4 ,many good collections are in the possession of private individuals in ,dudley and elsewhere4 ,the best localities for fossils at present are the shaly slopes on the flanks of the ,wren's ,nest1 where the usual ,wenlock ,brachiopods and ,corals are abundant1 but the beautiful ,trilobites of the formation are but rarely met with4 ,the ,wenlock limestone occurs both in the ,dudley ,castle ,hill and in the ,wren's ,nest4 ,the ,aymestry limestone is only met with in a single locality on the flanks of ,sedgley ,hill1 where it yields occasional specimens of its characteristic fossil1 the ,pentamerus ,knightii4 ,,carboniferous ,,rocks4 ,rocks of ,carboniferous age make their appearance at four distinct localities within the limits of the ,birmingham ,district1 viz41 in the coal fields of ,coalbrookdale1 the ,forest of ,wyre1 ,south ,staffordshire1 and ,east ,warwickshire4 ,the strata exposed on the last three of these coalfields are those of the upper ,carboniferous or ,coal measures2 neither the ,carboniferous limestone nor the ,millstone grit being met with outside the limits of the coalfield of ,coalbrookdale4 ,in the ,forest of ,wyre the ,coal measures rest upon the ,old ,red ,sandstone1 in the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield upon the various members of the ,silurian1 and in the ,east ,warwickshire upon the ,upper ,cambrian rocks4 ,in these three coalfields a two-fold division of the ,carboniferous is recognisable3-- 7a47 ,the ,lower ,coal ,measures proper1 consisting of grey sandstones and shales with occasional coal seams1 some of which are of remarkable thickness4 7b47 ,upper ,coal ,measures1 or ,halesowen grey and red sandstones1 brick clays and marls1 with occasional coal-seams1 none1 however1 of commercial value4 ,in the ,south ,staffordshire and ,east ,warwickshire coalfields1 the well known 8,spirorbis ,limestone0 of the ,upper ,coal ,measures occurs in its normal place near the summit of the ,carboniferous series4 ,,south ,,staffordshire ,,coalfield4--,the ,carboniferous rocks of ,south ,staffordshire are arranged in a broad dome about #bc miles in length by #f in breadth4 ,their basement beds rest unconformably upon the ,silurian around the flanks of the ,dudley ,hills1 and in the neighbourhood of ,walsall4 ,their highest beds dip conformably below the ,permian rocks at the southern extremity of the coalfield south of ,halesowen1 and are overlapped unconformably by the ,triassic pebble beds at its northern extremity1 in the district of ,cannock ,chase4 ,the eastern and western boundaries of the coalfield are formed by lines of fault1 which have flung down against the ,coal ,measures the various members of the ,permian and the ,triassic4 ,the total thickness of the ,carboniferous beds is about #a1cjj feet1 and the normal succession in the central and highest part of the coalfield is as follows3-- ,upper ,coal ,measures4-- #b;a4 ,halesowen ,sandstone ,group1 #fjj to #hjj feet4 #b;b4 ,red ,coal ,measure ,clays4 ,lower ,coal ,measures1 #ejj to #fjj feet1 containing several excellent coal seams1 of which the following are the most important3-- 7a47 ,brooch ,coal1 #d feet4 7b47 ,thick ,coal1 #cj feet4 7c47 ,heathen ,coal1 #c feet4 7d47 ,new ,mine ,coal1 #b to #aa feet4 7e47 ,fire ,clay ,coal1 #a to #ad feet4 7f47 ,bottom ,coal1 five feet and above4 ,these measures include several zones of workable ironstone1 of which the most important are3-- 7#a47 ,the ,pins and ,pennyearth ironstones1 below the ,brooch coal4 7#b47 ,the ,whittery and ,gubbin ironstones1 below the ,thick coal4 7#c47 ,the ,blue ,flats1 ,silver ,threads and ,diamond ,ironstones1 below the ,bottom coal4 ,for its size the ,south ,staffordshire coalfield has proved itself the richest mineral area in ,britain4 ,thick coal seams1 rich bands of ironstone1 and great thicknesses of ,silurian limestone1 all occur within a short distance of each other1 and all within easy reach of the miner4 ,the natural result has been that the ,south ,staffordshire coalfield and its immediate neighbourhood has been the great coal and iron mart of ,central ,britain1 and the abundance and cheapness of its material it has afforded1 have rendered ,birmingham and the 8,black ,country0 the hardware workshop of the world4 ,almost all the available coal seams and ironstone beds within easy reach have been long since practically worked out1 but there is still much excellent coal and iron to be obtained at greater depths1 especially in the northern part of the coalfield4 ,of late years the ,triassic rocks which surround the coalfield have been pierced in order to reach the ,coal measures beneath4 ,an entirely new coalfield has been developed in this manner in the district of ,cannock ,chase2 and two most remarkable collieries1 those of ,sandwell ,park1 and ,hamstead1 have been opened in the neighbourhood of ,birmingham itself4 ,the area immediately underlain by the ,coal measures constitutes the district of the 8,black ,country10 which extends from the western margin of ,birmingham to the fringe of ,cannock ,chase4 ,it includes within its limits1 the large towns of ,dudley1 ,walsall1 ,wolverhampton1 ,bilston1 and others of scarcely less note4 ,the most remarkable seam of the ,south ,staffordshire coalfield is that known as the ,ten yard or ,thick coal1 a continuous bed of workable coal from #be to #cj feet in thickness4 ,this underlies all the south central part of the field in the area enclosed by ,smethwick1 ,oldbury1 ,dudley1 ,walsall and ,bilston4 ,to the southward near ,halesowen it thins out and becomes mixed with shaly material4 ,it is in reality composed of #ac or #ad superimposed coal seams1 which form an apparently unbroken mass1 but are easily distinguished individually by the practised ,thick coal miner4 ,as we pass northward from the typical ,thick coal area towards ,walsall and ,cannock ,chase1 the component seams become separated by intercalated sandstones and shales1 so that eventually in the district of ,essington and ,pelsall the ,thick coal is represented by #ad distinct coals occurring at intervals in a mass of sandy rock1 between #ejj and #fjj feet in total thickness4 ,the ,thick coal is known to extend far to the eastward1 beyond the present margin of the ,south ,staffordshire coalfield4 ,the first attempt to reach it through the red ground 7,permian7 was made under the bold and skilful guidance of the late ,mr4 ,henry ,johnson1 ,c4,e41 of ,dudley1 at the locality of ,sandwell ,park4 ,the coal was reached in #ahgc at a depth of #a1bej feet and found to be of its original thickness1 and of excellent quality4 ,the next attempt which was made at ,hamstead ,hall1 about three miles outside the limit of the coalfield1 was even bolder and more hazardous1 but it was eventually crowned with equal success2 the ,thick coal being reached at a depth of #a1hjj feet4 ,as the demand for coal increases1 other collieries will doubtless be started at fresh localities outside the limits of the coalfield1 for there can be no question that the ,thick coal extends far to the eastward1 under and beyond the town of ,birmingham itself4 ,the strata of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield afford the usual fossils of the ,british ,coal ,measures4 ,the roofs of the coal seams1 and the layers of carbonaceous shale1 locally furnish well preserved examples of ,lepidodendron1 ,sigillaria1 ,calamites1 ,annularia1 ,pecopteris1 ,neuropteris1 etc41 often associated with abundant specimens of the peculiar ,unio-like shell1 ,anthracosia3 while the ironstone nodules occasionally yield fragmentary ,crustaceans and ,insects4 ,marine fossils are principally confined to the lower beds of the series1 below the ,thick coal4 ,owing to the absence of true limestone beds in the coalfield1 the characteristic corals1 c41 of the ,carboniferous are absent1 but the following marine forms are not uncommon in the lower ironstones3-- ,lingula elliptica1 ,discina nitida1 ,producta scrabicula1 ,conularia quadrisulcata1 ,aviculopecten scalaris1 ,gyracanthus farmosus1 ,megalichthys ,hibberti1 ,pcilodus angustus4 ,these have been met with at several localities near ,walsall1 ,oldbury1 ,old ,hill1 ,kingswinford1 and ,oldswinford1 etc4 ,the rocks of the ,south ,staffordshire coalfield are pierced locally by sheets of igneous rock4 ,the most important of these is a mass of dolerite about two miles and a half in length1 which caps the long ridge of ,rowley ,regis4 ,it is traversed by several mining shafts1 which pass through the dolerite into the workable coals below4 ,other igneous masses occur near ,dudley1 and at ,pouk ,hill1 near ,walsall4 ,,the ,,east ,,warwickshire ,,coalfield4--,the rocks of this coalfield form a narrow strip about #ae miles in length1 ranging from ,tamworth on the north to ,bedworth on the ,south4 ,the coalbearing strata rest unconformably upon the ,cambrian below1 and pass up conformably into the ,permian above4 ,the sequence of the beds is practically identical with that of ,south ,staffordshire--the richer coal measures being all confined to the lower part of the ,carboniferous series1 and passing up through a group of coloured clays into a final group of barren sandstones4 ,in the north of the coalfield five workable seams of coal occur1 separated by many feet of barren measures4 ,as they pass to the southward the intermediate strata thin out1 and the coal-beds practically come together at ,hawkesbury to form one ,main coal seam1 as do the corresponding members of the ,thick coal of ,south ,staffordshire4 ,it is probable that the two coalfields were formed in the same general area of deposition1 and except for the possibility of its destruction by erosion prior to the deposition of the ,triassic1 it might be suggested with safety that the ,thick coal of ,south ,staffordshire extends in a continuous sheet under the red rocks of ,northern ,warwickshire from ,smethwick to ,hawkesbury4 ,,forest ,,of ,,wyre4--,unlike the strata of the other coalfields1 the ,carboniferous rocks of the coalfield of the ,forest of ,wyre are comparatively barren of good coal seams4 ,the best1 which is locally known as the ,main coal1 is about seven-and a-half feet in thickness1 and occurs at an average depth of #cjj feet4 ,,coalbrookdale4--,this coalfield1 which lies to the east of the ,wrekin1 covers an area of about #bh square miles4 ,it originally contained about #bh coal seams1 but the majority of these are now practically worked out4 ,the succession includes the ,carboniferous limestone1 the ,millstone grit1 and the ,lower coal-measures in conformable sequence4 ,the ,upper coal-measures rest in a hollow eroded out of the ,lower coal-measures beneath1 forming what is locally known as the 8,symon ,fault40 ,,permian ,,or ,,dyassic4 ,the ,permian rocks of the ,birmingham ,district are totally distinct in their petrological characters from those of the typical area of ,yorkshire and ,durham4 ,no true limestones are present1 and the formation is wholly made up of red sandstones1 marls and beds of angular breccia4 ,the lowest zones of the ,permian repose conformably upon the ,upper ,coal ,measures of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield in the slopes of the hills to the south of ,halesowen1 and its strata are seen in corresponding relation to the ,carboniferous on the east of the ,coalfields of the ,forest of ,wyre and ,coalbrookdale1 and to the west of the ,coalfield of ,eastern ,warwickshire4 ,the ,permian is everywhere covered up unconformably1 or locally overlapped1 by the various members of the ,triassic formation2 all the subdivisions of the ,triassic series being found resting immediately upon it in turns as they are followed from the valley of the ,severn to the neighbourhood of ,charnwood ,forest4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,enville and the ,forest of ,wyre1 three divisions are recognisable in the ,permian1 viz43-- 7#a47 ,lower ,red ,sandstones and ,marls1 with bands of calcareous conglomerate4 7#b47 ,coarse ,breccia4 7#c47 ,upper ,red ,sandstones and ,marls4 ,round the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield the ,breccia is the highest division exposed1 and this only occurs in force to the south of the coalfield4 ,between ,tamworth and ,kenilworth1 to the east of ,birmingham1 the ,permian strata floor a wide tract of country1 and lie almost horizontal4 ,red sandstones1 marls and beds of breccia occur in association1 but the divisions named above are not individually recognisable4 ,by far the most striking local member of the ,permian formation is the so-called ,volcanic or ,permian ,breccia4 ,it is found in scattered patches over an area of about #ejj square miles1 extending from the ,malverns to ,enville1 ,stourbridge1 and the ,lickey ,hills4 ,it is made up of angular fragments of volcanic rocks1 tuffs1 altered shales1 grits1 and slabs of fossiliferous sandstone and limestones1 all embedded in paste of bright red marl or pebbly sandstone4 ,it is usually both underlain and overlain by red sandstones and marls1 but sometimes1 as at ,stagbury and ,woodbury ,hills1 c41 in the ,valley of the ,severn1 it reposes at once upon pre-,permian rock4 ,this peculiar ,breccia is well displayed in the ,clent ,hills1 between ,hagley and ,halesowen4 ,it there reposes upon the ,lower ,permian ,sandstones with calcareous grit bands--7which may be seen above the little ,church of ,st4 ,kenelm7--and forms all the highest points of the ,clent ,hills1 passing unconformably to the southward under the pebble beds of the ,new ,red ,sandstone4 ,in this locality the angular fragments composing the ,breccia are mainly volcanic3--rhyolites1 porphyrites1 ashes1 and volcanic grits1 embedded in a coarse matrix formed of similar materials4 ,other sections are seen in the ,bromsgrove ,lickey ,hills1 and in the neighbourhood of ,northfield4 ,in the last-named locality an excellent section is exposed in a lane leading from the ,bell ,inn to ,bangham ,pit4 ,in this exposure the breccia1 which shows the usual preponderance of volcanic materials1 contains in addition fragments of ,silurian limestone 7crowded with characteristic fossils71 and pieces of ,landovery grit and shale4 ,according to ,sir ,andrew ,ramsay1#fj this ,permian breccia is probably of glacial origin1 its materials having been brought down by ice in ,permian times from the neighbourhood of the ,longmynd in central ,shropshire1 where all the formations represented in its derived rock fragments occur at present in natural juxtaposition4 ,according to ,professor ,jukes1#fa the fragments of the ,northfield breccia1 at any rate1 8may have been derived from adjacent rocks1 now concealed under the ,permian and ,new ,red ,sandstone40 ,the ,triassic ,rocks4 ,,by ,w4 ,,jerome ,,harrison1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,a considerable portion of the ,midland ,counties of ,england is composed of red sandstones and marls4 ,the town of ,birmingham stands upon1 and is surrounded by rocks of this character4 ,they form the ,triassic ,system of geologists1 the first of the four grand members of the ,mesozoic series4 ,strictly speaking1 the title ,trias is a misnomer as applied to the ,english development of the rocks of this system4 ,the central member of the typical ,german succession1 the ,muschelkalk1 is wanting in ,britain2 and only the upper and lower divisions1 the so-called ,keuper and ,bunter1 are represented4 ,the ,bunter or lower ,trias1 consists in the ,midland areas of a mass of pebble beds or conglomerate1 usually underlain and overlain by variegated sandstones4 ,the ,keuper is formed of a great thickness of red marly strata1 with a thick sandstone 7,waterstones7 at the base4 ,the following table shews the subdivisions of the ,trias which have been recognised in ,england1 together with 7a7 their maximum thickness1 and 7b7 their thickness in the neighbourhood of ,birmingham4 ,,classification ,,of ,,the ,,triassic ,,strata-- ,thickness ,thickness near in ,cheshire4 ,birmingham4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,,keuper ,,red ,,marls 7with the ,upper ,keuper ,sandstone7 f4 #f4 #c1jjj #gjj ,,lower ,,keuper ,,sandstone1 f4 #e4 #dej #bjj ,muschelkalk 7wanting in ,england74 ,,upper ,,mottled ,,sandstone1 f4 #c4 #ejj #bjj ,,pebble ,,beds1 or ,bunter ,conglomerate1 f4 #b4 #fjj #djj ,,lower ,,mottled ,,sandstone1 f4 #a4 #djj 7wanting47 ,the ,trias enters ,england on the south coast1 between ,torbay and ,exmouth4 ,at the little watering-place of ,budleigh ,salterton there is a bed of quartzite pebbles in the ,trias #ajj feet thick which is worthy of study in connection with the great numbers of similar pebbles that occur in the same strata round ,birmingham4 ,in ,west ,somerset and ,devon1 the ,triassic strata are #c1ejj feet in thickness4 ,their subdivisions cannot be correlated with those of the ,midlands1 for they appear to have been deposited in a separate basin1 of which the ,mendips1 c41 still mark the northern boundary4 ,crossing into ,gloucestershire1 we find the vale of the ,severn composed of ,triassic marls1 and thence northwards the 8red rocks0 broaden till they form the plains of ,cheshire and ,south ,lancashire on the west1 and extend eastward to ,warwick1 ,leicester1 and ,derby4 ,from this great central plain of our island a long strip of ,triassic sandstones and marls runs northwards1 forming the ,vale of ,trent and the ,vale of ,york1 until finally it reaches the coast between ,redcar and ,hartlepool4 ,along the main line of outcrop--from the ,malvern ,hills to the mouth of the ,tees--the ,triassic strata incline gently1 or dip1 to the south-east1 at from two to five degrees4 ,of the two great divisions of the ,trias1 the lower 7,bunter7 is mainly sandy2 while the upper 7,keuper7 is chiefly a stiff marl or clay4 ,one result of this is that while the outcrop of the former is usually barren1 forming much heath or waste land1 as ,sherwood ,forest1 the ,keuper marls produce a rich soil1 well fitted for the plough4 ,owing to the soft nature of the strata1 valleys are usually hollowed out in the ,lower and ,upper ,mottled ,sandstones1 while the ,keuper marls form an undulating plain4 ,on the other hand the harder nature of the ,bunter pebble bed1 and the ,lower ,keuper ,sandstone1 causes these two rocks to form escarpments or lines of hills1 parallel to each other2 the abrupt face generally looking west or north-west1 while the gentle slope is to the east or south-east1 agreeing with the average dip4 ,,the ,,lower ,,red ,,and ,,mottled ,,sandstone4--,round ,bridgenorth this division rests unconformably on ,permian strata1 and is about #fej feet thick4 ,it is a homogeneous sandstone1 of reddish-brown1 yellow1 and bright red colours1 entirely devoid of pebbles4 ,as we follow this stratum to the east it decreases in thickness1 being only #bjj feet near ,stourbridge4 ,east of the ,south ,staffordshire field1 the ,lower ,mottled ,sandstone is entirely absent1 and the ,bunter pebble beds repose directly upon the ,permian rocks4 ,geologists desirous of examining the 8,lower ,mottled0 should visit ,kinver ,edge1 west of ,stourbridge1 where this rock is well seen underlying the ,bunter conglomerate4 ,its upper portion has here been hardened by calcareous matter1 and projects beyond the pebble beds above4 ,caves1 or 8rock-houses10 have been excavated in the ,edge1 and in a detached mass of sandstone called the ,holy ,austen ,rock4 ,the ,lower ,mottled ,sandstone is again visible on ,whittington ,common1 between ,kinver and ,stourbridge4 ,it is everywhere quite unfossiliferous4 8,false bedding0 is especially characteristic of this division1 but it is common in all the ,midland ,triassic sandstones4 ,,the ,,bunter ,,conglomerate ,,or ,,pebble-,,bed occupies the surface of the ,birmingham area1 along a line running from south-west to north-east4 ,it extends from ,worcester1 by ,bridgnorth1 ,stourbridge1 ,cannock ,chase1 and ,sutton ,park to ,lichfield4 ,at all these places it is seen as a remarkable mass of rounded pebbles--mostly yellow1 brown1 or liver-coloured quartzites--and attains a thickness of #cjj feet at ,cannock ,chase4 ,west of ,stourbridge the ,conglomerate forms the 8,ridge10 and caps ,kinver ,edge1 dipping east or south-east at from five to eight degrees4 ,thence it is traceable northward by ,upper ,penn and ,bushbury to ,cannock ,chase1 where it forms a wide undulating heathy moorland1 six miles in breadth from ,bednall on the west to ,rugeley on the east1 and is exposed in many gravel pits and other excavations4 ,the ,staffordshire ,coalfield lies like a great wedge between the ,trias on its western and eastern sides4 ,crossing over from ,stourbridge1 we again find the ,bunter ,conglomerate or ,pebble-beds extending between ,harborne and ,smethwick1 and thence it runs northward in a broad band across the western suburbs of ,birmingham1 by ,winson ,green1 ,handsworth1 ,perry ,barr1 and ,perry1 to ,sutton ,park 7where its outcrop is #c miles wide71 and on to ,aldridge1 ,wreford1 ,hopwas ,wood1 and ,lichfield ,racecourse4 ,all along this line the ,pebble-beds rest on ,permian marls1 and their thickness at ,barr ,beacon is about #djj feet4 ,good sections of the pebble-beds are rare on the south-west or west of ,birmingham1 but in the north-west they are well seen in a quarry south of ,great ,barr ,station1 and in one or two sections near the ,beacon4 ,at ,sutton1 exposures along the new railway lines to ,lichfield and to ,walsall have been numerous and good1 and the ,quarry in the ,park1 close to ,blackroot ,pool1 gives a vertical section of thirty feet4 ,each section shows a mass of well-rounded hard pebbles1 which have been so pressed together during the earth-movements that have taken place since their deposition that many are cracked1 while all bear white indentations4 ,the ,bunter ,conglomerate contains no fossils of contemporaneous age1 but many species of shells have been obtained from the hard1 rounded lumps of rock of which it is composed4 ,these fossils being of necessity of the age of the rock-fragments in which they are included1 they furnish a clue to the sources from which the pebble-beds were derived4 ,the following list of these derivative fossils will give some idea of the results which have already been obtained3-- ,,ordovician 7in quartzite pebbles74--7,arenig ,beds47 ,lingula ,lesueurii4 7,this interesting brachiopod shell has not yet been found in its parent rock in ,england1 though it is not uncommon in the ,gres ,armoricain of ,brittany1 a quartzite on the same horizon as the ,stiper stones72 various lamellibranchs such as ,modiolopsis1 ,palaearca1 and ,lyrodesma occur4 7,caradoc and ,bala ,beds47--,seven or eight species of brachiopods1 of which the commonest is ,orthis ,budleighensis2 a crinoid 7,glyptocrinus basalis71 c4 7,may ,hill ,sandstone47--,lumps of coarse sandstone1 identical lithologically with the rock which flanks the ,lickey ,hills1 occur commonly2 they contain numerous casts of ,stricklandinia lirata1 c4 ,,devonian4--,nine or ten species of brachiopods 7especially ,spirifera ,verneuilii74 ,remains of trilobites1 such as ,phacops and ,homalonotus are not unfrequent4 ,,mountain ,,limestone4--,mr4 ,molyneux enumerates twenty-two species of mountain limestone fossils--brachiopods1 corals1 crinoids1 c4--which he obtained from the ,bunter pebble-beds of ,trentham4 ,near ,birmingham1 fragments of partly decomposed chert1 in which the stems of crinoids are beautifully shown1 are common in the same strata4 ,,the ,,upper ,,red ,,and ,,mottled ,,sandstone4--,stourbridge stands on the bright red sands of this division1 which extend northward through ,kingswinford to ,trysall and ,tettenhall4 ,south of ,birmingham we find the same strata at ,harborne ,heath and ,mill--there is a good exposure underneath the drift in ,flavel's brick pit at 8,california0--from which point we can trace the 8,upper ,mottled0 across the western part of ,birmingham1 by ,rotton ,park ,reservoir and the ,botanical ,gardens2 the beautiful soft red sandstone forming a strip about a mile in width between ,spring ,hill1 ,hockley ,brook1 ,aston ,villa1 and ,birchfields on the west1 to the foot of ,snow ,hill1 and ,aston ,park on the east4 ,in the cemetery adjoining the ,great ,western ,station at ,hockley1 there is a grand section1 forty feet in height1 where the incoherent sand is largely worked for moulding and foundry purposes4 ,it is also exposed in and round ,aston ,park4 ,,the ,,lower ,,keuper ,,sandstone4--,the lower member of the ,keuper is the most consolidated part of the ,triassic formation1 being best known as a tolerably hard sandstone1 white or pink in colour1 which often yields good building stone4 ,the 8basement beds0 of the ,keuper are certain coarse sandstones and chocolate coloured marls seen in a pit at 8,california10 near ,harborne4 ,above these come massively-bedded sandstones1 of which there is a good exposure in the now disused quarry at ,weoley ,castle4 ,commencing at ,edgbaston1 we can trace the ,lower ,keuper ,sandstone by the ,five ,ways1 and across the central highest part of ,birmingham to ,nechells1 ,gravelly ,hill1 and ,erdington4 ,its lower boundary line1 where it reposes on the ,bunter1 may be indicated by a line drawn from the junction of ,monument ,road with ,hagley ,road to the bottom of ,snow ,hill1 and thence to ,aston ,station4 ,from this point it extends eastward1 for from one mile 7,edgbaston7 to half-a-mile 7,aston74 ,the ridge on which stands the ,town ,hall1 ,st4 ,philip's ,church1 c41 7#dge feet above sea-level7 is formed by the ,lower ,keuper ,sandstone1 and deep excavations for foundations in the centre of the town1 frequently disclose the thin-bedded1 dull-coloured1 pinkish sandstones 7known to workmen as 8skerry07 which constitute the upper portion of this rock4 ,its thickness under ,birmingham may be estimated at #bjj feet4 ,the average dip is from three to five degrees south-east4 ,similar beds are exposed in the cutting at ,bromsgrove ,railway ,station1 and it was from a quarry here 7now closed7 that the remarkable fossil fish was obtained1 which was described by ,sir ,philip ,egerton as ,dipteronotus cyphus4 ,from quarries at ,coton ,end1 ,guy's ,cliff1 ,cubbington and ,blakedown ,hill1 near ,warwick1 bones and teeth of four species of the ,labyrinthodon have been obtained1 and foot-prints of the same creature have been found in the ,lower ,keuper ,sandstone in many localities4 ,,the ,,keuper ,,red ,,marl is the uppermost member of the ,trias4 ,near ,birmingham it is abruptly separated from the ,lower ,keuper ,sandstone by a line of fault1 which can be traced from ,selly ,oak northwards to the junction of the ,rea with the ,tame4 ,east of this line of fault1 the red marls extend for ten or twelve miles forming an undulating fertile plain1 on which stand ,moseley1 ,smallheath1 and ,castle ,bromwich1 ,coleshill and ,whitacre4 ,the thickness of the ,keuper ,marls is considerable4 ,a boring in ,smallheath ,park was made to a depth of #ddj feet entirely in such strata2 but quite lately another boring at ,king's ,heath has been continued to a depth of #gjj feet4 ,gypsum is plentiful in the red marls1 occurring in white fibrous layers1 but not of sufficient thickness to be of any value in this district4 ,at ,droitwich 7eighteen miles south-west of ,birmingham7 the ,keuper ,marls contain a thick bed of rock salt1 which yields an inexhaustible supply of brine4 ,the ,upper ,keuper ,sandstone is a thin band of sandstone1 not exceeding thirty feet in thickness1 which occurs irregularly in the upper part of the ,keuper ,marls4 ,it is well exposed at the entrance to the canal tunnel at ,shrewley ,common1 and in a small quarry at ,rowington 7thirteen miles south-east of ,birmingham71 and also crops out on the hill sides at many points in ,south ,warwickshire4 ,from this thin stratum1 the ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 ,f4,g4,s41 has obtained a fossil fish 7,paloniscus superstes71 and the crustacean 7,estheria minuta74 ,specimens of these may be seen in the ,warwick ,museum1 which contains the finest collection of ,triassic fossils possessed by any provincial museum4 ,,how ,,the ,,triassic ,,rocks ,,were ,,formed4--,according to the writer's views1 the area now occupied by central ,england1 alternated in condition during the ,carboniferous epoch1 between a low plain and a shallow sea4 ,in the ,permian period1 land conditions prevailed1 except in the ,north and ,north ,midland ,counties1 where a brackish sea somewhat like the ,baltic1 it may be--occupied a shallow depression4 ,in ,triassic times this central sea appears to have been completely cut off from the open ocean1 and to have formed a large inland lake1 comparable to the ,caspian or the ,dead ,sea of our own day4 ,the southern boundary of this inland sea was formed by a ridge of old rocks which extended from ,charnwood by ,hartshill and the ,lickey to the ,wrekin and ,malvern ,hills4 ,in the basin north of this axial ridge1 all the subdivisions of the ,bunter and the ,keuper were in turn deposited2 and the cliffs and reefs of the ,palozoic rocks of which this coastline was composed1 yielded large contributions to the pebble-beds1 sands and marls1 which constitute the ,trias4 ,according to a theory originally advanced by ,professor ,hull1 and ably supported by ,professor ,bonney1 the pebbles of the ,bunter were mainly derived from the ,paleozoic ,rocks of the ,n4,w4 and ,n4,e41 some being possibly furnished by the ancient strata of ,n4,w4 ,scotland4 ,the waters of the ,triassic sea were so overcharged with salts of iron1 that every grain of sand was encrusted1 before its deposition1 with a pellicle of peroxide of iron3 of chloride of sodium 7common salt7 and sulphate of sodium 7gypsum71 there was also an excess1 so that much was deposited on the sea-floor1 producing beds of rock-salt and of gypsum1 of considerable thickness4 ,the presence of these mineral substances in the water was prejudicial to life1 so that--as in the ,dead ,sea1 and in ,lake ,utah to-day--few living creatures could inhabit the ,triassic sea1 and fossils are consequently of extreme rarity in strata of this age4 ,the ,trias as a source of ,water ,supply4--,the ,triassic strata are so porous1 that they absorb a large proportion of the rain which falls upon them1 and they consequently form an underground reservoir which1 when tapped by wells or boreholes1 is capable of yielding an almost inexhaustible supply of good1 though somewhat hard water4 ,in this way ,birmingham receives three-fourths of its water from three deep wells--two on the north-east of the town1 at ,aston and at ,perry respectively1 and one on the south-west1 near ,selly ,oak4 ,these wells extend to depths of #djj feet1 passing through the ,upper ,mottled ,sandstone1 and piercing the pebble beds1 and the average supply of water from each is three million gallons per day4 ,the hardness varies from nine to fifteen degrees4 ,there are many other deep wells in and round the ,west of ,birmingham1 and at ,stourbridge1 ,wolverhampton1 etc41 which derive their water from the same source4 ,liassic and ,rhtic4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,brodie1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,the ,lias occupies a large area in the south and east of the ,birmingham ,district1 and consists for the most part of the middle and lower divisions4 ,the highest position of the ,lias is seen on the south and south-eastern division of ,warwickshire1 the middle ,lias forms the hills projecting in spurs to the north-west1 and the lower division extending in the same direction1 at a lower level1 up to the southern edge of the ,trias4 ,,upper ,,lias4--,the ,upper ,lias is chiefly represented by a thin bed of clay1 with some characteristic fossils4 ,it occurs on the hills of ,fenny ,compton and elsewhere1 and there is evidence to show that it formerly capped the range of the ,edge ,hills adjacent1 occupying its natural position above the marlstone1 or ,middle ,lias1 of which they are mainly composed4 ,from ,fenny ,compton to ,harbury1 a good descending section may be obtained from the marlstone 7rock bed71 through the underlying clays and marly beds1 through the 8,lima ,beds0 and ,white ,lias1 to the ,new ,red ,marls at ,harbury4 ,,marlstone ,,or ,,middle ,,lias4--,the ,marlstone 7rock bed7 is largely quarried on the ,avon and ,burton ,dassett ,hills4 ,it forms a good building stone1 more or less indurated1 of a green or yellow brown colour1 sometimes ferruginous4 ,it forms a conspicuous range of hills of moderate height of which ,edge ,hill is the highest1 from which it strikes southward towards ,oxfordshire4 ,the plain below is occupied by the underlying division of the ,lower ,lias4 ,in this county the marlstone contains very few fossils1 and those chiefly brachiopodous shells belonging to the genus ,terebratula4 ,in most cases elsewhere the ,marlstone proper1 or highest zone1 is very fossiliferous1 and abounds in marine shells1 which are usually well preserved4 ,the sandy beds immediately below are rarely exposed1 but crop out in a lane near ,bitham ,house1 where as usual they contain many fossils4 ,the inferior clays and marls are not visible except in some brick pits near ,fenny ,compton and along the line of railway4 ,these are very full of fossils in the zone of ,ammonites ,jamiesoni and ,ibex1 here nearly one hundred feet thick1 and especially at one horizon in a coarse1 hard1 stony band which contains numerous corals towards the upper part of the cutting1 near the station4 ,,lower ,,lias4--,for the most part this formation spreads over the portion of the country on the north-east1 east1 south-east1 south and south-west of ,warwick4 ,a remarkably fine section is exposed in the railway cutting near ,harbury ,station4 ,this portion of the series is also largely quarried at ,rugby1 and in other places south and south-east of ,stratford4 ,the strata consist of beds of blue clay or shale interstratified with beds of blue rubbly and argillaceous limestone1 much quarried for hydraulic lime4 ,one good section of the lime-yielding beds occurs at ,messrs4 ,greaves and ,lakin's ,quarries at ,stockton and ,harbury4 ,the lowest zones of the ,lias are largely quarried at ,wilmcote1 and may be seen at the remarkable outlier of ,brown's ,wood1 near ,henley-in-,arden1 and at another 7,copt ,heath71 near ,knowle4 ,these two last are of special interest1 because they shew the lowest beds of the ,lias 7in connection with and passing into the ,rhtics17 resting immediately upon the ,new ,red ,marls4 ,the thickness of the ,lower ,lias in the county is above #fjj feet2 but only the inferior zones of ,ammonites angulatus and ,a4 planorbis are laid open to any great extent4 ,the best sections of the ,lima beds 7,a4 angulatus zone7 occur in the railway cutting at ,harbury1 ,stockton lime quarries1 and the extensive quarries at ,newbold near ,rugby4 ,fossils are not very numerous1 but the following occur3--,gryphea incurva1 ,rhynchonella variabilis1 ,ammonites angulatus1 ,pecten1 various species1 ,lima gigantea1 and bones and teeth of ,plesiosaurus and ,ichthyosaurus4 ,fish are comparatively rare1 two or three only were found at ,harbury and a very few near ,rugby4 ,the higher ground round ,wilmcote and ,binton is also capped by these ,lima beds2 but the district is more or less affected by small faults1 so that certain beds in one contiguous quarry are absent in another4 ,the lower limestones 7insect beds7 are largely worked in this locality1 and are of much economical value4 ,with the exception of remains of insects and fragments of plants1 the fossils are entirely marine1 ,ammonites planorbis and ,a4 ,johnstoni1 being abundant and characteristic4 ,crustacea belonging to the genera ,astacus and ,eryon1 the latter of great size are not unfrequently met with4 ,small fishes1 ,pholidophorus ,stricklandi1 and the larger ,dapedium and ,tetragonolepis more rarely occur4 ,a fine example of the latter is preserved in the ,warwick ,museum4 ,the large ,enaliosaurians are well represented by some fine specimens of ,ichthyosaurus and ,plesiosaurus2 the ,p4 megacephalus in the ,museum at ,warwick being nearly entire1 measuring #ad feet #d inches in length4 ,large masses of driftwood and a few fronds of ferns are sometimes met with4 ,but perhaps the most interesting and remarkable fossils are the insects4 ,twenty-four families and genera were determined more than twenty years ago1 since which time many important additions have been made4 ,the ,coleoptera and ,neuroptera are most numerous4 ,small beetles are not unfrequently found entire4 ,among these may be noted the families ,buprestid1 ,elaterid1 ,carabid1 and others4 ,there are also remains of ,orthoptera1 ,homoptera1 ,libellulid1 and some ,diptera4 ,many of the ,neuroptera were evidently of gigantic proportions1 but most of the insects were of small size1 and like the associated plants1 are indicative of a temperate climate4 ,they are most nearly allied to forms which now inhabit ,north ,america4 ,there are few extinct or unknown genera among them4 ,,rh,,tic ,,series4--,the highest beds referred to this series consist of certain hard1 fine grained limestones1 which1 from their ordinary white colour1 have been termed ,white ,lias4 ,they occupy a considerable area south and south-east of ,warwick4 ,they constitute a purely local deposit1 and are confined for the most part to this county and ,somersetshire4 ,they are often close-grained and hard limestones1 and make a useful building material and a good lime4 ,their colour is mostly white1 with a yellow tinge1 and occasionally pink and grey4 ,some geologists consider these beds to belong to the 8,rhtic ,series10 others to the passage beds between the ,lias and the latter1 while others still class them with the ,lias4 ,the undisputed ,rhtic rocks lie between the ,white ,lias and the ,triassic ,marls4 ,in ,warwickshire they are rarely exposed1 and then much reduced in bulk1 compared with their development in ,gloucester and ,glamorgan4 ,they may be seen to a limited extent below the ,white ,lias in the railway cutting at ,harbury1 where a band of yellowish sandstone contains the small bivalved crustacean1 ,estheria minuta2 and also at the small outlier of ,brown's ,wood1 and at ,stooper's ,wood1 near ,wooton ,wawen1 where this sandstone occurs with inferior shelly limestones and sandy bands1 containing the usual ,rhtic fossils1 e4g41 ,cardium ,rhticum1 ,avicula contorta1 ,pleurophorus elongatus1 ,pecten valoniensis1 and ,schizodus cloacinus4 ,the nearest exposure of the ,rhtic to ,birmingham occurs round the fringe of an outlier of ,lower ,lias resting on the ,upper ,red ,marl near the village of ,knowle4 ,this outlier is about a mile and a half long1 by half a mile broad4 ,its highest beds at ,copt ,heath contain ,ammonites planorbis4 ,the beds referred to the ,rhtic include a stratum of yellow micaceous sandstone full of ,schizodus cloacinus1 which1 though usually in the form of casts1 is sharp and well defined4 ,the bone bed1 though no where exposed1 is probably present in its normal position4 ,a fine section1 with numerous characteristic ,rhtic fossils was exposed on the railway cutting at ,summer ,hill1 between ,stratford and ,alcester4 ,rhtic black shales were passed through at ,snitterfield1 in making a tunnel in connection with the new reservoir for ,stratford4 ,glacial and ,post ,tertiary ,deposits4 ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,post ,tertiary ,deposits are scattered profusely over the district of which ,birmingham is the centre1 and present many problems of too complicated a character to be discussed in the pages of this guide4 ,it must suffice to indicate a few of their chief exposures and characteristics4 ,the term 8,boulder ,clay0 is used in this note to denote a clay shown to be connected with the ,glacial epoch1 by containing a greater or less number of erratic blocks2 and in the employment of the term1 no theory regarding the method of formation of the deposit will be implied4 ,the ,post ,tertiary deposits of the district may be arranged in the following general order3-- ,i4--,lower boulder clays4 ,,ii4--,middle glacial clays1 sands1 and gravels4 ,,iii4--,upper boulder clays4 ,,iv4--,post glacial clay1 sands1 and gravels4 ,the most complete section that has been found is at 8,california10 near ,harborne4 ,resting upon the ,bunter ,sandstone1 about #dhj feet above the sea level1 is a ,lower boulder clay1 containing erratic boulders of slate1 felsite1 quartzite1 intermixed with blocks and stones of local origin4 ,many of the erratics are angular1 and some 7especially the slates7 are finely striated4 ,the whole deposit is unstratified and compact1 and the boulders are roughly pressed together1 in every variety of position1 without any orderly arrangement4 ,this boulder clay is succeeded by the ,middle ,sands and ,gravels which are irregularly stratified and show false bedding4 ,fragments of coal occur among the pebbles4 ,the sands and gravels dip rapidly to the ,s4,w41 and pass under an ,upper boulder clay4 ,the ,upper ,boulder ,clay consists of a compact mass of clay with erratics scattered through it2 but the erratics are neither so abundant nor so confusedly pressed together as in the lower bed4 ,granite has been found1 although rarely1 associated with the travelled felsites and quartzites1 together with a few flints2 and local stones and blocks are also mixed up with the clay--the clay itself however largely preponderating and being available for brick making4 ,the series is capped by a mixture of clay1 sand1 and gravel in varying proportions1 which fills many hollows that have been washed out of the upper clay2 and must be regarded as ,post ,glacial4 ,taking the general divisions indicated by the ,california section1 attention may be directed to the following illustrative facts and sections4 ,glacial stri upon the surface of the rock have been noticed at ,weoley ,hill ,quarry close to ,california4 ,the removal of a mass of clay1 sand1 and gravel exposed a distinctly striated surface of hardened ,bunter ,sandstone4 ,the polished surface dips towards the south west1 in which direction the principal stri run1 although there are several cross stri4 ,the complete section shews 7a7 striated and polished ,bunter 7altitude #ebj feet above sea level72 7b7 thin bed of marl2 7c7 sands and gravels 7,middle ,glacial72 7d7 clay 7,upper ,boulder ,clay74 ,a very large number of well-marked and finely smoothed and polished grooves occur upon the blocks of native rock which are strewn over the irregularly shaped mass of basalt constituting ,rowley ,hill1 ,worcestershire4 ,isolated grooved blocks rest upon the surface of the hill1 having been carried by external force into their present position2 but there is also1 at ,rowley ,hall ,quarry1 a kind of platform1 capping the solid mass of basalt1 which is almost entirely composed of blocks with smoothed and grooved surfaces1 stiffly imbedded in clay4 ,the question has been raised whether1 since the basalt readily develops joints1 these grooves may not be rudimentary joints1 or whether disintegration may not have taken place along certain lines which have gradually become grooves4 ,i entertain no doubt1 however1 of their glacial origin4 ,no other explanation than that the grooves were the work of moving ice can account1 ,i think1 for their excellent polish1 their frequent parallelism1 their adaptation to the hollows and protuberances of the blocks they cross1 and their predominant trend from north-east to south-west4 ,the absence of erratics from the boulder clay in which the grooved basaltic blocks are embedded is evidence of local ice action at ,rowley ,hill4 ,it is notable also that angular blocks of basalt from ,rowley ,hill have been found in ,birmingham1 blocks which must have travelled at least six miles4 ,it is often difficult to decide the precise age of the boulder clays of the district2 and whether any individual bed is referred to the upper or the lower series is more dependent upon the glacial theories that may be adopted than upon any observations that can be made in the field4 ,a ,boulder ,clay1 of a typical kind1 has been exposed at a brickyard1 at the bottom of ,oak ,street1 ,wolverhampton4 ,this clay contains an extraordinary number and variety of erratic blocks1 without question from the ,lake ,district and south of ,scotland1 a few flints1 together with pebbles from the ,bunter beds4 ,one of the sides of a boulder of felsite1 measuring #aa #c #c;ft41 is flat and smooth1 and covered with parallel stri4 ,the sands and gravels rising in small hillocks near the ,cemetery1 and slightly covering the clay of the pit1 are probably ,middle glacial4 ,a boulder clay1 formerly exposed at ,icknield ,street1 ,birmingham1 while presenting the same physical characteristics as the ,wolverhampton clay1 differed from it widely in the nature of the embedded erratic blocks4 ,instead of having travelled from the ,lake ,district or ,scotland1 a large proportion were derived from rocks that occur in situ at the ,berwyn and ,arenig ,hills4 ,the condition of the ,new ,red ,sandstone ridge1 against which this boulder clay rested1 was remarkable4 ,the sandstone rock was broken up1 and large fragments of it were lifted out of their position and thrust into the middle of the drift4 ,the changes of level which occurred during the glacial epoch are shown by the deposits at ,frankley ,hill4 ,in the clays and sands cut through by the ,halesowen ,railway only a few erratics 7felsites7 were found2 but on the summit of the section they are abundant and of large size 7e4g41 #d #d #b;ft47 ,professor ,bonney1 who has examined them1 feels certain they must have come from ,wales1 having seen nothing like them in the ,lake ,district4 ,their height is nearly #hjj;ft4 above the sea level4 ,were these erratics brought by land ice1 the alteration in the physical geography of the country must have been enormous to have enabled a glacier to have moved downwards over this point2 were they dropped from icebergs1 the land must have been depressed to the extent of at least #ijj;ft41 to form a sea in which the bergs could have floated4 ,turning to the ,middle ,glacial ,clays1 ,sands1 and ,gravels1 these may be seen more or less developed in almost every section cut through undulating ground2 and they are occasionally twisted and contorted4 ,in the immediate neighbourhood of ,birmingham they are not fossiliferous4 ,at ,ketley1 near ,wellington 7,shropshire7 however1 fossiliferous sands and gravels occur1 which ,i am inclined 7provisionally7 to assign to this period4 ,they rest upon a bed containing erratic blocks of granite1 and other rocks of northern origin2 and ,i collected from them #ac species of mollusca4 ,only one species was peculiarly northern 7astarte borealis7 but all in the group have an arctic range of habitat4 ,the elevation of these beds is about #ceg feet above the sea4 ,at ,fox ,hall ,field1 ,new ,lodge1 ,lilleshall 7,shropshire7 in a pit worked for sand1 #dfc feet above the sea1 ,mr4 ,woodward discovered #ba species of mollusca1 three--viz41 ,dentalium abyssorum1 ,natica affinis1 and ,astarte borealis--being characteristically arctic and extinct in ,british waters4 ,the ,upper ,boulder ,clay is worked for bricks in many localities4 ,it is distinguished from the ,lower ,boulder ,clay1 by having erractic blocks sparsely scattered through it4 ,it is often very compact and tenacious4 ,no fossils have as yet been found in it2 unless indeed a clay derived from a drain in a street at ,wolverhampton1 in which ,i detected fragments of ,tellina balthica1 the spine of an ,echinus1 ,polymorphina lactea1 and ,polystomella crispa1 may be assigned to this division of the epoch4 ,the extraordinary dispersion of erratic blocks over the surface of the ground remains to be noticed1 and constitutes one of the most remarkable phenomena in local glacial geology4 ,i distinguish the boulders resting on the surface of the ground from those embedded in the clay beds1 although it is of course possible and probable that the clay has been largely denuded1 and the boulders have thus been left exposed4 ,many of these erratic blocks may therefore belong to the ,lower ,boulder ,clay2 while others may have fallen from the icebergs which during the proved subsidence of the land must have floated over the 8,midland0 sea1 and have been deposited in the ,upper boulder clay1 while it was in process of accumulation4 ,how far the dispersion of erratics over the ,midlands may be referred to the ice sheet of some geologists1 or to the icebergs of the ,archipelago period in the history of ,great ,britain1 must1 at present1 be regarded as an open question4 ,the ,midland erratics have undoubtedly travelled from three distinct regions1 viz41 7#a7 from ,wales1 7#b7 the western part of the ,lake district1 and 7#c7 ,kirkcudbrightshire4 ,boulders from the more easterly part of the ,lake district1 such as the ,snap granite boulders1 so abundantly spread over ,yorkshire1 have not been found in this neighbourhood4 ,the peculiar distribution of the ,midland erratics is noteworthy4 ,commencing at ,bushbury ,hill 7a little to the north of ,wolverhampton1 on the table land facing towards the ,n4,w47 the ,lake rocks and the ,scotch rocks--,criffell granites and ,eskdale granites--are largely intermingled4 ,journeying westwards1 a stream of boulders from ,wales crosses the northern streams4 ,on and around the ,clent ,hills 7#ajbc feet7 south west of ,birmingham1 ,welsh felsites are the only boulders to be found4 ,birmingham itself being in the rear of the higher part of the table land on which it stands1 is in a kind of protected district1 so far as the northern stream of boulders is concerned1 and the erratics in its immediate vicinity are chiefly ,welsh felsites2 a few fragments however of granite are occasionally found4 ,,post ,,glacial ,,beds4--,the most complete section of post glacial beds in this locality was obtained during excavations made at ,shustoke1 near ,birmingham2 when a bed of black peat1 containing the remains of ,elephas antiquus1 ,cervus elephas1 and ,bos primigenius1 with hazel nuts and fragments of wood1 was discovered #g;ft4 #f;in4 beneath the surface4 ,the section was as follows3-- ,soil #a;ft4 #j;in4 ,sandy marl #a;ft4 #h;in4 ,yellow clay 7stiff7 #c;ft4 #h;in4 ,blue clay 7stiff7 #a;ft4 #b;in4 ,black peat #a;ft4 #aj;in4 8,ballast0 gravel and sand #c;ft4 #j;in4 ,sandstone and marl4 ,the fossils found in the peat have been placed in the ,geological ,museum of the ,mason ,college4 ,,petrography4 ,notes on the ,igneous and ,metamorphic ,rocks of the ,birmingham ,district4 ,,by ,s4 ,,allport1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,the space available for some account of the crystalline rocks being strictly limited1 it would be useless to attempt anything more than a brief general description of the most important and interesting varieties4 ,fortunately there is abundance of material1 for ,birmingham1 as a central point1 affords unusual facilities for the study of this branch of petrology4 ,although the rocks here described appear to be scattered over a rather wide area1 it will be found that every locality mentioned may not only be easily reached from one of the railway stations1 but that a good series of specimens may be collected and the return journey made within the same day4 ,,the ,,malvern ,,hills4--,it was clearly shown by ,dr4 ,holl1 in #ahfe1 7,quar4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxi47 that the central portion or axis of this chain of hills consists of a great series of true crystalline schists1 among which the prevailing types are hornblendic and micaceous gneiss1 hornblende-schist1 mica-schist1 and a quartzo-felspathic rock1 all of which are more or less distinctly foliated4 ,there is1 however1 great variety in the relative proportions of the constituents2 in many places either the hornblende or the mica are nearly1 or even quite absent2 the felspar and quartz then form the mass of the rock4 ,in the quarries on the east side of the ,north ,hill1 beautiful examples of hornblende and felspar rock are abundant2 they contain more or less quartz1 with a little mica1 and occasionally pass by insensible gradations from a well-marked gneissic structure into a coarsely crystalline mass in which foliation is no longer apparent4 ,these latter are1 however1 exceptional cases1 and there can1 ,i think1 be no doubt that we have here1 in the ,midlands1 a considerable exposure of the oldest type of foliated crystalline schists1 or as they are now frequently called ,pre-,cambrian or ,archan rocks4 ,the rocks of the ,north ,hill are probably the oldest2 they have been much disturbed1 and are generally the most coarsely crystalline of the series4 ,the more basic portions have suffered a considerable amount of alteration2 the secondary constituents1 chlorite and epidote1 become abundant1 and occasionally the hornblende has been completely replaced by the latter mineral2 the rock then becomes an epidote schist of a pale-yellowish colour4 ,in ,swinyards ,hill there is a micaceous gneiss with garnets1 and in ,raggedstone ,hill there are interesting varieties of contorted mica-schist containing a large proportion of quartz4 ,dykes of intrusive rocks occur in nearly all the hills1 but become far more numerous towards the north2 they are very uniform in appearance1 and are probably altered dolerites or diorites2 very few specimens have been examined1 and they belong to the former group4 ,in the ,north ,hill there are some masses of true diorite1 but their relation to the hornblendic gneisses with which they are associated has not been clearly established4 ,,mount ,,sorrel ,,granite4--,the granite is of two varieties1 red and grey1 the difference being due to the fact1 that in the red masses1 the partially decomposed felspar has been coloured by ferric oxide4 ,the rock is a hornblendic granite1 the constituents being quartz1 felspar1 biotite1 hornblende and titanite1 with magnetite and a little apatite4 ,the felspars are orthoclase and plagioclase2 the former is much decomposed1 while the plagioclase frequently remains clear1 and exhibits well its twin striation4 ,biotite was originally abundant1 but is very frequently replaced by a clear green substance1 which is strongly dichroic1 the two colours being grass-green1 and clear yellow4 ,the hornblende has been greatly decomposed2 clear crystals are1 however1 not uncommon1 and exhibit the usual optical characters of the mineral4 ,the products of alteration are chlorite and epidote4 ,the titanite appears in reddish-brown grains1 but is not very abundant4 ,in #ahgi1 the writer discovered the junction of the granite with the sedimentary rocks1 and proved that the former was intrusive 7,geol4 ,mag4 dec4 ii41 ,vol4 vi41 p4 #aha74 ,the junction occurs in ,brazil ,wood1 where there is a small quarry1 in which granite veins may be seen to penetrate the strata in various directions2 a large mass of granite is also within a few yards4 ,some of the phenomena of contact metamorphism may here be readily studied1 the granite having converted the slate into a crystalline micaceous schist1 quite similar in character to those produced under like conditions round the granite in ,cornwall and elsewhere4 ,small garnets occur in the altered slates1 and also in the granite close to the junction4 ,,the ,,charnwood ,,syenites4--,the ,syenites and other igneous rocks of ,charnwood1 have been described by ,messrs4 ,hill and ,bonney 7,quar4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 xxxiv41 p4 #aii47 ,the original constituents are felspar1 hornblende1 quartz1 apatite1 ilmenite1 magnetite and titanite4 ,the felspar is of two kinds1 orthoclase and plagioclase1 the former is very turbid and decomposed1 while the plagioclase is clear1 and retains its usual optical characters4 ,the curious intercrystallization of quartz and felspar1 known as micropegmatite1 is common in the masses of syenite near ,groby2 the best examples1 however1 have been found by the writer in the ,markfield rock1 where it appears to form a ground-mass in which the larger crystals of orthoclase and plagioclase are enclosed4 ,a small portion of the hornblende is still characteristic1 but the greater portion appears in various stages of decomposition2 the alteration products being chlorite and epidote4 ,titanite is by no means rare1 and occurs in well formed twin crystals4 ,,diorites ,,of ,,atherstone ,,and ,,nuneaton4--,a careful examination of many specimens collected by the writer from the various masses marked in the map #fc ,s4,w4 of the ,geological ,survey shows clearly that they are diorites1 the characteristic constituents being hornblende and a triclinic felspar2 these minerals1 together with magnetite and apatite are invariably present1 and in addition1 a little orthoclase is seldom absent4 ,the best specimen examined is from a quarry near ,marston ,jabet2 it is a fine-grained rock1 similar to a basalt in external appearance1 but contains numerous crystals of hornblende and plagioclase which are generally quite unaltered4 ,the clear brown crystals of hornblende are unusually well developed1 and afford excellent opportunities of examining their crystallographic and optical characters4 ,there are also present many grains of magnetite1 and a few needles of apatite4 ,the only product of alteration is a little calcite in the spaces between the crystals4 ,other specimens from the same quarry will perhaps give a better idea of the general character of the rocks of the district1 and they possess a special interest1 as they afford unusually good examples of successive stages of alteration4 ,in one specimen the constituents are well preserved1 the plagioclase is clear and exhibits its characteristic twin striation2 the hornblende is1 for the most part1 unaltered1 but is much fissured1 and occasionally contains so many cavities that the crystals are little more than skeletons4 ,a ground-mass in which the constituents were set has been highly altered1 and now consists of a fine granular substance1 partly serpentinous1 with here and there a little calcite4 ,a second example is quite similar in texture to the last2 the felspar1 still recognisable as triclinic1 has been partially converted into a grey turbid substance4 ,the hornblende occurs in various stages of alteration2 some crystals are but slightly attacked1 while others are to a considerable extent replaced by a pale green serpentinous substance4 ,the alteration has followed the cleavage-lines and fractures1 while the numerous cavities just mentioned are also filled by the same substance4 ,in a single slice there may be seen almost every degree of change from a slight marginal erosion to a mere skeleton of the original4 ,of the latter1 however1 some little is always left2 and whether the alteration be little or great1 the crystalline forms are perfectly preserved4 ,in a third specimen the alteration has proceeded still further1 the whole of the hornblende crystals having been completely converted into pale green pseudomorphs2 they were originally large and well developed1 and their forms are still perfectly sharp and distinct4 ,the felspar is here quite turbid and opaque1 and the interstitial ground-mass is represented by calcite4 ,purley ,park1 near ,atherstone4--,the rock here contains1 in addition to the usual brown hornblende1 many crystals and grains of clear yellowish augite1 and several pseudomorphs after olivine4 ,the augite crystals exhibit the usual forms1 some being twins4 ,the pseudomorphs after olivine are quite similar to others observed in certain highly altered dolerites1 they consist of calcite or calcite and viridite2 they are numerous1 and are generally larger than the crystals of augite or hornblende4 ,quarry close to ,atherstone4--,this rock also contains both augite and hornblende2 and lastly1 in the railway cutting at ,chilvers ,coton1 several interesting varieties of diorite may be found4 ,,the ,,rhyolites ,,of ,,the ,,wrekin ,,near ,,wellington1 ,,shropshire4--,in the large quarry in ,lawrence ,hill1 at the north end of the ,wrekin1 and at ,lea ,rock on the ,shrewsbury ,road1 are to be found some of the most beautiful varieties of ancient volcanic glassy rocks hitherto discovered in ,britain4 ,the rocks in their present condition do not look like glass1 owing to a process of devitrification1 which they have evidently undergone4 ,there can1 however1 be no room for doubt as to their original vitreous condition1 for they exhibit1 under the microscope1 certain peculiar perlitic and spherulitic varieties of structure1 associated with characteristic forms of microliths1 which are found only in the pitchstone and obsidian varieties of volcanic glass4 ,in the quarry in ,lawrence ,hill1 thick beds of volcanic ashes and agglomerates are to be seen dipping towards the north at a high angle1 and an examination of this hill and the ,wrekin shows that they both consist of a series of stratified ashes alternating with several flows of rhyolite4 ,one of the ash beds contains numerous spheroidal blocks of thoroughly characteristic varieties of glassy rocks2 they have not yet been described1 but it may here be stated that1 in addition to many typical varieties of known rhyolites1 there are also included among them some of the rarer glassy kinds described by ,zirkel in his ,petrography of the #djth ,parallel4 ,beautiful examples of the spherulitic and perlitic varieties may be found at ,lea ,rock1 and have been described by the writer in the ,quar4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 xxxiii41 p4 #ddi4 ,it has been shown by ,dr4 ,callaway1 that all these rhyolites are of ,pre-,cambrian age2 we have here1 therefore1 the clearest proof that1 during very early geological periods volcanic action was of the same kind1 and produced the same results1 as in more recent times4 ,,south ,,staffordshire4--,the igneous rocks of the ,south ,staffordshire coalfield belong to the basic series1 and are1 without exception1 dolerites or basalts1 the latter being merely a fine grained variety of the former4 ,they have been intruded among the coal measures and shales1 and are frequently found in an excellent state of preservation4 ,the original mineral constituents are crystals1 or crystalline grains of triclinic felspar1 augite1 olivine1 magnetite1 ilmenite1 and apatite4 ,these minerals are very frequently quite unaltered1 with the exception of the olivine1 which is often partly converted into serpentine2 this is the pale green substance seen along the cracks1 and around the sides of the grains2 generally1 however1 the decomposition has been continued until the formation of complete serpentinous pseudomorphs after olivine has been the result4 ,the ,hailstone ,hill1 near ,rowley ,church1 is the best locality for varieties in texture and composition1 as also for contemporaneous veins4 ,in the large quarry there is a very coarsely crystalline variety containing large flat plates of ilmenite1 and here also may be found some light-coloured veins in which orthoclase is the predominant felspar4 ,the writer has also found in the same quarry vessicular and amygdaloidal varieties of the rock4 ,it need scarcely be mentioned that1 minute details of structure and composition can only be studied in thin slices under the microscope4 ,rocks of similar character to the above occur in the following localities3--,pouk ,hill1 near ,walsall2 ,titterston ,clee ,hill 7sheet #ee1 ,n4,w471 ,knowl ,hill1 near ,kinlet 7sheet #ee1 ,n4,e471 and ,swinnerton ,park1 eight miles ,n4,e4 of ,stafford4 ,for fuller descriptions of these rocks1 see ,allport1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxx41 p4 #ebi4 ,mining ,statistics of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield4 ,by ,,professor ,w4 ,e4 ,,benton1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,minerals ,,worked4--,the principal minerals worked within the limits of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield are coal1 ironstone1 and fireclay from the ,carboniferous formations1 and limestone from the underlying ,silurian rocks4 ,,the ,,coal is bituminous1 non-caking1 and much of it contains a high percentage of water and oxygen4 ,some of the seams produce excellent house-coal1 others manufacturing and steam coal4 ,,the ,,ironstone is an argillaceous carbonate of iron1 occurring as nodules in the roofs of the coal seams1 or as thin beds within them4 ,,the ,,fireclay1 particularly in the neighbourhood of ,stourbridge1 has a high refractory power4 ,,quantity ,,of ,,minerals ,,raised4--,the annual produce of minerals during the last twenty years has remained without any considerable alteration4 ,the ,government ,mineral ,statistics for #ahhe are not yet published1 but in #ahhd the quantities of minerals raised in ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield were3--,coal1 #i1fhh1jdg tons2 ironstone1 #aaf1iea tons2 fireclay1 #bje1cbj tons2 limestone 7no statistics given74 ,the respective values of these minerals at the mines were estimated at3--coal1 #b1ghe1cac2 ironstone1 #fb1igd2 fireclay1 #db1gha4 ,the total number of persons employed at the mines during the same period was #bc1ghb4 ,,destination ,,of ,,the ,,minerals4--,the greater part of the coal is consumed in the district for house purposes1 for steam raising1 for the manufacture of bricks1 pottery1 glass1 salt1 c4 ,the remainder is carried out of the coalfield into the south and south-western districts of ,england by the ,london and ,north ,western1 ,great ,western1 and ,midland ,railway ,companies1 for house and steam purposes4 ,the gas coals and coke used in the ,birmingham district are not the product of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalmeasures1 but are brought principally from ,north ,staffordshire1 ,derbyshire1 and ,yorkshire4 ,the whole of the ironstone raised is smelted within the district1 in addition to large quantities of iron ore 7hydrated oxide7 brought from the ,northampton and ,north ,staffordshire mines4 ,the manufacture of pig iron has within the last decade decreased to such an extent that less than one-third of the existing furnaces of ,south ,staffordshire are at present in blast4 ,the quantity of pig produced in the coalfield in #ahhd1 was #cef1hgc tons2 in the reduction of which #haj1icf tons of coal 7including coal converted into coke7 were used1 or about #de cwts4 of coal to one ton of pig iron4 ,the whole of the pig iron is retained in the district4 ,the finished iron trade retains its importance1 more than one-third of the existing puddling furnaces and rolling mills in ,great ,britain occur within the limits of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield4 ,the finished iron is produced from local pig iron1 and from pig iron brought from ,derbyshire1 ,yorkshire1 and ,north ,staffordshire4 ,the steel production in ,south ,staffordshire is gradually increasing4 ,the processes adopted are those known as the ,bessemer1 ,gilchrist and open hearth4 ,the ,south ,staffordshire fireclay is worked principally in the neighbourhood of ,brettle ,lane and ,stourbridge1 and is employed in the production of firebricks1 gas retorts1 pottery1 etc4 ,much also is conveyed into other districts in a raw condition for pottery purposes4 ,the ,silurian limestone is worked partly in open work in the neighbourhood of ,dudley1 and partly by ordinary underground mining operations at the ,wren's ,nest1 ,sedgley1 and at ,walsall4 ,,characteristic ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,mining ,,of ,,south ,,staffordshire4--,there are several noteworthy features in the mining of ,south ,staffordshire4 ,a stranger is especially impressed with the large number of separate collieries in working 7about #fjj7 in proportion to the quantity of mineral raised4 ,this peculiarity is due essentially to the insignificant depth at which the minerals occur below the surface 7indeed1 at ,foxyard1 near ,tipton1 coal has long been quarried in an outcrop of the #aj yard seam74 ,this 8,shallow ,mining0 has passed its meridian4 ,the future mining of the district is forecast by those remarkable operations on the 8red ground10 forming the eastern side of the coalfield4 ,the most recently opened seam in the red ground is at ,hampstead1 three miles north of ,birmingham1 where coal mining is carried on below the ,permian and ,triassic1 at a depth of more than #fjj yards4 ,another feature of the mining is the unique ,south ,staffordshire mode of getting coal in the ten yard seam1 called 8,square ,work40 ,this method has met with much condemnation from strangers1 but after trial of other methods1 it still dominates4 ,a further and most strongly marked peculiarity of the ,south ,staffordshire area is the tendency of some of the ,black ,country coals to spontaneous ignition4 ,much coal has thus in times past been sacrificed2 but a better acquaintance with the causes of this phenomenon has led to measures which have reduced and which must still further reduce this sacrifice of wealth4 ,,mines' ,,drainage4--,in the ,tipton and ,old ,hill districts many of the coal mines are water-logged4 ,in #ahgc a ,parliamentary ,commission however was appointed to drain this area1 and was empowered to levy rates to defray the drainage expenses4 ,the drainage area under the direction of this ,mines' ,drainage ,commission is #ej square miles4 ,the principal pumping stations are the ,moat1 the ,stoneheath ,station1 and the ,bradley ,station4 ,the ,bradley pumping engines 7a quarter of a mile from ,moxley on the ,great ,western ,railway7 are of the compound type having #eb-;inch and #ij-;inch steam cylinders4 ,these engines1 with a #aj feet stroke1 and six strokes per minute1 work two #bg-;inch plunger pumps1 and raise from a depth of #abf yards more than #d1jjj1jjj gallons of water per #bd hours4 ,as a result of this gallant effort to recover these water-logged minerals1 the number of pumping stations has been gradually reduced in the ,tipton district from #gg in #ahgc to #aj in #ahhe1 and the quantity of water from #bc1jjj1jjj to #aj1jjj1jjj of gallons daily4 ,to meet the inevitable expenses1 a rate of #i;d4 per statute ton is levied on all coals1 slack1 and ironstone2 #c;d4 per statute ton on all fireclay and limestone1 and #a;d4 per statute ton for surface drainage on all minerals1 raised in the ,tipton district4 ,in the ,old ,hill district a much lower mines'-drainage rate is collected4 ,,literature4 ,,books1 ,,papers ,,and ,,maps ,,bearing ,,upon ,,the ,,geology ,,of ,,the ,,birmingham ,,district4 ,fundamental ,gneissic and ,volcanic ,rocks4 ,phillips1 ,prof41 8,on the ,geology of the ,malvern and ,abberley ,hills40 ,memoirs of the ,geological ,survey1 ,vol4 ii41 #ahdh4 ,holl1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,b41 8,on the ,geology and ,structure of the ,malvern ,hills40 ,quart4 ,journal ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxi41 p4 #gb4 ,callaway1 ,dr4 ,c41 8,on a second ,pre-,cambrian ,group in the ,malvern ,hills40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahhj1 ,nov4 #ahhj4 ,prof4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,,ll4,d41 and ,rev4 ,w4 ,hill1 ,m4,a4 8,on the ,pre-,carboniferous ,rocks of ,charnwood ,forest40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahgg1 p4 #ged1 c4 ,allport4 ,s41 8,ancient ,devitrified ,pitchstones and ,perlites from ,lower ,silurian ,district of ,shropshire40 ,quart4 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 #ahgg1 p4 #dci4 ,callaway1 ,dr4 ,chas41 8,the ,pre-,cambrian ,rocks of ,shropshire40 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahgi1 p4 #fdc2 ibid1 #ahhb1 p4 #abj4 ,cambrian ,formations4 ,prof4 ,phillips1 8,geology of ,malvern and ,abberley ,hills40 ,see above4 ,holl1 ,dr4 ,h41 8,geology and ,structure of the ,malvern ,hills40 ,see above4 ,callaway1 ,dr4 ,c41 8,on a new ,area of ,upper ,cambrian ,rocks in ,south ,shropshire40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahgg4 p4 #feb4 ,t4 ,s4 ,houghton41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 8,note on the ,age of the ,quartzite of the ,lickey40 ,proceedings ,birmingham ,philosophical ,society1 #ahha-b1 p4 #bjf4 ,prof4 ,c4 ,lapworth1 8,on the ,discovery of ,cambrian ,rocks in the neighbourhood of ,birmingham20 ibid1 p4 #bcd4 ,see also ,geological ,magazine1 #ahhb1 p4 #efc2 ibid1 ,july1 #ahhf4 ,w4 ,jerome ,harrison1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,on the ,pre-,carboniferous ,floor of the ,midlands40 ,midland ,naturalist1 #ahee1 p4 #ch4 ,silurian ,rocks4 ,sir ,r4 ,j4 ,murchison1 8,silurian ,system10 p4 #djh1 and #dhj4 ,j4 ,beete ,jukes1 ,f4,r4,s4 8,the ,geology of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield40 #bnd ,ed41 p4 #ade et seq4 ,carboniferous ,rocks4 ,sir ,r4 ,j4 ,murchison1 8,silurian ,system10 p4 #dfc4 ,j4 ,beete ,jukes1 ,f4,r4,s4 8,the ,geology of the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfields40 #bnd ,edition2 see also ,jukes1 8,on the ,geological ,structure of ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield40 ,birmingham and ,midland and ,hardware ,district1 #ahff1 p4 #a4 ,howell1 ,h41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 8,the ,geology of the ,warwickshire ,coalfield40 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahei4 ,permian and ,triassic ,rocks4 ,hull1 ,prof41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 8,triassic and ,permian ,rocks of the ,midlands40 ,memoirs ,geol4 ,survey4 ,sir ,and4 ,ramsay1 ,f4,r4,s41 8,on the occurrence of ,angular boulders in the ,permian ,breccia of ,shropshire and ,worcestershire40 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 #ahee1 p4 #ahe4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 8,upper ,keuper ,sandstone of ,warwickshire40 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xii41 p4 #cgd4 ,prof4 ,l4 ,c4 ,miall1 8,labyrinthodonts from the ,keuper ,sandstone1 in the ,warwick ,museum40 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxx41 p4 #dag4 ,w4 ,j4 ,harrison1 8,on the ,quartzite ,pebbles contained in the ,triassic ,strata of ,england1 and on their ,derivation from an ,ancient ,land ,barrier in ,central ,england40 ,proc4 ,birmingham ,phil4 ,soc41 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #aeg4 ,prof4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 8,on the ,pebbles in the ,bunter ,beds40 ,geol4 ,mag4 for #ahhj1 p4 #djd4 ,thos4 ,davidson1 8,brachiopoda of the ,budleigh-,salterton ,pebble ,bed40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 ,vol4 xxvi41 p4 #gj4 #ahgj4 ,liassic and ,rhtic ,rocks4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 8,lias ,outliers at ,knowle and ,wooton ,wawen40 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxi41 p4 #aei4 #ahfe4 ,r4 ,f4 ,tomes1 8,corals of the ,lias40 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxxiv41 p4 #agi4 #ahgh4 ,w4 ,j4 ,harrison1 8,the ,rhtic ,section at ,dunhampstead1 near ,droitwich40 ,proc4 ,dudley ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #aae4 ,glacial and ,post ,tertiary ,formations4 8,the ,direction and ,limits of ,dispersion1 etc41 of the ,erratic ,blocks of the ,west of ,england and ,east of ,wales10 by ,d4 ,mackintosh1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,quarterly ,journal ,geological ,society1 ,vol4 xxxv41 p4 #dbe4 8,the ,correlation of the ,drift ,deposits of the ,n4,w4 of ,england1 with those of the ,midland and ,eastern ,counties10 by ,d4 ,mackintosh1 ibid1 ,vol4 xxxvi41 p4 #agh4 8,post ,tertiary ,beds of the ,midland ,district10 by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey1 ,,ll4,d41 and ,c4 ,j4 ,woodward4 ,proceedings of the ,birmingham ,natural ,history ,society1 #ahgc1 p4 #dc4 8,on a ,section of ,glacial ,drift1 recently exposed in ,icknield ,street1 ,birmingham40 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey4 ,proceedings of ,philosophical ,society of ,birmingham4 ,vol4 iii4 p4 #bji4 8,the ,grooved ,blocks and ,boulder ,clays of ,rowley ,hill40 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey4 ,ibid1 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #dei2 and ,vol4 iv41 p4 #fi4 8,reports of the ,committee of the ,british ,association on the ,distribution1 etc41 of ,erratic ,blocks2 drawn up by ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey40 #ahgc-ahhe4 8,the ,geological ,section along the ,west ,suburban ,railway from ,birmingham to ,king's ,norton40 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,martin4 ,proceedings of ,philosophical ,society of ,birmingham1 ,vol4 iv41 p4 #beg4 ,petrography4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,diorites of ,e4 ,warwickshire ,coalfield40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,carboniferous ,dolerites40 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s41 xxx41 p4 #ebi4 ,s4 ,allport1 ,f4,g4,s41 8,vitreous ,rocks of the ,wrekin10 ibid1 xxxiii41 #ddi4 ,see also the ,papers by ,professor ,phillips1 ,dr4 ,holl1 and ,dr4 ,c4 ,callaway1 ,rev4 ,professor ,bonney and ,rev4 ,t4 ,hill1 cited above4 ,t4 ,h4 ,waller1 ,b4,sc41 8,observations on the ,structure of the ,rowley ,rag40 ,midland ,naturalist1 #ahhe1 p4 #bfa4 ,maps of ,birmingham ,district4 ,published by ,h4,m4 ,geological ,survey4 #fb--,s4,e4 ,birmingham4 #fb--,n4,w4 ,penkridge4 #fc--,n4,w4 ,market ,bosworth4 #ec--,n4,w4 ,coventry4 #ed--,n4,w4 ,droitwich4 #fb--,s4,w4 ,dudley4 #fb--,n4,e4 ,lichfield4 #fc--,s4,w4 ,nuneaton4 #ed--,n4,e4 ,henley-in-,arden4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,the main outlines and colors of the formations c41 in the accompanying ,geological ,sketch-,map correspond with those of the above mentioned one inch ,survey ,maps of the ,district4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,zoology4 ,,under ,,the ,,general ,,editorship ,,of ,w4 ,r4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,introduction4 ,it is believed that this is the first attempt to give a connected account of the ,zoology of the neighbourhood of ,birmingham1 although the ,botany of the ,district has long attracted diligent and enthusiastic workers4 ,the subject1 however1 has not been neglected1 and past and present members of the ,birmingham ,natural ,history and ,microscopical ,society1 and other naturalists1 have from time to time made public1 in the ,midland ,naturalist and elsewhere1 their observations on the more important classes of the animal kingdom4 ,some of the classes in the sub-kingdoms1 ,,protozoa1 ,c,,lenterata1 ,,vermes1 and ,,arthropoda 7it is to be regretted7 have been almost entirely neglected4 ,the limited amount of space allotted to ,zoology in the present volume and the limited amount of time at the disposal of the contributors have prevented the presentation of complete lists in all the divisions selected1 although the ,editor believes that the various papers now submitted furnish--so far as they go--a very fair1 if not an exhaustive account of our local fauna4 ,it would have been desirable to have discussed1 more fully than is done by the various contributors1 the question of the ,geographical distribution of animals in the district1 but this question1 for the reasons above stated1 must be left until another occasion4 ,the division of the ,,microscopic ,,fauna has been made somewhat arbitrarily1 in order to meet local circumstances4 ,it is hoped that at some future time these papers may be extended1 and become the foundation for a complete record of the ,zoology of the district4 ,without any invidious comparison1 the ,editor may say that1 in the domain of local zoology1 by far the most systematic study has been that devoted during many years by ,mr4 ,thomas ,bolton1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 to the microscopic fauna of the neighbourhood4 ,the number of new species which this able and industrious naturalist has added to science1 probably equals if not exceeds that of the discoveries recorded in any other part of ,england during the time ,mr4 ,bolton has been an observer4 ,moreover1 his novel and successful method of disseminating these organisms among microscopists1 has contributed largely to scientific knowledge1 not only in ,england1 but on the ,continent1 and even in ,america4 ,although not coming within the category of the local fauna1 very fine collections of the classes ,,echinodermata and ,,crustacea have been made by ,mr4 ,g4 ,sherriff ,tye1 of ,richmond ,road1 ,handsworth1 who will be happy to show the same to members of the ,british ,association4 ,his excellent collection of ,,mollusca1 many of which are noticed in this volume1 will also be on view4 ,the ,entomological collection made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,blatch--the work of a lifetime--many specimens of which are referred to in this volume1 will similarly be on view1 on application to ,mr4 ,blatch1 at ,green ,lane1 ,small ,heath4 ,it is right to state that this naturalist has added very many new species to the fauna of the district4 ,the ,coleoptera occurring in the ,midlands will be exhibited by ,mr4 ,blatch in ,bingley ,hall4 ,the collection of local fishes taken by members of the ,birmingham and ,midland ,piscatorial ,association 7established in #ahgi7 of which ,mr4 ,james ,gregory is ,honorary ,secretary1 contains some very handsome and well-mounted specimens which may ordinarily be seen in the ,society's ,room1 at the ,grand ,hotel1 on application to ,mr4 ,field1 the proprietor4 ,the collection for the present forms part of the ,exhibition in ,bingley ,hall4 ,it should be mentioned that this ,association has done good work in stocking the ,river ,trent with about #ce1jjj ,trout fry 7,salmo fario7 during the last few years4 ,the ,editor offers no apology for mentioning the exceptionally fine ,ornithological collection of ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,chase1 ,president of the ,birmingham ,natural ,history and ,microscopical ,society4 ,the collection comprises1 in sequence1 the eggs1 and the birds in various stages of growth towards maturity4 ,the specimens are mounted so as to show instructively the surroundings of the various birds as seen in their natural habitats4 ,mr4 ,chase will be happy to show his collection to members of the ,british ,association1 on application at his residence1 ,southfield1 #g1 ,edgbaston ,road1 ,edgbaston4 ,although ,birmingham is nearly the central part of ,england1 and thus farthest removed from the sea1 it may not be uninteresting to state that some attention has been given to ,marine ,zoology1 the ,birmingham ,natural ,history and ,microscopical ,society having several times made excursions to parts of the coast for the purpose of dredging specimens4 ,the ,,pennatulida1 dredged by the ,society1 at ,oban1 in #ahha1 were described by ,professor ,a4 ,milnes ,marshall1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,marshall1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 in a ,report1 with illustrations by the authors1 published in the 8,midland ,naturalist0 for #ahhb1 which gained the ,darwin ,gold ,medal1 awarded by the ,midland ,union of ,natural ,history ,societies1 at the sixth annual meeting1 held at ,tamworth1 in #ahhc4 ,the specimens may be seen in the annexe of the ,exhibition1 at ,bingley ,hall4 ,the limit of radius of about twenty miles round ,birmingham1 including parts of the counties of ,warwick1 ,worcester1 and ,stafford1 chosen by the botanists who have contributed to the present work1 has been generally accepted by the zoologists except in the division of the ,,mollusca1 which is mainly confined to a radius of twelve miles1 as fixed by local ,conchologists several years ago4 ,some latitude has however been allowed1 to meet exceptional cases1 necessitated by the wider range of animals as compared with that of plants4 ,the thanks of the ,editor are due to the various local contributors1 and especially to ,mr4 ,e4 de ,hamel1 late ,president of the ,tamworth ,natural ,history ,society1 for his kind co-operation in furnishing the chapter on ,mammals and ,reptiles4 ,in strict order of classification1 the division of ,reptiles should have followed that of ,birds1 but for convenience in the present arrangement it has not been thought desirable to separate this chapter4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,mammals and ,reptiles4 ,,by ,e4 ,,de ,,hamel4 ,i4--,,mammals4 ,the district around ,birmingham is admirably suited for our native animals1 abounding as it does with fertile and well-watered valleys1 wild moorlands1 and extensive woods2 on the other hand1 its large population renders the prolonged existence of individual and striking rarities well-nigh impossible4 ,the value of the matter contained in this chapter has been much enhanced by the personal observations of many of the best ,midland naturalists4 ,,cheiroptera4 ,adopting the late ,professor ,bell's classification of ,british quadrupeds and reptiles1 the ,bats come first under consideration2 and out of the fourteen species described by him1 no fewer than nine are to be found in this district4 ,the ,noctule or ,great ,bat1 ,scotophilus noctula1 is the largest of our ,british species1 and is characterised by its lofty flight4 ,there is a colony of these ,bats in the roof of ,cliff ,hall1 near ,kingsbury1 and another in a hollow of a lime tree in the ,moat ,house ,avenue1 ,tamworth4 ,the ,hairy-armed ,bat1 ,s4 ,leisleri1 which has a zig-zag flight1 occurs on the ,warwickshire ,avon4 ,the ,common ,bat1 or ,flittermouse1 ,s4 pipistrellus1 is often seen flying near buildings in broad daylight1 and secretes itself in crevices4 ,the ,reddish-grey ,bat1 ,vespertilio nattereri1 is found in roofs of churches and similar buildings4 ,daubenton's ,bat1 ,v4 ,daubentonii1 flies close to the surface of water1 and has been seen flying both at mid-day and dusk over the ,river ,anker at ,tamworth1 and is abundant at ,stratford-on-,avon2 it hides in trees and buildings4 ,the ,whiskered ,bat1 ,v4 mystacinus1 frequents the sheltered side of high hedges1 and secretes itself in any convenient chink4 ,the ,long-eared ,bat1 ,plecotus auritus1 possesses ears nearly as long as its head and body combined1 and is generally distributed2 it collects in clusters under tiled roofs and in church towers4 ,the ,barbastelle ,bat1 ,barbastellus ,daubentonii1 is not uncommon in ,warwickshire2 it flutters lazily round moving objects1 and hides in crevices4 ,the last local species is the ,lesser ,horse-shoe ,bat1 ,rhinolophus hipposideros1 which is gregarious1 and haunts roofs of houses2 it is easily distinguished by its curious nasal appendage4 ,,insectivora4 ,the ,hedgehog1 ,erinaceus ,europus1 common everywhere1 hibernates in a nest of leaves4 ,the ,mole1 ,talpa ,europa2 abundant1 pied and light coloured varieties plentiful4 ,the ,common ,shrew1 ,sorex vulgaris1 often1 found dead on pathways4 ,the ,water ,shrew1 ,s4 fodiens1 is more rare1 but has been found near ,tamworth1 at ,great ,barr1 and in the ,birmingham ,botanical ,gardens4 ,the ,lesser ,shrew1 ,s4 pygmus1 is omitted1 as it is now generally considered to be but a variety of ,s4 fodiens4 ,,carnivora4 ,the ,badger or ,brock1 ,meles taxus1 whilst rare1 is very equally distributed over the district4 ,on ,april #adth1 #ahgg1 one was obtained in the ,foxhole ,hill1 in ,bentley ,big wood1 near ,atherstone2 a female and three young ones were taken alive in the spring of #ahhd1 in a wood1 near ,croxall2 there are some more badgers in the same wood this year1 #ahhf4 ,in ,march1 #ahhe1 a single one was captured at ,bentley1 near ,redditch2 the keeper at ,beaudesert reports that they are still plentiful on ,cannock ,chase4 ,the ,otter1 ,lutra vulgaris1 like the ,badger1 though rare1 still frequently occurs in the ,midlands1 especially on the rivers ,anker1 ,tame1 and ,trent1 and their tributaries2 as well as the ,warwickshire ,avon4 ,on the ,tame1 a few years since1 a female ,otter and brood of young ones was seen several times swimming near an osier bed in the ,cliff meadows2 another was shot when crossing the river at the back of ,broad ,island1 near ,tamworth2 two young ones were killed in a hay field1 close by ,hopwas ,wood2 and a large ,otter was found in a brook at ,wigginton1 a mile from the river1 and destroyed after a desperate encounter2 still another was seen trotting along the banks of the ,tame1 close by the town of ,tamworth2 while the largest ,otter known to have been taken in the river ,avon was captured on the first of ,june1 #ahhf1 at its junction with the river ,arrow2 it weighed #bhlbs4 ,the ,weasel1 ,mustela vulgaris1 and the ,stoat1 ,m4 erminea1 are both plentiful4 ,the ,polecat or ,fitchet1 ,m4 putorius1 is becoming decidedly rare1 only three having been recorded in the district during the last few years2 the first of these occurred at ,alvecote ,wood1 the second at ,hints1 in the neighbourhood of ,tamworth1 and the third at ,merivale1 near ,atherstone4 ,the ,pine ,marten1 ,martes abietum1 although believed now to be absolutely extinct in the ,midlands1 used to be found in ,needwood ,forest1 and a specimen taken many years ago near ,rugeley is now in the possession of ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,chase4 ,the ,fox1 ,vulpes vulgaris1 being strictly preserved1 is sufficiently abundant4 ,,rodentia4 ,the ,squirrel1 ,sciurus vulgaris1 is thinly distributed1 and may occasionally be seen in most of the large woods1 as for instance1 those in ,sutton1 ,hagley1 and ,arbury ,parks1 where the dreys are built on the forked branches of the trees4 ,the ,dormouse1 ,myoxus avellanarius1 is also rare1 but is occasionally met with by hedgers1 when dressing fences4 ,as it is semi-gregarious1 when one is found more may be expected4 ,the nest is built of grass1 compact1 globular1 about five inches in diameter1 with the entrance near the base4 ,a nest was taken at ,cofton ,reservoir1 near ,barnt ,green1 in ,april1 #ahhe4 ,the ,harvest ,mouse1 ,mus minutus1 is the smallest of our quadrupeds1 building a small round and firm nest among the ears of corn1 or stems of reeds4 ,it is generally distributed1 and has been taken near ,stratford-on-,avon1 ,merivale and ,atherstone4 ,the long-tailed ,field ,mouse1 ,m4 sylvaticus1 is plentiful1 and often turned up by the spade or plough4 ,the ,common ,mouse1 ,m4 musculus1 abundant in buildings4 ,the ,black ,rat1 ,m4 rattus1 although rare1 is still to be found in small colonies1 generally in the cellars of large towns1 where it is comparatively secure from the attacks of its greatest enemy and destroyer1 the ,brown ,rat4 ,a single recent example has been taken within the last six months at ,new ,parks1 near ,leicester1 and is now in the possession of ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 ,mott4 ,the rarity of the occurrence justifies this record1 although the locality is outside the radius agreed upon4 ,the ,brown ,rat1 ,m4 decumanus is abundant in both buildings and hedgerows4 ,the ,water ,vole1 ,arvicola amphibius1 better known as the ,water ,rat1 is common on all the streams of the ,midlands4 ,the common ,field-,vole1 ,a4 agrestis1 is plentiful in the meadows1 where their nests are frequently exposed by the mowers4 ,the ,red ,field or ,bank-,vole1 ,a4 glareolus1 is much more rare and distinguished from the last species1 by its rich chestnut fur2 several of these were taken at ,belvoir ,castle1 in ,july1 #ahhe4 ,the ,hare1 ,lepus timidus1 and the ,rabbit1 ,l4 cuniculus1 have been greatly reduced in numbers since the passing of the ,hares and ,rabbits ,bill in #ahha4 ,,ruminantia4 ,the ,red ,deer1 ,cervus elaphus1 as recently as #ahjj1 roamed wild over ,cannock ,chase and ,needwood ,forest1 but is now confined to the areas of the large parks1 such as ,gopsall and ,beaudesert4 ,the ,fallow ,deer1 ,c4 dama1 formerly existed in thousands on ,cannock ,chase1 and is now the chief ornament of the parks4 ,the ,roe ,deer1 ,capreolus caprea1 was also common1 but has become extinct4 ,the ,wild ,cattle1 ,bos taurus1 under the fostering care of the ,lords ,ferrars1 at ,chartley1 near ,stafford1 still constitute the greatest curiosity among the ,midland mammals4 ,garner1 in his history of ,staffordshire1 relates that these animals at one time roamed free over ,needwood ,forest1 and how1 in the thirteenth century1 ,william de ,ferrariis enclosed a thousand acres of high-lying moorland1 the turf of which is in the same condition now as then1 and within this enclosure the animals are maintained in their pristine purity4 ,at the present time this herd consists of about thirty head1 comprising three bulls1 the oldest aged nine years1 a magnificent beast1 with deep chest1 black muzzle and ears1 black-tipped1 wide-spreading horns1 and forefeet also flecked with black1 the prevailing colour being a rich creamy white4 ,so sensitive are these cattle1 as the result of their high breeding1 that calves unduly handled are forsaken by their mothers2 and older beasts1 if subjected to forcible restraint1 will often1 as the keeper put it to the writer1 8just wag their tails and die40 ,when the calves are with them the cows are dangerous to approach4 ,,pachydermata4 ,before leaving the local mammals1 the celebrated red breed of ,tamworth ,pigs1 ,sus scrofa1 deserves mention as one of the best1 most useful1 and healthy of the many well-known kinds2 but there is no reason to suppose that it1 any more than the others1 can claim descent from the reputed ,wild ,pigs of ,needwood4 ,,ii4--,,reptiles4 ,,sauria4 ,the ,sand ,lizard1 ,lacerta agilis1 occurs in ,leicestershire and ,worcestershire1 and is to be met with on ,cannock ,chase and similar localities4 ,the ,viviparous ,lizard1 ,zootoca vivipara1 is found in ,sutton ,park1 is smaller and more active than the ,sand ,lizard1 and differs from that species inasmuch as the young are born alive4 ,,saurophidia4 ,the ,blindworm1 ,anguis fragilis1 is not infrequent1 specimens have been obtained at ,sutton ,park1 ,merivale1 ,baddesley ,ensor1 ,beaudesert1 the ,forest of ,wyre and ,habberley ,valley1 near ,kidderminster4 ,,ophidia4 ,the ,ringed ,snake1 ,natrix torquata1 is seldom seen in the neighbourhood of ,tamworth--although on one occasion the occupants of a boat on the river ,anker saw one of these snakes glide down the bank and swim towards them--it is common in ,merivale ,park1 occasionally found in ,sutton ,park1 and near ,dudley4 ,the ,viper or ,adder1 ,pelias berus1 our only poisonous reptile1 is locally common1 but generally rare2 a large number were killed in ,sutton ,park during the summer of #ahhd2 it is plentiful on ,chartley ,moss1 ,cannock ,chase1 and in the ,forest of ,wyre4 ,the ,viper is shorter and thicker than the ,common ,snake1 and easily distinguished by the ,v shaped marking on the head4 ,,anoura4 ,the ,common ,frog1 ,rana temporaria1 is very abundant1 and may be seen in hundreds in the ditches during ,march4 ,the ,common ,toad1 ,bufo vulgaris1 is also generally distributed4 ,,urodela4 ,the ,common ,warty-,newt1 ,triton cristatus1 may be found in ponds throughout the district4 ,the ,smooth-,newt1 ,lissotriton punctatus1 is a habitant of every clear horsepond1 where it can be seen either basking on the bottom1 or rising to the surface for air2 this species often leaves the water1 and hides under stones4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,birds4 ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,chase4 ,the district surrounding ,birmingham does not present any striking or special feature to the ornithologist2 but owing to its varied character1 comprising as it does hill and dale1 with considerable stretches of moorland and a plentiful supply of water1 in rivers1 reservoirs and pools1 it forms haunts particularly attractive to birds4 ,the number of local species recorded is large1 consisting of about sixty residents1 forty-two migrants1 and eighty occasional and rare visitors2 making a total of one hundred and eighty-two species4 ,the large number of marine or littoral species occurring so far inland is an interesting fact to be noted1 and from the records of such species as the ,curlew ,sandpiper1 ,turnstone1 ,ring ,dotterel1 ,common and ,arctic ,terns1 much valuable information might be brought to bear upon some of the knotty problems of migration4 ,it is principally during autumn that such species are noticed1 and invariably the examples obtained are immature1 or birds of the year4 ,the classification and synonymy used in this brief summary is in accordance with the fourth edition of 8,yarrell's ,british ,birds40 ,,accipitres4 ,,falconid4--,golden ,eagle1 ,aquila chrysaetus1 has occurred at ,needwood4 ,white-tailed ,eagle1 ,halitus albicilla1 has occurred at ,cannock ,chase4 ,osprey1 ,pandion halitus1 very rare2 has occurred at ,witton1 and near ,lichfield4 ,peregrine ,falcon1 ,falco peregrinus1 rare visitor2 one shot at ,olton1 near ,solihull1 in ,december #ahhj2 it has also occurred at ,packington1 ,water ,orton1 and ,polesworth1 near ,tamworth4 ,hobby1 ,f4 subbuteo1 frequently taken by the birdcatchers in their nets4 ,it has bred in ,warwickshire4 ,merlin1 ,f4 salon1 not common2 more frequently observed in the autumn4 ,kestrel1 ,f4 tinnunculus1 common and generally distributed4 ,sparrow ,hawk1 ,accipiter nisus1 common4 ,kite1 ,milvus ictinus1 has occurred at ,polesworth1 near ,tamworth4 ,common ,buzzard1 ,buteo vulgaris1 an occasional visitor2 has occurred at ,alcester and ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,rough-legged ,buzzard1 ,b4 lagopus1 very rare2 twice obtained in the neighbourhood of ,coleshill4 ,honey ,buzzard1 ,pernis apivorus1 very rare2 has occurred at ,stoneleigh4 ,hen ,harrier1 ,circus cyaneus1 a rare visitor2 has occurred at ,alcester4 ,marsh ,harrier1 ,c4 ruginosus1 very rare2 has been obtained at ,elford1 near ,tamworth4 ,,strigid4--,tawny ,owl1 ,strix aluco1 fairly common in wooded districts4 ,long-eared ,owl1 ,asio otus1 fairly abundant and breeds here4 ,short-eared ,owl1 ,a4 accipitrinus1 an autumn migrant4 ,barn ,owl1 ,aluco flammeus1 abundant4 ,,passeres4 ,,laniid4--,great ,grey ,shrike1 ,lanius excubitor1 frequently occurs during autumn and winter2 it has been taken at ,wylde ,green1 ,november #adth1 #ahga1 and at ,rubery ,hill1 ,october #cast1 #ahha4 ,red-backed ,shrike1 ,l4 collurio1 generally distributed and breeds here4 ,,muscicapid4--,spotted ,flycatcher1 ,muscicapa grisola1 a common summer visitor4 ,pied ,flycatcher1 ,m4 atricapilla1 rare4 ,,oriolid4--,golden ,oriole1 ,oriolus galbula1 one was obtained at ,barton1 near ,tamworth4--8,zoologist10 #ahga1 p4 #bfci4 ,,cinclid4--,dipper1 ,cinclus aquaticus1 very rare in the district2 one was shot at ,handsworth1 ,january #abth1 #ahhb4 ,,turdid4--,missel ,thrush1 ,turdus viscivorus1 common and breeds here4 ,song ,thrush1 ,t4 musicus1 common4 ,redwing1 ,t4 iliacus1 winter visitor4 ,fieldfare1 ,t4 pilaris1 winter visitor4 ,blackbird1 ,t4 merula1 abundant everywhere and increasing4 ,ring ,ouzel1 ,t4 torquatus1 not common1 has occurred at ,wylde ,green and ,gravelly ,hill4 ,,sylviid4--,hedge sparrow1 ,accentor modularis1 abundant4 ,redbreast1 ,erithacus rubecula1 common and resident4 ,nightingale1 ,daulias luscinia1 not very plentiful throughout the district1 but to be found fairly numerous in favoured localities1 and breeds here4 ,bluethroat1 ,ruticilla suecica1 very rare2 once occurred near ,birmingham1 78,yarrell's ,british ,birds10 ,vol4 i41 p4 #cbb74 ,redstart1 ,r4 phnicurus1 common summer visitor4 ,stonechat1 ,saxicola rubicola1 and ,whinchat1 ,s4 rubetra1 are to be met with in suitable localities4 ,wheatear1 ,s4 nanthe1 common in spring2 generally arrives about the middle of ,march1 ,reed ,warbler1 ,acrocephalus streperus1 a summer visitor and breeds here4 ,sedge ,warbler1 ,a4 schnobnus1 plentiful throughout the district4 ,grasshopper ,warbler1 ,a4 nvius1 far from common2 has occurred at ,barnt ,green1 ,alcester1 ,sutton1 ,tamworth2 breeds here sparingly4 ,whitethroat1 ,sylvia rufa1 abundant in summer4 ,lesser ,whitethroat1 ,s4 curruca1 not so abundant as the previous species4 ,garden ,warbler1 ,s4 salicaria1 common summer migrant4 ,blackcap1 ,s4 atricapilla1 locally distributed4 ,wood ,wren1 ,phylloscopus sibilatrix1 common during summer1 especially in the neighbourhood of ,selly ,oak4 ,willow ,wren1 ,p4 trochilus1 abundant4 ,chiffchaff1 ,p4 collybita1 one of the earliest summer migrants4 ,golden-crested ,wren1 ,regulus cristatus1 frequently breeds here4 ,,troglodytid4--,wren1 ,troglodytes parvulus1 abundant4 ,,certhiid4--,tree ,creeper1 ,certhia familiaris1 common2 especially in ,sutton ,park4 ,,sittid4--,nuthatch1 ,sittia csia1 generally to be met with where old trees abound4 ,aston1 ,edgbaston1 and ,sutton ,coldfield are localities where it has been observed4 ,,parid4--,titmouse1 ,parus4 ,this genus is well represented1 those species which occur being plentiful4 ,,ampelid4--,waxwing1 ,ampelis garrulus1 rare2 has occurred at irregular intervals2 one shot in the grounds of ,aston ,hall1 by a gamekeeper of ,james ,watt1 ,esq41 about the year #ahde1 and another at ,rednal1 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahhb4 ,,motacillid4--,pied ,wagtail1 ,motacilla lugubris1 common4 ,grey ,wagtail1 ,m4 sulphurea1 has been observed several times in full summer plumage1 and probably breeds in the district4 ,yellow ,wagtail1 ,m4 raii1 regular summer migrant4 ,tree ,pipit1 ,anthus trivialis1 not rare1 but local4 ,meadow ,pipit1 ,a4 pratensis1 common4 ,,alaudid4--,sky ,lark1 ,alauda arvensis1 resident and common4 ,wood ,lark1 ,a4 arborea1 rare4 ,,emberizid4--,snow bunting1 ,plectrophanes nivalis1 rare2 has occurred at ,harborne4 ,reed ,bunting1 ,emberiza schniclus1 generally to be met with in suitable localities4 ,yellow ,bunting1 ,e4 citrinella1 abundant4 ,bunting1 ,e4 miliaria1 frequent4 ,,fringillid4--,chaffinch1 ,fringilla clebs1 common4 ,brambling1 ,f4 montifringilla1 occasionally occurs in the winter4 ,tree sparrow1 ,passer montanus1 very local in distribution4 ,house ,sparrow1 ,p4 domesticus1 abundant everywhere4 ,hawfinch1 ,coccothraustes vulgaris1 more plentiful than formerly2 now breeds regularly in the district4 ,greenfinch1 ,c4 chloris1 common4 ,goldfinch1 ,carduelis elegans1 scarce4 ,siskin1 ,c4 spinus1 occasionally occurs in the winter4 ,lesser ,redpoll1 ,linota rufescens1 common and resident4 ,linnet1 ,l4 cannabina1 common and resident4 ,bullfinch1 ,pyrrhula europa1 generally distributed throughout the district4 ,crossbill1 ,loxia curvirostra1 rare2 a pair were shot in ,aston ,park about #ahde2 it has also occurred at ,solihull and ,wylde ,green4 ,,sturnid4--,starling1 ,sturnus vulgaris1 abundant and resident4 ,,corvid4--,crow1 ,corvus corone1 not rare4 ,grey crow1 ,c4 cornix1 mostly noticed during winter2 the nest of this species was taken in ,sutton ,park1 ,may1 #ahhc4 ,rook1 ,c4 frugilegus1 abundant and increasing4 ,jackdaw1 ,c4 monedula1 common4 ,magpie1 ,pica rustica1 common in localities not strictly preserved4 ,jay1 ,garrulus glandarius1 common in large woods4 ,,hirundinid4--,swallow1 ,hirundo rustica4 ,martin1 ,chelidon urbica1 and the ,sand ,martin1 ,cotyle riparia1 are all common summer visitors4 ,,picari4 ,,cypselid4--,swift1 ,cypselus apus1 summer visitor1 rather local4 ,,caprimulgid4--,night-jar1 ,caprimulgus europus1 generally distributed2 frequenting woods adjoining heaths2 especially plentiful in ,sutton ,park4 ,,cuculid4--,cuckoo1 ,cuculus canorus1 summer migrant4 ,,upupid4--,hoopoe1 ,upupa epops1 an accidental visitor2 has been shot at ,witton1 ,quinton1 ,oscott1 and ,baddesley near ,tamworth4 ,,alcedinid4--,kingfisher1 ,alcedo ispida1 fairly numerous2 to be met with on most of the rivers and brooks4 ,,picid4--,green ,woodpecker1 ,gecinus viridis1 not common1 but breeds4 ,greater spotted ,woodpecker1 ,dendrocopus major1 scarce4 ,lesser spotted ,woodpecker1 ,d4 minor1 often obtained1 but by no means common4 ,wryneck1 ,jynx torquilla1 summer migrant1 rather local in distribution4 ,,columb4 ,,columbid4--,ring ,dove1 ,columba palumbus1 common4 ,stock ,dove1 ,c4 nas1 not numerous1 but often met with4 ,turtle ,dove1 ,turtur communis1 occurs in considerable numbers and breeds here4 ,,pterocletes4 ,,pteroclid4--,pallas' ,sand ,grouse1 ,syrrhaptes paradoxus1 very rare2 has occurred in ,staffordshire2 also at ,swinfen near ,tamworth4 78,zoologist10 #ahgc1 p4 #c1hja74 ,,gallin4 ,,tetraonid4--,black grouse1 ,tetrao urogallus1 formerly common1 now nearly extinct2 a brace shot in ,sutton ,park1 ,october1 #ahga4 ,red grouse1 ,lagopus scoticus1 very rare4 ,,phasianid4--,pheasant1 ,phasianus colchicus1 common in preserves4 ,partridge1 ,perdix cinerea1 common4 ,red-legged partridge1 ,caccabis rufa1 occasionally met with2 has been shot at ,ladbrook1 and ,great ,barr4 ,quail1 ,coturnix communis1 rare2 has been obtained near ,tamworth4 ,,fulicari4 ,,rallid4--,land ,rail1 ,crex pratensis1 common summer migrant4 ,spotted ,crake1 ,porzana maruetta1 occurs more frequently in autumn2 the nest has been taken in ,sutton ,park4 ,water rail1 ,rallus aquaticus1 more rare than formerly4 ,moor ,hen1 ,gallinula chloropus1 common4 ,common ,coot1 ,fulica atra not rare4 ,,alectorides4 ,,otidid4--,little ,bustard1 ,otis tetrax1 once at ,thickthorn1 near ,tamworth4 ,,limicol4 ,,charadriid4--,cream-coloured ,courser1 ,cursorius gallicus1 has been obtained at ,yoxall4 ,dotterel1 ,eudromias morinellus1 very rare2 has occurred at ,cannock ,chase #ahge1 and at ,perry ,barr1 #ahhb4 ,ringed ,plover1 gialitis hiaticula1 rare2 occasionally met with in autumn4 ,golden ,plover1 ,charadrius pluvialis1 rare4 ,lapwing1 ,vanellus vulgaris1 common and resident4 ,turnstone1 ,strepsilas interpres1 very rare4 ,oyster-catcher1 ,hmatopus ostralegus1 has been obtained at ,yoxall4 ,,scolopacid4--,red-necked ,phalarope1 ,phalaropus hyperboreus1 has occurred once at ,tamworth4 ,woodcock1 ,scolopax rusticula1 rare4 ,great ,snipe1 ,gallinago major1 one obtained at ,polesworth and another is said to have been seen in ,sutton ,park7874 ,common ,snipe1 ,g4 clestis1 winter visitor2 breeds here in small numbers4 ,jack ,snipe1 ,g4 gallinula1 winter visitor2 not numerous4 ,dunlin1 ,tringa alpina1 very rare2 has occurred at ,small ,heath4 ,curlew ,sandpiper1 ,t4 subarquata1 rare2 a small flock seen in the neighbourhood of ,barnt ,green in ,september1 #ahhe4 ,ruff1 ,machetes pugnax1 very rare2 once occurred at ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,bartram's ,sandpiper1 ,bartramia longicauda1 once near ,warwick1 on ,october #cast1 #ahea 7,zool4 pp4 #c1ccj1 #c1chh1 #d1bed74 ,common ,sandpiper1 ,totanus hypoleucus1 summer visitor2 it is probable this species breeds in the district4 ,wood ,sandpiper1 ,t4 glareola1 very rare1 once occurred at the ,sewage ,farm4 ,green ,sandpiper1 ,t4 ochropus1 has occurred at ,packington1 near ,tamworth4 ,redshank1 ,t4 calidris1 rare2 has occurred at the ,sewage ,farms2 also at ,sutton ,coldfield and near ,tamworth4 ,greenshank1 ,t4 canescens1 occasional visitor in autumn2 has occurred at ,castle ,bromwich4 ,curlew1 ,numenius arquata1 rare2 has occurred at ,great ,barr and ,polesworth4 ,,gavi4 ,,larid4--,black ,tern1 ,hydrochelidon nigra1 often occurs in spring and autumn4 ,sandwich ,tern1 ,sterna cantiaca1 occasional visitor2 more frequently observed towards autumn4 ,common ,tern1 ,sterna fluviatilis1 often observed during spring and autumn migration2 chiefly birds of the year during the latter period4 ,arctic ,tern1 ,s4 macrura1 the same remarks apply to this species as to ,s4 fluviatilis4 ,sabine's ,gull1 ,xema sabinii1 once occurred near ,coleshill1 in ,october1 #ahhc4 ,black-headed ,gull1 ,larus ridibundus1 not rare2 frequently met with during spring on some of the large reservoirs4 ,lesser ,black-backed ,gull1 ,larus fuscus1 rare2 has been shot at ,bromsgrove and ,handsworth4 ,great ,black-backed ,gull1 ,l4 marinus1 once occurred at ,shustoke1 ,september #bjth1 #ahgd4 ,large ,gulls are often observed passing over1 which probably belong to this species4 ,common ,gull1 ,l4 canus1 rare1 has been shot near ,alcester4 ,kittiwake ,gull1 ,rissa tridactyla1 rare2 occasionally seen during winter4 ,pomatorhine ,skua1 ,stercorarius pomatorhinus1 very rare2 considering the unusual number of ,skuas that appeared during the autumn of #ahgi1 it is rather surprising that more examples were not noticed in this district1 very few being shot4 ,buffon's ,skua1 ,s4 parasiticus2 an immature bird was shot on ,lichfield ,racecourse in ,october #ahgd4 ,,tubinares4 ,,procellariid4--,manx ,shearwater1 ,puffinus anglorum2 an immature bird was picked up exhausted in the ,chandos road in this town1 ,september #eth1 #ahhj4 ,forked-tailed ,petrel1 ,cymochorea leucorrhoa1 very rare4 ,one picked up ,september #dth1 #ahhc1 dead in a yard1 in ,guildford street in this town1 and subsequently recorded in the local papers as ,procellaria pelagica4 ,stormy ,petrel1 ,p4 pelagica1 has occurred too many times to particularize each instance4 ,,pygopodes4 ,,alcid4--,little ,auk1 ,mergulus alle1 very rare2 several instances are on record of its occurrence in the district1 one was obtained in ,november1 #ahfc4 ,puffin1 ,fratercula arctica2 one picked up in ,broad street in this town1 in an exhausted condition1 #ahhd4 ,,colymbid4--,great ,northern ,diver1 ,colymbus glacialis1 very rare2 one was obtained at ,tipton1 ,january #hth1 #ahgg4 ,,podicipedid4--,great crested ,grebe1 ,podiceps cristatus1 generally distributed throughout the district1 and far from rare2 breeds regularly at ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,little ,aston1 and ,barnt ,green4 ,sclavonian ,grebe1 ,p4 auritus2 one shot at ,sutton ,coldfield1 in ,december1 #ahfh4 ,little ,grebe1 ,p4 fluviatilis1 not rare2 breeds sparingly in suitable localities2 small flocks or families are often observed during the autumn and winter1 especially on the river ,tame4 ,,steganopodes4 ,,pelecanid4--,common ,cormorant1 ,phalacrocorax carbo1 a rare occasional visitor4 ,shag1 ,p4 graculus1 very rare2 has occurred twice in the neighbourhood of ,king's ,norton1 also near ,tamworth4 ,the ,gannet1 ,sula bassana1 one taken exhausted in a field of potatoes near ,tamworth4 ,,herodiones4 ,,ardeid4--,common ,heron1 ,ardea cinerea1 generally to be met with4 ,there are several ,heronries in the county of ,warwick4 ,little ,egret1 ,ardea garzetta1 said to have been obtained at ,sutton ,coldfield1 many years ago4 ,night heron1 ,nycticorax griseus1 one obtained near ,alcester4 ,common ,bittern1 ,botaurus stellaris1 more rare than formerly2 a great many examples have been obtained from time to time1 especially in the neighbourhood of ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,,odontogloss4 ,,ph,,nicopterid4--,flamingo1 ,phnicopterus roseus2 one stated to have been shot in the neighbourhood of ,wolverhampton1 but probably an escaped bird4 ,,anseres4 ,,anatid4--,brent ,goose1 ,bernicla brenta1 scarce2 two shot at ,king's ,norton1 ,october #bdth1 #ahhb1 during stormy weather2 has also been obtained near ,tamworth4 ,flocks of geese are often observed passing overhead1 but of course it is impossible to determine to what species they belong4 ,canada ,goose1 ,b4 canadensis1 has been shot several times in the district1 whether escaped specimens or not1 it is difficult to say1 as this species is often kept in a semi-wild state4 ,mute ,swan1 ,cygnus olor1 is to be found upon many large pools and ornamental waters2 breeds here plentifully4 ,polish ,swan1 ,c4 immutabilis1 once occurred at ,earlswood reservoir4 ,ruddy ,sheld-,duck1 ,tadorna casarca1 has been shot at ,nechells1 also at ,yardley ,wood2 probably escaped birds4 ,common ,sheld-,duck1 ,t4 cornuta1 rare visitor4 ,a magnificent male was shot at ,hawkesbury1 near ,coventry1 in #ahha4 ,mallard1 ,anas boscas1 plentiful on some pools2 breeds throughout the district4 ,gadwall1 ,a4 strepera1 very rare2 one shot near ,lichfield in ,december1 #ahgc4 ,shoveller1 ,spatula clypeata1 formerly bred in ,staffordshire1 but very scarce of late years2 one shot at ,sutton ,coldfield1 in #ahfg4 ,teal1 ,querquedula crecca1 sparingly met with1 a few pairs breed in the district2 the nest has several times been taken in ,sutton ,park4 ,widgeon1 ,mareca penelope1 winter visitor2 often seen in large flocks upon the reservoirs and pools during severe weather4 ,scaup1 ,fuligula marila1 has occurred once at ,wichnor near ,tamworth4 ,pochard1 ,f4 ferina1 rare2 has been shot near ,tamworth4 ,tufted ,duck1 ,f4 cristata1 very rare2 a male was shot in ,aston ,park many years ago1 by a gamekeeper of ,james ,watt1 ,esq4 ,golden ,eye1 ,clangula glaucion1 one shot near ,tamworth4 ,goosander1 ,mergus merganser1 an accidental visitor in winter2 specimens obtained are generally either immature birds or females4 ,red-breasted ,merganser1 ,m4 serrator1 very scarce2 only young birds have been obtained4 ,smew1 ,m4 albellus1 very rare4 ,a female was shot on the canal at ,selly ,oak1 about fifteen years ago4 ,another example of this species was obtained at ,elford1 near ,tamworth4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,fishes and ,mollusca4 ,,by ,g4 ,,sherriff ,,tye4 ,i4--,,fishes4 ,the waters within easy reach of ,birmingham afford to those interested in the ,natural ,history of ,fishes excellent opportunities for study1 and are much resorted to by anglers4 ,to those who do not incline to the study of fish or fishing1 it will probably be a matter of surprise to know the abundance and excellence of the individuals1 and the variety of species occurring within an hour's walk of the centre of our town4 ,of the river ,tame1 a well-known angler states3 8,in my opinion this is a remarkable little river2 in three and a half miles it contains in abundance at least ten species of fish1 viz41 trout1 pike1 chub1 tench1 perch1 roach1 rudd1 dace1 gudgeon1 minnow1 all of which1 except the pike1 attain to a size equal to any in rivers or pools within a hundred miles of ,birmingham40 ,large fish are not so common now as formerly1 but probably this river will recover1 and attain its wonted excellence1 when the 8,black ,country0 sewerage works are completed4 ,the river ,cole is a fine trout stream4 ,the river ,blythe1 ,coleshill1 is an excellent stream1 especially for eels4 ,the river ,trent with its tributaries1 the ,anker1 ,tame1 and ,mease1 is celebrated for many species of fish1 and is a great resort of anglers4 ,earlswood and the ,corporation reservoirs1 the pools at ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,great ,barr ,park1 ,king's ,norton1 ,barnt ,green1 and many others are all well stocked with fish1 and will render fine examples to all who seek them4 ,the writer's thanks are cordially rendered to members of the ,birmingham ,piscatorial ,association and to other gentlemen for valuable information1 kindly given1 respecting the localities and habitats of ,fishes4 ,the weights of the largest specimens recorded1 have all been verified by the anglers who have taken them4 ,the classification adopted in this paper is that of 8,yarrell's ,british ,fishes10 second edition1 #ahda4 ,the number of local species recorded is thirty-three4 ,,acanthopterygii4 ,perch1 ,perca fluviatilis1 accommodates itself to either river or pool1 the former producing the cleanest and handsomest fish4 ,it has been taken of fine size1 #d lbs41 ,rotton ,park ,reservoir2 #c lbs41 ,tardebigg2 #c lbs41 ,rotton ,park ,reservoir2 #b lbs4 to #c lbs4 from ,old ,soho ,pool1 now the site of a ,railway ,wharf4 ,ruffe1 ,acerina vulgaris1 not uncommon1 river ,trent1 ,alrewas4 ,the writer has taken a number from a pool near ,wednesbury4 ,miller's ,thumb1 ,cottus gobio1 is to be met with in most of our little rivulets1 lurking under stones4 ,the ,rough-tailed three-spined ,stickleback1 ,gasterosteus trachurus2 ubiquitous4 ,the males in the breeding season are resplendent in scarlet and green1 and fight for supremacy4 ,it is remarkable with what ease individuals accommodate themselves to sea water4 ,the ,smooth-tailed ,stickleback1 ,g4 leiurus2 the ,short-spined ,stickleback1 ,g4 brachycentus2 the ,four-spined ,stickleback1 ,g4 spinulosus and the ,ten-spined ,stickleback1 ,g4 pungitius2 although not so common as ,g4 trachurus1 are all found in ditches communicating with the river ,anker1 at ,tamworth4 ,,abdominal ,,malacopterygii4 ,carp1 ,cyprinus carpio4 ,the writer has had one of large size from ,plants ,brook ,reservoir1 #g lbs41 and has seen a larger one in the pool4 ,the largest recorded was from ,sandwell ,pool1 #ab lbs4 ,crucian ,carp1 ,c4 carassius1 is not uncommon2 the writer has seen numbers of them taken from small cattle pits on a farm in ,warwickshire4 ,it is a pretty and hardy species in an aquarium4 ,gold ,carp1 ,c4 auratus1 the well known 8gold-fish10 used to breed in a pool at ,west ,bromwich1 into which warm water from an engine flowed1 but it is not found there now4 ,barbel1 ,barbus vulgaris1 is found in abundance in the ,river ,trent1 but in general size not to be compared with those taken in the ,thames4 ,river ,trent1 #g lbs4 and #h lbs4 ,gudgeon1 ,gobio fluviatilis1 in streams fairly common1 also in canals1 but rare in pools4 ,earlswood ,reservoir4 ,tench1 ,tinca vulgaris1 not uncommon2 of large size at ,handsworth1 ,sutton ,coldfield1 and near ,barnt ,green1 in pools2 plentiful at the latter place1 rivers ,tame1 ,anker1 c42 #c lbs4 ,edgbaston ,pool4 ,it is one of the easiest fishes to keep in confinement4 ,a golden variety of this species is bred in the private pools of gentlemen in this country1 it is said to have been introduced from ,germany4 ,fine specimens were to be seen at the recent ,fisheries ,exhibition in ,london4 ,bream1 ,abramis brama1 in the larger rivers4 ,when this species assembles1 after an overnight's baiting1 it may often be taken in great numbers4 #e lbs4 ,river ,trent4 ,the writer has known a few hours' fishing in a ,warwickshire stream to yield sufficient fine fishes of this species to fill a hamper as much as a couple of men could carry4 ,roach1 ,leuciscus rutilus1 occurs very commonly and of large size2 old ,soho ,pool1 #c lbs4 weight1 a truly noble fish2 ,sharpley ,reservoir1 #b lbs4 ,dace1 ,leuciscus vulgaris1 ,river ,trent1 #ad ozs4 ,chub1 ,leuciscus cephalus1 ,river ,tame1 #e lbs4 #e lbs4 and many approaching that weight4 ,rudd or ,red-eye1 ,leuciscus erythropthalmus4 ,in the ,river ,tame4 ,bleak1 ,leuciscus alburnus4 ,in streams and in ,earlswood ,reservoir4 ,a friend remarks1 8,i have taken this species in ,earlswood ,reservoir1 and ,gudgeon also1 the only instance ,i have met with where these two river fish have occurred in a pool40 ,they were probably bred from escaped bait4 ,minnow1 ,leuciscus phoxinus1 common in many streams4 ,loach1 ,cobitis barbatula1 is found in streamlets in many places4 ,the writer has taken it at ,handsworth4 ,it is said to be delicate food4 ,the ,spined-,loach1 ,botia tnia1 is rarer than the preceding4 ,it has been taken in the ,rivers ,anker and ,tame at ,tamworth4 ,pike1 ,esox lucius1 is found in large pools and rivers4 #bf lbs42 #be lbs4 #f oz41 ,earlswood ,reservoir2 #bc lbs41 ,middleton ,pool2 #bb lbs4 #f oz41 ,pebble ,mill ,pool2 #ab and #ac lbs41 ,sutton ,park4 ,the writer could relate many instances of the voracity of the ,pike1 and incidents of sport1--one must suffice4 ,a ,pike was hooked near some floodgates in the ,tame1 and on taking out the hook he found that it had gone through a ,water-,shrew1 which the fish had just taken1 and still held in its mouth4 ,salmon1 the king of ,british fishes1 ,salmo salar1 comes legitimately within our radius of twenty miles4 ,it has been taken from the ,eel traps in the ,river ,tame at ,tamworth2 in the ,river ,trent at ,yoxall2 and in the ,river ,severn at ,bewdley4 ,at the last mentioned place a specimen weighing #dj lbs4 has been captured4 ,common ,trout1 ,s4 fario1 ,bourne ,brook1 ,fazeley1 #g lbs42 ,river ,tame1 #e lbs41 #d lbs4 several1 and many below that weight2 ,river ,trent1 #d lbs4 #b ozs42 ,river ,cole1 ,packington4 ,lochleven ,trout1 ,s4 ,levenensis4 ,in ,april1 #ahhd1 the ,water ,department of the ,corporation of ,birmingham stocked their new reservoir 7#ij acres7 at ,shustoke with #c1jjj of this fish4 ,the reservoir at ,witton was stocked with #b1jjj fish at the same time4 ,they were yearlings1 about #c inches long1 and are now 7,august1 #ahhf7 from #b lbs4 to #c lbs4 in weight4 ,these reservoirs will therefore in a few years be good places for this species of ,trout4 ,grayling1 ,thymallus vulgaris1 ,river ,trent1 ,shenstone1 #b lbs42 ,alrewas1 #ag ozs42 ,bourne ,brook1 ,fazeley4 ,,subbrachial ,,malacopterygii4 ,the ,burbot1 ,lota vulgaris1 the only ,british species of the family of the ,gadid that lives permanently in fresh water1 is found in the ,river ,anker at ,tamworth1 the largest fish recorded being #e lbs42 #c lbs4 #b ozs4 ,,apodal ,,malacopterygii4 ,the ,sharp-nosed ,eel1 ,anguilla acutirostris1 and the ,broad-nosed ,eel1 ,anguilla latirostris4 ,in rivers and pools generally4 ,fine specimens of ,a4 acutirostris are taken in the ,river ,blythe1 some weighing #d lbs4 each4 ,the third species of ,eel mentioned by ,yarrell1 the ,snig1 ,a4 mediorostris1 occurs with the two others in the ,worcestershire ,avon1 and doubtless finds its way into the ,arrow and other tributary streams4 ,it differs from the two preceding species1 being much smaller1 individuals rarely exceeding half a pound each2 and in its habit of roving and feeding by day4 ,it is of superior flavour to its congeners4 ,the ,snig may easily be distinguished by the first five cervical vertebr1 which are smooth and free from spinous processes1 always present in the sharp-nosed and broad-nosed ,eels4 ,,chondropterygii4 ,lampern or river ,lamprey1 ,petromyzon fluviatilis4 ,in the ,river ,trent1 and also the ,tame and in streamlets1 ,sutton ,park1 c4 ,,ii4--,,mollusca4 ,the district around ,birmingham is an excellent field for terrestrial and fluviatile ,mollusca4 ,within a circle of twelve miles radius1 which includes a portion of the ,counties of ,warwick1 ,stafford1 and ,worcester1 can be found fifty per cent4 of the species and varieties enumerated in ,dr4 ,j4 ,gwyn ,jeffreys' 8,british ,conchology40 ,no special quality of soil or geological condition is required for the existence of ,molluscs2 whatever the nature of the ground may be1 some species or other will reward the searcher4 ,the number of terrestrial species is usually the greatest where limestone is present2 indeed some species do not seem able to maintain their existence away from it1 e4g41 ,helix ericetorum1 ,h4 virgata1 ,h4 arbustorum1 and ,cyclostoma elegans4 ,the still beautiful grounds of ,dudley ,castle were once 8happy hunting grounds0 for the collectors of ,mollusca1 but the smoke of a thousand fires has cast a baleful influence over the locality4 ,the dead shells of species1 once abundant1 are conclusive evidence that the ,molluscan fauna do not now enjoy a congenial atmosphere in that neighbourhood4 ,helix arbustorum1 may1 notwithstanding1 still be found there1 its nearest proximity to ,birmingham4 ,among the noticeable species of the district may be mentioned ,testacella ,haliotidea1 found in the garden of a florist at ,redditch2 ,succinea virescens1 7,morelet7 ,s4 putris var4 vitrea 7,jeffreys71 which the writer has taken near ,plants ,brook ,reservoir2 ,zonites glaber1 found near ,solihull2 ,helix ,cantiana1#fb ,henley-in-,arden2 ,h4 virgata1 ,grafton1 near ,alcester2 ,balia perversa1 ,fenny ,compton1 ,northamptonshire4 ,the three last named species are outside the twelve miles radius4 ,,conchifera4 ,the ,midlands are rich in fluviatile forms1 nearly all the known ,british species occur4 ,those worth noting among the ,sphriid are--,sphrium corneum1 var4 ,scaldiana1 ,acock's ,green2 ,s4 corneum1 var4 flavescens1 ,plants ,brook2 ,s4 rivicola and ,s4 ovale1 ,acock's ,green and ,rushall ,canal4 ,s4 lacustre is not uncommon1 and is found abundantly in a pond at ,handsworth4 ,the ,pisidia are well represented1 four out of our five species occurring4 ,it is curious that the large form ,pisidium amnicum has not hitherto been taken in the district4 ,the writer took ,p4 roseum#fc from several ponds at ,meriden in #ahhe-f4 ,the ,unionid are extremely plentiful1 and the two species ,unio tumidus and ,u4 pictorum attain to an immense size4 ,in the writer's cabinet are examples of ,u4 pictorum of the following dimensions--#b in4 #e1 #b in4 #e1 #b in4 #e1 some of them weighing nearly #d ounces avoirdupois2 and of ,u4 tumidus1 #b in4 #d1 #b in4 #d1 #b in4 #e1 the weight of some examples reaching nearly #f ounces avoirdupois4 ,these are probably the finest shells of their kind ever taken anywhere4 ,anodonta cygnea is common1 and its varieties incrassata1 ,zellensis1 pallida1 and rostrata occur4 ,a4 anatina1 and the varieties radiata and ventricosa are found2 handsome shells of the latter occur at ,barr ,park and in the river ,blythe at ,coleshill4 ,dreissena polymorpha is commonly distributed4 ,,gasteropoda4 ,in the order ,pectinibranchiata1 ,neritina fluviatilis1 the only representative in ,england of a genus of world-wide distribution1 has occurred in the river ,tame at ,aston1 but the writer believes is not now to be found there4 ,one of our two species of ,paludinid1 ,paludina vivipara1#fd ,bythinia tentaculata1 ,b4 ,leachii1 and ,valvata piscinalis make up the list of operculate water snails4 ,among the ,limnid examples of the following genera occur4 ,in the genus ,planorbis we find all the species except ,planorbis lineatus1 excluding of course ,p4 dilatatus 7,gould71 which only occurs at ,manchester1 having been introduced on cotton from ,america4 ,the epiphragm formed by ,p4 spirorbis1 in summer1 when the solar heat has dried up its habitat1 is a singular item of its economy4 ,it is supposed that this habit enabled ,p4 dilatatus to reach our shores4 ,physa hypnorum and ,p4 fontinalis are both represented2 they are charming inhabitants of an aquarium1 their habit of thread spinning1#fe especially in the young state1 makes them lively creatures2 the lobed mantle of ,p4 fontinalis1 nearly enclosing the shell1 gives a peculiar character to the animal4 ,of the six species of ,limna#ff which occur1 it will not be needful to mention more than one1 which is the rarest with us1 viz43 ,limna glabra4 ,both species of ,ancylus are moderately common4 ,of terrestrial ,mollusca we enumerate the following ,limacid--,arion ater1 ,a4 hortensis1 ,limax marginatus1 ,l4 flavus1 ,l4 agrestis1 ,l4 arborum1 ,l4 maximus1 and as before said one of the ,testacellid viz41 ,t4 ,haliotidea4 ,among the ,helicid of course the common kinds are all present4 ,of the genus ,zonites we have the following species3 ,zonites cellarius1 ,z4 glaber1 ,z4 alliarius1 and its var4 viridula1 ,z4 nitidulus1 ,z4 purus1 and its var4 margaritacea1 ,z4 radiatulus1 ,z4 nitidus1 ,z4 excavatus 7one only1 at ,knowle71 ,z4 crystallinus4 ,among the smaller species of ,helix1 attention may be called to the following3 ,h4 aculeata1 a minute spiny coronet2 ,h4 pygma1 the smallest of known ,helices2 ,helix fusca1 taken in two localities only1 at ,knowle and ,selly ,oak4 ,of the four species of ,pupa found in ,britain1 two only occur1 ,pupa umbilicata and ,p4 marginata4 ,of the latter species a colony of the white variety has been found inhabiting a wall at ,cleeve ,prior1 ,worcestershire4 ,only two out of our eleven species of ,vertigo have occurred1 viz43 ,vertigo edentula and its variety columella1 and ,v4 pygma4 ,two ,clausili are found1 ,clausilia laminata and ,c4 rugosa4 ,it is somewhat singular that of the four species inhabiting this country the last named is ubiquitous1 while ,c4 ,rolphii and ,c4 biplicata are local4 ,the writer has taken the rare albino form of ,c4 rugosa1 at ,selly ,oak4 ,that exquisite shell1 ,cochlicopa tridens1 var4 crystallina1 has been taken in three places2 the type is largely distributed in our neighbourhood1 whereas in others it is rare1 while ,c4 lubrica is widespread in ,england4 ,achatina acicula1 dead shells only1 ,dudley ,castle4 ,carychium minimum is commonly distributed4 ,in giving this outline of the ,molluscan ,fauna of our neighbourhood1 the writer has called attention to the valuable papers on ,embryology by ,professor ,e4 ,ray ,lankester1 as shedding great light on the affinities of the ,mollusca with other groups4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,insects4 ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,blatch4 ,the neighbourhood of ,birmingham1 and in fact the ,midland district generally1 has never been considered particularly rich in either the number or variety of its insect productions1 and it is a fact that a collection of ,midland species1 of whatever order1 shows very wide gaps1 both in genera and species1 when compared with one formed in the east or south of ,england4 ,nevertheless1 the ,midland ,counties are not entirely barren in this respect1 and a catalogue of the insects known to occur within a radius of twenty miles of ,birmingham would be a very respectable one4 ,during the last few years a large number of very interesting species have been discovered1 and there can be no doubt that with more workers and greater enthusiasm considerable additions would continue to be made4 ,by extending the radius somewhat our list would embrace a good array of species which seem to be peculiar to the ,midlands1 such as ,bembidium adustum1 ,eutheia clavata1 ,euplectus nubigena1 ,teredus nitidus1 ,macronychus quadrituberculatus1 ,hylectus dermestoides1 ,tropideres sepicola1 ,bagus diglyptus1 ,notodonta bicolor1 c41 c4 ,at any rate these insects have not hitherto been detected in any other ,british localities4 ,it is much to be regretted that local entomology suffers greatly from two untoward circumstances1 viz41 the lack of students and the want of a carefully compiled list of species of the several orders4 ,the publication of a catalogue of local insects as far as our present knowledge extends1 would undoubtedly tend to stimulate the intelligent pursuit of this study1 and it seems surprising that such an important work has not long ago been undertaken by the ,natural ,history ,societies of the district4 ,having regard to the limited space allowed for this paper its object will1 perhaps1 best be secured by giving as full a list as possible1 of the rarer and more interesting species belonging to the two most popular orders1 viz41 the ,coleoptera and the ,lepidoptera1 together with some of the localities in which they occur4 ,with few exceptions the references will be to insects which inhabit the twenty miles radius1 a wider range being taken only in specially interesting cases1 but even then it will be impossible to give anything like an adequate idea of the beetles1 butterflies1 and moths of the district4 ,to prevent the possibility of error it should be stated that the nomenclature adopted is 7for the beetles7 that of the 8,catalogue of ,british ,coleoptera1 by ,matthews and ,fowler1 #ahhc10 and 7for the butterflies and moths7 8,synonymic ,list of ,british ,lepidoptera1 by ,richard ,south1 #ahhd40 ,,coleoptera4 ,this order is well represented2 certain localities in the district are favourable to their existence and economy1 and many rarities occur4 ,only one ,cicindela 7,cicindela campestris7 inhabits our district and that is generally distributed and plentiful1 especially in sandy places4 ,the curious and elegant ,cychrus rostratus is often found under stones and loose bark at ,dudley and ,bewdley1 and the handsome ,carabus nitens and its congener ,c4 arvensis1 may be taken on ,cannock ,chase1 both species being now very scarce4 ,elaphrus riparius and ,e4 cupreus occur not uncommonly in wet and boggy places4 ,notiophilus substriatus 7generally a sea-side species7 may be found occasionally on ,cannock ,chase1 and so also may the curious ,nebria livida4 ,this latter beetle was first discovered on the ,chase by ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,harris1 and the writer has verified its occurrence there many times4 ,it is a remarkable fact that this is the only known instance of this species inhabiting an inland locality--its head quarters being at ,bridlington ,quay and two or three other parts of the north-east coast--it lives in the argillaceous cliffs1 and on ,cannock ,chase it is met with in a similar formation4 ,of the curious genus ,dyschirius two species only appear to have settled in our neighbourhood1 viz41 ,d4 neus and ,d4 globosus1 both occur at ,bewdley and on ,cannock ,chase--the latter also at ,coleshill and ,sutton ,park4 ,the genus ,bembidium is well represented1 #cc of the #ej ,british species and varieties being taken in the ,birmingham district4 ,a few may be named3 ,b4 rufescens1 under bark and in damp places2 ,b4 quinquestriatum1 on walls at ,smallheath and ,olton2 ,b4 ,mannerheimii1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,b4 articulatum1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,b4 nigricorne1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,b4 monticola1 ,bewdley2 ,b4 ,stephensi1 ,sutton ,park2 ,b4 prasinum1 ,bewdley4 ,in this connection the writer may perhaps be allowed to refer to the finding by himself of ,b4 adustum in large numbers at ,tewkesbury4 ,this species was previously represented only by a very few old specimens1 and had not been found for more than #dj years1 until he had the pleasure of re-establishing it4 ,patrobus assimilis is found sparingly on ,cannock ,chase2 ,trechus discus1 ,t4 micros and ,t4 secalis1 are plentiful in the river banks at ,bewdley2 ,t4 micros occasionally turns up at ,smallheath amongst bones placed in the garden as a trap for ,homalot2 ,t4 obtusus has occurred at ,bewdley and ,cannock ,chase1 and in the latter locality the writer once found a few examples of the rare ,t4 rubens4 ,the important genus ,pterostichus has many representatives3 ,p4 versicolor1 at ,solihull1 ,sutton ,park1 and ,cannock ,chase2 ,p4 lepidus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,p4 picimanus and ,p4 anthracinus1 ,bewdley2 ,p4 minor1 ,coleshill and ,cannock ,chase2 ,platyderus ruficollis seems to be generally distributed1 but scarce4 ,amara fulva may frequently be taken under stones in sandy places at ,sutton ,park1 ,cannock ,chase1 and ,bewdley2 ,a4 consularis at ,sutton ,park and ,hopwas ,wood2 ,a4 spinipes1 at ,dudley and ,bewdley2 ,a4 patricia1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,a4 acuminata1 ,sutton ,park2 ,a4 lunicollis1 ,small ,heath1 ,sutton1 ,cannock ,chase1 and ,bewdley2 ,a4 continua1 ,a4 communis1 and ,a4 ovata1 at ,knowle1 ,coleshill1 and ,bewdley4 ,badister sodalis is to be had at ,dudley and ,bewdley4 ,all the species of ,calathus occur1 and ,taphria nivalis1 a closely allied beetle1 turns up now and again1 singly1 at ,small ,heath1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 and ,trench ,woods4 ,the ,anchomeni are fairly well represented1 and it seems very likely that additional species may yet be added to our local list4 ,the following may be selected as most worthy of notice3 ,anchomenus oblongus1 ,bewdley2 ,a4 atratus1 ,coleshill1 ,cannock ,chase1 and ,bewdley4 ,a single ,lebia chlorocephala was captured in hedge rubbish near ,acock's ,green4 ,dromius quadrisignatus is a ,sutton ,park species1 being found rarely under bark of ,oak trees4 ,blechrus maurus1 which seems decidedly out of its reckoning in a ,midland locality1 has been taken at ,bewdley and ,leamington4 ,all the species of ,metabletus occur1 and are pretty generally distributed4 ,cymindis vaporariorum inhabits ,cannock ,chase1 where it may be found lurking under the heather and loose stones1 but is not abundant4 ,in the same locality the curious ,miscodera arctica may1 in some seasons1 be met with in plenty4 ,two species of ,chlnius occur1 viz43 ,c4 vestitus at ,bewdley1 and ,c4 nigricornis at ,cannock ,chase4 ,of the extensive genus ,harpalus1 the following species may be cited1 it being understood that several of the commoner forms exist here in great abundance4 ,h4 puncticollis1 ,dudley and ,bewdley2 ,h4 griseus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,h4 tardus1 ,sutton ,park and ,bewdley4 ,the pretty little ,acupalpus exiguus and v4 luridus may be obtained by searching the ,sphagnum on the margin of ,coleshill ,pool4 ,all the ,bradycelli1 except ,b4 placidus and ,b4 collaris1 are plentiful in the district1 and in certain spots1 such as ,cannock ,chase1 they are extremely abundant4 ,anisodactylus binotatus occurs on ,cannock ,chase1 but is not often to be found4 ,the water beetles are pretty numerously represented in the district generally1 the best localities for them being ,coleshill1 ,sutton ,park1 ,cannock ,chase1 and ,bewdley4 ,it must suffice to mention a few of the rarer or more striking kinds1 e4g41 ,brychius elevatus1 at ,yardley and ,knowle2 ,haliplus cinereus1 at ,knowle2 ,hydroporus septentrionalis1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 marginatus1 ,knowle2 ,h4 picipes1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,h4 lepidus1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,h4 duodecimpustulatus1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 assimilis1 ,sutton ,park1 ,knowle1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,h4 dorsalis1 ,yardley1 ,knowle2 ,h4 marginatus1 ,knowle2 ,h4 nigrita1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 monticola1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,h4 neglectus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,h4 umbrosus1 ,knowle2 ,h4 augustatus1 ,knowle2 ,ilybius ater1 ,knowle1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,i4 guttiger1 ,coleshill2 ,agabus ,solieri1 ,knowle2 ,a4 affinis1 ,sutton ,park2 ,gyrinus caspius1 ,hopwas2 ,hydrobius picicrus1 ,knowle2 ,laccobius sinuatus1 ,knowle2 ,l4 alutaceus1 ,knowle2 ,l4 minutus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,l4 bipunctatus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,limnebius nitidus1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,l4 picinus1 ,knowle2 ,chtarthria seminulum1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,helophorus qualis1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 ,mulsanti1 ,bewdley2 ,hydrochus augustatus1 ,knowle2 ,hydrna palustris1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 nigrita1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 atricapilla1 ,knowle2 the rare ,leptinus testaceus has been taken at ,needwood in the nests of wild bees4 ,agathidium nigripenne ,sutton ,park2 ,a4 lvigatum1 ,knowle1 ,dudley2 ,a4 atrum1 ,yardley1 ,sutton ,park1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,a4 seminulum1 ,coleshill1 ,knowle1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,a4 varians1 ,knowle2 ,a4 rotundatum1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,a4 convexum1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,amphicyllis globus1 ,bewdley2 ,leoides orbicularis1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,anisotoma picea1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,a4 litura1 ,knowle4 ,several of the ,burying ,beetles--,necrophorus and ,silpha--occur generally in the district1 as also do many of the ,cholev4 ,colons are conspicuous by their absence--only two species having put in an appearance1 viz3 ,colon dentipes1 ,knowle2 and ,c4 brunneum1 ,knowle4 ,the interesting groups of ,scydmnid and ,pselaphid are remarkably well represented1 but room can be found for only a few of the rarer species3 e4g41 ,scydmnus exilis1 ,sutton ,park1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,bewdley2 ,s4 angulatus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,s4 hirticollis1 ,sutton ,park2 ,eutheia plicata1 ,budden ,wood1 ,e4 ,schaumii1 ,smallheath1 ,knowle2 ,e4 ,scydmnoides1 ,knowle 7abundantly72 ,e4 clavata1 new to ,britain1 discovered by the writer in ,sherwood ,forest2 ,bryaxis impressa1 ,coleshill2 ,euplectus punctatus1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,e4 nigricans1 throughout the district2 ,e4 nanus1 ,edgbaston1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,e4 bicolor1 ,sutton ,park1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,bewdley2 ,e4 nubigena1 a very distinct species1 new to ,britain1 discovered by the writer in ,sherwood ,forest in #ahhe4 ,the ,brachelytra have not had much attention paid to them in the ,midlands1 the group being a very large one1 and the species mostly difficult to determine4 ,these insects are plentiful in the district and many rare forms occur4 ,a few only1 comparatively1 can be here specified3--,ischnoglossa corticina1 ,olton1 ,sutton ,park1 ,old ,hill2 ,thiasophila angulata1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,bewdley 7,ants' ,nests72 ,dinarda ,markelii1 ,bewdley 7in ,ants' ,nests72 ,atemeles emarginatus1 ,bewdley 7in ,ants' ,nests72 ,ilyobates nigricollis1 ,callicerus obscurus1 ,c4 rigidicornis1 ,knowle2 ,tachyusa scitula1 ,bewdley2 ,ocyusa maura1 ,coleshill2 ,o4 picina1 ,sutton ,park1 ,bewdley2 ,oxypoda exoleta1 ,smallheath1 ,o4 recondita1 ,budden ,wood 7,ants' ,nests1 ,formica rufa72 ,o4 sericea1 new to ,britain1 ,smallheath1 ,edgbaston1 ,knowle4 ,in the genus ,homalota there are #afj ,british species1 of which the writer has1 up to the present1 found #ic in the ,birmingham district4 ,the following may be noted3 ,h4 currax and ,h4 insecta1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 pavens1 ,smallheath2 ,h4 eximia1 ,bewdley 7previously only found on banks of ,scotch rivers72 ,h4 luteipes1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 sylvicola1 ,coleshill1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 monticola1 ,smallheath2 ,h4 curtipennis1 ,sutton ,park2 ,h4 autumnalis1 ,knowle1 ,old ,hill1 ,bewdley1 ,middleton1 near ,tamworth2 ,gymnusa brevicollis and ,g4 variegata occur on ,cannock ,chase1 the latter also at ,sutton ,park2 ,megacronus inclinans may be found at ,bewdley1 and ,m4 cingulatus at ,sutton ,park and ,cannock ,chase2 ,staphylinus latebricola 7in ,ants' ,nests71 at ,sutton ,park and ,bewdley2 ,philonthus fulvipes1 ,sutton ,park2 ,ancyrophorus homalinus1 ,bewdley2 ,trogophlus halophilus1 ,hopwas ,wood7672 ,deleaster dichrous and var4 adustus1 ,bewdley2 ,geodromicus nigrita1 ,bewdley2 ,deliphrum tectum1 ,knowle2 ,acidota crenata1 ,coleshill2 ,a4 cruentata1 ,sutton ,park2 ,coryphium augusticolle1 ,sutton ,park1 ,knowle1 ,hopwas2 ,homalium ,allardi1 ,smallheath2 ,h4 punctipenne1 ,edgbaston1 ,sutton ,park1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,h4 deplanatum1 ,knowle1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,h4 brevicorne1 ,knowle2 ,h4 gracilicorne1 ,sutton ,park1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,h4 salicis1 ,sherwood ,forest2 ,phlocharis subtilissima and ,prognatha quadricornis1 ,sutton ,park1 ,needwood4 ,many of the ,trichopterygid are found in profusion1 including a good number of rare species4 ,ptinella testacea1 ,p4 denticollis1 ,p4 aptera1 and ,p4 angustula1 are all plentiful in various parts of the district1 from ,smallheath and ,knowle to ,cannock ,chase and ,bewdley ,forest4 ,pteryx suturalis is also generally distributed and fairly abundant4 ,several good species of ,trichopteryx occur in hot-beds at ,knowle and ,edgbaston1 and also on the river banks at ,bewdley4 ,millidium trisulcatum sometimes swarms in one spot at ,knowle4 ,ptenidium ,gressneri1 a new ,british species1 may be mentioned as having been captured in #ahhe at ,sherwood ,forest4 ,triplax russica abounds on ,cannock ,chase1 and ,t4 nea may be taken sparingly at ,needwood4 ,the very rare ,teredus nitidus1 after being lost sight of for nearly #ej years1 was again found in ,sherwood ,forest by the writer in #ahhd and #ahhe4 ,myrmetes piceus1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,bewdley2 ,gnathoncus rotundatus1 ,cannock ,chase2 var4 punctulatus1 ,knowle2 ,abrus granulum1 ,salford ,priors2 ,plegaderus dissectus1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,salford ,priors2 ,epura augustula1 ,sutton ,park2 ,cryptarcha strigata and ,c4 imperialis1 ,knowle2 ,rhizophagus3 nine of the species occur in the neighbourhood of ,birmingham1 and the tenth1 ,r4 cruleipennis has been taken at ,matlock2 ,thymalus limbatus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,psammchus bipunctatus1 ,coleshill1 ,sutton ,park2 ,antherophagus nigricornis1 ,bewdley2 ,a4 silaceus1 ,marston ,green1 ,bewdley2 ,a4 pallens1 ,solihull1 ,bewdley2 ,myrmecoxenus1 vaporariorum1 ,edgbaston1 ,knowle2 ,scaphidium quadrimaculatum may be taken at ,cannock ,chase and ,bewdley2 ,diphyllus lunatus1 in the same localities and also near ,knowle2 ,byrrhus fasciatus and ,b4 dorsalis1 at ,cannock ,chase2 ,georyssus pygmus1 ,bewdley4 ,the remarkable beetle1 ,macronychus quadrituberculatus1 should be included in this list1 its only ,british habitat being the river ,dove1 near ,burton-on-,trent4 ,coming now to the ,lamellicornia1 the following species may be noted3 ,lucanus cervus1 ,bewdley2 ,dorcus parallelopipedus1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,salford ,priors2 ,aphodius tesselatus and ,a4 porcus1 ,sutton ,park2 ,ammcius brevis1 ,bewdley 7banks of ,severn72 ,trox sabulosus and ,t4 scaber1 ,bewdley and ,cannock ,chase2 ,hoplia philanthus1 ,bewdley1 ,knowle1 c4 ,of the ,serricornia1 a few examples may be given3 e4g41 ,agrilus augustatus and ,a4 laticornis1 ,bewdley2 the brilliant ,trachys troglodytes1 quite a ,southern species1 which the writer has on several occasions captured in an old pasture at ,knowle2 ,elater coccinatus1 ,sherwood2 ,e4 pomorum1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,e4 balteatus1 ,coleshill1 ,sutton ,park1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,athus rhombeus1 ,sherwood2 ,corymbites pectinicornis1 ,c4 cupreus1 and var4 ruginosus1 ,c4 neus1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,sericosomus brunneus and v4 fugax1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,hydrocyphon deflexicollis1 ,bewdley2 ,scirtes hemisphricus1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,lampyris noctiluca is spread over the whole district1 but is most abundant in ,bewdley ,forest2 ,malachius neus is found at ,knowle1 and ,haplocnemus impressus at ,sutton ,park2 ,clerus formicarius occurs at ,salford ,priors2 ,hylectus dermestoides and ,sphindus dubius at ,cannock ,chase and ,sherwood ,forest2 ,niptus crenatus and ,hedobia imperialis occur at ,knowle4 ,of the ,longicornia1 it must suffice to mention the following3--,prionus coriarius1 ,aston and ,cannock ,chase2 ,callidium alni1 ,knowle2 ,clytus mysticus1 ,bewdley2 ,pachyta collaris and ,p4 octomaculata1 ,bewdley2 ,strangalia quadrifasciata1 ,bewdley and ,cannock ,chase2 ,s4 nigra1 ,bewdley4 ,many of the ,donaci are plentiful1 perhaps the most interesting local species being ,d4 affinis1 which is found at ,knowle4 ,clythra tridentata and ,c4 quadripunctata inhabit ,bewdley ,forest1 but ,c4 tridentata is very rarely met with4 ,cryptocephalus coryli1 ,c4 punctiger1 and ,c4 fulcratus may be beaten out of birches on ,cannock ,chase1 and at ,chartley the ,scotch species1 ,c4 decempunctatus1 has been taken4 ,salpingus ater is at ,knowle1 and ,s4 castaneus at ,coleshill and ,cannock ,chase4 ,the curious ,notoxus monoceros is abundant at ,kidderminster and ,bewdley4 ,among the ,rhynchophora the following may be noted3 ,platyrhinus latirostris and ,anthribus albinus1 ,salford ,priors2 ,tropideres sepicola1 ,budden ,wood 7unique72 ,choragus ,sheppardi1 ,salford ,priors2 ,apion ,hookeri1 ,knowle and ,trench ,woods2 ,a4 filirostre1 ,trench ,woods2 ,cnopsis fissirostris and ,c4 ,waltoni1 ,cannock ,chase1 also on ,hartlebury ,common2 ,cleonus sulcirostris1 ,erdington2 ,cliodes geranii and ,c4 exiguus1 ,bewdley2 ,amalus scortillum1 ,bewdley1 ,salford ,priors2 ,magdalinus barbicornis1 ,bewdley2 ,rhyncolus gracilis1 ,sherwood ,forest is noteworthy2 ,phiophthorus rhododactylus1 ,bewdley2 ,scolytus destructor1 ,yardley2 ,s4 intricatus and ,s4 rugulosus1 ,bewdley2 ,xylocleptes bispinus1 ,sutton ,park and ,malvern4 ,,lepidoptera4 ,this order has received the lion's share of attention from local collectors1 with the result that a very fair proportion of the ,british ,micro-,lepidoptera has been discovered in the district4 ,the ,micro-,lepidoptera have1 however1 not been looked up with any enthusiasm1 and consequently our knowledge of the extent to which these interesting little moths occur about us is extremely limited4 ,the ,rhopalocera include all the common species1 and also a few which are always considered desirable by every collector4 ,at ,bewdley1 ,aporia cratgi used to be found1 and doubtless could yet be obtained if carefully sought for4 ,leucophasia sinapis flies more or less abundantly at ,bewdley ,forest and ,trench ,woods2 it has also been occasionally taken in woods near ,knowle4 ,colias edusa always an erratic species1 sometimes visits the ,midlands1 and has been captured at ,yardley1 ,coleshill1 ,knowle1 and other places4 ,c4 hyale also turned up once or twice in the district4 ,gonopteryx rhamni is generally distributed and plentiful4 ,argynnis selene1 ,a4 euphrosyne1 ,a4 aglaia1 ,a4 adippe1 and ,a4 paphia occur near ,knowle1 and at ,bewdley they are all found in great abundance2 the variety valesina has likewise been captured in the ,forest4 ,melita aurinia is not rare in certain spots near ,knowle and ,bewdley4 ,vanessa ,c4 album may occasionally be seen flying in the streets of ,birmingham1 especially in the region of ,sparkbrook and ,moseley4 ,v4 polychloros flies at ,knowle4 ,v4 antiopa has several times been captured at ,bewdley2 and ,v4 io1 ,v4 atalanta1 and ,v4 cardui are met with throughout the district4 ,the occurrence of ,limenitis sibylla has not been heard of nearer than ,church ,stretton1 but ,apatura iris has been taken in woods not far from ,coventry and ,leamington4 ,melanargia galatea is a common butterfly at ,salford ,priors and ,trench ,woods4 ,epinephele hyperanthes is abundant at ,bewdley4 ,the southern limit of ,cnonympha typhon appears to be ,chartley ,moss1 where the butterfly 7both light and dark forms7 is anything but rare4 ,thecla betul1 ,t4 ,w4 album1 ,t4 pruni1 and ,t4 quercus fly at ,trench ,woods2 ,t4 quercus also near ,knowle1 at ,bewdley1 c42 and ,t4 rubi is extremely plentiful at ,sutton ,park and ,cannock ,chase4 ,lycna argiolus is found in several localities near ,birmingham1 but abounds in the ,holly ,woods at ,sutton ,park4 ,l4 semiargus used to be taken many years since1 close to ,birmingham1 but seems to have become quite extinct4 ,in the division ,heterocera the following list of selected species with localities must suffice to represent the moths of the district3--,acherontia atropos1 ,knowle1 ,dudley1 ,bewdley2 ,sphinx convolvuli1 ,birmingham 7frequent72 ,s4 ligustri1 ,knowle1 ,sutton1 ,bewdley2 ,deilephila galii and ,d4 livornica1 ,birmingham 7occasional72 ,chrocampa celerio1 ,birmingham 7#ahfh72 ,c4 nerii1 ,birmingham 7#ahfi72 ,c4 porcellus1 ,sutton ,park2 ,c4 elpenor1 ,solihull1 ,hockley ,heath2 ,smerinthus ocellatus1 ,s4 populi and ,s4 tili are found throughout the district4 ,macroglossa stellatarum affects all our localities2 ,m4 fuciformis and ,m4 bombyliformis may be found near ,knowle4 ,ino statices at ,olton1 ,marston ,green1 ,knowle2 ,zygna filipendul var4 chrysanthemi1 ,bewdley ,forest2 ,lithosia mesomella1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,euchelia jacob used to be found at ,saltley2 ,nemeophila russula and ,n4 plantaginis1 ,sutton ,park1 ,chartley ,moss2 ,spilosoma fuliginosa1 ,knowle2 ,s4 mendica1 ,smallheath2 ,cossus ligniperda1 throughout the district2 ,zeuzera pyrina1 ,knowle2 ,heterogenea limacodes1 ,trench ,woods2 ,leucoma salicis1 ,knowle2 ,psilura monacha1 ,sutton ,park2 ,orgyia gnostigma1 ,bewdley1 ,coventry1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,saturnia pavonia1 ,sutton ,park1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,drepana sicula1 ,trench ,woods 7one larva #ahhe72 ,d4 binaria1 near ,knowle2 ,dicranura furcula and ,d4 bifida1 near ,knowle2 ,pterostoma palpina1 ,knowle2 ,notodonta bicolor1 ,burntwood1 ,staffordshire2 ,n4 dicta1 ,n4 dictoides1 ,n4 dromedarius1 ,n4 zizac1 ,n4 trimacula1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,thyatira derasa and ,t4 batis1 ,knowle1 ,sutton ,park2 ,asphalia flavicornis1 ,knowle1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,a4 ridens1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,acronycta tridens1 ,knowle 7larv on ,elm ,trees72 ,a4 leporina1 ,knowle2 ,a4 aceris1 ,smallheath2 ,a4 alni1 ,smallheath1 ,edgbaston1 ,sutton ,park2 ,nonagria arundinis1 ,knowle1 c42 ,gortyna ochracea1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,agrotis suffusa1 ,knowle2 ,a4 rip1 ,bewdley2 ,triphna ianthina1 ,t4 fimbria1 ,t4 interjecta1 ,yardley1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,trench ,woods2 ,amphipyra pyramidea1 ,knowle2 ,panolus piniperda1 ,sutton ,park2 ,tniocampa gracilis1 ,yardley1 ,knowle2 ,anchocelis lunosa1 ,kidderminster2 ,xanthia citrago1 ,x4 fulvago1 ,x4 circellaris1 ,knowle2 ,eremobia ochroleuca1 ,acock's ,green1 ,yardley2 ,dianthcia cucubali1 ,sparkbrook1 ,knowle2 ,hecatera serena1 ,bewdley ,road1 ,kidderminster2 ,polia chi1 throughout the district2 ,aplecta tincta1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,hadena glauca1 ,sutton ,park1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,xylocampa areola1 ,knowle2 ,calocampa vetusta1 ,c4 exoleta1 ,knowle1 ,sutton ,park2 ,xylina ornithopus1 ,knowle2 ,cucullia verbasci1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,c4 chamomill and ,c4 umbratica1 ,coleshill1 ,knowle1 ,dudley2 ,habrostola tripartita and ,h4 triplasia1 ,knowle2 ,plusia interrogationis1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,anarta myrtilli1 ,sutton ,park1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,bewdley ,forest2 ,heliaca tenebrata1 ,sparkbrook1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,chariclea umbra1 ,coleshill2 ,erastria fasciana1 ,trench ,woods2 ,phytometra viridaria1 ,knowle1 ,coleshill1 ,sutton1 ,cannock ,chase1 c42 ,euclidia mi and ,e4 glyphica1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,trench ,woods2 ,catocala nupta1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,bromsgrove2 ,brephos parthenias1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,epione apiciaria1 ,knowle2 ,venilia macularia1 ,angerona prunaria and ,eurymene dolobraria1 ,bewdley ,forest2 ,pericallia syringaria1 ,smallheath1 ,hall ,green1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,selenia lunaria1 near ,birmingham1 ,nyssia hispidaria1 ,sutton ,park2 ,biston hirtaria1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,amphidasys strataria1 ,knowle1 ,sutton ,park2 ,hemerophila abruptaria1 ,edgbaston1 ,knowle2 ,boarmia roboraria1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,b4 consortaria1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,trench ,woods2 ,tephrosia punctularia1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,trench ,woods2 ,gnophos obscuraria1 ,bewdley2 ,pseudoterpna pruniate1 ,knowle2 ,geometra papilionaria1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,phorodesma pustulata1 ,solihull2 ,zonosoma porata1 ,z4 pendularia2 ,erdington1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley1 ,trench ,woods2 ,asthena luteata1 ,a4 candidata1 ,a4 sylvata1 ,knowle2 ,a4 blomeri1 ,hoar ,cross2 ,acidalia fumata1 ,chartley2 ,a4 inornata1 ,chartley1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,timandra amataria1 ,knowle2 ,bapta temerata1 ,trench ,woods2 ,macaria liturata1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,bupalis piniaria1 ,knowle1 ,sutton ,park1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,minoa murinata1 ,bewdley ,forest2 ,aspilates strigillaria1 ,bewdley1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,chartley2 ,abraxas sylvata1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,eupithecia venosata1 ,sutton ,park1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,lobophora halterata1 ,trench ,woods2 ,l4 viretata1 ,sutton ,park 7some seasons very abundant72 ,l4 carpinata1 ,hopwas ,wood2 ,thera variata1 ,sutton ,park1 ,hopwas ,wood1 ,cannock ,chase2 ,hypsipetes ruberata1 ,h4 trifasciata1 ,solihull1 ,sutton ,park1 ,bewdley2 ,melanippe hastata1 ,knowle1 ,bewdley2 ,anticlea sinuata1 ,a4 rubidata1 ,a4 badiata1 ,a4 derivata1 ,knowle2 ,camptogramma fluviata1 ,knowle2 ,cidaria miata1 ,knowle2 ,carsia paludata1 var4 imbutata1 near ,birmingham4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,microscopic ,fauna4 ,,by ,,thomas ,,bolton1 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 ,the writer in drawing up the following summary of the local ,microscopic ,fauna1 knowing how limited a space is allowed1 has in several of the families given only the more rare and remarkable species which have come under his own observation4 ,the organisms included in this division are abundant all round ,birmingham2 in the canals1 reservoirs1 and rivers1 in the swags and catchpits1 amongst the spoil heaps of the 8,black ,country10 and in the numerous clay-pits on the farm lands4 ,,insecta4 ,it is desirable to call attention to the identification of the larv of the ,trichopterous insects ,agraylea multipunctata and ,oxyethira costalis1 by ,messrs4 ,kenneth ,j4 ,morton and ,robert ,mc,lachlan4 ,the perfect insects were bred from larv collected in this district1 as referred to in the 8,entomologists' ,monthly ,magazine10 ,may and ,june1 #ahhf4 ,so many problems in the life history of insects1 having aquatic larv1 remain unsolved1 that it is desirable that microscopists should pay more attention to this subject4 ,,arachnida4 ,the curious ,diving-bell ,spider1 ,argyroneta aquatica1 is found in the pools at ,sutton ,park2 and a great variety of species of the ,water-,mites is generally distributed4 ,mr ,w4 ,saville ,kent reports that several specimens received from this district are new to science4 ,tardigrada1 viz41 ,macrobiotus ,hufelandii1 and other species1 may be found almost everywhere1 if carefully looked for amongst damp moss and decaying alg4 ,,crustacea4 ,in this class should be mentioned the freshwater ,crayfish1 ,astacus fluviatilis1 not of course a microscopic organism2 but if it were omitted here it would not appear in any of the other reports4 ,this species is fairly distributed in most of the smaller brooks1 in the canals1 and larger reservoirs1 but is not so abundant or so large as it is on the lime formations round ,oxford4 ,two other large microscopic species of this class1 the freshwater ,shrimp1 ,gammarus pulex1 and the water ,wood-louse1 ,asellus vulgaris1 are always present1 the former busy in its office of scavenger in the sandy bottoms of the brooks and ditches1 and the latter climbing about1 like a monkey1 amongst the water weeds1 investigating the mass of living and decaying organisms with which the weeds are clothed4 ,,entomostraca4 ,the members of this sub-class are also to be found everywhere1 but it is desirable to call special attention to the discovery for the first time in ,great ,britain of the wonderfully transparent ,leptodora hyalina1 at a visit of the ,birmingham ,natural ,history and ,microscopical ,society in #ahgi1 to the ,olton ,reservoir1 near ,solihull4 ,it has since been found in many localities1 and is very abundant in the summer and autumn in the ,warwick ,canal and several reservoirs4 ,hyalodaphnia ,kahlbergensis is very generally found with it4 ,argulus coregoni is found in the ,birmingham and ,warwick ,canal4 ,it had only been discovered in ,great ,britain previously in the tanks of the ,royal ,aquarium at ,westminster1 which1 of course1 are not used for ,british fish exclusively4 ,the ,fairy-shrimp1 ,chirocephalus diaphanus1 is found in only one locality in the district1 near ,knowle4 ,a few specimens of the very rare ,lynceus acanthocercoides were found near ,bewdley1 and amongst other local finds may be mentioned ,moina rectirostris1 ,macrothrix roseus1 and ,ilyocryptus sordidus4 ,,polyzoa4 ,these are generally distributed2 ,alcyonella fungosa1 ,plumatella repens1 ,fredericella sultana1 and ,paludicella ,ehrenbergii cover the root-fibres under the banks of the ,river ,avon1 at ,evesham4 ,lophopus crystallinus is occasionally found in the brooks to the south west of ,birmingham4 ,cristatella mucedo is often very abundant in the larger reservoirs at ,sutton ,park1 ,barnt ,green1 ,olton1 c4 ,fredericella and ,paludicella1 have several times been seen in the town water supplied by the ,corporation4 ,,rotifera4 ,the district appears to be very rich in these organisms1 and a good number of new species from this locality are enumerated in the admirable ,monograph on this family now being published by ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,hudson and ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,gosse4 ,in the five parts already published 7,july #abth1 #ahhf71 they record one hundred and ninety-two species1 of which ninety-eight have been found in this district1 twenty-two being new species4 ,of the fifteen ,flosculari eight species have been found here1 viz41 ,flosculari regalis 7new71 ,f4 coronetta1 ,f4 ornata1 ,f4 cornuta1 ,f4 campanulata1 ,f4 ambigua1 ,f4 calva1 and ,f4 mutabilis 7new74 ,stephanoceros ,eichhornii may sometimes be seen quite clothing the water weeds in the canals and pools4 ,the always attractive building ,wheel-animalcule1 ,melicerta ringens1 is occasionally present in abundance in the canals1 rivers1 and pools all over the district4 ,the writer has taken ,melicerta conifera several times4 ,melicerta tubicolaria was found by ,dr4 ,hudson in ,sutton ,park1 and has since been found in other localities in this district4 ,limnias ceratophylli is very generally abundant4 ,limnias annulatus has been found in two places4 cistes cystallinus is common1 and 4 intermedius not uncommon4 ,although beyond the radius1 it may be interesting to note that ,melicerta ,janus1 new to ,england1 was taken in one of the ,shropshire meres1 by the writer on the #bcrd of ,june1 #ahhf4 ,it had only been found in ,scotland before1 by ,mr4 ,hood1 in #ahhj4 ,the new rotifer1 cistes umbella1 was found by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,wills1 together with the rare 4 pilula in a pool at ,sutton ,park4 ,the charming clustered rotifer1 ,lacinularia socialis1 only appears in the hot summer months1 but was surprisingly abundant last year in the ,river ,avon at ,warwick1 literally clothing the weeds with life4 ,this rotifer was in fair abundance a few years back in the ,barnt ,green ,reservoir1 and last year in the neighbouring canal4 ,the still more charming free-swimming clustered rotifer1 ,conochilus volvox1 is more generally present1 but is not always easy to detect1 on account of its transparency and continuous quick movements4 ,the writer has taken this rotifer in the pools at ,sutton ,park with a muslin net in such abundance as to form quite a jelly at the bottom of the net4 ,he also found a new species1 ,conochilus dossuarius1 in #ahhd4 ,of the ,philodinid1 the following have been found--,philodina roseola1 ,p4 citrina1 ,p4 megalotrocha1 ,p4 aculeata2 ,rotifer vulgaris1 ,r4 tardus1 ,r4 macroceros1 ,r4 macrurus2 ,actinurus ,neptunius1 ,callidina elegans1 and ,adineta vaga4 ,the rare and pretty little ,microdon clavus may be found swimming about in ,coleshill pool4 ,asplanchna1 ,synchta1 ,polyarthra1 and ,triarthra1 may be netted in enormous numbers in the summer months1 especially in all the canals and larger pools1 and they occasionally abound in the smaller pools and even in ditches1 together with a great variety of the creeping ones1 such as ,philodina1 ,rotifer1 ,notommata1 ,brachionus1 ,anura1 c4 ,the wonderful variety of these living together in a small ditch in ,sutton ,park is reported upon in a short paper read by the writer before the ,birmingham ,natural ,history and ,microscopical ,society in ,february last1 and published in the 8,midland ,naturalist10 ,july1 #ahhf4 ,hydatina senta and ,rhinops vitrea may be looked for amongst the ,euglena viridis often seen luxuriating in farm yard drainage4 ,the abnormal species1 ,pedalion mira1 was found at ,knowle in #ahhd1 in fair abundance4 ,the spiny ,anura longispina was found at ,olton ,reservoir very soon after it was first discovered in ,america1 and it soon afterwards abounded in the town water1 and may be found in most large reservoirs4 ,,annelida1 ,,etc4 ,some interesting examples of the ,oligochta have been found in this locality1 most of which have been identified by ,professor ,e4 ,ray ,lankester or ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,bousfield1 and of these the following are noteworthy--,chtogaster limni1 and ,c4 diaphanus1 ,nais hamata1 ,n4 lurida1 ,n4 appendiculata1 and ,n4 barbata2 ,stylaria parasitica1 ,dero digitata1 ,d4 obtusa1 ,d4 ,perrieri1 ,d4 limosa1 and ,d4 crassa2 ,salvina serpentina1 and losoma quaternarium4 ,the ,cercaria 7the larva of a fluke7 which infests the common ,water ,snail1 ,limna stagnatis1 is occasionally found2 also ,mesostomum rostratum1 ,derostomum vorax1 ,planaria lactea1 and ,piscicola geometrica4 ,,hydrozoa4 ,both ,hydra vulgaris and ,h4 viridis are of course found everywhere4 ,cordylophora lacustris1 which is usually more abundant in brackish water1 was found last year in the canal at ,hamstead1 near ,handsworth4 ,the writer has found it in the ,stourbridge canal1 and in the ,river ,stour4 ,some years back the writer heard of a canal boat being docked at ,dudley ,port which was found to be clothed with this ,hydrozoon as with velvet4 ,,spongida4 ,the freshwater sponges1 ,spongilla fluviatilis and ,s4 lacustris1 are abundant1 but no one has taken up the subject in this district1 to work out the different species into which this genus is now divided4 ,,infusoria4 ,when ,mr4 ,w4 ,saville ,kent was preparing his manual on this subject1 he was supplied with a great variety of specimens from this district1 many of which proved to be new ones4 ,the following are worthy of mention3 ,anthophysa vegetans1 ,rhipidodendron ,huxleyi1 ,spongomonas intestinalis2 various ,codosig and other ,choano-flagellate monads1 including ,salpingca ,boltoni1 ,kent1 7new72 ,euglena acus2 ,dinobryon sertularia2 ,synura uvella2 ,uroglena volvox 7very general72 ,distigma proteus2 ,hemidinium nasutum2 ,peridinium tabulatum2 ,ceratium longicorne2 ,nassula ornata2 ,trachelius ovum2 ,spirostomum teres1 and ,s4 ambiguum2 ,stentor polymorphus1 ,s4 ,barretti1 ,s4 cruleus1 and ,s4 niger2 ,folliculina ,boltoni1 ,kent 7new47 ,the writer has found several free swimming ,tintinnus1 not corresponding with any that ,mr4 ,w4 ,saville ,kent enumerates2 ,didinium nasutum2 ,trichodina pediculus2 ,scyphidium ,fromentellii2 ,spirochona gemmipara2 ,vorticella chlorostigma1 and ,v4 monilata2 ,carchesium polypinum1 and ,c4 epistylidis2 ,zoothamnium arbuscula2 ,vaginicola tincta2 ,thuricola folliculata2 ,cothurnia imberbis2 ,ophrydium versatile1 ,o4 ,eichhornii1 and ,o4 sessile2 ,stichotricha remex2 ,atineta lemnarum1 ,a4 grandis1 and ,a4 mystacina2 ,dendrosoma radians4 ,,rhizopoda4 ,the following have been found3 ,amba proteus1 ,a4 verrucosa1 ,a4 radiosa1 and ,a4 villosa2 ,ouramba vorax2 ,lithamba vorax1 ,lankester 7new72 ,difflugia pyriformis1 ,d4 spiralis1 and ,d4 corona2 ,cyphoderia umbella2 ,arcella vulgaris2 ,actinophrys sol2 ,raphidiophrys pallida1 and ,r4 elegans2 ,actinosphrium ,eichhornii2 ,acanthocystis chtophora2 ,archerina ,boltoni1 ,lankester 7new72 ,clathrulina elegans1 and ,biomyxa vagans4 ,,part ,v4 ,,botany4 ,,introductory ,,remarks4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,mathews1 ,m4,a4 ,in attempting to describe the more interesting features of the indigenous ,flora of the neighbourhood of ,birmingham1 it is necessary to define the limits of the district intended to be included4 ,a circle of #bj miles radius1 with the ,town ,hall as its centre1 has been found convenient as an approximate boundary4 ,this will enclose portions of the three counties of ,warwick1 ,worcester1 and ,stafford1 which meet at a point on the south-western edge of the ,borough1 and a small part of the ,county of ,salop4 ,the latter1 with the exception shortly to be mentioned1 will be excluded from consideration4 ,on the other hand1 the radius must be extended about two miles on the south-east to take in the town of ,stratford-on-,avon1 and about the same distance on the west to take in the woodlands west of the ,severn from ,shrawley ,wood to ,wyre ,forest near ,bewdley4 ,a part of the ,forest is in ,salop1 and to this extent only is the latter county admitted4 ,the district thus defined contains an area of about #ab1ejj square miles4 ,it includes the towns of ,birmingham1 ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,tamworth1 ,nuneaton1 ,coventry1 ,leamington1 ,warwick1 ,stratford1 and ,alcester1 in the ,county of ,warwick2 of ,bromsgrove1 ,droitwich1 ,stourport1 ,bewdley1 ,kidderminster1 ,stourbridge1 ,halesowen1 and ,dudley1 in ,worcester2 of ,wolverhampton1 ,walsall1 ,penkridge1 ,cannock1 ,rugeley1 and ,lichfield1 in ,stafford4 ,the vegetation of any district depends partly on the nature of the soil1 as determined by its geological structure1 partly on altitude and drainage areas1 and partly on the character of the surface1 whether water1 bog1 heath1 arable1 pasture or woodland4 ,the geology has been treated of in a previous part of this volume4 ,it will be sufficient to say here that the red rocks of the ,trias occupy by far the largest portion of the area1 and that calcareous soils are rare4 ,an elevated line of country1 commencing north of ,wolverhampton1 runs in a southerly direction1 by ,sedgley1 ,dudley1 and the ,rowley ,hills1 to ,frankley ,beeches and the ,upper ,lickey1 where it attains an altitude of about #ijj feet above the sea4 ,this is the great water parting of central ,england which divides the drainage areas of the ,trent and ,severn4 ,from the ,lickey1 a line of lower elevation runs in a westerly direction and divides the tributaries of the ,trent from those of the ,avon4 ,the subordinate river basins and surface characteristics will be noticed in the special articles4 ,a brief outline of the history of the ,botany of the ,midland ,counties may be useful to students1 and is therefore included in these remarks4 ,it commences with the honoured name of ,william ,withering1 one of the most eminent of ,british ,botanists4 ,born at ,wellington1 in ,shropshire1 in #agda1 he practised as a physician in ,birmingham1 where he died in #agii4 ,the first edition of his well-known 8,botanical arrangement of ,british ,plants10 in two volumes1 was published in #aggf2 the second1 in three vols4 in #aghg2 the third1 in four vols4 in #agif4 ,it passed through five further editions1 in four volumes1 after his death4 ,numerous references to localities in the neighbourhood of ,birmingham are contained in these volumes4 ,scarcely less distinguished was ,thomas ,purton 7#agfh-ahcc71 surgeon1 of ,alcester1 the author of 8,the ,midland ,flora40 ,the first two volumes of the work appeared in #ahag1 the third in #ahba4 ,they contain copious descriptions of local habitats in the counties of ,warwick1 ,worcester1 and ,stafford4 ,nash's 8,history of ,worcestershire10 #agha1 contains 7,introduction p4 lxxxix47 a list of forty-three rare plants1 two only of which1 ,vaccinium ,oxycoccos and ,comarum palustre1 recorded as growing at the ,lickey1 belong to the ,birmingham district4 ,the ,supplement 7#agii7 has a further list of forty-seven plants1 four of which belong to the district4 ,the late ,w4 ,g4 ,perry1 bookseller1 of ,warwick1 published at ,warwick1 in #ahbj1 the first ,flora of that county1 under the title of 8,plant ,varvicenses ,select40 ,he also contributed to the ,magazine of ,natural ,history1 ,vol4 iv41 p4 #dej1 #ahca1 a list of some of the rarer plants of ,worcestershire1 chiefly from the neighbourhood of ,kidderminster and ,bewdley4 ,the 8,history of ,stourbridge10 by ,william ,scott1 ,stourbridge1 #ahcb1 contains a list of plants from the neighbourhood of that town1 in the counties of ,worcester and ,stafford4 ,for a knowledge of the plants of the immediate vicinity of ,birmingham1 and particularly of the once celebrated 8,moseley ,wake ,green10 ,botanists are chiefly indebted to the late ,william ,ick1 ,secretary of the old ,philosophical ,society of ,birmingham4 ,mr4 ,ick published two lists2 the first in 8,the ,analyst10 for #ahcg1 ,vol4 vi41 p4 #bj2 the second in the 8,midland ,counties ,herald10 ,aug4 #ahch4 ,the present ,mrs4 ,avery1 then ,miss ,m4 ,a4 ,beilby1 was a frequent visitor to ,moseley at about that date1 and has obliged the writer with a list of the rarities gathered by her at ,moseley ,bog and ,common in #ahce and #ahcf4 ,a list of some of the rarer plants of the neighbourhood of ,birmingham1 by ,saml4 ,freeman1 appeared in the first series of the ,phytologist1 ,vol4 i41 p4 #bfa4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,bree1 ,rector of ,allesley1 near ,coventry1 was a well-known ,botanist4 ,he contributed to ,purton's ,midland ,flora1 to the ,magazine of ,natural ,history1 and to the first series of the ,phytologist1 many notices of the plants of the northern part of his county4 ,the first volume of the last named serial1 #ahdd1 pp4 #ejh-ead1 contains an account of the ferns of ,stafford1 ,warwick1 and ,worcester1 from the pen of the ,editor1 the late ,edward ,newman4 ,the second series of the ,phytologist1 #ahee to #ahfc1 was edited by the late ,alexander ,irvine of ,chelsea4 ,several plants from the neighbourhood of ,clent and ,churchill are recorded by the ,editor1 in an article on the 8,botany of the ,clent ,hills10 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #che1 ,april1 #aheh4 ,the ,studies of ,warwickshire ,fungi1 made by the late ,mrs4 ,f4 ,russell1 of ,kenilworth1 will be noticed in the article on that group of plants4 ,the ,county ,botany of ,worcester has been associated for upwards of half a century1 with the name of the veteran ,worcester ,botanist1 ,mr4 ,edwin ,lees4 ,his first observations1 made in conjunction with the late ,dr4 ,streeten1 were published in ,hastings's 8,illustrations of the ,natural ,history of ,worcestershire10 7#ahcd74 ,these1 together with a further list supplied by him to the late ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 are incorporated in the ,catalogue of ,worcestershire plants in 8,the ,new ,botanists' ,guide10 7#ahce74 ,the same work contains lists of the plants of ,warwick and ,stafford4 ,in #ahfg1 ,mr4 ,lees published his 8,botany of ,worcester10 the only complete record of the flowering plants and ferns of the whole county1 which has yet appeared4 ,his 8,botany of the ,malvern ,hills10 which has passed through three editions1 relates to a part of the county outside the limits of the ,birmingham district4 ,the plants of the north-east of the county are enumerated in the 8,flora of the ,clent and ,lickey ,hills10 by the present writer4 ,first edition1 #ahfh2 ,second ,edition1 #ahha4 ,he has been indebted for assistance to many friends1 too numerous to mention in this notice4 8,the ,natural ,history of ,stafford10 by ,r4 ,garner1 #ahhd1 contains a list of the rarer plants of that county4 ,our more recent knowledge of its botany is due to ,dr4 ,fraser1 of ,wolverhampton1 whose discoveries are published in the ,reports of the ,botanical ,record ,club1 #ahgc-ahhc4 ,these reports contain also many district records communicated by the ,editor1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,arnold ,lees1 and by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall4 ,the modern geographical botany of ,warwick is the work of members of the ,birmingham ,natural ,history and ,microscopal ,society1 and especially of ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,wills1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,grove4 ,the volumes of 8,the ,midland ,naturalist0 have been enriched by numerous papers from these ,botanists1 for one of which1 the monograph on the ,pilobolid1 published in ,vol4 vii41 #ahhd1 the ,darwin ,gold ,medal of the ,midland ,union of ,natural ,history ,societies was awarded to ,mr4 ,grove4 ,those relating to the ,botany of the county are1 by ,mr4 ,bagnall1 8,the ,distribution of the ,roses10 7,vol4 i1 #ahgh71 8,the ,moss ,flora10 7,vols4 ii4 and iii41 #ahgi-hj71 8,the ,hepatic10 7,vol4 iii41 #ahhj71 and 8,the ,flora of ,warwickshire10 7,vols4 iv4-ix41 #ahhj-hf72 by ,mr4 ,wills1 8,the ,desmidi of ,sutton ,park10 7,vol4 iii41 #ahhj72 by ,mr4 ,grove1 8,the ,fungi of the neighbourhood of ,birmingham10 7,vols4 v4-vii41 #ahhb-hd47 ,the works of the late ,hewett ,cottrell ,watson1 the founder of the ,science of the ,geographical ,botany of ,great ,britain1 must not be passed over4 ,those containing provincial or comital records1 besides the new ,botanists' ,guide already mentioned1 are the ,cybele ,britannica1 #ahdg-ahgb2 ,topographical ,botany1 #ast edit41 #ahgc-d1 #bnd edit41 #ahhc4 ,it may be interesting to mention that a ,students' ,garden for economic and medicinal plants was laid out in #ahhb1 in the ,edgbaston ,botanical ,gardens1 from the plans of ,professor ,hillhouse1 of ,mason ,college1 and that a ,students' garden of ,british plants has been laid out1 in the present year1 in ,cannon ,hill ,park1 from the plans of ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,oliver1 teacher of ,botany at the ,midland ,institute4 ,for the establishment of the latter garden1 students are indebted to ,mr4 ,alderman ,white1 chairman of the ,baths and ,parks ,committee of the ,town ,council4 ,county boundaries have been so generally adopted as the limits of local ,floras1 that it has been thought desirable to adhere to them1 and to tabulate the plants separately for ,warwick1 ,worcester1 and ,stafford1 whenever the materials at command have admitted of this division4 ,the flowering plants and ferns present no difficulty1 but with respect to the lower forms of vegetation it has not always been found possible to determine their comital distribution4 ,the plants indigenous to the district are described in the following articles3-- ,the ,flowering ,plants and ,ferns by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall1 assisted1 as to ,worcester1 by the editor of the section1 and1 as to ,stafford1 by ,dr4 ,fraser4 ,the ,mosses1 ,hepatics1 and ,lichens1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall4 ,the ,alg1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,wills4 ,the ,fungi1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,grove4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the ,flowering ,plants1 ,ferns1 c4 ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,the flowering plants1 ferns1 and fern allies of the ,birmingham ,district will be described1 as stated in the ,introductory ,remarks1 under the heads of the three counties of ,warwick1 ,worcester1 and ,stafford4 ,the total flora of the district comprises upwards of #a1aaf flowering plants and ferns2 of these #hdd are native1 #adc are varieties1 #ad aliens1 #db colonists1 and #gc are denizens4 ,the nomenclature adopted is that of the #gth edition of the 8,london ,catalogue of ,british ,plants40 ,,warwick4 ,the ,warwickshire portion of the district comprises the greater part of ,north ,warwickshire1 with a portion of ,south ,warwickshire4 ,it is watered by the ,tame1 with its affluents the ,rea1 ,cole1 ,blythe1 ,bourne1 and ,anker2 and the ,avon with its affluents the ,leam1 ,sow1 ,alne1 and ,arrow4 ,the greatest elevations occur at ,hartshill1 ,dosthill1 ,corley1 ,alne ,hills1 and ,arrow1 none of which exceed #eej feet above the sea4 ,as a whole it is well wooded1 but the woods are usually small and not productive of the rarer woodland species4 ,heath lands are mostly reclaimed1 and the more extensive marshes and bogs drained1 hence ericetal and bog plants are rare4 ,it has been divided into the following sub-districts1 bounded by the water partings of the river basins3--,i4 ,,tame1 ,,ii4 ,,blythe1 ,,iii4 ,,anker1 ,,iv4 ,,avon1 ,v4 ,,sow1 ,,vi4 ,,alne1 ,,vii4 ,,arrow4 ,in presenting an account of the rarer plants as full a list from each sub-district 7as space permits7 will be given1 but many of the plants cited for one or other sub-district may also be found in one or more of the others4 ,the plants marked by an asterisk99 before the name are probably extinct4 ,i4 ,,tame4--,this sub-district embraces all those portions of the ,tame valley not drained by the ,blythe or ,anker1 and includes ,sutton1 ,middleton1 ,water ,orton1 ,kingsbury1 ,shustoke1 and ,arley4 ,the country is generally flat1 but is slightly elevated on both right and left banks1 near ,arley1 ,middleton1 ,dosthill1 and ,shustoke4 ,in this district about #gej flowering plants and ferns are recorded2 among the more rare are-- ,ranunculus fluitans1 ,r4 ,lenormandi1 ,r4 ,lingua2 ,nympha alba2 ,viola palustris2 ,moenchia erecta2 ,ornithopus perpusillus2 ,comarum palustre2 ,rubus ,schlechtendalii1 ,r4 rosaceus2 ,rosa sphrica2 ,callitriche obtusangula2 ,parnassia palustris2 ,galium uliginosum2 ,valeriana dioica2 ,chrysosplenium alternifolium2 ,dipsacus pilosus2 ,carlina vulgaris2 ,carduus nutans2 ,leontodon hirtus2 ,jasione montana2 ,vaccinium ,vitis-,ida1 ,v4 ,oxycoccos2 ,menyanthes trifoliata2 ,mentha rotundifolia2 ,calamintha ,acinos2 ,scutellaria minor2 ,pinguicula vulgaris2 ,polygonum maculatum2 ,empetrum nigrum2 ,salix fusca2 ,juncus diffusus2 ,scirpus pauciflorus2 ,eriophorum vaginatum2 ,carex dioica1 ,c4 curta1 ,c4 ,ehrhartiana1 ,c4 lvigata1 ,c4 fulva2 ,agrostis nigra2 ,botrychium ,lunaria2 ,nephrodium ,thelypteris2 ,chara opaca4 ,,ii4 ,,blythe4--,the ,blythe1 which rises on the borders of ,east ,worcestershire near ,earlswood1 takes its course through ,solihull1 ,knowle1 ,hampton-in-,arden1 ,packington1 and ,coleshill1 to its confluence with the ,tame1 near ,whitacre2 with this is included the ,cole1 running through ,marston ,green and ,coleshill4 ,this sub-district is mostly flat1 the soils are usually sand1 marl1 and clay4 ,heath lands occur near ,earlswood and ,coleshill2 bogs and marshes near ,coleshill and ,barston4 ,the recorded flora is about #hbj flowering plants and ferns1 the following being the more noteworthy3-- ,thalictrum flavum2 ,aquilegia vulgaris2 ,drosera rotundifolia2 ,cerastium arvense2 ,sagina ciliata2 99,elatine hexandra2 ,hypericum elodes2 ,geranium pyrenaicum2 ,genista tinctoria2 ,vicia tetrasperma2 ,rubus suberectus1 ,r4 adornatus2 ,rosa micrantha1 ,r4 surculosa1 ,r4 obtusifolia1 ,r4 ,reuteri2 ,pyrus torminalis2 ,cotyledon ,umbilicus2 nanthe crocata2 ,chrophyllum ,anthriscus2 ,sambucus ,ebulus2 ,carduus pratensis2 ,anthemis arvensis2 ,bidens cernua1 ,b4 tripartita2 ,solidago virga-aurea2 ,lactuca muralis2 ,hieracium umbellatum2 99,pyrola media2 ,linaria minor2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,veronica ,buxbaumii2 99,orobanche major2 ,mentha piperita2 ,stachys ambigua2 ,myosotis repens1 ,m4 sylvatica1 ,m4 collina1 ,m4 versicolor2 ,lysimachia vulgaris2 ,littorella lacustris2 ,populus canescens2 ,lemna gibba2 ,potomogeton rufescens2 ,orchis ,morio2 99,gymnadenia conopsea2 ,narthecium ossifragum2 ,rhynchospora alba2 ,scirpus multicaulis1 ,s4 cspitosus2 ,carex elongata2 ,agrostis canina2 ,calamagrostis lanceolata4 ,,iii4 ,,anker4--,the ,anker rises about #c miles ,s4,e4 of ,bedworth1 drains the country about ,bedworth1 ,nuneaton1 ,atherstone1 ,polesworth and ,tamworth1 and enters the ,tame at ,tamworth4 ,the country it waters is usually flat1 but on its left bank at ,hartshill and ,polesworth there is rising ground about #ejj feet above sea level4 ,in this sub-district the ,warwickshire coalfields occur1 and it is possibly due to the great prevalence of smoke that its flora is meagre and the plants often depauperated4 ,the recorded flora is about #fhj flowering plants and ferns1 and among the more rare are3 99,myosurus minimus2 ,cardamine amara1 ,c4 impatiens2 ,viola ,reichenbachiana2 ,stellaria aquatica2 ,tilia parvifolia2 ,rhamnus catharticus2 ,genista tinctoria2 99,vicia sylvatica2 ,prunus insititia2 ,potentilla procumbens2 ,rubus calvatus1 ,r4 mucronulatus1 ,r4 ,bloxamii1 ,r4 foliosus1 ,r4 ,bellardi2 ,rosa andegavensis1 ,r4 bibracteata2 ,epilobium roseum2 nanthe fluviatilis2 ,cornus sanguinea2 ,matricara ,chamomilla2 ,wahlenbergia hederacea2 ,atropa ,belladonna2 ,veronica polita2 99,orobanche elatior2 ,rumex pratensis2 ,salix pentandra1 ,s4 rubra2 ,sparganium neglectum2 ,sagittaria sagittifolia2 ,butomus umbellatus2 ,potamogeton pusillus2 ,epipactis latifolia2 ,fritillaria ,meleagris2 ,scirpus acicularis2 ,nardus stricta2 ,ceterach officinarum2 ,equisetum maximum2 ,chara ,hedwigii4 ,,iv4 ,,avon4--,this sub-district includes that portion of ,south ,warwick within the area not drained by the ,leam1 ,sow1 ,alne1 and ,arrow1 including ,milverton1 ,stoneleigh1 ,warwick1 ,stratford-on-,avon1 ,bidford and ,salford ,priors4 ,this valley is beautifully undulating and well-wooded1 watered by many minor streams1 with very varied soils and usually highly cultivated4 ,its flora is peculiar from the absence of bog and heath plants1 the records comprising about #igj flowering plants and ferns1 of which the following are the rarer3-- ,ranunculus parviflorus2 ,papaver strigosum1 ,p4 ,lecoqii2 ,sisymbrium ,sophia2 ,erysimum cheiranthoides2 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri2 ,diplotaxis muralis2 ,viola odorata2 ,dianthus ,armeria2 ,hypericum dubium2 ,medicago maculata2 ,astragalus glycyphyllus2 ,trifolium subterraneum1 ,t4 scabrum1 ,t4 fragiferum1 ,t4 filiforme2 ,vicia lathyroides2 ,potentilla argentea2 ,rubus ,guntheri1 ,r4 tuberculatus2 ,rosa stylosa2 ,poterium ,sanguisorba2 ,geum intermedium2 ,epilobium tetragonum2 ,petroselinum segetum2 ,senecio erucifolius2 ,crepis biennis2 ,solanum nigrum2 ,mentha cardiaca2 ,myriophyllum alterniflorum1 ,m4 spicatum2 ,salix ,hoffmanniana1 ,s4 ,helix2 ,potamageton flabellatus2 99,carex ,bninghauseniana2 ,carex acuta1 ,c4 pendula2 ,agrostis spica-venti2 ,bromus commutatus4 ,v4 ,,sow4--,the ,sow1 rises near ,astley1 and receives tributaries1 draining ,combe fields1 ,brinklow and ,sow ,waste on the east1 and ,allesley1 ,corley1 and ,kenilworth on the west4 ,the high land about ,corley divides the watersheds of the ,tame and ,avon4 ,the flora of this sub-district is about #fia flowering plants and ferns1 the more noteworthy being-- ,ranunculus penicillatus1 ,r4 radians2 99,arabis perfoliata2 ,geranium columbinum2 ,rubus humifusus1 ,r4 hirtus1 ,r4 ,balfourianus1 ,r4 ,guntheri2 ,rosa ,doniana2 ,epilobium obscurum2 ,myriophyllum verticillatum2 ,callitriche hamulata2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,pimpinella magna2 ,silaus pratensis2 ,arctium intermedium2 ,serratula tinctoria2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,erigeron acris2 99,lactuca virosa2 ,campanula patula2 99,cuscuta ,europa2 ,verbena officinalis2 99,mentha gentilis2 ,nepeta ,cataria2 ,lamium maculatum2 ,cynoglossum montanum1 ,c4 officinale2 ,chenopodium rubrum2 ,potamogeton obtusifolius1 ,p4 mucronatus2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,paris quadrifolia2 ,calamagrostis ,epigeios2 ,lolium temulentum2 ,aspidium angulare2 ,chara contraria4 ,,vi4 ,,alne4--,the ,alne1 rises near ,tanworth on the west border of ,warwickshire1 the high land there forming in part the watershed of the ,avon and ,tame4 ,its course is through ,henley-in-,arden1 near here it is joined by an important tributary draining the country between ,henley1 ,lapworth1 and ,rowington4 ,this sub-district is somewhat hilly1 the ,alne ,hills being the highest elevations4 ,it includes ,tanworth1 ,henley-in-,arden1 ,bearley1 ,alne1 ,wilmcote1 ,claverdon1 ,hatton1 ,rowington4 ,the ,lias soils prevail in southern part of the district4 ,the flora is about #gde flowering plants and ferns1 the following being the more rare-- ,clematis vitalba2 ,ranunculus ,drouetii2 ,helianthemum vulgare2 ,viola hirta2 ,geranium pratense1 ,g4 pusillum2 ,melilotus officinalis2 ,lotus tenuis2 99,lathyrus ,aphaca1 ,l4 ,nissolia2 ,spira ,filipendula2 ,agrimonia odorata2 ,rubus thyrsoideus2 ,rosa rubiginosa2 ,sison ,amomum2 ,caucalis daucoides2 ,galium tricorne2 ,valeriana ,mikani2 ,scabiosa columbaria2 ,carduus acaulis2 ,centauria ,scabiosa2 ,anthemis nobilis2 ,arctium majus2 ,picris hieracioides2 ,helminthia echioides2 ,gentiana amarella2 ,linaria spuria1 99,l4 repens2 ,thymus ,chamdrys2 ,ophrys apifera2 ,juncus obtusiflorus2 ,avena pratensis2 ,bromus erectus2 ,b4 secalinus2 ,chara longibracteata4 ,,vii4 ,,arrow4--,the ,arrow enters the county near ,redditch1 and takes its course through a narrow hilly valley to its confluence with the ,avon at ,salford ,priors1 passing on its way ,studley1 ,alcester1 ,arrow1 ,wixford1 and ,broome4 ,this sub-district is well wooded2 the soils are mostly ,keuper marls and sand1 with ,lias soils prevailing about ,wixford4 ,the flora has not been fully worked out1 but the record is now about #gjf flowering plants and ferns2 among the more noteworthy are3-- ,ranunculus circinatus2 ,berberis vulgaris2 ,sinapis nigra2 ,silene noctiflora2 ,euonymus ,europus2 ,trifolium striatum2 ,rosa spinossisma2 ,pyrus communis2 99,sedum ,telephium2 ,ribes nigrum2 ,bupleurum rotundifolium2 ,torilis infesta2 ,adoxa ,moschatellina2 ,viburnum ,lantana2 ,carduus crispus1 ,c4 ,eriophorus2 ,campanula glomerata1 ,c4 ,trachelium2 ,specularia hybrida2 ,chlora perfoliata2 99,hyoscyamus niger2 ,linaria ,elatine2 ,calamintha menthifolia2 99,marrubium vulgare2 ,galeopsis ,ladanum1 ,g4 versicolor2 ,centunculus minimus2 ,chenopodium polyspermum1 ,c4 hybridum2 ,polygonum ,bistorta2 ,daphne ,laureola2 ,carpinus ,betulus2 ,salix triandra2 ,orchis pyramidalis2 ,spiranthes autumnalis2 99,epipactis palustris2 ,chephalanthera ensifolia2 ,iris ftidissima2 99,allium oleraceum2 ,juncus ,gerardi2 ,carex divulsa1 99,c4 distans2 ,khleria cristata2 ,schlerochloa rigida2 ,brachipodium pinnatum4 ,,worcester4 ,the ,worcestershire portion of the district extends from ,oldbury and ,yardley in the north1 to ,abbot's ,morton on the south4 ,it is watered by the ,cole and ,rea1 tributaries to the ,tame1 by the ,stour and ,salwarp1 tributaries to the ,severn1 by the ,severn itself1 and by the ,arrow and minor streams tributaries to the ,avon4 ,a range of hills about eight miles long runs across the country from north-west to south-east1 and articulates with the central water parting at ,bromsgrove ,lickey4 ,it includes ,clent1 ,walton and ,romsley ,hills1 ,frankley ,beeches1 the ,upper and the ,lower ,lickey1 and rises in ,walton ,hill1 to a maximum height of #ajcf feet above the sea4 ,the ,worcestershire portion of the district has been divided into the following eight sub-districts1 distinguished by the ,roman numerals ,i4 to ,,viii4 ,it has not been found convenient in every case to adopt water partings as sub-divisional boundaries4 ,i4 ,,rea4 ,,ii4 ,,clent ,,and ,,lickey4 ,,iii4 ,,stour4 ,,iv4 ,,east ,,severn4 ,v4 ,,west ,,severn4 ,,vi4 ,,salwarp4 ,,vii4 ,,arrow4 ,,viii4 ,,avon4 ,i4 ,,rea4--,the north-east angle of the county1 drained by the ,rea and ,cole4 ,surface strata1 red marl1 occasionally covered by modern drift4 ,the flora of this sub-district has1 unhappily1 mainly an historical interest4 ,moseley ,wake ,green and ,bog1 drained and enclosed in or about #ahdj1 and now partly built upon1 formerly produced the following rarities3-- ,viola palustris2 ,drosera rotundifolia2 ,dianthus deltoides2 ,alsine tenuifolia2 ,radiola millegrana2 ,hypericum elodes2 ,comarum palustre2 ,parnassia palustris2 ,helosciadium inundatum2 ,hydrocotyle vulgaris2 ,carduus pratensis2 ,vaccinium ,oxycoccus2 ,menyanthes trifoliata2 ,pedicularis palustris2 ,scutellaria minor2 ,anagallis tenella2 ,centunculus minimus2 ,narthecium ossifragum2 ,rhyncospora alba2 ,eriophorum vaginatum2 ,triodia decumbens2 ,molinia crulea2 ,nephrodium ,oreopteris2 ,osmunda regalis2 ,lycopodium ,selago2 ,equisetum hyemale4 ,most of the above plants are certainly1 and all probably1 extinct4 ,the same may be said of-- ,thalictrum flavum2 ,coronopus ,ruellii2 ,lythrum ,salicaria2 ,ribes alpinum2 nanthe fistulosa2 ,veronica ,anagallis2 ,triglochin palustre2 ,butomus umbellatus2 recorded from other parts of this sub-district4 ,the rarer plants now existing within it are3-- ,ranunculus pseudo-fluitans2 ,chelidonium majus2 ,cardamine amara2 ,nasturtium amphibium2 ,nasturtium palustre2 ,epilobium roseum2 ,sium augustifolium2 ,adoxa moschatellina2 ,galium uliginosum2 ,hieraceum umbellatum2 ,campanula latifolia2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,stachys palustris2 ,rumex ,hydrolapathum2 ,narcissus pseudo-narcissus2 ,lemna trisulca2 ,sagittaria sagittifolia2 ,scirpus setaceus2 ,carex vesicaria1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyperus2 ,alopecurus fulvus2 ,triticum caninum4 ,,ii4 ,,clent ,,and ,,lickey4--,the ,clent and ,lickey ,hills1 with the head waters of the ,rea and ,arrow1 and upper valley of the ,stour to ,stourbridge4 ,surface strata2 ,water stones1 ,bunter soft red sandstone and ,pebble bed1 ,permian breccia1 ,permian clays and sandstones1 ,coal measures1 ,silurian and ,cambrian rocks of the lower ,lickey4 ,this sub-district is extensively wooded1 especially in the basin of the upper ,stour above ,halesowen4 ,the rarer plants are-- ,ranunculus circinatus1 ,r4 auricomus1 ,r4 parviflorus1 ,r4 arvensis2 ,corydalis claviculata2 ,lepidium ,smithii2 ,cardamine amara1 ,c4 impatiens2 ,barbarea stricta2 ,nasturtium amphibium2 ,erysimum cheiranthoides2 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri2 ,reseda luteola2 ,viola palustris2 ,polygala depressa2 ,moenchia erecta2 ,spergularia rubra2 ,hypericum ,androsmun1 ,h4 humifusum2 ,geranium sylvaticum1 ,g4 lucidum2 ,rhamnus ,frangula2 ,ulex ,gallii2 ,genista tinctoria2 ,ononis arvensis4 ,o4 campestris2 ,melilotus arvensis2 ,trifolium medium1 ,t4 hybridum2 ,ornithopus perpusillus2 ,orobus tuberosus2 ,prunus ,avium2 ,geum rivale1 ,g4 intermedium2 ,rubus macrophyllus1 ,r4 ,sprengelii1 ,r4 hystrix1 ,r4 rudis1 ,r4 ,khleri1 ,r4 fusco-ater1 ,r4 rotundifolius1 ,r4 tenuiarmatus1 ,r4 diversifolius2 ,rosa mollissima1 ,r4 tomentosa1 ,r4 subglobosa1 ,r4 ,watsoni2 ,agrimonia ,eupatoria1 ,a4 odorata2 ,alchemilla vulgaris2 ,sanguisorba officinalis2 ,poterium muricatum2 ,pyrus ,aucuparia2 ,epilobium angustifolium1 ,e4 obscurum2 ,callitriche stagnalis2 ,peplis ,portula2 ,ribes rubrum1 ,r4 nigrum2 ,chrysosplenium alternifolium2 ,adoxa moschatellina2 ,hydrocotyle vulgaris2 ,sanicula ,europa2 ,pimpinella magna2 ,silaus pratensis2 ,pastinaca sativa2 ,torilis infesta2 ,viscum album2 ,sambucus nigra2 ,viburnum ,opulus2 ,asperula odorata2 ,valerianella dentata2 ,dipsacus pilosus2 ,inula ,conyza1 ,i4 dysenterica2 ,matricaria ,parthenium2 ,m4 ,chamomilla2 ,doronicum ,pardalianches2 ,senecio erucifolius2 ,carlina vulgaris2 ,serratula tinctoria2 ,centaurea ,scabiosa2 ,lactuca muralis2 ,hieracium murorum2 ,campanula latifolia2 ,erica tetralix2 ,vaccinium ,myrtillus2 ,erythra ,centaurium2 ,chlora perfoliata2 ,convolvulus sepium2 ,cuscuta ,trifolii2 ,orobanche major2 ,lathra squamaria2 ,linaria ,cymbalaria1 ,l4 repens2 ,pedicularis sylvatica2 ,veronica montana1 ,v4 ,buxbaumii2 ,calamintha ,clinopodium2 ,scutellaria galericulata2 ,lamium ,galeobdolon2 ,galeopsis versicolor2 ,stachys ,betonica2 ,myosotis sylvatica2 ,cynoglossum officinale2 ,primula caulescens2 ,lysimachia vulgaris1 ,l4 ,nummularia2 ,chenopodium ,bonus-,henricus1 ,c4 olidum2 ,polygonum ,bistorta2 ,euphorbia amygdaloides2 ,humulus ,lupulus2 ,salix pentandra1 ,s4 aurita2 ,paris quadrifolia2 ,tamus communis2 ,orchis ,morio2 ,gymnadenia conopsea2 ,neottia nidus-avis2 ,habenaria bifolia2 ,epipactis media2 ,narcissus pseudo-narcissus2 ,sagittaria sagittifolia2 ,butomus umbellatus2 ,allium ursinum2 ,colchicum autumnale2 ,juncus squarrosus2 ,luzula pilosa2 ,potamogeton rufescens1 ,p4 perfoliatus1 ,p4 crispus1 ,p4 pectinatus2 ,carex pulicaris1 ,c4 remota1 ,c4 pallescens4 ,c4 strigosa1 ,c4 pendula1 ,c4 pilulifera1 ,c4 fulva1 ,c4 lepidocarpa1 ,c4 sylvatica1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyperus1 ,c4 binervis2 ,triodia decumbens2 ,molinia crulea2 ,festuca gigantea2 ,bromus erectus2 ,nardus stricta2 ,equisetum maximum1 ,e4 sylvaticum1 ,e4 hyemale2 ,nephrodium ,oreopteris1 ,n4 spinulosum2 ,aspidium aculeatum1 ,a4 angulare3 ,asplenium ,trichomanes2 ,blechnum boreale2 ,botrychium ,lunaria2 ,ophioglossum vulgatum2 ,lycopodium clavatum4 ,diplotaxis muralis2 ,buplerum rotundifolium2 ,hyoscyamus niger2 ,linaria ,elatine2 ,borago orientalis have occurred as casuals4 ,narthecium ossifragum and ,drosera rotundifolia formerly grew at the ,lower ,lickey4 ,the former was destroyed by drainage about #ahed1 the latter has been recently extirpated by collectors4 ,ceterach officinarum1 which grew in great abundance on the garden wall at the ,leasows from #ahej to #ahhd1 was destroyed soon after the latter date4 ,,iii4 ,,stour4--,country from the foot of the ,clent ,hills to the east bank of the ,stour1 near ,kidderminster4 ,surface strata--,waterstones1 soft red ,bunter1 ,pebble bed4 ,this sub-district is distinguished by the steep scarps of the waterstones1 the sandy soils of the soft red sandstone1 and the numerous pools on the brooks which flow from the ,clent ,hills into the river ,stour4 ,the rarer plants are-- ,rananculus circinatus1 ,r4 fluitans1 ,r4 ,lenormandi2 ,aquilegia vulgaris2 ,chelidonium majus2 ,nasturtium palustre2 ,cardamine amara2 ,barbarea prcox2 ,thlaspi arvense2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,viola palustris2 ,sagina ciliata2 ,arenaria leptoclados2 ,cerastium aquaticum1 ,c4 semidecandrum2 ,spergularia rubra2 ,malva moschata2 ,hypericum dubium1 ,h4 humifusum2 ,geranium columbinum2 ,erodium cicutarium2 ,trifolium arvense1 ,t4 filiforme2 ,ornithopus perpusillus2 ,potentilla argentea2 ,comarum palustre2 ,rubus suberectus1 ,r4 affinis1 ,r4 umbrosus1 ,r4 rhamnifolius1 ,r4 ,lindleianus1 ,r4 diversifolius1 ,r4 ternuiarmatus2 ,r4 spinosissima1 ,r4 mollissima2 ,lythrum ,salicaria2 ,epilobium angustifolium4 ,e4 obscurum2 ,myriophyllum spicatum2 ,ceratophyllum aquaticum2 ,bryonia dioica2 ,sedum ,telephium1 ,s4 album2 ,ribes rubrum1 ,r4 nigrum2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,chrysosplenium alternifolium2 ,parnassia palustris2 ,hydrocotyle vulgaris2 ,sium angustifolium2 ,conium maculatum2 ,galium uliginosum2 ,valerianella olitoria2 ,gnaphalium sylvaticum2 ,anthemis arvensis2 ,tanacetum vulgare2 ,bidens tripartita1 ,b4 cernua2 ,carduus nutans2 ,leontodon hirtus2 ,hieracium murorum1 ,h4 umbellatum2 ,jasione montana2 ,campanula patula2 ,menyanthes trifoliata2 ,echium vulgare2 ,myosotis versicolor2 ,solanum nigrum2 ,verbascum ,thapsus1 ,v4 nigrum1 ,v4 virgatum2 ,veronica ,anagallis1 ,v4 polita2 ,pedicularis palustris2 ,verbena officinalis2 ,salvia verbenaca2 ,mentha sylvestris2 ,m4 piperta2 ,calamintha menthifolia1 ,c4 ,acinos2 ,nepeta ,cataria2 ,rumex ,hydrolapathum1 ,r4 pratensis2 ,polygonum ,bistorta1 ,p4 pseudo-dumetorum2 ,anacharis ,alsinastrum2 ,orchis mascula1 ,o4 latifolia1 ,o4 incarnata2 ,alisma ,plantago2 ,polygonatum multiflorum2 ,luzula sylvatica1 ,l4 pilosa2 ,typha augustifolia2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,sparganium ramosum1 ,s4 simplex2 ,potamogeton zosterifolius1 ,p4 flabellatus2 ,p4 lucens2 ,zanichellia palustris2 ,scirpus sylvaticus2 ,carex axillaris1 ,c4 disticha1 ,c4 muricata1 ,c4 paniculata1 ,c4 ,boeninghauseniana1 ,c4 pilulifera1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyperus1 ,c4 ampullacea1 ,c4 paludosa2 ,nardus stricta2 ,aira caryophyllea1 ,a4 prcox2 ,avena pubescens2 ,festuca sciuroides1 ,f4 ,myurus2 ,bromus erectus2 ,triticum caninum2 ,equisetum maximum2 ,asplenium ,trichomanes2 ,ceterach officinarum4 ,camelina sativa1 ,silene anglica1 ,anthoxanthum ,puelii1 have been found as field casuals4 ,mimulus luteus is established in the brooks at ,churchill4 ,medicago maculata1 ,xanthium spinosum1 ,polypogon monspeliensis were growing in #ahge on wool waste at ,hoo ,mill4 ,sium latifolium1 which grew in ,blakedown ,pools1 in ,purton's time1 has been long extinct in that locality4 ,osmunda regalis1 which grew in this sub-district in #aheb-c1 has disappeared4 ,asplenium ,adiantum-nigrum and ,scolpendrium vulgare have been all but exterminated4 ,elatine hexandra and ,hydropiper1 reported by the late ,mr4 ,alexander ,irvine in a 8,mill ,pond near ,churchill station10 in #aheg1 have not been seen by any other botanist4 ,,iv4 ,,east ,,severn4--,country from the west bank of the ,stour to the east bank of the ,severn near ,bewdley and ,stourport1 including ,hartlebury ,common east of ,severn1 below the junction of the ,stour at ,stourport4 ,surface strata3 ,waterstones1 ,bunter sandstone and ,pebble bed1 ,permian breccia1 ,coal measures1 ,old red sandstone2 covered at ,hartlebury ,common and elsewhere with modern drift4 ,the sand and bog plants of ,hartlebury ,common are the most interesting features of the flora of this sub-district4 ,it contains-- ,ranunculus fluitans2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,brassica ,cheiranthus2 ,viola canina2 ,drosera rotundifolia2 ,cerastium arvense2 ,spergularia rubra2 ,radiola millegrana2 ,erodium maritimum2 ,geranium pratense1 ,g4 lucidum1 ,g4 pyrenaicum2 ,trifolium striatum1 ,t4 arvense2 ,ornithopus perpusillus2 ,vicia lathyroides2 ,potentilla argentea2 ,comarum palustre2 ,rubus suberectus1 ,r4 fusco-ater2 ,rosa spinosissima2 ,pyrus torminalis2 ,lythrum ,salicaria2 ,sedum dasyphyllum2 ,cotyledon ,umbilicus2 ,hydrocotyle vulgaris2 ,helosciadium inundatum2 nanthe crocata2 ,chrophyllum ,anthriscus2 ,lonicera ,caprifolium1 ,l4 ,xylosteum2 ,valerianella carinata2 ,carduus nutans2 ,hypochris glabra2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,erigeron acris2 ,campanula ,trachelium2 ,erica tetralix2 ,monotropa hypopitys2 ,menyanthes trifoliata2 ,myosotis collina2 ,verbascum ,lychnitis1 ,v4 virgatum2 ,nepeta ,cataria2 ,veronica scutellata3 ,salvia verbenaca2 ,calamintha menthifolia1 ,c4 ,acinos2 ,scutellaria minor2 ,marrubium vulgare2 ,rumex maritimus2 ,potamogeton polygonifolius1 ,p4 obtusifolius2 ,juncus squarrosus2 ,rhyncospora alba2 ,eriophorum augustifolium2 ,scirpus fluitans2 ,carex curta1 ,c4 pilulifera1 ,c4 divulsa2 ,agrostis canina2 ,triodia decumbens2 ,nardus stricta2 ,equisetum sylvaticum2 ,asplenium ,adiantum-nigrum2 ,botrychium ,lunaria2 ,lycopodium clavatum1 ,l4 inundatum4 ,melilotus alba1 ,carum ,carui1 ,arnoseris pusilla1 ,crepis ,nicnsis1 ,linaria minor have been found as casuals near the ,railway ,viaduct over the ,stour1 south of ,kidderminster1 and ,centaurea solstitialis at ,hartlebury2 ,lycopodium complanatum was gathered on ,hartlebury ,common in #ahcf1 but has not been seen since4 ,v4 ,,west ,,severn4--,country west of the ,severn1 from ,wyre ,forest on the north1 to ,shrawley ,wood on the south4 ,surface strata3 ,waterstones1 soft red ,bunter1 ,permian breccia1 ,coal measures1 ,old red sandstone4 ,this sub-district extends somewhat beyond the twenty miles radius4 ,it is chiefly remarkable for the large area of woodland known as ,wyre ,forest1 which produces a number of rarities not found elsewhere within the ,county4 ,part of the forest is in ,salop4 ,the following list includes plants from both counties3-- ,thalictrum flavum2 ,ranunculus fluitans2 ,aquilegia vulgaris2 ,cardamine impatiens2 ,nasturtium sylvestre2 ,polygala vulgaris2 ,saponaria officinalis2 ,hypericum montanum2 ,tilia parvifolia1 ,t4 grandifolia2 ,geranium sylvaticum1 ,g4 sanguineum2 ,rhamnus catharticus1 ,r4 ,frangula2 ,vicia sylvatica2 ,spira salicifolia2 ,pyrus torminalis2 ,rubus saxatilis1 ,r4 villicaulis1 ,r4 hirtus1 ,r4 pyramidalis1 ,r4 ,guntheri2 ,rosa mollissima1 ,r4 micrantha2 ,sedium ,telephium2 ,galium erectum2 ,hieracium murorum2 ,campanula latifolia1 ,c4 ,trachelium2 ,pyrola media1 ,p4 minor2 ,gentiana campestris2 ,mentha ,pulegium2 ,pedicularis palustris2 ,melampyrum pratense2 ,scutellaria minor2 ,myosotis repens2 ,lithospermum officinale2 ,centunculus minimus2 ,juniperus communis2 ,convallaria majalis2 ,orchis latifolia2 ,gymnadenia conopsea2 ,habenaria chlorantha1 ,h4 viridis2 ,epipactis latifolia1 ,e4 palustris2 ,cephalanthera ensifolia2 ,neottia nidus-avis2 ,spiranthes autumnalis2 ,scirpus pauciflorus1 ,s4 setaceus2 ,eriophorum latifolium2 ,carex pulicaris1 ,c4 divulsa1 ,c4 fulva1 ,c4 montana1 ,c4 strigosa2 ,melica nutans2 ,nephrodium ,oreopteris2 ,equisetum maximum1 ,e4 hyemale4 ,a single tree of ,pyrus domestica1 once a celebrity of ,wyre ,forest1 and reputed the only wild one in ,britain1 was destroyed by fire in #ahfb4 ,spiranthes stioalis has once been gathered in the great bog in the ,forest2 ,coronilla varia occurs as a casual on the right bank of the ,severn1 about a mile above ,bewdley4 ,,vi4 ,,arrow4--,country between ,barnt ,green and ,redditch1 surrounding the village of ,alvechurch4 ,with the exception of a small patch of ,waterstone1 this sub-district is entirely on the ,red marl4 ,several large reservoirs belonging to the ,worcester canal are situated within it4 ,the following are its characteristic plants-- ,ranunculus ,drouetii2 ,lepidum ruderale2 ,viola palustris2 ,drosera rotundifolia2 ,lotus tenuis2 ,rosa micrantha1 ,r4 sub-cristata1 ,r4 ,hailstonii1 ,r4 ,borreri1 ,r4 bibracteata2 ,rubus adornatus1 ,r4 thyrsoideus1 ,r4 pilosus2 ,lathyrus ,nissolia2 ,pyrus torminalis2 ,epilobium angustifolium2 ,myriophyllum spicatum2 ,valerianella dentata2 ,anthemis arvensis2 ,artemisia ,absinthium2 ,serratula tinctoria2 ,carduus crispus2 ,campanula patula2 ,myosotis repens2 ,pedicularis palustris2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,veronica ,anagallis1 ,v4 scutellata2 ,primula caulescens2 ,anagallis tenella2 ,euphorbia amygdaloides2 ,rumex ,hydrolapathum2 ,triglochin palustre2 ,butomus umbellatus2 ,sagittaria sagittifolia2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,potamogeton polygonfolius2 ,ophrys apifera2 ,juncus squarrosus2 ,eleocharis acicularis2 ,scirpus setaceus2 ,calamagrostis ,epigejos2 ,nardus stricta2 ,equisetum sylvaticum2 ,ophioglossum vulgatum2 ,chara flexilis4 ,,vii4 ,,salwarp4--,country from the ,s4,w4 foot of the ,lickey ,hills1 to the ,salwarp below ,droitwich4 ,surface strata3 ,red ,marl1 ,waterstones4 ,the most noticeable features are the extensive tract of woodland known as the ,randans1 and the ,salt ,works of ,stoke and ,droitwich4 ,the latter have rendered the canals and streams in the vicinity more or less saline4 ,the characteristic plants are-- ,geranium lucidum1 ,g4 ,pyrenaicum2 ,rhamnus catharticus2 ,dipsacus sylvestris2 ,sison ,amomum2 ,scandix ,pecten-,veneris2 ,picris hieracioides2 ,senecio erucifolius2 ,carduus crispus2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,vaccinium ,myrtillus2 ,melampyrum pratense2 ,plantago media2 ,scirpus ,tabernmontani2 ,calamagrostis ,epigejos2 ,aspidium angulare2 ,nephrodium spinulosum2 ,lycopodium clavatum4 ,polypodium ,dryopteris1 and ,cystopteris fragilis1 which grew at ,catshill up to #ahfa1 are believed to be extinct4 ,the plants of the saline waters of ,droitwich deserve separate mention4 ,they are-- ,lepidum ruderale1 ,l4 latifolium2 ,spergularia salina3 ,apium graveolens2 ,samolus ,valerandi2 ,glaux maritima2 ,juncus ,gerardi2 ,sclerochloa distans4 ,,viii4 ,,avon4--,the country about ,feckenham on the streams tributary to the ,avon1 is situated partly on the ,lias1 and partly on the ,red ,marl4 ,it is the only one of the eight sub-districts in which the ,lias occurs4 ,the following plants are principally characteristic of the calcareous soil of the ,lias-- ,trifolium fragiferum2 ,lotus tenuis2 ,melilotus officinalis2 ,astragalus glycyphyllus2 ,lathyrus ,nissolia2 ,poterium muricatum2 ,sison ,amomum2 ,conium maculatum2 ,pastinaca sativa2 ,torilis nodosa2 ,picris hieracioides2 ,helminthia echioides2 ,campanula latifolia2 ,lithospermum arvense2 ,daphne ,laureola2 ,ophrys apifera4 ,a large tract of bog land known as ,feckenham ,moor existed in this sub-district in the time of ,purton1 and produced the following plants1 recorded in his 8,midland ,flora0-- ,parnassia palustris2 ,hydrocotyle vulgaris2 ,carduus pratensis2 ,pinguicula vulgaris2 ,triglochin palustre2 ,alisma ranunculoides2 ,schnus nigricans2 ,cladium ,mariscus4 ,the moor was drained many years ago1 and its plants are all extinct4 ,,stafford4 ,the ,staffordshire portion of the district extends from ,upper ,arley1 on the west to ,penkridge and ,rugeley on the north1 and to ,tamworth on the east4 ,the parish of ,dudley1 which1 although in ,worcester is entirely surrounded by ,stafford1 will be treated as part of the latter county4 ,the principal elevations are the ,silurian ,hills of ,dudley ,castle1 #eej feet1 and of the ,wren's ,nest1 #ejj feet above the sea1 situated on the central water parting4 ,west of these are ,kinver ,edge1 #eej feet1 and on the east ,barr ,beacon1 #fed feet4 ,it is watered on the west by the ,severn1 on the north and east by the ,trent and ,tame1 and other tributary streams4 ,it produces on the whole an interesting flora1 notwithstanding the fact that the ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield with the collieries and iron works1 so destructive to vegetation1 is included within its limits4 ,the sub-districts adopted are3 ,i4 ,,severn1 ,,ii4 ,,trent1 ,,iii4 ,,tame4 ,i4 ,,severn4--,this sub-district comprises ,upper ,arley1 ,kinver1 ,enville1 ,dudley and ,sedgley1 with much of the country ,w4 and ,n4,w41 of ,wolverhampton4 ,the ,coal measures extend over a considerable area1 and ,silurian limestones and shales occur about ,sedgley and ,dudley4 ,the more interesting plants are3-- ,ranunculus circinatus1 ,r4 fluitans1 ,r4 parviflorus2 ,berberis vulgaris2 ,sinapis nigra2 ,cardamine amara1 ,c4 impatiens2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,viola palustris2 ,saponaria officinalis2 ,silene ,anglica2 ,cerastium arvense2 ,sagina ciliata2 ,hypericum ,androsmum1 ,h4 dubium1 ,h4 humifusum2 ,geranium pyrenaicum1 ,g4 columbinum2 ,erodium moschatum1 ,e4 maritimum2 ,euonymus ,europus2 ,rhamnus catharticus2 ,r4 ,frangula2 ,genista tinctoria2 ,ulex ,gallii2 ,melilotus officinalis2 ,ornithopus perpusillus2 ,vicia sylvatica1 ,v4 lathyroides2 ,prunus insititia1 ,p4 ,padus2 ,sanguisorba officinalis2 ,potentilla argentea2 ,comarum palustre2 ,pyrus ,malus1 var4 mitis2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,chrysosplenium alternifolium2 ,helosciadium inundatum2 nanthe fistulosa1 4 crocata2 ,torilis nodosa2 ,chrophyllum ,anthriscus2 ,viscum album2 ,viburnum ,opulus2 ,carduus nutans1 ,c4 eriophorus1 ,c4 pratensis2 ,carlina vulgaris2 ,gnaphalium sylvaticum2 ,doronicum ,pardalianches2 ,inula ,conyza2 ,solidago virga-aurea2 ,hypochris glabra2 ,leontodon hirtus2 ,picris hieracioides2 ,helminthia echioides2 ,hieracium umbellatum2 ,campanula ,rapunculus1 ,c4 patula2 ,monotropa hypopitys2 ,gentiana ,amarella2 ,chlora perfoliata2 ,atropa ,belladonna2 ,verbascum ,thapsus1 ,v4 ,lychnitis1 ,v4 ,thapso-lychnitis2 ,linaria ,elatine2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,mimulus luteus2 ,nepeta ,cataria2 ,scutellaria minor2 ,galeopsis ,ladanum2 ,echium vulgare2 ,lithospermum officinale2 ,myosotis sylvatica2 ,cynoglossum officinale2 ,parietaria officinalis2 ,ulmus montana2 ,chenopodium polyspermum2 ,salix decipiens1 ,s4 crulea1 ,s4 vitellina1 ,s4 undulata1 ,s4 purpurea1 ,s4 ,woolgariana1 ,s4 acuminata1 ,s4 laurina2 ,sparganium neglectum2 ,orchis mascula1 ,o4 ,morio1 ,o4 latifolia2 ,epipactis latifotia2 ,colchicum officinale2 ,carex pulicaris1 ,c4 pallescens1 ,c4 strigosa1 ,c4 pendula2 ,poa nemoralis2 ,nephrodium ,thelypteris2 ,botrychium ,lunaria2 ,lycopodium clavatum4 ,,ii4 ,,trent4--,comprises much of the country lying ,n4 and ,n4,e4 of ,wolverhampton1 including ,codsall1 ,penkridge1 ,cannock ,chase1 ,rugeley1 ,abbotts ,bromley and ,alrewas4 ,much of this sub-district has a sub-,alpine character in its physical features and flora1 and is beautifully undulated throughout4 ,the rocks are mainly ,triassic1 but the coal measures prevail over a considerable area4 ,the more rare plants are3-- ,thalictrum flavum2 ,ranunculus circinatus1 ,r4 trichophyllus1 ,r4 ,drouetii1 ,r4 ,baudotii v4 confusus1 ,r4 ,lenormandi1 ,r4 flamula var4 pseudo-reptans1 ,r4 ,lingua1 ,r4 hirsutus1 ,r4 parviflorus2 ,caltha ,guerangerii2 ,acta spicata2 ,papaver ,rhas v4 strigosum2 ,chelidonium majus2 ,thlaspi arvense2 ,erysimum cheiranthoides2 ,arabis perfoliata2 ,nasturtium amphibium2 ,viola palustris1 ,v4 ,reichenbachiana2 ,drosera rotundifolia2 ,polygala depressa2 ,tilia parvifolia2 ,montia fontana2 ,prunus ,padus2 ,potentilla argentea2 ,rubus rhamnifolius1 ,r4 villicaulis1 ,r4 ,schlechtendalii1 ,r4 ,sprengelii1 ,r4 ,bloxamii1 ,r4 rosaceus1 ,r4 infestus1 ,r4 ,guntheri1 ,r4 ,bellardii2 ,rosa scabriuscula1 ,r4 tomentella2 ,epilobium roseum2 ,hippuris vulgaris2 ,chrysosplenium alternifolium2 ,hydrocotyle vulgaris2 nanthe fistulosa1 4 ,phellandrium2 ,bidens cernua1 ,b4 tripartita2 ,hieracium maculatum2 ,wahlenbergia hederacea2 ,vaccinium ,oxycoccus1 ,v4 ,vitis-,ida1 ,v4 ,myrtillus2 ,menyanthes trifoliata2 ,mentha piperita2 ,lamium ,galeobdolon2 ,myosotis palustris2 ,pinguicula vulgaris1 ,lysimachia ,nummularia2 ,anagallis tenella2 ,polygonum ,bistorta2 ,rumex maritimus2 ,empetrum nigrum2 ,salix pentandra1 ,s4 triandra1 ,s4 ,forbyana1 ,s4 ,smithiana1 ,s4 holosericea1 ,s4 hyppophaefolia2 ,typha angustifolia2 ,potamogeton lucens2 ,fritillaria ,meleagris2 ,narthecium ossifragum2 ,scirpus lacustris1 ,s4 sylvaticus2 ,eriophorum angustifolium1 ,e4 vaginatum2 ,carex dioica1 ,c4 curta1 ,c4 disticha1 ,c4 muricata1 ,c4 pilulifera1 ,c4 binervis1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyperus1 ,c4 vesicaria1 ,c4 ampullacea2 ,calamogrostis ,epegeios2 ,milium effusum2 ,molinia crulea2 ,avena pubescens1 ,a4 fatua2 ,triticum caninum2 ,nardus stricta2 ,osmunda regalis4 ,,iii4 ,,tame4--,this sub-district1 includes ,walsall1 ,lichfield1 ,shenstone1 ,barr and ,handsworth4 ,the surface rocks are ,trias1 ,permian and ,coal measures1 and the limestones of ,walsall1 ,rushall1 and ,hay ,head4 ,the greatest elevation is ,barr ,beacon4 ,both the source and the mouth of the ,tame are within the limits of this sub-district4 ,the principal plants are3-- ,thalictrum flavum2 ,arabis perfoliata2 ,cardamine amara1 ,c4 impatiens2 ,nasturtium sylvestre2 ,teesdalia nudicaulis2 ,reseda ,luteola2 ,silene noctiflora2 ,malva moschata1 ,m4 rotundifolia2 ,erodium cicutarium2 ,genista ,anglica2 ,lathyrus ,nissolia2 ,orobus tuberosus2 ,prunus insititia1 ,p4 ,padus2 ,geum rivale2 ,rosa subglobosa1 ,r4 micrantha1 ,r4 collina2 ,rubus suberectus1 ,r4 rharmnifolius2 ,pyrus ,aria2 ,sedum ,telephium2 ,saxifraga granulata2 ,chrysosplenium alternifolium2 ,parnassia palustris2 ,helosciadium repens2 ,myrrhis odorata2 ,apium graveolens2 nanthe crocata2 ,dipsacus pilosus2 ,valerianella dentata2 ,galium ,witheringii2 ,carduus nutans1 ,c4 pratensis2 ,anthemis nobilis2 ,erigeron acris2 ,campanula ,trachelium1 ,c4 latifolia1 ,c4 patula2 ,solanum nigrum2 ,linaria minor2 ,veronica ,buxbaumii1 ,v4 montana1 ,v4 scutellata1 ,v4 ,anagallis2 ,limosella aquatica2 ,pinguicula vulgaris2 ,utricularia vulgaris2 ,lysimachia vulgaris2 ,centunculus minimus2 ,parietaria officinalis2 ,ulmus montana2 ,salix pentandra2 ,acorus ,calamus2 ,epipactis palustris2 ,convallaria majalis2 ,typha angustifolia2 ,lemna gibba2 ,narthecium ossifragum2 ,colchicum autumnale2 ,scirpus sylvaticus1 ,s4 cspitosus2 ,carex pallescens1 ,c4 pseudo-,cyperus2 ,calamagrostis ,epegejos1 ,c4 lanceolatus2 ,milium effusum2 ,avena pubescens2 ,triticum caninum2 ,asplenium ,ruta-muraria2 ,aspidium lobatum2 ,osmunda regalis4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,mosses1 ,hepatics1 and ,lichens4 ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,in describing the rarer ,mosses1 ,hepatics and ,lichens1 to be found within the district1 the materials at command are not sufficient to admit of so minute an analysis of distribution as that given for the flowering plants in the preceding pages4 ,for the mosses four sub-districts will be adopted3 ,i4 ,,warwick1 ,,tame2 ,,ii4 ,,warwick1 ,,avon2 ,,iii4 ,,worcester2 ,,iv4 ,,stafford4 ,for the ,hepatics and ,lichens1 the enumeration will be restricted to ,warwick only2 information for ,worcester and ,stafford not being within reach4 ,the nomenclature of the ,mosses and ,hepatics is that of the 8,london ,catalogue of ,british ,mosses and ,hepatics10 #bnd ,edit41 #ahha4 ,the nomenclature of the ,lichens is that of 8,the ,lichen ,flora10 of the ,revd4 ,w4 ,a4 ,leighton1 #ahga4 ,,mosses4 ,the ,moss ,flora of the whole district under review1 so far as records are available1 is about #bgb species and varieties2 that of ,warwickshire alone being about #bfa4 ,its comparative poverty may be attributed1 partly to the absence of great elevations1 partly to the prevalence of smoke over large portions of the district1 and partly to the draining of bogs and marshes1 and reclamation of heath lands4 ,i4 ,,warwick1 ,,tame4--,this sub-district includes that portion of the country watered by the ,tame and its affluents1 the ,cole1 ,blythe1 ,bourne1 and ,anker4 ,the following are the more noticeable mosses4 ,sphagnum fimbriatum1 ,s4 squarrosum1 ,s4 rubellum1 ,s4 papillosum1 ,s4 cymbifolium1 var4 squarrosulum2 ,systegium crispum2 99,dicranum spurium1 ,d4 fuscescens1 ,d4 majus2 ,campylopus flexuosus2 ,archidium phascoides2 ,pleuridium alternifolium2 ,leucobryum glaucum2 ,sphrangium muticum2 ,pottia minutula2 ,trichostomum tophaceum2 ,tortula aloides1 ,t4 marginata1 ,t4 rigidula1 ,t4 spadicea1 ,t4 insulana1 ,t4 tortuosa1 ,t4 subulata1 ,t4 papillosa2 ,encalypta streptocarpa2 ,racomitrium canescens2 ,zygodon viridissimus2 ,ulota intermedia2 ,ephemerum serratum2 ,funaria fasciculare2 ,bryum pallescens1 ,b4 roseum2 ,mnium rostratum1 ,m4 stellare1 ,m4 subglobosum2 ,polytrichum gracile2 ,fissidens adiantoides1 ,f4 exilis2 ,leucodon sciuroides2 ,amblyodon dealbatus2 ,philonotis fontana2 ,homalia trichomanoides2 99,hedwigia ciliata2 ,brachythecium albicans2 ,eurhynchium speciosum1 ,e4 ,teesdalii2 ,plagiothecium sylvaticum1 ,p4 elegans1 ,p4 latebricola2 ,amblestegium fluviatile2 ,hypnum commutatum1 ,h4 exannulatum2 ,h4 ,cossoni1 ,h4 vernicosum1 ,h4 falcatum1 ,h4 giganteum1 ,h4 stramineum1 ,h4 revolvens4 ,,ii4 ,,warwick1 ,,avon4--,this sub-district includes that portion of ,avon within the area1 and its affluents1 the ,sow1 ,alne1 and ,arrow4 ,the following are the more rare mosses3-- ,sphagnum auriculatum1 ,s4 subsecundum2 ,gymnostomum tenue2 ,dicranum montanum2 ,d4 scoparium2 ,campylopus pyriformis2 ,pottia intermedia1 ,p4 cavifolia1 var4 incana2 ,tortula rigida1 ,t4 ambigua1 ,t4 atro-virens1 ,t4 ,brebissoni1 ,t4 lvipila1 ,t4 intermedia1 ,t4 papillosa2 ,grimmia crinita2 ,orthotrichum saxatile1 ,o4 stramineum1 ,o4 tenellum1 ,o4 leiocarpum1 ,o4 ,lyelii1 ,o4 rivulare2 ,leptobryum pyriforme2 ,bryum pendulum1 ,b4 murale2 ,mnium undulatum2 ,polytrichum formosum2 ,fissidens ,lylei1 ,f4 incurvus1 ,f4 pusillus1 ,f4 inconstans1 ,f4 tamarindifolius2 ,crypha heteromalla2 ,anomodon viticulosum2 ,thamnium alopecurum2 ,climacium dendroides2 ,camptothecium lutescens2 ,scleropodium cspitosum1 ,s4 illecebrum2 ,brachythecium rivulare2 ,eurhynchium pumilum2 ,rhynchostegium tenellum2 ,hypnum ,lindbergii1 ,h4 stellatum1 ,h4 chrysophyllum1 ,h4 cordifolium1 ,h4 splendens1 ,h4 brevirostre1 ,h4 loreum1 ,h4 palustre4 ,,iii4 ,,worcester4--,the moss flora of this sub-district has not been published2 but the moss herbaria of ,mr4 ,mathews and the writer afford records of about #abg species4 ,many of these have already been recorded for ,warwick1 and are therefore omitted here4 ,the following1 which are mainly from the ,stour sub-district1 are the more noteworthy3-- ,sphagnum auriculatum2 ,s4 cuspidatum1 ,s4 intermedium2 ,dicranum scoparium2 ,leucobryum glaucum2 ,pleuridium nitidum2 ,pottia ,wilsoni1 ,p4 intermedia2 ,tortula cuneifolia1 ,t4 convoluta2 ,encalypta vulgaris1 ,e4 streptocarpa2 ,racomitrium aciculare1 ,r4 lanuginosum1 ,r4 fasiculare2 ,ptychomitrium polyphyllum2 ,ulota intermedia2 ,orthotrichum ,lyellii2 ,ephemerum serratum2 ,physcomitrella patens2 ,amblyodon dealbatus2 ,philonotis fontana2 ,leptobryum pyriforme2 ,bryum pendulum1 ,b4 roseum2 ,mnium stellare2 ,aulacomnium palustre2 ,fissidens exilis1 ,f4 adiantoides2 ,fontinalis antipyretica2 ,neckera crispa2 ,homalia trichomanoides2 ,pterygophyllum lucens2 ,climacium dendroides2 ,brachythecium populeum2 ,rhynchostegium murale2 ,hypnum commutatum1 ,h4 palustre1 ,h4 chrysophyllum2 99,h4 scorpioides4 ,,iv4 ,,stafford4--,the record given in ,garner's ,natural ,history of ,staffordshire1 of the mosses of that county1 refers to localities which are all outside the area4 ,hence it is impossible to do more than mention the rarer species collected by myself1 mostly within a ten mile radius of ,birmingham1 and a few additional records supplied by ,dr4 ,fraser4 ,they are as follows3-- ,dicranella cerviculata1 ,d4 rufescens1 ,d4 crispa2 ,dicranum ,scoparium1 ,d4 palustre1 ,d4 majus2 ,pleuridium nitidum2 ,tortula ,hornschuchiana1 ,t4 ambigua1 ,t4 aloides2 ,didymodon rubellus2 ,pottia lanceolata1 ,p4 intermedia1 ,p4 minutula2 ,ephemerum serratum2 ,encalypta streptocarpa2 ,philonotis fontana2 ,bartramia pomiformis2 ,webera carnea1 ,w4 annotina2 ,bryum pendulum1 ,b4 atro-purpureum1 ,b4 cuspidatum2 ,polytrichum strictum2 ,fissidens adiantoides2 ,tetraphis pellucida2 ,entosthodon fasciculare2 ,brachythecium populeum1 ,b4 albicans2 ,eurhynchium murale1 ,e4 ,teesdalii2 ,plagiothecium elegans1 ,p4 undulatum2 ,hypnum intermedium1 ,h4 chrysophyllum1 ,h4 vernicosum1 ,h4 giganteum4 ,,hepatic4 ,the ,hepatic and ,lichens are poorly represented1 and as no available record of these plants occurs1 only those of the ,warwickshire portion of the district will be given4 ,of the ,hepatic only about #da species have as yet been found1 the more noteworthy being3-- ,fossombronia pusilla2 ,madotheca platyphylla2 ,radula complanata2 ,scapania nemorosa1 ,s4 irrigua2 ,plagiochila nemorosa2 ,aplozia crenulata1 ,a4 sphrocarpa2 ,gymnocolea inflata2 ,jungermannia ventricosa2 ,cephalozia byssacea1 ,c4 ,starkii1 99,c4 curvifolia1 ,c4 connivens2 ,trichocolea tomentella2 ,metzgeria furcata2 ,aneura multifida1 ,a4 sinuata1 ,a4 pinguis2 ,lunularia cruciata2 ,conocephalus conicus2 ,anthoceros punctatus1 ,a4 lvis2 ,riccia glauca2 ,ricciella fluitans4 ,,lichens4 ,so far as experience serves the ,lichen flora of the district appears to be very limited4 ,from ,worcestershire ,i have seen no records except that probably exhaustive one by ,mr4 ,edwin ,lees in his 8,botany and ,geology of ,malvern10 where we find about #bdj species recorded for the ,malvern district1 but outside the area under notice here4 ,for ,staffordshire1 ,garner records about #ea species1 few of which are localised1 and those few are outside the area4 ,in ,purton's 8,midland ,flora10 a fair record is given of these plants for the ,midland district1 several of the species there recorded are1 however1 now either assigned to other orders as alg or fungi1 or are considered to be imperfect states of other lichens4 ,so far as it is possible to judge from ,purton's records1 and the observations of the present writer1 the ,lichen flora of that part of ,warwickshire within the area here adopted comprises about #ajj species1 of which the following are some of the more noticeable3-- ,collema nigrescens2 ,calcium trichiale1 ,c4 hyperellum1 ,c4 trachelinum2 ,trachylia tympanella2 ,cladonia alcicornis1 ,c4 furcata1 ,c4 rangifera1 ,c4 uncialis2 ,stereocaulon paschale2 ,usnea hirta2 ,alectoria jubata2 ,evernia furfuracca3 ,ramulina fraxinea1 ,r4 fastigiata2 ,cetraria aculeata2 ,peltigera rufescens1 ,p4 polydactyle2 ,sticta pulmonacea2 ,parmelia olivacea1 ,p4 caperata1 ,p4 lanata1 ,p4 perlata2 ,physcia ciliaris1 ,p4 pulverulenta1 ,p4 stellaris2 ,pannaria pezizoides1 ,p4 nigra2 ,lecanora candelaria1 ,l4 pruinosa1 ,l4 parella1 ,l4 atra1 ,l4 sulphurea1 ,l4 ferruginea2 ,urceolaria scruposa2 ,pertusaria communis2 ,phylictis agela2 ,lecidea ruginosa1 ,l4 quernea1 ,l4 parasema1 ,l4 fusco-ater2 ,graphis scripta1 ,g4 serpentina2 ,opegrapha atra1 ,o4 notha2 ,arthonia astroidea1 ,a4 ,swartziana2 ,verrucaria gemmata1 ,v4 epidermidis1 ,v4 nitida4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,alg4 ,,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,wills4 ,the great class of ,alg includes the sea-weeds1 together with a large number of plants1 mostly of microscopic size and of simple cellular structure1 which abound wherever fresh water is found1 whether in the form of running streams or stagnant pools1 or even as covering damp surfaces of ground4 ,a broad subdivision of the ,alg into three groups has been generally accepted by botanists1 these being the ,rhodospore 7red-spored71 ,melanospore 7dark-spored71 and ,chlorospore 7green-spored74 ,the marine genera are distributed over all three of these groups2 the freshwater ones belong almost exclusively to the last4 ,the classification of the freshwater ,chlorosperms is by no means satisfactory1 but it is impossible to discuss it within the limits of this article4 ,it is to be regretted that scarcely any of the botanists of ,birmingham have made the ,alg their special study2 hence the information at our disposal is insufficient to enable us to group the recorded species with reference to their occurrence in the several adjacent counties4 ,this is1 however1 the less important because the distribution of this class of plants is not dependent1 to the same extent as that of ,phnogams1 either on climate or soil1 though it is probably not altogether independent of either4 ,their abundance1 therefore1 is in pretty direct proportion to that of such spaces of water as afford favourable conditions for their growth4 ,hence1 as the neighbourhood of ,birmingham is mostly characterised by light and porous soils1 the habitats in which ,alg are to be found are somewhat restricted4 ,there are1 however1 two conspicuous exceptions4 ,the tract of land about seven miles from ,birmingham1 known as ,sutton ,park1 embraces a singular variety of scenery and presents conditions highly favourable to algoid growth in the shape of clear springs and streams1 large sheets of water1 and a considerable area of peaty bogs4 ,again1 the mining district of ,south ,staffordshire and ,worcestershire1 popularly known as the ,black ,country1 affords among its pit-banks a great number of pools which are seldom dried up even in the hottest summer1 and many of which are partially fed by water from adjacent mines or engines4 ,their number has been much diminished during the last few years by the operations of the ,south ,staffordshire ,mines ,drainage ,commission1 but is still very large and these constitute a rich hunting ground to the student of freshwater ,alg4 ,the brief notes which follow must be regarded merely as an indication of the general character of this branch of the ,midland ,flora4 ,any attempt systematically to enumerate the recorded species would far exceed the necessary limits of this notice4 ,the great group of so-called ,unicellular ,alg is universally distributed1 and the familiar forms included under the ill-defined genera of ,pleurococcus1 ,glocystis1 ,tetraspora1 ,pediastrum1 c41 are found abundantly in this district wherever conditions favourable to their growth are present4 ,among these low forms may be mentioned ,apiocystis ,brauniana1 parasitic on larger ,alg in stagnant pools2 the extremely rare ,mischococcus confervicola1 recorded as found near ,stafford1 and ,polyedrium tetrahedricum found on decaying leaves in a small pit near ,sutton4 ,ophiocytium cochleare1 until lately regarded as a very scarce plant1 is not uncommon in similar habitats4 ,the remarkable ,hydrodictyon utriculatum1 popularly known as 8,water ,net10 appeared some years ago in ,blackroot ,pool1 ,sutton ,park1 in enormous quantities1 but shortly disappeared and has not been seen there since4 ,it has also been recorded by ,mr4 ,t4 ,bolton as found in ,bourne ,pool1 near ,aldridge4 ,the large tribe of ,volvocine is represented by the well-known forms of ,gonium1 ,pandorina1 and ,eudorina1 and by the typical ,volvox globator1 which1 as is its wont1 occasionally appears in some of the pools of the district in great profusion1 only to vanish as capriciously4 ,mr4 ,bolton has recorded the rare and interesting ,volvox globator 1--the ,sphrosira volvox of ,ehrenberg--as occurring in the small pool in the gravel pit near ,blackroot ,pool1 ,sutton ,park4 ,passing to the ,zygnemace1 ,vaucheriace and other filamentous ,alg1 we find a large number of species of ,zygnema1 ,spirogyra1 ,zygogonium1 ,mesocarpus1 ,staurocarpus1 ,vaucheria1 c41 occupying ditches1 small pools and other stagnant waters2 it is scarcely possible to take a bottleful of water from these stations in summer and autumn without finding examples of the curious modes of reproduction characteristic of these genera4 ,in running streams and in the still ponds of the district the long fronds of ,enteromorpha1 the dense tresses of brilliant green ,cladophor and the graceful tufts of ,stigeoclonium and ,chtophora abound4 ,the exquisite ,ctophora endivifolia reappears at intervals in ,keeper's ,pool1 ,sutton ,park2 this species has also been found by ,mr4 ,bolton in an old gravel pit at ,hill ,hook and in ,earlswood reservoir4 ,the elegant ,bulbochte setigera is met with in small fragments in stagnant pools1 and the singular ,coleochte scutata is to be found adherent to submerged water weeds4 ,the tepid waters of the ,south ,staffordshire coal district are specially favourable to the growth of ,oscillatorie1 which form on their margins immense sheets of the deepest green velvet4 ,several species of ,batrachospermum 7among which ,b4 atrum is locally the rarest1 having been found at ,halesowen only7 occur in small masses in clear streams1 but they must be regarded as somewhat scarce plants4 ,lemania fluviatilis should be mentioned as common in the ,avon and ,severn1 and the very rare ,bangia atropurpurea as occurring on a water wheel in the former river at ,stratford-on-,avon1 although these habitats are somewhat beyond the limits contemplated in this sketch4 ,the ,diatomace of the neighbourhood do not appear to have been the objects of systematic study1 and the only species of special interest which we remember to have found is the wonderful ,bacillaria paradoxa1 well known as a remarkable microscopic object from the strange manner in which its linear frustules glide over one another1 so that the whole plant is incessantly assuming a different form4 ,it has been found by ,mr4 ,bolton1 along with many other species1 in a disused arm of the canal near ,albion ,station1 and by the writer in a small stream near the same spot4 ,a careful search would doubtless result in the discovery of a large number of representative species of this class4 ,in conclusion1 we turn for a moment to the very beautiful tribe of ,desmidie1 and1 although the district by no means abounds in the peaty bogs which are their especial haunts1 a goodly list of ordinary species has been recorded4 ,sutton ,park is the best locality for these plants1 and in addition to the commoner forms of ,micrasterias1 ,euastrum1 ,closterium1 c41 which are here found in abundance1 this habitat has yielded many rare and several new species1 among which the following are worthy of special notice1 viz43--,micrasterias papillifera1 ,m4 ,cruxmelitensis1 ,m4 angulosa1 ,m4 denticulata1 var4 lichmoides1 and ,m4 ,americana1 forma major2 ,cosmarium coronatum1 ,closterium directum1 ,cl4 angustatum1 and ,cl4 ,pritchardianum2 ,penium closteriodes1 ,p4 ,jenneri1 and ,p4 ,ngeli4 ,a more detailed list of species is inadmissible1 but the foregoing brief sketch will suffice to show that the ,freshwater ,alg of the neighbourhood are tolerably abundant1 and by no means devoid of interest4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,the ,fungi4 ,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,grove1 ,b4,a4 ,the district of which ,birmingham is the centre is in some ways peculiarly interesting to a ,british ,mycologist4 ,it was the scene of the labours of two students of ,british ,fungi who will always hold an honourable place in the history of the development of the science in this country--,william ,withering and ,thomas ,purton4 ,withering was in his time 7#agda-agii7 the foremost physician of this town4 ,he lived for many years at ,edgbaston ,hall1 a residence still situated among picturesque scenery just on the edge of the town1 and then no doubt a wilder and more productive spot than now4 ,many species and varieties of ,fungi new to ,britain or new to science rewarded his constant researches in the park surrounding the hall1 and some of the forms which he described still linger in this retreat4 ,packington ,park1 about ten miles from the town1 is another locality frequently quoted by him2 in fact by far the great majority of the species found by ,withering himself came from these two places4 ,withering enjoys the distinction of being one of the earliest authors on the ,british ,flora1 who devoted to the ,fungi a space even decently comparable with that devoted to the ,flowering plants4 ,in his 8,arrangement of ,british plants0 7#crd edition71 #abhf species of ,phanerogams are recorded1 and #eff of ,fungi1 which thus fill more than one-third as much space as their superiors in rank4 ,thomas ,purton was a surgeon of ,alcester1 a town about #ah miles from ,birmingham4 ,in his 8,midland ,flora0 7#ahag-ahba71 he gives descriptions of over #djj species of ,fungi1 found chiefly in the neighbourhood of ,alcester1 especially in ,oversley ,wood and ,ragley ,park4 ,he provides moreover excellent coloured engravings of #ce species4 ,since the whole number of ,flowering ,plants recorded by ,purton from the ,midlands is only #gih1 it will be seen that he surpasses ,withering in devoting more than half as much space to the ,fungi as to the ,phanerogams4 ,mrs4 ,russell1 of ,kenilworth1 made1 a few years since1 a nearly exhaustive study of the ,hymenomycetes of ,kenilworth1 ,stoneleigh1 and ,warwick1 and bequeathed to the ,british ,museum her valuable series of over #cjj coloured illustrations4 ,but with this exception little has been done recently to elucidate the ,fungi of the neighbourhood of this town1 until the subject was taken up1 within the last few years1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bagnall and the writer4 ,on reckoning up the number of species now known to occur in this district it will be found that they considerably exceed #ijj4 ,it is probable that the district is as productive as any other in the smaller and microscopic kinds1 but the larger species of ,fungi are1 with few exceptions1 not to be found in any great abundance4 ,from want of sufficient material1 it is not possible to treat this group successfully1 as has been done with the ,phanerogams1 according to the counties4 ,it will be preferable merely to string together short notices of a few of the more remarkable or uncommon kinds1 according to the orders into which the class 8,fungi0 is divided4 ,the names are those of ,stevenson's 8,hymenomycetes ,britannici10 so far as it is published1 and of ,cooke's 8,handbook0 or 8,grevillea0 for the rest4 ,the first and most conspicuous of these orders is the ,hymenomycetes1 the mushroom and toad-stool family1 of which the common mushroom may be taken as the type4 ,these are all distinguished by having the spore-bearing cells arranged in a more or less continuous exposed surface1 even or variously folded4 ,in the more typical species1 this surface assumes the form of the flat lamin which are termed gills4 ,of these1 ,agaricus nitidus has been found at ,coleshill ,pool2 the yellow variety of ,ag4 cepstipes at ,sutton ,coldfield2 ,ag4 polystictus and ,ag4 pessundatus1 near ,kenilworth2 ,ag4 stans in ,edgbaston ,park2 ,ag4 virgatus1 both there and at ,coleshill ,pool2 ,ag4 inornatus at ,kenilworth2 ,ag4 tuba1 at ,middleton2 ,ag4 ditopus1 there and in ,edgbaston ,park2 ,ag4 platyphyllus frequently in and near ,sutton ,park2 ,ag4 rancidus at ,middleton2 ,ag4 pullatus1 at ,coleshill ,pool2 ,ag4 leucogalus1 at ,new ,park1 ,middleton2 ,ag4 electicus1 on rush stems in ,sutton ,park2 ,ag4 subpalmatus1 at ,kenilworth and near ,studley ,castle2 ,ag4 petaloides1 var4 spathulatus1 at ,oversley2 ,ag4 volvaceus1 ,ag4 speciosus1 and ,ag4 umbrosus1 at ,kenilworth2 ,ag4 jubatus1 near ,barnt ,green2 ,ag4 heteroclitus1 many striking and well developed specimens at ,sutton ,coldfield2 and ,ag4 lanuginosus1 in ,oversley ,wood4 ,ag4 horizontalis is said by ,purton to be 8not rare0 near ,alcester1 and he records ,ag4 erinaceus and ,ag4 pezizoides from the same locality4 ,ag4 echinatus1 with its remarkable blood-red gills1 is found frequently at ,sutton ,coldfield4 ,at this point in the systematic order comes in the mysterious ,ag4 versicolor of ,withering1 of which he found only a few specimens in ,edgbaston ,park1 and which has never since been seen by any other author2 yet neither ,fries nor the others venture to omit it1 because ,withering gives so clear and unmistakeable a description as almost to preclude the possibility of error4 ,ag4 luteonitens and ,ag4 sarcocephalus have been found at ,kenilworth2 ,ag4 udus is common in ,sutton ,park and the neighbourhood1 and is also found among the ,lickey ,hills1 accompanied in the latter place by the variety polytrichi4 ,ag4 areolatus has been found at ,warwick2 ,ag4 atrorufus at ,sutton2 ,ag4 retirugis at ,kenilworth and ,middleton2 and ,bolton's ,ag4 cinctulus 78,history of ,funguses10 tab4 #aeb71 which is omitted by ,fries as possibly incorrectly figured1 is said by ,purton to be 8not rare0 near ,alcester4 ,of the genera allied to ,agaricus1 the rare species found here are rather few4 ,the district seems to be especially ill supplied with the larger ,cortinarii4 ,scarcely more than thirty species of this genus are recorded1 of which the following may be mentioned3--,cortinarius cyanipes1 from ,kenilworth2 ,c4 callochrous1 from ,edgbaston2 ,c4 scaurus1 from ,packington2 ,c4 violaceus1 which seems to have been found by ,purton2 ,c4 callisteus and ,c4 ochroleucus1 from ,kenilworth2 ,c4 sanguineus1 in ,sutton ,park2 ,c4 bulbosus1 from ,oversley2 ,c4 armillatus1 at ,coleshill ,pool2 ,c4 brunneus 7recorded only by ,withering among ,british authors71 in ,packington ,park2 and ,c4 hemitrichus1 in ,sutton ,park4 ,the other gilled genera may be briefly dismissed4 ,gomphidius viscidus and ,g4 glutinosus have both occurred in the district4 ,lactarii are not uncommon4 ,l4 deliciosus is frequent in a certain part of ,sutton ,park1 and is recorded by both ,withering and ,purton2 it also occurs at ,hagley and at ,bromsgrove ,lickey1 but is very local4 ,l4 turpis1 of large size1 abounds in several woods in the neighbourhood of ,sutton2 ,l4 cilicioides1 ,l4 uvidus1 ,l4 hysginus1 ,l4 zonarius1 ,l4 pyrogalus1 ,l4 glyciosmus1 and ,l4 camphoratus1 in addition to the more common species1 have all been found2 as also ,russula delica1 ,r4 rosacea1 ,r4 citrina1 ,r4 lutea1 and the very rare ,r4 drimeia1 ,hygrophorus chrysodon and ,h4 russo-coriaceus have been found at ,kenilworth2 ,purton found the pretty little ,marasmius ,hudsoni2 ,lentinus tigrinus is recorded by ,withering1 from ,packington ,park2 ,l4 adhrens by both ,withering and ,purton2 and ,l4 lepideus and ,l4 cochleatus have been met with several times4 ,panus conchatus was found by ,withering at ,edgbaston1 and by ,purton at ,studley1 and the writer has found ,p4 torulosus in ,packington ,park4 ,among the pore-bearing ,hymenomycetes1 the most striking and rare is ,boletus 7,strobilomyces7 strobilaceus1 found at 8the ,valley10 ,bromsgrove1 in #ahfa4 ,boletus badius is rather common1 and is an edible species4 ,the rare ,b4 parasiticus has been found at ,middleton2 ,b4 stripes and ,b4 olivaceus are also on record4 ,the writer has found the true ,polyporus frondosus ,fr4 once in ,sutton ,park1 and fine specimens of ,p4 giganteus in ,edgbaston ,park4 ,purton records ,p4 heteroclitus from ,oversley1 and ,p4 molluscus is occasionally found at ,sutton and ,coleshill ,pool4 ,the curious ,ptychogaster albus1 which is now usually considered a conidial form of a ,polyporus1 called ,p4 ptychogaster1 has occurred in ,sutton ,park on stumps of firs4 ,trametes gibbosa is found at ,sutton2 ,ddalea confragosa in the coppice near ,windley ,pool2 and the edible ,fistulina hepatica is occasionally met with on old oaks in ,sutton ,park1 ,hagley ,park1 and elsewhere4 ,dismissing the rest of the ,hymenomycetes1 in which there is little worthy of mention to record1 we come to the ,gastromycetes1 or ,puff-ball family1 in which the spore-bearing surface is more or less concealed within an outer coating1 and most frequently breaks up into a dusty mass4 ,the ,myxomycetes1 which were formerly included in this group1 will here be placed in their proper position at the end of the ,fungi4 ,of the aberrant group to which the common ,stinkhorn 7not very common in this district7 belongs1 the more brilliant ,cynophallus caninus is recorded by ,purton1 from near ,bridgnorth1 and was found at ,bromsgrove ,lickey1 in #ahef4 ,the very rare and remarkable ,earth-star1 ,geaster coliformis1 has not been found in the district to which this notice is limited1 but it has been twice found in the county of ,worcester4 ,the localities are given as 8near ,hanley ,castle1 ,worcestershire10 ,mr4 ,ballard1 by ,withering2 and 8,hanley ,common1 ,worcestershire10 ,mr4 ,rufford1 by ,purton4 ,in the same place ,geaster fornicatus occurred1 and this is said by ,withering to have been found also 8at ,birches ,green1 near ,birmingham40 ,g4 limbatus is recorded from ,edgbaston ,park1 ,stonebridge1 ,allesley1 ,oversley1 and ,rushford4 ,another group of ,fungi is that which grows upon living leaves1 the various forms of which are known as ,cluster-cups1 ,rust1 ,smut and ,brand4 ,these are what are usually called ,leaf-,fungi4 ,many species are common here2 but1 as most kinds grow only upon certain specified plants1 it follows that their range is determined in great measure by the presence or absence of their hosts4 ,podisoma sabin and ,p4 juniperi have been found in the district4 ,the only rare cluster-cup recorded is cidium depauperans1 which occurs every summer on cultivated ,violas in a few localities1 and in one of these it is uniformly accompanied and followed by the ,puccinia1 to which the name of ,puccinia gra has been given by the writer4 ,till lately this cidium was not known to occur out of the ,united ,kingdom1 but ,professor ,trelease1 of ,st4 ,louis1 in a private letter says that he has recently seen in the ,united ,states specimens apparently identical with it4 ,puccinia sonchi was found by ,mr4 ,hawkes1 near ,great ,barr1 on seedlings of ,sonchus1 and as yet has not been found anywhere else in ,great ,britain4 ,the species of the next group1 the ,discomycetes1 or ,cup-fungi1 are not uncommon1 though few of the showy forms are to be seen4 ,the common ,morell occurs1 sparingly in the district1 and ,morchella semilibera is recorded from ,badsey4 ,helvella crispa1 ,h4 lacunosa1 ,h4 elastica2 ,mitrula paludosa2 ,spathularia flavida2 ,leotia lubrica2 ,geoglossum glabrum1 ,g4 hirsutum1 and ,rhizina undulata have all been found1 though rarely4 ,among the minuter species may be mentioned ,peziza dematiicola1 of which the writer found a few specimens at ,sutton two years ago1 this being the first and at present the only locality cited1 since the place where the original specimens of ,berkeley were discovered is unknown4 ,p4 asperior has been found at ,berkswell 7the only ,british locality72 the curious ,p4 ,curreiana1 on rush stems in ,sutton ,park and elsewhere2 and the rare ,p4 ,crouani1 ,p4 ,dalmeniensis1 ,p4 stereicola2 ,ascobolus minutissimus2 ,vibrissea leptospora2 ,propolis pyri1 and a new species which ,mr4 ,phillips has named ,dermatea nectrioides1 at various places in the neighbourhood4 ,the next group of ,fungi is the ,pyrenomycetes or ,globe-fungi4 ,they occur usually on dead bark and wood1 or stalks of plants1 and are mostly black1 more rarely red or brown4 ,several common species look like grains of gunpowder scattered over the wood4 ,among these ,withering mentions no species at all rare from this district1 and ,purton only three--,melogramma ,bulliardi1 ,m4 gastrinum1 and ,sphria pomiformis4 ,to these may be added ,nectria mammoidea and ,hypomyces candicans from near ,sutton2 ,eutypa velutina and ,e4 scabrosa from ,berkswell2 ,valsa cincta ,fr41 ,v4 aglostoma1 and ,sphria ampullasca1 from ,sutton2 ,lophiostoma angustilabra1 from ,middleton2 and the interesting ,gymnoascus ruber1 which affords a glimpse of the mode by which the ,pyrenomycetes were evolved1 has appeared in ,birmingham itself4 ,of the ,mucorini or ,pin-mould family1 to which belongs the pin-shaped mould1 so common on decaying meat--two species of ,pilobolus1 ,p4 dipus and ,p4 ,kleinii1 remarkable for their extraordinary explosive power1 have been found here and nowhere else in the kingdom4 ,the same is true of two species of ,mortierella1 ,m4 ,candelabrum and ,m4 polycephala1 of which even the genus is not known from any other ,british locality4 ,lastly we come to the ,myxomycetes1 a group which1 though distinctly fungal1 approximates in some degree to the animal kingdom4 ,these are rather abundant here1 nearly one third of the ,british ,species having been found2 including the rare ,didymium pertusum2 ,badhamia hyalina2 ,enerthenema papillatum2 ,dictydium umbilicatum2 ,cribraria aurantiaca2 ,arcyria cinerea1 and ,prototrichia flagellifera4 ,worthy of especial notice is ,physarum leucophum ,fr41 hitherto only known as ,british by specimens published by ,cooke in his 8,fungi ,britannici40 ,the writer has found this at ,sutton in abundance1 and identifies it with the heretofore unidentified ,trichia rubiformis of ,purton1 whose description is accompanied by an exceedingly accurate and picturesque plate 78,midland ,flora10 tab4 #cg47 ,besides the groups of ,fungi enumerated above1 there are others more obscure and consequently less interesting to many students1 of which no mention will be made here1 although numerous rare or undescribed species belonging to them have been found in the district within recent years4 ,,appendix4 ,,articles ,,received ,,too ,,late ,,to ,,be ,,included ,,alphabetically ,,between ,,pages #aag #bab4 ,chains1 ,cables1 and ,anchors4--,,benjamin ,,hingley1 ,m4,p4--7,b4 #ii74 ,the manufacture of chains1 cables1 and anchors is carried on at ,tipton1 and to a much larger extent at ,netherton1 and in the neighbourhood of ,old ,hill near ,dudley4 ,the manufacture of chain cables in their present form1 namely1 with elongated links supported by a bar or stud in the centre of each link is of comparatively modern origin2 there are ,naval men still living who remember that ,men-of-,war and ,merchant ,ships were fitted with hempen cables of large diameter1 which occupied a considerable space in the fore-hold of the ship4 ,the ,british ,fleet in ,nelson's fighting days knew not chain cables1 but was encumbered with large coils of hempen rope4 ,it is certain that iron chains of some description were known and used in the days of the ,romans1 as it is recorded that ,julius ,csar could not cut the cables of the vessels of the ,gauls1 because they were made of iron4 ,such chains were doubtless a succession of iron rings1 or 8,s0 hooks of comparatively small size4 ,it is believed that the first chain cable was used on a ,british ,ship1 in the year #ahjh4 ,it was made by a blacksmith named ,robert ,flinn1 at ,north ,shields1 for a vessel which at that time was reckoned to be of a considerable size1 namely1 the 8,ann and ,isabella40 of #bba tons4 ,it not only saved that vessel when in peril1 but also saved a whole tier of ships that had been made fast to her1 their hempen cables having been cut by the ice1 owing to a great flood with much ice in the ,tyne4 ,this notable instance gave a great impetus to the making of chain cables on the banks of the ,tyne1 where it is still carried on to a considerable extent4 ,at about the same date1 ,samuel ,brown1 afterwards ,sir ,samuel ,brown1 a ,lieutenant in the ,royal ,navy1 having1 it is said1 been in communication with ,flinn1 and taken a great interest in ,flinn's iron cables1 took out a patent1 and in the year #ahaj he prevailed upon the ,british ,admiralty to put iron cables on several ,men-of-,war1 with such successful results that the days of hempen cables became numbered2 ,lieutenant ,brown afterwards devoted his attention to the making of chain cables1 and established a manufactory at ,millwall on the ,thames1 he also1 with the assistance of 8,john ,rennie1 an ,engineer10 constructed an efficient testing machine as he 8was of opinion that there was nothing more essential in completing an iron cable than the most rigid attention to proving40 ,the manufacture of chain cables naturally commenced on the sea coast1 and it rapidly spread from the ,tyne and ,wear1 where it first commenced1 to ,london1 ,liverpool1 ,bristol1 and to ,aberdeen1 and ,irvine in ,scotland4 ,it may be said1 that up to the year #ahbj1 although chain making was a local industry in the district of ,birmingham1 it was confined to small welded chains in the form of elongated rings1 for farming and domestic purposes2 but about the year #ahbj a new impetus was given to it by the late ,mr4 ,noah ,hingley1 who then carried on business as a nail master and dealer in small chains at ,cradley ,heath near ,dudley4 ,he in the course of his business made periodical visits to the ,port of ,liverpool1 travelling sometimes by the ,stage ,coach1 and at other times on horseback1 and there1 one of the new chain cables1 with a stud in the centre of each link1 attracted his attention4 ,he at once resolved to develop the trade in ,staffordshire1 and without hesitation made a contract to supply to a ,liverpool ship owner1 a chain cable made of iron #a inch diameter to be used in lieu of an hempen one4 ,it was a bold venture1 as no workman in the ,midland district had ever seen a chain of such large size1 or one fitted with studs1 but after a few trials a workman with the assistance of two strikers1 and two boys to blow the bellows1 succeeded in turning out a good chain cable which was duly delivered in ,liverpool1 and did good service on board ship4 ,the making of this first chain cable was a source of wonder in the district1 and people came from far and wide to see it4 ,mr4 ,hingley afterwards introduced the making of anchors in a similar manner--bringing men from ,liverpool with a knowledge of the trade1 and afterwards erecting the first ,nasmyth's steam hammer for that purpose in the ,staffordshire district1 namely1 at ,netherton ,ironworks1 near ,dudley4 ,mr4 ,hingley lived to see the chain cable and anchor trade developed to a large extent1 and by several eminent firms who engaged in the business in and about ,dudley2 he also took part in the establishment of efficient public testing machines at ,netherton and at ,tipton1 under the authority of an ,act of ,parliament1 making compulsory the testing of cables and anchors for ,british ships4 ,the machines in question are under the control of the ,board of ,trade1 and of ,lloyd's ,registry of ,british and ,foreign shipping1 and are of the most powerful description4 ,one of the machines at ,netherton is not only capable of testing1 but also of breaking for experimental purposes1 a chain made of bar iron #d inches in diameter4 ,the manufacture of anchors and cables is now almost exclusively located in ,staffordshire1 having entirely left the sea coast except at ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,the making of chain cables and anchors is for the most part carried on in factories and exclusively by men and boys with the aid of machinery1 but the smaller chains for a variety of purposes1 and especially trace chains1 are made to a large extent by women and girls in shops attached to the cottages4 ,there are many hundreds1 probably a thousand or two1 of the shops in question spread around the district of ,cradley ,heath and ,old ,hill in the county of ,stafford4 ,it cannot be said that such work is unsuitable for women and girls within certain limits2 but there is no doubt that close inspection under the ,workshops ,act is necessary1 and that there should be strict limitations of the hours of labour4 ,the tendency is not only to work children of tender years1 but to do so until late at night1 especially at the end of the week1 to make up for lost time in the earlier part of the week4 ,it is computed that the ,staffordshire chain and anchor trade as a whole consumes annually about #ej1jjj to #gj1jjj tons of iron1 according to the state of trade1 and the annual value1 when trade is fair1 approaches one million sterling4 ,the workpeople earn from five shillings per week--the wages of a woman or girl--to fifty shillings per week1 the wages of a large cable maker4 ,it is a singular fact that anchor makers are to a considerable extent either ,irish or of ,irish origin1 the descendants of the original stock imported from ,liverpool by the late ,mr4 ,noah ,hingley4 ,their work is laborious and the wages continue high1 varying from thirty to sixty shillings per week1 and for the most part they spend it freely4 ,die ,sinking4--,g4 ,,sherriff ,,tye4--7,b4 #efj47 ,for brooches1 buttons1 c41 a block of iron is moulded by the forger on to which a piece of cast steel is welded4 ,medal dies are all steel1 as the powerful pressure applied would flatten them were they of iron4 ,when a sharp blow is given1 instead of pressure1 the part-steel die stands the blow well1 though it will not withstand a squeeze4 ,while the steel is soft the die is cut out with steel cutting tools and finished by gravers1 previous to the final polishing4 ,the die sinkers of ,birmingham make dies for the following purposes1 among others3 buttons1 military ornaments1 brassfoundry1 plated wares1 tea trays and tin work1 gun work and small iron work1 medals and coins1 jewellery1 seals for wax and paper embossing1 brass dies for paper wrappers and bands1 as used in the wholesale linen trades2 needles1 papers1 etc41 wheels and rolls for ornamenting metal tubes or sheets4 ,saddlery ,trade4--,,thomas ,,middlemore4--7,b4 #dfc74 ,obsolete ,articles of ,manufacture4--,the articles supplied by the ,saddlery trades being for use rather than for ornament1 it follows that fashion can have little effect in making any of them obsolete4 ,old wants have still to be satisfied4 ,it is yet worth noticing that whilst a very large trade was done some #cj years ago in shot belts1 shot and cap pouches1 and powder flasks1 this trade has now become practically obsolete1 since the breechloader has superseded the muzzleloader4 ,cartridges1 both for military and sporting purposes1 are now carried in a bag1 or a bandolier1 i4e41 a shoulder or waist belt1 to which is fastened transversely a series of pockets1 each of which holds a cartridge4 ,new varieties introduced4--,for welts of saddles1 8hide bellies0 split very thin have for the most part taken the place of seal skins4 ,crocodile skins have been used occasionally for saddles with indifferent success1 but for bags1 purses and pocket books1 they1 along with snake skins1 have been largely and successfully employed4 ,calf skins for the latter purposes have been superseded by hides split specially thin4 ,kangaroo skins are now used in the whip trade for covering whips1 but still more for making the whip thong4 ,hog skins1 for which formerly the sole use was the saddle manufacture1 are now prepared for furniture purposes1 bookbinding1 and bags4 ,they have the advantages of being very durable1 and of having a unique and handsome grain4 ,saddles--,the old 8spring bar10 to which the stirrup leather is fastened1 is gradually giving way to the 8safety bar10 the object of which is to release the rider in the event of a fall1 and to remove the danger of his being dragged1 which is an universally admitted fault of the old 8spring bar40 ,further1 increased safety is secured to lady riders by various 8safety stirrups0 which render dragging by the foot impossible4 ,for the comfort of the horse the following inventions are worth notice3--8,gaussen's corrugated rubber pannels0 which break the jar caused by the weight of the rider--8,inflated air pannels10 which have the same effect--8ventilating pannels10 which are at the same time movable2 these last prevent the danger of sore backs1 and are very readily cleaned2 they promise to become of general use4 ,harness4--,the changes that have here taken place concern rather the furniture or metal work1 than the general form4 ,for cheaper kinds of harness1 electro-plating has superseded close plating4 ,again1 electro-plating in its turn is being superseded by the new white metals1 which are alloys having the colour of silver1 and of analogous composition to ,german silver4 ,the advantages of the new metals are1 that they are uniform in their composition1 and therefore durable1 cheap1 and of good appearance4 ,military4--,the regulation saddle of #bj years back1 called the 8,nolan10 has been superseded by an 8,iron ,arch ,saddle10 and now another regulation1 introduced in #ahhd1 made entirely of steel1 with the exception of the wooden side bars1 is being used along with the 8,iron ,arch ,saddle40 ,the old 8knapsack0 has given place to the new 8,valise ,equipment10 which was designed to distribute the weight of the pack more evenly4 ,on the introduction of the ,camel ,corps1 a special equipment was designed4 ,large quantities of this pattern were used in the ,egyptian campaign4 ,travelling ,appointments4--,the 8,gladstone ,bag10 a combination of a bag and portmanteau1 has become more popular than any kind of either the one or the other4 ,tin ,boxes have quite replaced the old wooden trunks4 ,the quality has1 however1 of late years1 been so reduced in order to force a sale1 that unquestionably a reaction has set in against them4 ,when damaged they are unsightly1 and cannot be repaired4 ,baskets covered with canvas or leather are now1 in consequence of their cheapness1 lightness1 and strength1 much used for ladies' travelling trunks4 ,the introduction of ,bicycles and ,tricycles has created a new and vast trade in saddles1 satchels1 and the like for wheelmen4 ,the trade is now only second in importance to that for ordinary ,english riding saddles4 ,increase since #ahfe4--;,in the year #ahfd1 the declared value of the exports of saddlery and harness for the ,united ,kingdom was #cde1dai4 ,for the year #ahhe1 the total value was only #che1fhg4 ,this increase1 of less than #ab per cent41 compares unfavourably with that of the sixteen years from #ahdi to #ahfe1 which was more than #cjj per cent4 ,the exports for the first four months of the present year were #abb1jic1 which is less than the exports for the same period in #ahfe by #h1efi4 ,this declining prosperity1 which has occurred during the past five years1 is due to a strangled trade in ,south ,africa1 and droughts in ,australasia4 ,good seasons1 and a rise in the wool market1 give promise of an immediately better future for the saddlery trade4 ,effects of the spread of ,civilization on ,supply of ,raw ,material4--,the most noteworthy fact in the leather trade1 with regard to the spread of civilization upon its supply of material1 is furnished by the basils now sent in enormous quantities from the ,australasian ,colonies4 ,before #ahfe1 a sheep was grown simply for its fleece1 and tallow4 ,of late years the skin has been tanned1 and converted into a basil4 ,these ,colonial basils supply a demand which the home production has1 of late years1 failed to satisfy4 ,the ,colonial basils are excellent in colour and texture4 ,if they were tanned in larch instead of the native mimosa bark1 they could scarcely be further improved4 ,the increase of competition has1 during the past twenty years1 led to the adulteration of leather4 ,the adulterants most used are glucose and barytes4 ,such adulteration is now so general1 that large consumers of leather are compelled to avail themselves of the resources of chemical science1 in order to learn the true value of the leather they buy1 by ascertaining the kind1 and by estimating the quantity of the adulterant employed in the leather tested4 ,new ,processes introduced in ,leather ,dressing4--,the old 8,splitting0 ,machines have been improved1 and a new kind called the 8,band ,knife0 has been introduced4 ,further ,machines for 8,scouring10 8,setting10 and 8,rolling0 leather have been invented1 which do their work both better and cheaper than hand labour4 ,the currier1 as a rule1 welcomes these machines1 since he is thereby relieved from much hard physical toil1 whilst his special skill has an unimpaired scope1 and is just that part of his work that is best remunerated4 ,saddles--,the sewing by ,machine has now become universal1 and in point of quality is only just inferior to hand work4 ,harness--,the 8,lock ,stitch0 ,machine has superseded the 8,chain ,stitch0 ,machine4 ,the former sews with hard wax1 such as is used in handwork4 ,generally for all cutting1 where quantities are required1 and when shaped pieces other than strips are wanted1 the steam press has superseded the hand knife4 ,machinery or ,hand ,labour4--,during the last #bj years all branches of the saddlery trades have benefited by the steadily increased employment of machinery--this is most marked in the currying of leather4 ,effects of ,improved modes of ,manufacture on ,cost of ,production4--,the articles of the saddlery trade combine so many different kinds of material and include such a variety of labour1 that no estimate could be relied upon of the reduction of cost due to improved methods of manufacture4 ,the values of articles generally reckoned in money are about #aj per cent4 below the values of #ahfe4 ,present ,extent and ,description of ,manufacture4--,in regard to the ,home trade it is only needful to say that owing to the agricultural depression of the past #aj years1 the demand for saddlery has very greatly fallen off4 ,to some extent this falling off in bulk is supplied by the demands of cycle riders4 ,in the ,foreign trade the past #bj years have witnessed a vast development of the demand from the ,south ,african ,colonies4 ,this1 owing to a series of seasons of drought1 to the commercial panic of the diamond fields1 and to the unsettled political state of the ,colonies1 has been followed by an unparalleled state of depression1 which has made the export saddlery trade one of the most disastrously depressed of our industries4 ,indeed1 it has been remarked by one thoroughly conversant with the trade1 that1 if the present state of things continue1 ,walsall1 which solely depends on the saddlery and leather trades1 will1 before long1 wear the same look as ,bruges1 with grass growing in its streets4 ,effects of ,foreign ,tariffs4--,the effect of the continued high duties in the ,united ,states has been to practically kill the ,english trade both in saddlery and saddlers' ironmongery4 ,since the ,franco-,german war1 the ,french tariff has been increased4 ,this seems to have had little effect on the saddlery trade between ,england and ,france4 ,unquestionably1 however1 ,france is now losing markets where formerly her goods were preferred to those of this country4 ,where else ,manufacture carried on4--,since #ahfe1 ,glasgow has ceased to be an important centre of the saddlery trade4 ,it is now chiefly carried on in ,birmingham and ,walsall1 for export saddlery4 ,in military goods1 ,bermondsey competes with ,birmingham and ,walsall4 ,approximate ,number of ,persons employed in this ,town and ,district4--,men1 ,women1 ,boys1 and ,girls4--,no satisfactory statement can now be made1 as the present time is one of exceptional depression4 ,average ,earnings4--,speaking generally there has been a reduction in money wages of about #aj per cent4 ,this wage reckoned in commodities1 of course1 represents a substantial improvement1 as compared with #ahfe4 ,in good times the workman was never so well remunerated1 and1 on the other hand1 his employer so poorly rewarded4 ,social ,condition of ,workpeople4--,no remark need be made in regard to the improvement of his social condition which the saddler has shared with those of other trades4 ,the ,factory ,acts have practically ended the employment of children4 ,the trade hardly knows the 8half-timer40 ,the new ,patents ,act has proved a great stimulus to the invention of the workman4 ,utilisation of ,waste4--,if the past #e years have been disastrous for the saddlery trade1 misfortune has yet taught its lessons4 ,chief amongst these are an economical use of material1 and the utilisation of waste4 ,the belly and shoulder parts of hides1 which used often to be sent to market1 are now mostly consumed1 thus saving capital and enabling a cheaper article to be produced4 ,again1 the scrap leather1 which is necessarily created by even the most careful cutting1 is now utilised in making goods of extraordinary cheapness4 ,a splitting machine for dividing pieces of leather1 however small1 into any required number of thicknesses1 is of great help to this end4 ,when leather is reduced in size below what is required for any article of commerce1 it is then used either for hardening purposes1 or to form imitation leather when reduced to a pulp and rolled either by itself or with rope fibre4 ,chemicals4--,in obtaining the statistical information on p4 #aeb1 ,i am indebted in great measure to ,dr4 ,bostock ,hill1 ,secretary of the ,birmingham ,section of the ,society of ,chemical ,industry4--,c4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,appendix ,,to ,,geology ,,and ,,physiography4 ,,part ,,iii41 ,,pages #bac ,,to #bfe4 ,,minerals4 7,,of ,,the ,,birmingham ,,district47 ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,woodward1 ,b4,,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,the crystalline minerals occurring within the limits of the ,birmingham district may be most conveniently referred to under the titles of the several counties in which they actually occur4 ,these counties are3 ,derbyshire1 ,gloucestershire1 ,leicestershire1 ,northamptonshire1 ,nottinghamshire1 ,oxfordshire1 ,shropshire1 ,staffordshire1 ,warwickshire1 and ,worcestershire4 ,derbyshire4--,the mines in this county are worked out1 and there is but little opportunity of meeting with minerals4 ,on the spoil-banks of the old mines poor specimens may be found4 ,mr4 ,john ,tym1 of ,castleton1 is a local dealer1 and the guide to the ,high ,tor ,grotto has minerals for sale4 ,the following list with localities is taken from a paper on 8,economic ,geology of ,derbyshire10 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,stokes1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,h4,m4 ,inspector of ,mines4 ,barytes1 nearly all lead mines1 ,newhaven2 ,blende1 ,old hillocks1 near ,ashover and ,hartington2 ,gypsum1 ,chellaston1 also railway cutting between ,trent and ,loughborough2 ,brown ,hmatite1 north west of ,hubberdale mine1 near ,taddington1 also near ,elton2 ,brown ,lead ,ore 8,linnets10 ,elton1 and ,newhaven1 ,winster2 ,calcite1 colourless at lead mines of ,nether ,haddon1 near ,bakewell4 ,alpart1 ,ashover1 and ,wirksworth yield good specimens4 ,elaterite1 ,windy ,knoll ,quarry1 ,main ,tor1 ,castleton2 ,fluor ,spar1 ,blue ,john and other mines1 ,castleton2 ,limonite1 a field1 one mile north of ,castleton1 and to the east of ,odin ,lead mine2 ,petroleum1 ,riddings ,colliery1 near ,alfreton4 ,a sump is sunk at the bottom of the mine1 and into this the oil finds its way4 ,some years as much as #ajj tons of oil have been obtained at a price as high as #g4 #ajs4 per ton4 ,phosgenite1 very scarce1 ,meer ,brook ,sough mine1 near ,worksworth2 ,pyrites1 large cubic crystals at ,gregory mine1 near ,ashover2 ,rock crystal1 ,buxton1 in amygdaloid cavities of toad stone2 also ,diamond ,hill1 near ,miller's ,dale station2 ,towanite1 ,old hillocks at ,ecton mine1 ,cumberland mine1 ,matlock ,bath2 ,wad1 mines near ,elton2 ,white ,lead ,ore 7,cerussite71 near ,brassington2 ,heyspots mine1 near ,elton2 ,cabin mine1 ,newhaven4 ,a more extensive list of the minerals of ,derbyshire1 compiled by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,mello1 will be found in 8,the ,midland ,naturalist10 ,vol4 iv41 p4 #ahc4 ,gloucestershire4--,mr4 ,h4,b4 ,woodward1 of the ,geological ,survey1 has given the following list3--,agate1 ,berkeley1 ,damory ,bridge2 ,barytes1 ,tortworth2 ,bitumen1 ,clifton2 ,brown ,spar1 ,tortworth2 ,celestine1 ,tortworth1 ,thornbury1 ,wickwar1 ,aust2 ,fluor ,spar1 ,clifton2 ,gthite1 ,clifton2 ,jasper1 ,tortworth2 ,prehnite1 ,woodford ,bridge1 ,berkeley2 ,rock ,salt 7pseudomorphs71 ,aust2 ,steatite1 ,tortworth2 ,talc1 ,tortworth2 ,vivianite1 near ,clifton4 ,pyle ,hill1 near ,clifton1 is a well-known locality for ,celestine4 ,at ,garden ,cliff1 near ,westbury-on-,severn1 the 8bone bed0 is well exposed1 and in this bed occurs plenty of iron pyrites2 and in the shales1 as might be expected1 crystals of selenite occur4 ,leicestershire4--,gold occurs in the quartz veins round ,pedlar ,tor1 ,charnwood ,forest4 ,garnets occur in 8gneiss0 at ,brazil ,wood 7,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,harrison74 ,copper pyrites1 ,molybdenum1 ,mount ,sorrel and ,breedon4 ,galena1 ,blende1 ,dimminsdale2 ,dolomite1 ,cloud ,hill2 ,gypsum and ,selenite1 various places2 ,iron pyrites in cubes1 ,swithland ,great ,pit 7,mr4 ,james ,plant74 ,northamptonshire and ,oxfordshire4--,barytes1 ,blende1 ,calcite1 ,galena1 ,glauconite1 ,gypsum 7,selenite71 ,lignite1 ,limonite1 ,pyrites1 ,websterite1 occur in the neighbourhood of ,banbury 7,mr4 ,thomas ,beesley74 ,nottinghamshire4--,gypsum occurs in veins near ,retford1 and is used for garden rock-work4 ,shropshire4--,at ,lilleshall an old mine known as the ,stump ,leasow1 worked for limestone1 yielded the following minerals3#fg--,quartz1 a minute crystal only4 ,erubescite1 a few minute patches in the massive form4 ,copper ,pyrites1 in sphenoids4 ,iron ,pyrites1 in radiating masses4 ,hmatite1 in minute chocolate-coloured hemispherical masses1 also in an almost continual film containing the calc spar and other minerals with a coppery sheen4 ,barytes1 in pink1 lamellar1 somewhat radiating masses4 ,at the free surfaces of these masses are transparent crystals4 ,calcite1 in beautiful ice-like clusters of crystals taking the form of steep three-faced pyramids4 ,the groups are made up of steep scalenohedrous with rhombohedral summits4 ,the calcite is in some cases pink due to manganese1 a sample contained #abj per cent4 of ,mn,o4 ,in the lower measures the calcite occurs in pointed scalenohedrous lining cavities in the stone4 ,dolomite1 is the most interesting mineral of the group4 ,it occurs in nodules made up of a succession of lamin of varying diameters1 the lamin crystallizing at the edges in rhombs resembling pearl spar4 ,the composition of one sample of this dolomite is nearly identical with what according to ,boricky is one of the possible values of ,ankerite4 ,another approximates to the formula #c ,ca,c,o 7,fe,mn7 ,,co ,mg,c,o and should be described as a ferriferous dolomite4 ,in the mining district of ,west ,shropshire many beautiful and interesting minerals are met with4 ,the district is best reached from ,birmingham by taking train to ,minsterley1 via ,shrewsbury4 ,at ,snailbeach ,mine1 near ,minsterley1 occur beautiful rhombs of ,calcite1 having a violet tinge1 due to a small quantity of manganese4 ,there are also crystals of ,blende and ,galena4 ,at several of the mines ,witherite and ,barytes are found1 and1 according to ,mr4 ,morton1 other minerals met with are ,quartz1 ,chalcedony1 ,petroleum1 ,pyrites1 ,malachite1 ,redruthite1 ,wad1 ,minium1 and ,cerussite4 ,at ,wotherton1 two miles from ,chirbury1 is a fine barytes lode which has been worked for more than #fj years1 at first as an open mine1 and subsequently by means of a shaft4 ,the barytes is remarkably pure1 and after grinding is sold in large quantities4 ,in the lode are crevices and cavities filled with a fine mud1 and penetrating into the mud are fine transparent crystals4 ,these crystals have been measured by ,mr4 ,miers1 of the ,british ,museum1 and a record of the forms present will be found in his description4#fh 78,nature10 vol4 xxix41 p4 #bi47 ,in connection with the mineralogy of ,shropshire1 it should be recorded that the extremely rare instance of the fall of an iron meteorite in the ,british ,isles took place in this county at ,rowton1 near ,wellington1 on ,april #bjth1 #ahgf4 ,this meteorite was extracted by ,mr4 ,g4 ,brooks1 from the hole in which it had buried itself1 and was hot when removed4 ,it is now in the possession of the ,british ,museum1 and ,prof4 ,maskelyne has given particulars of it in 8,nature10 vol4 xiv41 p4 #dgb4 ,it weighs #g lbs4 #aa oz41 8is a mass of metallic iron irregularly angular1 although all its edges appear to have been rounded by fusion in its transit through the air1 and1 except at the point where it first struck the ground1 it is covered by a thin black pellicle of the magnetic oxide of iron ''' the exposed metallic part of the surface exhibits crystalline structure very clearly when it is etched4 ,it is only the seventh arosiderite or meteoric iron of which the fall has been witnessed1 although upwards of a hundred iron masses have been discovered in different parts of the globe1 which are undoubtedly meteoric1 and two such have been found in ,great ,britain40#fi ,warwickshire4--,many years ago a pocket of ,grey ,oxide of ,manganese was found near ,atherstone1 but ,i have been unable to find now any traces of it4 ,gypsum occurs in the cutting of a disused railway near ,henley-in-,arden1 and at ,spernall 7,spernall ,plaster ,pits71 near ,alcester4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,atkins has called attention to the fact that gypsum was met with in sinking an artesian well in ,small ,heath ,park1 near ,birmingham2 he also mentions the occurrence of ,green ,copper ,carbonate at ,vaughton's ,hole1 near ,birmingham4 ,worcestershire4--,dr4 ,harvey ,b4 ,holl mentions the following minerals as occurring at the ,malvern ,hills3--,quartz1 ,orthoclase1 ,labradorite1 ,anderine1 ,potash ,mica1 ,ferruginous ,mica 7,biolite71 ,augite1 ,hornblende1 ,epidote1 ,chlorite1 ,hmatite1 ,calc ,spar1 ,graphite1 ,zeolites1 and ,garnet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following articles refer to subjects which could not be included in previous papers1 and which are yet worth notice as part of the history of ,birmingham4--,,ed4 ,botanical ,gardens4--,,sam3 ,,timmins4--,the first proposal to establish ,botanical ,gardens1 in accordance with the science of horticulture of the time1 was made in #ahbi4 ,twelve acres were secured in the then rural suburb of ,edgbaston1 and on the advice of the famous ,j4 ,c4 ,loudon four more acres were added1 and the buildings erected by ,clarke of ,birmingham1 and opened to the public in #ahca4 ,the original capital was #ejj shares of #e each1 and an annual payment of three guineas which secured certain privileges of admission beyond those of the subscriber's payment4 ,the institution flourished1 with some vicissitudes1 for many years1 but was necessarily exclusive1 and only recently have admissions been made more easy by reduced and varying charges on different days4 ,on ,monday--the people's day--large numbers attend1 and the experiment has proved successful4 ,the buildings were recently greatly extended and rearranged from the designs of ,mr4 ,frank ,osborne1 and are now believed to be amongst the best of the kingdom4 ,flower shows are held during the summer1 and prizes awarded1 which are eagerly contended for by numerous horticulturists and florists of the town and neighbourhood4 ,guinea ,gardens4--,,sam3 ,,timmins4--,near the ,botanical ,gardens a group of small gardens may be seen1 which are the only 8survivals0 of the acres of 8allotment gardens0 or 8guinea gardens10 which surrounded ,birmingham within a mile from the centre as late as #ahcj to #ahdj4 ,birmingham was1 in fact1 a town of gardens fifty years ago1 not merely as to the gardens attached to houses--front and back gardens in the principal parts of the town1--but of the groups of gardens rented by workmen and others1 who could reach their gardens easily from their homes by a short walk1 and devote mornings and evenings to them4 ,the sites of the ,kent ,street ,baths1 and those opposite ,st4 ,thomas's ,church1--at ,ladywood1 ,spring ,hill1 ,hockley1 ,handsworth1 and ,aston road1--all within the ,parish ,boundary1 formed a belt of gardens where the workman and his family often spent the summer evenings and enjoyed the 7then7 country air4 ,all is now changed1 and the distances even by rail and tram are too great1 and land too valuable1 to be let out in readily accessible gardens for the workers of the town1 who cannot for many reasons live in the suburbs which railways have opened since #ahdj4 ,sunday ,lecture ,society4--,,thos4 ,,rose4--,this ,society1 which has now become one of the most successful of our local institutions1 had a very humble origin4 ,in #ahgg1 a few members of the ,birmingham ,temperance ,society 7foremost amongst whom was ,mr4 ,thos4 ,hewins71 conceived the idea of holding ,meetings on ,sunday evenings 8for the social1 moral1 and intellectual improvement of the non-church and chapel-going portion of the community40 ,they accordingly formed themselves into a ,committee1 who engaged the then newly erected ,board ,schools in ,bristol ,street1 for the winter season of #ahgg-h1 and commenced what were described as 8,sunday ,evening ,meetings for the ,people40 ,for a short time these meetings were of a purely temperance character1 but finding that they were not so thoroughly appreciated as they had expected1 the ,committee extended the variety of the subjects1 and lectures were delivered embracing a wide range of thought1 both moral and religious1 literary and dramatic1 scientific and historical1 occasionally interspersed with musical evenings illustrative of the principal oratorios4 ,foremost amongst the lecturers 7who numbered many of our chief local literary and scientific men71 was ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timmins1 who from the first took an active part in the movement1 the success of which was from this time assured1 the lectures being attended by crowded and appreciative audiences every ,sunday evening1 and occasionally hundreds were unable to obtain admission4 ,in #ahhj1 the then ,mayor 7,alderman ,r4 ,chamberlain71 generously offered the ,committee the free use of the ,town ,hall1 and for some months the lectures were delivered consecutively in that place to audiences numbering from #c to #d1jjj each ,sunday4 ,this gave rise to considerable opposition on the part of the various religious sects of the town against what was considered to be 8a monopoly of the use of the hall by one particular sect10 and after much controversy in the public press1 and debate in the ,town ,council1 the question of the letting of the ,town ,hall on ,sundays was left in the hands of the ,mayor for the time being1 on the understanding that its continuous use by any one sect should be refused4 ,thereupon the lectures were resumed in the ,bristol ,street ,board ,school1 with occasional special lectures in the ,town ,hall4 ,in #ahha1 the movement assumed a more representative character4 ,the then ,hon4 ,sec4 7,mr4 ,t4 ,rose71 assisted by some of the leading members of the ,committee1 took steps to organize a ,sunday ,lecture ,society1 and a ,meeting was held on ,july #ast1 #ahha1 under the ,presidency of ,mr4 ,william ,harris1 ,j4,p41 when the present ,society was publicly inaugurated1 the objects being--8,to provide for the delivery on ,sundays in the ,borough of ,birmingham1 and to encourage the delivery elsewhere of lectures upon subjects calculated to promote the social1 moral1 and intellectual well-being of the community at large1 as hitherto conducted by the ,committee of the ,sunday ,evening ,meetings for the ,people40 ,the constitution of the ,society also provided that a minimum subscription of ,one ,shilling per year should constitute membership1 and that any pecuniary profit should be applied to the further promotion of the objects of the ,society4 ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timmins was elected first ,president1 and the management of its affairs was entrusted to a ,committee of #cj1 exclusive of ,officers1 to be elected annually from amongst the body of members4 ,in the first year of the ,society's existence the members numbered #hj1 including the names of many of the most influential public men of the town1 and the subscription list amounted to #de4 #ads4 #f;d4 ,the number of members is now #afh1 and the subscription list amounts to #gj2 the income being further augmented by the collections taken at the various lectures 7which are thus largely self-supporting74 ,nearly all the lectures being given voluntarily1 the cost of working the ,society is comparatively small1 and is fully met by the income derived from subscriptions and collections4 ,five of the principal ,board ,schools are engaged every ,sunday evening throughout the winter season1 from ,october to ,april1 and at intervals special lectures are delivered in the ,town ,hall4 ,during the season from #ahhe to #ahhf1 #ga lectures were delivered at the ,board ,schools1 with a total attendance of #bc1aej1 or an average of #cbf to each lecture1 and #aj lectures were delivered at the ,town ,hall1 with a total attendance of #cc1jjj1 or an average of #c1cjj for each lecture4 ,ald4 ,r4 ,chamberlain1 ,m4,p41 is now ,president of the ,society1 as well as one of its most popular lecturers4 ,in ,councillor ,r4 ,f4 ,martineau1 the ,committee possesses a most able and energetic ,chairman4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smith is the ,treasurer1 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,forrester1 ,no4 #a1 ,summer ,hill ,terrace1 worthily fills the office of ,hon4 ,secretary4 ,newspapers4--,,sam3 ,,timmins4--,the earliest known ,birmingham ,newspaper was 8,the ,birmingham ,journal10 published by ,thomas ,warren1 in #agcc4 ,it was at first published on ,thursdays1 but afterwards on ,mondays4 ,only one copy has survived1 that of ,may #bast1 #agcc1 ,no4 ,,xxviii4 ,the 8,journal0 is interesting as it shows some traces of the style of ,dr4 ,johnson1 who very probably assisted ,warren in his newspaper4 8,aris's ,birmingham ,gazette0 was first published in #agda1 and its original title is used on the ,saturday issue from the ,daily ,gazette ,office to this day4 ,it was originally published on ,mondays1 and some of its earlier issues bore another heading1 for special ,county circulation4 8,swinney's ,birmingham ,chronicle0 was published for several years1 from #agif to #ahaf1 but no complete file has been preserved4 ,jabet's 8,commercial ,herald0 was issued from #ahjd to #ahac4 ,the 8,birmingham ,journal0 was revived in #ahbe1 by ,wm4 ,hodgetts1 and was continued until absorbed in 8,the ,daily ,post40 ,the 8,birmingham ,advertiser0 was commenced in #ahcc1 and continued till #ahde4 ,in #ahcf1 the 8,midland ,counties ,herald0 was begun on a new plan of gratuitous circulation and is continued as a sheet of advertisements and news relating to the land and agricultural interests to this day4 ,the 8,birmingham ,morning ,news0 appeared in #ahga1 with ,george ,dawson as its first editor1 and was continued till #ahge4 8,aris's ,birmingham ,gazette0 was one of the first two country papers which began a series of 8,local ,notes and ,queries0 in #ahef4 ,the example has been very generally followed1 and the series continued in the 8,weekly ,post0 and the 8,weekly ,mercury10 and many important facts of local history have thus been discovered and preserved4 ,the removal of the 8taxes on knowledge0--the stamp duty and advertisement duty and the paper duty--soon produced local daily papers1 the first being the 8,daily ,press10 in #ahee1 edited for some time by ,george ,dawson1 and followed by the 8,daily ,mercury40 ,in #aheg the 8,daily ,post0 was started1 and in #ahgi the 8,daily ,globe0 appeared4 ,in #ahfi the 8,midland ,illustrated ,news0 was begun1 but it survived only about a year and a half4 ,among the other newspapers were the 8,birmingham ,chronicle0 7#ahbc72 the 8,midland ,chronicle0 7#ahaa72 the 8,philanthropist0 7#ahce74 ,many other short-lived newspapers have been issued from time to time--many of which are to some extent preserved by odd copies in the ,reference ,library1 and among them a ,german newspaper of which only one number appeared4 ,birmingham was one of the first towns which produced a ,sunday newspaper--the 8,sunday ,echo10 and some others have been issued since4 ,the 8cheap press0 secured a very large number of readers1 when the first halfpenny daily evening paper1 the 8,daily ,mail10 was established in #ahfi1 followed for some time by a similar issue from the 8,daily ,gazette0 office1 and afterwards by the 8,midland ,echo40 ,many monthly pamphlets--practically newspapers--were issued1 such as the 8,independent0 7#ahbg71 and 8,inspector0 7#ahag72 the 8,weekly ,recorder0 and 8,register0 7#ahai71 by ,george ,edmonds2 and many serials1 sarcastic or humorous1 have appeared from time to time4 ,the scurrilous 8,argus0 of fifty years ago1 and later the 8,town ,crier0 7#ahfa71 8,brum10 8,graphic10 8,dart10 8,owl10 8,free ,lance10 c41 with our illustrated 8,phonographic ,punch10 and one local monthly1 8,edgbastonia10 in which many interesting biographies of local celebrities have appeared4 ,on several occasions ,sunday sermons have been published in serials such as the 8,birmingham ,pulpit0 7#ahga-gc74 ,other attempts to establish newspapers for discussion rather than mere news have been tried as in the 8,liberal ,review0 7#ahhj74 ,theatres4--,,sam3 ,,timmins4--,birmingham has been famous as a theatrical town for nearly a century1 and especially as the 8training ground0 where many of the leading actors of the present century learned their art and won their first laurels4 ,the stage was1 however1 rather a late creation in ,birmingham1 and no traces are found earlier than about #agcj1 when mere booths served the purpose of a 8play-house10 and actors were only 8rogues and vagabonds0 according to law4 8,a shed in ,temple ,street0 and a 8stable in ,castle ,street10 with admission threepence each1 and the small band parading the town during the day1 in the absence of newspapers1 to announce the performance1 formed1 according to ,hutton1 the 8rise of the drama0 in our town4 ,as early as #agej travelling circuses and theatres appeared in ,coleshill ,street2 and in #ahjb the famous ,astley brought his circus to the 8back of the ,stork ,hotel40 ,in #agcj a temporary building was erected in ,moor ,street1 in #agdc another in ,new ,street1 in #agdg another in ,smallbrook ,street1 and in #aggf a more important and permanent theatre was built in ,king ,street--a street covered by the railway station and ,stephenson ,place1 and the site of the theatre being now that of the front of the ,exchange4 ,this became an important theatre1 and existed till late in the century in competition with the present ,theatre ,royal1 which was founded about the same date4 ,the few play bills which have survived1 and the expenditure on the building1 show that every effort was made to do justice to the drama a century ago4 ,at this date theatres were merely tolerated1 but in #aggg an application was made for a licence for the ,new ,street ,theatre to play for 8four months in the year10 and this application was somewhat famous1 for it was eloquently supported by ,edmund ,burke1 who used the phrase--since so well-known and so little understood--that ,birmingham was the 8great ,toy-shop of ,europe40 ,the phrase1 however1 was not new1 but was used in a book by ,sir ,samuel ,morland a hundred years earlier to describe the shops where trinkets and small steel and iron wares were sold1 and not in connection with children's 8toys40 ,the second reading of the ,bill1 to enable ,his ,majesty the ,king to grant a ,patent was1 however1 lost1 but the enterprise was continued1 and in #aghj the present front of the ,theatre ,royal was erected with a commodious theatre1 well lighted by wax candles1 and with 8the passages warmed with stoves0 as the performances were to be given in the winter as well as the summer months4 ,it was not till #ahjg that a 8,patent0 was secured for the ,theatre which then became the ,theatre ,royal1 and still remains under the jurisdiction of the ,lord ,chamberlain4 ,in #aggh a 8wooden building0 was erected as an 8opera house10 near the ,plough and ,harrow1 in the ,moseley ,road1 but this was burned down soon after4 ,in #agib1 the ,theatre ,royal was destroyed by fire1 and again in #ahbj1 but the front remained unharmed in these two great fires and the medallions of ,shakespeare and ,garrick remain as placed in #aghj4 ,in both cases the fires were believed to be incendiary and with good reason too4 ,in #agie the ,theatre was rebuilt and re-opened by ,william ,macready1 who remained till #ahaj1 in which year1 on ,june #aa1 his future famous son1 ,william ,charles ,macready1 appeared as ,romeo1--8a young gentleman and his first appearance on any stage40 ,in #ahac1 ,macready was followed by ,elliston1 as lessee1 and in #ahai he was succeeded by ,alfred ,bunn4 ,during all this period all the great actresses1 and actors1 and singers1 and celebrities of the time appeared on the ,theatre ,royal stage1 and a very complete series of ,play ,bills has fortunately been preserved4 ,the present lessee1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,simpson1 and his father have had the ,theatre ,royal for fifty years1 and recently additions and alterations have been made1 not only in the ,theatre proper1 but in the accessory rooms for actors and scenery which have never been surpassed for extent and convenience4 ,the ,theatre ,royal was1 practically1 the only theatre for many years1 but in #ahec a dramatic licence was granted by the magistrates for a building on the ,bingley ,hall site3 in #ahef the 8,music ,hall0 in ,broad ,street was built1 but in #ahfb it was converted into a theatre1 and opened as the ,royal ,operetta ,house1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,swanborough4 ,in #ahff it was bought by ,mr4 ,james ,rodgers1 and in #ahgf was practically rebuilt1 and additions and alterations are now in progress under ,mr4 ,rodgers and his ,son4 ,in #ahgi a license was granted to the ,holte ,theatre1 in the ,aston ,lower ,grounds2 and the ,grand ,theatre1 ,corporation ,street1 built and managed by ,mr4 ,andrew ,melville1 was opened ,november #ad1 #ahhc4 ,in #aghe an ,amphitheatre existed in ,livery ,street and was converted into a ,chapel3 in ,king ,street the ,theatre was also converted into a ,chapel1 and afterwards back again to a ,public ,hall2 and in #ahbg the ,circus of ,james ,ryan1 permanently built some years later1 was converted into the ,circus ,chapel4 ,in short1 the great progress of ,birmingham in the second half of the last century was felt in every way3 the ,musical ,festival was founded1 and the drama grew rapidly as the town extended and the taste of the public improved4 ,,the ,,coventry ,,industries4 ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,fretton1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,an exhaustive account of the ribbon and watch manufactures of ,coventry1 with technical descriptions of the various processes involved in the treatment of the raw material1 in its progress of manufacture from its primitive condition to its finished state1 having already appeared in the comprehensive series of articles in the midland industries1 published on the occasion of the former visit of the ,association in #ahfe1 it only remains to note the changes and additions which have been made since that period in the ,industries of ,coventry4 ,ribbon ,trade4--,several causes have combined to produce a very serious decline in the manufacture of silk fabrics1 the chief of them being the ,french commercial treaty1 to which may be added change of fashion1 and increased competition and more rapid production by the further development of machinery4 ,from #ahfj to #ahgh the ribbon trade in ,coventry and its neighbourhood1 had decreased by at least one half1 and the decline has been going on since that period1 with exceptional experiences of spasmodic improvement1 ever since4 ,efforts have been made in various ways to direct the textile skill of the artisans into other channels wherein their weaving abilities might be turned to their advantage1 and the area of textile manufactures increased4 ,in one of these departments may be specially noticed the manufacture of bookmarks1 and other illuminated ribbons4 ,this trade was chiefly introduced by ,mr4 ,thomas ,stevens1 and has been most successfully developed by himself and other manufacturers1 until their extent1 beauty of design1 variety of application1 c41 have been marvellous4 ,portraits1 valentines1 presents suitable to the seasons1 birthdays1 views of noted buildings1 poetical sentences1 mottoes1 labels1 and other decorative and descriptive ornaments have been produced1 which1 half a century ago1 it would have been deemed impossible to produce from a loom4 ,but this has involved the construction of complicated and expensive machinery1 and has raised the art of loom-making considerably4 ,such a trade is1 after all1 but limited1 it is the production of a luxury1 a merchandise 8which none but the rich can buy40 ,trimming ,trade4--,another department of textile industry which has sprung up1 somewhat analogous to the ,ribbon manufacture1 is the ,trimming trade1 for which special looms have been adopted--cambric frilling1 mainly introduced by ,messrs4 ,cash2 bead work1 and other ornamental fabrics have also been introduced4 ,cotton ,spinning and ,weaving4--,soon after the decline of the ribbon trade the attention of the ,coventry manufacturers was drawn to the experiment of introducing the cotton spinning and weaving4 ,a large factory with suitable annexes for carrying on a large trade was erected on the north side of the city by a company formed in #ahfj1 the ,rev4 ,s4 ,h4 ,widdrington1 then vicar of ,st4 ,michael's1 taking a great interest in the project4 ,its operations have been attended by varied success2 the distance from the centres of the cotton trade forming an obstacle to its full development1 the spinning department has received most attention4 ,elastic ,web4--,in #ahei ,messrs4 ,dalton and ,barton introduced the manufacture of elastic webs1 but afterwards disposed of this department of their business to ,mr4 ,pridmore1 by whom it is still carried on at ,foleshill4 ,in #ahfb a company was formed for carrying on the same kind of trade1 chiefly through the instrumentality of the vicar of ,st4 ,michael's1 and known as the ,coventry ,elastic ,weaving ,company1 and for nearly twenty years it conducted a large business1 having branches at ,red ,lane1 ,foleshill1 and in ,white ,friars' ,lane1 ,coventry4 ,owing to a brisk competition in other weaving centres1 and consequent over-production1 the company dissolved a few years ago1 a portion of the plant and trade being retained by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,odell1 one of the members of the company1 and still successfully carried on4 ,there are several firms in the city conducting similar business4 ,the ,bradford ,stuff ,manufacture was introduced into ,coventry in #ahfd1 and established in a large disused factory1 originally erected as a cotton mill1 in ,hill ,street1 afterwards occupied as a ribbon manufactory4 ,the firm is known as the 8,leigh0 ,mills ,company 7,limited71 the present ,lord-,lieutenant of the ,county having shown much interest in the promotion of this and other new industries in ,coventry4 ,excellent woollen and worsted goods are made here1 silk and cotton being also used in some of the varieties manufactured4 ,coach ,lace and ,broad ,stuffs for railway and other carriages1 trimmings for furniture1 c41 are largely manufactured by ,messrs4 ,dalton and ,barton1 ,messrs4 ,perkins and ,son1 and others4 ,silk ,dyeing is still carried on to a considerable extent by several firms1 and the city maintains its old character for the permanence and brilliancy exhibited in this class of work1 which is one of the ancient staples of the city4 ,it will be seen that while ,coventry still maintains its textile productions in the weaving industry1 its works are not confined to ribbons1 and the manufacturers and artisans generally deserve the highest commendation for the spirit and the aptitude they have displayed in adapting themselves to the altered circumstances of the textile industry of the city1 and the opening up of new branches of the weaving industry has emancipated the city from dependence on the ribbon trade alone4 ,many firms are still engaged in the manufacture of ribbons1 sashes1 ladies' scarfs1 c41 and during the last year or two1 gauzes having been in demand have been largely made4 ,watch ,manufacturing4--,coventry is one of the principal places in ,england for this branch of manufacturing industry1 and at the head of the numerous firms engaged therein1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,rotherham and ,sons hold the first and oldest position4 ,a trade of such extent1 and exhibiting so many stages of progress in its production1 necessarily possesses many features of interest1 and may be divided into the following1 with minor divisions springing from them3--watch manufacturers1 case makers1 engravers1 springers1 engine-turners1 and polishers2 cap makers1 dial makers1 escapement1 balance1 pallet1 roller1 and lever makers2 movement1 motion1 index1 hand1 and glass makers2 fuzee cutters1 gilders1 examiners1 and finishers2 jewellers1 keyless motion and movement makers1 and motioners4 ,the trade has been subject to many changes and fluctuations1 and is at present in a depressed state1 owing largely to foreign competition1 and the production of cheap watches by means of machinery4 ,efforts have been made by more than one of the ,coventry firms to meet the latter source of competition by the introduction of machinery in the construction of various parts of the watch1 and in the subdivision of labour1 more especially in the class known as 8going barrels0 with various measures of success2 but for the better class of watch1 the old system bids fair to maintain its position4 ,a project for the establishment of technical schools for special instruction in the various processes in connection with the ,coventry staple trades in general1 and that of ,horology in particular1 is still under consideration1 and may lead to satisfactory results4 ,there are about #aej manufacturers of watches in ,coventry4 ,the ,cycle ,manufacture was introduced into this city about #bj years ago in conjunction with the making of sewing machines4 ,the latter branch of trade has given place almost entirely to the former1 and the reputation which the various firms engaged in the trade have succeeded in obtaining1 have placed ,coventry in the first rank in this new and peculiar manufacture4 ,the ,coventry ,machinists' ,company 7,cheylesmore7 were the first to introduce this trade into this country1 and it is still one of the largest of the producers4 ,among the rest may be mentioned the ,rudge1 ,premier1 ,singer and ,co41 ,fleet1 ,centaur1 ,meteor1 ,excelsior1 ,wellington1 ,victoria1 and others1 all of which have some speciality claiming some peculiar excellence4 ,artistic ,work in ,metal was introduced into ,coventry chiefly by the exertions and artistic taste of ,mr4 ,skidmore over #cj years ago1 and has been followed out by himself1 and by various ,companies in the same direction ever since4 ,work from the different firms established in ,coventry of great excellence1 may be found in many of the principal towns in the ,british ,islands1 and on the ,continent1 notably in ,lichfield and ,hereford ,cathedrals1 ,prince ,consort ,memorial1 ,burlington ,house1 c4 ,ironfounding and agricultural implement manufacturing has also attained a high position of excellence under the firm of ,matterson1 ,huxley1 and ,watson of this city4 ,,footnotes #a ,the information in this section1 up to the close of #ahhd1 is taken from the very accurate and interesting 8,history of the ,corporation of ,birmingham10 by ,j4 ,thackray ,bunce4 ,two vols41 #ahgh and #ahhe4 #b ,in #agie it had risen to #a1bjj2 in #ahah to #c1jjj2 in #ahfa to #aa1jjj2 in #ahhj to #ba1ihc2 and it is reckoned that at the end of the century the revenue of the ,school will be #ej1jjj4 #c ,this barn and croft were taken away in #agch from both chief master and usher1 and their salaries raised in lieu to #hh4 #aes4 #j;d4 and #fj4 #d ,in all these provisions boys from the manor had the preference4 #e ,an alternative plan1 apparently not adopted1 was to have two exhibitions of #e each1 at ,catherine ,hall1 ,cambridge2 and two fellowships of #cj a year each at the same college4 #f ,the first exhibitioners were ,william ,milner and ,bartholomew ,baldwin1 in #afgg4 ,up to #ahag1 eighty-two exhibitioners had been elected4 ,in #agbc1 however1 a chancery commission declared it a manifest breach of trust on the ,governors' part that no exhibition had been granted for twenty years2 while on ,january #ah1 #agcd1 the chief master1 having no scholars under his care1 ,william ,spilsbury1 jun41 a scholar in the usher's school1 was elected exhibitioner at ,oxford1 no other boy being qualified or likely to be qualified for some years4 #g ,see the illustrations in ,hutton's ,birmingham4 #h ,the first appointed were in #ageb1 as follows3 ,william ,latham1 in ,dudley ,street2 ,thomas ,wilson1 near the ,old ,cross2 ,mary ,ankers1 wife of ,noel ,ankers1 in ,freeman ,street2 another ,widow ,austin1 in ,london ,prentice ,street4 #i ,for some reason not very clear1 the branch school in ,shutt ,lane1 as also a drawing school established by the ,governors1 were in #ahbi declared by a decree in ,chancery to be unauthorised by the charter1 and were then discontinued4 #aj ,this was the original intention4 ,but one of these two large apartments was taken by the ,governors1 and the room designed for the library was given to the commercial school in its place4 ,the latter is now the assembly room of the ,girls ,high ,school4 #aa ,it should be added that ,mr4 ,green's report also declares that 8it is universally admitted that the present ,board has discharged its duties with all care and conscientiousness40 #ab ,the present bailiff4 #ac ,see the development of #ahhc4 #ad ,the imposition of fees has ever been a sore point4 ,the first report of the new ,town ,council ,governors was issued on ,january #gth1 #ahgi1 and stated that they had endeavoured to reduce these fees2 and in #ahhj they expressed their regret at their imposition4 #ae ,in #ahjj1 there were #abj boys3 in #ahej1 #bej boys2 in #ahfj1 #def boys in ,grammar ,school1 and #ajhj children in the ,elementary ,schools3 there are now #cdc boys and #aie girls in the ,high ,school3 #hdi boys and #fdd girls in the ,grammar ,schools4 ,grand total1 #adic4 #af ,the number of ,masters in the ,grammar ,school was1 in #ahgh1 #bf2 in the ,elementary ,schools there were #bj teachers and #ba monitors4 #ag ,existing rights reserved2 in #ahgh the ,head ,master had #ag1 and the second ,master1 #e boarders4 #ah ,these amounts have been greatly exceeded4 ,the annual expenditure on exhibitions is1 ,boys' ,high ,school1 #fij2 ,girls1 #bjj2 ,boys' ,grammar ,school1 #bgj2 ,girls1 #cfj4 ,there is only one ,james ,exhibition4 #ai ,opened ,september1 #ahhc4 #bj ,five sums of #a1jjj each for ,scholarships1 ,prize ,essays1 ,chaplaincy1 ,divinity ,lectureship1 and ,medical ,tutorship4 #ba e4g41 ,law1 which was shortly added4 #bb ,the arts department being henceforward regarded as preparatory to the other two4 #bc ,in that year the present ,warden1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,poulton1 came into office1 and the number immediately increased to #bb4 #bd ,the purchase value of the property was #aaj1jjj1 yielding an annual rent of #c1gjj4 #fj1jjj was spent upon the building and furnishing4 ,the total amount of the benefaction will1 in the end1 approach #bjj1jjj4 ,as early as #ahhb1 however1 we find that the ,council 8view with regret the narrow margin that is likely to exist unless the present endowment is supplemented by other gifts10--,report1 p4 #aa4--;and this anxiety is again forcibly expressed in #ahhe4 ,it was relieved in that year1 however1 by an 8,additional ,endowment ,fund10 the subscriptions to which reached #d1hee4 #be ,in #ahhb1 it was ordered that wives and children of ,professors1 ,lecturers1 and ,secretaries1 who died during their term of office1 be admitted to all classes without payment4 #bf ,two exhibitions of #ae each1 increased next year to four1 awarded by the ,governors of ,king ,edward's ,schools1 and a ,science ,scholarship of #bj a year1 created by the ,trustees of ,piddock's ,charity1 are also tenable at the ,college4 #bg ,various other societies have been formed within the college1 e4g41 ,physical1 ,chemical1 ,botanical1 ,poesy1 and ,french ,debating ,societies4 #bh ,the ,libraries and ,fine ,art ,gallery were shortly undertaken by the town1 and have never formed part of the work of the ,institute4 #bi ,paid ,teachers were substituted in #ahfj4 #cj ,the ,perry ,barr and ,harborne ,institutes had been opened previously4 #ca ,m4 ,achille ,albits4 #cb ,now covered by the ,schools of the ,society of ,friends1 and where ,wyatt and ,paul's first spinning of cotton by rollers was tried4 #cc ,the principal object of this part is to shew the development of the parochial system1 and readers will therefore kindly notice-- #a4--;,all architectural details are omitted1 and will be found under the head1 8,architecture10 where there is anything special to notice4 #b4--,particulars as to patronage1 annual value of livings1 number of sittings1 are1 in order to economise space and prevent repetition1 relegated to a table at the end of this section1 in which table all the churches in the ,borough are arranged alphabetically1 irrespective of whether they are in the parish of ,birmingham1 ,edgbaston1 or that part of ,aston parish which is within the ,borough4 #cd ,for the records of these sales see a valuable paper by ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,holliday on ,st4 ,martin's ,church1 in the ,transactions for #ahgc of the ,archological ,section of the ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute4 #ce ,see the excellent monograph1 8,old ,st4 ,martin's10 by ,j4 ,t4 ,bunce1 #ahge4 #cf ,a copy and translation of this interesting document will be found in ,toulmin ,smith's ,memorials of ,old ,birmingham1 #ahfd4 #cg ,the materials for the historical facts are to be found in the 8,sketch of the ,history of ,protestant ,non-,conformity in ,birmingham10 by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,wreford1 formerly minister of the ,new ,meeting ,house1 ,birmingham1 #ahcb1 and 8,protestant ,non-,conformity in ,birmingham10 by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,james1 ,birmingham1 #ahdi4 #ch ,see the interesting volume1 8,memorials of the ,old ,meeting ,house and ,burial ,ground40 by ,catherine ,hutton ,beale4 ,printed for subscribers by ,white and ,pike1 ,birmingham4 #ci ,in the order of time there was an intermediate meeting house in ,livery ,street1 originally a circus1 and used by the congregations of the ,old and ,new ,meetings1 whilst those meeting houses were being rebuilt after the riots of #agia4 ,it was afterwards occupied by a part of the ,carr's ,lane congregation1 on ,mr4 ,brewer's resignation of the pastorate there in #ahjb1 and1 it becoming too small1 it was resolved to build ,ebenezer ,chapel4 ,the chapel in ,livery ,street was pulled down in #ahec1 and the printing establishment of ,m4 ,billing1 ,sons1 and ,co41 is built on the site4 #dj ,an excellent paper on the ,old ,church may be found in the third vol4 of the ,transactions of the ,archological ,section of the ,birmingham and ,midland ,institute4 #da ,the principal chemicals manufactured on a large scale are3--,sulphuric1 ,sulphurous1 ,hydrochloric1 ,nitric1 ,crude ,carbolic1 ,hydrocyanic1 and ,hydrofluoric ,acids2 ,washing ,soda1 ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 ,rochelle ,salt1 ,glauber's ,salt1 ,carbonate of ,potash1 ,bicarbonate of ,potash1 ,chlorate of ,potash1 ,cyanide of ,potassium1 ,iodide of ,potassium1 ,oxalate of ,potash1 ,bleaching ,powder1 ,ammonia1 ,sulphate of ,ammonia1 ,sal ,ammoniac1 ,carbonate of ,ammonia1 ,precipitated ,chalk1 ,bisulphite of ,lime1 ,citrate of ,magnesia1 ,fluid ,magnesia1 ,nitrates of ,barium and ,strontium1 ,sulphate of ,copper1 ,phosphorus1 ,milk of ,sulphur1 ,tin ,crystals1 ,benzol1 ,toluene1 ,xylene1 ,phenol1 ,naphthalene1 ,crude ,anthracene1 and other ,tar ,products1 ,fruit ,essences4 #db ,mungo consists of tailors' scraps of cloth torn up into shreds1 and rendered suitable for working up afresh4 ,shoddy is a similar material1 but made from old garments instead of new material4 #dc ,a heavy knife used for cutting down sugar cane4 #dd ,among goldbeaters ,gypsum goes by the name of talc #de ,i am indebted to my colleague ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,hiorns for these particulars4 #df ,sometimes 8the process is simply performed by rubbing two pieces of bone quite flat on a smooth stone1 and then cutting in one of the pieces the shape required1 leaving a hole through to the edge by which to pour in the metal40--,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,bragg4 #dg ,for these particulars ,i am indebted to my colleague1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,irons4 #dh 8,birmingham and ,midland ,hardware ,district10 edited by ,samuel ,timmins1 ,london1 ,hardwicke1 #ahff4 #di ,the screw hand-press so generally used in ,birmingham trades was the first great means of cheapening the making of steel pens1 which had previously been made by hand1 in ,sheffield and ,london4 ,mr4 ,mitchell1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,gillott1 and ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 were the first to make steel pens by press work4--,ed4 #ej ,this mechanism was first used by ,james ,watt1 for copying medallions and busts1 and his machines are still preserved at ,heathfield ,hall1 ,handsworth4--,ed4 #ea ,for the ,enfield-,martini of #jd bore1 the thickness is #jacj inch1 and the disc cut out is #abje in diameter4 #eb ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,davis for these particulars4 #ec ,in these cases the value of the gold is trifling as compared with the labour expended1 hence there is every confidence in the value of the metal4 #ed ,the statistics given have been supplied by ,messrs4 ,crawley1 ,parsons and ,co4 #ee ,i have been surprised to note ,birmingham made pearl buttons put on cards headed ,nouveaut1 ,paris4 ,i understand that many of these buttons are sent to the ,united ,states4--,c4 ,j4 ,w4 #ef ,sir ,william ,thomson has proposed intervals corresponding to the dots and dashes of the ,morse alphabet in order to distinguish lighthouses4 ,c4 ,j4 ,w4 #eg ,it is interesting to know that ,mr4 ,edward ,white ,benson1 father of the present ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 was associated with ,mr4 ,askin in the early experiments on extraction of nickel4 #eh ,mr4 ,henry ,bore1 who has been connected with the ,perryan ,pen ,works for nearly thirty years1 has in the press a work dealing principally with the origin of pen making4 ,mr4 ,bore's investigation points to ,mr4 ,john ,mitchell as the first to introduce the making of pens by means of tools principally if not entirely his invention1 but there is little doubt that the use of steel pens by the writing public is due in the first instance to the energy of ,mr4 ,james ,perry1 who was assisted in this work by the late ,sir ,josiah ,mason4 #ei ,an amalgam of gold is spread on the work to be gilt4 ,the article is then put in an oven and heated till the mercury escapes1 leaving the gold behind4 ,military buttons and ornaments are gilt in this manner4--,c4 ,j4 ,w4 #fj ,ramsay4 ,quart4 ,journal ,geol4 ,society1 #ahee1 p4 #aia1 c4 #fa ,jukes1 ,south ,staffordshire ,coalfield1 #bnd ,edition1 p4 #ae4 #fb ,for a ,note by the writer on the distribution of this species in ,britain1 see ,midland ,naturalist1 ,vol4 #a1 #ahgh1 p4 #cbc4 #fc ,those who are interested in the ,embryology of these lowly creatures will find a paper upon the subject by ,professor ,e4 ,ray ,lankester1 in the 8,philosophical ,transactions of the ,royal ,society40 ,part ,i4 #ahge4 #fd ,a paper by ,professor ,e4 ,ray ,lankester on the ,invaginate planula1 or ,diploblastic phase of ,paludina vivipara1 may be found in the 8,quarterly ,journal of ,microscopical ,science40 ,new ,series4 ,no4 #eh4 ,april1 #ahge4 #fe ,for a paper by the writer on this habit in the ,mollusca1 see 8,conchological ,journal10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dja1 et seq4 #ahgd-h4 #ff ,see the 8,quarterly ,journal of ,microscopical ,science10 ,new ,series1 ,no4 #ef1 ,october1 #ahge1 for the ,embryology of ,l4 stagnalis1 by ,professor ,e4 ,ray ,lankester4 #fg ,for detailed description see 8,on a group of minerals from ,lilleshall1 ,salop1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,woodward40 8,quarterly ,journal ,geological ,society10 ,august1 #ahhc1 p4 #dff4 #fh ,for particulars relating to this mine1 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,w4 ,yelland4 #fi ,professor ,maskelyne in ,report of the ,british ,association ,committee on ,luminous ,meteors1 #ahgf1 p4 #aff1 quoted in a paper by ,townshend4 ,mr4 ,hall on 8,contributions towards a ,history of ,british ,meteorites10 in the 8,mineralogical ,magazine10 #ahgi4 ,,index4 ,almshouses1 xvi41 xvii41 xix4 ,architecture1 #aah ,art ,gallery1 xiii4 ,art ,gallery ,purchase ,fund1 xviii4 ,art1 ,school of1 xviii4 ,artists 7,local71 #acb ,cox1 ,david1 #abh ,jones1 ,e4 ,burne1 #aca ,mason1 ,geo41 #acj ,aston ,hall1 #abf ,baskerville1 ,john1 #i ,baths and ,parks1 xi4 ,,botany-- ,alg1 #cce ,flowering ,plants1 ,ferns1 etc4 of ,warwickshire1 #caf ,worcestershire1 #cbj ,staffordshire1 #cbg ,fungi1 #cci ,hepatic1 #ccc ,ick1 ,wm41 #cac ,introductory remarks1 #caa ,lichens1 #ccc ,mosses of ,warwickshire1 #cca ,worcestershire1 #ccb ,staffordshire1 #ccc ,perry1 ,w4 ,g41 #cac ,purton1 ,tho41 #cab ,students' ,garden1 #cae ,withering1 ,wm41 #cab ,botanical ,gardens1 #ceg ,boulton1 ,m41 #aj ,chamberlain1 ,j4 ,h41 #eb1 #eg1 #abe ,,charitable ,,institutions-- ,blind ,institution1 #ic ,children's ,hospital1 #hh ,deaf and ,dumb1 #ib ,dental ,hospital1 #hi ,dispensary1 #he ,ear and ,throat ,hospital1 #hi ,eye ,hospital1 #hf ,general ,hospital1 #ha ,homopathic ,hospital1 #ij ,lying-in ,charity1 #hg ,orthopdic ,hospital1 #hf ,queen's ,hospital1 #hc ,sanatorium1 #ij ,skin and ,lock ,hospital1 #ia ,women's ,hospital1 #ia ,clubs1 xx4 ,contributors1 v4 ,corporation1 ,history of1 ix4 ,corporation ,land1 xiv4 ,cotton ,spinning1 #i ,,coventry ,,industries-- ,artistic ,work in ,metal1 #cgj ,bradford ,stuff ,manufacture1 #cfh ,coach ,lace1 etc41 #cfh ,cotton ,spinning and ,weaving1 #cfg ,cycle ,manufacture1 #cfi ,elastic ,web1 #cfg ,ribbon ,trade1 #cff ,silk ,dyeing1 #cfh ,trimming ,trade1 #cfi ,watch ,manufacturing1 #cfh ,dawson1 ,geo41 #aab1 #acc ,debating ,societies1 #gd1 #gi ,deritend ,chapel1 #e ,dickens1 ,ch41 #gh ,directories1 #i ,drainage ,board1 #ad ,dudley ,trust1 xviii4 ,,ecclesiastical-- ,aston1 ,parish of1 #id1 #ajb ,baptists1 #ajg1 #aaf ,birmingham1 ,parish of1 #id ,burial ,grounds1 #aag ,cemeteries1 #aag ,chapels1 #ajf ,churches1 #id ,congregationalists1 #aji1 #aac1 #aaf ,dissenters--see ,nonconformists1 #aje ,edgbaston1 ,parish of1 #id1 #aja ,friends1 ,society of1 #aaj1 #aaf ,jewish ,synagogue1 #aab ,methodists1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aaf ,nonconformist ,churches and ,chapels1 #aje ,parishes of the ,borough1 #id ,presbyterians1 #aab ,quakers 7see ,friends71 #aaj1 #aaf ,roman ,catholics1 #aac1 #aaf ,swedenborgians1 #aac ,unitarians1 #ajf1 #aaf ,wesleyans1 #aaj1 #aaf ,elementary ,education1 #eh ,religious ,education and ,voluntary ,schools1 #fj ,technical ,school1 #ei ,free ,libraries1 xviii4 ,gas and ,water ,companies1 xiii4 ,,geology ,,physiography-- ,abberley1 #bah ,anticlinal1 #bag ,archan ,rocks1 #bbb ,arden1 ,forest of1 #baf ,arenig ,rocks1 #bdj ,atherstone1 #bbe1 #bef ,aymestry ,limestone1 #bcj ,axes of ,elevation1 #bad1 #bag ,bala ,rocks1 #bdj ,bangham ,pit1 #bcf ,barnt ,green1 #bac1 #bbf ,barr ,beacon1 #bad1 #bdj ,barr1 ,great1 #bad1 #bbg1 #bdj ,barr ,limestone1 #bbh ,bibliography of ,birmingham ,geology1 #bfc1 #bfe ,birmingham ,plateau1 #bae ,black ,country1 #bac1 #baf1 #bcb ,boulder ,clay1 #bdh1 #bec ,boulder ,clay1 lower1 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,dudley1 ,limestone of1 #bbi1 #bfa ,edge ,hill1 #bde ,edgbaston1 #bae ,enderby1 #bbd ,enville1 #bce ,erratic ,blocks1 #bdi1 #bea ,fenny ,compton1 #bde ,fire ,clay1 #bfj ,fossils1 ,cambrian1 #bbd1 #bbg ,carboniferous1 #bcc1 #bda ,devonian1 #bda ,lias1 #bde ,ordovician1 #bdj ,post ,tertiary1 #beb ,rhtic1 #bdg ,silurian1 #bbh1 #bdj ,trias1 #bda ,fundamental ,rocks1 #bba1 #bbd ,geology1 #baf1 #bfe ,geological ,formation1 ,table of1 #bbj1 #bba ,glacial ,deposits1 #bdh1 #bec ,glacial ,sands1 #bdi ,gypsum1 #bdb ,hailstone ,quarry1 #bei ,halesowen1 ,sandstone1 #bcj1 #bcb ,hamstead1 #bcb1 #bfb ,harborne1 #bae ,harbury1 #bde1 #bdh ,hartshill1 ,rocks of1 #bbe ,hawkesbury1 #bcd ,heathen ,coal1 #bcj ,hockley1 #bda ,hollybush ,sandstone1 ,fossils of1 #bbd ,hollybush ,sandstone1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bbg ,igneous ,rocks1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bej1 #bec1 #bed-bfj ,insect ,beds1 #bdf ,ironstones1 #bca1 #bfj ,jurassic ,rocks1 #bbj1 #bdd-bdh ,ketley1 #beb ,keuper1 #bcg ,keuper ,sandstone1 #bdc ,keuper ,marls1 #bai1 #bcg1 #bdj ,king's ,heath1 #bdb ,kinlet1 #bfj ,kinver ,edge1 #bci ,laurentian ,rocks1 #bbb ,lea ,rock1 #bbb1 #beh ,lias1 #bdd-bdg ,lias1 ,lower1 #bdf ,lias1 ,upper1 #bde ,lias1 ,white1 #bde1 #bdg ,lichfield1 #bdj ,lickey1 ,quartzite of1 #bbf ,lickey ,hills1 #bac1 #bah1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcf ,lilleshall1 #beb ,lima ,beds1 #bde ,limestone1 ,dudley1 #bfa ,lingula ,flags1 #bbd ,lingula ,flags1 ,fossils of1 #bbd ,llandovery ,rocks1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bdj ,ludlow ,rocks1 #bbh ,malvern ,hills1 #bag1 #bed ,malvern ,hills1 ,rocks of1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bed ,marlstone1 #bde ,marston ,jabet1 #beg ,mason ,college1 ,museum of1 #bbi1 #bec ,mayhill ,sandstone1 #bbg1 #bdj ,mesozoic ,rocks1 #bbj ,metamorphism1 #bef ,midland ,plain1 #bac1 #bai ,millstone ,grit1 #bcj1 #bcd ,mining ,statistics1 #bfj-bfc ,moseley1 #bae ,mottled ,sandstone1 ,lower1 #bcg 0 0 1 ,upper1 #bcg1 #bda ,new ,mine ,coal1 #bca ,nuneaton1 #baf1 #bah1 #bef ,nuneaton1 ,rocks of1 #bbc1 #bbe ,old ,red ,sandstone1 #bah1 #bba ,ordovician ,rocks1 #bbj1 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#adc ,hospital ,saturday1 xx4 0 ,sunday ,collection1 xx4 ,jaffray ,suburban ,hospital1 xix4 ,leland's ,visit1 #aech1 #e ,lench's ,trust1 xvi4 ,,libraries-- ,byron1 ,cervantes1 ,milton ,collections1 #gc ,early1 #fe ,free1 #fi 0 ,rate ,unlimited1 xiii4 ,shakespeare ,memorial1 #gc ,suburban1 #gd ,sunday ,opening1 #gd ,lunar ,society1 #ge ,magazines1 #gh1 #gi ,,manufacturing ,,industries-- ,ammunition1 #aii ,arc ,lighting1 #ahd ,assay ,office1 #agg ,assayed ,wares 7,table71 #agh ,automatic ,machinery1 #agc 0 ,shaping1 #agc 0 ,turning1 #agc ,bedsteads1 #agh ,bit1 or ,doctor1 #age ,brassfoundry1 #ahj ,block ,paper1 #agi ,boiler ,plate1 #agi ,britannia ,metal1 #bjb ,bullion ,trade1 #aha ,buttons 7,pearl71 #aha ,canal ,traffic1 #aea ,cast ,iron ,ware1 #aha ,cementation1 #aga ,champlev process1 #bjd ,chilled ,castings1 #agj ,classification of1 #aeb ,clocks1 #ahc ,cloisonn1 #bjc ,cobalt1 #bja ,coinage1 #ahb ,colouring1 #agf ,copper1 ,prices of1 #ahj ,dealers and ,merchants1 #aef ,dependent 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,papier ,mch1 #bjb ,parasols1 #baj ,pewter1 #bjb ,pins1 #bjj ,plate ,duty 7,table71 #agh ,plated ,wares1 #bjc ,press ,tool ,work1 #agb ,processes1 #aef ,refrigeration1 #bjd ,rifles1 #aid ,rolling1 #aga ,rolling ,cross1 #aga ,rope ,making1 #bjd ,salt1 #bjf ,sand ,blast1 #agf ,scratch ,brushing1 #agf ,shaping1 #agc ,soldering1 #age ,spinning1 #agd ,spirit1 or ,monkey1 #age ,stamping1 #agb ,steel ,pen ,trade1 #bje ,swords1 #bjf ,tin ,plate ,ware1 #bjf 0 7,waste71 #bjh ,tools1 #bjh ,tube ,drawing1 #aga ,tubes1 ,taper1 #agb ,umbrellas1 #baj ,watch ,manufacture1 #baj ,welding 7,gas71 #ahj ,wire ,drawing1 #aga 0 ,mattresses1 #agi 0 7,steel71 #bab 0 ,working1 #baa ,materials used-- ,acids1 #aeh ,alloys1 #agj ,bessemer ,process1 #afi ,button ,lac1 #afh ,carnubia ,wax 7,brazil71 #afh ,carozo ,nuts1 #afh ,casting1 #agj ,chemicals1 #aeb1 #aei ,chili ,bars1 #agj ,copper1 #agj ,cow ,hair1 #afh ,cryolite1 #afg ,dye ,stuffs1 #afd ,gums1 #afa ,gum ,animi1 #afh 0 ,kourie1 #afh ,istle1 #afh ,kittool1 #afh ,lard ,oil1 #afh ,lead1 #agj ,leather and ,fabrics1 #afb ,lemon ,peel1 #afh ,metals1 #aeg ,metals and ,alloys1 #afi ,mica1 #afj1 #afh ,nitrate of ,soda1 #afg ,oils1 #afa ,ores1 #aef1 #afi ,piassava1 #afh ,pigments1 #afj ,stones1 #afj ,talc1 #afe ,varnishes1 #afb ,woods1 #afc ,mason1 ,sir ,josiah1 #de ,,mason ,,science ,,college-- ,connection with ,queen's ,college ,academic ,board1 #ea ,cost and ,endowment1 xviii4 ,liberty to vary ,course of ,instruction1 #dh ,library1 #eb ,non-theological and ,non-political ,character of1 #dh ,objects1 ,foundation ,deed1 ,trustees1 #df ,town ,council represented on2 ,opening of1 #ej ,magazines1 #gh1 #gi ,mechanics ,institute1 #gg ,metallurgical ,classes1 #eg ,meteorological ,observatory1 #eg ,,midland ,,institute-- ,canon ,kingsley's ,address3 ,formation of ,classes in ,laws of ,health1 #ee ,formation of ,teachers' ,board1 #eh ,government of1 #ec ,new ,buildings of1 #ee ,objects and ,origin1 #eb ,removal of ,school of ,art2 ,expansion of ,metallurgical ,classes1 #eg ,union of ,teachers and ,students1 #ef ,voluntary ,classes1 #ed ,municipal ,school of ,art1 xviii41 #fa ,murdock1 ,w41 #acc1 #ada ,music1 #ada ,musical ,festivals1 #hb1 #adb ,newspapers1 #gi1 #cfa ,newman1 ,cardinal1 #aac1 #acc ,news ,rooms1 #fh1 #fi ,old ,houses1 #f1 #aah ,orphanages1 xvii41 xix4 ,osler1 ,a4 ,f41 #gf ,pamphlets1 #gh ,painting1 #abg ,parks ,recreation ,grounds1 xii4 ,philosophical ,institutions1 #gf ,picture ,exhibitions1 #gf1 #acc ,portraits1 #acc ,post ,office ,growth1 xv4 ,priestley1 ,dr41 #ff1 #ajg1 #adj ,prince ,rupert's ,raid1 #g ,printers and ,booksellers1 #h ,,queen',s ,,college-- ,abolition of ,religious ,qualification1 #db ,charity ,commissioners' ,scheme for1 in #ahfg1 #da ,collegiate ,system1 #dj ,connection with ,mason ,college1 #dd ,decay of1 #da ,foundation of1 #cg ,original character of1 #ci ,scholarships3 ,present condition of1 #dd ,strict ,church of ,england character of1 #ch ,various ,departments and ,chairs1 #db1 #dc ,sanatorium1 #ij ,school of ,art ,building1 xviii4 ,foundation and ,progress1 #fa-fc ,school ,board ,scholarships1 #fj ,school of ,medicine1 #gg ,sculpture1 #ace ,society of ,arts and ,exhibitions1 #gf ,soho ,circle1 #aa ,soho ,works1 #aj ,statues1 #aci ,sunday ,lectures1 #ceh ,technical ,school1 #ei ,theatres1 #cfb ,town ,council ,committees1 #ba ,town ,hall1 #aai ,watt1 ,james1 #ada ,women's ,hospital1 #ib ,wyatt1 ,john1 #i ,,zoology-- ,birds1 #bge ,accipitres1 #bge ,alectorides1 #bhj ,anseres1 #bhc ,columb1 #bgi ,fulicari1 #bhj ,gallin1 #bgi ,gavi1 #bha ,herodiones1 #bhb ,limicol1 #bhj ,odontogloss1 #bhc ,passeres1 #bgf ,picari1 #bgi ,pterocletes1 #bgi ,pygopodes1 #bhb ,steganopodes1 #bhb ,tubinares1 #bhb ,fishes1 #bhe ,abdominal ,malacopterygii1 #bhf ,acanthopterygii1 #bhf ,apodal ,malacopterygii1 #bhh ,chondropterygii1 #bhi ,subbrachial ,malacopterygii1 #bhh ,insects1 #bic ,introduction1 #bff ,coleoptera1 #bid ,lepidoptera1 #cja ,mammals1 #bfi ,carnivora1 #bgj ,cheiroptera1 #bfi 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