,transcriber's ,notes ,punctuation has been standardized4 ,characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps4 ,non-printable characteristics have been given the following transliteration3 ,italic text3 -- text ,this book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling4 ,words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text4 ,these have been left unchanged unless indicated with a ,transcriber's ,note4 ,footnotes are identified in the text with a number in brackets #b and have been accumulated in a single section at the end of the text4 ,transcriber's ,notes are used when making corrections to the text or to provide additional information for the modern reader4 ,these notes are not identified in the text1 but have been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book4 ,only ,complete and ,unabridged ,edition with nearly #ajj pages of ,chronological and ,general ,index1 ,alphabetical and ,centenary ,table1 etc4 ,,the ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,fathers1 ,,martyrs1 ,,and ,,other ,,principal ,,saints2 ,,compiled ,,from ,,original ,,monuments1 ,,and ,,other ,,authentic ,,records2 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,the ,,remarks ,,of ,,judicious ,,modern ,,critics ,,and ,,historians4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,alban ,,butler4 ,with the approbation of ,,most ,,rev4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,corrigan1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,new ,york4 ,,vol4 ,,vii4 ,,new ,,york3 ,p4 ,j4 ,,kenedy1 ,,publisher ,,to ,,the ,,holy ,,see1 ,,excelsior ,,catholic ,,publishing ,,house1 #e ,,barclay ,,street4 #aijh ,,contents4 ,,july4 #a4 ,st4 ,rumold1 ,bishop and ,martyr ,,ss4 ,julius and ,aaron1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,theobald1 ,confessor ,st4 ,gal1 ,bishop ,another ,st4 ,gal1 ,bishop ,st4 ,calais1 ,abbot ,st4 ,leonorus1 ,bishop ,st4 ,simeon ,st4 ,thierri1 ,abbot ,st4 ,cybar1 ,recluse #b4 ,the ,visitation of the ,blessed ,virgin ,,ss4 ,processus and ,martinian1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,otho1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,monegondes1 ,recluse ,st4 ,oudoceus1 ,bishop #c4 ,st4 ,phocas1 ,martyr ,st4 ,guthagon1 ,recluse ,st4 ,gunthiern1 ,abbot ,st4 ,bertran1 ,bishop #d4 ,st4 ,ulric1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,odo1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,sisoes1 ,anchoret ,st4 ,bertha1 ,widow1 ,abbess ,st4 ,finbar1 ,abbot in ,ireland ,st4 ,bolcan1 ,abbot in ,ireland #e4 ,st4 ,peter1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,modwena1 ,virgin in ,ireland ,st4 ,edana1 ,virgin in ,ireland #f4 ,st4 ,palladius1 ,bishop and ,confessor1 ,apostle of the ,scots ,account of ancient principal ,scottish ,saints commemorated in an ancient ,scottish ,calendar published by ,mr4 ,robert ,keith ,st4 ,julian1 ,anchoret ,st4 ,sexburgh1 ,abbess ,st4 ,goar1 ,priest1 ,confessor ,st4 ,moninna1 ,virgin in ,ireland #g4 ,st4 ,pantnus1 ,father of the ,church ,st4 ,willibald1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,hedda1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,edelburga1 ,virgin ,st4 ,felix1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,benedict ,,xi41 ,pope and ,confessor #h4 ,st4 ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,portugal ,st4 ,procopius1 ,martyr ,,ss4 ,kilian1 ,bishop1 ,colman1 ,priest1 and ,totnan1 ,deacon1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,withburge1 ,virgin ,b4 ,theobald1 ,abbot ,st4 ,grimbald1 ,abbot #i4 ,st4 ,ephrem1 ,doctor of the ,church ,appendix on the ,writings of ,st4 ,ephrem ,,ss4 ,martyrs of ,gorcum ,st4 ,everildis1 ,virgin ,st4 ,veronica ,giuliani #aj4 ,the ,seven ,brothers1 and ,st4 ,felicitas1 their mother1 ,martyrs ,,ss4 ,rufina and ,secunda1 ,virgins1 ,martyrs #aa4 ,st4 ,james1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,his ,writings ,st4 ,hidulphus1 ,bishop ,st4 ,pius ,i41 ,pope and ,martyr ,st4 ,drostan1 ,abbot in ,scotland #ab4 ,st4 ,john ,gualbert1 ,abbot ,,ss4 ,nabor and ,felix1 ,martyrs #ac4 ,st4 ,eugenius1 ,bishop1 c41 ,confessors ,st4 ,anacletus1 ,pope and ,martyr ,st4 ,turiaf1 ,bishop #ad4 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 ,cardinal1 ,bishop1 and ,doctor of the ,church ,life of ,b4 ,giles of ,assisio ,lives and ,writings of ,peter ,lombard1 surnamed ,master of the ,sentences1 ,bishop of ,paris1 ,john ,duns ,scotus1 ,professor of ,divinity at ,oxford1 and ,william ,ockham ,st4 ,camillus de ,lellis1 ,confessor ,st4 ,idus1 ,bishop in ,ireland #ae4 ,st4 ,henry ,,ii41 ,emperor ,some account of the ,territories conferred by ,pepin1 and confirmed by ,charlemagne1 on the ,holy ,see ,st4 ,plechelm1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,swithin1 ,bishop and ,confessor #af4 ,st4 ,eustathius1 ,patriarch of ,antioch1 ,confessor ,life and ,writings of ,eusebius1 ,bishop of ,csarea ,st4 ,elier1 ,hermit and ,martyr #ag4 ,st4 ,alexius1 ,confessor ,st4 ,speratus1 c41 ,martyrs ,life and ,writings of ,tertullian ,st4 ,marcellina1 ,virgin ,st4 ,ennodius1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,leo ,,iv41 ,pope and ,confessor ,some ,account of the ,slander of ,pope ,joan ,st4 ,turninus1 ,confessor1 of ,ireland #ah4 ,st4 ,symphorosa and her seven ,sons1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,philastrius1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,arnoul1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,arnoul1 ,martyr ,st4 ,frederic1 ,bishop and ,martyr ,st4 ,odulph1 ,confessor ,st4 ,bruno1 ,bishop and ,confessor #ai4 ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 ,confessor ,some ,account of ,jansenism ,st4 ,arsenius1 ,anchoret of ,scet ,st4 ,symmachus1 ,pope and ,confessor ,st4 ,macrina1 ,virgin #bj4 ,st4 ,joseph ,barsabas1 ,confessor ,st4 ,margaret1 ,virgin and ,martyr ,,ss4 ,justa and ,rufina1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,ceslas1 ,confessor ,st4 ,aurelius1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,ulmar1 ,abbot ,st4 ,jerom miliani1 ,confessor #ba4 ,st4 ,praxedes1 ,virgin ,st4 ,zoticus1 ,bishop and ,martyr ,st4 ,barhadbesciabas1 ,martyr ,st4 ,victor1 ,martyr ,life and ,writings of ,cassian ,lives and ,writings of ,hugh and ,richard1 ,canon ,regulars of ,st4 ,victor ,st4 ,arbogastus1 ,bishop and ,confessor #bb4 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen ,st4 ,vandrille1 ,abbot ,st4 ,joseph of ,palestine ,st4 ,meneve1 ,abbot ,st4 ,dabius1 ,confessor1 of ,ireland #bc4 ,st4 ,apollinaris1 ,bishop and ,martyr ,st4 ,liborius1 ,bishop and ,confessor #bd4 ,st4 ,lupus1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,francis ,solano1 ,confessor ,,ss4 ,romanus and ,david1 ,martyrs ,some ,account of the ,russians1 their ,saints1 c4 ,st4 ,christina1 ,virgin and ,martyr ,,ss4 ,wulfhad and ,ruffin1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,lewine1 ,virgin and ,martyr ,st4 ,declan1 ,bishop in ,ireland ,st4 ,kinga1 ,virgin #be4 ,st4 ,james the ,great1 ,apostle ,st4 ,christopher1 ,martyr ,,ss4 ,thea and ,valentine1 ,virgins1 and ,st4 ,paul1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,cucufas1 ,martyr ,st4 ,nissen1 ,abbot in ,ireland #bf4 ,st4 ,anne1 ,mother of the ,blessed ,virgin ,st4 ,germanus1 ,bishop and ,confessor #bg4 ,st4 ,pantaleon1 ,martyr ,,ss4 ,maximian1 ,malchus1 ,martinian1 ,dionysius1 ,john1 ,serapion1 and ,constantine1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,congall1 ,abbot in ,ireland ,st4 ,lucian1 ,confessor in ,ireland #bh4 ,,ss4 ,nazarius and ,celsus1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,victor1 ,pope and ,martyr ,st4 ,innocent ,i41 ,pope and ,confessor ,st4 ,sampson1 ,bishop and ,confessor #bi4 ,st4 ,martha1 ,virgin ,,ss4 ,simplicius1 ,faustinus1 and ,beatrice1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,felix1 ,pope and ,martyr ,st4 ,william1 ,bishop and ,confessor ,st4 ,olaus1 ,king and ,martyr ,another ,st4 ,olaus1 ,king and ,martyr #cj4 ,,ss4 ,abdon and ,sennen1 ,martyrs ,st4 ,julitta1 ,martyr #ca4 ,st4 ,ignatius of ,loyola1 ,confessor ,st4 ,john ,columbini1 ,confessor ,st4 ,helen1 ,martyr ,,july #a4 ,,saint ,,rumold1 ,b4 ,m4 ,,patron ,,of ,,mechlin4#a ,from the ,bollandists4 ,ward1 ,act4 c4 ,s4 ,rumoldi1 ,lov4 #affb1 #dto4 ,sellerii ,act4 ,s4 ,rumoldi1 ,an4 #agah1 c4 ,a4 ,d4 #gge4 ,st4 ,rumold renounced the world in his youth and embraced a state of voluntary poverty1 being convinced that whatever exceeds the calls of nature is a useless load and a perfect burden to him that bears it4 ,he was the most declared enemy to voluptuousness2 and by frugality1 moderation1 and a heart pure and disengaged from all seducing vanities1 and desires of what is superfluous1 he tasted the most solid pleasure which virtue gives in freeing a man from the tyranny of his passions1 when he feels them subjected to him1 and finds himself above them4 ,victorious over himself1 by humility1 meekness1 and mortification1 he reaped in his soul1 without any obstacles from self-love or inordinate attachments1 the sweet and happy fruits of assiduous prayer and contemplation1 whereby he sanctified his studies1 in which he made great progress1 and at the same time advanced daily in ,christian perfection4 ,he had faithfully served ,god many years in his own country1 when an ardent zeal for the divine honor and the salvation of souls induced him to travel into ,lower ,germany to preach the faith to the idolaters4 ,he made a journey first to ,rome to receive his mission from the chief pastor1 and with the apostolic blessing went into ,brabant1 great part of which country about ,mechlin he converted to the faith4 ,he was ordained a regionary or missionary bishop without any fixed see4 ,he frequently interrupted his exterior functions to renew his spirit before ,god in holy solitude4 ,in his retirement he was slain on the #bdth of ,june in #gge1 by two sons of ,belial1 one of whom he had reproved for adultery4 ,his body was thrown into a river1 but being miraculously discovered1 it was honorably interred by his virtuous friend and protector1 count ,ado4 ,a great and sumptuous church was built at ,mechlin to receive his precious relics1 which is still possessed of that treasure1 and bears the name of this saint4 ,the city of ,mechlin keeps his feast a solemn holiday1 and honors him as its patron and apostle4 ,janning the ,bollandist gives a long history of his miracles4 ,his great church at ,mechlin was raised to the metropolitical dignity by ,paul ,,iv4 ,ware says that the feast of ,st4 ,rumold was celebrated as a double festival with an office of nine lessons throughout the province of ,dublin before the reformation4 ,it was extended to the whole kingdom of ,ireland in the year #agda4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was from the spirit of prayer that the saints derived all their lights and all their strength4 ,this was the source of all the blessings which heaven through their intercession showered down on the world1 and the means which they employed to communicate an angelical purity to their souls4 8,this spirit10 says a father of the ,church1#b 8is nourished by retreat1 which in some manner may be called the parent of purity40 ,this admirable transformation of our souls produced by prayer is to be attributed to ,god's glory1 which by prayer he makes to shine in the secret of our hearts4 ,in fine1 when all the avenues of our senses are closed against the creature1 and that ,god dwells with us1 and we with ,god2 when freed from the tumult and distractions of the world we apply all our attention to interior things and consider ourselves such as we are1 we then become capable of clearly contemplating the kingdom of ,god1 established in us by that charity and ardent love which consumes all the rust of earthly affections4 ,for the kingdom of heaven1 or rather the ,lord of heaven itself1 is within us1 as ,jesus ,christ himself assures us4 ,,ss4 ,,julius ,,and ,,aaron1 ,,mm4 ,these saints were ,britons1 and seem to have taken1 the one a ,roman and the other a ,hebrew name at their baptism4 ,they glorified ,god by martyrdom at ,caerleon upon ,usk in ,monmouthshire1 in the persecution of ,dioclesian1 probably about the year #cjc4 ,st ,gildas1#c ,st4 ,bede1#d and others1 speak of their triumph as having been most illustrious4 ,leland and ,bale say1 ,,ss4 ,julius and ,aaron had travelled to ,rome1 and 8there applied themselves to the sacred studies40 ,bede adds1 8very many others of both sexes1 by unheard-of tortures1 attained to the crown of heavenly glory40 ,giraldus ,cambrensis informs us1 that their bodies were honored at ,caerleon in the year #abjj1 when he wrote4 ,each of these martyrs had a titular church in that city2 that of ,st4 ,julius1 belonged to a nunnery1 and that of ,st4 ,aaron to a monastery of canons4 ,see ,godwin ,de ,episc4 ,landav4 ,geoffrey of ,monmouth1 ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 ,leland1 and ,tanner1 ,bibl4 ,britan4 p4 #a4 ,,st4 ,,theobald ,,or ,,thibault1 ,c4 ,he was of the family of the counts palatine of ,champagne1 and son of count ,arnoul4 ,he was born at ,provins in ,brie in #ajag1 and was called ,theobald from the most virtuous archbishop of ,vienne1 who was his uncle4 ,in his youth he preserved his heart free from the corruption of the world amidst its vanities2 and the more pains others took to make him conceive a relish for them1 the more diligent he was in fencing his heart against their dangers1 the more perfectly he discovered their emptiness and secret poison4 ,in reading the lives of the fathers of the desert he was much affected by the admirable examples of penance1 self-denial1 holy contemplation1 and ,christian perfection1 which were set before his eyes as it were in a glass1 and he earnestly desired to imitate them4 ,the lives of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 of ,st4 ,paul the hermit1 ,st4 ,antony1 and ,st4 ,arsenius in their wildernesses1 charmed him1 and he sighed after the like sweet retirement1 in which he might without interruption converse with ,god by prayer and contemplation4 ,he often resorted to an holy hermit named ,burchard1 who lived in a little island in the ,seine2 and by making essays he began to inure himself to fasting1 watching1 long prayers1 and every rigorous practice of penance4 ,he declined all the advantageous matches and places at court or in the army which his father could propose to him4 ,his cousin ,eudo1 count palatine of ,champagne1 and count of ,chartres and ,blois1 upon the death of his uncle ,rodolph1 the last king of ,burgundy1 in #ajcd1 laid claim to that crown as next heir in blood2 but the emperor ,conrad the ,salic seized upon it by virtue of the testament of the late king4#e ,hereupon ensued a war1 and count ,arnoul ordered his son to lead a body of troops to the succor of his cousin4 ,but the young general represented so respectfully to his father the obligation of a vow by which he had bound himself to quit the world1 that he at length extorted his consent4 ,soon after the saint and another young nobleman called ,walter1 his intimate friend1 each taking one servant1 went to the abbey of ,st4 ,remigius in ,rheims1 and thence having sent back their servants with their baggage1 they set out privately2 and in the clothes of two beggars1 in exchange for which they had given their own rich garments1 they travelled barefoot into ,germany4 ,finding the forest of ,petingen in ,suabia a convenient solitude for their purpose1 they built themselves there two little cells4 ,having learned from ,burchard that manual labor is a necessary duty of an ascetic or penitential life1 and not being skilled in the manner of working to make mats or baskets1 they often went into the neighboring villages and there hired themselves by the day to serve the masons1 or to work in the fields1 to carry stones and mortar1 to load and unload carriages1 to cleanse the stables under the servants of the farmers1 or to blow the bellows and to make fires for the forges4 ,with their wages they bought coarse brown bread1 which was their whole subsistence4 ,whilst they worked with their hands1 their hearts were secretly employed in prayer2 and at night retiring again into their forest1 they watched long1 singing together the divine praises1 and continuing in holy contemplation4 ,their carriage and the tenderness of their complexion discovered that they had not been trained up in manual labor1 and the reputation of their sanctity after some time drew the eyes of men upon them4 ,to shun which they resolved to forsake a place where they were no longer able to live in humiliation and obscurity4 ,they performed barefoot a pilgrimage to ,compostella1 and returned into ,germany4 ,passing through ,triers1 it happened that ,theobald there met his father count ,arnoul2 but with his tanned face1 and in his ragged clothes1 passing for a beggar1 he was not known by him4 ,he was strongly affected1 and was scarcely able to stifle the tender sentiments with which his heart was quite overcome at the sight of so dear and affectionate a parent4 ,however1 he suppressed them2 but to quit the neighborhood where he might be again exposed to the like trial1 he undertook a pilgrimage to ,rome4 ,the two fervent penitents travelled everywhere barefoot2 and after they had visited all the holy places in ,italy1 they chose for their retirement a hideous woody place called ,salanigo1 near ,vicenza1 where with the leave of the lord of the manor they built themselves two cells1 near an old ruinous chapel4 ,prayer and the exercises of penance were their constant employment1 till after two years ,god called ,walter to himself4 ,theobald looked upon this loss as a warning that he had not long to live1 and he exerted his whole strength1 redoubling his pace to run with greater vigor as he drew near the end of his race4 ,he had lived on oat bread and water1 with roots and herbs1 but at length he interdicted himself even the use of bread1 taking no other food but herbs and roots4 ,he always wore a rough hair shirt2 his bed was a board1 and for the five last years of his life he took his rest sitting on a wooden seat4 ,the bishop of ,vicenza promoted him to priest's orders1 and several persons put themselves under his direction4 ,his lineage and quality being discovered1 his aged parents were no sooner informed that their son was alive1 and that the hermit of ,salanigo1 the reputation of whose sanctity1 prophecies1 and miracles filled all ,europe1 was that very son whose absence had been to them the cause of so long a mourning2 but they set out with great joy to see him4 ,his frightful desert1 his poor cell1 his tattered clothes1 and above all his emaciated body1 made so strong impressions upon their hearts at the first sight that they both cast themselves at his feet1 and for a considerable time were only able to speak to him by their tears4 ,when they were raised from the ground1 and had recovered from their first surprise1 faith overcame in them the sentiments of nature1 and converted their sorrow into joy4 ,the sight of so moving an example extinguished in their hearts all love of the world1 and they both resolved upon the spot to dedicate themselves to the divine service4 ,the count was obliged by his affairs to return into ,brie1 but ,gisla1 the saint's mother1 obtained her husband's consent to finish her course near the cell of her son4 ,the saint made her a little hut at some distance from his own1 and took great pains to instruct her in the practice of true perfection4 ,he was shortly after visited with his last sickness2 his body was covered over with blotches and ulcers1 and every limb afflicted with some painful disorder4 ,the servant of ,god suffered this distemper with a most edifying patience and joy4 ,a little before his death he sent for ,peter the abbot of ,vangadice1 of the order of ,camaldoli1 from whose hands he had received the religious habit a year before4 ,to him he recommended his mother and his disciples3 and having received the viaticum he expired in peace on the last day of ,june1 #ajff1 being about thirty-three years old1 of which he had spent twelve at ,salanigo and three in ,suabia1 and in his pilgrimages4 ,his relics were translated to the church dependent on the abbey of ,st4 ,columba1 at ,sens1 and afterward to a chapel near ,auxerre called ,st4 ,thibaud aux ,bois4 ,he was canonized by ,alexander ,,iii4 and his name is in great veneration at ,sens1 ,provins1 ,paris1 ,auxerre1 ,langres1 ,toul1 ,triers1 ,autun1 and ,beauvais4 ,see his life faithfully written by a contemporary author4 ,,saint ,,gal1 ,,called ,,the ,,first4 ,,bishop ,,of ,,clermont1 ,,in ,,auvergne4 ,he was born about the year #dhi4 ,his father ,george was of the first houses of that province1 and his mother ,leocadia was descended from the family of ,vettius ,apagatus1 the celebrated ,roman1 who suffered at ,lyons for the faith of ,christ4 ,they both took special care of the education of their son2 and when he arrived at a proper age1 proposed to have him married to the daughter of a respectable senator4 ,the saint1 who had taken a resolution to consecrate himself to ,god1 withdrew privately from his father's house to the monastery of ,cournon1 near the city of ,auvergne1 and earnestly prayed to be admitted there amongst the monks2 and having soon after obtained the consent of his parents1 he with joy renounced all worldly vanities to embrace religious poverty4 ,here his eminent virtues distinguished him in a particular manner1 and recommended him to ,quintianus1 bishop of ,auvergne1 who promoted him to holy orders4 ,the bishop dying in #ebg1 ,st4 ,gal was appointed to succeed him2 and in this new character his humility1 charity1 and zeal were conspicuous2 but1 above all1 his patience in bearing injuries4 ,being once struck on the head by a brutal man1 he discovered not the least emotion of anger or resentment1 and by this meekness disarmed the savage of his rage4 ,at another time ,evodius1 who from a senator became a priest1 having so far forgot himself as to treat him in the most insulting manner1 the saint1 without making the least reply1 arose meekly from his seat and went to visit the churches of the city4 ,evodius was so touched by this conduct1 that he cast himself at the saint's feet in the middle of the street and asked his pardon4 ,from this time they both lived on terms of the most cordial friendship4 ,st4 ,gal was favored with the gift of miracles2 and died about the year #eec4 ,he is mentioned this day in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,see ,st4 ,greg4 of ,tours1 his nephew1 ,vit4 ,patr4 c4 #f4 ,hist4 ,franc4 l4 #d1 c4 #e2 also the remarks of ,mabillon1 sec4 #a4 ,bened4 ,gall4 ,christ1 ,nov4 t4 #b1 p4 #bcg1 and ,selier the ,bollandist1 t4 #a1 ,jul4 p4 #ajc4 ,another ,st4 ,gal1 called the ,second1 is honored at ,clermont on the #ast of ,november4 ,he was bishop of that see in #fej4 ,see ,gall4 ,christ4 ,nova1 t4 #b1 p4 #bde4 ,,st4 ,,calais1 ,,in ,,latin ,,carilephus4 ,,first ,,abbot ,,of ,,anille ,,in ,,maine4 ,he was born in ,auvergne1 of a family equally virtuous and noble4 ,he was yet a child when they sent him to the monastery of ,menat in the diocess of ,clermont1 in order to be early principled in knowledge and piety4 ,here he became a religious1 and practised all the prescriptions of the rule with the greatest fervor4 ,after some time he quitted the monastery with ,st4 ,avi1 and they both retired to the abbey of ,micy near ,orleans4 ,the bishop of this city having destined them for holy orders1 they withdrew themselves from the abbey1 and advancing together as far as ,perche1 led by their fervor to the austerities of an eremitical life1 they separated4 ,st4 ,calais was followed by two persons1 who by no means would consent to quit him1 and with these he went to ,maine1 where he perfectly revived the rigorous discipline of the ancient eastern hermits4 ,but as he was constantly visited by numbers who sought to live under his direction1 he at length consented to receive them4 ,king ,childebert gave him land whereon to build a monastery1 which was first called ,anisole or ,anille1 from the river on which it was situated1#f but it is now1 as well as the little town built round it1 called after the saint4 ,the life of the holy founder was not only extraordinary for penance and prayer1 but he excelled in the exact observance of his rules2 insomuch that he constantly refused the visit of queen ,ultrogotha wife of ,childebert1 because one of the statutes forbade to enter the monastery4 ,he died in #edb1 and his name is mentioned this day in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,a portion of his relics is kept in the abbey of ,st4 ,calais1 but the greatest part is in the chapel of the castle of ,blois1 which also bears his name4 ,see the life of ,st4 ,calais1 written by ,siviard1 fifth abbot of ,anille1 with the notes of ,mabillon1 and the ,bollandist1 t4 #a1 ,jul4 p4 #he1 and ,martenne ,ampl4 ,coll4 t4 #a1 prf4 p4 #d1 c4 ,,saint ,,leonorus1 ,,in ,,french ,,lunaire1 ,b4 ,he was of a noble family in ,wales1 and educated under the care of ,st4 ,iltut2 and passing over into that part of ,france called the province of ,domnone1 he founded a monastery between the rivers of ,ranc and ,arguenon1 on a piece of ground which was given him by ,jona1 the lord of the country4 ,his many extraordinary virtues drew the attention of king ,childebert1 who very pressingly invited him to ,paris1 where he was received by this prince and his royal consort ,ultrogotha with every possible demonstration of the highest respect4 ,at his return he had the affliction to hear that his protector ,jona was stripped of his possessions1 and murdered by ,conomor4 ,happily however he arrived time enough to shelter that unfortunate nobleman's son ,judual from the bloody tyrant's cruelty1 and conveyed him safely to ,england3 whence ,judual afterward returned1 and recovered his inheritance4 ,the saint is styled bishop1 though he had no fixed see4 ,for it was then an established custom in ,brittany to honor the principal abbots with the episcopal dignity4 ,the year in which ,st4 ,leonorus died is not known4 ,his body was translated to a parochial church near ,st4 ,malo1 which still retains the name of ,st4 ,lunaire3 here his tomb is shown1 which is empty1 his relics being inclosed in a shrine4 ,the feast of his translation is on the #acth of ,october1 but he is principally honored in the several diocesses of ,brittany on the #ast of ,july4 ,he is patron of many churches4 ,see the ,breviary of ,leon1 of the abbey of ,st4 ,meen1 c4 also ,lobineau1 ,vies des ,,ss4 de ,bretagne1 p4 #ia1 and the ,martyrology of ,usuard4 ,,st4 ,,simeon1 ,,surnamed ,,salus4#g ,he was a native of ,egypt1 and born about the year #ebb4 ,having performed a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 he retired to a desert near the ,red ,sea1 where he remained twenty-nine years in the constant practice of a most austere penitential life4 ,here he was constantly revolving in mind that we must love humiliations if we would be truly humble2 that at least we should receive those which ,god sends us with resignation1 and own them exceedingly less than the measure of our demerits2 that it is even sometimes our advantage to seek them2 that human prudence should not always be our guide in this regard2 and that there are circumstances where we ought to follow the impulse of the ,holy ,spirit1 though not unless we have an assurance of his inspiration4 ,the servant of ,god1 animated by an ardent desire to be contemptible among men1 quitted the desert1 and at ,emesus succeeded to his wish2 for by affecting the manners of those who want sense1 he passed for a fool4 ,he was then sixty years old1 and lived six or seven years in that city1 when it was destroyed by an earthquake in #ehh4 ,his love for humility was not without reward1 ,god having bestowed on him extraordinary graces1 and even honored him with the gift of miracles4 ,the year of his death is unknown4 ,although we are not obliged in every instance to imitate ,st4 ,simeon1 and that it would be rash even to attempt it without a special call2 yet his example ought to make us blush1 when we consider with what an ill will we suffer the least thing that hurts our pride4 ,see ,evagrius1 a contemporary writer1 l4 #d1 c4 #e2 the life of the saint by ,leontius1 bishop of ,napoli in ,cyprus2 that of ,st4 ,john the ,almoner2 and the ,bollandists1 t4 #a1 ,jul4 p4 #abi4 ,,saint ,,thierri1 ,,abbot ,,of ,,mont-,d',,hor1 ,,near ,,rheims4 ,he was born in the district of ,rheims4 ,his father ,marquard was abandoned to every infamous disorder4 ,an education formed on the best ,christian principles in the house of such a person would more than probably be blasted by his bad example2 but our saint was happily removed1 and educated in learning and piety1 under the edifying example of the holy bishop ,remigius4 ,he married in complaisance to his relations2 but easily persuaded his wife to embrace the virgin state2 and becoming himself a monk1 he was made superior of an abbey founded by ,st4 ,remigius on ,mont-d',hor1 near ,rheims4 ,some time after he received holy orders1 and became famous by the many extraordinary conversions he wrought through the zeal and unction wherewith he exhorted sinners to repentance2 among these was his own father1 who persevered to his death under the direction of his son4 ,he succeeded also1 in conjunction with ,st4 ,remigius1 in converting an infamous house into a nunnery of pious virgins4 ,according to the most common opinion he died on the #ast of ,july1 #ecc4 ,it is said that king ,thierri assisted at his funeral1 and esteemed himself honored in being one of his bearers to the grave4 ,his relics1 lest they should be exposed to the impiety of the ,normans1 were hidden under ground1 but discovered in #igf1 and are still preserved in a silver shrine4 ,he is mentioned on this day in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,see ,mabillon1 ,act4 t4 #a1 p4 #fad4 ,bulteau1 ,hist4 de l',ordre de ,st4 ,ben4 t4 #a1 p4 #bhg2 ,baillet ad l4 ,jul4 and ,gal4 ,christ4 ,nov4 t4 #i1 p4 #ahj4 ,,saint ,,cybar1 ,a ,,recluse ,,at ,,angouleme4 ,eparcus1 commonly called ,cybar1 quitted the world in spite of his parents1 who would hinder him to follow his vocation2 and retiring to the monastery of ,sedaciac in ,perigord1 he there served ,god some time under abbot ,martin1 and soon became known and admired for his extraordinary virtues and miracles4 ,wherefore1 in dread of the seduction of vain-glory1 he left his monastery to hide himself in absolute solitude4 ,it was near ,angouleme1 with the bishop of ,perigueux's and his abbot's leave1 he shut himself up in a cell4 ,but his virtues were too striking for concealment1 and the bishop of ,angouleme obliged him to accept the priesthood4 ,cybar was extremely austere in his food and apparel1 especially during ,lent4 ,although a recluse1 he did not refuse to admit disciples2 but he would not allow them manual labor1 as1 after his own example1 he willed they should be constantly occupied in prayer4 ,when any of them would complain for want of necessaries1 he would tell them with ,st4 ,jerom1 that 8,faith never feared hunger40 ,nor was he deceived in his trust on ,providence1 as he always found abundance for himself and his disciples in the beneficence of the faithful2 insomuch that he was even enabled to redeem a great number of captives4 ,he died the #ast of ,july1 #eha1 having lived about forty years in his cell4 ,his relics were kept in the abbey church of his name until #aefh1 when they were burnt by the ,huguenots4 ,see ,mabillon1 ,act4 t4 #a1 p4 #bfg2 ,bulteau1 ,histoire de l',ordre de ,st4 ,benoit1 t4 #a1 p4 #bce2 ,gallia ,chr4 ,nov4 t4 #b1 p4 #igh1 #igi1 c4 ,,july ,,ii4 ,,the ,,visitation ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,from the example of ,christ1 his blessed ,mother1 and the apostles1 ,st4 ,thomas shows#h that state to be in itself the most perfect which joins together the functions of ,martha and ,mary1 or of the active and contemplative life4 ,this is endeavored by those persons who so employ themselves in the service of their neighbor1 as amidst their external employs or conversation often to raise their minds to ,god1 feeding always on their heavenly invisible food1 as the angel did in ,toby's company on earth4 ,who also1 by the practice and love of daily recollection and much solitude1 fit themselves to appear in public2 and who by having learned the necessary art of silence in its proper season1 and by loving to speak little among men1#i study to be in the first place their own friends1 and by reflection and serious consideration to be thoroughly acquainted with themselves1 and to converse often in heaven4#aj ,such will be able to acquit themselves of external employs without prejudice to their own virtue1 when called to them by duty1 justice1 or charity4 ,they may avoid the snares of the world1 and sanctify their conversation with men4 ,of this the ,blessed ,virgin is to us a perfect model in the visit paid to her cousin ,elizabeth1 as ,st4 ,francis of ,sales takes notice1 who borrowed from this mystery the name which he gave to his ,order of nuns1 who1 according to the first plan of their institute1 were devoted to visit and attend on the sick4 ,the angel ,gabriel1 in the mystery of the ,annunciation1 informed the mother of ,god1 that her cousin ,elizabeth had miraculously conceived1 and was then in the sixth month of her pregnancy4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin1 out of humility1 concealed the favor she had received and the wonderful dignity to which she was raised by the incarnation of the ,son of ,god in her womb2 but in the transport of her holy joy and gratitude1 she would go to congratulate the mother of the ,baptist2 with which resolution the ,holy ,ghost inspired her for his great designs in favor of her ,son's precursor not yet born4 ,mary therefore arose1 saith ,st4 ,luke1 and with haste went into the hilly-country into a city of ,juda2 and entering into the house of ,zachary saluted ,elizabeth4 ,she made this visit to a saint1 because the company of the servants of ,god is principally to be sought1 from whose example and very silence the heart will always treasure up something1 and the understanding receive some new light and improvement in charity4 ,as glowing coals increase their flame by contact1 so is the fire of divine love kindled in a fervent soul by the words and example of those who truly love ,god4 ,in this journey what lessons of humility does the holy ,virgin give us6 ,she had been just saluted mother of ,god1 and exalted above all mere creatures1 even the highest seraphim of heaven2 yet far from being elated with the thoughts of her incomprehensible dignity1 she appears but the more humble by it4 ,she prevents the mother of the ,baptist in this office of charity2 the mother of ,god pays a visit to the mother of her ,son's servant2 the ,redeemer of the world goes to his precursor4 ,what a subject of confusion is this to the pride of the children of the world6 who1 not content with the rules of respect which the law of subordination requires1 carry their vanity to an excess of ceremoniousness contrary even to good manners1 and to the freedom of conversation1 which they make an art of constraint and of torture both to themselves and others2 and in which they seek not any duty of piety or improvement in virtue1 but loathsome means of foolish flattery1 the gratification of vanity1 or that dissipation of mind which continually entertains it with trifles and idleness1 and is an enemy to serious consideration and virtue4 ,when the office of charity called upon ,mary1 she thought of no dangers or difficulties in so painful and long a journey of above fourscore miles from ,nazareth in ,galilee to ,hebron1 a sacerdotal city in the mountainous country on the western side of the tribe of ,juda4 ,the inspired writer takes notice1 that she went with haste or with speed and diligence1 to express her eagerness to perform this good office4 ,charity knows not what sloth is1 but always acts with fervor4 ,she likewise would hasten her steps out of modesty1 not choosing to appear abroad1 but as compelled by necessity or charity2 not travelling out of vanity1 idleness1 or curiosity1 but careful in her journey to shun the dissipation of the world1 according to the remarks of ,st4 ,ambrose4 ,whence we may also gather with what care she guarded her eyes1 and what was the entertainment of her pious soul with ,god upon the road4 ,being arrived at the house of ,zachary1 she entered it1 and saluted ,elizabeth4 ,what a blessing did the presence of the ,god-man bring to this house1 the first which he honored in his humanity with his visit6 ,but ,mary is the instrument and means by which he imparts to it his divine benediction2 to show us that she is a channel through which he delights to communicate to us his graces1 and to encourage us to ask them of him through her intercession4 ,at the voice of the mother of ,god1 but by the power and grace of her ,divine ,son1 in her womb1 ,elizabeth was filled with the ,holy ,ghost and the infant in her womb was sanctified2 and miraculously anticipating the use of reason1 knew by divine inspiration the mystery of the incarnation1 and who it was that came to visit him4 ,from this knowledge he conceived so great1 so extraordinary a joy as to leap and exult in the womb4#aa ,if ,abraham and all the ancient prophets exulted only to foresee in spirit that day when it was at the distance of so many ages1 what wonder the little ,baptist felt so great a joy to see it then present6 ,how eagerly did he desire to take up his office of precursor1 and already to announce to men their ,redeemer that he might be known and adored by all6 ,but how do we think he adored and reverenced him present in his mother's womb8 and what were the blessings with which he was favored by him8 ,he was cleansed from original sin1 and filled with sanctifying grace1 was made a prophet1 and adored the ,messiah before he was yet born4 ,at the same time ,elizabeth was likewise filled with the ,holy ,ghost2 and by his infused light1 she understood the great mystery of the ,incarnation which ,god had wrought in ,mary1 whom humility prevented from disclosing it even to a saint1 and an intimate friend4 ,in raptures of astonishment1 ,elizabeth pronounced her blessed above all other women1 she being made by ,god the instrument of his blessing to the world1 and of removing the malediction which through ,eve had been entailed on mankind4 ,but the fruit of her womb she called blessed in a sense still infinitely higher1 he being the immense source of all graces1 by whom only ,mary herself was blessed4 ,elizabeth1 then turning her eyes upon herself1 cried out--,whence is this to me that the mother of my ,lord should come to me8 ,she herself had conceived barren and by a miracle2 but ,mary1 a virgin1 and by the ,holy ,ghost2 she conceived one greater than the prophets1 but ,mary the eternal ,son of ,god1 himself true ,god4 ,the ,baptist1 her son1 used the like exclamation to express his confusion and humility when ,christ came to be baptized by his hands4 ,in the like words and profound sentiments ought we to receive all the visits of ,god in his graces1 especially in the holy sacraments4 ,elizabeth styles ,mary1 ,mother of her ,lord1 that is1 mother of ,god2 and she foretells that all things would befall her and her ,son which had been spoken by the prophets4 ,mary hearing her own praise1 sunk the lower in the abyss of her nothingness1 and converting all good gifts to the glory of ,god1 whose gratuitous mercy had bestowed them1 in the transport of her humility1 and melting in an ecstasy of love and gratitude1 burst into that admirable canticle called the ,magnificat4 ,it is the first record in the ,new ,testament1 and both in the noble sentiments which compose it1 and in the majesty of the style1 surpasses all those of the ancient prophets4 ,it is the most perfect model of thanksgiving and praise for the incarnation of the ,son of ,god1 and the most precious monument of the profound humility of ,mary4 ,in it she glorifies ,god with all the powers of her soul for his boundless mercies1 and gives to him alone all the glory4 ,in the spiritual gladness of her heart she adores her ,saviour1 who had cast his merciful eyes upon her lowliness4 ,though all nations will call her blessed1 she declares that nothing is her due but abjection1 and that this mystery is the effect of the pure power and mercy of ,god2 and that he who had dethroned tyrants1 fed the hungry in the wilderness1 and wrought so many wonders in favor of his people1 had now vouchsafed himself to visit them1 to live among them1 to die for them1 and to fulfil all things which he had promised by his prophets from the beginning4 ,mary stayed with her cousin almost three months2 after which she returned to ,nazareth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whilst with the ,church we praise ,god for the mercies and wonders which he wrought in this mystery1 we ought to apply ourselves to the imitation of the virtues of which ,mary sets us a perfect example4 ,from her we ought particularly to learn the lessons by which we shall sanctify our visits and conversation2 actions which are to so many ,christians the sources of innumerable dangers and sins4 ,we must shun not only scurrilous and profane discourse1 but whatever is idle1 light1 airy1 or unprofitable2 whilst we unbend our mind1 we ought as much as possible to see that conversation which is conducive to the improvement of our hearts or understandings1 and to the advancement of virtue and solid useful knowledge4 ,if we suffer our mind to be puffed up with empty wind1 it will become itself such as is the nourishment upon which it feeds4 ,we should shun the vice of talkativeness1 did we but consult that detestable vanity itself which betrays us into this folly4 ,for nothing is more tyrannical or more odious and insupportable in company than to usurp a monopoly of the discourse4 ,nothing can more degrade us in the opinion of others than for us to justle1 as it were1 for the word2 to vent all we have in our hearts1 at least a great deal that we ought to conceal there2 and without understanding ourselves1 or taking a review of our meaning or words1 to pour out embryos of half-formed conceptions1 and speak of the most noble subjects in an undress of thoughts4 ,what proofs of our vanity and folly1 what disgraces1 what perplexities1 what detractions1 and other evils and sins should we avoid1 if we were but sparing and reserved in our words6 ,if we find ourselves to swell with an itch of talking1 big with our own thoughts1 and impatient to give them vent1 we must by silence curb this dangerous passion1 and learn to be masters of our words4 ,,ss4 ,,processus ,,and ,,martinian1 ,,martyrs4 ,by the preaching and miracles of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul at ,rome1 many were converted to the faith1 and among others several servants and courtiers of the emperor ,nero1 of whom ,st4 ,paul#ab makes mention4#ac ,in the year #fd that tyrant first drew his sword against the ,christians1 who were in a very short time become very numerous and remarkable in ,rome4 ,a journey which he made into ,greece in #fg1 seems to have given a short respite to the ,church in ,rome4 ,he made a tour through the chief cities of that country1 attended by a great army of singers1 pantomimes1 and musicians1 carrying instead of arms1 instruments of music1 masks1 and theatrical dresses4 ,he was declared conqueror at all the public diversions over ,greece1 particularly at the ,olympian1 ,isthmian1 ,pythian1 and ,neman games1 and gained there one thousand eight hundred various sorts of crowns4 ,yet ,greece saw its nobility murdered1 the estates of its rich men confiscated1 and its temples plundered by this progress of ,nero4 ,he returned to ,rome only to make the streets of that great city again to stream with blood4 ,the apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 after a long imprisonment1 were crowned with martyrdom4 ,and soon after them their two faithful disciples ,processus and ,martinian gained the same crown4 ,their acts tell us that they were the keepers of the ,mamertine jail during the imprisonment of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 by whom they were converted and baptized4 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great preached his thirty-second homily on their festival1 in a church in which their bodies lay1 at which1 he says1 the sick recovered their health1 those that were possessed by evil spirits were freed1 and those who had forsworn themselves were tormented by the devils4 ,their ancient church on the ,aurelian road being fallen to decay1 pope ,paschal ,i4 translated their relics to ,st4 ,peter's church on the ,vatican hill1 as ,anastasius informs us4 ,their names occur in the ancient ,martyrologies4 ,see ,tillemont1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 t4 #a1 p4 #agi1 and ,hist4 des ,emp4 ,crevier1 c4 ,,st4 ,,otho1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,bamberg1 ,,confessor4 ,he was a native of ,swabia1 in ,germany1 and being a clergyman eminent for piety and learning1 was chosen by the emperor ,henry ,,iv4 to attend his sister ,judith in quality of chaplain when she was married to ,boleslas ,,iii4 duke of ,poland1 that state remaining deprived of the royal dignity#ad from the year #ajgi till it was restored in #abie1 in favor of ,premislas ,,ii4 ,after the death of that princess1 ,otho returned1 and was made by ,henry ,,iv4 his chancellor4 ,that prince caused the seals and crosses of every deceased bishop and great abbot to be delivered to him1 and he sold them to whom he pleased4 ,this notorious simony and oppression of the ,church was zealously condemned by the pope1 in opposition to whom the emperor set up the antipope ,guibert4 ,otho labored to bring his prince to sentiments of repentance and submission1 and refused to approve his schism or other crimes4 ,notwithstanding which1 so great was the esteem which the emperor had for his virtue1 that1 resolving to make choice at least of one good bishop1 he nominated him bishop of ,bamberg in #aajc4 ,the saint1 notwithstanding the schism1 went to ,rome and received his confirmation together with the pall from pope ,paschal ,,ii4 ,he labored to extinguish the schism1 and to obviate the mischiefs which it produced2 and for this purpose he displayed his eloquence and abilities in the diet at ,ratisbon in #aajd4 ,henry ,v4 succeeding his father in #aajf1 continued to foment the schism2 yet inherited the esteem of his predecessor for our saint1 though he always adhered to the holy see1 and was in the highest credit with all the popes of his time2 so strongly does virtue command respect even in its adversaries1 and such is the power of meekness in disarming the fiercest tyrants4 ,st4 ,otho joined always with the functions of his charge the exercises of an interior life1 in which he was an admirable proficient4 ,he made many pious foundations1 calling them inns which we erect on our road to eternity4 ,boleslas ,,iv4 duke of ,poland1 son of that ,boleslas who had married the sister of ,henry ,,iv4 having succeeded his elder brother ,ladislas ,,ii4 and conquered part of ,pomerania1 entreated ,st4 ,otho to undertake a mission among the idolaters of that country4 ,the good bishop having settled his own diocess in good order1 and obtained of pope ,honorius ,,ii4 a commission for that purpose1 took with him a considerable number of zealous priests and catechists1 and passed through ,poland into ,prussia1 and thence into eastern ,pomerania4 ,he was met by ,uratislas ,,ii4 duke of ,upper ,pomerania1 who received the sacrament of baptism with the greatest part of his people in #aabd4 ,st4 ,otho returned to ,bamberg for ,easter the following year1 having appointed priests every where to attend the new converts1 and finish the work he had so happily begun4 ,the towns of ,stetin and ,julin having again relapsed into idolatry1 ,st4 ,otho1 with a second blessing of pope ,honorius ,,ii4 returned into ,pomerania in #aabh1 brought those cities back to the faith1 and through innumerable hardships and dangers carried the light of the gospel into ,noim1 and other remote barbarous provinces4 ,he returned again to the care of his own flock1 amidst which he died the death of the saints on the #cjth of ,june1 #aaci4 ,he was buried on the #b;d of ,july1 on which day he is commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,he was canonized by ,clement ,,iii4 in #aahi4 ,the rich shrine which contains his sacred remains is preserved in the electoral treasury at ,hanover4 ,see ,thesaurus ,reliquiarum ,electoris ,brunswico-,luneburgensis1 folio1 printed at ,hanover in #agac4 ,see also the accurate life of this saint in the latter editions of ,surius1 and in ,acta ,sanctorum1 by the ,bollandists1 t4 #a1 ,julii4 ,,st4 ,,monegondes1 ,a ,,recluse ,,at ,,tours4 ,she was a native of ,chartres1 and honorably married4 ,she had two daughters1 who were the objects of her happiness and most ardent desires in this world till ,god was pleased1 in mercy towards her1 to deprive her of them both by death4 ,her grief for this loss was at first excessive1 and by it she began to be sensible that her attachment to them had degenerated into immoderate passion2 though she had not till then perceived the disorder of a fondness which had much weakened in her breast the love of ,god1 and the disposition of perfect conformity to his holy will above all things and in all things4 ,a fear of offending ,god obliged her to overcome this grief1 and she confessed the divine mercy in the cure of her inordinate affection which stood in need of so severe a remedy4 ,however1 resolving to bid adieu to this transitory treacherous world1 she1 with her husband's consent1 built herself a cell at ,chartres1 in which she shut herself up1 serving ,god in great austerity and assiduous prayer4 ,she had no other furniture than a mat strewed on the floor on which she took her short repose1 and she allowed herself no other sustenance than coarse oat bread with water which was brought her by a servant4 ,she afterward removed to ,tours1 where she continued the same manner of life in a cell which she built near ,st4 ,martin's4 ,many fervent women joining her1 this cell grew into a famous nunnery1 which has been since changed into a collegiate church of secular canons4 ,st4 ,monegondes lived many years a model of perfect sanctity1 and died in #egj4 ,she is named in the ,roman ,martyrology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the loss of dear friends is a sensible affliction1 under which something may be allowed to the tenderness of nature4 ,insensibility is no part of virtue4 ,the bowels of saints are always tender1 and far from that false apathy of which the stoics boasted4 8,i condemn not grief for the death of a friend10 says ,st4 ,chrysostom1#ae 8but excess of grief4 ,to mourn is a part of nature2 but to mourn with impatience is to injure your departed friend1 to offend ,god1 and to hurt yourself4 ,if you give thanks to ,god for his mercies and benefits1 you glorify him1 honor the deceased1 and procure great advantages for yourself40 ,motives of faith must silence the cries of nature4 8,how absurd is it to call heaven much better than this earth1 and yet to mourn for those who depart thither in peace10 says the same father in another place4#af ,,st4 ,,oudoceus4 ,,third ,,bishop ,,of ,,landaff1 ,,in ,,england4 ,this saint1 dedicated to ,god from his infancy by his parents1 was reared in ,christian principles under the inspection of his uncle ,saint ,theliau1 bishop of ,landaff2 and succeeded him in this see about the year #ehj4ag ,mauric1 king of ,glamorgan1 held him in the highest veneration1 and assisted him in all his endeavors to promote the glory of ,god2 being however excommunicated by the saint for assassinating a prince called ,cynedu1 he1 by his humble submission and penance1 was at length restored to the communion of the ,church4 ,st4 ,oudoceus dying about the end of the sixth century1 is mentioned in the ,english ,calendars on the #b;d of ,july4 ,see ,usher1 ,antiquit4 ,britan4 p4 #bia2 ,wharton1 ,anglia ,sacra1 t4 #b1 p4 #ffi2 ,alford1 in ,annal4 and ,lobineau1 ,vies des ,,ss4 de ,bretagne1 p4 #hi4 ,,july ,,iii4 ,,st4 ,,phocas1 ,,gardener1 ,m4 ,from his panegyric1 written by ,st4 ,asterius1 and another by ,st4 ,chrysostom1 t4 #b1 ed4 ,ben4 p4 #gjd1 ,ruinart1 p4 #fbg4 ,a4 ,d4 #cjc4 ,st4 ,phocas dwelt near the gate of ,sinope1 a city of ,pontus1 and lived by cultivating a garden1 which yielded him a handsome subsistence1 and wherewith plentifully to relieve the indigent4 ,in his humble profession he imitated the virtue of the most holy anchorets1 and seemed in part restored to the happy condition of our first parents in ,eden4 ,to prune the garden without labor and toil was their sweet employment and pleasure4 ,since their sin1 the earth yields not its fruit but by the sweat of our brow4 ,but still1 no labor is more useful or necessary1 or more natural to man1 and better adapted to maintain in him vigor of mind or health of body than that of tillage2 nor does any part of the universe rival the innocent charms which a garden presents to all our senses1 by the fragrancy of its flowers1 by the riches of its produce1 and the sweetness and variety of its fruits2 by the melodious concert of its musicians1 by the worlds of wonders which every stem1 leaf1 and fibre exhibit to the contemplation of the inquisitive philosopher1 and by that beauty and variegated lustre of colors which clothe the numberless tribes of its smallest inhabitants1 and adorn its shining landscapes1 vying with the brightest splendor of the heavens1 and in a single lily surpassing the dazzling lustre with which ,solomon was surrounded on his throne in the midst of all his glory4 ,and what a field for contemplation does a garden offer to our view in every part1 raising our souls to ,god in raptures of love and praise1 stimulating us to fervor1 by the fruitfulness with which it repays our labor1 and multiplies the seed it receives2 and exciting us to tears of compunction from our insensibility to ,god by the barrenness with which it is changed into a frightful desert1 unless subdued by assiduous toil6 ,our saint joining prayer with his labor1 found in his garden itself an instructive book1 and an inexhausted fund of holy meditation4 ,his house was opened to all strangers and travellers who had no lodging in the place2 and after having for many years most liberally bestowed the fruit of his labor on the poor1 he was found worthy also to give his life for ,christ4 ,though his profession was obscure1 he was well known over the whole country by the reputation of his charity and virtue4 ,when a cruel persecution1 probably that of ,dioclesian in #cjc1 was suddenly raised in the ,church1 ,phocas was immediately impeached as a ,christian1 and such was the notoriety of his pretended crime1 that the formality of a trial was superseded by the persecutors1 and executioners were despatched with an order to kill him on the spot wherever they should find him4 ,arriving near ,sinope1 they would not enter the town1 but stopping at his house without knowing it1 at his kind invitation they took up their lodging with him4 ,being charmed with his courteous entertainment1 they at supper disclosed to him the errand upon which they were sent1 and desired him to inform them where this ,phocas could be most easily met with4 ,the servant of ,god1 without the least surprise1 told them he was well acquainted with the man1 and would give them certain intelligence of him next morning4 ,after they were retired to bed he dug a grave1 prepared everything for his burial1 and spent the night in disposing his soul for his last hour4 ,when it was day he went to his guests1 and told them ,phocas was found1 and in their power whenever they pleased to apprehend him4 ,glad at this news1 they inquired where he was4 8,he is here present10 said the martyr1--8,i myself am the man40 ,struck at his undaunted resolution1 and at the composure of his mind1 they stood a considerable time as if they had been motionless1 nor could they at first think of imbruing their hands in the blood of a person in whom they discovered so heroic a virtue1 and by whom they had been so courteously entertained4 ,he indirectly encouraged them saying1 that as for himself1 he looked upon such a death as the greatest of favors1 and his highest advantage4 ,at length1 recovering themselves from their surprise1 they struck off his head4 ,the ,christians of that city1 after peace was restored to the ,church1 built a stately church which bore his name1 and was famous over all the ,east4 ,in it were deposited the sacred relics1 though some portions of them were dispersed in other churches4 ,st4 ,asterius1 bishop of ,amasea about the year #djj1 pronounced the panegyric of this martyr1 on his festival1 in a church1 probably near ,amasea1 which possessed a small part of his remains4 ,in this discourse#ah he says1 8that ,phocas from the time of his death was become a pillar and support of the churches on earth3 he draws all men to his house2 the highways are filled with persons resorting from every country to this place of prayer4 ,the magnificent church which 7at ,sinope7 is possessed of his body1 is the comfort and ease of the afflicted1 the health of the sick1 the magazine plentifully supplying the wants of the poor4 ,if in any other place1 as in this1 some small portion of his relics be found1 it also becomes admirable1 and most desired by all ,christians40 ,he adds1 that the head of ,st4 ,phocas was kept in his beautiful church in ,rome1 and says1 8,the ,romans honor him by the concourse of the whole people in the same manner they do ,peter and ,paul40 ,he bears testimony that the sailors in the ,euxine1 gean1 and ,adriatic seas1 and in the ocean1 sing hymns in his honor1 and that the martyr has often succored and preserved them2 and that the portion of gain which they in every voyage set apart for the poor is called ,phocas's part4 ,he mentions that a certain king of barbarians had sent his royal diadem set with jewels1 and his rich helmet a present to the church of ,st4 ,phocas1 praying the martyr to offer it to the ,lord in thanksgiving for the kingdom which his divine majesty had bestowed upon him4 ,st4 ,chrysostom received a portion of the relics of ,saint ,phocas1 not at ,antioch1 as ,baronius thought1 and as ,fronto le ,duc and ,baillet doubt1 but at ,constantinople as ,montfaucon demonstrates4#ai ,on that solemn occasion the city kept a great festival two days1 and ,st4 ,chrysostom preached two sermons1 only one of which is extant4#bj ,in this he says1 that the emperors left their palaces to reverence these relics1 and strove to share with the rest in the blessings which they procure men4 ,the emperor ,phocas built afterward another great church at ,constantinople in honor of this martyr1 and caused a considerable part of his relics to be translated thither4 ,the ,greeks only style ,saint ,phocas hiero-martyr or sacred martyr1 which epithet they sometimes give to eminent martyrs who were not bishops1 as ,ruinart demonstrates against ,baronius4 ,,st4 ,,guthagon1 ,,recluse4 ,he was an ,irishman of royal blood1 who forsaking the world to labor in securing eternal happiness1 led a penitential1 contemplative life at ,oosterk1 near ,bruges1 in ,flanders1 with ,b4 ,gillon1 an individual companion4 ,he was famed for his eminent sanctity1 attested by miracles after his death4 ,his shrine is there held in veneration1 and a chapel built in his honor4 ,he is said to have lived in the eighth century4 ,gerard1 bishop of ,tournay1 translated the relics of this saint on the #c;d of ,july1 #ajei1 in the presence of the abbots of ,dun1 ,oubenbourg1 and ,ececkout2 and on the #ast of ,october1 #addd1 they were visited by ,nicholas1 suffragan bishop of ,tournay4 ,see ,colgan in ,,mss4 and ,molanus1 p4 #acf4 ,,saint ,,gunthiern1 ,,abbot ,,in ,,brittany4 ,this saint flourished in the sixth century4 ,he was a prince in ,wales1 which he left in his youth1 and retired into ,armorica to live a recluse4 ,he stopt at the isle of ,groie1 which is about a league from the mouth of the ,blavet4 ,grallon was then lord of the isle1 and was so edified at his conversation1 that he bestowed on him1 for founding a monastery1 the land between the confluence of the river ,isol and ,ell4 ,for which reason even to this day1 the abbey is called ,kemperle1 which in the old ,british language signifies the conflux of ,ell4 ,one year that a prodigious swarm of insects devoured the corn1 ,guerech ,i41 count of ,vannes1 dreading a famine1 deputed three persons of quality to engage the saint's prayers to ,god for turning away the scourge4 ,gunthiern sent him water which he had blessed1 which he desired to be sprinkled over the fields1 and the insects were destroyed4 ,the count1 in gratitude for this extraordinary blessing1 gave him the land near the river ,blavet1 which was then called ,vernac2 but is now known by the name of ,hervegnac or ,chervegnac4 ,the saint1 it is thought1 died at ,kemperle4 ,during the incursions of the ,normans1 his body was concealed in the isle of ,groie4 ,it was discovered in the eleventh century1 and brought to the monastery of ,kemperle1#ba which now belongs to the ,benedictine ,order4 ,st4 ,gunthiern is patron of this abbey as well as of many other churches and chapels in ,brittany4 ,he is mentioned in ancient calendars on the #bith of ,june1 but the moderns place his feast on the #c;d of ,july4 ,see ,lobineau1 ,vies des ,,ss4 de ,bretagne1 p4 #di4 ,,st4 ,,bertran1#bb ,,bishop ,,of ,,mans4 ,he seems to have been born in ,poitou1 and having dedicated himself to the service of the ,church1 he received the tonsure in the city of ,tours4 ,st4 ,germain1 bishop of ,paris1 invited him to his diocess1 formed him to virtue1 and1 in token of esteem for his merit1 made him his archdeacon4 ,after the death of ,baldegisil1 an unworthy prelate1 who sought only to enrich himself by the spoils of his church1 ,st4 ,bertran was chosen his successor in the diocess of ,mans in #ehf4 ,at first he met some opposition from the corrupt manners of his people1 but zealous endeavors to restore them to virtue had soon the deserved success4 ,by his prudence he saved the state from a war which threatened it from ,waroc and ,windimacle1 princes of ,brittany4 ,he was called to the court of ,gontran1 king of ,orleans and ,burgundy1 to negotiate certain interesting matters regarding the ,church4 ,he built1 endowed1 and repaired a great number of hospitals and churches4 ,his will1 which he made in #fae1 is an esteemed piece of church-antiquity4 ,in it are many considerable legacies to churches and monasteries4 ,but what is singularly remarkable1 we see by it1 that the holy bishop enjoyed on every occasion the favor and protection of ,fredegonda4 ,during the troubles occasioned by the civil wars in ,france1 ,st4 ,bertran was three several times banished from his diocess4 ,this introduced many disorders among his people1 which he happily removed with the assistance of ,clotaire1 who after long struggles at length united to his kingdom those of ,burgundy and ,austrasia4 ,it is believed that he died the #cjth of ,june1 #fbc4 ,but he is honored on the #c;d of ,july1 being the day on which his relics were translated4 ,see ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours1 ,hist4 l4 #h1 c4 #ci1 and l4 #i1 c4 #ah2 and the saint's will published with excellent notes by ,papebroke1 #f ,jun4 and ,baillet1 under the #c;d of ,july4 ,,july ,,iv4 ,,st4 ,,ulric1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,ausburg1 ,,confessor4 ,from his accurate life1 written by ,gerard of ,ausburg1 in ,mabillon1 sc4 #b1 ,ben4 c4 ,see the ,bollandists4 ,a4 ,d4 #igc4 ,st4 ,ulric or ,udalric was son of count ,hucbald1 and of ,thietberga1 daughter of ,burchard1 one of the first dukes of ,higher ,germany4 ,he was born in #hic1 and was educated from seven years of age in the abbey of ,st4 ,gal4 ,guiborate1 a holy virgin who lived a recluse near that monastery1 foretold him that he should one day be a bishop1 and should meet with severe trials1 but exhorted him to courage and constancy under them4 ,so delicate and tender was the complexion of the young nobleman that all who knew him judged he could never live long4 ,but regularity and temperance preserved a life1 and strengthened a constitution which excessive tenderness of parents1 care of physicians1 and all other arts would probably have the sooner worn out and destroyed3 which cardinal ,lugo shows to have often happened by several instances in austere religious ,orders4#bc ,the recovery of the young count was looked upon as miraculous4 ,as he grew up1 his sprightly genius1 his innocence and sincere piety1 and the sweetness of his temper and manners charmed the good monks2 and he had already made a considerable progress in his studies when his father removed him to ,ausburg1 where he placed him under the care of ,adalberon1 bishop of that city4 ,the prelate1 according to the custom of those times1 made him his chamberlain when he was only sixteen years old1 afterward promoted him to the first orders1 and instituted him to a canonry in his cathedral4 ,the young clergyman was well apprised of the dangers1 and instructed in the duties of his state1 which he set himself with all his strength faithfully to discharge4 ,prayer and study filled almost all his time1 and the poor had much the greatest share in his revenues4 ,during a pilgrimage which he made to ,rome1 this bishop died1 and was succeeded by ,hiltin4 ,after his return he continued his former manner of life1 advancing daily in fervor and devotion1 and in the practices of humility and mortification4 ,he was most scrupulously careful to shun as much as possible the very shadow of danger1 especially with regard to temptations against purity1 and it was his usual saying to others3 8,take away the fuel1 and you take away the flame40 ,hilton dying in #ibd1 ,henry the ,fowler1 king of ,germany1 nominated our saint1 who was then thirty-one years of age1 to the bishopric of ,ausburg1 and he was consecrated on ,holy ,innocents' day4 ,the ,hungarians and ,sclavonians had lately pillaged that country1 murdered the holy recluse ,saint ,guiborate1 whom the ,germans honor as a martyr1 plundered the city of ,ausburg1 and burnt the cathedral4 ,the new bishop1 not to lose time1 built for the present a small church1 in which he assembled the people1 who in their universal distress stood in extreme need of instruction1 comfort1 and relief2 all which they found so abundantly in ,ulric1 that every one thought all the calamities they had suffered sufficiently repaired by the happiness they enjoyed in possessing such a pastor4 ,he excused himself from attending the court1 knowing of what importance the presence of a bishop is to his flock1 for which he is to give a severe account to ,god4 ,the levying and care of his troops1 which in quality of prince of the empire he was obliged to send to the army1 he entrusted to a nephew1 devoting himself entirely to his spiritual functions4 ,he rose every morning at three o'clock to assist with his canons at matins and lauds3 after which he recited the psalter1 litany1 and other prayers4 ,at break of day he said in choir the office for the dead1 and prime1 and was present at high mass4 ,after tierce and long private devotions he said mass4 ,he only left the church after none1 and then went to the hospital1 where he comforted the sick1 and every day washed the feet of twelve poor people1 giving to each of them a liberal alms4 ,the rest of the day he employed in instructing1 preaching1 visiting the sick1 and discharging all the duties of a vigilant pastor4 ,he took his frugal meal only in the evening before complin4 ,in this the poor always shared with him1 for whom and for strangers meat was served up1 except on fast-days1 though he never touched it himself4 ,he allowed himself very little time for sleep1 lay on straw1 and never used any linen4 ,in ,lent he redoubled his austerities and devotions4 ,he made every year the visit of his whole diocess1 and held a synod of his clergy twice a year4 ,upon the death of ,henry ,i4 ,otho ,i4 succeeded in the kingdom of ,germany1 between whom and his unnatural son ,luitolf1 a civil war broke out4 ,st4 ,ulric strenuously declared himself against the rebels1 who on that account harassed and plundered his diocess4 ,but ,arnold1 count palatine1 being slain before the walls of ,ratisbon1 ,st4 ,ulric obtained the king's pardon for his son and the rest of the rebels4 ,the saint had fenced the city of ,ausburg with strong walls1 and erected several fortresses to secure the people from the inroads of barbarians4 ,this was a precaution of the utmost importance2 for the ,hungarians made a second incursion1 and laid siege to ,ausburg4 ,the good pastor continued in prayer1 like ,moses on the mountain1 for his people1 whom he convened in frequent processions and devotions4 ,his prayers were heard1 and the barbarians1 being seized with a sudden panic fear1 raised the siege and fled in great confusion4 ,they were met and cut to pieces by ,otho1 who1 in #ifb1 was crowned ,emperor by the pope4 ,st4 ,ulric built his cathedral in a stately manner1 and dedicated it again to ,god in honor of ,st4 ,afra1 the celebrated patroness of ,ausburg1 in which city she received the crown of martyrdom in the persecution of ,dioclesian4 ,she is commemorated on the #eth of ,august4 ,the saint earnestly desired to resign his bishopric1 and retired to the monastery of ,st4 ,gal1 some time before his death2 but met with too great opposition4 ,he made a second journey of devotion to ,rome1 and was received with extraordinary marks of esteem by the pope1 and at ,ravenna by the emperor and his pious empress4 ,otho ,i4 died in ,may1 #igc1 and from that time the saint's health began sensibly to decline4 ,during his last sickness he redoubled his fervor4 ,in his agony he caused himself to be laid on ashes blessed and strewed on the floor in the form of a cross1 in which posture he died amidst the prayers of his clergy1 on the #dth of ,july1 #igc1 being about fourscore years old1 and having been bishop fifty years4 ,he was buried in the church of ,st4 ,afra1 which at present bears his name4 ,his sanctity was attested by miracles1 and he was canonized by pope ,john ,,xv4 in #iic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the saints living by faith had recourse to ,god in all their actions1 and by that means drew down his blessing on their undertakings4 ,it was the saying of a great man1 that persons who expose themselves to many dangers and sins1 often meet with temporal miscarriages1#bd like the ,israelites when they were deceived by the ,gabaonites1 because they neglect to commend their enterprises to ,god by fervent prayer and to consult his will4 ,,saint ,,odo1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,canterbury1 ,c4 ,he was born in the province of ,east ,angles1 of noble ,danish parents1 who1 about the year #hgj1 had accompanied ,inguar and ,hubba in their barbarous expedition1 and had acquired a peaceable plentiful settlement in that part of ,england4 ,odo from a child loved the ,christian religion1 frequented the churches1 and often spoke with honor of ,christ to his parents2 for which he was frequently severely chastised by them1 and at length disinherited and turned out of doors4 ,the young nobleman1 rejoicing to see himself naked1 and found worthy to suffer something for ,god1 chose him for his inheritance2 and1 fearing lest by sloth he should lose the advantages he had already gained1 resolved to give himself wholly to ,god1 and embrace an ecclesiastical state4 ,he was enabled to perform his studies by the liberality of the most noble and virtuous duke ,athelm1 who seems to have been son of the ealderman ,athelm1 who in the reign of king ,ethelwolf1 being assisted by the ,dorsetshire men1 had defeated the ,danes near ,portland1 in #hch4 ,the duke or governor ,athelm was one of the principal noblemen of ,england in the reign of king ,alfred1 and in the ,saxon annals1 is styled ealderman of ,wiltshire4 ,being a most religious man1 he was much taken with the piety of ,odo4 ,in #hhg he made a devout pilgrimage to ,rome1 and carried thither the alms of king ,alfred and of the ,west-,saxons1 as the ,saxon ,annals testify4 ,he had before that time procured ,odo to be ordained priest1 and made use of him for his confessarius1 as did many others who belonged to the court4 ,he recited every day the church office with him1 as it was then customary for pious persons among the laity to do4 ,our saint accompanied him to ,rome in quality of chaplain4 ,on the road1 this nobleman fell sick of a fever which in seven days reduced him almost to extremity4 ,but ,odo1 after praying for him1 presented him a glass of wine on which he had made the sign of the cross1 bidding him have an entire confidence in ,god4 ,athelm had no sooner drunk the glass1 than he found himself perfectly cured1 and able to get on horseback4 ,athelm died in #hih4 ,odo continued to be caressed as much as ever1 and was often employed by the kings ,alfred and his son ,edward the ,elder1 who began his reign in #ija4 ,king ,alfred had by his wisdom and prowess raised the ,english monarchy to the highest pitch of grandeur1 and the ,danes who1 from the time of the martyrdom of ,st4 ,edmund1 were possessed of part of ,northumberland1 and of the kingdom of the ,east-,angles1 were confined within those territories1 and restrained in the eastern provinces from making inroads by the famous ditch running from the northern fens to the river ,ouse1 and into ,suffolk1 separating ,mercia and the kingdom of the ,east-,angles1 called at this day1 from a town of that name1 ,reech-dike1 and by the common people ,devil's-dike4 ,this great ditch1 mentioned by the ,saxon ,annals in the reign of ,edward the ,elder1 seems made about this time4 ,when the ,danes broke the truce1 king ,edward entirely subdued them in the country of the ,east-,angles2 he also defeated the ,scots1 ,cumbrians1 and ,welch4 ,he built towns and fortresses in many parts of the kingdom1 as ,ethelred1 earl of ,mercia1 and after his death his courageous and virtuous widow ,ethelfleda1 daughter to king ,alfred1 did in the middle counties4 ,but nothing reflects greater honor on the name of this king1 and on his wise counsellors1 than the body or code of laws which he added to those of his father ,alfred1#be in enacting which the ,danish king of the ,east-,angles1 ,guthrun1 or rather ,guthrun's successor1 ,eoric1 concurred4 ,in these laws only pecuniary fines are prescribed for theft1 and most other crimes2 for which capital punishments were not generally instituted before the thirteenth century4 ,edward the ,elder reigned twenty-four years1 and dying in #ibe was buried in the monastery which his father ,alfred had founded at ,winchester4 ,athelstan1 his eldest son1 reigned fourteen years with great prudence and valor4 ,his father ,edward having extinguished the kingdom of the ,danes among the ,east-,angles1 ,athelstan expelled them out of ,northumberland2 obliged the ,welch to pay him a considerable annual tribute2 and in #ich vanquished also the ,scots4 ,for their king1 ,constantine1 protecting the ,danes in ,northumberland under their last king ,guthfrith and his son ,anlaff1 drew on himself the arms of king ,athelstan1 who marched with his victorious army to the very north of ,scotland1 in #icd1 as ,william of ,malmesbury relates4 ,in the same year ,constantine invaded ,england with a great army of ,scots1 ,danes1 and ,irish1 another ,anlaff1 king of ,dublin and some of the ,western ,islands1 coming over to his assistance4 ,athelstan met them at ,brunanburgh1 a place at present unknown1 near the ,humber1 and with his valiant ,west-,saxons attacking ,anlaff1 whilst his cousin ,turketil1 at the head of the ,londoners1 fell on the ,scots1 he gained a most complete victory1 which he ascribed to the intercession of ,saint ,john of ,beverly4 ,having on the other side driven the ,welch out of ,exeter he founded there a noble monastery1 which was afterward made the cathedral when the bishopric was removed from ,crediton to that city4 ,alfred of ,beverly calls ,athelstan the first monarch of all ,england1 though out of modesty he never assumed that title1 but left it to his brother ,edred to take4 ,for after the extinction of the ,danish kingdom in ,northumberland1 and the death of ,ethelfleda1 countess of ,mercia1 there remained no petty sovereign in his dominions1 which had always been the case from ,egbert to his time4 ,athelstan also subdued the ,welch and the ,scots1 and according to our historians made not only the former1 but likewise the latter tributary1 though this the ,scottish writers deny with regard to their country4 ,king ,athelstan was a great lover of peace1 piety1 and religion3 he was devout1 affable to all1 learned himself1 and a patron of learned men2 and he was as much admired and beloved by his subjects for his humility and humanity as he was feared by enemies and rebels for his military skill and invincible courage4 ,he framed many good laws1 in which he inflicted chiefly pecuniary penalties for crimes2 for which purpose he fixed for every offence a value or price according to every one's rank and estate4 ,this great king reposed an entire confidence in the prudence and sanctity of his chaplain1 and not content to make use of his counsels in his most weighty concerns1 he carried him with him in his war1 that he might always animate himself to virtue by his example and holy advice4 ,the kingdom of the ,west-,saxons was for some time all comprised under the diocess of ,winchester1 till in the reign of king ,ina1 about the year #gje1 the see of ,shirburne was erected1 and in #ije that of ,wilton for ,wiltshire1 though these two sees were again united and fixed at ,salisbury in #ajdf4 ,king ,athelstan about the beginning of his reign procured ,st4 ,odo to be chosen second bishop of ,wilton1 according to ,le ,neve's ,fasti1 though some say of ,shirburne4 ,nevertheless1 the saint was obliged often to attend the king1 and was present at the great battle of ,brunanburgh1 against the ,danes1 ,scots1 and ,irish1 in which ,athelstan1 being attacked by ,anlaff1 and almost surrounded by enemies1 having also broken or lost his sword1 called aloud for help4 ,st4 ,odo ran in upon this occasion1 and first discovered to the king a sword hanging by his side1 which was thought to have been sent from heaven1 with which1 animated by the saint1 he gained one of the most glorious and advantageous victories that ever was won by the ,english nation4 ,athelstan dying in #ida1 left the crown to his brother ,edmund1 at that time only eighteen years of age4 ,this prince reduced a second time the ,northumbers and ,anlaff the ,dane1 who had again revolted2 and governed by the wise counsels of ,st4 ,odo1 he enacted many wholesome laws1 especially to prevent family feuds and murders4 ,by one of these it is ordained that if several thieves combine together1 the eldest shall be hanged1 the rest whipped thrice4 ,this seems the first law by which robbery was punished in ,england by death4 ,the king was religious and valiant1 and being a judge of men1 reposed an entire confidence in ,st4 ,odo1 who1 in #idb1 was translated to the metropolitan see of ,canterbury4 ,the saint had consented to his first promotion with great reluctance4 ,but he opposed the second a long time with a dread which saints are usually filled with on such occasions4 ,he alleged first1 his unworthiness1 secondly1 the canons against translations1 and thirdly1 that he was no monk4 ,his two first difficulties were overruled2 and as to the third1 he at length consented to receive the ,benedictin habit from the hands of the abbot of ,fleuri1 now ,st4 ,bennet's on the ,loire1 a house then famous for its regularity4 ,the abbot was therefore invited into ,england for this purpose1 or according to others1 ,st4 ,odo travelled to ,fleuri1 and received the habit from his hands2 after which he was installed archbishop4 ,king ,edmund was assassinated by ,leof1 an outlawed thief1 who had insolently seated himself at the king's table1 in a great banquet which the king gave on the feast of ,st4 ,austin1 archbishop of ,canterbury1 in #idh4 ,edmund left two sons very young1 ,edwy and ,edgar1 but was succeeded by his brother ,edred1 in whose days happened the following miracle1 related by ,eadmer in his exact life of our saint2 also by ,william of ,malmesbury1 and the ,chronicles of the ,church of ,canterbury1 quoted in ,parker's ,british ,antiquities1 and ,du ,pin4#bf ,some of the clergy at ,canterbury being tempted to doubt of the real presence of ,christ's body in the holy eucharist1 ,st4 ,odo begged by his prayers that ,god would be pleased mercifully to demonstrate to them the truth of this sacred mystery2 and at this petition1 whilst he was saying mass in his cathedral1 at the breaking of the host1 blood was seen by all the people distilling from it into the chalice2 the saint called up to the altar those who labored under the temptation before-mentioned1 and others then present1 to bear witness to the miracle4 ,full of gratitude1 they afterward celebrated with their archbishop a solemn thanksgiving for this wonderful miracle1 in which ,christ had manifested himself visible in the flesh to their corporeal eyes4 ,king ,edred died in #iee1 after a lingering illness1 which he sanctified by the most edifying patience and acts of devotion1 having reigned nine years and a half4 ,he took the title of king of ,great ,britain1 as he styles himself in a charter which he gave to the abbey of ,croyland1 recited by ,ingulphus4 ,in another1 given to the abbey of ,reculver1#bg he calls himself ,monarch of all ,england4 ,edwy1 the eldest son of king ,edmund1 succeeded next to the throne1 and was crowned at ,kingston by ,st4 ,odo4 ,but being a youth abandoned to excessive lust1 after the coronation dinner he left his bishops and nobles to go to his mistress ,ethelgiva1 who was his own near relation4 ,st4 ,dunstan1 then abbot of ,glastenbury1 reproved him by order of ,st4 ,odo1 but was banished by the tyrant1 and the monks turned out of ,glastenbury and many other monasteries4 ,st4 ,odo exerted his zeal against the adulteress1 but the king repaired to ,gloucester when she fled to that city4 ,the enormities of his reign stirred up the ,mercians and ,northumbers to take up arms against him1 and to crown his younger brother ,edgar4 ,edwy retained the kingdom of the ,west-,saxons till his death1 which happened in #iei1 according to ,florence of ,worcester and ,laud's copy of the ,saxon annals4 ,edgar exceedingly honored ,st4 ,odo1 recalled ,st4 ,dunstan1 and advanced him to the bishopric of ,worcester4 ,he reigned about sixteen years in uninterrupted peace and prosperity1 till his death in #ige1 beloved by all his subjects1 and revered by foreigners4 ,william of ,malmesbury and ,florence of ,worcester mention his two great fleets1 said to have consisted of three thousand six hundred ships1 with which he yearly scoured the ,british seas2 and he had six or eight petty kings often to wait on him1 namely1 ,kenneth of the ,scots1 ,malcolm of ,cumberland1 ,maccus1 lord of ,man and the ,isles1 and five princes of ,wales1 who all rowed his galley from ,chester down the river ,dee4 ,these princes of ,wales were the successors of ,howel ,dha1 the wise legislator and powerful prince of all ,wales4#bh ,king ,edgar's salutary laws are chiefly to be ascribed to ,st4 ,odo and ,st4 ,dunstan4 ,this great king1 by the direction of these holy men1 set himself earnestly to repair the damages which the ,church and ,state had received under the tyranny of his brother4 ,st4 ,odo never intermitted the daily instruction of his clergy and flock1 notwithstanding his great age1 and strenuously labored to advance daily in the divine love4 ,he died in #ifa4 ,his relics1 when his shrine was plundered at the change of religion1 seem to have been deposited under a small tomb which is seen at this day in the same place where the shrine formerly stood4 ,his name was famous in our ,english ,martyrologies4 ,for his virtue he was usually styled whilst living1 ,odo se gode1 that is1 in the ,saxon language1 ,odo the ,good4 ,the ,constitutions of ,st4 ,odo seem charges delivered by him to the clergy4#bi ,the laws of the kings ,athelstan1 ,edmund1 and ,edgar1 are part laws of the ,state1 part of the ,church4 ,they were enacted in general assemblies or synods1 and are for the most part to be ascribed to ,st4 ,odo4 ,see ,matthew of ,westminster1 ,florence of ,worcester1 and the life of ,st4 ,odo1 written1 not by ,osbern the famous monk of ,canterbury1 in #ajgj1 as ,mabillon conjectured1 ,sc4 ,ben4 ,v4 p4 #bjc1 but by ,eadmer1 the disciple of ,st4 ,anselm1 in #aaba1 as ,henry ,wharton demonstrates in his ,preface1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aj1 ,anglia ,sacra4 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,odo1 written by ,osbern1 and quoted by ,william of ,malmesbury1 seems nowhere to be extant4 ,the ,history of ,st4 ,odo is compiled by ,ericus ,pantopidanus in his ,gesta ,danorum extra ,daniam4 ,hafni4 #agdj4 t4 #b1 #b1 #h1 p4 #aeg4 ,,st4 ,,sisoes ,,or ,,sisoy1 ,,anachoret ,,in ,,egypt4 ,after the death of ,st4 ,antony1 ,st4 ,sisoes was one of the most shining lights of the ,egyptian deserts4 ,he was an ,egyptian by birth4 ,having quitted the world from his youth1 he retired to the desert of ,scet1 and lived some time under the direction of abbot ,hor4 ,the desire of finding a retreat yet more unfrequented induced him to cross the ,nile and hide himself in the mountain where ,saint ,antony died some time before4 ,the memory of that great man's virtues being still fresh1 wonderfully supported his fervor4 ,he imagined he saw him1 and heard the instructions he was wont to deliver to his disciples2 and he strained every nerve to imitate his most heroic exercises1 the austerity of his penance1 the rigor of his silence1 the almost unremitting ardor of his prayer1 insomuch that the reputation of his sanctity became so illustrious as to merit the full confidence of all the neighboring solitaries4 ,some even came a great distance to be guided in the interior ways of perfection2 and1 in spite of the pains he took1 he was forced to submit his love of silence and retreat to the greater duty of charity4 ,he often passed two days without eating1 and was so rapt in ,god that he forgot his food1 so that it was necessary for his disciple ,abraham to remind him that it was time to break his fast4 ,he would sometimes be even surprised at the notice1 and contend that he had already made his meal2 so small was the attention he paid to the wants of his body4#cj ,his prayer was so fervent that it often passed into ecstasy4 ,at other times his heart was so inflamed with divine love1 that1 scarce able to support its violence1 he only obtained relief from his sighs1 which frequently escaped without his knowledge1 and even against his will4#ca ,it was a maxim with him1 that a solitary ought not to choose the manual labor which is most pleasing to him4#cb ,his ordinary work was making baskets4 ,he was tempted one day as he was selling them1 to anger2 instantly he threw the baskets away and ran off4 ,by efforts like these to command his temper he acquired a meekness which nothing could disturb4 ,his zeal against vice was without bitterness2 and when his monks fell into faults1 far from affecting astonishment or the language of reproach1 he helped them to rise again with a tenderness truly paternal4#cc ,when he once recommended patience and the exact observance of rules1 he told the following anecdote3 8,twelve monks1 benighted on the road1 observed that their guide was going astray4 ,this1 for fear of breaking their rule of silence1 they forbore to notice1 thinking within themselves that at daybreak he would see his mistake and put them in the right road4 ,accordingly1 the guide discovering his error1 with much confusion1 was making many apologies2 when the monks being now at liberty to speak1 only said1 with the greatest good humor1 #8,friend1 we saw very well that you went out of your road2 but we were then bound to silence4' ,the man was struck with astonishment1 and very much edified at this answer expressive of such patience and strictness of observance40#cd ,some ,arians had the impudence to come to his mount1 and utter their heresy before his disciples4 ,the saint1 instead of an answer1 desired one of the monks to read ,st4 ,athanasius's treatise against ,arianism1 which at once stopped their mouths and confounded them4 ,he then dismissed them with his usual good temper4 ,st4 ,sisoes was singularly devoted to humility2 and in all his advices and instructions to others1 held constantly before their eyes this most necessary virtue4 ,a recluse saying to him one day1 8,father1 ,i always place myself in the presence of ,god20 he replied1 8,it would be much more your advantage to place yourself below every creature1 in order to be securely humble40 ,thus1 while he never lost sight of the divine presence1 it was ever accompanied with the consciousness of his own nothingness and misery4#ce 8,make yourself little10 said he to a monk1 8renounce all sensual satisfactions1 disengage yourself from the empty cares of the world1 and you will find true peace of mind40#cf ,to another1 who complained that he had not yet arrived at the perfection of ,st4 ,antony1 he said1 8,ah6 if ,i had but one only of that great man's feelings1 ,i would be all one flame of divine love40#cg ,notwithstanding his extraordinary mortifications1 they appeared so trifling in his mind1 that he called himself a sensual man1 and would have every one else to be of the same opinion4#ch ,if charity for strangers sometimes constrained him to anticipate dinner-hour1 at another season1 by way of indemnification1 he protracted his fast1 as if his body were indebted to so laudable a condescension4#ci ,he dreaded praise so much1 that in prayer1 as was his custom1 with hands lifted up to heaven1 when sometimes he apprehended observation1 he would suddenly drop them down4 ,he was always ready to blame himself1 and saw nothing praiseworthy in others which did not serve him for an occasion to censure his own lukewarmness4#dj ,on a visit of three solitaries wanting instruction1 one of them said1 8,father1 what shall ,i do to shun hell-fire80 ,he made no reply4 8,and for my part10 added another1 8how shall ,i escape the gnashing of teeth1 and the worm that never dies80 8,what also will become of me10 concluded the third1 8for every time ,i think on utter darkness ,i am ready to die with fear80 ,then the saint breaking silence1 answered1 8,i confess that these are subjects which never employ my thoughts1 and as ,i know that ,god is merciful1 ,i trust he will have compassion on me4 ,you are happy10 he added1 8and ,i envy your virtue4 ,you speak of the torments of hell1 and your fears on this account must be powerful guards against the admission of sin4 ,alas6 then1 it is ,i should exclaim1 ,what shall become of me8 ,i1 who am so insensible as never even to reflect on the place of torments destined to punish the wicked after death4 ,undoubtedly this is the reason ,i am guilty of so much sin40 ,the solitaries retired much edified with this humble reply4#da ,the saint said one time1 8,i am now thirty years praying daily that my ,lord ,jesus may preserve me from saying an idle word1 and yet ,i am always relapsing40 ,this could only be the language which humility dictates2 for he was singularly observant of the times of retirement and silence1 and kept his cell constantly locked to avoid interruption1 and always gave his answers to those who asked his advice in the fewest words4#db ,the servant of ,god1 worn out with sickness and old age1 yielded at last to his disciple ,abraham's advice1 and went to reside a while at ,clysma1 a town on the border1 or at least in the neighborhood of the ,red ,sea4#dc ,here he received a visit from ,ammon1 or ,amun1 abbot of ,raithe1 who1 observing his affliction for being absent from his retreat1 endeavored to comfort him by representing that his present ill state of health wanted the remedies which could not be applied in the desert4 8,what do you say10 returned the saint1 with a countenance full of grief1 8was not the ease of mind ,i enjoyed there everything for my comfort80 ,he was not at ease till he returned to his retreat1 where he finished his holy course4 ,the solitaries of the desert assisting at his agony1 heard him1 as ,rufinus relates1 cry out1 8,behold1 abbot ,antony1 the choir of prophets and the angels come to take my soul40 ,at the same time his countenance shone1 and being some time interiorly recollected with ,god1 he cried out anew1 8,behold6 our ,lord comes for me40 ,at the instant he expired1 his cell was perfumed with a heavenly odor4#dd ,he died about the year #dbi1 after a retreat of at least sixty-two years in ,st4 ,antony's ,mount4 ,his feast is inserted in the ,greek ,menologies on the #fth of ,july2 and in some of the ,latin ,calendars on the #dth of the same month4 ,see ,rosweide1 ,cotelier1 ,tillemont1 t4 #ab1 p4 #dec1 and the ,bollandists ad diem #f ,julii1 t4 #b1 p4 #bhj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this saint must not be confounded with two other ,sisoes1 who lived in the same age4 ,one1 surnamed the ,theban1 lived at ,calamon1 in the territory of ,arsinoe4 ,another had his cell at ,petra4 ,it is of ,sisoes the ,theban that the following passage is related1 though some authors by mistake have ascribed it to ,st4 ,sisoes of ,scet4 ,a certain recluse having received some offence1 went to ,sisoes to tell him that he must have revenge4 ,the holy old man conjured him to leave his revenge to ,god1 to pardon his brother1 and forget the injury he had received4 ,but seeing that his advice had no weight with him1 8,at least10 said he1 8let us both join in an address to ,god10 then standing up1 he prayed thus aloud3 8,lord1 we no longer want your care of our interests or your protection1 since this monk maintains that we can and ought to be our own avengers40 ,this extraordinary petition exceedingly moved the poor recluse1 and throwing himself at the saint's feet1 he begged his pardon1 protesting that from that moment he would forget he had ever been injured4#de ,this holy man loved retirement so much that he delayed not a moment even in the church after the mass to hasten to his cell4 ,this was not to indulge self-love or an affected singularity1 but to shun the danger of dissipation1 and enjoy in silence and prayer the sweet conversation of ,god4 ,for at proper seasons1 especially when charity required it1 he was far from being backward in giving himself to the duties of society4 ,such was his self-denial that he seldom or ever eat bread4 ,however1 being invited one time by the neighboring solitaries to a small repast1 in condescension1 and to show how little he was guided by self-will1 observing that it would be agreeable1 8,i will eat10 said he1 8bread1 or anything you lay before me40#df ,see ,bulteau1 ,hist4 ,mon4 d',orient1 l4 #a1 c4 #c1 n4 #g1 p4 #ef4 ,tillemont1 t4 #ab1 and ,pinius1 one of the continuators of ,bollandus1 on the #fth of ,july4 ,,saint ,,bertha1 ,,widow4 ,,abbess ,,of ,,blangy ,,in ,,artois4 ,she was the daughter of count ,rigobert and ,ursana1 related to one of the kings of ,kent in ,england4 ,in the twentieth year of her age she was married to ,sigefroi1 by whom she had five daughters1 two of whom1 ,gertrude and ,deotila1 were saints4 ,after her husband's death1 she put on the veil in the nunnery which she had built at ,blangy in ,artois1 a little distance from ,hesdin4 ,her daughters ,gertrude and ,deotila followed her example4 ,she was persecuted by ,roger or ,rotgar1 who endeavored to asperse her with king ,thierri ,,iii4 to revenge his being refused ,gertrude in marriage4 ,but this prince1 convinced of the innocence of ,bertha1 then abbess over her nunnery1 gave her a kind reception1 and took her under his protection4 ,on her return to ,blangy1 ,bertha finished her nunnery1 and caused three churches to be built1 one in honor of ,st4 ,omer1 another she called after ,st4 ,vaast1 and the third in honor of ,st4 ,martin of ,tours4 ,and then1 after establishing a regular observance in her community1 she left ,st4 ,deotila abbess in her stead1 having shut herself in a cell1 to be employed only in prayer4 ,she died about the year #gbe4 ,a great part of her relics are kept at ,blangy4#dg ,see ,mabillon1 sec4 #c1 ,ben4 part4 #a1 p4 #dea1 ,bulteau1 ,hist4 de l',ordre de ,st4 ,benoit1 t4 #b1 l4 #d1 c4 #ca1 and ,baillet on the #dth of ,july4 ,,st4 ,,finbar1 ,,abbot4 ,,and ,,founder ,,of ,a ,,famous ,,monastery ,,in ,,the ,,isle ,,of ,,crimlen1 ,,between ,,kinselech ,,and ,,desies4 ,see ,colgan in ,,mss4 ad #d ,julii4 ,he is not to be confounded with ,st4 ,finbar1 the first bishop of ,cork1 who is honored on the #beth of ,september4 ,,st4 ,,bolcan1 ,,abbot4 ,a ,disciple of ,st4 ,patrick in ,ireland4 ,his relics remain at ,kilmore1 i4 e4 ,great ,cell1 where his monastery stood4 ,see ,colgan1 ib4 ,,july ,v4 ,,st4 ,,peter ,,of ,,luxemburg1 ,c4 ,,cardinal1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,metz4 ,from his life1 written by ,john de la ,marche1 his professor in laws1 the year after his death1 with the notes of ,pinius the ,bollandist1 ,julii1 t4 #a1 p4 #dhf4 ,see also the bull of his beatification in ,mirus1 and a history of a great number of miracles wrought by his intercession and relics in ,pinius1 ib4 ,his life is compiled by a ,celestine monk from original authentic ,,mss4 kept in the houses of the ,celestines at ,avignon1 ,paris1 ,nantes1 c41 printed at ,paris in #afha4 ,a4 ,d4 #achg4 ,the most illustrious houses of the dukes and counts of ,luxemburg and ,st4 ,pol1 not only have held for several centuries the first rank among the nobility of the ,low ,countries1 but vie with most royal families in ,europe2 the former having given five emperors to the ,germans1 several kings to ,hungary and ,bohemia1 a queen to ,france1 and innumerable renowned heroes1 whose great actions are famous in the histories of ,europe and the ,east4 ,but none of their exploits have reflected so great a lustre on these families as the humility of our ,saint ,peter4 ,he was son to ,guy of ,luxemburg1 count of ,ligny1 and to ,maud1 countess of ,st4 ,pol2 and was born at ,ligny1 a small town in ,lorrain1 in the diocess of ,toul1 in #acfi4 ,he was nearly related to the emperor ,wenceslas1 ,sigismund1 king of ,hungary1 and ,charles ,,vi41 king of ,france4 ,he lost his pious father at three years of age1 and his most virtuous mother a year after2 but his devout aunt1 the countess of ,orgieres and countess dowager of ,st4 ,pol1#dh took care of his education1 and made a prudent choice of most virtuous persons whom she placed about him4 ,by the excellent example and precepts of his masters1 and the strong impressions of an early grace1 he seemed formed by nature to perfect virtue4 ,in his tender age the least sallies of the passions seemed rather prevented than subdued2 and his ardor in the pursuit of virtue so far surpassed the ordinary capacity of children of his tender age1 that it was a matter of astonishment to all that knew him4 ,his assiduity and fervor in prayer1 his secret self-denials1 great abstemiousness1 and1 above all1 his love of humility in an age when others are usually governed only by the senses1 seemed a miracle of divine grace4 ,he made a private vow of perpetual chastity before he was seven years of age1 and he contrived by a hundred little artifices that no poor person should ever be dismissed wherever he was without an alms4 ,at ten years of age he was sent to ,paris1 where he studied ,latin1 philosophy1 and the canon law4 ,in the meantime his eldest brother ,valeran1 count of ,st4 ,pol1 was taken prisoner by the ,english in a battle in which they defeated the ,french and ,flemings in ,flanders4 ,upon the news that his brother was made prisoner and sent to ,calais1 ,peter1 in #acha1 interrupted his studies1 went over to ,london1 and delivered himself up a hostage for his brother till his ransom should be paid4 ,the ,english were charmed with his extraordinary virtue1 and after he had stayed a year in ,london1 generously gave him his liberty1 saying his word was a sufficient pledge and security for the ransom stipulated4 ,king ,richard ,,ii4 invited him to his court2 but ,peter excused himself1 and hastened back to ,paris to his studies4 ,his watchings and fasts were very austere1 and he made no visits but such as were indispensable1 or to persons of extraordinary virtue1 from whose conversation and example he might draw great spiritual advantage for the benefit of his own soul4 ,with this view he often resorted to ,philip of ,maisiers1 a person eminently endowed with the double spirit of penance and prayer1 who1 having been formerly chancellor of the kingdoms of ,jerusalem and ,cyprus1 led for twenty-five years a retired life in the convent of the ,celestines in ,paris1 without taking any vows1 or professing that ,order4 ,from this devout servant of ,god our saint received important instructions and advice1 which gave him great light in the exercises of prayer1 and in the paths of interior spiritual perfection4 ,in #achc his brother1 the count of ,st4 ,pol1 obtained for him a canonry in our ,lady's at ,paris2 which ecclesiastical preferment was to him a new motive to increase his fervor in the divine service4 ,his devotion and assiduity in choir1 his charity towards all1 his innocence1 his perfect spirit of mortification1 and his meekness1 edified exceedingly the whole city2 and the modesty with which he endeavored to conceal his virtues was like a fine transparent veil through which they shone with redoubled lustre4 ,his humility was most conspicuous1 of which the following instance1 among others1 is recorded3 ,when a young clerk refused to carry the cross at a solemn procession1 the new canon took it up1 and carried it with so much devotion1 that the whole city was struck with admiration to see him4 ,peter strove only to advance in humility and ,christian perfection3 this was the sole point which he had in view in all his actions and undertakings2 and he was very far from aspiring to the least ecclesiastical dignity4 ,but the reputation of his extraordinary sanctity reaching ,avignon1 ,clement ,,vii41 who1 in the great schism1 was acknowledged by ,france for true pope1 nominated him archdeacon of ,dreux1 in the diocess of ,chartres1 and soon after1 in #achd1 bishop of ,metz1 his great sanctity and prudence seeming to many a sufficient reason for dispensing with his want of age4 ,but ,peter's reluctance and remonstrances could only be overcome by a scruple which was much exaggerated to him1 that by too obstinate a disobedience he would offend ,god4 ,he made his public entry at ,metz barefoot1 and riding on an ass1 to imitate the humility of our ,redeemer4 ,he would suffer no other magnificence on that occasion than the distribution of great arms and largesses among the poor2 nor would he admit any attendants but what might inspire modesty and piety4 ,he had no sooner taken possession of his church than with the suffragan1 ,bertrand1 a ,dominican1 who was given him for his assistant1 and consecrated bishop of ,thessaly1 he performed the visitation of his diocess1 in which he everywhere corrected abuses1 and gave astonishing proofs of his zeal1 activity1 and prudence4 ,he divided his revenues into three parts1 allotting one to his church1 a second to the poor1 and reserving a third for himself and family1 though the greatest share of this he added to the portion of the poor4 ,on fast-days commanded by the ,church he took no other sustenance than bread and water2 and he fasted in the same austere manner all ,advent1 and all ,mondays1 ,fridays1 and ,saturdays throughout the year4 ,when several towns had revolted from him and created for themselves new magistrates1 his brother1 the count of ,st4 ,pol1 reduced them to their duty by force of arms4 ,the holy bishop was exceedingly mortified at this accident1 and out of his own patrimony made amends to every one even among the rebels for all losses they had sustained1 which unparalleled charity gained him all their hearts4 ,though he was judged1 by those who were best acquainted with his interior1 during his whole life never to have stained his baptismal innocence by any mortal sin1 he had so high an idea of the purity in which a soul ought always to appear in the divine presence1 especially when she approaches the holy mysteries1 that he went every day to confession with extraordinary compunction1 and bewailed the least imperfections with many tears4 ,the very shadow of the least sloth or failing in any action affrighted him4 ,in the year #achd1 ,clement ,,vii41 soon after he had nominated him bishop1 created him cardinal1 under the title of ,st4 ,george1 and in #achf called him to ,avignon1 and obliged him to reside there near his person4 ,peter continued all his former austerities in the midst of a court1 till ,clement commanded him to mitigate them for the sake of his health1 which seemed to be in a declining condition4 ,his answer was3 8,holy ,father1 ,i shall always be an unprofitable servant1 but ,i can at least obey40 ,he desired to compensate for what he lost in the practices of penance by redoubling his alms-deeds4 ,by his excessive charities his purse was always empty2 his table was most frugal1 his family very small1 his furniture mean1 and his clothes poor1 and these he never changed till they were worn out4 ,it seemed that he could not increase his alms1 yet he found means to do it by distributing his little furniture and his equipage among the indigent1 and selling for them the episcopal ring which he wore on his finger4 ,everything about him breathed an extraordinary spirit of poverty1 and published his affection for the poor4 ,at his death his whole treasure amounted only to twenty-pence4 ,in all his actions he seemed attentive only to ,god2 and he fell into raptures sometimes in the street1 or whilst he waited on the pope at court4 ,an ancient picture of the saint is kept in the collegiate church of our ,lady at ,autun1 in which he is painted in an ecstasy1 and in which are written these words which he was accustomed frequently to repeat3 8,contempt of the world1 contempt of thyself3 rejoice in thy own contempt1 but despise no other person40 ,ten months after his promotion to the dignity of cardinal1 the saint was seized with a sharp fever1 which so much undermined his constitution that his imperfect recovery was succeeded by a dangerous slow fever4 ,for his health he was advised to retire to ,villeneuve1 an agreeable town situate opposite to ,avignon1 on the other side of the ,rhone4 ,he was glad by this opportunity to see himself removed from the noise and hurry of the court4 ,during his last illness he went to confession twice every day2 never passed a day without receiving the holy communion2 and the constant union of his soul with ,god1 and the tenderness of his devotion1 seemed continually to increase as he drew near his end4 ,his brother ,andrew coming to see him1 the saint spoke to him with such energy on the vanity of the world1 and on the advantages of piety1 that his words left a deep impression on his heart during his whole life4 ,this brother afterward taking holy orders was made bishop of ,cambray1 and became one of the most holy prelates of that age4 ,our saint recommended to him in particular his sister ,jane of ,luxemburg1 whom he had induced to make a vow of perpetual chastity1 and whose whole life was a perfect pattern of ,christian perfection4 ,saint ,peter sent her by this brother a small treatise containing certain rules of perfection1 which he had drawn up for her4 ,finding his strength quite exhausted1 he desired and received the last sacraments2 after which he called all his servants1 and as they stood weeping round his bed1 he begged their pardon for not having edified them by his example as he ought to have done4 ,he then conjured them all to promise to do for his sake one thing which he was going to ask of them4 ,to this they most readily engaged themselves4 ,but they were much surprised when he ordered them to take a discipline which lay under his pillow1 and every one to give him many stripes on his back1 in punishment for the faults he had committed in regard to them1 who were1 as he said1 his brethren in ,christ and his masters4 ,notwithstanding their extreme unwillingness they were obliged to comply with his request in order to satisfy him4 ,after this act of penance and humiliation1 he conversed with ,god in silent prayer till he gave up his innocent soul into his hands1 on the #b;d of ,july1 #achg1 being eighteen years old1 wanting eighteen days4 ,though he had the administration of a diocess1 he had not received priestly orders1 but seems to have been deacon1 and his dalmatic is shown at ,avignon4 ,he was buried without pomp1 according to his orders1 in the church-yard of ,st4 ,michael4 ,on account of many miracles that were wrought both before and after his interment1 the citizens of ,avignon built a rich chapel over his grave4 ,the convent and church of the ,celestines have been since built over that very spot1 and in this church is the saint's body at present enshrined under a stately mausoleum4 ,the history of the miracles which have been wrought at his tomb fills whole volumes4 ,a famous one in #adcb1 moved the city of ,avignon to choose him for its patron4 ,it is related as follows3 ,a child about twelve years old fell from a high tower in the palace of ,avignon upon a sharp rock1 by which fall his skull was split1 his brains dashed out1 and his body terribly bruised4 ,the father of the child1 almost distracted at this accident1 ran to the place1 and falling on his knees with many tears1 implored the intercession of ,st4 ,peter4 ,then gathering up the scattered bloody pieces of the child's skull1 he carried them with the body in a sack1 and laid them on the saint's tomb4 ,the people and the ,celestine monks joined their earnest prayers2 and after some time the child returned to life1 and was placed upon the altar that all might see him thus wonderfully raised from the dead4 ,this miracle happened on the #eth of ,july1 on which day the festival of the saint has ever since been celebrated at ,avignon4 ,after juridical informations on his life and miracles1 the bull of his beatification was published by the true pope ,clement ,,vii4 of the family of ,medicis1 in #aebg4 ,st4 ,peter was a saint from the cradle1 because he always strove to live only for ,god1 and his divine honor4 ,if one spark of that ardent love of ,god which inflamed the saints in their actions animated our breasts1 it would give wings to our souls in all we do4 ,we should devote ourselves every moment to ,god with our whole strength2 and by our fidelity1 and by the purity and fervor of our intention1 we should with the saints make all our actions perfect sacrifices of our hearts to him4 8,god considers not how much1 but with how ardent an affection the thing is given10 says ,st4 ,cyprian4#di ,and1 as ,st4 ,ambrose writes1#ej 8,thy affection stamps the name and value on thy action4 ,it is just rated at so much as is the ardor from which it proceeds4 ,see how just is this judge--,he asks thy own soul what value he is to set on thy work40 ,,saint ,,modwena1 ,a ,,noble ,,irish ,,virgin4 ,having led a religious life several years in her own country1 she came into ,england in the reign of king ,ethelwolf1 about the year #hdj4 ,that pious and great king being acquainted with her sanctity1 committed to her care the education of his daughter ,editha1 and founded for her the monastery of ,pollesworth1 near the forest of ,arden in ,warwickshire1 which flourished till the dissolution1 bearing usually the name of ,st4 ,editha1 its patroness and second abbess4 ,st4 ,modwena had before established two famous nunneries in ,scotland1 one at ,stirling1 the other in ,edinburgh4 ,she made some other pious foundations in ,england1 but to apply herself more perfectly to the sanctification of her own soul1 she led during seven years in anachoretical life in an isle in the ,trent1 which was called ,andresey from the apostle ,st4 ,andrew1 in whose honor she procured her oratory to be dedicated4 ,when the great abbey of ,burton-upon-,trent was founded in the year #ajjd1 it was dedicated under the patronage of the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,modwena1 and was enriched with the relics of this saint1 which were translated thither from ,andresey2 whence ,leland calls the monastery of ,burton ,modwenestow4 ,see ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #b1 ,julij1 p4 #bda4 ,tanner's ,notitia ,mon4 c4 ,,saint ,,edana1 ,,or ,,edaene1 ,,in ,,ireland1 ,v4 ,she is titular saint of the parish of new ,tuamia1 in the diocess of ,elphin1 and another in that of ,tuam4 ,a famous holy well bears her name1 much resorted to by the sick4 ,see ,colgan1 ad #e ,jul4 ,,july ,,vi4 ,,saint ,,palladius1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,apostle ,,of ,,the ,,scots4#ea ,from ,st4 ,prosper and other historians1 quoted by ,usher1 ,antiq4 ,brit4 ,eccles4 c4 #af1 p4 #daf1 #dbd2 ,keith4 ,cat4 ,episc4 ,scot4 p4 #bcc2 and the ,bollandists #f ,jul4 t4 #b1 ,jul4 p4 #bhf4 ,,about ,,the ,,year #dej4 ,the name of ,palladius shows this saint to have been a ,roman1 and most authors agree that he was deacon of the church of ,rome4 ,at least ,st4 ,prosper in his chronicle informs us1 that when ,agricola1 a noted ,pelagian1 had corrupted the churches of ,britain with the insinuation of that pestilential heresy1 pope ,celestine1 at the instance of ,palladius the deacon1 in #dbi1 sent thither ,st4 ,germanus1 bishop of ,auxerre1 in quality of his legate1 who1 having ejected the heretics1 brought back the ,britons to the ,catholic faith4 ,the concern of ,palladius for these islands stopped not here2 for it seems not to be doubted1 but it was the same person of whom ,st4 ,prosper again speaks1 when he afterwards says1 that in #dca pope ,celestine sent ,palladius1 the first bishop1 to the ,scots then believing in ,christ4 ,from the lives of ,,ss4 ,albeus1 ,declan1 ,ibar1 and ,kiaran ,saigir1 ,usher shows#eb that these four saints preached separately in different parts of ,ireland1 which was their native country before the mission of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,st4 ,ibar had been converted to the faith in ,britain2 the other three had been instructed at ,rome1 and were directed thence back into their own country1 and according to the histories of their lives1 were all honored with the episcopal character4 ,st4 ,kiaran ,saigir 7who is commemorated on the #eth of ,march7 preceded ,st4 ,patrick in preaching the gospel to the ,ossorians1 and was seventy-five years of age on ,st4 ,patrick's arrival in ,ireland4 ,hence it is easy to understand what is said of ,st4 ,palladius1 that he was sent bishop to the ,scots believing in ,christ3 though the number of ,christians among them must have been then very small4 ,st4 ,prosper1 in his book against the ,author of the conferences1#ec having commended pope ,celestine for his care in delivering ,britain from the ,pelagian heresy1 adds1 that 8he also ordained a bishop for the ,scots1 and thus1 whilst he endeavored to preserve the ,roman island ,catholic1 he likewise made a barbarous island ,christian40 ,usher observes that this can be understood only of ,ireland2 for though part of ,north-,britain was never subject to the ,romans1 and the greatest part of it was then inhabited by the ,picts1 yet it never could be called a distinct island4 ,it is also clear from ,tertullian1 ,eusebius1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 and others1 that the light of the gospel had penetrated among the ,picts beyond the ,roman territories in ,britain1 near the times of the apostles4 ,these people1 therefore1 who had lately begun to receive some tincture of the faith when our saint undertook his mission1 were doubtless the ,scots who were settled in ,ireland4 ,the ,irish writers of the lives of ,st4 ,patrick say1 that ,palladius had preached in ,ireland a little before ,st4 ,patrick1 but that he was soon banished by the king of ,leinster1 and returned to ,north ,britain1 where they tell us he had first opened his mission4 ,it seems not to be doubted but he was sent to the whole nation of the ,scots1 several colonies of whom had passed from ,ireland into ,north ,britain1 and possessed themselves of part of the country1 since called ,scotland4#ed ,after ,st4 ,palladius had left ,ireland1 he arrived among the ,scots in ,north ,britain1 according to ,st4 ,prosper1 in the consulate of ,bassus and ,antiochus1 in the year of ,christ #dca4ee ,he preached there with great zeal1 and formed a considerable church4 ,the ,scottish historians tell us1 that the faith was planted in ,north ,britain about the year #bjj1 in the time of king ,donald1 when ,victor was pope of ,rome4 ,but they all acknowledge that ,palladius was the first bishop in that country1 and style him their first apostle4#ef ,the saint died at ,fordun1 the capital town of the little county of ,mernis1 fifteen miles from ,aberdeen to the south1 about the year #dej4 ,his relics were preserved with religious respect in the monastery of ,fordun1 as ,hector ,boetius#eg and ,camden testify4 ,in the year #adji1 ,william ,scenes1 archbishop of ,st4 ,andrew's and primate of ,scotland1 enclosed them in a new shrine enriched with gold and precious stones4 ,his festival is marked on the #fth of ,july in the ,breviary of ,aberdeen and the ,scottish ,calendars2 but in some of the ,english on the #aeth of ,december4 ,scottish writers1 and calendars of the middle ages1 mention ,st4 ,servanus and ,st4 ,ternan as disciples of ,st4 ,palladius1 and by him made bishops1 the former of ,orkney1 the latter of the ,picts4 ,but from ,usher's chronology it appears that they both lived later4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is easy to conceive how painful and laborious the mission of this saint must have been2 but where there is ardent love1 labor seems a pleasure1 and either is not felt or is a delight4 ,it is a mark of sloth and impatience for a man to count his labors1 or so much as to think of pains or sufferings in so glorious an undertaking4 ,st4 ,palladius surmounted every obstacle which a fierce nation had opposed to the establishment of the kingdom of ,jesus ,christ4 ,ought not our hearts to be impressed with the most lively sentiments of love and gratitude to our merciful ,god1 for having raised up such great and zealous men1 by whose ministry the light of true faith has been conveyed to us4 ,,st4 ,,julian1 ,,anchoret4 ,this saint was carried away captive from some ,western country when he was very young1 and sold for a slave in ,syria4 ,for some years he much aggravated the weight of his chains by his impatience under them2 till having the happiness to receive the light of faith he found them exceedingly lightened by the comfort which religion afforded him4 ,a right use of his afflictions from that moment contributed much to the sanctification of his soul4 ,not long after1 he recovered his liberty by the death of his master1 and immediately in the fervor of his devotion dedicated himself to the service of ,god in an austere monastery in ,mesopotamia4 ,he frequently resorted to the great ,st4 ,ephrem for advice and instructions in the exercises of virtue2 and that holy man went often to see him1 that he might edify himself by his saintly conversation4 ,this learned doctor of the ,syriac church tells us1 that he could not forbear always admiring the sublime sentiments and spiritual lights with which ,god favored a man who appeared in the eyes of the world ignorant and a barbarian4 ,julian was of a robust body1 inured to labor1 but he weakened and emaciated it by great austerities4 ,he worked with his hands1 making sails for ships2 and wept almost continually at the consideration of his past sins1 and of the divine judgments4 ,st4 ,ephrem tells us that he often admired to find that in the copies of the holy ,bible after ,julian had used them some days1 several words were effaced1 and others rendered scarcely legible1 though the manuscripts were entire and fair before2 and that the holy man candidly confessed to him when he one day asked him the reason1 that the tears which he shed in reading often blotted out letters and words4 ,our saint always looked upon himself as a criminal1 trembling1 and expecting every moment the coming of his judge to call him to an account4 ,it is easy to imagine how remote such a disposition of mind was from being capable of entertaining the very thought of amusements4 ,his extreme humility appeared in his words1 dress1 and all his actions4 ,he had much to suffer from certain tepid and slothful monks1 but regarded himself as happy to meet with so favorable opportunities of redeeming his sins1 and of exercising acts of penance1 patience1 meekness1 and charity4 ,prayer was almost the uninterrupted employment of his heart4 ,he made in his little cell a kind of a sepulchre1 where he lived retired for greater solitude whenever his presence was not required at duties of the community4 ,he assisted at the divine office without ever moving his body1 keeping his whole attention fixed on ,god1 as if he had been standing before the tribunal of his sovereign judge4 ,saint ,ephrem assures us that ,god honored him with the gift of miracles4 ,sozomen writes#eh that his life was so austere1 that he seemed almost to live without a body4 ,thus he spent twenty-five years in his monastery1 purifying his soul by patience1 obedience1 and the labors of penance4 ,he passed to a glorious immortality about the year #cgj4 ,see his life written by his friend ,st4 ,ephrem1 ,op4 t4 #c1 p4 #bed1 ed4 ,vatic4 ,,st4 ,,sexburgh1 ,,abbess4 ,she was daughter of ,anna the religious king of the ,east-,angles1 and his devout queen ,hereswide1 sister to ,st4 ,hilda4 ,a pious education laid in her the foundation of that eminent sanctity for which she was most conspicuous during the whole course of her life4 ,she was given in marriage to ,ercombert1 king of ,kent1 a prince of excellent dispositions1 which she contributed exceedingly to improve by her counsels and example4 ,she had a great share in all his zealous undertakings for promoting virtue and the happiness of his people1 especially in extirpating the last remains of idolatry in his dominions1 and in enforcing the observance of ,lent1 and other precepts of the ,church1 by wholesome laws4 ,her virtue commanded the reverence1 and her humility and devotion raised the admiration of all her subjects2 and her goodness and unbounded charity gained her the love of all1 especially the poor4 ,she had a longing desire to consecrate herself wholly to ,god in religious retirement1 and that others at least might attend the divine service for her night and day without impediment1 she began in her husband's lifetime to found a monastery of holy virgins in the isle of ,sheppey1 on the coast of ,kent1 which she finished after his death in #ffd1 whilst her son ,egbert sat on the throne4 ,here she assembled seventy-four nuns1 but hearing of the great sanctity of ,st4 ,etheldreda at ,ely1 and being desirous to live in greater obscurity1 and to be more at liberty to employ all her thoughts on heaven1 she left the kingdom of ,kent1 and retired to ,ely before the year #fgi1 in which she was chosen to succeed her sister ,st4 ,etheldreda1 or ,audry1 in the government of that house4 ,sixteen years after she caused the body of that saint to be taken up1 and passed herself to bliss in a good old age1 on the #fth of ,july1 toward the end of the seventh century4 ,her monastery in ,sheppey1 called ,le ,mynstre in ,sheppey1 was destroyed by the ,danes1 but rebuilt in #aacj1 and consecrated by ,william1 archbishop of ,canterbury1 in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary and ,st4 ,sexburgh2 and it subsisted in the hands of ,benedictin nuns till the dissolution of abbeys4 ,st4 ,ermenilda1 daughter of king ,ercombert and ,st4 ,sexburgh1 was married to ,wulpher1 king of ,mercia1 but after his death retired to ,ely1 near her mother and her two aunts ,st4 ,audry and ,st4 ,withburg1 three daughters of king ,anna4 ,st4 ,wereburgh1 daughter of ,st4 ,ermenilda and king ,wulpher1 was a nun at ,hearburgh 7which seems to have been near ,stanford or ,croyland74 ,her relics were venerated at ,hearburgh1 till in the ninth century they were removed to ,leicester4 ,see the life of ,st4 ,sexburgh in ,capgrave2 also ,bede and ,narratio de ,sanctis qui in ,anglia quiescunt1 in ,hickes1 ,diss4 ,epistol4 p4 #aag4 ,thesaur4 t4 #a1 and ,monast4 ,anglic4 t4 #a1 p4 #hh1 et #aeb4 ,weever's ,funeral ,monuments1 p4 #bhc1 and ,kalendarium in quo annotantur dies obits ,sororum ,monasterii de ,sheppey4 ,,ms4 ,bibliot4 ,cotton4 ,,st4 ,,goar1 ,,priest1 ,c4 ,aquitain gave this saint his birth and education2 but out of a desire of serving ,god entirely unknown to the world1 in #eai he travelled into ,germany1 and settling in the territory of ,triers1 he shut himself in his cell1 and arrived at such an eminent degree of sanctity as to be esteemed the oracle and miracle of the whole country4 ,he resolutely refused the archbishopric of ,triers1 and died in #ege4 ,round his cell arose the town of ,st4 ,guver1 on the left bank of the ,rhine between ,wesel and ,boppard4 ,see ,brower and ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #b1 ,julij1 p4 #cbh4 ,,st4 ,,moninna1 ,,virgin4 ,of ,sliabh-,cuillin1 i4 e4 ,mount ,cullen1 where she led a most holy life in austere penance and heavenly contemplation4 ,she died in #eah1 and is much honored in that part of ,ireland4 ,see ,colgan ad #f ,jul4 ,,july ,,vii4 ,,st4 ,,pant,,nus4 ,,father ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,see ,st4 ,jerom1 ,catal4 ,clem4 ,alex4 and ,eusebius4 ,also ,ceillier1 t4 #b1 p4 #bcg4 ,this learned father and apostolic man flourished in the second age4 ,he was by birth a ,sicilian1 by profession a stoic philosopher4 ,for his eloquence he is styled by ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria the ,sicilian ,bee4 ,his esteem for virtue led him into an acquaintance with the ,christians1 and being charmed with the innocence and sanctity of their conversation he opened his eyes to the truth4 ,he studied the holy scriptures under the disciples of the apostles1 and his thirst after sacred learning brought him to ,alexandria in ,egypt1 where the disciples of ,st4 ,mark had instituted a celebrated school of the ,christian doctrine4 ,pantnus sought not to display his talents in that great mart of literature and commerce2 but his great progress in sacred learning was after some time discovered1 and he was drawn out of that obscurity in which his humility sought to live buried4 ,being placed at the head of the ,christian school some time before the year #agi1 which was the first of ,commodus1 by his learning and excellent manner of teaching he raised its reputation above all the schools of the philosophers1 and the lessons which he read1 and which were gathered from the flowers of the prophets and apostles1 conveyed light and knowledge into the minds of all his hearers1 as ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 his eminent scholar1 says of him4 ,the ,indians who traded to ,alexandria1 entreated him to pay their country a visit1 in order to confute their ,brachmans4 ,hereupon he forsook his school1 and was established by ,demetrius1 who was made bishop of ,alexandria in #ahi1 preacher of the gospel to the ,eastern nations4 ,eusebius tells us that ,st4 ,pantnus found some seeds of the faith already sown in the ,indies1 and a book of the gospel of ,st4 ,matthew in ,hebrew1 which ,st4 ,bartholomew had carried thither4 ,he brought it back with him to ,alexandria1 whither he returned after he had zealously employed some years in instructing the ,indians in the faith4 ,the public school was at that time governed by ,st4 ,clement1 but ,st4 ,pantnus continued to teach in private till in the reign of ,caracalla1 consequently before the year #baf1 he closed a noble and excellent life by a happy death1 as ,rufinus writes4#ei ,his name is inserted in all ,western ,martyrologies on the #gth of ,july4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the beauty of the ,christian morality1 and the sanctity of its faithful professors1 which by their charms converted this true philosopher1 appear nowhere to greater advantage than when they are compared with the imperfect and often false virtue of the most famous sages of the heathen world4#fj ,into what contradictions and gross errors did they fall1 even about the divinity itself and the sovereign good6 ,to how many vices did they give the name of virtues6 ,how many crimes did they canonize6 ,it is true they showed indeed a zeal for justice1 a contempt of riches and pleasures1 moderation in prosperity1 patience in adversities1 generosity1 courage1 and disinterestedness4 ,but these were rather shadows and phantoms than real virtues1 if they sprang from a principle of vanity and pride1 or were infected with the poison of interestedness or any other vitiated intention1 which they often betrayed1 nay1 sometimes openly avowed1 and made a subject of their vain boasts4 ,,saint ,,willibald1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,aichstadt1 ,c4 ,he was son of the holy king ,st4 ,richard1 and was born about the year #gjd in the kingdom of the ,west-,saxons1 about the place where ,southampton now stands4 ,when he was three years old his life was despaired of in a violent sickness2 but when all natural remedies proved unsuccessful1 his parents carried him and laid him at the foot of a great cross which was erected in a public place near their house1 according to the custom in ,catholic countries to this day4 ,there they poured forth their prayers with great fervor1 and made a promise to ,god that in case the child recovered they would consecrate him to the divine service4 ,god accepted their pious offering1 and the child was immediately restored to his health4 ,st4 ,richard kept the child two years longer at home1 but only regarded him as a sacred depositum committed to him by ,god2 and when he was five years old placed him under the abbot ,egbald1 and other holy tutors in the monastery of ,waltheim4 ,the young saint1 from the first use of his reason1 in all his thoughts and actions seemed to aspire only to heaven1 and his heart seemed full only of ,god and his holy love4 ,he left this monastery about the year #gba1 when he was seventeen years old1 and his brother ,winibald nineteen1 to accompany his father and brother in a pilgrimage of devotion to the tombs of the apostles at ,rome1 and to the ,holy ,land4 ,they visited many churches in ,france on their road2 but ,st4 ,richard died at ,lucca1 where his relics are still venerated in the church of ,st4 ,fridian1 and he is commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology on the #gth of ,february4 ,the two sons went on to ,rome1 and there took the monastic habit4 ,above two years after this1 ,winibald having been obliged to return to ,england1 ,st4 ,willibald with two or three young ,englishmen set out to visit the holy places which ,christ had sanctified by his sacred presence on earth4 ,they added most severe mortifications to the incredible fatigues of their journey1 living only on bread and water1 and at land using no other bed than the bare ground4 ,they sailed first to ,cyprus and thence into ,syria4 ,at ,emesa ,st4 ,willibald was taken by the ,saracens for a spy1 was loaded with irons1 and suffered much in severe confinement for several months1 till certain persons who were charmed with his wonderful virtue1 and moved with compassion for his disaster1 satisfied the caliph of his innocence1 and procured his enlargement4 ,the holy pilgrims expressed their gratitude to their benefactors1 and pursued their journey to the holy places4 ,they resolved in visiting them to follow our ,divine ,redeemer in the course of his mortal life2 and therefore they began their devotions at ,nazareth4 ,our saint passed there some days with his companions in the continual contemplation of the infinite mercies of ,god in the great mystery of the incarnation2 and the sight of the place in which it was wrought drew from his eyes streams of devout tears during all the time of his stay in that town4 ,from ,nazareth he went to ,bethlehem1 and thence into ,egypt1 making no account of the fatigues and hardships of his journey1 and assiduously meditating on what our ,blessed ,redeemer had suffered in the same4 ,he returned to ,nazareth1 and thence travelled to ,cana1 ,capharnaum1 and ,jerusalem4 ,in this last place he made a long stay to satisfy his fervor in adoring ,christ in the places where he wrought so many great mysteries1 particularly on the mountains of ,calvary and ,olivet1 the theatres of his sacred death and ascension4 ,he likewise visited all the famous monasteries1 lauras1 and hermitages in that country1 with an ardent desire of learning and imitating all the most perfect practices of virtue1 and whatever might seem most conducive to the sanctification of his soul4 ,the tender and lively sentiments of devotion with which his fervent contemplation on the holy mysteries of our redemption inspired him at the sight of all those sacred places1 filled his devout soul with heavenly consolations1 and made on it strong and lasting impressions4 ,in his return a severe sickness at ,acon exercised his patience and resignation4 ,after seven years employed in this pilgrimage he arrived safe with his companions in ,italy4 ,the celebrated monastery of ,mount ,cassino having been lately repaired by pope ,gregory ,,ii4 the saint chose that house for his residence1 and his fervent example contributed very much to settle in it the primitive spirit of its holy institute during the ten years that he lived there4 ,he was first appointed sacristan1 afterward dean or superior over ten monks1 and during the last eight years porter1 which was an office of great trust and importance1 and required a rooted habit of virtue which might suffer no abatement by external employs and frequent commerce with seculars4 ,it happened that in #gch ,st4 ,boniface coming to ,rome begged of pope ,gregory ,,iii4 that ,willibald1 who was his cousin1 might be sent to assist him in his missions in ,germany4 ,the pope desired to see the monk1 and was much delighted with the history of his travels1 and edified with his virtue4 ,in the close of their conversation he acquainted him of bishop ,boniface's request4 ,willibald desired to go back at least to obtain the leave and blessing of his abbot2 but the pope told him his order sufficed1 and commanded him to go without more ado into ,germany4 ,the saint replied that he was ready to go wheresoever his holiness should think fit4 ,accordingly he set out for ,thuringia where ,st4 ,boniface then was1 by whom he was ordained priest4 ,his labors in the country about ,aichstadt1 in ,franconia and ,bavaria1 were crowned with incredible success1 and he was no less powerful in words than in works4 ,in #gdf he was consecrated by ,st4 ,boniface bishop of ,aichstadt4 ,this dignity gave his humility much to suffer1 but it exceedingly excited his zeal4 ,the cultivation of so rough a vineyard was a laborious and painful task2 but his heroic patience and invincible meekness overcame all difficulties4 ,his charity was most tender and compassionate1 and he had a singular talent in comforting the afflicted4 ,he founded a monastery which resembled in discipline that of ,mount ,cassino1 to which he often retired4 ,but his love of solitude diminished not his pastoral solicitude for his flock4 ,he was attentive to all their spiritual necessities1 he visited often every part of his charge1 and instructed all his people with indefatigable zeal and charity4 ,his fasts were most austere1 nor did he allow himself any indulgence in them or in his labors on account of his great age1 till his strength was entirely exhausted4 ,having labored almost forty-five years in regulating and sanctifying his diocess1 he died at ,aichstadt on the #gth of ,june1 #gij1 being eighty-seven years old4 ,he was honored with miracles1 and buried in his own cathedral4 ,pope ,leo ,,vii4 canonized him in #ich4 ,in #abgj the bishop ,hildebrand built a church in his honor1 into which his relics were translated1 and are honorably preserved to this day2 but a portion is honored at ,furnes in ,flanders4 ,see the three lives of ,st4 ,willibald written by contemporary authors1 especially that by a nun of his sister ,st4 ,walburga's monastery4 ,she gives from the saint's own relation a curious and useful description of the ,holy ,land1 as it stood in that age2 which is rendered more curious by the notes of ,mabillon1 and those of ,basnage in his edition of ,canisius's ,lect4 ,antiqu4 ,on ,st4 ,willibald1 see ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #b1 ,julij1 p4 #dhe4 ,,st4 ,,hedda1 ,b4 ,c4 ,he was an ,english ,saxon1 a monk of the monastery of ,st4 ,hilda1 and was made bishop of the ,west-,saxons in #fgf4 ,he resided first at ,dorchester near ,oxford1 but afterward removed his see to ,winchester4 ,king ,ceadwal going to ,rome to be baptized died there1 and was buried in the church of ,st4 ,peter in #fhh4 ,his kinsman ,ina succeeded him in the throne4#fa ,in his wise and wholesome laws1 the most ancient extant among those of our ,english ,saxon kings1 enacted by him in a great council of bishops and ealdermen in #fic1 he declares that in drawing them up he had been assisted by the counsels of ,st4 ,hedda and ,st4 ,erconwald4#fb ,in these laws theft is ordained to be punished with cutting off a hand or a foot2 robbery on the highway1 committed by a band not under seven in number1 with death1 unless the criminal redeem his life according to the estimation of his head4 ,church dues are ordered to be paid under a penalty of forty shillings2 and if any master order a servant to do any work on a ,sunday1 the servant is made free and the master amerced thirty shillings4 ,st4 ,hedda governed his church with great sanctity about thirty years1 and departed to the ,lord on the #gth of ,july1 #gje4 ,bede#fc and ,william of ,malmesbury assure us1 that his tomb was illustrated by many miracles4 ,his name is placed in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,see ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #b1 ,julij1 p4 #dhb4 ,,st4 ,,edelburga1 ,v4 ,she was daughter to ,anna king of the ,east ,angles1 and out of a desire of attaining to ,christian perfection1 went into ,france1 and there consecrated herself to ,god in the monastery of ,faremoutier1 in the forest of ,brie1 in the government of which she succeeded its foundress ,st4 ,fara4 ,after her death her body remained uncorrupt1 as ,bede testifies4#fd ,she is honored in the ,roman1 ,french1 and ,english ,martyrologies on this day4#fe ,in these latter her niece ,st4 ,earcongota is named with her4 ,she was daughter to ,earconbercht king of ,kent1 and of ,st4 ,sexburga2 accompanied ,st4 ,edelburga to ,faremoutier1 and there taking the veil with her1 lived a great example of all virtues1 and was honored after her happy death by many miracles1 as ,bede relates4 ,hereswide1 the wife of king ,anna1 the mother of many saints1 after the death of her husband1 retired also into ,france1 and consecrated herself to ,god in the famous monastery of ,cale or ,chelles1 five leagues from ,paris1 near the marne 7founded by ,st4 ,clotilda1 but chiefly endowed by ,st4 ,bathildes71 where she persevered1 advancing daily in holy fervor to her happy death4 ,see the history of the monastery of ,chelles in the sixth tome of the late history of the diocess of ,paris1 by ,abb ,lebeuf1 and ,solier on this day1 p4 #dha1 c4 ,,st4 ,,felix1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,nantes1 ,c4 ,the most illustrious among the bishops of ,nantes was saint ,felix1 a person of the first rank in ,aquitain1 some say of ,bourges in the ,first ,aquitain2 others more probably think of the ,second ,aquitain on the sea-coast and nearer ,brittany4 ,in the world he was more illustrious by his virtue1 his eloquence1 and learning1 than by his dignities and high birth4 ,the ,greek language was as familiar to him as his own2 he was a poet and orator1 and seems from ,fortunatus's expression to have written a panegyric on the queen ,st4 ,radegundes in verse4 ,he had been married when he was called to succeed ,evemer1 the holy bishop of ,nantes1 toward the close of the year #edi1 in the #cgth year of his age4 ,his zeal for discipline and good order appeared in the regulations he made for his own diocess1 and in the decrees of the third council of ,paris in #eeg1 in the second of ,tours in #eff1 and the fourth of ,paris in #egc4 ,his charity to the poor had no other bounds but those of their necessities1 and considering that the revenues of the ,church were the patrimony of the poor1 he reserved to himself only the prudent and troublesome administration of them for their use4 ,he sold for them and the ,church his own patrimony1 and made it his study and earnest endeavor that no one in his diocess should pass unrelieved in distress4 ,his predecessor had formed a project of building a cathedral within the walls of the city of ,nantes1 which ,felix executed in the most magnificent manner4 ,fortunatus describes it to have been composed of three naves1 of which the middle was supported by great pillars4 ,a great cupola was raised in the middle4 ,the church was covered with tin1 and within was only azure1 gold1 mosaic1 paintings1 pilasters1 foliages1 various figures1 and other ornaments4 ,euphronius archbishop of ,tours1 and the bishops of ,angers1 ,mans1 ,rennes1 ,poitiers1 and ,angouleme performed the dedication2 no bishop of the ,britons was invited to the ceremony2 for which it appears that their commerce with the ,french was not entirely free4 ,the ,britons were then possessed of no lands in the diocess of ,nantes except the territory of ,croisic1 in which was the palace of ,aula ,quiriaca or ,guerrande1 vulgarly ,warand1 probably so called from ,guerech ,i4 the ,british count of ,vannes1 who resided there4 ,canao1 one of his successors1 when ,felix was made bishop1 had put to death three of his brothers1 and held a fourth named ,macliau in prison4 ,st4 ,felix by his intercession saved his life1 and obtained his liberty4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours complains that bishop ,felix had been prepossessed by false informations against ,peter1 ,gregory's brother1 and accused him of favoring an unworthy nephew2 but in other places bears testimony to his eminent sanctity1 which is much extolled by ,fortunatus and others4 ,guerech ,,ii4 count of ,vannes1 plundered the diocesses of ,rennes and ,vannes1 and repulsed the troops which king ,chilperic sent against him2 but1 at the entreaties of ,st4 ,felix1 withdrew his forces1 and made peace4 ,the holy prelate died on the #hth of ,january in #ehd1 the seventieth year of his age1 of his episcopal dignity thirty-three4 ,he is honored at ,nantes1 of which he was the sixteenth bishop from ,st4 ,clair1 on the #gth of ,july1 the day of the translation of his relics4 ,see ,fortunatus1 l4 #c1 c4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours1 l4 #e1 c4 #e4 ,ceillier1 t4 #af1 p4 #efb4 ,m4 ,travers1 ,histoire abrge des ,evques de ,nantes1 tome #g1 part #b1 des ,mmoires de ,littrature recueillis par ,p4 ,desmolets de l',oratoire4 ,stilting the ,bollandist1 t4 #b1 ,jul4 p4 #dgj4 ,lobineau1 ,vies des ,,ss4 de ,bretagne1 p4 #aba4 ,,st4 ,,benedict ,,xi4 ,,pope1 ,c4 ,his family name was ,nicholas ,bocasini4 ,he was a native of ,treviso1 which city was then an independent commonwealth1 but since the year #accf is subject to that of ,venice4 ,he was born in #abdj1 and studied first at ,treviso1 and afterwards at ,venice1 where1 at fourteen years of age1 he took the habit of ,st4 ,dominick4 ,he seemed desirous to set no bounds to his fervor and fidelity in the practice of every means of improving his soul daily in virtue3 and1 during fourteen years1 enriched his mind with an uncommon store of sacred learning4 ,after this term he was appointed professor and preacher at ,venice and ,bologna1 and with incredible fruit communicated to others those spiritual riches which he had treasured up in silence and retirement1 being always careful by the same means to preserve and increase his own stock4 ,he wrote several sermons and comments on the holy scripture1 which are still extant4 ,he was chosen provincial of ,lombardy1 and1 in #abif1 the ninth general of his ,order4 ,on that occasion1 by a pathetic circular letter1#ff he exhorted his brethren to a love of poverty1 humility1 retirement1 prayer1 charity1 and obedience4 ,in #abig he was sent by ,boniface ,,viii4 nuncio into ,france1 to be the mediator of peace between that nation and the ,english2 and was created cardinal during his residence there in #abih4 ,nothing but the strict command of his ,holiness could have obliged him to accept that dignity1 which cost him many tears4 ,he was made soon after bishop of ,ostia1 and dean of the sacred college2 and in #acja went legate a latere into ,hungary1 to endeavor to compose the differences which divided that nation into factions1 and had already laid it waste by a dreadful civil war2 in which cardinal ,boncasini succeeded to a miracle4 ,he also abolished in that country several superstitious practices1 and other abuses and scandals4 ,he afterward exerted his zeal in ,austria and at ,venice1 being successively legate in both those places4 ,boniface ,,viii4 dying on the #aath of ,october1 #acjc1 the cardinals entered the conclave on the #bast of the same month1 and on the day following unanimously chose our saint pope4 ,he was seized with trembling at the news2 but being compelled to acquiesce1 was crowned on the following ,sunday4 ,he continued his former practices of humility1 mortification1 and penance4 ,when his mother came to his court in rich attire1 he refused to see her till she had put on again her former mean apparel4 ,rome was at that time torn by civil divisions1 especially by the factions of the ,colonnas against the late pope1 but the moderation1 meekness1 and prudence of our saint soon restored the whole country to perfect tranquillity4 ,he pardoned the ,colonnas and other rebels1 ,sciarra ,colonna and ,william of ,nogaret excepted1 who remained under the former sentence of proscription4 ,he pacified ,denmark1 and other kingdoms of the ,north1 and appeased the ,state and ,church of ,france4 ,he reconciled the cities of ,venice and ,padua without effusion of blood4 ,he joined his zealous endeavors with ,helena1 queen of ,servia1 in the conversion of her son ,orosius4 ,this good pope died the martyr of peace1 to make which reign over the whole ,christian world he seemed only to have lived4 ,having sat only eight months and seventeen days1 he departed this life at ,perugia1 on the #fth of ,july1 in the year of our ,lord1 #acjd1 of his age sixty-three4 ,some say he died of poison secretly given him by the contrivance of certain wicked men who were enemies to the public tranquillity4 ,he was honored by miracles1 examined and approved by the bishop of ,perugia1 and attested by ,platina and other historians4 ,see ,conc4 t4 #aj1 also his life collected by ,pagi1 in his ,annals1 and in an express work by the late learned ,dominican1 ,f4 ,peter ,thomas ,campana2 and ,vie de ,s4 ,benoit ,,xi4 ou ,caractre de la ,saintet du ,b4 ,benoit ,,xi4 ,toulouse1 #agci4 ,see also ,f4 ,touron1 ,hommes ,illustres1 t4 #a1 l4 #g1 p4 #fee1 and ,benedict ,,xiv4 de ,canoniz1 t4 #d1 ,append4 and in his new ,roman ,martyrology on the #gth of ,july4 ,,july ,,viii4 ,,saint ,,elizabeth1 ,,queen ,,of ,,portugal4 ,from her ,authentic ,life1 written by a ,franciscan friar2 ,mariana1 and other ,spanish historians4 ,see ,janning the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #b1 ad diem #d1 p4 #afi4 ,a4 ,d4 #accf4 ,st4 ,elizabeth was daughter of ,peter ,,iii4 king of ,arragon1 and grand-daughter of ,james ,i4 who had been educated under the care of ,st4 ,peter ,nolasco1 and was surnamed the ,saint1 and from the taking of ,majorca and ,valentia1 ,expugnator or the ,conqueror4 ,her mother1 ,constantia1 was daughter of ,manfred king of ,sicily1 and grandchild to the ,emperor ,frederic ,,ii4 ,our saint was born in #abga1 and received at the baptismal font by the name of ,elizabeth1 from her aunt1 ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 who had been canonized by ,gregory ,,ix4 in #abce4 ,her birth established a good understanding between her grandfather ,james1 who was then on the throne1 and her father1 whose quarrel had divided the whole kingdom4 ,the former took upon himself the care of her education1 inspired her with an ardor for piety above her age1 though he died in #abgf 7having reigned sixty-three years71 before she had completed the sixth year of her age4 ,her father succeeded to the crown1 and was careful to place most virtuous persons about his daughter1 whose example might be to her a constant spur to all virtue4 ,the young princess was of a most sweet and mild disposition1 and from her tender years had no relish for anything but what was conducive to piety and devotion4 ,it was doing her the most sensible pleasure if any one promised to lead her to some chapel to say a prayer4 ,at eight years of age she began to fast on vigils1 and to practise great self-denials2 nor could she bear to hear the tenderness of her years and constitution alleged as a reason that she ought not to fast or macerate her tender body4 ,her fervor made her eagerly to desire that she might have a share in every exercise of virtue which she saw practised by others1 and she had been already taught that the frequent mortification of the senses1 and still more of the will1 is to be joined with prayer to obtain the grace which restrains the passions1 and prevents their revolt4 ,how little is this most important maxim considered by those parents who excite and fortify the passions of children1 by teaching them a love of vanities1 and indulging them in gratifications of sense6 ,if rigorous fasts suit not their tender age1 a submission of the will1 perfect obedience1 and humble modesty1 are in no time of life more indispensably to be inculcated2 nor is any abstinence more necessary than that by which children are taught never to drink or eat out of meals1 to bear several little denials in them without uneasiness1 and never eagerly to crave anything4 ,the easy and happy victory of ,elizabeth over herself was owing to this early and perfect temperance1 submissiveness1 and sincere humility4 ,esteeming virtue her only advantage and delight1 she abhorred romances and idle entertainments1 shunned the usual amusements of children1 and was an enemy to all the vanities of the world4 ,she could bear no other songs than sacred hymns and psalms2 and from her childhood said every day the whole office of the breviary1 in which no priest could be more scrupulously exact4 ,her tenderness and compassion for the poor made her1 even in that tender age1 to be styled their mother4 ,at twelve years of age she was given in marriage to ,dionysius1 king of ,portugal4 ,that prince had considered in her1 birth1 beauty1 riches1 and sprightliness of genius1 more than virtue2 yet he allowed her an entire liberty in her devotions1 and exceedingly esteemed and admired her extraordinary piety4 ,she found no temptation to pride in the dazzling splendor of a crown1 and could say with ,esther1 that her heart never found any delight in the glory1 riches1 and grandeur with which she was surrounded4 ,she was sensible that regularity in our actions is necessary to virtue1 this being in itself most agreeable to ,god1 who shows in all his works how much he is the lover of order2 also a prudent distribution of time fixes the fickleness of the human mind1 hinders frequent omissions of pious exercises1 and is a means to prevent our being ever idle and being governed by humor and caprice in what we do1 by which motives a disguised self-love easily insinuates itself into our ordinary actions4 ,our saint therefore planned for herself a regular distribution of her whole time1 and of her religious exercises1 which she never interrupted1 unless extraordinary occasions of duty or charity obliged her to change the order of her daily practices4 ,she rose very early every morning1 and after a long morning exercise1 and a pious meditation1 she recited matins1 lauds and prime of the ,church office4 ,then she heard mass1 at which she communicated frequently every week4 ,she said every day also the little office of our ,lady1 and that of the dead3 and in the afternoon had other regular devotions after even-song or vespers4 ,she retired often into her oratory to her pious books1 and allotted certain hours to attend her domestic affairs1 public business1 or what she owed to others4 ,all her spare time she employed in pious reading1 or in working for the altar1 or the poor1 and she made her ladies of honor do the like4 ,she found no time to spend in vain sports and recreations1 or in idle discourse or entertainments4 ,she was most abstemious in her diet1 mean in her attire1 humble1 meek1 and affable in conversation1 and wholly bent upon the service of ,god in all her actions4 ,admirable was her spirit of compunction1 and of holy prayer2 and she poured forth her heart before ,god with most feeling sentiments of divine love1 and often watered her cheeks and the very ground with abundant tears of sweet devotion4 ,frequent attempts were made to prevail with her to moderate her austerities1 but she always answered that if ,christ assures us that his spirit cannot find place in a life of softness and pleasure1 mortification is nowhere more necessary than on the throne1 where the passions find more dangerous incentives4 ,she fasted three days a week1 many vigils besides those prescribed by the ,church2 all ,advent2 a ,lent of devotion1 from the feast of ,st4 ,john ,baptist to the feast of the ,assumption2 and soon after this she began another ,lent1 which she continued to ,st4 ,michael's day4 ,on all ,fridays and ,saturdays1 on the eves of all festivals of the ,blessed ,virgin and the apostles1 and on many other days1 her fast was on bread and water4 ,she often visited churches and places of devotion on foot4 ,charity to the poor was a distinguishing part of her character4 ,she gave constant orders to have all pilgrims and poor strangers provided for with lodging and necessaries4 ,she made it her business to seek out and secretly relieve persons of good condition who were reduced to necessity1 yet out of shame durst not make known their wants4 ,she was very liberal in furnishing fortunes to poor young women1 that they might marry according to their condition1 and not be exposed to the danger of losing their virtue4 ,she visited the sick1 served them1 and dressed and kissed their most loathsome sores4 ,she founded in different parts of the kingdom many pious establishments1 particularly an hospital near her own palace at ,combra1 a house for penitent women who had been seduced into evil courses1 at ,torres-,novas1 and an hospital for foundlings1 or those children who1 for want of due provision1 are exposed to the danger of perishing by poverty1 or the neglect and cruelty of unnatural parents4 ,she was utterly regardless of her own conveniences1 and so attentive to the poor and afflicted persons of the whole kingdom1 that she seemed almost wholly to belong to them2 not that she neglected any other duties which she owed to her neighbor1 for she made it her principal study to pay to her husband the most dutiful respect1 love1 and obedience1 and bore his injuries with invincible meekness and patience4 ,though king ,dionysius was a friend of justice1 and a valiant1 bountiful1 and compassionate prince1 yet he was1 in his youth1 a worldly man1 and defiled the sanctity of the nuptial state with abominable lusts4 ,the good queen used all her endeavors to reclaim him1 grieving most sensibly for the offence of ,god1 and the scandal given to the people2 and she never ceased to weep herself1 and to procure the prayers of others for his conversion4 ,she strove to gain him only by courtesy1 and with constant sweetness and cheerfulness cherished his natural children1 and took great care of their education4 ,by these means she softened the heart of the king1 who1 by the succor of a powerful grace1 rose out of the filthy puddle in which he had wallowed for a long time1 and kept ever after the fidelity that was due to his virtuous consort4 ,he instituted the order of ,christ in #acah2 founded1 with a truly royal magnificence1 the university of ,combra1 and adorned his kingdom with public buildings4 ,his extraordinary virtues1 particularly his liberality1 justice1 and constancy1 are highly extolled by the ,portuguese1 and after his entire conversion1 he was the idol and glory of his people4 ,a little time before his perfect conversion there happened an extraordinary accident4 ,the queen had a very pious1 faithful page1 whom she employed in the distribution of her secret alms4 ,a wicked fellow-page envying him on account of this favor1 to which his virtue and services entitled him1 treacherously suggested to his majesty that the queen showed a fondness for that page4 ,the prince1 who by his own sensual heart was easily inclined to judge ill of others1 gave credit to the slander1 and resolved to take away the life of the innocent youth4 ,for this purpose he gave order to a lime-burner1 that if on such a day he sent to him a page with this errand to inquire1 8,whether he had fulfilled the king's commands80 he should take him and cast him into the lime-kiln1 there to be burnt2 for that death he had justly incurred1 and the execution was expedient for the king's service4 ,on the day appointed he despatched the page with this message to the lime-kiln2 but the devout youth on the road passing by a church1 heard the bell ring at the elevation at mass1 went in and prayed there devoutly2 for it was his pious custom1 if he ever heard the sign given by the bell for the elevation1 always to go thither1 and not depart till mass was ended4 ,it happened1 on that occasion1 that as the first was not a whole mass1 and it was with him a constant rule to hear mass every day1 he stayed in the church1 and heard successively two other masses4 ,in the meantime1 the king1 who was impatient to know if his orders had been executed1 sent the informer to the lime-kiln1 to inquire whether his commands had been obeyed2 but as soon as he was come to the kiln1 and had asked the question1 the man1 supposing him to be the messenger meant by the king's order1 seized him1 and threw him into the burning lime1 where he was soon consumed4 ,thus was the innocent protected by his devotion1 and the slanderer was overtaken by divine justice4 ,the page who had heard the masses went afterward to the lime-kiln1 and having asked whether his majesty's commands had been yet executed1 brought him back word that they were4 ,the king was almost out of himself with surprise when he saw him come back with this message1 and being soon informed of the particulars1 he easily discovered the innocence of the pious youth1 adored the divine judgments1 and ever after respected the great virtue and sanctity of his queen4 ,st4 ,elizabeth had by the king two children1 ,alphonsus1 who afterward succeeded his father1 and ,constantia1 who was married to ,ferdinand ,,iv41 king of ,castille4 ,this son1 when grown up1 married the infanta of ,castille1 and soon after revolting against his own father1 put himself at the head of an army of malecontents4 ,st4 ,elizabeth had recourse to weeping1 prayer1 fasting1 and almsdeeds1 and exhorted her son in the strongest terms to return to his duty1 conjuring her husband at the same time to forgive him4 ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 wrote to her1 commending her religious and prudent conduct2 but certain court flatterers whispering to the king that she was suspected of favoring her son1 he1 whom jealousy made credulous1 banished her to the city of ,alanquer4 ,the queen received this disgrace with admirable patience and peace of mind1 and made use of the opportunity which her retirement afforded1 to redouble her austerities and devotions4 ,she never would entertain any correspondence with the malecontents1 nor listen to any suggestions from them4 ,the king himself admired her goodness1 meekness1 and humility under her disgrace2 and shortly after called her back to court1 and showed her greater love and respect than ever4 ,in all her troubles she committed herself to the sweet disposal of divine providence1 considering that she was always under the protection of ,god1 her merciful father4 ,being herself of the most sweet and peaceable disposition1 she was always most active and industrious in composing all differences between neighbors1 especially in averting war1 with the train of all the most terrible evils which attend it4 ,she reconciled her husband and son1 when their armies were marching one against the other2 and she reduced all the subjects to duty and obedience4 ,she made peace between ,ferdinand ,,iv41 king of ,castille1 and ,alphonsus de la ,cerda1 his cousin-german1 who disputed the crown3 likewise between ,james ,,ii41 king of ,arragon1 her own brother1 and ,ferdinand ,,iv41 the king of ,castille1 her son-in-law4 ,in order to effect this last she took a journey with her husband into both those kingdoms1 and to the great satisfaction of the ,christian world1 put a happy period to all dissensions and debates between those states4 ,after this charitable work1 king ,dionysius1 having reigned forty-five years1 fell sick4 ,st4 ,elizabeth gave him most signal testimonies of her love and affection1 scarce ever leaving his chamber during his illness1 unless to go to the church1 and taking infinite pains to serve and attend him4 ,but her main care and solicitude was to secure his eternal happiness1 and to procure that he might depart this life in sentiments of perfect repentance and piety4 ,for this purpose she gave bountiful alms1 and caused many prayers and masses to be said4 ,during his long and tedious illness he gave great marks of sincere compunction1 and died at ,santaren1 on the #fth of ,january1 #acbe4 ,as soon as he had expired1 the queen retired into her oratory1 commended his soul to ,god1 and consecrating herself to the divine service1 put on the habit of the third ,order of ,saint ,francis4 ,she attended the funeral procession1 with her husband's corpse1 to ,odiveras1 where he had chosen his burying-place in a famous church of ,cistercian monks4 ,after a considerable stay there1 she made a pilgrimage to ,compostella1 and returning to ,odiveras1 celebrated there her husband's anniversary with great solemnity2 after which she retired to a convent of ,clares1 which she had begun to rebuild before the death of her husband4 ,she was desirous to make her religious profession1 but was diverted from that design for some time upon a motive of charity1 that she might continue to support an infinity of poor people by her alms and protection4 ,she therefore contented herself at first with wearing the habit of the third ,order1 living in a house which she built contiguous to her great nunnery1 in which she assembled ninety devout nuns4 ,she often visited them1 and sometimes served them at table1 having for her companion in this practice of charity and humility her daughter-in-law1 ,beatrix1 the queen then reigning4 ,however1 by authentic historical proofs it is evinced that before her death she made her religious profession in the aforesaid third ,order1 as pope ,urban ,,viii41 after mature discussion of those monuments1 has declared4#fg ,a war being lighted up between her son ,alphonsus ,,iv41 surnamed the brave1 king of ,portugal1 and her grandson1 ,alphonsus ,,xi41 king of ,castille1 and armies being set on foot1 she was startled at the news1 and resolved to set out to reconcile them1 and extinguish the fire that was kindling4 ,her servants endeavored to persuade her to defer her journey1 on account of the excessive heats1 but she made answer that she could not better expend her health and her life than by seeking to prevent the miseries and calamities of a war4 ,the very news of her journey disposed both parties to peace4 ,she went to ,estremoz1 upon the frontiers of ,portugal and ,castille1 where her son was2 but she arrived ill of a violent fever1 which she looked upon as a messenger sent by ,god to warn her that the time was at hand wherein he called her to himself4 ,she strongly exhorted her son to the love of peace and to a holy life2 she confessed several times1 received the holy viaticum on her knees at the foot of the altar1 and shortly after extreme unction2 from which time she continued in fervent prayer1 often invoking the ,blessed ,virgin1 and repeating these words3 8,mary1 mother of grace1 mother of mercy1 defend us from the wicked enemy1 and receive us at the hour of our death40 ,she appeared overflowing with heavenly joy1 and with those consolations of the ,holy ,ghost which make death so sweet to the saints2 and in the presence of her son1 the king1 and of her daughter-in-law1 she gave up her happy soul to ,god on the #dth of ,july1 in the year #accf1 of her age sixty-five4 ,she was buried with royal pomp in the church of her monastery of poor ,clares1 at ,combra1 and honored by miracles4 ,leo ,x4 and ,paul ,,iv4 granted an office on her festival2 and in #afab her body was taken up and found entire4 ,it is now richly enshrined in a magnificent chapel1 built on purpose4 ,she was canonized by ,urban ,,viii4 in #afbe1 and the #hth of ,july appointed for her festival4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the characteristical virtue of ,st4 ,elizabeth was a love of peace4 ,christ1 the prince of peace1 declares his spirit to be the spirit of humility and meekness2 consequently the spirit of peace4 ,variance1 wrath1 and strife1 are the works of the flesh1 of envy1 and pride1 which he condemns1 and which exclude from the kingdom of heaven4 ,bitterness and contention shut out reason1 make the soul deaf to the motives of religion1 and open the understanding to nothing but what is sinful4 ,to find the way of peace we must be meek and patient1 even under the most violent provocations2 we must never resent any wrong1 nor return railing for railing1 but good for evil2 we must regard passion as the worst of monsters1 and must judge it as unreasonable to hearken to its suggestions as to choose a madman for our counsellor in matters of concern and difficulty2 above all1 we must abhor it not only as a sin1 but as leading to a numberless variety of other grievous sins and spiritual evils4 ,blessed are the peacemakers1 and all who love and cultivate this virtue among men1 they shall be called the children of ,god1 whose badge and image they bear4 ,,st4 ,,procopius1 ,m4 ,he was a native of ,jerusalem1 but lived at ,bethsan1 otherwise called ,scythopolis1 where he was reader in the church1 and also performed the function of exorcist1 and dispossessing demoniacs1 and that of interpreter of the ,greek tongue into the ,syro-,chaldaic4#fh ,he was a divine man1 say his acts1 and had always lived in the practice of great austerity and patience1 and in perpetual chastity4 ,he took no other sustenance than bread and water1 and usually abstained from all food for two or three days together4 ,he was well skilled in the science of the ,greeks1 but much more in that of the holy scriptures2 the assiduous meditation on which nourished his soul1 and seemed also to give vigor and strength to his emaciated body4 ,he was admirable in all virtues1 particularly in a heavenly meekness and humility4 ,dioclesian's bloody edicts against the ,christians reached ,palestine in ,april1 #cjc1 and ,procopius was the first person who received the crown of martyrdom in that country1 in the aforesaid persecution4 ,he was apprehended at ,bethsan and led1 with several others1 bound to ,csarea1 our city1 say the acts1 and was hurried straight before ,paulinus1 prefect of the province4#fi ,the judge commanded the martyr to sacrifice to the gods4 ,the servant of ,christ answered he never could do it2 and this he declared with a firmness and resolution that seemed to wound the heart of the prefect as if it had been pierced with a dagger4 ,the martyr added1 there is no ,god but one1 who is the author and preserver of the world4 ,the prefect then bade him sacrifice to the four emperors1 namely ,dioclesian1 ,herculius1 ,galerius1 and ,constantius4 ,this the saint again refused to do1 and had scarce returned his answer but the judge passed sentence upon him1 and he was immediately led to execution and beheaded4 ,he is honored by the ,greeks with the title of ,the ,great ,martyr4 ,see his original ,chaldaic ,acts1 published by ,steph4 ,assemani1 t4 #b1 p4 #aff1 and a less accurate old ,latin translation2 given by ,ruinart1 and by ,henry ,valois1 ,not4 in ,euseb4 l4 #h4 ,the author of these acts was ,eusebius of ,csarea1 an eye-witness4 ,,ss4 ,,kilian ,,bishop1 ,,colman ,,priest1 ,,and ,,totnan ,,deacon1 ,,mm4 ,kilian or ,kuln was a holy ,irish monk1 of noble ,scottish extraction4 ,with two zealous companions he travelled to ,rome in #fhf1 and obtained of pope ,conon a commission to preach the gospel to the ,german idolaters in ,franconia2 upon which occasion ,kilian was invested with episcopal authority4 ,the missionaries converted and baptized great numbers at ,wurtzburg1 and among others ,gosbert1 the duke of that name4 ,this prince had taken to wife ,geilana1 the relict of his deceased brother2 and though he loved her tenderly1 being put in mind by ,st4 ,kilian that such a marriage was condemned and void by the law of the gospel1 he promised to dismiss her1 saying that we are bound to love ,god above father1 mother1 or wife4 ,geilana was tormented in mind beyond measure at this resolution2 jealousy and ambition equally inflamed her breast2 and1 as the vengeance of a wicked woman has no bounds1 during the absence of the duke in a military expedition1 she sent assassins1 who privately murdered the three holy missionaries in #fhh4 ,the ruffians were themselves pursued by divine vengeance1 and all perished miserably4 ,st4 ,burchard1 who1 in the following century1 was placed by ,st4 ,boniface in the episcopal see of ,wurtzburg1 translated their relics into his cathedral4 ,a portion of those of ,st4 ,kilian1 in a rich shrine1 was preserved in the treasury of the elector of ,brunswic-,lunenburg in #agac1 as appears from the printed description of that cabinet4 ,see the acts of these martyrs compiled by ,egilward1 monk of ,st4 ,burchard's at ,wurtzburg1 extant imperfect in the eleventh century1 in ,surius1 t4 #d1 entire in ,canisius1 t4 #d1 par4 #b1 p4 #fbh1 and t4 #c1 ed4 ,basn41 p4 #agd4 ,also among the ,opuscula of ,serrarius1 printed at ,mentz in #afaa1 in the collection of the writers of ,wurtzburg published by ,ludewig1 p4 #iff1 and in ,mabillon and the ,bollandists4 ,see also ,thesaurus reliquiarum ,electoralis ,brunsvico-,luneburgicus4 ,hanover1 #agac1 and ,solier1 t4 #b1 ,julij1 p4 #fjj4 ,,st4 ,,withburge1 ,v4 ,she was the youngest of the four sisters1 all saints1 daughters of ,annas the holy king of the ,east-,angles4 ,in her tender years she devoted herself to the divine service1 and led an austere life in close solitude for several years at ,holkham1 an estate of the king her father1 near the sea-coast in ,norfolk1 where a church1 afterward called ,withburgstow1 was built4 ,after the death of her father she changed her dwelling to another estate of the crown called ,dereham4 ,this is at present a considerable market-town in ,norfolk1 but was then an obscure retired place4 ,withburge assembled there many devout virgins1 and laid the foundation of a great church and nunnery1 but did not live to finish the buildings4 ,her holy death happened on the #agth of ,march1 #gdc4 ,her body was interred in the church-yard of ,dereham1 and fifty-five years after1 found uncorrupt1 and translated into the church4 ,one hundred and seventy-six years after this1 in #igd1 ,brithnoth 7the first abbot of ,ely1 after that house1 which had been destroyed by the ,danes1 was rebuilt71 with the consent of king ,edgar1 removed it to ,ely1 and deposited it near the bodies of her two sisters4 ,in #aajf the remains of the four saints were translated into the new church and laid near the high altar4 ,the bodies of ,,ss4 ,sexburga and ,ermenilda were reduced to dust1 except the bones4 ,that of ,st4 ,audry was entire1 and that of ,st4 ,withburge was not only sound but also fresh1 and the limbs perfectly flexible4 ,warner1 a monk of ,westminster1 showed this to all the people1 by lifting up and moving several ways the hands1 arms1 and feet4 ,herbert bishop of ,thetford1 who in #ajid translated his see to ,norwich1 and many other persons of distinction1 were eye-witnesses hereof4 ,this is related by ,thomas1 monk of ,ely1 in his history of ,ely1#gj which he wrote the year following1 #aajg4 ,this author tells us1 that in the place where ,st4 ,withburge was first buried1 in the church-yard of ,dereham1 a large fine spring of most clear water gushes forth4#ga ,it is to this day called ,st4 ,withburge's well1 was formerly very famous1 and is paved1 covered1 and inclosed2 a stream from it forms another small well without the church-yard4 ,see her life1 and ,leland1 ,collect4 vol4 iii4 p4 #afg4 ,b4 ,,theobald1 ,,abbot4 ,he was by his virtue the great ornament of the illustrious family of ,montmorency in ,france4 ,he was born in the castle of ,marli4 ,his father1 ,bouchard of ,montmorency1 gave him an education suitable to his birth1 and trained him up to the profession of arms1 in which so many heroes of that family have signalized themselves4 ,but ,theobald manifested from his infancy a strong inclination to a state of holy retirement1 dreading the least shadow of danger which could threaten his innocence4 ,he spent great part of his time in prayer1 and resorted often to the church of the nunnery called ,port-,royal1 which had been founded in #abjd by ,matthew of ,montmorency1 and on which his father ,bouchard had bestowed so many estates that he was regarded as a second founder4 ,theobald took the ,cistercian habit at ,vaux de ,cernay in #abbj1 and was chosen abbot of that house in #abcd4 ,he lived in the midst of his brethren as the servant of every one1 and surpassed all others in his love of poverty1 silence1 and holy prayer4 ,he was highly esteemed by ,st4 ,lewis4 ,his happy death happened in #abdg4 ,his shrine in his abbey is visited by a great concourse of people on the ,whitsun-holidays4 ,his solemn festival is there kept on the #hth1 and in some places on the #ith of ,july1 probably the day on which the first translation of his relics was made4 ,the ,bollandists defer his life to the #hth of ,december1 the day of his death4 ,see ,le ,nain1 ,histoire de ,citeaux1 t4 #i4 ,,saint ,,grimbald1 ,,native ,,of ,,st4 ,,omer1 ,,abbot4 ,he was a monk at ,st4 ,bertin's1 and with his abbot entertained king ,alfred in that abbey when that prince was going to ,rome4 ,this king1 afterward by the advice of ,eldred archbishop of ,canterbury1 sent messengers to ,st4 ,bertin's to invite ,grimbald over into ,england1 where he arrived1 ,hugh being twelfth abbot of that monastery1 in the year #hhe4 ,asserius1 a monk of ,menevia or ,st4 ,david's1 whom king ,alfred honored with his particular esteem1 and who was afterward bishop of ,shireburn1 was one of these messengers4 ,the ,oxonian writers tell us that ,grimbald was appointed first professor of divinity at ,oxford1 when he is said to have founded that university2 and that ,asserius1 ,john ,erigena1 and ,st4 ,neot taught there at the same time4 ,the learned ,mr4 ,hearne says not only that ,grimbald built ,st4 ,peter's church in the ,east1 but also that the eastern vault of his ancient structure is standing to this day1 of which he gives a plan4 ,upon the death of ,eldred archbishop of ,canterbury1 king ,alfred pressed ,grimbald to accept that dignity2 but was not able to extort his consent1 and was obliged to allow him to retire to the church of ,winchester4 ,king ,alfred's son and successor ,edward1 in compliance with his father's will1 built the ,new ,minstre close to the old1 in which he placed secular canons1 says ,tanner1 and appointed ,st4 ,grimbald abbot over them2 this title being then given to a superior of secular or regular priests4 ,about sixty years after1 bishop ,ethelwolph brought in monks in place of those secular canons4 ,king ,henry ,i4 removed this monastery of ,new ,minstre out of the walls of the city to the place called ,hide1 which still continued sometimes to be called ,st4 ,grimbald's monastery4 ,the body of the great king ,alfred was removed by his son from the ,old ,minstre1 and that of his queen ,alswithe from the nunnery of ,nunnaminstre1 and deposited together in the ,new ,minstre1 afterward in ,hide-,monastery4 ,nunnaminstre was founded by king ,alfred1 or rather by his queen ,alswithe4 ,st4 ,edburge1 a daughter of king ,edward1 was a nun1 and1 according to ,leland1 abbess there4 ,st4 ,grimbald in his last sickness1 though extremely feeble1 gathered strength when the sacred viaticum was brought1 rose out of bed1 and received it prostrate on the ground4 ,after this he desired to be left alone for three days1 which he spent in close union of his heart with ,god4 ,on the fourth day the community was called into his chamber1 and amidst their prayers the saint calmly breathed forth his happy soul on the #hth of ,july in the year #ijc1 of his age eighty-three4 ,his body was reposed in this church1 and honored amongst its most precious relics4 ,it was taken up by ,st4 ,elphegus1 and exposed in a silver shrine4 ,see his life written by ,goscelin1 monk of ,st4 ,bertin's2 ,capgrave2 ,leland1 ,collect4 t4 #a1 p4 #ah4 ,john ,yperius in ,chron4 ,s4 ,bertini2 ,molan4 in ,natal4 ,sanct4 ,belgii2 ,hearne1 ,prf4 in ,lelandi ,collect4 t4 #a1 p4 #bh1 t4 #b1 p4 #bag1 and ,prf4 in ,thom ,caii ,vindicias ,oxon4 contra ,joan4 ,caium ,cantabrig4 p4 #bg4 ,woode ,ant4 ,oxon4 t4 #a1 p4 #i4 ,,july ,,ix4 ,,st4 ,,ephrem ,,of ,,edessa1 ,c4 ,,doctor ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,from his works in the late ,vatican edition2 also from ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 in his panegyric of ,st4 ,ephrem2 and from ,palladius1 ,theodoret1 ,sozomen1 c4 ,see t4 #a1 ,op4 ,st4 ,ephrem1 ,rom1 ,an4 #agdc1 or ,st4 ,ephrem ,syri ,opera ,omnia ,latine4 ,venetiis1 #agee1 #b tomis4 ,a4 ,d4 #cgh4 ,this humble deacon was the most illustrious of all the doctors1 who1 by their doctrine and writings1 have adorned the ,syriac church4 ,he was born in the territory of ,nisibis1 a strong city on the banks of the ,tigris1 in ,mesopotamia4 ,his parents lived in the country1 and earned their bread with the sweat of their brows1 but were ennobled by the blood of martyrs in their family1 and had themselves both confessed ,christ before the persecutors under ,dioclesian1 or his successors4 ,they consecrated ,ephrem to ,god from his cradle1 like another ,samuel1 but he was eighteen years old when he was baptized4 ,before that time he had committed certain faults which his enlightened conscience extremely exaggerated to him after his perfect conversion to ,god1 and he never ceased to bewail1 with floods of tears1 his ingratitude towards ,god1 in having ever offended him4 ,sozomen#gb says these sins were little sallies of anger1 into which he had sometimes fallen with his playfellows in his childhood4 ,the saint himself mentions in his confession#gc two crimes 7as he styles them7 of this age1 which called for his tears during his whole life4 ,the first was1 that in play he had driven a neighbor's cow among the mountains1 where it happened to be killed by a wild beast2 the second was a doubt which once came into his mind in his childhood1 whether ,god's particular providence reached to an immediate superintendency over all our individual actions4 ,this sin he exceedingly magnifies in his contrition1 though it happened before his baptism1 and never proceeded further than a fluctuating thought from ignorance in his childhood2 and in his ,testament he thanks ,god for having been always preserved by his mercy since his baptism from any error in faith4 ,himself assures us that the divine goodness was pleased in a wonderful manner to discover to him1 after this temptation1 the folly of his error1 and the wretched blindness of his soul in having pretended to fathom the secrets of providence4 ,within a month after he had been assaulted by the temptation of the aforesaid doubt1 he happened in travelling through the country to be benighted1 and was forced to take up his quarters with a shepherd who had lost in the wilderness the flock committed to his charge4 ,the master of the shepherd suspected him guilty of theft1 and pursuing him1 found him and ,ephrem together1 and cast them both into prison1 upon suspicion that they had stolen his sheep4 ,ephrem was extremely afflicted at his misfortune1 and in the dungeon found seven other prisoners1 who were all falsely accused or suspected of different crimes1 though really guilty of others4 ,when he had lain seven days in prison in great anguish of mind1 an angel appearing to him in his sleep told him he was sent to show him the justice and wisdom of divine providence in governing and directing all human events2 and that this should be manifested to him in the case of those prisoners who seemed to suffer in his company unjustly4 ,the next day the judge called the prisoners before him1 and put two of them to the torture1 in order to compel them to confess their crimes4 ,while others were tormented1 ,ephrem stood by the rack trembling and weeping for himself1 under the apprehension of being every moment put to the question4 ,the bystanders rallied him for his fears1 and said--8,ay1 it is thy turn next2 it is to no purpose now to weep3 why didst thou not fear to commit the crime80 ,however1 he was not put on the rack1 but sent back to prison4 ,the other prisoners1 though innocent of the crimes of which they were first arraigned1 were all convicted of other misdemeanors1 and each of them received the chastisement due to his offence4 ,as to ,ephrem1 the true thief having been discovered1 he was honorably acquitted1 after seventy days' confinement4 ,this event the saint relates at length in his confession4#gd ,god was pleased to give him this sensible proof of the sweetness1 justice1 and tender goodness of his holy providence1 which we are bound to adore in resignation and silence2 waiting until the curtain shall be drawn aside1 and the whole economy of his loving dispensations to his elect displayed in its true amiable light1 and placed in its full view before our eyes in the next life4 ,though1 to take a view of the infinite wisdom1 justice1 and sanctity which ,god displayeth in all the dispensations of his providence1 we must take into the prospect the rewards and punishments of the next world1 and all the hidden springs of this adorable mystery of faith2 yet his divine goodness to excite our confidence in him1 was pleased1 by this revelation to his servant1 to manifest in this instance his attributes justified in part1 even in this life1 of which he hath given us a most illustrious example with regard to holy ,job4 ,st4 ,ephrem1 from the time of his baptism1 which he received soon after this accident1 began to be more deeply penetrated with the fear of the divine judgment1 and he had always present to his mind the rigorous account he was to give to ,god of all his actions1 the remembrance of which was to him a source of almost uninterrupted tears4 ,hoping more easily to secure his salvation in a state in which his thoughts would never be diverted from it1 soon after he was baptized he took the monastic habit1 and put himself under the direction of a holy abbot1 with whose leave he chose for his abode a little hermitage in the neighborhood of the monastery4 ,he seemed to set no bounds to his fervor4 ,he lay on the bare ground1 often fasted whole days without eating1 and watched a great part of the night in prayer4 ,it was a rule observed in all the monasteries of ,mesopotamia and ,egypt1 that every religious man should perform his task of manual labor1 of which he gave an account to his superior at the end of every week4 ,the work of these monks was always painful1 that it might be a part of their penance2 and it was such as was compatible with private prayer1 and a constant attention of the mind to ,god2 for they always prayed or meditated at their work2 and for this purpose1 the first task which was enjoined a young monk was to get the psalter by heart4 ,the profits of their labor1 above the little pittance which was necessary for their mean subsistence in their penitential state1 were always given to the poor4 ,st4 ,ephrem made sails for ships4 ,of his poverty he writes thus in his ,testament3 8,ephrem hath never possessed purse1 staff1 or scrip1 or any other temporal estate2 my heart hath known no affection for gold or silver1 or any earthly goods40 ,he was naturally choleric1 but so perfectly did he subdue this passion1 that meekness was one of the most conspicuous virtues in his character1 and he was usually styled ,the meek1 or the peaceable man of ,god4 ,he was never known to dispute or contend with any one2 with the most obstinate sinners he used only tears and entreaties4 ,once1 when he had fasted several days1 the brother who was bringing him a mess of pottage made with a few herbs for his meal1 let fall the pot1 and broke it4 ,the saint seeing him in confusion1 said cheerfully1--8,as our supper will not come to us1 let us go to it40 ,and sitting down on the ground by the broken pot1 he picked up his meal as well as he could4 ,humility made the saint rejoice in the contempt of himself1 and sincerely desire that all men had such a knowledge and opinion of his baseness and nothingness as to despise him from their hearts1 and to look upon him most unworthy to hold any rank among creatures4 ,this sincere spirit of profound humility all his words1 actions1 and writings breathed in a most affecting manner4 ,honors and commendations served to increase the saint's humility4 ,hearing himself one day praised1 he was not able to speak1 and his whole body was covered with a violent sweat1 caused by the inward agony and confusion of his soul at the consideration of the last day2 for he was seized with extreme fear and dread1 thinking that he should be then overwhelmed with shame1 when his baseness and hypocrisy should be proclaimed and made manifest before all creatures1 especially those very persons who here commended him1 and whom he had deceived by his hypocrisy4 ,we may hence easily judge how much the thought of any elevation or honor affrighted him4 ,when a certain city sought to choose him bishop1 he counterfeited himself mad4 ,compunction of heart is the sister of sincere humility and penance1 and nothing seemed more admirable in our saint than this virtue4 ,tears seemed always ready to be called forth in torrents as often as he raised his heart to ,god1 or remembered the sweetness of his divine love1 the rigor of his judgments1 or the spiritual miseries of our souls4 8,we cannot call to mind his perpetual tears10 says ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 8without melting into tears4 ,to weep seemed almost as natural to him as it is for other men to breathe4 ,night and day his eyes seemed always swimming in tears4 ,no one could meet him at any time1 who did not see them trickling down his cheeks40 ,he appeared always drowned in an abyss of compunction4 ,this was always painted in most striking features on his countenance1 the sight of which was1 even in his silence1 a moving instruction to all that beheld him4 ,this spirit of compunction gave a singular energy to all his words and writings2 it never forsakes him1 even in panegyrics or in treating of subjects of spiritual joy4 ,where he speaks of the felicity of paradise or the sweetness of divine love in transports of overflowing hope and joy1 he never lost sight of the motives of compunction1 and always returns to his tears4 ,by the continual remembrance of the last judgment he nourished in his soul this constant profound spirit of compunction4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa writes1 that no one can read his discourses on the last judgment without dissolving into tears1 so awful is the representation1 and so strong and lively the image which he paints of that dreadful day4 ,almost every object he saw called it afresh to his mind4 ,the spotless purity of our saint was the fruit of his sincere humility1 and constant watchfulness over himself4 ,he says that the great ,st4 ,antony1 out of modesty1 would never wash his feet1 or suffer any part of his body1 except his face and hands1 to be seen naked by any one4 ,st4 ,ephrem spent many years in the desert1 collected within himself1 having his mind raised above all earthly things1 and living as it were out of the flesh1 and out of the world1 to use the expression of ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen4 ,his zeal drew several severe persecutions upon him from certain tepid monks1 but he found a great support in the example and advice of ,st4 ,julian1 whose life he has written4 ,he lost this comfort by the death of that great servant of ,god2 and about the same time died in #cch 7not #cej1 as ,tillemont mistakes71 ,st4 ,james1 bishop of ,nisibis1 his spiritual director and patron4 ,not long after this1 ,god inspired ,st4 ,ephrem to leave his own country1 and go to ,edessa1 there to venerate the relics of the saints1 by which are probably meant chiefly those of the apostle ,st4 ,thomas4 ,he likewise desired to enjoy the conversation of certain holy anchorets who inhabited the mountains near that city1 which was sometimes reckoned in ,mesopotamia and sometimes in ,syria4 ,under the weak reigns of the last of the ,seleucid1 kings of ,asia1 it was erected into a small kingdom by the princes called ,abgars4 ,as the saint was going into ,edessa1 a certain courtezan fixed her eyes upon him1 which when he perceived he turned away his face1 and said with indignation3 8,why dost thou gaze upon me80 ,to which she made this smart reply4 8,woman was formed from man2 but you ought always to keep your eyes cast down on the earth1 out of which man was framed40 ,st4 ,ephrem1 whose heart was always filled with the most profound sentiments of humility1 was much struck and pleased with this reflection1 and admired the providence of ,god1 which sends us admonitions by all sorts of means4 ,he wrote a book on those words of the courtezan1 which the ,syrians anciently esteemed the most useful and the best of all the writings of this incomparable doctor1 but it is now lost4 ,it seems to have contained maxims of humility4 ,st4 ,ephrem lived at ,edessa1 highly honored by all ranks and orders of men4 ,being ordained deacon of that church1 he became an apostle of penance1 which he preached with incredible zeal and fruit4 ,he from time to time returned into his desert1 there to renew in his heart the spirit of compunction and prayer2 but always came out of his wilderness1 inflamed with the ardor of a ,baptist1 to announce the divine truths to a world buried in spiritual darkness and insensibility4 ,the saint was educated with great natural talents1 which he had improved by study and contemplation4 ,he was a poet1 and had read something of logic2 but had no tincture of the rest of the ,grecian philosophy4 ,this want of the heathenish learning and profane science was supplied by his good sense and uncommon penetration1 and the diligence with which he cultivated his faculties by more sublime sacred studies4 ,he learned very accurately the doctrine of the ,catholic faith1 was well versed in the holy scriptures1 and was a perfect master of the ,syriac tongue1 in which he wrote with great elegance and propriety4 ,he was possessed of an extraordinary faculty of natural eloquence4 ,words flowed from him like a torrent1 which yet were too slow for the impetuosity and multitude of thoughts with which he was overwhelmed in speaking on spiritual subjects4 ,his conceptions were always clear1 his diction pure and agreeable4 ,he spoke with admirable perspicuity1 copiousness1 and sententiousness1 in an easy unaffected style2 and with so much sweetness1 so pathetic a vehemence1 so natural an accent1 and so strong emotions of his own heart1 that his words seemed to carry with them an irresistible power4 ,his writings derive great strength from the genius and natural bold tropes of the ,oriental languages applied by so great a master1 and have a graceful beauty and force which no translation can attain2 though his works are only impetuous effusions of an overflowing heart1 not studied compositions4 ,what recommends them beyond all other advantages of eloquence1 is1 they are all the language of the heart1 and a heart penetrated with the most perfect sentiments of divine love1 confidence1 compunction1 humility1 and all other virtues4 ,they present his ardent1 humble1 and meek soul such as it was1 and show how ardently he was occupied only on the great truths of salvation2 how much he humbled himself without intermission1 under the almighty hand of ,god1 infinite in sanctity and terrible in his justice2 with what profound awe he trembled in the constant attention to his adorable presence1 and at the remembrance of his dreadful judgment1 and with what fervor he both preached and practised the most austere penance1 laboring continually with all his strength 8to prepare himself a treasure for the last hour10 as he expresses himself4 ,his words strongly imprint upon the souls of others those sentiments with which he was penetrated3 they carry light and conviction2 they never fail to strike1 and pierce to the very bottom of the soul4 ,nor is the fire which they kindle in the breast a passing warmth1 but a flame which devours and destroys all earthly affections1 transforms the soul into itself1 and continues without abating1 the lasting force of its activity4#ge 8,who that is proud10 says ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 8would not become the humblest of men by reading his discourse on humility8 ,who would not be inflamed with a divine fire by reading his treatise on charity8 ,who would not wish to be chaste in heart and spirit1 by reading the praises he has given to virginity80 ,the saint1 though most austere to himself1 was discreet in the direction of others1 and often repeated this advice1 that it is a dangerous stratagem of the enemy to induce fervent converts to embrace in the beginning excessive mortifications4#gf ,wherefore it behooves them not to undertake without prudent counsel any extraordinary practices of penance2 but always such in which they will be able to persevere with constancy and cheerfulness4 ,who ever laid on a child a burden of a hundred pounds weight1 under which he is sure to fall8 ,st4 ,ephrem brought many idolaters to the faith1 and converted great numbers of ,arians1 ,sabellians1 and other heretics4 ,saint ,jerom commends a book which he wrote against the ,macedonians1 to prove the divinity of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,he established the perfect efficacy of penance against the ,novatians1 who1 though the boldest and most insolent of men1 seemed like children without strength before this experienced champion1 as ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa assures us4 ,not less glorious were his triumphs over the ,millenarians1 ,marcionites1 ,manichees1 and the disciples of the impious ,bardesanes1 who denied the resurrection of the flesh1 and had in the foregoing century spread his errors at ,edessa1 by songs which the people learned to sing4 ,st4 ,ephrem1 to minister a proper antidote against this poison1 composed elegant ,catholic songs and poems which he taught the inhabitants both of the city and country with great spiritual advantage4 ,apollinaris began openly to broach his heresy a little before the year #cgf1 denying in ,christ a human soul1 which he pretended that the divine person supplied in the humanity3 whence it would have followed that he was not truly man1 but only assumed a human body1 not the complete human nature4 ,st4 ,ephrem was then very old1 but he opposed this new monster with great vigor4 ,several heresies he crushed in their birth1 and he suffered much from the fury of the ,arians under ,constantius1 and of the ,heathens under ,julian1 but in both these persecutions reaped glorious laurels and trophies4 ,it was by a divine admonition1 as himself assures us1#gg that about the year #cgb1 he undertook a long journey to pay a visit to ,basil4 ,being arrived at ,csarea he went to the great church1 where he found the holy bishop preaching4 ,after the sermon1 ,st4 ,basil sent for him1 and asked him by an interpreter1 if he was not ,ephrem the servant of ,christ4#gh 8,i am that ,ephrem10 said he1 8who have wandered astray from the path of heaven40 ,then melting into tears1 and raising his voice1 he cried out1--8,o my father1 have pity on a sinful wretch1 and lead me into the narrow path40 ,st4 ,basil gave him many rules of holy life1 and after long spiritual conferences dismissed him with great esteem1 having first ordained his companion priest4 ,st4 ,ephrem himself never would consent to be promoted to the sacerdotal dignity1 of which he expresses the greatest dread and apprehension1 in his sermon on the priesthood4#gi ,being returned to ,edessa he retired to a little solitary cell1 where he prepared himself for his last passage1 and composed the latter part of his works4 ,for1 not content to labor for the advantage of one age1 or one people1 he studied to promote that of all mankind1 and all times to come4 ,the public distress under a great famine called him again out of his retirement in order to serve1 and procure relief for the poor4 ,he engaged the rich freely to open their coffers1 placed beds for the sick in all the public porticos1 visited them every day1 and served them with his own hands4 ,the public calamity being over1 he hastened back to his solitude1 where he shortly after sickened of a fever4 ,he wrote about that time his seventy-six ,parneses or moving exhortations to penance1 consisting in a great measure of most effective prayers2 several of which are used by the ,syrians in their ,church office4 ,his confidence in the precious fruits of the holy sacrament of the altar raised his hope1 and inflamed his love1 especially in his passage to eternity4 ,thus he expresses himself3#hj 8,entering upon so long and dangerous a journey ,i have my viaticum1 even ,thee1 ,o ,son of ,god4 ,in my extreme spiritual hunger1 ,i will feed on thee1 the repairer of mankind4 ,so it shall be that no fire will dare to approach me2 for it will not be able to bear the sweet saving odor of thy body and blood40 ,the circumstances of our saint's death are edifying and deserve our notice4 ,for nothing more strongly affects our heart1 or makes on it a more sensible impression1 than the behavior and words of great men in their last moments4 ,st4 ,ephrem was always filled with grief1 indignation1 and confusion when he perceived others to treat him as a saint1 or to express any regard or esteem for him4 ,in his last sickness he laid this strict injunction on his disciples and friends3#ha 8,sing no funeral hymns at ,ephrem's burial3 suffer no encomiastic oration4 ,wrap not my carcase in any costly shroud3 erect no monument to my memory4 ,allow me only the portion and place of a pilgrim2 for ,i am a pilgrim and a stranger as all my fathers were on earth40 ,seeing that several persons had prepared rich shrouds for his interment1 he was much afflicted1 and he charged all those who had such a design to drop it1 and give the money to the poor1 which he in particular obliged a rich nobleman1 who had bought a most sumptuous shroud for that purpose1 to do4 ,st4 ,ephrem1 as long as he was able to speak1 continued to exhort all men to the fervent pursuit of virtue1 as his last words sufficiently show1 says ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 meaning the saint's ,testament1 which is still extant genuine1 and the same that was quoted by ,st4 ,gregory1 ,sozomen1 c4 ,in it he says3 8,i ,ephrem die4 ,be it known to you all that ,i write this ,testament to conjure you always to remember me in your prayers after my decease40#hb ,this he often repeats4 ,he protests that he had always lived in the true faith1 to which he exhorts all most firmly to adhere4 ,deploring and confessing aloud the vanity and sinfulness of his life1 he adjures all present that no one would suffer his sinful dust to be laid under the altar1 and that no one would take any of his rags for relics1 nor show him any honor1 for he was a sinner and the last of creatures4 8,but10 says he1 8throw my body hastily on your shoulders1 and cast me into my grave1 as the abomination of the universe4 ,let no one praise me2 for ,i am full of confusion1 and the very abstract of baseness4 ,to show what ,i am1 rather spit upon me1 and cover my body with phlegm4 ,did you smell the stench of my actions1 you would fly from me1 and leave me unburied1 not being able to bear the horrible corruption of my sins40 ,he forbids any torches or perfumes1 ordering his corpse to be thrown into the common burying-place among poor strangers4 ,he expresses most feeling sentiments of compunction1 and gives his blessing to his disciples1 with a prediction of divine mercy in their favor2 but excepts two among them1 ,aruad and ,paulonas1 both persons famed for eloquence2 yet he foresaw that they would afterward apostatize from the ,catholic faith4 ,the whole city was assembled before the saint's door1 every one being bathed in tears2 and all strove to get as near to him as possible1 and to listen to his last instructions4 ,a lady of great quality named ,lamprotata1 falling at his feet1 begged his leave to buy a coffin for his interment2 to which he assented1 on condition that it should be a very mean one1 and that the lady would promise to renounce all vanities in a spirit of penance1 and never again to be carried on the shoulders of men1 or in a chair2 all which she cheerfully engaged herself to perform4 ,the saint1 having ceased to speak1 continued in silent prayer till he calmly gave up his soul to ,god4 ,he died in a very advanced age about the year #cgh4 ,his festival was kept at ,edessa immediately after his death4 ,on it ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa soon after spoke his panegyric at the request of one ,ephrem1 who having been taken captive by the ,ismaelites had recommended himself to this saint his patron1 and had been wonderfully delivered from his chains and from many dangers4 ,st4 ,gregory closes his discourse with this address to the saint4 8,you are now assisting at the divine altar1 and before the prince of life with the angels1 praising the most holy ,trinity3 remember us all1 and obtain for us the pardon of our sins40 ,the true ,martyrology of ,bede calls the #ith of ,july the day of his deposition2 which agrees with ,palladius1 who places his death in harvest-time1 though the ,latins have long kept his festival on the #ast of ,february1 and the ,greeks on the #bhth of ,january4 ,his perpetual tears1 far from disfiguring his face1 made it appear more serene and beautiful1 and his very aspect raised the veneration of all who beheld him4 ,the ,greeks paint him very tall1 bent with old age1 of a sweet and beautiful countenance1 with his eyes swimming in tears1 and the venerable marks of sanctity in his looks and habit4 ,saint ,austin says1 that ,adam in paradise praised ,god and did not sigh2 but in our present state1 a principal function of our prayer consists in sighs and compunction4 ,divine love1 as ,st4 ,gregory observes1#hc our banishment from ,god1 our dangers1 our past sins1 our daily offences1 and the weight of our own spiritual miseries1 and those of the whole world1 call upon us continually to weep1 at least spiritually and in the desire of our heart1 if we cannot always with our eyes4 ,every object round about us suggests many motives to excite our tears4 ,we ought to mingle them even with our hymns of praise and love4 ,can we make an act of divine love without being pierced with bitter grief and contrition1 reflecting that we have been so base and ungrateful as to have offended our infinitely good ,god8 ,can we presume without trembling to sing his praises with our impure affections1 or to pronounce his adorable name with our defiled lips8 ,and do we not first endeavor by tears of compunction to wash away the stains of our souls1 begging to be sprinkled and cleansed by hyssop dipped1 not in the blood of sheep or goats1 but in the blood of the spotless lamb who died to take away the sins of the world8 ,if the most innocent among the saints weeps continually from motives of holy love1 how much more ought the sinner to mourn6 8,the voice of the turtle hath been heard in our land40#hd ,if the turtle1 the emblem of innocence and fidelity1 makes its delight to mourn solitary in this desert1 what ought not the unfaithful soul to do8 ,the penitent sinner1 instead of the sighs of the turtle1 ought to pour forth his grief in loud groans1 imitating the doleful cries of the ostrich1 and in torrents of tears1 by which the deepest sorrow for having offended so good a ,god1 forces his broken heart to give it vent4 ,,on ,,the ,,writings ,,of ,,saint ,,ephrem4 ,the first volume of the ,vatican edition of this father's works begins with his sermon ,on ,virtues and ,vices4 ,he expresses in it a surprise to see the full seek food from him who was empty1 and says he is confounded to speak1 seeing every word would accuse and condemn himself4 ,however1 trembling1 he recommends to his hearers the fear of ,god2 charity1 by which we are meek1 patient1 tender to all1 desirous to serve1 give to all2 hope1 and longanimity1 by which we bear all2 patience1 meekness1 sweetness to all2 inviolable love of truth in the smallest things1 obedience1 temperance1 c41 and speaks against all the contrary vices1 envy1 detraction1 c4 ,his two ,confessions or ,reprehensions of himself are only effusions of his heart in these dispositions4 ,the first he begins as follows3 8,have pity on me1 all ye that have bowels of compassion40 ,then he earnestly begs their prayers that he may find mercy with ,god1 though he was from his infancy an useless abandoned vessel4 ,he laments his spiritual miseries in the most moving words1 declaring that he trembles lest1 as flames from heaven devoured him who presumed to offer profane fire on the altar1 so he should meet with the same judgment for appearing before ,god in prayer without having the fire of his divine love in his heart4 ,he invites all men to weep and pray for him1 making a public confession of the failings which his pure lights discovered in his affections2 for in these1 notwithstanding his extraordinary progress in the contrary virtues1 he seemed to himself to discern covetousness1 jealousy1 and sloth1 though he appeared of all men the most remote from the very shadow of those vices2 and by tears of compunction he studied more and more to purify his heart1 that ,god might vouchsafe perfectly to reign in it4 ,the second part of this work is a bitter accusation of his pride2 which sin1 as he adds1 destroys even the gifts of ,god in a soul1 blasts all her virtues1 and renders them a most filthy abomination2 for all our virtues will be tried at the last day by a fire which only humility can stand4 ,he laments how pride infects the whole world2 that some1 by a strange frenzy1 seek to gratify it in earthly fooleries1 and the most silly vanities1 on which the opinion of madmen has stamped a pretended dignity and imaginary value4 ,he laments bitterly1 that even spiritual men are in danger of sinning1 by taking pride in virtue itself1 though this be the pure gift of ,god2 and when by his mercy we are enriched with it1 we are1 nevertheless1 base and unprofitable servants4 ,in his second ,reprehension of himself1 after having elegantly demonstrated a particular providence inspecting and governing the minutest affairs and circumstances1 he grievously accuses himself of having entertained a doubt of it in his youth1 before his conversion to ,god4 ,he condemns himself as guilty of vain-glory1 sloth1 lukewarmness1 immortification1 irreverence in the church1 talkativeness1 contentiousness1 and other sins4 ,he fears lest his repentance should be like that of ,esau1 and begs the pity and prayers of all men for an infamous blind leper4 ,he weeps to see that some men had conceived an esteem for him to whom none was due2 and he cries out to them--8,take off my false covering1 and you will see in me nothing but worms1 stench1 and filth3 remove the cloak of hypocrisy1 and you will find me a hideous and nauseous sepulchre40 ,he compares himself to the ,pharisees1 as wearing only the habit of the prophets and saints1 to his heavier condemnation2 for vice1 covered with a mask of virtue1 is always more odious and detestable4 ,in another ,confession 7t4 #c1 p4 #dci71 after accusing himself of sloth1 pride1 uncharitableness1 and other sins1 he most movingly entreats all men to weep for him2 wishing they could see the extreme miseries of his heart1 which could not fail most powerfully to excite their compassion1 though they could not be able to bear the hideous sight of the load of his monstrous iniquities4 ,his treatise on the ,passions is of the same nature1 a lamentation that from his infancy he had been a contemner of grace1 and slothful to virtue1 strengthened daily his passions1 and groaned in the midst of snares which made him fear to live lest he should go on relapsing into sloth4 ,he has left us many tracts on ,compunction1 which indeed all his writings breathe4 ,in the first which bears this title1 he invites all1 rich and poor1 old and young1 to join him in weeping1 to purchase eternal life and to be delivered from everlasting death3 by weeping and crying to see with the blind man in the gospel1 the soul will be enlightened to see her miseries4 ,god1 the angels1 all heaven expect and invite us earnestly to these tears3 ,god's terrible judgment is at hand which he describes1 and then adds1 to prevent its justice we must weep not one day only1 but all the days of our life1 as ,david did1 in affliction1 continual prayer1 austerities1 and alms4 ,the narrow gate does not admit others2 the ,judge will exclude those who sought their joy on earth and pampered their flesh4 ,then it will be too late to trim our lamps1 or seek for the oil of good works2 then no more poor will stand at any door for us to redeem our sins by alms4 ,he laments our spiritual miseries1 especially his sins and sloth continued all his life now to the eleventh hour4 ,he awakes his soul by the short time that remains1 and that uncertain too4 ,in his second he relates1 that going out of ,edessa early one morning1 accompanied with two brethren1 and beholding the heavens beautifully spangled with bright stars1 he said to himself--8,if the lustre of these luminaries be so dazzling1 how will the saints shine when ,christ shall come in glory6 ,but suddenly the thought of that terrible day struck my mind1 and ,i trembled in all my joints1 and was seized with convulsions1 and in an agony of fear1 sighing and overwhelmed with a flood of tears1 ,i cried out in bitter anguish of mind3 #8,how shall ,i be then found6 ,how shall ,i stand before that tribunal6 ,a monster infected with pride among the humble and the perfect1 a goat among the sheep1 and a barren tree without fruit4 ,the martyrs will show their torment1 and the monks their virtues2 but thou1 alas6 ,o sinful1 vain1 and arrogant soul1 wilt only bear thy sloth and negligence4'0 ,his two companions1 moved by the excess of his tears1 wept with him4 ,in his ,discourse1 that we ought never to laugh with a worldly joy1 but to always weep1 he enforces the obligation of perpetual compunction and tears4 ,in his ascetic ,sermon1 he says grief and zeal compel him to speak1 but his unworthiness and his sins persuade him to be silent1 his eyes delight only in tears to bewail night and day in floods the wounds of his soul1 and above all that pride which conceals them from him4 ,he laments tepidity and love of earthly things should be found among monks1 and that some interrupt their mortifications1 weeping one day and laughing the next1 lying one night on the ground1 the next on a soft bed1 whereas all our life ought to be a course of penance2 he extols the humility and constant mortification of the ancient and all true monks1 like shining diamonds in the world4 ,the rest of this long discourse is a vehement exhortation of the monks to fervor and zeal1 this life being a time of traffic1 and very short1 and a nothing2 the recompense immense1 and the rigor of ,god's justice terrible to all4 ,he pronounces woes to himself in the confusion he expected in the last day before all who esteemed him here4 ,begs earnestly all pray for him4 ,one of the principal means to preserve this fervor1 is a strict examen every night and morning4 ,a trader casts up every day his losses and gains1 and is solicitous to repair any losses2 so do you1 says he1 every morning and night make up your accounts carefully2 examine yourself3 ,have ,i to-day spoken any idle words1 despised any1 c48 ,have ,i this night watched1 prayed1 c48 ,he advises not to undertake too much in austerities1 but such as the soul will not relax in1 than which nothing is more pernicious4 ,his parnetic ,sermon is also addressed to young monks1 whom he advises to the continual presence of ,god in their minds most earnestly under temptations4 ,against sloth1 he observes1 this succeeding fervor by fits makes a life one chain of risings and falling again2 building by mortification and destroying again by relaxing4 ,he bids them have this inscription in the beginning of their book3 ,sloth banished for ever and ever from my soul4 ,his two sermons on the ,fathers deceased1 are also to monks1 showing and lamenting their tepidity by the fervor of their fathers in the deserts4 ,his ,hypomnisticon is an exhortatory epistle to the same4 ,his treatise on ,virtue is to a novice2 he tells him obedience has no merit unless in hard and harsh things1 for even wild beasts grow tame by mild treatment4 ,next follows his book in ,imitation of ,proverbs1 in definitions and strong sentences on all virtues1 in which he teaches tears in prayer are the beginning of a good life2 vain-glory is like a worm in a tree4 ,he speaks much on humility1 presumption1 charity1 tears out of the desire of eternal happiness1 and weeps to consider his own wretchedness and poverty4 ,his treatise for the ,correction of those who live wickedly1 is full of zeal1 humility1 and an extraordinary contempt of himself1 and spirit of compunction4 ,that on ,penance is a pathetic exhortation to sinners to return by the mercy of ,god1 who expects them before the dawning of the day of life which is coming on2 by the comfort which the angels will receive1 and from the frightful trial at the last day1 against which he prays for himself4 ,his discourse ,on the ,fear of ,souls1 is a lamentation and prayer for himself at the sight of the heavens1 still in stronger expressions and tears4 ,his sermon ,on the ,second ,coming of ,christ1 shows the joy of the blessed1 and exaggerates the severity of that trial from the immensity of ,god's benefits to us4 ,in his ,tetrasyllabus he explains how the devil vanquished by the fervent1 always says1 ,i will then go to my friends1 the slothful1 where ,i shall have no labor1 nor want stratagems4 ,i have but to fetter them in the chains with which they are pleased1 and ,i shall have them always willing subjects4 ,he exhorts all therefore to constant fervor4 ,in another place he exhorts all continually to repeat to themselves against sloth2 8,yet a little of thy journey remains and thou wilt arrive at thy place of rest4 ,then take thy rest not now on the road40 ,in his book on those words1 ,attende ,tibi1 to a monk1 he presses the precept of being always fervent1 never relaxing1 in every virtue1 especially in purity2 and adds the example of ,st4 ,anthony1 who1 as ,st4 ,athanasius relates1 notwithstanding his great mortifications1 which he never relaxed from his youth to his old age1 would never bathe or so much as wash his feet1 or ever suffered any part of his body to be seen1 except his face and hands1 till after his death4 ,he has left us an excellent long prayer for a soul to say in time of any temptation2 another for grace and pardon of sins4 ,a novice among the monks often had begged of ,st4 ,ephrem some direction4 ,the saint extols his zeal and humility in desiring advice from a sinner1 whose intolerable stench infects all his works4 ,his first lesson to him is that he always remember the presence of ,god1 and avoid all unnecessary words4 ,he recommends then to him1 in ninety-six lessons1 perfect obedience1 abstinence1 silence1 solitude1 which frees a man from three dangers1 viz41 of the eyes1 ears1 and tongue2 never to have so much compassion for any novice as to offend ,god1 and so perish with him2 if he be tepid1 it is better he should perish alone than you also by condescension2 never to speak to a superior in favor of an expelled brother1 without most evident proofs of his perfect conversion2 for a little spark falling into a barn1 easily destroys all the labors of a whole year3 to avoid frequent long conversations with any young man about piety or other things1 for fear of fond love2 never to desire anything great or public1 for ,god's honor1 but rather to love to be hid and unknown2 many in dens and deserts were the greatest saints1 but without humility the most glorious virtues and the greatest actions are lost2 never to seek the care of souls1 but to employ in it the utmost diligence1 if it be laid upon him3 always to walk in the narrow way of compunction and mourning4 ,his other lessons conduce to humility and other virtues4 ,his fifty-five ,beatitudes comprise the happiness of all virtues1 as of ever glorifying ,god1 which is to be as the cherubim and seraphim4 ,he closes them bursting into tears at the reflection how far he is from any of them by his sloth under a holy garb1 and how distant from the holy servants of ,god1 who persevered some in sackcloth and chains1 others on pillars1 others in enclosure and fasting1 others in obedience1 c4 ,he adds twenty other beatitudes4 ,his book of one hundred chapters on humility1 consists chiefly of short examples2 as1 a certain novice always kept silence4 ,some said to him1 ,he is silent because he knows not how to speak4 ,others said1 ,no1 but it is because he has a devil4 ,he1 hearing all this1 gave no answer1 but glorified ,god in his heart4 ,in the second volume we have the life of ,st4 ,abraham2 a long panegyric on the ,patriarch ,joseph2 a sermon on the ,transfiguration2 one on the ,last ,judgment1 and on the necessity and advantage of spending this life in tears2 a treatise of ninety chapters on the right way of living2 fifty parneses or exhortations to the monks1 on obedience1 humility1 c42 a most pathetic sermon on the second coming of ,christ1 in which he expresses himself as follows3 8,beloved of ,christ1 lend a favorable attention to what ,i am going to say on the dreadful coming of our ,lord4 ,remembering that hour1 ,i tremble with an excess of fear4 ,for who can relate those horrible things8 what tongue can express them8 ,when the ,king of kings1 arising from his throne of glory1 shall descend1 and sit the just judge1 calling to an account all the inhabitants of the earth4 ,at this thought ,i am ready to swoon away3 my limbs quake for fear1 my eyes swim in tears1 my voice fails1 my lips shrink1 my tongue falters1 and my thoughts are wrapt up in silence4 ,i am obliged to denounce these things to you2 yet fear will not suffer me to speak4 ,a loud thunder now affrights us2 how then shall we stand at the sound of the last trumpet1 louder than any thunder1 summoning the dead to rise6 ,then the bones of all men in the bowels of the earth1 hearing this voice1 shall suddenly run1 and seek out their joints2 and1 in the twinkling of an eye1 we shall see all men risen and assembled to judgment4 ,the great king shall command1 and instantly the earth quaking1 and the troubled sea shall give up the dead which they possess1 whether devoured by fish1 beast1 or fowl4 ,all in a moment shall appear present1 and not a hair will be wanting40 ,he goes on describing the frightful fire consuming all things on the earth2 the angels separating the sheep and the goats2 the standard of the great king1 that cross on which he was nailed1 shining bright1 and borne before him2 men standing to meet this tremendous majesty1 revolving their own deeds2 the just with joy1 the wicked worse than dead with fear2 the angels and cherubim appearing1 singing1 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy2 the heavens opened1 and the ,king of kings revealed in such incomparable glory1 that the heavens and the earth will fly from before his face4 8,who then10 says he1 8can stand8 ,he places before our eyes the books opened1 and all our actions1 thoughts1 and words called to an account60 ,he then cries out3 8,what tears ought we not to shed night and day without intermission1 for that terrible appearance60 ,here the venerable old man was no longer able to break through his sighs and tears1 and stood silent4 ,the auditory cried out--8,tell us what more terrible things will follow40 ,he answered1 8,then all mankind will stand with eyes cast down1 between life and death1 heaven and damnation1 before the tribunal2 and all degrees of men shall be called to a rigorous examination4 ,wo to me6 ,i desire to tell you what things will follow1 but my voice fails me through fear1 and ,i am lost in confusion and anxiety2 the very rehearsal of these things is most dreadful40 ,the audience repeated again3 8,tell us the rest1 for ,god's sake1 for our advantage and salvation40 ,he therefore proceeded1 8,then1 beloved of ,christ1 shall be required in all ,christians the seal of baptism1 entire faith1 and that beautiful renunciation which they made before witnesses1 saying1 ,i renounce ,satan1 and all his works2 not one1 or two1 or five1 but all the works of the devil4 ,in that hour this renunciation will be demanded of us1 and happy is he who shall have kept it faithfully as he promised40 ,here1 he stopping in tears1 they cried again3 8,tell us also what follows this40 ,he answered3 8,i will tell you in my grief1 ,i will speak through my sighs and tears2 these things cannot be related without tears1 for they are extremely dreadful40 ,the people entreated again3 8,o servant of ,god1 we beseech you to instruct us fully40 ,the holy man1 again striking his breast1 and weeping bitterly1 said3 8,o my brethren1 beloved of ,christ1 how sorrowful1 and how frightful things do you desire to hear6 ,o terrible hour6 ,wo to me1 wo to me6 ,who will dare to relate1 or who will bear to hear this last and horrible rehearsal2 all you who have tears1 sigh with me6 and you who have not1 hear what will befall you2 and let us not neglect our salvation4 ,then shall they be separated1 without hopes of ever returning to each other again1 bishops from fellow-bishops1 priests from fellow-priests1 deacons from fellow-deacons1 subdeacons and lectors from their fellows2 those who were kings as the basest slaves2 children from parents2 friends from kindred and intimates4 ,then princes1 philosophers1 wise men of the world1 seeing themselves thus parted1 shall cry out to the saints with bitter tears2 #8,farewell eternally1 saints and servants of ,god2 farewell parents1 children1 relations1 and friends2 farewell prophets1 apostles1 and martyrs2 farewell ,lady ,mother of ,god2 you prayed much for us that we might be saved1 but we would not4 ,farewell life-giving cross2 farewell paradise of delights1 kingdom without end1 the heavenly ,jerusalem4 ,farewell ye all2 we shall never more behold one of you1 hastening to our torment without end or rest1'0 c4 ,a ,sermon on fraternal ,charity1 and on the ,last ,judgment1 in which his tears again hindered him from pursuing his subject4 ,nothing can be more terrifying or more moving than these discourses1 or than the next on ,antichrist1 or that after on the ,cross1 or that of ,interrogations4 ,there follow his ,testament1 his ,sermon on the ,cross and on ,charity1 in which he salutes and honors that holy instrument of our redemption in the strongest words and highest epithets1 which1 as he says1 all nations adore1 and which saving sign we mark on our doors1 foreheads1 eyes1 mouths1 breast1 and our whole body4 ,his ,sermon against heretics on the precious margarite1 to prove the ,virgin ,mary mother of ,god2 that on the vice of the tongue2 his ,panegyric on ,st4 ,basil2 his ,sermon on the ,sinful ,woman in the gospel2 on the ,forty ,martyrs2 on ,abraham and ,isaac2 on ,daniel and the three children4 ,sermons on the eight capital bad thoughts2 gluttony1 fornication1 avarice1 anger1 sadness1 sloth1 vain-glory1 and pride2 on perfection1 on patience1 and suffering2 and many small tracts to monks4 ,one contains a relation of a holy virgin in a monastery of three hundred1 who was never seen eating1 but worked washing the dishes and cleaning the scullery1 feigning herself a fool1 and bearing blows and all insults without murmuring or answering a word2 called by derision1 ,salla or ,sallop4 ,st4 ,pityrumus1 an anchoret1 was admonished by an angel to go and see in her one who surpassed him and the others in virtue3 having seen all the nuns he found not her1 she being left behind in the kitchen4 ,at his desire1 which all laughed at1 she was brought out4 ,the anchoret immediately fell at her feet1 crying1 8,bless me1 ,amma0 7i4 e4 spiritual mother74 ,she also fell at his feet4 ,the nuns said to him1 8,don't incur such a disgrace2 this is ,salla40 8,no 7said he71 you are all ,sal40 ,upon this all honored her1 and one confessed1 that she had thrown on her the washings of the dishes2 another had struck her2 another had thrust mustard up her nostrils1 c4 ,she not bearing esteem1 retired thence unknown1 and was never more heard of4 ,the third volume contains many ,sermons and ,discourses1 chiefly on the judgments of ,god and the last day2 on penance1 compunction1 prayer1 charity1 and other virtues2 and on vices and passions4 ,also the life of ,st4 ,julian the anchoret4 ,pious poems and several panegyrics of1 and prayers to the ,blessed ,virgin1 whose virginity and dignity of mother of ,god he clearly asserts4 ,the fourth volume consists of his ,commentaries on the five books of ,moses1 on ,joshua1 ,judges1 and the four books of ,kings4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa says1 he studied and meditated assiduously on the holy scriptures1 and expounded them all from the first book of ,genesis to the last in the ,new ,testament1 with an extraordinary light1 with which the ,holy ,ghost filled him4 ,many other ,oriental writers testify the same4 ,his exposition is very literal1 full1 and learned2 nothing escapes him in them4 ,the fifth volume gives us his ,commentaries on ,job and on all the prophets4 ,eleven sermons on several passages of holy scripture1 in which he exhorts principally to avoid all occasions of sin1 and to perpetual tears and penance4 ,thirteen sermons on the birth of ,christ2 and fifty-six polemical sermons against heresies1 viz4 of the ,marcionites1 ,manicheans1 especially their judiciary astrology2 of the ,novatians1 ,messalians1 c4 ,his zeal was moved seeing these errors spread in his country4 ,he employs the ,church's authority1 scriptures1 and reasons to confute them4 ,the sixth volume gives us ninety other polemical ,discourses against the ,arian and ,eunomian heretics or ,searchers1 as he calls them1 because they attempted to penetrate the divine mysteries1 and the incomprehensible nature of ,god himself4 ,they are equally solid and strong2 not dry1 as most writings of controversy1 but full of unction and of the greatest sentiments of devotion1 and an inexpressible ardor to ever love and praise our great ,god and ,redeemer4 ,his sermon against the ,jews is no less remarkable4 ,his ,necrosima or eighty-five funeral canons1 were written on ,death and ,god's judgments1 which he had always before his eyes4 ,he teaches evidently in them the use of ecclesiastical funeral rites and prayers at burials2 that the souls of the departed immediately are judged by a particular judgment2 the good immediately admitted to the enjoyment of ,god2 those who die without having expiated venial sin1 suffer in the flames of purgatory till it be satisfied for1 but are relieved by the sacrifices1 prayers1 and other pious works of the faithful on earth4 ,of these fifty-four are short funeral discourses on the death of bishops1 monks1 and persons of all conditions4 ,they are full of his extreme fear of the divine judgment1 and a great contempt of the vanity of the world4 ,he says in the eighty-first canon1 8,entering on so long and dangerous a journey1 ,i have my viaticum1 thee1 ,o ,son of ,god2 when hungry1 ,i will eat thee1 repairer of mankind2 so it shall be1 that no fire will dare approach my members1 for it will not be able to bear the sweet saving odor of thy body and blood10 c4 ,he uses the same motive of confidence of immortality1 from being fed with the body and blood of ,christ1 and employs that endearing divine grace to move ,god to have mercy on him4 ,he repeats the same prayer in his thirteenth ,parnesis4 ,nothing can be clearer than the texts collected by ,ceillier 7t4 #h1 p4 #aja7 from the writings of ,st4 ,ephrem1 in favor of the real presence of the sacred body of ,christ in the holy eucharist4 ,see on them the judicious remarks of an able critic1 ,mm4 de ,trev4 ,jan4 #agef1 p4 #ee4 ,here follow four sermons on ,freewill2 also seventy-six moving ,parneses or exhortations to penance4 ,in the forty-second1 he tells us1 that when he lay down to take a little repose in the night1 he reflected on the excessive and boundless love of ,god1 and instantly rose again to pay him the tribute of the most fervent praise and thanks he was able4 8,but being deterred10 says he1 8by the remembrance of my sins1 ,i began to melt into tears1 and should have been disturbed beyond my strength1 had not the thief1 the publican1 the sinful woman1 the ,cananean1 the ,samaritan1 and other examples of mercy1 given me comfort and courage40 ,he says that at other times1 when he was going to fall asleep1 the remembrance of his sins banished all thoughts of giving rest to his wearied body1 and made sleep yield to sighs1 groans1 and floods of tears1 to which he invited himself by the example of the penitent ,david1 washing his bed with briny torrents2 for the silence of night is the most proper season for our tears4 ,it appears he composed this work1 at least part1 a little before his death2 for in the forty-third ,parnesis he writes1 8,i ,ephrem am now dying4 ,i write my last will and testament to all lovers of truth1 who shall rise up after me4 ,persevere night and day in prayer4 ,the husbandman reapeth a great crop by assiduous labor2 so will you1 if you never interrupt your devotion4 ,pray without ceasing40 ,his book in fifteen elegant discourses on the ,terrestrial ,paradise1 explaining its history in ,genesis1 and comforting himself with the name and happiness of the good thief on the cross1 makes a transition to the heavenly ,paradise1 on the felicity of which he speaks with incredible joy and pleasure4 ,in his eighth discourse he teaches the soul cannot perfectly see ,god before the resurrection2 but means by the perfectly complete enjoyment1 for he is very express 7loc4 cit4 supra7 that the blessed behold ,god immediately on their death2 as ,muratori demonstrates against ,burnet1 in his dissertation on ,paradise1 c4 #b4 ,eighteen very devout sermons on divers subjects close his works2 on ,christ's ,nativity and ,resurrection2 on ,prayer1 on ,humility1 which he teaches is the weapon our ,redeemer conquered hell by1 and has put into our hands as our principal and only armor against our spiritual enemies4 ,the works of this father demonstrate the uniformity in faith of the ,syriac church in the fourth century1 with that of the universal church of all ages4 ,several of ,st4 ,ephrem's works were translated into ,latin1 and published at ,rome in #aehi1 by ,gerard ,vossius or ,volkens1 provost of ,tongres4 ,a ,greek edition of the same was printed at ,oxford in #agji1 by the care of ,mr4 ,edward ,thwaites4 ,a more complete edition of this father's works was given to the public at ,rome in six volumes in folio1 in #agcb and #agdc1 under the direction of cardinal ,querini1 librarian of the ,vatican1 and ,monsignor ,joseph ,assemani1 first prefect of the same library4 ,in this we have the original ,syriac text of a good part of these works1 and the ancient ,greek version of the rest4 ,the ,latin translation is the work partly of ,gerard ,vossius1 partly of ,f4 ,peter ,benedetti1 a ,maronite ,jesuit who lived at ,rome2 and in the last volumes of ,stephen ,assemani archbishop of ,apamea1 who also published the ,chaldaic acts of the ,martyrs1 and is nephew of the aforesaid ,joseph ,assemani4 ,the ,greek text in the last volumes1 especially in the sixth1 is published very incorrect4 ,see ,mmoires de ,trevoux for ,january1 #agef1 p4 #adf4 ,,the ,,martyrs ,,of ,,gorcum4 ,nineteen priests and religious men1 who were taken by the ,calvinists in ,gorcum1 after suffering many insults1 were hanged on account of their religion at ,bril1 on the #ith of ,july1 #aegb4 ,of these1 eleven were ,franciscan friars1 called ,recollects1 of the convent of ,gorcum1 amongst whom were ,nicholas ,pick the guardian1 and ,jerom ,werden1 vicar of the same convent4 ,the former was thirty-eight years old1 an eminent preacher1 and a man endued with the primitive spirit of his order1 especially the love of holy poverty and mortification4 ,he feared the least superfluity even in the meanest and most necessary things1 especially in meals2 and he would often say3 8,i fear if ,st4 ,francis were living1 he would not approve of this or that40 ,he was most zealous to preserve this spirit of poverty and penance in his house1 and he used to call property and superfluity the bane of a religious state4 ,his constant cheerfulness rendered piety and penance itself amiable4 ,he often had these words in his mouth3 8,we must always serve ,god with cheerfulness40 ,he had frequently expressed an earnest desire to die a martyr1 but sincerely confessed himself altogether unworthy of that honor4 ,the other martyrs were a ,dominican1 two ,norbertins1 one ,canon ,regular of ,st4 ,austin1 called ,john ,oosterwican1#he three curates1 and another secular priest4 ,the first of these curates was ,leonard ,vechel1 the elder pastor at ,gorcum4 ,he had gained great reputation in his theological studies at ,louvain under the celebrated ,ruard ,tapper2 and in the discharge of pastoral duties at ,gorcum1 had joined an uncommon zeal1 piety1 eloquence1 and learning with such success1 that his practice and conduct in difficult cases was a rule for other curates of the country1 and his decisions were regarded as oracles at the university itself4 ,for the relief of the poor1 especially those that were sick1 he gave his temporal substance with such tenderness and profusion as to seem desirous1 had it been possible1 to have given them himself4 ,he reproved vice without respect to persons2 and by his invincible meekness and patience disarmed and conquered many who had been long deaf to all his remonstrances1 and added only insults to their obstinacy4 ,nicholas ,poppel was the second pastor at ,gorcum1 and though inferior in abilities1 was in zeal worthy to be the colleague of ,vechel1 and to attain to the same crown with him4 ,the rest of this happy company had made their lives an apprenticeship to martyrdom4 ,they were declared martyrs1 and beatified by ,clement ,x4 in #afgd4 ,the relation of several miracles performed by their intercession and relics which was sent to ,rome in order to their beatification1 is published by the ,bollandists4#hf ,the greatest part of their relics is kept in the church of the ,franciscan friars at ,brussels1 whither they were secretly conveyed from ,bril4 ,see the accurate history of their martyrdom written by the learned doctor ,william ,estius1 printed at ,douay in #afjc4 ,also ,batavia ,sacra1 part #b1 p4 #agd1 and various memoirs collected by ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #b1 ,julij1 p4 #gcf4 ,,st4 ,,everildis1 ,v4 ,,in ,,england4 ,kinegils1 king of the ,west-,saxons1 having been baptized by ,st4 ,berinus in #fce1 this holy virgin had the happiness of being brought to the knowledge of ,christ4 ,in order to devote herself most perfectly to the service and love of her heavenly spouse1 she fled secretly from the house of her parents to seek some holy monastery of nuns1 and was joined in the way by two other virgins named ,bega and ,wuldreda4 ,st4 ,wilfrid gave her a spot called before the ,bishop's ,dwelling1 but since her time ,everildisham1 that is1 the dwelling of ,everildis4 ,neither ,f4 ,alford nor ,f4 ,solier were able to find the situation of this place4 ,here she trained up many virgins to the perfection of divine love1 the summit of ,christian virtue1 by animating them with the true spirit1 and continually encouraging them in the most fervent and most faithful discharge of all the duties1 and application to all the exercises of their holy profession4 ,she went to ,god on the #ith of ,july1 on which day ,solier the ,bollandist found her name in an ancient copy of ,usuard's ,martyrology4 ,f4 ,alford sent to ,bollandus a transcript of lessons used formerly in some church now unknown4 ,her name does not occur in any ,english or ,irish ,calendar now extant1 nor has ,alford mentioned her in his annals4 ,see ,solier1 t4 #b1 ,julij1 p4 #gac4 ,,st4 ,,veronica ,,giuliani1 ,v4 ,the following account is an abridgment of her ,life1 written by ,p4 ,m4 ,salvatori1 the promoter of the ,cause in the process of her ,canonization4 ,his work was published in ,rome in #ahjc1 entitled ,vita della ,b4 ,veronica ,giuliana4 ,,supplement ,,to ,,sadlier',s ,,illustrated ,,edition ,,of ,,butler',s ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,saints4 ,a4 ,d4 #agbg4 ,we earnestly beseech the devout reader1 whilst he is reading the life of her whose wonderful history we are about to relate1 not to decide upon its merits1 until he shall have carefully considered1 not only the events themselves1 but how1 in every case1 the graces which the servant of ,god received1 are not only remarkable signs of ,divine favor1 but ever produced in her heart deeper humility1 more ardent charity1 and a wish to conceal them from the eyes of men2--that they were particularly communicated to her during prayer2--and that1 to the desire of suffering for the sake of ,jesus ,christ1 she added the most rigorous mortification of her flesh2 all which the immortal pontiff1 ,benedict ,,xiv41 has laid down as criterions whereby to determine the reality of such supernatural gifts4 ,in order to glorify his servant1 it pleased ,god1 during her lifetime1 to make known her virtues and the graces which he had conferred upon her1 to many of her companions1 and to no less than four bishops of the city wherein she lived1 and thirteen religious men of various orders1 who were her directors1 by whom an exact and faithful record of all her actions has been handed down to us4 ,from their attestations1 and other authentic accounts1 the following narrative has been formed of actions and virtues which many volumes would not be sufficient to detail4 ,saint ,veronica ,giuliani was born on the ,feast of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist1 in #affj1 at ,mercatello1 in the ,states of the ,church4 ,she received in baptism the name of ,ursula1 for ,god destined her1 like that holy martyr1 to be a virgin and the leader of many other virgins to the kingdom of heaven4 ,in her very infancy her future sanctity was foreshadowed2 for1 on ,wednesday1 ,friday1 and ,saturday1 which the ,church keeps as days of penance1 she would never take nourishment1 save a small quantity in the morning and the evening3 and before she was six months old1 seeing a picture representing the most ,blessed ,trinity1 in whose honor that day was dedicated 7#abth ,june1 #affa71 she left her mother's arms of her own accord1 and1 without any assistance whatever1 walked to it1 and with many signs of reverence1 remained as if enchanted before it2#hg and being carried1 at the age of a year and a half1 to a shop1 by a servant who wanted some soil1 in selling which the shopkeeper used a false measure1 her tongue was loosed1 and she cried out1 in a clear voice1 8,act fairly1 for ,god sees you40 ,at the age of three years1 these seeds of virtue began to develope themselves still more4 ,they produced in her those extraordinary feelings of love and affection towards ,our ,blessed ,saviour and his ,virgin ,mother1 which have only been communicated to the most favored souls4 ,when she was about four years of age1 her mother fell so dangerously ill1 that the ,viaticum was brought to her4 ,the moment the priest entered the house1 ,ursula saw such a bright light surrounding him1 that she ran to him1 and earnestly begged to receive the blessed sacrament4 ,to keep her quiet1 she was told that there were no more particles left2 but she at once answered1 that1 he might safely break a portion off that intended for her mother1 because1 as the mirror1 when broken1 does not cease to reflect the images that it represented when entire1 so is ,jesus equally present in the smallest fragment as well as in the entire host from which it has been separated4 ,as soon as her mother had communicated1 she sprang upon the bed1 exclaiming1 8,o what sweet things you have had60 ,and coming near her mouth1 she said1 8,o what a sweet scent60 ,nor could the attendants succeed in making her leave her mother in peace4 ,before her death1 she called her five children to her bed-side1 and recommended each of them to one of the five wounds of the passion4 ,to ,ursula she gave that in our ,saviour's side2 to which the devotion of her after-life was directed1 and through it she received those many graces of which we shall afterwards speak4 ,on the night following her mother's death1 she refused to go to bed1 until the servants placed a picture of ,our ,lady and ,jesus upon the bed1 when she immediately lay down and slept peacefully4 ,at the age of seven she was admitted to the sacrament of ,confirmation1 and1 during the ceremony1 her godmother saw her guardian angel by her side4 ,similar visions1 which occurred in the seventh or eighth year of her age1 we have recorded in her own words3--8,i remember10 she says1 8that when ,i was about seven or eight years old1 twice during the ,holy ,week1 ,jesus appeared to me covered with wounds1 and telling me to be devout to ,his most holy passion1 instantly disappeared4 ,i wept bitterly1 and every time that ,i heard speak of the torments and sufferings of ,our ,lord1 ,i felt something at my heart2 and everything that ,i undertook ,i offered up in honor of ,his passion4 ,a desire came into my head of asking my confessor for some mortification1 but ,i did not yield to it4 ,still ,i made sufferings for myself1 but all without my confessor's leave2 such as the discipline1 walking on my bare knees1 piercing myself with a pin1 and beating myself with thistles4 ,if ,i heard of the works of penance performed by others1 ,i went to the image of my ,saviour1 and said1 #8,lord1 if ,i had their instruments of mortification1 ,i would do the same2 but since ,i have them not1 ,i offer ,thee my desire4' ,he has often let me know and remember that ,he made me 7at that age7 affectionate invitations4 ,thus1 for example1 when ,i had determined on taking some recreation1 and could never find time to do so1 ,i heard ,jesus in my interior1 asking me1 #8,what dost thou seek1 what dost thou desire8 ,i am thy real contentment2' and ,i at once replied1 #8,lord1 for ,thy sake ,i will deprive myself of the pleasure which ,i sought4' ,how these answers were uttered1 ,i know not2 but this ,i know1 that ,i did make them4444 ,sometimes1 whilst ,i was gazing at the crucifix1 ,jesus spoke to my heart1 and said1 #8,i will be ,thy guide and spouse2' and ,i stretched out my arms1 and exclaimed1 #8,i will be ,thy spouse1 and no one shall move me from it4 ,i promise it with all my heart2 grant that ,i may never separate myself from ,thee4'0 ,her father having obtained a lucrative situation at ,placentia1 removed thither with his family4 ,in that city1 ,ursula1 who was about ten years old4 made her first communion1 on the feast of the ,purification1 in #afgj4 ,when she had received ,our ,lord1 she felt an unusual fire burning within her breast1 which continued after her return home2 so that thinking it to be an ordinary effect in all communicants1 she1 in her innocent way1 asked her sisters how long it generally lasted4 ,but perceiving1 from their surprise1 that it was a special grace imparted by her ,saviour1 she did not again speak of it1 but endeavored to receive the holy sacrament of love as frequently as possible4 ,at this time the gift of mental prayer was communicated to her4 ,in what manner she received it1 the following account1 which she wrote afterwards1 by the command of her directors1 will explain3--8,when ,i was about twelve years of age1 ,i think1 a desire frequently came into my mind1 of placing myself in mental prayer2 but ,i did not know how to set about it4 ,it seemed mere folly to ask my confessor to instruct me in it1 because he knew my wickedness2 and ,i thought that none ought to apply to it except the good and those who are really inclined to virtue2 but in myself there was nothing but inconstancy1 and want of perseverance4 ,i went on making my altars1 although1 while ,i was making them1 ,i felt at times an application of my mind to prayer4 ,as soon as ,i had finished1 ,i knelt down before them1 and remained on my knees for a long time2 but what ,i did ,i know not1 for ,i was1 so to speak1 out of myself4 ,i felt such pleasure1 that ,i should not have cared to eat or do anything else4 ,i desired that all creatures should love and honor ,god4 ,i ran to ask my sisters to come and sing with me4 ,they did so1 and ,i felt great comfort therein4 ,as soon as my father returned home1 ,i led him to my altar1 and induced him to say some prayers with me4 ,when the ,nativity drew near1 ,i could not contain myself for joy2 and several times1 whilst ,i was looking at the representation of ,our ,lord in the crib1 ,i think ,i saw ,him surrounded with glory2 ,he drew me to a union with ,himself1 but ,i know not how4 ,of this ,i spoke to no one1 nor did ,i derive any profit therefrom1 for ,i soon returned to my usual childish follies4 ,on the day of communion1 all my delight was to be about my altar4 ,although ,i knew not how to pray mentally1 my mind became all recollected in ,god4 ,i seemed to feel my ,lord in a special manner within my heart4 ,i placed myself in prayer2 and the longer ,i was employed therein1 the longer ,i wished to remain4 ,i had a certain interior light that showed me the inconstancy of worldly things1 and ,i was inclined to abandon everything4 ,i knew no other good but ,god4 ,these considerations strengthened my desire of becoming a religious4 ,the desire of suffering1 ,i think1 ,i had from my infancy1 and afterwards2 but1 alas6 it profited me in nothing4 ,i had no sooner left the altar1 than ,i set about annoying some one or other4 8,although ,i sought amusement in worldly diversions1 ,i felt my mind wholly turned to ,god4 ,as well as ,i can remember1 the passion of my ,redeemer moved me very much2 at times even to tears4 ,the more ,i exercised myself in mental prayer1 the more tedious ,i found the things of the world4 ,at times1 ,i had some particular insight into myself2 but this ,i did not mention to my confessor4 ,it is true that such lights made me advance farther than ever in the way of prayer2 and1 in order that ,i might not be observed1 ,i told the servant to call me early in the morning2 she did so1 and ,i rose at once4 ,i remained in prayer for several hours1 but what ,i did ,i cannot relate4 ,i know that ,i was out of myself1 and felt a willingness and desire to be employed in all the work of the house1 but this was forbidden1 lest it should injure me4 ,i seldom rose up from prayer1 before ,i had been told by the ,lord that ,i was to be ,his spouse4 ,still ,i remained steadfast in my desire of entering a religious order1 and this desire increased daily4 ,when a festival occurred1 ,i felt a flame in my heart1 which set my whole soul on fire4 ,i could not remain quiet1 ,i ran about the house as if ,i were mad1 and made people laugh at me4 ,sometimes all my delight was in making altars2 and although1 in my uncle's house1 this was not so easy as at home1 ,i never left off making them4 ,for work ,i had not much inclination1 but ,i could do as much in an hour as another in a day4 ,i did not care to learn anything1 but whatever ,i saw done1 ,i found myself able to do1 and succeeded when ,i set about it4 ,i was the torment of everybody1 and yet all wished me well1 and liked me better than my sisters4 ,when ,i thought of this1 it surprised me beyond measure4 ,no one spoke harshly to me2 and yet ,i performed all sorts of naughty tricks4 ,i was naturally hasty1 and whenever ,i was vexed1 ,i stamped and beat the ground like a horse2 and believe me1 ,i did so through mere wickedness1 for no one ever provoked me to it4 ,at times ,i took a thing into my head1 and wished it to turn out as ,i desired4 ,i felt an internal reproach for not mortifying myself1 but ,i paid no attention to it4 ,it seemed to me1 that whenever ,i placed myself in prayer1 ,god gave me to understand what he wished me to do2 but ,i thought it was a mere fancy of my own1 although the same light returned to my soul4 ,it improved me much in virtue1 and ,i began to accustom myself to silence1 which enabled me to apply better to prayer2 and although ,i did not mortify myself1 ,i was encouraged to do so4 ,thus1 by degrees1 ,i became more and more in love with suffering4 ,oftentimes ,i rose during the night1 and spent a short time in prayer2 ,i had a peculiar affection for it1 which led to application1 but not to recollections4#hh ,in the manner here described ,i spent the last two years that ,i remained in the world1 that is1 the fourteenth and fifteenth of my age4 ,still ,i gave way to many vanities1 and often felt satisfaction in them2 but1 at the same time1 ,i felt the internal reproach1 which did not let me rest until ,i had withdrawn from many amusements which ,i was used to seek40 ,these were the beginnings of those high gifts of prayer and contemplation to which she afterwards attained2 but it must not be supposed that the exercise of them was at all times attended with comfort and delight to her soul2 for her writings mention the violent repugnance of the flesh1 the strong temptations1 the obscurity of mind1 and dryness of affection1 with which she had to contend in the struggle between the world and grace4 ,besides these interior trials1 her perseverance and constancy to her ,virgin ,spouse were put to the most severe test1 in the endeavors made by her father and other relations to induce her to join in the vain and idle occupations of others in her state of life1 and to yield to their repeated arguments and even snares1 to induce her to enter the married state4 8,our father wished10 she writes1 8that ,i should be more finely dressed than others1 and one day ,i wore one vanity1 and another day another4 ,he was so fond of me1 that1 when at home1 he would always have me beside him4 ,all this ,i complied with4 ,but ,i began to perceive that he was not willing that ,i should become a nun1 and he told me ,i must marry1 and that as long as he lived ,i must not leave him4 ,but this news filled me with sorrow1 because every time he spoke in this manner1 ,i felt a stronger desire of being a nun4 ,i told others so1 but no one would believe me1 and everybody was against my intention1 especially my father1 who even shed tears1 and told me positively that he would never consent2 and in order to drive the thought out of my head1 he brought other gentlemen into the house and then called me4 ,in their presence1 he promised me all sorts of pleasures and amusements1 and they did the same4 ,they talked about the things of the world1 in order to persuade me to set my fancy upon them1 but their discourses led me to a contrary desire4 ,at that moment1 worldly things appeared so disgusting1 that ,i could not hear them mentioned2 and more than once ,i told these persons that they must not speak again on such subjects1 because the more ,i heard1 the more my soul was withdrawn from them4 ,but all that ,i said1 availed me nothing2 every day my martyrdom was renewed4 ,i had patience for some time2 but at last1 ,i declared in their presence that such discourses disgusted me1 and before them all1 ,i expressed my deep commiseration for the wretchedness of the unfortunate persons who are attached to worldly things4 ,i spoke as little as possible1 because ,i knew that my father took great delight in hearing me talk1 and ,i did everything in my power to diminish his attachment1 by avoiding all those actions in which he took delight2 but all to no purpose2 his affections seemed to increase daily4 ,at times1 he said to me1 #8,i wish to content you in everything2 the only thing ,i beg of you is1 that you will not turn nun4' ,with these words1 he wept through affection4 ,i said to him1 #8,if you wish to content me1 ,i do not want any other favor from you1 except that you would put me in a convent2 all my desires are there4 ,content me in this1 and you will content me in everything else1 and depend upon it1 it will be a source of comfort to yourself afterwards4'0 ,her father1 finding all his efforts unsuccessful1 sent her to live with her uncle1 whom he secretly instructed to use all his influence and artifice to dissuade her from her design4 ,here she had an illness1 for which the physicians could discover no remedy2 until some of her attendants1 perceiving that she grew sensibly better1 whenever they talked of nuns and convents1 informed her father1 who thereupon gave up his opposition to her entreaties1 and1 as soon as he had allowed her to choose the convent in which she would be professed1 she rose from her bed1 and all symptoms of sickness immediately disappeared4 ,she then begged him to allow her to enter the rigorous convent of capuchine nuns at ,citt di ,castello1 and was conducted by her uncle to the bishop of the diocese1 to obtain his permission4 ,he told them that all the places in the convent were filled up1 and they left him1 to return home4 ,but ,ursula besought her uncle to return with her to his presence1 where1 falling on her knees1 she prayed him in such earnest accents to comfort her by granting her request1 that he was inclined to make an exception in her favor4 ,he put several questions to her1 and asked her amongst the rest1 if she knew ,latin4 ,her uncle at once replied in the negative1 but ,ursula1 full of confidence in ,god's aid1 took up the breviary1 and read it with the most correct pronunciation2 and although she had never studied ,latin1 she was able1 during the rest of her life1 to quote the texts of ,scripture with perfect aptness and propriety4 ,the bishop accordingly granted her leave to enter the convent1 into which she was admitted on the #agth of ,july1 #afgg1 and was vested on the ,feast of ,,ss4 ,simon and ,jude1 in the same year4 ,the devil sought to weaken her love of her new state1 by representing it as one leading to despair3 at one time1 he filled her imagination with the remembrance of the many proposals of marriage and the young men that she had rejected2 at another1 he made the time of prayer tedious and disgusting to her4 8,it seems10 she says1 8as if all hell were let loose against me1 but ,i heeded it not4 ,when ,i felt more than usually agitated by their attacks1 ,i went alone into my cell1 and there poured out my soul in prayer to ,god1 and represented my necessities to him4 ,sometimes ,i offered up acts of prayer1 and besought ,him not to desert me2 and said to him1 full of faith1 #8,my ,god1 ,thou knowest that ,i am ,thy spouse1 grant1 therefore1 that ,i may never be separated from ,thee4 ,now1 for ever1 ,i place myself in ,thy hands2 ,i am ready for whatever ,thou shalt command4 ,i am ,thine1 ,i am ,thine1 that is enough4'0 ,god did not fail to strengthen her1 by saying to her heart1 8,fear not1 thou art mine4 ,it is my will that thou shouldst suffer and combat2 fear not40 ,at her reception1 she took the name of ,veronica1 by which we shall henceforth call her4 ,we pass over the numerous instances of suffering and obedience which she gave during her novitiate2 at the end of which she was admitted to make her profession on ,all ,saints' day1 #afgh4 ,her writings contain many allusions to the joy which she derived from the recurrence of this day of solemn renunciation of the world and dedication of herself to her ,heavenly ,spouse4 ,the first years she passed in the order were distinguished by the most extraordinary marks of ,divine grace2 all of which produced in her1 compunction and sorrow for her sins1 and love of mortification1 and the cross of ,christ4 ,one of her raptures she thus describes3 8,the first time that ,i had these recollections with a vision1 it seemed to me that ,i saw1 on a sudden1 ,our ,lord with a heavy cross on ,his shoulders1 when ,he invited me to take a part in that precious treasure4 ,this invitation was given by communication rather than by words4 ,at that instant ,i felt a strong desire of sufferings1 and it seemed that the ,lord planted the cross in my heart1 giving me to understand the value of suffering4 ,this understanding ,i received in the following manner4 ,it appeared as if all sorts of torments were represented to me1 and1 at the same moment1 ,i saw them transformed into jewels and precious stones1 all of which were made in the figure of the cross4 ,during this time1 ,i was given to know that ,god wished pure suffering in me2 and then the vision disappeared4 ,when ,i came to myself1 ,i felt a violent pain in my head1 which has never since left me1 and so eager was my desire of suffering1 that ,i would willingly have faced every torment that can be conceived4 ,from that moment ,i have ever had in my mouth these words1 #8,the cross and sufferings are jewels and joys4'0 ,from this account it may be collected1 that1 on this occasion1 ,jesus impressed that visible mark of the cross upon her heart1 which was seen1 after her death1 by several persons1 when her body was opened for that purpose4 ,veronica was successively appointed to fill every office of the community1 in all of which she displayed the same wonderful examples of virtue1 and love of obedience and suffering2 and many signs of ,divine favor proved to her sisters how pleasing her actions were to ,almighty ,god4 ,she was appointed ,mistress of the ,novices1 in her thirty-fourth year1 and continued for twenty-two years in that office1 until she was chosen abbess1 in #agaf2 and even then1 so extraordinary had been the efficacy of her prayers1 and zeal in the discharge of it1 that her sisters forced her1 contrary to the usual order1 to retain it during the eleven years she was abbess4 ,more than once1 to free them from sickness1 and other inconveniences1 she obtained of ,god1 that she might suffer in their stead2 and some of them were relieved by her1 in their anxiety and trouble of mind1 which had been supernaturally made known to her4 ,on one occasion was revealed to her the severe judgment which ,god will make of superiors and directors of religious communities1 by whose fault any relaxation of fervor creeps amongst those committed to their care4 ,on the #ith of ,november1 she fell dangerously ill1 and during the agony which succeeded1 was carried in spirit before the throne of the ,divine ,judge4 ,she beheld ,christ1 with a severe countenance1 seated on a throne of majesty1 surrounded by angels2 ,our blessed ,lady on one side1 and her patron saints on the other4 ,when her good angel presented her to the awful judgment1 she expected to be condemned to hell1--so severe1 she tells us1 were the reproaches of the ,judge1 and so unprovided was she with good works2 but so earnest were the prayers of ,mary1 and of her holy advocates1 that the divine countenance of ,christ at last grew calm2 and1 after giving her various salutary admonitions1 ,he dismissed her4 ,on the morning after her agony1 she called her novices2 and1 having obtained leave from her confessor to speak to them respecting their failings1 and her own negligence in correcting them1 which had been revealed to her during her vision of judgment1 she whispered to them with such earnestness1 that they burst into a flood of tears1 and1 at the end1 she said to them1 8,do not learn of me1 who have been the scandal of all in all my conduct2 for in the observance of the rules1 as well as in obedience1 love and charity1 ,i have been ever proud and devoid of humility40 ,the nuns interrupted her with tears and sobs1 charging themselves with the fault1 in not having followed her instructions1 but she rejoined1 8take heed of little things1 for1 before ,god1 things are very different from what we suppose40 ,we must now pass to the sublime novitiate and preparation of grace1 by which she became1 during the last thirty-five years of her life1 an exact image of ,our crucified ,lord4 ,in the year #afic1 she beheld1 in a vision1 a mysterious chalice or cup1 which she knew to be the presage of the ,divine passion1 whereof she was to be a perfect copy4 ,this vision was repeated in various forms during the following years4 ,at one time1 the chalice appeared upon a bright cloud1 surrounded with glory2 at another1 without any ornament3 sometimes the liquor contained in it1 boiled and ran over in great abundance2 at other times1 it issued from it1 drop by drop4 ,her spirit was ready to quaff it to the bottom1 but the flesh shuddered and drew back1 as did our ,lord's in the garden2 but she subdued it by severe mortifications4 8,i must not be too confident10 she writes1 8because ,i know that1 as yet1 it is not dead4 ,the spirit ,i have always found eager and desirous of drinking it1 and willing to taste of such bitterness1 in order to fulfil the will of ,god4 ,at times ,i felt these desires1 and ,i exclaimed3 #8,when will the hour come1 ,o my ,god1 when ,thou wilt allow me to drink of ,thy cup8 ,i await ,thy will1 but ,thou alone knowest my thirst3 ,i thirst1 ,i thirst1 but not for comforts1 but for bitterness and sufferings4' ,i felt that ,i could wait no longer4 ,one night1 whilst ,i was in prayer1 being quite out of myself1 it seems that ,our ,lord appeared to me1 and1 holding the cup in ,his hand1 said3 #8,this is for thee1 and ,i present it to thee1 that thou mayest taste1 as much as ,i have tasted1 for thy sake1 but not yet4 ,prepare thyself1 for thou also shalt taste it4' ,he then disappeared1 leaving the remembrance of that chalice so deeply impressed on my mind1 that it has ever since remained there40 ,the anxiety and dread inspired by the constant appearance of this cup before her mind's eyes1 threw her into a violent fever1 which was succeeded by such weakness of body1 that her superiors forced her to submit to the prescriptions and treatment of physicians1 which served only to increase her torments4 ,but the most sensible torment was1 the privation of the light of ,god4 8,all these sufferings were a mere nothing in comparison with what ,i experienced in myself1 deserted1 abandoned in blackest darkness1 at such a distance from ,god1 that ,i could not even breathe nor sigh to ,god4444 ,o1 intolerable agony of the soul6 to see herself stript of every support1 and utterly separated to a distance from its ,sovereign ,good4 ,she sighs1 but is not heard2 she calls her ,spouse1 but ,he comes not2 she seeks ,him1 but he flies still farther off2 she prays to ,him1 but he will not hear4444 ,my soul was in such torment1 that the agony of death cannot1 ,i think1 be more bitter4 ,i had no relief1 save in seeing the cup approach nearer and nearer4444 ,god be praised6 for ,his love1 all is little4 ,welcome the naked cross1 welcome pure suffering4 ,i am ready for all things to give delight to my ,lord1 and to fulfil ,his divine will40 ,god recompensed her readiness to drink the chalice of sufferings1 by making her a partaker of the torments of ,his passion4 ,on the fourth of ,april1 #afid1 as near as can be ascertained1 ,he appeared to her1 and presented her with ,his crown of thorns4 ,in obedience to her confessor1 she thus describes her vision4 8,on the fourth of ,april1 whilst ,i was in prayer during the night1 ,i fell into a recollection1 and in it had an intellectual vision1 wherein ,our ,lord appeared to me1 with a large crown of thorns upon ,his head4 ,immediately ,i cried out1 #8,my spouse1 give me a part of these thorns1 ,i deserve them1 not ,thou1 my ,sovereign ,good6' ,i heard him reply1 #8,i am now come to crown thee1 my beloved2' and then ,he took the crown off his head1 and placed it upon mine4 ,the pain ,i suffered1 at that instant1 was so excessive1 that ,i have never1 as far as ,i can understand1 suffered anything like it4 ,but it seemed to me that such suffering was a great joy to me2 ,i felt as if ,i should die1 if ,i had not some torment to undergo40 ,finding herself unable to go through her ordinary duties1 and being anxious1 at the same time1 to conceal these divine favors from her companions1 she prayed to ,god1--8,my ,god1 ,i beseech ,thee1 if it be ,thy will1 to give me strength to perform the work and other duties prescribed for me1 and let these ,thy graces never be manifest1 but always in secret40 ,we pray the reader to observe how exactly all the prayers of ,veronica1 and the effects produced in her soul1 are conformable to the rules whereby ,benedict ,,xiv4 teaches us to judge of the truth or falsehood of such supernatural favors as she received4 ,they are always communicated during prayer2 they excite in her a more ardent desire of undergoing still greater torments for the sake of ,god1--they lead above all to humility and anxiety to hide them from the eyes of the world4 ,let us now see how another of his criterions corresponds with the reality of her visions and other graces3 we mean how they inflamed her with burning charity and zeal for the glory of ,god1 and the conversion of sinners4 8,this pain 7of the crown of thorns7 inspired me with such compassion for sinners1 that1 offering to the ,eternal ,father all the sufferings of ,jesus1 and all ,his merits with those of ,our ,lady for the conversion of sinners1 ,i prayed more earnestly than ever for sufferings1 begging ,him to send me more torments4 ,at that instant1 ,i felt a fresh renewal of the crown of thorns1 not only round my head1 as usual1 but all over it2 and1 for several hours1 ,i remained rejoicing amid thousands of torments4 ,it is only a few days since ,i had this renewal1 and it was signified to me1 at the same time1 that this was a warning that ,i was to spend this ,lent in continual suffering4 ,god be praised6 ,everything is little for ,his sake60 ,this crowning was renewed several times during the course of her life4 ,her directors1 being informed that it had taken place1 commissioned ,sister ,florida ,ceoli to observe if there were any visible marks of it on her head4 ,she deposed1 on oath1 as follows3--8,i visited her1 and saw that she had upon her forehead something like a circle1 tending to a red color4 ,sometimes ,i have observed upon it certain pimples1 about the size of a pin-head1 in the form of little buttons4 ,at other times she had her forehead sprinkled with marks of a purple color all round1 like the figure of thorns which came down towards the eyes2 and1 in particular1 ,i saw one of these marks1 like thorns1 come down towards the right eye1 and even passed quite under it1 filling it with tears2 and ,i saw that the tears were blood1 from the veil wherewith she wiped them away2 as ,i have frequently told her confessors who enjoined me to watch her40 ,but not content with these observations made by her companions1 and wishing fully to ascertain if such effects proceeded from natural or supernatural causes1 the bishop of the city caused her to be placed under the care of physicians and surgeons2 but1 after they had exhausted all the resources of their art1 and applied remedies so cruel and so violent that none of the sisterhood would assist at them1 but left ,veronica herself to hold the heated instruments for them1 they abandoned the attempt2 and the bishop and her directors were persuaded that ,he alone1 who had imprinted such marks of love upon ,his servant1 was capable of curing them1 and that he had thereby wished to render her more and more conformable to ,himself4 ,the sacred ,scriptures use the word espousals to denote a more intimate union formed between ,god and the soul by the most perfect love4 ,in the book of ,canticles the ,holy ,ghost describes the correspondence of a soul with grace1 under the figure of two spouses1 and in the ,new ,testament1 ,our ,lord speaks of the virgins whom ,he admits to ,his heavenly marriage-feast4 ,this spiritual union with certain devout souls ,god has been pleased to make manifest to them by more sensible signs1 accompanied by formalities like those used in ordinary marriages4 ,of such we read in the life of the ecstatic ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena4 ,to this exalted dignity ,god was pleased to raise ,veronica1 as he revealed to her1 during the crowning with thorns1 of which we have already spoken4 ,one of the commands given to ,veronica1 after her espousals1 was that she should increase her fasting2 and about a year after that event1 she received a direct injunction from ,god to fast for three whole years upon nothing but bread and water4 ,but ,almighty ,god1 wishing at the same time to put her obedience to her superiors to the test1 caused them all to refuse her their permission1 without which she could not put the ,divine command in practice4 ,and1 although ,he continued to repeat ,his command and even to reproach her for not fulfilling it2 and although her stomach rejected every other food but bread1 yet her superiors obstinately refused to accede to her petition4 8,i was full of joy10 she says1 8because in this way ,i suffered much1 but ,i felt that the flesh could bear no more40 ,at length1 after she had undergone the severest torments1 from the refusal of her superiors1 the weakness of her body1 and her sorrow of mind1 at not being able to comply with the will of ,god1 from ,march to ,september1 ,god was pleased to support her by milk miraculously supplied in the same manner as is related by the ,bollandists of the holy virgins1 ,lidwige1 or ,lidwina1 in ,holland1 and ,geltrude in ,belgium4 ,the most severe trial to which she was exposed1 was from desolation and sadness of spirit1 and from the bitter malice and fierce assaults of the devil against her purity1 during #afif1 the year after her mystic espousals4 ,under the #agth of ,october1 we read as follows3 8,amongst my other tribulations came this also4 ,whilst ,i was in prayer1 there came upon me such1 and so many evil thoughts of impurity and of grievous sins1 and they threw me into such anguish1 that at one time they covered me with perspiration1 and at another made me freeze1 with an internal agony1 which confused and disturbed my soul4 ,i did not wish to disquiet myself1 nor to give myself trouble and pain1 but ,i could not help it2 ,i felt myself so oppressed and sunk in these filthy thoughts1 and my mind so completely obscured1 that ,i could do nothing4 ,the demon tempted me1 and ,i seemed to hear a dreadful voice1 which continually repeated1 #8,see1 these are the fruits of praying for sinners4 ,all their sins are crowding upon thy head4 ,do good now1 if thou canst4' ,as he spoke these words1 the devil seemed to make merry and rejoice4 ,o ,god1 what torment it gave me6 ,as well as ,i could1 ,i begged of ,god the salvation of souls1 and ,i said1 #8,my sovereign good1 ,spouse of my soul1 ,i do not offend ,thee in will1 and therefore ,i detest and abhor every wicked thought2 and now and for ever1 ,i tell ,thee1 that my will does not wish to entertain them4 ,rather death1 and a thousand deaths1 than that ,i should ever consent to a single thought that can offend ,thee4' ,as ,i said this1 though with great difficulty1 the devil tormented me by suggesting worse thoughts than ever1 and telling me that no hope was left me4 ,i replied1 #8,liar that thou art1 ,i will not yield to thy falsehoods4 ,jesus will ,i love1 ,jesus will ,i serve2 ,i have no other good but ,jesus4' ,in this struggle ,i remained for several hours1 always with desolation1 dryness1 and temptations4 ,god be blessed for all60 ,the like temptations and assaults1 both from her flesh and from the devil1 are described under ,december of the same year1 but she repeated with the glorious martyr ,st4 ,cecily1 fiat cor meum et corpus meum immaculatum ut non confundar1 8,let my heart and body be immaculate1 that ,i may not be confounded40 ,on ,christmas eve she made an incision upon her heart in the form of a cross1 with a pen-knife4 ,with the blood1 which issued from it1 she wrote a fervent protestation of love1 and a dedication of her will to her infant ,saviour4 ,four other writings of the same kind1 made during the course of that and the following year1 #afig1 all breathe the same feelings of consecration of her will to ,jesus1 and especially of ardent charity and zeal for the salvation of her neighbors1 whose mediatrix she had promised to be4 ,in one of them1 she writes1 8,i intend at this moment to confirm all the protestations which ,i have made with my own blood4 ,lo6 ,i am ready to give my life and blood for the conversion of sinners1 and the confirmation of the ,holy ,faith4 ,o my ,god6 with your heart1 with your love1 ,i make this invitation4 ,o souls redeemed with the blood of ,jesus1 ,i speak to you2 ,o sinners1 come all to the heart of ,jesus1 to the fountain1 to the boundless sea of ,his love4 ,come1 all of you1 men and women1 come all6 leave sin2 come to ,jesus60 ,her loving spouse rewarded her constancy and love4 ,on ,good ,friday1 the #eth of ,april1 #afig1 she received those rich pledges of love which were vouchsafed to the seraphic ,st4 ,francis1 ,st4 ,catharine1 and other saints2 for ,our ,lord1 after having previously foretold these graces1 and after displaying his mercies in other ways1 to her1 was pleased to imprint upon her hands and feet1 the stigmata or wounds of his most sacred passion4 ,these wounds were afterwards renewed upon several other occasions1 and their reality was made known to many persons4 ,for the ,tribunal of the ,holy ,office at ,rome1 having received information thereof1 ordered the bishop of the city to make an inquiry into the truth of the report4 ,he repaired to the grate of the convent1 with several other ecclesiastics1 who severally saw the wounds which her blessed ,spouse had made4 ,those in the hands and feet1 as ,florida ,ceoli and other sisters attest1 were on the upper side round1 and about the size of a farthing1 but less on the under side1 deep and red when open1 and covered with a thin cicatrix or crust1 when closed4 ,the wound in the left side1 above the left breast1 was between four and five fingers in length1 and about one finger broad in the middle1 growing thinner towards the two extremities1 exactly like the wound of a lance4 ,veronica was so alarmed at the thought of undergoing these examinations so dreadful to her virginal modesty1 that she told sister ,florida ,ceoli1 in confidence1 she should have died of confusion1 if ,god had not deprived her of her senses1 during them4 ,and her profound humility suggested to her to beg earnestly of her beloved ,saviour to leave her the pain1 but hide the marks of these wounds from the eyes of the world1 as he had done to ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena1 and other saints2 but he ordered her to tell her confessor1 that these wounds were to remain1 that by the rigorous investigations of the ,congregation of the ,holy ,office1 it might be known that they had been imprinted by ,his divine hand2 and that for this purpose1 they were to remain visible for three years4 ,so in effect it happened2 for after three years1 on the #eth of ,april1 #agjj1 the wounds closed1 but not until it had been proved to many that they were indeed the work of divine love4 ,but1 although they were closed to the eyes of others1 it is attested by several witnesses1 that the pain still continued1 and that they were renewed after that date upon the greater festivals of the church1 the feasts of ,st4 ,francis and of his stigmata1 and as often as her superiors commanded4 ,she herself mentions their being renewed in #agjc1 three years after their closing2 and her confessor1 ,father ,ranier ,guelfi1 as late as holy ,saturday1 the #aith of ,april1 #agbf1 having been informed by her1 that ,jesus had renewed her wounds twice upon that same day1 commanded her to pray that they might be renewed for the third time4 ,she obeyed1 and after remaining in ecstasy at his feet for some time1 told him that she had obtained the grace4 ,to his astonishment he beheld the wounds open1 and blood issuing from them4 ,to have additional witnesses1 he pretended to disbelieve her1 and ordered her to show them to two of her companions1 who both saw them open and covered with blood1 as they testify in the process4 ,besides the testimony of these and the many others1 both ecclesiastics and nuns1 who saw these wounds1 the reality of their existence was proved by the fact that the most diligent endeavors of surgeons to cure them served only to inflame them still more4 ,but the most undoubted proof is1 that she was able in spite of them1 to live and perform her duties during a space of thirty years2 especially when we reflect that the physician and surgeon1 who inspected her body1 after her death1 agreed that the wound in her left side was enough1 at any instant1 to have caused her death1 so that they considered her very continuance in life a miracle4 ,veronica foretold that twenty-four marks would be found engraven upon her heart2 and1 by the order of her confessor1 she described the exact form and disposition of them1 by cutting them out in red and white paper2 and after her death1 they were found to correspond in every particular with the account and picture which she had made of them4 ,they were as follows3--a ,latin cross1 with a ,c in the top of the upright piece2 the centre of the transverse an ,f2 in the right point of the transverse a ,v2 and in the left an ,o4 ,above the cross was1 on one side1 a crown of thorns2 on the left of which was a banner upon a staff1 which passed transversely over the cross1 and the flag of the banner was divided into two tongues1 on the upper of which was a large ,i1 and on the lower an m in running hand4 ,at the top of the banner was a flame1 and1 lower down1 a hammer1 a pair of pincers1 a lance1 and a reed with a sponge represented upon the top4 ,on the right of the cross1 beginning from above1 was a small garment to represent the seamless vest of ,our ,lord1 another flame1 a chalice1 two wounds1 a column1 three nails1 a scourge1 and seven swords2 with the letters ,p4,p4,v4 on other parts of the heart4 ,all these marks were exactly described by her upon paper1 which being compared with her heart1 soon after death1 were found to agree in every particular4 ,her confessor attests that the meaning of the above letters and emblems is3--,the seven swords are the seven dolors of ,mary2 the banner1 the ensign of her victories over the ,devil1 the world and herself2 the two letters1 ,i 7,j7 and m1 ,jesus and ,mary2 ,c1 ,charity2 ,f1 ,faith and ,fidelity to ,god2 ,o1 ,obedience2 the two ,,vv1 ,humility and the ,will of ,god 7,umilt1 and ,volont di ,dio71 ,p ,p1 ,patience and ,suffering 7,patire72 the two flames1 the love of ,god and her neighbor4 ,but we have now reached the point towards which all her aspirations were directed2 the happy moment when she was to be united to that ,spouse1 towards whom her soul had hastened1 as the thirsty hart flieth to the fountains of living waters4 ,she endured1 as she had foretold1 in this her last stage of more than mortal agony and bitterness1 a three-fold purgatory2 first1 in the persecutions and harshness of men1 on the part of her physicians1 and those who attended her1 then on the part of the devil1 who tempted her to despair2 and1 lastly1 from holy obedience2 for1 although she had so fervently longed for the moment wherein she was to be dissolved1 and to be with ,christ1 it had been made known to her that she was not to die1 without the command of her confessor2 that so the obedience1 which had been so perfect in life1 might be crowned even on earth1 by opening for her the gate of heavenly bliss4 ,and1 as in her burning charity1 and her eager desire and incomparable endurance of suffering1 as well as in the pains of ,his blessed passion1 she had so closely copied our ,lord1 so it pleased ,him to make the days of her last illness of the same number as the years of ,his sojourn in this vale of tears2 and on the thirty-third day1 to close her life by an agony of three hours1 like to his own upon the cross4 ,as she lay motionless and tranquil1 her confessor1 perceiving that her life was drawing near its term1 said1 8,be glad of heart1 sister ,veronica1 what you have so much longed for1 is near at hand40 ,as she heard these words1 she gave a sign of her unspeakable joy1 and then turned and fastened her eyes upon him4 ,he began to recite the 8,recommendation of a ,departing ,soul10 and suggest acts of virtue and resignation1 without being able to understand why she looked at him with so fixed an eye4 ,at length1 enlightened by ,almighty ,god1 he recollected that she had told him that she would not wish to die1 save with the leave of her superiors1 and through holy obedience1 which permission she now craved by the fixed and earnest eye wherewith she regarded him4 ,animated1 therefore1 with a lively faith in ,god1 he approached her and said1 8,sister ,veronica1 since it is the will of ,god that you should now go to enjoy ,him1 and since it is the pleasure of ,his ,divine ,majesty1 that for your departure1 the leave of ,his minister should also be granted1--,i now give it to you40 ,scarcely were these words uttered1 than she bent her eyes in token of submission2 then turning towards her spiritual daughters1 as if to give them her last blessing1 she bowed her head1 and yielded up her soul1 in the peace of the ,lord1 on ,friday1 the #ith of ,july1 #agbg1 in the sixty-seventh year of her age1 and the fiftieth of her religious profession4 ,of her perfection in the discharge of all the duties of her state of life1--of her faith1 hope1 and love of ,god and her neighbor1--of her meekness and humility1 which she practised in the most heroic degree1--it is unnecessary here to say more1 than that in them she was an exact copy of that virtue which her loving ,spouse displayed in ,his life amongst men4 ,even upon earth1 her sanctity was made manifest by the accomplishment of the events which she had foretold1 and by the miracles that she performed2 and since her death1 the most wonderful favors have been obtained by her intercession4 ,from the many that are recorded in the acts of her beatification1 we select only two4 ,the first is that of her confidential companion and friend1 sister ,mary ,magdalen ,boscaini1 who1 in the course of the years #agbi-cj1 was attacked by such a complication of disorders1 that she could neither taste food1 nor lie down1 without considerable difficulty2 she was subject to frequent fainting-fits and vomitings1 and remained in this state for eleven months1 being declared by her physicians to have reached an advanced stage of consumption4 ,at last1 on the vigil of ,st4 ,matthias1 in #agcj1 eleven months since the beginning of her illness1 her confessor exhorted her to place a firm reliance upon ,veronica1 under whom she had passed her novitiate2 and when he had excited her confidence and hope1 he gave her to drink some water1 in which a relic of the saint had been4 ,she drank it1 and instantly sprang out of bed1 and ran to see one of her sisters1 who was also sick2 and afterwards to meet the physician at the door1 who was coming to make his usual visit4 ,he carefully examined her2 and1 after feeling her pulse1 pronounced it to be a miracle1 as the effect proved1 for she lived twelve years longer1--when a second illness attacked her1 from which she recovered1 in like manner1 by the intercession of ,veronica2 and so lived for twenty-two years more1 dying in #agfe4 ,the second miracle was the sudden and perfect cure of ,maria ,pacciarini1 of an arthritic rheumatism of long duration2 from which she instantaneously and perfectly recovered1 by the intercession of ,veronica4 ,veronica was beatified by ,pius ,,vii41 in #ahjd1 the ,cardinal ,duke of ,york being the reporter of the ,cause to the ,congregation of ,rites4 ,she was solemnly canonized by ,gregory ,,xvi41 on ,trinity ,sunday1 #bfth ,may1 #ahci4 8,there are often found1 in the lives of those who enjoy a reputation for sanctity1 certain extraordinary marks1 which the profane rashly and foolishly scoff at1 as empty and dreamy visions3 and the inexperienced multitude1 on the other hand1 receives as irrefragable proofs of virtue3 nor are those wanting1 who1 misled by a deceitful semblance of prudence and caution1 blindly pronounce them the result of artifice and cunning4 ,the prudent man avoids all these extremes2 and1 whilst he silently admires things beyond the reach of ordinary understandings1 inquires into their causes2 but1 still1 not from such effects does he decide upon the virtues of those in whom they are conspicuous1 but looks chiefly to the conduct and actions they have produced in them1 that from the fruits1 as our ,divine ,master teacheth1 the quality of the tree may be known40#hi ,,july ,x4 ,,the ,,seven ,,brothers1 ,,martyrs1 ,,and ,,st4 ,,felicitas ,,their ,,mother4 ,from their genuine acts in ,ruinart1 and ,tillemont1 t4 #b4 ,see the remarks of ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #c1 ,julij1 p4 #e4 ,,in ,,the ,,second ,,century4 ,the illustrious martyrdom of these saints has been justly celebrated by the holy fathers4 ,it happened at ,rome under the emperor ,antoninus1 that is1 according to several ancient copies of the acts1 ,antoninus ,pius4#ij ,the seven brothers were the sons of ,st4 ,felicitas1 a noble pious ,christian widow in ,rome1 who brought them up in the most perfect sentiments and practice of heroic virtue4 ,after the death of her husband she served ,god in a state of continency#ia and employed herself wholly in prayer1 fasting1 and works of charity4 ,by the public and edifying example of this lady and her whole family1 many idolators were moved to renounce the worship of their false gods1 and to embrace the faith of ,christ1 which ,christians were likewise encouraged by so illustrious a pattern openly to profess4 ,this raised the spleen of the heathenish priests1 who complained to the emperor ,antoninus that the boldness with which ,felicitas publicly practised the ,christian religion1 drew many from the worship of the immortal gods who were the guardians and protectors of the empire1 and that it was a continual insult on them2 who1 on that account1 were extremely offended and angry with the city and whole state4 ,they added1 that in order to appease them1 it was necessary to compel this lady and her children to sacrifice to them4 ,antoninus being himself superstitious was prevailed upon by this remonstrance to send an order to ,publius the prefect of ,rome1 to take care that the priests should be satisfied1 and the gods appeased in this matter4 ,publius caused the mother and her sons to be apprehended and brought before him4 ,when this was done he took ,felicitas aside1 and used the strongest inducements to bring her freely to sacrifice to the gods1 that he might not be obliged to proceed with severity against her and her sons2 but she returned him this answer3 8,do not think to frighten me by threats1 or to win me by fair speeches4 ,the spirit of ,god within me will not suffer me to be overcome by ,satan1 and will make me victorious over all your assaults40 ,publius said in a great rage3 8,unhappy woman1 is it possible you should think death so desirable as not to permit even your children to live1 but force me to destroy them by the most cruel torments80 8,my children10 said she1 8will live eternally with ,christ if they are faithful to him2 but must expect eternal death if they sacrifice to idols40 ,the next day the prefect1 sitting in the square of ,mars before his temple1 sent for ,felicitas and her sons1 and addressing his speech to her1 said3 8,take pity of your children1 ,felicitas2 they are in the bloom of youth1 and may aspire to the greatest honors and preferments40 ,the holy mother answered3 8,your pity is really impiety1 and the compassion to which you exhort me would make me the most cruel of mothers40 ,then turning herself towards her children1 she said to them1 8,my sons1 look up to heaven where ,jesus ,christ with his saints expects you4 ,be faithful in his love1 and fight courageously for your souls40 ,publius being exasperated at this behavior1 commanded her to be cruelly buffeted1 saying3 8,you are insolent indeed1 to give them such advice as this in my presence1 in contempt of the orders of our princes40 ,the judge then called the children to him one after another1 and used many artful speeches1 mingling promises with threats to induce them to adore the gods4 ,januarius1 the eldest1 experienced his assaults the first1 but resolutely answered him3 8,you advise me to do a thing that is very foolish1 and contrary to all reason2 but ,i confide in my ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 that he will preserve me from such an impiety40 ,publius ordered him to be stripped and cruelly scourged1 after which he sent him back to prison4 ,felix1 the second brother1 was called next1 and commanded to sacrifice4 ,but the generous youth replied1 8,there is one only ,god4 ,to him we offer the sacrifice of our hearts4 ,we will never forsake the love which we owe to ,jesus ,christ4 ,employ all your artifices2 exhaust all inventions of cruelty2 you will never be able to overcome our faith40 ,the other brothers made their answers separately1 that they feared not a passing death1 but everlasting torments2 and that having before their eyes the immortal recompenses of the just1 they despised the threats of men4 ,martialis1 who spoke last1 said3 8,all who do not confess ,christ to be the true ,god1 shall be cast into eternal flames40#ib ,the brothers1 after being whipped1 were remanded to prison1 and the prefect1 despairing to be able ever to overcome their resolution1 laid the whole process before the emperor4 ,antoninus having read the interrogatory1 gave an order that they should be sent to different judges1 and be condemned to different deaths4 ,januarius was scourged to death with whips loaded with plummets of lead4 ,the two next1 ,felix and ,philip1 were beaten with clubs till they expired4 ,sylvanus1 the fourth1 was thrown headlong down a steep precipice4 ,the three youngest1 ,alexander1 ,vitalis1 and ,martialis1 were beheaded1 and the same sentence was executed upon the mother four months after4 ,st4 ,felicitas is commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology on the #bc;d of ,november2 the sons on the #ajth of ,july1 on which day their festival is marked in the old ,roman ,calendar1 published by ,bucherius4#ic 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great delivered his third homily on the ,gospels1 on the festival of ,st4 ,felicitas1 in the church built over her tomb on the ,salarian road4 ,in this discourse he says1 that this saint 8having seven children was as much afraid of leaving them behind her on earth1 as other mothers are of surviving theirs4 ,she was more than a martyr1 for seeing her seven dear children martyred before her eyes1 she was in some sort a martyr in each of them4 ,she was the eighth in the order of time1 but was from the first to the last in pain1 and began her martyrdom in the eldest1 which she only finished in her own death4 ,she received a crown not only for herself1 but likewise for all her children4 ,seeing them in torments she remained constant1 feeling their pains by nature as their mother1 but rejoicing for them in her heart by hope40 ,the same father takes notice how weak faith is in us3 in her it was victorious over flesh and blood2 but in us is not able to check the sallies of our passions1 or wean our hearts from a wicked and deceitful world4 8,let us be covered with shame and confusion10 says he1 8that we should fall so far short of the virtue of this martyr1 and should suffer our passions still to triumph over faith in our hearts4 ,often one word spoken against us disturbs our minds2 at the least blast of contradiction we are discouraged or provoked2 but neither torments nor death were able to shake her courageous soul4 ,we weep without ceasing when ,god requires of us the children he hath lent us2 and she bewailed her children when they did not die for ,christ1 and rejoiced when she saw them die40 ,what afflictions do parents daily meet with from the disorders into which their children fall through their own bad example or neglect6 ,let them imitate the earnestness of ,st4 ,felicitas in forming to perfect virtue the tender souls which ,god hath committed to their charge1 and with this saint they will have the greatest of all comforts in them2 and will by his grace count as many saints in their family as they are blessed with children4 ,,saints ,,rufina ,,and ,,secunda1 ,,virgins1 ,,mm4 ,they were sisters1 and the daughters of one ,asterius1 a man of a senatorian family in ,rome4 ,their father promised them in marriage1 the first to ,armentarius1 and the second to ,verinus1 who were then both ,christians1 but afterward apostatized from the faith when the storm raised by ,valerian and ,gallien in #beg1 fell upon the ,church4 ,the two virgins resisted their solicitations to imitate their impiety1 and fled out of ,rome2 but were overtaken1 brought back1 and after other torments condemned by ,junius ,donatus1 prefect of ,rome1 to lose their heads4 ,they were conducted twelve miles out of ,rome1 executed in a forest on the ,aurelian ,way1 and buried in the same place4 ,it was then called the ,black ,forest1 ,sylva ,nigra1 but from these martyrs this name was changed into that of ,sylva ,candia or the ,white ,forest4 ,a chapel was built over their tomb1 which pope ,damasus demolished1 erecting a large church in its room4 ,a town rose in the same place1 which was called ,sylva ,candia1 and made an episcopal see4 ,but the city being destroyed by barbarians in the twelfth century1 the bishopric was united by ,calixtus ,,ii4 to that of ,porto1 and the relics of the saints were translated at the same time1 in the year #aabj1 to the ,lateran basilic1 where they are kept near the baptistery of ,constantine4 ,see their ,acts abridged by ,tillemont1 t4 #d1 p4 #e4 ,also the remarks of ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #c1 ,julij1 p4 #bh1 and ,laderchius ,diss4 de ,basilicis ,,ss4 ,marcellini et ,petri1 c4 #b1 p4 #f4 ,,july ,,xi4 ,,st4 ,,james1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,nisibis1 ,c4 ,from ,theodoret1 ,phil4 c4 #a1 et ,aist4 l4 #a1 c4 #g4 ,gennadius1 c4 #a4 ,tillemont1 t4 #g1 p4 #bfc4 ,ceillier1 t4 #d4 ,assemani1 ,bibl4 ,orient4 t4 #a1 p4 #ahf4 ,cuper the ,bollandist1 and the saint's works1 published in ,armenian and ,latin1 by ,nic4 ,antonelli1 at ,rome1 in #agee2 add the accounts given of this saint in the ,menology of the ,armenians at ,venice1 on the seventh day of the month ,caghozi1 the #aeth of our ,december2 in the ,synaxary of the ,egyptians on the eighteenth of ,tobi1 our #abth of ,january1 by ,st4 ,gregory of ,nariegha1 an ,armenian bishop1 in #ihj1 author of many devout ,armenian orations and prayers4 7,orat4 #ii1 in ,st4 ,jacob4 in libro ,precum edito ,constantinopoli1 ,an4 #agjj47 ,also by ,moyses ,cheronensis1 ,histor4 ,armen l4 #c1 art4 #g1 though this author flourished not in the fifth century 7as the ,whistons imagine with those who confound him with ,moyses the grammarian1 who translated the ,bible from the ,greek and ,syriac into the ,armenian tongue1 in the reign of ,theodosius the ,younger1 as ,galanus mentions71 but after the year #gbg1 in which arose the great schism of which this historian speaks1 and of which the patriarch ,john ,,iv4 of ,oznium was author4 ,see ,james ,villotte1 the ,jesuit1 in ,diction4 ,armen4 in ,serie ,patriarcharum4 ,a4 ,d4 #cej4 ,this eminent saint1 and glorious doctor of the ,syriac church1 was a native of ,nisibis1 in ,mesopotamia1 which country was then subject to the eastern empire4#id ,he had a genius rich by nature1 which he cultivated with indefatigable application2 though after laying a foundation of the sciences1 he confined himself to sacred studies4 ,in his youth entering the world1 he became soon apprised of its dangers4 ,he saw that in it only ambition1 vanity1 and voluptuousness reign2 that men here usually live in a hurry and a crowd1 without finding leisure to look into themselves1 or to study that great science which ought to be their only affair4 ,he trembled at the sight of its vices1 and the slippery path of its pleasures1 which1 though they seem agreeable at first1 yet when tasted are nothing but bitterness and mortal poison1 and whilst they flatter the senses1 destroy the soul2 and he thought it the safer part to conquer by flight1 or at least1 with the ,baptist1 to prepare and strengthen himself in retirement1 that he might afterward be the better able to stand his ground in the field4 ,he accordingly chose the highest mountains for his abode1 sheltering himself in a cave in the winter1 and the rest of the year living in the woods1 continually exposed to the open air2 and knowing that our greatest conquest is to subdue ourselves1 in order to facilitate this important victory1 he joined to assiduous prayer the practice of great austerities4 ,he lived only on wild roots and herbs1 which he ate raw1 and had no other garments than a tunic and cloak1 both made of goat's hair very coarse4 ,notwithstanding his desire to live unknown to men1 yet he was discovered1 and many were not afraid to climb the rugged rocks that they might recommend themselves to his prayers1 and receive the comfort of his spiritual advice4 ,he was favored with the gifts of prophecy and miracles in an uncommon measure1 of which he gave several proofs in a journey he took into ,persia to visit the new churches that were planting there1 and strengthen the young converts laboring under grievous persecutions4 ,his presence fortified them in their good resolutions1 and inspired them with that spirit of martyrdom which afterwards showed itself in their glorious triumphs4 ,he converted many idolaters1 and wrought several miracles in that country4 ,he suffered torments for the faith in the persecution continued by ,maximinus ,,ii4 for ,gennadius places him in the number of confessors under that tyrant2 and ,nicephorus names him among the holy bishops in the council of ,nice1 who bore the glorious marks of their sufferings for ,christ4 ,his personal merit and great reputation occasioned his promotion to the see of ,nisibis2 but here he still followed the same course of life he had inured himself to on the mountains1 to his fasts and austerities adding the care of the poor1 the correction of sinners1 and all the other toils and hardships of episcopacy4 ,such was his charity for the poor1 that he seemed to possess nothing but for their relief4 ,in the acts of ,st4 ,miles and his companions1 ,persian martyrs1 it is related that ,st4 ,james built at ,nisibis a very stately church4 ,st4 ,miles coming to that city was astonished at the majesty of the edifice1 and having made some stay there with ,st4 ,james1 returned to ,adiab1 whence he sent the holy bishop a present of a great quantity of silk for the ornaments of his church4 ,theodoret relates#ie of him that one day as he was travelling1 he was accosted by a gang of beggars who had concerted a plot whereby to impose upon the servant of ,god1 with the view of extorting money from him on pretence to bury their companion1 who lay stretched on the ground as if he had been dead4 ,the holy man gave them what they asked1 and 8offering up supplications to ,god as for a soul departed1 he prayed that his divine majesty would pardon him the sins he had committed whilst he lived1 and that he would admit him into the company of the saints10 says ,theodoret4 ,as soon as the saint was gone by1 his companions calling upon him to rise and take his share of the booty1 were strangely surprised to find him really dead4 ,seized with sudden fear and grief1 they shrieked in the utmost consternation1 and immediately ran after the man of ,god1 cast themselves at his feet1 confessed the cheat1 begged forgiveness1 and by entreaties and mournful looks pleaded for pity1 and besought him by his prayers to restore their unhappy companion to life1 which the saint performed1 as this grave author assures us4 ,when the heresy of ,arius was set abroach1 and began to infect many churches1 ,st4 ,james strenuously exerted himself in defending his church from the contagion1 and labored to crush the growing evil4 ,he assisted at the council of ,nice in #cbe1 as ,theodoret and ,gennadius testify2 likewise at the council of ,antioch held under ,st4 ,eustathius1 about the year #cbf4 ,being at ,constantinople in #ccf1 when ,constantine commanded ,st4 ,alexander1 the holy bishop of that city1 to leave his see in case he persisted to refuse admitting to communion ,arius1 who had imposed on that prince by an hypocritical confession of faith2 ,st4 ,james exhorted the people to have recourse to ,god by fasting and prayer during seven days2 and on the eighth day1 which was the very ,sunday on which ,arius was to have been admitted1 the unhappy man was found dead in a privy into which he had stepped to ease nature4#if ,the most famous miracle of our ,thaumaturgus was that by which he protected the city of ,nisibis from the barbarians1 as is related by ,theodoret both in his religious and ecclesiastical history2 by ,theophanes1 the ,alexandrian ,chronicle1 and even by ,philostorgius himself1#ig who was a rank ,arian1 cannot be suspected of being too favorable to ,st4 ,james4 ,sapor ,,ii4 the haughty king of ,persia1 twice besieged ,nisibis with the whole strength of his empire1 whilst our saint was bishop2 and the city was every time miraculously protected by the prayers of ,st4 ,james4 ,of these sieges the first was laid soon after the death of ,constantine the ,great1 which happened on the #bbnd of ,may1 in #ccg1 after that prince had reigned thirty-nine years1 nine months1 and twenty-seven days4 ,his valor had kept the barbarians in awe4 ,but upon his demise ,sapor came1 and in #cch sat down before ,nisibis with a prodigious army of foot1 horse1 elephants1 and all sorts of warlike engines4 ,but after continuing the siege sixty-three days1 he was compelled shamefully to raise it1 and return into ,persia2 and his army1 harassed by the enemy in its march1 and exhausted by fatigues1 was at length destroyed by famine and epidemical diseases4#ih ,the emperor ,constantius1 when the ,persians again invaded the territories of the ,romans in #cdh1 by his pusillanimity and misconduct gave them a great superiority in the field4 ,and ,cosros1 elated with success1 and enriched by the plunder of many provinces1 ventured a second time with an army still much stronger than before to lay siege to ,nisibis in #cej4 ,his troops having seized all the avenues1 and made their approaches with a fury beyond example1 he first endeavored to make a breach in the walls by battering rams and mines1 but all to no purpose4 ,at length1 after seventy days' labor1 he caused a dam to be raised at a considerable distance from the city1 thereby to stop the river ,mygdon1 which ran through it2 this he ordered to be broken down when the water was at its full height2 so that the violence with which it beat against the wall of the city made a wide breach in it4 ,at this the ,persians rent the air with loud shouts of joy1 but deferred the assault till the next day1 that the waters might be first carried off1 they not being able to make their approaches by reason of the inundation4 ,when they came up to the breach they were strangely surprised to find another wall which the inhabitants had raised behind the former with an astonishing expedition1 being encouraged by ,st4 ,james1 who remained himself all the time in the church at his prayers1 by which he conquered1 like ,moses on the mountain4 ,sapor marching up to the breach in person1 fancied he saw a man in royal apparel on the wall1 whose purple and diadem cast an uncommon brightness4 ,this person he believed was the ,roman emperor ,constantius1 and threatened to put to death those who had told him the emperor was at ,antioch4 ,but upon their giving him fresh assurances that ,constantius was really there1 and convinced that heaven fought for the ,romans1 he threw up a javelin into the air1 out of impotent revenge because heaven seemed to take part against him4 ,then ,st4 ,ephrem1 deacon of ,edessa and ,st4 ,james's disciple1 being present1 entreated him to go upon the walls to take a view of the ,persians1 and pray to ,god that he would defeat the infidel army4 ,the bishop would not pray for the destruction of any one1 but he implored the divine mercy that the city might be delivered from the calamities of so long a siege4 ,afterwards1 going to the top of a high tower1 and turning his face towards the enemy1 and seeing the prodigious multitude of men and beasts which covered the whole country1 he said3 8,lord1 thou art able by the weakest means to humble the pride of thy enemies2 defeat these multitudes by an army of gnats40 ,god heard the humble prayers of his servant1 as he had done that of ,moses against the ,egyptians1 and as he had by the like means vanquished the enemies of his people when he conducted them out of ,egypt4#ii ,for scarce had the saint spoken these words1 when whole clouds of gnats and flies came pouring down upon the ,persians1 got into the elephants' trunks1 and the horses' ears and nostrils1 which made them chafe and foam1 throw their riders1 and put the whole army into confusion and disorder4#ajj ,a famine and pestilence which followed1 carried off a great part of the army2 and ,sapor1 after lying above three months before the place1 set fire to all his own engines of war1 and was forced to abandon the siege and return home with the loss of twenty thousand men4 ,sapor received a third foil under the walls of ,nisibis1 in #cei1 upon which he turned his arms against ,amidus1 took that strong city1 and put the garrison and the greatest part of the inhabitants to the sword4#aja ,the citizens of ,nisibis attributed their preservation to the intercession of their glorious patron1 ,st4 ,james1 though he seems to have been translated to glory before this last siege4 ,gennadius says he died in the reign of ,constantius1 whose death happened in #cfa4ajb ,that of ,st4 ,james is placed by most moderns in #cej1 soon after the second siege of ,nisibis4 ,gennadius informs us1 that out of a pious confidence that the saint's earthly remains would be a pledge of his intercession with ,god for the protection of the city against the barbarians1 by an order of the emperor ,constantius1 though an ,arian1 pursuant to an express injunction of his father ,constantine the ,great1 notwithstanding the severe laws to the contrary then in force1 the body of ,st4 ,james was buried within the walls of the city4 ,julian1 the ,apostate1 in #cfa1 envying the saint this distinguished privilege1 commanded these sacred remains to be removed without the city4 ,soon after1 upon his death the emperor ,jovian1 in #cfc1 in order to purchase peace of the ,persians1 was obliged to yield up to them ,nisibis1 with the five ,roman provinces situated on the ,tigris1 and great part of ,mesopotamia4 ,but the inhabitants of ,nisibis who were compelled by ,jovian to remove before he delivered up the city1 carried with them the sacred relics of this saint1 which1 according to the ,menology of the ,armenians at ,venice1 were brought to ,constantinople about the year #igj4 ,his name is famous both in the ,eastern and ,western ,martyrologies4 ,his festival is kept by the ,latins on the #aeth of ,july1 by the ,greeks on the #acth of ,january and the #cast of ,october1 by the ,syrians on the #ahth of ,january1 and by the ,armenians on a ,saturday in the month of ,december4 ,the last honor him with no less solemnity than the ,assyrians1 and observe before his feast a fast of five days with the same severity with that of ,lent4 ,in his office they sing the long devout ,armenian hymns1 which were compiled in his honor by ,saint ,nierses1 patriarch of ,armenia1 the fourth of that name1 surnamed of ,ghelaia1 who strenuously defended the union with the ,latin church against the ,greek emperor1 ,michael ,commenus1 in the twelfth century1 and is honored by the orthodox ,armenians among the saints4#ajd ,st4 ,james's learning and writings have procured him a rank next to ,st4 ,ephrem among the doctors of the ,syriac church2 and the ,armenians honor him as one of the principal doctors of their national church4 ,for though ,st4 ,james was a ,syrian1 he wrote excellent treatises in the ,armenian language for their instruction1#aje at the request of a holy bishop of that nation called ,gregory1 whose letter to our saint is still extant4 ,in it he promises himself the happiness of paying ,st4 ,james a visit1 and passing some time with him1 in order to improve himself more perfectly by his lessons in the knowledge and practice of true virtue3 in the mean time he earnestly conjures him to favor him with some short instructions1 and teach him what is the true foundation of a spiritual life of faith1 by what means the edifice is to be raised in our souls1 and by what good works1 by what virtue it is to be finished and brought to perfection4 ,st4 ,james complied with his desire in eighteen excellent discourses still extant4#ajf ,they are published at ,rome in one volume1 folio1 in #agef1 in ,armenian and ,latin1 by ,m4 ,nicholas ,antonelli1 canon of the ,lateran basilic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the visible protection with which ,god watches over his servants ought to excite our confidence in him4 ,he assures us that his tenderness for them surpasses the bowels of the most affectionate mother1 and he styles himself their protector and their safeguard4#ajg ,this made ,st4 ,chrysostom cry out1#ajh 8,behold1 ,i testify and proclaim to all men with a loud voice1 and would raise it1 were it possible1 louder than any trumpet1 that no man on earth can hurt a good ,christian1 nor even the tyrant the devil4 ,if ,god be for us1 who is against us8 says the apostle40 ,how far otherwise is it with the wicked6 ,they are cast off by their ,god2 they are not his people2 not fed or watched over by that special tender providence which he affords his servants3 they are a forsaken1 abandoned vineyard4#aji ,he is their enemy1 and hath set his eyes upon them for evil1 not for good4#aaj ,what rest or comfort can the sinner enjoy who knows he hath an almighty arm continually stretched out against him8 ,,st4 ,,hidulphus1 ,,bishop ,,and ,,abbot4 ,from ,richerius1 in his ,chronicle of ,senones1 t4 #c1 ,spicileg4 and the saint's three imperfect lives1 with the remarks of ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #c1 ,jul4 p4 #bje4 ,see also ,calmet1 ,hist4 de ,lorraine1 l4 #aj1 p4 #dde1 c4 ,a4 ,d4 #gjg4 ,st4 ,hidulph1 or ,hildulph1 was born at ,ratisbon in ,bavaria1 of one of the most illustrious families in the country1 and renounced great temporal possessions in his youth to consecrate himself to ,god in an ecclesiastical state1 which he embraced with his brother ,st4 ,erard1 who was advanced to the episcopal see at ,ratisbon1 was buried in ,moyen-,moutier1 and is honored among the saints on the #hth of ,january4#aaa ,hidulph was consecrated archbishop of ,triers1 and discharged for some time all the duties of a vigilant and zealous pastor4 ,the monastery of ,st4 ,maximin had been founded in the fourth century1 and doubtless observed the discipline of the oriental monks4 ,hidulph introduced into it the ,benedictin ,order about the year #ffe1 and so much augmented it in revenues and settled in it so perfect a spirit of monastic virtue1 that it was the admiration of that age1 and is to this day one of the most flourishing abbeys in ,germany4 ,hidulph was much taken with the charms of holy retirement1 with the happy security and liberty of that state1 its exercises of humility1 penance1 and prayer1 and the liberty which it affords of living disengaged from worldly attachments and distractions1 in a continual application to heavenly things4 ,he was also strongly affected by the example and conversation of many divine men who then adorned the ,church1 and maintained in it the true spirit of ,christ1 by the odor of sanctity which their angelic minds and deportment spread1 and who were raised to this heroic virtue by the exercises of a monastic life4 ,the obligations of his own charge 7which he could not abandon unless his reasons for resigning it were such as to be approved of by a superior authority1 as that of a primate1 and rather of the pope as patriarch of the ,west7 withheld him some time1 but at length he found means to resign his see to ,st4 ,veomade1 abbot of ,st4 ,maximin's1 and hid himself in that monastery4#aab ,but finding it impossible to live in the obscurity which he sought1 in the midst of his own diocess1 he retired secretly amidst the mountains of ,voge1 on the confines of ,lorrain1 and settled in a small hermitage on the spot which the monks of ,senones and ,estival gave him1 and on which he soon after1 about the year #fgf1 built the monastery of ,moyen-,moutier4 ,this name was given it from its situation between the abbeys of ,senones to the east1 of ,estival to the west1 of ,bodon-,moutier to the north1 and to the south that of ,jointures1 now the collegiate church of canons1 and the town of ,st4 ,die4 ,three hundred monks served ,god under his direction2 for1 besides those who composed the monastery of ,moyen-,moutier1 at the request of his friend ,st4 ,die1 upon his death-bed1 and of his community1 he took upon him also the charge of that abbey1 and many lived under his conduct in separate cells4 ,st4 ,hidulph governed his own monastery above thirty years1 though for some time1 whilst he was obliged to reside at ,st4 ,die's1 he appointed a vicar in his room at ,moyen-,moutier4 ,he returned thither before his death1 which happened in #gjg1 or1 according to others1 in #gac4 ,his relics are kept in a silver shrine in this monastery1 which at present bears his name1 and in union with that of ,st4 ,vannes1 began the reformation of the ,benedictin ,order1 which is so famous in ,lorrain1 and in ,france4 ,saint ,hidulph's name is not inserted in the ,roman ,martyrology1 but is famous in ,german1 ,french1 and ,benedictin ,calendars4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sanctity of those ancient monks who1 by the exercises of humility and holy solitude1 attained to so wonderful a victory over their passions1 so sublime a degree of virtue1 and so heavenly a temper as to have seemed rather angels than men1 was the admiration even of infidels1 and the edification of all those who had the happiness of enjoying their conversation4 8,for my part10 said ,saint ,sulpicius ,severus1 or his friend ,posthumianus1#aac 8so long as ,i shall keep alive and in my senses1 ,i shall ever celebrate the monks of ,egypt1 praise the anchorets1 and admire the hermits40 ,of the same another ancient eye-witness says1#aad 8,there have ,i seen many fathers leading an angelic life1 and walking after the example of ,jesus40 ,the more happy and the more perfect a religious state is1 the greater ought to be the watchfulness and the fervor of those who are engaged in it not to fall short of their obligations1 and lose the precious graces of their vocation4 ,persons in the world are usually inclined to show no indulgence for the least failings which they observe in religious persons4 ,how much soever the reformation and perfect sanctification of the more illustrious portion of the flock of ,christ be to be desired and prayed for by all1 and promoted by the chief pastors1 these severe censors would better employ their zeal in looking into1 and reforming their own hearts4 ,they must never forget that all ,christians1 by their baptismal engagements and the sacred law of the gospel which they profess1 are bound to sanctify their souls1 and to serve ,god in the perfect sentiments and practice of all virtues4 ,if in this degenerate age many religious establishments stand in need of a spur or some reformation1 we may believe an enemy 8that there is no class or condition of ,christians in general which does not want it still much more40 ,,st4 ,,pius ,i4 ,,pope1 ,m4 ,according to the pontificals1 he was the son of one ,rufinus1 and a native of ,aquileia4 ,he had served the ,church among the clergy at ,rome many years under ,adrian and ,antoninus ,pius1#aae when1 according to ,tillemont1 in the fourth year of the reign of the latter he succeeded ,st4 ,hyginus in the papacy in #adb4 ,he condemned the heresiarch ,valentinus1 and rejected ,marcion1 who came from ,pontus to ,rome after the death of ,hyginus1 as we have related elsewhere4 ,the conflicts which ,st4 ,pius sustained obtained him the title of martyr1 which is given him not only in ,usuard's ,martyrology1 but also in many others more ancient2 though ,fontanini1 a most judicious and learned critic1 strenuously maintains1 against ,tillemont1 that he died by the sword4 ,he passed to a better life in #aeg1 and was buried at the foot of the ,vatican hill on the #aath of ,july4 ,see ,tillemont1 t4 #b1 p4 #cab1 and especially ,fontanini1 who discusses at length all things relating to this pope1 in his ,historia ,literaria ,aquileiensis1 l4 #b1 c4 #c and #d4 ,,st4 ,,drostan1 ,,abbot4 ,was a prince of royal blood in ,scotland1 educated under the discipline of the great ,saint ,columba4 ,he was afterward abbot of ,dalcongaile2 but in his old age lived a recluse in a forest4 ,he died about the year #hji4 ,his sacred remains were deposited in a stone coffin at ,aberdeen4 ,see ,colgan1 ad #aa ,jul4 ,,july ,,xii4 ,,st4 ,,john ,,gualbert1 ,,abbot4 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,religious ,,order ,,of ,,vallis ,,umbrosa4 ,from his exact life compiled by ,blaise ,melanisius1 general of his ,order1 with the long notes of ,cuper the ,bollandist4 ,see also two other lives of the saint with a long history of his miracles1 ib41 t4 #c1 ,julij1 p4 #caa4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajgc4 ,st4 ,john ,gualbert was born at ,florence of rich and noble parents1 and in his youth was carefully instructed in the ,christian doctrine and in the elements of the sciences2 but afterward1 by conversing with the world1 he imbibed a relish for its vanities and follies4 ,while a thirst of worldly pleasure kept possession of his desires1 and seemed to him innocent1 and while he thought a certain degree of worldly pride the privilege of his birth1 he was a stranger to the gospel maxims of penance1 meekness1 and lowliness of heart2 and all arguments of virtue lost their force upon him4 ,but ,god was pleased by a remarkable accident to open his eyes1 and to discover to him his errors1 and the extent of his obligations4 ,hugo1 his only brother1 was murdered by a gentleman of the country2 and our young nobleman determined to revenge the crime by the death of him who had perpetrated it1 and who seemed out of the reach of the laws4 ,under the influence of his resentment1 which was much heightened by the invectives and persuasion of his own father ,gualbert1 he neither listened to the voice of reason nor of religion4 ,the motive of revenge is criminal if it creeps into the breast even in demanding the just punishment of a delinquent2 much more if it push men to vindicate their own cause themselves by returning injury for injury1 and wreaking wrongs on those that inflicted them4 ,but passion stifled remorse1 and ,john was falsely persuaded that his honor in the world required that he should not suffer so flagrant an outrage to pass unpunished4 ,it happened that riding with his man home to ,florence on ,good ,friday1 he met his enemy in so narrow a passage that it was impossible for either of them to avoid the other4 ,john seeing the murderer1 drew his sword1 and was going to despatch him4 ,but the other1 alighting from his horse1 fell upon his knees1 and with his arms across1 besought him by the passion of ,jesus ,christ1 who suffered on that day1 to spare his life4 ,the remembrance of ,christ1 who prayed for his murderers on the cross1 exceedingly affected the young nobleman2 and meekly raising the supplicant from the ground with his hand1 he said1 8,i can refuse nothing that is asked of me for the sake of ,jesus ,christ4 ,i not only give you your life1 but also my friendship for ever4 ,pray for me that ,god may pardon me my sin40 ,after embracing each other they parted1 and ,john went forward on his road till he came to the monastery of ,st4 ,minias1#aaf of the holy ,order of ,st4 ,bennet4 ,going into the church1 he offered up his prayers before a great crucifix1 begging with many tears and extraordinary fervor that ,god would mercifully grant him the pardon of his sins4 ,whilst he continued his prayer the crucifix miraculously bowed its head to him1 as it were to give him a token how acceptable the sacrifice of his resentment1 and his sincere repentance were4 ,the divine grace made such deep impressions on his heart1 that rising from his devotions he cast himself at the feet of the abbot1 earnestly begging to be admitted to the religious habit4 ,the abbot was apprehensive of his father's displeasure2 but at length was prevailed upon with much ado to allow him to live in the community in his secular habit4 ,after a few days ,john cut off his hair himself1 and put on a habit which he borrowed4 ,his father1 at this news of the step his son had taken1 hastened to the monastery1 and stormed and complained dreadfully2 till after some time seeing the steadiness of his son's resolution1 and hearing his reasons and motives1 he was so well satisfied1 that he gave him his blessing1 and exhorted him to persevere in his good purposes4 ,st4 ,john devoted himself to the exercises of his new state in the most perfect dispositions of a true penitent4 ,he was most exact in every religious observance4 ,he subdued his body with much fasting and watching2 never gave way to idleness1 but kept himself day and night employed almost in continual prayer4 ,his corporeal austerities he animated with a perfect interior spirit of penance1 or desire of punishing sin in himself1 the more powerfully to move ,god to compassion and mercy towards him2 and he endeavored by them to facilitate the subjection of his passions1 which victory he completed by a watchfulness over the motions of his own heart1 and heroic acts of all virtues1 especially meekness and humility4 ,but assiduous and humble prayer and meditation were the principal means by which this wonderful change was effected in all the affections of his soul1 so that he became entirely a new man4 ,nothing can have so prevalent a power to still the agitation of passion in the breast1 nothing is so fit to induce a smooth and easy flow1 and a constant evenness of temper1 as a frequent application to the throne of grace4 ,this presence of the mind with the ,lord is an absence from the body1 or from the tumult of carnal passions4 ,the pure and serene tranquillity that springs up in the soul by an intercourse with heaven1 shows that here she is nearest the centre of her true happiness1 where earthly things lose all their power of attraction4 ,the very preparation of the heart to wait upon ,god in this solemn exercise is of admirable use to remove that corruption which inflames the passions4 ,especially a lively sense of ,god's infinite greatness1 and of our littleness and infirmities1 powerfully impressed on our minds by assiduous prayer1 soon brings us to a conviction that pride is the root of all our disorders2 and enables us to discover its disguises1 and to banish it out of our souls4 ,by fidelity and perseverance ,st4 ,john obtained the victory over himself1 and became most eminent in meekness1 humility1 silence1 obedience1 modesty1 and patience4 ,when the abbot died our saint was earnestly entreated by the greatest part of the monks to accept that dignity2 but his consent could by no means be extorted4 ,not long after1 he left this house with one companion1 and went in quest of a closer solitude4 ,he paid a visit to the hermitage of ,camaldoli2 and having edified himself with the example of its fervent inhabitants1 he proceeded further to an agreeable shady valley covered with willow trees1 commonly called ,vallis ,umbrosa1 in the diocess of ,fiesoli1 half a day's journey from ,florence1 in ,tuscany4 ,he found in that place two devout hermits1 with whom he and his companion concerted a project to build themselves a small monastery of timber and mud-walls1 and to form together a little community1 serving ,god according to the primitive austere rule and spirit of the ,order of ,st4 ,bennet4 ,the abbess of ,st4 ,hilary gave them the ground on which they desired to build1 and when the monastery was finished1 the bishop of ,paderborn1 who attended the emperor ,henry ,,iii4 into ,italy1 consecrated the chapel4 ,pope ,alexander ,,ii4 in #ajgj approved this new ,order1 together with the rule in which the saint added certain particular constitutions to the original rule of ,st4 ,bennet4 ,from this confirmation is dated the foundation of the ,order of ,vallis-,umbrosa4 ,st4 ,john was chosen the first abbot1 nor was he able to decline that dignity4 ,he gave his monks a habit of an ash color2 and settled among them retirement1 silence1 disengagement of their hearts from all earthly things1 the most austere practice of penance1 profound humility1 and the most universal charity4 ,though most humble and mild1 he severely reproved the least tepidity or sloth in others4 ,for the virtue of meekness is not further removed from intemperate anger which clouds or dethrones reason1 than from a vicious defect or tameness and stupidity which beholds vice with indifference4 ,god has committed to every man a kind of trust and guardianship of virtue1 whose rights we are obliged to maintain in proportion to our power not only by example1 but also by advice1 exhortation1 and reproof1 as often as it is reasonable4 ,and he who regards the sins of others with a careless unconcernedness1 makes himself accountable for them1 when it is in his power to prevent them4 ,superiors especially lie under the most grievous obligations to check and chastise the irregularities and faults of those under their immediate care and inspection4 ,our saint feared no less the danger of too great lenity and forbearance than that of harshness2 and was a true imitator both of the mildness and zeal of the ,jewish legislator1 whom the ,holy ,ghost calls 8the meekest of all men upon the face of the earth40 ,st4 ,john was himself a perfect model of all virtues1 and tender and compassionate towards all1 especially the sick4 ,this compassion for them he learned by his own perpetual infirmities1 and weakness of stomach4 ,such was his humility that he would never be promoted even to ,minor ,orders1 never presumed to approach nearer the altar than was necessary to receive the holy communion1 and never would open the church door1 but always prayed one in ,minor ,orders to open it for him4 ,he was very zealous for holy poverty1 and would not allow any monasteries to be built in a costly or sumptuous manner1 thinking such edifices not agreeable to a spirit of poverty4 ,he founded the monastery of ,st4 ,salvi1 that of ,moscetta1 that of ,passignano1 another at ,rozzuolo1 and another at ,monte ,salario4 ,he reformed some other monasteries1 and left about twelve houses of his ,order at his death4 ,besides monks he received lay-brothers1 who were exempt from choir and silence1 and employed in external offices4 ,this is said to be the first example of such a distinction2 but it was soon imitated by other ,orders4 ,the saint's charity to the poor was not less active than his love for holy poverty4 ,he would have no poor person sent from his door without an alms1 and often emptied all the granaries and stores of his monasteries in relieving them4 ,in a great dearth he supplied1 sometimes by miracle1 the multitudes of poor people that flocked to his monastery of ,rozzuolo4 ,the saint was endowed with the spirit of prophecy1 and by his prayers restored many sick persons to perfect health4 ,the holy pope ,leo ,,ix4 went to ,passignano on purpose to see and converse with this holy man4 ,stephen ,,ix4 and ,alexander ,,ii4 had the greatest esteem for him4 ,this latter testifies that the whole country where he lived owed to his zeal the entire extinction of simony4 ,the holy man at length fell sick of a sharp fever at ,passignano4 ,he called for all the abbots and superiors of his ,order1 and telling them he was soon to leave them1 strongly exhorted them to watch vigilantly over the most exact observance of their rule1 and to maintain peace and fraternal charity4 ,after this1 having most devoutly received the last sacraments1 he died happily on the #abth of ,july in #ajgc1 being seventy-four years old4 ,pope ,celestine ,,iii4 having caused juridical informations to be taken concerning his virtues and miracles1 solemnly enrolled him among the saints in the year #aaic4 ,the eminent degree of penance and sanctity to which the divine grace raised this saint1 was the fruit of his mildness in forgiving an injury4 ,christ not only commands us to pardon all offences1 but has recommended this precept to us with his expiring breath1 with his head crowned with thorns and his hands stretched out for us4 ,we renounce the glorious title of being his disciples if1 whilst we behold him hanging on the cross1 and hear his last prayers1 we trample on his sacred law1 and harbor malice in our hearts against a brother whom our dying ,redeemer commands us to forgive for his sake4 ,can we be angry with him who is by so many sacred ties our brother1 the living son and member of our common ,redeemer and ,father1 and whom we expect to be the associate of our happiness for all eternity8 ,we owe infinitely more to ,christ than any brother can owe to us3 the least venial sin is an immense debt4 ,our ,divine ,master not only conjures us to forgive our brother for ,his sake1 but also makes it our own infinite interest so to do1 promising to pardon us our immense debts in the same manner as we pardon others4 ,shall we base worms who have nothing to boast of before men only our having concealed from them our baseness and ignominy2 and to whom the most cruel outrages from creatures would be too mild a treatment1 considering our sins2 shall we1 ,i say1 complain of injuries which we ought to receive with patience and joy as the easy means of cancelling our own sins1 and procuring for ourselves the greatest graces and mercy4 ,,ss4 ,,nabor ,,and ,,felix1 ,,mm4 ,they suffered at ,milan under ,maximian ,herculeus about the year #cjd4 ,their bodies were first interred without the walls of the city1 but afterward brought into it1 and deposited in the place where a church was built over their tomb1 to which great multitudes of people resorted with wonderful devotion1 as ,paulinus testifies in his life of ,st4 ,ambrose4 ,in the same church ,st4 ,ambrose discovered the relics of ,,ss4 ,gervasius and ,protasius1 as himself relates in his letter to his sister ,marcellina4 ,the people continued to venerate the relics of ,,ss4 ,nabor and ,felix with the same ardor of devotion1 as that holy doctor assures us4#aag ,they are still honored in the same church1 which at present bears the name of ,st4 ,francis4 ,see ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #c1 ,julij1 p4 #bhj4 ,,july ,,xiii4 ,,saint ,,eugenius1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,carthage1 ,,and ,,his ,,companions1 ,,cc4 ,from ,victor ,vitensis1 ,hist4 ,persec4 ,vandal4 l4 #b and #c4 ,see ,tillemont1 t4 #af1 ,ceillier1 t4 #ae1 p4 #bjf1 ,rivet1 ,hist4 ,lit4 de la ,fr4 t4 p4 #ch1 ,ruinart1 c4 ,a4 ,d4 #eje4 ,the ,roman provinces in ,africa were for a long time one of the richest and most noble portions of the empire4 ,the ,carthaginian barbarism and perfidy had given place to the most flourishing reign of the sciences1 arts1 and religion4 ,the nobles of this country were all princes1 and for riches and state1 seemed to vie with kings2 its peace seemed on every side secure4 ,but the strongest cities and empires are often nearest a fall2 they are founded1 to be again sooner or later torn to pieces4 ,every state has even within itself the seeds of its own destruction2 these will occasion the dissolution of every body politic no less certainly than the internal weakness of the animal body must bring it to a fatal period4 ,this was the condition of the ,roman empire in its decline1 when its rulers1 to preserve ,italy which they regarded as its heart or head1 abandoned its extremities to the ,goths and ,vandals4 ,at a time when ,africa thought of no danger1 in the reign of the emperor ,valentinian ,,iii4 in #dbh1 ,genseric1 king of the ,vandals and ,alans1 having lately made a settlement in part of ,spain1#aah passed into this country1 and in a short time became master of those fertile provinces4 ,this politic barbarian king kept great armies perpetually prepared for any expedition1 by which he prevented the vigilance of his enemies1 and astonished all the world with the rapidity of his enterprises4 ,the ,vandals1 who were mostly ,christians1 but infected with the ,arian heresy1 laid the whole country waste by fire and sword1 plundered all places1 even churches and monasteries2 burned alive two bishops1 and tortured others to extort from them the treasures of their churches2 razed the public buildings at ,carthage1 and banished ,quodvultdeus1 bishop of that city1 with many others4 ,but in #ded1 at the request of the emperor ,valentinian1 ,genseric allowed the ,catholics to choose a bishop of ,carthage1 and ,st4 ,deogratias was raised to that dignity1 who died soon after ,genseric was returned from the plunder of ,rome4 ,the persecution growing hotter1 many suffered torments for the faith1 and several received the crown of martyrdom4 ,the ,arians1 by a sacrilege never before heard of1 made themselves shirts and breeches of the altar-cloths1 and at ,tinuzuda spilt and scattered the body and blood of ,christ on the pavement4#aai ,catholics being by an edict disqualified for bearing any office in the government1 ,armogastes1 a nobleman who held an honorable post in the household of ,theodoric the king's son1 was condemned by the tyrant to keep cattle4 ,genseric dying after a reign of thirty-seven years1 was succeeded by his son ,huneric1 a more barbarous persecutor than his father had ever been4 ,the episcopal see of ,carthage had remained vacant twenty-four years1 when in #dha1 ,huneric permitted the ,catholics on certain conditions to choose one who should fill it4 ,the people1 impatient to enjoy the comfort of a pastor1 pitched upon ,eugenius1 a citizen of ,carthage1 eminent for his learning1 zeal1 piety1 and prudence2 and such was his deportment in this dignity1 that he was venerable to the very heretics1 and so dear to the ,catholics that every one of them would have thought it a happiness to lay down his life for him4 ,his charities to the distressed were excessive1 especially considering his poverty4 ,but he always found resources for their necessities in the hearts of his people2 and he refused himself everything that he might give all to the poor4 ,when others put him in mind that he ought to reserve something for his own necessaries1 his answer was3 8,if the good pastor must lay down his life for his flock1 can it be excusable for me to be solicitous for the necessities of my body80 ,he fasted every day1 and often allowed himself only a most slender evening refection of bread and water4 ,his virtue gained him the respect and esteem even of the ,arians2 but at length envy and blind zeal got the ascendant in their breasts1 and the king sent him an order never to sit in the episcopal throne1 preach to the people1 or admit into his chapel any ,vandals among whom several were ,catholics4 ,the saint boldly answered the messenger1 that the laws of ,god commanded him not to shut the door of his church to any that desired to serve him in it4 ,huneric1 enraged at this answer1 persecuted the ,catholics many ways1 especially the ,vandals who had embraced the faith4 ,he commanded guards to be placed at the doors of the ,catholic churches1 who when they saw any man or woman going in clothed in the habit of the ,vandals1 struck them on the head with short staffs jagged and indented1 which being twisted into their hair1 and drawn back with great violence1 tore off the hair and skin together4 ,some lost their eyes by this means1 and others died with the extreme pain2 but many lived a long time after4 ,women with their heads flayed in this manner1 were publicly led through the streets1 with a crier going before them to show them to the people4 ,but this barbarous usage did not cause any one to forsake the true religion4 ,next1 the tyrant deprived the ,catholics who were at court of their pensions1 and sent them to work in the country4 ,he also ordered that none should be admitted to bear any office in his palace1 or any public charge1 who was not an ,arian4 ,he afterward turned them out of their houses1 stripped them of all their wealth1 and sent them to ,sicily1 or ,sardinia4 ,after this1 his persecution fell on all ,catholics4 ,one edict followed another against them1 and the cloud thickened every day over their heads4 ,many nuns were so cruelly tortured that several died on the rack4 ,great numbers of bishops1 priests1 deacons1 and eminent ,catholic laymen were banished to the number of four thousand nine hundred and seventy-six1 all of whom the tyrant sent into a desert1 where they were fed with barley like horses4 ,this desert was filled with scorpions and venomous serpents2 but they did not destroy any of the servants of ,god4 ,the people followed their bishops and priests with lighted tapers in their hands1 and mothers carried their little babes in their arms1 and laid them at the feet of the confessors1 all crying out with tears1--8,going yourselves to your crowns1 to whom do you leave us8 ,who will baptize our children8 ,who will impart to us the benefit of penance1 and discharge us from the bonds of sins by the favor of reconciliation and pardon8 ,who will bury us with solemn supplications at our death8 ,by whom will divine sacrifices be made80#abj ,the bishop ,eugenius was spared in the first storm1 probably that the inhabitants of the capital might seem to be somewhat considered4 ,but in ,may1 #dhc1 the king sent him a summons requiring the ,catholics1 whom he called ,homoousians1 to hold a conference or disputation with his ,arian bishops at ,carthage on the #ast day of ,february ensuing4 ,eugenius answered the terms were not equal1 seeing their enemies were to be judges2 and that as it was the common cause of all churches1 other foreign churches ought to be invited and consulted1 8especially the church of ,rome1 which is the head of all churches40#aba ,about that time one ,felix1 who had been long blind1 addressed himself to ,st4 ,eugenius desiring him to pray that he might recover his sight1 saying he had been admonished by a vision so to do4 ,the bishop showed great reluctance and confusion1 alleging that he was a base sinner2 but at length1 after blessing the font for the solemn administration of baptism on the ,epiphany1 he said to the blind man1--8,i have told you that ,i am a sinner1 and the last of all men2 but ,i pray ,god that he show you mercy according to your faith1 and restore to you your sight40 ,then he made the sign of the cross on his eyes1 and the blind man saw2 the whole city was witness to the triumph of the faith4 ,the king sent for ,felix1 and examined himself all the circumstances of the miracle1 which he found too evident to be called in question4 ,however1 the ,arian bishops told him that ,eugenius had performed it by recourse to art magic4 ,the ,catholics made choice of ten disputants for the conference1 which was opened on the #eth of ,february4 ,cyrila1 patriarch of the ,arians1 was seated on a throne2 the ,catholics who were standing1 asked who were the commissaries to take down in writing what should pass in the disputation2 and were answered that ,cyrila would perform that office4 ,the ,catholics asked by what authority he claimed the jurisdiction and rank of patriarch4 ,the ,arians not being able to produce any sufficient warrant for his usurpation1 filled the hall with noise and tumult and obtained an order that every lay ,catholic there present should receive a hundred bastinadoes4 ,cyrila sought various pretences to defer the conference4 ,the ,catholics1 however1 presented a written confession of their faith4 ,this takes up the whole third book of ,victor's history1 though he has only inserted the first part1 in which the consubstantiality of ,god the ,son is proved from the scriptures4 ,the second part1 which confirmed the same from the writings of the fathers1 is lost4 ,this confession seems to have been drawn up by ,st4 ,eugenius1 to whom ,gennadius ascribes a confession of faith against the ,arians4#abb ,when this was read the ,arians quarrelled that the orthodox took the name of ,catholics1 though this was given them by the whole world1 even by the heretics themselves1 as ,st4 ,austin observed a little before this time in that very country4 ,upon this1 however1 the ,arians abruptly broke up the conference1 and the king1 on the #beth of ,february in #dhd1 published a severe edict for a general persecution1 which he had already prepared for that purpose4 ,by this all the ,catholic clergy were banished out of towns1 and forbidden to perform any functions even in the country2 all ,catholics were declared incapable of inheriting1 or disposing of any estates real or personal1 with other such articles4 ,executioners were despatched to all parts of the kingdom1 and many ,catholics were put to barbarous deaths1 and many more inhumanly tormented4 ,one ,dionysia1 after having been herself cruelly scourged1 seeing her son ,majoricus1 a tender youth1 tremble at the sign of the torments prepared for him1 she looked on him with a stern countenance1 and said1--8,remember1 son1 we were baptized in the name of the ,trinity1 and in the bosom of our mother the ,church40 ,the young man1 encouraged by these words1 suffered martyrdom with undaunted resolution1 and his mother buried him within her own house1 that she might every day offer to the holy ,trinity her prayers over his grave1 in the lively hope of a glorious resurrection with him at the last day4 ,her cousin ,emilius1 her sister ,dativa1 and innumerable others in different parts of ,africa1 received the like crowns4 ,at ,typasus1 in ,mauritania ,csariensis1 certain ,catholics who had assisted at the celebration of the divine mysteries in a private house1 were informed against2 and by the king's order had their tongues plucked out1 and their right hands cut off2 yet they spoke as well as ever1 as ,st4 ,victor ,vitensis1 an eye-witness1 assures us4#abc ,he says1 ,reparatus1 a subdeacon1 one of this number1 was entertained when he wrote1 in the court of the emperor ,zena at ,constantinople1 and was there highly honored1 especially by the empress2 and that though entirely deprived of his tongue1 he spoke gracefully1 and without the least defect or imperfection4 neas of ,gaza1 a ,platonic philosopher1 who was then at ,constantinople1 and wrote in #ecc1abd says1 he himself had seen them in that city1 and had heard them speak distinctly2 and not being able to believe his own ears1 he had examined their mouths1 and seen that their tongues were plucked out to the very roots1 so that he wondered they could have survived so cruel a torment4 ,procopius1 who wrote soon after1 says also#abe that he had seen these persons at ,constantinople1 and had heard them speak freely1 without feeling anything of their punishment2 but that two of them1 by falling into a grievous sin of the flesh1 lost the use of their speech1 which they had till then enjoyed4 ,the tyrant wreaked his impotent vengeance on many others1 especially on ,vandals who had been converted to the ,catholic faith2 but was not able to overcome their heroic constancy4 ,the streets of ,carthage were filled with spectacles of his cruelty2 and one was there meeting continually some without hands1 others without eyes1 nose1 or ears1 others whose heads appeared sunk in between their shoulders by having been hung up by the hands on the tops of houses for sights to the people4 ,above four hundred and sixty bishops were brought to ,carthage in order to be sent into banishment3 of this number eighty-eight died under great hardships at ,carthage1 some few made their escape1 and the rest were banished4 ,st4 ,eugenius after having long encouraged others to the conflict was himself at length on a sudden carried into exile1 without being allowed to take leave of his friends4 ,he found means1 however1 to write a letter to his flock1 which ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours has preserved4#abf ,in it he says1--8,i with tears beg1 exhort1 and conjure you by the dreadful day of judgment1 and the awful light of the coming of ,christ1 that you hold fast the ,catholic faith4 ,preserve the grace of the holy baptism1 and the unction of the chrism4 ,let no man born again of water return to the water40 ,this he mentions1 because the ,arians in ,africa1 like the ,donatists1 rebaptized those that came over to their sect4 ,st4 ,eugenius protests to his flock that if they remain constant1 no distance nor death could separate him from them in spirit2 but that he was innocent of the blood of those that should perish1 and that this his letter would be read before the tribunal of ,christ at the last day for severer condemnation of such base apostates4 8,if ,i return to ,carthage10 says he1 8,i shall see you in this life2 if not1 ,i shall meet you in the other4 ,pray for us1 and fast2 fasting and alms have never failed to move ,god to mercy4 ,above all things remember that we are not to fear those who can only kill the body40 ,we have a catalogue of all the bishops of the provinces of ,africa who came to the conference1 and were sent into banishment2#abg namely1 fifty-four of the proconsular province1 one hundred and twenty-five of ,numidia1 one hundred and seven of the province of ,byzacena1 one hundred and twenty of the province of ,mauritania ,csariensis1 forty-four from the province of ,sitifi1 five from that of ,tripolis1 besides ten from ,sardinia and other places2 in all four hundred and sixty-four bishops1 of which number eighty-eight died at ,carthage before their departure into exile1 forty-six were banished to ,corsica1 three hundred and three to other places1 and twenty-eight made their escape4 ,st4 ,eugenius was carried into the uninhabited desert country in the province of ,tripolis1 and committed to the guard of ,antony1 an inhuman ,arian bishop1 who treated him with the utmost barbarity4 ,the saint added to his sufferings voluntary austerities1 wore a rough hair-shirt1 lay on the ground1 and passed great part of the night in prayer and tears4 ,when he was afflicted with a palsy1 ,antony1 because vinegar was contrary to his distemper1 obliged him to drink it in large quantities4 ,yet ,god was pleased to restore his servant to his health4 ,it is observed by our historian1 that the ,arian bishops were all cruel persecutors1 and went through the cities and provinces1 filling all places with scenes of horror1 rebaptizing persons by force and violence1 scourging1 mangling1 torturing1 and banishing even women and children4 ,the fifth book of the history of this persecution is filled with examples4 ,the apostates signalized themselves above others by the cruelties which they exercised upon the orthodox4 ,elpidophorus1 one of this number1 was appointed judge at ,carthage to condemn the more zealous to be tortured4 ,muritta1 the deacon who had assisted when he was baptized in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church1 being brought before him1 took with him the chrismale or white garment1 with which at the time he received the apostate coming out of the font he had clothed him1 as an emblem of that innocence which he engaged himself to preserve always unspotted2 and producing it before the whole assembly1 he says1--8,this robe will accuse you when the judge shall appear in majesty at the last day4 ,it will bear testimony against you to your condemnation40#abh ,this relation is gathered from ,saint ,victor1 bishop of ,vita1 in the province of ,byzacena2 who being banished by king ,huneric for the faith in #dhg1 retired to ,constantinople1 and wrote 7probably in that city7 in five books1 the history of the ,vandalic persecution4#abi ,st4 ,victor relates that ,huneric1 the great persecutor of the ,church1 died miserably1 being devoured by worms1 in ,december1 #dhd1 having reigned almost eight years4 ,nor was he succeeded1 as he had earnestly desired1 by his son ,hilderic1 but by ,gontamund1 a nephew1 whom the maturity of his age rendered better able to bear the burden of the state4 ,this prince1 in the year #dhh1 which was the fourth of his reign1 recalled ,st4 ,eugenius to ,carthage1 and at his request opened the churches of the ,catholics1 and permitted the exiled priests also to return4 ,gontamund died in #dif1 and his brother ,thrasimund was called to the crown1 of whom mention hath been made in the life of ,st4 ,fulgentius4 ,though this king often affected a show of moderation1 he sometimes used the sword and every other violent measure to depress the cause of truth1 which at other times he pretended to seek after4 ,but his inconstancy betrayed his want of sincerity4 ,true virtue is steady1 but the fool changeth like the moon2 he who is governed by his passions1 is everything by fits1 and if he one day pretends to condemn his vices1 he by relapses soon repents again of this very repentance1 which frequently springs rather from a disgust of sin1 than from any principle of true virtue4 ,thrasimund by this levity or hypocrisy never deserved to arrive at the light of the true faith1 and often persecuted its most holy champions1 of which among many others the sufferings of ,st4 ,eugenius are an instance4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours relates#acj that by his authority the judges condemned our saint1 one ,longinus1 and ,st4 ,vindemial1 bishop of ,capsa1 in ,africa1 to be beheaded4 ,st4 ,vindemial died by the sword2 but the tyrant commanded ,st4 ,eugenius to be led to the place of execution1 and though he protested under the axe that he would rather lose his life than depart from the ,catholic faith1 he was again brought back to ,carthage1 and banished into ,languedoc1 which country was then subject to ,alaric1 king of the ,visigoths1 who was also an ,arian4 ,he died in his exile in a monastery which he built and governed at ,viance 7since called ,st4 ,amaranth's from the tomb of that martyr71 about a mile from ,albi4 ,he passed to a better life in #eje1 on the #acth of ,july4 ,king ,hilderic afterward recalled the surviving exiled prelates2 but peace was not perfectly restored to that church before the year #ecd1 when ,belisarius1 a general who was master of all the maxims of the first ,romans with regard to the art of war1 vanquished ,gelimer1 the last ,vandal king in ,africa1 and sent him prisoner to ,constantinople4#aca 99 99 99 99 99 ,the saints chose to suffer every temporal loss1 torment1 or death with which the world could threaten them rather than lose the holy treasure of faith4 ,this gift is a light which shineth upon us#acb from ,god1 to direct us amidst our darkness in the path to eternal life1 as the pillar of fire conducted the ,israelites through the wilderness4 ,it is the seed1 or rather the root of a spiritual life1 and of every virtue that is meritorious of everlasting glory4 8,faith is the solid foundation of all virtues10 says ,st4 ,ambrose4#acc ,and in another place he cries out3#acd 8,o faith1 richer than all treasures6 more healing and sovereign than all medicines60 ,our faith if true must have three conditions or qualities4 #a4 ,it must be firm1 admitting no doubt or wavering2 ready to brave all dangers1 torments1 and death2 thus it filled the martyrs with joy under the most affrighting trials1 and made them triumph over fires and the sword4#ace #b4 ,it must be entire2 for the least wilful obstinate error concerning one article destroys the whole fabric of faith1 by rejecting its motive which is everywhere the same testimony of divine revelation4 8,you who believe what you please1 and reject what you please1 believe yourselves or your own fancy1 rather than the gospel10 as ,st4 ,austin says4 #c4 ,faith must be active1 animated by charity1 fruitful in good works4 ,a dead or a barren faith is compared by ,st4 ,james to a carcass without a soul1 and to the faith of the devils who believe and tremble4 ,how active and animated was faith in the souls of all the saints6 the eminent virtues which we admire in them were all the fruit of their faith1 and sprang from this root4 ,with what care ought we to nourish and improve this holy seed in our breasts8 ,gardeners cultivate most diligently those seeds which are most precious4 ,,st4 ,,anacletus1 ,,pope1 ,m4 ,he governed the ,church after ,st4 ,clement nine years three months1 according to the ,liberian pontifical1 and according to another very old ,vatican manuscript register2 but according to some later pontificals1 twelve years and three months4 ,he perhaps sat three years as vicar to ,st4 ,clement during his banishment1 says ,berti4#acf ,trajan raised the third persecution against the ,church whilst he was in the ,east in #ajg4 ,in those difficult times ,st4 ,anacletus suffered much1 and is styled a martyr in very ancient ,martyrologies4 ,,saint ,,turiaf1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,dol1 ,,in ,,brittany4 ,,called ,,often ,,turiave1 ,,sometimes ,,thivisiau4 ,was born in the diocess of ,vannes1 in the neighborhood of the abbey of ,ballon1 near which ,charles the ,bald was defeated by the ,britons in #hde2 in which war this monastery seems to have been destroyed4 ,turiaf went young to ,dol1 was instructed in piety and learning1 and promoted to holy orders by ,st4 ,thiarmail1 abbot of ,st4 ,samson's and bishop of ,dol4 ,this prelate afterward appointed him his vicar and chorepiscopus1 and at his death1 probably in #gcc1 our saint was placed in that episcopal chair4 ,admirable was the austerity of his life1 his zeal1 his charity1 his watchfulness1 his fervor in prayer1 and his firmness in maintaining discipline4 ,a powerful lord named ,rivallon having committed many acts of violence1 the bishop went to his castle at ,lanncafrut1 and by his strong remonstrances made him sensible of the enormity of his crimes4 ,by the bishop's injunction he underwent a canonical penance during seven years1 and repaired all injustices and oppressions by a sevenfold satisfaction4 ,st4 ,turiaf died on the #acth of ,july1 probably about the year #gdi1 though even the age is not certain4 ,in the wars of the ,normans his relics were brought to ,paris1 and are still kept in the abbey of ,st4 ,germain-des-,prez4 ,the new ,paris breviary mentions that dreadful fires have been sometimes miraculously extinguished by them4 ,the life of ,st4 ,turiaf1 written in the tenth century1 is a confused eulogium1 in which prodigies take place of facts4 ,the notes of the ,bollandists are incomparably more valuable than the text1 ad #ac ,jul4 p4 #fad4 ,see ,barrali1 ,chronic4 ,lirin4 t4 #b1 p4 #ahf4 ,lobineau1 ,vies des ,,ss4 de ,bret4 p4 #agg4 ,,july ,,xiv4 ,,st4 ,,bonaventure1 ,,cardinal4 ,,bishop ,,and ,,doctor ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,from his works1 ,wadding's ,annals of the ,friar ,minors1 the discourse of ,octavian de ,marinis for his canonization1 and from his ,life1 written by ,peter ,galesini1 by order of ,sixtus ,v4 ,see also ,boule1 ,raynaud de ,colonia1 and the ,bollandists4 ,a4 ,d4 #abgd4 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 the great light and ornament of the holy ,order of ,st4 ,francis1 for his extraordinary devotion1 ardent charity1 and eminent skill in sacred learning1 is surnamed the ,seraphic ,doctor4 ,he was born at ,bagnarea in ,tuscany1 in the year #abba1 of pious parents1 named ,john of ,fidenza and ,mary ,ritelli4 ,he was christened by the name of ,john2 but afterward received that of ,bonaventure on the following occasion4 ,in the fourth year of his age he fell so dangerously sick that his life was despaired of by the physicians4 ,the mother in excessive grief had recourse to the ,almighty physician by earnest prayer1 and going into ,umbria cast herself at the feet of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisium1 with many tears begging his intercession with ,god for the life of her son4 ,would ,christians address themselves to ,god with an humble confidence in all their corporal necessities1 their afflictions would never fail to be turned into divine blessings4 ,but their neglect of this duty deserves to be chastised by spiritual misfortunes1 and often also by temporal disappointments without comfort or remedy4 ,st4 ,francis was moved to compassion by the tears of the mother1 and at his prayer the child recovered so perfect a state of health that he was never known to be sick from that time till the illness of which he died4#acg ,the glorious saint1 at whose petition ,god granted this favor1 saw himself near the end of his mortal course1 and foretelling the graces which the divine goodness prepared for this child1 cried out in prophetic rapture2 ,o buona ventura1 that is1 in ,italian1 ,good luck4 ,whence the name of ,bonaventura was given our saint4 ,the devout mother in gratitude consecrated her son to ,god by a vow1 and was careful to inspire into him from the cradle the most ardent sentiments of piety1 and to inure him betimes to assiduous practices of self-denial1 humility1 obedience1 and devotion4 ,bonaventure from his infancy entered upon a religious course1 and appeared inflamed with the love of ,god as soon as he was capable of knowing him4 ,his progress in his studies surprised his masters1 but that which he made in the science of the saints1 and in the practice of every virtue was far more extraordinary4 ,it was his highest pleasure and joy to hear by how many titles he belonged to ,god1 and he made it his most earnest study and endeavor to devote his heart with his whole strength to the divine service4 ,in #abdc1 being twenty-two years of age1 he entered into the ,order of ,st4 ,francis1 and received the habit in the province of ,rome from the hands of ,haymo1 an ,englishman1 at that time general of the ,order4#ach ,st4 ,bonaventure mentions in his prologue to the life of ,saint ,francis1 that he entered this state1 and made his vows with extraordinary sentiments of gratitude for the preservation of his life through the intercession of ,st4 ,francis1 resolving with the greatest ardor to serve ,god with his whole heart4 ,shortly after1 he was sent to ,paris to complete his studies under the celebrated ,alexander of ,hales1 surnamed the ,irrefragable ,doctor4#aci ,after his death in #abde1 ,st4 ,bonaventure continued his course under his successor1 ,john of ,rochelle4 ,his penetrating genius was poised by the most exquisite judgment1 by which1 while he easily dived to the bottom of every subtle inquiry1 he cut off whatever was superfluous1 dwelling only on that knowledge which is useful and solid1 or at least was then necessary to unravel the false principles and artful sophistry of the adversaries of truth4 ,thus he became a masterly proficient in the scholastic philosophy1 and in the most sublime parts of theology4 ,whilst he referred all his studies to the divine honor and his own sanctification he was most careful not to lose the end in the means1 and suffer his application to degenerate into a dissipation of mind and a vicious idle curiosity4 ,this opens an avenue into the heart for self-conceit1 jealousy1 envy1 and a total extinction of the spirit of prayer1 with a numberless train of other spiritual evils1 which lay waste the affections of the soul1 and banish thence the precious fruits of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,to shun those rocks often fatal to piety1 he seemed never to turn his attention from ,god1 and by the earnest invocation of the divine light in the beginning of every action1 and holy aspirations with which he accompanied all his studies1 he may be said to have made them a continued prayer4 ,when he turned his eyes to his book1 they were swimming with tears of love and devotion excited by his assiduous meditation on the wounds of ,christ1 and his heart still continued to inflame its affections from that its beloved object1 which he seemed to read in every line4 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas coming one day to pay a visit to our saint1 asked him in what books he had learned his sacred science4 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 pointing to his crucifix before him1 said1 8,this is the source of all my knowledge4 ,i study only ,jesus ,christ1 and him crucified40 ,not content to make his studies in some sort a continuation of prayer1 he devoted entirely to that heavenly exercise the greater part of his time1 knowing this to be the key of divine graces and of a spiritual life4 ,for only the ,spirit of ,god1 as ,st4 ,paul teaches1 can lead us into the secrets and designs of ,god1 and engrave his holy maxims on our hearts4 ,he alone can make himself known1 as no other light can discover the sun to us but its own2 and it is in prayer that ,god communicates himself to us4 ,he here enlightens the souls of his servants1 and is their interior instructor4 ,but as ,st4 ,austin says1 honey cannot be poured into a vessel that is full of wormwood3 neither can this excellent grace or gift of prayer find place in a soul which is not first prepared to receive the sensible presence of the ,holy ,ghost by holy compunction1 and by the practice of penance1 humility1 and self-denial4 ,these virtues fitted the soul of our saint to be admitted to the chaste embraces of the heavenly bridegroom4 ,such was the innocence and purity in which he lived1 and so perfect a mastery he had obtained over his passions1 that ,alexander of ,hales used to say to him1 that he seemed not to have sinned in ,adam4 ,an eminent spirit of penance was the principal guardian of this grace of innocence4 ,the austerities of ,saint ,bonaventure were excessive1 yet amidst his penitential tears a remarkable cheerfulness appeared always in his countenance1 which resulted from the inward peace of his soul4 ,himself lays down this maxim3#adj 8,a spiritual joy is the greatest sign of the divine grace dwelling in a soul40 ,to his mortifications he added the practice of the greatest humiliations4 ,in attending the sick he was particularly ambitious to serve them in the lowest and most humbling offices4 ,in this charitable duty he seemed prodigal of his own life and health1 and chose always to be about those whose distempers were most loathsome or contagious and dangerous4 ,he had no eyes to see anything in himself but faults and imperfections1 and wonderful was the care with which he endeavored to conceal from others his extraordinary practices of virtue4 ,when their rays broke through the veil of his humility1 and shone forth to others1 the saint in order to cast a shade over them before men1 or at least to strengthen his own heart against the danger1 and to indulge his love of abjection1 embraced the greatest humiliations4 ,he always regarded himself as the most ungrateful and the basest of sinners1 unworthy to walk upon the earth1 or to breathe the air2 and these humble sentiments were accompanied with the deepest compunction1 and abundant tears4 ,this humility sometimes withheld him from the holy table notwithstanding the burning desires of his soul to be united daily afresh to the object of his love1 and to approach the fountain of grace4 ,but ,god was pleased by a miracle to overcome his fears1 and to recompense his humility4 8,several days had passed10 say the acts of his canonization1 8nor durst he yet presume to present himself at the heavenly banquet4 ,but whilst he was hearing mass1 and meditating on the passion of ,jesus ,christ1 our ,saviour1 to crown his humility and love1 put into his mouth1 by the ministry of an angel1 part of the consecrated host1 taken from the hand of the priest40 ,by this precious favor his soul was drowned in a torrent of pure delights2 and from that time he was encouraged to approach with an humble confidence to the bread of angels which gives life and strength4 ,from this time his communions were accompanied with overflowing sweetness and consolations1 and with raptures of divine joy and love4 ,if in our communions we seem to receive1 instead of torrents1 scarce a small portion of heavenly grace1 the reason is1 because our hearts are too narrow4 ,the vessel which we bring is too small4 ,if we dilated our souls by humility1 burning desires1 and love1 we should receive1 like the saints1 an abundant supply of these living waters4 ,st4 ,bonaventure prepared himself to receive the holy order of priesthood by long fasts1 humiliations1 and fervent prayer1 that he might obtain in it an abundant measure of graces proportioned to so high a function4 ,he considered that sacred dignity with fear and trembling1 and the higher and more incomprehensible it appeared to him1 so much the more did he humble himself when he saw himself invested with it4 ,as often as he approached the altar1 the profound annihilation of himself1 and the tender love with which he offered1 beheld in his hands1 and received into his breast1 the ,lamb without spot1 appeared by his tears1 and his whole exterior4 ,a devout prayer which he composed for his own use after ,mass1 beginning with these words1 ,transfige dulcissime domine1 is recommended by the ,church to all priests on that most solemn occasion4 ,bonaventure looked upon himself as called by the obligations of his priestly character to labor for the salvation of his neighbor1 and to this he devoted himself with extraordinary zeal4 ,he announced the word of ,god to the people with an energy and unction which kindled a flame in the hearts of those that heard him2 everything was inflamed that came from his mouth4 ,for an assistance to himself in this function he compiled his treatise called ,pharetra1 consisting of animated sentiments gathered from the writings of the fathers4 ,in the meantime1 he was employed in teaching privately in his own convent1 till he succeeded his late master1 ,john of ,rochelle1 in a public chair of the university4 ,the age required by the statutes for this professorship was thirty-five1 whereas the saint was only thirty-three years old2 but his abilities amply supplied that defect1 and on this literary theatre he soon displayed them to the admiration of the whole ,church4 ,he continued always to study at the foot of the crucifix4 ,the disagreement between the university and the regulars being terminated by pope ,alexander ,,iv4 in #abef1 ,saint ,thomas and ,st4 ,bonaventure were invited to take the doctor's cap together4 ,as others contend for precedence1 the two saints had a vehement contest of humility1 each endeavoring to yield the first place to the other4 ,they knew no pretexts of the interest of their ,orders1 nor were they sensible of any prerogatives but those of humility4 ,st4 ,bonaventure prayed and entreated him with so much earnestness1 that at length ,st4 ,thomas acquiesced to receive the degree first1 and our saint triumphed over both his friend and himself4 ,the holy king of ,st4 ,lewis honored ,st4 ,bonaventure with his particular esteem1 invited him often to his own table1 and consulted him in his most intricate concerns1 placing an entire confidence in his advice4 ,he engaged him to compile an office of the passion of ,christ for his use4 ,st4 ,bonaventure drew up a rule for ,st4 ,isabella1 the king's sister1 and for her nunnery of mitigated ,clares at ,long-,champs4 ,his book ,on the ,government of the ,soul1 his ,meditations for every day in the week1 and most of his other lesser tracts were written to satisfy the requests of several devout persons of the court4 ,the unction which every word breathes in the writings of this holy doctor pierces the heart1 and his concise expression is an abyss1 or rather a treasure of most profound sentiments of humility1 compunction1 love1 and devotion1 the riches of which a pious heart finds everywhere boundless4 ,especially his tender sentiments of the love of ,god1 and on the sacred passion of ,christ1 exceedingly recommend to all devout persons his meditations on this latter subject1 and express the burning affections with which his pure soul glowed towards that stupendous mystery of infinite love1 goodness1 and mercy1 that perfect model of all virtue and sanctity1 and source of all our good4 ,the celebrated ,gerson1 the most learned and devout chancellor of ,paris1 writes of the works of ,st4 ,bonaventure4#ada 8,among all the ,catholic doctors1 ,eustachius 7for so we may translate his name of ,bonaventure7 seems to me the most proper for conveying light to the understanding1 and at the same time warming the heart4 ,in particular his ,brevioloquium and ,itinerarium are written with so much force1 art1 and conciseness1 that nothing can be beyond them40 ,in another book he says3#adb 8,st4 ,bonaventure's works seem to me the most proper for the instruction of the faithful4 ,they are solid1 safe1 pious1 and devout2 and he keeps as far as he can from niceties2 not meddling with logical or physical questions which are foreign to the matter in hand4 ,nor is there any doctrine more sublime1 more divine1 or more conducive to piety40 ,trithemius recommends this doctor's writings in the following words3 8,his expressions are full of fire1 they no less warm with divine love the hearts of those who read them1 than they fill their understanding with the most holy light4 ,his works surpass those of all the doctors of his time1 if we consider the spirit of divine love and of ,christian devotion that speaks in him4 ,he is profound in few words1 penetrating without curiosity1 eloquent without vanity2 his discourse is inflamed without being bloated4 ,whoever would be both learned and devout1 let him read the works of ,st4 ,bonaventure40#adc ,this is chiefly to be understood of his spiritual tracts4 ,in these the author discovers everywhere a most profound spirit of humility and holy poverty1 with a heart perfectly disengaged from all earthly things1 and full of the most ardent love of ,god1 and the most tender devotion to the sacred passion of our ,divine ,redeemer4 ,the eternal joys of heaven were the frequent entertainment of his pious soul1 and he seems never to have interrupted his ardent sighs after them4 ,he endeavored by his writings to excite in all others the same fervent desires of our heavenly country4 ,he writes#add that 8,god himself1 all the glorious spirits1 and the whole family of the eternal ,king wait for us1 and desire that we should be associated to them2 and shall not we pant above all things to be admitted into their happy company8 ,he would appear amongst them with great confusion1 who had not in this valley of tears continually raised his soul above all things visible to become already1 in ardent desire1 an inhabitant of those blessed regions40 ,he clearly shows that he was not able to express the transports of holy joy that overflowed his soul1 as often as he contemplated its future union with ,god in immortal bliss and uninterrupted love and praise4 ,he revolved in mind the raptures of gratitude and joy in which the blessed spirits behold themselves in the state of security for ever1 whilst they see so many souls on earth every day overthrown by their spiritual enemies1 and so many others lost in hell4 ,he was strongly affected with the thought of the glorious company of millions of angels and saints1 all most holy1 loving1 and glorious1 adorned each with their distinguishing trophies and graces2 in which every one will possess in others every gift which he hath not1 and all those gifts which himself hath1 doubled so many times as he hath partners in bliss4 ,for loving every companion as himself he will rejoice for the felicity of each no less than for his own4 ,whereupon1 with ,st4 ,anselm1 he often asked his own heart1 here so poor1 so weak1 and overwhelmed with miseries1 if then it would be able1 without being strengthened and raised above itself by an extraordinary grace1 to contain its joy for its own felicity2 how it could be able to contain so many and such excess of joys4 ,but this saint's sublime sentiments of piety and devotion are best learned from his own works4 ,his love of an interior life did not hinder his application to promote the divine honor in others by various exterior employments2 but these he animated and sanctified by a constant spirit of recollection and prayer4 ,whilst he continued to teach at ,paris he was chosen general of his ,order in a chapter held in the convent called ,ara-,cli1 at ,rome1 in #abef4 ,the saint was only thirty-five years old4 ,nevertheless pope ,alexander ,,iv4 confirmed the election4 ,st4 ,bonaventure was thunderstruck at this news1 and prostrating himself on the ground1 he with many tears implored the divine light and direction4 ,after which he set out immediately for ,rome4 ,the ,franciscan ,order was at that time divided by intestine dissensions1 some of the friars being for an inflexible severity1 others demanding certain mitigations of the letter of the rule4 ,the young general no sooner appeared among them1 but by the force of his exhortations which he tempered with mildness and charity1 he restored a perfect calm2 and all the brethren marched under this new ,josue with one heart1 in the same spirit1 and in the same path4 ,william of ,saint-,amour1 a member of the university of ,paris1 having published a bitter invective against the ,mendicant ,orders1 entitled1 8,on the ,dangers of the ,latter ,times10 ,st4 ,thomas answered it4 ,st4 ,bonaventure also confuted it by a book1 which he called1 8,on the ,poverty of the ,lord ,jesus10 in which his mildness in handling the controversy against a most virulent adversary reflected a double advantage on his victory4 ,our saint1 in his return to the schools at ,paris1 visited several of his convents in the way1 in which he showed everywhere that he was only become superior to be the most humble1 the most charitable1 and the most compassionate of all his brethren1 and the servant of his whole ,order4 ,notwithstanding his great employments1 he never omitted his usual exercises of devotion1 but laid out his time and regulated his functions with such wonderful prudence as to find leisure for everything4 ,he composed several works at ,paris1 but often retired to ,mante for greater solitude4 ,a stone1 which he used for his pillow1 is shown to this day in that convent4 ,in #abfj the saint held a general chapter at ,narbonne1 and in concert with the definitors1 gave a new form to the old ,constitutions1 added certain new rules1 and reduced them all into twelve chapters4 ,at the request of the friars assembled in this chapter1 he undertook to write the life of ,st4 ,francis2 but went first from ,narbonne to ,mount ,alverno1 and there assisted at the dedication of a great church4 ,in a little oratory1 built upon the very place where ,saint ,francis had received the miraculous marks of the wounds of our ,saviour1 ,st4 ,bonaventure continued a long while abstracted1 and in an ecstasy1 in holy meditation4 ,he there wrote his incomparable treatise1 called ,itinerarium ,mentis in ,deum1 or the ,way of the ,soul to ,god1 showing that all her comfort and riches are to be found in ,god alone1 and tracing out the sure way that leads to him4 ,whilst he was in ,italy he gathered the most authentic memoirs for the life of ,st4 ,francis1 which he compiled with the spirit which shows him to have been filled with all the heroic virtues of his founder1 whose life he wrote4 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas coming one day to pay him a visit whilst he was employed in this work1 saw him through the door of his cell1 raised in contemplation above the ground1 and going away1 said3 8,let us leave a saint to write for a saint40 ,in #abcj ,st4 ,bonaventure assisted at the translation of the relics of ,st4 ,antony1 which was performed at ,padua4 ,from that city he went to hold a general chapter at ,pisa1 in which1 by words and example1 he exhorted his brethren to a great love of holy solitude4 ,he gave on that and every other occasion proofs of his tender devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,when he was first made general he put his ,order under her special patronage4 ,he regulated many pious exercises of devotion to her1 composed his ,mirror of the ,virgin1 setting forth her graces1 virtues1 and prerogatives1 with many prayers1 which are tender and respectful effusions of the heart1 to implore her intercession4 ,he wrote a pathetic paraphrase in verse of the anthem ,salve ,regina4#ade ,he published the praises of the ,mother out of devotion to the ,son1 and to extend ,his glory4 ,to propagate his honor and saving faith he sent1 by the pope's authority1 preachers into many barbarous nations1 and lamented his situation that he could not go himself1 and expose his life among the infidels4 ,the venerable brother ,giles1 the third companion of ,st4 ,francis at ,assisio1#adf said one day to ,st4 ,bonaventure3 8,father1 ,god has shown us great mercy and bestowed on us many graces4 ,but we who are poor and ignorant idiots1 what can we do to correspond to his immense goodness1 and to be saved80 ,st4 ,bonaventure answered2 8,if ,god were to bestow on any one no other talents besides the grace of loving him1 this alone suffices1 and is every spiritual treasure10 ,b4 ,giles said1--8,can a dull idiot love ,god as perfectly as a great scholar80 ,st4 ,bonaventure replied3 8,a poor old woman may love him more than the most learned master and doctor in theology40 ,at this brother ,giles1 in a sudden fervor and jubilation of spirit1 went into a garden1 and standing at a gate toward the city 7of ,rome7 he looked that way1 and cried out with a loud voice1--8,come1 the poorest1 most simple1 and most illiterate old woman1 love the ,lord our ,god1 and you may attain to a higher degree of eminence and happiness than brother ,bonaventure with all his learning40 ,after this he fell into an ecstasy1 in which he continued in sweet contemplation without motion for the space of three hours4#adg ,pope ,clement ,,iv4 in #abfe1 nominated ,st4 ,bonaventure archbishop of ,york1 being assured how agreeable he would be to that church1 to the king of ,england1 and his whole kingdom4 ,but ,st4 ,bonaventure having first by earnest prayer1 begged that ,god would preserve him from so great a danger1 went and cast himself at the feet of his holiness1 and by tears and entreaties extorted from him a discharge from that burden4 ,he held a general chapter at ,paris in #abff2 and in the next1 which he assembled at ,assisium1 he ordered the triple salutation of the ,blessed ,virgin called the ,angelus ,domini to be recited every evening at six o'clock1 to honor the incomprehensible mystery of the ,incarnation1 which ought to be the object of our perpetual praises and thanksgiving4 ,in #abgb1 ,theobald1 the holy archdeacon of ,liege1 a native of ,placentia1 then absent in the ,holy ,land1 was chosen pope1 and took the name of ,gregory ,x41 a person of such eminent sanctity that a process has been set on foot for his canonization2 and ,benedict ,,xiv41 in #agde1 ordered his name to be inserted in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,he was a man of an extraordinary reputation throughout all his life1 for prudence in the conduct of his affairs2 for courage1 greatness of mind1 and contempt of money2 for devotion1 clemency1 and charity to the poor4 ,he died on the #ajth of ,january1 #abgf1 on his return from the council at ,abruzzo in ,tuscany1 of which city he is the titular patron4 ,miracles have rendered his name illustrious4 ,bonaventure fearing this holy pope would compel him to accept of some ecclesiastical dignity1 left ,italy and went to ,paris1 where he wrote his ,hexameron or pious exposition of the creation1 or work of six days4 ,he had scarce finished it1 when at ,whitsuntide he received from the pope a brief by which he was nominated cardinal1 and bishop of ,albano1 one of the six suffragans of ,rome4 ,his holiness added a precept to him to accept that double charge without alleging any pretext against it1 and immediately to repair to ,rome4 ,he sent two nuncios to meet him on the road with the hat and other ensigns of his dignities4 ,they found the saint reposing on his journey in a convent of his ,order at ,migel1 four leagues from ,florence1 and employed in washing the dishes4 ,he desired them to hang the cardinal's hat on the bough of a tree1 because he could not decently take it in his hands1 and left them to walk in the garden till he had finished his work4 ,then taking up the hat he went to the nuncios1 and paid them the respect due to their character4 ,gregory ,x4 came from ,orvietto to ,florence1 and there meeting ,bonaventure ordained him bishop with his own hands2 then ordered him to prepare himself to speak in the general council which he had called to meet at ,lyons for the reunion of the ,greeks4 ,the emperor ,michael ,palologus had made proposals to pope ,clement ,,iv4 for a union4 ,pope ,gregory ,x4 zealously pursued this affair4 ,joseph1 patriarch of ,constantinople1 made a violent opposition1 but was obliged by the emperor to retire into a monastery4 ,to bring this affair to a happy conclusion1 ,gregory ,x4 invited the ,greeks to come to the general council which he assembled at ,lyons for this very purpose1 and also to concert measures for pushing on a war for the recovery of the ,holy ,land1 which the pope promoted with all his might4 ,this was the fourteenth general council and the second of ,lyons4 ,at it were present five hundred bishops1 seventy abbots1 ,james king of ,arragon1 and the ambassadors of the emperor ,michael and of other ,christian princes4 ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin died on the road to this synod4 ,st4 ,bonaventure accompanied the pope through ,milan to it1 and arrived at ,lyons in ,november1 though the council was only opened on the #gth of ,may1 #abgd4adh ,bonaventure sat on the pope's right hand1 and first harangued the assembly4 ,between the second and third sessions he held his last general chapter of his ,order1 in which he abdicated the office of general4 ,he found leisure to preach1 and he established at ,lyons a pious confraternity called ,del ,gonfalone1 which he had formerly instituted at ,rome4 ,in it pious persons associated themselves in certain daily devotions1 under the patronage of the mother of ,god4 ,the deputies of the ,greeks being arrived at ,lyons1 ,st4 ,bonaventure was ordered by the pope to confer with them4 ,they were charmed with his sweetness1 and convinced by his reasoning1 and they acquiesced in every point4 ,in thanksgiving the pope sung mass on the feast of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 and the gospel was sung first in ,latin1 then in ,greek4 ,after this ,st4 ,bonaventure preached on the unity of faith4 ,then the creed was sung first in ,latin1 then in ,greek1 and as a seal of the reunion of the two ,churches1 those words were thrice repeated3 8,who proceedeth from the ,father and the ,son40 ,in memory of this solemn function two crosses are placed on the high altar of the metropolitan church of ,st4 ,john at ,lyons4#adi ,st4 ,bonaventure was taken ill after this session2 nevertheless he assisted at the fourth1 in which the ,logothete or high chancellor of ,constantinople abjured the schism4 ,but the next day the saint's strength began entirely to fail him1 insomuch that he was no longer able to attend business4 ,from that time he gave himself up entirely to his private devotions1 and the constant amiable serenity of his countenance demonstrated the holy peace and joy of his soul in those most awful moments4 ,the pope himself gave him extreme unction1 as is attested by an inscription which hath been preserved in the same chamber in which he died1 to our times4 ,the saint kept his eyes constantly fixed on a crucifix1 and expired in great tranquillity on the #adth of ,july1 in the year #abgd1 of his age the fifty-third4 ,the pope and the whole council solemnized his obsequies on the same day in the church of the ,franciscans at ,lyons4 ,peter of ,tarentaise1 a ,dominican friar1 cardinal and bishop of ,ostia1 afterward pope under the name of ,innocent ,v41 preached his funeral panegyric1 in which he said1--8,no one ever beheld him who did not conceive a great esteem and affection for him2 and even strangers1 by hearing him speak1 were desirous to follow his counsel and advice2 for he was gentle1 affable1 humble1 pleasing to all1 compassionate1 prudent1 chaste1 and adorned with all virtues40 ,the body of ,st4 ,bonaventure was translated into the new church of the ,franciscans on the #adth of ,march1 #adcd4 ,king ,charles ,,viii4 founded their new convent at ,lyons1 at the foot of the castle of ,pierre ,incise1 in #adid1 with a rich chapel in which the saint's remains were enshrined1 except a part of the lower jaw1 which that king caused to be conveyed to ,fontainbleau1 and it is now in the church of the ,cordeliers in ,paris3 the bones of an arm are kept at ,bagnarea1 and a little bone at ,venice4 ,in #aefb the ,calvinists plundered his shrine1 burned his relics in the market-place1 and scattered the ashes in the river ,saone1 as is related by the learned ,jesuit ,possevinus1 who was then at ,lyons4#aej ,they stabbed to death the guardian with a ,catholic captain whom they had made prisoner2 they burned the archives of the library and set fire to the convent4 ,the saint's head and some other relics escaped the fury of the rebels by having been concealed4 ,st4 ,bonaventure was canonized by ,sixtus ,,iv4 in #adhb4 ,sixtus ,v4 enrolled his name among the doctors of the ,church1 in the same manner as ,pius ,v4 had done that of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,the acts of his canonization record several approved miracles wrought by his intercession4 ,the city of ,lyons1 in #afbh1 being grievously afflicted with the plague1 the raging distemper began to cease from the time in which certain relics of our saint were devoutly carried in procession4 ,that and other cities have experienced the divine mercy in like manner1 in several other public calamities1 by invoking ,st4 ,bonaventure's intercession4 ,charles of ,orleans1 father of ,louis ,,xii4 king of ,france1 was taken prisoner by the ,english in the battle of ,agincourt1 in #adbe4 ,during his captivity he fell ill of a fever1 under which no human remedies gave him any relief4 ,the more desperate his situation appeared1 with the more earnestness he set himself to implore the patronage of ,st4 ,bonaventure1 and a perfect recovery was the recompense of his devotion4 ,in gratitude1 as soon as he was set at liberty1 he went to ,lyons to offer up his thanksgivings and prayers at the tomb of the saint1 on which he bestowed magnificent presents4#aea ,st4 ,bonaventure1 this great master of a spiritual life1 places not the perfection of ,christian virtue so much in the more heroic exercises of a religious state as in the performing well our ordinary actions4 8,the best perfection of a religious man10 says he1 8is to do common things in a perfect manner4#aeb ,a constant fidelity in small things is a great and heroic virtue40 ,it is a continual crucifixion of self-love and all the passions2 a complete sacrifice of all our actions1 moments1 and affections1 and the entire reign of ,god's grace throughout our whole lives4 ,quintilian lays it down for the great rule in forming an orator1 that he accustom himself never to write or speak carelessly even on the most trifling subject or in common conversation1 but that he study always to express himself in the most proper manner possible2 with far greater diligence ought every one to strive to perform all even the meanest of his actions in the most perfect manner1 and to improve every grace1 every moment of time to advance in virtue4 ,,st4 ,,camillus ,,de ,,lellis1 ,c4 ,he was born in #aeej at ,bacchianico in ,abruzzo1 in the kingdom of ,naples4 ,he lost his mother in his infancy1 and six years after his father1 who was a gentleman1 and had been an officer1 first in the ,neapolitan and afterward in the ,french troops in ,italy4 ,camillus having learned only to read and write1 entered himself young in the army1 and served first in the ,venetian1 and afterward in the ,neapolitan troops1 till1 in #aegd1 his company was disbanded4 ,he had contracted so violent a passion for cards and gaming1 that he sometimes lost even necessaries4 ,all playing at lawful games for exorbitant sums1 and absolutely all games of hazard for considerable sums are forbidden by the law of nature1 by the imperial or civil law1#aec by the severest laws of all ,christian or civilized nations1 and by the canons of the ,church4#aed ,no contract is justifiable in which neither reason nor proportion is observed4 ,nor can it be consistent with the natural law of justice for a plan to stake any sum on blind chance1 or to expose1 without a reasonable equivalent or necessity1 so much of his own or antagonist's money1 that the loss would notably distress himself or any other person4 ,also many other sins are inseparable from a spirit of gaming1 which springs from avarice1 is so hardened as to rejoice in the loss of others1 and is the source and immediate occasion of many other vices4 ,the best remedy for this vice is1 that those who are infected with it be obliged1 or at least exhorted1 to give whatever they have won to the poor4 ,camillus was insensible of the evils attending gaming1 till necessity compelled him to open his eyes2 for he at length was reduced to such straits1 that for a subsistence he was obliged to drive two asses1 and to work at a building which belonged to the ,capuchin friars4 ,the divine mercy had not abandoned him through all his wanderings1 but had often visited him with strong interior calls to penance4 ,a moving exhortation which the guardian of the ,capuchins one day made him1 completed his conversion4 ,ruminating on it as he rode from him upon his business1 he at length alighted1 fell on his knees1 and vehemently striking his breast1 with many tears and loud groans deplored his past unthinking sinful life1 and cried to heaven for mercy4 ,this happened in ,february in the year #aege1 the twenty-fifth of his age2 and from that time to his last breath he never interrupted his penitential course4 ,he made an essay of a novitiate both among the ,capuchins and the ,grey ,friars1 but could not be admitted to his religious profession among either on account of a running sore in one of his legs1 which was judged incurable4 ,therefore leaving his own country he went to ,rome1 and there served the sick in ,st4 ,james's hospital of incurables four years with great fervor4 ,he wore a knotty hair shirt1 and a rough brass girdle next his skin2 watched night and day about the sick1 especially those that were dying1 with the most scrupulous attention4 ,he was most zealous to suggest to them devout acts of virtue and to procure them every spiritual help4 ,fervent humble prayer was the assiduous exercise of his soul1 and he received the holy communion every ,sunday and holiday1 making use of ,st4 ,philip ,neri for his confessarius4 ,the provisors or administrators having been witnesses to his charity1 prudence1 and piety1 after some time appointed him director of the hospital4 ,camillus grieving to see the sloth of hired servants in attending the sick1 formed a project of associating certain pious persons for that office who should be desirous to devote themselves to it out of a motive of fervent charity4 ,he found proper persons so disposed1 but met with great obstacles in the execution of his design4 ,with a view of rendering himself more useful in spiritually assisting the sick1 he took a resolution to prepare himself to receive holy orders4 ,for this purpose he went through a course of studies with incredible alacrity and ardor1 and received all his orders from ,thomas ,goldwell1 bishop of ,st4 ,asaph's1 suffragan to cardinal ,savelli1 the bishop vicegerent in ,rome1 under pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 ,a certain gentleman of ,rome named ,firmo ,calmo1 gave the saint six hundred ,roman sequines of gold 7about two hundred and fifty pounds sterling71 which he put out for an annuity of thirty-six sequines a year during his life2 this amounting to a competent patrimony for the title of his ordination1 required by the council of ,trent and the laws of the diocess4 ,the same pious gentleman1 besides frequent great benefactions during his life1 bequeathed his whole estate real and personal on ,camillus's hospital at his death4 ,the saint was ordained priest at ,whitsuntide in #aehd1 and being nominated to serve a little chapel called our ,lady's ad miracula1 he quitted the direction of the hospital4 ,before the close of the same year he laid the foundation of his congregation for serving the sick1 giving to those who were admitted into it a long black garment with a black cloth for their habit4 ,the saint prescribed them certain short rules1 and they went every day to the great hospital of the ,holy ,ghost1 where they served the sick with so much affection1 piety1 and diligence1 that it was visible to all who saw them1 that they considered ,christ himself as lying sick or wounded in his members4 ,they made the beds of the patients1 paid them every office of charity1 and by their short pathetic exhortations disposed them for the last sacraments1 and a happy death4 ,the founder had powerful adversaries and great difficulties to struggle with2 but by confidence in ,god he conquered them all4 ,in #aehe his friends hired for him a large house1 and the success of his undertaking encouraged him to extend further his pious views2 for he ordained that the members of his congregation should bind themselves by the obligation of their institute1 to serve persons infected with the plague1 prisoners1 and those who lie dying in private houses4 ,sickness is often the most severe and grievous of all trials1 whence the devil made it his last assault in tempting ,job4#aee ,it is a time in which a ,christian stands in need of the greatest constancy and fortitude2 yet through the weakness of nature1 is generally the least able to keep his heart united with ,god1 and usually never stands more in need of spiritual comfort and assistance4 ,the state of sickness is always a visitation of ,god1 who by it knocks at the door of our heart1 and puts us in mind of death2 it is the touchstone of patience1 and the school or rather the harvest of penance1 resignation1 divine love1 and every virtue4 ,yet by a most fatal abuse is this mercy often lost and perverted by sloth1 impatience1 sensuality1 and forwardness4 ,those who in time of health were backward in exercising fervent acts of faith1 hope1 charity1 contrition1 c41 in sickness are still more indisposed for practices with which they are unacquainted2 and to their grievous misfortune sometimes pastors cannot sufficiently attend them1 or have not a suitable address which will give them the key of their hearts1 or teach them the art of insinuating into the souls of penitents the heroic sentiments and an interior relish of those essential virtues4 ,this consideration moved ,camillus to make it the chief end of his new establishment1 to afford or procure the sick all spiritual succor1 discreetly to suggest to them short pathetic acts of compunction and other virtues1 to read by them1 and to pray for them4 ,for this end he furnished his priests with proper books of devotion1 especially on penance and on the sufferings of ,christ2 and he taught them to have always at hand the most suitable ejaculations extracted from the psalms and other devotions4#aef ,but dying persons were the principal object of our saint's pious zeal and charity4 ,a man's last moments are the most precious of his whole life2 and are of infinite importance2 as on them depends his eternal lot4 ,then the devil useth his utmost efforts to ruin a soul1 and cometh down1 having great wrath1 knowing that he hath but a short time4#aeg ,the saint therefore redoubled his earnestness to afford every spiritual help to persons who seemed in danger of death4 ,he put them early in mind to settle their temporal concerns1 that their thoughts might be afterward employed entirely on the affair of their soul4 ,he advised those friends not to approach them too much1 whose sight or immoderate grief could only disturb or afflict them4 ,he disposed them to receive the last sacraments by the most perfect acts of compunction1 resignation1 faith1 hope1 and divine love2 and he taught them to make death a voluntary sacrifice of themselves to the divine will1 and in satisfaction for sin2 of which it is the punishment4 ,he instructed them to conjure their blessed ,redeemer by the bitter anguish which his divine heart felt in the garden and on the cross1 and by his prayer with a loud voice and tears1 in which he deserved to be heard for his reverence1 that he would show them mercy1 and give them the grace to offer up their death in union with his most precious death1 and to receive their soul as he with his last breath recommended his own divine soul into the hands of his heavenly ,father1 and with it those of all his elect to the end of the world4 ,he instituted prayers for all persons in their agony1 or who were near their death4 ,every one was charmed at so perfect a project of charity1 and all admired that such noble views and so great an undertaking should have been reserved to an obscure illiterate person4 ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 confirmed this congregation in #aehf1 and ordered that it should be governed by a triennial superior4 ,camillus was the first1 and ,roger1 an ,englishman1 was one of his first companions4 ,the church of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen was bestowed on him for the use of his congregation4 ,in #aehh he was invited to ,naples1 and with twelve companions founded there a new house4 ,certain galleys having the plague on board were forbid to enter the harbor4 ,wherefore these pious ,servants of the sick 7for that was the name they took7 went on board1 and attended them2 on which occasion two of their number died of the pestilence1 and were the first martyrs of charity in this holy institute4 ,st4 ,camillus showed a like charity in ,rome when a pestilential fever swept off great numbers1 and again when that city was visited by a violent famine4 ,in #aeia ,gregory ,,xv4 erected this congregation into a religious ,order1 with all the privileges of the mendicant ,order1 and under the obligation of the four vows of poverty1 chastity1 obedience1 and perpetually serving the sick1 even those infected with the plague2 he forbade these religious men to pass to any other ,order except that of the ,carthusians4 ,pope ,clement ,,viii4 in #aeib and #afjj again confirmed this ,order with additional privileges4 ,indeed the very end of this institution engaged all men to favor it2 especially those who considered how many thousands die1 even in the midst of priests1 without sufficient help in preparing themselves for that dreadful hour which decides their eternity2 what superficial confessions1 what neglect in acts of contrition1 charity1 restitution1 and other essential duties1 are often to be feared2 which grievous evils might be frequently remedied by the assiduity of well qualified ministers4 ,among many abuses and dangerous evils which the zeal of ,st4 ,camillus prevented1 his attention to every circumstance relating to the care of dying persons soon made him discover that in hospitals many are buried alive1 of which ,cicatello relates several examples1#aeh particularly of one buried in a vault1 who was found walking about in it when the next corpse was brought to be there interred4 ,hence the saint ordered his religious to continue the prayers for souls yet in their agony for a quarter of an hour after they seem to have drawn their last breath1 and not to suffer their faces to be covered so soon as is usual1 by which means those that are not dead are stifled4 ,this precaution is most necessary in cases of drowning1 apoplexies1 and such accidents and distempers which arise from mere obstructions or some sudden revolution of humors4#aei ,st4 ,camillus showed still a far greater solicitude to provide all comforts and assistance for the souls of those that are sick1 suggesting frequent short pathetic aspirations1 showing them a crucifix1 examining their past confessions and present dispositions1 and making them exhortations with such unction and fervor that his voice seemed like a shrill trumpet1 and pierced the hearts of all who heard him4 ,he encouraged his disciples to these duties with words of fire4 ,he did not love to hear anything spoken unless divine charity made part of the subject2 and if he had a sermon in which it was not mentioned1 he would call the discourse a gold ring without a stone4 ,he was himself afflicted with many corporal infirmities1 as a sore in his leg for forty-six years2 a rupture for thirty-eight years which he got by serving the sick2 two callous sores in the sole of one of his feet1 which gave him great pain2 violent nephritic colics1 and for a long time before he died1 a loss of appetite4 ,under this complication of diseases he would not suffer any one to wait on him1 but sent all his brethren to serve poor sick persons4 ,when he was not able to stand he would creep out of his bed1 even in the night1 by the sides of the beds1 and crawl from one patient to another to exhort them to acts of virtue1 and see if they wanted anything4 ,he slept very little1 spending great part of the night in prayer and in serving the sick4 ,he used often to repeat with ,st4 ,francis3 8,so great is the happiness which ,i hope for1 that all pain and suffering is a pleasure40 ,his friars are not obliged to recite the ,church office unless they are in holy ,orders2 but confess and communicate every ,sunday and great holiday1 have every day one hour's meditation1 hear mass1 and say the litany1 beads1 and other devotions4 ,the holy founder was most scrupulously exact in every word and ceremony of the holy mass1 and of the divine office4 ,he despised himself to a degree that astonished all who knew him4 ,he laid down the generalship in #afjg1 that he might be more at leisure to serve the poor4 ,he founded religious houses at ,bologna1 ,milan1 ,genoa1 ,florence1 ,ferrara1 ,messina1 ,palermo1 ,mantua1 ,viterbo1 ,bocchiano1 ,theate1 ,burgonono1 ,sinuessa1 and other places4 ,he had sent several of his friars into ,hungary1 and to all other places which in his time were afflicted with the plague4 ,when ,nola was visited with that calamity in #afjj1 the bishop constituted ,camillus his vicar general1 and it is incredible what succors the sick received from him and his companions1 of whom five died of that distemper4 ,god testified his approbation of the saint's zeal by the spirit of prophecy and the gift of miracles1 on several occasions1 and by many heavenly communications and favors4 ,he assisted at the fifth general chapter of his ,order in ,rome in #afac1 and after it1 with the new general1 visited the houses in ,lombardy1 giving them his last exhortations1 which were everywhere received with tears4 ,at ,genoa he was extremely ill1 but being a little better1 duke ,doria ,tursi sent him in his rich galley to ,civita ,vecchia1 whence he was conveyed in a litter to ,rome4 ,he recovered so as to be able to finish the visitation of his hospitals1 but soon relapsed1 and his life was despaired of by the physicians4 ,hearing this1 he said1--,i rejoice in what hath been told me3 ,we shall go into the house of the ,lord4 ,he received the viaticum from the hands of cardinal ,ginnasio1 protector of his ,order1 and said with many tears1--8,o ,lord1 ,i confess ,i am the most wretched of sinners1 most undeserving of thy favor2 but save me by thy infinite goodness4 ,my hope is placed in thy divine mercy through thy precious blood40 ,though he had lived in the greatest purity of conscience ever since his conversion1 he had been accustomed to go every day to confession with great compunction and many tears4 ,when he received the extreme unction he made a moving exhortation to his religious brethren1 and having foretold that he should die that evening1 he expired on the #adth of ,july1 #afad1 being sixty-five years one month and twenty days old4 ,he was buried near the high altar in ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen's church2 but upon the miracles which were authentically approved1 his remains were taken up and laid under the altar2 they were enshrined after he was beatified in #agdb1 and in #agdf he was solemnly canonized by ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,see the life of ,st4 ,camillus by ,cicatello his disciple1 and the acts of his canonization with those of ,,ss4 ,fidelis of ,sigmaringa1 ,peter ,regalati1 ,joseph of ,leonissa1 and ,st4 ,catharine de ,ricci1 printed at ,rome in #agdi1 p4 #aj1 #fe1 and #ebi1 and ,bullar4 ,rom4 t4 #af1 p4 #hh4 ,heylot1 ,hist4 des ,ordres ,relig4 t4 #d1 p4 #bfc4 ,,st4 ,,idus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,ath-,,fadha ,,in ,,leinster4 ,was a worthy disciple of ,st4 ,patrick1 by whom he was baptized4 ,he is often invoked in the old ,irish prayer in verse which bears the name of ,st4 ,moling4 ,see ,colgan in ,,mss4 ,,july ,,xv4 ,,st4 ,,henry ,,ii4 ,,emperor4 ,from his authentic life1 published by ,surius and ,d',andilly1 and from the historians ,sigebert1 ,glaber1 ,dithmar1 ,lambert of ,aschaffenburg1 ,leo ,urbevetanus in his double chronicle of the popes and emperors1 in ,delici ,eruditor4 t4 #a and #b4 ,aventin's ,annals of ,bavaria1 c4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajbd4 ,st4 ,henry1 surnamed the ,pious and the ,lame1 was son of ,henry1 duke of ,bavaria1 and of ,gisella1 daughter of ,conrad1 king of ,burgundy1 and was born in #igb4 ,he was descended from ,henry1 ,duke of ,bavaria1 son of the emperor ,henry the ,fowler1 and brother of ,otho the ,great1 consequently our saint was near akin to the three first ,emperors who bore the name of ,otho4 ,st4 ,wolfgang1 the ,bishop of ,ratisbon1 being a prelate the most eminent in all ,germany for learning1 piety1 and zeal1 our young prince was put under his tuition1 and by his excellent instructions and example he made from his infancy wonderful progress in learning and in the most perfect practice of ,christian virtue4 ,the death of his dear master and spiritual guide1 which happened in #iid1 was to him a most sensible affliction4 ,in the following year he succeeded his father in the duchy of ,bavaria1 and in #ajjb1 upon the death of his cousin ,otho ,,iii4 he was chosen emperor4#afj ,he was the same year crowned king of ,germany at ,mentz1 by the archbishop of that city4 ,he had always before his eyes the extreme dangers to which they are exposed who move on the precipice of power1 and that all human things are like edifices of sand1 which every breath of time threatens to overturn or deface2 he studied the extent and importance of the obligations which attended his dignity2 and by the assiduous practice of humiliations1 prayer1 and pious meditation1 he maintained in his heart the necessary spirit of humility and holy fear1 and was enabled to bear the tide of prosperity and honor with a constant evenness of temper4 ,sensible of the end for which alone he was exalted by ,god to the highest temporal dignity1 he exerted his most strenuous endeavors to promote in all things the divine honor1 the exaltation of the ,church1 and the peace and happiness of his people4 ,soon after his accession to the throne he resigned the dukedom of ,bavaria1 which he bestowed on his brother-in-law ,henry1 surnamed ,senior4 ,he procured a national council of the bishops of all his dominions1 which was assembled at ,dortmund1 in ,westphalia1 in #ajje1 in order to regulate many points of discipline2 and to enforce a strict observance of the holy canons4 ,it was owing to his zeal that many provincial synods were also held for the same purpose in several parts of the empire4 ,he was himself present at that of ,frankfort in #ajjf1 and at another of ,bamberg in #ajaa4 ,the protection he owed his subjects engaged him sometimes in wars1 in all which he was successful4 ,by his prudence1 courage1 and clemency1 he stifled a rebellion at home in the beginning of his reign1 and without striking a stroke compelled the malecontents to lay down their arms at his feet1 which when they had done he received them into favor4 ,two years after he quelled another rebellion in ,italy1 when ,ardovinus or ,hardwic1 a ,lombard lord1 had caused himself to be crowned king at ,milan4 ,this nobleman1 after his defeat1 made his submission1 and obtained his pardon4 ,when he had afterward revolted a second time1 the emperor marched again into ,italy1 vanquished him in battle1 and deprived him of his territories1 but did not take away his life1 and ,ardovinus became a monk4 ,after this second victory1 ,st4 ,henry went in triumph to ,rome1 where1 in #ajad1 he was crowned emperor with great solemnity by pope ,benedict ,,viii4 ,on that occasion1 to give a proof of his devotion to the holy see1 he confirmed to it1 by an ample diploma1 the donation made by several former emperors1 of the sovereignty of ,rome and the exarchate of ,ravenna3#afa and after a short stay at ,rome1 took leave of the pope1 and in his return to ,germany kept the ,easter holydays at ,pavia2 then he visited the monastery of ,cluni1 on which he bestowed the imperial globe of gold which the pope had given him1 and a gold crown enriched with precious stones4 ,he paid his devotions in other monasteries on the road1 leaving in every one of them some rich monument of his piety and liberality4 ,but the most acceptable offering which he made to ,god was the fervor and purity of affection with which he renewed the consecration of his soul to ,god in all places where he came1 especially at the foot of the altars4 ,travelling through ,liege and ,tries he arrived at ,bamberg1 in which city he had lately founded a rich episcopal see1 and had built a most stately cathedral in honor of ,st4 ,peter1 which pope ,john ,,xviii4 took a journey into ,germany to consecrate in #ajai4 ,the emperor obtained of this pope1 by an honorable embassy1 the confirmation of this and all his other pious foundations4 ,for he built and endowed other churches with the two monasteries at ,bamberg1 and made the like foundations in several other places2 thus extending his zealous views to promote the divine honor and the relief of the poor to the end of time4 ,bruno1 bishop of ,ausburg1 the emperor's brother1 ,henry1 duke of ,bavaria1 and other relations of the saint complained loudly that he employed his patrimony on such religious foundations1 and the duke of ,bavaria and some others took up arms against him in #ajaj2 but he defeated them in the field2 then pardoned the princes engaged in the revolt1 and restored to them ,bavaria and their other territories which he had seized4 ,the idolatrous inhabitants of ,poland and ,sclavonia had some time before laid waste the diocess of ,meersburg1 and destroyed that and several other churches4 ,st4 ,henry marched against those barbarous nations1 and having put his army under the protection of the holy martyrs ,st4 ,laurence1 ,st4 ,george1 and ,st4 ,adrian1 who are said to have been seen in the battle fighting before him1 he defeated the infidels4 ,he had made a vow to re-establish the see of ,meersburg in case he obtained the victory1 and he caused all his army to communicate the day before the battle which was fought near that city4 ,the barbarians were seized with a panic fear in the beginning of the action1 and submitted at discretion4 ,the princes of ,bohemia rebelled1 but were easily brought back to their duty4 ,the victorious emperor munificently repaired and restored the episcopal sees of ,hildesheim1 ,magdeburg1 ,strasburg1 ,misnia1 and ,meersburg1 and made all ,poland1 ,bohemia1 and ,moravia tributary to the empire4 ,he procured holy preachers to be sent to instruct the ,bohemians and ,polanders in the faith4 ,those have been mistaken who pretend that ,st4 ,henry converted ,st4 ,stephen1 king of ,hungary2 for that prince was born of ,christian parents4 ,but our saint promoted his zealous endeavors1 and had a great share in his apostolic undertakings for the conversion of his people4 ,the protection of ,christendom1 and especially of the holy see1 obliged ,st4 ,henry to lead an army to the extremity of ,italy1#afb where he vanquished the conquering ,saracens1 with their allies the ,greeks1 and drove them out of ,italy1 left a governor in the provinces which he had recovered1 and suffered the ,normans to enjoy the territories which they had then wrested from the infidels1 but restrained them from turning their arms towards ,naples or ,benevento4 ,he came back by ,mount ,cassino1 and was honorably received at ,rome2 but during his stay in that city1 by a painful contraction of the sinews in his thigh1 became lame and continued so till his death4 ,he passed by ,cluni1 and in the duchy of ,luxemburg had an interview with ,robert1 king of ,france1 son and successor of ,hugh ,capet4#afc ,it had been agreed that1 to avoid all disputes of pre-eminence1 the two princes should hold their conference in boats on the river ,meuse1 which as ,glaber writes1 was at that time the boundary that parted their dominions4 ,but ,henry1 impatient to embrace and cement a friendship with that great and virtuous king1 paid the first visit to ,robert in his tent1 and afterward received him in his own4 ,a war had broken out between these two princes in #ajjf1 and ,henry gave the ,french a great overthrow2 but being desirous only to govern his dominions in peace1 he entered into negotiations which produced a lasting peace4 ,in this interview1 which was held in #ajbc1 the conference of the two princes turned on the most important affairs of ,church and ,state1 and on the best means of advancing piety1 religion1 and the welfare of their subjects4 ,after the most cordial demonstrations of sincere friendship they took leave of each other1 and ,st4 ,henry proceeded to ,verdun and ,metz4 ,he made frequent progresses through his dominions only to promote piety1 enrich all the churches1 relieve the poor1 make a strict inquiry into all public disorders and abuses1 and prevent unjust usurpations and oppressions4 ,he desired to have no other heir on earth but ,christ in his members1 and wherever he went he spread the odor of his piety1 and his liberalities on the poor4 ,it is incredible how attentive he was to the smallest affairs amidst the multiplicity of business which attends the government of the state2 nothing seemed to escape him2 and whilst he was most active and vigilant in every duty which he owed to the public1 he did not forget that the care of his own soul and the regulation of his interior was his first and most essential obligation4 ,he was sensible that pride and vain-glory are the most dangerous of all vices1 and that they are the most difficult to be discovered1 and the last that are vanquished in the spiritual warfare2 that humility is the very foundation of all true virtue1 and our progress in it the measure of our advancement in ,christian perfection4 ,therefore the higher he was exalted in worldly honors the more did he study to humble himself1 and it is said of him1 that never was greater humility seen under a diadem4 ,he loved those persons best who most freely put him in mind of his mistakes1 and these he was always most ready to confess1 and to make for them the most ample reparation4 ,through misinformations1 he for some time harbored coldness toward ,saint ,herebert archbishop of ,cologne2 but discovering the innocence and sanctity of that prelate1 he fell at his feet1 and would not rise till he had received his absolution and pardon4 ,he banished flatterers from his presence1 calling them the greatest pests of courts2 for none can put such as affront on a man's judgment and modesty1 as to praise him to his face1 but the base and most wicked of interested and designing men1 who make use of this artifice to insinuate themselves into the favor of a prince1 to abuse his weakness and credulity1 and to make him the dupe of their injustices4 ,he who listens to them exposes himself to many misfortunes and crimes1 to the danger of the most foolish pride and vain-glory1 and to the ridicule and scorn of his flatterers themselves2 for a vanity that can publicly hear its own praises1 openly unmasks itself to its confusion4 ,the emperor ,sigismund giving a flatterer a blow on the face1 called his fulsome praise the greatest insult that had ever been offered him4 ,st4 ,henry was raised by religion and humility above this abjectness of soul which reason itself teaches us to abhor and despise4 ,by the assiduous mortification of the senses he kept his passions in subjection4 ,for pleasure1 unless we are guarded against its assaults1 steals upon us by insensible degrees1 smooths its passage to the heart by a gentle and insinuating address1 and softens and disarms the soul of all its strength4 ,nor is it possible for us to triumph over unlawful sensual delights1 unless we moderate and practise frequent self-denials with regard to lawful gratifications4 ,the love of the world is a no less dangerous enemy1 especially amidst honors and affluence2 and created objects have this quality that they first seduce the heart1 and then blind the understanding4 ,by conversing always in heaven1 ,st4 ,henry raised his affections so much above the earth as to escape this snare4 ,prayer seemed the chief delight and support of his soul2 especially the public office of the ,church4 ,assisting one day at this holy function at ,strasburg1 he so earnestly desired to remain always there to sing the divine praises among the devout canons of that ,church1 that1 finding this impossible1 he founded there a new canonry for one who should always perform that sacred duty in his name4 ,in this spirit of devotion it has been established that the kings of ,france are canons of ,strasburg1 ,lyons1 and some other places2 as in the former place the emperors1 in the latter the dukes of ,burgundy1 were before them4 ,the holy sacrament of the altar and sacrifice of the mass were the object of ,st4 ,henry's most tender devotion4 ,the blessed ,mother of ,god he honored as his chief patroness1 and among other exercises by which he recommended himself to her intercession1 it was his custom1 upon coming to any town1 to spend a great part of the first night in watching and prayer in some church dedicated to ,god under her name1 as at ,rome in ,st4 ,mary ,major4 ,he had a singular devotion to the good angels and to all the saints4 ,though he lived in the world so as to be perfectly disengaged from it in heart and affection1 it was his earnest desire entirely to renounce it long before his death1 and he intended to pitch upon the abbey of ,st4 ,vanne1 at ,verdun1 for the place of his retirement4 ,but he was diverted from carrying this project into execution1 by the advice of ,richard the holy abbot of that house4#afd ,he had married ,st4 ,cunegonda1 but lived with her in perpetual chastity1 to which they had mutually bound themselves by vow4 ,it happened that the empress was falsely accused of incontinency1 and ,st4 ,henry was somewhat moved by the slander2 but she cleared herself by her oath1 and by the ordeal trials1 walking over twelve red hot plough-shares without hurt4 ,her husband severely condemned himself for his credulity1 and made her the most ample satisfaction4 ,in his last illness he recommended her to her relations and friends1 declaring that he left her an untouched virgin4 ,his health decayed some years before his death1 which happened at the castle of ,grone1 near ,halberstadt1 in #ajbd1 on the #adth of ,july1 toward the end of the fifty-second year of his life2 he having reigned twenty-two years from his election1 and ten years and five months from his coronation at ,rome4 ,his body was interred in the cathedral at ,bamberg with the greatest pomp1 and with the unfeigned tears of all his subjects4 ,the great number of miracles by which ,god was pleased to declare his glory in heaven1 procured his canonization1 which was performed by ,eugenius ,,iii41 in #aaeb4 ,his festival is kept on the day following that of his death4#afe 99 99 99 99 99 ,those who by honors1 dignities1 riches1 or talents are raised by ,god in the world above the level of their fellow-creatures1 have a great stewardship1 and a most rigorous account to give at the bar of divine justice1 their very example having a most powerful influence over others4 ,this ,st4 ,fulgentius observed1 writing to ,theodorus1 a pious ,roman senator1#aff--8,though10 said he1 8,christ died for all men1 yet the perfect conversion of the great ones of the world brings great acquisitions to the kingdom of ,christ4 ,and they who are placed in high stations must necessarily be to very many an occasion of eternal perdition or of salvation4 ,and as they cannot go alone1 so either a high degree of glory or an extraordinary punishment will be their everlasting portion40 ,,st4 ,,plechelm1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,apostle ,,of ,,guelderland4 ,he was by birth a noble ,english ,saxon1 but born in the southern part of ,scotland2 for ,lothian and the rest of the ,lowlands as far as ,edinburgh ,frith belonged for several ages to the ,northumbrian ,english4 ,having received holy orders in his own country he made a pilgrimage to ,rome1 whence he returned home enriched with holy relics4 ,some time after1 in company with the holy bishop ,st4 ,wiro1 and ,st4 ,otger a deacon1 he passed into those parts of ,lower ,germany which had not then received the light of faith4 ,having obtained the protection of ,pepin1 mayor of the palace in ,austrasia1 he converted the country now called ,guelderland1 ,cleves1 ,juliers1 and several neighboring provinces lying chiefly between the ,rhine1 the ,wahal1 and the ,meuse4 ,when he had planted the gospel there with great success he retired to ,st4 ,peter's ,mount near ,ruremund1 but continued to make frequent missions among the remaining infidels4 ,prince ,pepin1 who though he had formerly fallen into adultery1 led afterward a penitential and ,christian holy life1 went every year from his castle of ,herstal to confess his sins to his holy pastor after the death of ,st4 ,wiro1 which the author of ,st4 ,plechelm's life relates in the following words4#afg 8,pepin1 the king of the ,french 7that is1 mayor with royal authority71 had him in great veneration1 and every year1 in the beginning of ,lent1 having laid aside his purple1 went from his palace barefoot to the said mount of ,peter where the saint lived1 and took his advice how he ought to govern his kingdom according to the holy will and law of ,god1 and by what means he might promote the faith of ,christ and every advantage of virtue4 ,there also having made the confession of his sins to the high priest of the ,lord1 and received penance1 he washed away with his tears the offences which through human frailty he had contracted40 ,f4 ,bosch1 the ,bollandist1 observes1 this prince must have been ,pepin1 surnamed of ,herstal1 or the ,fat1 who1 though he never enjoyed the title of king1 reigned in ,austrasia with regal power1 and with equal piety and valor4 ,he died in #gad1 in the castle of ,jopil on the ,meuse1 near ,liege1 which was his paternal estate1 ,st4 ,pepin of ,landen his grandfather being son of ,carloman1 the first mayor of his family1 grandson of ,charles count of ,hesbay near ,liege1 the descendant of ,ferreol1 formerly prfectus-prtorio of the ,gauls4 ,st4 ,plechelm survived ,pepin of ,herstel seventeen years1 is called by ,bollandus bishop of ,oldenzel and ,ruremund1 and died on the #aeth of ,july1 #gcb4 ,he was buried in our lady's chapel in the church1 on the mountain of ,st4 ,peter1 now called of ,st4 ,odilia1 near ,ruremund4 ,his relics were honored with many miracles4 ,the principal portion of them is now possessed by the collegiate church of ,oldenzel1 in the province of ,over-,yssel1 part at ,ruremund4 ,his name is famous in the ,belgic and other ,martyrologies4 ,his ancient life testifies that he was ordained bishop in his own country before he undertook a missionary life4 ,bede1 in the year #gca1 mentions ,pechthelm1 who having been formerly a disciple of ,st4 ,aldhelm1 in the kingdom of the ,west-,saxons1 returning to his own country was ordained bishop to preach the gospel with more authority4 ,he afterward fixed his see at ,candida ,casa1 now a parliamentary town of ,galloway in ,scotland1 called ,whitehorn4 ,the ,bollandists in several parts of their work contend this ,pechthelm to have been a different person from ,st4 ,plechelm1 whom ,stilting demonstrates to have been at ,mount ,st4 ,peter1 whilst the other1 somewhat elder according to ,bede1 was in ,north-,britain at ,candida ,casa2 though ,antony ,pagi#afh and the author of ,batavia ,sacra endeavor to prove him1 against ,f4 ,bosch and his colleagues1 to have been the same4 ,see his authentic life with the remarks of ,bollandus and his colleagues1 ,julij1 t4 #d1 p4 #eh1 and ,batavia ,sacra1 p4 #ej4afi ,,st4 ,,swithin ,,or ,,swithun1 ,c4 ,,bishop ,,and ,,patron ,,of ,,winchester4 ,this city had been famous in the time of the ,romans and a station of their troops1 being called by ,ptolemy and ,antoninus1 ,venta4 ,it became afterwards the chief seat of the ,west-,saxon kings4 ,among these1 ,kynegils1 having received the faith about the year #fce1 gave to ,st4 ,birinus the city of ,dorcester for his episcopal see1 but founded a church at ,winchester1 which was dedicated by ,st4 ,birinus to ,st4 ,peter1 according to the ,saxon ,chronicle1 or to the ,holy ,trinity1 according to ,thomas ,rudburn4 ,wini1 the third bishop of the ,west-,saxons1 fixed his see at ,winchester1 and this church became one of the most flourishing cathedrals of all ,britain4 ,st4 ,swithun1 called in the original ,saxon language ,swithum1 received in this church the clerical tonsure1 and put on the monastic habit in the ,old ,monastery1 which had been founded by king ,kynegils4 ,he was of noble parentage1 passed his youth in innocent simplicity1 and in the study of grammar1 philosophy1 and the holy scriptures4 ,he was an accomplished model of all virtues when he was promoted to holy orders by ,helinstan or ,helmstan1 bishop of ,winchester4 ,being ordained priest1 he was made provost or dean of the ,old ,monastery4 ,his learning1 piety1 and prudence1 moved ,egbert1 king of the ,west-,saxons1 to make him his priest1 under which title the saint subscribed a charter granted to the abbey of ,croyland in #hcc4 ,that great prince committed to his care the education of his son ,ethelwolf1 and made use of his counsels in the government of his kingdom4 ,a degeneracy of manners had crept into the courts of the ,merceians and ,northumbrians1 and their government was weakened by intestine divisions and several revolutions4 ,egbert having first vanquished ,swithred1 king of the ,east-,saxons1 and added his kingdom to his own1 upon several provocations1 invaded ,mercia1 and conquered it in #hbc1 but soon after restored ,withlaf1 whom he had expelled1 to the throne of that kingdom on condition he should hold the crown of him1 and pay him an annual tribute4 ,he treated in the same manner ,eandred1 the last king of the ,northumbers1 and made him tributary1 after he had with a great army laid waste that province4 ,the kingdom of the ,east ,angles submitted to him about the same time with ,mercia1 with which it had been long engaged in war and was thereby reduced to extreme poverty4 ,kent being at that time tributary to ,mercia1 it fell also to the share of the conqueror4 ,after this1 ,egbert assembled all the great men of his kingdom1 both clergy and laity1 in a council at ,winchester1 in which he enacted that this kingdom should ever after be called ,england1 and all his subjects ,englishmen4 ,at the same time he was again crowned1 and from that year1 #hbi1 was styled king of ,england4 ,thus were the names of ,saxons and ,jutes abolished among us1 and an end was put to the heptarchy1 or division of this nation into seven kingdoms1 which began to be formed by ,hengist in #deg1 when he took the title of king1 seven years after his arrival in this island1 in #ddi4 ,towards the latter end of ,egbert's reign the ,danes first began to infest ,england4 ,this general name historians give to those shoals of pirates which were composed not only of ,danes1 but also of ,norwegians1 ,goths1 ,sweones or ,swedes1 and ,vandals1 as ,eginhard1 ,henry of ,huntingdon1 and others assure us4#agj ,king ,egbert reigned thirty-seven years over the ,west ,saxons1 and nine years over all ,england1 dying in the year #hch1 or according to others in #hcg4 ,ethelwolf1 his only surviving son1 had been educated in piety and learning under the care of ,st4 ,swithin1 then provost of the ,old ,monastery in ,winchester1#aga and had been ordained subdeacon by bishop ,helmstan1 as ,rudburn1 ,huntingdon1 and others relate4 ,but upon the death of his elder brother1 whose name is not known1 he was dispensed with by pope ,leo to marry1 and returning again to a secular life1 helped his father in his wars1 and after his death was advanced to the throne4 ,he married ,osberge1 a lady of remarkable piety1 and had four sons by her1 ,ethelbald1 ,ethelbright1 ,ethelred1 and ,alfred4 ,he governed his kingdom by the prudent advice of ,alstan1 bishop of ,shirborne1 in temporal affairs2 and by that of ,st4 ,swithin in ecclesiastical matters1 especially those which concerned his own soul4 ,and though the king was of a slow disposition1 yet by the assistance of these worthy counsellors1 he reigned prudently and happily2 the ,danes were often repulsed1 and many noble designs for the good of the ,church and state were begun1 and prosperously executed4 ,bearing always the greatest reverence to ,st4 ,swithin1 whom he called his master and teacher1 he procured him1 upon the death of ,helmstan1 to be chosen bishop of ,winchester1 to which see he was consecrated by ,ceolnoth1 archbishop of ,canterbury1 in #heb4 ,herne has given us the profession of faith which he made on that occasion1 according to custom1 in the hands of the archbishop4#agb ,william of ,malmesbury says1 that though this good bishop was a rich treasure of all virtues1 those in which he took most delight were humility and charity to the poor2 and in the discharge of his episcopal functions he omitted nothing belonging to a true pastor4 ,he built divers churches1 and repaired others2 and made his journeys on foot1 accompanied with his clerks1 and often by night to avoid ostentation4 ,being to dedicate any church1 he with all humility used to go barefoot to the place4 ,his feasting was not with the rich1 but with the needy and the poor4 ,his mouth was always open to invite sinners to repentance1 and to admonish those that stood to beware of falling4 ,he was most severe to himself1 and abstemious in his diet1 never eating to satisfy his appetite1 but barely to sustain nature2 and as to sleep1 he admitted no more than what after long watching and much labor was absolutely necessary4 ,he was always delighted with psalms and spiritual canticles1 and in conversation would bear no discourse but what tended to edification4 ,by his counsel and advice king ,ethelwolf1 in a ,mycel synod or great council of the nation in #hed1 enacted a new law by which he gave the tithes or tenth part of his land throughout the kingdom to the ,church1 exempt and free from all taxations and burthens1 with an obligation of prayers in all churches for ever for his own soul1 on every ,wednesday1 c4 ,this charter1 to give it a more sacred sanction1 he offered on the altar of ,st4 ,peter at ,rome in the pilgrimage which he made to that city in #hee4 ,he likewise procured it to be confirmed by the pope4#agc ,he carried with him to ,rome his youngest and best beloved son ,alfred1 rebuilt there the school for the ,english1 and ordered to be sent every year to ,rome one hundred mancuses#agd for the pope1 one hundred for the church of ,st4 ,peter1 and as much for that of ,st4 ,paul1 to furnish them with lights on ,easter ,eve4 ,he extended the ,romescot or ,peter-pence to his whole kingdom4 ,he reigned two years after his return from ,rome1 and died in #heg4 ,he ordained1 that throughout all his own hereditary lands1 every ten families shall maintain one poor person with meat1 drink1 and apparel2 from whence came the ,corrodies which still remain in divers places4 ,st4 ,swithin departed to eternal bliss1 which he had always thirsted after1 on the #b;d of ,july1 #hfb1 in the reign of king ,ethelbert4 ,his body was buried1 according to his order1 in the church-yard1 where his grave might be trodden on by passengers4 ,about one hundred years after1 in the days of king ,edgar1 his relics were taken up by ,st4 ,ethelwold1 then bishop of ,winchester1 and translated into the church in #ifd4 ,on which occasion ,malmesbury affirms that such a number of miraculous cures of all kinds were wrought1 as was never to the memory of man known to have been in any other place4 ,lanfrid1 in the original ,saxon ,lantfred1 called by ,leland all illustrious doctor1 being then a monk at ,winchester1 wrote1 in #ihj1 a history of this translation1 and of the miraculous cures of a blind man1 and many others through the intercession of this saint2 which history has never been printed2 though we have two beautiful fair manuscript copies of it1 the one in the ,cotton1 the other in the king's library in the enclosure of ,westminster ,abbey4#age ,in the reign of ,william the ,conqueror1 ,walkelyn1 bishop of ,winchester1 a ,norman1 and the king's relation1 laid the foundation of the new church in #ajgi1 which he lived to finish with the abbey1 so that in #ajic1 the monks1 in the presence of almost all the bishops and abbots of ,england1 came in great joy from the old to the new monastery1 and on the feast of ,st4 ,swithin1 the shrine of this saint was in another solemn procession translated from the old to the new church2 and on the next day the bishop's men began to demolish the old abbey4 ,william of ,wickham1 the celebrated chancellor of ,england in the reign of ,edward ,,iii4 and founder of a great college in ,oxford1 in #acgi1 added the nave and west front to this cathedral which is now standing4 ,this church was first dedicated to the ,holy ,trinity under the patronage of ,st4 ,peter2 afterward by ,st4 ,ethelwold1 in presence of king ,etheldred1 ,st4 ,dunstan1 and eight other bishops1 to ,st4 ,swithin1 as ,rudburn relates1 in #ihj4agf ,king ,henry ,,viii4 in #aedj1 commanded this cathedral to be called no longer ,st4 ,swithin's1 but of the ,holy ,trinity4#agg ,st4 ,swithin is commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology on the #b;d of ,july1 which was the day of his death2 but his chief festival in ,england was on the #aeth of the same month1 the day of the translation of his relics4 ,see the calendar prefixed to the chronicle entitled ,scala ,mundi in a fair ,,ms4 in folio in the library of the ,english college at ,douay2 also the ,sarum ,breviary and ,missal4 ,an arm of ,st4 ,swithin was kept in the abbey of ,peterborough1 as is mentioned by ,hugh ,candidus or ,white1 in his accurate history of that monastery1 published by ,mr4 ,spark1 p4 #agbc4 ,the abbey of ,hyde was first built within the precincts of the cathedral by king ,edward the ,elder1 in pursuance of his father ,alfred's will1 for secular canons1 over whom ,st4 ,grimbald was intended to preside1 had not his death prevented it4 ,these canons1 after sixty years' continuance1 yielded this church to the monks whom1 in #ifd1 ,st4 ,ethelwold brought in2 from which time this abbey was called ,newminster till it was translated by king ,henry ,i4 and the bishop ,william ,giffard1 to a place near the walls of the city called ,hyde4 ,of this magnificent abbey not so much as the walls are left standing1 though in it lay the remains of king ,edward1 his son ,alfred1 his daughter ,st4 ,eadburga1 c4 ,its church was dedicated to the ,holy ,trinity1 ,st4 ,peter1 and ,st4 ,grimbald4 ,see the short life of ,st4 ,swithin1 written by ,wolstan1 a monk of ,winchester1 dedicated to ,st4 ,elphege1 then bishop of that city1 in #ajja1 but translated to ,canterbury in #ajjf4 ,it is published by ,mabillon1 sc4 #e1 ,ben4 p4 #fbh4 ,see also ,malmesbury1 t4 #b1 de ,pontif4 ,robert of ,glocester's ,chronicle in verse1 published by ,mr4 ,herne4 ,thomas ,rudburn1 ,historia ,major ,wintoniensis1 published by ,wharton1 t4 #a1 p4 #bjj4 ,lord ,clarendon1 and ,sam4 ,gale1 ,on the ,antiquities of ,winchester1 and ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #a1 ,julij1 ad diem #b1 p4 #cba4 ,also ,s4 ,swithuni vita et miracula per ,lamfridum monachum ,winton4 ,,mss4 in ,bibl4 ,regia ,londini1 xv4 c4 vii4 #a4 ,,july ,,xvi4 ,,st4 ,,eustathius1 ,,confessor4 ,,patriarch ,,of ,,antioch4 ,from ,st4 ,athanasius1 ,sozomen1 ,theodoret1 l4 #a1 ,hist4 c4 #f1 ,st4 ,jerom1 in ,catal4 c4 #he4 ,see ,tillem4 t4 #g1 p4 #ba1 ,ceillier1 t4 #d1 and the ,bollandists1 ,bosch in his ,life1 t4 #d1 ,jul4 p4 #acj1 and ,solier in ,hist4 ,chron4 ,patr4 ,antioch1 ante1 t4 #d1 ,jul4 p4 #ce4 ,a4 ,d4 #cch4 ,st4 ,eustathius was a native of ,sida in ,pamphylia1 and with heroic constancy confessed the faith of ,christ before the pagan persecutors1 as ,st4 ,athanasius assures us1#agh though it does not appear whether this happened under ,dioclesian or ,licinius4 ,he was learned1 eloquent1 and eminently endowed with all virtue1 especially an ardent zeal for the purity of our holy faith4 ,being made bishop of ,bera in ,syria he began in that obscure see to be highly considered in the ,church1 insomuch that ,st4 ,alexander of ,alexandria wrote to him in particular against ,arius and his impious writings1 in #cbc4 ,st4 ,philogonius1 bishop of ,antioch1 a prelate illustrious for his confession of the faith1 in the persecution of ,licinius1 died in #cbc4 ,one ,paulinus succeeded him1 but seems a man not equal to the functions of that high station2 for1 during the short time he governed that church1 tares began to grow up among the good seed4 ,to root these out1 when that dignity became again vacant1 in #cbd1 the zeal and abilities of ,st4 ,eustathius were called for1 and he was accordingly translated to this see1 in dignity the next to ,alexandria1 and the third in the world4 ,he vigorously opposed the motion1 but was compelled to acquiesce4 ,indeed1 translations of bishops1 if made without cogent reasons of necessity1 become1 to many1 dangerous temptations of ambition and avarice1 and open a door to those fatal vices into the sanctuary4 ,to put a bar to this evil1 ,st4 ,eustathius1 in the same year1 assisting at the general council of ,nice1 zealously concurred with his fellow bishops to forbid for the time to come all removals of bishops from one see to another4#agi ,the new patriarch distinguished himself in that venerable assembly by his zeal against ,arianism4 ,soon after his return to ,antioch he held a council there to unite his church1 which he found divided by factions4 ,he was very strict and severe in examining into the characters of those whom he admitted into the clergy1 and he constantly rejected all those whose principles1 faith1 or manners appeared suspected3 among whom were several who became afterward ringleaders of ,arianism4 ,amidst his external employs for the service of others1 he did not forget that charity must always begin at home1 and he labored in the first place to sanctify his own soul2 but after watering his own garden he did not confine the stream there1 but let it flow abroad to enrich the neighboring soil1 and to dispense plenty and fruitfulness all around4 ,he sent into other diocesses that were subject to his patriarchate1 men capable of instructing and encouraging the faithful4 ,eusebius1 archbishop of ,csarea1 in ,palestine 7which church was1 in some measure1 subject to ,antioch71 favored the new heresy in such a manner as to alarm the zeal of our saint4#ahj ,this raised a violent storm against him4 ,eusebius of ,nicomedia laid a deep plot with his ,arian friends to remove ,st4 ,eustathius from ,antioch1 who had attacked ,eusebius of ,csarea1 and accused him of altering the ,nicene ,creed4 ,hereupon1 ,eusebius of ,nicomedia1 pretending a great desire to see the city of ,jerusalem1 set out in great state1 taking with him his confidant1 ,theognis of ,nice4 ,at ,jerusalem they met ,eusebius of ,csarea1 ,patrophilus of ,scythopolis1 ,atius of ,lydda1 ,theodotus of ,laodicea1 and several others1 all of the ,arian faction2 who returned with them to ,antioch4 ,there they assembled together1 as in a ,synod1 in #cca1 and a debauched woman1 whom the ,arians had suborned1 coming in1 showed a child which she suckled at her breast1 and declared that she had it by ,eustathius4 ,the saint protested his innocence1 and alleged that the apostle forbids a priest to be condemned unless convicted by two or more witnesses4 ,this woman1 before her death1 after a long illness1 called in a great number of the clergy1 and publicly declared to them the innocence of the holy bishop1 and confessed that the ,arians had given her money for this action1 pretending that no perjury was implied in her oath1 upon the frivolous and foolish plea that she had the child by a brazier of the city called ,eustathius4#aha ,the ,arians accused him also of ,sabellianism1 as ,socrates and others testify2 this being their general charge and slander against all who professed the orthodox faith4 ,the ,catholic bishops who were present with ,eustathius1 cried out loudly against the injustice of these proceedings1 but could not be heard1 and the ,arians pronounced a sentence of deposition against the saint2 and ,eusebius of ,nicomedia and ,theognis hastened to inform the emperor ,constantine of these proceedings4 ,the ,arian bishops invited ,eusebius of ,csarea to exchange his see for the patriarchal chair of ,antioch1 but he alleged the prohibition of the canons2 and the emperor ,constantine commended his modesty by a letter which ,eusebius has inserted in his life of that prince4#ahb ,we should have been more edified with his humility had this circumstance been only recorded by others4#ahc ,this happened1 not in #cdj1 as ,baronius and ,petavius imagine1 but in #ccj or #cca1 as is manifest not only from the testimony of ,socrates1 ,sozomen1 ,theodoret1 and ,philostorgius1 but also from several circumstances of the affair4#ahd ,the people of ,antioch raised a great sedition on this occasion1 but the emperor ,constantine1 being prepossessed by the slanders of the two bishops1 ordered ,st4 ,eustathius to repair to ,constantinople1 and thence sent him into banishment4 ,the holy pastor assembled the people before his departure from ,antioch1 and exhorted them to remain steadfast in the true doctrine3 which exhortations were of great weight in preserving many in the ,catholic faith4 ,st4 ,eustathius was banished with several priests and deacons first into ,thrace1 as ,st4 ,jerome and ,st4 ,chrysostom testify1 and from thence into ,illyricum1 as ,theodoret adds4 ,socrates and ,sozomen confound him with a priest of ,constantinople of the same name1 when they tell us he was recalled by ,jovian1 and survived till the year #cgj3 for ,st4 ,eustathius died thirty years before ,st4 ,meletius was advanced to the see of ,antioch in #cfj1 as ,theodoret testifies4 ,nor was he mentioned in the council of ,sardica1 or in any of the disputes that followed2 and our best critics and historians conclude him to have been dead in #ccg4 ,philippi1 in ,macedon1 which1 in the division of the empire into diocesses1 was comprised in that of ,illyricum1 was the place of his death1#ahe but his body was interred at ,trajanopolis1 in ,thrace1 from which city ,calandion1 one of his successors1 caused it to be translated to ,antioch1 about the year #dhb1 as ,theodorus ,lector informs us4#ahf 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,eustathius bore his exile with patience and perfect submission1 and was under its disgraces and hardships greater and more glorious than whilst his zeal and other virtues shone with the brightest lustre on the patriarchal throne4 ,we may please ourselves in those actions in which we seem to be something2 into which1 however1 self-love1 under a thousand forms1 easily insinuates itself4 ,but the maxims of our ,divine ,redeemer teach us that no circumstances are so happy for the exercise of the most heroic virtue as humiliations and distresses when sent by ,providence4 ,these put our love to the test1 apply the remedy to the very root of our spiritual disorders1 employ the most perfect virtues of meekness1 forgiveness1 and patience1 and call forth our resignation1 humility1 and reliance on ,providence2 in these trials we learn most perfectly to die to our passions1 to know ourselves1 to feel our own nothingness and miseries1 and with ,st4 ,paul to take pleasure in our infirmities4 ,here all virtue is more pure and perfect4 ,a ,christian suffering with patience and joy1 bears in spirit the nearest resemblance to his crucified ,master1 and enters deepest into his most perfect sentiments of humility1 meekness1 and love2 for ,jesus on his cross is the model by which his disciples are bound to form themselves1 which they nowhere can do with greater advantage than when they are in a like state of desolation and suffering4 ,,st4 ,,elier ,,or ,,helier1 ,,hermit1 ,m4 ,in the isle of ,jersey and on the coasts of ,normandy the name of this servant of ,god has been in singular veneration from the time of his happy death4 ,he was converted to the faith by ,st4 ,marcou1 a holy abbot in ,armorica1 and being inflamed with an ardent desire of serving ,god in the practice of perfect virtue2 retired into the isle of ,jersey1 and choosing for his abode a cave on the summit of a rock of difficult access1 there led an eremitical life in rigorous fasting and assiduous prayer4 ,in this lonely retreat he was murdered by robbers or infidel barbarians4 ,the chief town in the island1 which is situate seven leagues from ,cotentin1 bears his name4 ,the dean of the island is still invited to all diocesan synods of ,coutances1 the island having been formerly subject to the spiritual jurisdiction of that see4 ,see the new ,martyrology of ,evreux2 ,piganiol1 ,descrip4 de la ,france1 t4 #i1 p4 #eeg4 ,the acts of ,s4 ,helier1 in the ,bollandists1 #af ,julij1 and of ,s4 ,marcou1 #a ,maij4 ,also ,trigan1 ,hist4 de ,normandie1 l4 #c1 p4 #ia1 l4 #d1 p4 #abd4 ,the ,breviaries of ,coutances and ,rennes1 and that of the ,cistercian abbey of ,beaubec1 in the diocess of ,rouen1 which is possessed of his relics4 ,,july ,,xvii4 ,,st4 ,,alexius1 ,,confessor4 ,from ,joseph the ,younger1 in a poem of the ninth age1 divided into ,odes1 an anonymous writer of his ,life in the tenth century1 noted by the ,bollandists1 a homily of ,st4 ,adalbert1 bishop of ,prague1 and martyr1 of the same age1 and from other monuments1 free from later interpolations2 on all which see ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #d1 ,julij1 p4 #bci1 who confutes at large the groundless and inconsistent surmises of ,baillet4 ,above all1 see ,nerinio1 abbot of the ,hieronymites at ,rome1 who has fully vindicated the memory of ,st4 ,alexius in his ,dissertation ,de ,templo et ,cnobio1 ,,ss4 ,bonifacii et ,alexii1 in #dto4 ,rom1 #ageb4 ,on his ,chaldaic ,acts1 see ,jos4 ,assemani1 ad #ag ,martii1 in ,calend4 ,univ4 t4 #f1 p4 #ahg1 #ahi2 and ,bibl4 ,orient4 t4 #a1 p4 #dja4 ,,in ,,the ,,fifth ,,century4 ,st4 ,alexius or ,alexis is a perfect model of the most generous contempt of the world4 ,he was the only son of a rich senator of ,rome1 born and educated in that capital1 in the fifth century4 ,from the charitable example of his pious parents he learned1 from his tender years1 that the riches which are given away to the poor1 remain with us for ever2 and that alms-deeds are a treasure transferred to heaven1 with the interest of an immense reward4 ,and whilst yet a child1 not content to give all he could1 he left nothing unattempted to compass or solicit the relief of all whom he saw in distress4 ,but the manner in which he dealt about his liberal alms was still a greater proof of the noble sentiments of virtue with which his soul was fired2 for by this he showed that he thought himself most obliged to those who received his charity1 and regarded them as his greatest benefactors4 ,the more he enlarged his views of eternity1 and raised his thoughts and desires to the bright scene of immortal bliss1 the more did he daily despise all earthly toys2 for1 when once the soul is thus upon the wing1 and soars upwards1 how does the glory of this world lessen in her eye6 and how does she contemn the empty pageantry of all that worldlings call great6 ,fearing lest the fascination1 or at least the distraction of temporal honors might at length divide or draw his heart too much from those only noble and great objects1 he entertained thoughts of renouncing the advantages of his birth1 and retiring from the more dangerous part of the world4 ,having1 in compliance with the will of his parents1 married a rich and virtuous lady1 he on the very day of the nuptials1 making use of the liberty which the laws of ,god and his ,church give a person before the marriage be consummated1 of preferring a more perfect state1 secretly withdrew1 in order to break all the ties which held him in the world4 ,in disguise he travelled into a distant country1 embraced extreme poverty1 and resided in a hut adjoining to a church dedicated to the ,mother of ,god4 ,being1 after some time there1 discovered to be a stranger of distinction1 he returned home1 and being received as a poor pilgrim1 lived some time unknown in his father's house1 bearing the contumely and ill treatment of the servants with invincible patience and silence4 ,a little before he died1 he by a letter discovered himself to his parents4 ,he flourished in the reign of the emperor ,honorius1 ,innocent the first being bishop of ,rome2 and is honored in the calendars of the ,latins1 ,greeks1 ,syrians1 ,maronites1 and ,armenians4 ,his interment was celebrated with the greatest pomp by the whole city of ,rome1 on the ,aventin hill4 ,his body was found there in #abaf1 in the ancient church of ,st4 ,boniface1 whilst ,honorius ,,iii4 sat in ,st4 ,peter's chair1 and at this day is the most precious treasure of a sumptuous church on the same spot1 which bears his name jointly with that of ,st4 ,boniface1 gives title to a cardinal1 and is in the hands of the ,hieronymites4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the extraordinary paths in which the ,holy ,ghost is pleased sometimes to conduct certain privileged souls are rather to be admired than imitated4 ,if it cost them so much to seek humiliations1 how diligently ought we to make a good use of those at least which providence sends us6 ,it is only by humbling ourselves on all occasions that we can walk in the path of true humility1 and root out of our hearts all secret pride4 ,the poison of this vice infects all states and conditions3 it often lurks undiscovered in the foldings of the heart even after a man has got the mastery over all his other passions4 ,pride always remains even for the most perfect principally to fight against2 and unless we watch continually against it1 nothing will remain sound or untainted in our lives2 this vice will creep even into our best actions1 infect the whole circle of our lives1 and become a main spring of all the motions of our heart2 and what is the height of our misfortune1 the deeper its wounds are1 the more is the soul stupified by its venom1 and the less capable is she of feeling her most grievous disease and spiritual death4 ,st4 ,john ,climacus writes1#ahg that when a young novice was rebuked for his pride1 he said3 8,pardon me1 father1 ,i am not proud40 ,to whom the experienced director replied3 8,and how could you give me a surer proof of your pride than by not seeing it yourself80 ,,saints ,,speratus ,,and ,,his ,,companions4 ,,commonly ,,called ,,the ,,scillitan ,,martyrs4 ,when the emperor ,severus returned victorious from having vanquished the kings who had taken part with ,nigar against him1 he published his cruel edicts against the ,christians in the year of ,christ #bjb1 the tenth of his reign4 ,but the general laws of the empire against foreign religions1 and the former edicts of several emperors against the ,christians1 were a sufficient warrant to many governors to draw the sword against them before that time2 and we find that the persecution was very hot in ,africa two years before1 under the proconsul ,saturninus1 in the eighth year of ,severus and two hundredth of ,christ4 ,the first who suffered at ,carthage were twelve persons1 commonly called the ,scillitan ,martyrs1 probably because they were of ,scillita1 a town of the proconsular ,africa4 ,they were brought prisoners to ,carthage1 and on the #afth of ,july were presented to the proconsul whilst he was seated on his tribunal4 ,the six principal among them were ,speratus1 ,narzalis1 and ,cittinus2 and three women1 ,donata1 ,secunda1 and ,vestina4 ,the proconsul offered them the emperor's pardon if they would worship the gods of the ,romans4 ,speratus answered in the name of all3 8,we have never committed any crime1 we have injured no one2 so far from it1 we have always thanked ,god for the evil treatment we have received2 wherefore we declare to you that we worship no other ,god but the true one1 who is the lord and master of all things2 we pray for those who persecute us unjustly1 according to the law we have received40 ,the proconsul urged them to swear by the emperor's genius4 ,speratus said1 8,i know not the genius of the emperor of this world1 but ,i serve the ,god of heaven1 whom no mortal man hath ever seen or can see4 ,i never committed any crime punishable by the laws of the state4 ,i pay the public duties for whatever ,i buy1 acknowledging the emperor for my temporal lord2 but ,i adore none but my ,god1 who is the ,king of kings1 and sovereign ,lord over all the nations in the world4 ,i have been guilty of no crime1 and therefore cannot have incurred punishment40 ,hereupon the proconsul said1 8,let them be carried to prison1 and put in the wooden stocks till to-morrow40 ,on the day following1 the proconsul being seated on his tribunal1 ordered them all to be brought before him1 and said to the women1 8,honor our prince1 and offer sacrifice to the gods40 ,donata replied1 8,we give to ,csar the honor that is due to ,csar2 but we adore and offer sacrifice to ,god alone40 ,vestina said1 8,i also am a ,christian40 ,secunda said1 8,i also believe in my ,god1 and will continue faithful to him4 ,as for your gods we will neither serve nor adore them40 ,the proconsul then ordered them into custody1 and having called up the men1 he said to ,speratus1 8,art thou still resolved to remain a ,christian80 ,speratus replied1 8,yes1 ,i am1 be it known to all1 ,i am a ,christian40 ,all that had been apprehended with him cried out1 8,we also are ,christians40 ,the proconsul said1 8,will you not then so much as deliberate upon the matter1 or have any favor shown you80 ,speratus replied1 8,do what you please2 we die with joy for the sake of ,jesus ,christ40 ,the proconsul asked1 8,what books are those which you read and have in reverence80 ,speratus answered1 8,the four gospels of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ2 the epistles of the apostle ,st4 ,paul1 and the rest of the scriptures1 revealed by ,god40#ahh ,the proconsul said1 8,i give you three days to repent in40 ,upon which ,speratus made answer1 8,we will never depart from the faith of our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 therefore take what course you think fit40 ,the proconsul seeing their constancy and resolution1 pronounced sentence against them in these terms3 8,speratus1 ,narzalis1 ,cittinus1 ,veturius1 ,felix1 ,acyllinus1 ,ltantius1 ,januaria1 ,generosa1 ,vestina1 ,donata1 and ,secunda1 having acknowledged themselves ,christians1 and having refused to pay due honor and respect to the emperor1 ,i condemn them to be beheaded40 ,this sentence being read1 ,speratus1 and all those who were with him1 said1 8,we give ,god thanks for vouchsafing to receive us this day as martyrs in heaven1 for confessing his name40 ,having said this1 they were led to the place of execution1 where they all fell on their knees1 and once more gave thanks to ,jesus ,christ4 ,whilst they continued in prayer1 their heads were struck off4 ,the faithful who transcribed their acts out of the public registers1 add3#ahi 8,the martyrs of ,christ finished their conflict in the month of ,july1 and they intercede for us to our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 to whom be given honor and glory with the ,father and the ,holy ,ghost through all ages40 ,tertullian1#aij soon after their martyrdom1 addressed his excellent apologetic discourse for the ,christian religion to the governors of the provinces1 but without success4 ,he testifies#aia that ,saturninus1 who first drew the sword against the ,christians in ,africa1 soon after lost his eyes4 ,as to the emperor ,severus1 after carrying on the persecution ten years1 whilst he was making war in ,britain1 being on his march with his army1 his eldest son ,bassianus1 surnamed ,antonius ,caracalla1 who marched after him1 stopped his horse1 and drew his sword to stab him1 but was prevented by others4 ,severus only reproached him for it1 but died soon after at ,york1 of grief for his son's treachery1 rather than of the gout1 on the #dth of ,february in the year #baa1 having lived sixty-five years1 and reigned seventeen and eight months4 ,his two sons1 ,antoninus ,caracalla and ,geta1 succeeded him2 but the elder caused the latter to be stabbed in his mother's bosom1 who was sprinkled with his blood4 ,see the acts of the ,scillitan martyrs1 copied from the court registers by three different ,christians1 who added short notes1 published by ,baronius1 ad an4 by ,tillemont1 t4 #c1 ,ceillier1 t4 #b1 p4 #baa1 ,cuper the ,bollandist1 t4 #d1 ,julij1 p4 #bjb1 by ,ruinart1 p4 #ge1 and by ,mabillon1 t4 #c1 ,analect4 p4 #aec1 and abridged #bjd4 ,,st4 ,,marcellina1 ,v4 ,she was the eldest sister to ,st4 ,ambrose and ,satyrus1 and after the death of her father1 who was prefect of the ,gauls1 removed to ,rome with her pious mother and brothers4 ,she was discreet beyond her years1 and from her cradle sought with her whole heart the only thing for which she was created and sent into the world4 ,being charged at ,rome with the education of her two brothers1 she inspired them1 by words and example1 with an ardent thirst of virtue4 ,she taught them that nobleness of blood cannot enhance merit1 nor make men more illustrious unless they despise it2 and that learning is an unpardonable crime and folly1 if by it a man should desire to know everything that is in heaven and earth but himself2 for with the true knowledge of ourselves are all our studies to begin and end1 if we desire to render them in any degree advantageous to ourselves4 ,she kindled in their tender breasts a vehement desire1 not of the show of virtue1 but to become truly virtuous4 ,in her whole conduct all her view was only the glory of ,god4 ,the better to pursue this great end she resolved to renounce the world2 and on ,christmas-day1 in #ceb1 she put on the religious habit1 and received the veil from the hands of pope ,liberius1 in ,st4 ,peter's church1 in presence of an incredible multitude of people4 ,the pope1 in a short discourse on that occasion1 exhorted her frequently to love only our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 the chaste spouse of her soul1 to live in continual abstinence1 mortification1 silence1 and prayer1 and always to behave herself in the church with the utmost respect and awe4 ,he mentioned to her the page of ,alexander the ,great1 who1 for fear of disturbing the solemnity of a heathenish sacrifice by shaking off his hand a piece of melted wax that was fallen upon it1 let it burn him to the bone4 ,marcellina in her practice went beyond the most perfect lessons4 ,she fasted every day till evening2 and sometimes passed whole days without eating4 ,she never touched any fare but what was of the coarsest kinds1 and drank only water4 ,she never laid herself down to rest till quite overcome with sleep4 ,the greatest part both of the day and night she devoted to prayer1 pious reading1 and tears of divine love and compunction4 ,st4 ,ambrose advised her in the decline of her life to moderate her austerities1 but always to redouble her fervor in tears and holy prayer1 especially in reciting often the psalms1 the ,lord's prayer1 and likewise the creed1 which he calls the seal of a ,christian1 and the guard of our hearts4 ,she continued at ,rome after the death of her mother1 living not in a nunnery but in a private house with one fervent virgin1 the faithful companion of all her holy exercises4 ,st4 ,ambrose died in #cig4 ,she survived him1 though it is uncertain how long4 ,her name is mentioned in the ,roman and other ,martyrologies on the #agth of ,july4 ,see ,st4 ,ambrose1 l4 #c1 de ,virgin4 c4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 t4 #b1 p4 #agda1 and ,ep4 #bj et #bb1 ed4 ,ben4 and ,cuper the ,bollandist1 t4 #d1 ,julij1 p4 #bca4 ,,saint ,,ennodius1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,pavia1 ,c4 ,magnus ,felix ,ennodius was descended of an illustrious family1 settled in ,gaul1 and was a kinsman to the greatest lords of his time2 as1 to ,faustus1 ,botius1 ,avienus1 ,olybrius1 c4 ,he seems to call ,arles the place of his birth2#aib but he passed his first years in ,italy1 and had his education at ,milan under the care of an aunt1 after whose death he took to wife a rich and noble lady4 ,eloquence and poetry were the favorite studies of his youth1 and he had the misfortune to be drawn astray into the wide path of the world4 ,but he was struck with remorse1 and listening to the voice of divine grace1 changed his life and wept bitterly for his past disorders4 ,out of gratitude to the divine mercy for his call1 he entered into orders with the consent of his wife1 who at the same time devoted herself to ,god in a state of perpetual continency4 ,having a particular confidence in the powerful intercession of ,st4 ,victor1 the martyr at ,milan1 he earnestly implored through it the grace to lead a holy life as he informs us4#aic ,being ordained deacon1 yet young1 by ,st4 ,epiphanius of ,pavia1 he from that time despised profane studies1 to give himself up entirely to those that are sacred4 ,he wrote an apology for pope ,symmachus and his council against the schism formed in favor of ,laurence4 ,he was pitched upon to make a panegyric upon ,theodoric1 king of ,italy1 whom he commends only for his victories and temporal success4 ,he wrote the life of ,st4 ,epiphanius of ,pavia1 who died in #dig1 and was succeeded by ,maximus2 likewise that of ,st4 ,antony of ,lerins1 who is mentioned in the ,roman ,martyrology on the #bfth of ,december1 besides several letters and other works1 both in prose and verse4 ,he assures us1 that under a violent fever1 in which he was given over by the physicians1 he had recourse to the heavenly physician through the intercession of his patron ,st4 ,victor1 and that in a moment he found himself restored to perfect health4#aid ,to perpetuate his gratitude for this benefit1 he wrote a work which he called ,eucharisticon1 or ,thanksgiving2 in which he gives a short account of his life1 especially of his conversion from the world1 and how1 through the intercession of ,st4 ,victor1 he obtained the grace for his wife that she freely entered into his views in their making1 by joint consent1 mutual vows of perpetual continency4 ,after the death of ,maximus he was advanced to the episcopal see of ,pavia about the year #eaj1 not in #dij1 as ,labbe mistakes2 for1 in his ,eucharisticon1 he says he was only sixteen years old when ,theodoric came into ,italy in #dhi4 ,he governed his church with a zeal and authority worthy a true disciple of ,st4 ,epiphanius4 ,ennodius was made choice of by pope ,hormisdas to endeavor the reunion of the ,eastern to the ,western ,church4 ,the emperor ,anastasius fomented the division by favoring the ,eutychian heresy1 by banishing many orthodox prelates1 and by protecting schismatical bishops of ,constantinople2 and in dissembling 7the basest character of a prince7 he was a second ,herod or ,tiberius1 whose artifices could not leave them even in things where their interest was not concerned4 ,upon this errand ,ennodius made two journeys to ,constantinople1 the first in the year #eae1 with ,fortunatus1 bishop of ,catana1 and the second in #eag1 with ,peregrinus1 bishop of ,misenum4 ,the points upon which he was ordered to insist were1 that the faith of the council of ,chalcedon and the letters of pope ,leo against ,nestorius1 ,eutyches1 ,dioscorus1 and their followers1 ,timothy ,elurus and ,peter the ,fuller1 should be received2 the anathema1 pronounced against ,acacius of ,constantinople and ,peter of ,antioch1 subscribed2 and that the emperor should recall the bishops whom he had banished for adhering to the orthodox faith and communion4 ,the emperor1 whose conduct in all he did was equivocal1 sent back the legates with a letter1 wherein he declared that he condemned ,nestorius and ,eutyches1 and received the council of ,chalcedon4 ,other things he promised to conclude by ambassadors whom he would send to ,rome2 but his only aim was to gain time1 and even whilst ,ennodius was at ,constantinople he condemned to banishment four bishops of ,illyricum for the ,catholic cause1 namely1 ,laurence of ,lignida1 ,alcyson of ,nicopolis1 ,gaianus of ,nassum1 and ,evangelus of ,paulitala4 ,he deferred sending his ambassadors till the middle of the next year1 and then1 instead of bishops as he had promised1 sent only two laymen1 ,theopompus1 ,comes ,domesticorum or captain of his guards1 and ,severianus1 ,comes ,consistorii or counsellor of state1 and their instructions were confined to general protestations of laboring for the peace of the ,church4 ,the pope answered that1 far from having any need of being entreated on that head1 he threw himself at the emperor's feet to implore his protection for the peace and welfare of ,god's ,church4 ,ennodius's second legation into the ,east proved as unsuccessful as the former2 for ,anastasius rejected the formulary which the pope had drawn up for the union1 and endeavored to bribe the legates with money4 ,but finding them proof against all temptations1 he caused them to be sent out of his palace through a back door1 and put on board a ship with two prefects and several ,magisterians1#aie who had orders not to suffer them to enter into any city4 ,notwithstanding this1 the legates found an opportunity of dispersing their protestations in all cities2 but the bishops who received them1 from the dread they were under of being accused1 sent them all to ,constantinople4 ,upon this1 ,anastasius being very much exasperated1 dismissed about two hundred bishops who were already come to a council which was to have been held at ,heraclea to compose the distracted state of the ,oriental church4 ,such was the conclusion of the promise this emperor had given of concurring to restore union between the churches4 ,the people and the senate reproached him with the breach of the oath he had made to that purpose2 but he impiously said that there was a law which commanded an emperor to forswear himself and to tell a lie in cases of necessity4 ,this confirmed the people in their general suspicion1 that he had imbibed the opinions of the ,manichees4 ,st4 ,ennodius was obliged to put to sea in an old rotten vessel1 and all persons were forbidden to suffer him to land in any port of the eastern empire1 whereby he was exposed to manifest danger4 ,nevertheless1 he arrived safe in ,italy and returned to ,pavia4 ,the glory of suffering for the faith1 which his zeal and constancy had procured him1 far from serving to make him slothful or remiss in the discharge of his pastoral duties1 was on the contrary a spur to him in the more earnest pursuit of virtue1 lest by sluggishness he should deprive himself of the advantages which he might seem to have begun to attain4 ,he exerted his zeal in the conversion of souls1 his liberality in relieving the poor1 and in building and adorning churches1 and his piety and devotion in composing sacred poems on the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,st4 ,cyprian1 ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,dionysius of ,milan1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,euphemia1 ,st4 ,nazarius1 ,st4 ,martin1 c41 on the mysteries of ,pentecost and on the ,ascension1 on a baptistery adorned with the pictures of several martyrs whose relics were deposited in it4 ,he wrote two new forms of blessing the paschal candle1 in which the divine protection on the faithful is implored against winds1 storms1 and all dangers through the malice of our invisible enemies4#aif ,st4 ,ennodius died on the #ast of ,august1 #eba1 being only forty-eight years old4 ,he is styled a great and glorious confessor by the popes ,nicholas ,i4 and ,john ,,viii41 and is honored in the ,roman ,martyrology on the #agth of ,july4 ,his works were published by two ,jesuits1 ,f4 ,andrew ,scot at ,tournay in #afaj1 and by ,f4 ,james ,sirmond1 with notes1 at ,paris1 in #afaa1 and most completely among the works of ,f4 ,sirmond1 at ,paris in #afif1 t4 #a4 ,see his works1 the letters of pope ,hormisdas1 the ,pontifical and ,f4 ,sirmond's collections4 ,also ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #d1 ,julij1 p4 #bga4 ,,st4 ,,leo ,,iv4 ,,pope1 ,c4 ,he was son of a ,roman nobleman1 had been educated in the monastery of ,st4 ,martin without the walls1 and was made by ,sergius ,,ii4 priest of the four crowned martyrs4 ,he was chosen pope after the death of ,sergius ,,ii4 in #hdg1 and governed the ,church eight years1 three months1 and some days4 ,the ,saracens from ,calabria had lately plundered ,st4 ,peter's church on the ,vatican1 and were still hovering about ,rome4 ,leo made it his first care to repair the ornamental part of this church1 especially the ,confession or burying-place of ,st4 ,peter with the altar which stood upon it4 ,to prevent a second plundering of that holy place1 he1 with the approbation and liberal contributions of the emperor ,lothaire1 enclosed it and the whole ,vatican hill with a wall1 and built there a new rione or quarter of the city1 which from him is called ,leonina4 ,he rebuilt or repaired the walls of the city1 fortified with fifteen towers4 ,whilst he was putting ,rome in a posture of defence1 the ,saracens marched towards ,porto in order to plunder that town4 ,the ,neapolitans sent an army to the assistance of the ,romans3 the pope met these troops at ,ostia1 gave them his blessing1 and all the soldiers received the holy communion at his hands4 ,after the pope's departure1 a bloody battle ensued1 and the ,saracens were all slain1 taken1 or dispersed4 ,the good pope considered the sins of the people as the chief source of public disasters2 and being inflamed with a holy zeal1 he most vigorously exerted his authority for the reformation of manners and of the discipline of the ,church4 ,for this purpose he held at ,rome a council of sixty-seven bishops2 and1 among other instances1 he deposed and excommunicated ,anastasius1 cardinal priest of ,st4 ,marcellus's church1 because he had neglected to reside in his parish4 ,he received honorably ,ethelwolph1 king of ,england1 who1 in #hed1 made a pilgrimage to ,rome4 ,pope ,leo directed to all bishops and pastors a ,homily on the ,pastoral ,care1 published by ,labbe from the ,vatican manuscripts1 and also extant in the ,roman ,pontifical4 ,in it all the chief functions of the pastoral charge are regulated1 and every duty enforced with no less learning than piety4 ,among other miracles performed by this holy pope1 it is recorded that by the sign of the cross he extinguished a great fire in the city1 which threatened the church of the prince of the apostles4 ,he died on the #agth of ,july1 #hee1 and ,bennet ,,iii41 priest of the church of ,st4 ,calixtus1 was immediately chosen pope in his room4#aig ,he1 with many tears1 begged that so formidable a burden might not be laid on his shoulders1 but could not prevail4 ,anastasius1 the deposed priest1 set up for pope1 and procured the protection of the emperor ,louis ,,ii42 but the steady unanimity of the people in the election of ,bennet ,,iii41 overcame this opposition1 and he was consecrated on the #ast day of ,september in the same year1 #hee1 as is related by ,anastasius1 who was then living1 and shortly after 7before the year #hgj7 ,bibliothecarian of the church of ,rome1 the most learned man and the most shining ornament of that age1 as ,dr4 ,cave allows him to have been4 ,see ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #d1 ,jul4 p4 #cjb4 ,,st4 ,,turninus1 ,c4 ,was a holy ,irish priest and monk1 who1 coming with ,st4 ,foilan into the ,netherlands1 labored with unwearied zeal in bringing souls to the perfect practice of ,christian virtue4 ,the territory about ,antwerp reaped the chief fruit of his apostolic mission4 ,he died there about the close of the eighth century4 ,his relics were translated into the principality of ,liege1 and are honorably enshrined in a monastery situated on the ,sambre4 ,see ,colgan ,,mss4 ad #ag ,jul4 ,,july ,,xviii4 ,,st4 ,,symphorosa4 ,,and ,,her ,,seven ,,sons1 ,,martyrs4 ,from their genuine ,acts in ,ruinart1 c4 #ah4 ,some manuscripts attribute them to the celebrated ,julius ,africanus1 who wrote a chronology from the beginning of the world to the reign of ,heliogabalus1 now lost1 but commended by ,eusebius as an exact and finished work4 ,see ,ceillier1 t4 #a1 p4 #ffh4 ,a4 ,d4 #abj4 ,trajan's persecution in some degree continued during the first year of ,adrian's reign1 whence ,sulpicius ,severus places the fourth general persecution under this emperor4 ,however1 he put a stop to it about the year #abd1 moved probably both by the apologies of ,quadratus and ,aristides1 and by a letter which ,serenius ,granianus1 proconsul of ,asia1 had written to him in favor of the ,christians4#aih ,nay1 he had ,christ in veneration1 not as the ,saviour of the world1 but as a wonder or novelty1 and kept his image together with that of ,apollonius ,tyanus4 ,this ,god was pleased to permit1 that his afflicted church might enjoy some respite4 ,it was1 however1 again involved in the disgrace which the ,jews 7with whom the ,pagans at these times in some degree confounded the ,christians7 drew upon themselves by their rebellion1 which gave occasion to the last entire destruction of ,jerusalem in #acd4 ,then1 as ,st4 ,paulinus informs us1#aii ,adrian caused a statue of ,jupiter to be erected on the place where ,christ rose from the dead1 and a marble ,venus on the place of his crucifixion2 and at ,bethlehem1#bjj a grotto consecrated in honor of ,adonis or ,thammuz1 to whom he also dedicated the cave where ,christ was born4 ,this prince1 towards the end of his reign1 abandoned himself more than ever to acts of cruelty1 and being awaked by a fit of superstition1 he again drew his sword against the innocent flock of ,christ4 ,he built a magnificent country palace at ,tibur1 now ,tivoli1 sixteen miles from ,rome1 upon the most agreeable banks of the river ,anio1 now called ,teverone4 ,here he placed whatever could be procured most curious out of all the provinces4 ,having finished the building1 he intended to dedicate it by heathenish ceremonies1 which he began by offering sacrifices1 in order to induce the idols to deliver their oracles4 ,the demons answered3 8,the widow ,symphorosa and her seven sons daily torment us by invoking their ,god2 if they sacrifice1 we promise to be favorable to your vows40 ,this lady lived with her seven sons upon a plentiful estate which they enjoyed at ,tivoli1 and she liberally expended her treasures in assisting the poor1 especially in relieving the ,christians that suffered for the faith4 ,she was widow of ,st4 ,getulius or ,zoticus1 who had been crowned with martyrdom with his brother ,amantius4 ,they were both tribunes of legions or colonels in the army1 and are honored among the martyrs on the #ajth of ,june4 ,symphorosa had buried their bodies in her own farm1 and sighing to see her sons and herself united with them in immortal bliss1 she prepared herself to follow them by the most fervent exercise of all good works4 ,adrian1 whose superstition was alarmed at this answer of his gods or their priests1 ordered her and her sons to be seized1 and brought before him4 ,she came with joy in her countenance1 praying all the way for herself and her children1 that ,god would grant them the grace to confess his holy name with constancy4 ,the emperor exhorted them at first in mild terms to sacrifice4 ,symphorosa answered3 8,my husband1 ,getulius1 and his brother ,amantius1 being your tribunes1 have suffered divers torments for the name of ,jesus ,christ rather than sacrifice to idols2 and they have vanquished your demons by their death1 choosing to be beheaded rather than to be overcome4 ,the death they suffered drew upon them ignominy among men1 but glory among the angels2 and they now enjoy eternal life in heaven40 ,the emperor changing his voice1 said to her in an angry tone3 8,either sacrifice to the most powerful gods1 with thy sons1 or thou thyself shalt be offered up as a sacrifice together with them40 ,symphorosa answered3 8,your gods cannot receive me as a sacrifice2 but if ,i am burnt for the name of ,jesus ,christ1 my death will increase the torment which your devils endure in their flames4 ,but can ,i hope for so great a happiness as to be offered with my children a sacrifice to the true and living ,god80 ,adrian said3 8,either sacrifice to my gods1 or you shall all miserably perish40 ,symphorosa said 8,do not imagine that fear will make me change2 ,i am desirous to be at rest with my husband1 whom you put to death for the name of ,jesus ,christ40 ,the emperor then ordered her to be carried to the temple of ,hercules1 where she was first buffeted on the cheeks1 and afterward hung up by the hair of her head4 ,when no torments were able to shake her invincible soul1 the emperor gave orders that she should be thrown into the river with a great stone fastened about her neck4 ,her brother ,eugenius1 who was one of the chief of the council of ,tibur1 took up her body1 and buried it on the road near that town4 ,the next day the emperor sent for her seven sons all together1 and exhorted them to sacrifice and not imitate the obstinacy of their mother4 ,he added the severest threats1 but finding all to be in vain1 he ordered seven stakes with engines and pulleys to be planted round the temple of ,hercules1 and the pious youths to be bound upon them2 their limbs were in this posture tortured and stretched in such manner that the bones were disjointed in all parts of their bodies4 ,the young noblemen1 far from yielding under the violence of their tortures1 were encouraged by each other's example1 and seemed more eager to suffer than the executioners were to torment4 ,at length the emperor commanded them to be put to death1 in the same place where they were1 different ways4 ,the eldest called ,crescens had his throat cut2 the second called ,julian was stabbed in the breast2 ,nemesius the third was pierced with a lance in his heart2 ,primativius received his wound in the belly1 ,justin in the back1 ,stacteus on his sides1 and ,eugenius the youngest died by his body being cleft asunder into two parts across his breast from the head down wards4 ,the emperor came the next day to the temple of ,hercules1 and gave orders for a deep hole to be dug1 and all the bodies of these martyrs to be thrown into it4 ,the place was called by the heathen priest1 ,the seven ,biothanati2 which word signifieth in ,greek and in the style of art magic1 such as die by a violent death1 particularly such as were put to the torture4 ,after this1 a stop was put to the persecution for about eighteen months4#bja ,during which interval of peace the ,christians took up the remains of these martyrs1 and interred them with honor on the ,tiburtin road1 in the midway between ,tivoli and ,rome1 where still are seen some remains of a church erected in memory of them in a place called to this day1 ,the seven ,brothers4#bjb ,their bodies were translated by a pope called ,stephen1 into the church of the ,holy ,angel in the fish-market in ,rome1 where they were found in the pontificate of ,pius ,,iv41 with an inscription on a plate1 which mentioned this translation4#bjc 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,symphorosa set not before the eyes of her children the advantages of their riches and birth1 or of their father's honorable employments and great exploits2 but those of his piety and the triumph of his martyrdom4 ,she continually entertained them on the glory of heaven1 and the happiness of treading in the steps of our ,divine ,redeemer1 by the practice of humility1 patience1 resignation1 and charity1 which virtues are best learned in the path of humiliations and sufferings4 ,in these a ,christian finds this solid treasure1 and his unalterable peace and joy both in life and death4 ,the honors1 riches1 applause1 and pleasures with which the worldly sinner is sometimes surrounded1 can never satiate his desires2 often they do not even reach his heart1 which under this gorgeous show bleeds as it were inwardly1 while silent grief1 like a worm at the core1 preys upon his vitals4 ,death at least always draws aside the curtain1 and shows them to have been no better than mere dreams and shadows which passed in a moment1 but have left a cruel sting behind them1 which fills the mind with horror1 dread1 remorse1 and despair1 and racks the whole soul with confusion1 perplexities1 and alarms4 ,,st4 ,,philastrius1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,brescia1 ,c4 ,we know nothing of this saint's country1 only that he quitted it and the house and inheritance of his ancestors1 like ,abraham1 the more perfectly to disengage himself from the ties of the world4 ,he lived in perfect continency1 and often passed whole nights in meditating on the holy scriptures4 ,being ordained priest he travelled through many provinces to oppose the infidels and heretics1 especially the ,arians1 whose fury was at that time formidable over the whole ,church4 ,his zeal and lively faith gave him courage to rejoice with the apostles in suffering for the truth1 and to bear in his body the marks of the stripes which he received by a severe scourging which he underwent for ,jesus ,christ4 ,at ,milan he vigorously opposed the endeavors of ,auxentius1 the impious ,arian wolf1 who labored to destroy the flock of ,christ there2 and our saint was its strenuous guardian before ,st4 ,ambrose was made bishop of that city4 ,he afterward went to ,brescia1 and finding the inhabitants of that place savage and barbarous1 almost entirely ignorant in spiritual things1 yet desirous to learn1 he took much pains to instruct them1 and had the comfort to see his labors crowned with incredible success4 ,he rooted out the tares of many errors1 and cultivated this wild soil with such assiduity that it became fruitful in good works4 ,being chosen the seventh bishop of this see1 he exerted himself in the discharge of all his pastoral functions with such vigor as even to outdo himself2 and the authority of his high dignity added the greater weight to his endeavors4 ,he was not equal in learning to the ,ambroses and ,austins of that age2 but what was wanting in that respect was abundantly made up by the example of his life1 his spirit of perfect humility and piety1 and his unwearied application to every pastoral duty2 and he is an instance of what eminent service moderate abilities may be capable of in the ,church1 when they are joined with an heroic degree of virtue4 ,to caution his flock against the danger of errors in faith1 he wrote his ,catalogue of ,heresies1 in which he does not take that word in its strict sense and according to the theological definition2 but sometimes puts in the number of heresies certain opinions which he rejects only as less probable1 and which are problematically disputed2 as that the witch of ,endor evoked the very soul of ,samuel4#bjd ,he everywhere breathes an ardent zeal for the ,catholic faith4 ,st4 ,gaudentius extols his profound humility1 his meekness1 and sweetness towards all men1 which was such that it seemed natural to him to repay injuries only with kindness and favors1 and he never discovered the least emotions of anger4 ,by his charity and patience he gained the hearts of all men4 ,in all he did he sought no interest but that of ,jesus ,christ2 and sovereignly contemning all earthly things he pursued and valued only those that are eternal4 ,being most mortified and sparing in his diet and apparel1 he seemed to know no other use of money than to employ it in relieving the poor2 and he extended his liberality1 not only to all that were reduced to beggary1 but also to tradesmen and all others1 whom he often generously enabled to carry on1 or when expedient to enlarge their business4 ,though he communicated himself with surprising charity and goodness to all sorts of persons of every age1 sex1 and condition1 he seemed always to receive the poor with particular affection4 ,he trained up many pious and eminent disciples1 among whom are named ,st4 ,gaudentius1 and one ,benevolus1 who in his life was a true imitator of the apostles2 and being afterward preferred to an honorable post in the emperor ,valentinian's court1 chose rather to lay it down than to promulgate a rescript of the empress ,justina in favor of the ,arians4 ,st4 ,austin saw ,st4 ,philastrius at ,milan with ,st4 ,ambrose1 in the year #chd4bje ,he died soon after1 and before ,st4 ,ambrose1 his metropolitan1 who after his death placed ,st4 ,gaudentius in the see of ,brescia4 ,this saint solemnized every year with his people the day on which his master ,st4 ,philastrius passed to glory1 and always honored it with a panegyric2 but of these discourses only the fourteenth is extant4 ,see the life or encomium of ,st4 ,philastrius by ,st4 ,gaudentius1 published by ,surius4 ,also the accurate history of the church of ,brescia1 entitled ,pontificum ,brixianorum series commentario historico illustrata1 opera ,j4 ,h4 ,gradonici4 ,c4 ,r4 ,brixie1 #agee1 t4 #a4 ,,st4 ,,arnoul1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,metz1 ,c4 ,among the illustrious saints who adorned the court of king ,clotaire the ,great1 none is more famous than ,st4 ,arnoul4 ,he was a ,frenchman1 born of rich and noble parents2 and1 having been educated in learning and piety1 was called to the court of king ,theodebert1 in which he held the second place among the great officers of state1 being next to ,gondulph1 mayor of the palace4 ,though young1 he was equally admired for prudence in the council and for valor in the field4 ,by assiduous prayer1 fasting1 and excessive alms-deeds1 he joined the virtues of a perfect ,christian with the duties of a courtier4 ,having married a noble lady called ,doda1 he had by her two sons1 ,clodulf and ,ansegisus2 by the latter the ,carlovingian race of kings of ,france descended from ,st4 ,arnoul4 ,fearing the danger of entangling his soul in many affairs which passed through his hands1 he desired to retire to the monastery of ,lerins2 but being crossed in the execution of his project1 passed to the court of king ,clotaire4 ,that great monarch1 the first year in which he reigned over all ,france1 assented to the unanimous request of the clergy and people of ,metz1 demanding ,arnoul for their bishop4 ,our saint did all that could be done to change the measures taken1 but in vain4 ,he was consecrated bishop in #fad1 and his wife ,doda took the religious veil at ,triers4 ,the king obliged ,arnoul still to assist at his councils1 and to fill the first place at his court4 ,the saint always wore a hair shirt under his garments2 he sometimes passed three days without eating1 and his usual food was only barley and water4 ,he seemed to regard whatever he possessed as the patrimony of the poor1 and his alms seemed to exceed all bounds4 ,his benevolence took in all the objects of charity1 but his discretion singled out those more particularly whose greater necessities called more pressingly upon his bounty4 ,in #fbb ,clotaire ,,ii4 divided his dominions1 and making his son ,dagobert king of ,austrasia1 appointed ,st4 ,arnoul duke of ,austrasia and chief counsellor and ,pepin of ,landen mayor of his palace4 ,the reign of this prince was virtuous1 prosperous1 and glorious1 so long as ,arnoul remained at the helm2 but the saint anxiously desiring to retire from all business1 that he might more seriously study to secure his own salvation before he should be called hence1 never ceased to solicit the king for leave to quit the court4 ,dagobert long refused his consent1 but at length1 out of a scruple lest he should oppose the call of heaven1 granted it1 though with the utmost reluctance4 ,st4 ,arnoul resigned also his bishopric1 and retired into the deserts of ,vosge1 near the monastery of ,remiremont1 on the top of a high mountain1 where a hermitage is at this day standing4 ,here the saint labored daily with fresh fervor to advance in the path of ,christian perfection2 for the greater progress a person has already made in virtue1 the more does the prospect enlarge upon him1 and the more perfectly does he see how much is yet wanting in him1 and how great a scope is left for exerting his endeavors still more4 ,who will pretend to have made equal advances with ,st4 ,paul towards perfection8 yet he was far from ever thinking that he had finished his work1 or that he might remit anything in his endeavors4 ,on the contrary1 we find him imitating the alacrity of those who run in a race who do not so much consider what ground they have already cleared1 as how much still remains to call forth their utmost eagerness and strength4 ,nor can there be a more certain sign that a person has not yet arrived at the lowest and first degree of virtue1 than that he should think he does not need to aim higher4 ,in this vigorous pursuit ,st4 ,arnoul died on the #afth of ,august in #fdj4 ,his remains were brought to ,metz1 and enrich the great abbey which bears his name4 ,the ,roman ,martyrology mentions him on the #ahth of ,july1 on which day the translation of his relics was performed2 the ,gallican on the #afth of ,august4 ,see his life1 faithfully compiled by his successor1 in ,mabillon1 ,act4 ,bened4 t4 #b1 p4 #aej4 ,also ,calmet1 ,hist4 de ,lorraine1 t4 #a1 l4 #i1 n4 #aj1 c4 p4 #cgh1 #cha1 c4 ,bosch the ,bollandist1 t4 #e1 ,jul4 p4 #dbc2 and ,d4 ,cajot1 ,benedictin monk of ,st4 ,arnoul's ,les ,antiquits de ,metz1 an4 #agfa4 ,,st4 ,,arnoul1 ,m4 ,he preached the faith among the ,franks after ,st4 ,remigius had baptized king ,clovis4 ,he suffered much in his apostolic labors1 and was at length martyred in the ,aquilin forest between ,paris and ,chartres1 about the year #ecd4 ,his name is highly reverenced at ,paris1 ,rheims1 and over all ,france4 ,see ,cuper the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #d1 p4 #cif4 ,,saint ,,frederic1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,utrecht1 ,m4 ,he was descended of a most illustrious family among the ,frisons1 and according to the author of his life1 was great-grandson to ,radbod1 king of that country1 before it was conquered by the ,french4 ,he was trained up in piety and sacred literature among the clergy of the church of ,utrecht4 ,his fasts and other austerities were excessive1 and his watchings in fervent prayer were not less inimitable4 ,being ordained priest1 he was charged by bishop ,ricfrid with the care of instructing the catechumens1 and that good prelate dying in #hbj1 he was chosen the eighth bishop of ,utrecht from ,st4 ,willibrord4#bjf ,the holy man1 with many tears1 before the clergy and people1 declared1 in moving terms1 his incapacity and unworthiness1 but by the authority of the emperor ,louis ,debonnaire was compelled to submit4 ,he therefore repaired to his metropolitan1 the archbishop of ,mentz1 and at ,aix-la-,chapelle received the investiture by the ring and crosier1 and was consecrated by the bishops in presence of the emperor1 who zealously recommended to him the extirpation of the remains of idolatry in ,friesland4 ,the new bishop was met by the clergy and others of his church1 and by them honorably conducted from the ,rhine to ,utrecht4 ,he immediately applied himself to establish everywhere the best order1 and sent zealous and virtuous laborers into the northern parts1 to root out the relics of idolatry which still subsisted there4 ,charlemagne1 by treating with severity the conquered ,frisons and ,saxons1 had alienated their minds from his empire2 but upon his death in #had1 ,louis his son1 whom he had made in his own life-time king of ,aquitain1 came to the empire1 by excluding his little nephew ,bernard1 king of ,italy1 grandson of ,pepin1 elder brother to this ,louis1 whom their father made king of ,italy1 but who died in #haj1 leaving that kingdom to his son and grandson both named ,bernard4 ,louis upon his accession to the throne eased the ,saxons of their heavy taxes1 and showed them so much lenity that he gained their hearts to the empire for ever1 and from his courtesy and from this and other actions of clemency was surnamed ,the ,debonnaire1 or the ,gracious4 ,he lost his queen ,irmingarde1 who died at ,angiers in #hah1 by whom he had three sons1 ,lothaire1 ,pepin1 and ,louis4 ,the first he made king of ,italy1#bjg the second king of ,aquitain1 and ,louis king of ,bavaria2 reserving to himself the rest of ,bavaria and ,france4 ,in #hai he married ,judith1 daughter of ,guelph1 count of ,aldorff1 by whom he had ,charles the ,bald1 afterward emperor and king of ,france4 ,she was an ambitious and wanton woman2 her adulteries gave great scandal to the people1 and her overbearing insolence and continual intrigues embroiled the state1 and drove the three eldest sons into open rebellion against their father4#bjh ,nothing can excuse the methods to which these unnatural princes had recourse1 under pretence of remedying the public disorders1 which sprang from the weakness of their father1 and the malice of a hated mother-in-law4 ,but the scandals of her lewdness stirred up the zeal of our holy pastor to act the part of a second ,john the ,baptist4 ,the contemporary author of the life of ,wala1 abbot of ,lorbie1 who was deeply concerned in the secret transactions of that court1 confidently charges her with incest and adultery with her relation and favorite minister1 ,bernard count of ,barcelona4 ,the author of the life of ,st4 ,frederic says1 her marriage with ,louis was incestuous1 and within the forbidden degrees of affinity2 but this circumstance could not have escaped the censure of her enemies2 and from their silence is rejected by ,mabillon and others as fabulous4 ,whatever the scandals of her gallantries were1 ,st4 ,frederic1 the neighborhood of whose see gave him free access to the court1 then chiefly kept at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 admonished her of them with an apostolic freedom and charity1 but without any other effect than that of drawing upon himself the fury and resentment of a second ,jezebel1 if we may believe the historians of that age4 ,our saint suffered also another persecution4 ,the inhabitants of ,wallacria1 now called ,walcheren1 one of the principal islands of ,zealand1 belonging to the ,netherlands1 were of all others the most barbarous1 and most averse to the maxims of the gospel4 ,on which account ,st4 ,frederic1 when he sent priests into the northern uncultivated provinces of his diocess1 took this most dangerous and difficult part chiefly to himself2 and nothing here gave him more trouble than the incestuous marriages contracted within the forbidden degrees1 and the separation of the parties4 ,to extirpate this inveterate evil he employed assiduous exhortations1 tears1 watching1 prayer1 and fasting2 summoned an assembly of the principal persons of the island1 and earnestly recommended the means to banish this abuse from among them1 broke many such pretended marriages1 and reconciled many persons that had done sincere penance to ,god and his ,church4 ,he composed a prayer to the ,blessed ,trinity with an exposition of that adorable mystery against heresies1 which for many ages was used in the ,netherlands with great devotion4 ,the reputation of his sanctity made him to be considered as one of the most illustrious prelates of the ,church1 as appears from a poem of ,rabanus ,maurus1 his contemporary1 in praise of his virtue1 published with notes among his poetical works1 together with those of ,fortunatus by ,f4 ,brower1 ,s4 ,j4#bji ,whilst this holy pastor was intent only upon the duties of his charge1 one day when he came from the altar having said mass1 as he was going to kneel down in the chapel of ,st4 ,john ,baptist to perform his thanksgiving and other private devotions1 he was stabbed in the bowels by two assassins4 ,he expired in a few minutes1 reciting that verse of the hundred and fourteenth psalm1--,i will please the ,lord in the land of the living4 ,the author of his life says these assassins were employed by the empress ,judith1 who could not pardon the liberty he had taken to reprove her incest4 ,william of ,malmesbury#baj and other historians assert the same2 and this seems clearly to have been the true cause and manner of his martyrdom2 ,william ,heda1#baa ,beka1#bab ,emmius1#bac and many others confirm the same4 ,baronius in his annals1 ,mabillon1 ,le ,cointe1 and ,baillet think these assassins were rather sent by some of the incestuous inhabitants of ,wallacria1 but this opinion is destitute of the authority of ancient historians4 ,the martyr's body was buried in the same church of ,st4 ,saviour1 called ,oude-,munster1 at ,utrecht4 ,his death happened on the #agth of ,july1 #hch1 as ,mabillon has proved4 ,see the life of ,st4 ,frederic with the notes of ,cuper the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #d1 p4 #deb1 and ,batavia ,sacra1 p4 #ii4 ,also ,heda's ,history of the ,bishops of ,utrecht1 ,beka and ,emmius4 ,,st4 ,,odulph1 ,,canon ,,of ,,utrecht1 ,c4 ,he was born of noble ,french parents1 and distinguished in his youth by the innocence of his manners1 and his remarkable progress in learning and piety4 ,being ordained priest1 he was made curate of ,oresscoth in ,brabant4 ,st4 ,frederic afterward1 by urgent entreaties1 engaged him1 for the greater glory of ,god1 to be his strenuous assistant in reforming the manners of the fierce ,frisons2 in which undertaking it is incredible what fatigues he underwent1 and what proofs he gave of heroic patience1 meekness1 zeal1 and charity4 ,contemplation and prayer were the support and refreshment of his soul under his continual labors and austerities4 ,several wonderful predictions of things which happened long after his death1 are recorded in his life4 ,in his old age he resided at ,utrecht1 and died canon of the cathedral4 ,to his last moments he allowed himself no indulgence1 and never relaxed his fervor in labor2 but rather redoubled his pace the nearer he saw his end approach1 knowing this to be the condition of the ,christian's hire1 and fearing to lose by sloth and for want of perseverance the crown for which he fought4 ,his fasts1 his watchings1 his assiduity in prayer1 his almsdeeds1 his zeal in instructing the people1 and exhorting all men to the divine love and the contempt of all earthly things1 seemed to gather strength with his years4 ,being seized with a fever1 he with joy foretold his last moment1 and earnestly exhorting his brethren to fervor1 and commending himself to their prayers1 he promised1 by the divine mercy1 never to forget them before ,god1 and happily departed this life in the ninth age1 on the #abth of ,june1 on which day his festival was kept with great solemnity at ,utrecht and ,staveren4 ,several churches and chapels bear his name2 but the chapel at the ,new ,bridge in ,amsterdam1 called ,olofs-,kapel1 was erected by the ,danish sailors in memory of ,st4 ,olaus1 king of ,norway and ,martyr1 not of ,st4 ,odulph1 as the ,bollandists and some others have mistaken4 ,see the life of ,st4 ,odulph in the ,bollandists1 ,junij1 t4 #b1 and ,batavia ,sacra1 p4 #ajf4 ,,st4 ,,bruno1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,segni1 ,c4 ,he was of the illustrious family of the lords of ,asti in ,piemont and born near that city4 ,from his cradle he considered1 that man's happiness is only to be found in loving ,god2 and to please him in all his actions was his only and his most ardent desire4 ,he made his studies in the monastery of ,st4 ,perpetuus in the diocess of ,asti4 ,bosch proves that he never was canon of ,asti1 but enjoyed some years a canonry at ,sienna1 as he himself informs us4 ,in the ,roman council in #ajgi1 he defended the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church concerning the blessed eucharist against ,berengarius2 and pope ,gregory ,,vii4 nominated him bishop of ,segni in the ecclesiastical state in #ajha4 ,bruno1 who had been compelled to submit1 after a long and strenuous resistance1 served his flock1 and on many important occasions the universal ,church1 with unwearied zeal4 ,gregory ,,vii4 who died in #ajhe1 ,victor ,,iii4 formerly abbot of mount ,cassino1 who died in #ajhg1 and ,urban ,,ii4 who had been scholar to ,st4 ,bruno 7afterward institutor of the ,carthusians7 at ,rheims1 then a monk at ,cluni1 and afterward bishop of ,ostia1 had the greatest esteem for our saint4 ,he attended ,urban ,,ii4 into ,france in #ajie1 and assisted at the council of ,tours in #ajif4 ,after his return into ,italy he continued to labor for the sanctification of his soul and that of his flock1 till not being able any longer to resist his inclination for solitude and retirement1 he withdrew to mount ,cassino1 and put on the monastic habit4 ,the people of ,segni demanded him back2 but ,oderisus1 abbot of mount ,cassino1 and several ,cardinals1 whose mediation the saint employed1 prevailed upon the pope to allow his retreat4 ,the abbot ,oderisus was succeeded by ,otho in #aaje1 and this latter dying in #aajg1 the monks chose bishop ,bruno abbot4 ,he was often employed by the pope in important commissions1 and by his writings labored to support ecclesiastical discipline#bad and to extirpate simony4 ,this vice he looked upon as the source of all the disorders which excited the tears of all zealous pastors in the ,church1 by filling the sanctuary with hirelings1 whose worldly spirit raises an insuperable opposition to that of the gospel4 ,what would this saint have said had he seen the collation of benefices1 and the frequent translations of bishops in some parts1 which serve to feed and inflame avarice and ambition in those in whom1 above all others1 a perfect disengagement from earthly things and crucifixion of the passions ought to lay a foundation of the gospel temper and spirit8 ,paschal ,,ii4 formerly a monk of ,cluni1 succeeded ,urban ,,ii4 in the pontificate in #ajii4 ,by his order ,st4 ,bruno having been abbot of mount ,cassino about four years1 returned to his bishopric1 having resigned his abbacy1 and left his abbatial crosier on the altar4 ,he continued faithfully to discharge the episcopal functions to his death1 which happened at ,segni on the #cast of ,august in #aabe4 ,he was canonized by ,lucius ,,iii4 in #aahc1 and his feast is kept in ,italy on the #ahth of ,july4 ,see his anonymous authentic life1 and ,leo of ,ostia and ,peter the deacon in their chronicle of mount ,cassino1 with the notes of ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #d1 ,julij1 p4 #dga4 ,also ,dom4 ,maur ,marchesi1 dean of mount ,cassino1 in his apparatus 7prefixed to the works of this saint7 printed at ,venice in #afea2 ,mabillon1 ,annal4 ,bened4 l4 #gj1 ,ceillier1 t4 #ba1 p4 #aja4 ,,july ,,xix4 ,,st4 ,,vincent ,,of ,,paul1 ,c4 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,lazarites1 ,,or ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,mission4 ,from his edifying life written by ,abelly1 bishop of ,rodez1 and again by the celebrated continuator of ,tournely's ,theological ,lectures1 ,dr4 ,peter ,collet1 in two volumes1 quarto1 ,nancy1 #agdh4 ,see also ,perrault1 ,hommes ,illustr4 ,helyot1 ,hist4 des ,ord4 ,relig4 t4 #h1 p4 #fd1 and the bull of his canonization published by ,clement ,,xii4 in #agcg1 apud ,bened4 ,,xiv4 de canoniz41 t4 #d1 ,append4 p4 #cfc4 ,a4 ,d4 #affj4 ,even in the most degenerate ages1 when the true maxims of the gospel seem almost obliterated among the generality of those who profess it1 ,god fails not1 for the glory of his holy name1 to raise to himself faithful ministers to revive the same in the hearts of many4 ,having1 by the perfect crucifixion of the old man in their hearts1 and the gift of prayer1 prepared them to become vessels of his grace1 he replenishes them with the spirit of his apostles that they may be qualified to conduct others in the paths of heroic virtue1 in which the ,holy ,ghost was himself their interior ,master4 ,one of these instruments of the divine mercy was ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul4 ,he was a native of ,poul1 a village near ,acqs in ,gascony1 not far from the ,pyrenan mountains4 ,his parents1 ,william of ,paul and ,bertranda of ,morass1 occupied a very small farm of which they were the proprietors1 and upon the produce of which they brought up a family of four sons and two daughters4 ,the children were brought up in innocence1 and inured from their infancy to the most laborious part of country labor4 ,but ,vincent1 the third son1 gave extraordinary proofs of his wit and capacity1 and from his infancy showed a seriousness and an affection for holy prayer far beyond his age4 ,he spent great part of his time in that exercise when he was employed in the fields to keep the cattle4 ,that he might give to ,christ in the persons of the poor all that was in his power1 he deprived himself of his own little conveniences and necessaries for that purpose in whatever it was possible for him to retrench from his own use4 ,this early fervent consecration of himself to ,god1 and these little sacrifices which may be compared to the widow's two mites in the gospel1 were indications of the sincere ardor with which he began to seek ,god from the first opening of his reason to know and love him2 and were doubtless a means to draw down upon him from the author of these graces other greater blessings4 ,his father was determined by the strong inclinations of the child to learning and piety1 and the quickness of his parts1 to procure him a school education4 ,he placed him first under the care of the ,cordeliers or ,franciscan friars at ,acqs1 paying for his board and lodging the small pension of sixty ,french livres1 that is1 not six pounds ,english1 a year4 ,vincent had been four years at the schools when ,mr4 ,commet1 a gentleman of that town1 being much taken with his virtue and prudence1 chose him sub-preceptor to his children1 and enabled him to continue his studies without being any longer a burden to his parents4 ,at twenty years of age1 in #aeif1 he was qualified to go to the university of ,toulouse1 where he spent seven years in the study of divinity1 and commenced bachelor in that faculty4 ,in that city he was promoted to the holy orders of subdeacon and deacon in #aeih1 and of priesthood in #afjj1 having received the tonsure and minor orders a few days before he left ,acqs4 ,he seemed already endowed with all those virtues which make up the character of a worthy and zealous minister of the altar2 yet he knew not the full extent of heroic entire self-denial1 by which a man becomes dead and crucified to all inordinate self-will2 upon which perfect self-denial are engrafted the total sacrifice of the heart to ,god1 perfect humility1 and that purity and ardor of divine charity which constitute the saint4 ,vincent was a good proficient in theology and other sciences of the schools1 and had diligently applied himself to the study of the maxims of ,christian virtue in the gospel1 in the lives of the saints1 and in the doctrine of the greatest masters of a spiritual life4 ,but there remained a new science for him to learn1 which was to cost him much more than bare study and labor4 ,this consists in perfect experimental and feeling sentiments of humility1 patience1 meekness1 and charity2 which science is only to be learned by the good use of severe interior and exterior trials4 ,this is the mystery of the cross1 unknown to those whom the ,holy ,ghost has not led into this important secret of his conduct in preparing souls for the great works of his grace4 ,the prosperity of the wicked will appear at the last day to have often been the most dreadful judgment1 and a state in which they were goaded on in the pursuit of their evil courses2 whilst1 on the contrary1 it will then be manifested to all men that the afflictions of the saints have been the greatest effects of divine mercy4 ,thus1 by a chain of temporal disasters1 did ,god lay in the soul of ,vincent the solid foundation of that high virtue to which by his grace he afterward raised him4 ,the saint went to ,marseilles in #afje1 to receive a legacy of five hundred crowns which had been left him by a friend who died in that city4 ,intending to return to ,toulouse1 he set out in a felucca or large boat from ,marseilles to ,narbonne1 but was met in the way by three brigantines of ,african pirates4 ,the infidels seeing the ,christians refuse to strike their flag1 charged them with great fury1 and on the first onset killed three of their men1 and wounded every one of the rest2 ,vincent received a shot of an arrow4 ,the ,christians were soon obliged to surrender4 ,the first thing the ,mahometans did was to cut the captain in pieces because he had not struck at the first summons1 and in combat had killed one of their men and four or five slaves4 ,the rest they put in chains2 and continued seven or eight days longer on that coast1 committing several other piracies1 but sparing the lives of those that made no resistance4 ,when they had got a sufficient booty they sailed for ,barbary4 ,upon landing they drew up an act of their seizure1 in which they falsely declared that ,vincent and his companions had been taken on board of a ,spanish vessel1 that the ,french consul might not challenge them4 ,then they gave to every slave a pair of loose breeches1 a linen jerkin1 and a bonnet4 ,in this garb they were led five or six times through the city of ,tunis to be shown2 after which they were brought back to their vessel1 where the merchants came to see them1 as men do at the sale of a horse or an ox4 ,they examined who could eat well1 felt their sides1 looked at their teeth to see who were of scorbutic habits of body1 consequently unlikely for very long life2 they probed their wounds1 and made them walk and run in all paces1 lift up burdens1 and wrestle1 to judge of their strength4 ,vincent was bought by a fisherman1 who1 finding that he could not bear the sea1 soon sold him again to an old physician1 a great chemist and extractor of essences1 who had spent fifty years in search of the pretended philosopher's stone4 ,he was humane1 and loved ,vincent exceedingly2 but gave him long lectures on his alchemy1 and on the ,mahometan law1 to which he used his utmost efforts to bring him over2 promising1 on that condition1 to leave him all his riches1 and to communicate to him1 what he valued much more than his estate1 all the secrets of his pretended science4 ,vincent feared the danger of his soul much more than all the hardships of his slavery1 and most earnestly implored the divine assistance against it1 recommending himself particularly to the intercession of the ,blessed ,virgin1 to which he ever after attributed his victory over this temptation4 ,he lived with this old man from ,september #afje to ,august #afjf1 when1 by this physician's death1 he fell to the share of a nephew of his master1 a true man-hater4 ,by resignation to the divine will1 and confidence in providence1 he enjoyed a sweet repose in his own heart under all accidents1 hardships1 and dangers2 and by assiduous devout meditation on the sufferings of ,christ1 learned to bear all his afflictions with comfort and joy1 uniting himself in spirit with his ,divine ,redeemer1 and studying to copy in himself his lessons of perfect meekness1 patience1 silence1 and charity4 ,this new master sold him in a short time to a renegado ,christian who came from ,nice in ,savoy4 ,this man sent him to his temat or farm situate on a hot desert mountain4 ,this apostate had three wives1 of which one1 who was a ,turkish woman1 went often to the field where ,vincent was digging1 and out of curiosity would ask him to sing the praises of ,god4 ,he used to sing to her1 with tears in his eyes1 the psalm ,upon the rivers of ,babylon1 c4 the ,salve ,regina1 and such like prayers4 ,she was so much taken with our holy faith1 and doubtless with the saintly deportment of the holy slave1 that she never ceased repeating to her husband1 that he had basely abandoned the only true religion1 till like another ,caiphas or ass of ,balaam1 without opening her own eyes to the faith1 she made him enter into himself4 ,sincerely repenting of his apostasy1 he agrees with ,vincent to make their escape together4 ,they crossed the ,mediterranean sea in a small light boat which the least squall of wind would overset2 and they landed safe at ,aigues-,mortes1 near ,marseilles1 on the #bhth of ,june1 #afjg1 and thence proceeded to ,avignon4 ,the apostate made his abjuration in the hands of the vice-legate1 and the year following went with ,vincent to ,rome1 and there entered himself a penitent in the austere convent of the ,fate-,ben-,fratelli1 who served the hospitals according to the rule of ,st4 ,john of ,god4 ,vincent received great comfort at the sight of a place most venerable for its pre-eminence in the church1 which has been watered with the blood of so many martyrs1 and is honored with the tombs of the two great apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul and many other saints4 ,he was moved to tears at the remembrance of their zeal1 fortitude1 humility1 and charity1 and often devoutly visited their monuments1 praying earnestly that he might be so happy as to walk in their steps1 and imitate their virtues4 ,after a short stay at ,rome1 to satisfy his devotion1 he returned to ,paris1 and took up his quarters in the suburb of ,st4 ,germain's4 ,there lodged in the same house a gentleman1 the judge of a village near ,bourdeaux1 who happened to be robbed of four hundred crowns4 ,he charged ,vincent with the theft1 thinking it could be nobody else2 and in this persuasion he spoke against him with the greatest virulence among all his friends1 and wherever he went4 ,vincent calmly denied the fact1 saying1 8,god knows the truth40 ,he bore this slander six years1 without making any other defence1 or using harsh words or complaints1 till the true thief being taken up at ,bourdeaux on another account1 to appease his own conscience and clear the innocent he sent for this judge1 and confessed to him the crime4 ,st4 ,vincent related this in a spiritual conference with his priests1 but as of a third person2 to show that patience1 humble silence1 and resignation are generally the best defence of our innocence1 and always the happiest means of sanctifying our souls under slanders and persecution2 and we may be assured that providence will in its proper time justify us1 if expedient4 ,at ,paris ,vincent became acquainted with the holy priest ,monsieur de ,berulle1 who was afterward cardinal1 and at that time was taken up in founding the ,congregation of the ,french ,oratory4 ,a saint readily discovers a soul in which the spirit of ,god reigns4 ,berulle conceived a great esteem for ,st4 ,vincent from his first conversation with him2 and to engage him in the service of his neighbor1 he prevailed with him first to serve as curate of the parish of ,clichi1 a small village near ,paris2 and soon after to quit that employ to take upon him the charge of preceptor to the children of ,emmanuel de ,gondy1 count of ,joigny1 general of the galleys of ,france4 ,his lady1 ,frances of ,silly1 a person of singular piety1 was so taken with the sanctity of ,vincent1 that she chose him for her spiritual director and confessor4 ,in the year #afaf1 whilst the countess of ,joigny was at a country seat at ,folleville1 in the diocess of ,amiens1 ,vincent was sent for to the village of ,gannes1 two leagues from ,folleville1 to hear the confession of a countryman who lay dangerously ill4 ,the zealous priest1 by carefully examining his penitent1 found it necessary to advise him to make a general confession1 with which the other joyfully complied4 ,the penitent by this means discovered that all his former confessions had been sacrilegious for want of a due examination of his conscience2 and afterward1 bathed in tears1 he declared aloud1 in transports of joy before many persons and the countess of ,joigny herself1 that he should have been eternally lost if he had not spoken to ,vincent4 ,the pious lady was struck with dread and horror to hear of such past sacrileges1 and to consider the imminent danger of being damned in which that poor soul had been2 and she trembled lest some others among her vassals might have the misfortune to be in the like case4 ,far from the criminal illusion of pride by which some masters and mistresses seem persuaded that they owe no care1 attention1 or provision to those whose whole life is employed only to give them the fruit of their sweat and labors2 she was sensible from the principles both of nature and religion1 that masters or lords lie under strict ties of justice and charity towards all committed to their care2 and that they are bound in the first place1 as far as it lies in their power1 to see them provided with the necessary spiritual helps for their salvation4 ,but to wave the obligation1 what ,christian heart can pretend to the bowels of charity1 and be insensible at the dangers of such persons8 ,the virtuous countess felt in her own breast the strongest alarms for so many poor souls1 which she called her own by many titles4 ,she therefore entreated ,vincent to preach in the church of ,folleville1 on the feast of the ,conversion of ,st4 ,paul1 in #afag1 and fully to instruct the people in the great duty of repentance and confession of sins4 ,he did so2 and such crowds flocked to him to make general confessions that he was obliged to call in the ,jesuits of ,amiens to his assistance4 ,the ,congregation of the mission dates its first institution from this time1 and in thanksgiving for it1 keeps the #beth of ,january with great solemnity4 ,by the advice of ,monsieur de ,berulle1 ,st4 ,vincent left the house of the countess in #afag1 to employ his talents among the common people in the villages of ,bresse1 where he heard they stood in great need of instruction4 ,he prevailed upon five other zealous priests to bear him company1 and with them formed a little community in the parish of ,chatillon in that province4 ,he there converted by his sermons the count of ,rougemont and many others from their scandalous unchristian lives to a state of eminent penance and fervor1 and in a short time changed the whole face of the country4#bae ,the good countess his patroness was infinitely pleased with his success1 and gave him sixteen thousand livres to found a perpetual mission among the common people in the place and manner he should think fit4 ,but she could not be easy herself whilst she was deprived of his direction and advice2 she therefore employed ,monsieur de ,berulle1 and her brother-in-law cardinal de ,retz1 to prevail with him to come to her1 and extorted from him a promise that he would never abandon the direction of her conscience so long as she lived1 and that he would assist her at her death4 ,but being extremely desirous that others1 especially those who were particularly entitled to her care and attention1 should want nothing that could contribute to their sanctification and salvation1 she induced her husband to concur with her in establishing a company of able and zealous missionaries who should be employed in assisting their vassals and farmers4 ,this project they proposed to their brother1 ,john ,francis of ,gondi1 the first archbishop of ,paris1 and he gave the college of ,bons ,enfans for the reception of the new community4 ,all things being agreed on ,st4 ,vincent took possession of this house in ,april #afbe4 ,the count and countess gave forty thousand ,french livres to begin the foundation4 ,st4 ,vincent attended the countess till her pious death1 which happened on the #bc;d of ,june the same year2 after which he joined his ,congregation4 ,he drew up for it certain rules or constitutions which were approved by pope ,urban ,,viii41 in #afcb4 ,king ,louis ,,xiii4 confirmed the establishment by letters patent1 which he granted in ,may the same year2 and1 in #afcc1 the regular canons of ,st4 ,victor gave to this new institute the priory of ,st4 ,lazarus1 which being a spacious building was made the chief house of the ,congregation1 and from it the ,fathers of the ,mission were often called ,lazarites or ,lazarians4 ,they are not religious men1 but a ,congregation of secular priests1 who after two years' probation make four simple vows1 of poverty1 chastity1 obedience1 and stability4 ,they devote themselves to labor1 in the first place1 in sanctifying their own souls by the particular holy exercises prescribed in their institute2 secondly1 in the conversion of sinners to ,god2 and thirdly1 in training up clergymen for the ministry of the altar and the care of souls4 ,to attain the first end1 their rule prescribes them an hour's meditation every morning1 self-examination thrice every day1 spiritual conferences every week1 a yearly retreat of eight days1 and silence except in the hours allowed for conversation4 ,to comply with the second obligation1 they are employed eight months every year in missions among the country people1 staying three or four weeks in each place which they visit1 every day giving catechism1 making familiar sermons1 hearing confessions1 reconciling differences1 and performing all other works of charity4 ,to correspond with the third end which ,st4 ,vincent proposed to himself1 some of this ,congregation undertake the direction of seminaries1 and admit ecclesiastics or others to make retreats of eight or ten days with them1 to whom they prescribe suitable exercises2 and for these purposes excellent rules are laid down by the founder4 ,pope ,alexander ,,vii41 in #affb1 enjoined by a brief1 that all persons who receive holy orders in ,rome1 or in the six suffragan bishoprics1 shall first make a retreat of ten days under the direction of the fathers of this ,congregation1 under pain of suspension4 ,st4 ,vincent settled his institute also in the seminary of ,st4 ,charles in ,paris1 and lived to see twenty-five houses of it founded in ,france1 ,piedmont1 ,poland1 and other places4 ,this foundation1 though so extensive and beneficial1 could not satisfy the zeal of this apostolic man4 ,he by every other means studied to procure the relief of others under all necessities1 whether spiritual or corporal4 ,for this purpose he established many other confraternities1 as that called ,of ,charity1 to attend all poor sick persons in each parish2 which institution he began in ,bresse1 and propagated in other places where he made any missions2 one called ,of the ,dames of the ,cross1 for the education of young girls2 another of ,dames to serve the sick in great hospitals1 as in that of ,hotel ,dieu in ,paris4 ,he procured and directed the foundation of several great hospitals1 as in ,paris that of foundlings1 or those children who1 for want of such a provision1 are exposed to the utmost distress1 or to the barbarity of unnatural parents2 also that of poor old men2 at ,marseilles the stately hospital for the galley-slaves1 who1 when sick1 are there abundantly furnished with every help both corporal and spiritual4 ,all these establishments he settled under excellent regulations1 and supplied with large sums of money to defray all necessary expenses4 ,he instituted a particular plan of spiritual exercises for those that are about to receive holy orders2 and others for those who desire to make general confessions1 or to deliberate upon the choice of a state of life4 ,he also appointed regular ecclesiastical conferences on the duties of the clerical state1 c4 ,it must appear almost incredible that so many and so great things could have been effected by one man1 and a man who had no advantage from birth1 fortune1 or any shining qualities which the world admires and esteems4 ,but our surprise would be much greater if we could enter into a detail of his wonderful actions1 and the infinite advantages which he procured others4 ,during the wars in ,lorrain1 being informed of the miseries to which those provinces were reduced1 he collected charities among pious persons at ,paris1 which were sent thither1 to the amount of fifteen or sixteen thousand livres1 says ,abelly2 nay1 as ,collet proves from authentic vouchers1 of two millions1 that is1 according to the value of money at that time1 considerably above one hundred thousand pounds sterling2 and he did the like on other occasions4 ,he assisted ,king ,louis ,,xiii4 at his death1 and by his holy advice and exhortations that monarch expired in perfect sentiments of piety and resignation4 ,our saint was in the highest favor with the queen regent1 ,anne of ,austria1 who nominated him a member of the young king's ,council of ,conscience1 and consulted him in all ecclesiastical affairs1 and in the collation of benefices2 which office he discharged ten years4 ,amidst so many and so great employs his soul seemed always united to ,god2 in the most distracting affairs it kept1 as it were1 an eye always open to him1 in order to converse continually with him4 ,this constant attention to him he often renewed1 and always when the clock struck1 by making the sign of the cross 7at least secretly with his thumb upon his breast7 with an act of divine love4 ,under all crosses1 disappointments1 and slanders1 he always preserved a perfect serenity and evenness of mind1 which it did not seem in the power of the whole world to disturb2 for he considered all events only with a view to the divine will1 and with an entire resignation to it1 having no other desire but that ,god should be glorified in all things4 ,whether this was to be done by his own disgrace and sufferings1 or by whatever other means it pleased the divine majesty1 he equally rejoiced4 ,not that he fell into the pretended apathy or insensibility of the proud ,stoics1 or into the impious indifference of the false ,mystics1 afterwards called ,quietists1 than which nothing is more contrary to true piety1 which is always tender1 affectionate1 and most sensible to all the interests of charity and religion4 ,this was the character of our saint1 who regarded the afflictions of all others as his own1 sighed continually with ,st4 ,paul after that state of glory in which he should be united inseparably to his ,god1 and poured forth his soul before him with tears over his own and others' spiritual miseries4 ,having his hope fixed as a firm anchor in ,god1 by an humble reliance on the divine mercy and goodness1 he seemed raised above the reach of the malice of creatures1 or the frowns of the world2 and he enjoyed a tranquillity within his breast which no storms were able to ruffle or disturb4 ,so perfect was the mastery which he had gained over his passions1 that his meekness and patience seemed unalterable1 whatever provocations he met with4 ,he was never moved by affronts1 unless to rejoice secretly under them1 because he was sure to find in them a hidden treasure of grace1 and an opportunity of vanquishing himself4 ,this is the fruit of the victory which perfect virtue gains over self-love2 and it is a more perfect sacrifice to ,god1 a surer test of sincere virtue1 a more heroic victory1 and a more glorious triumph of the soul to bear a slander1 an injurious suspicion1 or an unjust insult1 in silence and patience1 than the most shining exterior act of virtue2 a language often repeated1 but little understood or practised among ,christians4 ,perfect self-denial1 the most profound humility1 and an eminent spirit of prayer were the means by which ,st4 ,vincent attained to this degree of perfection2 and he most earnestly recommended the same to his disciples4 ,humility he would have them to make the basis of his ,congregation1 and it was the lesson which he never ceased to repeat to them1 that they ought to study sincerely to conceal even their natural talents4 ,when two persons of extraordinary learning and abilities once presented themselves1 desiring to be admitted into his ,congregation1 he gave them both a repulse1 telling them1 8,your abilities raise you above our low state4 ,your talents may be of good service in some other place4 ,as for us1 our highest ambition is to instruct the ignorant1 to bring sinners to a spirit of penance1 and to plant the gospel-spirit of charity1 humility1 meekness1 and simplicity in the hearts of all ,christians40 ,he laid it down also as a rule of humility1 that1 if possible1 a man ought never to speak of himself or his own concerns1 such discourse usually proceeding from1 and nourishing in the heart1 pride and self-love4 ,this indeed is a rule prescribed by ,confucius1 ,aristotle1 ,cato1 ,pliny1 and other philosophers2 because1 say they1 for any one to boast of himself is always the most intolerable and barefaced pride1 and modesty in such discourse will be suspected of secret vanity4 ,egotism1 or the itch of speaking always of a man's self1 shows he is intoxicated with the poison of self-love1 refers everything to himself1 and is his own centre1 than which scarce anything can be more odious and offensive to others4 ,but ,christian humility carries this maxim higher1 teaching us to love a hidden life1 and to lie concealed and buried1 as being in ourselves nothingness and sin4 ,st4 ,vincent exerted his zeal against the novelties concerning the article of divine grace which sprang up in his time4 ,michael ,baius1 doctor and professor of divinity at ,louvain1 advanced a new doctrine concerning the grace conferred on man in the two states before and after ,adam's fall1 and some other speculative points2 and pope ,pius ,v4 in #aefg1 condemned seventy-six propositions under his name4 ,some of these1 ,baius confessed he had taught1 and these he solemnly revoked and sincerely condemned with all the rest in #aehj1 in presence of ,f4 ,francis ,toletus1 afterward cardinal1 whom ,gregory ,,xiii4 had sent for that very purpose to ,louvain4 ,cornelius ,jansenius and ,john ,verger1 commonly called ,abb de ,st4 ,cyran1 contracted a close friendship together during their studies first at ,louvain1 afterward at ,paris1 and concerted a plan of a new system of doctrine concerning divine grace1 founded1 in part1 upon some of the condemned errors of ,baius4 ,this system ,jansenius1 by his friend's advice1 endeavored to establish in a book1 which from ,st4 ,austin1 the great doctor of grace1 he entitled1 ,augustinus4 ,after having been bishop of ,ipres from #afce to #afch1 he died of the pestilence1 having never published his book1 in the close of which he inserted a declaration that he submitted his work to the judgment of the ,church4#baf ,fromond1 another ,louvanian divine1 and abler scholar1 and a more polite writer1 polished the style of this book1 and put it in the press4#bag ,verger became director of the nuns of ,port-,royal1 had read some ancient writers on books of devotion1 and wrote with ease4#bah ,but his very works on subjects of piety1 however neatly written1 betray the author's excessive presumption and forbidding self-sufficiency4 ,he became the most strenuous advocate for ,jansenism1 and was detained ten years prisoner in the castle of ,vincennes4 ,he died soon after he had recovered his liberty1 in #afdc4 ,this man had by his reputation gained the esteem of ,st4 ,vincent2 but the saint hearing him one day advance his errors1 and add that the ,church had failed for five or six hundred years past1 he was struck with horror1 and from that moment renounced the friendship of so dangerous a person4 ,when these errors were afterward more publicly spread abroad1 he strenuously exerted himself against them2 on which account ,gerberon1 the ,jansenistical historian1 makes him the butt of his rancor and spleen4 ,but general and vague invectives of the enemies to truth are the commendation of his piety and zeal4#bai ,our saint's efforts to destroy that heresy1 says ,abelly1 never made him approve a loose morality1 which on all occasions he no less avoided and abhorred than the errors of the ,jansenists4 ,he was particularly careful in insisting on all the conditions of true repentance to render it sincere and perfect2 for want of which he used to say with ,st4 ,ambrose1 that some pretended penitents are rendered more criminal by their sacrilegious hypocrisy in the abuse of so great a sacrament1 than they were by all their former sins4 ,in the year #afeh ,st4 ,vincent assembled the members of his ,congregation at ,st4 ,lazarus1 and gave to every one a small book of rules which he had compiled4 ,at the same time he made a pathetic exhortation1 to enforce the most exact and religious observance of them4 ,this ,congregation was again approved and confirmed by ,alexander ,,vii41 and ,clement ,x4 ,st4 ,vincent was chosen by ,st4 ,francis of ,sales director of his nuns of the ,visitation that were established at ,paris4 ,the robust constitution of the zealous servant of ,god was impaired by his uninterrupted fatigues and austerities4 ,in the eightieth year of his age he was seized with a periodical fever1 with violent night sweats4 ,after passing the night almost without sleep1 and in an agony of pain1 he never failed to rise at four in the morning1 to spend three hours in prayer1 to say mass every day 7except on the three first days of his annual retreat1 according to the custom he had established71 and to exert1 as usual1 his indefatigable zeal in the exercises of charity and religion4 ,he even redoubled his diligence in giving his last instructions to his spiritual children2 and recited every day after mass the prayers of the ,church for persons in their agony1 with the recommendation of the soul1 and other preparatory acts for his last hour4 ,alexander ,,vii4 in consideration of the extreme weakness to which his health was reduced1 sent him a brief to dispense him from reciting his breviary2 but before it arrived the servant of ,god had finished the course of his labors4 ,having received the last sacraments and given his last advice1 he calmly expired in his chair1 on the #bgth of ,september #affj1 being fourscore and five years old4 ,he was buried in the church of ,st4 ,lazarus in ,paris1 with an extraordinary concourse and pomp4 ,an account of several predictions of this servant of ,god1 and some miraculous cures performed by him whilst alive1 may be read in his life written by ,collet1#bbj with a great number of miracles wrought through his intercession after his death at ,paris1 ,angiers1 ,sens1 in ,italy1 c4 ,mr4 ,bonnet1 superior of the seminary at ,chartres1 afterward general of the ,congregation1 by imploring this saint's intercession1 was healed instantaneously of an inveterate entire rupture1 called by the physicians entero-epiplo-celle1#bba which had been declared by the ablest surgeons absolutely incurable2 this miracle was approved by cardinal ,noailles4 ,several like cures of fevers1 hemorrhages1 palsies1 dysenteries1 and other distempers were juridically proved4 ,a girl eight years old1 both dumb and lame1 was cured by a second ,novena or nine days' devotion performed for her by her mother in honor of ,st4 ,vincent4 ,his body was visited by cardinal ,noailles in presence of many witnesses1 in #agab1 and found entire and fresh1 and the linen cloths in the same condition as if they were new4 ,the tomb was then shut up again4 ,this ceremony is usually performed before the beatification of a servant of ,god1 though the incorruption of the body by itself is not regarded as a miraculous proof at ,rome or elsewhere1 as ,collet remarks4#bbb ,after the ordinary rigorous examinations of the conduct1 heroic virtues1 and miracles of this saint at ,rome1 pope ,benedict ,,xiii4 performed with great solemnity the ceremony of his beatification1 in #agbi4 ,upon the publication of the brief thereof1 the archbishop of ,paris caused the grave to be again opened4 ,the lady marechale of ,noailles1 the marshal her son1 and many other persons were present2 but the flesh on the legs and head appeared corrupted1 which alteration from the state in which it was found twenty-seven years before1 was attributed to a flood of water which twelve years before this had overflowed that vault4 ,miracles continued frequently to be wrought by the relics and invocation of ,st4 ,vincent4 ,a ,benedictin nun at ,montmirel1 afflicted with a violent fever1 retention of urine1 ulcers1 and other disorders1 her body being swelled to an enormous size1 and having been a long time paralytic1 was perfectly cured all at once by a relic of ,st4 ,vincent applied to her by ,monseigneur ,joseph ,languet1 then bishop of ,soissons4 ,francis ,richer1 in ,paris1 was healed in a no less miraculous manner4 ,miss ,louisa ,elizabeth ,sackville1 an ,english young lady at ,paris1 was cured of a palsy by performing a novena at the tomb of ,st4 ,vincent2 which miracle was attested in the strongest manner1 among others1 by ,mrs4 ,hayes1 a protestant gentlewoman with whom she lodged4 ,miss ,sackville became afterward a nun in the ,french abbey called of the ,holy ,sacrament1 in ,paris1 lived ten years without any return of her former disorder1 and died in #agdb4 ,st4 ,vincent was canonized in #agcg by pope ,clement ,,xii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this saint could not display his zeal more to the advantage of his neighbor than by awaking ,christians from the spiritual lethargy in which so many live4 ,he set before their eyes the grievous disorder of lukewarmness in the divine service1 and explained to them1 like another ,baptist1 the necessity and obligations of sincere repentance2 for those certainly can never be entitled to the divine favor who live in an ambiguous1 divided1 and distracted state of sinning and repenting2 of being heathens and ,christians by turns4 ,still more dreadful is the state of those who live in habitual sin1 yet are insensible of their danger1 and frightful miseries6 ,into what extravagance1 folly1 spiritual blindness1 and sometimes incredulity1 do men's passions often plunge them6 ,to what a degree of madness and stupidity do men of the finest natural parts sink1 when abandoned by ,god6 or rather when they themselves abandon ,god1 and that light which he has set up in the world6 ,let us by tears and prayers implore the divine mercy in favor of all blind sinners4 ,,st4 ,,arsenius1 ,,anchoret4 ,he was a ,roman by birth1 and was related to senators4 ,he had been trained up in learning and piety1 was sincerely virtuous1 and well skilled1 not only in the holy scriptures1 but also in the profane sciences1 and in the ,latin and ,greek languages and literature4 ,he was in deacon's orders1 and led a retired life at home with his sister1 in ,rome1 when the emperor ,theodosius the ,great wanted a person to whom he might intrust the care of his children1 and desired the emperor ,gratian to apply for that purpose to the bishop of ,rome1 who recommended ,arsenius4 ,gratian sent him to ,constantinople1 where he was kindly received by ,theodosius1 who advanced him to the rank of a senator1 with orders that he should be respected as the father of his children1 whose tutor and preceptor he appointed him4 ,no one in the court at that time wore richer apparel1 had more sumptuous furniture1 or was attended by a more numerous train of servants than ,arsenius2 he was attended by no fewer than a thousand1 all richly clad4 ,theodosius coming one day to see his children at their studies1 found them sitting1 whilst ,arsenius talked to them standing4 ,being displeased thereat1 he took from them for some time the marks of their dignity1 and caused ,arsenius to sit1 and them to listen to him standing4 ,arsenius had always a great inclination to a retired life1 which the care of his employment and the incumbrances of a great fortune made him desire the more ardently2 for titles and honors were burthensome to him4 ,at length1 about the year #cij1 an opportunity offered itself4 ,arcadius having committed a considerable fault1 ,arsenius whipped him for it4 ,the young prince1 resenting the chastisement1 grew the more obstinate4 ,arsenius laid hold of this occasion to execute the project he had long before formed of forsaking the world4 ,the ,lives of the ,fathers1 both in ,rosweide and ,cotelier1 make no mention of this resentment of ,arcadius1 which circumstance is only related by ,metaphrastes2 on which account it is omitted by ,tillemont and others4 ,it is most certain that retirement had long been the object of the saint's most earnest wishes and desires2 but before he left the court1 he for a long time begged by earnest prayer to know the will of ,god2 and one day making this request with great fervor1 he heard a voice1 saying1 8,arsenius1 flee the company of men1 and thou shalt be saved40 ,he obeyed the call of heaven without delay1 and going on board a vessel1 sailed to ,alexandria1 and thence proceeded to the desert of ,scet1 where he embraced an anachoretical life4 ,this happened about the year #cid1 he being in the fortieth year of his age1 and having lived eleven years at the court4 ,there he renewed his prayers to ,god1 begging to be instructed in the way of salvation1 having no other desire than to make it his only study to please ,god in all things4 ,whilst he prayed thus1 he again heard a voice which said1 8,arsenius1 flee1 hold thy peace1 and be quiet2 these are the principles of salvation10#bbc that is1 the main things to be observed in order to be saved4 ,pursuant to the repeated advice or injunction of fleeing and avoiding human conversation1 he made choice of a very remote cell1 and admitted very few visits even from his own brethren4 ,when he went to the church1 upwards of thirty miles distance from his habitation1 he would place himself behind one of the pillars1 the better to prevent his seeing or being seen by any one4 ,theodosius1 in great affliction for the loss of him1 caused search to be made for him both by sea and land2 but being soon after called into the ,west to revenge the death of ,valentinian ,,ii41 and to extinguish the rebellion of ,arbogastus his murderer1 and ,eugenius1 died of a dropsy at ,milan in #cie4 ,arcadius being left emperor of the ,east1 advanced ,rufin1 who was the prefectus-prtorio1 and had been his flattering governor1 to the rank of prime minister1 committing to him the direction not only of his armies1 but also of the whole empire4 ,he at the same time earnestly desired to call back to court his holy master ,arsenius1 that he might be assisted by his wise and faithful counsels4 ,being informed that he was in the desert of ,scet1 he wrote to him1 recommending himself to his prayers1 begging his forgiveness1 and offering him the disposal of all the tribute of ,egypt1 that he might make a provision for the monasteries and the poor at his discretion2 but the saint had no other ambition on earth than to be allowed the liberty of enjoying his solitude1 that he might employ his time in bewailing his sins1 and in preparing his soul for eternity4 ,he therefore answered the emperor's message only by word of mouth1 saying1 8,god grant as all the pardon of our sins2 as to the distribution of the money1 ,i am not capable of such a charge1 being already dead to the world40 ,when he first presented himself to the ancients or superiors of the monks of ,scet1 and begged to be allowed to serve ,god under their direction1 they recommended him to the care of ,st4 ,john the ,dwarf1 who1 when the rest in the evening sat down to take their repast1 took his place among them1 and left ,arsenius standing in the middle without taking notice of him4 ,such a reception was a severe trial to a courtier2 but was followed by another much rougher2 for1 in the middle of the repast1 ,st4 ,john took a loaf or portion of bread1 and threw it on the ground before him1 bidding him1 with an air of indifference1 eat if he would4 ,arsenius cheerfully fell on the ground1 and in that posture took his meal4 ,st4 ,john was so satisfied with his behavior in this single instance1 that he required no further trial for his admission1 and said to his brethren3 8,return to your cells with the blessing of the ,lord4 ,pray for us4 ,this person is fit for a religious life40 ,arsenius1 after his retreat1 only distinguished himself among the anchorets by his greater humility and fervor4 ,at first he used1 without perceiving it1 to do certain things which he had practised in the world1 which seemed to savor of levity or immortification1 as1 for instance1 to sit cross-legged1 or laying one knee over another4 ,the seniors were unwilling1 through the great respect they bore him1 to tell him of this in a public assembly in which they were met to hold a spiritual conference together2 but abbot ,pemen or ,pastor made use of this stratagem3 ,he agreed with another that he should put himself in that posture2 and then he rebuked him for his immodesty2 nor did the other offer any excuse4 ,arsenius perceived that the reproof was meant for him1 and corrected himself of that custom4 ,in other respects he appeared from the beginning an accomplished master in every exercise of virtue in that venerable company of saints4 ,to punish himself for his seeming vanity at court1 because he had there gone more richly habited than others1 his garments were always the meanest of all the monks in ,scet4 ,he employed himself on working-days till noon in making mats of palm-tree leaves2 and he always worked with a handkerchief in his bosom1 to wipe off the tears which continually fell from his eyes4 ,he never changed the water in which he moistened his palm-tree leaves1 but only poured in fresh water upon it as it wasted4 ,when some asked him one day why he did not cast away the corrupted water1 he answered1 8,i ought to be punished by this ill smell for the sensuality with which ,i formerly used perfumes when ,i lived in the world40 ,to satisfy for former superfluities he lived in the most universal poverty1 so that in a violent fit of illness having occasion for a small sum to procure him some little necessaries1 he was obliged to receive it in alms1 whereupon he gave ,god thanks for being made worthy to be thus reduced to the necessity of asking alms in his name4 ,the distemper continued so long upon him that the priest of this desert of ,scet caused him to be carried to his apartment contiguous to the church1 and laid him on a little bed made of the skins of beasts1 with a pillow under his head4 ,one of the monks coming to see him1 was much scandalized at his lying so easy1 and said1 8,is this the abbot ,arsenius80 ,the priest took him aside1 and asked him what his employment had been in the village before he was a monk8 ,the old man answered1 8,i was a shepherd1 and lived with much pains and difficulty40 ,then the priest said1 8,do you see this abbot ,arsenius8 when he was in the world he was the father of the emperors3 he had a thousand slaves clothed in silk1 with bracelets and girdles of gold1 and he slept on the softest and richest beds4 ,you who was a shepherd1 did not find in the world the ease which you now enjoy40 ,the old man1 moved by these words1 fell down1 and said1 8,pardon me1 father1 ,i have sinned2 he is in the true way of humiliation20 and he went away exceedingly edified4 ,arsenius in his sickness wanting a linen garment1 accepted something given him in charity1 to buy one1 saying1 8,i return thanks to thee1 ,o ,lord1 for thy grace and mercy1 in permitting me to receive alms in thy name40 ,one of the emperor's officers1 at another time1 brought him the will of a senator1 his relation1 who was lately dead and had left him his heir4 ,the saint took the will1 and would have torn it to pieces1 but the officer threw himself at his feet1 and begged him not to tear it1 saying1 such an accident would expose him to be tried for his life4 ,st4 ,arsenius1 however1 refused the estate1 saying1 8,i died before him1 and cannot be made his heir40 ,though no one knew the saint's fasts1 they must have been excessive1 as the measure of corn1 called thallin1#bbd sent him for the year1 was exceeding small2 this1 however1 he managed so well as not only to make it suffice for himself1 but also to impart some of it to his disciples when they came to visit him4 ,when new fruit was brought him he just tasted it1 and gave thanks to ,god2 but he took so little as to show he did it only to avoid the vanity of singularity4 ,great abstinence makes little sleep to suffice nature4 ,accordingly ,st4 ,arsenius often passed the whole night in watching and prayer1 as we learn from his disciple ,daniel4 ,at other times1 having watched a considerable part of the night1 when nature could hold out no longer1 he would allow himself a short repose1 which he took sitting1 after which he resumed his wonted exercises4 ,on ,saturday evenings1 as the same disciple relates1 it was his custom to go to prayers at sun-set1 and continue in that exercise with his hands lifted up to heaven till the sun beat on his face the next morning4 ,his affection for the holy exercise of prayer1 and his dread of the danger of vain-glory1 gave him the strongest love of retirement4 ,he had two disciples who lived near him1 and did all his necessary business abroad4 ,their names were ,alexander and ,zoilus2 he afterward admitted a third1 called ,daniel4 ,all three were famous for their sanctity and discretion1 and frequent mention is made of them in the histories of the fathers of the deserts of ,egypt4 ,st4 ,arsenius would seldom see strangers who came to visit him1 saying1 he would only use his eyes to behold the heavens4 ,theophilus1 the patriarch of ,alexandria1 came one day in company with a certain great officer and others to visit him1 and begged he would entertain them on some spiritual subject for the good of their souls4 ,the saint asked them whether they were disposed to comply with his directions2 and being answered in the affirmative1 he replied2 8,i entreat you1 then1 that wherever you are informed of ,arsenius's abode1 you would leave him to himself1 and spare yourselves the trouble of coming after him40 ,on another occasion1 when the same patriarch sent to know if he would open his door to him if he came1 ,st4 ,arsenius returned for answer1 that if he came alone he would2 but that if he brought others with him he would seek out some other place1 and would stay there no longer4 ,melania1 a noble ,roman lady1 travelled as far as ,egypt only to see ,arsenius1 and by means of ,theophilus1 contrived to meet him as he was coming out of his cell4 ,she threw herself at his feet4 ,the saint said to her1 8,a woman ought not to leave her house4 ,you have crossed these great seas that you may be able to say at ,rome that you have seen ,arsenius1 and raise in others a curiosity to come and see me40 ,not daring to lift up her eyes1 as she lay on the ground1 she begged he would always remember her and pray for her4 ,he answered1 8,i pray that the remembrance of you be blotted out of my mind40 ,melania returned to ,alexandria in great grief at this answer3 but ,theophilus comforted her1 saying1 8,he only prayed that he might forget your person on account of your sex2 but as for your soul1 doubt not but he will pray for you40 ,the saint never visited his brethren1 contenting himself with meeting them at spiritual conferences4 ,the abbot ,mark asked him one day in the name of the hermits1 why he so much shunned their conversation8 ,the saint answered3 8,god knoweth how dearly ,i love you all2 but ,i find ,i cannot be both with ,god and with men at the same time2 nor can ,i think of leaving ,god to converse with men40 ,this disposition1 however1 did not hinder him from giving short lessons of virtue to his brethren1 and several of his apophthegms are recorded among those of the ancient fathers4 ,he said often1 8,i have always something to repent of after having conversed with men2 but have never been sorry for having been silent40 ,he had frequently in his mouth those words which ,st4 ,euthymius and ,st4 ,bernard used also to repeat to themselves1 to renew their fervor in the discharge of the obligations of their profession3 8,arsenius1 why hast thou forsaken the world1 and wherefore art thou come hither80 ,being asked one day why he1 being so well versed in the sciences1 sought the instruction and advice of a certain monk who was an utter stranger to all human literature8 he replied1 8,i am not unacquainted with the learning of the ,greeks and ,romans2 but ,i have not yet learned the alphabet of the science of the saints1 whereof this seemingly ignorant person is master40 ,though the saint was excellently versed in sacred learning1 and in the maxims and practice of perfect ,christian virtue1 he never would discourse on any point of scripture1 and chose rather to hear than to instruct or speak1 making it the first part of his study to divest his mind of all secret opinion of himself1 or confidence in his own abilities or learning2 and this he justly called the foundation of humility and all ,christian virtue4 ,evagrius of ,pontus1 who had distinguished himself at ,constantinople by his learning1 and had retired to ,jerusalem1 and thence into the deserts of ,nitria in #che1 expressed his surprise to our saint1 that many very learned men made no progress in virtue1 whilst many ,egyptians who knew not the very letters of the alphabet arrived at a high degree of sublime contemplation4 ,to whom ,arsenius made this answer3 8,we make no progress in virtue1 because we dwell in that exterior learning which puffs up the mind2 but these illiterate ,egyptians have a true sense of their own weakness1 blindness1 and insufficiency2 by which they are qualified to labor successfully in the pursuit of virtue40 ,this saint used often to cry out to ,god with tears1 in the most profound sentiment of humility1 8,o ,lord1 forsake me not2 ,i have done nothing that can be acceptable in thy sight2 but for the sake of thy infinite mercy enable and assist me that ,i may now begin to serve thee faithfully40 ,nothing is so remarkable or so much spoken of by the ancients concerning our saint1 as the perpetual tears which flowed from his eyes almost without intermission4 ,the source from which they sprung was the ardor with which he sighed after the glorious light of eternity1 and the spirit of compunction with which he never ceased to bewail the sins of his life past1 and the daily imperfections into which he fell4 ,but nothing was more amiable or sweet than these tears of devotion1 as appeared in the venerable and majestic serenity of his countenance4 ,his example was a proof of what the saints assure us concerning the sweetness of the tears of divine love4 8,when you hear tears named10 says ,st4 ,chrysostom1#bbe 8do not represent to yourselves any thing grievous or terrible4 ,they are sweeter than any carnal delights which the world can enjoy40 ,st4 ,austin says to the same purpose3#bbf 8,the tears of devotion are sweeter than the joys of theatres40 ,st4 ,john ,climacus unfolds to us at large the incomparable advantages and holy pleasure of pious tears1 and among other things writes thus3#bbg 8,i am astonished when ,i consider the happiness of holy compunction2 and ,i wonder how carnal men can think it affliction4 ,it contains in it a pleasure and spiritual joy as wax does honey4 ,god in an invisible manner visits and comforts the heart that is broken with this holy sorrow40 ,saint ,arsenius being asked by a certain person what he must do to deliver himself from a troublesome temptation of impure thoughts1 the saint gave him this answer1--8,what did the ,midianites do8 ,they decked and adorned their daughters1 and led them to the ,israelites1 though they used no violence upon them4 ,those among the servants of ,god that treated them with severity1 and revenged their treachery and criminal designs with their blood1 put a stop to their lewdness4 ,behave in the same manner with regard to your evil thoughts4 ,repulse them vigorously1 and punish yourself for this attempt made in yourself towards a revolt40 ,this great saint lived in a continual remembrance and apprehension of death and the divine judgment4 ,this made ,theophilus1 the busy patriarch of ,alexandria1 cry out when he lay on his death-bed in #cab3 8,happy ,arsenius6 who has had this moment always before his eyes40 ,his tears did not disfigure his countenance1 which1 from the inward peace and joy of his soul1 mixed with sweet compunction2 and from his assiduous conversation with ,god1 appeared to have something angelical or heavenly2 being equally venerable for a certain shining beauty1 and an inexpressible air of majesty and meekness1 in a fair and vigorous old age4 ,the great and experienced master in a contemplative life1 ,st4 ,john ,climacus1 proposes ,st4 ,arsenius as an accomplished model1 and calls him a man equal to the angels1#bbh saying that he shunned so rigorously the conversation of men1 only that he might not lose something more precious1 which was ,god1 who always filled his soul4 ,our saint called it a capital and indispensable duty of a monk never to intermeddle in any temporal concerns1 and never to listen to any news of the world4 ,he was tall and comely1 but stooped a little in his old age2 had a graceful mien1 his hair was all white1 and his beard reached down to his girdle2 but the tears which he shed continually had worn away his eyelashes4 ,he was forty years old when he quitted the court1 and he lived in the same austere manner from that time to the age of ninety-five2 he spent forty years in the desert of ,scet1 except that about the year #cie1 he was obliged to leave it for a short time1 on account of an irruption of the ,mazici1 a barbarous people of ,lybia2 but the plunderers were no sooner returned home but he hastened back to his former solitude1 where he remained till a second inroad of the same barbarians1 in which they massacred several hermits1 compelled him entirely to forsake this abode about the year #dcd4 ,he retired weeping to the rock of ,tro1 called also ,petra1 over against ,memphis1 and ten years after1 to ,canopus near ,alexandria2 but not being able to bear the neighborhood of that great city1 he stayed here only three years2 then returned to ,tro1 where he died two years after4 ,knowing that his end was drawing near he said to his disciples1--8,one only thing ,i beg of your charity1 that when ,i am dead ,i may be remembered in the holy sacrifice4 ,if in my life ,i have done any thing that is accepted by ,god1 through his mercy1 that ,i shall now find again40 ,they were much grieved to hear him speak as if they were going soon to lose him4 ,upon which he said1 8,my hour is not yet come4 ,i will acquaint you of it2 but you shall answer at the tribunal of ,christ1 if you suffer any thing belonging to me to be kept as a relic40 ,they said with tears 7being solicitous for a funeral procession71 8,what shall we do alone1 father8 for we know not how to bury the dead40 ,the saint answered1 8,tie a cord to my feet1 and drag my carcass to the top of the mountain1 and there leave it40 ,his brethren seeing him weep in his agony1 said to him1 8,father1 why do you weep8 are you like others1 afraid to die80 ,the saint answered1 8,i am seized with great fear3 nor has this dread ever forsaken me from the time ,i first came into these deserts40 ,the saints all serve ,god in fear and trembling1 in the constant remembrance of his judgment2 but this is always accompanied with a sweet confidence in his infinite love and mercies4 ,the ,holy ,ghost indeed so diversifies his gifts and graces as to make these dispositions more sensible in some than in others4 ,notwithstanding this fear1 ,st4 ,arsenius expired in great peace1 full of faith1 and of that humble confidence which perfect charity inspires1 about the year #ddi4 ,he was ninety-five years old1 of which he had spent fifty-five in the desert4 ,abbot ,pemen having seen him expire1 said with tears1 8,happy ,arsenius6 who have wept for yourself so much here on earth6 ,those who weep not here shall weep eternally hereafter40 ,this saint was looked upon by the most eminent monks of succeeding ages as a most illustrious pattern of their state4 ,the great ,st4 ,euthymius endeavored in all his exercises to form himself upon the model of his life1 and to copy in himself his humility1 his meekness and constant evenness of mind1 his abstinences and watching1 his compunction and tears1 his love of retirement1 his charity1 discretion1 fervor1 assiduous application to prayer1 and that greatness of soul which appeared with so much lustre in all his actions4 ,the name of ,st4 ,arsenius occurs in the ,roman ,martyrology on the #aith of ,july4 ,see his life written by ,st4 ,theodore the ,studite2 and another in ,metaphrastes2 also the ,lives of the ,fathers of the ,desert1 in ,rosweide and ,d',andilly1 t4 #b1 p4 #ahc1 collated with a very fair ancient ,,ms4 probably of ,saint ,edmund's-bury1 more ample than that published by ,rosweide1 in the hands of ,mr4 ,martin1 attorney at law in ,palgrave1 in ,suffolk4 ,see likewise the ,apophthegms of the ,fathers in ,cotelier's ,monumenta ,ecclesi ,grc2 the collections and remarks of ,pinius the ,bollandist1 ,jul4 t4 #d1 p4 #fje1 and ,f4 ,marian1 ,vies des ,pres des ,dserts d',orient1 t4 #c1 p4 #bhd ad #cci4 ,,st4 ,,symmachus1 ,,pope1 ,c4 ,he was a native of ,sardinia1 and archdeacon of the ,roman church under pope ,anastasius1 and succeeded him in the holy see in #dih4 ,festus1 the patrician1 had been gained by ,anastasius1 emperor of ,constantinople1 and a protector of the ,eutychians1 to endeavor to procure from pope ,anastasius a confirmation of the ,henoticon of ,zeno1 an imperial edict in favor of those heretics1 as ,theophanes relates4 ,that pope dying1 ,festus1 by bribes1 gained several voices to raise ,laurence1 archpriest of ,st4 ,praxedes1 to the pontificate4 ,they were both ordained the same day2 ,symmachus in the basilic of ,constantine1 and ,laurence in that of our lady4 ,theodoric1 king of ,italy1 though an ,arian1 ordered that election should take place which was first1 and made by the greater number4 ,by this rule ,symmachus was acknowledged lawful pope4 ,he called a council at ,rome of seventy-three bishops1 and sixty-seven priests1 which1 to prevent cabals and factions in the elections of popes1 ordained that if any one promised his vote to another1 or deliberated in any assembly upon that subject1 whilst the pope is living1 he should be deposed and excommunicated2 and that after the pope's death that person should be duly elected who had a majority of the voices of the clergy4 ,laurence subscribed these decrees the first among the priests1#bbi and was afterward made bishop of ,nocera4 ,soon after1 some of the clergy and senators1 by the contrivance of ,festus and ,probinus1 privately recalled ,laurence to ,rome1 and renewed the schism1 which is by many historians reckoned the first that happened in that church1 though ,novatian had attempted to form one4 ,the schismatics accused ,symmachus of many crimes1 and king ,theodoric commanded a synod should be held at ,rome upon that occasion4 ,the bishops of ,liguria1 ,emilia1 and ,venetia took ,ravenna in their way to ,rome1 and strongly represented to the king1 that the pope himself ought to call the council1 which right he enjoyed both by the primacy of his see1 derived from ,st4 ,peter1 and by the authority of councils2 also1 that there never had been an instance of his being subjected to the judgment of his inferiors4#bcj ,the king showed them the pope's letters by which he agreed to1 and summoned the council4 ,indeed the pontifical says1 that ,symmachus assembled this council4#bca ,the synod met at ,rome in ,september1 #eja1 and declared pope ,symmachus acquitted of the accusations entered against him1 condemning to be punished as schismatics any who should celebrate mass without his consent2 but pardoning those who had raised the schism1 provided they gave satisfaction to the pope4#bcb ,when this decree was carried into ,gaul1 all the bishops were alarmed at it2 and they charged ,saint ,avitus1 bishop of ,vienne1 to write about it in the name of them all4 ,he addressed his letter to ,faustus and ,symmachus1 two patricians who had both been consuls1 complaining1 that when the ,pope had been accused before the prince1 the bishops1 instead of opposing such an injustice1 had taken upon them to judge him3 8,for10 says he1 8it is not easy to apprehend how the superior can be judged by his inferiors1 especially the head of the ,church40 ,however1 he commends the council for bearing testimony to his innocence1 and earnestly entreats the senate to maintain the honor of the ,church1 and not to suffer the flocks to rise up against their pastors4 ,the famous deacon ,paschasius1 a man eminent for his great alms-deeds and other good works1 had the misfortune blindly to abet this schism to the latter end of his life2 for which ,st4 ,gregory the ,great relates1 upon the authority of a certain revelation1#bcc that he was detained in purgatory after his death1 but delivered by the prayers of ,st4 ,germanus1 bishop of ,capua4 ,ceillier thinks that he repented only in his last moments2#bcd or1 that simplicity of heart extenuated his sin4 ,paschasius wrote a learned book on the ,divinity of the ,holy ,ghost1 though the two books on that subject which now bear his name1 are the work of ,faustus of ,riez4 ,pope ,symmachus wrote to the emperor ,anastasius declaring that he could not hold communion with him so long as he maintained that of ,acacius4 ,that prince expected such a menace from the zeal of the pope1 and therefore he had not written to him upon his promotion1 according to custom4 ,he also accused him of ,manicheism1 though ,symmachus had banished the ,manichees out of ,rome2 and he did not cease to thwart the pope1 dreading his known zeal against his favorite sect of the ,acephali4 ,symmachus composed an apology against this emperor1 in which he shows the dignity of the ,christian priesthood4#bce ,he wrote to the ,oriental bishops1 exhorting them to suffer banishment and all persecutions rather than to betray the divine truth4#bcf ,king ,thrasimund having banished many ,catholic ,african bishops into ,sardinia1 pope ,symmachus sent them annually both clothes and money2 and there is still extant among the works of ,ennodius a letter which this pope sent to comfort them4 ,he accompanied it with some relics of the martyrs ,,ss4 ,nazarius and ,romanus4 ,he redeemed many captives2 and gave one hundred and seventy-nine pounds of silver in ornaments to several churches in ,rome2 and to the chapel of the holy cross1 a gold cross of ten pound weight1 in which he inclosed a piece of the true cross4 ,on a ciborium1 that is1 in the language of that time1 a tabernacle1 which he gave to ,st4 ,paul's church1 he caused to be engraved the figures of our ,saviour and the twelve apostles4 ,he instituted that the hymn of divine praise called the ,gloria in ,excelsis should be sung on every ,sunday1 and on the festivals of martyrs1 as the pontifical testifies4 ,he filled the papal chair fifteen years and eight months2 and died on the #aith of ,july1 #ead4 ,see his letters1 the councils1 and ,anastasius ,bibl4 ,also ,f4 ,amort's ,diss4 on the cause of pope ,symmachus1 printed at ,bologna in #ageh4 ,,st4 ,,macrina1 ,,virgin4 ,she was the eldest of all the ten children of ,st4 ,basil the elder1 and ,st4 ,emmelia2 and being trained up in excellent sentiments of piety1 after the death of her father1 consecrated her virginity by vow to ,god1 and was a great assistant to her mother in educating her younger brothers and sisters4 ,st4 ,basil the ,great1 ,st4 ,peter of ,sebaste1 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 and the rest1 learned from her their early contempt of the world1 dread of its dangers1 and application to prayer and the word of ,god4 ,when they were sent abroad for their improvement1 ,macrina induced her mother to concur with her in founding two monasteries1 one for men1 the other for women1 at a little distance from each other1 on their own estate1 near ,ibora in ,pontus4 ,that of men was first governed by ,st4 ,basil1 afterward by ,st4 ,peter4 ,macrina drew up the rules for the nunnery with admirable prudence and piety1 and established in it the love and spirit of the most universal poverty1 and disengagement from the world1 mortification1 humility1 assiduous prayer1 and singing of psalms4 ,god was pleased to afflict her with a most painful cancer3 which at length her mother cured by making1 at her request1 the sign of the cross upon the sore2 only a black spot remained ever after upon the part that had been affected4 ,after the death of ,st4 ,emmelia1 ,macrina disposed of all that was left of their estate in favor of the poor1 and lived herself1 like the rest of the nuns1 on what she earned by the labor of her hands4 ,her brother ,basil died in the beginning of the year #cgi1 and she herself fell ill eleven months after4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 making her a visit1 after eight years' absence1 found her sick of a raging fever1 lying on two boards1 one of which served for her bed1 and the other for her pillow4 ,he was exceedingly comforted by her pious discourses1 and animated by the fervor and ardent sighs of divine love and penance1 by which she prepared herself for her last hour4 ,she calmly expired1 after having armed herself with the sign of the cross4 ,such was the poverty of the house that nothing was found to cover her corpse when it was carried to the grave1 but her old hood and coarse veil2 but ,st4 ,gregory threw over it his episcopal cloak4 ,she had worn about her neck a fillet1 on which hung an iron cross and a ring4 ,st4 ,gregory gave the cross to a nun named ,vestiana1 but kept himself the ring1 in which the metal was hollow1 and contained in it a particle of the true cross4 ,araxus1 bishop of the place1 and ,st4 ,gregory led up the funeral procession1 which consisted of the clergy1 the monks1 and nuns1 in two separate choirs4 ,the whole company walked singing psalms1 with torches in their hands4 ,the holy remains were conveyed to the church of the ,forty ,martyrs1 a mile distant from the monastery1 and were deposited in the same vault with the saint's mother4 ,prayers were offered up for them both4 ,st4 ,macrina died in ,december1 #cgi2 but is commemorated both by the ,latins and ,greeks on the #aith of ,july4 ,this account is given us by ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 in the funeral discourse he made upon her1 t4 #b1 p4 #adi4 ,add the remarks of ,f4 ,bosch1 the ,bollandist1 t4 #d1 ,julij1 p4 #ehi4 ,,july ,,xx4 ,,st4 ,,joseph ,,barsabas1 ,c4 ,he was one of the seventy-two disciples of our ,lord1 and was put in competition with ,st4 ,matthias to succeed the traitor ,judas in the apostleship4#bcg ,st4 ,chrysostom#bch remarks that ,st4 ,joseph was not displeased1 but rejoiced in the ,lord to see the preference given to ,st4 ,matthias4 ,after the dispersion of the disciples he preached the gospel to many nations2 and among other miracles1 drank poison without receiving any hurt1 as ,papias1 and from him ,eusebius1 testify4#bci ,this saint1 from his extraordinary piety1 was surnamed the ,just4 ,the lives of the apostles and primitive ,christians were a miracle in morals1 and a sensible effect of almighty grace4 ,burning with holy zeal1 they had no interest on earth but that of the divine honor1 which they sought in all things2 and being warmed with the expectation of an eternal kingdom1 they were continually discoursing of it1 and comforting one another with the hopes of possessing it2 and they did little else but prepare to die4 ,thus by example1 still more than by words1 they subdued their very enemies to the faith1 and brought them to a like spirit and practice4 ,their converts1 by a wonderful change of manners1 became in a moment new creatures4 ,those who had been the most bitter enemies1 long bent to lust and passion1 became the most loving1 forgiving1 and chaste persons in the world4 ,has grace wrought in us so perfect a conversion8 ,do our lives glorify ,god's name in this manner1 by a spirit and practice agreeable to the principles of our divine faith8 ,,st4 ,,margaret1 ,v4 ,m4 ,according to the ancient ,martyrologies1 she suffered at ,antioch in ,pisidia1 in the last general persecution4 ,she is said to have been instructed in the faith by a ,christian nurse1 to have been persecuted by her own father1 a priest of the idols2 and after many torments1 to have gloriously finished her martyrdom by the sword4 ,her name occurs in the ,litany inserted in the old ,roman order1 and in the most ancient calendars of the ,greeks4 ,from the east her veneration was exceedingly propagated in ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany1 in the eleventh century1 during the holy wars4 ,her body is now kept at ,monte-,fiascone in ,tuscany4 ,vida1 the glory of the ,christian muses1 has honored ,st4 ,margaret who is one of the tutelar saints of ,cremona1 his native city1 with two hymns2 begging of ,god through her prayers1 not long life1 riches1 or honors1 but the grace of a happy death and a holy life1 that he might be admitted1 with a devout and pious heart1 to praise ,god in the choir of his holy servants4 ,see his hymns1 and ,pinius the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #e1 p4 #bh4 ,,ss4 ,,justa ,,and ,,rufina1 ,,mm4 ,these holy martyrs were two ,christian women at ,seville in ,spain1 who maintained both themselves and many poor persons by selling earthenware4 ,a fervent soul finds in the most ordinary course of life occasions of exercising many heroic acts of virtue1 and makes every ordinary action a perfect holocaust by performing it with a most ardent desire of pleasing ,god with the entire sacrifice of itself4 ,such were the lives of these two faithful servants of ,god in the world4 ,so perfect a virtue deserved to be honored with the crown of martyrdom4 ,though these saints gave all their substance to the poor1 and were desirous to serve every one for the edification of their souls1 yet no motives could draw them into any criminal condescension4 ,not to concur to the idolatrous superstitions1 they refused to sell vessels for the use of heathenish sacrifices4 ,the ,pagans1 offended at their religious scruple1 when ,dioclesian's edicts renewed the persecution1 broke all the ware in their shop1 and impeached them for their faith before the governor4 ,the prefect1 after they had boldly confessed ,christ1 commanded them to be stretched on the rack1 and their sides in the meantime to be torn with iron hooks4 ,an idol was placed near the rack with incense1 that if they would offer sacrifice1 they should be that moment released2 but their fidelity was not to be shaken4 ,justa expired on the rack3 which1 when the judge saw1 he ordered ,rufina to be strangled1 and their bodies to be burnt4 ,they suffered in the year #cjd4 ,see their acts published by ,maldonat2 also ,ado1 ,usuard1 c4 ,,st4 ,,ceslas ,c4 ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,st4 ,,dominic4 ,he was of the house of the counts of ,odrovans1 and brother to ,st4 ,hyacinth1 and lived near ,cracow in ,poland4 ,having devoted himself to ,god in an ecclesiastical state1 he became eminent for piety1 learning1 and the innocence of his manners4 ,he was first instituted to a canonry at ,cracow1 but afterward promoted to be conservator of ,sendomir4 ,his riches he employed on the poor1 leading himself a most abstemious penitential life4 ,happening to accompany his uncle ,yvo ,konski1 chancellor of ,poland1 into ,italy1 he received at ,rome1 together with ,st4 ,hyacinth1 the habit of ,st4 ,dominic from the hands of that holy founder in #abah4 ,returning into ,germany and ,poland1 he preached penance with wonderful fruit4 ,in #abbb he founded at ,prague a convent of one hundred and twenty-six friars1 in which ,andrew1 the bishop of ,prague1 took the religious habit1 having first1 with the consent of pope ,honorius ,,iii4 resigned his see4 ,st4 ,ceslas built in the same city a nunnery of the same order1 in which1 soon after his death1 queen ,margaret1 daughter of ,leopold1 archduke of ,austria1 and widow of ,henry1 king of the ,romans1 professed herself1 out of humility1 a lay-sister4 ,the saint sent ,adrian with twenty-six other friars of his order to preach the faith in ,bosnia1 where they all received the crown of martyrdom4 ,st4 ,ceslas himself preached in ,silesia1 and resided long at ,breslaw4 ,he directed ,st4 ,hedwiges in the paths of ,christian perfection1 was endowed with the gifts of prophecy and miracles1 and filled the northern kingdoms with many eminent servants of ,god4 ,in #abdj the ,tartars1 marching from ,asia with an army of five hundred thousand men1 fell like a torrent on the ,west1 and spread universal desolation over ,russia1 ,bulgaria1 ,sclavonia1 ,poland1 and ,hungary1 to the borders of ,germany4 ,they slew ,henry ,,ii41 surnamed the ,pious1 duke of ,silesia1 in a great battle at ,wolstadt in #abda1 and marched against ,breslaw1 his capital4 ,the inhabitants burned or hid their most precious effects1 and1 abandoning the city to the enemy1 shut themselves up in the citadel4 ,st4 ,ceslas bore them company to assist and comfort them1 and never ceased with tears to implore the divine protection4 ,god was pleased to hear his prayers4 ,when the barbarians had made a breach1 and were preparing to scale the walls1 the saint coming from offering the divine mysteries appeared upon the walls1 and at the same time a globe of fire fell from the heavens upon the camp of the infidels1 which it filled with confusion and terror4 ,in the meantime the ,christians made a sally1 and the numberless troops of the barbarians perceiving that heaven visibly fought against them1 whilst many were perishing by the flame1 betook themselves to flight1 and abandoned their enterprise4 ,thus they who had overturned so many thrones1 and trampled to the ground so many powerful armies1 saw themselves tumbled down from their victories and pride by the prayer of one humble servant of ,god1 who renewed on this occasion the miracles of ,elias and ,eliseus4 ,the circumstances of this wonderful deliverance are authentically attested by ancient records1 still preserved among the public archives of the city of ,breslaw1 and are related by ,martin ,cromer1 bishop of ,heilsberg or ,warmia1 in his history of ,poland1 ,longinus1 and other historians of the northern kingdoms4 ,st4 ,ceslas died in ,july1 the following year1 #abdb4 ,his relics are preserved in a stately chapel at ,breslaw4 ,the immemorial veneration of his name was approved by ,clement ,,xi4 in #agac4 ,see ,touron1 ,vie de ,st4 ,dominique1 p4 #fbb2 ,bzovius1 t4 #ac2 ,longinus in ,hist4 ,poloni2 ,matthias de ,miacovia1 in ,chronicis ,poloni1 et ,benedict ,,xiv4 de ,canoniz4 l4 #b1 c4 #cd1 p4 #bfd4 ,,saint ,,aurelius1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,carthage1 ,c4 ,he was archdeacon of ,carthage1 when1 in #chh1 he was promoted to the archiepiscopal dignity of that see1 to which was annexed a jurisdiction little inferior to that of a patriarch over all the metropolitans of the different provinces of ,africa4 ,he cultivated a strict friendship with ,st4 ,austin1 held several councils against the ,donatists1 and was the first that condemned ,celestius the ,pelagian in a council held in #dab1 and ,pelagius himself in another council in #daf4 ,he anathematized their heresy before ,st4 ,austin entered the lists against it4 ,st4 ,aurelius died in #dbc4 ,he is highly extolled by ,st4 ,fulgentius1#bdj and is mentioned in the ,african ,calendar of the fifth age on the #bjth of ,july4 ,see the ,acts of the ,councils of ,carthage1 ,baronius1 ,baillet1 c4 ,,saint ,,ulmar1 ,,or ,,wulmar1 ,,abbot ,,of ,,samer4 ,,three ,,miles ,,from ,,boulogne4 ,he was nobly born at ,sylviaco in the territory of ,boulogne in ,picardy4 ,renouncing the world in his youth1 he entered himself a brother in the abbey of ,hautmont in ,haynault1 where it was his employment to keep the cattle1 and to hew wood for the community4 ,he was distinguished for his eminent spirit of prayer1 and being compelled by obedience to receive holy orders1 was promoted to the priesthood4 ,he after this obtained leave to live alone in a hermitage near mount ,cassel1 and afterward in #fhh founded in a wood upon his father's estate in ,sylviaco in the ,boulognois1 the abbey of ,samer1 corruptly so called for ,st4 ,ulmar's1 at present of the ,congregation of ,st4 ,maur4 ,st4 ,ulmar founded a nunnery at ,vileria1 now ,wiere aux bois1 a mile from his own monastery1 in which he placed his niece ,bertana abbess4 ,ceadwalla1 king of the ,west-,saxons1 passing that way in his journey to ,rome to receive baptism1 conferred on ,st4 ,ulmar a notable largess toward carrying on his foundation4 ,in close retirement in his hermitage near mount ,cassel1 the saint preserved himself always free from worldly passions by flying from the occasions which chiefly excite them1 and by withdrawing from the great scene of earthly business1 envy1 avarice1 and strife4 ,here shutting out the busy swarm of vain images which besets us in the world1 he inured his mind to happy recollection and heavenly contemplation4 ,in this sweet repose he daily advanced in fervor and divine charity till he was called to the joys of his ,lord on the #bjth of ,july1 #gaj4 ,he was glorified by miracles1 and is named in the ,roman and other ,martyrologies on the #bjth of ,july4 ,on the #agth of ,june his relics were conveyed to ,boulogne for fear of the plunder of the ,normans2 and from thence to the abbey of ,st4 ,peter's at ,ghent1 where they were burnt by the fury of the ,calvinists in the sixteenth century4 ,see his life written soon after his death in ,mabillon1 ,act4 ,bened4 t4 #c1 p4 #bcg2 and more full1 with new remarks1 by ,cuper the ,bollandist1 ,jul4 t4 #e1 p4 #ha4 ,,st4 ,,jerom ,,miliani1 ,c4 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,congregation ,,of ,,regular ,,clergy ,,of ,,somascha4 ,he was born at ,venice of a patrician family2 and1 in the most troublesome times of the republic1 served in the troops from his childhood4 ,whilst he was governor of the new castle in the mountains of ,tarviso1 he was taken prisoner1 cast into a dungeon1 and loaded with chains4 ,his sufferings he sanctified by penance and prayer2 and being delivered by the miraculous protection of the mother of ,god1 arriving at ,tarviso1 he hung up his chains before an altar consecrated to ,god under the invocation of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and1 returning to ,venice1 devoted himself to the exercises of prayer and all virtues4 ,at that time a famine and a contagious distemper having reduced many families to the greatest distress1 he laid himself out in relieving all1 but was particularly moved with compassion for abandoned orphans4 ,these he gathered in a house which he hired1 clothed and fed them at his own expense1 and instructed them himself with unwearied zeal in the ,christian doctrine and in all virtue4 ,by the advice of ,st4 ,cajetan and others1 he passed to the continent and erected like hospitals for orphans at ,brescia1 ,bergamo1 and other places2 and others for the reception of penitent women4 ,at ,somascha1 on the frontiers of the ,venetian dominions1 between ,bergamo and ,milan1 he founded a house which he destined for the exercises of those whom he received into his ,congregation1 and in which he long resided4 ,from this house it took its name2 though it was sometimes called ,st4 ,mayeul's1 titular of a college at ,pavia1 which ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo put under his direction4 ,the instruction of youth and young clergymen became also an object of his zeal in his foundations1 and continues still to be in his institute4 ,the brothers1 during the life of the founder1 were all laymen1 and it was only approved as a pious ,congregation4 ,the holy founder died at ,somascha on the #hth of ,february1 #aecg1 of a contagious distemper which he had caught by attending the sick4 ,he was beatified by ,benedict ,,xiv42 and canonized by ,clement ,,xiii4 ,an office in his honor was appointed for the #bjth of ,july1 by a decree of the holy see published in #agfi4 ,three years after his death1 in #aedj1 his ,congregation was declared a religious ,order by ,paul ,,iii41 and confirmed under the rule of ,st4 ,augustine by ,st4 ,pius ,v4 in #aega1 and again by ,sixtus ,v4 in #aehf4 ,it has no houses out of ,italy and the ,catholic ,swiss ,cantons4 ,it is divided into three provinces1 of ,lombardy1 ,venice1 and ,rome4 ,the general is chosen every three years out of each province in its turn4 ,see his life written in ,latin by ,aug4 ,turtura1 ,milan1 #afbj1 #hvo41 and ,helyot1 ,histoire des ,ord4 ,rel4 t4 #d1 c4 #cc4 ,,july ,,xxi4 ,,st4 ,,praxedes1 ,,virgin4 ,she was daughter of ,pudens1 a ,roman senator1 and sister to ,st4 ,pudentiana1 and in the days of pope ,pius ,i4 and the emperor ,antoninus ,pius1 edified the church of ,rome1 by the bright lustre of her virtues4 ,all her great riches she employed in relieving the poor and the necessities of the ,church4 ,by the comfort and succors which she afforded the martyrs she endeavored to make herself partaker of their crowns1 and she lived in the assiduous exercise of prayer1 watching1 and fasting4 ,she died in peace and was buried near her sister on the ,salarian road4 ,bede and other martyrologists style her a virgin4 ,an old title or parish church in ,rome bearing her name is mentioned in the life of pope ,symmachus4 ,it was repaired by ,adrian ,i4 and ,paschal ,i41 and lastly by ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 who took from it his title of cardinal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the primitive ,christians lived only for heaven1 and in every step looked up to ,god1 regardless of all lower pursuits or meaner advantages that could interfere with their great design of knowing and loving him4 ,this constant attention to ,god awed them in their retirements2 this gave life and wings to their devotion1 and animated them to fervor in all their actions2 this carried them through the greatest difficulties and temptations1 and supported them under all troubles and afflictions4 ,,st4 ,,zoticus1 ,m4 ,,bishop ,,of ,,comana ,,in ,,cappadocia4 ,he first detected1 zealously confuted1 and condemned the errors and impostures of the ,cataphryges or ,montanists with their false prophecies1 as ,eusebius mentions4 ,to this triumph over heresy and imposture he added the crown of martyrdom1 which he received in the persecution of ,severus1 about the year #bjd4 ,see ,eusebius1 b4 #e1 c4 #af1 and the ancient martyrologies4 ,,st4 ,,barhadbesciabas1 ,,deacon1 ,m4 ,in the fifteenth year of the great persecution raised in ,persia by king ,sapor ,,ii41 by the command of ,sapor ,tamsapor governor of ,adiabene1 ,barhadbesciabas1 the zealous deacon of the city of ,arbela1 was apprehended and put on the rack4 ,whilst he was tormented1 the officers continually cried out to him1 8,worship water and fire1 and eat the blood of beasts1 and you shall be immediately set at liberty40 ,but the blessed deacon ,barhadbesciabas showed1 by the cheerfulness of his countenance1 that the interior joy of his happy soul overcame the torments he felt in his body4 ,he often said to the judge1 8,neither you nor your king1 nor any manner of torments shall ever be able to separate me from the love of ,jesus3 ,him alone have ,i served from my infancy to this old age40 ,the tyrant at length condemned him to be beheaded1 and commanded ,aghus1 an apostate ,christian nobleman1 to be his executioner4 ,the holy deacon stood bound waiting with joy for the happy moment which was to associate him to the angels2 but ,aghus trembled so as not to be able to give the blow4 ,he struck1 however1 seven times at the martyr's neck1 and not being able to sever his head from his body1 ran his sword into his bowels2 of which wound the holy deacon expired soon after4 ,the judge set guards to watch the blessed corpse2 but two clerks carried it off in the night1 and buried it after the ,roman fashion4 ,he suffered on the #bjth day of the month of ,july1 in the year #ced1 of ,sapor ,,ii4 #de4 ,see his genuine ,chaldaic acts in ,assemani1 t4 #a1 p4 #abi4 ,,st4 ,,victor ,,of ,,marseilles1 ,m4 ,the emperor ,maximian1 reeking with the blood of the ,theban legion1 and many other martyrs whom he had massacred in different parts of ,gaul1 arrived at ,marseilles1 the most numerous and flourishing church in those provinces4 ,the tyrant breathed here nothing but slaughter and fury1 and his coming filled the ,christians with fear and alarms4 ,in this general consternation1 ,victor1 a ,christian officer in the troops1 went about in the night time from house to house visiting the faithful1 and inspiring them with contempt of a temporal death and the love of eternal life4 ,he was surprised in this action1 so worthy a soldier of ,jesus ,christ1 and brought before the prefects ,asterius and ,eutychius1 who exhorted him not to lose the fruit of all his services and the favor of his prince for the worship of a dead man2 so they called ,jesus ,christ4 ,he answered1 that he renounced those recompenses if he could not enjoy them without being unfaithful to ,jesus ,christ1 the eternal ,son of ,god1 who vouchsafed to become man for our salvation1 but who raised himself from the dead1 and reigns with the ,father1 being ,god equally with him4 ,the whole court heard him with tumultuous shouts of indignation and rage4 ,however1 the prisoner being a person of distinction1 the prefects sent him to ,maximian himself4 ,the incensed countenance of an emperor did not daunt the champion of ,christ2 and the tyrant seeing his threats to have no effect upon him1 commanded him to be bound hands and feet and dragged through all the streets of the city1 exposed to the blows and insults of the populace4 ,every one of the heathens seemed to think it a crime not to testify their false zeal1 by offering some indignity or other to the martyr4 ,their design was to intimidate the ,christians1 but the example of the martyr's resolution served to encourage them4 ,victor was brought back bruised and bloody to the tribunal of the prefects1 who thinking his resolution must have been weakened by his sufferings1 began to blaspheme our holy religion1 and pressed him again to adore their gods4 ,but the martyr filled with the ,holy ,ghost1 and encouraged by his presence in his soul1 expressed his respect for the emperor and his contempt of their gods1 adding1 8,i despise your deities1 and confess ,jesus ,christ3 inflict upon me what torments you please40 ,the two prefects only disagreed about the choice of the tortures4 ,after a warm contest ,eutychius withdrew1 and left the prisoner to ,asterius1 who commanded him to be hoisted on the rack1 and most cruelly tortured a long time4 ,the martyr1 lifting up his eyes to heaven1 asked patience and constancy of ,god1 whose gift he knew it to be4 ,jesus ,christ appeared to him on the rack1 holding a cross in his hands1 gave him his peace1 and told him that he suffered in his servants1 and crowned them after their victory4 ,these words dispelled both his pains and his grief2 and the tormentors being at last weary1 the prefect ordered him to be taken down1 and thrown into a dark dungeon4 ,at midnight ,god visited him by his angels2 the prison was filled with a light brighter than that of the sun1 and the martyr sung with the angels the praises of ,god4 ,three soldiers who guarded the prison1 seeing this light1 were surprised at the miracle1 and casting themselves at the martyr's feet asked his pardon1 and desired baptism4 ,their names were ,alexander1 ,longinus1 and ,felician4 ,the martyr instructed them as well as time would permit1 sent for priests the same night1 and going with them to the sea-side he led them out of the water1 that is1 was their godfather1 and returned with them again to his prison4 ,the next morning ,maximian was informed of the conversion of the guards1 and1 in a transport of rage1 sent officers to bring them all four before him in the middle of the market-place4 ,the mob loaded ,victor with injuries1 and would fain have compelled him to bring back his converts to the worship of their gods2 but he said1 8,i cannot undo what is well done40 ,and turning to them he encouraged them saying1 8,you are still soldiers2 behave with courage1 ,god will give you victory4 ,you belong to ,jesus ,christ1 be faithful4 ,an immortal crown is prepared for you40 ,the three soldiers persevered in the confession of ,jesus ,christ1 and by the emperor's orders were forthwith beheaded4 ,victor prayed in the mean time with tears that he might1 by being united with them in their happy death1 be presented in their glorious company before ,god2 but after having been exposed to the insults of the whole city as an immovable rock lashed with the waves1 and been beaten with clubs and scourged with leather thongs1 he was carried back to prison1 where he continued three days1 recommending to ,god his martyrdom with many tears4 ,after that term the emperor called him again before his tribunal1 and having caused a statue of ,jupiter1 with an altar and incense1 to be placed by him1 he commanded the martyr to offer incense to the idol4 ,victor went up to the profane altar1 and by a stroke of his foot threw it down4 ,the emperor ordered the foot to be forthwith chopped off2 which the saint suffered with great joy1 offering to ,god these first fruits of his body4 ,a few moments after1 the emperor condemned him to be put under the grindstone of a handmill1 and crushed to death4 ,the executioners turned the wheel1 and when part of his body was bruised and crushed1 the mill broke down4 ,the saint still breathed a little2 but his head was immediately ordered to be cut off4 ,his and the other three bodies were thrown into the sea1 but being cast ashore were buried by the ,christians in a grotto hewn out of a rock4 ,the author of the acts adds1 8,they are honored to this day with many miracles1 and many benefits are conferred by ,god and our ,lord ,jesus ,christ on those who ask them through their merits40 ,in the fifth century ,cassian#bda built a great monastery near the tomb of this saint1 which afterward received the rule of ,st4 ,bennet1 but was afterward secularized by ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,the relics of ,st4 ,victor remain in that church1 the most ancient in all ,france1 full of illustrious monuments of primitive saints4 ,some part of the relics of ,st4 ,victor was conveyed to ,paris and laid in a chapel built in his honor1 which soon after1 in the reign of ,louis ,,vi41 was enlarged1 and the royal monastery of regular canons founded there1 which bears the name of this saint1 its glorious patron4#bdb ,this institute and abbey were commenced by ,william of ,champeaux1 archdeacon of ,paris1 a man of eminent piety and learning1 who having taught for many years rhetoric and theology1 with extraordinary reputation1 in the cloister of the cathedral1 retired to this little chapel of ,st4 ,victor1 then in the skirts of the town4 ,there with certain fervent clergymen he lived in close solitude1 assiduous prayer1 and great austerity1 allowing no other food to be served in his community but herbs1 pulse1 and roots1 with bread and salt4 ,by the pressing importunities of the bishop of ,paris and other persons of distinction1 he was obliged to resume his theological lectures1 which he seems to have continued at ,st4 ,victor's as ,f4 ,gourdan shows4 ,whence ,rollin calls this monastery the cradle of the university of ,paris4 ,in favor of this holy institute king ,louis ,,vi4 founded and built there a magnificent abbey1 which still subsists in a most flourishing condition4 ,gilduin1 a most holy man1 was appointed first abbot1 whilst ,william of ,champeaux taught there1 who in #aaac was consecrated bishop of ,chalons on the ,saone4 ,dying in #aaba1 according to his desire he was buried at ,clairvaux1 by ,st4 ,bernard1 who had received at his hands the abbatial benediction4#bdc ,see ,st4 ,victor's genuine acts1 which are not unworthy the pen of ,cassian1 to whom some ascribe them2 but without grounds4 ,they are published and much commended by ,bosquet in the fourth tome of his ,history of the ,church of ,france1 p4 #bjb4 ,see also ,tillemont1 t4 #d1 ,ceillier1 t4 #c1 p4 #cff4 ,fleury1 l4 #h1 n4 #bj4 ,rivet1 ,hist4 ,littr4 t4 #b1 p4 #bca1 and ,cuper the ,bollandist1 t4 #e1 ,jul4 p4 #ace4 ,f4 ,gourdan has compiled at length the life of ,st4 ,victor1 with an account of many miracles wrought through his intercession1 and a collection of many devout hymns and prayers in his honor1 and other various memorials relating to this saint1 in the seventh tome of his ,,ms4 history of the eminent men of the royal abbey of ,st4 ,victor at ,paris4 ,see also ,oudin1 t4 #b4 ,de ,script4 ,eccl41 p4 #aach4 ,,st4 ,,arbogastus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,strasburg1 ,c4 ,the ,irish challenge this saint as a native of their island4 ,the ,scots also lay claim to him1 and are supported by ,richer's ,chronicle of ,sens1 written in the thirteenth century1 and by the life of ,st4 ,florentius1 his successor1 though his acts say he was of a noble family in ,aquitain4 ,travelling into ,alsace he led an anachoretical life in the ,sacred ,forest 7for this is the interpretation of the ,teutonic name ,heiligesforst71 about the year #fcj4 ,he was often called to the court of king ,dagobert ,,ii41 and by his interest promoted to the episcopal see of ,strasburg4 ,his acts relate1 that not long after his exaltation he raised to life ,dagobert's son1 killed by a fall from a horse2 these acts call this prince ,sigebert2 his name is not recorded by the historians4 ,many other miracles are ascribed to this saint2 who1 assisted by the liberality of this king1 enriched the ,church of ,strasburg with several large estates4 ,king ,dagobert bestowed on it1 for his sake1 the manor and town of ,rufach1 with an extensive country situated on both sides the river ,alse or ,elle1 together with the old royal palace of ,isenburg1 residing himself at ,kirchem near ,molsheim4 ,st4 ,arbogastus also founded1 or at least endowed1 several monasteries1 the principal among which were ,surburg and ,shutteran3 some say also ,ebersheimunster2 but the chief founder of this last was duke ,athico1 the father of ,st4 ,odilia1 by the direction of ,st4 ,deodatus1 bishop of ,nevers4 ,st4 ,arbogastus died1 according to ,bosch the ,bollandist1 in #fgh1 the year before ,dagobert offered the bishopric of ,strasburg to ,st4 ,wilfrid1 who was then on his journey to ,rome4 ,upon his declining that dignity1 it was conferred on ,st4 ,florentius4 ,all writers on ,st4 ,arbogastus's life mention that1 in his last will1 he ordered his body should be interred on the mountain which was the burial-place of malefactors4 ,his will was complied with2 but the church of ,st4 ,michael was afterward built upon the spot1 and surrounded by a village called ,strateburg4 ,near it was founded the abbey of ,st4 ,arbogastus1 to which his body was translated with honor by his successor ,st4 ,florentius4 ,see the life of ,st4 ,arbogastus which seems to have been written in the tenth age1 published with remarks by ,f4 ,bosch1 t4 #e1 ,julij1 p4 #afh4 ,,july ,,xxii4 ,,st4 ,,mary ,,magdalen4 ,the illustrious penitent woman mentioned by ,st4 ,luke1#bdd was1 by her perfect conversion1 an encouraging example and model of penitence to all succeeding ages4 ,she is called the ,sinner1#bde to express her pre-eminence in guilt4 ,this epithet seems to imply that she led a lewd and disorderly life4 ,the scandal of her debaucheries had rendered her name infamous throughout the whole city4 ,naim1 ,tiberias1 or some neighboring place in ,galilee1 seems to have been the chief theatre of her disorders1 at least at the time of her conversion4 ,they took their rise from small beginnings2 for no one becomes a great proficient in vice all at once4 ,the fences of virtue are weakened by degrees before they are entirely broken down4 ,the steps by which young persons1 like this sinner1 are led into evil courses1 are pointed out to us by our ,divine ,redeemer in the parable of the prodigal son4 ,the source of all his misfortunes is a love of independence and of his own will4 ,he is full of his own wisdom1 and of a certain self-sufficiency2 is an enemy to advice1 the means to find out truth and to discover dangers4 ,all who contradict his passions1 or tell him the truth1 are odious to him2 the counsels of tender parents he calls interested2 those of ,god's anointed too severe and scrupulous2 those of the old and experienced1 cowardly and mean-spirited4 ,young persons1 above all others1 are in an age in which the devil prepares innumerable snares1 the world lays many stratagems1 and passions easily eclipse reason2 and it behoves them infinitely to be strongly persuaded that their safety consists altogether in most sincere dispositions of humility1 obedience1 and docility4 ,tractableness and dutifulness towards superiors is the most essential virtue of that age1 next to the obligation of religion1 which we owe to ,god4 ,those companions1 whose discourse and behavior tend to inspire a contempt of parents and other superiors1 are of all pests the most dangerous to youth4 ,the prodigal son1 blinded by his passions1 thought himself prudent and strong enough to be his own governor and master1 and flattered himself that his love of liberty and pleasure was not very criminal or unjust2 but from this root all vices have sprouted up1 and are not to be restrained by him who opens to them such a door by shaking off the happy yoke of subjection1 which is the divine ordinance4 ,such is the strange disorder of that mischievous passion1 that though the prodigal son lived in dignity and plenty1 and enjoyed all temporal blessings and all the comforts of life without feeling its troubles or knowing its miseries1 yet he was not content4 ,his subjection to a good father was true freedom2 he was the object of all his parent's cares1 and he reaped the fruit of all his labors4 ,but so distempered was his soul1 that the constraint of this tender guardian's watchful eye seemed to embitter all his pleasures1 and such an obedience appeared to him an insupportable burden and slavery1 which therefore he would shake off to have no other law but his own will4 ,this was his capital enemy1 though he would not be so persuaded2 and by indulging it he fostered a young tiger in his own bosom1 which soon grew too strong for him and tore him to pieces4 ,we are astonished at the quick progress which the passions make when once the bridle is let loose4 ,the prodigal youth1 seeing himself possessed of that dangerous liberty which he had so passionately desired1 full of false joy at the prospect of imaginary happiness1 went into a foreign country1 to be at a greater distance from all troublesome advisers4 ,his passions being so far yielded to1 had no longer any bounds1 and he denied his heart nothing of its irregular desires1 being no longer master of himself4 ,unthinking and blinded he soon squandered away his fortune1 without keeping any accounts1 or knowing how it was spent2 he was surprised to find his hands empty1 and himself starving1 and that he had not yet found those enjoyments which he had promised himself2 instead of which he had met with nothing but shadows and miseries4 ,nevertheless1 cleaving still to so treacherous a world1 and yet entertaining desperate foolish hopes of finding happiness in it1 he went on in the pursuit of his passions2 and losing himself daily more and more in the mazes of sin1 he was at length reduced to have no other company but that of the most filthy of beasts1 and almost to perish with hunger at the heels of the hogs which he was condemned to serve and fatten4 ,this is a true picture of the sinner who has thrown off the holy yoke of ,god1 and has enslaved himself to his passions4 ,how earnestly ought every ,christian to pray that ,god may always so strengthen his resolution with his grace1 that he may never receive any other than his sweet and holy law8 ,what completes the misfortune of the habitual sinner is1 that few who have fallen into that gulf ever sincerely rise again4 ,the very afflictions which converted the prodigal son throw thousands into despair4 ,god's powerful graces are weakened after having been long contemned2 and habits grow stronger than reason4 ,when the poison of sin has sunk deep into the heart1 it is not expelled by an ordinary grace4 ,of such a sinner that curse is pronounced1 that even in his old age1 if he ever arrive at it1 his bones shall be filled with the vices of his youth1 and they shall descend with him into the grave1 and shall sleep with him in the dust4#bdf ,christ indeed came from heaven to save all such2 in his tender compassion for their miseries he invites them to return to him1 and for their encouragement has shown a remarkable example of his mercy in our saint4 ,having considered in the image of the prodigal son1 the unhappy steps by which she fell1 we shall1 with greater edification1 take a view of the circumstances which have given so great a lustre to her repentance4 ,jesus1 not long after he had raised to life the son of a widow at ,naim1 a town in ,galilee1 was invited to dinner by a certain ,pharisee called ,simon1 who seems to have lived in the same town1 or some neighboring city1 as ,calmet shows4 ,our ,lord was pleased to accept his invitation1 chiefly that he might confound the pride of the ,pharisees by manifesting the power of his grace in the wonderful conversion of this abandoned sinner4 ,his bowels had yearned over her spiritual miseries1 and he spread upon her soul a beam of his divine light which penetrated her understanding and her heart so effectually1 that1 listening to the interior voice of his grace1 she saw the abominable filth and miseries in which she was plunged1 was filled with confusion and horror1 and conceived the most sincere detestation of her ingratitude and baseness4 ,our ,lord went to the banquet in great joy to wait for this soul1 which he himself had secretly wounded with his holy love1 and which he was pleased to draw to him in the midst of a great assembly1 that by her public repentance she might repair the scandal she had given1 and he might give to all succeeding ages an illustrious instance of his mercy towards all repenting sinners4 ,she began her conversion by entering into herself4 ,as her fall was owing to inconsideration1 so doubtless her first step towards repentance was serious reflection on the misery of her present condition1 the happiness she had forfeited1 and the punishment she was to expect4 ,from these considerations she raised her thoughts to others higher and more noble1 those of divine love1 reflecting who ,he is whom she had so grievously offended1 and how excessive and incomprehensible his goodness is1 which she had so long and so basely slighted4 ,this motive of love1 to which ,christ ascribed her conversion1 drew from her eyes a torrent of tears1 and made her cry out with the prodigal son1 that she had sinned against heaven4 ,that model of true penitents forgot his corporeal miseries and all other circumstances of his fall1 being full of this reflection alone1 how he could be capable of offending so good a parent4 ,he acknowledged himself unworthy to be again called a child2 yet he deferred not a moment to restore his heart to him to whom he owed it1 and1 confiding in his indulgence1 threw himself upon his mercy1 hoping by his goodness to be admitted among his hired servants4 ,in the like dispositions does our penitent raise her heart to ,god4 ,she hearkens not to the suggestions of worldly prudence which might seem to require some time for deliberation1 for settling her concerns1 or for taking proper measures about her conversion itself2 the least delay appears to her a new crime1 a fresh aggravation of her misfortune4 ,she was informed that our ,divine ,redeemer was at table in the house of the ,pharisee4 ,she did not so much as think of the disgrace to which she exposed herself by appearing before a numerous and honorable assembly1 of the reproaches and disdain she was to expect from the ,pharisee1 or the fear of moving ,christ himself to indignation by an unseasonable importunate address4 ,one moment's delay in seeking her physician seemed too much1 because her heart was now wounded with divine love4 ,sinners who1 in returning to ,god1 think too nicely that they have temporal interests to provide for1 friends to please1 and opportunities to wait for1 are far from the dispositions of this happy penitent4 ,she found mercy because she sought it before all things4 ,had she dallied with grace1 it would have been justly withdrawn2 had she been for compounding with her passions1 they would have again enslaved her more strongly than ever4 ,she found all difficulties vanish in a moment1 because her conversion was sincere and perfect2 by one steady resolution the work is done4 ,what further deliberation can one that has sinned require than that the gate of mercy is yet open to him8 ,let him at all rates make haste to find it1 though for this he should sacrifice every thing else4 ,so insupportable to this holy penitent was the stench of her own filth1 and the load of her guilt1 that she could not defer the remedy an hour longer to wait for a better opportunity1 or to inquire if our ,lord was at leisure to hear her2 and a firm confidence in his boundless mercy was her encouragement1 and her strong assurance that he would not reject her tears4 ,when the prodigal son said to himself1 ,i will arise1 and will go to my ,father1 we might have asked him1 says ,st4 ,peter ,chrysologus1 what he trusted to for his pardon8 upon what he grounded his confidence8 upon what hope or assurance he presumed to appear in the presence of him whom he had so heinously offended8 ,his answer would have been1 8,this is the assured ground of my confidence1 that he is my ,father4 ,i have forfeited all title to the name or rank of his son2 but he hath not lost the quality or affection of a parent4 ,i want no stranger to intercede with a father4 ,the tender affection of his own breast pleads powerfully within him1 and is sure to incline him in my favor4 ,his paternal bowels are moved1 and yearn to restore to a son by pardon that life which he formerly gave him by birth40#bdg ,in like sentiments this penitent woman seeks her ,almighty ,physician1 professing herself altogether undeserving and unworthy of mercy1 and therefore alleges nothing on her side to recommend her to his compassion1 except only that she was the work of his hands1 though an unnatural and rebellious child1 in whom that title was only a grievous exaggeration of her guilt2 but she confidently appeals to his infinite goodness and mercy1 and begs that for his own sake he will save her1 in whom he still discovers1 though frightfully disfigured1 the traces of his divine image which his own omnipotent hand had formed1 and which it is in his power easily to repair and perfect4 ,in these dispositions she bolted into the chamber where ,jesus was at dinner with the ,pharisee1 and1 regardless of what others thought or said of her past life or of her present boldness1#bdh she made up to her ,redeemer and ,physician4 ,she durst not appear before his face1 and therefore went behind him2 and the nearer she approached his sacred person streams gushed more abundantly from her eyes4 ,she reflected how basely she had defiled and sought to destroy her own soul1 and how impiously she had robbed ,christ of many other souls whilst he was come from heaven1 and was ready to sacrifice himself on the cross for her and them2 and at this and other like considerations she was not able to moderate her grief4 ,the inward confusion she felt at the sight of her sins and baseness made her despise all the confusion which she could receive before men1 or rather rejoice in it to meet that contempt which she acknowledged herself most justly to deserve from all creatures4 ,attentive only on ,christ1 from whom she sought her health and salvation1 standing at his feet1 she watered them with her tears1 wiped them with her hair1 most respectfully kissed them1 and anointed them with rich perfumes and sweet-scented essences which she had brought in an alabaster box4 ,she now defaces or consecrates to penance whatever had formerly been an instrument of sin2 her eyes1 which had been full of dangerous charms1 are now converted into fountains of tears to cleanse the stains of her soul2 and her hair1 once dressed in tresses and curls to ensnare souls1 now hangs loose and dishevelled1 and serves for a towel to wipe our ,lord's feet1 which she kisses with her lips1 and scents with her perfumes1 formerly the incentives of vice4 ,the penitent must consecrate his riches to ,christ in the poor which are his feet2 must employ his eyes in tears1 and his lips in supplications for mercy1 and must make all that serve to charity and mortification which before served self-love4 ,these exterior offerings must be accompanied with the interior sacrifice of the heart1 by humble confidence in the divine mercy1 by lively faith and ardent love1 with which the soul of a sinner approaches to ,jesus1 and is reconciled to him4 ,our holy penitent prepared as it were an altar at the feet of our ,lord1 on which she offered to him the true sacrifice of a contrite and humble heart4 ,there losing the use of her speech whilst grief intercepted her words1 she spoke only by her tears2 but before ,him to whom the secrets of her heart were open1 these sighs1 and this silence itself1 was a louder cry than that of any words could have been4 ,thus she earnestly begged of ,god's pure mercy1 that pardon which she confessed herself most unworthy to obtain4 ,jesus1 who had himself inspired her with these dispositions1 cast on her a favorable eye of mercy4 ,he was come to the ,pharisee's banquet exulting with holy joy1 which sprung from his foreknowledge of the conversion of this soul2 the mainspring of all he did and suffered on earth being that insatiable thirst for the salvation of sinners which brought him from heaven1 and which was not to be satisfied but by his sufferings on the cross1 and by the last drop of his blood poured out for them upon it4 ,in these sentiments he had testified that it was his delight to converse with sinners1 out of compassion for their miseries1 being desirous to draw them out of that gulf into which they had blindly plunged themselves4 ,this he expressed by many moving parables1 especially that of the prodigal son1 where he paints his mercy in the strongest coloring by the manner in which he represents the good old father receiving him upon his return4 ,from the time of his going astray the tender parent never allowed himself any respite in his tears1 inquiries1 and search3 at length1 from an eminence in which he looked about on every side1 still hoping he should one day see him return1 he descried him at a distance4 ,he saw only a disfigured1 languishing1 and frightful spectre2 the wretched remains of a debauchee and rake worn out by riots and revellings3 his features horrid and defaced1 his body resembling a walking skeleton1 but half covered with a few filthy rags4 ,yet1 under this disguise1 his eye1 directed by love1 discovered him at a great distance1 and before any other could see him1 knew that it was his son4 ,far from being disgusted at such a spectacle1 he ran to meet him1 affection giving vigor to his enfeebled age4 ,he remembered no longer his past behavior1 but rushing to his embraces1 kissed him1 and bathed his head and face with floods of tears which joy drew from his eyes1 and which he mingled with the tears of sincere grief and affection which the penitent son abundantly poured forth4 ,the good father wiped them off his face1 prevented his confusion1 restored him to his former rank1 called for1 and gave him the best robe2 a ring upon his finger 7a symbol of dignity71 and shoes on his feet4 ,he1 moreover1 ordered a fatted calf to be forthwith killed1 and gave a splendid entertainment with music1 inviting all to rejoice with him and make merry1 because his son whom he lamented as dead was come to life again1 and he that had been lost was found4 ,if the birth of this son1 when he was first brought to life1 had been to him a subject of great joy1 how much more reason had he to rejoice seeing him now restored by a second birth1 so much the more joyful1 as it wiped away his tears1 and changed his grievous sorrow into comfort8 ,thus doth our loving ,god and ,redeemer receive the penitent sinner2 thus is there joy in heaven upon one sinner that doth penance4 ,the ,holy ,ghost clothes him with the robe of sanctifying grace1 puts a ring on his hand1 the emblem of his divine gifts1 and gives shoes to his feet1 that is1 fortifies him with strength to tread on the venomous aspick and basilisk1 and to trample upon the raging lion and dragon4 ,the ,pharisee who had invited ,jesus to his table1 was shocked to see an infamous sinner well known in that city1 admitted by our ,lord to stand at his feet1 and secretly said within himself that ,he could not be a prophet1 or know that she was a scandalous person4 ,to inculcate our strict obligation of shunning bad company1 ,god commanded all intimacy with public sinners to be avoided1 lest the sound should be infected by the contagion of their vices4 ,the haughty ,pharisees construed this law according to the false maxims of their pride1 as if it were a part of virtue to despise sinners1 and as if that respect and charity which we owe to all men1 were not due to such2 but the humble man1 whilst he shuns the snare of wicked company1 places himself below the worst of sinners1 as the most ungrateful of all creatures2 discharges all offices of charity1 and spares neither tears nor pains to reclaim those that are gone astray4 ,the contempt of any one is always the height of pride1 which degrades a man in the sight of ,god beneath that sinner whom he undervalues4 ,this was the case of the ,pharisee2 and such was the disorder of his pride that it betrayed him into a rash judgment by which he condemned a penitent who was then a saint2 and1 arraigning the goodness and mercy of ,god1 blasphemously censured the sanctity of our ,redeemer4 ,nothing is more wonderful in the conduct of the ,son of ,god on earth1 than the patience and meekness with which he bore the contradictions1 murmurings1 and blasphemies of men in most unjustly condemning his charity itself4 ,we cannot form any idea unless we have experienced it1 what force such injurious treatment has to make men abandon the good which they have begun1 and cease bestowing favors on those that murmur against them4 ,christ has encouraged us by his example to this heroic practice of virtue1 teaching us that the most effectual means of confounding slanderers is to instruct them by silence1 meekness1 perseverance in good works1 and a constant return of sincere kind offices2 he shows how we must still persevere steadfastly to regulate our intentions and actions according to the maxims of piety1 and give ourselves no trouble about what men will say of us4 ,christ sought indirectly by a parable1 to cure the pride and rash judgment of this ,pharisee1 and convince him that she to whom much had been forgiven1 then loved ,god the more2 consequently was more acceptable to him4 ,some interpreters understand his words1 that much was forgiven this penitent1 because her love and sorrow were great and sincere2 others take the meaning to be1 that gratitude would make her after this mercy more fervent in love4 ,each interpretation is undoubtedly true2 but1 as ,a4 ,lapide shows1 the first seems most agreeable to the context4 ,the conversion of sinners is usually begun by motives of fear1 but is always perfected by those of love2 and the fervor of their love will be the measure of the grace which they will receive4 ,by the love of vanity the soul falls from ,christ2 and by his divine love she returns to him4 ,how fervent was this love in our devout penitent6 ,by it she is become at once insensible of the reproaches and judgment of men2 she defers not her sacrifice a single moment1 and allows not herself the least mitigation in it2 she cuts off all her engagements1 extirpating them to the very root both in her heart and actions2 she renounces for ever all dangerous occasions of her disorders4 ,with what courage and resolution does she embrace all the most heroic practices of penance8 confessing publicly her crimes3 looking upon the utmost humiliation as her due and her gain1 and as falling far short of what she deserves2 chastising sin in herself without mercy1 in order to excite the divine compassion2 making the number and enormity of her sins the measure of her penance1 or rather desiring to set no bounds to it1 as the malice of her offences went beyond all bounds2 and devoting the remainder of her life to tears1 prayer1 and every exercise of virtue and divine love4 ,she is the first to confess ,jesus ,christ publicly before men1 and in the presence of his enemies4 ,by these dispositions she deserved that her ,lord should take upon him her defence1 and declare himself her protector4 ,happy are those sinners who by the sincerity and fervor of their repentance will have at the last day their ,judge1 ,redeemer1 and ,god1 for their advocate and patron6 ,the first and most important grace which the ,church teaches us in her litany most earnestly to ask of ,god is1 that ,he vouchsafe1 in his mercy1 to bring us to this true penance4 ,mercy is the property and the favorite attribute of our divine ,redeemer2 and tinder is not so soon kindled by fire when applied to it1 as the divine mercy blots out all sin when it is implored with a heart full of confusion and truly penitent4 ,hence ,christ assured this humble sinner that her offences were cancelled1 and that her lively faith1 animated by ardent charity1 which drew from her eyes tears of repentance1 had saved her2 and he insured to her that solid and happy peace which is the fruit of such a repentance4 ,the pious cardinal ,berulle admires the happy intercourse between the heart of this holy penitent and that of ,jesus2 the first employed in the most perfect sentiments of compunction1 love1 and entire sacrifice2 the second1 in the tender motions of mercy1 love1 and goodness3 the penitent offers floods of tears2 these ,jesus repays with treasures of graces and mercy1 by which he makes her soul a heaven on earth1 as bright and pure as the angels1 and the throne of the whole blessed ,trinity4 ,the hearts of the penitent and of ,jesus are two sources which perpetually answer each other2 the more the penitent pours forth her heart in contrition1 the more abundantly does ,jesus in return bestow on her his infinite graces4 ,it is at the feet of ,jesus that these wonders are wrought2 witness this example1 and that of the sister of ,lazarus1 in the house of ,simon the ,leper in ,bethania4 ,it is good for us to make this our dwelling in spirit4 ,the adorable feet of ,jesus so often wearied in seeking sinners1 and at last bored on the cross for their salvation1 are the source of all blessings4 ,here this true penitent consecrates to him her heart1 her mind1 her actions1 her perfumes1 all she is or has2 and here he cleanses her soul1 and kindles in her his love1 which the rebel angel lost in heaven4 ,all his attention is taken up on her1 he entertains her alone1 forgetting the master of the feast1 and others that were seated with him at table4 ,he even gave the ,pharisee sensible proofs how much her fervor and penance surpassed in the sight of ,god his pretended justice and charity1 though it were presumed real4 ,perseverance in this fervor completed her happiness4 ,gratitude to ,god for so great a mercy1 and so distinguished a grace1 was to her a fresh spur to advance every day in this love with greater ardor and fidelity4 ,thus the greater the debts were which had been forgiven her1 the more earnestly she strove with all her powers to love him who vouchsafed to accept her humble sacrifice4 ,this same motive of gratitude ought to have no less weight with those who1 by ,god's singular grace1 have always preserved their innocence2 for1 whether ,god shows mercy by pardoning sins or by preventing them in us1 we are totally indebted to ,him for the grace which we receive4 ,upon this great principle1 ,st4 ,austin addresses the ,pharisee who despised our holy penitent1 in the following words3#bdi 8,o ,pharisee6 to say you are less indebted to the divine mercy1 because less was forgiven you1 is a capital ingratitude and pride4 ,for by whom were you preserved from those crimes which you did not commit8 ,one who hath sinned much1 stands indebted for the gracious pardon of exceeding great debts4 ,another who hath sinned less1 owes to ,god the benefit1 that he hath not defiled himself with grievous sins4 ,you have not fallen into adultery2 but ,god saith to you1 it is owing to me who governed and protected you4 ,if no tempter ever enticed you1 this was the effect of my special care and providence in your favor4 ,if you escaped the occasions of dangers from time and place1 this likewise was ordained by me4 ,perhaps a temptation and an opportunity of sinning occurred2 yet ,i withheld you by wholesome fear1 that you did not consent to the evil4 ,you are indebted to me for your preservation from all the crimes which you did not commit2 for there is no sin that one committeth1 which another person might not commit if he were not preserved by him who made man40 ,we cannot sufficiently admire and praise the excess of the divine goodness towards men who were born children of wrath1 and vessels of weakness and corruption4 ,wonderful is his mercy in those whom he preserves from the contagion of vice and mortal sin2 but its influence appears with the greatest lustre in sinners whom by repentance it not only cleanses from their guilt1 but exalts to the highest places in his favor4 ,of this our fervent penitent is an instance1 who1 after her conversion1 surpassed others in the ardor of her charity1 with which she gave herself up entirely to the service of her ,redeemer4 ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great1 and many other writers both ancient and modern1 doubt not but this penitent was ,mary ,magdalen1 of whom ,st4 ,luke makes first mention in the following chapter4 ,this surname seems to have been given her from ,magdala1 a town mentioned by ,josephus1 or rather from ,magdalum1 both situated in ,galilee4#bej ,she was by extraction a ,galilan1 and is reckoned among the devout women who followed ,christ from ,galilee4 ,st4 ,luke1 after speaking of the conversion of her that had been a sinner1 says#bea that certain women who had been cured of wicked spirits and infirmities followed ,christ in his travels through ,galilee1 and up to ,jerusalem1 and assisted him with their substance2 and our ,lord receives such good offices from them1 to give them an occasion of exercising a gratitude and charity with which he was well pleased4 ,among these1 the evangelist names ,mary ,magdalen1 out of whom our ,lord had cast seven devils1 ,joanna the wife of ,chusa ,herod's steward1 and one ,susanna4 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great1 ,lightfoot1 and some others1 by these seven devils understand seven capital vices of which ,magdalen was cured by her conversion2 but ,maldonat1 ,grotius1 and others doubt not but she had been literally possessed by seven evil spirits1 by whom she might be agitated at intervals1 and which were cast forth at her conversion4 ,gratitude and devotion having attached her to our ,divine ,redeemer after so great a benefit1 she followed him almost wherever he went1 that she might have an opportunity of listening to all his sacred instructions1 and of exercising her charity in ministering to him her substance4#beb ,she attended him in his sacred passion1 and stood under the cross on ,mount ,calvary4 ,for her to arrive at the summit of divine love1 it was necessary she should pass through the sharpest trials4 8,no one10 says ,thomas ,kempis1 8was highly rapt whose fidelity was not sooner or later put to the test2 for he is not worthy of the high contemplation of ,god who hath not1 for ,god's sake1 been exercised with some tribulation2 and the trial going before is usually a sign of ensuing consolation40 ,a great mystery is contained in those words of the evangelist1--,there stood near the cross of ,jesus1 ,mary his mother1 and his mother's sister ,mary of ,cleophas1 and ,mary ,magdalen4 ,happy association6 happy state and situation near ,jesus on his cross6 cries out the devout cardinal ,berulle4 ,this is a new order of souls which consists in the spirit1 in the interior1 and is invisible to men1 but visible and glorious to the eyes of ,god and the angels4 ,an order of souls crucified with ,jesus1 and through ,jesus1 which takes its birth from his cross4 ,the order1 at the same time1 both of the cross and of heaven2 the order and school of love by the martyrdom of the heart2 which by learning to die to the world and inordinate self-love1 lives to ,god and his pure love4 ,this happiness we attain to1 by being united in spirit to ,jesus crucified1 as ,magdalen was at the foot of his cross4 ,she suffered by love what he suffered in his body by the hands of the ,jews4 ,the same cross crucified ,jesus and ,magdalen in him and with him4 ,the thorns pierced her heart with his head1 and her soul was bathed in all his sorrows2 but the crucifixion was in both a martyrdom of love2 and that love which triumphed over ,jesus by making him die on the cross1 crucified her heart to all inordinate love of creatures1 thenceforward to reign and triumph alone in all her affections1 so that she could say in a twofold sense2 8,my love is crucified40 ,mary ,magdalen forsook not her ,redeemer after his death2 but remained by his sacred body1 was present at its interment1 left it only to obey the law of observing the festival1 and having rested on the sabbath from sunset on ,friday to sunset on ,saturday1 as soon as the festival was over went to buy spices in order to embalm our ,lord's body4 ,having made all things ready1 in company with other devout women1 she set out very early the next morning with the spices1 before it was light1 and arrived at the sepulchre just when the sun was risen4#bec ,as they went they were anxious how they should get the heavy stone which shut up the door of the monument1 taken away2 but upon their arrival found it removed to their hands4 ,god never fails to be with his servants in what they undertake for his honor2 and the difficulties1 whether real or imaginary1 with the apprehension of which the devil attempts to discourage them1 are banished by confidence and resolution1 and vanish as shadows in the execution4 ,the pious women looked into the sepulchre1 and finding the body not there1 ,mary ,magdalen ran to inform ,peter and the other disciple whom ,jesus loved1 and said to them1 8,they have taken away the ,lord out of the sepulchre1 and ,i know not where they have laid him40 ,,ss4 ,peter and ,john1 the two most fervent in love among the apostles1 ran immediately to the sepulchre1 and were there assured by the holy women who were at the door of the monument1 that going in they had seen two angels clad in white shining apparel1 and that one of them who sat at the right hand of the place where the body had lain1 bid them not to fear1 but to acquaint the apostles that ,jesus was risen1 showing them at the same time the place where his body had been laid4 ,peter and ,john having narrowly viewed the sepulchre1 doubted no longer of what was told them1 and in great astonishment returned to ,jerusalem to the other disciples4 ,mary ,magdalen1 who had brought them to the sepulchre of her ,lord1 made the throne of divine love1 would not return with them1 or be drawn from the sacred place where the true ark of the testament1 the body of her ,redeemer1 had rested three days1 and continued at the monument bemoaning herself for not being able to see her ,redeemer1 either dead or alive4 ,not being able to assuage the violence of her grief and of her desire to see her ,lord1 she stood weeping without the door of the sepulchre4 ,the entrance being low and narrow she stooped down to look into it again and again1 and beheld the two angels in white1 one of them sitting at the place where ,jesus's head lay1 and the other at the feet1 who thus accosted her1 8,woman1 why weepest thou80 ,she replied1 8,because they have taken away my ,lord1 and ,i know not where they have laid him40 ,neither the surprise of this apparition nor the brightness and glory of these heavenly messengers could touch her heart1 or divert her thoughts from him whom she loved1 and whom alone she sought1 and we suffer so many foolish objects to distract us1 and carry away our affections4 ,in her answer to the angels she called him ,my ,lord1 to express the share which by love she had in him1 and her title to him as her ,god1 ,lord1 and ,redeemer4 ,afterward to the apostles she calls him ,the ,lord1 to excite them to duty and love to the common ,lord of all creatures4 ,but why did not these angels inform her that he whom she so earnestly sought was risen in glory8 ,doubtless1 because the ,lord of angels would reserve it to himself to give her that comfort4 ,blessed be thy name for ever1 ,o adorable ,jesus1 who so tenderly wipest away the tears of thy servants with thy own hand1 and sweet voice1 and convertest their sorrow into transports of inexpressible joy4 ,jesus first manifested himself to the ,magdalen in disguise to make a trial himself of her love2 but his tenderness could not suffer a delay1 and he soon discovered himself openly to her2 for1 as soon as she had returned the answer above mentioned to the angels1 she turned about1 and saw ,jesus himself standing by her1 but took him for the gardener4 ,he asked her why she wept1 and whom she sought4 ,she said to him1 8,sir1 if thou hast taken him hence tell me where thou hast laid him1 and ,i will take him away40 ,according to the remark of ,st4 ,bernard and ,st4 ,thomas of ,villa ,nova1 love made her not to name him1 because being full of ,him alone1 she imagined every body else must be so too1 and that this stranger must understand of whom she spoke4 ,love also made her forget her own weakness1 and think herself able to carry a heavy corpse1 provided she could be so happy any way as to serve her beloved2 for to ardent love nothing seems impossible or difficult4 ,jesus1 infinitely pleased with her earnestness and love1 manifested himself to her1 saying with his sweet and amiable voice2 ,mary6 ,he at first mentioned her tears1 and the object which she so earnestly sought1 to excite her love4 ,all this while she knew him not1 though he was present1 and conversing with her1 because these words carried not with them the ray of light to discover him2 but her name was no sooner pronounced by him1 but his voice excited in her a rapture of light and love1 and gave her the most sublime and full knowledge1 and the sweetest enjoyment of the most desirable of objects1 of him risen in glory who was the life of the world1 and her life4 ,hearing him sweetly call her by her name1 and thus knowing him1 she turning said1 ,rabboni1 that is1 ,master4 ,and casting herself at his feet in transports of devotion she would have embraced them4 ,but ,jesus said to her1 8,do not touch me2 for ,i have not yet ascended to my ,father2 but go to my brethren1 and tell them1 that ,i ascend to my ,father and your ,father1 to my ,god and your ,god40 ,that is1 my ,father by nature1 yours by grace1 says ,st4 ,austin4 ,he bade her make haste to carry his message to his beloved disciples for their speedy comfort1 and not lose time in giving demonstrations of her reverence and love4 ,st4 ,leo explains these words of our ,lord as follows1#bed 8,it is not a time to demonstrate your affection for me in such a manner as if ,i were in a mortal state2 ,i am with you but for a short time1 to strengthen your faith4 ,when ,i shall have ascended to my ,father1 then you shall again possess me for eternity40 ,thus ,mary ,magdalen1 out of whom ,jesus had cast seven evil spirits1 was the first that saw ,him after his rising from the dead4 ,this pre-eminence of grace1 this distinguishing favor and love of ,jesus was the recompense of her ardent love1 by which she attended last his body in the sepulchre1 from which she was only drawn by the duty of the ,sabbath2 and she was the first who returned thither3 she sought him dead1 and found him living4 ,in obedience to his commands she immediately departed to acquaint the apostles with the joyful message4#bee ,jesus1 who suffered her so long at his feet to satisfy her ardent love and compunction when he received her to mercy1 here allows her1 after her long search1 scarce to remain a few moments in the state of enjoyment2 but he separates himself from her to return into the secret of inaccessible light1 invisible to mortal eye4 ,why does not he who is ,life itself allow her to live in his happy presence8 ,why does not he allow her at least as many hours of enjoyment as she had spent in her search of him8 ,but this separation itself is an effect of his greatest love1 this life being a state of action1 of conflict1 and of trials for the exercise of virtue2 and ,magdalen in this separation itself which was from him1 by his appointment1 and for her greater advancement in his love1 found by obedience1 zeal1 and resignation to his will1 her comfort1 life1 and great increase of his love and all graces4 ,the other devout women who had seen the angels at the sepulchre1 in their return to ,jerusalem1 were also favored with an apparition of our ,lord4 ,he having met and saluted them1 they prostrated themselves at his feet1 and embraced them worshipping him1 though they were greatly afraid4#bef ,jesus bid them not fear1 but go and tell his brethren that he would go before them into ,galilee1 where they should see him4#beg ,it is an ancient popular tradition of the inhabitants of ,provence in ,france1 that ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 or perhaps1 ,mary the sister of ,lazarus1 ,st4 ,martha1 and ,st4 ,lazarus1 with some other disciples of our ,lord1 after his ascension1 being expelled by the ,jews1 put to sea1 and landed safe at ,marseilles1 of which church they were the founders1 ,st4 ,lazarus being made the first bishop of that city4#bei ,the relics of these saints were discovered in ,provence in the thirteenth century1 those of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen at a place now called ,st4 ,maximin's1 those of ,st4 ,martha at ,tarascon upon the ,rhone1 and others in ,st4 ,victor's at ,marseilles4 ,they were authentically proved genuine by many monuments found with them in these several places4 ,charles ,i41 king of ,naples and brother of ,st4 ,louis1 was at that time sovereign count of ,provence2 but he being then in ,naples engaged in war with the house of ,arragon1 his son ,charles of ,anjou1 prince of ,salerno1 governed ,provence4 ,this prince was beaten at sea by the fleet of the king of ,arragon in #abhd1 and taken prisoner2 and though his father died the year following1 he could not recover his liberty before the year #abhh4 ,he ascribed his deliverance to the intercession of our saint1 the discovery of whose relics had excited his devotion to her2 he had already founded the church of ,st4 ,maximin's upon the spot where they were discovered1 and assisted at the solemn translation of them in #abgi4 ,he committed this royal foundation to the ,dominican friars1 and the prior1 who is nominated by the king1 is exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction both of the archbishop of ,aix1 and of the immediate superiors of his ,order4 ,the chief part of the relics of this saint was translated from the subterraneous chapel in the middle of this church1 and being put in a porphyry urn1 the present of pope ,urban ,,viii4 was placed over the high altar4 ,king ,louis ,,xiv41 and the principal noblemen of his court1 were present at this translation1 which was performed with great pomp in #affj4 ,the saint's head1 with many other relics1 remains in the subterraneous chapel2 it is set in a gold case enchased with large diamonds1 and surmounted with the royal crown of ,charles ,,ii4 styled king of ,sicily or ,naples4 ,before it is a curious statue of queen ,anne of ,brittany1 on her knees1 made of enamelled gold4 ,three leagues from ,st4 ,maximin's1 towards ,marseilles1 is a famous solitary convent of ,dominicans1 situated on a very high rock1 encompassed on every side with wild deserts and mountains4 ,it is called ,la ,ste4 ,baume2 which in the ,provenal language signifies ,holy ,cave4 ,it was anciently a celebrated hermitage1 and is a place now resorted to by pilgrims1 out of devotion to this glorious saint4 ,both ,latins and ,greeks keep the festival of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen on the #bb;d of ,july2 it is in some places a holiday of precept1 and was such formerly in ,england1 as appears from the council of ,oxford in #abbb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the pious cardinal ,berulle was most tenderly devoted to this great saint1 whom he called his principal patroness2 and nothing can be more affecting in sentiments of compunction and divine love than the discourses which he has left us in her honor4#bfj ,she is the excellent model of penitents4 ,if we have sinned1 why do not we by her example speedily lay hold of the sovereign remedy of penance8 ,if violent temptations and terrible enemies seem to stand in our way1 if the world allures us1 if the devil fights fiercely against us1 and unbridled passions are rebellious and clamorous1 other penitents have courageously surmounted greater obstacles than we can meet with4 ,god incites us no less than he did them1 and he is no less ready to fight in us and for us4 ,jesus holds out the crown to encourage us1 and has already prepared the banquet of spiritual joy and sweetness for us at our return4 ,if we arise in earnest he will come1 and will make his solemn supper in our soul2 and there will be exultation and a voice resounding praise through the whole heavenly court2 but we must never think our penance accomplished1 must never put a stop to our tears so long as we remember that we have sinned3 ,god prolongs our life that we may continue to weep for our ingratitude in having offended him4 ,if our conversion be sincere1 to make amends for past losses and offences1 we must consecrate to the divine service with the utmost fervor all our time1 and all that we are to do4 ,the ,magdalen1 after ,jesus ,christ had rendered himself master of her soul1 had neither heart nor liberty but to give herself entirely to her deliverer4 ,,saint ,,vandrille ,,or ,,wandre ,,gisilus4 ,,abbot ,,of ,,fontenelles ,,in ,,normandy4 ,he was nearly related to ,pepin of ,landen and ,erchinoald1 the two first lords in the kingdom of ,austrasia2 and in his youth was made count of the palace under ,dagobert ,i4 ,he was humble on the highest pinnacle of honors1 and mortified amidst pleasures4 ,to retrieve himself from the dissipation and other ill effects1 of which hurry and much conversation with the world are dangerous occasions1 he frequently retired into his closet1 and there conversed much with ,god by devout prayer1 and with himself by serious consideration on his own duties1 condition1 and spiritual miseries4 ,in compliance with the will of his parents he took to wife a virtuous and noble lady2 but1 on the very day of his marriage1 obtained her consent that they should both consecrate their virginity to ,god2 which they did by a mutual vow on the same day4 ,vandrille in #fbi took the monastic habit at ,montfaucon in ,champagne1 an abbey then lately founded by ,st4 ,baudri4 ,he afterward built a monastery upon his own estate1 called ,elisang4 ,in order to perfect himself in the most approved rules and exercises of an ascetic or monastic life1 he took a journey to ,bobio and to ,rome4 ,after his return into ,france he spent ten years in the monastery of ,romans1 on the ,isere4 ,after which term1 with the blessing of his abbot1 he repaired to ,st4 ,oen1 archbishop of ,rouen1 by whom he was some time after ordained priest4 ,in #fdh the saint founded the famous monastery of ,fontenelles1 five leagues below ,rouen1 in the territory of ,caux1 in which he in a short time saw himself at the head of three hundred monks4 ,his life was always most austere2 he slept little1 was clad in sackcloth1 and was most scrupulously exact in all the exercises of the monastic rule1 in which1 he was well assured1 the sanctification of his state consisted4 ,he went to receive the recompense of his labors on the #bb;d of ,july in #fff1 being ninety-six years old4 ,he was buried in the church of ,st4 ,paul1 now in ruins3 his body was translated by ,st4 ,bainus into that of ,st4 ,peter's1 still standing2 and in #idd to ,ghent4 ,it was lost in the persecution of the ,calvinists in #aegh2 but an arm had been restored to ,fontenelles1 and the other arm been given to the abbey of ,brone2 where these relics are still preserved4 ,see his two lives of the same age in ,mabillon1 and in ,bosch the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #e1 p4 #bec4 ,also ,gallia ,christ4 ,nova1 t4 #aa1 p4 #aee1 #aff1 and the history of the translation of his relics to the abbey of ,blandine1 now ,st4 ,peter's at ,ghent1 and a history of his miracles1 with ,f4 ,bosch's notes1 t4 #e1 p4 #bha2 also ,f4 ,toussaint-du-,plessis1 ,descript4 ,geogr4 ,hist4 de la ,haute ,normandie4 ,,saint ,,joseph ,,of ,,palestine4 ,,commonly ,,called ,,count ,,joseph4 ,the ,jews1 after the destruction of ,jerusalem1 erected two academies1 the one at ,babylon1 the other at ,tiberias1 a city on the lake of ,genesareth1 rebuilt by ,herod1 in honor of the emperor ,tiberias4 ,both these schools flourished till the ,saracen empire overran those countries4 ,that of ,tiberias produced the ,massoretes or ,massoretic doctors1 so famous for the invention of the vowel points in the ,hebrew tongue1 and their care in preserving the genuine text of the holy bible4 ,though the ,jews then retained no sort of jurisdiction or form of government1 yet they chose one among their chief doctors to whom they gave the title of patriarch or prince of the captivity4 ,the most celebrated person who ever bore this honor among them was ,hillel1 whose name is still in great veneration with the ,jews1 and who was their most learned oracle1 and the principal founder and ornament of their academy at ,tiberias4 ,this ,hillel1 a few days before his death1 sent for a ,christian bishop in the neighborhood under the character of a physician1 who ordered a bath to be prepared in his chamber1 as if it had been for his health1 and baptized him in it4 ,hillel received the divine mysteries1 and died4 ,joseph1 one of his assistants1 called ,apostoli1 whose life we are writing1 was witness to this secret transaction1 and having always been the confident of ,hillel1 had the care of his son ,judas who succeeded him in the dignity of patriarch of the ,jews4 ,he found the holy gospels in ,hillel's treasure1 and read them with incredible pleasure4 ,the young patriarch fell into evil courses1 and employed magical arts to seduce a ,christian woman2 but the sign of the cross made his charms of no effect4 ,joseph was surprised to hear this prodigy4 ,he seemed in a dream one night to see ,christ1 and to hear from his mouth these words1 8,i am ,jesus whom thy fathers crucified2 believe in me40 ,he relished our holy faith more than ever1 and going into ,cilicia to collect the tenths for the patriarch1 he borrowed again the holy gospels4 ,the ,jews1 already dissatisfied with his conduct1 finding him with this holy book1 dragged him to their synagogue1 and cruelly scourged him4 ,they were preparing worse treatment for him when the bishop rescued him out of their hands4 ,joseph having already begun to suffer for ,christ1 was soon disposed to receive baptism4 ,constantine the ,great became master of the ,east in #cbc4 ,he gave ,joseph the title and rank of count1 with authority to build churches over ,palestine1 wherever he should judge proper4 ,joseph began to raise one at ,tiberias4 ,the ,jews employed many artifices to hinder the work1 and stopped his lime-kilns from burning by enchantments1 but he1 making the sign of the cross upon a vessel of water1 and invoking the name of ,jesus1 poured it on the kilns1 and the fire instantly burst forth and burned with great activity4 ,count ,joseph showed no less zeal against the ,arians than against the ,jews1 and both conspired together to persecute him2 but he was protected by his dignity of count1 which gave him a superior command and authority4 ,joseph1 however1 when the emperor ,constantius persecuted the orthodox prelates1 retired from ,tiberias to the neighboring city ,scythopolis1 where1 in #cee1 he lodged ,st4 ,eusebius of ,vercelli1 banished by the ,arians4 ,his was the only ,catholic house in that town4 ,he harbored many other illustrious servants of ,god1 and among the rest ,st4 ,epiphanius1 who had from his own mouth the particulars here related4 ,joseph was then seventy years of age4 ,he died soon after1 about the year #cef4 ,the ,greeks and ,latins both mention his name in their martyrologies4 ,see ,st4 ,epiphanius1 hr4 #cj1 c4 #d4 ,tillemont1 t4 #g4 ,fleury1 l4 #aa1 n4 #ce4 ,dom ,gervaise in his life of ,st4 ,epiphanius1 c4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 and ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #e1 ,julij1 p4 #bch4 ,,st4 ,,meneve1 ,,abbot4 ,he was born in ,anjou of a family allied to the emperor ,charlemagne4 ,from his infancy it was his only ambition to serve ,christ with his whole heart4 ,when he was of an age to be settled in the world1 his parents obliged him to accept a ring sent him by a great lord of the country named ,baronte1 as a token that he would marry his daughter2 but to prevent this engagement1 he fled into ,auvergne1 and there received the monastic habit at the hands of ,st4 ,chaffre or ,theofrede1 who was then conome of the monastery of ,carmery or ,cormeri1 so called from its founder ,carmen1 duke of that country1 since called ,st4 ,theofrede's or ,chaffre's monastery in ,auvergne1 four leagues from ,puy in ,velay1 whom he had met at ,menat1 and followed to this abbey4 ,here he lived seven years under the holy abbot ,eudo2 then returned to ,menat seven leagues from ,clermont2 this monastery he built in such a manner as to have borne the name of its founder4 ,he governed it for many years with great sanctity1 and died in #gbj4 ,he is honored with singular veneration in ,auvergne and ,anjou1 and mentioned by ,usuard on the #bb;d of ,july4 ,see ,mabillon1 ,sec4 #c1 ,ben41 part #a1 ,labbe1 t4 #b1 ,bibl4 ,nov1 p4 #eia4 ,branche1 ,vies des ,,ss4 d',auvergne et ,velay4 ,baillet1 c4 ,,st4 ,,dabius ,,or ,,davius1 ,c4 ,a zealous ,irish priest who preached with wonderful fruit in his own country and in ,albany in ,scotland2 is titular saint of the parish of ,domnach ,cluana in the county of ,down1 and of ,kippau in the ,highlands1 where a famous church is dedicated to ,god under his invocation by the name of ,movean4 ,see ,colgan in ,,mss4 ,,july ,,xxiii4 ,,saint ,,apollinaris1 ,,martyr4 ,,bishop ,,of ,,ravenna4 ,see ,pinius in the ,acts of the ,saints1 ,julij1 t4 #e1 p4 #cbi1 and ,farlat1 ,illyrici ,sacra1 t4 #a1 p4 #bei4 ,st4 ,apollinaris was the first bishop of ,ravenna4 ,bede1 in his true ,martyrology1 says that he sat twenty years1 and was crowned with martyrdom in the reign of ,vespasian4 ,his acts say that he was a disciple of ,st4 ,peter1 and made by him bishop of ,ravenna4 ,though their authority deserves little regard1 this circumstance must be allowed1 being agreeable to the time1 and supported by other authorities4 ,st4 ,peter ,chrysologus1 the most illustrious among his successors1 has left us a sermon in honor of our saint1#bfa in which he often styles him a martyr2 but adds1 that though he frequently spilt portions of his blood for the faith1 and ardently desired to lay down his life for ,christ1 yet ,god preserved him a long time to his ,church1 and did not suffer the persecutors to take away his life4 ,so he seems to have only been a martyr by the torments he endured for ,christ1 which he survived at least some days4 ,his body lay first at ,classis1 four miles from ,ravenna1 still a kind of suburb to that city1 and its sea-port1 till it was choked up by the sands4 ,in the year #edi his relics were removed into a more secret vault in the same church1 as an inscription still extant there testifies4 ,see ,mabillon4#bfb ,st4 ,fortunatus exhorted his friends to make pilgrimages to his tomb1 and ,st4 ,gregory the ,great ordered parties in doubtful suits at law to be sworn before it4 ,pope ,honorius built a church under his name in ,rome about the year #fcj4 ,it occurs in all ,martyrologies1 and the high veneration which the ,church paid early to his memory is a sufficient testimony of his eminent sanctity and apostolic spirit4 ,the virtue of the saints was true and heroic1 because humble1 and proof against all trials4 ,that of the heathen philosophers was lame1 and generally false and counterfeit1 whence ,tertullian calls the latter1 ,traders in fame4 8,where is now the similitude10 says he1 8between a philosopher and a ,christian8 a disciple of ,greece and of heaven8 a trader in fame1 and a saver of souls8#bfc between a man of words1 and a man of works80 ,and ,st4 ,jerom writes1 8,a philosopher is an animal of fame1 one who basely drudges for the breath of the people40#bfd ,lactantius severely rallies ,cicero1 because1 though he was very sensible of the vanity of the worship then established1 yet he would not have that truth told the people for fear of unhinging the religion of the state4 8,now what is to be done with a man10 says our ,christian philosopher1 8who knows himself in an error1 yet wilfully dashes upon a rock1 that the people may do so too8 who makes no use of his wisdom for the regulation of his life1 but entangles himself to ensnare others1 whom1 as the wiser person1 he was obliged to rescue from error8 ,but ,o ,cicero1 if you have any regard for virtue1 attempt rather to deliver the people out of ignorance4 ,it is a noble enterprise1 and worthy all your powers of eloquence4 ,never fear but your oratory will hold out in so good a cause1 which never failed you in the defence of so many bad ones4 ,but ,socrates's prison is the thing you dread2 and therefore truth must want a patron2 but certainly1 as a wise man1 you ought to despise death in competition with truth2 and you had fallen much more honorably by speaking well of truth1 than for speaking ill of ,antony2 nor will you ever rise to that height of glory by your ,philippics1 as you would have done by laboring to undeceive the world1 and dispute the people into their senses40#bfe ,the philosophers did not love truth well enough to suffer for it4 ,plato dissembled1 for fear of ,socrates's hemlock2 but the ,christian religion raised its professors above all considerations present1 for the joy that was set before them4 ,,st4 ,,liborius1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,mans1 ,c4 ,he was descended of a noble ,gaulish family1 and by his innocence and sanctity of life was recommended to the priesthood in the church of ,mans4 ,he loved retirement and prayer1 never conversed with seculars but on spiritual accounts1 and linked himself only with those among the clergy whose actions and words were such as might inspire him more and more with the spirit of his state4 ,his distinguished learning and virtue fixed all eyes upon him1 and in #cdh he was chosen fourth bishop of ,mans4 ,indefatigable in all the functions of his charge1 he prayed and fasted much1 and was most attentive in succoring the necessities of the poor1 by that means to draw down the blessing of ,god upon himself and his flock4 ,he built and endowed many new churches in his diocess1 and having governed it forty-nine years1 died about the year #cig4 ,his remains were translated to ,paderborn in #hcf1 and he is honored as patron of that city4 ,see ,tillemont1 t4 #aj1 p4 #cjg4 ,fleury1 l4 #bh1 n4 #fa1 p4 #die4 ,,july ,,xxiv4 ,,st4 ,,lupus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,troyes1 ,c4 ,from his ancient accurate life1 extant in ,surius1 and illustrated with notes by ,f4 ,bosch the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #g1 p4 #ai4 ,see also ,ceillier1 t4 #ae1 p4 #dj4 ,tillemont1 t4 #af1 p4 #abg4 ,rivet1 ,hist4 ,littr4 t4 #b1 p4 #dhf4 ,calmet1 ,hist4 de ,lorraine1 t4 #a1 l4 #f1 n4 #dd1 p4 #bgd1 and ,camuzat1 ,catal4 ,episc4 ,trecens4 p4 #aec1 et ,antiquitates ,tricassin1 c41 #hvo41 #afaj4 ,a4 ,d4 #dgh4 ,st4 ,lupus1 called in ,french ,st4 ,leu1 was born of a noble family at ,toul1 and being learned and eloquent1 pleaded at the bar for some years with great reputation4 ,he married ,pimeniola1 a virtuous sister of ,st4 ,hilary of ,arles4 ,after six years spent in holy wedlock1 fired with an ardent desire of serving ,god with greater perfection1 they parted by mutual consent1 and made a mutual vow of perpetual continency4 ,lupus betook himself to the famous abbey of ,lerins1 then governed by ,st4 ,honoratus4 ,he lived there a year1 and added many austerities to those prescribed by the rule1 yet always regulated his fervor by the advice of ,st4 ,honoratus4 ,he sold great part of his estate for the benefit of the poor1 when he renounced the world4 ,after the first year1 when ,st4 ,honoratus was made bishop of ,arles1 he went to ,macon in ,burgundy to dispose of an estate he had left there1 in charitable uses4 ,he was preparing to return to ,lerins when he was met by the deputies of the church of ,troyes1 which1 upon the death of ,st4 ,ursus1 in #dbf1 had chosen him bishop1 the eighth from ,st4 ,amator1 founder of this see4 ,his resistance was to no purpose1 and he was consecrated by the prelates of the province of ,sens4 ,in this dignity he continued the same practices of humility1 mortification1 and as much as possible even of poverty4 ,he never wore any other garments than a sackcloth and a single tunic1 lay upon boards1 and allotted every second night entire to watching in prayer4 ,he often passed three days without taking any nourishment1 and after so rigorous a fast allowed himself nothing but a little barley bread4 ,thus he lived above twenty years2 laboring at the same time in all his pastoral functions with a zeal worthy an apostle4 ,about the latter end of the fourth century1 ,pelagius1 a ,british monk1 and ,celestius a ,scot1 broached their heresy in ,africa1 ,italy1 and the ,east1 denying the corruption of human nature by original sin1 and the necessity of divine grace4 ,one ,agricola1 a disciple of these heresiarchs1 had spread this poison in ,britain4 ,the ,catholics addressed themselves to their neighbors the bishops of ,gaul1 begging their assistance to check the growing evil4 ,an assembly of bishops1 probably held at ,arles in #dbi1 deputed ,st4 ,germanus of ,auxerre and ,st4 ,lupus of ,troyes1 to go over into our island to oppose this mischief4 ,the two holy pastors1 burning with zeal for the glory of ,christ1 accepted the commission the more willingly as it seemed laborious and painful4 ,they came over and entirely banished the heresy by their prayers1 preaching1 and miracles4 ,st4 ,lupus1 after his return1 set himself with fresh vigor to reform the manners of his own flock4 ,in this he displayed so great prudence and piety1 that ,st4 ,sidonius ,apollinaris calls him1 8,the father of fathers and bishop of bishops1 the chief of the ,gallican prelates1 the rule of manners1 the pillar of truth1 the friend of ,god1 and the intercessor to him for men40#bff ,he spared no pains to save one lost sheep1 and his labors were often crowned with a success which seemed miraculous4 ,among other instances it is recorded that a certain person of his diocess1 named ,gallus1 had forsaken his wife and withdrawn to ,clermont4 ,st4 ,lupus could not see this soul perish1 but wrote to ,st4 ,sidonius1 then bishop of ,clermont1 a strong letter so prudently tempered with sweetness1 that ,gallus by reading it was at once terrified and persuaded1 and immediately set out to return to his wife4 ,upon which ,st4 ,sidonius cried out1 8,what is more wonderful than a single reprimand1 which both affrights a sinner into compunction1 and makes him love his censor60 ,this letter of ,st4 ,lupus and several others are lost2 but we have one by which he congratulated ,sidonius upon his promotion to his see1 having passed from a secular prefecture or government to the episcopacy1 which charge he shows to be laborious1 difficult and dangerous4 ,he strongly exhorts him1 above all things1 to humility4 ,this letter was written in #dga1 and is given us by ,d',achery4#bfg ,god at that time afflicted the western empire with grievous calamities1 and ,attila with a numberless army of ,huns overran ,gaul1 calling himself 8,the ,scourge of ,god10 to punish the sins of the people4 ,rheims1 ,cambray1 ,besanon1 ,auxerre1 and ,langres had already felt the effects of his fury1 and ,troyes was the next place threatened4 ,the holy bishop had recourse to ,god in behalf of his people by fervent prayer1 which he continued for many days1 prostrate on the ground1 fasting and weeping without intermission4 ,at length1 putting on his bishop's attire1 full of confidence in ,god1 he went out to meet the barbarian at the head of his army4 ,attila1 though an infidel1 seeing him1 was moved to reverence the man of ,god1 who came up to him boldly1 followed by his clergy in procession1 with a cross carried before them4 ,he spoke to the king first1 and asked him who he was8 8,i am10 said ,attila1 8the scourge of ,god40 8,let us respect whatever comes to us from ,god10 replied the bishop2 8but if you are the scourge with which heaven chastises us1 remember you are to do nothing but what that almighty hand1 which governs and moves you1 permits40 ,attila1 struck with these words1 promised the prelate to spare the city4 ,thus the saint's prayer was a better defence than the most impregnable ramparts4 ,it protected a city which had neither arms1 nor garrison1 nor walls1 against an army of at least four hundred thousand men1 which1 after plundering ,thrace1 ,illyricum1 and ,greece1 crossing the ,rhine1 had filled with blood and desolation the most flourishing countries of ,france4 ,attila1 turning with his army from ,troyes1 was met on the plains of ,chalons by ,atius1 the brave ,roman general1 and there defeated4 ,in his retreat he sent for ,st4 ,lupus1 and caused him to accompany him as far as the ,rhine1 imagining that the presence of so great a servant of ,god would be a safeguard to himself and his army2 and sending him back1 he recommended himself to his prayers4 ,this action of the good bishop was misconstrued by the ,roman generals1 as if he had favored the escape of the barbarian1 and he was obliged to leave ,troyes for two years4 ,he spent that time in religious retirement1 in great austerity and continual contemplation4 ,when his charity and patience had at length overcome the envy and malice of men1 he went back to his church1 which he governed fifty-two years1 dying in the year #dgi4 ,the chief part of his body is kept in a rich silver shrine2 his skull and principal part of his head in another far more precious1 in the figure of a bishop1 formed of silver1 adorned with jewels and diamonds said by some to be the richest in ,france4 ,both are in the abbatial church of regular canons of ,st4 ,austin1 which bears the name of ,st4 ,lupus4 ,he was first buried in the church of ,st4 ,martin in ,areis1 of the same ,order1 then out of the walls1 though long since within them4 ,many churches in ,england bear his name4 ,the family name of ,sentlow among us is derived from ,st4 ,leu1 as ,camden remarks4 ,it was by omnipotent prayer that the saints performed such great wonders4 ,by it ,moses could ward off the destruction of many thousands1 and by a kind of holy violence disarm the divine vengeance4#bfh ,by it ,elias called down fire and rain from heaven4 ,by it ,manasses in chains found mercy1 and recovered his throne2 ,ezechias saw his health restored1 and life prolonged2 the ,ninevites were preserved from destruction2 ,daniel was delivered from the lions1 ,st4 ,peter from his chains1 and ,st4 ,thecla from the fire4 ,by it ,judith and ,esther saved ,god's people4 ,by the same have the servants of ,god so often commanded nature1 defeated armies1 removed mountains1 cast out devils1 cured the sick1 raised the dead1 drawn down divine blessings1 and averted the most dreadful judgments from the world1 which1 as an ancient father says1 subsists by the prayers of the saints4#bfi ,,st4 ,,francis ,,solano1 ,c4 ,this saint was born at ,montilia in ,andalusia to #aedi1 performed his studies in the schools of the ,jesuits1 and in #aefi made his religious profession amongst the ,franciscans in the place of his nativity4 ,an extraordinary humility and contempt of himself and of worldly vanity and applause2 self-denial1 obedience1 meekness1 patience1 and the love of silence1 recollection1 and prayer mental and vocal1 formed his character4 ,whole nights he frequently passed without sleep on the steps of the altar1 before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 in meditation and devout prayer1 with wonderful interior delight and devotion4 ,burning with holy zeal and charity1 and an ardent desire of the salvation of souls1 after he was promoted to the priesthood1 he divided his time between silent retirement and the ministry of preaching4 ,his sermons1 though destitute of the ornaments of studied eloquence1 powerfully withdrew men from vice1 and kindled in their breasts an ardent desire of virtue4 ,the saint was appointed master of novices1 first in the convent of ,arizava1 two miles from ,cordova1 afterward in that of ,monte4 ,then he was made guardian in the province of ,granada4 ,his whole life1 says ,alvarez de ,paz1 may be called a holy uninterrupted course of zealous action1 yet was at the same time a continued most fervent prayer1 abounding with heavenly illuminations and consolations4 ,a perfect spirit of poverty emptied his heart of the love of all created things1 that ,christ alone might occupy and fill it2 and he rejoiced in his nakedness and privation of earthly goods1 that he might barely use them to serve the necessities of nature1 without suffering them to enslave his heart1 or to find any place in his affections1 which he reserved pure and entire for spiritual goods4 ,interior humility and self-denial perfected the disengagement of his heart1 and the extraordinary austerities of his penitential life subjected his senses1 and rendered the liberty which his soul enjoyed complete2 by which he was prepared for the spirit of prayer and the pure love of heavenly things4 ,earthly comforts used with moderation1 and as supports of our weakness1 may be sanctified by a good intention2 but whilst they bolster up our weakness1 they keep it alive and strengthen it2 and if they are sought after1 or made use of with eagerness and attachment1 immoderately or frequently1 they strongly nourish self love and sensuality1 and produce a distrust of the solid food of devotion and divine love4 ,the mortified lives of all the saints who arrived at a familiarity with ,god in holy prayer1 are but a comment upon1 or sensible examples of1 the indispensable gospel precept of dying to ourselves4 ,by no other steps could ,st4 ,francis ,solano have arrived at the perfection of spiritual life4 ,a pestilence which raged at ,granada afforded him an opportunity of exerting his heroic virtue in attending the infected2 but a more noble theatre of action was opened to him by the mission into ,america1 upon which he was sent4 ,peru and ,tucuman were the countries in which he reaped the principal harvest2 and the five last years of his life he preached chiefly at ,lima1 and induced the inhabitants of that great city1 by sincere repentance1 to appease the divine anger1 which they had provoked by their sins4 ,the reputation of his wonderful sanctity was enhanced by many miracles4 ,yet by humility he looked upon himself as the least among men1 and he never appeared in public but when called abroad by zeal for the salvation of souls4 ,before his death he was purified by a lingering illness1 and in his last moments repeated those words of the psalmist3 ,i have rejoiced in those things which have been said to me3 ,we will go into the house of the ,lord4 ,he departed this life on the #adth of ,june in #afaj1 the sixty-second of his age1 and fortieth of his religious profession4 ,f4 ,alvarez de ,paz1 an eye-witness1 describes the stately and religious pomp of his funeral1 at which the viceroy of ,peru and the archbishop of ,lima assisted1 with extraordinary devotion4 ,the saint was beatified by ,clement ,x4 and canonized by ,benedict ,,xiii4 in #agbf1 and his principal festival was appointed on the #bdth of ,july4 ,see his life compiled by ,didacus of ,cordova2 also by ,alphonsus of ,mondietta4 ,see likewise the ,history of the ,provinces of ,peru1 and the edifying account of our saint given by the pious and learned ,jesuit ,f4 ,alvarez de ,paz1 l4 #e1 c4 #ad1 t4 #b1 ,op4 p4 #ageb and #agec2 and ,benedict ,,xiv41 ,de ,canoniz4 t4 #a1 ,append4 ,also the ,lives of ,saints1 published in ,high ,dutch1 by ,f4 ,maximilian ,rasler1 ,s4 ,j42 and ,f4 ,charlevoix1 ,hist4 de ,paraguay1 t4 #a1 l4 #c1 and #d4 ,,ss4 ,,romanus ,,and ,,david1 ,,mm4 ,,patrons ,,of ,,muscovy4#bgj ,the history of the conversion of the ,russians 7now called ,muscovites7 to the faith of ,christ1 has been perplexed by the mistakes of many who have treated this point of history4 ,the learned ,jesuit ,f4 ,antony ,possevin was betrayed into many falsities concerning this people4#bga ,and upon his authority some have pretended that the ,muscovites received the faith from the ,greek schismatics1 and at the same time adhered to their schism2 than which1 nothing can be more notoriously false1 as ,henschenius and ,papebrochius#bgb show4 ,f4 ,stilting1 another learned ,bollandist1 has demonstrated by an express dissertation1#bgc that the ,muscovites were at first ,catholics1 and that even in the time of the ,council of ,florence the ,catholics and schismatics in ,russia made two equal halves4 ,the ,greek schism was formed by ,cerularius several years after the conversion of the ,russians4 ,the schism indeed of ,phocius was a short prelude to it4 ,cedrenus1 ,zonaras1 and some others relate1 that an army of ,russians besieged ,constantinople in the time of the emperor ,michael ,,iii41 when ,photius held that see2 and that being obliged to raise the siege1 they obtained certain ,greek priests from ,constantinople1 who instructed them in the ,christian faith4 ,this first mission ,baronius places in #hec1 ,pagi in #hfa2 but this must either be understood of some tribe of ,russians in ,bohemia1 where ,st4 ,cyril then preached2 or these authors must have confounded together things which happened at different times2 for the emperor ,constantine ,porphyrogenetta1 who lived near that time1 and could not but be acquainted with this transaction1 says both in his life of his grandfather1 ,basil the ,macedonian1 and in his book1 ,on administering the ,empire1 that the ,russians besieged the city in the time of ,photius1 but that they were converted to the faith by priests sent at their request from ,constantinople in the time of ,basil the ,macedonian and the patriarch ,st4 ,ignatius1 whom that prince restored upon his ascending the throne in #hfg2 which also appears from ,zonarus4 ,the first plant of the faith in this nation was the holy queen ,helen1 called before her baptism ,olga4 ,she was wife to the duke ,ihor or ,igor1 who undertook an expedition against the city of ,constantinople1 as ,simeon ,metaphrastes1 the monk ,george1 ,cedrenus1 ,zonaras1 and ,curopalates relate4 ,having been repulsed by the generals of the emperors ,romanus and ,constantine1 he was slain by the ,dreulans in his return4 ,his widow1 ,olga1 with great valor and conduct1 revenged his death1 vanquished the ,dreulans1 and governed the state several years with uncommon prudence and courage4 ,when she was almost seventy years old1 she resigned the government to her son ,suatoslas1 and going to ,constantinople1 was there baptized1 taking the name of ,helen4#bgd ,many place this event in #ieb1 which date seems most agreeable to the ,greek historians2 but ,kulcinius and ,stilting infer from the chronology of the dukes of ,russia1 that she seems to have been baptized in #ide4 ,we are expressly assured by ,constantine ,porphyrogenetta that it happened in #idf4 ,she returned into her own country1 and by her zealous endeavors brought many to the faith2 but was never able to compass the conversion of her son1 who was probably withheld by reasons of state4 ,she died in #igj or #igh4 ,her grandson1 ,uladimir1 who succeeded ,suatoslas1 asked by a solemn embassy1 and obtained in marriage1 ,anne1 sister to the two emperors ,basil and his colleague and brother ,constantine4 ,nicholas ,crysoberga1 the orthodox patriarch of ,constantinople1 a person always zealous in maintaining the communion of the see of ,rome1 at that prince's request1 sent into ,muscovy one ,michael with other preachers1 who baptized ,uladimir1 and married him to the princess about the year #ihh4bge ,this duke founded near ,kiow the great monastery of the ,crypt in favor of the abbot ,st4 ,antony1 and died1 according to ,kulcinius1 in #ajjh4 ,his two sons ,,ss4 ,boris and ,hliba or ,cliba1 called in ,latin ,romanus and ,david1 were murdered by the usurper ,suatopelch1 their impious brother1 in #ajaj4 ,it was their zeal for the faith of ,christ which gave occasion to their death4 ,jaroslas1 another brother1 defeated the usurper1 and obtained the principality2 his daughter ,anne was married to ,henry ,i41 king of ,france1 in #ajdd1 and became the foundress of the church of ,st4 ,vincent at ,senlis4 ,romanus and ,david are honored in ,muscovy on the #bdth of ,july4 ,their remains were translated into a church which was built in their honor at ,vislegorod in #ajgb1 the ceremony being performed with great pomp1 by ,george the fifth archbishop of ,kiow1 and several other bishops1 in presence of ,izazlas1 ,suatoslas1 and ,usevolod1 princes of ,russia1 and a great train of noblemen4 ,the synod of ,zamoski1 in #agbj1 which was approved by the ,congregation de ,propagand ,fide1 and confirmed by pope ,benedict ,,xiii41 reckons among the holidays of precept which are kept by the ,catholic ,russians in ,lithuania and other provinces1 the feast of these two martyrs1 celebrated on the #bdth of ,july2 and that of the translation of their relics on the #b;d of ,may4#bgf ,the ,catholic ,russians in ,lithuania and ,poland keep no festival of any other ,muscovite saints except of these two martyrs4#bgg ,but the ,muscovites honor several other saints of their own country2 several among whom flourished1 and doubtless were placed by them in their ,calendar before their schism1 as ,papebroke and ,jos4 ,assemani observe4 ,such are the queen ,helen or ,olga1 on the #aath of ,july1 who died1 according to ,kulcinius1 in #igh4 ,uladimir1 her grandson1 duke of the ,russians1 and son of ,suatoslas on the #aeth of ,july1 who was baptized in #iij1 died in #ajad1 and was buried in our ,lady's church at ,kiow4#bgh ,antony1 abbot1 a native of ,russia1 who embraced the monastic state upon ,mount ,athos1 and returning to ,kiow1 became the patriarch of that ,order in his own country1 and on a mountain half a mile from the town founded1 about the year #ajbj1 the great ,russian monastery of ,pieczari or the ,crypt1 in which the archimandrite of all the ,russian monks resides1 and the archbishop of ,kiow has an apartment4 ,antony died in #ajgc1 on the #ajth of ,july1 on which his festival is kept in ,muscovy4#bgi ,this monastery is famous for the ,crypt or vaults1 in which the bodies of many saints and monks who lived above six hundred years ago1 remain uncorrupted and fresh4 ,agapetus1 disciple of ,antony1 at the ,crypt1 famous for miracles1 honored on the #ast of ,june4 ,athanasius1 monk at the ,crypt1 on the #b;d of ,december2 he was a native of ,trapesond1 who1 by the liberality and protection of the emperor ,nicephorus ,phocas1 founded the great monastery on ,mount ,athos in ,macedonia4 ,he is honored by the ,greeks and ,muscovites on the #eth of ,july4#bhj ,the lives of these and several other ancient monks of this house were written by ,polycarp1 who died in #aahb4 ,the grand duke ,alexander1 surnamed ,newski1 who died in #abfb1 and is honored on the #cjth of ,april4 ,sergius1 an abbot1 is honored by the ,muscovites on the #beth of ,september4 ,he died in #abib1 and was never involved in the schism1 as ,papebroke1 ,kulcinius1 and ,jos4 ,assemani show4 ,this ,sergius was born at ,roslow1 founded the monastery of the ,holy ,trinity at ,rudosno 7sixty ,italian miles from ,moscow71 the richest and most numerous in ,muscovy1 in which are sometimes two or three hundred monks4 ,the body of ,sergius is kept there incorrupt1 and is much visited out of devotion from ,moscow1 sometimes by the czars4 ,these and several others who are named in the ,muscovite ,calendar with the most eminent saints of the eastern and western churches1 lived either before or when this nation was not engaged in the ,greek schism4 ,but to these saints the ,muscovites add some few who died since their separation from the catholic communion1 as ,photius1 archbishop of ,kiow1 whose principal merit consisted in the obstinacy with which he maintained the schism4 ,see ,kulcinius1 ,specimen ,ecclesi ,ruthenic2 ,papebroke in the beginning of ,may1 ,comm4 in ,ephem4 ,jos4 ,assemani1 in ,calend4 ,univ4 ad #be ,sept4 t4 #e1 p4 #bed1 c4 ,,st4 ,,christina1 ,v4 ,m4 ,she suffered many torments1 and a cruel death1 for the faith in the persecution of ,dioclesian1 at ,tyro1 a city which stood formerly in an island in the lake of ,bolsero in ,tuscany1 but has been long since swallowed up by the waters4 ,her relics are now at ,palermo in ,sicily4 ,she is much honored both in the ,latin and ,greek church1 and is named in the ,martyrologies which bear the name of ,st4 ,jerom1 that of ,bede augmented by ,florus1 and others4 ,see ,ughelli1 ,italia ,sacra1 t4 #e1 and ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #e1 ,julij1 p4 #die4 ,,ss4 ,,wulfhad ,,and ,,ruffin1 ,,mm4 ,they were two brothers1 the sons of ,wulfere1 the king of ,mercia1 second brother and successor of ,peada4 ,having been privately baptized by ,st4 ,chad1 bishop of ,litchfield1 about the year #fgj1 they were both slain whilst they were at their prayers by their father's order1 who1 out of political views1 at that time favored idolatry1 though he afterward did remarkable penance for this crime4 ,his father ,penda had persecuted the ,christians1 but his elder brother ,peada had begun to establish the faith in his dominions4 ,florence of ,worcester says1 ,wulfere was only baptized a little before his death1 in #fge1 consequently after this murder2 but ,bede testifies that he was godfather to ,edelwalch1 king of the ,west ,saxons1 almost twenty years before4 ,but either he relapsed 7at least so far as to be for some time favorable to idolatry71 or this murder was contrived by some ,pagan courtiers1 without his privity1 as ,bradshaw relates it4 ,the queen ,emmelinda1 mother of the two young princes1 caused their bodies to be buried at ,stone1 which place took its name from a great heap of stones which was raised over their tomb1 according to the ,saxon custom4 ,she afterward employed these stones in building a church upon the spot1 which became very famous for bearing the names of these martyrs who were patrons of the town1 and of a priory of regular canons there4 ,the procurator of this house1 in a journey to ,rome1 prevailed on the pope to enrol these two royal martyrs among the saints1 and left the head of ,st4 ,wulfhad1 which he had carried with him1 in the church of ,st4 ,laurence at ,viterbo4 7,leland1 ,collect4 t4 #a1 p4 #a1 #b47 ,after this1 ,wulfere and his brother and successor ,ethelred1 abolished idols over all ,mercia4 ,see the acts of these royal martyrs in the ,history of ,peterborough abbey1 and ,leland's ,itinerary1 and ,collect4 t4 #a1 p4 #a4 ,also ,cuper the ,bollandist1 t4 #e1 ,julij1 p4 #ega4 ,,st4 ,,lewine4 ,was a ,british virgin who suffered martyrdom under the ,saxons before their conversion to the faith4 ,her body was honorably kept at ,seaford near ,lewes1 in ,sussex1 till1 in #ajeh1 her remains1 with those of ,st4 ,idaberga1 virgin1 and part of those of ,st4 ,oswald1 were conveyed into ,flanders1 and are now deposited in ,st4 ,winock's abbey at ,berg4 ,they have been honored by many miracles1 especially at the time of this translation1 as even the century-writers of ,magdeburg mention4 ,a history of these miracles written by ,drogo1 an eye-witness to several1 is published by ,solier the ,bollandist1 p4 #fjh1 t4 #e1 ,jul4 ,see also ,alford in ,annal4 ad an4 #fhg1 n4 #ba4 ,,st4 ,,declan4 ,,first ,,bishop ,,of ,,ardmore ,,in ,,ireland4 ,was baptized by ,st4 ,colman1 and preached the faith in that country a little before the arrival of ,st4 ,patrick1 who confirmed the episcopal see of ,ardmore1 in a synod at ,cashel in #ddh4bha ,many miracles are ascribed to ,st4 ,declan1 and he has ever been much honored in the viscounty of ,dessee1 anciently ,nandesi4 ,see ,usher2 ,bosch the ,bollandist1 p4 #eij1 and ,colgan in ,,mss4 ad #bd ,julij4 ,,st4 ,,kinga1 ,,or ,,cunegundes1 ,v4 ,she was daughter of ,bela ,,iv4 king of ,hungary1 and ,mary1 daughter to ,theodorus ,lascharis1 emperor of ,constantinople3 was married #abci to ,boleslas the ,chaste1 sovereign of ,lesser ,poland1 or of the palatinates of ,cracow1 ,sandomire1 and ,lublin2 but by mutual consent lived in perpetual chastity4 ,prayer1 mortification1 alms1 and daily attendance on the poor in the hospitals1 employed her time4 ,boleslas dying in #abgi1 she took the veil in the great monastery of ,sandecz1 which she had lately built for nuns of the ,order of ,st4 ,clare4 ,she died on the #bdth of ,july in #abib4 ,she was venerated with singular piety in the diocess of ,cracow and several other parts of ,poland1 and her name was solemnly inscribed among the saints by ,alexander ,,viii4 in #afij4 ,see her life by ,john ,longinus commonly called ,dlugos1 with remarks by ,bosch the ,bollandist1 t4 #e1 ,julij1 p4 #ffa4 ,,july ,,xxv4 ,,st4 ,,james ,,the ,,great1 ,,apostle4 ,st4 ,james1 the brother of ,st4 ,john ,evangelist1 son of ,zebedee and ,salome and nearly related to ,christ1 was called the ,great to distinguish him from the other apostle of the same name who was bishop of ,jerusalem1 and is surnamed the ,less1 perhaps because he was lower in stature1 or more probably because he was the younger4 ,st4 ,james the ,great seems to have been born about twelve years before ,christ1 and was many years older than his brother ,st4 ,john4 ,salome is otherwise called ,mary1 and was sister to the ,blessed ,virgin1 which some take in the strict sense of the word2 others understand by it only cousin-german1 according to the ,hebrew phrase1 and think that the ,blessed ,virgin was an only daughter4 ,st4 ,james was by birth a ,galilean1 and by profession a fisherman with his father and brother1 living probably at ,bethsaida1 where ,st4 ,peter also dwelt at that time4 ,jesus walking by the lake of ,genesareth saw ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,andrew fishing1 and he called them to come after him1 promising to make them fishers of men4 ,going on a little farther on the shore1 he saw two other brothers1 ,james and ,john1 in a ship1 with ,zebedee their father1 mending their nets1 and he also called them2 who forthwith left their nets and their father and followed him4#bhb ,probably by conversing with ,st4 ,peter their townsman1 and by other means1 they had before this call an entire conviction that ,jesus was the ,christ2 and no sooner did they hear his invitation1 and saw the marks of his divine will directing them to what was eminently conducive to his honor1 but the same moment they quitted all things to comply with this summons4 ,they held no consultation1 made no demur1 started no difficulties1 thought of no consequences or dangers2 and their sacrifice was most perfect and entire4 ,like ,abraham1 they preferred obedience to the divine command1 before all the endearments of their nearest relations1 and forsook all they had1 and all their hopes and prospects in the world1 to become the disciples of ,jesus4 ,zebedee their father seems to have approved of their resolution1 and their mother ,salome devoted herself heartily to the service of our ,lord1 as the gospels frequently mention4 ,all fervent souls ought to be in the like dispositions of perfect sacrifice with these apostles1 without the least inordinate attachment to any thing on earth1 being most ready to renounce everything if ,god's greater glory should require it4 ,with what boundless liberality does the ,divine ,spirit shower down his choicest treasures upon souls which thus perfectly open themselves to him6 ,this the apostles1 of whom we speak1 happily experienced in themselves4 ,but they for some time so followed ,christ1 and listened to his divine instructions1 as still to return from time to time to their fishing trade for a maintenance4 ,it was in the same first year of ,christ's preaching that ,peter and ,andrew1 at the command of their divine ,master1 took a prodigious shoal of fishes by a miraculous draught4 ,james and ,john were their partners1 though in another boat1 and were called in to assist in hauling up the nets4 ,astonished at this manifestation of ,christ's power1 they entirely quitted their business1 the more perfectly to attach themselves to him4#bhc ,in the year #ca ,st4 ,james was present with his brothers ,st4 ,john and ,st4 ,peter at the cure of ,st4 ,peter's mother-in-law1 and at the raising of the daughter of ,jairus from the dead4 ,this same year ,jesus formed the college of his apostles1 into which he adopted ,st4 ,james and his brother ,st4 ,john4 ,he gave these two the surname of ,boanerges1 or ,sons of ,thunder1 probably to denote their active zeal4 ,when a town of the ,samaritans refused to entertain ,christ1 they suggested that he should call down fire from heaven to consume it2 but our ,blessed ,redeemer gave them to understand that meekness and patience were the arms by which they were to conquer4#bhd ,christ distinguished ,st4 ,peter1 ,st4 ,james1 and ,st4 ,john by many special favors above the rest of the apostles4 ,they alone were admitted to be spectators first of his glorious transfiguration1 and afterward of his agony and bloody sweat in the garden4 ,the instructions and example of the ,son of ,god had not fully enlightened the understandings of these apostles1 nor purified their hearts1 before the ,holy ,ghost had shed his beams upon them2 and their virtue was still imperfect1 as appeared in the following instance2--,mary ,salome1 the mother of ,james and ,john1 relying upon their merit1 and her relation to ,christ1 and imagining that he was going to erect a temporal monarchy1 according to the notion of the carnal ,jews concerning the ,messias1 presented to him a request that her two sons might sit1 the one on his right hand and the other on his left1 in his kingdom4 ,by this example we are put in mind how often the fondness of parents renders them the spiritual murderers of their own children1 and makes them blindly excuse1 flatter1 and encourage their secret vices and passions4 ,at the same time we are taught how formidable an enemy ambition is1 which could find admittance in the breasts of two apostles 7though yet novices7 before the descent of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,they doubtless disguised their vice under the cloak of a reasonable desire1 and a virtuous emulation of preferment1 with a design of serving their ,master by it4 ,only the children of light discover the deceit and snare of this enemy2 only profound humility discerns and condemns the specious pretences of subtle pride and covetousness4 ,the two sons of ,zebedee seem to have spoken by the mouth of their mother2 wherefore ,christ directed his answer to them1 telling them1 they knew not what they asked2 for in his kingdom preferments are attainable1 not by the most forward and ambitious1 but by the most humble1 and most laborious1 and the most patient4 ,he therefore asked them if they were able to drink of his cup of suffering4 ,the two apostles understanding the condition under which ,christ offered them his kingdom1 and glowing with ardor and courage to suffer1 answered peremptorily they were able to do it4 ,our ,lord told them1 they should indeed have their portions of suffering2 but for the honors of his kingdom1 he could make no other disposal of them than according to his decrees in conjunction with his ,father1 in proportion to every one's charity and patience in suffering4 ,the virtue of the most fervent novices in the service of ,god is very imperfect1 so long as entire self-denial1 and a great assiduity and spirit of prayer have not yet prepared their souls for1 and called down upon them a plentiful effusion of the ,holy ,ghost1 who fills their understanding with a clear and new heavenly light1 and by the ardor of his charity consumes the rust of the affections1 and fills them with his fervor4 ,in this state even the moral virtues acquire an heroic and infused degree of perfection4 ,humility now gives the soul a much more clear and feeling knowledge of her own infirmities1 baseness1 and imperfections1 with much stronger sentiments of a just contempt of herself2 and the like is to be said of divine and fraternal charity1 and all other virtues2 so that she seems to herself translated into a region of new light1 in which by continual heroic acts of these virtues1 and especially of prayer and contemplation1 she makes daily and wonderful advances4 ,this perfection the apostles received in a more miraculous manner by the descent of the ,holy ,ghost upon them1 when he not only engraved the law of love deeply in their hearts1 but also bestowed on them the external graces and gifts of prophecy and miracles1 and qualified them for the execution of the great commission they had received from ,christ4 ,how ,st4 ,james was employed in preaching and promoting the gospel after ,christ's ascension1 we have no account from the writers of the first ages of ,christianity4 ,it appears that he left ,juda some time after the persecution that was raised at the martyrdom of ,st4 ,stephen in the year #cj1 and was returned again ten years after when he suffered martyrdom4 ,the addition to ,st4 ,jerom's catalogue of illustrious men tells us1 that he preached the gospel to the twelve tribes of the ,jews1 in their dispersion up and down the world4 ,though the apostles1 during the first twelve years1 preached generally in the neighborhood of ,judea1 yet ,st4 ,james might in that interval make a voyage to ,spain1 and preach some time in that country1 as ,baronius observes4 ,f4 ,cuper adds1 that his martyrdom happened above a year after the dispersion of the apostles1 in which space he had the fairest opportunity of visiting ,spain4 ,that he preached there is constantly affirmed by the tradition of that church1 mentioned by ,st4 ,isidore1 the ,breviary of ,toledo1 the ,arabic books of ,anastasius patriarch of ,antioch1 concerning the ,passions of the martyrs and others4 ,cuper the ,bollandist#bhe traces this tradition very high1 and confirms it from ,st4 ,jerom1#bhf ,st4 ,isidore1 the ancient ,spanish office1 c41 and from many corroborating circumstances4 ,st4 ,epiphanius says1 that ,st4 ,james always lived a bachelor1 in much temperance and mortification1 never eating flesh nor fish2 that he wore only one coat1 and a linen cloak1 and that he was holy and exemplary in all manner of conversation4 ,he was the first among the apostles who had the honor to follow his divine master by martyrdom1 which he suffered at ,jerusalem1 whither he was returned1 in the eleventh year after our ,lord's ascension4 ,agrippa1 the grandson of ,herod1 by ,aristobulus1 was author of this persecution4 ,being brought up at ,rome in the reign of ,tiberius1 he1 basely flattering ,caligula in his passions1 gained the confidence of that monster1 who was no sooner placed on the imperial throne than he gave ,agrippa the title of king1 with the tetrarchies of ,philip and ,lysanias1 which were then vacant4#bhg ,claudius1 in the year #da1 enlarged his dominions1 giving him also ,jerusalem and all the rest of ,juda1 ,samaria1 and whatever other provinces had been possessed by his grandfather ,herod4 ,he gave also to his younger brother ,herod the little kingdom of ,chalcis in ,syria1 near mount ,labinus4 ,agrippa reigned with great state and magnificence4 ,being very fond of pleasing the ,jewish nation1 when he came from ,csarea to ,jerusalem to keep the ,passover in the year #dc1 he began to persecute the ,christians2 and the first who fell a victim to his popular zeal was ,st4 ,james the ,great1 whom he caused to be apprehended and beheaded there a little before ,easter1 in the year #dc1 about fourteen years after the death of ,christ4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 and from him ,eusebius1#bhh relate that his accuser1 observing the great courage and constancy of mind wherewith the apostle underwent his trial1 was so affected with it1 that he repented of what he had done1 declared himself publicly a ,christian1 and was condemned to be beheaded with ,st4 ,james4 ,as they were both led together to execution1 he begged pardon of the apostle by the way for having apprehended him4 ,st4 ,james1 after pausing a little1 turned to him1 and embraced him1 saying1 ,peace be with you4 ,he then kissed him1 and they were both beheaded together4#bhi ,the body of the apostle was interred at ,jerusalem2 but not long after carried by his disciples into ,spain1 and deposited at ,iria ,flavia1 now called ,el ,padron1 upon the borders of ,gallicia4 ,the sacred relics were discovered there in the beginning of the ninth century1 in the reign of ,alphonsus the ,chaste1 king of ,leon4 ,by the order of that prince they were translated to ,compostella1 four miles distant1 to which place pope ,leo ,,iii4 transferred the episcopal see from ,iria ,flavia4 ,this place was first called ,ad ,s4 ,jacobum ,apostolum1 or ,giacomo ,postolo1 which words have been contracted into the present name1 ,compostella4 ,it is famous for the extraordinary concourse of pilgrims that resort thither to visit the body of ,st4 ,james1 which is kept with great respect in the stately cathedral4 ,f4 ,cuper the ,bollandist proves the truth of the tradition of the ,spanish church concerning the body of ,st4 ,james having been translated to ,compostella1 and gives authentic histories of many miracles wrought through his intercession1 and of several apparitions by which he visibly protected the armies of a ,christian against the ,moors in that kingdom4#bij ,the military order of ,st4 ,james1 surnamed the ,noble1 was instituted by ,ferdinand ,,ii4 in #aage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,church1 by the martyrdom of ,st4 ,james1 lost in her infancy one of her main pillars2 but ,god was pleased that his name should be glorified by so illustrious a testimony1 and that it should appear he was the immediate supporter and defender of his ,church4 ,for when it was deprived of its chief members and pastors1 it remained no less firm than before2 and even grew and gathered strength from the most violent persecutions4 ,the apostle with confidence committed his tender flock to ,god1 and commended to them his own work1 whilst he rejoiced to go to his ,redeemer1 and to give his life for him4 ,we all meet with trials4 ,but can we fear or hesitate to drink a cup presented to us by the hand of ,god1 and which our ,lord and ,captain1 by free choice1 and out of pure love1 was pleased himself to drink first for our sake8 ,he asks us whether we can drink of his cup1 he encourages us by setting before our eyes the glory of heaven1 and he invites us by his own divine example4 ,let us humbly implore his grace1 without which we can do nothing1 and take with joy this cup of salvation1 which he presents us with his divine hand4 ,,st4 ,,christopher1 ,m4 ,he suffered martyrdom under ,decius in ,lycia1 and is honored on this day in the ,martyrology which bears the name of ,st4 ,jerom1 and in other western ,calendars1 but is commemorated by the ,greeks and other ,oriental nations on the #ith of ,may4 ,the ,mosarabic ,breviary1 attributed to ,st4 ,isidore1 mentions the translation of his relics to ,toledo1 whence they were brought into ,france1 and are at present shown enshrined at the abbey of ,st4 ,denys near ,paris4 ,he seems to have taken the name of ,christopher upon the like motive that ,st4 ,ignatius would be called ,theophorus1 to express his ardent love for his ,redeemer1 by which he always carried him in his breast as his great and only good1 his inestimable treasure1 and the object of all his affections and desires4 ,there seem to be no other grounds than this name for the vulgar notion of his great stature1 the origin of which seems to have been merely allegorical1 as ,baronius observes1 and as ,vida has beautifully expressed in an epigram on this saint4#bia ,the enormous statues of ,st4 ,christopher1 still to be seen in many ,gothic cathedrals1 expressed his allegorical wading through the sea of tribulations1 by which the faithful meant to signify the many sufferings through which he arrived at eternal life4 ,they are monuments of the devotion of our ancestors to this saint1 whose intercession they implored especially against pestilential distempers4 ,saint ,gregory the ,great mentions a monastery in ,sicily which bore the name of ,st4 ,christopher4 ,see ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #f1 p4 #abe4 ,,saints ,,thea ,,and ,,valentina1 ,,virgins1 ,,and ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,mm4 ,in the year #cjh there were at the same time six emperors1 successors of ,dioclesian1 namely1 in the ,east ,galerius1 ,lucinius1 and ,maximinus2 in the ,west1 ,constantine1 ,maxentius1 and his father1 ,maximian ,herculeus1 who had reassumed the purple4 ,firmilian1 the successor of ,urbanus in the government of ,palestine1 under ,maximinus ,,ii41 carried on the persecution with great cruelty4 ,when fourscore and seventeen confessors1 men1 women1 and children1 out of an innumerable multitude of ,christians who were banished a long while before to the porphyry quarries in ,thebais1 were brought before him1 he commanded the sinews of the joint of their left feet to be burnt with a hot iron2 and their right eyes to be put out1 and the eye holes burnt with a hot iron to the very bottom of the orb4 ,in this condition he sent them to work at the mines in ,palestine about mount ,libanus4 ,many others were brought before this inhuman judge from different towns of ,palestine1 and were tormented various ways4 ,among the ,christians taken at ,gaza1 whilst they were assembled to hear the holy scriptures read1 was a holy virgin named ,thea1 whom the judge threatened with the prostitution of her chastity in the public stews4 ,she1 to whom her virtue was most dear1 reproached him for such infamous injustices4 ,firmilian1 enraged at her liberty of speech1 caused her to be inhumanly scourged1 then stretched on the rack1 and her sides torn with iron hooks till the bare ribs appeared4 ,valentina1 a pious ,christian virgin of ,csarea1 who had also by vow consecrated her chastity to ,god1 being present at this spectacle1 cried out to the judge from the midst of the crowd1 8,how long will you thus torment my sister80 ,she was immediately apprehended1 and being dragged by force to the altar1 she threw herself upon it1 and overturned it with her feet1 together with the fire and sacrifice which stood ready upon it4 ,firmilian1 provoked beyond bounds1 commanded her sides to be more cruelly torn than any others4 ,being at length wearied with tormenting her1 he ordered the two virgins to be tied together and burnt4 ,this was executed on the #beth of ,july1 #cjh4 ,one ,paul1 an illustrious confessor1 was beheaded for the faith on the same day1 by an order of this judge4 ,the fervor with which he prayed at the place of execution for the emperor1 the judge who condemned him1 and his executioner1 drew tears from all that were present4 ,soon after1 one hundred and thirty ,egyptian confessors1 by an order of ,maximinus1 had one eye pulled out1 and one foot maimed1 and were sent1 some to the mines in ,palestine1 others to those in ,cilicia4 ,see ,eusebius de ,martyr4 ,palestin1 c4 #h2 ,tillemont1 t4 #e2 ,fleury1 l4 ix42 ,orsi1 t4 #d4 ,,st4 ,,cucufas1 ,m4 ,,in ,,spain4 ,at ,barcelona he is called ,st4 ,cougat1 at ,ruel1 near ,paris1 ,st4 ,quiquenfat1 in some other parts of ,france ,st4 ,guinefort4 ,he was a native of ,scillite in ,africa1 and one of the first families of that country4 ,to escape the persecution raised by ,dioclesian1 he retired with ,st4 ,felix into ,mauritania1 and afterward into ,spain4 ,he was no sooner landed at ,barcelona but he was apprehended1 and confessing his faith before ,dacian1 the cruel governor1 was condemned by him1 after suffering many torments1 to lose his head1 in #cjd4 ,his companion1 ,felix1 received a like crown soon after him in ,gironne4 ,the relics of ,st4 ,cucufas were brought into ,france in #ggg1 and deposited in the abbey of ,st4 ,denys1 near ,paris1 in #hce1 where they still remain with due honor4 ,see ,prudentius1 hymn #d1 the new ,paris ,breviary on this day1 the ,roman ,martyrology1 and ,bosch the ,bollandist1 t4 #f1 ,jul4 p4 #afi4 ,see also ,chatelain1 ,notes sur le ,martyr4 ,fevr4 #af1 p4 #fef4 ,,st4 ,,nissen1 ,,abbot4 ,whom ,st4 ,patrick baptized1 ordained deacon1 and appointed abbot of ,montgairt or ,mountgarret1 in the county of ,wexford1 on the borders of ,kilkenny1 of which place he is titular saint4 ,see ,colgan in ,,mss4 ad #be ,julij4 ,,july ,,xxvi4 ,,saint ,,anne1 ,,mother ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,see ,cuper the ,bollandist1 t4 #f1 ,julij1 p4 #bcc4 ,the ,hebrew word ,anne signifies gracious4 ,st4 ,joachim and ,st4 ,anne1 the parents of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 are justly honored in the ,church1 and their virtue is highly extolled by ,st4 ,john ,damascen4 ,the emperor ,justinian ,i4 built a church at ,constantinople in honor of ,st4 ,anne1 about the year #eej4bib ,codinus mentions another built by ,justinian ,,ii4 in #gje4 ,her body was brought from ,palestine to ,constantinople in #gaj1 whence some portions of her relics have been dispersed in the ,west4 ,f4 ,cuper the ,bollandist has collected a great number of miracles wrought through her intercession4#bic ,god has been pleased by sensible effects to testify how much he is honored by the devotion of the faithful to this saint1 who was the great model of virtue to all engaged in the married state1 and charged with the education of children4 ,it was a sublime dignity and a great honor for this saint to give to a lost world the advocate of mercy1 and to be parent of the mother of ,god4 ,but it was a far greater happiness to be1 under ,god1 the greatest instrument of her virtue1 and to be spiritually her mother by a holy education in perfect innocence and sanctity4 ,st4 ,anne1 being herself a vessel of grace1 not by name only1 but by the possession of that rich treasure1 was chosen by ,god to form his most beloved spouse to perfect virtue2 and her pious care of this illustrious daughter was the greatest means of her own sanctification and her glory in the church of ,god to the end of ages4 ,it is a lesson to all parents whose principal duty is the holy education of their children4 ,by this they glorify their ,creator1 perpetuate his honor on earth to future ages1 and sanctify their own souls4 ,st4 ,paul says1 that it is by the education of their children that parents are to be saved4#bid ,nor will he allow any one who has had children1 ever to be admitted to serve the altar1 whose sons do not1 by their holy conduct1 give proofs of a virtuous education4 ,nevertheless1 we see parents solicitous about the corporal qualifications of their children1 and earnest to procure them an establishment in the world2 yet supinely careless in purchasing them virtue1 in which alone their true happiness consists4 ,this reflection drew tears from ,crates1 a heathen philosopher1 who desired to mount on the highest place in his city and cry out1 with all his strength3 8,citizens1 what is it you think of8 ,you employ all your time in heaping up riches to leave to your children2 yet take no care to cultivate their souls with virtue1 as if an estate were more precious than themselves40#bie ,,saint ,,germanus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,auxerre1 ,c4 ,he was born at ,auxerre about the year #chj1 of noble parents4 ,having laid the foundation of sound literature at home1 he studied eloquence and the civil law at ,rome1 and pleaded with great reputation in the court of the ,prfectus-prtorio4 ,he married a lady of great quality named ,eustachia1 and being taken notice of by the emperor ,honorius1 was raised by him to several honorable employments1 and at last to that of duke in his own province1 which dignity gave him the command over all the troops in that country4 ,germanus being returned to ,auxerre1 was careful to shun gross vices1 but his religion seemed confined to principles of integrity1 and his virtues were merely human2 for he was unacquainted with the true spirit of mortification1 humility1 and prayer4 ,the young duke had a passion for hunting1 and hung up the heads of the wild beasts which he killed on a great tree in the middle of the city1 as trophies of his diversion4 ,no one could presume to show him the meanness and folly of this favorite petty vanity1 by which he seemed to authorize the superstitious custom of the ,pagans who did the like to honor their gods4 ,st4 ,amator1 who was at that time the zealous bishop of ,auxerre1 made him strong remonstrances on the danger of countenancing such remains of idolatry1 but without effect4 ,at last1 watching an opportunity1 he caused this tree to be cut down while ,germanus was absent1 who1 upon hearing this news1 grievously threatened the bishop4 ,st4 ,amator withdrew for a while to ,autun2 where he learned by a revelation that ,germanus was designed by ,god to be his successor4 ,he therefore procured privately the consent of ,julius1 the prefect of ,gaul1 that he might give the tonsure to ,germanus2 for1 by the laws1 no officer could quit his employment without such a permission4 ,julius giving leave1 ,st4 ,amator returned to ,auxerre1 and causing the church doors to be shut when ,germanus was come in1 he gave him the tonsure1 and ordained him deacon4 ,by this instance1 it appears1 that immediately after the general persecutions1 clerks were distinguished by the tonsure4 ,this proof is the stronger1 as the priest ,constantius wrote this life in the same age4 ,germanus durst not make any opposition for fear of resisting the will of ,god4 ,st4 ,amator died soon after on the #ast of ,may in #dah1 and ,st4 ,germanus was unanimously chosen by the clergy and people to succeed him1 and consecrated by the bishops of the province on the #gth of ,july1 notwithstanding the great reluctance he discovered4 ,full of a deep sense of the obligations of his new dignity1 he became at once another man4 ,he renounced all the pomps and vanities of the world1 lived with his wife no otherwise than if she had been his sister1 distributed all his possessions to the poor and to the ,church1 and embraced a life of poverty and austerity4 ,from the day he was ordained bishop to his death1 that is1 for thirty years together1 he never touched wheaten bread1 wine1 vinegar1 oil1 pulse1 or salt4 ,he began every meal by putting a few ashes in his mouth to renew in his soul a spirit of penance1 and took no other sustenance than barley bread1 which grain he had threshed and ground himself1 that he might1 as a true penitent1 live by his own labor4 ,he never ate but in the evening1 sometimes about the middle of the week1 often only on the seventh day4 ,his dress was the same in winter and summer1 and consisted of a cowl and tunic which he never changed till they were worn to pieces4 ,he always wore a hair-cloth next his skin4 ,his bed was enclosed with two boards1 strewed with ashes1 without a bolster1 and covered with a sack-cloth and one blanket4 ,he always carried about him some relics of saints in a little box1 tied to a leather string4 ,he extended his hospitality to all sorts of persons1 washed the feet of the poor1 and served them with his own hands1 at the same time that he himself fasted4 ,he built a monastery over against ,auxerre1 on the other side of the river ,yone1 in honor of ,,ss4 ,cosmas and ,damian1 which now goes by the name of ,st4 ,marian's1 from one of its first abbots4 ,he found the sepulchres of several martyrs1 particularly of a great multitude who had been put to death in the persecution of ,aurelian1 with ,st4 ,priscus1 otherwise called ,st4 ,bry1 in a place called ,coucy1 where their bodies had been thrown into a cistern or pit out of which he took them1 and built in their honor a church and monastery1 called at this day de ,saints en ,puy saye4 ,st4 ,germanus gave all his landed estates to the ,church1 consisting of several agreeable and spacious manors1 lying all contiguous to one another4#bif ,seven of these he gave to the cathedral church1 namely ,appoigny1 where his father and mother had been buried in ,st4 ,john's church2 little ,varsy1 where stood a palace2 great ,varsy1 ,toucy1 ,poeilly1 ,marcigny1 and ,perigni4 ,three he settled on the monastery of ,st4 ,cosmas1 namely1 ,monceaux1 ,fontenay1 and ,merilles4 ,he bestowed three others1 called ,garchy1 ,concou1 and ,molins1 on the church which he built in honor of ,st4 ,maurice1 which at this day bears the name of ,st4 ,germanus himself4 ,in this manner he reduced himself to great poverty1 and to perpetuate the divine honor1 and the relief of the indigent1 enriched the church of ,auxerre which he found very poor4 ,by many like examples1 it appears1 that the great endowments of several churches were originally owing to the liberality of their bishops1 as ,fleury observes4 ,pelagius began to dispute against the necessity of divine grace at ,rome1 about the year #dje4 ,being himself by birth a ,briton1 it is not to be wondered that he should have disciples in ,britain4 ,among these one ,agricola1 the son of ,severinus1 who1 after the birth of this son1 was chosen bishop and became a ,pelagian1 spread the poison of this heresy in our island4 ,the deacon ,pelladius1 whom pope ,celestine had sent to the places infected with this heresy1 and whom he afterward ordained bishop1 and commissioned to go into ,scotland1 moved him to provide for the preservation of so many souls2 and other ,catholics in ,britain had sent a deputation to the bishops in ,gaul1 entreating them to send over some able person to defend the faith and oppose the growing evil4 ,pope ,celestine nominated ,st4 ,germanus of ,auxerre to go thither in quality of his vicar in the year #dbi1 as ,st4 ,prosper assures us4#big ,the bishops of ,gaul assembled in a numerous council for the same purpose1 and agreed to entreat ,st4 ,lupus1 who had then been only two years bishop of ,troyes1 to accompany ,st4 ,germanus in this important mission4#bih ,these two holy prelates1 proceeding on their journey1 came to ,nanterre near ,paris1 where ,st4 ,germanus gave his blessing and good counsel to ,st4 ,genevieve1 and foretold her future sanctity4 ,she being at that time about fifteen years old1 and desirous to consecrate herself a virgin to ,god1 ,st4 ,germanus1 after many solemn prayers in the church1 received there her vow1 and confirmed it by laying his right hand upon her head4#bii ,st4 ,germanus and ,st4 ,lupus embarking in the winter season1 were overtaken with a furious tempest1 which ,st4 ,germanus appeased by casting some drops of blessed oil1 according to ,constantius1 but according to ,bede1 of holy-water1 into the sea1 having first invoked the adorable ,trinity4 ,being arrived in ,britain they were met by a great multitude of people and the fame of their sanctity1 doctrine1 and miracles soon filled the whole country4 ,they confirmed the ,catholics in all parts1 and converted the heretics1 preaching often in the highways and fields where the churches were not able to contain the crowd that flocked to them4 ,the ,pelagians everywhere shunned them2 but being at length ashamed thus to condemn themselves by their flight and silence1 accepted a conference4 ,the disputation was held at ,verulam before an incredible number of people4 ,the heretics1 who made their appearance with a great train and in rich apparel1 spoke first4 ,when they had talked a long time1 the bishops answered them with great eloquence1 and so invincibly supported their arguments with quotations from scripture1 that their adversaries were fairly reduced to silence4 ,the people applauded their victory with joyful acclamations4 ,before the assembly broke up1 a certain tribune and his wife presented their little daughter of ten years of age1 who was blind1 to the two holy bishops2 and they bid them take her to the ,pelagians4 ,but the latter joined the parents in begging the saints to pray for her4 ,the two bishops made a short prayer2 then ,germanus called upon the ,blessed ,trinity2 and taking from his neck the little box of relics which he wore1 laid it upon the eyes of the girl before the whole assembly1 who immediately recovered her sight1 to the great joy of her parents and of all the people4 ,from that day no one opposed the doctrine of the holy bishops4 ,the saints went from this conference to return thanks to ,god at the tomb of ,st4 ,alban1 the most illustrious martyr in ,britain4 ,st4 ,germanus caused his sepulchre to be opened1 and deposited in it his box of relics of apostles and martyrs1 taking from the same place a little of the dust which still retained some marks of the blood of ,st4 ,alban4 ,this he carried away with him1 and1 at his return1 built at ,auxerre a church in his honor1 where he placed these relics4#cjj ,the ,saxons from ,germany on one side1 and on the other the ,picts1 at that time harassed the ,britons4 ,paul the deacon tells us1 that an army of ,picts and ,scots invaded their territories whilst the two bishops were in the island2 and bishop ,usher takes notice1 that the ,saxons and ,english who inhabited ,sleswic1 and all the ,german coast from ,denmark to the ,rhine1 made descents upon ,britain from time to time before the arrival of ,hengist and ,horsa in #ddi4 ,the ,britons having assembled an army against these plunderers1 invited the two holy bishops into their camp1 hoping to be protected by their prayers and presence4 ,the saints complied with their request1 but employed their time in bringing the idolaters to the faith1 and the ,christians to a reformation of their manners4 ,many of the former demanded baptism1 and the saints prepared them to receive it at ,easter1 for it was then ,lent4 ,they erected a church in the camp of green boughs twisted together1 in which the catechumens received the sacrament of regeneration2 and the whole army celebrated the festival with great devotion4 ,after ,easter1 ,st4 ,germanus had recourse to a stratagem1 by which1 without bloodshed1 he rescued his dear converts and the country out of the danger with which they were threatened4 ,the enemy approaching1 he put himself at the head of the ,christians with so much skill and address as showed he had not forgotten his old profession of a general4 ,he led his little army into a vale between two high mountains1 and ordered his troops to send forth the same shout for which he would give them a sign4 ,when the ,saxon pirates came near them1 he cried out thrice1 ,alleluiah1 which was followed by the whole ,british army2 and the sound was often repeated by the echo from the hills with as dreadful a noise as if the rocks had been rent asunder4 ,the barbarians1 in a sudden fright1 judging from the shout that they were falling upon the swords of a mighty army1 flung down their arms and ran away1 leaving behind them all their baggage and a great booty4 ,many of them were drowned in crossing a river1 by missing the fords4#cja ,bishop ,usher#cjb says1 this battle seems to have been fought near a town in ,flintshire1 called in the ,british tongue1 ,guid-cruc1 but in ,english1 ,mould4 ,the place retains to this day the name of ,maes ,garmon1 or ,german's field4 ,the two holy bishops1 after so many victories1 returned home to their respective dioceses4#cjc ,st4 ,germanus found his people loaded with extraordinary imposts1 and undertook a journey to ,arles1 to solicit ,auxiliaris1 prefect of ,gaul1 in their behalf4 ,on the road1 the people everywhere met him in crowds1 with the women and children1 to receive his blessing4 ,when he drew near to ,arles1 the prefect ,auxiliaris himself1 contrary to custom1 was come a good way to meet him1 and conducted him to the capital4 ,he admired his gracefulness1 and the charity and authority which his countenance and conversation displayed1 and found him to exceed his reputation4 ,he made him great presents1 and entreated him to cure his wife who had been long ill of a quartan ague4 ,he obtained his request1 and granted to ,st4 ,germanus the discharge from the taxes which he had asked for his people4 ,the saint being returned home1 applied himself earnestly to reform their manners2 but used to retire from time to time to his monastery of ,,ss4 ,cosmas and ,damian4 ,in #ddf he was called again into ,britain1 to assist that church against the ,pelagian heresy1 which began a second time to raise its head there4 ,he took for his companion ,st4 ,severus1 who had been lately promoted to the archbishopric of ,triers1 and had formerly been a disciple of ,st4 ,lupus of ,troyes4 ,in ,britain he sought out those who had been seduced by the heretics1 and converted many of them2 so that the obstinate sowers of those errors found no longer any retreat here1 and quitted the island4 ,a principal man of the country1 called ,elaphius1 brought to him his son who was in the flower of his age1 and had one ham contracted1 and his leg withered4 ,st4 ,germanus made him sit down1 and touching his ham and leg1 healed him in the presence of ,many4 ,st4 ,germanus considering that ignorance could not be banished1 nor the reformation which he had established maintain its ground1 without regular schools for the instruction of the clergy1 instituted schools of learning1 by which means1 8,these churches continued afterward pure in the faith1 and free from heresy10 as ,bede observes4#cjd ,in ,south-,wales1 having ordained ,st4 ,iltutus priest1 and ,st4 ,dubricius archbishop of ,landaff1 he charged them with the care of several schools1 which soon grew very famous for the numbers1 learning1 and eminent sanctity of those that were there educated4 ,two of these1 under the immediate direction of the latter1 were seated at ,hentlan and ,moch-ros1 places lying on the river ,wye1 where he had one thousand scholars1 for years together4 ,the names of the most eminent among them are mentioned in the life of ,st4 ,dubricius1 written 7as some maintain7 by ,st4 ,thelian's own hand in the ancient ,landaff register4#cje ,the schools of ,st4 ,iltutus at ,llan-,iltut 7now ,lantwit7 near ,boverton1 and at ,llan-elty near ,neath in ,glamorganshire1 were in like repute1 and equally filled with the sons of the nobility from all parts of the island4 ,among his disciples we find ,st4 ,gildas1 ,st4 ,leonorius bishop and confessor1 ,st4 ,samson1 ,st4 ,magloire1 ,st4 ,malo1 ,st4 ,paul afterward bishop of ,leon1 and ,daniel1 whom ,st4 ,dubricius made bishop of ,bangor1 where he likewise instituted a seminary for the ,britons4 ,paulinus1 another disciple of ,st4 ,germanus1 did the like at ,whiteland in ,caermarthenshire1 where ,st4 ,david and ,st4 ,theliau studied4 ,the seminaries of ,llancarvan near ,cowbridge1 and the famous school of ,bencor in ,flintshire1 were also noble monuments of ,st4 ,germanus's zeal4 ,this saint was on his road back when he met a deputation from the inhabitants of ,armorica or ,brittany who besought him to be their protector2 for to punish them for a revolt1 ,atius1 the ,roman general in ,gaul1 had sent ,eocarich1 a ,pagan and barbarous king of the ,alemanni1 to subdue them4 ,st4 ,germanus boldly accosted the barbarian1 stopping his horse by the bridle1 at the head of his army4 ,the ,german at first refused to hear him1 but at length listened to his discourse1 and by it was so much softened as to call off his troops1 and agree not to ravage the province1 on condition that he should obtain the pardon of the people from the emperor1 or from his general ,atius4 ,in order to procure this the saint undertook a journey to ,ravenna1 where the emperor ,valentinian ,,iii4 then resided4 ,he wrought several miracles on the way1 and at ,milan delivered a man who was possessed by the devil4 ,he entered the city of ,ravenna by night to avoid honors and pomp2 but the people being aware of his precaution1 a great crowd waited for him1 and saluted him with acclamations4 ,he was received with great joy by the bishop ,st4 ,peter ,chrysologus2 by the young emperor ,valentinian1 and his mother ,placidia4 ,she sent to his house a great silver vessel filled with dainties1 without any flesh1 which she knew he would never touch4 ,the saint sent her in return a barley loaf upon a wooden dish4 ,the empress received it graciously1 ordered the dish to be enchased with gold1 and kept the loaf by which several miraculous cures were performed4 ,the emperor confirmed his request2 but the restless people by raising new disturbances destroyed the effect of the imperial clemency4 ,the saint was continually attended at ,ravenna by six bishops1 and wrought there many miracles4 ,the son of ,volusian1 chancellor or secretary to the patrician ,sigisvultus1 being dead and cold1 the saint was called1 and having put all the company out of the chamber1 he prostrated himself near the corpse and prayed with tears4 ,after some time the dead man began to stir1 opened his eyes1 and moved his fingers4 ,st4 ,germanus raised him1 he sat up1 and1 by degrees1 was restored to perfect health4 ,one day after matins1 as the saint was talking with the bishops of religious matters1 he said to them1 8,my brethren1 ,i recommend my passage to your prayers4 ,methought ,i saw this night our ,saviour1 who gave me provision for a journey1 and told me it was to go into my native country1 and to receive eternal rest40 ,a few days after1 he fell sick4 ,all the city was alarmed4 ,the empress went to see him1 and he desired the favor of her to send back his corpse into his own country2 to which she assented1 though very unwillingly4 ,he died at ,ravenna on the seventh day of his illness1 which was the last of ,july in #ddh1 having held his see thirty years and twenty-five days4 ,the empress ,placidia took his reliquary1 ,st4 ,peter ,chrysologus his cowl and hair shirt1 and the six other bishops divided his clothes among them4 ,the eunuch ,acholius1 prefect of the emperor's chamber1 one of whose servants1 when sick1 the saint had cured1 had his corpse embalmed2 the empress clothed it with a rich habit and gave a coffin of cypress wood2 the emperor furnished the carriages1 the expense of the journey1 and the officers to attend it4 ,the funeral pomp was most magnificent2 the number of lights was so great1 that they shone as broad day4 ,everywhere as it passed1 the people came to meet it1 showing all manner of honors4 ,some levelled the ways and repaired the bridges1 others bore the corpse1 or at least sung psalms4 ,the clergy of ,auxerre went as far as the ,alps to meet it4 ,the sacred treasure was brought to that city fifty days after the saint's death1 and after having been exposed six days1 was interred on the #ast of ,october in the oratory of ,st4 ,maurice1 which he had founded1 where stands at present the famous abbey which bears his name4 ,his principal festival is kept on the #cast of this month4 ,st4 ,germanus was the titular saint of many churches in ,england1 and of the great abbey of ,selby in ,yorkshire1 the abbot whereof was a parliamentary baron4 ,a chapel near ,verulam1 in which ,st4 ,germanus had preached1 was a place of great devotion to him among our ancestors1 and was afterward dedicated under his name4 ,from him the parliamentary borough of ,st4 ,german's in ,cornwall is called4 ,see his life written by the priest ,constantius1 who was nearly his contemporary1 and is commended by ,st4 ,sidonius ,apollinaris in the same age3 also ,bede1 and ,nennius the ,british historian1 who wrote in #fbj4 ,all these relate the miracles mentioned above4 ,see also ,leland's ,itinerary1 ,brown-,willis1 ,usher1 ,fleury1 ,tillemont1 t4 #ae1 ,rivet1 ,hist4 ,littr41 t4 #b1 p4 #bef1 and ,recueil des ,lettres sur la ,vrification des ,reliques de ,st4 ,germain d',auxerre1 #agec1 in #hvo4 ,,july ,,xxvii4 ,,st4 ,,pantaleon1 ,,martyr4 ,see the ,collections of ,f4 ,bosch the ,bollandist1 t4 #f1 ,julij1 p4 #cig4 ,a4 ,d4 #cjc4 ,he was physician to the emperor ,galerius ,maximianus1 and a ,christian1 but fell by a temptation which is sometimes more dangerous than the severest trials of the fiercest torments2 for bad example1 if not shunned1 insensibly weakens1 and at length destroys the strongest virtue4 ,pantaleon being perpetually obsessed by it in an impious idolatrous court1 and deceived by often hearing the false maxims of the world applauded1 was unhappily seduced into an apostasy4 ,but a zealous ,christian called ,hermolaus1 by his prudent admonitions awakened his conscience to a sense of his guilt1 and brought him again into the fold of the ,church4 ,the penitent ardently wished to expiate his crime by martyrdom2 and to prepare himself for the conflict1 when ,dioclesian's bloody persecution broke out at ,nicomedia in #cjc1 he distributed all his possessions among the poor4 ,not long after this action he was taken up1 and in his house were also apprehended ,hermolaus1 ,hermippus1 and ,hermocrates4 ,after suffering many torments they were all condemned to lose their heads4 ,st4 ,pantaleon suffered the day after the rest4 ,he is ranked by the ,greeks amongst the great martyrs4 ,procopius mentions a church in his honor at ,constantinople1 which being decayed was repaired by ,justinian4 ,his relics were translated to ,constantinople1 and there kept with great honor as ,st4 ,john ,damascen informs us4#cjf ,the greatest part of them are now shown in the abbey of ,st4 ,denys near ,paris1 but his head at ,lyons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,physicians honor ,st4 ,pantaleon as their chief patron after ,st4 ,luke4 ,happy are they in that profession1 who improve their study chiefly to glorify the supreme ,creator1 whose infinite power and wisdom are displayed in all his works2 and who by the opportunities of charity which their art continually offers them1 rejoice to afford comfort1 and corporal1 if not often also spiritual succor1 to the most suffering and distressed part of their species1 especially among the poor4 ,all the healing powers of medicine are a gift of ,god2#cjg and he himself who could have restored ,ezechias to health by the least act of his omnipotent will1 directed ,isaiah to apply dry figs to the abscess into which his fever was terminating2 than which poultice1 no better remedy could have been used to promote suppuration4#cjh ,st4 ,ambrose1#cji ,st4 ,basil1#caj and ,st4 ,bernard1#caa inveigh severely against too nice and anxious a care of health1 as a mark of inordinate self-love and immortification2 nor is anything generally more hurtful to it4 ,but as man is not master of his own life or health1 he is bound to take a moderate reasonable care not to throw them away4#cab ,to neglect the more simple and ordinary succors of medicine when absolutely necessary1 is to transgress that law of charity which every one owes to himself4#cac ,the saints who condemned as contrary to their penitential state1 far-sought or exquisite means1 with ,st4 ,charles ,borromo1 were scrupulously attentive to essential prescriptions of physicians in simple and ordinary remedies4 ,but let the ,christian in sickness seek in the first place the health of his soul by penance1 and the exercise of all virtues4 ,let him also consider ,god as his chief physician1 begging him1 if it may be conducive to his divine honor1 to restore the frame he created1 and entreating our ,redeemer to stretch out that hand upon him1 with which in his mortal state he restored so many sick to their health4 ,he who trusts more in the art of physicians than in the ,lord1 will deserve the reproach of ,asa1 king of ,juda4#cad ,so hidden are often the causes of distempers1 so precarious the power of remedies1 and so uncertain the skill of the ablest physicians1 that their endeavors frequently check nature instead of seconding its efforts1 and thus hasten death4 ,the divine blessing alone is the ,christian's sheet-anchor1 perfect resignation to the divine will is the secure repose of his soul2 and the fervent exercise of penance1 patience1 and devotion1 is his gain in the time of sickness4 ,,ss4 ,,maximian1 ,,malchus1 ,,martinian1 ,,dionysius1 ,,john1 ,,serapion1 ,,and ,,constantine1 ,,mm4 ,,commonly ,,called ,,the ,,seven ,,sleepers4 ,having confessed the faith before the proconsul at ,ephesus under ,decius in #bej1 they were walled up together in a cave in which they had hid themselves1 and there slept in the ,lord4 ,some moderns1 mistaking this expression1 have imagined that they only lay asleep1 till they were found in #dgi1 under ,theodosius the younger4 ,the truth seems to be1 that their relics were then discovered4 ,they are much honored by the ,greeks1 ,syrians1 and all the ,oriental nations4 ,their relics were conveyed to ,marseilles in a large stone coffin1 which is still shown there in ,st4 ,victor's church4 ,in the ,musum ,victorium at ,rome is a factitious plaster or stone 7made of sulphur melted with fire and mortar71 formed in imitation of a large precious stone1 in which is cut a group of figures representing the ,seven ,sleepers with their names1 and near ,constantine and ,john are exhibited two clubs2 near ,maximian a knotty club2 near ,malchus and ,martinian two axes2 near ,serapion a burning torch1 and near ,danesius 7whom others call ,dionysius7 a great nail4 ,that large nails 7clavi trabales1 or such as were used in joining great rafters or beams in buildings7 were made use of as instruments of torture is evident from ,st4 ,paulinus#cae and ,horace4#caf ,from this ancient monument some infer that these martyrs were put to death by various torments1 and that their bodies were only buried in the aforesaid cave4 ,in this group of figures1 these martyrs are represented all as very young1 and without beards4 ,in ancient ,martyrologies and other writings1 they are frequently called boys4#cag ,the cave in which their bodies were found became a place famous for devout pilgrimages1 and is still shown to travellers1 as ,james ,spon testifies4#cah ,see ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours1 l4 #a1 de ,glor4 ,mart4 c4 #ie1 and ,cuper the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #f1 p4 #cge4 ,also1 ,dissertatio de ,sanctis ,septem ,dormientibus1 ,rom1 #agda in #dto4 in which the above said group of figures is explained1 c4 #e1 c4 ,,saint ,,congall1 ,,abbot ,,of ,,iabhnallivin4 ,on the upper part of the lake ,erne1 of which parish he is titular patron4 ,before his death he committed the government of his monastery to his beloved disciple ,st4 ,fegnarnach4 ,in that territory his festival is a holiday of precept1 as ,colgan assures us1 on this #bgth of ,july4 ,,st4 ,,luican1 ,c4 ,is titular saint of the parish called ,kill-luicain in ,ireland4 ,,july ,,xxviii4 ,,ss4 ,,nazarius ,,and ,,celsus1 ,,mm4 ,from two sermons delivered on their festival1 the one by ,st4 ,ennodius1 the other passes under the name of ,st4 ,ambrose1 and was written soon after his time1 perhaps by ,st4 ,gaudentius of ,brescia2 also from ,paulinus the deacon1 in his life of ,st4 ,ambrose4 ,see ,tillemont1 t4 #b1 and ,pinius the ,bollandist1 t4 #f1 ,julij1 p4 #ejc4 ,,about ,,the ,,year #fh4 ,st4 ,nazarius's father was a heathen1 and enjoyed a considerable post in the ,roman army4 ,his mother ,perpetua was a zealous ,christian1 and was instructed by ,st4 ,peter1 or his disciples1 in the most perfect maxims of our holy faith4 ,nazarius embraced it with so much ardor1 that he copied in his life all the great virtues he saw in his teachers2 and out of zeal for the salvation of others left ,rome1 his native city1 and preached the faith in many places with a fervor and disinterestedness becoming a disciple of the apostles4 ,arriving at ,milan he was there beheaded for the faith1 together with ,celsus1 a youth whom he carried with him to assist him in his travels4 ,these martyrs suffered soon after ,nero had raised the first persecution4 ,their bodies were buried separately in a garden without the city1 where they were discovered and taken up by ,st4 ,ambrose in #cie4 ,in the tomb of ,st4 ,nazarius a vial of the saint's blood was found as fresh and red as if it had been spilt that day4 ,the faithful stained handkerchiefs with some drops1 and also formed a certain paste with it2 a portion of which ,st4 ,ambrose sent to ,st4 ,gaudentius bishop of ,brescia4 ,st4 ,ambrose conveyed the bodies of the two martyrs into the new church of the apostles1 which he had just built4 ,a woman was delivered of an evil spirit in their presence4 ,st4 ,ambrose sent some of these relics to ,st4 ,paulinus of ,nola1 who received them with great respect1 as a most valuable present1 as he testifies4#cai ,the martyrs died as the outcasts of the world1 but are crowned by ,god with immortal honor4 ,the glory of the world is false and transitory1 and an empty bubble or shadow2 but that of virtue is true1 solid1 and permanent1 even in the eyes of men2 for1 to use the comparison of ,st4 ,basil1#cbj as the more we look upon the sun the more we admire it1 and by reviewing it never find it less bright or less beautiful2 so the memory of the martyrs which we celebrate1 after so many years1 is only more fresh in our minds1 and will be more flourishing in all ages to come4 ,,st4 ,,victor1 ,,pope1 ,m4 ,he was a native of ,africa1 and succeeded ,st4 ,eleutherius in the pontificate1 in the year #aib1 the nineteenth of ,commodus4 ,the practice of those virtues which had prepared him for that dignity1 rendered him a true successor of the apostles4 ,he vigorously opposed the rising heresies of that age4 ,theodotus of ,byzantium1 a tanner1 having apostatized from the faith to save his life in a late persecution1 afterward1 to extenuate his guilt1 pretended that he had denied only a man1 not ,god2 teaching that ,christ was nothing more than a mere man1 as the ,socinians teach at this day2 whereas the ,arians allowed him to have been before the world1 though himself a creature4 ,theodotus going to ,rome1 there drew many into his blasphemous error2 for he was well versed in polite literature2 but ,victor checked his progress by excommunicating him with ,ebion1 ,artemon1 and another ,theodotus who had taught the same blasphemy4#cba ,this other ,theodotus1 called ,trapezita1 or the banker1 was author of the ,melchisedecian heresy1 pretending that ,melchisedec was greater than ,christ4 ,montanus1 a new convert in ,mysia1 near ,phrygia1 out of an unbounded desire of invading the first dignities of the ,church1 and filled with rage to see himself disappointed1 began to preach against the ,church2 and having by pride and ambition given entrance to the devil1 commenced false prophet1 and sometimes losing his senses1 began in an enthusiastic strain to utter extraordinary expressions4 ,prisca1 or ,priscilla1 and ,maximilla1 two women of quality1 but of debauched lives1 left their husbands1 and being filled with the same spirit1 spoke like ,montanus1 void of sense1 and after an extravagant and unusual manner1 pretending they succeeded the prophets among the disciples of the apostles4 ,montanus placed himself above the apostles1 saying1 that he had received the ,paraclete1 or the ,holy ,ghost promised by ,christ1 to perfect his law4 ,he denied that the ,church had power to forgive the sins of idolatry1 murder1 and impurity1 and hardly received any sinners on repentance4 ,st4 ,paul had allowed second marriages1 but ,montanus forbade them as inconsistent with the perfect law of chastity2 and he forbade ,christians to flee in time of persecution4 ,the ,montanists were also called from their country ,cataphryges1 and ,pepuzeni from ,pepuzium1 a little town in ,phrygia1 which was their capital1 and which they called ,jerusalem4#cbb ,they boasted of their martyrs1 as the ,marcionites also did2 which other heretics seldom pretend to1 as ,st4 ,irenus and ,origen take notice2 nor could these have any great number4 ,apollonius1 a ,catholic writer quoted by ,eusebius1 confounding the hypocrisy of the ,montanists1 reproached their pretended prophetesses with infamous debaucheries1 and with receiving presents1 saying1 8,does a prophet color his hair1 paint his eye-brows1 play at dice1 or lend out money on usury8 ,i will demonstrate that they are guilty of these things40 ,the ,catholics met to examine their pretended new prophecies1 and convicted them of falsehood1 because the true prophets were not beside themselves when they spoke2 also the ,montanists had lied in their predictions1 and opposed the doctrine of the ,church4 ,asterius ,urbanus1 a learned priest 7for he calls ,st4 ,zoticus fellow-priest71 confounded them by these arguments1 in a great conference held at ,ancyra about the year #ahh4 ,their prophecies and errors being condemned as impious1 the followers of ,montanus were driven out of the ,church1 and excommunicated4 ,it was reported for certain1 that ,montanus and ,maximilla1 led away by the spirit that possessed them1 afterward hanged themselves4 ,these particulars are related by ,eusebius4 ,tertullian1 who fell into this heresy about the time of the death of ,pope ,victor1 says1#cbc that this pope at first admitted to the communion of the ,church these pretended prophets4 ,and it was easy to be deceived in a matter of fact concerning persons at such a distance1 and who appeared under the garb of hypocrisy4 ,but he had no sooner answered their letters1 in which he acknowledged them brethren1 but ,praxeas coming from the ,east1 brought him an ample account of their tenets and practice3 and ,victor immediately recalled his letters of communion1 and condemned these innovators4 ,this ,praxeas was a ,phrygian1 and being puffed up because he had suffered imprisonment for the faith1 began to sow a new heresy at ,rome1 maintaining but one person in ,god1 and attributing crucifixion to the ,father as well as to the ,son2 whence his followers were called ,patripassians4 ,his errors being brought to light1 he was also cut off from the communion of the ,church4 ,about the same time ,tatian fell from the ,church4 ,he was a ,syrian1 a ,platonic philosopher1 and a disciple of ,st4 ,justin1 martyr1 after whose death he taught some time at ,rome4 ,afterward1 returning into ,syria in #aga1 he there broached his errors1 which he durst not advance at ,rome4 ,he borrowed several of them from ,marcion1 ,valentinus1 and ,saturninus1 teaching two principles1 and that the ,creator is the evil principle or ,god4 ,he added several new errors1 as that ,adam was damned4 ,he condemned marriage as no less criminal than adultery1 whence his followers were called ,encratit1 or the continent4 ,they were likewise called ,hydroparastat1 or ,aquarii1 because1 in consecrating the eucharist1 they used only water1 for they condemned all use of wine1 and likewise the use of flesh-meat4#cbd ,the ancients observe that ,tatian's fall was owing to pride1 which often attends an opinion of knowledge2#cbe and of this there cannot be a more dangerous symptom in a scholar than a fondness for novelty and singularity1 especially if joined with obstinacy and opiniativeness4 ,st4 ,victor was watchful to cut off these scandals in their root1 and every where to maintain the purity of the faith with unity4 ,up an this motive1 he exerted his zeal in the dispute about the time of celebrating ,easter4 ,the churches of ,lesser ,asia kept it with the ,jews on the fourteenth day of the first moon after the vernal equinox1 on whatever day of the week it fell4 ,the ,roman church1 and all the rest of the world1 kept ,easter always on a ,sunday immediately following that fourteenth day4 ,pope ,anicetus permitted these ,asiatics to keep their own custom1 even at ,rome2 but ,pope ,soter1 his successor1 obliged them to conform to the custom of places where they should be4 ,several councils held at ,rome1 in ,palestine1 in ,pontus1 in ,gaul1 at ,corinth1 and other places1 unanimously determined the point according to the ,roman custom4 ,yet ,polycrates1 bishop of ,ephesus1 wrote strenuously in defence of the ,asiatic custom1 which he said was derived from ,st4 ,philip who died at ,hierapolis1 from ,st4 ,john ,evangelist1 ,st4 ,polycarp1 bishop and martyr1 ,sagaris1 bishop and martyr1 who died at ,laodicea1 and others4 ,victor seeing the ,asiatics fixed in their resolution1 threatened to cut them off from the communion of the ,church2 from the words of ,eusebius#cbf some moderns infer with ,baronius1 ,constant1 and ,de ,marca1 that he excommunicated them in a letter1 but immediately suspended or recalled the sentence3 others with ,thomassin1 ,natalis ,alexander1 and ,graveson1 think that he only threatened it2 which opinion best agrees with the sequel4 ,to reconcile the different passages of authors1 ,f4 ,john ,philip ,monti#cbg thinks pope ,victor1 upon receiving the refractory answer of ,polycrates1 drew up a sentence of excommunication1 but never sent or published the same1 being overcome by the advice of ,st4 ,irenus4 ,the schism which ,blastus1 a priest1 had lately formed at ,rome1 upon the difference of this rite1 for which he had been degraded by pope ,eleutherius1 probably made ,st4 ,victor more severe in extirpating a practice which became daily more dangerous to the unity of the ,church2 but prudence and charity recommended a toleration some time longer1 which he was prevailed upon to grant1 by a letter of ,st4 ,irenus1 who wrote to him on that subject in his own name1 and in that of his brethren in ,gaul4 ,st4 ,victor died soon after this1 in the year #bja1 the ninth of ,severus1 after he had sat ten years4 ,he is styled a martyr by some writers of the fifth age1 and in an ancient pontifical written in #ecj4 ,though ,severus only published the edicts for his persecution in #bjb1 several ,christians had suffered in his reign before that time1 as ,tillemont remarks4#cbh ,f4 ,pagi thinks ,st4 ,victor did not die by the sword1 because in some ,martyrologies he is called only confessor1 though his dignity and zeal exposed him to continual persecutions1 for which alone he might deserve the title of martyr4 ,see ,eusebius ,hist4 l4 #e1 c4 #bc4 ,orsi1 ,berti ,diss4 ,hist4 t4 #b1 p4 #hh4 ,,saint ,,innocent ,i41 ,,pope ,,and ,,confessor4 ,he was a native of ,albano1 near ,rome2 and1 upon the death of pope ,anastasius in #djb1 was unanimously chosen to fill the pontifical chair4 ,he ascended it by compulsion1 and considering himself in it with trembling1 he never ceased to beg of ,god the spirit of his holy wisdom and prudence1 which he stood the more in need of1 as the times in which he lived were more difficult4 ,alaric the ,goth1 with an army of barbarians1 threatened to carry desolation over all ,italy4 ,the pope exhorted the faithful to receive the scourges of heaven with submission and humility1 and undertook several journeys to negotiate a reconciliation between the emperor ,honorius and ,alaric1 but in vain4 ,the ,goths received a great overthrow from the ,roman army commanded by ,stilico1 in #djc4 ,but ,alaric led them a second time to attempt the plunder of ,rome2 and because ,honorius refused to make him general of the imperial army1 he took that city on the #bdth of ,august1 #daj1 and abandoned it to the fury of his soldiers1 excepting the church of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 to which he granted the privilege of a sanctuary4 ,pope ,innocent was at that time absent with the emperor at ,ravenna4 ,the year following1 ,alaric being dead1 his brother-in-law and successor ,atulphus again plundered ,rome4 ,after the departure of the barbarians1 the good pope hastened thither1 and by his presence brought comfort and joy to that afflicted people4 ,he taught them to draw an advantage from their sufferings by making a good use of them1 and so much were the ,heathens edified at the patience1 resignation1 and virtue with which the ,christians suffered the loss of their goods and whatever was dear1 without any murmuring or complaint1 that they came in crowds desiring to be instructed in the faith and baptized4 ,the pope labored incessantly to form them a holy people1 always occupied in good works4 ,his letters1 especially those to ,exuperius1 the most holy bishop of ,toulouse1 and ,decentius1 bishop of ,gubbio1 in answer to their several queries1 contain many useful rules1 and judicious decisions4 ,in the former1 he says1 that communion or absolution is never to be denied to dying penitents1 that we may not imitate the hardness of the ,novatians4 ,in that to ,decentius he says1 that only bishops1 who have the sovereignty of the priesthood1 can confer the ,holy ,ghost in confirmation1 by anointing the foreheads of persons baptized2 and that he cannot recite the words of the form for fear of discovering the mysteries or sacraments to the infidels4 ,he uses the same precaution in speaking of the sacrifice2 so inviolable was the secret with which1 out of respect1 the primitive ,christians treated the sacraments4 ,in the same epistle1 this pope mentioning the extreme unction which is given to the sick1 he says1 it cannot be administered to penitents before their reconciliation1 because it is a sacrament2 and all sacraments are refused them in that state4 ,this evinces that it was held to be no less properly a sacrament than the eucharist4 ,he indeed allows the custom that then prevailed for the laity to use the holy oils out of devotion1 but without the sacramental words1 and not as a sacrament2 for being consulted whether bishops could give that sacrament1 which was usually administered by priests1 he proves that bishops can do it1 because priests can2 consequently1 he supposes as undoubted1 that only priests1 not laymen1 can minister this holy sacrament4 ,when1 in #daf1 the councils of ,carthage and ,milevum had condemned the ,pelagian errors1 and wrote to the pope against them1 the synodal letters of both these councils having been drawn up by ,st4 ,austin1 ,st4 ,innocent1 in his answer to the bishops of the council of ,milevum1 says1 that 8all ecclesiastical matters throughout the world are1 by divine right1 to be referred to the apostolic see1 that is1 to ,st4 ,peter1 the author of its name and honor40 ,he commends the bishops of this council for so doing3 8,following10 says he1 8the ancient rule which you know with me1 has been always observed by the whole world40#cbi ,the confirmation given by pope ,innocent to these two ,african councils being brought to ,africa1 ,st4 ,austin said1#ccj 8,the decisions of the two councils have been already sent to the apostolic see2 the rescripts are also come from thence4 ,the cause is now finished2 would to ,god that the error may at last be at end40 ,st4 ,innocent closed his life with exerting his zeal in defence of divine grace1 dying in #dag1 having been pope fifteen years4 ,see his letters1 and the councils1 ,ceillier1 t4 #aj1 p4 #ajd1 and ,cuper the ,bollandist1 t4 #f1 ,jul4 p4 #edh4 ,,st4 ,,sampson1 ,b4 ,c4 ,he was a child of prayer1 and was born about the year #dif1 of noble parentage1 in that part of ,south ,wales which is now called ,glamorganshire1 then in the country of the ,demetes1 upon the borders of the ,wenetes1 who inhabited the province called by the ,britons ,guent1 now ,monmouthshire4 ,at seven years of age he was put under the care of ,st4 ,iltutus1 a very learned abbot in ,glamorganshire1 and having made great progress in learning and virtue1 was ordained priest by ,saint ,dubritius1 bishop of ,carleon4 ,in #eab he passed into a neighboring island2 where he led an eremitical life1 as did several others1 under the direction of ,st4 ,piro1 a holy priest4 ,by an order of ,,ss4 ,dubritius and ,iltutus he paid a visit to his aged father who lay dangerously ill4 ,the saint restored him by his prayers to his health1 and converted him1 and his whole numerous family1 including his uncles1 cousins1 and brothers1 whom he placed in several monasteries1 but his father and an uncle in his own community of hermits4 ,in #eaf he made a voyage into ,ireland1 to animate himself to fervor by the example and instructions of many illustrious saints who flourished there1 and after his return shut himself up in a cave in a wilderness4 ,in #ebj ,st4 ,dubritius called him to a synod at ,carleon1 and in it ordained him bishop without being fixed in any particular see4 ,st4 ,sampson continued his former austere manner of life1 abstaining wholly from flesh1 sometimes eating only once in two or three days1 and often passing the whole night in prayer standing1 though sometimes when he watched the night1 he took a little rest1 leaning his head against a wall4 ,to gain souls to ,god by the exercise of the ministry with which he saw himself intrusted1 he passed over into ,brittany in ,france1 with his father and his cousin ,st4 ,magloire1 and was followed by ,st4 ,maclou or ,malo1 another cousin4 ,st4 ,sampson there converted many idolaters1 raised a dead man to life1 and wrought many other miracles4 ,he founded a great abbey1 which he called ,dole1#cca and fixed there the episcopal see which was before subject to ,quidalet1 now ,st4 ,malo's4 ,this see of ,dole long enjoyed a metropolitical jurisdiction over all the bishops of ,brittany4#ccb ,he subscribed to the second council of ,paris1 held in #eeg1 in the manner following1 8,i ,sampson1 a sinner1 bishop1 have consented and subscribed40 ,he used to have a cross carried before him1 as is the custom of archbishops at present4 ,he died about the year #efd4 ,a considerable part of his relics was translated to ,paris1 with those of ,st4 ,magliore and ,st4 ,maclou1 in the tenth century1 for fear of the inroads of the ,normans4 ,see his life in ,mabillon1 ,act4 ,bened4 t4 #a1 p4 #agf1 and ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #f1 ,jul4 p4 #efh4 ,,july ,,xxix4 ,,st4 ,,martha1 ,v4 ,she was sister to ,mary and ,lazarus1 and lived with them at ,bethania1 a small town two miles distant from ,jerusalem1 a little beyond mount ,olivet4 ,our ,blessed ,redeemer had made his residence usually in ,galilee1 till in the third year of his public ministry he preached chiefly in ,juda1 during which interval he frequented the house of these three holy disciples4 ,martha seems to have been the eldest1 and to have had the chief care and direction of the household4 ,it appears from the history of the resurrection of ,lazarus that their family was of principal note in the country4 ,in the first visit1 as it seems1 with which ,jesus honored them1#ccc ,st4 ,luke tells us#ccd that ,st4 ,martha showed great solicitude to entertain and serve him4 ,she forgot the privilege of her rank and riches1 and would not leave so great an honor to servants only1 but was herself very busy in preparing everything for so great a guest and his holy company4 ,mary sat all the while at our ,saviour's feet1 feeding her soul with his heavenly doctrine4 ,in this she found such inexpressible sweetness1 and so great spiritual advantage1 that she forgot and contemned the whole world1 and would suffer nothing to draw her from her entertainment with her ,god1 or make her lose any one of those precious moments4 ,at his sacred discourses her heart was inflamed1 her pure soul seemed to melt in holy love1 and in a total forgetfulness of all other things she said to herself1 with the spouse in the ,canticles1 ,my beloved to me1 and ,i to him1 who feedeth among the lilies2#cce that is with chaste souls1 or among the flowers of virtues4 ,st4 ,austin observes that this house represents to us the whole family of ,god on earth4 ,in it no one is idle1 but his servants have their different employments1 some in the contemplative life1 as recluses2 others in the active2 as1 first1 those who labor for the salvation of souls in the exterior functions of the pastoral charge2 secondly1 those who1 upon pure motives of charity1 serve the poor or the sick2 and1 lastly1 all who look upon their lawful profession in the world as the place for which ,god has destined them1 and the employment which he has given them2 and who faithfully pursue its occupations with a view purely to accomplish the divine will1 and acquit themselves of every duty in the order in which ,god has placed them in this world4 ,he is the greater saint1 whatever his state of life may be1 whose love of ,god and his neighbor is more pure1 more ardent1 and more perfect2 for charity is the soul and form of ,christian perfection4 ,but it has been disputed whether the contemplative or the active life be in itself the more perfect4 ,st4 ,thomas answers this question1#ccf proving from the example of ,christ and his apostles1 that the mixed life1 which is made up of both1 is the most excellent4 ,this is the apostolic life1 with the care of souls1 if in it the external functions of instructing1 assisting1 and comforting others1 which is the most noble object of charity1 be supported by a constant perfect spirit of prayer and contemplation4 ,in order to this1 a long and fervent religious retirement ought to be the preparation which alone can form the perfect spirit of this state2 and the same must be constantly nourished and improved by a vehement love and frequent practice of holy retirement1 and a continued recollection1 as ,christ during his ministry often retired to the mountains to pray2 for that pastor who suffers the spirit of prayer to languish in his soul1 carries about a dead soul in a living body1 to use the expression of ,st4 ,bonaventure4#ccg ,the like interior must animate2 and some degree of assiduity in the like exercises1 as circumstances will allow1 must support those who are engaged in worldly employs1 and those who devote themselves to serve ,christ's most tender and afflicted members1 the poor and the sick1 as ,martha served ,christ himself4 ,with so great love and fervor did ,martha wait on our ,redeemer1 that1 as we cannot doubt1 she thought that if the whole world were occupied in attending so great a guest1 all would be too little4 ,she wished that all men would employ their hands1 feet1 and hearts1 all their faculties and senses1 with their whole strength1 in serving with her their gracious ,creator1 made for us our brother4 ,therefore1 sweetly complaining to him1 she desired him to bid her sister ,mary to rise up and help her4 ,our meek and loving ,lord was well pleased with the solicitude and earnestness1 full of affection and devotion1 wherewith ,martha waited on him2 yet he commended more the quiet repose with which ,mary attended only to that which is of the greatest importance1 the spiritual improvement of her soul4 ,martha1 ,martha1 said he1 thou art careful and troubled about many things2 but one thing is necessary4 ,if precipitation or too great eagerness had any share in her service1 this would have been an imperfection2 which1 nevertheless1 does not appear4 ,christ only puts ,martha in mind that though corporal duties ought not to be neglected1 and if sanctified by a perfect intention of charity are most excellent virtues1 yet spiritual functions1 when they come in competition1 are to be preferred4 ,the former1 indeed1 become spiritual1 when animated by a perfect spirit and recollection2 but this is often much impaired by the distraction of the mind1 and in the course of action4 ,in our external employments1 which we direct with a pure intention to fulfil the divine will1 we imitate the angels when they are employed by ,god in being our guardians1 or in other external functions with which ,god hath charged them2 but as these blessed spirits in such employs never lose sight of ,god1 so ought we in all our actions to continue1 at least virtually1 to adore and praise his holy name2 but herein the eye of the soul is often carried off1 or its attention much weakened1 whereas1 in heavenly contemplation1 the heart is wholly taken up in ,god1 and more perfectly united to him by adoration and love4 ,this is the novitiate of heaven1 where it is the uninterrupted occupation of the blessed4 ,in this sense ,christ so highly commends the choice of ,mary1 affirming that her happy employment would never be taken from her4 ,he added1 8,one thing is necessary20 which words some explain as if he had said1 8,a little is enough1 one dish suffices20 but the word necessary determines the sense rather to be1 as ,st4 ,austin1 ,st4 ,bernard1 ,maldonatus1 ,grotius1 and others1 expound it1 eternal salvation is our only affair4 ,another instance which shows how dear this devout family was to our divine ,saviour1 is the raising of ,lazarus to life4 ,when he fell sick1 the pious sisters sent to inform ,christ1 who was then absent in ,galilee4 ,they said no more in their message than this3 ,he whom thou lovest is sick4 ,they knew very well that this was enough2 and that his tender bowels would be moved to compassion by the bare representation of their calamity4 ,it was not to remove our corporal miseries that ,christ came from heaven1 and died and suffered so much2 this was not the object which drew down this ,almighty ,physician among us4 ,if1 in his mortal life on earth1 he healed the sick and raised the dead1 by these miracles he would manifest1 as by sensible tokens1 the spiritual cures which he desired to work in our souls4 ,we groan under the weight of innumerable and the most dreadful spiritual miseries4 ,our tender ,redeemer knows their horrible depth and endless extent2 but he would have us to conceive a just sense of them1 to acknowledge them1 and earnestly to implore his aid2 for this he sheds the rays of his light upon our blind souls1 and rouses us by his repeated graces4 ,the first step towards a deliverance is1 that we confess1 with a feeling sense1 our extreme baseness and ingratitude1 and our weakness and total incapacity of doing anything of ourselves towards our recovery2 but we have a physician infinitely tender and powerful4 ,to him then we must continually lay open our distress1 and with deep compunction display our miseries before his holy eyes1 earnestly striving by this dumb eloquence to move him to pity2 exposing to him that we whom he loveth still as the work of his hands1 as the price of his blood1 lie ingulfed in unspeakable miseries4 ,thus we must entreat him1 with tears and loud cries of our hearts1 to look down on his image in our souls1 now disfigured and sullied with sin2 on his kingdom left desolate by the tyranny of the devil and our passions3 on the vineyard which himself had planted1 adorned1 and fenced1 but which is laid waste by merciless robbers and enemies2 and that he would stretch out his almighty hand to repair these breaches1 and save us4 ,so long as life lasts we can never be sure that we shall find mercy1 or rest secure of the issue of our great trial upon which our eternity depends2 so long1 therefore1 we ought never to cease1 with most earnest cries1 to implore the clemency of our ,judge1 laying open our spiritual miseries to him in these words of the two sisters1--8,behold he1 whom thou lovest1 is sinking under the weight of his evils10 and beg him to remember his ancient love and mercies towards us4 ,we ought also in corporal distempers to address ourselves to ,god with the like words1 begging with ,martha our own or our brother's corporal health1 if this may be expedient to our souls1 and conducive to the divine honor4 ,in all these petitions we ought to implore the joint supplications of the saints1 as at the entreaties of the sisters ,christ raised ,lazarus4 ,having received their message1 he wanted no other prompter than that of his own compassion and affection2 an emblem of the paternal mercy with which he draws to himself1 and receives penitent sinners4 ,had the prodigal son offered any plea of merits or deserts1 he had never deserved to find favor2 but he knew the goodness and tenderness of his father1 who had with restless nights waited with impatience to see him return4 ,the tender parent wanted no motives drawn from other objects or things without himself4 ,the paternal affection within his own breast pleaded in favor of his disobedient child4 ,by this his very bowels yearned to embrace him again1 and raise him from spiritual death to life4 ,this same tenderness and compassion in ,christ was the grounds of the sisters' confidence4 ,jesus1 however1 deferred setting out two or three days1 that his glory might be more manifested by the greater evidence of the miracle1 and by the trial of the virtue and confidence of the two holy sisters4 ,when he arrived at ,bethania1 ,martha went first out to meet and welcome him2 and then called her sister ,mary4 ,the presence of ,jesus brings every blessing and comfort2 and1 by it1 the sisters had the joy to see their brother again restored to life when he had been four days in the grave4 ,christ was again at ,bethania1 at the house of ,simon the ,leper1 six days before his passion4 ,lazarus was one of the guests4 ,martha waited at table2 and ,mary poured a box of costly ointments on our ,lord's feet1 which she wiped with the hair of her head4#cch ,judas ,iscariot complained of this waste1 saying that the ointment might have been sold1 and the price given to the poor4 ,not that he had any regard for the poor1 but1 bearing the common purse1 he converted things sometimes to his own use1 being a thief4 ,how imperceptible a vice is covetousness1 and how subtle in excuses to deceive itself6 ,charity interprets the actions of others in the best part2 but passion hurries men into rash judgments4 ,judas condemned the most heroic virtue and devotion of a saint2 but ,jesus undertook her defence4 ,he was pleased not with the ointment1 but with the love and devotion of his fervent servant1 which he suffered her to satisfy by that action1 which he received as performed for the embalming of his body1 his death being then at hand4 ,he1 moreover1 declared that this good work which ,judas condemned1 should be commended to the edification of his servants over the whole world wherever his gospel should be preached4 ,st4 ,martha seems to have been one of those holy women who attended ,christ during his passion1 and stood under his cross4 ,after his ascension1 she came to ,marseilles1 and ended her life in ,provence1 where her body was found at ,tarascon1 soon after the discovery of that of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,it lies in a magnificent subterraneous chapel of the stately collegiate church at ,tarascon1 which is dedicated to ,god in her honor4 ,king ,louis ,,xi4 gave a rich bust of gold1 in which the head of the saint is kept4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have all1 like ,st4 ,martha1 one only necessary affair2 that for which alone ,god created and redeemed us2 for which he has wrought so many wonderful mysteries in our favor1 and upon which the dreadful alternative of sovereign and everlasting happiness or misery depends4 ,this is1 that we refer even all our worldly employments and all that we do1 to glorify ,god1 to fulfil his will1 and to save our souls4 ,in this1 all our thoughts1 desires1 and enterprises1 ought to centre3 this is the circle in which we must shut ourselves up1 and never think of moving out of4 ,every one ought sincerely to say with an ancient writer1 8,i have but one only affair2 and ,i care for nothing else only lest any other thing should take off any part of my attention from this my only business40#cci ,what account will they be able to give to themselves or to their ,judge at the last day1 who make vanity1 pastimes1 and idle employments1 the sole business of their life8 or they who toil and slave much in bustling through the world1 seeming to neglect nothing but their only affair4 ,,ss4 ,,simplicius ,,and ,,faustinus1 ,,brothers1 ,,and ,,beatrice1 ,,their ,,sister1 ,,mm4 ,the two brothers were cruelly tormented1 and at length beheaded at ,rome in the persecution of ,diocletian1 in the year #cjc4 ,their sister ,beatrice took up their bodies out of the ,tiber1 and gave them burial4 ,she lay herself concealed seven months in the house of a virtuous widow called ,lucina1 with whom she spent her time1 night and day1 in fervent prayer1 and in the exercise of other good works4 ,she was discovered and impeached by a pagan kinsman1 who designed to possess himself of her estate1 which was contiguous to his own2 she resolutely protested to the judge that she would never adore gods of wood and stone1 and was strangled by his order in prison the night following4 ,lucina buried her body near her brothers on the side of the highway to ,porto1 in the cemetery called ,ad ,ursum ,pileatum4 ,pope ,leo translated their relics into a church which he built to their honor in the city3 they now lie in that of ,st4 ,mary ,major4 ,with them is commemorated ,st4 ,felix1 pope and martyr1 whose name is found in the ,martyrologies on this day4 ,,st4 ,,william1 ,,bishop ,,of ,s4 ,,brieuc ,,in ,,brittany1 ,c4 ,st4 ,william ,pinchon1 of an illustrious family in ,brittany1 was1 by the innocence of his manners1 his admirable meekness1 humility1 chastity1 mortification1 charity1 and devotion1 an accomplished model of all virtues4 ,he received the tonsure1 and some years after the holy orders of deacon and priest1 at the hands of ,josselin1 bishop of ,s4 ,brieuc1 served that church under his two successors1 ,peter and ,sylvester1 and succeeded the latter in the episcopal dignity about the year #abbj4 ,the poor were his treasurers1 and not content to exhaust on them whatever he possessed1 he often borrowed great stores of corn and other necessary provisions for their relief4 ,the bare boards were usually his bed2 for his domestics discovered that he never made use of the soft bed which they prepared for him4 ,the assiduous application to all the functions of his charge was no hindrance to his nourishing within himself the spirit of recollection and holy prayer4 ,he died about the year #abcd1 on the #bith of ,july1 on which his name occurs in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,his body was deposited in his cathedral1 and taken up incorrupt in #abdh4 ,he was canonized by ,innocent ,,iv4 in #abec1 according to ,baronius4 ,see ,lobineau1 ,vies des ,,ss4 de ,bretagne1 p4 #bce4 ,,st4 ,,olaus ,,or ,,olave1 ,,king ,,of ,,norway1 ,m4 ,he was son of ,herald ,grenscius1 prince of ,westfold in ,norway1 by his wife ,asta1 daughter of ,gulbrand ,kuta1 governor of ,gulbrand's ,dale or ,valley4 ,he delivered his country from the tyranny under which the ,swedes and ,danes had for some time held it1 whilst ,norway was divided between ,sweno1 king of ,denmark1 ,olave ,scot-,konung1 son of ,eric1 king of ,sweden1 and ,eric1 son of ,hacon earl of ,norway4 ,in #ajac1 he sailed to ,england1 and successfully assisted king ,ethelred against the ,danes after the death of ,sueno or ,swayn their king4 ,he afterward waged war against ,olaus ,scot-,konung1 king of ,sweden1 till1 making an advantageous peace1 he took to wife the daughter of that king4#cdj ,these two princes about that time introduced the ,romescot1 a small annual tribute yearly to be paid to the apostolic see4#cda ,st4 ,olave brought over from ,england several pious and learned priests and monks1 one of whom1 named ,grimkele1 was chosen bishop of ,drontheim1 his capital4 ,the holy king did nothing without the advice of this prelate1 and by his counsels published many wholesome laws1 and abolished such ancient laws and customs as were contrary to the ,gospel2 which he did not only in ,norway1 but also in the isles of ,orkney and of ,iceland2 though the entire conquest of ,orkney was reserved to his son ,magnus1 who also subdued the isle of ,man1 as ,camden relates from the ancient ,chronicle of ,man4 ,our religious king having settled his dominions in peace1 set himself to extirpate out of them the abominable superstitions of idolatry4 ,he travelled in person from town to town1 exhorting his subjects to open the eyes of their souls to the bright light of faith4 ,a company of zealous preachers attended him1 and he demolished in many places the idolatrous temples4 ,the heathens rebelled1 and with the assistance of ,canutus the ,great1 defeated and expelled him4 ,st4 ,olave fled into ,russia1 whence he soon after returned1 and raised an army in order to recover his kingdom1 but was slain by his rebellious and infidel subjects in a battle fought at ,stichstadt1 north of ,drontheim1 on the #bith of ,july1 #ajcj1 having reigned sixteen years4 ,these rebels seem to have been in the interest of ,canute the ,great1 who arrived from ,england in ,norway1 took possession of that kingdom1 and left his nephew ,hackin viceroy1 but he being soon after drowned at sea1 ,canute made his son ,sweno viceroy of ,norway4 ,saint ,olave's body was honorably buried at ,drontheim1 and the year following bishop ,grimkele commanded him to be honored in that church among the saints with the title of martyr4 ,his son ,magnus was called home from ,russia in #ajce1 and restored to the throne4 ,sweno1 who saw himself entirely abandoned1 fled into ,sweden4 ,magnus exceedingly promoted the devotion of the people to the memory of his father1 the martyr1 who was chosen titular saint of the cathedral of ,drontheim4 ,this church was rebuilt with such splendor and magnificence1 as to have been the glory and pride of all the ,north4 ,munster has given us a minute description of it1 after ,lutheranism was introduced2 but it was soon after burnt by lightning4 ,the body of ,st4 ,olave was found incorrupt in #ajih2 and again when the ,lutherans1 in #aeda1 plundered the shrine1 which was adorned with gold and jewels of an immense value1 a treasure nowhere equalled in the ,north4 ,the ship which carried the greatest part of this sacrilegious booty perished at sea in the road to ,denmark2 the rest was robbed at land1 so that nothing of it came into the king of ,denmark's hands4 ,the ,lutherans treated the saint's body with respect1 and left it in the same place where the shrine had stood1 in the inner wooden case1 till in #aefh they decently buried it in the same cathedral4 ,a shirt or inner garment of ,st4 ,olave's is shown at ,st4 ,victor's in ,paris4 ,his shrine became famous by many miracles1 and he was honored with extraordinary devotion throughout all the northern kingdoms1 and was titular saint of several churches in ,england and ,scotland4 ,he was called by our ancestors ,st4 ,olave1 and more frequently ,st4 ,tooley2 but in the ,norway ,chronicles ,olaf ,haraldson1 and ,olaf ,helge or the ,holy4 ,see ,saxo-,grammaticus1 ,hist4 ,dan4 l4 #aj1 fol4 #id1 #ie1 #if4 ,adam ,brem1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 l4 #b1 c4 #dc4 ,and the ,iceland historians whom ,mallet regards as far more accurate1 especially ,torfus1 in the last century1 in his ,series regum ,dani2 ,snorro ,sturleson1 c4 ,see also ,bosch the ,bollandist1 t4 #g1 ,jul4 p4 #hg4 ,mallet1 ,hist4 de ,dannemarc1 c4 ,,st4 ,,olaus1 ,,king ,,of ,,sweden4 ,was converted to the faith by ,st4 ,anscharius1 and for his zeal in propagating the same1 and because in the time of a great famine he could not be compelled to offer sacrifice to the idols of ,upsal1 was sacrificed to them by the rebellious inhabitants of ,birca1 at that time the usual residence of the kings of ,sweden4 ,from the ruins of ,birca1 ,stockholm took its rise1 though built at a considerable distance from it4 ,see ,puffendorf's ,history of ,sweden1 t4 #a1 p4 #gj4 ,,july ,,xxx4 ,,ss4 ,,abdon ,,and ,,sennen1 ,,mm4 ,they were ,persians1 but coming to ,rome1 courageously confessed the faith of ,christ in the persecution of ,decius in #bej4 ,they were cruelly tormented1 but the more their bodies were mangled and covered with ghastly wounds1 the more were their souls adorned and beautified with divine grace1 and rendered glorious in the sight of heaven4 ,the ,christians at ,rome did not treat them as strangers1 but as brethren united to them in the hope of the same blessed country2 and after their death carefully deposited their bodies in the house of a subdeacon called ,quirinus4 ,in the reign of ,constantine the ,great1 their relics were removed into the ancient burying place of ,pontian1 so called from some rich man who built it3 called also1 from some sign1 ,ad ,ursum ,pileatum4 ,it afterward received its name from ,,ss4 ,abdon and ,sennen4 ,it was situated near the ,tiber1 on the road to ,porto near the gates of ,rome4 ,the images of these martyrs with ,persian bonnets and crowns on their heads1 and their names1 are to be seen there at this day in ancient sculpture4#cdb ,,ss4 ,abdon and ,sennen are mentioned in the ancient ,liberian ,calendar1 and in other ,martyrologies2 though their modern acts deserve no notice1 as cardinal ,noris has demonstrated4#cdc ,the martyrs preferred torments and death to sin1 because the love of ,god above all things reigned in their breasts4 8,we say we are ,christians10 says ,tertullian2#cdd 8we proclaim it to the whole world1 even under the hands of the executioner1 and in the midst of all the torments you inflict upon us to compel us to unsay it4 ,torn and mangled1 and weltering in our blood1 we cry out as loud as we are able to cry1 ,that we are worshippers of ,god through ,christ40 ,upon which ,mr4 ,reeves observes1 that no other religion ever produced any considerable number of martyrs except the true one4 ,do we ever read of any generation of men so greedy of martyrdom1 who thought it long till they were upon the rack1 and were so patient1 so cheerful and steadfast under the most intolerable torments8 ,socrates was the only philosopher that can be said to have died for his doctrine2 and what a restless posture of mind does he betray1 who was esteemed the best and the wisest of the heathens6 ,with what misgivings1 and fits of hope and fear1 does he deliver himself in that most famous discourse1 supposed to have been made by him a little before his death1 about a future state6#cde ,and neither ,phdo1 ,cebes1 ,crito1 ,simmias1 nor any other of his greatest friends who were present at his death1 durst maintain either his innocence1 or that doctrine for which he died1 in the ,areopagus4 ,with what reserve did ,plato himself dogmatize concerning the gods whom he worshipped in public1 but denied in private6 ,how did he dodge about1 disguise himself1 and say and unsay the same excellent truths6 ,only the ,christians suffered at this rate1 and they held on suffering for several hundred years together1 till they had subdued the world by dying for their religion4 ,what could engage such a number of men in such a religion1 and support them in it1 in defiance of death in the most shocking forms1 but evident truth1 and a superior grace and strength from above8 ,,st4 ,,julitta1 ,m4 ,the emperor ,dioclesian1 by the first edicts which he issued out against the ,christians in #cjc1 declared them infamous1 and debarred from all protection of the laws1 and from all the privileges of citizens4 ,by thus putting arms into the hands of every one against them1 the tyrant hoped to see their very name extinguished2 but he was not sensible that this divine religion then triumphs when its professors seem to be overcome by death1 and that by it human weakness is made victorious over the power of the world and hell4 ,of this ,st4 ,julitta is an instance4 ,she was a rich lady of ,csarea in ,cappadocia1 and was possessed of many farms1 cattles1 goods1 and slaves4 ,a powerful man of the town1 by open violence1 got possession of a considerable part of her estate2 and when he could not otherwise maintain his suit before the pretor1 charged her with being a ,christian4 ,the judge caused fire and incense to be immediately brought into the court1 and commanded her to offer sacrifice to the idols2 but she courageously made him this answer1 8,may my estates perish1 or be disposed of to strangers2 may ,i also lose my life1 and may this my body be cut in pieces rather than that by the least impious word ,i should offend ,god that made me4 ,if you take from me a little portion of this earth1 ,i shall gain heaven for it40 ,the judge was extremely exasperated at the undaunted resolution with which she spoke1 and without more ado confirmed to the usurper the estates to which he unjustly laid claim1 and condemned the servant of ,christ to the flames4 ,upon hearing this sentence1 a kind of heavenly joy and most amiable cheerfulness flushed her countenance1 which she could not refrain from expressing by continual thanksgiving to ,god to her last breath4 ,she exhorted the ,christians in the most moving manner to constancy and fervor4 ,the ,pagans were amazed to see a lady of her rank1 age1 and fortune1 possessed of all the advantages necessary to please the world1 and yet in a condition to enjoy all that is in it most flattering1 to contemn all this1 and life itself with such an heroic constancy4 ,when all things were ready for the execution1 ,julitta laid herself cheerfully upon the pile1 and there expired1 being1 as it seems1 stifled by the smoke2 for the flame1 rising in an arched vault round her body1 did not touch it1 and the ,christians took it up entire4 ,it was afterward interred in the porch of the principal church in the city2 and ,st4 ,basil1 speaking of this treasure about the year #cge1 wrote as follows3 8,it enriches with blessings both the place and those who come to it40 ,he assures us that 8the earth which received the body of this blessed woman sent forth a spring of most pleasant water1 whereas all the neighboring waters are brackish and salt4 ,this water preserves health1 and relieves the sick40 ,both the ,greeks and ,latins honor ,st4 ,julitta on this day4 ,see ,st4 ,basil's homily on ,st4 ,julitta1 t4 #b1 p4 #cc1 hom4 #e3 also in ,ruinart's collection1 p4 #eae4 ,,july ,,xxxi4 ,,st4 ,,ignatius ,,of ,,loyola1 ,c4 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,jesus4 ,his life was written by ,f4 ,lewis ,gonzales or ,gonzalvo1 who was a long time the saint's confessor1 and died at ,lisbon in #aege2 and again by ,ribadeneira1 who had intimately conversed with the saint1 and died at ,madrid in #afaa4 ,it is elegantly compiled in ,latin by ,maffei1 who died at ,tivoli in #afjc2 in ,italian by ,bartoli1 at ,rome about #afej2 and in ,french by ,bouhours1 one of the ablest and most judicious of the modern ,french critics in polite literature1 who died at ,paris in #agjd4 ,pinius the ,bollandist gives the original lives1 ,julij1 t4 #g1 p4 #dji1 and adds the history of many miracles wrought by the intercession of this saint2 also1 ,baillet4 ,a4 ,d4 #aeef4 ,the conversion of many barbarous nations1 several heretofore unknown to us1 both in the most remote eastern and western hemisphere2 the education of youth in learning and piety1 the instruction of the ignorant1 the improvement of all the sciences1 and the reformation of the manners of a great part of ,christendom1 is the wonderful fruit of the zeal with which this glorious saint devoted himself to labor in exalting the glory of ,god1 and in spreading over the whole world that fire which ,christ himself came to kindle on earth4 ,st4 ,ignatius was born in #adia1 in the castle of ,loyola1 in ,guipuscoa1 a part of ,biscay that reaches to the ,pyrenean mountains4 ,his father1 ,don ,bertram1 was lord of ,ognez and ,loyola1 head of one of the most ancient and noble families of that country4 ,his mother1 ,mary ,saez de ,balde1 was not less illustrious by her extraction4 ,they had three daughters and eight sons4 ,the youngest of all these was ,inigo or ,ignatius2 he was well shaped1 and in his childhood gave proofs of a pregnant wit and discretion above his years2 was affable and obliging1 but of a warm or choleric disposition1 and had an ardent passion for glory4 ,he was bred in the court of ,ferdinand ,v4 in quality of page to the king1 under the care and protection of ,antony ,manriquez1 duke of ,najara1 grandee of ,spain1 who was his kinsman and patron2 and who1 perceiving his inclinations1 led him to the army1 took care to have him taught all the exercises proper to make him an accomplished officer4 ,the love of glory and the example of his elder brothers who had signalized themselves in the wars of ,naples1 made him impatient till he entered the service4 ,he behaved with great valor and conduct in the army1 especially at the taking of ,najara1 a small town on the frontiers of ,biscay2 yet he generously declined taking any part of the booty in which he might have challenged the greatest share4 ,he hated gaming as an offspring of avarice1 and a source of quarrels and other evils2 was dexterous in the management of affairs1 and had an excellent talent in making up differences among the soldiers4 ,he was generous1 even towards enemies1 but addicted to gallantry1 and full of the maxims of worldly honor1 vanity1 and pleasures4 ,though he had no tincture of learning1 he made tolerably good verses in ,spanish1 having a natural genius for poetry4 ,a poem which he composed in praise of ,st4 ,peter was much commended4 ,charles ,v41 who had succeeded king ,ferdinand1 was chosen emperor1 and obliged to go into ,germany4 ,francis ,i41 king of ,france1 a martial prince1 having been his competitor for the empire1 resented his disappointment1 and became an implacable enemy to the emperor and the house of ,austria4 ,he declared war against ,charles1 with a view to recover ,navarre1 of which ,ferdinand had lately dispossessed ,john of ,albert1 and which ,charles still held1 contrary to the treaty of ,noyon1 by which he was obliged to restore it in six months4 ,francis1 therefore1 in #aeba1 sent a great army into ,spain1 under the command of ,andrew de ,foix1 younger brother of the famous ,lautrec1 who1 passing the ,pyrenees1 laid siege to ,pampeluna1 the capital of ,navarre4 ,ignatius had been left there by the viceroy1 not to command1 but to encourage the garrison4 ,he did all that lay in his power to persuade them to defend the city1 but in vain4 ,however1 when he saw them open the gates to the enemy1 to save his own honor1 he retired into the citadel with one only soldier who had the heart to follow him4 ,the garrison of this fortress deliberated likewise whether they should surrender1 but ,ignatius encouraged them to stand their ground4 ,the ,french attacked the place with great fury1 and with their artillery made a wide breach in the wall1 and attempted to take it by assault4 ,ignatius appeared upon the breach1 at the head of the bravest part of the garrison1 and1 with his sword in his hand1 endeavored to drive back the enemy2 but1 in the heat of the combat1 a shot from a cannon broke from the wall a bit of stone1 which struck and bruised his left leg2 and the ball itself in the rebound broke and shivered his right leg4 ,the garrison seeing him fall1 surrendered at discretion4 ,the ,french used their victory with moderation1 and treated the prisoners well1 especially ,ignatius1 in consideration of his quality and valor4 ,they carried him to the general's quarters1 and soon after sent him1 in a litter carried by two men1 to the castle of ,loyola1 which was not far from ,pampeluna4 ,being arrived there he felt great pain2 for the bones had been ill set1 as is often the case in the hurry after a battle4 ,the surgeons therefore judged it necessary to break his leg again1 which he suffered without any concern4 ,but a violent fever followed the second setting1 which was attended with dangerous symptoms1 and reduced him to an extreme degree of weakness1 so that the physicians declared that he could not live many days4 ,he received the sacraments on the eve of the feast of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 and it was believed he could not hold out till the next morning4 ,nevertheless ,god1 who had great designs of mercy upon him1 was pleased to restore him to his health in the following manner3 ,ignatius always had a singular devotion to ,st4 ,peter1 and implored his intercession in his present distress with great confidence4 ,in the night1 he thought he saw in a dream that apostle touch him1 and cure him4 ,when he awaked he found himself out of danger2 his pains left him1 and his strength began to return1 so that he ever after looked upon this recovery as miraculous2 yet he still retained the spirit of the world4 ,after the second setting of his leg1 the end of a bone stuck out under his knee1 which was a visible deformity4 ,though the surgeons told him the operation would be very painful1 this protuberance he caused to be cut off1 merely that his boot and stockings might sit handsomely2 and he would neither be bound nor held1 and scarce ever changed countenance whilst the bone was partly sawed and partly cut off1 though the pain must have been excessive4 ,because his right leg remained shorter than the left1 he would be for many days together put upon a kind of rack1 and with an iron engine he violently stretched and drew out that leg2 but all to little purpose1 for he remained lame his whole life after4 ,during the cure of his knee he was confined to his bed1 though otherwise in perfect health1 and finding the time tedious1 he called for some book of romances1 for he had been always much delighted with fabulous histories of knight-errantry4 ,none such being then found in the castle of ,loyola1 a book of the lives of our ,saviour1 and of the saints1 was brought him4 ,he read them first1 only to pass away the time1 but afterward began to relish them and to spend whole days in reading them4 ,he chiefly admired in the saints their love of solitude and of the cross4 ,he considered among the anchorets many persons of quality who buried themselves alive in caves and dens1 pale with fasting1 and covered with haircloth2 and he said to himself1 8,these men were of the same frame ,i am of2 why then should not ,i do what they have done80 ,in the fervor of his good resolutions he thought of visiting the ,holy ,land1 and becoming a hermit4 ,but these pious notions soon vanished2 and his passion for glory1 and a secret inclination for a rich lady in ,castile1 with a view to marriage1 again filled his mind with thoughts of the world2 till returning to the lives of the saints1 he perceived in his own heart the emptiness of all worldly glory1 and that only ,god could content the soul4 ,this vicissitude and fluctuation of mind continued some time2 but he observed this difference1 that the thoughts which were from ,god filled his soul with consolation1 peace1 and tranquillity2 whereas the others brought indeed some sensible delight1 but left a certain bitterness and heaviness in the heart4 ,this mark he lays down in his book of ,spiritual ,exercises1 as the ground of the rules for the discernment of the ,spirit of ,god and the world in all the motions of the soul2 as does cardinal ,bona1 and all other writers who treat of the discernment of spirits in the interior life4 ,taking at last a firm resolution to imitate the saints in their heroic practice of virtue1 he began to treat his body with all the rigor it was able to bear2 he rose at midnight1 and spent his retired hours in weeping for his sins4 ,one night being prostrate before an image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 in extraordinary sentiments of fervor1 he consecrated himself to the service of his ,redeemer under her patronage1 and vowed an inviolable fidelity4 ,when he had ended his prayer he heard a great noise2 the house shook1 the windows of his chamber were broken1 and a rent was made in the wall which remains to this day1 says the latest writer of his life4 ,god might by this sign testify his acceptance of his sacrifice2 as a like sign happened in the place where the faithful were assembled after ,christ's ascension1#cdf and in the prison of ,paul and ,silas2#cdg or this might be an effect of the rage of the devil4 ,another night1 ,ignatius saw the ,mother of ,god environed with light1 holding the infant ,jesus in her arms2 this vision replenished his soul with spiritual delight1 and made all sensual pleasure and worldly objects insipid to him ever after4 ,the saint's eldest brother1 who was then1 by the death of their father1 lord of ,loyola1 endeavored to detain him in the world1 and to persuade him not to throw away the great advantages of the honor and reputation which his valor had gained him4 ,but ,ignatius being cured of his wounds1 under pretence of paying a visit to the duke of ,najara1 who had often come to see him during his illness1 and who lived at ,navarret1 turned another way1 and sending his two servants back from ,navarret to ,loyola1 went to ,montserrat4 ,this was a great abbey of near three hundred ,benedictin monks1 of a reformed austere institute1 situate on a mountain of difficult access1 about four leagues in circumference and two leagues high1 in the diocess of ,barcelona4 ,the monastery was first founded for nuns by the sovereign counts of ,barcelona about the year #hhj1 but was given to monks in #iij4 ,it has been much augmented by several kings of ,spain1 and is very famous for a miraculous image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and a great resort of pilgrims4 ,there lived at that time in this monastery a monk of great sanctity1 named ,john ,chanones1 a ,frenchman1 who being formerly vicar-general to the bishop of ,mirepoix1 in the thirty-first year of his age1 resigned his ecclesiastical preferments1 and took the monastic habit in this place4 ,he lived to the age of eighty-eight years1 never eating any flesh1 watching great part of the night in prayer1 dividing his whole time between heavenly contemplation and the service of his neighbor2 and giving to all ,spain an example of the most perfect obedience1 humility1 charity1 devotion1 and all other virtues4 ,to this experienced director1 ,ignatius addressed himself1 and after his preparation1 was three days in making to him a general confession1 which he often interrupted by the abundance of his tears4 ,he made a vow of perpetual chastity1 and dedicated himself with great fervor to the divine service4 ,at his first coming to this place he had bought1 at the village of ,montserrat1 a long coat of coarse cloth1 a girdle1 a pair of sandals1 a wallet1 and a pilgrim's staff1 intending1 after he had finished his devotions there1 to make a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem4 ,disguised in this habit1 he remained at the abbey4 ,he communicated to his director a plan of the austerities he proposed to practise1 and was confirmed by him in his good resolutions4 ,he received the blessed eucharist early in the morning on the feast of the ,annunciation of our ,lady in #aebb2 and on the same day left ,montserrat for fear of being discovered1 having given his horse to the monastery1 and hung up his sword on a pillar near the altar in testimony of his renouncing the secular warfare1 and entering himself in that of ,christ4 ,he travelled with his staff in his hand1 a scrip by his side1 bare-headed1 and with one foot bare1 the other being covered because it was yet tender and swelled4 ,he went away infinitely pleased that he had cast off the livery of the world1 and put on that of ,jesus ,christ4 ,he had bestowed his rich clothes on a beggar at his coming out of ,montserrat2 but the poor man was thrown into prison on suspicion of theft4 ,ignatius being sent after by the magistrates1 and brought back1 told the truth to release him1 but would not discover his own name4 ,three leagues from ,montserrat is a large village called ,manresa1 with a convent of ,dominicans1 and a hospital without the walls for pilgrims and sick persons4 ,ignatius went to this hospital1 and rejoicing to see himself received in it unknown and among the poor1 began to fast on water and the bread 7which he begged7 the whole week1 except ,sundays1 when he ate a few boiled herbs1 but sprinkled over with ashes4 ,he wore an iron girdle and a hair shirt2 disciplined himself thrice a day1 slept little1 and lay on the ground4 ,he was every day present at the whole divine office1 spent seven hours on his knees at prayer1 and received the sacraments every ,sunday4 ,to add humiliation to his bodily austerities1 he affected a clownishness in his behavior1 and went begging about the streets with his face covered with dirt1 his hair rough1 and his beard and nails grown out to a frightful length4 ,the children threw stones at him1 and followed him with scornful shouts in the streets4 ,ignatius suffered these insults without saying one word1 rejoicing secretly in his heart to share in the reproaches of the cross4 ,the more mortifying the noisomeness of the hospital and the company of beggars were1 the more violence he offered to himself that he might bear them cheerfully4 ,the story of the fine suit of clothes given to the beggar at ,montserrat1 and the patience and devotion of the holy man1 made him soon to be reverenced as some fervent penitent in disguise4 ,to shun this danger1 he privately hid himself in a dark deep cave in a solitary valley1 called ,the ,vale of ,paradise1 covered with briars1 half a mile from the town4 ,here he much increased his mortifications till he was accidentally found half dead1 and carried back to ,manresa and lodged in the hospital4 ,after enjoying peace of mind and heavenly consolations from the time of his conversion1 he was here visited with the most terrible trial of fears and scruples4 ,he found no comfort in prayer1 no relief in fasting1 no remedy in disciplines1 no consolation from the sacraments1 and his soul was overwhelmed with bitter sadness4 ,the ,dominicans1 out of compassion1 took him out of the hospital into their convent2 but his melancholy only increased upon him4 ,he apprehended some sin in every step he took1 and seemed often on the very brink of despair2 but he was in the hands of him whose trials are favors4 ,he most earnestly implored the divine assistance1 and took no sustenance for seven days1 till his confessor obliged him to eat4 ,soon after this1 his tranquillity of mind was perfectly restored1 and his soul overflowed with spiritual joy4 ,from this experience he acquired a particular talent for curing scrupulous consciences1 and a singular light to discern them4 ,his prayer was accompanied with many heavenly raptures1 and he received from ,god a supernatural knowledge and sense of sublime divine mysteries3 yet he concealed all from the eyes of men1 only disclosing himself to his two confessors1 the pious monk of ,montserrat1 and the ,dominican of ,manresa2 however1 the people began to reverence him as a living saint1 which they particularly testified during a violent fever into which his austerities cast him three times4 ,too nice a worldly prudence may condemn the voluntary humiliations which this saint sometimes made choice of2 but the wisdom of ,god is above that of the world2 and the ,holy ,ghost sometimes inspires certain heroic souls to seek perfectly to die to themselves by certain practices which are extraordinary1 and which would not be advisable to others2 and if affected or undertaken with obstinacy and against advice1 would be pernicious and criminal4 ,ignatius1 by perfect compunction1 humility1 self-denial1 contempt of the world1 severe interior trials1 and assiduous meditation1 was prepared1 by the divine grace1 to be raised to an extraordinary gift of supernatural prayer4 ,he afterward assured ,f4 ,lainez that he had learned more of divine mysteries by prayer in one hour at ,manresa1 than all the doctors of the schools could ever have taught him4 ,he was there favored with many raptures1 and divine illustrations concerning the ,trinity1 of which he afterward spoke with so much light and unction1 that the most learned admired him1 and the ignorant were instructed4 ,in like manner1 in various wonderful ecstasies1 he was enlightened concerning the beauty and order of the creation1 the excess of divine love which shines forth to man in the sacrament of the altar1 and many other mysteries4 ,so imperfect was his knowledge of his duties when he first renounced the world1 that hearing a certain ,moresco or ,mahometan speak injuriously of the holy mother of ,god1 when he set out from ,loyola to ,montserrat1 he deliberated whether1 being an officer1 he ought not to kill him1 though the divine protection preserved him from so criminal an action4 ,but at ,manresa he made so good a progress in the school of virtue1 as to become qualified already to be a guide to others4 ,he stayed there almost a year1 during which time he governed himself by the advice of the holy monk of ,montserrat1 whom he visited every week1 and that of his ,dominican director4 ,spain1 in that and the foregoing age1 abounded with many learned and experienced persons in that way1 endowed with an eminent spirit1 and a perfect experimental knowledge of ,christian piety2 witness the works of ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 ,john of ,avila1 ,st4 ,teresa1 ,bartholomew de ,martyribus1 ,louis of ,granada1 and others4 ,our saint had the happiness to fall into the hands of prudent and able guides1 and giving his heart to ,god without reserve1 became himself in a short time an accomplished master2 and whereas he at first only proposed to himself his own perfection1 he afterward burned with an ardent desire of contributing to the salvation of others2 and commiserating the blindness of sinners1 and considering how much the glory of ,god shines in the sanctification of souls purchased with the blood of his ,son1 he said to himself1 8,it is not enough that ,i serve the ,lord2 all hearts ought to love him1 and all tongues ought to praise him40 ,with this view1 in order to be admitted more freely to converse with persons in the world1 he chose a dress which1 being more decent than the penitential garments which he at first wore1 might not be disagreeable to others2 and he moderated his excessive austerities4 ,he began then to exhort many to the love of virtue1 and he there wrote his ,spiritual ,exercises1 which he afterward revised1 and published at ,rome in #aedh4cdh ,though the saint was at that time unacquainted with learning any further than barely to read and write1 yet this book is so full of excellent maxims and instructions in the highest points of a spiritual life1 that it is most clear that the ,holy ,ghost supplied abundantly what was yet wanting in him of human learning and study4 ,the spirit which reigns in this book was that of all the saints4 ,frequent religious retirement had been practised by pious persons1 in imitation of ,christ and all the saints from the beginning2 likewise the use and method of holy meditation were always known2 but the excellent order of these meditations1 prescribed by ,ignatius1 was new3 and1 though the principal rules and maxims are found in the lessons and lives of the ancient fathers of the desert1 they are here judiciously chosen1 methodically digested1 and clearly explained4 ,one of these is1 that a person must not abridge the time1 or desist from meditating1 on account of spiritual dryness2 another1 that no one make any vow in sudden sentiments of fervor1 but wait some time1 and first ask advice4 ,st4 ,ignatius establishes in this book the practice of a daily particular examination against a person's predominant passion1 or on the best means and endeavors to acquire some particular virtue1 besides the daily general examination of conscience4 ,he lays down this excellent maxim2#cdi 8,when ,god hath appointed out a way1 we must faithfully follow it1 and never think of another1 under pretence that it is more easy and safe4 ,it is one of the devil's artifices to set before a soul some state1 holy indeed1 but impossible to her1 or at least different from hers2 that by this love of novelty1 she may dislike or be slack in her present state1 in which ,god hath placed her1 and which is best for her4 ,in like manner he represents to her other actions as more holy and profitable to make her conceive a disgust of her present employment40 ,when some pretended to find fault with this book of ,st4 ,ignatius's ,spiritual ,exercises1 pope ,paul ,,iii4 at the request of ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 by a brief in #aedh1 approved it1 as full of the ,spirit of ,god1 and very useful for the edification and spiritual profit of the faithful4 ,the pestilence which raged in ,italy having ceased1 ,ignatius1 after a stay of ten months at ,manresa1 left that place for ,barcelona1 neither regarding the tears of those who sought to detain him1 nor admitting any to bear him company1 nor consenting to accept any money for the expenses of his journey4 ,he took shipping at ,barcelona1 and in five days landed at ,gaeta1 whence he travelled on foot to ,rome1 ,padua1 and ,venice1 through villages1 the towns being shut for fear of the plague4 ,he spent the ,easter at ,rome1 and sailed from ,venice on board the admiral's vessel1 which was carrying the governor to ,cyprus4 ,the sailors were a profligate crew1 and seemed entirely to neglect prayer and all duties of religion1 and their discourse was often lewd and profane4 ,ignatius having reproved them for their licentiousness1 his zeal made them conspire to leave him ashore in a desert island2 but a gust of wind from the land hindered the ship from touching upon it4 ,he arrived at ,cyprus1 and found in the port a vessel full of pilgrims1 just ready to hoist sail4 ,going immediately on board1 he made a good voyage1 and landed at ,jaffa1 the ancient ,joppa1 on the last day of ,august1 #aebc1 forty days after he had left ,venice4 ,he went on foot from thence to ,jerusalem in four days4 ,the sight of the holy places filled his soul with joy and the most ardent sentiments of devotion and compunction1 and he desired to stay there to labor in the conversion of the ,mahometans4 ,the provincial of the ,franciscans1 by virtue of his authority from the holy see over the pilgrims1 commanded him to leave ,palestine4 ,ignatius obeyed1 but slipt privately back to satisfy his devotion again in visiting twice more the print of our ,saviour's feet on mount ,olivet4 ,he returned to ,europe in winter1 in extreme cold weather1 poorly clad1 and came to ,venice at the end of ,january1 in #aebd2 from whence he continued his journey by ,genoa to ,barcelona4 ,desiring to qualify himself for the functions of the altar1 and for assisting spiritually his neighbor1 he began at ,barcelona to study grammar1 and addressed himself to a famous master named ,jerom ,ardebal1 being assisted in the meantime in his maintenance by the charities of a pious lady of that city1 called ,isabel ,rosella4 ,he was then thirty-three years old2 and it is not hard to conceive what difficulties he must go through in learning the rudiments of grammar at that age4 ,moreover1 he seemed1 by his military employments1 and after his retreat by his contemplative life1 very unfit for such an undertaking4 ,at first1 his mind was so fixed only on ,god1 that he forgot everything he read1 and conjugating amo1 for example1 could only repeat to himself1 8,i love ,god2 ,i am loved by ,god10 and the like2 but resisting this as a temptation1 he began to make some progress1 still joining contemplation and extraordinary austerities with his studies4 ,he bore the jeers and taunts of the little boys1 his schoolfellows1 with joy4 ,hearing that a poor man called ,lasano had hanged himself on a beam in his chamber1 he ran to him1 cut the rope1 and prayed by him till the man returned to himself1 though he had before seemed perfectly dead to all the bystanders4 ,lasano made his confession1 received the sacraments1 and soon after expired4 ,this fact was regarded in the city as miraculous4 ,some persons persuaded ,ignatius to read ,erasmus's ,christian ,soldier1 an elegant book written by that master of style1 at the request of an officer's pious lady1 for the use of her husband1 a man of loose morals4 ,the saint always found his heart dry after reading this or any other of that author's works2 which made him afterward caution those of his society against reading them1 at least very much4 ,though in that writer's paraphrase on the ,lord's prayer and other such treatises of piety1 we find very pious sentiments collected from great authors1 and elegantly and concisely expressed1 yet a devout reader finds the language of the heart wanting4 ,on the other side1 it is well known how much ,st4 ,ignatius read daily1 and recommended to all others the incomparable book1 ,of the ,imitation of ,christ1 which he made frequent use of to nourish and increase the fervor of his soul4 ,he lodged at the house of one ,agnes ,pascal1 a devout woman4 ,her son1 ,john ,pascal1 a pious youth1 would sometimes rise in the night to observe what ,ignatius did in his chamber1 and saw him sometimes on his knees1 sometimes prostrate on the ground1 his countenance on fire1 and often in tears1 repeating such words as these3 8,o ,god1 my love1 and the delight of my soul1 if men knew thee they could never offend thee6 ,my ,god1 how good art thou to bear with such a sinner as ,i am60 ,the saint1 after studying two years at ,barcelona1 went to the university of ,alcala1 which had been lately founded by cardinal ,ximenes1 where he attended at the same time to lectures in logic1 physics1 and divinity2 by which multiplicity he only confounded his ideas1 and learned nothing at all1 though he studied night and day4 ,he lodged in a chamber of an hospital1 lived by begging a small subsistence1 and wore a coarse grey habit1 in which he was imitated by four companions4 ,he catechised children1 held assemblies of devotion in the hospital1 and by his mild reprehensions converted many loose livers1 and1 among others1 one of the richest prelates in ,spain4 ,some accused him of sorcery1 and of the heresy of certain visionaries lately condemned in ,spain under the name of the ,illuminati1 or ,men of ,new ,light3 but1 upon examination1 he was justified by the inquisitors4 ,after this1 for teaching the catechism1 being a man without learning or authority1 he was accused to the bishop's grand vicar1 who confined him to close prison two-and-forty days1 but declared him innocent of any fault by a public sentence on the #ast day of ,june1 #aebg2 yet forbidding him and his companions to wear any singular habit1 or to give any instructions in religious matters1 being illiterate persons4 ,ignatius rejoiced in his jail that he suffered1 though innocent1 but spoke with such piety that many called him another ,st4 ,paul in prison4 ,being enlarged1 he went about the streets with a public officer to beg money to buy a scholar's dress1 in which action he rejoiced at the insults and affronts which he met with4 ,however1 he went himself to the archbishop of ,toledo1 ,alphonsus de ,fonseca1 who was much pleased with him1 but advised him to leave ,alcala1 and go to ,salamanca1 promising him his protection4 ,ignatius1 in this latter place1 began to draw many to virtue1 and was followed by great numbers1 which exposed him again to suspicions of introducing dangerous practices1 and the grand-vicar of ,salamanca imprisoned him2 but1 after two-and-twenty days1 declared him innocent1 and a person of sincere virtue4 ,ignatius looked upon prisons1 sufferings1 and ignominy1 as the height of his ambition2 and ,god was pleased to purge and sanctify his soul by these trials4 ,recovering his liberty again1 he resolved to leave ,spain4 ,he from that time began to wear shoes1 and received money sent him by his friends1 but in the middle of winter travelled on foot to ,paris1 where he arrived in the beginning of ,february1 #aebh4 ,he spent two years in perfecting himself in the ,latin tongue2 then went through a course of philosophy4 ,he lived first in ,montaigue college2 but1 being robbed of his money1 was obliged to lodge in the hospital of ,st4 ,james1 to beg his bread from day to day1 and in the vacation time to go into ,flanders1 and once into ,england1 to procure charities from the ,spanish merchants settled there1 from whom and from some friends at ,barcelona he received abundant supplies4 ,he studied his philosophy three years and a half in the college of ,st4 ,barbara4 ,he had induced many of his schoolfellows to spend the ,sundays and holydays in prayer1 and to apply themselves more fervently to the practice of good works4 ,pegna1 his master1 thought he hindered their studies1 and finding him not corrected by his admonitions1 prepossessed ,govea1 principal of the college of ,st4 ,barbara1 against him1 so that he was ordered by him to undergo the greatest punishment then in use in that university1 called ,the ,hall1 which was a public whipping2 that this infamy might deter others from following him4 ,the regents came all into the hall with rods in their hands1 ready to lash the seditious student4 ,ignatius offered himself joyfully to suffer all things2 yet1 apprehending lest the scandal of this disgrace should make those whom he had reclaimed fall back1 when they saw him condemned as a corrupter of youth1 went to the principal in his chamber1 and modestly laid open to him the sentiments of his soul1 and the reasons of his conduct2 and offered himself as much as concerned his own person1 that any sacrifice should be made of his body and fame1 but begged of him to consider the scandal some might receive1 who were yet young and tender in virtue4 ,govea made him no answer1 but taking him by the hand led him into the hall1 where1 at the ringing of the bell1 the whole college stood ready assembled4 ,when all saw the principal enter1 and expected the sign for the punishment1 he threw himself at the feet of ,ignatius1 begging his pardon for having too lightly believed such false reports2 then rising1 he publicly declared that ,ignatius was a living saint1 and had no other aim or desire than the salvation of souls1 and was ready to suffer joyfully any infamous punishment4 ,such a reparation of honor gave the saint the highest reputation1 and even the ancient and experienced doctors asked his advice in spiritual matters4 ,pegna himself was ever after his great admirer and friend1 and appointed another scholar1 who was more advanced in his studies1 and a young man of great virtue and quick parts1 to assist him in his exercises4 ,this was ,peter ,faber1 a ,savoyard1 a native of the diocess of ,geneva1 by whose help he finished his philosophy1 and took the degree of master of arts with great applause1 after a course of three years and a half1 according to the custom of the times4 ,after this1 ,ignatius began his divinity at the ,dominicans4 ,peter ,faber had from his childhood made a vow of chastity1 which he had always most faithfully kept1 yet was troubled with violent temptations1 from which the most rigorous fasts did not deliver him4 ,he was also tempted to vain-glory1 and labored under great anxiety and scruples about these temptations1 which he at length disclosed to ,ignatius his holy pupil1 whose skilful and heavenly advice was a healing balsam to his soul4 ,the saint at last prescribed him a course of his spiritual exercises1 and taught him the practices of meditation1 of the particular examination1 and other means of perfection1 conducting him through all the paths of an interior life4 ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 a young master of philosophy1 full of the vanity of the schools1 was his next conquest4 ,st4 ,ignatius made him sensible that all mortal glory is emptiness2 only that which is eternal deserving our regard4 ,he converted many abandoned sinners4 ,when a young man1 engaged in a criminal commerce with a woman of the city1 was proof against his exhortations1 ,ignatius stood in a frozen pond by the way side up to the neck1 and as he passed by in the night1 cried out to him1 8,whither are you going8 ,do not you hear the thunder of divine justice over your head1 ready to break upon you8 ,go then2 satisfy your brutish passion2 here ,i will suffer for you1 to appease heaven40 ,the lewd young man1 at first affrighted1 then confounded1 returned back1 and changed his life4 ,by the like pious stratagems the saint recovered many other souls from the abysses into which they were fallen4 ,he often served the sick in the hospitals2 and one day finding a repugnance to touch the ulcers of one sick of a contagious distemper1 to overcome himself he not only dressed his sores1 but put his hand from them to his mouth1 saying1 8,since thou art afraid for one part1 thy whole body shall take its share40 ,from that time he felt no natural repugnance in such actions4 ,james ,laynez1 of ,almazan1 twenty-one years of age2 ,alphonsus ,salmeron1 only eighteen2 and ,nicholas ,alphonso1 surnamed ,bobadilla1 from the place of his birth1 near ,valencia1 all ,spaniards of great parts1 at that time students in divinity at ,paris1 associated themselves to the saint in his pious exercises4 ,simon ,rodriguez1 a ,portuguese1 joined them4 ,these fervent students1 moved by the pressing instances and exhortations of ,ignatius1 made all together a vow to renounce the world1 to go to preach the gospel in ,palestine1 or if they could not go thither within a year after they had finished their studies1 to offer themselves to his holiness to be employed in the service of ,god in what manner he should judge best4 ,they fixed for the end of all their studies the #beth day of ,january in #aecg1 and pronounced this vow aloud1 in the holy subterraneous chapel at ,montmartre1 after they had all received the holy communion from ,peter ,faber1 who had been lately ordained priest4 ,this was done on the feast of the ,assumption of our ,lady1 in #aecd4 ,ignatius continued frequent conferences1 and joint exercises1 to animate his companions in their good purposes2 but soon after was ordered by the physicians to try his native air1 for the cure of a lingering indisposition4 ,he left ,paris in the beginning of the year #aece1 and was most honorably and joyfully received in ,guipuscoa by his eldest brother ,garcias1 and his nephews1 and by all the clergy in processions4 ,he refused to go to the castle of ,loyola1 taking up his quarters in the hospital of ,azpetia4 ,the sight of the places where he had led a worldly life excited in him the deepest sentiments of compunction1 and he chastised his body with a rough hair shirt1 iron chains1 disciplines1 watching and prayer4 ,he recovered his health in a short time1 and catechised and instructed the poor with incredible fruit4 ,ignatius1 in his childhood1 had with some companions robbed an orchard1 for which another man had been condemned to pay the damages4 ,in the first discourse he made he accused himself publicly of this fact1 and calling the poor man1 who was present1 declared that he had been falsely accused1 and for reparation gave him two farms which belonged to him1 begging his pardon before all the people1 adding that this was one of the reasons of his journey thither4 ,in the meantime1 three others1 all doctors in divinity1 by the exhortations of ,faber1 joined the saint's companions in ,paris4 ,claudius le ,jay1 a ,savoyard1 ,john ,codure1 a native of ,dauphin1 and ,pasquier ,brouet1 of ,picardy2 so that with ,ignatius they were now ten in number4 ,the holy founder1 after a tedious and dangerous journey both by sea and land1 arrived at ,venice about the end of the year #aecf1 and his nine companions from ,paris met him there on the #hth of ,january1 #aecg2 they employed themselves in the hospitals1 but all except ,ignatius went to ,rome1 where pope ,paul ,,iii4 received them graciously1 and granted them an indult1 that those who were not priests might receive holy orders from what bishop they pleased4 ,they were accordingly ordained at ,venice by the bishop of ,arbe4 ,ignatius was one of this number4 ,after their ordination they retired into a cottage near ,vicenza1 to prepare themselves in solitude by fasting and prayer for the holy ministry of the altar4 ,the rest said their first masses in ,september and ,october1 but ,ignatius deferred his from month to month till ,christmas day1 overflowing in his retirement with heavenly consolations1 and in danger of losing his sight through the abundance of his tears4 ,thus he employed a whole year in preparing himself to offer that adorable sacrifice4 ,after this they dispersed themselves into several places about ,verona and ,vicenza1 preaching penance to the people1 and living on a little bread which they begged4 ,the emperor and the ,venetians having declared war against the ,turks1 their pilgrimage into ,palestine was rendered impracticable4 ,the year therefore being elapsed1 ,ignatius1 ,faber1 and ,laynez went to ,rome1 threw themselves at his ,holiness's feet and offered themselves to whatever work he should judge best to employ them in4 ,st4 ,ignatius told his companions at ,vicenza1 that if any one asked what their institute was1 they might answer1 8the ,society of ,jesus20 because they were united to fight against heresies and vice under the standard of ,christ4 ,in his road from ,vicenza to ,rome1 praying in a little chapel between ,sienna and ,rome1 he1 in an ecstasy1 seemed to see the eternal ,father1 who affectionately commended him to his ,son4 ,jesus ,christ appeared at the same time also shining with an unspeakable light1 but loaded with a heavy cross1 and sweetly said to ,ignatius1--8,i will be favorable to you at ,rome40#cej ,this ,st4 ,ignatius disclosed to ,f4 ,laynez1 in a transport when he came out of the chapel2 and ,f4 ,laynez1 when he was general1 related it to all the fathers in ,rome in a domestic conference1 at which ,f4 ,ribadeneira1 who records it1 was present4 ,the same was attested by others to whom the saint had discovered this signal favor4 ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 accordingly received them graciously2 and appointed ,faber1 called in ,french ,le ,fevre1 to teach in the ,sapienza at ,rome scholastic divinity1 and ,laynez to explain the holy scripture2 whilst ,ignatius labored1 by means of his spiritual exercises and instructions1 to reform the manners of the people4 ,the holy founder1 with a view to perpetuate the work of ,god1 called to ,rome all his companions1 and proposed to them his design and motives of forming themselves into a religious ,order4 ,after recommending the matter to ,god by fasting and prayer1 all agreed in the proposal1 and resolved1 first1 besides the vows of poverty and chastity already made by them1 to add a third of perpetual obedience1 the more perfectly to conform themselves to the ,son of ,god who was obedient even to death2 and to establish a general whom all1 by their vow1 should be bound to obey1 who should be perpetual1 and his authority absolute1 subject entirely to the pope1 but not liable to be restrained by chapters4 ,he likewise determined to prescribe a fourth vow of going wherever the pope should send them for the salvation of souls1 and even without money1 if it should so please him2 also that the professed ,jesuits should possess no real estates or revenues1 either in particular1 or in common2 but that colleges might enjoy revenues and rents for the maintenance of students of the ,order4 ,in the meanwhile ,govea1 principal of the college of ,st4 ,barbara at ,paris1 had recommended the ,jesuits to the king of ,portugal as proper missionaries for the conversion of the ,indies1 and that prince asked of ,ignatius six laborers for that purpose4 ,the founder having only ten1 could send him no more than two1 ,simon ,rodriguez1 who remained in ,portugal1 and ,xavier1 afterward the apostle of the ,indies4 ,the three cardinals appointed by the pope to examine the affair of this new ,order1 at first opposed it1 thinking religious ,orders already too much multiplied1 but changed their opinions on a sudden1 and pope ,paul ,,iii4 approved it under the title of 8,the ,society of ,jesus10 by a bull1 dated the #bgth of ,september1 #aedj4 ,ignatius was chosen the first general1 but only acquiesced in obedience to his confessor4 ,he entered upon his office on ,easter-day1 #aeda1 and the members all made their religious vows1 according to the bull of their institution4 ,ignatius then set himself to write constitutions or rules for his ,society1 in which he lays down its end to be1 in the first place1 the sanctification of their own souls by joining together the active and the contemplative life2 for nothing so much qualifies a minister of ,god to save others as the sanctification of his own soul in the first place2 secondly1 to labor for the salvation and perfection of their neighbor1 and this1 first1 by catechising the ignorant 7which work is the basis and ground of religion and virtue1 and though mean and humble1 is the most necessary and indispensable duty of every pastor71 secondly1 by the instruction of youth#cea in piety and learning 7upon which the reformation of the world principally depends72 and thirdly1 by the direction of consciences1 missions1 and the like4#ceb ,st4 ,ignatius would have the office of general to be perpetual or for life1 being persuaded this would better command the respect of inferiors1 and more easily enable him to undertake and carry on great enterprises for the glory of ,god1 which require a considerable time to have them well executed4 ,nevertheless1 he often strenuously endeavored to resign that dignity1 but was never able to compass it2 and at length the pope forbade him any more to attempt it4 ,he had no sooner taken that charge upon him than he went into the kitchen1 and served as a scullion under the cook1 and he continued for forty-six days to catechise poor children in the church of the ,society4 ,by preaching he gained such an ascendant over the hearts of the people as produced many wonderful conversions4 ,among the pious establishments which he made at ,rome1 he founded a house for the reception of ,jews who should be converted1 during the time of their instruction1 and another for the reception and maintenance of lewd women who should be desirous to enter upon virtuous courses1 yet were not called to a religious state among the ,magdalens or penitents4 ,when one told him that the conversion of such sinners is seldom sincere1 he answered3 8,to prevent only one sin would be a great happiness1 though it cost me ever so great pains40 ,he procured two houses to be erected at ,rome for the relief of poor orphans of both sexes1 and another for the maintenance of young women whose poverty might expose their virtue to danger4 ,the heart of this blessed man so burned with charity1 that he was continually thinking and speaking of what might most contribute to promote the divine honor and the sanctification of souls2 and he did wonders by the zealous fathers of his ,society in all parts of the globe4 ,he was entreated by many princes and cities of ,italy1 ,spain1 ,germany1 and the ,low-,countries to afford them some of his laborers4 ,under the auspicious protection of ,john ,,iii4 king of ,portugal1 he sent ,st4 ,francis ,xavier into the ,east-,indies1 where he gained a new world to the faith of ,christ4 ,he sent ,john ,nugnez and ,lewis ,gonzales into the kingdoms of ,fez and ,morocco to instruct and assist the ,christian slaves2 in #aedg1 four others to ,congo in ,africa2 in #aeee1 thirteen into ,abyssinia1 among whom ,john ,nugnez was nominated by pope ,julius ,,iii4 patriarch of ,ethiopia1 and two others1 bishops2 lastly1 others into the ,portuguese settlements in ,south ,america4 ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 commissioned the fathers ,james ,laynez and ,alphonsus ,salmeron to assist1 in quality of his theologians1 at the council of ,trent4 ,before their departure1 ,st4 ,ignatius1 among other instructions1 gave them a charge in all disputations to be careful above all things1 to preserve modesty and humility1 and to shun all confidence1 contentiousness1 or empty display of learning4 ,f4 ,claudius ,le ,jay appeared in the same council as theologian of cardinal ,otho1 bishop of ,ausberg4 ,many of the first disciples of ,st4 ,ignatius distinguished themselves in divers kingdoms of ,europe1 but none with greater reputation1 both for learning and piety1 than ,peter ,canisius1 who was a native of ,nimeguen1 in the ,low ,countries1 and having with wonderful success employed his zealous labors at ,ingolstadt and in several other parts of ,germany1 and in ,bohemia1 died in the odor of sanctity1 at ,fribourg1 in #aeig1 seventy-seven years old4#cec ,whilst ,f4 ,claudius ,le ,jay was at ,trent1 ,ferdinand1 king of the ,romans1 nominated him bishop of ,trieste4 ,the good father seemed ready to die of grief at this news1 and wrote to ,st4 ,ignatius1 humbly requesting him to put some bar to this promotion4 ,the holy founder was himself alarmed1 and by a pressing letter to the king1 prevailed upon him not to do what would be an irreparable prejudice to his young ,society4 ,he urged to the pope and sacred college many reasons why he desired that all the fathers of his ,society should be excluded from all ecclesiastical dignities1 alleging that this would be a means more easily to preserve among them a spirit of humility and poverty1 which is the very soul and perfection of their state2 and that1 being missionaries1 it was more advantageous to the ,church that they should remain such1 always ready to fly from pole to pole1 as the public necessities should require4 ,the pope being satisfied with his reasons1 the saint obliged all professed ,jesuits to bind themselves by a simple vow never to seek prelatures1 and to refuse them when offered1 unless compelled by a precept of the pope to accept them4 ,in #aedf the ,jesuits first opened their schools in ,europe1 in the college which ,st4 ,francis ,borgia had erected for them at ,gandia1 with the privileges of an university4#ced ,the seminary of ,goa in ,asia1 which had been erected some years before for the ,indian missions1 was committed to the ,jesuits1 under the direction of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 the preceding year4 ,king ,john also founded for them1 in #aedf1 a noble college at ,combra1 the second which they had in ,europe4 ,f4 ,simon ,rodriguez directed this establishment1 and many others in ,portugal1 ,spain1 and ,brazil1 and died at ,lisbon in the highest reputation for sanctity and learning in #aegi4 ,among the rules which ,st4 ,ignatius gave to the masters1 he principally inculcated the lessons of humility1 modesty1 and devotion2 he prescribed that all their scholars should hear mass every day1 go to confession every month1 and always begin their studies by prayer2 that their masters should take every fit occasion to inspire them with the love of heavenly things2 and that by daily meditation1 self-examinations1 pious reading1 retreat1 and the constant exercise of the divine presence1 they should nourish in their own souls a fervent spirit of prayer1 which without the utmost care is extinguished by a dry course of studies and school disputations2 and with it is destroyed the very soul of a religious or spiritual life4 ,he recommended nothing more earnestly1 both to professors and scholars1 than that they should dedicate all their labors1 with the greatest fervor1 to the greater glory of ,god1 which intention will make studies equal to prayer4 ,he treated very harshly all those whom learning rendered self-conceited or less devout2 and removed all those masters who discovered any fondness for singular opinions4 ,it is incredible with what attention and industry he promoted emulation and every means that could be a spur to scholars4 ,he required that copies of some of the principal literary performances should be sent from all the colleges to ,rome1 where he had them examined before him1 that he might better judge of the progress both of masters and scholars4 ,he encouraged every branch of the sciences1 and would have the fathers in his ,society applied to those functions1 whether in teaching1 preaching1 or the missions1 for which ,god seemed chiefly to qualify and destine them by their genius1 talents1 and particular graces2 yet so that no one should neglect the duties either of assiduous prayer and an interior life1 or of instructing and catechising others4 ,he recommended to them all1 especially to the masters of novices1 c41 to read diligently the conferences1 lives1 and writings of the fathers of the desert1 and other pious ascetics1 in order to learn their spirit4 ,with what success many among them did this1 appears from the ,practice of ,christian ,perfection1 compiled by ,f4 ,alphonsus ,rodrigues1 one of the most eminent persons whom our saint had admitted into his ,society4 ,in this excellent work he gathered and digested1 in a clear and easy method1 the most admirable maxims and lessons of the ancient monks2 and having many years trained up1 according to them1 the novices of his ,order in ,spain1 died holily in the year #afaf1 the ninetieth of his age4#cee ,we have other eminent instances of this holy spirit and science among the primitive disciples of ,st4 ,ignatius1 in the works of ,f4 ,lewis de ,ponte or ,puente1 who died in #afbd1 and whose canonization has been often desired by the kings of ,spain2 in those of ,f4 ,alvarez de ,paz1 who died in ,peru in #afbj2 and in the writings and life of ,f4 ,baltassar ,alvarez1 who died in ,spain in #aehj1 in the odor of sanctity4 ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 in #aeea1 gave a considerable sum towards building the ,roman college for the ,jesuits4 ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 contributed largely to it2 ,paul ,,iv41 in #aeee1 founded it for perpetuity with great munificence2 afterward ,gregory ,,xiii4 much augmented its buildings and revenues4 ,st4 ,ignatius1 intending to make this the model of all his other colleges1 neglected nothing to render it complete1 and took care that it should be supplied with the ablest masters in all the sciences1 and with all possible helps for the advancement of literature4 ,he made it a strict rule in the ,society1 that every one should study to speak correctly the language of the country where he lives2#cef for1 without being perfect in the vulgar tongue1 no one can be qualified to preach or perform many other functions with profit4 ,on this account he established in the ,roman college daily lessons in the ,italian tongue1 and he carefully studied that language1 and appointed others to put him in mind of all the faults which he should commit in speaking4 ,st4 ,ignatius also directed the foundation of the ,german college in ,rome made by ,julius ,,iii4 but afterwards finished by ,gregory ,,xiii4 ,he often met with violent persecutions1 but overcame them by meekness and patience4 ,when the ,french king ,henry ,,ii4 gave the ,society letters patent to settle in ,france1 the parliament of ,paris made the most outrageous remonstrances1 and the faculty of ,sorbon1 though not without opposition1 passed a virulent decree against it4 ,the other fathers at ,rome thought it necessary to answer these censures2 but ,st4 ,ignatius would have nothing printed or written in their defence1 saying1 that it was better to commit their cause to ,god1 and that the slanders raised against them would fall of themselves2 and so it happened4 ,indeed the storm was too violent to last4 ,upon other occasions the saint modestly defended his institute against slanderers4 ,the prudence and charity of the saint in his conduct towards his religious1 won him all their hearts4 ,his commands seemed rather entreaties4 ,the address with which he accommodated himself to every one's particular genius1 and the mildness with which he tempered his reproofs1 gave to his reprehensions a sweetness which gained the affections whilst it corrected a fault4 ,thus chiding one for his too little guard over his eyes1 he said to him1 with tenderness3 8,i have often admired the modesty of your deportment1 yet observe that unguarded glances often escape you40 ,when another had fixed his eye steadfastly upon him a long time1 the saint enjoined him to make the government of his eye the subject of his particular examination1 and to say every day a short prayer for fifteen months4 ,he extremely recommended a strict modesty in the whole exterior as the index of the interior1 and a means absolutely necessary for the regulating of it1 and the government of the senses and passions4 ,he always showed the affection of the most tender parent towards all his brethren1 especially towards the sick1 for whom he was solicitous to procure every spiritual and even temporal succor and comfort1 which it was his great delight to give them himself4 ,the most perfect obedience and self-denial were the two first lessons which he inculcated to his novices1 whom he told at the door as they entered1 that they must leave behind them all self-will and private judgment4 ,in his famous letter to the ,portuguese ,jesuits1 ,on the ,virtue of ,obedience1 he says1 this alone bringeth forth and nourisheth all other virtues2 and calls it the peculiar virtue1 and distinguishing mark and characteristic of his ,society1 in which1 if any member suffer himself to be outdone by those of other ,orders in fasting or watching1 that he must yield to none in obedience4 ,he adds1 true obedience must reach the understanding as well as the will1 and never suffer a person even secretly to complain of1 or censure the precept of a superior1 whom he must always consider as vested with the authority of ,jesus ,christ over him4 ,he says1 it is not a less fault to break the laws of obedience in watching than in sleeping1 in laboring than in doing nothing4 ,when ,f4 ,araos1 whose spiritual labors were very successful in the court of ,spain1 seemed to seek the conversation of the great ones of the world1 upon pretence of conciliating their favor to his ministry1 ,st4 ,ignatius sent him a sharp reprimand1 telling him that the necessary authority for the ministers of the word of ,god1 is to be gained only by a spirit of recollection1 and the exercises of ,christian humility2 for the loss of everything is to be feared in an intercourse with the great ones of the world4 ,he used to say1 that prosperity caused in him more fear than joy1 that when persecution ceased he should be in apprehension lest the ,society should somewhat relax in the observance of its regular discipline2 that good fortune is never to be trusted1 and that we have most to fear when things go according to our desires4 ,he made a most severe regulation1 that in the ,society no one should ever visit women1 even of the highest quality1 alone2 and that when they discoursed with them1 or heard their confessions1 this should be so ordered1 that the companion might see all that passed1 without hearing what ought to be secret1 this being a means to prevent the possibility of evil suspicions or slanders4 ,in the assigning the employments of those under his charge1 he had usually a regard to their inclinations1 though he always required that1 on their parts1 they should be wholly indifferent and disposed cheerfully to accept and discharge any4 ,notwithstanding the fatigue and constant application which the establishment of his ,order in all parts of the world1 and so many other great enterprises undertaken to promote the glory of ,god1 required1 he was all on fire with an excess of charity1 and a restless desire of gaining souls to ,god1 and wearied himself out in the service of his neighbor1 always laboring to extirpate vice1 and to promote virtue in all1 and set on foot several practices which might conduce to the divine service and the salvation of men4 ,it is not to be believed how many and how great affairs this blessed man was able to go through1 and with what courage and spirit he bore so continual a burden1 and this with so weak health and infirm body4 ,but he was assisted by the powerful hand of our ,lord1 that furnished him with strength for all his labors2 so that he then appeared strongest and most courageous1 when he was weary1 sickly1 and unprovided of human and natural helps2 for1 in his infirmity1 the power of ,god manifested itself1 and the saint seemed to support the weakness of his body with the vigor of his soul4 ,this interior strength he chiefly maintained by an eminent spirit of prayer1 and the constant and closest union of his soul with ,god4 ,for he was favored with an extraordinary grace of devotion1 which he1 out of humility1 thought ,god had given him out of compassion for his weakness and misery1 which he said was greater than that of any other4 ,in saying the holy mass1 and reciting the divine office1 the abundance of heavenly delights which ,god poured into his soul1 was often so great1 and made such showers of tears stream from his eyes1 that he was obliged to stop in a manner at every word1 sometimes to make a considerable interruption whilst he gave vent to his tears4 ,it was once feared1 lest his continual effusion of tears should hurt his eye-sight4 ,at other times1 though his eyes were dry at his devotion1 and the sluices of his tears were shut up1 yet their influence and effect was not wanting2 for his spirit was still watered with heavenly dew1 and the divine illustrations ceased not to flow copiously into his soul4 ,in matters of concern1 though reasons were ever so convincing and evident1 he never took any resolution before he had consulted ,god by prayer4 ,he let not an hour pass in the day without recollecting himself interiorly1 and examining his conscience1 for this purpose banishing for a while all other thoughts4 ,he never applied his mind so much to exterior affairs as to lose the sweet relish of interior devotion4 ,he had ,god always and in all things present to his mind4 ,every object served him for a book1 wherein he read the divine perfections1 and by that means raised his heart to his ,creator4 ,he recommended this manner of prayer to every one1 especially to those who are employed in spiritual functions for the help of their neighbor4 ,before he betook himself to public or private prayer1 he prepared his soul with great fervor1 and entering into the oratory of his heart1 enkindled his affections1 so that this appeared in his countenance1 and he seemed to be all on fire1 as we ourselves frequently observed1 says ,ribadeneira4 ,the saint being once asked by ,f4 ,lainez what manner of prayer he used1 gave this answer1 that in matters concerning ,almighty ,god he behaved himself rather passively than actively4 ,he prayed sometimes standing1 and profoundly adored the majesty of ,god present to his soul2 he often bowed his body low1 and most frequently prayed on his knees4 ,no sooner had he recollected his mind in ,god1 but his countenance put on an air which appeared altogether heavenly1 and often streams of tears fell sweetly from his eyes4 ,he prescribed to the priests of his ,order to be about half an hour at the altar in saying mass1 to avoid on one side the least appearance of indecent hurry and precipitation in that tremendous sacrifice2 and1 on the other1 not to be tedious to the people by unseasonably indulging their private devotion4 ,nevertheless1 he was himself about an hour in saying mass1 to excuse which he alleged the plea of necessity1 being often obliged to make pauses through an irresistible tenderness of devotion4 ,after mass he spent two hours in private prayer1 during which time no one was admitted to speak to him except on some pressing necessity4 ,f4 ,louis ,gonzales1 who for some time governed the college under him1 says1 8,as often as ,i went to him at that time1 which necessity frequently obliged me to do1 ,i always saw his face shining with an air so bright and heavenly1 that1 quite forgetting myself1 ,i stood astonished in contemplating him4 ,nor was his countenance like that of many devout men in whom ,i have admired a wonderful serenity at their prayers1 but it breathed something quite unusual1 and1 as it were1 divine40 ,on other occasions the like was remarked in him2 on which account ,f4 ,lainez compared him to ,moses when he came from conversing with ,god4 ,nicholas ,lanoy testified1 that he one day saw a fire flame on his head whilst he was saying mass4 ,saint ,philip ,neri1 who often visited ,st4 ,ignatius1 used to assure his friends that he had seen his face shining with bright rays of light4 ,as ,f4 ,antony ,galloni1 his disciple and confidant in all his concerns1 and ,marcellus ,vitelleschi declared they had often heard from his own mouth2 of which cardinal ,taurusius1 archbishop of ,sienna1 published an authentic certificate4#ceg ,john ,petronius1 a famous physician in ,rome1 declared publicly that1 when sick1 he once saw his own chamber1 which was then very dark1 by reason of the windows being shut1 filled with a dazzling light from such rays upon the blessed man's coming into it4 ,isabel ,rosella1 ,john ,pascal1 and several other persons testified1 that they had sometimes beheld his countenance at prayer sparkling with radiant beams of light1 the abundant consolations which replenished his soul redounding on his body4 ,john ,pascal added1 that he had seen him in prayer raised more than a foot above the ground1 and heard him say at the same time1 8,o my ,god6 ,o my ,lord6 ,o that men knew thee60 ,the saint was often favored1 amid the tears and fervor of his devotion1 with wonderful raptures1 visions1 and revelations2 and some of these visions and other supernatural favors ,st4 ,ignatius mentioned himself in short notes which he wrote1 and which were found in his own hand after his death1 some of which notes are published by ,f4 ,bartoli4#ceh ,others are mentioned by ,ribadeneira1 who inserted in the saint's life1 as he declares1 only what himself had seen1 or had heard from his mouth1 or from persons of unquestionable authority1 and whose life of his holy founder1 by the order of ,saint ,francis ,borgia1 was carefully examined and approved by the principal persons then living who had frequently conversed with the saint1 as ,salmeron1 ,bobadilla1 ,polancus1 who had been the saint's secretary1 ,natalis1 c4 ,if the spirit of prayer was that virtue by which our saint was admitted to the familiar intercourse with ,god1 was the key which unlocked to him the treasure of all other virtues and graces1 and was the continual comfort1 support1 and light of his soul1 and the constant advancement of its supernatural life in his mortal pilgrimage1 this spirit was itself founded in the most perfect self-denial4 ,the ,holy ,ghost never communicates himself1 by the infusion of this grace1 but to a heart that is entirely dead to itself and its passions1 and crucified to the world4 ,this ,st4 ,ignatius understood so well1 that hearing another once say1 that a certain person was endowed with a great gift of contemplation1 and was eminently a man of prayer1 he corrected the expression1 saying1 8call him rather a man of the most perfect self-denial20 because the spirit of grace and prayer requires a perfect purity and disengagement from all inordinate affections1 and a heart empty of itself4 ,this victory over himself the saint obtained by an habitual practice of the exterior mortification of his senses2 and by that perfect patience1 resignation1 and confidence in ,god1 and constancy with which he bore the most severe interior and exterior trials4 ,to complete the most essential interior mortification of his will and passions1 he added the practice of an unlimited obedience to his directors and superiors1 and of the most profound and sincere humility4 ,even when broken with age and infirmities1 he said1 that should his ,holiness command it1 he would with joy go on board the first ship he could find2 and if he were so ordered1 though it had neither sails nor rudder1 and without any warning1 would immediately set out for any part of the globe4 ,it was his perpetual lesson to his novices1--8,sacrifice your will and judgment by obedience4 ,whatever you do without the consent of your spiritual guide will be imputed to wilfulness1 not to virtue1 though you were to exhaust your bodies by labors or austerities40 ,humility is the sister virtue of obedience1 the foundation of a spiritual life1 and the distinguishing mark or characteristic of all the saints4 ,this virtue ,st4 ,ignatius embraced with the utmost ardor1 from his first entering upon a spiritual course of life4 ,he went a long time in old tattered rags1 and lived in hospitals1 despised1 affronted1 and persecuted2 this he desired1 and in it he found his great joy and satisfaction4 ,he ever retained this affection for humiliations1 out of a sincere contempt of himself2 for acknowledging himself a sinner1 he was thoroughly persuaded that contempt and injuries from all creatures1 as instruments of the divine justice1 were his due1 and that he was most unworthy of all comforts1 favor1 or regard4 ,nothing but charity and zeal to procure his neighbor's good restrained him from doing ridiculous things on purpose to be laughed at by all2 and he always practised such humiliations as were consistent with prudence and his other duties4 ,all his actions and whatever belonged to him1 breathed an air of sincere humility4 ,his apparel was poor1 though clean2 his bed was very mean1 and his diet coarse1 and so temperate1 that it was a perpetual abstinence4 ,he employed himself often most cheerfully in the meanest offices about the house1 as in making beds1 and in cleansing the chambers of the sick4 ,it was his great study to conceal his virtues1 and nothing was more admirable in his life than the address with which he covered his most heroic actions under the veil of humility4 ,though he was superior1 he frequently submitted to inferiors with wonderful meekness and humility1 when he could do it without prejudice to his authority4 ,in things of which he was not certain1 he readily acquiesced in the judgment of others2 and was a great enemy to all positiveness1 and to the use of superlatives in discourse4 ,he received rebukes from any one with cheerfulness and thanks4 ,if in his presence anything was said that redounded to his praise1 he showed an extreme confusion1 which was usually accompanied with many tears4 ,he was seldom heard to speak of himself1 and never but on very pressing occasions4 ,though visions1 revelations1 and the like favors were frequently vouchsafed him1 he scarce ever mentioned such things2 but all his discourse was of humility1 charity1 patience1 divine zeal1 prayer1 mortification1 and other such virtues1 of which we are to make the greatest account1 and by which alone men become saints and friends of ,god4 ,ribadeneira heard him say1 that every one in the house was to him an example of virtue1 and that he was not scandalized at any one besides himself4 ,it was his usual saying1 that he did not think there was a man in the world1 that on one side received from ,god so great and continual favors1 and yet on the other side was so ungrateful1 and so slothful in his service as himself4 ,it was his desire that1 after his death1 his body might be thrown upon some dunghill1 in punishment of the sins he had committed by pampering it4 ,the chief reasons why he would have his ,order called ,the ,society of ,jesus1 were lest his name should be given it1 and that his followers might be known by their love and zeal for their ,redeemer4 ,as often as he spoke of his ,order1 he called it1 ,this least ,society2 for he would have his children to look upon themselves as the last and least of all persons in the ,church4 ,from the perfect mortification of all his passions and inordinate affections resulted an admirable peace and evenness of mind which nothing seemed able ever to disturb or ruffle4 ,his contempt of the world appeared by the disinterestedness with which he rejected legacies and presents whenever they might give occasion to complaints4 ,when he looked up towards the heavens1 he used feelingly to repeat1 8,how contemptible doth earth appear when ,i behold the heavens60 ,charity1 or the most ardent and pure love of ,god1 was the most conspicuous1 and the crown of all his other virtues4 ,he had often in his mouth these words1 which he took for his motto or device1 8,to the greater glory of ,god10 referring to this end1 with all his strength1 himself1 his ,society1 and all his actions1 in which he always chose that which appeared to him the most perfect4 ,he often said to ,god1 8,lord1 what do ,i desire1 or what can ,i desire besides thee80 ,true love is never idle2 and always to labor1 to promote ,god's honor1 or to suffer for his sake1 was this saint's greatest pleasure4 ,he said1 that no created thing can bring to a soul such solid joy and comfort as to suffer for ,christ4 ,being asked what was the most certain and the shortest way to perfection1 he answered1 8,to endure for the love of ,christ many and grievous afflictions4 ,ask this grace of our ,lord3 on whomsoever he bestoweth it1 he does him many other signal favors1 that always attend this grace40 ,out of this burning love of ,god1 he most ardently desired the separation of his soul from his mortal body1 when it should be ,god's will2 and1 when he thought of death1 he could not refrain from tears of joy1 because he should then see his loving ,redeemer2 and1 beholding ,god face to face1 should love and praise him eternally1 without let1 abatement1 or intermission4 ,from this same love of ,god sprang his ardent thirst for the salvation of men1 for which he undertook so many and so great things1 and to which he devoted his watchings1 prayers1 tears1 and labors4 ,when he dismissed any missionaries to preach the word of ,god1 he usually said to them1 8,go1 brethren1 inflame the world1 spread about that fire which ,jesus ,christ came to kindle on earth40 ,to gain others to ,christ he1 with admirable address1 made himself all to all1 going in at their door1 and coming out at his own4 ,he received sincere penitents with the greatest sweetness and condescension1 so as often to take upon himself part of their penance4 ,when a brother1 growing weary of the yoke of ,christ1 had determined to leave the ,society1 ,st4 ,ignatius by his remonstrances made such an impression upon his heart1 that falling at the feet of the general1 he offered to undergo whatever punishment he would impose upon him4 ,to which the saint replied1 8,one part of your penance shall be1 that you never repent more of having served ,god4 ,for the other part1 ,i take it upon myself1 and will discharge it for you40 ,he endeavored to bring all his penitents to make1 without reserve1 the perfect sacrifice of themselves to ,god1 telling them1 that it is not to be expressed what precious treasures ,god reserves for1 and with what effusion he communicates himself to1 those who give themselves to him with their whole heart4 ,he proposed to them for their model this prayer1 which he used often to recite1--8,receive1 ,o ,lord1 all my liberty1 my memory1 my understanding1 and my whole will4 ,you have given me all that ,i have1 all that ,i possess1 and ,i surrender all to your divine will1 that you dispose of me4 ,give me only your love1 and your grace4 ,with this ,i am rich enough1 and ,i have no more to ask40 ,st4 ,ignatius was general of the ,society fifteen years1 three months1 and nine days2 but was in the end so worn out with infirmities1 that he procured that the ,society should choose him an assistant in that office4 ,this was ,f4 ,jerom ,nadal4 ,after which1 the saint reserved to himself only the care of the sick1 and spent his time in continual prayer1 and in preparing himself for death4 ,by way of his last will and testament1 he dictated certain holy maxims concerning the obligation and conditions of religious obedience1 which he bequeathed to his brethren of the ,society4 ,the saint1 on the day before he died1 charged ,f4 ,polancus to beg his ,holiness's blessing for him at the article of death1 though others at that time did not think it so near4 ,the next morning having lifted up his eyes and hands to heaven1 and pronouncing1 both with his tongue and heart1 the sweet name of ,jesus with a serene countenance1 he calmly gave up his happy soul into the hands of his ,creator on the last day of ,july1 in the year #aeef1 the sixty-fifth of his age1 the thirty-fifth after his conversion1 and the sixteenth after his confirmation of the ,society4 ,the people esteemed him a saint both living and after his death2 and the opinion of his sanctity was confirmed by many miracles4#cei ,he saw his ,society in very few years divided into twelve provinces1 with above one hundred colleges1 and spread over almost the whole world4 ,in #afbf1 it contained thirty-six provinces1 and in them eight hundred houses1 and fifteen thousand ,jesuits1 since which time it is much increased4 ,st4 ,ignatius's body was buried first in the little church of the ,jesuits1 dedicated in honor of the blessed ,virgin in ,rome4 ,when cardinal ,alexander ,farnesius had built the stately church of the professed house called ,il ,giesu1 it was translated thither in #aehg2 and1 in #afcg1 was laid under the altar of the chapel1 which bears his name4 ,this church is one of the most magnificent piles of building in the world next to the ,vatican1 and is not less admired for the elegance of the architecture than for its riches1 consisting in costly beautiful ornaments of gold1 silver1 jewels1 exquisite paintings1 statues1 and carving1 and a great profusion of fine marble4 ,among the many chapels which it contains1 those of the ,blessed ,virgin1 of the ,angels1 of ,,ss4 ,abundius and ,abundantius1 martyrs1 of ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 and of ,st4 ,ignatius1 are the admiration of travellers1 especially the last2 in which the remains of the holy founder lie1 in a rich silver shrine under the altar1 exposed to view4 ,the other glittering rich ornaments of this place seem almost to lose their lustre when the statue of the saint is uncovered4 ,it is somewhat bigger than the life1 because raised high4 ,its bright shining gold1 silver1 and sparkling diamonds1 especially in the crown of glory over the head1 dazzle the eye4 ,in the professed house are shown the pictures of ,st4 ,ignatius and ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 taken from the life4 ,st4 ,ignatius's chamber is now a chapel1 his study is another1 in which prelates1 and sometimes popes1 come to say mass on the saint's festival4 ,he was beatified by ,paul ,v4 in #afji1 and canonized by ,gregory ,,xv4 in #afbb1 though the bull was only published the year following by ,urban ,,viii4 ,the example of the saints evinces that to disengage our affections from earthly things1 and to converse much in heaven by the constant union of our hearts to ,god1 is the short road to ,christian perfection4 ,those who are employed in the active life1 ought to learn the art of accompanying all their actions with a lively attention to the divine presence1 as our guardian angels are faithful in discharging every duty of that external ministry which ,god hath committed to them1 yet so as never to intermit their contemplation of the ,godhead1 and their incessant homages of praise and love1 which are the uninterrupted employment of their happy state4 ,without this precaution1 by the hurry of dry studies1 and even the discharge of the sacred ministry itself1 the spirit of piety and devotion is extinguished in the heart1 and the more sacred functions are easily profaned4 ,,st4 ,,john ,,columbini1 ,c4 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,jesuati4 ,he was descended of one of the most ancient and noble families of ,sienna2 and being chosen first magistrate of that commonwealth1 acquitted himself of all the duties of that charge with integrity and honor1 and to the great satisfaction of his countrymen2 but he was passionate1 and his heart was strongly wedded to the world1 and buried under the weight and hurry of its business1 vanity1 and ambition1 so that he scarce seemed able to find leisure to breathe1 or to think of eternity4 ,one day1 after being taken up the whole morning in deciding causes in his court1 he came home1 much fatigued1 and not finding dinner ready1 flew into a violent passion4 ,his wife put a book of the ,saints' ,lives into his hands2 but he threw it on the ground4 ,the next moment1 being ashamed of his passion1 he took it up again1 and sitting down to read1 fell on the life of ,st4 ,mary of ,egypt4 ,he read it with so much pleasure that he thought no more of his dinner2 and insensibly found his heart pierced with compunction and remorse for his past sins and unthinking conduct1 and entirely weaned from the world4 ,from that moment he resolved to begin a new life2 and1 to expiate his offences1 he embraced the most austere practices of penance4 ,resigning his public employs1 he consecrated the greatest part of his estates to alms-deeds2 and being sensible that the first sacrifice which ,god requires of a sinner is that of a contrite and humble heart1 without which no other can be acceptable to him1 he spent his time chiefly in prayers and tears4 ,he sold his rich clothes and furniture1 giving the money to the poor1 that they might be intercessors in his behalf at the throne of mercy2 he lay on two boards1 watching great part of the night in prayer1 and his house seemed converted into a hospital1 so great was the number of the poor and sick that he caused to be brought thither1 and attended4 ,the whole country was astonished at so great a change1 and so exemplary a penance4 ,francis ,vincent joined him in this manner of life4 ,they both ran the same course1 and with equal paces4 ,one day seeing a leper lying at the door of the great church1 covered with blotches and ulcers1 the saint carried him on his back through the public market-place2 attending him both as his servant and physician1 tenderly kissing his running sores one after another1 till he had perfectly overcome the abhorrence which nature inspires in such actions1 and continued his care of this patient till he was perfectly cured4 ,st4 ,john had one son and one daughter4 ,the former ,god called to himself by death1 and the latter consecrated herself to his divine service in a nunnery4 ,st4 ,john had before this1 with his wife's consent1 made a vow of chastity2 and after their children were thus disposed of1 he sold his estate1 and gave one-third of it to a hospital1 and the other two-thirds to different churches and the poor4 ,having thus reduced himself to a state of poverty like that of the apostles1 he gave himself up to serve the poor in the hospitals1 and to the exercises of devotion and the most rigorous penance4 ,several others1 moved by his example1 became his faithful imitators and companions4 ,they were solicitous to exhort the sick and poor to the sincere dispositions of repentance1 and to fervor in the divine service2 and the charity and disinterestedness with which they ministered to them corporal relief and comfort1 gave great force to their zealous instructions4 ,out of their ardent love of our ,redeemer1 whom they considered and served in his afflicted members1 they had his holy name so often1 and with so great devotion and respect in their mouths1 that the people gave them the name of ,jesuats4 ,that adorable name is repeated fifteen hundred times in the few letters which ,st4 ,john wrote4 ,the number of his disciples being increased to about seventy1 he formed them into a religious ,order1 under the rule of ,st4 ,austin1 and took ,st4 ,jerom for their patron4#cfj ,he addressed himself to pope ,urban ,v4 at ,viterbo1 who approved and confirmed his institute in #acfg1 and granted to it most ample privileges4 ,such was the fervor of the first disciples of our saint1 that almost all their names have been placed among the blessed4 ,the holy founder fell sick soon after the approbation of his ,order2 and1 having received the last sacraments1 commending his soul into the hands of his ,creator through the death of ,christ1 and in union with his recommendation of his divine soul to his ,father on the cross1 he happily expired on the #cast of ,july1 in the year #acfg1 the twelfth after his conversion1 only thirty-seven days after his ,order had been confirmed by ,pope ,urban ,v4 ,see ,f4 ,cuper1 the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #g1 p4 #ccc1 and ,helyot1 ,hist4 des ,ord4 ,rel4 t4 #c1 p4 #daj4 ,,saint ,,helen ,,of ,,skofde ,,in ,,sweden1 ,m4 ,she was a lady of quality in ,westrogothia1 whom ,saint ,sigfrid1 apostle of that province in ,sweden1 who died in #ajde1 converted to the faith4 ,she made a pilgrimage to ,rome1 and upon her return was martyred by her own relations about the year #aafj1 at her own estate of ,skofde or ,scude1 in ,westrogothia in ,sweden4 ,she was honored on the #cast of ,july1 with extraordinary devotion in that country1 and in the isle of ,seland in ,denmark1 especially in the church which bears her name1 where her body was kept in a rich shrine1 eight miles from ,copenhagen1 near the sea1 in which place there is a famous miraculous well still resorted to by the ,lutherans1 and called to this day ,st4 ,lene ,kild1 or ,st4 ,helen's well4 ,she was canonized by ,alexander ,,iii4 in #aafd1 and her feast fixed on the #cast of ,july4 ,see the ,bollandists ad #ca ,julii4 ,,footnotes #a ,the place of ,st4 ,rumold's death is contested4 ,according to certain ,belgic and other ,martyrologies1 he was of the blood royal of ,scotland 7as ,ireland was then called7 and bishop of ,dublin4 ,this opinion is ably supported by ,f4 ,hu4 ,ward1 an ,irish ,franciscan1 a man well skilled in the antiquities of his country1 in a work entitled ,dissertatio ,historica de ,vita et ,patria ,s4 ,rumoldi1 ,archiepiscopi ,dubliniensis1 published at ,louvain in #affb1 in #dto4 ,the learned pope ,benedict ,,xiv4 seems to adjudge ,st4 ,rumold to ,ireland1 in his letter to the prelates of that kingdom dated the #ast of ,august1 #agda1 wherein are the following words3 8,quod si recensere voluerimus sanctissimos viros ,columbanum1 ,kilianum1 ,virgilium1 ,rumoldum1 ,gallum1 aliosque plures qui ex ,hibernia in alias provincias catholicam fidem invexerunt1 aut illam per martyrium effuso sanguine collustrarunt40 7,hib4 ,dom4 ,suppl4 p4 #hca47 ,on the other hand1 ,janning the ,bollandist undertakes to prove that ,st4 ,rumold was an ,english ,saxon4 ,see ,janning and ,j4 ,b4 ,sellerii ,acta ,s4 ,rumoldi1 ,antverp1 #agah2 also ,f4 ,ward1 and ,ware's bishops1 p4 #cje4 #b ,st4 ,john ,damascen4 ,serm4 de ,transfig4 ,dom4 #c ,gildas1 c4 #h4 #d ,bede1 ,hist l4 #a4 c4 #g4 #e ,the second kingdom of ,burgundy was begun in #hij1 by ,ralph1 nephew to ,bozon1 whom the emperor ,charles the ,bald1 king of ,france1 had made king of ,arles in #hgf1 giving him ,provence and part of ,dauphin4 ,this second kingdom of ,burgundy comprised ,provence1 ,savoy1 the ,viennois1 and the county of ,burgundy4 ,the duchy of ,burgundy had its duke at the same time4 #f ,it is nine leagues from ,mans4 ,childebert in the charter says that the land had been already given to the saint by ,clovis his father4 7,marten4 ,amp4 ,coll4 tom4 #a1 p4 #a47 ,this is also attested by ,nicholas1 ,ep4 ad ,episc4 ,gall4 and is likewise insinuated by ,siviard in his life of ,st4 ,calais4 #g ,salus in the ,syriac signifies foolish4 #h ,st4 ,tho4 #b1 #b4 #i ,imit4 of ,chr4 b4 #a1 c4 #bj4 #aj ,phil4 iii4 #bi4 #aa ,from the word joy used by the evangelist on this occasion1 and from the unanimous consent of the fathers1 it is manifest that the holy infant anticipated the use of reason1 and that this was not a mere natural motion1 as some protestants have imagined1 but the result of reason1 and the effect of holy joy and devotion4 #ab ,phil4 iv4 #bj4 #ac ,nero reigned the first five years with so much clemency1 that once when he was to sign an order for the death of a condemned person1 he said3 8,i wish ,i could not write40 ,but his master ,seneca and ,burrhus the prefect of the prtorium1 to whom this his moderation was owing1 even then discovered in him a bent to cruelty1 to correct which they strove to give his passion another turn4 ,with this view ,seneca wrote and inscribed to him a treatise ,on ,clemency1 which we still have4 ,but both ,seneca and ,burrhus connived at an adulterous intrigue in which he was engaged in his youth3 so very defective was the virtue of the best among the heathen philosophers4 ,if the tutors imagined that by giving up a part1 they might save the rest1 and by indulging him in the softer passions they might check those which seemed more fatal to the commonwealth1 the event showed how much they were deceived by this false human prudence1 and how much more glorious it would have been to have preferred death to the least moral evil1 could paganism have produced any true martyrs of virtue4 ,the passions are not to be stilled by being soothed3 whatever is allowed them is but an allurement to go farther1 and soon makes their tyranny uncontrollable4 ,of this ,nero is an instance4 ,for1 availing himself of this indulgence1 he soon gave an entire loose to all his desires1 especially when he began to feel the dangerous pleasure of being master of his own person and actions4 ,he plunged himself publicly1 and without shame or constraint1 into the most infamous debaucheries1 in which such was the perversity of his heart1 that1 as ,suetonius tells us1 he believed nobody to be less voluptuous and abandoned than himself1 though he said they were more private in their crimes1 and greater hypocrites3 notwithstanding1 at that very time1 ,rome abounded with most perfect examples of virtue and chastity among the ,christians4 ,there is a degree of folly inseparable from vice4 ,but this in ,nero seemed by superlative malice to degenerate into downright phrenzy4 ,all his projects consisted in the extravagances of a madman2 and nothing so much flattered his pride as to undertake things that seemed impossible4 ,he forgot all common rules of decency1 order1 or justice4 ,it was his greatest ambition to sing or perform the part of an actor on the stage1 to play on musical instruments in the theatre1 or to drive a chariot in the circus4 ,and whoever did not applaud all his performances1 or had not the complaisance to let him carry the prize at every race or public diversion1 his throat was sure to be cut1 or he was reserved for some more barbarous death4 ,for cruelty was the vice which above all others has rendered his name detestable4 ,at the instigation of ,poppa1 a most infamous adulteress1 he caused his mother ,agrippina to be slain in the year #eh1 and from that time it seemed to be his chief delight to glut his savage mind with the slaughter of the bravest1 the most virtuous1 and the most noble persons of the universe1 especially of those that were nearest to him4 ,he put to death his wife ,octavia after many years ill usage1 and he cut off almost all the most illustrious heads of the empire4 #ad ,on account of the murder of ,st4 ,stanislas1 slain by ,boleslas ,,ii4 #ae ,serm4 v4 de ,laz4 t4 #a1 p4 #gfe4 #af ,st4 ,chrys4 l4 #a1 ad ,vid4 ,junior4 t4 #a1 p4 #cda4 #ag ,according to the ,registers of ,landaff1 quoted by ,usher1 ,st4 ,oudoceus was son of ,budic ,,ii4 prince of ,cornwall1 in ,armorica2 and was committed to the care of ,st4 ,theliau1 when he removed to ,armorica4 ,but ,usher is mistaken1 as he dates this fact at #eif4 ,for we learn from ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours that ,thierri1 son of ,budic1 was made prince of ,cornwall in #egg1 and that his father was dead a long time before4 #ah ,p4 #agh1 ed4 ,combefis4 #ai ,not4 ib4 t4 #b1 p4 #gjd1 ,op4 ,st4 ,chrys4 #bj ,t4 #b1 ed4 ,ben4 p4 #gjd4 #ba ,the abbey of ,kemperle is three leagues from ,port-,louis and eight from ,quimper4 #bb ,in ,latin ,berti ,cramnus1 ,bertrannus3 not ,bertrandus4 #bc ,lugo in ,decal4 ,see ,less4 l4 de ,valetud4 #bd ,jos4 ix4 #ad4 #be ,see these laws in ,spelman1 ,conc4 t4 #a1 and ,wilkins1 ,conc4 ,brit4 t4 #a4 #bf ,cent4 #aj4 #bg ,extant in ,monast4 ,anglic4 ,app41 vol4 #a4 #bh ,the ,welch laws of ,howel ,dha1 that is1 ,howel the ,good1 are published by ,dr4 ,wotton1 in folio1 #agce4 #bi ,see ,inett1 ,history of the ,church of ,england1 t4 #a4 #cj ,rosweide1 ,vit4 ,patr4 l4 #e1 lib4 #d1 n4 #ch4 #ca ,ibid4 l4 #f1 lib4 #b1 n4 #ad4 #cb ,cotelier1 ,monum4 ,gr4 p4 #fge4 #cc ,cotelier1 ib4 p4 #fgj1 ,rosweide1 l4 #c1 p4 #ajc4 #cd ,cotelier1 ib4 p4 #fgb4 #ce ,rosweide1 ,vid4 ,patr4 l4 #e1 lib4 #ae1 n4 #dg4 #cf ,rosweide1 ,vit4 ,patr4 l4 #e1 lib4 #a1 n4 #ag4 #cg ,rosweide1 ,vit4 ,patr4 l4 #e1 lib4 #ae1 n4 #dd4 #ch ,ibid4 n4 #df4 #ci ,ibid4 l4 #e1 lib4 #h1 n4 #ae4 #dj ,ibid4 l4 #f1 lib4 #i1 n4 #e4 #da ,cotelier1 ibid4 p4 #ffi4 #db ,rosweide1 ,vit4 ,patr4 l4 #e1 lib4 #d1 n4 #ci1 et l4 #f1 lib4 #c1 n4 #f4 #dc ,cotelier1 p4 #fga4 #dd ,rufin4 ap4 ,rosw4 l4 #c1 n4 #afb4 #de ,rosweide1 ,vit4 ,patr4 l4 #e1 lib4 #af1 n4 #aj4 #df ,cotelier1 t4 #a1 p4 #fgh4 #dg ,the monastery of ,blangy was founded in #fhf4 ,having been destroyed during the incursions of the ,normans1 it was rebuilt in the eleventh century1 and given to the religious of the ,order of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,it is still in being4 #dh ,she was widow of ,guy of ,chatillon1 count of ,st4 ,pol1 brother to ,maud4 #di ,st4 ,cypr4 l4 de ,oper4 et ,eleem4 #ej ,l4 #a1 de ,offic4 c4 #cj4 #ea ,the abb ,ma-,geoghegan1 in his history of ,ireland1 published in ,paris in #ageh1 asserts that the ,scots were originally ,scythians1 or properly ,celto-,scythians1 of ,spanish original4 ,foreign writers of repute bear witness to this extraction3 the native historians of ,ireland have at all times been unanimous in recording it1 and have adduced testimonies in support of it1 which cannot be easily overthrown1 as some moderns1 who made the attempt1 have experienced4 ,the ancient ,fileas of ,ireland have indeed 7like the old poets of all other ,european nations7 shrouded real facts in a veil of pompous fables4 ,thus they pretended the leaders of this ,spanish colony were the descendants of a celebrated ,breogan1 and that a grandson of this ,breogan was married to an ,egyptian heroine named ,scota1 from whom the ,irish took the name of ,kinea-,scuit or ,scots1 as they took the appellation of ,clan-,breogan or ,brigantes1 from the former4 ,but such inventions1 acceptable to the credulity and flattering to the pride of nations1 cannot discredit any fact otherwise well attested4 ,the ,british ,brigantes were probably descendants of the ,irish ,brigantes1 as the ,scots of ,britain were certainly descendants from those of ,ireland4 ,tacitus1 in the first age of the ,christian era1 has thought from the difference of complexion and frame of body observable among the ,british tribes of his time1 that some were of ,spanish original2 and an earlier writer1 ,seneca1 in his satire on the emperor ,claudius1 makes mention of the ,scuta-,brigantes1 which ,scaliger1 by needless correction1 makes ,scoto-,brigantes1 as the ,irish wrote ,scuit and ,scoit indifferently4 ,this testimony of ,seneca is a proof that the name ,scots or ,scuits1 was known to some ,roman writers so early as the first century2 and the ,irish appellations of ,kinea-,scuit and ,clan-,breogan plainly point out the proper country of those ,scuta-,brigantes in the time of the emperor ,nero4 ,mr4 ,geoghegan looks upon the ,irish to be a mother tongue2 and it may justly be so denominated1 notwithstanding the adoption of some foreign terms1 and some variations of construction introduced by time in all languages1 before they arrive at their classical standard4 ,some writings of the fifth century show that this language was at its full perfection before the introduction of the gospel by ,roman missionaries in the fourth and fifth centuries4 ,the notion that this language is a dialect of the modern ,biscayan is undoubtedly groundless4 ,the latter tongue owes its original to some nation of those barbarians who settled in ,guipuscoa and other parts of the ,pyrenean regions1 on the decline of the ,roman empire1 nor are the few words common in the ,basque and ,irish tongues any proof that the one is descended from the other4 ,this observation will hold good relatively to the ,welsh and ,irish languages4 ,they differ entirely in syntax1 and show that the two nations speaking those tongues have different ,celtic originals4 ,bollandus says that ,st4 ,patrick taught the first alphabet to the ,irish3 he means the ,roman alphabet1 and should not forget that it was taught very near an age before1 by earlier missionaries in the parts of ,ireland which they converted to the faith4 ,in the antecedent times the ,fileas or ancient ,irish writers1 inscribed their ideas on tablets of wood1 by the means of seventeen cyphers1 of which their ancestors learned the use before their arrival in ,ireland2 nor is this fact obscured1 but is rather enlightened by a fable of the ,fileas1 setting forth that some of those ancestors were instructed in letters by a celebrated ,phenius1 famous for literary knowledge in the ,east4 ,through this poetical veil we plainly discern the ,phenicians1 who first instructed the ,europeans 7the ,greeks1 ,lybians1 ,italians1 and ,spaniards particularly7 in the use of letters and other arts4 ,spain1 according to ,strabo1 had the use of letters in a very early period2 and that a colony from that country should import into1 and cultivate also1 those elements of knowledge in ,ireland1 is not improbable3 the perfection of the ,irish language before the introduction of ,christianity is an incontrovertible proof of the fact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,scots are represented as a rude and barbarous people in the fourth and fifth ages1 even by some eminent ecclesiastical writers4 ,but these as well as other foreign historians have not1 if at all1 been resident long enough in ,ireland to pronounce the natives barbarous1 if those writers took that epithet in the worst sense it can bear4 ,st4 ,jerom avers that when an adolescentulus1 he saw a ,scot in ,gaul feeding upon human flesh1 but the child1 in this case1 might impose upon the man1 or if otherwise1 a nation is not to be characterised from the barbarity of an individual1 or even of a single tribe in an extensive country4 ,that some barbarous customs prevailed in ,ireland during the ages mentioned1 cannot be denied2 and that some prevail at this day in most of the modern states of ,europe1 called enlightened1 is a matter of fatal experience4 ,in the documents still preserved in the native language of the ancient ,irish1 we learn that after the reform made of the order of ,fileas in the first century1 houses and ample landed endowments were set apart for those philosophers1 who1 in the midst of the most furious civil wars1 were by common consent to be left undisturbed2 that they were to be exempt from every employment but that of improving themselves in abstract knowledge1 and cultivating the principal youths of the nation in their several colleges2 that in the course of their researches they discovered and exposed the corrupt doctrines of the ,druids2 and that an enlightened monarch called ,cormac ,o',quin took the lead among the ,fileas in the attack upon that order of priests1 and declared publicly for the unity of the ,godhead against ,polytheism1 and for the adoration of one supreme1 omnipotent1 and merciful ,creator of heaven and earth4 ,the example of that monarch1 and the disquisitions of the ,fileas relating to religion and morality1 paved the way for the reception of the gospel2 and as the doctrines of our ,saviour made the quickest progress among civilized nations1 the conversion of ,ireland in a shorter compass of time than we read of in the conversion of any other ,european country1 brings a proof that the natives were not the rude barbarians some ancient authors have represented them to be4 #eb ,antiq4 ,brit4 ,eccl4 c4 #af1 p4 #djh1 #dab4 #ec ,prosp4 ,contra ,collat4 c4 #dd4 #ed ,see the note on the life of ,st4 ,patrick in this work2 also ,ware's ,antiq4 by ,harris1 with his remarks on ,dempster1 c4 #a1 p4 #d4 #ee ,usher1 p4 #dah4 #ef ,certain ancient principal ,scottish saints are commemorated in an ancient ,scottish calendar published by ,mr4 ,robert ,keith1 as follows3 ,january #h4 ,st4 ,nethalan1 ,b4 ,c4 ,an4 #deb4 #ba4 ,st4 ,vimin1 ,b4 ,an4 #gae4 #bi4 ,st4 ,macwoloc1 ,b4 ,an4 #gbj4 #cj4 ,saint ,macglastian1 ,b4 ,an4 #had4 ,february #g4 ,st4 ,ronan1 ,b4 ,c4 ,an4 #fjc4 ,march #a4 ,st4 ,minan1 archdeacon1 ,c4 ,an4 #hgi4 ,also ,st4 ,marnan1 ,b4 ,an4 #fee4 #d4 ,st4 ,adrian1 ,b4 of ,st4 ,andrew's1 ,m4 ,he was slain by the ,danes in #hgd1 and buried in the isle of ,man4 #f4 ,st4 ,fredoline1 ,c4 ,an4 #ejj4 #aa4 ,st4 ,constantine1 king of ,scotland1 a monk and ,m4 ,an4 #eef4 #ag4 ,st4 ,kyrinus or ,kyrstinus1 surnamed ,boniface1 ,b4 of ,ross1 ,an4 #ffj4 ,april #a4 ,st4 ,gilbert1 ,b4 of ,caithness1 ,an4 #aadj4 #ab4 ,st4 ,ternan1 archbishop of the ,picts1 ordained by ,saint ,palladius1 about the year #dej4 #af4 ,st4 ,manus or ,mans1 ,m4 in ,orkney1 ,an4 #aajd4 #ai4 ,translation of ,st4 ,margaret's body to ,dunfermline4 ,july #f4 ,st4 ,palladius1 apostle of ,scotland4 ,august #aj4 ,st4 ,blanc1 ,b4 ,c4 #bg4 ,st4 ,malrube1 hermit1 martyred by the ,danes1 in ,scotland1 in #ajdj4 ,september #af4 ,st4 ,minian1 ,b4 ,c4 in #dej1 or according to some1 a whole century later4 #bb4 ,st4 ,lolan1 ,b4 of ,whithern or ,galloway4 ,october #be4 ,st4 ,marnoc1 ,b4 ,c4 died at ,kilmarnock in the fourth or fifth century4 ,november #b4 ,saint ,maure1 from whom ,kilmaures is named1 ,an4 #hii4 #ab4 ,st4 ,macar1 ,b4 of ,murray1 ,m4 #hhg4 ,st4 ,germanus1 ,b4 ,c4 said to have been appointed bishop of the isles by ,st4 ,patrick4 ,under his invocation the cathedral of the isle of ,man is dedicated4 ,st4 ,macull or ,mauchold1 in ,latin ,macallius1 bishop in the same place from #did to #eah4 ,in his honor many churches are dedicated in ,scotland1 and one in the isle of ,man4 ,he is honored on the #beth of ,april4 ,st4 ,brendan1 from whom a church in the isle of ,man is called ,kirk-,bradan1 was bishop of the isles in the ninth century4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the isle of ,man has had its own bishop from the time it came into the hands of the ,english in the days of ,edward ,i4 of ,england1 and ,david ,,ii4 of ,scotland4 ,it was anciently subject to the bishop of the ,isles1 who always resided at ,hy-columbkill till the extinction of episcopacy in ,scotland1 in #afhh4 ,the bishops both of the isles and of ,man took the title of ,episcopus ,sodorensis2 which ,mr4 ,keith 7p4 #age7 derives 7not from any towns71 but from the ,greek word ,soter or ,saviour1 because the cathedral of ,hy-columbkill is dedicated to our ,saviour4 ,see ,mr4 ,robert ,keith1 in his new ,catalogue of bishops in ,scotland1 printed at ,edinburgh1 in #dto4 ,an4 #agee4 ,le ,neve supposes with ,spotiswood that the isle of ,man had its bishops after ,amphibalus1 who lived in the fourth age1 that they were called bishops of ,soder from a village of that name in the island1 and that the title was transferred to the island of ,hy-columbkill in the eighth age1 when the two sees were united into one4 ,but the succession of bishops in the isle of ,man is not sufficiently clear4 ,matthew ,paris says that ,wycomb was first bishop of ,man1 in the twelfth age1 and that he was consecrated by the archbishop of ,york4 ,see ,le ,neve4 ,fasti ,anglic4 #eg ,hect4 ,boet4 l4 #g1 fol4 #abh4 #eh ,sozom4 l4 #c1 c4 #ad4 #ei ,rufin4 b4 #e1 c4 #aj4 #fj ,socrates1 in all things he said1 used to add this form of speech1 8,by my ,dmon's leave40 ,and just upon the point of expiring1 he ordered a cock to be sacrificed to ,esculapius 7,plato's ,phdo sub finem74 ,and in his trial we read one article of his impeachment to have been a charge of unnatural lust4 ,thales1 the prince of naturalists1 being asked by ,crsus what ,god was1 put off that prince from time to time1 saying1 8,i will consider on it40 ,but the meanest mechanic among the ,christians can explain himself intelligibly on the ,creator of the universe4 ,diogenes could not be contented in his tub without gratifying his passions4 ,and when with his dirty feet he trod upon ,plato's costly carpets1 crying that he trampled upon the pride of ,plato1 he did this1 as ,plato answered him1 with greater pride4 ,pythagoras affected tyranny at ,thurium1 and ,zeno at ,pyrene4 ,lycurgus made away with himself because he was unable to bear the thought of the ,lacedmonians correcting the severity of his laws4 ,anaxagoras had not fidelity enough to restore to strangers the goods which they had committed to his trust4 ,aristotle could not sit easy till he proudly made his friend ,hermias sit below him2 and he was as gross a flatterer of ,alexander for the sake of vanity1 as ,plato was of ,dionysius for his belly4 ,from ,plato and ,socrates the stoics derived their proud maxim1 8,the wise man is self-sufficient40 ,epictetus himself allows 8to be proud of the conquest of any vice40 ,aristotle 7,ethic4 ad ,nicom4 l4 #aj1 c4 #g7 and ,cicero patronize revenge4 ,see ,b4 ,cumberland of the ,laws of ,nature1 c4 #i1 p4 #cdf4 ,abb ,batteux demonstrates the impiety and vices of ,epicurus mingled with some virtues and great moral truths4 7,la ,morale d',epicure1 ,paris1 #ageh47 ,the like blemishes may be found in the doctrine and lives of all the other boasted philosophers of paganism4 ,see ,theodoret4 ,de curandis ,grcor4 affectibus1 c4 #fa ,king ,ina ruled the ,west-,saxons thirty-seven years with great glory1 from the abdication of ,ceadwalla who died at ,rome4 ,ina vanquished the ,welsh1 several domestic rebels1 and foreign enemies2 made many pious foundations1 and rebuilt in a sumptuous manner the abbey of ,glastenbury4 ,ralph or ,ranulph ,higden in his ,polychronicon1 and others say this king first established the ,rome-scot or ,peter-pence1 which was a collection of a penny from every house in his kingdom paid yearly to the see of ,rome4 ,by considering the vanities of the world and moved by the frequent exhortations of the queen his wife1 he renounced the world in #gbh in the highest pitch of human felicity1 and leaving his kingdom to ,ethelheard his kinsman1 travelled to ,rome1 was there shorn a monk1 and grew old in that mean habit4 ,his wife accompanied him thither1 confirmed him in that course1 and imitated his example3 so that living not far from each other in mutual love1 and in the constant exercises of penance and devotion1 they departed this life at ,rome not without doing divers miracles1 as ,william of ,malmesbury and ,h4 ,huntingdon write4 ,in #fif ,sebbi1 the pious king of the ,east-,saxons1 preferred also a private life to a crown1 took the monastic habit with the blessing of bishop ,whaldere1 successor to ,st4 ,erkenwald in the see of ,london1 after bestowing a great sum of money in charity1 and soon after departed this life in the odor of sanctity4 ,see ,bede b4 #d1 c4 #aa4 #fb ,spelman ,conc4 ,brit4 t4 #a4 #fc ,b4 #e1 ch4 #ai4 #fd ,bede1 p4 #c1 c4 #f4 #fe ,on ,st4 ,edelburga see ,solier the ,bollandist1 ad diem #g ,julij1 t4 #b1 p4 #dha4 ,she is called in ,french ,st4 ,aubierge4 ,see on her also ,du ,plessis1 ,hist4 de ,meaux4 #ff ,published by ,dom4 ,martenne1 ,anecdot4 t4 #d4 #fg ,urban ,,viii4 ,constit4 #eh4 ,cum sicut4 ,an4 #afbf1 ,bullar4 ,roman4 t4 #e1 p4 #abj4 #fh ,grotius and others demonstrate the ,greek language to have been1 in the first ages of ,christianity1 common in ,palestine2 but this cannot be extended to all the country people1 as this passage and other proofs clearly show4 ,hence ,eusebius wrote his ,acts of the ,martyrs of ,palestine in ,syro-,chaldaic1 but abridged the same in ,greek1 in the eighth book of his ,church ,history4 #fi ,the old ,latin ,acts write his name ,flavian1 and some ,fabian1 by mistaking the ,syriac name1 which is written without vowels4 #gj ,anglia ,sacra1 t4 #a1 p4 #fac1 published by ,wharton4 #ga ,ibid4 p4 #fjf4 #gb ,sozom4 l4 #c1 c4 #af4 #gc ,t4 #c1 p4 #bc4 #gd ,on this genuine work see ,assemani1 ,op4 t4 #a1 p4 #aai1 ib4 ,proleg1 c4 #a1 et t4 #b1 p4 #cg4 ,item ,biblioth4 ,orient4 t4 #a1 p4 #ada4 ,the disciples of ,st4 ,ephrem committed to writing this same history1 as they had often heard it from his mouth4 ,hence we have so many relations of it4 ,one formerly published by ,gerard ,vossius1 is republished by ,assemani 7t4 #c1 p4 #bc74 ,but the most complete account is that given us in the saint's confession1 extant in the new ,vatican edition4 #ge ,see ,appendix on ,st4 ,ephrem's ,works1 at the end of the life4 #gf ,serm4 ,ascetic4 #a1 p4 #d4 #gg ,in encomio ,basilij1 t4 #b4 #gh ,from his conversing with ,st4 ,basil by an interpreter it is clear that ,st4 ,ephrem never understood the ,greek language4 ,the old vicious translation of the life of ,st4 ,basil1 under the name of ,st4 ,amphilochius1 pretends that ,st4 ,basil obtained for him miraculously the knowledge of the ,greek tongue1 and ordained him priest4 ,but this is a double mistake1 though the latter was admitted by ,baillet4 ,saint ,jerom1 ,palladius1 and other ancients always style him deacon1 never priest4 ,nor does ,pseudo ,amphilochius say1 that ,st4 ,basil raised ,st4 ,ephrem1 but only his disciple and companion to the priesthood1 as the new translation of this piece1 and an attentive inspection of the original text1 demonstrate4 #gi ,t4 #d1 b4 #a1 ed4 ,vatican4 #hj ,necrosima1 can4 #ha1 p4 #cce1 t4 #f4 #ha ,st4 ,ephrem in ,testam4 p4 #bhf1 #cie1 and ,st4 ,greg4 ,nyss4 p4 #ab4 #hb ,testam4 t4 #b1 p4 #bcj1 c4 #hc ,greg4 ,m4 ,moral4 l4 #bc1 c4 #ba4 #hd ,cant4 ii4 #ab4 #he ,john ,oosterwican was director to a convent of nuns of the same order in ,gorcum2 he was then very old1 and often prayed that ,god would honor him with the crown of martyrdom4 ,the names of the eleven ,franciscans were ,nicholas ,pick1 ,jerom1 a native of ,werden1 in the county of ,horn1 ,theodoric of ,embden1 native of ,amorfort1 ,nicaise ,johnson1 native of ,heze1 ,wilhade1 native of ,denmark1 ,godfrey of ,merveille1 ,antony of the town of ,werden1 ,antony of ,hornaire1 a village near ,gorcum1 ,francis ,rodes1 native of ,brussels4 ,these were priests and preachers4 ,the other two were lay-brothers1 namely1 ,peter of ,asca1 a village in ,brabant1 and ,cornelius of ,dorestate1 a village now called ,wick1 in the territory of ,utrecht4--,the three curates were ,leonand ,vechel1 ,nicholas ,poppel1 and ,godfrey ,dunen4 ,this last was a native of ,gorcum1 who having been rector of the university of ,paris1 where he had studied and taught1 was some time curate in ,holland near the ,french territories1 but resigned his curacy and lived at ,gorcum4 ,the other martyrs were ,john ,oosterwican mentioned above2 ,john1 a ,dominican of the province of ,cologne1 curate of ,hornaire2 ,adrian ,hilvarenbeck1 a ,norbertin of ,middleburge1 who served a parish at ,munster1 a village near the mouth of the ,meuse2 ,james ,lacop of the same order and monastery1 an assistant in a neighboring parish to ,munster2 and ,andrew ,walter1 a secular priest1 curate of ,heinort1 near ,dort4 #hf ,julij1 t4 #b1 p4 #hbc4 #hg ,de ,canoniz4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #ab4 #hh ,the reader will observe that this word is used in the ,saints' writings in the sense of elevated1 and almost ecstatic1 union with ,god1 in prayer and contemplation4 #hi ,pius ,,vi4 ,decree approving the virtues of the ,ven4 ,veronica ,giuliani4 ,april1 #agif4 #ij ,ceillier and some others think this emperor to have been ,m4 ,aurelius ,antoninus ,philosophus1 who was a persecutor1 and reigned with ,lucius ,verus2 the latter was absent from ,rome in the ,parthian war from #afb to #aff2 on which account1 say these authors1 he did not appear in this trial4 ,see ,tillemont1 t4 #b1 p4 #cbf4 ,but that these martyrs suffered under ,antoninus ,pius1 in the thirteenth year of his reign1 of ,christ #aej1 we are assured by an old inscription in several ancient ,,ms4 copies of their acts mentioned by ,ruinart4 ,that this emperor put several ,christians to death whilst he was governor of ,asia before his accession to the empire1 ,tertullian testifies 7ad ,scapul474 ,and that towards the end of his reign1 notwithstanding his former mildness towards them1 he again exercised the sword and torments on them1 we have an undoubted proof in the genuine epitaph of ,st4 ,alexander1 martyr1 produced by ,aringhi1 ,diss4 #b1 l4 #c1 c4 ,see ,berti in ,sc4 #b4 #ia ,qu in viduitate permanens ,deo suam voverat castitatem4 ,ruin4 ,act4 ,sincer4 p4 #ba4 #ib ,omnes qui non confitentur ,christum verum esse ,deum1 in ignem ternum mittentur4 ,ruin4 p4 #bc4 #ic ,in ,cyclum ,pasch4 p4 #bfh4 #id ,nisibis was the ,assyrian name of this city1 which was called by the ,greeks ,antiochia ,mygdoni1 from the river ,mygdon1 on which it was situated1 which gave name to the territory4 ,the ancient name of this city was ,achar or ,achad1 one of the seats of the empire of ,nimrod4 8,he reigned in ,arach1 that is1 ,edessa1 and in ,achad1 now called ,nisibis10 says ,st4 ,jerom4 7qu4 in ,gen4 c4 #aj1 n4 #aj74 ,st4 ,ephrem had made the same observation before him4 8,he reigned in ,arach1 which is ,edessa1 and in ,achar1 which is ,nisibis1 and in ,calanne1 which is ,ctesiphon1 and in ,rehebot1 which is ,adiab40 ,st4 ,ephrem1 ,comm4 in ,gen4 ,see ,sim4 ,assemani1 ,bibl4 ,orient4 t4 #b1 ,diss4 de ,monophysitis4 #ie ,philoth4 seu ,hist4 ,relig4 c4 #a1 p4 #gfg4 #if ,f4 ,cuper thinks the account of this event in ,theodoret's ,religious ,history to be an addition inserted from other places1 t4 #d4 ,jul4 in ,comment4 prvio ad ,vitam1 ,s4 ,jacobi1 n4 #ab et #ag4 #ig ,philost4 ,hist4 l4 #c1 c4 #bc4 #ih ,chron4 ,alex4 p4 #bhg1 ,s4 ,hieron4 ,in ,chron4 and ,theophan4 p4 #bh4 ,see ,le ,beau1 ,hist4 du ,bas ,empire1 l4 #f1 n4 #aa1 t4 #b1 p4 #bb4 #ii ,wisdom xvi4 #i4 #ajj ,theodoret1 ,hist4 ,relig4 in vit4 ,s4 ,jacobi1 et in ,hist4 ,eccl4 l4 #b4 c4 #cj4 ,philost4 l4 #c1 c4 #cb4 ,theophan4 p4 #cc4 ,chron4 ,alex4 ,zozim4 l4 #c4 ,zonar4 t4 #b1 p4 #dd4 ,le ,reau1 l4 #g1 p4 #abg1 t4 #b4 #aja ,tillemont1 ,hist4 des4 ,emp4 t4 #d1 p4 #fgd1 places the second siege of ,nisibis to #cdf1 and the third in #cej4 ,but the dates above mentioned are more agreeable to history1 and adopted by the suffrage of most modern critics4 #ajb ,the two elder ,assemani place the death of ,st4 ,james in #cch1 soon after the first siege of ,nisibis1 of which they understand the circumstances which are usually ascribed to the second siege2 for ,theodoret confounds them together1 as ,garnier1 7in hunc ,theodoreti locum71 ,petau1 7in ,or4 l4 ,juliani7 ,henricus ,valesius1 7in ,hist4 ,eccl474 ,theodoret1 ,ammian4 ,marcell4 l4 #ah4 ,pagi1 ,tillemont1 and others observe4 ,simon ,assemani confirms this chronology by the express testimony of the authors of two ,syriac ,chronicles1 that of ,dionysius1 patriarch of the ,jacobits1 and that of ,edessa4 ,see ,simon ,assemani1 ,biblio4 ,orient4 t4 #a1 c4 #e1 p4 #ag1 and ,stephen ,evodius ,assemani in ,op4 ,s4 ,ephrem1 t4 #a4 ,but neither of these ,chronicles seems of sufficient authority to counterbalance the testimony of the ,greek historians1 and the circumstances that persuade us that ,st4 ,james survived the second siege of ,nisibis1 upon which ,tillemont1 ,ceillier1 c41 place the death of ,st4 ,james in #cej2 and ,cuper the ,bollandist between the years #cej and #cfa1 in which ,constantius died4 #ajc ,ammian4 ,marcelli4 l4 #ah1 c4 #g4 ,zonaras1 t4 #b1 p4 #bj4 ,monsignor ,antonelli in vit4 ,st4 ,jacobi1 p4 #bf4 #ajd ,see on him ,galanus in parte #a4 ,historiali ,concil4 ,armen4 cum ,roman4 p4 #bci1 and ,f4 ,james ,villotte1 ,s4 ,j4 in serie ,chronol4 ,patriarcharum ,armeni1 printed in the end of his ,latin-,armenian ,dictionary4 #aje ,these are extant1 addressed not to ,st4 ,gregory the apostle of ,armenia1 surnamed the ,illuminator1 as some copies have mistaken1 but probably to his nephew1 another ,st4 ,gregory1 who1 being consecrated bishop preached the faith in ,albania1 a province of ,greater ,armenia1 near the ,caspian sea1 where he was crowned with martyrdom among the infidel barbarians in the very country where ,baronius places the ,martyrdom of the apostle ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,see ,galanus1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 ,armenorum1 c4 #e1 et ,not4 ib4 ,also ,antonelli1 not4 in ep4 ,s4 ,gregorii ad ,s4 ,jacobum ,misib4 p4 #a4 #ajf ,these eighteen discourses of ,st4 ,james are mentioned by ,gennadius1 who gives their titles1 7t4 #b1 p4 #ija1 ,op4 ,s4 ,hier4 ,veron4 an4 #agce17 commended by ,st4 ,athanasius 7who calls them monuments of the simplicity and candor of an apostolic mind4 ,ep4 encyclic4 ad episcopos ,egypti et ,lybi7 and by the ,armenian writers quoted by ,antonelli1 who demonstrates from the discourses themselves that they are a work of the fourth century4 ,st4 ,james1 in the first1 ,on ,faith1 demonstrates this to be the foundation of our spiritual edifice1 which is raised upon it by hope and love1 which render the ,christian soul the house and temple of ,god1 the ornaments of which are all good works1 as fasting1 prayer1 chastity1 and all the fruits of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,he commends faith from the divine authority of ,christ1 who everywhere requires it1 from its indispensable necessity1 from the heroic virtues which it produces1 the eminent saints it has formed1 and the miracles it has wrought4 ,the subject of his second discourse is ,charity1 or the ,love of ,god and our ,neighbor1 in which the whole law of ,christ is comprised1 and which is the most excellent of all virtues1 and the perfection of all sanctity1 admirably taught by ,christ both by word and example2 the end of all his doctrine1 mysteries1 and sufferings being to plant his charity in our hearts4 ,in the third discourse he treats on fasting1 universal temperance1 and self-denial1 by which we subdue and govern our senses and passions1 die to ourselves1 and obtain all blessings of ,god1 and the protection of the angels1 who are moved to assist and fight for us1 as he proves from examples and passages of holy writ 7pp4 #fj1 #fa1 #fb74 ,in his fourth he speaks on ,prayer1 on which he delivers admirable maxims1 teaching that its excellence is derived from the purity1 sanctity1 and fervor of the heart1 upon which the fire descends from heaven1 and which glorifies ,god even by its silence4 8,but none10 says he1 8will be cleansed unless they have been washed in the laver of baptism1 and have received the body and blood of ,christ4 ,for the blood is expiated by this ,blood1 and the body cleansed by this ,body4 ,be assiduous in holy prayer1 and in the beginning of all prayer place that which our ,lord hath taught us4 ,when you pray1 always remember your friends1 and me a sinner1 c40 ,his fifth discourse1 ,on ,war1 is chiefly an invective against pride1 in vanquishing which consists our main spiritual conflict4 ,the sixth discourse is most remarkable4 ,the title is1 ,on ,devout ,persons1 that is1 ,ascetes4 ,the ,armenian word ,ugdavor signifies one who by vow has consecrated himself to ,god4 ,from this discourse it is manifest that some of these ,ascetes had devoted themselves to ,god in a state of continency by vow1 others only by a resolution4 ,the saint most pathetically exhorts them to fervor and watchfulness1 and excellently inculcates the obligation which every ,christian lies under of becoming a spiritual man formed upon the image of ,christ1 the second ,adam1 in order to rise with him to glory4 ,he inveighs against some ,ascetes who kept under the same roof a woman ,ascete to serve them3 a practice no less severely condemned by ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen 7,carm4 #c1 p4 #ef1 and ,or4 #dc1 p4 #gja74 ,st4 ,basil 7,ep4 #ee1 p4 #adi74 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 the council of ,nice1 that of ,ancyra1 c4 ,st4 ,james was himself an ,ascete from his youth1 ,st4 ,gregory1 to whom he sends these discourses1 was also one1 and it is clear from many passages in ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 ,st4 ,basil1 and others1 that they were very numerous in ,cappadocia1 ,pontus1 and ,armenia before ,st4 ,basil founded there the monastic life4 ,see ,antonelli's note1 ib4 p4 #bjc4 ,saint ,james1 in his seventh discourse1 ,on ,penance1 strongly exhorts sinners to confess speedily their crimes2 to conceal which through shame is final impenitence4 ,he adds1 the priests cannot disclose such a confession 7p4 #bcg74 ,the infidels and several heretics in the first ages of the ,church denying the general resurrection of bodies1 ,st4 ,james proves that mystery in his eighth discourse1 ,on the ,resurrection of the ,dead4 ,his ninth1 ,on ,humility1 is an excellent eulogium of that virtue1 by which men are made the children of ,god1 and brethren of ,christ2 and it is but justice in man1 who is but dust4 ,its fruits are innocence1 simplicity1 meekness1 sweetness1 charity1 patience1 prudence1 mercy1 sincerity1 compunction1 and peace4 ,for he who loves humility is always blessed1 and enjoys constant peace2 ,god1 who dwelleth in the meek and humble1 abiding in him4 ,the tenth discourse1 ,on ,pastors1 contains excellent advice to a pastor of souls1 especially on his obligation of watching over and feeding his flock4 ,in the eleventh1 ,on ,circumcision1 and in the twelfth1 ,on the ,sabbath1 he shows against the ,jews1 that those laws no longer oblige1 and that the ,egyptians learned circumcision from the ,jews4 ,in the thirteenth1 ,on the ,choice of ,meats1 he proves none are unlawful of their own nature4 ,in the fourteenth1 ,on the ,passover1 that the ,paschal solemnity of ,christ's resurrection has abolished that ,jewish festival3 he adds that the ,christian1 in honor of ,christ's crucifixion1 keeps every ,friday1 and also1 at ,nisibis1 the fourteenth day of every month4 ,in the fifteenth he proves the ,reprobation of the ,jews4 ,in the sixteenth the ,divinity of the ,son of ,god4 ,in the seventeenth the ,virtue of holy ,virginity1 which both the ,ascetes and the clergy professed1 and which he defends against the ,jews only2 for he wrote before the heretics in the fourth age calumniated the sanctity of that state4 ,in the eighteenth he confutes the ,jews1 who pretended that their temple and synagogue would be again restored at ,jerusalem4 ,the long letter to the priests of ,seleucia and ,ctesiphon against schisms1 and dissensions1 when ,papas1 the haughty bishop of those cities1 had raised there a fatal schism1 is in some ,,mss4 ascribed to ,st4 ,james2 but was certainly a synodal letter sent by a council held on that occasion1 nine years after the council of ,nice3 on which see the life of ,st4 ,miles1 and the notes of the archbishop of ,apamea1 ,evodius ,assemani1 ib4 ,act4 ,mart4 ,orient4 t4 #a1 p4 #gb1 and ,jos4 ,assemani ,bibl4 ,orient4 t4 #a1 p4 #hf1 c4 ,among the oriental liturgies1 one in ,chaldaic1 formerly in use among the ,syrians1 bears the name of ,st4 ,james of ,nisibis4 ,gennadius mentions twenty-six books written by this holy doctor in the ,syriac tongue1 all on pious subjects1 or on the ,persian persecution4 ,they were never translated into ,greek4 ,the letters of ,st4 ,james and ,st4 ,gregory are published by ,assemani1 ,bibl4 ,orient4 t4 #a1 p4 #eeb1 #fcb4 #ajg ,ps4 xxxiii4 #af1 ,prov4 iii4 #bc1 ,zach4 ii4 #h1 ,gen4 xv4 #a1 ,lev4 xxxvi4 #c4 #ajh ,s4 ,chrys4 ,hom4 #ea1 in ,act4 ,hom4 #ae1 in ,rom4 et #ia1 in ,matt4 #aji ,ose4 i4 #b1 ,zach4 xi4 #i1 ,isa4 v4 #e4 #aaj ,amos ix4 #d4 #aaa ,molanus in ,auctario ,martytol4 ,menard1 in ,martyr4 ,bened4 ,bucelin1 c4 #aab ,some have imagined that ,st4 ,hidulph was only chorepiscopus or vicar1 probably with episcopal orders1 for the administration of part of the diocess4 ,but the most judicious critics agree with the original writers of his life1 that he was himself archbishop of ,triers4 #aac ,sulpic4 ,sever4 ,dial4 #a1 c4 #bf1 ol4 #ah1 p4 #id1 ed4 nov4 ,veron4 an4 #agda4 #aad ,heraclides ap4 ,cotel4 ,monum4 ,eccl4 ,gr4 t4 #c1 p4 #agb4 ,see ,st4 ,chrys4 contra oppugn4 vit monast4 t4 #a4 ,s4 ,gr4 ,naz4 ,st4 ,basil1 c4 #aae ,among the heathen emperors of ,rome1 ,titus1 the two ,antonines1 and ,alexander deserved the best of their subjects1 and the three last gained a great reputation for moral virtue4 ,the ,antonines were eminent for their learning1 and devoted themselves to the ,stoic philosophy4 ,arrius ,antoninus1 who had distinguished himself by his moderation and love of justice in several magistracies1 was adopted by the emperor ,adrian in #ach1 and upon his death in the same year ascended the imperial throne4 ,he was truly the father of his people during a reign of twenty-two years1 and died in #afa1 being seventy-seven years old4 ,he obtained the surname of ,pius1 according to some1 by his gratitude to ,adrian2 but1 according to others1 by his clemency and goodness4 ,he had often in his mouth the celebrated saying of ,scipio ,africanus1 that he would rather save the life of one citizen than destroy one thousand enemies4 ,he engaged in no wars1 except that by his lieutenants he restrained the ,daci1 ,alani1 and ,mauri1 and by the conduct of ,lollius ,urbicus quieted the ,britons1 confining the ,caledonians to their mountains and forests by a new wall4 ,yet the pagan virtues of this prince were mixed with an alloy of superstition1 vice1 and weakness4 ,when the senate refused to enrol ,adrian among the gods1 out of a just detestation of his cruelty and other vices1 ,antoninus1 by tears and entreaties1 extorted from it a decree by which divine honors were granted that infamous prince1 and he appointed priests and a temple for his worship4 ,he likewise caused his wife ,faustina to be honored after her death as a goddess1 and was reproached for the most dissolute life of his daughter ,faustina the younger1 whom he gave in marriage to his adopted son1 ,marcus ,aurelius ,antoninus4 ,xiphilin writes that the ,christians shared in the mildness of his government4 ,yet though he did not raise by fresh edicts any new persecution1 it is a notorious mistake of ,dodwell and some others1 who pretend that no ,christians suffered death for the faith during his reign1 at least by his order4 ,tertullian informs us 7l4 ad ,scapul4 c4 #d71 that ,arrius ,antoninus1 when he was only proconsul of ,asia1 put in execution the old unjust rescript of ,trajan2 and having punished some ,christians with death1 dismissed the rest1 crying out to them1 8,o wretches1 if you want to die1 have you not halters and precipices to end your lives by80 ,st4 ,justin1 in his first apology1 which he addressed to ,antoninus ,pius1 who was then emperor1 testifies that ,christians were tortured with the most barbarous cruelty without having been convicted of any crime4 ,also ,st4 ,irenus 7l4 #c1 c4 #c71 ,eusebius 7l4 #d1 c4 #aj71 and the author of an ancient poem which is published among the works of ,tertullian1 are incontestible vouchers that this emperor1 whom ,capitolinus calls a most zealous worshipper of the gods1 often shed the blood of saints4 ,by the acts of ,st4 ,felicitas and her sons1 it appears what artifices the pagan priests made use of to stir up the emperors and magistrates against the ,christians4 ,at length1 however1 ,antoninus ,pius1 in the fifteenth year of his reign1 of ,christ #aeb1 according to ,tillemont1 wrote to the states of ,asia1 commanding that all persons who should be impeached merely for believing in ,christ1 should be discharged1 and their accusers punished according to the laws against informers1 adding1 8,you do but harden them in their opinion1 for you cannot oblige them more than by making them die for their religion4 ,thus they triumph over you by choosing rather to die than to comply with your will40 ,see ,eusebius1 l4 #d1 c4 #bf1 where he also mentions a like former rescript of ,adrian to ,minutius ,fundanus4 ,nevertheless1 it is proved by ,aringhi 7,roma ,subterran4 l4 #c1 c4 #bb71 that some were crowned with martyrdom in this reign after the aforesaid rescript1 the pusillanimous prince not having courage always to protect these innocent subjects from the fury of the populace or the malice of some governors4 #aaf ,st4 ,minias was a ,roman soldier who suffered martyrdom at ,florence under ,decius4 ,see ,mart4 ,rom41 #ac ,oct4 #aag ,in ,luc4 l4 #g1 c4 #ac4 #aah ,though ,pliny and ,procopius pretend that the ,vandals were of the same extraction with the ,goths1 the contrary is demonstrated by the learned ,f4 ,daniel ,farlati 7,illyrici ,sacri1 t4 #b1 p4 #acjh1 ,venetiis #agec71 and by ,jos4 ,assemani 7in ,calend4 de ,orig4 ,slavor4 par4 #b1 c4 #e1 t4 #a1 p4 #big74 ,and their language1 manners1 and religion1 were entirely different4 ,the same arguments show that they differed also from the ,slavi1 ,huns1 and original ,winidi or ,venedi1 this last being a ,sarmatian1 and the two others ,scythian nations4 ,the ,vandals are placed by ,jornandes and ,dio 7l4 #ee7 on the ,german coast of the ,baltic sea1 in the present ,prussia and ,pomerania2 they thence extended themselves to the sources of the ,elbe1 in the mountains of ,silesia4 ,they were afterward removed near the ,danube1 in the neighborhood of the ,marcomanni1 in the reigns of ,antoninus1 ,aurelian1 and ,probus4 ,in the fifth century they made an excursion into ,gaul2 and being there repulsed1 crossed the ,pyrenan mountains with the ,alani1 who were the original ,massaget from mount ,caucasus1 and beyond the ,tanais1 as ,ammianus ,marcellinus testifies4 ,about the year #djj1 in the reign of ,honorius1 the ,alani settled themselves in ,lusitania1 and the ,vandals under king ,gunderic1 in ,gallicia 7which then comprised both the present ,gallicia and ,old ,castile71 and in ,btica1 which from them was called ,vandalitia1 and corruptly ,andalusia4 7,see ,st4 ,isidore and ,idatius1 in their chronicles1 ,salvian1 l4 #g1 p4 #acg1 ,st4 ,august4 ep4 #c1 ad ,victor47 ,the ,vandals were baptized in the ,catholic faith about the time when they crossed the ,rhine2 but were afterward drawn into ,arianism1 probably by some alliance with the ,arian ,goths1 and out of hatred to the ,romans4 ,idatius says1 that common fame attributed the ,arian perversion of the ,vandals to king ,genseric1 who succeeded his brother ,gunderic in #dbh1 and was a man experienced in all the arts of policy and war4 ,count ,boniface1 lieutenant of ,africa1 seeing his life threatened by ,atius 7who1 with the title of ,magister ,militi1 governed the empire for the empress ,placidia1 regent for her son ,valentinian71 invited the ,vandals out of ,spain to his assistance4 ,genseric1 with a powerful army1 passed the strait which divides ,africa from ,spain1 in ,may1 #dbi1 and though ,boniface was then returned to his duty1 the barbarian everywhere defeated the ,romans1 besieged ,hippo during fourteen months2 and though he was obliged by a famine to retire1 he returned soon after and took that strong fortress4 ,the emperor ,valentinian1 in #dce1 by treaty yielded up to him all his conquests in ,africa4 ,genseric soon broke the truce1 and in #dci took ,carthage1 and drove the ,romans out of all ,africa4 ,in #dee1 being invited by the ,empress ,eudoxia to revenge the murder of ,valentinian on ,maximus1 he plundered ,rome during fifteen days4 ,though that city had been ravaged by ,alaric the ,goth in #djj1 whilst ,honorius was emperor1 the ,vandal found and carried off an immense booty2 and among other things1 the gold and brass with which the capitol was inlaid1 and the vessels of the ,jewish temple at ,jerusalem1 which ,titus had brought to ,rome4 ,these ,justinian1 when he had recovered ,africa1 caused to be brought to ,constantinople1 whence he caused them to be removed and placed in certain churches at ,jerusalem1 as ,procopius relates4 ,rome was again twice plundered by ,totila1 in #edf and #edi4 ,the ,vandals1 by their transmigrations into ,spain and ,africa1 soon after ceased to be a nation in ,germany1 as ,jornandes and ,procopius testify4 ,euricus1 king of the ,visigoths1 in ,languedoc1 in #dfh1 invading ,spain1 conquered most of the territories which the ,romans still possessed there1 and all the provinces which the ,vandals had seized4 ,so that by the extinction of the empire of the ,vandals in ,africa under ,justinian1 the name of that potent and furious nation was lost3 though ,frederic1 the first king of ,prussia1 in #agja1 was for some time very desirous rather to take the title of king of the ,vandals4 ,the cavalry of the ancient ,vandals fought chiefly with the sword and lance1 and were unpractised in the distant combat4 ,their bowmen were undisciplined1 and fought on foot like the ,gothic4 ,see ,procopius4 #aai ,tinuzud tempore quo sacramenta ,dei populo porrigebantur1 introeuntes cum furore 7,ariani7 ,corpus ,christi et ,sanguinem pavimento sparserunt1 et illud pollutis pedibus calcaverunt4 ,st4 ,vict4 ,vitensis1 l4 #a1 p4 #ag4 #abj ,qui nobis pnitenti munus collaturi sunt1 et reconciliationis indulgenti obstrictos peccatorum vinculis soluturi8 ,a quibus divinis sacrificiis ritus est exhibendus consuetus8 ,vobiscum et nos libeat pergere1 si liceret4 ,s4 ,victor ,vit4 l4 #b1 p4 #cc4 #aba ,scribam ego fratribus meis ut veniant copiscopi mei1 qui vobis nobiscum fidem communem nostram valeant demonstrare1 et prcipue ecclesia ,romana1 qu caput est omnium ecclesiarum4 ,victor ,vit4 l4 #b1 p4 #ch4 #abb ,in it the ,catholics appealed to the tradition of the universal ,church4 8,hc est fides nostra2 evangelicis et apostolicis traditionibus atque auctoritate firmata1 et omnium qu in mundo sunt ,catholicarum ecclesiarum societate fundata1 in qua nos per gratiam ,dei omnipotentis permanere usque ad finem vit hujus confidimus40 ,victor ,vit4 l4 #c1 p4 #fb4 #abc ,l4 #e1 p4 #gf4 #abd neas1 ,gaz4 ,dial4 de ,animarum ,immortaliiate et ,corporis ,resurrectione1 p4 #dae4 #abe ,procop4 de ,bello ,vandal4 l4 #a1 c4 #h4 #abf ,hist4 ,franc4 l4 #b1 p4 #df4 #abg ,ruin4 ,hist4 ,persec4 ,vandal4 part4 #b1 c4 #h1 ,notit4 ,afric4 #abh ,hc sunt linteamina qu te accusabunt cum majestas venerit judicantis4 ,vict4 ,vit4 l4 #e1 c4 #gh4 #abi ,he closes this work by the following supplication to the angels and saints3 8,succor us1 ,o angels of my ,god2 look down on ,africa1 once flourishing in its numerous churches1 but now left desolate and cast away4 ,intercede1 ,o patriarchs2 pray1 ,o holy prophets2 succor us1 ,o apostles1 who are our advocates4 ,you1 especially1 ,o blessed ,peter1 why are you silent in the necessities of your flock8 ,you1 ,o blessed apostle ,paul1 behold what the ,arian ,vandals do1 and how your sons groan in captivity4 ,o all you holy apostles1 petition for us4 ,pray for us though wicked2 ,christ prayed even for his persecutors10 c4 ,adeste angeli ,dei mei1 et videte ,africam totam dudum tantarum ecclesiarum cuneis fultam1 nunc ab omnibus desolatam1 sedentem viduam et abjectam--,deprecamini patriarch2 orate sancti prophet2 estote apostoli suffragatores ejus4 ,prcipue tu ,petre1 quare siles pro ovibus tuis8--,tu ,s4 ,paule1 gentium magister1 cognosce quid ,vandali faciunt ,ariani1 et filii tui gemunt lugendo captivi4 ,victor ,vit4 ,hist4 ,pers4 ,vandal4 sub finem4 ,the history of ,st4 ,victor is written with spirit and correctness1 in a plain affecting style1 intermixed with an entertaining poignancy of satire1 and edifying heroic sentiments and examples of piety4 ,the author is honored in the ,roman ,martyrology among the holy confessors on the #bc;d of ,august1 though the time and place of his death are uncertain4 ,he flourished in the middle of the fifth century4 ,his history of the ,vandalic persecution has run through several editions3 that of ,beatus ,rhenanus at ,basil in #aece1 is the first3 ,peter ,chifflet gave one at ,dijon in #affd3 but that of ,dom4 ,ruinart at ,paris1 in #afid1 is the most complete4 ,it was published in ,english in #afje4 ,the best ,french translation is that of ,arnau d',andilly4 #acj ,l4 de4 ,glor4 ,conf4 c4 #ac4 #aca ,the ,roman provinces1 in ,africa1 soon after sunk again into barbarism and infidelity1 being overrun in #ffh by the ,saracens from ,arabia and ,syria1 who in #ffi took also ,syracusa1 and established a kingdom in ,sicily and part of ,italy4 ,they planted themselves in ,spain in #gjg4 ,muhavia1 a general of the ,sultan ,omar1 having routed ,hormisdas ,jesdegird1 king of ,persia1 in #fcb1 translated that monarchy from the line of ,artaxerxes to the ,saracens4 ,this ,omar conquered ,egypt in #fce4 ,he was second caliph after ,mahomet1 and successor of ,abubeker2 and from his time the caliphs of ,bagdat or ,babylon were masters of ,syria1 ,persia1 and ,egypt1 till the two latter revolted2 but notwithstanding various revolutions1 all those countries still retain the ,mahometan superstition4 ,the ,mahometans in ,egypt shook off the yoke of the caliphs of ,bagdat1 and set up their own caliphs at ,cairo in #hgj1 to whom the ,moors in ,africa adhered till the ,turks became masters of ,egypt4 #acb #b ,peter i4 #i4 #acc ,s4 ,ambros4 in ,ps4 #dj4 #acd ,l4 #c1 de ,virgin4 ,see ,s4 ,aug4 ,serm41 #ch4 de ,temp4 #ace ,hebr4 x4 #cd1 xi4 #cg4 #acf ,the exact number of years that some of the popes sat before ,victor in the year #bjj1 cannot be determined with any degree of certainty1 partly on account of faults of copies and the disagreement of later pontificals4 7,see ,pagi1 the ,bollandists1 ,tillemont1 ,orsi1 ,berti1 c47 ,st4 ,peter sat twenty-five years2 ,st4 ,linus seems to have held the see about eleven years1 ,st4 ,cletus twelve years1 ,st4 ,clement about eleven years1 and ,st4 ,anacletus nine1 dying about the year #aji4 ,the tradition and registers of the ,roman church show ,anacletus and ,cletus to have been two distinct popes1 as is manifest from the ,liberian ,calendar and several very ancient lists of the first popes quoted by ,schelstrate 7,diss4 #b1 ,ant4 ,eccl4 c4 #b47 and the ,bollandists 7ad #bf ,apr47 from the old poem among the works of ,tertullian1 written about the time that he lived2 from the very ancient ,antiphonaries of the ,vatican church1 published by cardinal ,joseph ,thomasius1 and the old ,martyrology which bore the name of ,st4 ,jerom1 and was printed at ,lucca by the care of ,francis-,maria-,florentinius1 a gentleman of that city2 which original authorities were followed by ,ado1 ,usuard1 c4 ,the pontificals call ,cletus a ,roman by birth1 ,anacletus a ,grecian1 and native of ,athens4 #acg ,baillet in ,s4 ,bonav4 ,wadding1 c4 #ach ,haymo1 who had taught divinity at ,paris1 and been sent by ,gregory ,,ix4 nuncio to ,constantinople1 was employed by the same pope in revising the ,roman breviary and its rubrics4 ,he is not to be confounded with ,haymo1 the disciple of ,rabanus ,maurus1 afterward bishop of ,halberstadt1 in the ninth age1 whose ,homilies1 ,comments on the ,scriptures1 and ,abridgment of ,ecclesiastical ,history are extant4 ,his works are chiefly ,centos1 compiled of scraps of fathers and other authors patched and joined together2 a manner of writing used by many from the seventh to the twelfth age1 but calculated to propagate stupidity and dullness1 and to contract1 not to enlarge or improve the genius1 which is opened by invention1 elegance1 and imitation2 but fettered by mechanical toils1 as centos1 acrostics1 c4 #aci ,alexander of ,hales1 a native of ,hales in ,gloucestershire1 after having gone through the course of his studies in ,england1 went to ,paris1 and there followed divinity and the canon law1 and gained in them an extraordinary reputation4 ,he entered into the ,order of ,friars ,minors1 and died at ,paris in #abde4 ,his works discover a most subtle penetrating genius2 of which the principal is a ,summ or ,commentary upon the four ,books of the ,master of the ,sentences1 written by order of ,innocent ,,iv4 and a ,vumm of ,virtues4 #adj ,specul4 ,discipi4 p4 #a1 c4 #c4 #ada ,gerson1 ,tr4 ,de libris quos religiosi legere debent4 #adb ,gerson1 l4 de ,examine ,doctrinar4 #adc ,see ,du ,pin1 ,biblioth4 ,cent4 #ac1 p4 #bdi1 t4 #ad4 #add ,soliloqu4 ,exercit4 #d1 c4 #a1 #b4 #ade ,the psalter of the ,blessed ,virgin is falsely to scribed to ,st4 ,bonaventure1 and unworthy to bear his name4 7see ,fabricius in ,biblioth4 med4 tat4 ,bellarmin and ,labbe de ,script4 ,eccl4 ,nat4 ,alexander1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 ,sc4 #ac47 ,the ,vatican edition of the works of ,st4 ,bonaventure was begun by an order of ,sixtus ,v4 and completed in #aehh4 ,it consists of eight volumes in folio4 ,the two first contain his commentaries on the holy scriptures3 the third his sermons and panegyrics3 the fourth and fifth his comments on the ,master of the ,sentences3 the sixth1 seventh1 and eighth1 his lesser treatises1 of which some are doctrinal1 others regard the duties of a religious state1 others general subjects of piety1 especially the mysteries of ,christ and the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,most of these have run through several separate editions4 ,all his works have been reprinted at ,mentz and ,lyons2 and in #dto4 in fourteen volumes at ,venice1 in #agea4 #adf ,b4 ,giles was a native of ,assisio1 and became the third companion of ,st4 ,francis in #abji4 ,he attended him in the ,marche of ,ancona1 and made a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 whither he was sent by ,st4 ,francis to preach to the ,saracens2 but upon their threats of raising a persecution he was sent back to ,italy by the ,christians of that country4 ,he afterward lived some time at ,rome1 some time at ,reati1 and some time at ,fabriano2 but the chief part of the remainder of his life he spent at ,perugia1 where he died in the night between the #bb;d and the #bc;d of ,april1 in the year #abgb1 not in #abfb1 as ,papebroke proves against the erroneous computation of certain authors4 7p4 #bbj1 t4 #c1 ,apr47 ,wading and others relate many revelations1 prophecies1 and miracles of this eminent servant of ,god2 his tomb has been had in public veneration at ,perugia from the time of his death1 and he was for some time solemnly honored as a saint in the church of his order in that city1 as ,papebroke shows2 who regrets that this devotion has been for some time much abated1 probably because not judged sufficiently authorized by the holy see4 ,the public veneration at his tomb and the adjoining altar continues1 and the mass is sung1 on account of his ancient festival1 with great solemnity1 but of ,st4 ,george1 without any solemn commemoration of this servant of ,god4 ,nevertheless1 from proofs of former solemn veneration1 ,papebroke honors him with the title of ,blessed4 ,none among the first disciples of ,st4 ,francis seems to have been more perfectly replenished with his spirit of perfect charity1 humility1 meekness1 and simplicity1 as appears from the golden maxims and lessons of piety which he gave to others4 ,of these ,papebroke has given us a large and excellent collection from manuscripts3 some of which were before printed by ,wading and others4 ,a few will suffice to show us his spirit4 ,b4 ,giles always lived by the labor of his hands4 ,when the cardinal bishop of ,tusculum desired him always to receive his bread as a poor man an alms1 from his table1 ,b4 ,giles excused himself1 using the words of the psalmist3 ,blessed art thou1 and it shall be well with thee1 because thou shalt eat by the labor of thy hands4 ,ps4 cxxvii4 8,so brother ,francis taught his brethren to be faithful and diligent in laboring1 and to take for their wages not money1 but necessary subsistence40 7,papebroke1 p4 #bbd47 ,if any one discoursed with him on the glory of ,god1 the sweetness of his love1 or ,paradise1 he would be ravished in spirit1 and remain so great part of the day unmoved4 ,shepherds and children who had learned this from others1 sometimes for diversion or out of curiosity1 cried out after him1 ,paradise1 ,paradise2 upon hearing which1 he through joy fell into an ecstasy4 ,his religious brethren in conversing with him took care never to name the word ,paradise or ,heaven for fear of losing his company by his being ravished out of himself4 7ib41 p4 #bbf1 and ,wading47 ,an extraordinary spiritual joy and cheerfulness appeared always painted on his countenance2 and if any one spoke to him of ,god1 he answered in great interior jubilation of soul4 ,once returning to his brethren out of close retirement1 he praised ,god with wonderful joy and fervor1 and sung1--8,neither tongue can utter1 nor words express1 nor mortal hearts conceive how great the good is which ,god hath prepared for those who desire to love him40 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix41 who kept his court at ,perugia from #abcd to autumn in #abcf1 sent one day for the holy man1 who1 in answer to his holiness's first question about his state of life1 said1--8,i cheerfully take upon me the yoke of the commandments of the ,lord40 ,the pope replied1--8,your answer is just2 but your yoke is sweet and your burthen light40 ,at these words ,b4 ,giles withdrew a little from him1 and1 being ravished in spirit1 remained speechless and without motion till very late in the night1 to the great astonishment of his holiness1 who spoke of it to his cardinals and others with great surprise4 ,this pope on a certain occasion pressed the holy man to say something to him on his own duty2 ,giles after having long endeavored to excuse himself said1 8,you have two eyes1 both a right and a left one1 always open2 with the right eye you must contemplate the things which are above you2 and with the left eye you must administer and dispense things which are below40 ,on humility1 the following maxims are recorded among his sayings3 8,no man can attain to the knowledge of ,god but by humility4 ,the way to mount high is to descend2 for all dangers and all great falls which ever happened in the world1 were caused by pride1 as is evident in the angel in heaven1 in ,adam in ,paradise1 in the ,pharisee mentioned in the gospel2 and all spiritual advantages arose from humility1 as we see in the ,blessed ,virgin1 the good thief1 c4 ,would to ,god some great weight laid upon us obliged us always to hold down our heads40 ,when a certain brother asked him2 8,how can we fly this cursed pride80 he answered2 8,if we consider the benefits of ,god1 we must humble ourselves1 and bow down our heads4 ,and if we consider our sins1 we must likewise humble ourselves1 and bow down our heads4 ,wo to him who seeks honor from his own confusion and sin4 ,the degrees of humility in a man are1 that he know that whatever is of his own growth is opposite to his good4 ,a branch of this humility is1 that he give to others what is theirs1 and never appropriate to himself what belongs to another2 that is1 that he ascribe to ,god all his good and all advantages which he enjoys2 and acknowledge that all his evil is of his own growth4 ,blessed is he who accounts himself as mean and base before men as he is before ,god4 ,blessed is he who walks faithfully in obedience to another4 ,he who desires to enjoy inward peace1 must look upon every man as his superior1 and as better and greater before ,god4 ,blessed is he who knows how to keep and conceal the favors of ,god4 ,humility knows not how to speak1 and patience dares not speak1 for fear of losing the crown of suffering by complaints1 in a firm conviction that a person is always treated above his deserts4 ,humility dispels all evil1 is an enemy to all sin1 and makes a man nothing in his own eyes4 ,by humility a man finds grace before ,god1 and peace with men4 ,god bestows the treasures of his grace on the humble1 not on the proud4 ,a man ought always to fear from pride1 lest it cast him down headlong4 ,always fear and watch over yourself4 ,a man who deserves death1 and who is in prison1 how comes it that he does not always tremble8 ,a man is of himself poverty and indigence2 rich only by the divine gifts2 these then he must love1 and despise himself4 ,what is greater than for a man to be sensible what he owes to ,god1 and to cover himself with confusion1 self-reproach1 and self-reprehension for his own evils8 ,i wish we could have studied this lesson from the beginning of the world to the end4 ,how much do we stand indebted to him who desires to deliver us from all evil1 and to confer upon us all good40 ,against vain-glory he used to say2--8,if a person was sunk in extreme poverty1 covered all over with wounds1 half-clad in tattered rags1 and without shoes2 and men should come to him1 and saluting him with honor say3 #8,all admire you1 my lord2 you are wonderfully rich1 handsome1 and beautiful2 and your clothes are splendid and handsome2' must not he have lost his senses1 who should be pleased with such a compliment1 or think himself such1 knowing that he is the very reverse80 ,the servant of ,god was remarkable for his meekness and charity1 and he used to say1 8,we can appropriate to ourselves our neighbor's good1 and make it also our own2 for the more a person rejoices at his neighbor's good1 the more does he share in it4 ,if therefore you desire to share in the advantages of all others1 rejoice more for them all2 and grieve for every one's misfortunes4 ,this is the path of salvation1 to rejoice in every advantage and to grieve for every misfortune of your neighbor2 to see and acknowledge your evils and miseries1 and to believe only good of others2 to honor others1 and despise yourself4 ,we pray1 fast1 and labor2 yet lose all this if we do not bear injuries with charity and patience4 ,if we take so much pains to attain to virtue1 why do not we learn to do what is so easy8 you must bear the burdens of all1 because you have no just reason of complaint against any one1 seeing you deserve to be chastised and treated ill by all creatures4 ,you desire to escape reproaches and condemnation in the next world1 yet would be honored in this4 ,you refuse to labor or bear anything here1 yet desire to enjoy rest hereafter4 ,strive more earnestly to vanquish your passions1 and bear tribulations and humiliations4 ,it is necessary to overcome yourself1 whatever you do4 ,it avails your soul little to draw others to ,god unless you die to yourself40 ,on prayer1 which this servant of ,god made his constant occupation and delight1 he used to say1--8,prayer is the beginning and the consummation of all good4 ,every sinner must pray that ,god may make him know his miseries and sins1 and the divine benefits4 ,he who knows not how to pray1 knows not ,god4 ,all who are to be saved1 if they have attained the use of reason1 must set themselves to pray4 ,though a woman were ever so bashful and simple1 if she saw her only son taken from her by the king's orders for some crime1 she would tear her breasts1 and implore his mercy4 ,her love and her son's extreme danger and miseries would make her never want words to entreat him40 ,the fruits and graces of perfect prayer he summed up as follows3 #a4 8,by it a man is enlightened in his understanding4 #b4 ,he is strengthened in faith and in the love of all good4 #c4 ,he learns to know and feel his own miseries4 #d4 ,he is penetrated with holy fear1 is humble and contemptible in his own eyes4 #e4 ,his heart is pierced with compunction4 #f4 ,sweet tears flow in abundance4 #g4 ,his heart is cleansed4 #h4 ,his conscience purged4 #i4 ,he learns obedience4 #aj4 ,attains to the perfect spirit of that virtue4 #aa4 ,to spiritual science4 #ab4 ,to spiritual understanding4 #ac4 ,invincible fortitude4 #ad4 ,patience4 #ae4 ,spiritual wisdom4 #af4 ,the knowledge of ,god1 who manifests himself to those who adore him in spirit and truth4 ,hence love is kindled in the soul1 she runs in the odor of his sweet perfumes1 is drowned in the torrent of his sweetness1 enjoys perfect interior peace1 and is brought to immortal glory40 #adg ,vita ,b4 gidii apud ,papebroke1 t4 #c1 ,aprilis ad diem #bc1 p4 #bcf4 #adh ,conc4 t4 #aa1 p4 #bcg4 #adi ,the emperor ,michael dying in #abhc1 his son ,andronicus renewed the schism1 and restored the deposed patriarch ,joseph4 #aej ,possevin4 ,apparatus sacer1 t4 #a1 p4 #bde4 #aea ,gerson calls ,st4 ,bonaventure both a cherub and a seraph1 because his writings both enlighten and inflame4 ,his order makes his doctrine the standard of their schools1 according to a decree of pope ,pius ,v4 ,to the works of ,st4 ,bonaventure these divines add the double comments of ,scotius on ,aristotle and the ,master of the ,sentences4 ,peter ,lombard1 a native of ,novara in ,lombardy1 was recommended by ,st4 ,bernard 7ep4 #cff7 to ,gilduin1 first abbot of the regular canons of ,st4 ,victor's at ,paris1 performed there his studies1 professed that order1 and was one of those who1 by an order of abbot ,suger1 king ,louis ,,vii4 and pope ,eugenius ,,iii4 in #aadg1 were sent from ,st4 ,victor's to ,st4 ,genevieve's in place of the secular canons4 ,eudes or ,odo1 one of this number1 was chosen first regular abbot of ,st4 ,genevieve's1 on whose eminent virtues see the pious ,f4 ,gourdan1 in his ,,ms4 history of the eminent men of ,st4 ,victor's1 in #g vols4 folio1 t4 #b1 p4 #bha4 ,peter ,lombard taught theology at ,st4 ,genevieve's1 till in #aaei he was made bishop of ,paris4 ,gourdan1 ib4 t4 #b1 p4 #gi and #hj4 ,he died1 bishop of that city1 in #aafd4 ,he compiled a body of divinity1 collected from the writings of the fathers1 into four books1 called ,of the ,sentences1 from which he was surnamed ,the ,master of the ,sentences4 ,this work he is said by some to have copied chiefly from the writings of ,blandinus his master1 and others4 7,see ,james ,thomasius ,de ,plagio literario1 from sect4 #dic to #ejb47 ,though it be not exempt from inaccuracies1 the method appeared so well adapted to the purposes of the schoolmen that they followed the same and for their lectures gave comments on these four books of the ,sentences4 ,among these1 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas stands foremost4 ,the divines of the ,franciscan ,order take for their guides ,st4 ,bonaventure and ,john ,duns ,scotus4 ,this latter was born in ,northumberland1 and entered young into the ,order of ,st4 ,francis at ,newcastle4 ,he performed his studies1 and afterward taught divinity at ,oxford1 where he wrote his ,commentaries on the ,master of the ,sentences1 which were thence called his ,oxonian ,commentaries4 ,he was called to ,paris about the year #acjd1 and in #acjg was appointed by his ,order1 ,regent of their theological schools in that ,university1 where he published his ,reportata in ,sententias1 called his ,paris ,commentaries1 which are called by ,dr4 ,cave a rough or unfinished abstract of his ,oxford ,commentaries4 ,for the subtilty and quickness of his understanding1 and his penetrating genius1 he was regarded as a prodigy4 ,being sent by his ,order to ,cologne in #acjh1 he was received by the whole city in procession1 but died on the #hth of ,november the same year1 of an apoplexy1 being forty-three1 or as others say1 only thirty-four years old4 ,the fable of his being buried alive is clearly confuted by ,luke ,wading1 the learned ,irish ,franciscan1 who published his work1 with notes1 in twelve tomes1 printed at ,lyons in #afcf4 ,natalis ,alexander1 a most impartial inquirer into this dispute1 and others1 have also demonstrated that story to have been a most groundless fiction4 ,wading1 ,colgan1 c41 say that ,duns ,scotus was an ,irishman1 and born at ,down in ,ulster4 ,john ,major1 ,dempster1 and ,trithemius say he was a ,scotchman1 born at ,duns1 eight miles from ,england4 ,but ,leland1 ,wharton1 ,cave1 and ,tanner1 prove that he was an ,englishman and a native of ,dunstone1 by contraction ,duns1 a village in ,northumberland1 in the parish of ,emildun1 then belonging to ,merton-hall in ,oxford1 of which hall he was afterward a member4 ,this is attested in the end of several manuscript copies of his ,comments on the ,sentences1 written soon after the time when he lived1 and still shown at ,oxford in the colleges of ,baliol and ,merton4 ,that he was a ,scotchman or an ,irishman1 no author seems to have asserted before the sixteenth century1 as ,mr4 ,wharton observes4 7,see ,cave1 t4 #b1 ,append4 p4 #d4 ,wood1 ,athen4 ,oxon4 ,sir ,james ,ware de ,script4 ,hibern4 c4 #aj1 p4 #fd4 ,tanner de ,script4 ,brit4 ,v4 ,duns4 ,wading1 in the life of ,scotus1 prefixed to his works47 ,william ,ockham1 a native of ,surrey1 also a ,grey ,friar1 a scholar of ,duns ,scotus at ,paris1 disagreeing from his master in opinions1 raised hot disputes in the schools1 and became the head or leader of the ,nominals1 a sect among the schoolmen who in philosophy explain things chiefly by the properties of terms2 and maintain that words1 not things1 are the object of dialectic1 in opposition to the others called ,realists4 ,ockham was provincial of his ,order in ,england in #acbb1 and according to ,wood 7,hist4 et ,ant4 l4 #b1 p4 #hg7 wrote a book ,on the ,poverty of ,christ1 and other treatises against ,pope ,john ,,xxii41 by whom he was excommunicated4 ,he became a warm abettor of the schism of ,louis of ,bavaria1 and his antipope1 ,peter ,corbarius1 and died at ,munich in #acdg4 ,he is said also to have favored the heresy of the ,fratricelli1 introduced by certain ,grey ,friars in the marquisate of ,ancona1 who made all perfection to consist in a seeming poverty1 rebelled against the ,church1 and railed at the pope and the other pastors4 ,flying into ,germany1 they were favored by ,louis of ,bavaria1 and in return supported his schism4 ,they at length rejected the sacraments as useless4 ,akin to these were the ,beguards and ,beguines1 an heretical sect formed by several poor laymen and women1 who1 some by an ill-governed devotion and a love of a lazy life1 others out of a spirit of libertinism1 would needs imitate the poverty of the ,friars ,mendicants1 without being tied to obedience1 or living under superiors4 ,they at length fell into many extravagant errors1 and became a society of various notions and opinions1 which had nothing common but the hatred they bore to the pope and other prelates1 and the affectation of a voluntary poverty1 under which they covered an infinite number of disorders and crimes4 ,such are the baneful fruits of self-conceit4 #aeb ,st4 ,bonav4 ,specul4 ,novit4 p4 #b1 c4 #b4 #aec ,tit4 de ,aleatoribus tam in ,digesto quam in ,codice4 #aed ,see ,st4 ,bonav4 in #d1 dis4 #ad4 ,st4 ,raymund4 ,st4 ,antonin4 ,comitolus1 l4 #c1 #g1 #i1 p4 #cdh1 c4 ,aristotle 7l4 #d1 ,ethic4 c4 #a47 places gamesters in the same class with highwaymen and plunderers4 ,st4 ,bernardin of ,sienna 7,serm4 #cc1 ,domin4 #e1 ,quadrag4 t4 #d71 says they are worse then robbers1 because more treacherous1 and covering their rapine under seducing glosses4 #aee ,job ii4 #d4 #aef ,on the methods of varying every day these acts1 see ,polancus1 ,de modo juvandi morientes2 ,joan4 a ,s4 ,thoma4 ,card4 ,bona4 c4 #aeg ,apoc4 xii4 #ab4 #aeh ,cicat4 l4 #b1 c4 #a1 p4 #ddf4 #aei ,this observation of ,st4 ,camillus has been since confirmed by many instances of persons who were found to have been buried alive1 or to have recovered long after they had appeared to have been dead4 ,accounts of several such examples are found in many modern medical and philosophical memoirs of literature which have appeared during this century1 especially in ,france and ,germany2 and experience evinces the case to have been frequent4 ,boerhaave 7,not4 in ,instit4 ,medic47 and some other men whose names stand among the foremost in the list of philosophers1 have demonstrated by many undoubted examples1 that where the person is not dead1 an entire cessation of breathing and of the circulation of the blood may happen for some time1 by a total obstruction in the organical movements of the springs and fluids of the whole body1 which obstruction may sometimes be afterwards removed1 and the vital functions restored4 ,whence the soul is not to be presumed to leave the body in the act of dying1 but at the moment in which some organ or part of the body absolutely essential to life is irreparably decayed or destroyed4 ,nor can any certain mark be given that a person is dead till some evident symptom of putrefaction commenced appears sensible4 ,duran and some other eminent surgeons in ,france1 in memorials addressed1 some to the ,french king1 others to the public1 complain that two customs call for redress1 first1 that of burying multitudes in the churches1 by which experience shows that the air is often extremely infected2 the second is that of which we speak4 ,to prevent the danger of this latter1 these authors insist that no corpse should be allowed to be buried1 or its face close covered1 before some certain proof of putrefaction1 for which they assign as usually one of the first marks1 if the lower jaw being stirred does not restore itself1 the spring of the muscles being lost by putrefaction4 ,see ,doctor ,bruhier1 ,mmoire prsent au ,roi1 sur la ,ncessit d'un ,rglement ,gnral au ,sujet des ,enterments et ,embaumements1 in #agde2 also ,dissertation sur l',incertitude des ,signes de la ,mort1 in #agdi1 #b vols4 in #abmo42 and ,dr4 ,louis1 ,lettres sur la ,certitude des ,signes de la ,mort1 contre ,bruhier1 in #ageb1 in #abmo4 ,the ,romans usually kept the bodies of the dead eight days1 and practised a ceremony of often calling upon them by their names1 of which certain traces remain in many places from the old ceremonial for the burial of kings and princes4 ,servabantur cadavera octo diebus1 et calida abluebantur1 et post ultimam conclamationem abluebantur4 ,servius in ,virgilii neidon1 l4 #h1 ver4 #b1 #h4 ,the corpse was washed whilst warm1 and again after the last call addressed to the deceased person1 which was the close of the ceremony before the corpse was burnt or interred2 and to be deprived of it was esteemed a great misfortune4 ,corpora nondum conclamata jacent1 ,lucan4 l4 #b1 ver4 #bb4 ,jam defletus et conclamatus es4 ,apuleius1 l4 #a1 ,metam4 et l4 #aa1 ib4 ,desine1 jam conclamatum est4 ,terent4 ,eunuch4 #b1 #c1 ver4 #ef4 ,st4 ,zeno of ,verona1 describing a wife who immoderately laments her deceased husband1 says3 ,cadaver amplectitur conclamatum4 ,st4 ,zeno1 l4 #a1 ,trac4 #af1 p4 #abf1 nov4 ed4 ,veron4 ,this ceremony1 trivial in itself1 was of importance to ascertain publicly the death of the person4 #afj ,the empire of the ,west1 which had been extinguished in ,augustulus1 was restored in the year #hjj1 in the person of ,charlemagne1 king of ,france1 who extended his conquests into part of ,spain1 almost all ,italy1 all ,flanders and ,germany1 and part of ,hungary4 ,the imperial crown continued some time in the different branches of his family1 sometimes in ,france1 sometimes in ,germany1 and sometimes in both united under the same monarch4 ,louis ,,iv4 the eighth hereditary emperor of the ,franks1 was a weak prince1 and died in the twentieth year of his age1 in #iab1 without leaving any issue4 ,these emperors1 in imitation of the ,lombards1 had created several petty sovereigns in their states1 who grew very powerful4 ,these princes declared that by the death of ,louis ,,iv4 the imperial dignity was devolved on the ,germanic people2 and excluding ,charles the ,simple1 king of ,france1 the next heir in blood of the ,carlovingian race1 elected ,conrad ,i4 duke of ,franconi3 and after him ,henry ,i4 surnamed the ,fowler1 duke of ,saxony1 who was succeeded by three ,othos of the same family of ,saxony4 ,after ,st4 ,henry ,,ii4 several emperors 7the following ,henries1 and two ,frederics in particular7 were of the ,franconian family4 ,rodolph ,i4 of the house of ,austria was chosen in #abgc4 ,there have been four dukes of ,bavaria emperors1 five of the house of ,luxemburg1 three of the old ,bohemian royal house1 c4 ,but in #adch1 ,albert ,,ii4 duke of ,austria and marquis of ,moravia1 was raised to that supreme dignity1 which from that time has remained chiefly in that family4 ,the ancient ducal house of ,saxony was descended from ,wittekind the ,great1 the last elected king of the ,saxons1 who afterwards sustained a long obstinate war against ,pepin and ,charlemagne1 submitted to the latter1 and being baptized by ,st4 ,lullus in #ghe1 was created by ,charlemagne1 first duke of ,saxony4 ,st4 ,henry ,,ii4 was the fifth ,emperor of the ,saxon race1 descended from ,wittekind the ,great4 #afa ,on the authenticity of this diploma of ,henry ,,ii4 and also of those of ,pepin1 ,charlemagne1 and ,otho ,i4 see the ,dissertation of the ,abb ,cenni1 entitled1 ,esame de ,diploma d',ottone ,s4 ,arrigo1 printed at ,rome in #aged4 ,that the see of ,rome was possessed of great riches1 even during the rage of the first persecutions1 is clear from the acts of universal charity performed by the popes1 mentioned by ,st4 ,dionysius of ,corinth1 and after the persecutions by ,st4 ,basil and ,st4 ,john ,climacus4 ,from the reign of ,constantine the ,great1 many large possessions were bestowed on the popes for the service of the ,church4 ,conni 7,esame di ,diploma di ,ludovico ,pio7 shows in detail from ,st4 ,gregory the ,great's epistles1 that the ,roman see1 in his time1 enjoyed very large estates1 with a very ample civil jurisdiction1 and a power of punishing delinquents in them by deputy judges1 in ,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,apulia1 ,campania1 ,ravenna1 ,sabina1 ,dalmatia1 ,illyricum1 ,sardinia1 ,corsica1 ,liguria1 the ,alpes ,cotti1 and a small estate in ,gaul4 ,some of these estates comprised several bishoprics1 as appears from ,st4 ,gregory1 l4 #g1 ep4 #ci1 ,indict4 ii4 ,the ,alpes ,cotti that belonged to the popes included ,genoa and the sea-coast from that town to the ,alps1 the boundaries of ,gaul1 as ,thomassin 7l4 #a1 de ,discipl4 ,eccl4 c4 #bg1 n4 #ag47 takes notice1 and as ,baronius 7ad an4 #gab1 p4 #i47 proves from the testimony of ,oldradus1 bishop of ,milan4 ,and ,paul the deacon writes1 that the ,lombards seized the ,alpes ,cotti1 which were the estates of the ,roman see4 8,patrimonium ,alpium ,cottiarum qu quondam ad jus pertinuerant apostolic sedis1 sed a ,longobardis multo tempore fuerant ablat40 7,paul4 ,diac4 l4 #f1 c4 #dc47 ,father ,cajetan1 in his ,isagoge ad ,historiam ,siculam1 points out at length the different estates which the ,roman see formerly possessed in ,sicily4 ,the popes were charged with a great share of the care of the city and civil government of ,rome4 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great mentions that it was part of their duty to provide that the city was supplied with corn1 7l4 #e1 ep4 #dj1 alias l4 #d1 ep4 #ca1 ad ,maurit47 and that he was obliged to watch against the stratagems of the enemies1 and the treachery of the ,roman generals and governors4 7l4 #e1 ep4 #db1 alias l4 #d1 ep4 #ce47 ,and he appointed ,constantius a tribune to be governor of ,naples4 7l4 #b1 ep4 #aa1 alias ep4 #g47 ,anastasius the ,librarian testifies that the popes ,sisinnius and ,gregory ,,ii4 both repaired the walls of ,rome and put the city in a posture of defence4 ,from these and other facts ,thomassin observes that the popes had then the chief administration of the city of ,rome and of the exarchate1 made treaties of peace1 averted wars1 defended and recovered cities1 and repulsed the enemies4 7,thomass4 da ,benefic4 #c1 part4 l4 #a1 c4 #bi1 n4 #f47 ,when the ,lombards ravaged and conquered the country1 the emperors continued to oppress the people with exorbitant taxes1 yet being busy at home against the ,saracens1 refused to protect the ,romans against the barbarians4 ,whereupon the people of ,italy1 in the time of ,gregory ,,ii4 in #gae1 chose themselves in many places leaders and princes1 though that pope exhorted them every where to remain in their obedience and fidelity to the empire1 as ,anastasius the ,librarian assures us3 8,ne desisterent ab amore et fide ,romani imperii admonebat40 ,leo the ,isaurian1 and his son ,constantine ,copronymus persecuted the ,catholics2 yet ,zachary and ,stephen ,,ii4 paid them all due obedience and respect in matters relating to the civil government4 ,leo threatened to destroy the holy images and profane the relics of the apostles at ,rome4 ,at which news the people of ,rome were not to be restrained1 but having before received with honor the images of that emperor1 according to custom1 they1 in a fit of sudden fury1 pulled them down4 ,pope ,stephen ,,ii4 exhorted the emperor to forbear such sacrileges and persecutions1 and at the same time gave him to understand the danger of exasperating the populace1 though he did what in him lay to prevent by entreaties both the profanations threatened by the emperor1 and also the revolt of the people3 8,tunc projecta laureata tua conculcarunt--,aisque3 ,romam mittam1 et imaginem ,s4 ,petri confringam4--,qud si quospiam miseris1 protestamur1 tibi1 innocentes sumus a sanguine quem fusuri sunt40 ,on the sacrileges and cruelties exercised by the ,iconoclasts in the ,east1 see the ,bollandists1 ,august ix4 ,to prevent the like at ,rome1 some of the ,greek historians say that pope ,gregory ,,ii4 withdrew himself and all ,italy from the obedience of the emperor4 ,but ,theophanes and the other ,greeks were in this particular certainly mistaken1 as ,thomassin takes notice4 ,and ,natalis ,alexander says3 7,diss4 #a1 sc4 #h47 8,this most learned pope was not ignorant of the tradition of the fathers from which he never deviated4 ,for the fathers always taught that subjects are bound to obey their princes1 though infidels or heretics1 in those things which belong to the rights of the commonwealth40 ,the case was1 that when the emperors refused to protect ,italy from the barbarians1 the popes in the name of the people1 who looked upon them as their fathers and guardians1 and as the head of the commonwealth1 sought protection from the ,french1 as ,thomassin observes 7p4 #c1 de ,benef4 l4 #a1 c4 #bi47 ,the continuator of ,fredegarius seems to say1 that ,gregory ,,iii4 and the ,roman people created ,charles ,martel ,patrician of ,rome1 by which title was meant the protection of the ,church and poor1 as ,de ,marca 7,de ,concordi1 l4 #c1 c4 #aa1 n4 #f47 and ,pagi explain it from ,paul the deacon4 ,at last pope ,stephen ,,ii4 going into ,france to invite ,pepin into ,italy1 conferred on him the title of ,patrician1 but had not recourse to this expedient till the ,eastern empire had absolutely abandoned ,italy to the swords of the ,lombards4 ,pope ,zachary made a peace with ,luitprand1 king of the ,lombards1 and afterward a truce with king ,rachis for twenty years4 ,but that prince putting on the ,benedictin habit1 his brother and successor ,astulphus broke the treaty4 ,stephen ,,ii4 who succeeded ,zachary in #geb1 sent great presents to ,astulphus1 begging he would give peace to the exarchate2 but could not be heard1 as ,anastasius testifies4 ,whereupon ,stephen went to ,paris1 and implored the protection of king ,pepin1 who sent ambassadors into ,lombardy1 requiring that ,astulphus would restore what he had taken from the church of ,rome1 and repair the damages he had done the ,romans4 ,astulphus refusing to comply with these conditions1 ,pepin led an army into ,italy1 defeated the ,lombards1 and besieged1 and took ,astulphus in ,pavia2 but generously restored him his kingdom on condition he should live in amity with the pope4 ,but immediately after ,pepin's departure he perfidiously took up arms1 and in revenge put every thing to fire and sword in the territories of ,rome4 ,this obliged ,pepin to return into ,italy1 and ,astulphus was again beaten and made prisoner in ,pavia4 ,pepin once more restored him his kingdom1 but threatened him with death if he ever again took up arms against the pope2 and he took from him the exarchate of ,ravenna1 of which the ,lombard had made himself master1 and he gave it to the holy see in #gee1 as ,eginhard relates3 8,redditam sibi ,ravennam et ,pentapolim1 et omnem exarchatum ad ,ravennam pertinentem1 ad ,s4 ,petrum tradidit40 ,eginhard1 ib4 ,thomassin observes very justly that ,pepin could not give away dominions which belonged to the emperors of ,constantinople2 but that they had lost all right to them after they had suffered them to be conquered by the ,lombards1 without sending succors during so many years to defend and protect them4 ,these countries therefore either by the right of conquest in a just war belonged to ,pepin and ,charlemagne1 who bestowed them on the popes2 or the people became free1 and being abandoned to barbarians had a right to form themselves into a new government4 ,see ,thomassin 7p4 #c1 de ,beneficiis1 l4 #a1 c4 #bi1 n4 #i74 ,it is a principle laid down by ,puffendorf1 ,grotius1 ,fontanini1 and others1 demonstrated by the unanimous consent of all ancients and moderns1 and founded upon the law of nations1 that he who conquers a country in a just war1 nowise untaken for the former possessors1 nor in alliance with them1 is not bound to restore to them what they would not or could not protect and defend3 8,illud extra controversiam est1 si jus gentium respiciamus1 qu hostibus per nos erepta sunt1 ea non posse vindicari ab his qui ante hostes nostros ea possederant et amiserant40 7,grotius1 l4 #c1 de ,jure belli et pacis1 c4 #f1 #ch47 ,the ,greeks had by their sloth lost the exarchate of ,ravenna4 ,if ,pepin had conquered the ,goths in ,italy1 or the ,vandals in ,africa before ,justinian had recovered those dominions1 who will pretend that he would have been obliged to restore them to the emperors8 ,or1 if the ,britons had repulsed the ,saxons after the ,romans had abandoned them to their fury1 might they not have declared themselves a free people8 ,or1 had not the popes and the ,roman people a right1 when the ,greeks refused them protection1 to seek it from others8 ,they had long in vain demanded it of the emperors of ,constantinople1 before they had recourse to the ,french4 ,thus ,anastasius testifies that pope ,stephen ,,ii4 had often in vain implored the succors of ,leo against ,astulphus4 8,ut juxta quod ei spius scripserat1 cum exercitu ad tuendas has ,itali partes modis omnibus adveniret40 ,the same ,anastasius relates1 that when the ambassadors of the ,greek emperor demanded of ,pepin the restitution of the countries he had conquered from the ,lombards1 that prince answered1 that as he had exposed himself to the dangers of war merely for the protection of ,st4 ,peter's see1 not in favor of any other person1 he never would suffer the apostolic ,church to be deprived of what he had bestowed on it4 ,pepin gave to the holy see the city of ,rome and its ,campagna2 also the exarchate of ,ravenna and ,pentapolis1 comprising ,rimini1 ,pesaro1 ,fano1 ,senigallia1 ,ancona1 ,gubbio1 c4 ,he retained the office of protector and defender of the ,roman church under the title of ,patrician4 ,when ,desiderius1 king of the ,lombards1 again ravaged the lands of the church of ,rome1 ,charlemagne marched into ,italy1 defeated his forces1 and after a long siege took ,pavia1 and extinguished the kingdom of the ,lombards in #ggc1 on which occasion he caused himself to be crowned king of ,italy1 with an iron crown1 such as the ,goths and ,lombards in that country had used1 perhaps as an emblem of strength4 ,charlemagne confirmed to pope ,adrian ,i4 at ,rome1 the donation of his father ,pepin4 ,the emperor ,charles the ,bald and others ratified and extended the same4 ,charlemagne having been crowned emperor of the ,west at ,rome1 by pope ,leo ,,iii4 in #hjj1 ,irene1 who was then empress of ,constantinople1 acknowledged him ,augustus in #hjb2 as did her successor the emperor ,nicephorus ,,iii4 ,the ,greeks at the same time ratified the partition made of the ,italian dominions4 ,this point of history has been so much misrepresented by some moderns1 that this note seemed necessary in order to set it in a true light4 ,see ,cenni's ,monumenta ,dominationis ,pontifici1 in #dto4 ,rom1 #agfj4 ,also ,orsi's ,dissertation on this subject2 ,cenni's ,esame di ,diploma1 c4 and ,jos4 ,assemani1 ,hist4 ,ital4 ,scriptores1 t4 #c1 c4 #e4 #afb ,in the partition of the empire between ,charlemagne and ,irene1 empress of ,constantinople1 ,apulia and ,calabria were assigned to the ,eastern empire1 and the rest of ,naples to ,charlemagne and his successors4 ,long before this1 in the unhappy reign of the ,monothelite emperor ,constans1 about the year #ffj1 the ,saracens began to infest ,sicily1 and soon after became masters of that island1 and also of ,calabria and some other parts of ,italy4 ,otho ,i4 surnamed the ,great1 drove them out of ,italy1 and laid claim to ,calabria and ,apulia by right of conquest4 ,the ,greeks soon after yielded up their pretensions to those provinces by the marriage of ,otho ,,ii4 to ,theophania1 daughter of ,romanus1 emperor of the ,east1 who brought him ,apulia and ,calabria for her dowry4 ,yet the treacherous ,greeks joined the ,saracens in those provinces1 and again expelled the ,germans4 ,but in #ajjh1 ,tancred1 a noble ,norman1 lord of ,hauteville1 with his twelve sons1 and a gallant army of adventurers1 went from ,normandy into ,apulia1 and had great success against the ,saracens and their confederates the ,greeks4 ,from this time the ,normans became dukes of ,calabria1 and counts and dukes of ,apulia4 ,robert ,guiscard1 the most valiant ,norman duke of ,apulia1 augmented his power by the conquest of ,sicily1 ,naples1 and all the lands which lie between that city and ,latium or the territory of ,rome4 ,in #aacj1 ,roger the ,norman was saluted by the pope1 king of both ,sicilies4 #afc ,this ,robert loved the ,church1 and was a wise1 courageous1 and learned prince4 ,he wrote sacred hymns1 and among others that which begins 8,o ,constantia ,martyrum20 also1 as some say the 8,veni ,sancte ,spiritus1 ,et emitte clitus0 c41 sung in the mass for ,whitsuntide4 #afd ,at the entry of the cloister of ,st4 ,vanne at ,verdun1 is hung a picture in which the emperor ,saint ,henry is represented laying down his sceptre and crown1 and asking the monastic habit of the holy abbot ,richard4 ,the abbot required of him a promise of obedience1 then commanded him to resume the government of the empire1 upon which a distich was made1 in which it is said3 ,the emperor came hither to live in obedience2 and he practises this lesson by ruling4 #afe ,baronius and some others call ,st4 ,henry the first emperor of that name1 because ,henry ,i4 or the ,fowler1 was never crowned by the pope at ,rome2 without which ceremony some ,italians style an emperor only king of ,germany or emperor elect2 though ,charles ,v4 was the last that was so crowned at ,rome4 ,st4 ,henry on his death-bed recommended to the princes ,conrad the ,salic1 duke of ,franconia1 who was accordingly chosen emperor1 was crowned at ,rome in #ajbg1 reigned with great piety and glory1 and was buried in the cathedral church at ,spire1 which he had built near his own palace4 ,he was succeeded by his son ,henry the ,black or ,,iii4 #aff ,s4 ,fulgent1 ep4 #f4 #afg ,n4 #aa1 p4 #fi4 #afh ,critic4 ,hist4 ,chron4 ad an4 #gcd1 n4 #d4 #afi ,our saint's colleague ,st4 ,wiro 7in ,irish ,bearaidhe7 is honored on the #hth of ,may4 ,by the ,four ,masters he is styled abbot of ,dublin2 but with the ,irish annalists1 bishop and abbot are generally synonymous terms4 ,he died in #fej4 ,see ,ware4 ,st4 ,plechelm's other fellow-missionary1 ,st4 ,otger1 is honored on the #ajth of ,september2 he is always styled deacon1 by which it appears that he was never promoted to the priesthood4 ,from his name and other circumstances it is thought he was an ,english-,saxon1 though from the ,north1 probably the southern parts of ,scotland anciently subject to the kings of the ,northumbers4 ,being desirous to accompany ,,ss4 ,wiro and ,plechelm to ,rome1 and in their apostolic missions into ,germany1 when ,pepin gave the ,mount of ,st4 ,peter or of ,st4 ,odilia to ,st4 ,wiro1 the three saints settled there together and ended their days in that monastery4 ,whether ,st4 ,otger outlived ,st4 ,plechelm is uncertain4 ,all three were buried in the monastery of ,berg1 or of ,mount ,st4 ,peter or ,st4 ,odilia2 and their bodies remained there till1 in #heh1 that monastery was given by king ,lothaire to ,hunger1 bishop of ,utrecht1 when the greatest part of these relics was translated to ,utrecht4 ,part still remained in the church of ,berg1 till with the chapter of canons it was removed to ,ruremund4 ,these relics were hid some time in the civil wars for fear of the ,calvinists1 but discovered in #aeid1 and placed again above the high altar4 ,the portion at ,utrecht was also hid for a time for fear of the ,normans2 but found and exposed to public veneration again by bishop ,baldric4 ,see the life of ,saint ,otger1 with notes by ,bollandus1 and the additional disquisitions of ,stilting ad #aj ,sept41 t4 #b1 p4 #fab4 #agj ,the barbarians who inhabited the northern coasts of the ,baltic were called by one general name ,normans2 and the ,sclavi1 ,vandals1 and divers other nations were settled on the southern coast1 as ,eginhard1 ,helmold1 and others testify4 #aga ,the authorities produced by ,tho4 ,rudburn1 a monk of the ,old ,monastery in ,winchester1 in #adej1 to prove ,st4 ,swithin to have been some time public professor of divinity at ,cambridge1 are generally esteemed suppositions4 ,see ,rudburn1 l4 #c1 c4 #b1 ,hist4 ,maj4 ,wintoniensis1 apud ,wharton1 ,anglia ,sacra1 and the ,history of the ,university of ,cambridge4 #agb ,hearne1 ,teat4 ,roffens1 p4 #bfi4 #agc ,see ,ingulph4 ,asser4 ,redborne4 #agd ,the value of a mancuse is not known2 it is thought to have been about the same with that of a mark4 #age ,caslen and ,b4 ,nicholson falsely call this the life of ,st4 ,swithin1 and it appears from ,leland that ,lantfred never wrote his life1 which himself sufficiently declares in the history of his miracles4 ,the contrary seems a mistake in ,pits1 ,bale1 and ,thomas ,rudburn1 p4 #bbc4 ,rudburn manifestly confounds ,wolstan with ,lantfred4 #agf ,hist4 ,major ,winton4 p4 #bbc4 ,vita metrice ,s4 ,swithuni per ,wolstanum monachum ,winton4 ib4 #b4 #agg ,at the east end of this cathedral is the place which in ancient times was esteemed most sacred1 underneath which was the cemetery or resting-place of many saints and kings who were interred there with great honor4 ,at present behind the high altar there is a transverse wall1 against which we see the marks where several of their statues1 being very small1 were placed with their names under each pedestal in a row2 8,kinglisus ,rex4 ,s4 ,birinus ,ep4 ,kingwald ,rex4 ,egbertus ,r4 ,adulphus 7i4 e4 ,ethelwolphus7 ,r4 ,elured ,r4 filius ejus4 ,edwardus ,r4 junior ,adhelstanus ,r4 filius ejus 7,sta4 ,maria ,d4 ,jesus in the middle74 ,edredus ,r4 ,edgarus ,r4 ,alwynus ,ep4 ,ethelred ,r4 ,cnutus ,r4 ,hardecanutus ,r4 filius ejus10 c4 ,underneath1 upon a fillet were written these verses3 8,corpora ,sanctorum hic sunt in pace sepulta2 ,ex ,meritis quorum fulgent miracula multa40 ,at the foot of these1 a little eastwards1 is a large flat grave-stone1 which had the effigies of a bishop in brass1 said to be that of ,st4 ,swithin4 ,see ,lord ,clarendon1 and ,samuel ,gale1 ,on the ,antiquities of ,winchester1 p4 #bi1 #cj4 #agh ,hist4 ,arian4 ad ,monachos1 p4 #cdf4 #agi ,conc4 ,nicn4 ,can4 #ae4 #ahj ,that prelate had been educated at ,csarea1 where he studied with ,st4 ,pamphilus the martyr1 whose name he afterward added to his own4 ,he suffered imprisonment with him for the faith about the year #cji1 but recovered his liberty without undergoing any severer trial1 and was chosen archbishop of ,csarea in #cad4 ,when ,arius1 in #cbj1 retired from ,alexandria into ,palestine1 having been deposed from the priesthood by ,st4 ,alexander the year before1 ,eusebius of ,csarea and some other bishops were imposed upon by him1 and received him favorably4 ,hereupon ,arius wrote to ,eusebius of ,nicomedia1 whom he calls brother to the other ,eusebius of ,csarea4 ,eusebius of ,nicomedia was at that time of an advanced age1 and had great interest with ,constantine1 who after the defeat of ,licinius kept his court some time at ,nicomedia as other emperors had done before him since ,dioclesian had begun to reside in the ,east4 ,this prelate was crafty and ambitious2 his removal1 procured by his intrigues1 from his first see of ,berytus to ,nicomedia seems to have given occasion to the canon of the ,nicene council1 by which such translations were forbidden4 ,notwithstanding which1 in defiance of so sacred a law1 he afterwards procured himself to be again translated to the see of ,constantinople1 in #cch1 in the beginning of the reign of ,constantius4 ,the ,council of ,sardica1 in #cdg1 confirmed the above-mentioned ,nicene canon under pain of the parties being deprived even of lay communion at their death2 but this arch-heretic died in #cdb4 ,he openly defended not only the person1 but also the errors of ,arius2 subscribed the definitions of the ,nicene council for fear of banishment3 but three months after1 being the author of new tumults1 he was banished by ,constantine1 and after three years recalled1 upon giving a confession of faith in which he declared himself penitent1 and professed that he adhered to the ,nicene faith1 as ,theodoret relates4 ,by this act of dissimulation he imposed upon the emperor1 but he continued by every base art to support his heresy1 and endeavored to subvert the truth4 ,eusebius of ,csarea held that see from #cad till his death in #cci4 ,he was always closely linked with the ringleaders of the heresy4 ,nevertheless1 the learned ,henry ,valois1 in his ,prolegomena to his translation of this author's ,ecclesiastical ,history1 pretends to excuse him from its errors1 though he often boggled at the word ,consubstantial4 ,he certainly was so far imposed upon by ,arius1 as to believe that heretic admitted the eternity of the ,divine ,word2 and in his writings many passages occur which prove the divinity1 and1 as to the sense1 the consubstantiality of the ,son1 whatever difficulties he formed as to the word4 ,on which account ,ceillier and many others affect to speak favorably1 or at least tenderly of ,eusebius in this respect1 and are willing to believe that he did not at least constantly adhere to that capital error4 ,yet it appears very difficult entirely to clear him from it1 though he may seem to have attempted to steer a course between the tradition of the ,church and the novelties of his friends4 ,see ,baronius ad an4 #chj1 ,witasse ,nat4 ,alexander1 and the late ,treatise in folio1 against the ,arian heresy1 complied by a ,maurist ,benedictin monk4 ,photius1 in a certain work given us by ,montfaucon 7in ,bibl4 ,coisliana1 p4 #ceh71 roundly charges ,eusebius with ,arianism and ,origenism4 ,eusebius1 whose conduct was so unconstant and equivocal1 shines to most advantage in his works1 especially those which he composed in defence of ,christianity before the ,arian contest arose4 ,the first of these is his book against ,hierocles1 who1 under ,dioclesian1 was a prosecuting judge at ,nicomedia1 and afterward rewarded for his cruelty against the ,christians with the government of ,egypt4 ,in a book he wrote he made ,apollonius ,tyanus superior to ,christ4 ,but ,eusebius demonstrates the history of this magician1 written by ,philostratus1 when he taught rhetoric at ,rome1 one hundred years after the death of that magician1 to be false and contradictory in most of its points1 doubtful in others1 and trifling in all4 ,about the time he was made bishop he conceived a design of two works1 which showed as much the greatness of his genius1 as the execution did the extent of his knowledge4 ,the first of these he called ,the ,preparation1 the other ,the ,demonstration of the ,gospel4 ,in the first he1 with great erudition1 confutes idolatry1 in fifteen books1 showing that the ,greeks borrowed the sciences and many of their gods from the ,egyptians1 whose true history agrees with that of ,moses2 but the fictions of their theology are monstrous1 impious1 and condemned by their own learned men2 that their oracles1 which were only a chain of impostures and frauds1 or the responses of devils1 never attained to any infallible knowledge of contingencies1 and were silenced by a power which they acknowledged superior4 ,he also shows the ,unity of ,god1 and the truth of his revealed religion as ancient as the world4 ,in his ,demonstration of the ,gospel1 in ten books1 he shows that the ,jewish law in every point clearly points out ,christ and the gospel4 ,these books of ,evangelical ,preparation and ,demonstration furnish more proofs1 testimonies and arguments for the truth of the ,christian religion than any other work of the ancients on that subject4 ,eusebius's two books against ,marcellus of ,ancyra1 and three ,on ,ecclesiastical ,theology1 are a confutation of ,sabellianism4 ,his topography or alphabetical explication of the places mentioned in the ,old ,testament1 is most exact and useful4 ,it was translated into ,latin1 and augmented by ,st4 ,jerom4 ,eusebius's useful comments on the ,psalms were published by ,montfaucon 7,collect4 ,nova ,script4 ,grc4 ,paris1 #agjf74 ,his fourteen ,discourses1 or ,opuscula1 published by ,f4 ,sirmond 7,op4 ,sirmond1 t4 #a71 are esteemed genuine1 though not mentioned by the ancients4 ,his discourse on the ,dedication of the ,church at ,tyre1 rebuilt after the persecution in #cae1 contains a curious description of that ceremony and of the structure4 ,by his letter to his ,church of ,csarea1 after the conclusion of the council of ,nice1 he recommended to his flock the definitions and creed of that assembly4 ,his panegyric of ,constantine was delivered at ,constantinople in presence of that prince1 who then celebrated the thirtieth year of his reign by public games4 ,the praises are chiefly drawn from the destruction of idolatry2 but study reigns in this composition more than nature1 and renders the discourse tedious1 though the author took some pains to polish the style4 ,his four books of the life of ,constantine were written in #cch1 the year after that emperor's death4 ,the style is diffusive1 and the more disagreeable by being more labored4 ,phocius reproaches the author for dissembling or suppressing the chief circumstances relating to ,arius1 and his condemnation in the council of ,nice4 ,the ,chronicle of ,eusebius was a work of immense labor1 in two parts2 the first1 called his ,chronology1 contained the distinct successions of the kings and rulers of the principal nations from the beginning of the world2 the second part1 called the ,chronicle or the ,rule of ,times1 may be called the table of the first1 and unites all the particular chronologies of different nations in one4 ,the second part was translated into ,latin1 and augmented by ,st4 ,jerom4 ,the first part was lost when ,joseph ,scaliger gathered the scattered fragments from ,george ,syncellus1 ,cedrenus1 and the ,alexandrian chronicle2 but ,scaliger ought to have pointed out his sources2 and has inserted many things which certainly belong not to ,eusebius4 ,our author's name has been rendered most famous by his ten books of ,church ,history1 which he brings down to the defeat of ,licinius1 in #cbc1 when he first wrote it1 though he revised it again in #cbf4 ,he collected the ,acts of the martyrs of ,palestine1 an abstract of which he added to the eighth book of his ,history4 ,rufinus elegantly translated this work into ,latin1 reduced to nine books1 to which he added two others1 wherein he brings down his history to the death of ,theodosius4 ,eusebius copied very much ,julius ,africanus in his chronicle2 and in his ,history1 ,st4 ,hegesippos 7who had compiled a ,history from ,christ to #agj7 and others4 ,this invaluable work is not exempt from some mistakes and capital omissions2 nor was the author much acquainted with the affairs of the ,western ,church4 ,see ,ceillier1 t4 #d1 p4 #beh1 c4 ,christophorson1 bishop of ,chichester1 elegantly translated this ,history into ,latin1 but changed the manner of dividing the chapters4 ,the translation of the learned ,henry ,valesius is most accurate4 ,eusebius was one of the most learned prelates of antiquity1 and a man of universal reading2 but he did not much study to polish his discourses1 which is the common fault of those that make learning and knowledge their chief business4 #aha ,theodoret1 l4 #a1 c4 #bj1 #ba4 ,s4 ,hier41 l4 #c1 in ,rufin41 c4 #ahb ,eus41 l4 #d1 de ,vit4 ,constant41 c4 #fa1 p4 #eah4 #ahc ,sozom41 l4 #b1 c4 #ai1 p4 #dfi4 #ahd ,see ,tillemont1 ,ceillier1 ,cave1 ,hist4 ,littr41 p4 #ahg1 t4 #a1 and ,solier1 the ,bollandist1 ,hist4 ,patr4 ,ant4 c4 #bd1 p4 #cf4 #ahe ,theodoret1 l4 #a1 c4 #bj4 ,theodorus ,lector1 l4 #b1 c4 #a1 p4 #edg4 ,theophanes1 p4 #aad4 ,see ,tillem1 note #d1 p4 #fec4 #ahf ,st4 ,jerom 7ep4 #abf1 p4 #ch7 calls ,st4 ,eustathius a loud sounding trumpet1 and says he was the first who employed his pen against the ,arians4 ,the same father admires the extent of his knowledge1 saying that it was consummate both in sacred and profane learning 7ep4 #hd1 p4 #cbg74 ,his just praises are set forth by ,st4 ,chrysostom in an entire panegyric2 and ,sozomen assures us 7l4 #a1 c4 #b7 that he was universally admired both for the sanctity of his life1 and the eloquence of his discourses4 ,the elegant works which he composed against the ,arians were famous in the fifth century1 but have not reached us4 ,but we have still his ,treatise on the ,pythonissa or ,witch of ,endor1 published by ,leo ,allatius1 with a curious ,dissertation1 and reprinted in the eighth tome of the ,critici ,sacri4 ,in it the author undertakes to prove against ,origen that this witch neither did nor could call up the soul of ,samuel1 but only a spectre or devil representing ,samuel1 in order to deceive ,saul4 ,he clearly teaches that before the coming of ,christ the souls of the just rested in ,abraham's bosom2 and that none could enter heaven before ,christ had opened it2 but that ,christians enjoy an advantage above the patriarchs and prophets1 in being united with ,christ immediately after their death if they have lived well4 ,this treatise is well written1 and justifies the commendations which the ancients give to this great prelate and eloquent orator4 ,sozomen justly calls his writings admirable1 as well for the purity of his style as for the sublimity of thought1 the beauty of the expression1 or the curious choice of the matter4 ,nothing more enhances his virtue1 than the invincible constancy and patience with which he suffered the most reproachful accusation with which his enemies charged him1 and the unjust deposition and banishment which were inflicted on him4 #ahg ,gr4 #bb1 p4 #edh4 #ahh 8,qui sunt libri quos adoratis1 legentes8 ,speratus respondit3 ,quatuor evangelia ,domini nostri ,jesu ,christi1 et epistolas ,s4 ,pauli apostoli1 et omnem divinitus inspiratam scripturam40 ,acta apud ,ruinart1 p4 #gh1 et ,baron4 ad an4 #bjb4 #ahi 8,consummati sunt ,christi martyres mense ,julio1 et intercedunt pro nobis ad ,dominum nostrum ,jesum ,christum1 cui honor et gloria cum ,patre et ,spiritu ,sancto in scula sculorum40 ,acta apud ,baronium1 ad an4 #bjb4 #aij ,quintus ,septimius ,florens ,tertullianus is commonly known by the last name4 ,his father was a centurion in the proconsular troops of ,africa1 and he was born at ,carthage about the year #afj4 ,he confesses that before his conversion to the ,christian faith he1 in his merry fits1 pointed his keenest satire against it 7,apol41 c4 #ah71 had been an adulterer 7,de ,resur4 c4 #ei71 had taken a cruel pleasure in the bloody entertainments of the amphitheatre 7,de ,spectac4 c4 #ai71 attained to a distinguishing eminency in vice 7,de ,pnit4 c4 #d71 8,ego prstantiam in delictis meam agnosco10 and was an accomplished sinner in all respects1 7ib4 c4 #ab4 8,peccator omnium notarum cum sim107 yet having his head marvellously well turned for science1 he applied himself from his cradle to the study of every branch of good literature1 poetry1 philosophy1 geometry1 physic1 and oratory2 he dived into the principles of each sect1 and both into the fabulous and into the real or historical part of mythology4 ,his comprehensive genius led him through the whole circle of profane sciences2 above the rest1 as ,eusebius tells us1 he was profoundly versed in the ,roman laws4 ,he had a surprising vivacity and keenness of wit1 and an uncommon stock of natural fire which rendered him exceeding hot and impatient1 as himself complains 7l4 de ,patient4 in init47 ,his other passions he restrained after his conversion to ,christianity2 but this vehemence of temper he seems never to have sufficiently checked4 ,the motives which engaged him to embrace the gospel seem those upon which he most triumphantly insists in his works2 as the antiquity of the ,mosaic writings1 the mighty works and wisdom of the divine lawgiver1 the continued chain of prophecy and wonders conducting the attentive inquirer to ,christ1 the evidence of the miracles of ,christ and his apostles1 the excellency of the law of the gospel1 and its amazing influence upon the lives of men2 the power which every ,christian then exercised over evil spirits1 and the testimony of the very devils themselves whom the infidels worshipped for gods1 and who turned preachers of ,christ1 howling1 and confessing themselves devils in the presence of their own votaries1 7,apol4 c4 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 c4 c47 also the constancy and patience of the martyrs 7l4 ad ,scapul4 c4 ult47 c4 ,being by his lively and comprehensive genius excellently formed for controversy1 he immediately set himself to write in defence of religion1 which was then attacked by the ,heathens and ,jews on one side1 and on the other corrupted by heretics4 ,he successfully employed his pen against all these enemies to truth1 and first against the ,pagans4 ,the persecution which began to rage gave occasion to his ,apologetic1 which is not only his masterpiece1 but indisputably one of the best among all the works of ,christian antiquity4 ,this piece was not addressed to the ,roman senate1 as ,baronius and several others thought1 but to the proconsul and other magistrates of ,africa1 and perhaps to all the governors of provinces and magistrates of the empire1 among whom he might also comprise the ,roman senators2 for the title of ,presidents only1 agreed to these provincial governors1 and he names the proconsuls2 7ch4 #de7 speaks of ,rome as at a distance3 7c4 #i1 #ba1 #bd1 #ce1 #de7 says they practised at home 7at ,carthage71 the bloody religious rites of the ,scythians2 7c4 #i7 and by those words1 8in ipso fere vertice civitatis prsidentes10 he seems to mean the ,byrsa of ,carthage2 certainly not ,rome1 which he always calls ,urbs1 not civitas4 ,in the first part of this work he clears ,christians from the calumnies of incest and murder thrown upon them1 and demonstrates the injustice of punishing them merely for a name1 and exposes the absurdity of ,trajan's order commanding them to be punished if impeached1 yet not to be sought after4 ,he mentions that ,tiberius1 and after his miraculous victory1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 were favorable to the ,christian religion4 ,he then proceeds to confute idolatry2 asks1 if ,bacchus was made a god for planting vines1 why did not ,lucullus attain to the same honor1 because he first brought cherry-trees from ,pontus to ,rome8 ,why ,aristides the ,just1 ,socrates1 ,crsus1 ,demosthenes1 and so many others who had been most eminent1 were not admitted to share divine honors with ,jupiter1 ,venus1 c48 ,he explains the chief articles of our faith1 and speaking of the origin and false worship of the demons he inserts the most daring challenge1 which ,saint ,cyprian 7ep4 ad ,demetrianum71 ,lactantius 7,de ,just4 l4 #e1 c4 #ba7 and other primitive fathers repeat with the same assurance1--8,let a demoniac be brought into court10 says ,tertullian1 8and the evil spirit that possesses him be commanded by any ,christian to declare what he is1 he shall confess himself as truly to be a devil as he did falsely before declare himself a god4 ,in like manner let them bring any of those who are thought to be inspired by some god1 as sculapius1 c4 ,if all these do not declare themselves in court to be devils1 not daring to lie to a ,christian1 do you instantly put that rash ,christian to death40 ,the apologist mentions the submission of ,christians to the emperors1 their love of their enemies1 and their mutual charity1 horror of all vice1 and constancy in suffering death and all manner of torments for the sake of virtue4 ,the heathens called them in derision ,sarmentitians and ,semaxians1 because they were fastened to trunks of trees1 and stuck about with faggots to be set on fire4 ,but ,tertullian answers them3 8,thus dressed about with fire1 we are in our most illustrious apparel4 ,these are our triumphal robes embroidered with palm-branches in token of victory 7such the ,roman generals wore in their solemn triumphs71 and mounted upon the pile we look upon ourselves as in our triumphal chariot4 ,who ever looked well into our religion but he came over to it8 and who ever came over to it but was ready to suffer for it8 ,we thank you for condemning us1 because there is such a blessed discord between the divine and human judgment1 that when you condemn us upon earth1 ,god absolveth us in heaven40 ,tertullian wrote about the same time his two books ,against the ,gentiles1 in the first confuting their slanders1 in the second attacking their false gods4 ,an accidental disputation of a ,christian with a ,jewish proselyte engaged him to show the triumph of the faith over that obstinate race1 who seemed deaf to all arguments4 ,his book ,against the ,jews is just1 solid1 and well supported1 a model of theological controversy1 which wants but a little clearness of diction to be a very finished piece4 ,hermogenes1 a ,stoic philosopher1 and a ,christian1 broached a new heresy in ,africa1 teaching matter to be eternal4 ,tertullian shows it to have been created by ,god with the world1 and unravels the sophistry of that heresiarch in its book ,against ,hermogenes4 ,that ,against the ,valentinians is rather a satire and raillery1 than a serious confutation of the extravagant sentiments of those heretics4 ,his excellent book ,of ,prescription against ,heretics was certainly written before his fall2 for in it he lays great stress on his communion with all the apostolic churches1 especially that of ,rome1 and confutes by general principles all heresies that can arise4 ,his design in this little treatise is to show1 that the appeal to scripture is very unjust in heretics1 who have no claim or title to the scriptures4 ,these were carefully committed in trust by the apostles to their successors1 and he proves1 that to whom the scriptures were intrusted1 to them also was committed the interpretation of scripture4 ,he promises that heresies are the very pest and destruction of faith1 but no just cause of scandal or wonder1 any more than fevers which consume the human body2 for they were predicted by ,christ1 and the necessary consequence of criminal passions4 ,he says1 as if it had been to anticipate or remove the offence which he afterward gave by his fall3 8,what if a bishop1 a deacon1 a widow1 a virgin1 a teacher1 or even a martyr1 shall fall from the faith2--,do we judge of the faith by the persons or of persons by their faith8 ,no man is wise who holds not the faith40 7c4 #c47 ,he says3 8,we have no need of a nice inquiry after we have found ,christ1 or of any curious search after we have learned the gospel4 ,if we believe we desire nothing further than to be believers40 7c4 #g47 ,he adds1 some heretics inculcate as a good reason for eternal scruple and searching1 that it is written3 ,seek and ye shall find4 ,but he takes notice those words only belonged to those ,jews who had not yet found ,christ1 and cannot mean1 that we must for ever seek on4 ,but if we are to seek1 it must not be from heretics who are estranged from the truth1 who have no power to instruct1 no inclination but to destroy1 and whose very light is darkness4 ,christ laid down a rule of faith1 about which there can be no cavils1 no disputes but what are raised by heretics2 and an obstinate opposition to this rule is what constitutes a heretic4 ,he inveighs against too curious searches in faith1 as the source of heresies4 ,then coming close to the point1 he will not have heretics admitted to dispute about the scriptures1 to which they have no claim2 and in such a scriptural disputation1 the victory is precarious and very liable to uncertainty4 ,all then is to be resolved into what the apostles have taught2 which apostolical tradition is the demonstration of the truth1 and the confutation of all error and heretical innovation4 ,our perfect agreement1 and general consent and harmony with the apostolic churches which live in the unity of the same faith1 is the most convincing proof of the truth1 against which no just objection can possibly be formed4 7c4 #ba1 #bb47 ,he urges that ,marcion1 ,apelles1 ,valentinus1 and ,hermogenes were of too modern a date1 and proved by their separation and pretended claim of what was ancient1 that the ,church was before them2 they ought therefore to say1 that ,christ came down again from heaven and taught again upon earth1 before they can commence apostles4 8,but10 says he1 8if any of these heretics have the confidence to put in their claim to apostolic antiquity1 let them show us the original of their churches1 the order and succession of their bishops1 so as to ascend up to an apostle10 c4 ,he is for having the heretics prove their mission by miracles1 like the apostles4 7c4 #ce47 ,he writes3 8,to these men the ,church might thus fitly address herself3 ,who are ye8 ,when1 and from whence came ye8 ,what do ye in my pastures1 who are none of mine8 ,by what authority do you1 ,marcion1 break in upon my enclosures8 ,whence1 ,o ,apelles1 is your power to remove my land-marks8 ,this field is mine of right1 why then do you at your pleasure sow and feed therein8 ,it is my possession2 ,i held it in times past2 ,i first had it in my hands2 my title to it is firm and indisputable1 and derived from those persons whose it was1 and to whom it properly belonged2 ,i am the heir of the apostles2 as they provided in their testament1 as they committed and delivered to my trust1 as they charged and ordered me1 so ,i hold40 7c4 #cg47 ,he takes notice that in the ,pagan superstitions the devil had imitated many ceremonies both of the ,jewish and ,christian religion2 and that heretics in like manner were bad copies of the true ,church4 7c4 #dj47 ,he appeals to the manners and conversation of the heretics which are vain1 earthly1 without weight1 without discipline1 in every respect suitable to the faith they profess4 7c4 #da1 #dc47 8,i am very much mistaken10 says he1 8if they are governed by any rules1 even of their own making1 since every one models and adopts the doctrine he has received according to his fancy1 as the first founder framed them to his1 and to serve his own turn4 ,the progress of every heresy was formed upon the footsteps of its first introducers2 and the same liberty that was assumed by ,valentinus and ,marcion1 was generally made use of by their followers4 ,if you search into all sorts of heresies1 you will find that they differ in many things from the first authors of their own sect4 ,they have few of them in any ,church2 but without mother1 without see1 without the faith1 they wander up and down like exiled men1 entirely devoid of house and home40 7c4 #db47 ,among his other works1 the most useful is the book ,on ,penance1 the best polished of all his writings2 in the first part1 he treats of repentance at baptism2 in the second1 on that for sins committed after baptism4 ,he teaches here that the ,church hath power to remit even fornication1 which he denied when a ,montanist4 ,he insists much on the laborious exercises of this penance after baptism4 ,a book ,on ,prayer1 explaining in the first part the ,lord's ,prayer2 in the second1 several ceremonies often used at prayer4 ,an exhortation to ,patience1 in which the motives are displayed with great eloquence4 ,an exhortation to ,martyrdom1 than which nothing can be more pathetic4 ,he wrote a book ,on ,baptism1 proving in the first part1 its obligation and necessity2 in the second1 treating on several points of discipline relating to that sacrament4 ,as to his other works1 in his first book to his ,wife1 written probably before he was priest 7see ,ceillier1 p4 #cge1 and #cia71 he exhorts her not to marry again1 if she should survive him2 and mentions several in the ,church living in perpetual continency4 ,in the second1 he allows second marriages lawful1 but if the woman be determined to engage a second time in the married state1 insists that it is unlawful to marry an infidel4 ,he alleges the impossibility of rising to prayer at night1 giving suitable alms1 visiting the martyrs1 c4 with a pagan husband3 8,can you conceal yourself from him10 says he1 8when you make the sign of the cross upon your bed or your body8--,will he not know what you receive in secret1 before you take any food80 that is1 the eucharist1 7l4 #b1 c4 #e47 ,he concludes with an amiable description of a ,christian holy marriage3 8,the ,church10 saith he1 8approves the contract1 the oblation ratifies it1 the blessing is the seal of it1 and the angels carry it to the heavenly ,father who confirms it4 ,two bear together the same yoke1 and are but one flesh1 and one mind3 they pray together1 fast together1 mutually exhort each other1 go together to the church1 and to the table of the ,lord4 ,they conceal nothing from each other1 visit the sick1 collect alms without restraint1 assist at the offices of the ,church without interruption1 sing psalms and hymns together1 and encourage each other to praise ,god40 ,in his treatise ,on the ,shows1 he represents them as occasions of idolatry1 impurity1 vanity1 and other vices1 and mentions a woman who1 going to the theatre1 returned back possessed with a devil3 when the exorcist reproached the evil spirit for daring to attack one of the faithful1 it boldly answered3 8,i found her in my own house40 ,in his book ,on ,idolatry1 he determines many cases of conscience1 relating to idolatry1 as that it is not lawful to make idols1 c41 but he says1 a ,christian servant may attend his master to a temple3 any friend may assist at an idolater's marriage1 c4 ,in two books ,on the ,ornaments or ,dress of ,women1 he zealously recommends modesty in attire1 and condemns their use of paint4 ,in that ,on veiling ,virgins1 he undertakes to prove that young women ought to cover their faces at church1 contrary to the custom of his country1 where only married women were veiled4 ,in that ,on the ,testimony of the ,soul1 he proves that there is only one ,god from the natural testimony of every one's soul4 ,in his ,scorpiace1 written against the poison of the ,scorpions1 that is1 ,gnostics1 especially a branch of those heretics named ,cainites1 he proves the necessity of martyrdom1 which they denied4 ,in his ,exhortation to ,chastity1 he dissuades a certain widow from a second marriage1 which he allows to be lawful1 though hardly so2 and the harshness of his expressions show that he then leaned toward ,montanism4 ,tertullian was a priest1 and continued in the ,church till the middle of his life1 that is1 to forty or upwards1 when he miserably fell4 ,montanus1 an eunuch in ,phrygia1 set up for a prophet1 and was wonderfully agitated by an evil spirit1 and pretended to raptures in which he lost his senses1 and spoke incoherently1 not like ,st4 ,quadratus and other true prophets4 ,he was joined by ,prisca1 or ,priscilla1 and ,maximilla1 two women of quality1 and rich1 but of most debauched lives4 ,these had the like pretended raptures1 and many were deceived by them4 ,montanus1 about the year #aga1 pretended that he had received the ,holy ,ghost to complete the law of the gospel1 and was called by his followers the ,paraclete4 ,affecting a severity of doctrine1 to which his manners did not correspond1 he condemned second marriages1 and flight in persecution1 and ordered extraordinary fasts4 ,the ,montanists said that1 beside the fast of ,lent observed by the ,catholics1 there were other fasts imposed by the ,divine ,spirit4 ,they kept three ,lents in the year1 each of two weeks1 and upon dry meats1 as necessary injunctions of the ,spirit by the new revelations made to ,montanus1 which they preferred to the writings of the apostles2 and they said these laws were to be observed for ever4 7,see ,tert4 de ,jejun4 c4 #ae1 also ,st4 ,jerom1 ep4 #ed1 ad ,marcellam1 et in ,agg1 c4 #a71 which is the reason why the ,montanists1 even in the time of ,sozomen1 kept their ,antepaschal fast confined to two weeks1 which the ,catholics at that time certainly observed of forty days4 ,for1 as bishop ,hooper 7of ,lent1 p4 #fe71 remarks1 those great fasters would hardly have been left behind1 had they not been restrained by the pretended institution of the ,spirit1 to which they punctually kept2 and this circumstance rendered these facts superstitious4 ,pepuzium1 a town in ,phrygia1 was the metropolis of these heretics1 who called it ,jerusalem4 ,the bishops of ,asia having examined their prophecies and errors1 condemned them4 ,it is said1 that ,montanus and ,maximilla going mad1 hanged themselves4 ,see ,eusebius4 ,tertullian's harsh1 severe disposition fell in with this rigidness4 ,his vehement temper was for no medium in any thing2 and failing first by pride1 he resented some affronts which he imagined he had received from the clergy of ,rome1 as ,saint ,jerom testifies2 and in this passion deserted the ,church1 forgetting the maxims by which he had confuted all heresies4 ,solomon's fall did not prejudice his former inspired writings4 ,nor does the misfortune of ,tertullian destroy at least the justness of the reasoning in what he had written in defence of the truth1 any more than if a man lost his senses1 this unlucky accident could annul what he had formerly done for the advancement of learning4 ,tertullian is the most ancient of all ecclesiastical writers among the ,latins4 ,st4 ,vincent of ,lerins1 who is far from shading the blemishes of this great man1 says1 8,he was among the ,latins what ,origen was among the ,greeks--that is1 the first man of his age4 ,every word seems a sentence1 and almost every sentence a new victory4 ,yet with all these advantages1 he did not continue in the ancient and universal faith4 ,his error1 as the blessed confessor ,hilary observes1 has taken away that authority from his writings which they would have otherwise deserved40 ,st4 ,jerom in his book against ,helvidius1 when his authority was objected1 coolly answered1 8,that he is not of the ,church10 8,ecclesi hominem non esse40 ,yet he sometimes speaks advantageously of his learning4 ,lactantius calls his style uncouth1 rugged1 and dark1 but admires his depth of sense2 and he who breaks the shell will not repent his pains for the kernel4 ,balsac ingeniously compares his eloquence to ebony1 which is bright and pleasing in its black light4 ,the great master of eloquence1 ,st4 ,cyprian1 found such hidden stores under his dark language1 that he is reported never to have passed a day without reading him2 and when he called for his book1 he used to say1 8,give me my master40 ,we find this once great man1 who expressed in his ,apologetic 7cap4 #ci7 the most just and fearful apprehension of excommunication1 which he there called1 ,the anticipation of the future judgment1 afterward proud1 arrogant1 and at open defiance with the censures of the ,church4 ,and this great genius seems even to lose common sense when he writes in favor of his errors and enthusiasm1 as when1 upon the authority of the dreams of ,priscilla and ,maximilla1 he seriously disputes on the shape and color of a human soul1 c4 ,he lived to a very advanced age1 and leaving the ,montanists1 became the author of a new sect called from him ,tertullianists1 who had a church at ,carthage till ,st4 ,austin's time1 when they were all reconciled to the ,catholic faith4 ,tertullian died towards the year #bde4 ,the works which he wrote after his fall are1 a book ,on the ,soul1 pretending it to have a human figure1 c4 ,another ,on the ,flesh of ,christ1 proving that he took upon him human flesh in reality1 not in appearance only4 ,one on the ,resurrection of the ,flesh1 proving that great mystery4 ,five books ,against ,marcion1 who maintained that there were two principles or gods1 the one good the other evil2 that the latter was worshipped by the ,jews1 and was author of their law2 but that the good god sent ,christ to destroy his works4 ,against this heresiarch1 ,tertullian proves the unity of ,god1 and the sanctity of the ,old ,law and ,testament4 ,in his book ,against ,praxeas he proves excellently the ,trinity of ,persons1 and uses the very word ,trinity 7c4 #b71 but he impiously condemns ,praxeas1 because coming from the ,east to ,rome he had informed pope ,victor of the errors and hypocrisy of ,montanus2 on which account he says1 he had banished the ,paraclete 7,montanus7 and crucified the ,father4 8,paracletum fugavit1 ,patrem crucifixit10 7c4 #a47 ,for ,praxeas1 puffed up with the title of confessor1 broached the heresy of the ,patripassians1 confounding the three ,persons1 and pretending that the ,father in the ,son became man1 and was crucified for us4 ,his apology for the ,philosophers' ,cloak1 which he continued to wear rather than the ,toga1 for its conveniency1 and as an emblem of a severer life1 seems only writ to display his wit4 ,his apology to ,scapula1 proconsul of ,africa in #baa1 is an exhortation to put a stop to the persecution1 alleging that 8a ,christian is no man's enemy1 much less the emperor's40 ,in his book ,on ,monogamy he maintains against the ,psychici 7so he calls the ,catholics7 that second marriages are unlawful1 which was one point of his heresy4 ,one of his arguments is1 the duty of a widow always to pray for the soul of her deceased husband4 7c4 #aj47 ,he writ his book on ,fasts1 to defend the extraordinary fasts commanded by the ,montanists2 but shows that certain obligatory fasts were observed by the ,catholics1 as that before ,easter1 since called ,lent1 in which they fasted every day till vespers or evening-service3 that those of ,wednesday and ,friday till three o'clock1 called stations1 were devotional4 ,some added to these ,xerophagia or the use only of dried meats1 abstaining from all vinous and juicy fruits2 and some confined themselves to bread and water4 ,the ,montanists kept three ,lents a year1 and other fasts always till night1 and with the ,xerophagia4 ,tertullian wrote also his book ,on ,chastity1 against the ,catholics1 because they gave absolution to penitents who had been guilty of adultery or fornication4 ,for the ,montanists denied that the ,church could pardon sins of impurity1 murder1 or idolatry4 ,in this book he mentions twice1 that on the sacred chalices was painted the image of the good shepherd bringing home the lost sheep on his shoulders4 ,scoffing at a decree made by the bishop of ,rome at that time1 he writes1 8,i am informed that they have made a decree1 and even a peremptory one2 the chief priest1 that is1 the bishop of bishops1 saith2 ,i remit the sins of adultery and fornication to those who have done penance40 7c4 #a47 ,he calls him apostolic bishop1 c4 #ai1 and blessed pope1 c4 #ac1 ib4 ,his book ,on the ,crown was written in #bce1 the first year of ,maximinus1 to defend the action of a ,christian soldier who refused to put on his head a garland1 like the rest1 when he went to receive a donative4 ,tertullian says these garlands were reputed sacred to some false god or other4 ,he alleges that by tradition alone we practise many things1 as the ceremonies used at baptism1 yearly oblations 7or sacrifices7 for the dead1 and for the festivals of martyrs1 standing at prayer on the ,lord's day1 and from ,easter to ,whitsuntide1 and the sign of the cross 8which we make10 says he1 8upon our foreheads at every action1 and in all our motions at coming in or going out of doors1 in dressing or bathing ourselves2 when we are at table or in bed2 when we sit down or light a lamp1 or whatever else we do40 7,de ,corona1 c4 #c and #d47 ,his book ,on ,flight1 was written about the same time to pretend to prove against the ,catholics that it is a crime to fly in time of persecution4 ,the most correct edition of ,tertullian's works is that of ,rigaltius1 even that of ,pamelius being ill pointed1 and abounding with faults2 though ,rigaltius's notes on this and some other fathers want much amendment4 #aia ,tert4 l4 ad ,scapul4 c4 #c4 #aib ,l4 #g1 ,ep4 #h4 #aic ,euchar4 #aid ,ennod4 l4 #h1 ,ep4 #bd1 ad ,faust4 #aie ,magisteriani were officers under the ,magister ,officiorum1 who held one of the first dignities in the imperial court1 and had a superintendency over the ,palatines1 inferior officers of the court1 the schools or academies of the court1 and certain governors4 ,see ,du ,cange1 ,glossar4 #aif ,this ceremony was much more ancient4 ,alcuin and ,amalarius ascribe its institution to pope ,zosimus2 but others make it of older date4 ,at ,rome the archdeacon on ,holy ,saturday blessed wax mingled with oil1 particles of which having a figure of a lamb formed upon them were distributed among the people4 ,hence was derived the custom of ,agnus ,deis made of wax sometimes mixed with relics of martyrs1 which the popes blessed in a solemn manner4 ,see ,saint ,gregory of ,tours1 de ,vit4 ,patr4 c4 #h4 ,the ,rom4 ,order1 ,alcuin1 ,sirmond1 ,not4 ,in ,ennod41 c4 #aig ,that a pretended woman called ,joan interrupted the series of the succession between ,leo ,,iv4 and ,bennet ,,iii41 is a most notorious forgery4 ,lupus ,ferrariensis1 ep4 #ajc1 to ,bennet ,,iii4 ,ado in his ,chronicle1 ,rhegino in his ,chronicle1 the annals of ,st4 ,bertin1 ,hincmar ep4 #bf1 pope ,nicholas ,i4 the successor of ,bennet ,,iii4 ep4 #df1 even the calumniators of the holy see1 ,photius l4 ,de ,process4 ,spir4 ,sti4 and ,metrophanes of ,smyrna1 l4 de ,divinitate ,spiritus ,sancti1 who all lived at that very time1 expressly testify1 that ,bennet ,,iii4 succeeded immediately ,leo ,,iv4 ,whence ,blondel1 a violent ,calvinist1 has by an express dissertation demonstrated the falsity of this fable4 ,marianus ,scotus1 at ,mentz1 wrote two hundred years after1 in #ajhc1 a chronicle in which mention is first made of this fiction2 from whence it was inserted in the chronicle of ,martinus ,polonus1 a ,dominican1 in #abgg1 though it is wanting in the true ,,ms4 copy kept in the ,vatican library1 as ,leo ,allatius assures us1 and in other old ,,ms4 copies1 as ,burnet 7,nouvelles de la ,rep4 des ,lettres1 ,mars1 #afhg71 ,casleu 7,catal4 ,bibl4 reg4 ,londin1 p4 #ajb71 c41 testify4 ,lambecius1 the most learned keeper of the imperial library at ,vienna1 in his excellent catalogue of that library1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hfj1 has demonstrated this of the oldest and best manuscript copies of this chronicle2 also of ,marianus ,scotus4 ,her name was foisted into ,sigebert's ,chronicle1 written in #aaab2 for it is not found in the original ,,ms4 copy at ,gemblours1 authentically published by ,mirus4 ,platina1 and the other late copies of ,martinus ,polonus and ,sigebert1 borrow it from the first forger in the copy of ,marianus ,scotus1 probably falsified2 certainly of no authority and inconsistent2 for there it is said that she sat two years five months1 and that she had studied at ,athens1 where no schools remained long before this time4 ,as to the porphyry stool shown in a repository belonging to the ,lateran church1 which is said to have been made use of on account of this fable1 it is an idle dream4 ,there were two such stools2 one is now shown to travellers4 ,it is certainly of old ,roman antiquity1 finely polished1 and might perhaps be used at the baths or at some superstitious ceremonies4 ,the art of cutting or working in porphyry marble was certainly lost long before the ninth age1 and not restored before the time of ,cosmus the ,great of ,medicis2 this work is still exceeding slow and expensive4 ,on this idle fable see ,lambecius1 ,blondel1 ,leo ,allatius1 ,nat4 ,alexander1 ,boerhave1 c4 #aih ,the emperor ,adrian1 nobly born at ,italica1 near ,seville1 in ,spain1 was cousin-german to ,trajan2 and having been adopted by him1 upon his death ascended the imperial throne in #aag4 ,he was extremely inquisitive1 and fond of whatever was surprising or singular1 well skilled in all curious arts1 mathematics1 judiciary astrology1 physic1 and music4 ,but this1 says ,lord ,bacon1 was an error in his mind1 that he desired to comprehend all things1 yet neglected the most useful branches of knowledge4 ,he was light and fickle2 and so monstrous was his vanity1 that he caused all to be slain who pretended in any art or science to rival him2 and it was accounted great prudence in a certain person that he would not dispute his best with him1 alleging afterward that it was reasonable to yield to him who commanded thirty legions4 ,the beginning of this prince's reign was bloody2 yet he is commended in it for two things3 the first is mentioned by ,spartian1 that when he came to the empire he laid aside all former enmities1 and forgot past injuries3 insomuch that1 being made emperor1 he said to one who had been his capital enemy3 8,thou hast now escaped40 ,the other is1 that1 when a woman cried to him as he was passing by3 8,hear me1 ,csar20 and he answered1 8,i have not leisure40 ,the woman replied3 8,then cease to reign40 8,noli ergo imperare40 ,whereupon he stopped and heard her complaint4 #aii ,st4 ,paulin4 ep4 #aa4 ad ,sever4 #bjj ,st4 ,hieron4 ep4 #ac4 ad ,paul4 #bja ,adrian became more cruel than ever towards the end of his life1 and without any just cause put to death several persons of distinction4 ,at last he fell sick of a dropsy at his house at ,tibur4 ,finding that no medicines gave him any relief1 he grew most impatient and fretful under his lingering illness1 and wished for death1 often asking for poison or a sword1 which no one would give him1 though he offered them money and impunity4 ,his physician slew himself that he might not be compelled to give him poison4 ,a slave named ,mastor1 a barbarian noted for his strength and boldness1 whom the emperor had employed in hunting1 was1 partly by threats1 partly by promises1 prevailed upon to undertake it2 but instead of complying1 was seized with fear1 and durst not strike him1 and fled4 ,the unhappy tyrant lamented day and night1 that death refused to obey and deliver him who had caused the death of so many others4 ,he at length hastened his death by eating and drinking things contrary to his health in his distemper1 and expired with these words in his month1 8,the multitude of physicians hath killed the emperor40 8,turba medicorum ,csarem perdidit40 7,see ,dio et ,spartian in ,adr47 ,he died in #ach1 being sixty-two years old1 and having reigned twenty-one years4 #bjb ,a sette ,frate1 in the villa of ,mafiei1 nine miles from ,rome4 ,see ,aringhi1 ,roma ,subter4 l4 #c1 c4 #ad4 #bjc ,ado1 ,usuard2 ,mart4 ,rom4 cum notis ,baronii et ,lubin4 #bjd ,the best editions of ,st4 ,philastrius's book ,de ,hresibus1 are that printed in ,hamburg in #agba1 by the care of ,fabricius1 who has illustrated it with notes2 and that procured by ,cardinal ,quirini at ,brescia in #agch together with the works of ,st4 ,gaudentius4 #bje ,st4 ,aug4 ,pref4 l4 de hres4 #bjf ,utrecht was an archbishopric in the time of ,st4 ,willibrord1 but from his death remained a bishopric subject first to ,mentz1 afterward to ,cologne1 till1 in the reign of ,philip ,,ii4 ,paul ,,iv4 in #aeei1 restored the archbishoprics of ,utrecht and ,cambray1 and erected ,mechlin a third with the dignity of primate4 ,to ,utrecht he subjected the new bishoprics of ,haerlem1 ,middleburg1 ,deventer1 ,lewarden1 and ,groeningen2 to ,mechlin1 those of ,antwerp1 ,ghent1 ,bruges1 ,ipres1 ,bois-le-,duc and ,ruremond2 to ,cambray1 those of ,arras and ,tournay1 with two new ones1 ,st4 ,omer and ,namur4 #bjg ,he also gave him ,austrasia1 great part of which from that age has been called ,lorrain1 either from this ,lothaire or rather his younger son of the same name1 whom he left king of that country4 #bjh ,louis left to her the management of all affairs1 made her elder brother ,rodolph ,guelph1 governor of ,bavaria1 and her younger brother1 ,conrad1 governor of ,italy1 and destined the best part of the kingdoms of ,germany and ,france to ,charles the ,bald1 the son which she bore him2 to which dominions the sons by the first wife thought they had a prior claim4 ,they1 by an unjustifiable breach of their duty1 twice took up arms against their father2 first in #hcj1 when the empress ,judith was banished to a nunnery in ,gascony1 and the emperor imprisoned2 but he was soon released by the ,germans1 and recalled ,judith and her two brothers4 ,in the second rebellion1 in #hcc1 ,lothaire1 the eldest son1 banished ,judith to ,verona in ,italy1 and shut up her son ,charles in the abbey of ,pruim1 near ,triers1 and the weak emperor himself in the abbey of ,st4 ,medard's at ,soissons1 after he had in an assembly of the states at ,compeigne1 basely confessed himself justly deposed from the empire1 and guilty of the crimes which were laid to his charge4 ,he was afterward sent to the abbey of ,st4 ,denys near ,paris1 and there clothed with the habit of a monk2 but soon after delivered by his two younger sons1 ,pepin and ,louis1 and restored to his throne4 ,judith after all these disturbances so dexterously managed him that1 at his death in #hdj1 he left to her son ,charles the monarchy of ,france4 #bji ,p4 #bjd4 #baj ,l4 #a1 de gestis ,pontif4 ,angl4 p4 #aig4 #baa ,hist4 ,episcop4 ,ultraj4 #bab ,chron4 #bac ,ubbo ,emmius1 ,rerum ,frisic4 l4 #c1 p4 #gd4 #bad ,the works of ,st4 ,bruno of ,segni1 or of ,asti1 with a preliminary dissertation of ,dom4 ,maur ,marchesi were printed at ,venice in #afea1 in two vols4 folio1 and in the ,bibl4 ,patr4 at ,lyons in #afgg1 t4 #bj4 ,they consist of comments on several parts of scripture1 one hundred and forty-five sermons1 several dogmatical treatises1 and letters2 and a life of ,st4 ,leo ,,ix4 and another of ,st4 ,peter1 bishop of ,anagnia1 whom ,paschal ,,ii4 canonized4 ,this latter the ,bollandists have published on the #c;d of ,april4 #bae ,collet1 t4 #a1 b4 #a1 p4 #ff1 #ga4 #baf ,this book of ,jansenius was condemned by ,urban ,,viii4 in #afda1 and in #afec ,innocent ,x4 censured five propositions to which the errors contained in this book were principally reduced4 ,alexander ,,vii4 in #afef confirmed these decrees1 and in #affe approved the formulary proposed by the ,french clergy for the manner of receiving and subscribing them4 ,paschasius ,quenel1 a ,french oratorian1 published in #afga his book of ,moral ,reflections on the ,gospels1 which he afterward augmented1 and added like reflections on the rest of the ,new ,testament1 which work he printed complete in #afic and #afid4 ,in it he craftily insinuated the errors of ,jansenius1 and a contempt of the censures of the ,church4 ,clement ,,xi4 condemned this book1 in #agjh2 and in #agac by the ,constitution ,unigenitus1 censured one hundred and one propositions extracted out of it4 ,these decrees were all received and promulgated by the clergy of ,france1 and registered in the parliament of that kingdom that they might receive the force of a law of the state2 and they are adopted by the whole ,catholic ,church1 as cardinal ,bissy1 ,languet1 and other ,french prelates have clearly demonstrated4 ,the ,jansenian heresy is downright ,predestinationism1 than which no doctrine can be imagined more monstrous and absurd4 ,the principal errors couched in the doctrine of ,jansenists are1 that ,god sometimes refuses1 even to the just1 sufficient grace to comply with his precepts2 that the grace which ,god affords man since the fall of ,adam1 is such that if concupiscence be stronger1 it cannot produce its effect2 but if the grace be more powerful than the opposite concupiscence in the soul1 or relatively to it victorious by a necessitating influence1 that then it cannot be resisted1 rejected1 or hindered2 and that ,christ by his death paid indeed a price sufficient for the redemption of all men1 and offered it to purchase some weak insufficient graces for reprobate souls1 but not to procure them means truly applicable1 and sufficient for their salvation2 which is really to confine the death of ,christ to the elect1 and to deprive the reprobate of sufficient means to attain to salvation4 ,the main-spring or hinge of this system is that the grace which inclines man's will to supernatural virtue1 since the fall of ,adam1 consists in a moral pleasurable motion or a delectation infused into the soul inclining her to virtue1 as concupiscence carries her to vice2 and that the power of delectation1 whether of virtue or vice1 which is stronger1 draws the will by an inevitable necessity as it were by its own weight4 ,the equivocations by which some advocates for these erroneous principles have endeavored to disguise or soften their harshness1 only discover their fear of the light4 ,a certain modern philosopher is more daring who1 in spite not only of revelation1 which he disclaims1 but also of reason and experience1 openly denies all free-will or election in human actions1 pretending to apply this system of a two-fold delectation to every natural operation of the will4 7,see ,hume's ,essay on ,free-,will47 ,those who obstinately oppose the decrees of the ,church in these disputes1 without adopting any heretical principle condemned as such by the ,church1 but found their unjust exceptions in some points of discipline1 or any other weak pretences1 cannot be charged with heresy3 nevertheless1 only invincible ignorance can exempt them from the guilt of disobedience though they should not proceed to a schismatical separation in communion4 #bag ,see ,f4 ,honor ,addit4 sur les ,observ4 p4 #bda1 c4 ,languet ep4 ,pastor1 c4 #bah ,honor1 ibid4 p4 #bde1 #bec1 c4 #bai ,see ,collet's life of ,st4 ,vincent1 l4 #c1 t4 #a1 p4 #bfj1 and ,abelly1 l4 #b1 ch4 #ab4 #bbj ,l4 #i4 #bba ,this consists in a prolapse both of the gut and the omentum or caul together4 #bbb ,t4 #b1 p4 #edf4 #bbc 8,fuge1 tace1 quiesce2 hc sunt principia salutis10 ,rosweide1 ,cotelier1 et ,saint ,theod4 ,stud4 ,vit4 ,s4 ,arcen41 c4 #a1 n4 #g4 #bbd ,a small ,egyptian measure of vegetables made of palm-tree leaves1 as the word implies4 ,see ,cotelier1 ,mon4 ,gr4 t4 #d1 not4 p4 #gdh1 and ,du ,cange1 ,gloss4 ,grc4 v4 4 #bbe ,st4 ,chrys4 l4 de ,virginit4 t4 #a1 p4 #cba1 ed4 ,ben4 #bbf ,st4 ,aug4 in ,ps4 #abh4 #bbg ,st4 ,john ,clim4 ,grad4 #g1 p4 #dbg4 #bbh ,gr4 #bg1 n4 #fe4 #bbi ,conc4 t4 #d1 p4 #abhf4 #bcj ,ennod4 ,apol4 p4 #cdb1 ed4 ,sirmond4 ,item1 l4 #a1 ep4 #e4 ,cassidor4 in ,chron4 et ,anast4 in ,pontific4 #bca ,conc4 t4 #d1 p4 #abhg4 #bcb ,ib4 p4 #abbc4 #bcc ,dial4 l4 #d1 c4 #dj4 ,see ,baron4 ad an4 #dih1 et ,benedict ,,xiv4 l4 de ,canoniz4 ,sanctor4 #bcd ,t4 #ae1 ch4 #bc1 p4 #ceb1 ,vie de ,paschase4 #bce ,symmach4 ,apol4 t4 #d1 ,conc4 p4 #abih4 #bcf ,ib4 p4 #acja4 #bcg ,act4 i4 #bj4 #bch ,hom4 #c1 in ,act4 #bci ,eus4 ,hist4 l4 #c1 c4 #ci4 #bdj ,l4 #b1 de ,prdest4 #bda ,john ,cassian1 priest and abbot of the great monastery of ,st4 ,victor's at ,marseilles1 was a native of ,lesser ,scythia1 then comprised under ,thrace4 ,he inured himself from his youth to the exercises of an ascetic life in the monastery of ,bethlehem4 ,the great reputation of many holy anchorets in the deserts of ,egypt induced him and one ,germanus1 about the year #cij1 to pay them a visit4 ,being much edified with the great examples of virtue they saw in those solitudes1 especially in the wilderness of ,scet1 they spent there and in ,thebais several years4 ,they lived like the monks of that country1 went bare-foot1 and so meanly clad that their friends would have been ashamed to meet them1 and they gained their subsistence by their work1 as all the rest did4 7,col4 #d1 c4 #aj47 ,their life was most austere1 and they scarce ate two loaves a day each of six ounces4 7,col4 #ai1 c4 #ag47 ,in #djc they both went to ,constantinople1 where they listened to the spiritual instructions of ,st4 ,chrysostom1 who ordained ,cassian deacon1 and employed him in his church4 ,after the banishment of that holy prelate1 ,cassian and ,germanus travelled to ,rome with letters from the clergy of ,constantinople to defend their injured pastor as ,palladius informs us4 ,cassian was promoted to the order of priesthood in the ,west1 and retiring to ,marseilles1 there founded two monasteries1 one for men1 and another for virgins1 and wrote his spiritual ,conferences and other works4 ,he died in odor of sanctity soon after the year #dcc4 ,his very ancient picture is shown in ,st4 ,victor's at ,marseilles1 where his head and right arm are exposed in shrines on the altar1 by the permission of pope ,urban ,v41 the remainder of his body lies in a marble tomb which is shown in a subterraneous chapel4 ,that abbey1 by a special grant1 celebrates an office in his honor on the #bc;d of ,july4 ,his works consist1 first of a book ,on the ,incarnation1 against ,nestorius1 written at the request of ,st4 ,leo1 then archdeacon of ,rome4 ,secondly1 ,of ,institutions of a ,monastical ,life1 in twelve books4 ,in the four first he describes the habit that was worn1 and the exercises and way of living that were followed by the monks of ,egypt1 to serve as a pattern for the monastic state in the ,west4 ,he says1 their habit was mean1 merely serving to cover their nakedness2 having short sleeves which reached no further than their elbows2 they wore a girdle and a cowl upon their heads1 but used no shoes1 only a kind of sandals which they put off when they approached the altar2 and they all used a walking-staff1 as an emblem that they were pilgrims on earth4 ,he observes that the monks forsook all things1 labored with their hands1 and lived in obedience2 he describes the canonical hours of the divine office consisting of psalms and lessons4 ,he mentions that whoever desires to be admitted into a monastery1 must give proofs of his patience1 humility1 and contempt of the world1 and be tried with denials and affronts2 that no postulant was allowed to give his estate to the monastery in which he settled2 that the first lesson which is taught a monk is1 to subdue his passions1 to deny his own will1 and to practise blind obedience to his superior4 ,thus he is to empty himself of all prevalence in his own abilities1 learning1 or whatever can feed any secret pride or presumption4 ,cassian observes1 that young monks were allowed no other food than boiled herbs1 with a little salt2 but that the extraordinary austerities of the ,oriental monks in eating are not practicable in the west4 ,in the eight last books of this work he treats of eight capital vices1 prescribing the remedies and motives against them1 and explaining the contrary virtues4 ,he shows 7l4 #f1 ,inst4 c4 #e1 #f71 that chastity is a virtue which is not to be obtained but by a special grace of ,god2 which must be implored by earnest prayer1 seconded by watchfulness and fasting4 ,he everywhere advises moderate fasts1 but continual1 7l4 #e1 p4 #ajg1 c474 ,he observes 7l4 #aa1 c4 #d71 that vain-glory is the last vice that is subdued1 and that it takes occasion even from the victory itself to renew its assaults4 ,this seems the best and most useful of ,cassian's writings1 though the reading of his ,conferences has been strongly recommended to monks by ,st4 ,bennet1 ,st4 ,john ,climacus1 ,st4 ,gregory1 ,st4 ,dominic1 ,st4 ,thomas1 and others4 ,in the book of his ,conferences he has collected the spiritual maxims of the wisest and most experienced monks with whom he had conversed in ,egypt4 ,this work consists of three parts2 the first contains ten ,conferences1 and was written in #dbc2 the second comprises seven ,conferences1 and was compiled two years later2 the third was finished in #dbh1 and contains seven other ,conferences4 ,cassian1 in this work1 teaches that the end to which a monk consecrates all his labors and for which he has renounced the world1 is1 the more easily to attain the most perfect purity or singleness of heart1 without which no one can see ,god in his glory1 or enjoy his presence by his special grace in this life4 ,for this he must forsake the world1 or its goods and riches2 he must renounce or die to himself1 divesting himself of all vices and irregular inclinations2 and thirdly1 he must withdraw his heart from earthly or visible things to apply it to those that are spiritual and divine4 7,collat4 #a and #c47 ,he says1 that the veil of the passions being once removed1 the eyes of the mind will begin1 as it were naturally to contemplate the mysteries of ,god1 which remain always unintelligible and obscure to those who have only eyes of flesh1 or whose hearts are unclean1 and their eyes overclouded with sin and the world4 7,coll4 #e47 ,this purgation of the heart is made by the exercises of compunction1 mortification1 and self-denial2 and the unshaken foundation of the most profound humility must be laid1 which may bear a tower reaching to the heavens2 for1 upon it is to be raised the superstructure of all spiritual virtues4 7,coll4 #i47 ,to gain a victory over vices he strenuously inculcates the advantages of discovering all temptations to our superior1 for when detected1 they lose their force2 the filthy serpent being by confession drawn out of his dark hole into the light and in a manner exposed1 withdraws himself4 ,his suggestions prevail so long as they are concealed in the heart4 7,coll4 #b1 c4 #aj1 #aa1 and ,instit4 l1 #i1 c4 #ci47 ,this he confirms by the example of ,serapion1 cured of an inveterate habit of stealing bread above his allowance in the community1 by confessing the fault4 7,coll4 #b1 c4 #aa47 ,but he teaches that these exercises are but preparations2 for the end and perfection of the monastic state consists in continual and uninterrupted perseverance in prayer1 as far as human frailty will permit4 ,this is the conjunction of the heart with ,god4 ,but this spirit of prayer cannot be obtained without mighty contrition1 the purgation of the heart from all earthly corruption and the dregs of passion1 and the illumination of the ,holy ,ghost1 whose purest rays cannot enter an unclean heart4 ,he compares the soul to a light feather which by its own levity is raised on high by the help of a gentle breath2 but if wet by the accession of moisture1 is depressed down to the very earth4 ,the mind can only ascend to ,god when it is disburdened of the weight of earthly solicitude and corruption4 7,coll4 #i47 ,he inculcates the use of frequent aspirations1 recommending that of the ,church1 8,deus1 in adjutorium meum intende10 c42 and says1 the end of the perfection of the monastic state is1 that the mind be refined from all carnal dust1 and elevated to spiritual things1 till by daily progress in this habit all its conversation may be virtually one continual prayer1 and all the soul's love1 desire1 and study1 may be terminated in ,god4 ,in this her union with him by perpetual and inseparable charity1 she possesses an image of future bliss1 and a foretaste or earnest of the conversation of the blessed4 ,inveighing against lukewarmness in devotion he makes this remark 7,coll4 #d1 c4 #ai73 8,we have often seen souls converted to perfection from a state of coldness1 that is1 from among worldlings and heathens2 but have never seen any from among tepid ,christians4 ,these are moreover so hateful to ,god1 that by the prophet he bids his teachers not to direct any exhortations to them1 but to abandon them as a fruitless barren land1 and to sow the divine word on new hearts1 among sinners and heathens3 #8,break up the new or fallow ground1 and sow not upon land that is overrun with thorns4'0 7,jer4 iv4 #c47 ,he exceedingly extols the unspeakable peace and happiness which souls enjoy in seeking only ,god1 and the great and wonderful works which he performs in the hearts of his saints1 which cannot be truly known to any man except to those who have experience of them4 7,coll4 #ab1 c4 #ab1 and ,coll4 #ad1 c4 #ad47 ,cassian1 in the thirteenth ,conference1 under the name of the abbot ,cheremon1 favors the principles of the ,semipelagians1 though that error was not then condemned1 it being first proscribed in the second council of ,orange in #ebi4 ,whence ,st4 ,prosper himself1 in his book against this discourse1 never names him1 but styles him a catholic doctor4 7l4 contra ,collatorem1 p4 #hbh47 ,cassian's style1 though neither pure nor elegant1 is plain1 affecting1 and persuasive4 ,his works were published with comments by ,alard ,gazus or ,gazet1 a ,benedictin monk of ,st4 ,vaast's at ,arras1 first at ,douay in #afaf2 and afterward with more ample notes at ,arras in #afah4 ,they have been since reprinted at ,lyons1 ,paris1 and ,francfort4 ,see ,dom4 ,rivet1 ,hist4 ,lit4 t4 #b1 p4 #bae1 and ,cuper the ,bollandist1 ad #bc ,julij1 t4 #e1 p4 #deh1 ad #dhb4 #bdb ,see the most edifying history of the eminent and holy men of this monastery of ,st4 ,victor's at ,paris compiled by ,f4 ,simon ,gourdan1 in seven volumes folio1 kept in ,,mss4 in the curious public library of that house1 t4 #a1 p4 #abh1 c4 #bdc ,among the great men which this abbey produced in its infancy1 the most famous are ,hugh and ,richard of ,st4 ,victor4 ,hugh1 a native of the territory of ,ypres in ,flanders1 became a canon regular in this monastery in #aaae1 was made prior1 and taught divinity there from the year #aacj to his death in #aadb4 ,his works are printed in three vols4 folio4 ,in the first we have his literal and historical notes on the scripture2 also mystical and allegorical notes on the same by some later author of this house4 ,in the second tome are contained his spiritual works2 the soliloquy of the soul1 the praise of charity1 a discourse on the method of praying1 a discourse on love between the ,beloved and the ,spouse1 four books on the vanity of the world1 one hundred sermons1 c4 ,the third tome presents us his theological treatises1 of which the principal are his two books on the sacraments4 ,he was called a second ,augustin1 or the tongue of that great doctor1 whose spirit1 sentiments1 and style he closely follows4 ,his notes on the rule of ,st4 ,austin1 in the second tome1 are excellent3 also those on the ,decalogue4 ,the book ,de claustro anim is very useful for religious persons1 and shows the austere abstinence and discipline then observed in monasteries2 but is the work of ,hugh ,foliet1 a most pious and learned canon of this order1 who was chosen abbot of ,st4 ,dionysius's at ,rheims1 though he earnestly declined that dignity1 in #aadi4 ,see ,mabillon1 ,analecta1 t4 #a1 p4 #acc1 and ,annal4 l1 #gg1 p4 #ada4 ,ceillier1 t4 #bb1 pp4 #bjj1 #bbd4 ,martenne1 t4 #e4 ,anecdot4 p4 #hhg4 ,richard of ,st4 ,victor1 a ,scotsman1 regular canon of ,st4 ,victor's at ,paris1 scholar of ,hugh1 chosen prior of that abbey in #aafd1 died in #aagc4 ,his works have been often reprinted in two vols4 folio2 the best edition is that given at ,rouen in #afej4 ,his comments on the scripture are too diffusive3 his theological tracts are accurate1 his writings on contemplation and ,christian virtues1 though the style is plain1 are full of the most sublime rules of an interior life4 ,the collection of spiritual maxims of these holy men which ,f4 ,gourdan has compiled from their writings and sayings1 demonstrates their heavenly wisdom1 lights and experience in spiritual things1 and in the perfect spirit of all virtues to which they attained by an admirable purity of heart1 and spirit of penance1 prayer1 and divine love4 #bdd ,luke vii4 #bde ,mention is made in the gospels of a woman who was a sinner 7,luke vii471 of ,mary of ,bethania1 the sister of ,lazarus 7,john xi4 #b1 xii4 #a1 ,mark xiv4 #c1 ,mat4 xxvi4 #f471 and of ,mary ,magdalen1 who followed ,jesus from ,galilee1 and ministered to him4 ,many grave authors think all this belongs to one and the same person2 that she fell into certain disorders in her youth1 and in chastisement was delivered over to be possessed by seven devils2 that she addressed herself to ,jesus in the house of ,simon the pharisee1 and by her compunction deserved to hear from him that her sins were forgiven her2 and in consequence was delivered from the seven devils3 that with her brother ,lazarus1 and her sister ,martha1 she left ,galilee and settled at ,bethania1 where ,jesus frequently honored their house with his presence4 7,see ,pezron1 ,hist4 ,evang4 t4 #b1 p4 #cej47 ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 7l4 #b1 ,pdag4 c4 #h47 ,ammonius1 7,harmon4 #d1 ,evang47 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great1 7hom4 #be and #cc1 in ,evang47 and from his time the greater part of the ,latins down to the sixteenth century adopt this opinion2 though ,st4 ,ambrose1 7lib4 de ,virgin4 et l4 #f1 in ,luc47 ,st4 ,jerom1 7in ,mat4 xxvi4 l4 #b1 contr4 ,jovin4 c4 #af1 ,prf4 in ,osee et ep4 #aej47 ,st4 ,austin1 7tr4 #di1 in ,joan4 n4 #c47 ,albertus ,magnus1 and ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas leave the question undetermined4 ,the two last say the ,latins in their time generally presumed that they were the same person1 but that the ,greeks distinguished them4 ,baronius1 ,jansenius of ,ghent1 ,maldonat1 ,natalis ,alexander1 7in ,hist4 ,eccl4 ,sc4 #a1 ,diss4 #ag47 ,lami1 7,harmon4 ,evang4 et epist4 ,gallic47 ,mauduit1 7,analyse des ,evang4 t4 #b47 ,pezron1 ,trevet1 and strenuously ,solier the ,bollandist1 t4 #e1 ,julij1 p4 #ahg1 and others have written in defence of the opinion of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great4 ,others think these were distinct persons4 ,this sentiment is adopted by the ,apostolic ,constitutions1 7l4 #c1 c4 #f47 ,st4 ,theophilus of ,antioch1 7in #d ,evang47 ,st4 ,irenus1 7l4 #c1 c4 #d47 ,origen1 7hom4 #ce1 in ,mat4 et hom4 #a1 or #b1 ,cant47 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 7hom4 #ha1 in ,mat4 #bf1 et hom4 #fa1 in ,joan47 ,st4 ,macanus1 7hom4 #ab17 and by almost all the ,greeks4 ,among the modern critics ,casaubon1 7,exercit4 #ad1 in ,baron47 ,estius1 7,or4 #ad17 three ,jesuits1 viz41 ,bulanger1 7,diatrab4 #c1 p4 #ae17 ,turrian1 7in ,consens4 l4 #c1 c4 #f17 and ,salmeron1 7t4 #i1 tr4 #di17 also ,zagers1 a learned ,franciscan1 7in ,joan4 #aa47 ,mauconduit1 ,anquetin1 ,tillemont1 7t4 #b1 p4 #cj1 et #eab47 ,hammond1 and many others1 strenuously assert these to have been three distinct women4 ,some1 whose sentiment appears most plausible to ,toinard and ,calmet1 distinguish the sister of ,lazarus and ,magdalen2 for this latter attended ,christ the last year of his life1 and seems to have followed him from ,galilee to ,jerusalem1 when he came up to the ,passover1 7see ,mat4 xxvii4 #ef1 #eg1 ,mark xv4 #dj1 #da1 ,luke xxiii4 #di17 at which time the sister of ,lazarus was with her brother and ,martha at ,bethania1 7,john xi4 #a47 ,moreover1 these two women seem distinctly characterized1 the one being called ,magdalen1 and being ranked among the women that followed ,jesus from ,galilee1 the other being everywhere called the sister of ,lazarus2 and though she might have possessed an estate at ,magdalum in ,galilee1 and have come originally from that country1 this constant distinction of epithets naturally leads us to imagine them different persons2 but ,st4 ,irenus1 ,origen1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 c41 nowhere distinguish the penitent and ,magdalen3 and ,st4 ,luke having mentioned the conversion of the sinful woman 7at ,naim7 in the next chapter1 subjoins1 that certain women who had been delivered by him from evil spirits and infirmities1 followed him2 and among these he names ,mary ,magdalen1 out of whom he had cast seven devils2 whence it may seem reasonable to conclude that the penitent and ,magdalen are the same person4 ,this disputation1 however1 seems one of those debateable questions which are without end1 nothing appearing demonstrative from the sacred text1 or from the authority of the ancients4 ,in the ,roman ,breviary the ,penitent is honored on this day under the name of ,mary ,magdalen1 and for our edification the history of all these examples of virtue is placed in one point of view1 as if they belonged to one person1 conformably to the sentiment of ,st4 ,gregory and others2 but the offices are distinct in the ,breviaries of ,paris1 ,orleans1 ,vienne1 ,cluni1 and some others4 #bdf ,job xx4 #aa4 #bdg 8,qu spe8 qu fiduci8 qu confidenti8 ,qu spe8 ill qu ,pater est4 ,ego perdidi quod erat filii3 ille quod ,patris est non amisit4 ,apud patrem non intercedit extraneus3 intus est in ,patris pectore qui intervenit et exorat1 affectus4 ,urgentur ,patris viscera iterum genitura per veniam10 c4 ,st4 ,peter ,chrysolog4 ,serm4 ,,ii4 #bdh ,the ancient ,jews did not sit down on carpets spread on the floor to eat1 as the ,arabs1 ,turks1 and other inhabitants of the countries about ,palestine do at this day4 ,their tables were raised above the ground4 ,exod4 xxv4 #bd1 ,jud4 l4 #g1 ,mat4 xv4 #bg1 ,luke xvi4 #ba4 ,neither ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 nor ,romans used napkins or table-cloths4 ,their ancient custom was to sit at table1 as we do now4 ,prov4 xxiii4 #a4 ,but after ,solomon's time the ,jews leaned or lay down on couches round the table4 ,amos1 7iv4 #g47 ,toby1 7xi4 #c47 and ,ezekiel 7xxiii4 #da47 speak of eating on beds or couches2 but this custom was not general4 ,it was become very frequent in our ,saviour's time1 who ate in this manner not only on the present occasion1 but also when ,magdalen anointed his feet1 ,mat4 xxvi4 #g1 and at his last supper1 ,john xiii4 #bc1 so that it seems to have then been the ordinary custom of that country4 ,the ,jews seem to have learned it from the ,persians1 ,esth4 i4 #f1 vii4 #h4 ,they took two meals a day from the times of the primitive patriarchs2 but never ate before noon1 ,eccles4 x4 #af1 ,isa4 v4 #aa1 ,acts ii4 #ae4 ,and their dinner was usually rather a small refreshment than a meal2 on fast-days the ,jews never ate or drank till evening4 ,see ,calmet1 ,dissert4 sur le ,manger des ,hebreux4 ,fleury1 ,murs des ,israelites et ,murs des ,chrtiens4 ,also ,alnay1 sur la ,vie ,prive des ,romains4 #bdi ,s4 ,aug4 ,serm4 #ii1 c4 #f1 ed4 ,ben4 olim #bc1 ex4 #ej4 #bej ,ferrarius1 ,daniel1 ,sanson1 ,calmet1 and ,monsieur ,robert agree in placing the castle of ,magdalum near the ,lake of ,genesareth1 called the sea of ,galilee4 #bea ,luke viii4 #b #beb ,some take ,mary ,magdalen to be the sister of ,martha and ,lazarus1 of whom mention is made in the life of ,st4 ,martha4 ,when ,jesus1 six days before his passion1 supped in the house of ,simon surnamed the ,leper1 whilst ,martha waited on him1 and ,lazarus sat at table1 ,mary anointed his feet and head with precious ointment which she had brought in an alabaster box4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans practised the same custom of using sweet scented ointments at banquets4 ,judas ,iscariot murmured at this action out of covetousness1 pretending the price of the ointment had better been given to the poor2 but ,jesus commended ,mary's devotion1 said that her action would be a subject of admiration and edification wherever his gospel should be preached1 and declared that she had by it advanced the ceremony of embalming his body for his burial4 ,though ,christ has substituted the poor in his stead1 to be succored by us in them2 yet he is well pleased when charity consecrates some part of our riches to his external worship1 to whom we owe all that we possess4 ,but nothing can be more odious than for ministers of the altar1 with ,judas1 to cover avarice under a cloak of zeal4 ,see ,john xii4 #a1 #b1 #c1 ,mat4 xxvi4 #f1 ,mark xiv4 #c4 #bec ,mark xvi4 #b1 ,luke xxiv4 #a1 ,john xx4 #a4 #bed ,st4 ,leo ,serm4 #b1 de ,ascens4 #bee ,john xx4 ,calmet1 ,vie de4 ,j4 ,c1 ch4 #cg4 #bef ,mat4 xxvii4 #i1 ,luke xxiv4 #aj4 #beg ,certain ,greeks1 writers who lived in the seventh or later ages1 tell us1 that after the ascension of our ,lord1 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen accompanied the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,john to ,ephesus1 and died and was buried in that city4 ,this is affirmed by ,modestus1 patriarch of ,jerusalem in #ibj1beh and by ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours4 ,st4 ,willibald1 in the account of his pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 says1 that her tomb was shown him at ,ephesus4 ,simeon ,logotheta mentions that the emperor ,leo the ,wise caused her relics to be translated from ,ephesus to ,constantinople1 and laid in the church of ,st4 ,lazarus1 about the year #hij4 ,but these modern ,greeks might perhaps confound ,mary the sister of the ,blessed ,virgin1 or the sister of ,lazarus1 or some other ,mary among those that are mentioned in the gospel with ,mary ,magdalen4 ,the relics shown in the monastery at ,vezelay in ,burgundy1 ten leagues from ,auxerre in the diocess of ,autun1 may be a portion of the body of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 or of some other ,mary mentioned in the gospel4 ,this famous ancient monastery of ,vezelay was secularized in #aecg2 and the church1 which is longer than that of our ,lady at ,paris1 is now served only by ten canons4 #beh ,hom4 in ,marias ,unguenta ferentes4 #bei ,see ,nat4 ,alex41 sc4 #a1 and ,solier the ,bollandist1 ,julij1 t4 #e1 who confirms the tradition of the inhabitants of ,provence1 p4 #bac1 #ad1 and rejects that of ,vezelay in ,burgundy1 whither some pretend that her body was translated out of ,provence1 ib4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 p4 #bjg4 #bfj ,these are the fruit of his pious meditations in the chapel of the ,magdalen1 the favorite retired place of his devotions1 in which an excellent marble statue of this great man on his knees1 is erected in the church of his ,carmelite nuns at ,paris4 ,see his ,works1 p4 #cfi to p4 #dje4 #bfa ,serm4 #abh4 #bfb ,mab4 ,iter4 ,italic4 p4 #da4 #bfc ,fam negociator1 et vit4 ,tertul4 ,apol4 c4 #df4 #bfd ,philosophus glori animal1 et popularis aur vile mancipium4 ,s4 ,hieron4 ep4 ad ,julian4 #bfe ,lactant4 l4 de ,origine ,erroris1 #c4 #bff ,b4 #f1 ep4 #a4 #bfg ,spicileg4 t4 #e1 p4 #egi4 #bfh ,exod4 xxxii4 #aj4 #bfi ,sanctorum precibus stat mundus4 ,ruffin4 ,prf4 in ,vitas ,patrum4 #bgj ,some derive the pedigree and names of the ,muscovites from ,mosoch1 the son of ,japhet1 who1 with his brothers ,magog1 ,thubal1 and ,gomer1 and their children peopled the northern kingdoms4 7,ezech4 xxxviii4 #f1 c47 ,these are reputed the patriarchs of the ,cappadocians1 ,tartars1 ,scythians1 ,sarmatians1 c4 ,see ,bochart1 ,phaleg4 l4 #c1 c4 #ab1 and ,calmot4 ,it seems not to be doubted1 that the ,moschi1 mentioned by ,strabo and ,mela1 and situated between ,colchis and ,armenia1 near the ,moschici ,montes1 were the descendants of ,mosoch4 ,as the ,scythians from the coasts of the ,euxine and ,caspian seas afterward penetrated more northwards in ,asia and ,europe1 and as the ,cimmerii1 who were the sons of ,gomer1 afterward settled about the ,bosphorus and ,motis1 so some authors pretend that the ,moschi passed into ,europe1 and settled near them on the borders of the ,scythians and ,sarmatians4 ,but the ,muscovites evidently take their name from the city of ,moscow1 built about the year #aadi1 so called from a monastery named ,moskoi 7from ,mus or ,musik1 men1 q4 d4 the ,seat of ,men71 not from the river ,moscow1 which was anciently called ,smorodina4 7,see ,j4 ,s4 ,bayei1 ,orig4 ,russi1 t4 #h1 ,acad4 ,petrop4 p4 #cij47 ,for the name of ,muscovites was not given to this tribe of ,russians before the beginning of the fourteenth century4 ,it was assumed on the following occasion3 ,in #acai1 ,gedimidius1 great duke of ,lithuania1 having vanquished the ,russian duke of ,kiow1 the archbishop ,peter removed his see to ,moscow1 and from that town these ,russians began then to be called ,muscovites2 for the duke ,john1 son of ,daniel1 soon followed the archbishop1 and transferred thither the seat of his principality from ,uladimiria3 though the archbishop of ,kiow continued to take the title of ,metropolitan of all ,russia4 ,see ,herbersteinus 7,chorographia ,principatus ,ducis ,moscovi2 also1 in ,rerum ,muscovitarum ,commentar47 and more accurately ,ignatius ,kulczynski1 in ,latin ,kulcinius1 a ,basilian monk at ,rome4 7,specimen ,ecclesi ,ruthenic1 printed at ,rome in #agcc1 also ,catalog4 archiepisc4 ,kioviensium2 and ,series ,chronol4 ,magn4 ,russi seu ,moscovi ,ducum47 ,hence the name of ,muscovites first occurs in ,chalcocondylus and other ,greek historians about that time4 ,we are informed by these authors1 and by ,herbersteinius1 that these ,russians were tributary to the ,tartar king of ,agora in ,asia from #aabe to #aejf4 ,but since they shook off that yoke they have subdued the ,russians of ,novogorod and other places in ,europe1 and have extended their dominions almost to the extremity of ,asia in ,great ,tartary4 ,see ,bayer1 ,diss4 de ,russorum prim expedit4 ,constantinopolitana1 t4 #f1 ,comm4 ,acad4 ,petrop4 et ,orig4 ,russi1 ib4 t4 #h4 ,also ,jos4 ,assemani1 ,de ,kalend4 ,univ4 t4 #a1 par4 #b1 c4 #d1 p4 #bge4 ,the name1 ,russi or ,rossi1 seems not to be older than the ninth century4 ,cedrenus and ,zonarus speak of them as a ,scythian nation inhabiting the northern side of ,mount ,taurus1 a southern region of ,asiatic ,scythia1 now ,great ,tartary4 ,they are a nation entirely distinct from the ,roxolani1 the ancient ,sarmatians near the ,tanais1 though these ,russians afterward became masters of that country1 and took their name either from that of ,roxolani abridged1 or from ,rosseia1 which in their language signifies an assemblage of people4 ,constantine ,porphyrogenetta tells us1 that the language of the ,russians and ,sclavonians was quite different2 and the monk ,nestor1 in the close of the eleventh century1 the most ancient historian of ,russia1 in his chronicle assures us1 that the ,russians and ,sclavonians are two different nations2 but the great affinity of the present ,russian language with the ,sclavonian shows that the ,russians1 mixing with the ,sclavonians1 learned in a great measure their language4 ,it is well known that1 anciently1 the southern parts of ,muscovy were inhabited by ,goths1 whom the ,huns or ancient ,tartars from ,asia1 expelled in the fourth century4 ,also that the northern part was peopled by ,scythians1 whom the ,muscovites still call by the same name ,tscudi1 i4 e4 ,scythians1 and the lake ,peipus1 ,tschudzhoi4 ,we learn from ,constantine ,porphyrogenetta 7l4 ,de administ4 ,imper4 c4 #i17 that the name of ,russia was given in the tenth century to the country of which ,kiow was the capital1 and which comprised also ,czernigov1 ,novogorod1 c4 ,snorro ,sturleson 7,hist4 regn4 ,septentr4 t4 #a1 p4 #f7 says these people called their ancient capital1 situated towards the gulf of ,finland1 ,aldeiguborg or ,old-,town1 in opposition to which ,novogorod or ,new-,town1 took its name4 ,the ,waregians1 invited by the ,russians to defend them against the ,khosares1 who lived near the ,black or the ,euxine ,sea1 crossing the ,baltic1 settled among the ,russians1 it is uncertain in what age4 ,see ,t4 ,s4 ,bayer de ,varegis1 t4 #d1 ,comment4 ,acad4 ,scient4 ,petrop4 p4 #bge4 ,er4 ,jul4 ,biner1 ,sched4 ,hist4 ,geogr4 de ,varegis heroibus ,scandinianis et primis ,russi ,dynasts at ,stockholm1 #agdc4 ,arvid4 ,mulleris ,de ,varegia1 #agca4 ,algol4 ,scarinus de ,originibus prisc gentis ,varegorum1 #agdc4 ,we know not in what age the ,sclavonians obtained settlements in the northern parts of ,russia4 ,they are first named in ,procopius and ,jornandes1 were part of the ,venedi1 and with them from ,sarmatia travelled into ,germany2 where they settled for some time on the coast of the ,baltic1 afterward in the centre of ,germany near ,thuringia1 and in ,beheim or ,bohemia1 where they long ruled and left their language4 ,in the reign of ,justinian they crossed the ,danube1 and conquered part of ,pannonia and ,illyricum1 where a small territory1 fifty ,german miles long1 of which ,peter-waradin is the most considerable place1 between the ,danube1 the ,drave1 and the ,save1 is still called ,sclavonia3 it was conquered by the kings of ,hungary1 and is still subject to the house of ,austria4 ,the ,slavi fell everywhere into so miserable a servitude1 that from them are derived the names of ,slavery and ,slaves4 ,the ,sclavonian language is used in the divine office in ,illyricum1 c4 according to the ,latin rite2 in ,muscovy1 c4 according to the ,greek rite4 7,see on ,,ss4 ,cyril and ,methodius1 #bb ,dec47 ,the ,muscovites have no ,russian ,bibles2 but with very little study can understand the ,sclavonian1 says ,brusching4 ,in the year #hib1 ,rurik1 ,simeus1 and ,tyuwor1 three brothers from the ,warengi on the other side of the ,baltic1 came by invitation into ,russia1 and ruled the ,sclavonians and ,russians united into one nation4 ,rurik survived his brothers1 and became sole sovereign4 ,the ,runic inscriptions in the northern ,antiquities are not of an older date4 ,rurik fixed his seat near the lake ,ladoga4 ,his son ,igor transferred his court from ,novogorod to ,kiow4 ,his widow ,olga received the faith1 and was baptized at ,constantinople4 ,their son ,suatoslas died an idolater2 but his son ,wladimir the ,great married ,anne1 a ,grecian princess1 received baptism1 and was imitated by his subjects4 ,he built the city which from him is called ,wladimiria1 which under his grandson1 ,andrew ,bogolikski1 became the ducal residence4 ,wladimir ,i4 is honored in the ,muscovite ,calendar4 ,kiow still has its dukes4 ,jaroslas1 son of ,wladimir1 was succeeded there by his son ,wsevolod ,i4 in #ajgh1 in whose reign ,ephrem1 metropolitan of ,kiow1 established in ,russia1 pursuant to the bull of ,urban ,,ii4 the feast of the translation of the relics of ,st4 ,nicholas to ,bari1 on the #ith of ,may1 never known in the ,greek church2 which shows their obedience to the pope1 and their connection with the ,latin church4 ,the ,greeks also were then ,catholics4 ,george duke of ,russia at ,wladimiria recovered ,kiow1 and in #aaef built the city of ,moscow4 ,jaroslas ,,ii4 succeeded his brother ,george ,,ii4 in the great dukedom of ,russia in #abch1 and resided in ,wladimiria4 ,in his reign in #abdd1 the ,russians were reunited to the see of ,rome1 part having been a little before drawn into the ,greek schism4 ,his son ,alexander1 in his father's life-time prince of ,novogorod1 with his brother ,feodor or ,theodor1 gained great victories over the ,tartars1 who had long oppressed the ,russians1 and succeeded to the great dukedom in #abdf4 ,he is surnamed ,newski or of ,newa1 from a great victory which he gained in #abda on the banks of the ,newa1 over the ,poles and the ,teutonic knights in ,livonia4 ,those knights1 who by victories over the idolaters had made themselves masters of ,livonia1 had their own high master at ,riga1 who soon made himself independent of the grand-master of the same order in ,prussia4 ,this order1 which was dismembered from the ,knights ,hospitallers1 or of ,jerusalem 7afterward of ,rhodes and ,malta71 to defend the ,christians in ,germany against the inroads of the barbarous northern infidel nations1 long produced many incomparably great heroes1 and models of all virtues4 ,but enriched by great conquests1 their successors1 by pride1 luxury1 and continual intestine wars1 gave occasion to several scandals4 ,at length1 ,albert1 marquis of ,brandenburg1 grand-master in ,prussia1 turned ,lutheran1 and received from the king of ,poland the investiture of ducal ,prussia4 ,the knights expelled by him retired to ,mariandhal in ,franconia1 and there chose a new grand-master4 ,he is chosen by the twelve provincial commanders4 ,william of ,furstenburg1 ,heer-meister of ,livonia1 also declared himself a ,lutheran1 and in #aeei resigned his dignity to his coadjutor ,gotthard ,kettler4 ,he also being a ,lutheran1 ceded part of ,livonia to the ,danes1 and the chief part to the ,poles1 receiving from the latter the investiture of ,courland and ,samogitia as secular dukedoms2 ,livonia fell under the power of ,charles ,,xi4 of ,sweden1 but was added to the empire of ,muscovy by ,peter the ,great4 ,to return to the grand duke ,alexander ,newski1 he received an embassy from the pope in #abfb1 the contents of which are not recorded4 ,he died crowned with glory at ,gorodes near ,nischui-,novogorod in #abfb1 on the #cjth of ,april1 on which day his festival is kept in ,muscovy1 and he is honored as one of the principal saints of the country4 ,the tczar ,peter the ,great built1 in his honor1 a magnificent convent of ,basilian monks on the banks of the ,newa in ,livonia1 not far from his new city of ,petersburg1 the archbishop of which city resides in it4 ,the empress ,catharine instituted1 in #agbe1 the second ,order of ,knighthood in ,russia under his name4 ,their daughter the empress ,elizabeth caused his bones to be put in a rich shrine covered with thick plates of silver1 placed at the foot of a magnificent mausoleum in this monastery4 ,the ,muscovites relate wonderful things of his eminent virtues1 and miracles wrought at his tomb4 ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv4 proves that1 upon due authority1 all this may be admitted even of one who had died in a material schism1 or with inculpable ignorance4 ,but this prince lived and died in communion with the see of ,rome1 though he has never been placed in the ,calendars of the ,catholic ,church4 ,daniel1 fourth son of ,alexander1 left by his father duke of ,moscow1 after the death of an uncle and three brothers became ,grand ,duke2 and from his reign in #acjd1 ,moscow became the ducal residence1 till ,peter ,i4 gave a share in that honor to his new city of ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,in the reign of ,basil or ,vasili ,,ii4 in #adae1 ,photius1 metropolitan of ,russia1 residing at ,kiow1 having espoused the ,greek schism1 was deposed by the council of ,novogrodek1 under the protection of ,alexander ,vithold1 grandduke of ,lithuania4 ,retiring into ,great ,russia he there exceedingly promoted the schism4 ,gregory1 who succeeded him at ,kiow1 assisted at the council of ,constance4 ,iwan or ,john ,,iv4 is the first who took the title of ,tczar in #aeeb4 ,this word in the ,russian language signifies king4 ,in the ,russian ,chronicles that title is given to the ,greek emperors4 ,in their ,bibles it is used for king1 both in the ,russian and ,sclavonian language4 ,in ,feodor or ,theodore ended1 in #aeih1 the race of ,rurik4 ,after two others who had been chief ministers and two false ,demetriuses1 in #afac1 ,michael1 of the family of ,romanow1 allied to that of the preceding tczars was chosen great duke4 ,the third of this family was ,peter the ,great1 founder of the ,russian empire4 #bga ,possev4 ,l4 ,de ,rebus ,moscoviticis4 #bgb ,prf4 ad ,ephemer4 ,grco-,moschas1 n4 #aa1 p4 #c4 #bgc ,dissert4 de ,russorum ,conversione et ,fide apud ,acta ,sanctor4 t4 #da1 seu vol4 #b1 ,septembris4 #bgd ,constantine ,porphyrogenetta succeeded ,leo the ,wise in the empire in #iaa2 in #iai he associated in the throne his ,drungar or admiral ,romanus ,lecapenus1 whose daughter ,helena he had married4 ,romanus reigned in the year #idd2 from which time his covetous daughter ,helena had a great share in governing the empire4 ,constantine was buried in his studies1 and dying in #iei1 fifty-four years old1 left the empire to his impious son ,romanus ,,ii41 who is said to have poisoned him1 and who died in #ifc1 leaving the empire to ,nicephorus ,phocas1 his valiant general1 who had often defeated the ,russians and ,saracens4 ,his daughter ,anne was married to ,wladimir1 duke of ,russia4 ,constantine ,porphyrogenetta 7l4 de ,cm4 ,aul ,byzant4 l4 #b1 c4 #ae7 relates1 that on ,wednesday1 the #ith of ,september1 #idf1 ,olga1 princess of ,russia1 was received with great pomp at ,constantinople by ,constantine 7himself7 and ,romanus1 emperors2 and describes her different receptions at their court1 the banquets which they prepared for her1 the presents in money which they made to her uncle of thirty miliaretia 7each of which contained two ceratia1 each ceratium twelve folles1 of which five hundred made a pound of silver71 eight to her priest ,gregory and to each of her friends1 to herself five hundred miliaretia in a gold dish studded with diamonds and precious stones4 ,at each other entertainment like presents were distributed4 ,the dessert of sweetmeats was served on a little gold table1 in dishes made of or studded with precious stones4 #bge ,see the ,annals of the ,russians in ,hebersteinius1 in ,rerum ,muscovit4 ,comment4 and ,jos4 ,assemani1 in ,calend4 ,univ4 t4 #b1 p4 #bfe1 and t4 #c4 #bgf ,syn4 ,zamosciania1 tit4 de ,jejun4 et ,fest4 p4 #aba4 ,jos4 ,assemani1 de ,calend4 ,univ4 t4 #d1 p4 #fe1 t4 #f1 p4 #dig4 #bgg ,the ,united ,russians1 who1 renouncing the schism1 embraced the communion of the ,roman ,church1 are chiefly subject to ,poland1 and ever since ,clement ,,viii4 have a metropolitan of ,kiow 7since ,kiow was conquered by the ,muscovites these have established there their schism with a metropolitan of their communion71 an archbishop of ,plosco1 and bishops of ,kelma1 ,presmilia1 ,liceoria1 and ,leopold1 with several convents of ,basilian monks1 who all follow the ,greek rites2 though several ,russians in the ,polish dominions still adhere to the ,greek schism4 ,see ,urban ,cerri's 7secretary to the ,propaganda7 ,relation1 p4 #ef1 and ,mamachi1 ,orig4 et ,antiquit4 ,christ4 l4 #b1 c4 #ag1 t4 #b1 p4 #ahj4 ,papebroke1 ,not4 in ,ephemer4 ,grc4 ,mosch4 t4 #a1 ,maij ,bollandiani1 p4 #ed1 c4 ,the metropolitan of ,moscow was declared patriarch of all the ,russian schismatics by ,jeremy1 patriarch of ,constantinople in #aehh1 and was acknowledged in that character by the other ,oriental patriarchs4 ,but the czar ,peter ,i4 having learned from the experience of above a hundred years that the patriarchs made use of their great influence and authority in matters of state1 after that dignity had been vacant nineteen years1 caused it to be abolished1 and an archbishop of ,moscow to be chosen in #agai4 ,for the government of the church of ,muscovy1 and receiving appeals1 he appointed a council of eleven bishops and other clergymen1 the president of which the czar nominates4 ,see ,john ,von ,strahlenburg 7,historical and ,geographical ,description of ,russia and ,siberia1 an4 #agch7 and ,le ,quien4 7,oriens ,christianus1 t4 #a1 p4 #abif47 ,some ,catholics enjoy the exercise of their religion in several parts of ,muscovy4 ,kulcinius observes that many saints have flourished in this nation since it has been engaged in schism4 ,possevinus and ,papebroke take notice that the ,greeks since their schism have been reunited to the ,latin church fourteen times4 ,the latter of these learned authors also remarks1 that even when the archbishops were most turbulent schismatics1 no one will say that all the people were involved in the same guilt2 even ignorance might excuse many1 as ,baronius answered1 with regard to monks who lived under a schismatical abbot 7ad an4 #ajcf74 ,as for ,polish ,russia1 ,f4 ,kulesza1 a learned ,polish ,jesuit1 in a book entitled1 ,fides ,orthodoxa1 printed at ,vilna1 assures us1 that all the archbishops of ,kiow have been ,catholics1 except two1 ,photius and ,jonas ,,ii41 till in #afhf it was given up to the ,muscovites4 ,by the intrigues of this ,photius1 in the middle of the fifteenth century1 the ,greek schism was propagated through all ,muscovy4 #bgh ,see ,jos4 ,assemani in ,calend4 t4 #f1 p4 #dhj1 on the #aeth of ,july1 et t4 #d1 p4 #cd1 to #eb4 #bgi ,see ,jos4 ,assemani in ,calend4 p4 #dga1 t4 #f1 ad #aj ,julij4 #bhj ,id4 ad #e ,julij1 p4 #dfb1 et t4 #a1 p4 #ba1 #bi4 #bha ,ardmore 7so called from its situation on an eminence7 stands on the sea-coast1 not far from the mouth of the river now called ,broad-water or ,black-water4 ,the see was united to that of ,lismore after the arrival of the ,english in ,ireland2 and this again to ,waterford4 ,see ,st4 ,carthag's life1 #ad ,may4 #bhb ,mat4 iv4 #bb4 #bhc ,luke v4 #aa4 #bhd ,luke ix4 #bhe ,julij1 t4 #f1 p4 #fi4 ,see on the same the learned ,f4 ,flores1 in his ,espaa ,sagrada1 t4 #c1 c4 #c1 de la ,predicacion de ,san ,jago in ,espaa1 p4 #ci1 and his answers to ,f4 ,mamachi1 the ,roman ,dominican1 prefixed to his sixth tome4 ,the mission of ,st4 ,james in ,spain is defended at large by the learned ,jesuit ,f4 ,farlat1 ,illyrici ,sacri ,prolegom4 part #c1 t4 #a1 p4 #beb4 ,see also ,card4 d',aguirre1 t4 #a1 ,conc4 ,hisp4 p4 #adj1 upon the words of ,st4 ,jerom in ,isai c4 #cd1 p4 #bgi1 t4 #c4 #bhf ,diss4 de ,divisione ,apost4 ante t4 #d1 ,julij1 et in vita ,s4 ,jacobi1 t4 #f1 p4 #ga4 #bhg ,agrippa the ,elder was a worldly man1 addicted to pleasures1 yet attached to the ,jewish religion4 ,of this he gave a remarkable proof when the emperor ,caligula ordered a statue of ,jupiter to be set up in the temple of ,jerusalem4 ,the ,jews opposed the attempt with tears and remonstrances1 and throwing themselves prostrate on the ground at the feet of the ,roman governor1 protested they were ready rather to suffer death4 ,but the murderers of the ,son of ,god were unworthy to die in so good a cause4 ,agrippa exposed himself to the danger of losing the tyrant's favor1 and by a strong letter1 which he wrote to him on that occasion1 obtained that the order should be superseded at that time4 ,when that emperor was attempting to renew it his death delivered the ,jews from the danger4 #bhh ,eus4 ,hist4 l4 #b1 c4 #i4 #bhi ,agrippa was the first prince that persecuted the ,church4 ,after having put to death ,st4 ,james1 he imprisoned ,st4 ,peter1 but ,god delivered him out of the persecutor's hands4 ,nor was it long before this king felt the effects of divine vengeance4 ,after the feast of the passover he returned to ,csarea to exhibit there public games in honor of ,claudius ,csar1 and was attended thither with a numerous train of the must considerable persons1 both of his own and of the neighboring nations4 ,he appeared early on the second morning of the shows at the theatre1 in a costly robe of silver tissue1 artfully wrought1 and so bright that the sunbeams which darted upon it were reflected with such an uncommon lustre1 as to dazzle the eyes of the spectators who beheld him with a kind of divine respect4 ,he addressed himself in an elegant speech1 to the deputies of the ,tyrians and ,sidonians1 who were come to beg his pardon for some offence for which they had been some time in disgrace with him4 ,whilst he spoke1 the ambassadors and some court sycophants gave a great shout1 crying out that it was the voice of a god and not of a man4 ,the king1 too sensible of the people's praise1 and elated with pride1 seemed to forget himself1 and to approve1 instead of checking the impious flattery4 ,but at that instant the angel of the ,lord smote him with a dreadful disease1 and he felt himself seized with a violent pain in his bowels4 ,perceiving his distemper to be mortal1 he rejected the flattery of his sycophants1 telling them that he whom they called immortal was dying4 ,yet still full of false ideas of human grandeur1 though he saw death inevitable1 he comforted himself with the remembrance of the splendor in which he had lived4 ,so true it is that a man dies such as he lives4 ,after lingering five days in exquisite torments1 under which no remedy gave him any ease1 being eaten up by worms1 he expired in all the miseries that can be expressed or imagined4 ,this account is given us by ,josephus 7,antiq4 l4 #ai1 c4 #g71 and by ,st4 ,luke 7,acts xii4 #bc74 ,he died in the fifty-fourth year of his age1 and the seventh of his reign4 ,the most learned ,mr4 ,stukely in his medallic history of ,carausius1 t4 #b1 c4 #a1 p4 #gb1 will have it that ,agrippa was smitten four days after he celebrated the ,roman festival1 in which the people made vows for the emperor's health and safety1 marked in the ancient ,roman ,calendar which he has published on the #dth of ,january4 ,it was1 indeed1 the festival of the emperor ,claudius1 but after the passover1 which happened that year on the #ajth of ,april1 the equinoctial new moon falling on the #bhth of ,march4 ,herod ,agrippa left a son of his own name1 who was then at ,rome with ,claudius1 only seventeen years old4 ,the emperor would willingly have given him his father's dominions2 but his freemen and counsellors represented to him that an extensive kingdom was too great a burden for so young a prince to bear4 ,whereupon ,juda was again reduced into the form of a ,roman province1 and ,cuspius ,fadus appointed the first prefect or governor4 #bij ,see on the ,translation of the body of ,st4 ,james to ,compostella1 ,f4 ,flores1 the learned and inquisitive ,austin friar1 rector of the royal college at ,alcala1 in his curious work entitled ,espaa ,sagrada 7of which the first volume was printed in #agdg71 t4 #c1 ,app4 p4 #ej and #ef4 #bia 8,christophore1 infixum qud cum usque in corde gerebas1 ,pictores ,christum dant tibi ferre humeris10 c4 ,vida1 ,hym4 #bf1 t4 #b1 p4 #aej4 #bib ,procop4 de dif4 ,justin4 l4 #a1 c4 #b4 #bic ,julij1 t4 #f1 p4 #bej4 #bid #b ,tim ii4 #e4 #a ,tim4 v4 #d4 #bie ,plutarch l4 de ,educand4 liberis4 #bif ,hist4 ,episc4 ,antisiodor4 ,see ,messieurs ,de ,ste4 ,marthe1 in ,gallia ,christiana4 #big ,prosp4 in ,chron4 et l4 contra ,collat4 c4 #ba4 #bih ,bede ,hist l4 #a1 c4 #ag1 ,constant4 in vita ,s4 ,germani4 #bii ,vita ,s4 ,genevev4 #cjj ,hist4 ,episcop4 ,antisiod4 #cja ,bede1 ,hist4 l4 #a1 c4 #a4 ,gildas ep4 p4 #ag1 #ah4 ,constantius in vit ,s4 ,germani4 ,carte1 p4 #ahd1 #ahe4 #cjb ,antiq4 ,brit4 c4 #aa1 p4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,carte1 t4 #a1 p4 #bhh4 #cjc ,carte1 p4 #ahd1 #ahf1 thinks the ,alleluiah victory gained over the ,picts and the ,saxons1 and the other transactions of ,st4 ,germanus in ,wales1 happened in his second mission4 ,for ,,ss4 ,dubricius and ,iltutus1 whom he ordained bishops1 lived beyond the year #eab1 according to some until #ebg or even #edj4 ,sir ,henry ,spelman and ,wilkins 7,conc4 ,brit4 t4 #a1 p4 #a71 on this account place the synod of ,verulam held by ,st4 ,germanus against the ,pelagians in #ddf4 #cjd ,bede1 ,hist4 l4 #a1 c4 #ba4 ,bollandus and ,henschenius in vit ,s4 ,theliau ad #i ,februarij1 c4 #cje ,stillingfleet1 ,orig4 ,britan4 p4 #cdi4 #cjf ,or4 #c1 de ,imag4 #cjg ,ecclus4 xxxviii4 #a1 #b4 #cjh #d ,kings xx4 #g4 ,see ,syn4 ,critic4 and ,mead1 ,de ,morbis ,biblicis1 c4 #e4 #cji ,serm4 #bb1 in ,ps4 #aah4 #caj ,regul4 fus4 explic4 #caa ,ep4 #cde1 ol4 #cba1 p4 #caf1 et in ,cant4 #cab ,see ,estius in ,eccli4 xxxviii4 #cac ,ephes4 v4 #bi1 ,aug4 ep4 #acj1 ol4 #aba1 ad ,probam4 #cad #b ,paral4 xv4 #ab4 #cae ,paulin4 ,nat4 #i1 or ,carm4 #bd4 #caf ,horat4 l4 #a1 od4 #c4 #cag ,pueri4 ,see ,diss4 de ,,ss4 #g1 ,dormient4 c4 #ah1 p4 #fe1 et c4 #f1 p4 #aa4 ,the ,menology of the emperor ,basil1 printed at ,rome in #agbg1 c4 #cah ,spon1 ,voyage d',italie et du ,levant1 t4 #a1 l4 #c1 p4 #cbg4 #cai ,st4 ,paulin4 ,carm4 #bd1 and ep4 #ab4 ,on the relics of ,st4 ,nazarius at ,milan1 see the life of ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 by ,guissiano1 in the new ,latin edition1 l4 #e1 c4 #i4 p4 #dce1 and the notes of ,oltrocci1 ibid4 #cbj ,s4 ,bas4 hom4 de ,s4 ,gordio4 #cba ,s4 ,epiph4 ,hr4 #ed4 ,eus4 l4 #e1 c4 #bh4 ,conc4 t4 #a4 ,theodoret1 ,hret4 ,fabul4 l4 #b1 c4 #e4 #cbb ,eus4 l4 #e1 c4 #ag4 ,st4 ,hier4 ep4 #ed1 ad ,marcel4 ,tert4 l4 de ,fug1 de ,pudic41 c4 #cbc ,tert4 l4 adv4 ,praxeam4 #cbd ,s4 ,epiph4 ,hr4 #df4 ,s4 ,iren4 l4 #a1 c4 #ca4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,strom4 l4 #c1 p4 #dfe4 #cbe ,tatian's ,oration against the ,greeks is extant4 ,in it he displays much profane erudition1 showing that ,moses was older than the ,gentile philosophers1 who borrowed the sciences from the patriarchs4 ,he wrote this piece after the death of ,saint ,justin1 but before his separation from the ,church3 for in it he proves one ,god the ,creator of all things1 and seems to approve the state of matrimony4 ,it wants method2 but the style is elegant enough1 though exuberant1 and not very elaborate4 ,this piece is often published at the end of the works of ,st4 ,justin4 ,we have an accurate separate edition1 printed at ,oxford in #agjj1 with notes and dissertations1 by the care of ,mr4 ,william ,worth1 archdeacon of ,worcester4 ,p4 ,travasa in his learned history of heresiarchs1 demonstrates against ,massuet1 c41 that ,tatian's ,oration against the ,gentiles is not orthodox2 and that in it the author teaches that the human soul is of its own nature mortal4 ,see ,travasa ,storia ,critica delle vite degli eresiarchi1 t4 #b1 at ,venice1 #agfj4 #cbf 4 #cbg ,monti1 ,cler4 ,reg4 ,s4 ,pauli1 ,s4 ,th4 ,prof4 ,mediolani1 ,dissertationes ,theologico-historic tres1 quarum prima propugnat gratiam per se efficacem2 ,secunda agit de ,canonibus vulg apostolicis2 ,tertia versatur super dissidio de opportuno ,paschatis celebrandi tempore4 ,papi1 #agfj4 #cbh ,mem4 ,eccles4 t4 #c1 p4 #aab4 #cbi ,from this example1 it is manifest1 that the ,african bishops referred greater causes1 at least those of faith to the holy see1 and in them always allowed appeals to it2 though at that time they carried on a contest with the popes ,innocent1 ,zosimus1 and ,celestine1 against appeals being made in lesser causes of personal facts1 which it is often difficult to carry on in remote courts1 and which1 if too easy and frequent1 are a bar to the speedy execution of justice4 ,yet such appeals or revisions of causes are sometimes necessary to hinder crying injustices and oppressions4 ,whence the regulation of the manner of restraining appeals in smaller ecclesiastical causes is a point of discipline2 but the general council of ,sardica1 which was an appendix of the council of ,nice1 declared1 that appeals must be allowed from the whole world to the bishops of ,rome2 and in this discipline the ,africans soon after acquiesced4 #ccj ,st4 ,aug4 ,serm4 #aca1 n4 #aj4 #cca ,dole in the old ,british language signifies a low fruitful plain4 #ccb ,tours1 which was the metropolis of the province of ,armorica under the ,romans1 enjoyed1 from the time of ,st4 ,martin1 the metropolitical jurisdiction over ,mans1 ,angers1 and the nine bishoprics of ,brittany4 ,sampson the elder1 bishop of ,york1 being expelled by the ,saxons1 came into ,armorica1 and founded the see of ,dole1 in which he exercised a metropolitical jurisdiction1 which king ,howel or ,rioval obliged him to assert1 because these ,britons were an independent people1 separate from the ,gauls4 ,sampson's two successors1 ,st4 ,turiave and ,st4 ,sampson1 enjoyed the same4 ,the contest between ,tours and ,dole was not finished till ,innocent ,,iii4 ,in #aaii1 declared ,dole and all the other bishoprics of ,brittany subject to the archbishop of ,tours4 ,see ,d4 ,morice1 ,hist4 de ,bretagne1 p4 #ag1 c4 #ccc ,luke x4 #ch4 #ccd ,ibid4 #cce ,cant4 ii4 #ccf #c1 p4 #i1 #dj1 a4 l4 ad #b et #c4 ,item #b1 #b;d4 q4 #ahb1 art4 #a et #b1 in corp4 #ccg ,l4 de ,perfect4 ,religios4 #cch ,mat4 xxvi42 ,john xii4 #cci ,unicum mihi negotium est2 aliud non curo quam ne curem4 ,tert4 l4 de ,pallio1 c4 #e4 #cdj ,see the ,chronicle of ,norway by ,snorro ,sturleson1 first magistrate in the republic of ,iceland in #abdj4 #cda ,scot and lot are originally ,swedish or ,teutonic words1 signifying tax4 ,romescot is a tax for ,rome1 and ,scot-,konung1 the king's tax4 ,see baron ,holberg1 and ,mess4 ,scondia illustrata1 t4 #a4 #cdb ,aringhi ,roma ,subterranea1 l4 #a1 c4 #be4 #cdc ,noris1 ,diss4 #c1 de ,epochis ,syro-,macedonum4 #cdd ,apol4 c4 #ba4 #cde ,plato in ,phdo4 #cdf ,act4 ii4 #cdg ,act4 xvi4 #bf4 #cdh ,constantine ,cajetan1 a ,benedictin of the ,congregation of ,mount ,cassino1 pretends this book to have been first written by ,gracias ,cisneros or ,swan1 a ,benedictin abbot of ,montserrat4 ,but the work of that pious and learned abbot is a very different piece1 as is evident to every one that will compare the two books1 and as ,pinius demonstrates4 ,that of ,cisneros is indeed full of unction and spiritual knowledge2 but compiled in a scholastic method1 and runs into superfluous subdivisions4 ,the meditations of ,st4 ,ignatius are altogether new1 and written upon a different plan4 ,he appoints1 for the foundation of these exercises1 a moving meditation on the end for which we are created1 that we fully convince ourselves that nothing is otherwise to be valued1 sought1 or enjoyed1 than as it conduces to the honor and service of ,god4 ,the meditations on the fall of the angels and of man1 on the future punishments of sin1 and on the last things1 show us the general effects of sin4 ,to point out the particular disorders of our passions1 and to purge our hearts of them1 he represents to us the two standards of ,christ and the devil1 and all men ranging themselves under the one or the other1 that we may be moved ardently to make our choice with the generous souls that follow ,christ4 ,then he proposes what this resolution requires1 and how we are to express in ourselves the perfect image of our ,saviour1 by the three degrees of humility1 by meditating on the mysteries of ,christ's life1 and by choosing a state of life1 and regulating our employments in it4 ,by meditating on ,christ's sufferings1 he will have us learn the heroic virtues of meekness and charity1 c41 he taught us by them to fortify our souls against contradictions2 and by those on his glorious mysteries1 and on the happiness of divine love1 he teaches us to unite our hearts closely to ,god4 ,see ,bartoli1 l4 #a1 c4 #cdi ,exerc4 ,spir4 ,max4 #b1 #c4 #cej ,ego vobis ,rom propitius ero4 ,see ,f4 ,bouhours1 b4 #c4 #cea ,there is another religious ,order1 very famous in ,italy1 established for the education of youth1 called the ,regular ,clergy of the ,schola ,pia4 ,the founder was ,f4 ,joseph ,cazalana1 a nobleman of ,arragon4 ,he took priestly orders in #aehb1 and1 going to ,rome1 devoted himself with great fervor to the heroic practice of all good works1 especially to the catechising and teaching of children4 ,to propagate this design1 he instituted a congregation of priests1 approved by ,paul ,v4 in #afag1 and declared a religious ,order with ample privileges1 by ,gregory ,,xv4 in #afba4 ,these religious men bind themselves by a fourth vow1 to labor in instructing children1 especially the poor4 ,the holy founder died in #afdh1 on the #beth of ,august4 #ceb ,he appointed no other habit than that used by the clergy in his time1 the more decently and courteously to converse with all ranks of people1 and because he instituted an order only of regular clerks4 ,he would not have his religious to keep choir1 because he destined their time to evangelical functions4 ,he ordered all1 before they are admitted1 to employ a month for a general confession and a spiritual exercise4 ,after this1 two years in a novitiate2 then to take the simple vows of scholars1 binding themselves to poverty1 chastity1 and obedience1 which vows make them strictly religious men2 for by them a person in this ,order irrevocably consecrates himself to ,god on his side1 though the ,order does not bind itself absolutely to him1 and the general has power to dismiss him2 by which discharge he is freed from all obligation to the ,society1 his first vows being made under this condition4 ,these simple vows are only made in the presence of domestics4 ,the professed ,jesuits make these same vows again 7commonly after all their studies7 but publicly1 and without the former condition2 so that these second are solemn vows1 absolutely binding on both sides3 wherefore a professed ,jesuit can be no more dismissed by his ,order1 so as to be discharged from his obligations by which he is tied to it4 ,in these last is added a fourth vow of undertaking any missions1 whether among the faithful or infidels1 if enjoined them by the pope4 ,there is a class of ,jesuits who take the other vows1 without this last relating to the missions2 and these are called spiritual coadjutors4 ,so this ,order consists of four sorts of persons2 scholars or ,jesuits of the first vows2 professed ,jesuits or of the last or four vows2 spiritual coadjutors1 and temporal coadjutors4 ,no particular bodily mortifications are prescribed by the rule of the ,society2 but two most perfect practices of interior mortification are rigorously enjoined1 on account of which ,suarez 7t4 #c1 de ,relig47 who treats at length of the obligations of their ,order1 calls it the most rigorous of religious ,orders2 the first is1 the rule of ,manifestation1 by which every one is bound to discover his interior inclinations to his superior2 the second is1 that every ,jesuit renounces his right to his own reputation with his superior1 giving leave to every brother to inform immediately his superior of all his faults he knows1 without observing the law of private correction first1 which is a precept of fraternal charity1 unless where a person has given up his right4 ,the general nominates the provincial and rectors2 but he has five assistants nominated by the general congregation1 who prepare all matters to his hands1 each for the province of his assistency2 and these have authority to call a general congregation to depose the general if he should evidently transgress the rules of the ,society4 ,every provincial is obliged to write to the general once every month1 and once in three years transmit to him an account of all the ,jesuits in his province4 ,the perfect form of government which is established1 the wisdom1 the unction1 the zeal1 and the consummate knowledge of men1 which appear throughout all these constitutions1 will be a perpetual manifest monument of the saint's admirable penetration1 judgment1 and piety4 ,he wrote his constitutions in ,spanish1 but they were done into ,latin by his secretary1 father ,john ,polancus4 ,it is peculiar to the ,society1 that the religious1 after their first vows1 retain some time the dominion or property of their patrimony1 without the administration 7for this later condition is now essential to a religious vow of poverty71 till they make their renunciation4 ,st4 ,ignatius forbade the fathers of his ,society to undertake the direction of nunneries on the following occasion4 ,in #aede1 ,isabel ,rozella1 a noble ,spanish widow1 and two others1 with the approbation of pope ,paul ,,iii4 put themselves under ,st4 ,ignatius's direction1 to live according to his rule2 but he soon repented and procured from his ,holiness1 in #aedg1 the abovesaid prohibition1 saying1 that such a task took up all that time which he desired to dedicate to a more general good in serving many4 ,when certain women in ,flanders and ,piedmont afterward assembled in houses under vows and this rule1 and called themselves ,jesuitesses1 their institute was abolished by ,urban ,,viii4 in #afca1 the end and exercises of this society not suiting that sex4 #cec ,see his edifying life by ,raderus and ,sacchini4 #ced ,bouhours1 l4 #d4 ,orlandin4 ,hist4 ,soc4 l4 #g1 c4 #be4 #cee ,the value of this treasure is enhanced by the elegant dress by which it is set off in the ,french translation of the abb ,regnier des ,marais1 three volumes in #dto4 four in #hvo4 and six in #abmo4 ,the devout abb ,tricalet gave a good abridgment of this excellent work1 printed in #agfj4 ,the translation of ,rodrigues made by the gentlemen of ,port-,royal is faulty in several places1 particularly1 ,tr4 #a1 c4 #aj4 #cef ,orland4 ,hist4 ,soc4 l4 #af4 #ceg ,extant to ,bartoli1 l4 #d1 p4 #cgb4 #ceh ,l4 #d1 n4 #bi1 #cee4 #cei ,bayle makes exceptions to the miracles of ,st4 ,ignatius because ,ribadeneira1 in the first life of this saint1 which he wrote in #aegb1 inquires why his sanctity was not equally attested by wonderful miracles as that of the founders of some other ,orders4 8,quamobrem illius sanctitas minus est testata miraculis10 c4 ,but in this very edition1 in the last chapter1 p4 #bji1 he writes3 8,mihi tantum abest ut ad vitam ,ignatii illustrandam miracula deesse videantur1 ut multa eaque prstantissima judicem in medi luce versari40 ,he then recapitulates some facts which he had before related1 and which he esteems miraculous1 as a rapture in which the saint continued for eight days2 so many wonderful1 heavenly illuminations and revelations2 the restoration of ,f4 ,simon1 who lay dangerously sick1 to his health1 pursuant to his prediction2 the wonderful deliverance of a demoniac2 the cures of several sick persons2 the foretelling many particular things to private persons1 c4 ,the author republished this life in #aehg1 with some additions4 ,he afterwards wrote a ,latin abstract of this first life1 in which he inserted many miracles4 ,this he calls 8,alteram breviorem vitam1 sed multis ac novas miraculis auctam40 ,in this he tells us1 that he had before been more cautious in relating miracles1 because they had not yet been examined and approved2 but that he chose some which were esteemed miraculous1 not in the opinion of the common people1 but in the judgment of prudent persons4 ,see this remark also in the ,spanish abstract of this life1 published in #afjd2 and in the ,latin abstract reprinted at ,ipres in #afab4 ,in his ,spanish life of ,st4 ,ignatius1 among his lives of saints1 printed in #afjd1 he writes thus3 8,though1 when ,i first printed his life in #aegb1 ,i knew of some miracles of the holy father1 ,i did not look upon them to be so verified 7averiguados7 as to think that ,i ought to publish them1 which afterward1 by the authentical informations taken for his canonization1 were proved true by credible witnesses2 and the ,lord1 who is pleased to exalt him1 and make him glorious on earth1 works daily such miracles on his account as oblige me to relate part of them here1 taken from the original juridical informations which several bishops have made1 and from the depositions made upon oath by the persons on whom the miracles were wrought10 c4 ,ribad4 ,spanish lives1 p4 #aabd4 ,moreover1 ,ribadeneira mentions in his first and second edition of this life1 prophecies1 revelations1 visions1 and the like miraculous favors1 and he expressly distinguishes these from the gift of miracles1 by which he means miraculous cures and the like1 though the former may be justly placed in the general class of miracles4 ,if the works of ,ribadeneira on this subject be all carefully perused1 it will be easy to discern the scrupulous accuracy of the author in this point2 and the candid reader will be convinced how much some have misrepresented his testimony4 ,nor was he allowed to publish miracles before they had been approved1 as the ,council of ,trent severely ordained4 7,sess4 #be1 de ,inv4 ,sanct47 ,see on it ,julius ,nigronius 7,disp4 ,hist4 de ,,ss4 ,ignatio et ,cajetano1 n4 #eg7 and ,pinius the ,bollandist in his confutation of this slander4 ,in the relation made in the secret consistory before ,gregory ,,xv4 of miracles which had been examined and approved by the cardinal ,monte and other commissaries1 are mentioned the supernatural light shining on his face at prayer1 upon the testimony of ,st4 ,philip ,neri and ,f4 ,oliver ,manerius4 ,that ,st4 ,ignatius1 by his blessing and prayer1 cured one ,bastida of the falling sickness1 and the hand of a cook miserably burnt2 delivered ,pontanus from most violent temptations with which he had been grievously molested for two years1 c43 but the miracles which are chiefly attended to in a canonization1 are those which have been performed after the person's death4 ,of such1 many manifest ones were approved1 first by the ,auditors of the ,rota1 and afterward by the ,congregation of ,rites4 ,among these are mentioned the following3 ,isabel ,rabelles1 a nun of ,barcelona1 sixty-seven years old1 in #afja1 had broken her thigh-bone2 and being attended by a physician and surgeon during forty days1 and under grievous pains and a violent fever1 was expected to die that night1 and given over as to all natural remedies2 when by applying a relic of ,st4 ,ignatius1 and saying the ,lord's ,prayer and ,hail ,mary1 with an invocation of this saint1 the swelling of the thigh and leg went down1 she found herself able to stir both1 and without any pain2 and calling for her clothes she got up1 walked perfectly1 and with ease1 and felt no more of her complaint1 not even at new moons or in the dampest seasons4 ,anne ,barozellona1 at ,valladolid1 almost sixty years old1 was cured of a desperate palsy by invoking ,st4 ,ignatius1 with a vow to perform a novena4 ,a widow who had lost her sight in both her eyes1 recovered it by recommending herself to the prayers of ,saint ,ignatius1 and touching her eyes with a relic1 c4 ,f4 ,jos4 ,juvency 7,hist4 ,soc4 ,jesu1 l4 #ae1 part #e1 #i7 has selected and related many like miracles of ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,f4 ,daniel ,bartoli1 in his life of this saint1 has given a history of a hundred such miracles 7l4 #e74 ,see also the great collection made by ,f4 ,pinius1 the continuation of ,bollandus4 ,though cardinal ,pole thought circumstances did not allow him to make any settlement for ,jesuits in ,england1 as the author of the ,monastic ,history of ,ireland and others take notice1 that great and holy man highly esteemed ,st4 ,ignatius and his ,institute4 ,see a letter of ,saint ,ignatius to cardinal ,pole dated at ,rome1 #bdth of ,january1 #aeee1 and that cardinal's answer to him from ,richmond1 #hth of ,may2 and another from ,london1 #aeth of ,december the same year2 also his letter of condolence to ,f4 ,lainez upon the death of ,st4 ,ignatius1 dated at ,london1 #aeth of ,november1 #aeef1 published among the letters of cardinal ,pole collected by cardinal ,querini at ,brescia1 t4 #e1 p4 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba4 #cfj ,the ,jesuats of ,st4 ,jerom were at first all lay brothers1 and practised pharmacy2 but1 in #afjf1 obtained leave of ,paul ,v4 to study and take holy orders4 ,the houses of the friars being reduced1 they were suppressed by ,clement ,,ix4 in #affh2 but some nunneries of this ,order still subsist in ,italy4 ,see the life of this saint1 and those of other illustrious persons of this ,order1 written by ,moriggia1 a pious general of the same1 who died in #afjd4 ,also the ,bollandists and ,helyot4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,the following corrections have been made in the text3 ,day3 #a1 section3 ,table of ,contents - #8,rumbold' replaced with #8,rumold' 7,st4 ,rumold1 ,bishop and ,martyr7 ,day3 #a1 section3 ,,ss4 ,,julius ,,and ,,aaron - #8,caerlton' replaced with #8,caerleon' 7at ,caerleon in the year #abjj17 ,day3 #a1 section3 ,,ss4 ,,julius ,,and ,,aaron - #8,canbrensis' replaced with #8,cambrensis' 7,giraldus ,cambrensis17 ,day3 #c1 section3 ,,saint ,,gunthiern - #8,guereck' replaced with #8,guerech' 7,guerech ,i41 count of ,vannes17 ,day3 #d1 section3 ,,saint ,,odo - #8,ethelwulf' replaced with #8,ethelwolf' 7who in the reign of king ,ethelwolf7 ,day3 #d1 section3 ,,st4 ,,sisoes - #8,scete' replaced with #8,scet' 7retired to the desert of ,scet17 ,day3 #f1 section3 ,,st4 ,,moninna - #8,calgan' replaced with #8,colgan' 7,see ,colgan ad #f ,jul47 ,day3 #i1 section3 ,,st4 ,,veronica - #8sead' replaced with #8send' 7begging ,him to send me more torments47 ,day3 #af1 section3 ,,st4 ,,eustathius - #8,ceilier' replaced with #8,ceillier' 7,ceillier1 t4 #d17 ,day3 #ag1 section3 ,,st4 ,,leo ,,iv4 - #8#cee' replaced with #8#hee' 7,september in the same year1 #hee17 ,day3 #ah1 section3 ,,st4 ,,frederic - #8,lewis' replaced with #8,louis' 7her marriage with ,louis7 ,day3 #ai1 section3 ,,st4 ,,symmachus - #8intsance' replaced with #8instance' 7never had been an instance of 7 ,day3 #bb1 section3 ,,saint ,,joseph ,,of ,,palestine - #8month' replaced with #8mouth' 7from his own mouth the particulars 7 ,day3 #be1 section3 ,,saints ,,thea ,,and ,,valentina - #8,firmillian' replaced with #8,firmilian' 7,firmilian1 the successor of ,urbanus7 ,footnote #ee - #8,ushur' replaced with #8,usher' 7,usher1 p4 #dah47 ,footnote #ef - #8,kilmrures' replaced with #8,kilmaures' 7from whom ,kilmaures is named17 ,footnote #ij - #8,arringhi' replaced with #8,aringhi' 7produced by ,aringhi1 ,diss4 #b1 l4 #c1 c47 ,footnote #ajb - #8suffiicient' replaced with #8sufficient' 7seems of sufficient authority7 ,footnote #ajc - ,footnote anchor missing in text4 ,footnote #ajd - #8,villote' replaced with #8,villotte' 7and ,f4 ,james ,villotte17 ,footnote #aci - ,omitted footnote symbol inserted in text4 ,footnote #afa - #8,charlemage' replaced with #8,charlemagne' 7,charlemagne marched into ,italy17 ,footnote #aga - #8supposititions' replaced with #8suppositions' 7are generally esteemed suppositions47 ,footnote #bgj - #8,russic' replaced with #8,russi' 7,orig4 ,russi1 t4 #h17 ,footnote #cdf - ,omitted footnote symbol inserted in text4