,transcrib]'s ,notes ,:5 italics 7 us$ 9 ! orig9al book1 ! correspond+ text has be5 surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,subscript$ *>act]s h be5 prec$$ by & surr\nd$ by 4 ,9 "s cases1 ditto m>ks h be5 replac$ by ! text !y repres5t4 ,"s corrections h be5 made to ! pr9t$ text4 ,^! are li/$ 9 a second transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ! text4 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,a ,,naturali/ ,,9 ,,! ,,pacific ,,betwe5 #ahif ,,& #ahii ,illu/ration3 ,image3 ,publi%] ,illu/ration3 ,,na ,,r>o 7#b1dbj feet7 f ! s\?-we/1 a peak ( acid &esite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ndr&ramea 7#a1hjj feet7 f ! s\?-ea/1 a peak ( acid &esite ris+ ab\t a ?\s& feet f its base4 ,frontispiece4 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,a ,,naturali/ ,,9 ,,! ,,pacific ,,betwe5 #ahif ,,& #ahii ,,by ,h4 ,b4 ,,guppy1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,volume ,i ,,vanua ,,levu1 ,,fiji ,a description ( its lead+ ,physical & ,geological *>act]s ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,new ,,york2 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aijc ,all rights res]v$ ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$4 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,d$ication ,,to ,,! ,,fijian ,,p ,,preface ,,dur+ a soj\rn 9 ! ,pacific1 :i* cov]$ a p]iod ( r ov] a ye> 9 ,hawaii 7#ahif-ig71 & ( two ye>s & ?ree mon?s 9 ,fiji 7#ahig-ii71 my att5tion 0 ma9ly conf9$ to ! /udy ( plant-di/ribution & to ! exam9ation ( ! geological /ructure ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,) ,hillebr&'s 8,flora ( ,hawaii0 always 9 my h&s ,i roam$ ov] ! l>ge isl& ( ,hawaii1 asc5d+ ! ?ree pr9cipal m\nta9s ( ,mauna ,kea1 ,mauna ,loa1 & ,hualalai1 & 9 ! case ( my second asc5t ( ,mauna ,loa sp5d+ tw5ty-?ree days alone on its summit4 ,simil>ly 9 ,fiji1 ,seemann's 8,flora ,viti5sis0 0 my c\nsellor & guide 9 ! matt] ( plants4 ,9 ,hawaii ,i 0 9 a l& ( active sub-a]ial volcanoes1 & ,i paid my devotions at all ! alt>s ( 8,pele10 _! presid+ deity4 ,9 ,fiji ,i trod ^u ! surface ( subm>9e volcanoes t em]g$ ages s9ce f ! ocean & /ill reta9 _! cov]+s ( sea-deposits4 ,bo? 9 ,hawaii & ,fiji ,i liv$ mu* among ! p2 & ?\gh my *ief int]e/ lay 9 ! comp>ison ( ^! two types ( volcanic isl&s1 ,i c\ld n b be drawn to ! k9dly natives ^: hospitality ,i s long enjoy$4 ,de/9y l$ me to ,vanua ,levu 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion4 ,) ! relief p>ty to take me d[n f ,mauna ,loa !re arriv$ a well-kn[n ,g]man naturali/ :o1 l myself1 _h be5 int]e/$ 9 coral-reef inve/igations4 ,we discuss$ ?is w>m topic at an elevation ( ne>ly #ad1jjj feet above ! sea1 ) ! !rmomet] at #bj ,f4 ,z we sipp$ our hot c(fee & li/5$ to ! occasional 8boom0 f ! bottom ( ! great crat]1 at ! edge ( :i* we 7 camp$1 ,i rem>k$ to my fri5d t ,i 0 ?9k+ ( sp5d+ "s mon?s 9 ,samoa4 ,to ?is he good-hum\r$ly repli$ t ,i might leave ,samoa to 8 c\ntrym5 & describe "o ( ! l>ge isl&s ( ,fiji4 ,int]national rivalry ov] t gr\p ( isl&s 0 !n r ke54 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,k4 w5t to ,samoa1 & ,i h n[ complet$ ?is volume on ! geology ( ,vanua ,levu1 ,fiji4 ,x w n be necess>y to lay /ress "h on ! difficulties & h>d%ips connect$ ) ! exploration ( little kn[n tropical regions4 ,_m w be famili> ) all t ^! imply1 :]e ! ra9fall ranges f #ajj to #bej in*es1 :]e ! =e/s are d5se1 :]e tracks are few & swoll5 riv]s are num]\s1 & :]e ! torr5t's b$ pres5ts (t5 ! only road4 ,! only ext5sive geological collections made 9 ,fiji previ\s to my visit 7 ^? ( ,kle9s*midt 9 #ahgf-gh1 :i* toge!r ) a small collection previ\sly made by ,dr4 ,grffe 7 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,wi*mann4 ,^! rocks 7 obta9$ f ,viti ,levu1 ,k&avu1 ,ovalau1 etc41 b n f ,vanua ,levu4 ,dr4 ,wi*mann's pap] ( #ahhb1 descriptive ( ^! collections1 pres5ts u ) ! results ( "o ( ! e>lie/ /udies by mod]n me?ods ( rese>* ( ! volcanic rocks ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,x is to ?is inve/igator t we are indebt$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! occurr5ce ( plutonic rocks1 su* z granites1 gabbros1 diorites1 9 ,viti ,levu4 ,al?\gh1 z f> z ,i c asc]ta91 few1 if any1 rocks h be5 specially describ$ f ,vanua ,levu1 ?is isl& 0 visit$ by ,dana 9 #ahdj :5 atta*$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition "u ,wilkes4 ,8 obs]vations on its geology 7 publi%$ 9 8 volume on ! geology ( ! exp$ition4 ,al?\gh n ext5sive !y are valuable f _! ref]5ce to 8 discov]y ( tra*ytic & rhyolitic rocks z well z acid pumice-tuffs 9 ! isl&4 ,x is s+ul> t 8 obs]vations h app>5tly be5 ov]look$ by all 8 successors4 ,wi*mann ) ?is discov]y unkn[n to him rem>k$ on ! seem+ abs5ce ( qu>tz-be>+ rec5t eruptive rocks f ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,:5 ! 8,*all5g]0 ,exp$ition visit$ ! gr\p 9 #ahge "s geological collections 7 made :i* 7 describ$ by ,pr(4 ,r5>d 9 ! second volume on ! 8,physics & ,*emi/ry0 ( ! exp$ition4 ,no collections1 h[ev]1 7 made 9 ,vanua ,levu4 ,9 #ahgh ,mr4 ,john ,horne1 ,director ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,mauritius1 made "s important obs]vations on ! geological /ructure ( ?is isl& & ( o!r p>ts ( ! gr\p1 :i* he publi%$ 9 8 acc\nt ( ! isl&s giv5 9 8,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji40 ,no collections 7 obta9$ by him2 b prom95ce is giv5 to 8 obs]vations by ,dr4 ,wi*mann & o!rs4 ,l ,dana 9 ! case ( ! acid volcanic rocks1 ,mr4 ,horne has =e/all$ me 9 8 conclusion t ,vanua ,levu among/ ! o!r l>g] isl&s has be5 =m$ ma9ly ( ! products ( subm>9e eruptions4 ,! visit ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,agassiz to ,fiji 9 #ahig-ih gave a fre% impetus to its geological inve/igation4 ,we are indebt$ to him n only = 8 own ext5sive memoir on ! isl&s & coral reefs ( ?is gr\p1 b also = ! subsequ5t important explorations ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,&rews & ,mr4 ,b4 ,sawy] 9 ,viti ,levu & ! ,lau ,isl&s4 ,^! two g5tlem5 h s9ce publi%$ a %ort pap] on ! caves ( ^! isl&s4 ,mr4 ,eakle has describ$ ! volcanic rocks collect$ dur+ ! visit ( ,pr(4 ,agassiz4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t1 al?\gh ! collections 7 made 9 ,viti ,levu1 ,k&avu & 9 _m o!r ( ! small] isl&s1 ,vanua ,levu is n repres5t$4 ,mr4 ,eakle's conclusion t basic &esites & basalts are ! *>act]i/ic rocks ( ! region1 ! augite-&esites pr$om9at+1 w\ld apply to ,vanua ,levu 9 great "p4 ,?is isl& possesses also 9 fair am\nt hyp]/h5e-&esites & dacitic or felsitic &esites1 :i* are v scantily repres5t$ 9 ! collections exam9$ by ,mr4 ,eakle4 ,9 connection ) ! qu>tz-porphyries & tra*ytic rocks :i* also occur 9 ,vanua ,levu1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,&rews describes a rhyolite f ,suva 9 ,viti ,levu4 ,unlike ,viti ,levu1 ,vanua ,levu displays b a small developm5t ( plutonic rocks4 ,9 conclusion x %\ld be po9t$ out t mu* rema9s to be done 9 ! geological exploration ( ?is isl&1 & t ,i w\ld h sp5t a ?ird ye> 9 ?is task mu* to my pr(it4 ,/ill ,i hope t a p]iod ( two ye>s devot$ to its inve/igation w be reg>d$ z "s excuse = a c]ta9 ov]-confid5ce 9 ! expression ( my op9ions4 ,to enum]ate all ^? f :om ,i receiv$ mu* k9dness 9 ^! isl&s w\ld be a l5g?y task4 ,my indebt$ness is v great to ,bi%op ,vidal1 ,fa!r ,r\gi]1 & to v>i\s o!r memb]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,mission1 & ,i exp]i5c$ simil> fav\rs at ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,williams & o!r ,wesleyan ,mission>ies 9 ,vanua ,levu4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,sp5ce & ,mrs4 ,sp5ce %[$ me great k9dness1 & f ,dr4 ,corney ,i receiv$ valuable assi/ance on my arrival 9 ! gr\p4 ,to ! plant]s my debt is equally great1 m especially to ,mr4 ,b>ratt1 ,mr4 ,dods1 & ,mr4 ,mills4 ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld sugge/ ! f\ndation ( a 8,fijian ,society0 = ! inve/igation ( ! isl&s1 = ! ga!r+ toge!r ( all t has be5 writt5 ab\t ! gr\p & its p1 & = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,,h5ry ,,br\gham ,,guppy4 ,june1 #aijc4 ,note4--,a type set ( my geological collections repres5t+ ! massive rocks f ?is isl& has be5 k9dly accept$ by ! ,curator ( ! ,geological ,museum1 ,j]myn ,/reet4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,au?orities ,,quot$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,book ,,dana1 ,j4 ,d41 on ! ,geology ( ,fiji 9 vol4 x1 ,geology1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition ,reports1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdi4 ,,kle9s*midt1 ,t41 8,reis5 auf d5 ,viti-,inseln10 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 heft #ad1 ,hamburg1 #ahgi4 ,,horne1 ,j41 8,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji10 ,london1 #ahha4 ,,wi*mann1 ,a41 8,e9 ,beitrag zur ,petrographie des ,viti-,ar*ipels1 ,m9]alogis*e und ,petrographis*e1 ,mit!ilung510 b& v1 heft #a1 ,wi51 #ahhb4 ,,r5>d1 ,a41 on &esites f ,k&avu1 8,report on ! ,petrology ( ,oceanic ,isl&s10 vol4 ii ( 8,physics & ,*emi/ry10 ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 #ahhi4 ,,agassiz1 ,a41 8,! ,isl&s & ,coral ,reefs ( ,fiji10 ,bullet91 ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 ,h>v>d ,college1 vol4 xxxiii1 #ahii1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,eakle1 ,a4 ,s41 8,petrographical ,notes on "s rocks f ! ,fiji ,isl&s10 ,proce$+s1 ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 xxxiv1 no4 #ba1 ,may1 #ahii4 ,,&rews1 ,e4 ,c41 ,notes on ! lime/ones & g5]al geology ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,lau ,gr\p4 ,bas$ ^u surveys made = ,alex&] ,agassiz4 ,) a ,preface by ,t4 ,w4 ,edgewor? ,david4 ,bullet91 ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 ,h>v>d ,college2 vol4 xxxviii1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 #aijj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,isl& ,its rem>kable %ape1 #a4--;,its build+ up1 #b4--,/udy ( its pr(ile1 #c4--,m\nt ,seatura4--,regions ( acid &esites4--,basaltic tablel&s4--,great ridge-m\nta9s1 #e4--;,b\nd>y ( ! regions ( basic & acid rocks1 #f4--;,its prim>y features1 ! dacitic peak1 ! basaltic plateau1 & ! ridge-m\nta9 ,pages #a-f ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,em]g5ce ,,or ,,( ,,upheaval ,,at ,,! ,,sea-,,bord]s ,elevat$ coral reefs scantily repres5t$1 #g4--;,app>5t abs5ce ( coral reefs 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! em]g5ce1 #h4--;,elevat$ reefs conf9$ to ! coa/ & its vic9ity4--,detail$ exam9ation ( ! sea-bord]s1 #i4--,silicifi$ corals & silice\s concretions ! only evid5ce 9 _m localities ( ! uprais$ reefs1 #ac4--,! relations ( ! mangrove-belt to ! reef-flat1 #ad4--;,indications ( a v gradual movem5t ( em]g5ce 9 our own "t1 #ae4--,! rate ( advance ( ! mangroves1 #af4--;,conclusions1 #ai ,pages #g-bj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu ,! !rmal spr+s ( o!r p>ts ( ! gr\p1 #ba4--,! hot spr+s ( ! ,wa9unu valley1 #bb4--,! boil+ spr+s ( ,savu-savu1 #be4--;,analyses ( ! wat]1 #bh4--,! hot spr+s ( o!r localities1 #ca4--;,di/ribution ( ! spr+s1 #ce4--,! alg & silice\s deposits1 #cg4--,! cold & !rmal spr+s ( ,hawaii & ,etna1 #ch4--;,infiltration1 ! s\rce ( ! spr+s1 #ci4--;,a view negativ$ by ,pr(4 ,suess4--,li/ ( ! hot spr+s ( ,vanua ,levu1 #dj4--,summ>y ( ! *apt]1 #db ,pages #ba-db ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu ,naivaka1 #dc4--,korolevu ,hill1 #de4--;,bomb =mation ( ,nav+iri1 #df4--,rem>kable section ne> ,korolevu1 #dh4--,wailea ,bay to ,lekutu1 #ej4--,m\nt ,koroma1 #ea4--,m\nt ,sesaleka1 #ec4--,! ,mbua-,lekutu ,divide1 #ee4--,! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s1 #ee4--,! %ell-b$ ( ! ,mbua riv]1 #eh4--,lekumbi ,po9t1 #fj ,pages #dc-fj ,,*apt] ,v ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,m\nt ,seatura1 #fa4--;,its ea/]n slopes1 #fc4--;,its we/]n slopes1 #fd4--;,its nor!rn slopes1 #fe4--;,asc5ts to ! summit1 #ff4--,! ,ndriti ,bas91 #fg4--;,a huge crat]al cavity1 #fh4--;,its dykes ( propylite1 #fi4--,seatura a basaltic m\nta9 ( ! ,hawaiian ord]1 #gb4--,! ,seatovo ,range1 #gc4--,solevu ,bay1 #ge4--,koro-i-rea1 #gg4--,n&i ,bay1 #gh4--,na ,savu ,tablel&1 #gi ,pages #fa-ha ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! basaltic plateau ( ,wa9unu1 #hb4--;,its m>g9s cov]$ by pt]opod & =am9if]\s ooze-rocks1 #hf4--,! hill ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 #hg4--,kumbulau ,p59sula1 #ij4--,! basaltic fl[ ( ,kiombo ,po9t1 #ib4--,soni-soni ,isl&1 #ic4--,yanawai coa/1 #ie ,pages #hb-ig ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! ,ndr&ramea di/rict1 #ih4--;,its m\nta9s & hills ( acid &esites1 #ajj4--,nga+ai1 #aja4--,ndr&ramea1 #ajb4--,soloa ,levu1 #ajc4--,! und]ly+ alt]$ acid &esites1 #ajf4--,section ( ! di/rict1 #ajg4--,! magnetic peak ( ,navun+umu1 #ajh4--,! ,mb5u?a ,cliffs & _! pt]opod & =am9if]\s b$s1 #aji ,pages #ih-aab ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,m\nt ,vatu ,kaisia & di/rict1 #aac4--,! ,n&ron&ranu di/rict1 #aag4--,nganga-turuturu cliffs1 #aai4--,ndrawa di/rict1 #abj4--,tavia ranges1 #aba4--,na ,r>o1 #abc4--;,its ,asc5t1 #abe4--,na ,r>o ,gap1 #abg ,pages #aac-abg ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! basaltic pla9s ( ,s>awanga1 #abi4--,tembe-ni-ndio & its =am9if]al lime/ones1 #aca4--,! basaltic pla9s ( ,ndreketi1 #acb4--,! ,nawavi ,range1 #ace4--,n&uri1 #acf4--,tambia di/rict1 #acg4--,! basaltic pla9s ( ,lambasa1 #ach ,pages #abh-aci ,,*apt] ,x ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! ,va ,lili ,range1 #adj4--;,its ,nambuni spur1 #add4--,orig9ally subm]g$ & cov]$ ) palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates1 #ade4--,! ,waisali ,saddle1 #adf4--,n>5gali di/rict1 #adg4--,nakambuta1 #adh4--,! valleys ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai1 #aej4--,_! orig91 #aea ,pages #adj-aeb ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! ,korot9i ,range1 #aec4--,trav]se f ,waisali to ,sealevu1 #aed4--,trav]se f ,mbale-mbale to ,v&rani1 #aef4--,trav]se f ,vatu-kawa to ,v&rani1 #afj4--,trav]se f ,nukumbolo to ,su5i1 #afa4--,! ,su5i valley1 #afc4--;,g5]al inf]5ce conc]n+ ! range1 #afd ,pages #aec-afe ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! ,koro-mbasanga ,range1 #aff4--,! ,sok5a ,ridge1 #afi4--,lovo valley1 #afi4--,m\nt ,mbat9i1 #agb4--,! ,vu9&i ,gap1 #age4--,! ,?ambeyu or ,m\nt ,?ur/on ,ranges1 #agf4--,/ructure ( ,?ambeyu1 #agg4--,! ,avuka ,range1 #agi ,pages #aff-ahj ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! ,valanga ,range1 #aha4--;,its we/]n flank1 #ahc4--,ngone ,hill1 #ahc4--,valley ( ,na ,kula1 #ahd4--,! ,m>iko ,range1 #ahe4--,savu-savu ,p59sula1 #ahi4--,na9di ,bay1 #aib4--,! ,salt ,lake1 #aid ,pages #aha-aif ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! ,natewa ,p59sula1 #aig4--,vi5e di/rict1 #aih4--,lea di/rict1 #aii4--,waikawa ,m\nta9s1 #bja4--,ndreke-ni-wai coa/1 #bjc4--,waikatakata1 #bjc4--,m\nt ,freel& or ! ,ngala ,range1 #bjd4--,trav]se f ,tunuloa to ,ndevo1 #bje4--;,coa/ f ,ndevo to ,mbu?a ,bay1 #bje ,pages #aig-bjf ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! nor?-ea/ portion ( ! isl& f ,m\nt ,?ur/on to ,undu ,po9t1 #bjg4--;,coa/ betwe5 ,vu9&i & ,tawaki1 #bjh4--,! correspond+ inl& region1 #bji4--,! gabbro ( ,nawi1 #baa4--,u?ulanga ,ridge1 #baa4--;,asc5t ( ,m\nt ,vungalei or ,ndrukau1 #bac4--,nailo?a1 #bad4--;,exposure ( alt]$ tra*ytes & qu>tz-porphyries at its base1 #bae4--;,f ,n&ongo to ,vanuav\1 #baf4--;,f ,ngelemumu to ,wa9ikoro1 #bag4--,sea bord] betwe5 ,lambasa & ,mbu?ai-sau1 #bah4--;,coa/ betwe5 ,mbu?ai-sau & ! ,wa9ikoro & ,langa-langa ,riv]s1 #bai4--;,coa/ betwe5 ! ,langa-langa ,riv] & ,?aw>o ,bay1 #bba4--,! ,globig]9a clay ( ,visongo1 #bba4--,vui-na-,savu ,riv]1 #bbb4--,"s ,g5]al inf]5ces1 #bbc ,pages #bjg-bbc ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,! ,wa9ikoro & ,kalikoso ,pla9s1 #bbd4--,vaka-lala?a ,lake1 #bbe4--;,its float+ isl&s1 #bbf4--;,a region ( acid rocks1 #bbg4--,silicifi$ corals & limonite1 #bbh4--,tawaki di/rict1 #bbi4--,?aw>o di/rict1 #bcj4--,m\nt ,?uku1 #bca4--,undu ,po9t1 #bcb4--;,g5]al *>act]s ( ! ,undu ,promontory1 #bcc ,pages #bbd-bcd ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu ,_! v>i$ "*1 #bce4--,_! classification1 #bcf4--;,descriptive =mula1 #bcg4--,synopsis1 #bci4--,ord]s ( ! ,oliv9e-,basalts1 #bda4--,ord]s ( ! ,augite-,&esites1 #bde4--,ord]s ( ! ,hyp]/h5e-,augite-,&esites1 #bdg4--;,description ( ! ,plutonic ,rocks1 #bdi ,pages #bce-bea ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,! ,oliv9e ,basalts ,pages #beb-bfe ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,! ,augite-,&esites ,pages #bff-bhd ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,! ,hyp]/h5e-,augite-,&esites ,pages #bhe-bib ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,acid ,,&esites1 ,,tra*ytes1 ,,qu>tz-,,porphyries4 ,! ,hornbl5de-,&esites ( ,fiji1 #bic4--,occurr5ce ( ,dacites 9 ,fiji1 #bid4--,sugge/ion ( 8felsitic &esite0 z a rock-"n1 #bie4--,! ,acid ,&esites ( ,vanua ,levu1 #bie4--,! ,hyp]/h5e-,&esites1 #bif4--,! ,hornbl5de-,hyp]/h5e-,&esites1 #bih4--,! ,qu>tz-,&esites or ,dacites1 #cjb4--,tabul> comp>ison ( ! ,acid ,&esites1 #cjd4--,! *>act]s ( ! ,rhombic ,pyrox5e1 #cjf4--,magmatic ,p>amorphism1 #cjf4--,! ,oligoclase ,tra*ytes1 #cjh4--,qu>tz-,porphyries & ,rhyolitic rocks1 #cji ,pages #bic-caa ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,basic pit*/ones & basic glasses1 #cab4--,volcanic ,agglom]ates1 #cad ,pages #cab-caf ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,calc>e\s ,,=mations1 ,,volcanic ,,muds1 ,,palagonite-,,tuffs ,g5]al ,"*1 #cag4--;,coral ,lime/ones1 #cah4--;,=am9if]al ,lime/ones1 #cai4--,pt]opod-oozes1 #cbj4--;,=am9if]\s ,volcanic ,muds1 #cba4--,samples1 #cbb4--;,alt]$ k9ds1 #cbd4--,subm>9e ,palagonite-tuffs ( mix$ composition1 #cbf4--,samples1 #ccj4--;,alt]$ ,basic ,tuffs1 #ccb4--,subm>9e ,basic ,pumice ,tuffs1 #ccc4--8;,cru%-tuffs0 =m$ ( basic glass & palagonite1 #ccd4--,zeolitic ,palagonite-,tuffs1 #ccd4--,palagonite-m>ls1 #cce4--;,acid ,pumice ,tuffs1 #ccf ,pages #cag-ccf ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,palagonite ,its abundance 9 a fragm5tal condition 9 ,vanua ,levu1 #ccg4--;,its occurr5ce 9 deep-sea deposits1 #cch4--,modes ( =mation 9 situ1 #cch4--;,9 ! upp] portion ( a basaltic fl[1 #cci4--;,9 ! gr\ndmass ( hemi-cry/all9e basaltic rocks1 #cci4--;,9 ve9s 9 a basic tuff-agglom]ate1 #cdj4--;,9 ! fissures ( a basaltic dyke1 #cda4--;,9 ! matrix ( pit*-/one agglom]ates1 #cdi4--;,9 8cru%-tuffs10 #cda4--,reg>d$ z a solidifi$ magma-residuum ( l[ fusibility1 #cdb4--;,its connection ) cru%+1 #cdb4--;,buns5's exp]im5t1 #cdc4--,ros5bus* & ,r5>d1 #cdd4--,! ,n&ua s]ies ( b$s1 #cde4--,sugge/$ explanation ( ! orig9 ( palagonite1 #cdf4--,type ( basalt associat$ ) palagonite1 #cdg4--;,hydration & dis9tegration ( palagonite1 #cdh ,pages #ccg-cdi ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,silicifi$ ,,corals1 ,,fl9ts1 ,,limonite ,mode ( occurr5ce ( ! silicifi$ corals1 #cea4--,_! "* & /ructure1 #ceb4--;,fl9ts1 nodules ( ,*alc$ony1 ,agates1 etc41 #cec4--,o!r silice\s concretions1 #ced4--;,jasp]1 #cee4--;,deposits ( ,limonite1 #cef4--,magnetic ,iron-s&1 #ceg4--,sugge/$ explanation ( ! silicification ( ! corals1 #ceh4--,note on a silicifi$ ,tree-f]n1 #cfj ,pages #cej-cfj ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,magnetic ,,rocks ,previ\s obs]vations1 #cfa4--,magnetic ,pol>ity usually caus$ by atmosph]ic electricity1 #cfb4--;,display$ by bo? acid & basic rocks1 #cfd4--,v frequ5t 9 ,vanua ,levu1 #cfe4--;,its relation to specific weight1 #cff4--,! influ5ce ( locality1 #cfg4--;,frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 m\nta9 peaks1 #cfg4--;,description ( ! peaks1 #cfh4--,measurem5t ( ! pol>ity ( rocks1 #cgj ,pages #cfa-cga ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,"s ,,conclusions ,,& ,,_! ,,be>+s ,vanua ,levu1 a composite isl& =m$ dur+ a long p]iod ( em]g5ce1 #cgb4--,! subm>9e plateau probably produc$ by basaltic fl[s1 #cgc4--,! di/ribution ( ! volcanic rocks1 #cgd4--;,comp>ison ) ,icel&1 #cgd4--,! m\nta9-ridges1 #cge4--,! em]g5ce ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 #cgf4--,wi*mann's view ( ! e>ly cont95tal condition n support$1 #cgf4--;,age & "* ( ! em]g5ce1 #cgg4--,! evid5ce ( ! ,lau ,gr\p & ( ! ,tongan ,isl&s1 #cgh4--,two pr9cipal /ages ( ! em]g5ce1 #cgi4--,relative antiquity ( ! ,hawaiian1 ,fijian1 & ,tongan ,isl&s z indicat$ by _! floras1 #cgi4--;,isl&s h always be5 isl&s1 #chj4--,! hypo!sis ( a ,pacific cont95t n yet ne$$1 #cha4--,! great dilemma1 #cha4--,mu* rema9s to be le>n$ ( ! possibilities ( means ( disp]sal 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! pres5t1 #chb ,pages #cgb-chb ,,app5dix4 7#a7 ,note on microscopical exam9ation ( /one-axes4 7#b7 ,note on ! asc5t ( ! tide 9 ! ,ndreketi ,riv]4 7#c7 ,note on ! 8talas+a0 di/ricts4 ,,index #che ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,,to ,,face ,,page ,na ,r>o 7#b1dbj feet7 f ! s\?-we/1 a peak ( acid &esite ,frontis- ,ndr&ramea 7#a1hjj feet7 f ! s\?-ea/1 a peak ( piece acid &esite ris+ ab\t a ?\s& feet f its base ,! ,ndr&ramea ,di/rict f ! we/w>d #ih ,m\nt ,tavia 7#b1baj feet7 f ,vatu ,kaisia #ajh ,! magnetic peak ( ,navun+umu 7#a1ica feet7 f ! s\? ,mb5u?a ,cliffs1 %[+ volcanic agglom]ates ov]ly+ tuffs & clays1 conta9+ %ells ( pt]opods & =am9if]a1 :i* are rais$ #a1ajj feet above ! sea #aaa ,duniua ,lagoon1 repres5t+ an old m\? ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai #aec ,,li?ographs ,vanua ,levu1 ,fiji ,isl&s #a ,fiji ,isl&s #cgc ,,figures ,,page ,pr(iles ( ,vanua ,levu z ,view$ f ! ,s\?4 ,graphically ,repres5t$ on a ,horizontal ,scale ( ab\t #af miles to ! in* #d ,korolevu ,hill 7#hjj feet7 f ,wailea ,bay #df ,pr(ile & ,geological ,section ( ! we/]n end ( ,vanua ,levu f ! ,wa9unu e/u>y across ! summit ( ! basaltic m\nta9 ( ,seatura to ! edge ( ! subm>9e plat=m (f ! ,ndama coa/ z limit$ by ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e #fb ,pr(ile1 look+ nor? f (f ! m\? ( ! ,wa9unu ,riv] #hc ,r\gh plan ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict 9 ,vanua ,levu2 made ) prismatic compass & an]oid by ,h4 ,b4 ,guppy #ii ,pr(iles ( ,nga+ai & ,wawa ,levu f ,nambuna to ! s\?-we/4 ,bo? are dacitic m\nta9s #aja ,pr(ile & ,geological ,section ( ,vanua ,levu1 across ! isl& f ! ,s>awanga 7nor?7 coa/ to ! ,yanawai 7s\?7 coa/ #ajg ,pr(ile-sket* ( ! ,vatu ,kaisia di/rict f ,s4,s4,e4 #aac ,section ( ! ,vatu ,kaisia di/rict #aae ,pr(iles ( ,na ,r>o #abd ,pr(ile-sket*es ( ! ,va-,lili ,range #ada ,pr(ile-sket* ( ! m\nta9\s axis ( ,vanua ,levu #afg ,koro-mbasanga f ! nor?-nor?-ea/ #afg ,m\nt ,mbat9i f ! top ( ,koro-mbasanga #agc ,view f ,muanaira on ! s\? coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay #agc ,ideal ,section ( ,?ambeyu #agg ,diagram illu/rat+ ! two sets ( felsp>-la!s 9 a dyke #bch ,magma-lakelet1 #be mm4 9 size1 magnifi$ #bij diamet]s1 f a basalt at ,nav+iri #cci ,%[+ fragm5ts ( glass ) erod$ bord]s & ( plagioclase ) m ev5 edges 9 a matrix ( palagonite trav]s$ by cracks #cdb ,diagram %[+ ! succession ( deposits bel[ ! ,n&ua tea-e/ate #cde ,illu/ration3 ,,vanua ,,levu1 ,,fiji ,,isl&s4 ,,drawn ,,on ,a ,,scale ,,( #be ,,miles ,,to #c ,,in*es ,,by ,h4 ,b4 ,,guppy1 ,m4,b4 ,bas$ on ! ,admiralty ,surveys1 b mo/ ( ! topographical details ( ! int]ior h be5 suppli$ f ! au?or's obs]vations ) ! an]oid & prismatic compass 9 #ahig-ii4 ,x is m]ely int5d$ to illu/rate 8 g5]al acc\nt ( ! physical & geological *>act]s ( ! isl& & is v f> f complete4 7see introduction47 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,a ,,naturali/ ,,9 ,,! ,,pacific ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,isl& ,,! rem>kable %ape ( ?is isl& at once attracts ! att5tion3 & inde$ x is 9 its irregul> outl9e & 9 ! occurr5ce ov] a l>ge portion ( its surface ( subm>9e tuffs & agglom]ates t w be f\nd a key to ! /udy ( its hi/ory4 ,) an extreme l5g? ( #ih miles1 an av]age bread? ( #ae to #bj miles1 & a maximum elevation ( ne>ly #c1ejj feet1 x has an area1 e/imat$ at #b1djj squ>e miles1 comp>able ) t ( ! c\nty ( ,devon4 ,:il/ its peculi>ly long & n>r[ dim5sions are to be associat$ ) ! n>r[+ ( ! subm>9e basaltic plat=m1 f :i* x rises toge!r ) ! o!r l>ge isl& ( ,viti ,levu1 its extremely irregul> %ape is closely connect$ ) ! composite mode ( its orig94 ,we h "h exemplifi$ ! process ( ! build+ up ( a cont95tal isl& 9 ! great area ( em]g5ce ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 t region :i* displays at v>i\s heights above ! sea ! anci5t reefs & ! und]ly+ deposits ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 ,new ,hebrides1 ,fiji1 ,tonga1 c4 ,b ?is process ( con/ruction has nev] be5 complet$1 & is at pres5t susp5d$2 yet x is 9 its incomplete condition t ,vanua ,levu possesses its importance = ! inve/igation ( ?is subject4 ,?is isl& has 9 fact be5 =m$ by ! union ( a numb] ( small] volcanic isl&s dur+ a long protract$ p]iod ( em]g5ce4 ,^! orig9al isl&s are indicat$ approximately by ! #a1hjj-;feet cont\r-level 9 ! accompany+ map4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason = suppos+ t ! movem5t ( em]g5ce has altoge!r ceas$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages ! ext5sive subm>9e plateau1 f :i* x rises1 w be laid b>e2 & ! small surr\nd+ isl&s t are situat$ ^u x1 su* z ,yanganga1 ,kia1 ,mali1 ,rambi1 ,kioa1 c41 w be includ$ 9 ! area ( ,vanua ,levu4#a ,exclud+ = ! mom5t ! effects ( d5udation1 :i* h be5 v great1 we %all be able to disc]n "s ( ! /ages ( ! build+-up ( ! isl& dur+ ! em]g5ce or upheaval by look+ at ! map & rev]s+ ! process 9 imag9ation4 ,a subsid5ce ( only #ej feet w\ld cause ! ,natewa ,p59sula to be isolat$ by a sea-passage along ! l9e ( ! ,salt ,lake2 :il/ sev]al isl&s w\ld be =m$ along ! nor!rn & s\!rn coa/s1 & ! ,naivaka ,p59sula w\ld become deta*$4 ,if ! subsid5ce ext5d$ to #cjj feet1 ! sea w\ld fl[ ov] a l>ge portion ( ! isl&1 :]e x w\ld rega9 :at 0 n _m ages s9ce its own1 an area ( basaltic pla9s1 :i* by _! prolongation "u ! sea =m ! great subm>9e plateau4 ,a subsid5ce ( #a1jjj feet w\ld break up ! rema9+ elevat$ axis ( ! isl& into a numb] ( less] portions2 & aft] a total l[]+ ( #a1hjj feet !re w\ld exi/ only a few scatt]$ isl&s1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* w\ld %[ b little relation to ! pres5t =m ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,at ei!r end ( ! area !re w\ld arise f ! sea ! isolat$ volcanic peaks ( ,seatura & ,ngala 7,m\nt ,freel&72 & betwe5 !m w\ld be situat$ f\r or five long n>r[ isl&s1 toge!r ) a gr\p ( small isl&s & islets :]e ,na ,r>o & ! o!r acid &esite m\nta9s ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict n[ lie4 ,z might be p>tly expect$1 !re is 9 ! surface-configuration ( ! int]ior ( ,vanua ,levu an abs5ce ( t simplicity ( cont\r :i* exi/s 9 a volcanic isl& ( supra-m>9e =mation1 z = in/ance 9 ! l>ge isl& ( ,hawaii :]e ! ?ree great volcanic m\nta9s ( ,mauna ,kea1 ,mauna ,loa & ,hualalai toge!r ) ! old] ,kohala range1 det]m9e ! =m ( ! :ole isl&'s surface4#b ,"h 9 ,vanua ,levu !re is1 on ! contr>y1 b little ord] among/ its physical features4 ,! riv]s (t5 run obliquely ) ! sea-bord]1 :il/ m\nta9s frequ5tly rise at ! coa/ & pla9s lie f> inl&1 & ! view ( ! elevat$ int]ior1 z obta9$ f "o ( ! peaks1 pres5ts 9 _m p>ts a s]ies ( m\nta9-ridges runn+ a?w>t ! isl&'s axis4 ,a /udy ( ! pr(ile ( ! isl& is an important prelim9>y /ep to its m detail$ exam9ation4 ,"o may ramble ov] a p>ticul> region ( x = weeks1 z ,i h done1 )\t gett+ any satisfactory idea ( ! true configuration ( ! surface4 ,9 a locality d5sely wood$ & occupi$ by /eep m\nta9 ridges & deep gorges1 ! field ( view is (t5 v limit$2 b se5 f ! deck ( a pass+ %ip ! ma9 features ( ! isl& assume _! true proportions & relations1 & mu* t 0 unc]ta9 is 9 ?is mann] made pla94 ,! pr(ile "h giv5 has be5 con/ruct$ f a numb] ( o!rs1 & repres5ts 9 a graphic fa%ion ,vanua ,levu z view$ f ! s\?w>d4 ,i h "h sacrific$ small] details & occasionally "s degree ( accuracy 9 small matt]s 9 ord] to br+ out ! pr9cipal features ( ! isl&4 ,at & ne> ! extreme we/]n extremity rise ! conspicu\s hills ( ,sesaleka 7#a1cgj feet71 ,naivaka 7#a1fea feet7 & ,koroma 7#a1chd feet71 all ( !m =m$ ( basic volcanic mat]ials4#c ,naivaka1 :i* is connect$ ) ! ma9 isl& by a n>r[ i/hmus1 only ab\t #cj feet 9 height1 is probably "o ( ! mo/ rec5t additions to ! isl&'s area2 & x is at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ! num]\s volcanic v5ts t once exi/$4 ,! lead+ feature1 h[ev]1 ( ?is end ( ,vanua ,levu is ! great m\nta9 ( ,seatura 7#b1hab feet71 :i* occupies a l>ge "p ( ! ,mbua prov9ce & monopolises mo/ ( ! l&scape :il/ l>gely det]m9+ ! =m ( ! we/]n extremity ( ! isl&4 ,x is a basaltic m\nta9 ( ! ,mauna ,loa type1 its long ea/]n slope desc5d+ g5tly at an angle ( ?ree or f\r degrees = ab\t t5 miles to ! m\? ( ! ,wa9unu ,riv]4 ,9 its deeply erod$ radial valleys & gorges1 & 9 o!r respects1 x is n unlike ! isl& ( ,tahiti1 z describ$ by ,dana4 ,! ,ndr&ramea region to ! ea/w>d1 :i* ,i h nam$ aft] "o ( its be/ kn[n peaks1 has a pr(ile ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,its brok5 outl9e indicates ! exi/5ce ( num]\s m\nta9s & hills ( acid &esites1 occasionally dacitic4 ,al?\gh "s ( !m atta9 a height ( #b1jjj feet & ov] _! tops alone are se5 f seaw>d4 ,betwe5 ! foot ( ^! m\nta9s & ! s\? coa/ ext5ds a great plateau ( column> basalt1 incru/$ at its bord]s ) subm>9e deposits1 :i* desc5ds coa/w>d ) a v g5tle slope1 ! fall 9 ab\t five miles be+ only ab\t #cjj feet 7#a1ajj to #hjj feet74 ,x t]m9ates abruptly opposite ! elevat$ headl& ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 a range1 compos$ ma9ly ( grey oliv9e-basalts1 :i* is n indicat$ 9 ! pr(ile4 ,,pr(iles ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu ,,z ,,view$ ,,f ,,! ,,s\?4 ,,graphically ,,repres5t$ ,,on ,a ,,horizontal ,,scale ,,( ,,ab\t #af ,,miles ,,to ,,! ,,in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,nai?ombo?ombo ,po9t to ,,undu ,po9t1 repres5t+ ! l5g? ( ! isl& 7#ih miles74 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,natewa ,p59sula f ! ,salt ,lake to ,kumbalau ,po9t4 ,! two conical peaks ( ,vatu ,kaisia 7#a1hhj feet7 & ,na ,r>o 7#b1dbj feet71 :i* rise up s unexpect$ly 9 ! region imm$iately ea/ ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict1 are also ( acid &esitic rocks1 9 ! la/ case approa*+ ! dacitic type4 ,!y lie )9 ! bord]s ( ! area ( basic tuffs1 basic agglom]ates1 & basic massive rocks1 t "h beg9s & ext5ds ea/w>d to ,m\nt ,?ur/on & a little beyond4 ,ea/ ( ,na ,r>o !re is a gap or break 9 ! pr(ile1 :]e ! greate/ elevation is probably n ov] #hjj feet2 & on its f>!r side rises up ! m\nta9 ( ,va ,lili 7#b1icj feet71 a l(ty inl& ridge t lies t[>ds ! s\!rn coa/4 ,palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates are ! prevail+ surface-=mations 9 ?is di/rict4 ,ea/w>ds f ,va ,lili ext5ds = eight or n9e miles a l(ty1 level-topp$1 & almo/ peakless range1 :i* ,i h call$ ! ,korot9i ,table-l&1 aft] ! t[ns once situat$ on its s\!rn slopes4 ,its outl9e is %[n 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! view fac+ page #aec4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n s level-topp$ z x appe>s to be2 b ! gradual v>iations 9 elevation betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj feet1 :5 spread ov] a l5g? ( "s miles1 are m or less lo/ 9 ! g5]al outl9e ( ! range z view$ f ! coa/4 ,basic agglom]ates are pr9cipally expos$ on ! l[] slopes2 :il/ high] up1 rea*+ (t5 to ! summit ( ! table-l&1 occur palagonite-tuffs conta9+ te/s ( =am9if]a & molluscan %ells1 massive basic rocks be+ expos$ 9 places4 ,! level pr(ile ( ! ,korot9i tablel& gives place1 z "o proce$s ea/w>d1 to ! brok5 outl9e ( ! sev]al l(ty peaks ( ,m>iko 7#b1hij feet71 ,mbat9i 7#c1dcg feet71 ,?ambeyu 7#c1abd feet7 & o!rs4#d ,ea* ( ^! peaks m>ks "o ( ! bold m\nta9-ridges t =m su* a /rik+ feature 9 ! surface-configuration ( ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,on ! slopes ( ^! ridges1 & (t5 also on _! summits1 appe> basic agglom]ates & palagonitic tuffs & clays (t5 inclos+ te/s ( =am9if]a2 :il/ expos$ 9 ! gorges & protrud+ at times ?r\gh ! tuffs & agglom]ates on ! cre/s ( ! ridges are display$ massive basic rocks ( ! type ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,ea/ ( ,?ambeyu ! level s9ks to ab\t #a1jjj feet above ! sea1 & beyond rises an irregul> gr\p ( hills & m\nta9s :i* atta9 _! greate/ height 9 ,nailo?a1#e #b1dha feet above ! sea4 ,we are n[ ne> ! limit ( ! area ( basic rocks4 ,foll[+ ! pr(ile z x slopes away1 m>k$ by occasional peaks & breaks1 t[>ds ,undu ,po9t1 we pass at fir/ ov] a di/rict :]e basic rocks are mix$ ) ^? ( m acid type2 b be=e we rea* ,m\nt ,?uku we ent] ! di/rict ( oligoclase-tra*ytes1 qu>tz-porphyries1 & rhyolitic tuffs1 t ext5ds to ! extremity ( ! ,undu promontory4 ,!re rema9s to be notic$ ! pr(ile ( ! ,natewa ,p59sula4 ,z %[n 9 ! diagram1 ?is level beg9s at a few feet above ! sea 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,salt ,lake2 & z x proce$s ea/w>d x atta9s a level ( #a1ifj feet 9 ,ngalau-levu & ( #a1edj feet 9 ! ,waikawa promontory1 f9ally culm9at+1 z x ne>s ,kumbulau ,po9t1 9 a m\nta9\s di/rict :i* atta9s its greate/ elevation ( #b1gdj feet above ! sea 9 ! l(ty ridge ( ,ngala1 ! ,m\nt ,freel& ( ! *>t4 ,alt]$ basic rocks prevail 9 ?is p59sula2 b m acid &esites also occur1 & =am9if]\s tuffs & clays are expos$ on ! slopes1 rea*+ to ov] #a1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,i w conclude ?is ref]5ce to ! pr(ile ( ! isl& ) ! rem>k t if ,i _h neglect$ to indicate "h ! close connection t exi/s betwe5 ! nature ( ! surface-configuration & ! "* ( ! prevail+ rocks ,i %\ld h ignor$ a means ( inve/igation :i* has prov$ ( ! greate/ value4 ,! rock & surface *>act]s g toge!r4 ,! inl& plateau n[ upheav$ #a1jjj feet above ! sea1 0 built up by subm>9e fl[s ( basaltic lava4 ,! isolat$ conical peak t s unexpect$ly intrudes itself into ! view is ! dacitic core ( "s subm>9e volcano long s9ce /ripp$ ( mo/ ( its fragm5tal cov]+s4 ,! l(ty m\nta9-ridges t run a?w>t ! isl&'s bread?1 ) _! summits usually 9 ! ra9-cl\ds receiv$ _! cov]+s ( tuffs & agglom]ates ages ago :5 !y 7 subm]g$2 & n[ !y rise to heights ( ov] #c1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,b\nd up ) ! my/]i\s orig9 ( ^! great ridges is ! hi/ory ( ! isl& ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,^! prelim9>y rem>ks are only int5d$ to s]ve z a g5]al introduction to ! detail$ description ( ! isl& & its =mations4 ,! clos+ *apt] is devot$ to a summ>y ( ! pr9cipal results ( my inve/igations4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,em]g5ce ,,or ,,( ,,upheaval ,,at ,,! ,,sea-,,bord]s4 ,,"o w\ld h expect$ t 9 an isl& :]e subm>9e muds & tuffs are ( su* common occurr5ce at ! surface1 ext5d+ f ! sea-bord] to elevations ( #b1jjj feet & ov]1 uprais$ coral reefs w\ld be also frequ5t & ext5sive4 ,b x is rem>kable t ! uplift$ masses ( reef-lime/one1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! isl&s ( ! ,lau ,gr\p1 are "h v scantily repres5t$4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! fossilif]\s volcanic muds t =m ! f\ndations ( coral reefs are (t5 expos$ at & ne> ! coa/2 b ! elevat$ reefs t ought to be f\nd repos+ on !m are r>ely to be obs]v$4 ,x is n to be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t 9 a region s rem>kable = ! great developm5t ( reef-=mations coral reefs did n !n ?rive 9 ^! localities1 b r t su* a long p]iod has elaps$ s9ce ! em]g5ce ( ! pres5t sea-bord] t ! uprais$ coral reefs at & ne> ! coa/ h long s9ce be5 9 a great "p /ripp$ (f by ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 x is evid5t t coral reefs c\ld nev] h be5 v ext5sive at ! sea-bord] dur+ ! la/ /ages ( ! em]g5ce2 :il/ !y d n appe> to h exi/$ at all dur+ ! e>ly p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( ! isl&4 ,9 ?is connection x may be obs]v$ t h>d compact lime/ones ( any k9d are r>ely to be f\nd1 & only 9 a scanty fa%ion4 ,! ext5sive developm5t ( dolomites & h>d lime/ones1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,&rews & o!rs 9 ! valley ( ! ,s+atoka 9 ,viti ,levu1 is n a "* ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,! =am9if]\s & pt]opod clays1 :i* exi/ 9 ! int]ior & (t5 9 ! he>t ( ! isl&1 are n ov]laid by anci5t reef-lime/ones1 b by great masses ( volcanic agglom]ate & co>se fossilif]\s tuffs1 ! =am9if]\s muds 9 _! turn cov]+ ! core ( massive volcanic rocks4 ,!re 7 no signs ( coral-reef fragm5ts 9 ! volcanic agglom]ates 9 any locality exam9$1 not)/&+ t ^! agglom]ates are s intimately associat$ ) ! fossilif]\s tuffs & clays t _! subm>9e orig9 c\ld n be d\bt$4 ,! conditions = reef-=mation evid5tly did n exi/ 9 t e>ly /age ( ! isl&'s hi/ory1 :5 ! =am9if]\s tuffs & clays1 n[ occurr+ at elevations ( #b1jjj feet & ov]1 7 be+ deposit$ on ! sea-bottom4 ,at "s "t or o!r1 h[ev]1 ^! high m\nta9-slopes1 previ\s to _! em]g5ce f ! sea1 mu/ h be5 )9 ! limits ( ! zone ( reef-build+ corals4 ,if reefs _h be5 =m$ along ^? anci5t coa/s1 or on ! orig9al %oals1 !y w\ld h be5 9 "s cases pres]v$1 z 9 ! case ( ! =am9if]\s tuffs & clays1 by a cov]+ ( volcanic agglom]ate4 ,^! s(t subm>9e deposits h be5 9 ?is mann] sav$ f ! de/ructive effects ( d5udation ov] a l>ge "p ( ! isl& :e!r on ! high] slopes or at ! l[] levels2 b no trace ( reef-=mation ev] came "u my notice 9 ! high] regions ( ! int]ior4 ,?is is a puzzl+ po9t t w h to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! orig9 ( ! great m\nta9 ridges1 "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 ! hi/ory ( ! build+-up ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,i w n[ ref] to ! evid5ce ( ! late/ /age ( ! upheaval ( ! isl& z indicat$ at & ne> ! sea-bord] by ! scantily occurr+ uprais$ reefs4 ,! elevat$ reefs are mo/ly to be f\nd on ! s\? coa/ betwe5 ,fawn ,h>b\r & ,na ,viavia ,islet (f ,h>man's or ,savu-savu ,po9t4 ,na ,viavia ,islet itself is #cjj or #djj y>ds 9 l5g? & is =m$ ( mu* honeycomb$ reef-lime/one1 :i* is rais$ #aj or #ab feet above ! high-wat] l9e4 ,proce$+ ea/w>d along ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,savu-savu promontory we next come ^u uplift$ reefs 9 a curi\sly isolat$ hill t rises on ! coa/ betwe5 ,nai!koro & ,na9di ,bay4 ,?is hill is ab\t #bej feet 9 height & is compos$ 9 ! mass ( coral lime/one4 ,ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea-level x exhibits an erosion-l9e1 above :i* x rises precipit\sly to ! summit4 ,! we/ po9t ( ,na9di ,bay is =m$ ( reef-lime/one rea*+ to a height ( #dj to #ej feet & display+ 9 position massive corals1 8,fungi10 & 8,tridacna0 %ells4 ,ne> its base1 f\r to five feet above ! pres5t high-wat] level1 x %[s an erosion l9e4 ,?is lime/one ov]lies a rock 9 :i* blocks ( volcanic rocks1 five to six in*es across1 are imb$d$ 9 a calc>e\s matrix4 ,rais$ coral lime/one occurs at int]vals on ! coa/ betwe5 ,na9di ,bay & ! m\? ( ! ,salt ,lake ,passage1 usually =m+ l[ islets1 ( :i* ! small] ab\t #ab feet 9 height (t5 assume1 ?r\gh ! erosion ( ! sea at _! base1 t peculi> mu%room-%ape1 s *>act]i/ic ( upheaval on reef-b\nd coa/s4 ,! passage into ! ,salt ,lake lies 9 a slightly elevat$ reef-mass2 & ! islet :i* rises up 9 its c5tre to ab\t a foot above ! wat]-level is ma9ly =m$ ( coral blocks1 al?\gh ,i did n f9d any rema9s ( coral on ! l[ neck ( l& int]v5+ betwe5 ! ,salt ,lake & ,natewa ,bay4 ,ea/w>d f ! ,salt ,lake ,passage to ,nanu?a 9 ! vic9ity ( ,fawn ,h>b\r l[ cliffs ( coral lime/one1 six to eight feet high & occasionally display+ massive corals 9 position1 mo/ frequ5tly con/itute ! sea-bord]1 r>ely1 h[ev]1 ext5d+ m ?an a few paces inl& or atta9+ !re a great] elevation ?an #ab or #ae feet4 ,?is limitation ( ! uprais$ reef-belt to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! coa/ is true ( all ?is di/rict4 ,x is only :5 ! sea-bord] is l[ & swampy t x is f\nd #ajj or #bjj y>ds inl&2 & 9 any case z "o foll[s x inl& x soon gives place to ! fossilif]\s mud-rocks & tuffs ( ! int]ior4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! uprais$ reefs ( ?is region 7 r>ely obs]v$ at great] heights ?an #bj feet above ! sea1 9 fact usually at a mu* l[] level4 ,! exceptional occurr5ce 9 mass ( reef-lime/one at a height ( #bej feet 9 a coa/ hill betwe5 ,nai!koro & ,na9di !re=e l5ds col\r to ! idea t ! elevat$ reefs =m]ly ext5d$ f>!r inl& & t !y h be5 /ripp$ (f by d5udation4 ,on ! nor? coa/ ( ! ,natewa ,p59sula elevat$ reefs are ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,i walk$ along ! :ole ( t coa/ f ! head ( ,natewa ,bay to )9 f\r miles ( ,kumbulau ,po9t & only f\nd !m 9 ! locality1 "o to "o & a half miles we/ ( ! m\? ( ! riv] ,ndreke-ni-wai4 ,"h !re 7 two islets1 #bj to #be feet high & ly+ close to ! %ore1 :i* 7 =m$ entirely ( coral-rock1 massive corals occurr+ 9 position 9 _! l[] "p4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 uprais$ reefs are s scantily to be f\nd on ?is coa/1 o!r pro(s ( upheaval are to be obs]v$ 9 ! fossilif]\s tuffs expos$ occasionally by ! bea*4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ( ?is p59sula1 betwe5 ,ndevo & ,loa1 subm>9e tuffs & s&/ones1 at times fossilif]\s1 7 alone notic$4 ,uprais$ reefs are also v r>e on ! nor? coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay4 ,"h aga9 ,i trav]s$ ! :ole coa/ f ! head ( ! bay to ,undu ,po9t1 a di/ance z ! cr[ flies ( ab\t #ej miles2 b ,i f9d no record 9 my notes ( any elevat$ reef-=mations4 ,h[ev] ! calc>e\s nature ( ! volcanic tuffs expos$ 9 places at ! coa/ indicate em]g5ce4 ,! extreme r>ity1 if n ! abs5ce1 ( uprais$ reefs on ?is long /ret* ( coa/1 :i* is usually bord]$ by %ore-reefs1 is v rem>kable1 m especially s9ce !re is ext5sive evid5ce ( upheaval 9 ! pla9s ( ,kalikoso 9 ! int]ior1 z indicat$ 9 ! succe$+ p>agraph4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,undu ,po9t1 betwe5 t headl& & ,lambasa1 elevat$ reefs did n come "u my obs]vation1 al?\gh 9 ! l[-ly+ inl& di/rict ( ! ,kalikoso lake silicifi$ corals are scatt]$ ab\t 9 quantity at an elevation ( #bj or #cj feet above ! sea4 ,b ! em]g5ce ( ! sea-bord] is %[n 9 ! occurr5ce ( a 8,globig]9a0 s$im5t>y tuff ne> ,visongo at a height ( #bjj feet 7see page #bba71 & by ! occasionally calc>e\s "* ( ! pumice-tuffs t ma9ly compose ! coa/ cliffs4 ,ne> ,nukundamu ^! tuffs ( ! %ore cliffs inclose subangul> fragm5ts ( massive corals ( ! size ( a walnut2 :il/ 9 a cutt+ betwe5 ,mbu?ai-sau & ,lambasa1 ab\t #ej feet above ! sea1 ,i obs]v$ bits ( coral lime/one 9 a basic tuff4 ,mr4 ,horne ref]s to seams or lay]s ( coral lime/one occurr+ 9 ! volcanic agglom]ate ( ! coa/ cliffs betwe5 ,lambasa & ,tutu ,isl&4#f ,s9ce 8 exp]i5ce ( ?is coa/ 0 mo/ly conf9$ to a passage 9 a canoe along ! %ore1 x is v probable t he only saw ! b$s ( :ite pumice-tuffs t prevail 9 places on ?is coa/4 ,i f\nd no b$s ( coral lime/one 9 ! %ore-agglom]ates ( ?is coa/1 nor does ,dana 9 8 description ( ! pumice\s =mation ( ! cliffs ( ,mali ,po9t make any ref]5ce to !m4#g ,along ! /ret* ( #ej miles ( coa/ betwe5 ,lambasa & ,naivaka uprais$ reefs are ( infrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,h[ev] betwe5 ,lambasa & ,wailevu1 coral lime/one is ext5sively expos$ 9 a l[ range ( hills a mile or two inl& b n ov] #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,no elevat$ reefs came "u my notice betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,wailevu riv] & ,n&uri ,bay4 ,t a small upheaval has be5 rec5tly 9 progress 9 ?is "p ( ! coa/ is indicat$ by two circum/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ place an erosion-l9e ab\t a c\ple ( feet#h above ! high-wat] l9e1 & a few paces remov$ f x1 is display$ 9 ! volcanic tuff ( ! po9t bord]+ ! reef-flat on ! ea/ side ( ,n&uri ,bay4 ,9 ! next place !re exi/ at diff]5t places 9 ! mid/ ( ! mangrove-belt ext5sive b>e mud-flats1 sometimes sev]al hundr$ y>ds across1 :i* are only cov]$ by ! high] tides4 ,^! flats are q b>e ( mangrove or any o!r vegetation & are (t5 crack$ on ! surface & sun-dri$ & firm to walk ^u4#i ,^! nak$ mud-flats 9 ! mid/ ( ! mangrove tracts are peculi> to ?is "p ( ! coa/4 ,_! g5]al level mu/ be betwe5 "o & two feet above t ( ! mangrove belt 9 o!r p>ts ( ! isl&2 & ,i inf] t a slight upheaval or em]g5ce has l$ to ! dea? ( ! mangroves 9 ^! situations4 ,i "k little ( ! coa/ betwe5 ,n&uri ,bay & ! m\? ( ! ,ndreketi ,riv]4 ,at two localities :]e ,i l&$ no elevat$ reef-=mation 0 obs]v$4 ,dana ref]r+ to ! coa/ opposite ,ma?uata ,isl& alludes only to ! volcanic agglom]ates4 ,! l[ mangrove-bord]$ coa/ betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,ndreketi & ,lekutu riv]s 0 n actually visit$ by me2 b ,i trav]s$ ! region beh9d ! broad mangrove-belt1 & f\nd occasionally 9 ! tuffs & muds expos$ 9 ! riv]-banks m>9e-%ells & =am9if]\s te/s1 indicat+ an elevation ( a few feet4 ,i exam9$ mu* ( ! coa/ betwe5 ,lekutu & ! extremity ( ! ,naivaka p59sula1 b came ^u no uprais$ reef-rocks4 ,9 ! l[ i/hmus1 #bj to #cj feet high1 :i* connects ?is p59sula ) ! ma9 isl& only volcanic rocks came "u my notice4 ,a palagonitic tuface\s s&/one expos$ 9 ! cliffs on ! nor? coa/ ( ,naivaka conta9s a little c>bonate ( lime1 & be+ probably a subm>9e deposit x implies an em]g5ce ( ! sea-bord]4 ,al?\gh ,i h be5 able to produce b scanty evid5ce ( uplift$ reefs on ! nor? coa/ ( ,vanua ,levu1 x is probable1 judg+ f ! heights giv5 9 ! ,admiralty ,sail+ ,directions1 t su* =mations exi/ 9 a few ( ! num]\s l[ isl&s & islets t front ?is coa/4 ,"s ( ^! isl&s & islets1 :i* are (t5 n mu* m ?an reef-pat*es l>gely reclaim$ by ! mangroves1 w be notic$ bel[ :5 consid]+ ! "q ( ! ext5sion ( ! mangrove belts s9ce ! survey ( ,commodore ,wilkes 9 #ahdj4 ,nei!r on ! s\? coa/ ( ! p59sula ( ,naivaka nor on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,sesaleka promontory did uprais$ reefs come "u my obs]vation2 b my acqua9tance ) ! la/ locality is v scanty4 ,! em]g5ce ( ! ,sesaleka promontory is h[ev] indicat$ by ! occurr5ce inl& at heights ( at lea/ #gjj feet ( palagonitic tuffs1 occasionally conta9+ =am9if]a4 ,) ! long tract ( coa/ betwe5 ,nai?ombo?ombo ,po9t & ,solevu ,bay1 ,i am fairly well acqua9t$4 ,h[ev]1 ) ! d\btful exception ( ,lekumbi ,po9t1 no elevat$ reef-=mations 7 obs]v$4 ,evid5ce ( an em]g5ce ( a few feet1 & ( a v ext5sive seaw>d advance ( ! l&-surface 9 rec5t times1 is af=d$ by a curi\s b$ ( m>9e %ells expos$ 9 ! banks ( ! ,mbua ,riv]1 ne>ly two miles inl& & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,wesleyan ,mission /ation4 ,?is is describ$ on page #eh4 ,! subm]g5ce at "s p]iod ( ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,mbua & ,lekutu di/ricts is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( microscopic =am9if]a 9 ! hyalomelan tuffs t are expos$ 9 ! divid+ ridge4 ,along ! :ole coa/ betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,mbua ,riv] & ,solevu ,bay1 !re are b few if any traces ( upheaval4 ,ev5 volcanic tuffs are ( r>e occurr5ce1 & !re is only ! case ( ! =mation ( ,lekumbi ,po9t to be "h ref]r$ to4 ,?is s+ul> l[ cape is describ$ on page #fj4 ,"h x is suffici5t to rem>k t x is monopolis$ by ! mangroves except at ! out] "p :]e ! swampy gr\nd passes into ! dry s&y soil ( a reef-islet1 occupi$ by ! usual littoral vegetation1 & rais$ only a foot or two above ! high-wat] level4 ,x exhibits on ! bea* ! b$d$ s&-rock s (t5 f\nd on coral islets1 b ?is 9 itself is no evid5ce ( em]g5ce4 ,nei!r on ! %ores ( ,wa9unu ,bay nor 9 ! ,kumbulau p59sula 7 uprais$ reefs obs]v$1 al?\gh ! pres5ce 9 places ( subm>9e tuffs inl& & ne> ! coa/ af=ds evid5ce ( elevation4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! coa/s ( ,savu-savu ,bay4 ,i h little d\bt t ! abs5ce ( elevat$ reefs on ! coa/s ( by f> ! great] "p ( ! isl& is ! result l>gely ( d5udation4 ,9 ?is case we h to expla9 :y an isl& 9 a region ( coral reefs exhibits on ! surface ( its int]ior subm>9e tuffs & clays 9 mo/ localities1 :il/ uplift$ reefs are v r>ely to be f\nd at ! coa/ or 9 fact any:]e4 ,?is view receives support f ! exi/5ce ( traces ( old elevat$ reefs 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,^! traces are af=d$ by ! occurr5ce on ! surface 9 diff]5t localities ( silicifi$ fragm5ts ( coral associat$ ) concretions ( *alc$ony1 bits ( fl9ts & horn/ones1 jasp]1 impure silice\s nodules1 c4 ,! localities may be at ! coa/ or a mile or two inl&1 & are n usually m ?an #ajj or #bjj feet above ! sea4 ,?is subject is treat$ ) "s detail 9 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,"h ,i may say t su* localities are conf9$ mo/ly to ! op51 l[1 undulat+ di/ricts on ! nor? side ( ! isl&4 ,silicifi$ corals are n always pres5t ) ! fragm5ts ( *alc$ony & o!r silice\s concretions t are f\nd s frequ5tly 9 ^! situations2 b f _! association 9 ! pla9s ( ,kalikoso1 :]e ! silicification ( corals may almo/ be obs]v$ 9 op]ation1 ! previ\s exi/5ce ( corals may be m ?an suspect$ 9 localities :]e only ! o!r silice\s mat]ials are obs]v$4 ,i pass on n[ to "s g5]al consid]ations reg>d+ ! relations ( ! mangrove-belt to ! sea-bord] & ! "* ( ! slope ( ! l&-surface z comp>$ ) t ( ! subm>9e plat=m4 ,an accurate conception respect+ ^! matt]s w help "o to avoid "s pitfalls 9 =m+ an e/imate ( ! "* ( ! movem5t ( em]g5ce :i* ?is region has exp]i5c$4 ,beg9n+ ) ! mangrove-belt1 "s curi\s prelim9>y reflections arise1 :5 we endeav\r to look back into ! pa/ /ages ( ! hi/ory ( a mangrove tract 9 an area ( em]g5ce4 ,we might p]haps expect to f9d ! rema9s ( su* a belt 9 ! uprais$ sea-bord]s2 or if no traces exi/$1 we ought to f9d 9 "s places an ext5sion inl& ( ! reef-flat on :i* ! mangroves at "o "t fl\ri%$4 ,if a rapid movem5t ( em]g5ce is n[ 9 progress1 ! mangroves ought to cov] ! :ole or great] "p ( ! reef-flat2 & 9 ! mangrove tract ( an em]g+ area we might look = signs ( c5tral decay & m>g9al gr[?1 ! mangroves dy+ 9 ! middle ( ! tract & fl\ri%+ at ! advanc+ m>g9s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we look at ! mangrove-belt1 z x at pres5t exi/s ar\nd mu* ( ! coa/ ( ?is isl&1 we f9d t1 except 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m\?s ( riv]s1 !re ext5ds beyond x a consid]able ext5t ( b>e reef-flat1 v>y+ usually betwe5 #bjj & #a1jjj y>ds 9 wid?1 & cov]$ by ! ris+ tide4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( rec5t em]g5ce 9 ?is condition ( ?+s4 ,?is relation betwe5 ! mangrove-belt & ! reef-flat indicates a /ate ( equilibrium :i* might h be5 e/abli%$ long ago4 ,x is ! normal relation t exi/s betwe5 reef & mangrove gr[?2 & x excludes all b v gradual movem5ts ( upheaval or em]g5ce ( ! sea-bord]4 ,x is n always easy to see :y !re %\ld be ?is f9e adju/m5t betwe5 ! rapidly-gr[+ mangrove & ! sl[ly-gr[+ reef4 ,"u normal conditions1 h[ev]1 t is to say1 :5 ! l& is /ation>y or :5 ! *ange ( level is ( a v gradual nature1 ! reclaim+ ag5cy ( ! mangrove receives a *eck1 & ?is relation betwe5 ! mangrove-belt & ! out] reef-flat is ma9ta9$4 ,actual acqua9tance ) su* localities soon =c$ me to ! conclusion t :il/ a gradual em]g5ce or upheaval ( #c or #d feet 9 a c5tury w\ld n mat]ially affect ! relation betwe5 ! mangrove-belt & ! reef-flat1 a sudd5 or rapid *ange ( level ( t am\nt w\ld de/roy ! mangroves ar\nd ! :ole isl&4 ,!re is "s evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ( !re hav+ be5 a rapid upheaval ( ?is k9d 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/3 & x foll[s1 !re=e1 if ?is movem5t 0 g5]al1 t ! pres5t mangrove-belts date only f ! la/ upheaval4 ,b ?is elevation may h occurr$ ages ago2 & ! equilibrium betwe5 mangrove-belt & reef-flat may h be5 long s9ce e/abli%$4 ,accord+ly1 ! bread? ( ! mangrove-belt c af=d no indication ( ! p]iod t has s9ce elaps$4 ,f data ref]r$ to bel[1 x is evid5t t ! mangrove-belt1 tak+ its av]age wid?1 away f ! e/u>ies1 at ab\t #ejj y>ds1 might h be5 =m$ 9 two or ?ree c5turies1 :il/ a ?\s& ye>s or m may h pass$ s9ce x assum$ its pres5t relation to ! reef-flat4 ,if1 !re=e1 upheaval is 9 progress1 x mu/ be ( a v gradual "*1 s9ce ! normal relation ( mangrove-belt to reef-flat n[ prevails4 ,!re are inde$ signs ( su* a gradual movem5t ( em]g5ce or ( elevation be+ 9 op]ation on ! nor? coa/ ( ,vanua ,levu at ! pres5t "t4 ,i h be=e ref]r$ 7page #aa7 to ! ext5sive b>e mud-flats 9 ! mid/ ( ! mangrove-belt betwe5 ,n&uri & ,lambasa1 :i* are well repres5t$ on ! ,tambia coa/ & 9 ,n&uri ,bay4 ,!y are only cov]$ by ! high] tides1 & 9 ! int]vals _! surfaces are dri$ & crack$ by exposure to ! sun4 ,"h we h ! c5tral decay & ! m>g9al gr[? :i* w\ld be expect$ 9 a mangrove tract situat$ 9 a gradually ris+ area4 ,an indirect indication ( su* a sl[ upheaval on ! nor? coa/ is to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t ! great subm>9e plat=m1 :i* rea*es seaw>d to ! l9e ( b>ri]-reefs1 #ae to #bj miles away1 passes gradually1 z x ext5ds l&w>d1 into ! l[-ly+ pla9s t con/itute ! sea-bord] betwe5 ,lekutu & ,ravi-ravi ,po9t4 ,z %[n 9 ! pr(ile-section on p4 #fb1 ^! l[ coa/ di/ricts are prolong$ inl&1 ) an av]age rise ( betwe5 #bj & #cj feet 9 a mile1 to ! he>t ( ! isl&2 & we h "h an ext5sion inl& ( ! slope ( ! subm>9e plat=m4 ,^! broad inl& pla9s1 & ,i may "h include ^? beh9d ,lambasa1 are cov]$ ov] mu* ( _! surface ) subm>9e tuffs & clays 9 su* a mann] t we may almo/ trace _! cont9uity at ! coa/ ) simil> deposits n[ 9 actual =mation beyond ! l[-wat] level on ! surface ( ! subm>9e plat=m4 ,a glance at ! map ( ! isl&1 :]e ^! inl& pla9s are indicat$ by ! #cjj feet ( ! cont\r-l9e1 w make ?is po9t m cle>4 ,^! pla9s are trav]s$ by ! ,s>awanga1 ,ndreketi1 ,wailevu1 & ,lambasa riv]s2 & s slight is ! fall t cutt]s usually asc5d ! riv]s = sev]al miles1 :il/ ! tide ext5ds = a consid]able di/ance up _! c\rses4 ,t ! em]g5ce ( ! inl& pla9s ( ,kalikoso 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl& is comp>atively rec5t !re c be b little d\bt4 ,9 t locality z describ$ on page #bbd1 ! l[ m>%y l&1 surr\nd+ ! fre%-wat] lake ( ,vakalala?a1 al?\gh five miles inl&1 is only elevat$ #bj to #cj feet or less above ! sea1 & silicifi$ corals are scatt]$ ov] its surface4 ,!re is "o o!r me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! "* & am\nt ( elevation t may be /ill 9 progress 9 ?is isl& namely ! comp>ison ( ! results ( surveys ( ! coa/s at diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 ?is mann] data may be obta9$ z reg>ds ! gr[? ( ! mangrove belt1 *anges 9 size ( ! l[ reef-islets & isl&s1 & alt]ations 9 dep?4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h employ$ ! *>ts ( ! nor? & we/ coa/s ( ! isl& made by ,commodore ,wilkes 9 #ahdjaj & ! ,admiralty *>ts #cgi & #chb z complet$ f ! survey ( ^! coa/s by ,comm&] ,combe 9 #ahie-if4 ,x 0 n easy to make _m good comp>isons 9 ! case ( ! advance ( ! mangrove-belt ( ! ma9 coa/4 ,!re c]ta9ly has be5 no great advance seaw>d ( ! m>g9 ( ! mangroves 9 ?is half c5tury4 ,! av]age am\nt probably lies betwe5 ! e/imate obta9$ = ! coa/ opposite ,ma?uata ,isl&1 :]e !re has ei!r be5 no *ange or an advance ( only #ajj y>ds or s1 & t = ! advance seaw>d ( ! mangrove promontory ( ,lekutu :i* am\nts to #ejj or #fjj y>ds4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 h[ev]1 mu* ( ! ext5sion may be due to ! advance ( ! mangroves on ! mud br\ght d[n by ! ,lekutu riv]1 s t1 z f> z ^! data %[1 ! av]age advance ( ! belt ( mangroves on ?is coa/ betwe5 #ahdj & #ahie w\ld appe> to be slight4#aa ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mangrove-bord]s ( ! sev]al l[ isl&s & islets1 ma9ly =m$ ( reef-dbris1 t lie (f ! coa/1 h (t5 ext5d$ !mselves dur+ ?is p]iod 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,! results ( my comp>isons are giv5 bel[1 ! rate ( advance be+ obta9$ by halv+ ! increase 9 l5g? or bread? z measur$ betwe5 ! mangrove-bord]s1 ! bread? be+ us$ 9 ! long isl&s4 ,advance ( ! ,mangrove-,bord]s ( ,l[ ,isl&s on ! ,nor? ,coa/ ( ,vanua ,levu betwe5 #ahdj & #ahie4 ,?uk9i1 or ,gibson ,isl& ( ,wilkes #gjj to #hjj y>ds ,nangano1 or ,p9]'s ,isl& ( ,wilkes #cjj to #djj ,n&ongo1 or ,nuv]a ( ,wilkes #ejj ,talailau 7two new isl&s7 #djj to #ijj ,nukunuku or ,cl>k's ,isl& ( ,wilkes ,n mu* *ange4 ,?akavi1 or ,day's ,isl& ( ,wilkes ,x w be notic$ t ! isl&s ( ! ,talailau ,reef are n m>k$ 9 ! *>t ( #ahdj2 !y are bo? l[ mangrove isl&s1 ! l>ge/ be+ slightly "u a mile long & ! smalle/ a little "u half a mile4 ,9 ,nukuira ,isl&1 ! ,vat\ ( ,wilkes1 !re has be5 a decrease ( ab\t two-?irds ( a mile dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,?uk9i 9 #ahdj & 9 #ahie is v noticeable4 ,9 ! "t ( ,wilkes ! mangroves only occupi$ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! reef-pat*4 ,n[ !y occupy ab\t two-?irds1 ! area ( ! reef-pat* rema9+ mu* ab\t ! same4 ,tak+ ! m9us & plus values ( all ! isl&s "h measur$1 ! av]age rate ( ! advance ( ! mangrove-m>g9s dur+ ?is half-c5tury may be plac$ at ab\t #bej y>ds 9 ! case ( ^! reef-isl&s1 :i* w\ld am\nt to a mile 9 #djj ye>s4 ,x is probable t a long isl& l ,ndongo1 :i* is ab\t f\r miles 9 l5g?1 has be5 =m$ by ! union ( small] mangrove isl&s4 ,!re=e1 tak+ half its maximum bread? ( a mile z a guide1 x w\ld at ?is av]age rate ( gr[? require two c5turies = its =mation4 ,b s9ce ! ext5sion ( ! mangroves dep5ds on ! gr[? ( ! reef-pat*1 :i* takes place on ! av]age at a mu* sl[] rate1 x foll[s t ?is c only be a m9imum limit = ! age ( ?is isl&4 ,we c only assume t if ! reef-pat* _h sudd5ly appe>$ #bjj ye>s ago1 ,ndongo ,isl& c\ld by ?is "t h acquir$ its pres5t dim5sions4 ,x does n foll[ t ! mangrove bord] has be5 cont9u\sly advanc+4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago !re may h be5 a /ate ( equilibrium betwe5 ! gr[? ( ! mangrove & ! reef-pat*1 :i* does n n[ exi/4 ,all we c say ( "s ( ^! l[ isl&s is t ! mangroves h be5 rapidly ext5d+ _! m>g9s dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 & t ! normal adju/m5t betwe5 reef-gr[? & mangrove-gr[?1 :i* mu/ h once exi/$1 does n n[ prevail4 ,!re is evid5ce ( ! %oal+ ( ! %ip *annel among/ ^! isl&s to ! ext5t ( ab\t a fa?om dur+ ?is p]iod4#ab ,! usual dep? imm$iately ar\nd ! pat*es1 on :i* ! isl&s h be5 =m$1 is #h to #aj fa?oms4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! %oal+ is a g5]al process1 x is to be inf]r$ t al?\gh ! outw>d gr[? ( ! reef-pat*es w\ld be usually v sl[1 probably n ov] fifty y>ds 9 a c5tury1 !re mu/ be times :51 9 %all[+ dep?s1 ! gr[? ( ! reef-pat* w\ld be comp>atively rapid2 & x is at su* times t ! adju/m5t betwe5 ! relations ( mangrove & reef-pat* w\ld be upset s t ! advance ( ! mangroves w\ld be = a "t unre/rict$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 app>5t t ! rate ( gr[? ( "o ( ^! l[ isl&s is n to be det]m9$ by ! rate ( gr[? ( ! mangrove-tract occupy+ ! surface4 ,! subject is a complicat$ "o2 b ,i ?9k en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! de/ructive ag5cies d n prevail on ?is great subm>9e plat=m on ! nor? coa/ ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,if ! data "h adduc$ ( ! increase ( ! l[ isl&s1 ( ! %oal+ ( ! *annels1 & ( ! advance ( ! delta ( ! ,lekutu riv]1#ac are well f\nd$1 all ! isl&s1 islets1 & reef-pat*es t lie along ?is nor? coa/ w be unit$ to ea* o!r & to ! ma9 isl& )9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! facts "h produc$ d n directly indicate a movem5t ( upheaval b !y are q consi/5t ) ! conclusion t ! great movem5t ( elevation :i* has built up ,vanua ,levu by ! union ( sev]al small] isl&s is /ill 9 op]ation at its coa/s4 ,to assume t !re is n[ 9 progress at ! sea-bord] ! same process ( isl&-build+ :i* has produc$ ,vanua ,levu1 z we n[ see x1 is to assume a uni=mity 9 nature's me?ods :i* is disreg>d$ by ! hypo!sis t ! great subm>9e plat=m1 f :i* ! l>ge isl&s ( ,viti ,levu & ,vanua ,levu n[ arise1 repres5ts ! "w ( m>9e erosion into ! flanks ( ! upheav$ isl&s s9ce ! la/ elevation4 ,! orig9 ( ?is subm>9e plat=m is dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,"h x may be rem>k$ t ,i reg>d x z old] ?an ! isl&s t rise f x4 ,h[ev]1 ?is movem5t ( upheaval is s gradual t ! utmo/ "o c expect to d by ! comp>ison ( surveys made half a c5tury ap>t is to %[ ! lack ( evid5ce ( ! de/ructive ag5cy ( erosion4 ,z f> z ! comp>ison admits ( judg+1 !re seems to h be5 no important *ange on ! coa/s ( ! we/]n end ( ! isl& dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! l[ neck ( l& connect+ ,naivaka ) ! ma9 isl&1 if we take ! l[-wat] l9e 9 ! ,admiralty *>t z ! limit1 _h mu* ! same bread? at ! "t ( bo? surveys4 ,! dep?s 9 ,mbua ,bay rema9 ab\t ! same1 ) p]haps a %oal+ ( less ?an a fa?om 9 places4 ,!re are two cays awa% 9 ! ,admiralty plan ( ?is bay :i* 7 describ$ z s&-spits 9 ! "t ( ,wilkes4 ,! promontory ( ,lekumbi c\ld sc>cely h be5 expect$ to %[ any ext5sion dur+ ?is "t1 s9ce !re are dep?s ( #aj to #af fa?oms close to its extremity2 & !re is 9 fact no diff]5ce ( critical importance indicat$ 9 ! *>ts4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ?is *apt] may be ?us summ$ up3-- 7#a7 ,uprais$ reef-lime/ones are ( v limit$ occurr5ce4 ,!y occur at & ne> ! coa/ & d n ext5d high] ?an #cjj feet4 ,_! sc>city at ! sea-bord] is to be attribut$ to ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 7#b7 ,s9ce =am9if]\s muds & s$im5t>y tuffs ) m>9e organic rema9s occur at all elevations up to ov] #bjjj feet1 x is assum$ t ! abs5ce ( reef-lime/ones 9 ! elevat$ int]ior indicates ! paucity or abs5ce ( reef-gr[?s 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! hi/ory ( ! isl&4 ,! ov]ly+ agglom]ates h (t5 pres]v$ f de/ruction ! s(t s$im5t>y deposits b5ea?2 b !y seem to h nev] cov]$ ov] a coral reef4 7#c7 ,! relation betwe5 ! mangrove-belt & ! reef-flat indicates a /ate ( equilibrium :i* might h be5 e/abli%$ long ago4 ,if ! movem5t ( em]g5ce is /ill 9 progress1 x mu/ !re=e be ( a v gradual nature1 s9ce ! normal relation betwe5 ! mangrove-belt & reef-flat n[ prevails4 7#d7 ,f ! circum/ance t ! subm>9e plat=m passes ) a uni=m slope into ! l[-ly+ pla9s1 cov]$ ) subm>9e deposits1 x may be inf]r$ t a v gradual em]g5ce is n[ 9 op]ation4 7#e7 ,a comp>ison ( ! *>ts ( ,wilkes & ( ! ,briti% ,admiralty %[s t on ! nor? coa/ ( ! isl& dur+ ! la/ half c5tury ! de/ructive ag5cies ( m>9e erosion h n prevail$4 7#f7 ,! results ( ! comp>ison ( ! *>ts1 :il/ !y d n directly imply a *ange ( level1 are q consi/5t ) ! conclusion t ! movem5t ( em]g5ce1 :i* has be5 9 op]ation probably s9ce ! lat] ,t]ti>y p]iod1 is n susp5d$4 ,note4--,! ext5sive evid5ce ( em]g5ce pres5t$ by ?is isl& is treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 9 connection ) ! :ole gr\p4 ,x is n always possible to avoid 9 su* a discussion ! use ( t]ms su* z 8upheaval0 & 8subsid5ce10 al?\gh !re is mu* to be said = ! t]ms 8negative0 & 8positive0 employ$ by ,suess4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt]1 h[ev]1 ,i h avoid$ committ+ myself def9itely to any view relat+ to ! /ability ei!r ( ! l& or ( ! sea1 res]v+ ! consid]ation ( ! subject = ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu ,,! abundance ( hot spr+s 9 ,vanua ,levu1 & 9 fact 9 ! gr\p g5]ally1 is n commonly kn[n4 ,9 ! e>li] acc\nts ( ^! isl&s ^? ( ,savu-savu are (t5 alone ref]r$ to1 n only = ?is isl& b = ! :ole ar*ipelago4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition "u ,wilkes sp5t six mon?s 9 #ahdj 9 mak+ a survey ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,yet ,dana1 :o 0 atta*$ to ! exp$ition1 rem>ks t 8! only trace ( actual volcanic heat :i* ! isl&s appe> to conta9 is f\nd at ,savu-savu ,bay40#ad ,horne 9 8 excell5t acc\nt ( ! gr\p1 :i* he visit$ 9 #ahgh1 0 among ! fir/ to direct att5tion to ! abundance ( hot spr+s !re2 b he does n enum]ate _m4 ,al?\gh he travell$ ext5sively ov] ,vanua ,levu1 he ref]s to only ?ree 9 t isl&1 namely1 at ,savu-savu1 ,wa9unu1 & ,vunisawana4#ae ,x w be %[n bel[ t mo/ ( ! !rmal spr+s discov]$ by me might easily h be5 ov]look$4 ,be=e deal+ ) ^? ( ,vanua ,levu ,i w m5tion ! o!r localities 9 ! gr\p 9 :i* !rmal spr+s are f v>i\s s\rces kn[n to me4 ,!y probably =m b a small proportion ( ^? t actually exi/2 b ! li/ c be readily ext5d$ by ^? acqua9t$ ) special p>ts ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,9 ,viti ,levu !y occur among/ o!r places at ,wai ,mbasanga1 on ! ,s+atoka riv] 7,horne7 & at ,na ,seivau on ! ,wai ,nd9a1 :]e ,macdonald 9 #ahef f\nd temp]atures ( #ajf & #adj ,fahr4 9 two diff]5t spr+s4#af ,mr4 ,?iele 9 m rec5t ye>s ref]r$ by he>say to "s hot spr+s on ! ,wai ,nd9a4#ag ,kle9s*midt 9 #ahgf visit$ a hot spr+ ne> ! village ( ,nambualu 9 ! isl& ( ,ono :i* rose up 9 ! mid/ ( a brook & _h a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,fahr4#ah ,! same naturali/ 9 ,july ( t ye>1 :5 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,max ,b*n]1 came ^u a hot spr+ issu+ among ! mangroves at ! coa/ ab\t a mile f ! village ( ,ndav+ele 9 ,k&avu4 ,he did n take ! temp]ature2 b he says t ,colonel ,smy! 7ab\t #ahfj7 obs]v$ ! temp]ature to be #add ,fahr4#ai ,diff]5t writ]s ref] to ext5sive hot spr+s on ! isl& ( ,ngau4 ,!y are plac$ ne> ! bea*1 & close to an ord9>y cool spr+4 ,miss ,gordon ,cumm+ 9 ,at ,home 9 ,fiji gives an illu/ration ( !m4 ,horne m5tions a hot spr+ on ! isl& ( ,rambi4 ,&rews describes two o!rs t bubble up ?r\gh ! lime/one ne> ! tidal zone 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,vanua ,mbalavu4 ,bo? ^! spr+s are 9 close proximity to ! junction l9e betwe5 ! intrud$ &esite & ! old reef rock4 ,"o ( !m1 ?\gh n boil+1 0 hot en\gh to scald ! sk94#bj ,?is li/ is no d\bt capable ( be+ mu* ext5d$1 especially = ,viti ,levu & ! ,lau ,gr\p4 ,a description ( ! sev]al sy/ems ( !rmal spr+s ( ,vanua ,levu w n[ be giv54 #a4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,wa9unu ,,riv]4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive sy/ems ( ! k9d 9 ! isl&4 ,! temp]ature ( ! v>i\s spr+s dur+ my soj\rn 9 ?is di/rict 9 #ahih rang$ f #ajj to #acj ,fahr4 ,^? kn[n to me are mo/ly situat$ 9 ! l[] "p & at ! m\? ( ! ,ndavutu ,creek1 "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,wa9unu4 ,!y op5 usually on ! riv]-bank1 ei!r close to ! wat] or a few feet above x1 b "s ( !m f9d an exit "u wat] at ! bottom ( ! riv]4 ,natives allege t hot spr+s occur at int]vals on ! left bank & at ! riv]-bottom along ! :ole l5g? ( ! riv] bel[ ,ndavutu ,creek4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a hot spr+ on ! "r side ( ! riv]'s m\? ne> ,mr4 ,dy]'s h\se4 ,x issues f ! reef-flat & c only be obs]v$ at exceptionally l[ tides4 ,!re is also a hot spr+ :i* rises up at ! edge ( ! /ream at ,?ongea 7,cogea7 ne>ly a mile above ,ndavutu4 ,if ! above /atem5t ( ! natives is correct1 z ,i believe x is1 !n ^! !rmal spr+s issue along a l9e q f\r geographical miles 9 l5g? ext5d+ inl& f ! m\? ( ! ,wa9unu4 ,all ! spr+s are situat$ 9 ! tidal "p ( ! riv]-valley1 ) ! exception ( t ( ,?ongea1 :i* is j above ?is limit4 ,!y are b little elevat$ above ! sea-level1 ^? expos$ be+ usually n m ?an t5 feet above ! riv] & (t5 mu* less4 ,?is is a region ( basalt1 ! valley ( ! ,wa9unu ly+1 z describ$ on page #hb1 9 ! fold betwe5 two great basaltic fl[s1 & probably repres5t+ a l9e ( weakness1 along :i* ! hot spr+s issue ei!r f among loose blocks1 or f ! soil1 or f a tuface\s s&/one4 ,!y deposit little if any ( ! silice\s s9t] :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 ! !rmal wat]s ( ?is isl&4 ,?is is due probably to _! scanty exposure & to _! l[ temp]ature4 ,! d5sity ( ! wat] is ne> t ( fre% wat]1 be+ n ov] #ajja4 ,! foll[+ temp]atures may be useful = comp>ison ) future obs]vations3 ,?ongea1 :5 n cov]$ by ! /ream ,july1 #ahih1 #abg ,f4 ,ndavutu1 ba?-spr+ at ,mr4 ,b>ratt's h\se ,usually #ajj on left bank ( ! creek ne> ! l&+ place ,june1 #ahih1 #abf on left bank ( creek ne> m\? ,dec4 #abg pool 9 foot-pa? on left bank ,june #b1 #aab ,july #bg1 #aaa at bottom ( ma9 riv] 9 dep? ( #c feet1 close to ! left bank & j above ! ,july #abb m\?( ! ,ndavutu creek1 self-regi/]+ ,six !rmomet] us$ #b4 ,! ,hot ,spr+s ( ,nato>au & its ,vic9ity4--,?is !rmal sy/em lies 9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,mbale-mbale bran* ( ! riv] ,ndreke-ni-wai4 ,! pr9cipal spr+s are situat$ at ,nato>au1 a village ab\t half a mile 9 a direct l9e f ,mbale-mbale1 ab\t ?ree miles f ! coa/1 & only ab\t fifty feet above ! sea4 ,!y bubble up 9 pools ne> brooks1 & ext5d at int]vals ov] an area probably sev]al hundr$ y>ds across4 ,five spr+s came "u my notice2 b !re are d\btless sev]al o!rs 9 ! l[-ly+ & (t5 swampy l& ( ?is di/rict4 ,no deposits 7 notic$1 b ! mode ( occurr5ce & l[ temp]ature ( ! spr+s s]ve to expla9 ?is fact4 ,! foll[+ temp]ature obs]vations 7 made by me 9 ,m>*1 #ahii3-- ,a4 ,pool #d feet across1 ) sides ( /one1 close to village #abf ,f4 ,b4 ,pool #aj feet wide1 a few paces f pool ,a #aad ,c4 ,pool #ab feet wide1 #ajj y>ds f village1 ne> ! riv] #ajc ,d4 ,pool on ! road to ,mbale-mbale1 mix$ ) surface wat] #ajj ,! natives & o!rs (t5 /ate t ! !rmal spr+s "h & 9 o!r localities are mu* hott] 9 dry ?an 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,?is is correct 9 a s5se1 because 9 wet wea!r ! surface wat] w\ld usually f9d access to ! pools2 b !re is no reason to believe t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! hole ( exit v>ies at all f ?is cause4 ,! temp]ature ( pool ,a 0 tak5 at ! bottom :]e ! wat] bubbl$ up2 & probably x repres5ts ! true degree ( heat ( ^! spr+s1 s9ce 9 ! o!r cases obs]vation ( ?is po9t 0 n s easy4 ,! wea!r 0 dry dur+ ?is visit2 b1 ?ree mon?s be=e1 ,i te/$ ! temp]ature ( ?is pool aft] heavy ra91 :5 ! di/rict 0 flood$1 & !n ,i got a read+ ( #abg at ! exit-hole ( ! spr+4 ,ano!r !rmal spr+1 :i* is di/ant ab\t a mile f ,nato>au1 is kn[n z ,waitunutunu1 t is1 ,w>m ,wat]4 ,x lies ab\t a ?ird ( a mile f ! village ( ,nambunises]i1 betwe5 ,mbale-mbale & ,waisali1 & is q f\r miles inl& & ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,! spr+s bubble up into a pool1 ab\t #ab feet across1 :i* is close to a brook & _h a temp]ature 9 ,m>*1 #ahii1 ( #aji-aab ,f4 #c4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,nukumbolo4--,! village ( ,nukumbolo1 :]e ! spr+s are situat$1 lies on ! banks ( a tribut>y ( ! ,vatu-kawa bran* ( ! riv] ,ndreke-ni-wai1 & is di/ant z ! cr[ flies ab\t six miles inl& f ! riv]'s m\?4 ,! spr+s issue on a hill-slope f sev]al places a few /eps ap>t1 & are remov$ ab\t a hundr$ y>ds f ! riv]1 & f #bj to #cj feet above x4 ,_! elevation above ! sea w\ld be ab\t #acj feet4 ,! temp]ature tak5 9 ! two hotte/ places 0 #aeg ,f1 9 ,novemb] #ahih1 & #aeh 9 ! foll[+ ,febru>y4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! spr+s ( ,savu-savu & a few o!r localities1 ! rocks are coat$ ) silice\s s9t] mix$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 & a gelat9\s incru/+ alga gr[s on ! bord]s ( t9y holl[s ba!d (t5 9 wat] ( a temp]ature #acg-adj1 b ?riv+ mo/ :]e ! temp]ature is #aae-abj4 ,! wat] runs d[n ! slope into a s]ies ( pools made by ! natives = ba?+1 ! temp]ature ( ! l[e/ pool be+ #ajc-aje & ( ! highe/ #abj4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ localities ,i h se5 9 ! isl& = ! erection ( !rmal ba?s4 ,! rock pi]c$ by ! spr+s is app>5tly a basic agglom]ate-tuff4 ,l>ge blocks ( a h>d & some:at alt]$ palagonitic tuff lie ar\nd ! ba?+ pools4 #d4 ,,! ,,boil+ ,,spr+s ,,( ,,savu-,,savu4--,^! spr+s figure 9 all ! descriptions ( ! gr\p1 & !y are also fam\s among/ ! natives4 ,s9ce !y 7 describ$ by ,wilkes1 :o visit$ !m 9 #ahdj1 9 8 n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 _m acc\nts ( !m h be5 writt5 by subsequ5t visitors2 n infrequ5tly !y h be5 sket*$ z well z describ$2 & sev]al analyses ( _! wat]s h be5 made4#ba ,! acc\nts ( ^! spr+s t lie be=e me ext5d at int]vals ov] a p]iod ( ne>ly sixty ye>s2 b ,i %all allude to !m only s f> z !y ?r[ light on ! hi/ory ( ! spr+s dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! pr9cipal spr+s are situat$ 9 a slight holl[ 9 a m or less level tract ext5d+ 9 f ! bea*1 & are di/ant ab\t #aej y>ds f ! %ore & ab\t t5 feet above ! sea-level4 ,!y are five or six 9 numb]1 & at ! "t ( my visits 9 ,july & ,novemb]1 #ahih1 !y 7 boil+ briskly1 ! !rmomet] read+s be+ #bjh-baj ,f41 b ! m]cury probably fell two or ?ree degrees 9 )draw+ ! !rmomet]4 ,:51 z 0 ! case :5 ,wilkes visit$ ?is locality 9 #ahdj1 !re is b a slight appe>ance ( boil+1 brisk ebullition is produc$ by cov]+ !m ov] ) leaves4 ,! natives call ?is locality ,na ,kama1 :i* signifies 8! burn+ place10 & employ$ ! spr+s ext5sively = cook+ _! food4 ,j z ,wilkes describes1 a fre%wat] brook runs pa/ ! spr+s & receives _! outfl[4 ,! temp]ature ( ! brook imm$iately above ! spr+s is t ( an ord9>y fre%wat] /ream #ge-gf ,f42 b bel[ x is scald+4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,wilkes ( ! spr+ & ( ! brook 9 #ahdj applies to !m 9 our own "t4 ,! small /ones ly+ 9 ! efflu5t *annels ( ! spr+s are incru/$ ) silice\s s9t]1 & a gre5 alga l9es ! sides1 ba!d g5]ally 9 ! /eam b sometimes p>tially imm]s$ 9 wat] only a few degrees bel[ ! boil+ po9t4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is alga :i* 0 fl\ri%+ 9 ,july 0 all dead 9 ,novemb]4 ,! scald+ wat] also oozes ?r\gh ! s& ( ! adjac5t bea* 9 abundance = a di/ance ( at lea/ "s hundr$s ( y>ds4 ,x is ev5 /at$ t z f> z ,ndaku1 a mile to ! we/w>d1 ! hot spr+s issue at int]vals ?r\gh ! bea*4#bb ,!re are evid5tly also ext5sive subm>9e spr+s close to ! bea*2 & probably ,wilkes 0 n f> f ! tru? :5 he rem>k$ t ! 8:ole area ( half-a-mile squ>e seems to be cov]$ ) hot spr+s40 ,(f ! bea*1 a few hundr$ y>ds to ! we/w>d ( ! spr+s1 is a bat* ( dead reef =m$ ( massive corals & only approa*able f ! %ore at extreme l[-tide :5 x is a little expos$4 ,f num]\s small holes & cracks 9 ! dead-coral hot wat] issues almo/ at ! boil+ po9t 7#baj ,f74 ,x is app>5t t ^! spr+s h appe>$ at ?is p>ticul> spot s9ce ! corals grew4 ,b x is rem>kable t ?is has be5 app>5tly go+ on s9ce ! visit ( ,wilkes 9 #ahdj4 ,he ref]s to a coral rock1 di/ant "o-?ird ( a mile f ! spr+s & #aej feet f ! bea*1 ?r\gh :i* boil+ wat] 0 issu+ 9 sev]al places4 ,?is rock :i* 0 !n #aj feet wide & #bj feet long1 0 at 8 visit expos$ = ?ree feet at l[-tide & cov]$ at high-tide4#bc ,! geological *>act]s ( ?is locality are describ$ on page #aia4 ,i may "h rem>k t if ^! !rmal spr+s occupy ! position ( an old crat]1 x w\ld require mu* imag9ative p[] to re/ore x n[4 ,! (f-ly+ small isl& ( ,nawi might by its situation appe> to c\nt5ance ?is idea1 b ,i f\nd no special indication1 :5 ,i exam9$ x1 9 support ( ?is view4 ,f ! geological "* ( ! di/rict1 ,i w\ld inf] t if a crat] once exi/$ "h x 0 subm>9e & t x has be5 long s9ce oblit]at$ by m>9e & arial d5udation4 ,! boil+ spr+s come up ?r\gh app>5tly a rott5 volcanic agglom]ate4 ,! slight holl[ ( ?ree or f\r feet deep1 9 :i* !y lie1 0 consid]$ by ,kle9s*midt to be an old crat] cavity2 b x is only #dj or #ej feet across1 & 9 ! e>li] descriptions ! holl[ is describ$ z surr\nd$ by a m\nd ( e>?4 ,z %[n bel[1 ! natives !mselves may be held responsible = _m *anges 9 ! surface ar\nd ! spr+s4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no trace ( a crat]al cavity 9 ?is di/rict n[4 ,i w n[ briefly notice ! hi/ory ( ! boil+ spr+s s9ce #ahdj1 :5 !y 7 visit$ by ,commodore ,wilkes4 ,at t "t !re 7 five spr+s1 situat$ 9 a bas9 #dj feet across1 & possess+ a temp]ature ( #bjj-baj ,f4 ,al?\gh !re 0 sc>cely any appe>ance ( boil+1 rapid ebullition c\ld be excit$ by cov]+ ! spr+s ) leaves & grass4 ,! natives alleg$ t ! spr+s _h always be5 9 ! same condition4 ,9 #ahfc1 :5 ! ,*ief ( ,wa9unu 7,tui ,wa9unu7 came to fight ! ,savu-savu p1 he endeav\r$ b )\t success to *oke up ! spr+s by heap+ e>? ov] !m4 ,i 0 in=m$ ( ?is circum/ance by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,b>rack1 ! own] ( ! spr+s4 ,miss ,gordon ,cumm+ also ref]s to x 9 h] book ,at ,home 9 ,fiji4 ,:5 ?is lady visit$ ! spr+s 9 ,augu/1 #ahgf1 !y 7 int]mitt5t 9 _! action1 ! highe/ mak+ a f\nta9 two to ?ree feet high4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ,kle9s*midt !y 7 9 ! same int]mitt5t condition 9 ,may ( ! same ye>4 ,!re 7 !n f\r spr+s situat$ 9 a b[l-%ap$ holl[4 ,! two l>g] spr+s 7 n con/antly bubbl+ up1 b display$ p]iodic ebullitions ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes' duration1 ! wat]s disappe>+ 9 ! int]vals4 ,! o!r two spr+s 7 n !n active4 ,horne1 :o visit$ ?is locality 9 #ahgh1 ref]s to ?ree or f\r pr9cipal spr+s situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a holl[1 :i* 0 surr\nd$ by a m\nd ( e>?1 ! wat] boil+ up to ! height ( ab\t a foot4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! spr+s ent]$ = a :ile into a new phase ( action & assum$ ! =m ( geys]s4 ,accord+ to in=mation receiv$ f ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,b>rack & o!r old resid5ts 9 ,savu-savu1 ! wat]s sp\t$ up to a height ( f #dj to #fj feet1 n v]tically b at an angle4 ,ea* outbur/1 :i* la/$ = t5 or tw5ty m9utes1 0 foll[$ by a simil> int]val ( repose1 dur+ :i* ! spr+s dri$ up4 ,?is cont9u$ = a mon? or two1 aft] :i* ! spr+s gradually resum$ _! normal level4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! spr+s 9 ,july & ,novemb]1 #ahih1 !y 7 boil+ briskly1 atta9+ a height ( a few in*es1 & %[$ no signs ( int]mitt5t action4 ,i come n[ to ! diff]5t analyses t h be5 made ( ! wat] ( ^! !rmal spr+s ( ,savu-savu4 ,specim5s h be5 analys$ at diff]5t times by *emi/s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,au/ralia1 etc41 & ! results z f> z kn[n to me are n[ app5d$4 ,a4 ,analysis by ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson ( ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 ( ! wat] obta9$ 9 #ahdj by ! ,wilkes ,explor+ ,exp$ition4#bd ,specific ,gravity #ajjig4 ,temp]ature #eg ,f4 ,! evaporation ( a quantity equal to #ajjj gra9s ( di/ill$ wat] gave #gb gra9s ( salt1 ?us compos$3-- ,*lor9e #cegg ,sodium #affe or ,soda #bbch4 ,magnesia #jddj ,lime #jcff ,silica & iron ) a trace ( phosphate ( lime #jbjj ,c>bonic acid #jdic ----- #fgda ,organic matt] & loss #jdei ----- #gbjj ,b4 ,analysis by ,dr4 ,osc> ,piep] ( ,hamburg ( ! wat] obta9$ by ,mr4 ,kle9s*midt 9 ,may1 #ahgf4be ,! report /at$ t ! wat] 0 cle>1 neutral 9 reaction & salt-bitt] 9 ta/e1 br[n flakes ( hydrat$ iron oxide occurr+ 9 x aft] long /&+4 ,! dissolv$ salts am\nt$ to 8#hdh g4 p] litre10 & ! rem>k is made t 8! conc5tration is !re=e n s great z 9 sea-wat]40 ,! solid con/itu5ts consi/$ 9 by f> ! greate/ "p ( ,natrium & ,calcium *lorides4 ,a quantitative det]m9ation1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! small quantity ( ! wat] 0 conf9$ to 8e9e ,*lor und ,kalkbe/immung10 gave ?is result3-- ,*lor 7,*lor9e7 #dgi g4 p] litre4 ,kalk 7,lime7 #bca ,reckon$ z ,*lornatrium 7,kocksalz7 & ,*lorcalcium1 ^! results 7 obta9$3-- ,*lorcalcium 7,calcium *loride7 #dee g4 p] litre4 ,*lornatrium 7,sodium *loride7 #cji ,among/ o!r con/itu5ts f\nd 9 small quantities 7 ,sulphuric acid1 ,silicic acid 7,kieselsure71 ,pota%1 & ,iron oxide4 ,iod9e1 ,brom9e1 ,nitrates1 & ,borates 7 completely want+4 8,if ?is wat]10 says ,dr4 ,piep]1 8has heal+ prop]ties1 x does n owe !m to its *emical composition40 ,c4 ,analysis by ,mr4 ,h4 ,ro*oll ( sample obta9$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,/onehew] ,coop] probably 9 #ahgg or #ahgh4bf ,total solids at #bab ,f4 #hgif p] c5t4 ignit$ #ggbf ,! residue consi/$ (-- ,free ,sulphuric ,acid 7,,s#c7 #jjdi ,calcium sulphate #jbfj ,calcium *loride #dcee ,magnesium *loride #jjba ,potassium *loride #jdae ,wat] #ajgj ,sodium *loride #bfda ------- #hhaa ,d4 ,analysis by ,pr(4 ,liv]sidge ( ! ,sydney ,univ]sity ( a sample ( ! wat] collect$ by ,dr4 ,broml[1 ,r4,n41 ab\t #ahgi4bg ,! specific gravity 0 #ajjfd at #fj ,f4 ,! total solids 9 solution 7 #ehbd gra9s p] gallon2 b :5 heat$ to a dull r$ heat1 ! residue 0 #edfi gra9s p] gallon1 ! comb9$ wat] hav+ be5 driv5 (f4 ,iod9e & brom9e 7 c>efully s\ght =1 b 9 va94 ,f\r p9ts ( ! wat] 7 exam9$4 ,,composition4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p] c5t4 9 ,p>ts p] ,gra9s p] residue4 million ( wat]4 gallon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,silica1 insoluble #afha #accc #ibj ,silica1 soluble #jgd #eh #dj ,alum9a & traces ( ,iron sesquioxide #ecd #dag #bib ,alum9ium *loride #afdf #abhf #ijj ,phosphoric acid traces traces traces ,calcium *loride #dfged #c1febi #beegj ,calcium sulphate #dggj #cgbg #bfji ,magnesium *loride #aed #abj #hd ,sodium *loride #dbaga #c1bidh #bcjfd ,potassium *loride #agef #acgb #ifj ,c>bonic acid traces traces traces ,loss #dfj #cdj #beb --------------------------------------- #ajjjjj #g1hacj #edfia ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,look+ at ! g5]al "* ( ^! !rmal spr+s ( ,savu-savu we may quote ! rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,liv]sidge & ,dr4 ,piep] t ! salts 9 solution consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( *lorides1 ! *lorides ( calcium & sodium l>gely prevail+4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,analyses ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,,( ,,! ,,savu-,,savu ,,!rmal ,,spr+s1 ,,/at$ ,,9 ,,gra9s ,,p] ,,?\s& ,,( ,,wat]4#bh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,date ,*lo- ,calcium,natrium,total col- r9e4 ,sodium4,calcium4*lor- *lor- salts4,d5sity4 lect$4 ide4 ide4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dr4 ,jackson #ahdj #ceg #aff #jcf -- -- #gbj #ajji ,dr4 ,piep] #ahgf #dgi -- #bca #dee #cji #hdh -- ,mr4 ,ro*oll #ahgh -- -- -- #dce #bfd #hha -- ,pr(4 ,liv]sidge #ahgi 7#dej77abi7 7#adb7 #cfe #cbi #gha #ajjf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,sea-wat]1 tropics #aidf #aajh #jdf -- -- #cejj #ajb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,x is to be inf]r$ f ! above t ! quantity ( salts 9 solution rema9s ab\t ! same1 ! proportion v>y+ only 9 ! f\r analyses1 :i* ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( =ty ye>s1 betwe5 #gb & #hh gra9s p] ?\s& gra9s ( wat]4 ,?is is consid]ably less ?an ! salts 9 solution 9 sea-wat]1 namely #ce gra9s p] ?\s&4 ,! relative proportions ( ! salts1 except+ ^? ( calcium1 d n v>y m ?an we %\ld expect 9 ! case ( analyses made by v>y+ me?ods & probably ) a v>y+ degree ( exactness4 ,dana#bi consid]$ f ,dr4 ,jackson's analysis t ! wat] ( ! ,savu-savu spr+s is probably ( m>9e orig92 b ! abs5ce ( brom9e & iod9e1 z especially rem>k$ by ,dr4 ,piep] & ,pr(4 ,liv]sidge does n support ?is view4 ,we might also expect ! proportion ( ! salts to ea* o!r to %[ a great] simil>ity to t 9 sea-wat] ?an !y d4 ,on ! o!r h& ! total volume ( wat] dis*>g$1 n only by ! spr+s prop] b = sev]al hundr$ y>ds along ! bea*1 & also betwe5 ! tide-m>ks & beyond1 mu/ be f> great] ?an c\ld be suppli$ by ! ra9fall ( ?is portion ( ! ,savu-savu p59sula1 :i* is only "o & a half to two miles across & #hjj feet high4 ,we mu/ look1 ,i ?9k1 = ! s\rce ( ^! wat]s 9 deep subt]ranean /reams or artesian bas9s t w\ld be f$ by ! ra9s precipitat$ 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts :]e ! ra9fall am\nts to at lea/ #bjj-cjj in*es 9 ! ye>4 ,?is matt] is fur!r discuss$ 9 my g5]al rem>ks on ! hot-spr+s ( ?is isl& 7page #ch74 #e4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,ne> ,,ravuka4--,^! spr+s rise up 9 ! c5tre ( ! bread? ( ! isl& ab\t n9e miles direct f ! coa/4 ,!y are ab\t #bjj feet above ! sea & are situat$ on ! ,ndrawa bran* ( ! ,ndreketi ,riv] "s two miles bel[ ! hamlet ( ,ravuka4 ,!y are on a small scale & ooze ?r\gh a b$ ( r\nd$ blocks & pebbles close to ! wat] on ! left bank4 ,_! temp]ature 9 ,augu/1 #ahih1 0 #adh ,f4 ,!y are cov]$ by ! riv] :5 x is swoll5 by ! ra9s1 & v probably o!r hot-spr+s issue along ! riv]-bottom4 ,! conditions are n suitable = ! =mation ( deposits4 #f4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,vu9asanga4--,^! !rmal spr+s are also situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! isl& on a tribut>y ( ! ,ndreketi "s ?ree or f\r miles we/w>d f ,va ,lili & ab\t #aej feet above ! sea4 ,on ea* bank ( ! riv] f\r or five paces f ! wat] & ?ree or f\r feet above x1 !re is a small pool two to f\r feet wide4 ,9 ,june1 #ahii1 ! pool on ! "r bank _h a temp]ature ( #aca ,f41 & t on ! left bank ( #acd4 ,!re 7 no deposits4 #g4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,nawavi ,,range4--,^! spr+s also lie )9 ! bord]s ( ! valley ( ! ,ndreketi4 ,!y may be 8locat$0 by describ+ !m z ly+ a few miles inl& f ! nor? coa/ front$ by ,ma?uata ,isl&4 ,i did n visit !m & h only le>n$ ( !m f ,mr4 ,?omson's ,ma?uata pap]4#cj ,t g5tleman ref]s to !m z two 9 numb] & situat$ at ! back ( ! coa/ range ab\t f\r miles inl& f ! village ( ,nangumu2 b no p>ticul>s are giv54 #h4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,vatuloaloa4--,^! spr+s lie on ! ,ma?uata ,coa/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ma?uata ,isl&4 ,i h n se5 !m1 b am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,?omson = ! p>ticul>s "h giv51 :i* are tak5 f 8 pap] above quot$4 ,mr4 ,?omson1 :o discov]$ !m 9 #ahhj1 nam$ !m ! 8,graie0 spr+s4 ,!y issue bel[ high-wat] m>k at ,vatuloaloa1 & _h a temp]ature 9 #ahhj ( ab\t #adj ,f4 ,!y are said to possess _m valuable heal+ qualities4 #i4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,nambuonu4--,^! spr+s are situat$ on ! same "p ( ! ,ma?uata coa/ z ^? ( ,vatuloaloa above ref]r$ to4 ,i le>n$ f ,mr4 ,bull+ ( ,undu ,po9t t !y issue f swampy gr\nd half a mile inl&4 ,!y 7 discov]$ accid5tally by a ,japanese :o put 8 foot into !m1 ! temp]ature be+ suffici5tly high to scald ! feet1 b n at ! boil+-po9t1 probably ab\t #adj ,f4 #aj4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,ne> ,,tambia4--,^! ext5sive spr+s1 situate #a to #b miles inl&1 & r "u #ajj feet above ! sea1 lie ne> ! ,ma?uata or nor? coa/ ( ! isl&1 "s f\r miles we/ ( ! ,wailevu riv]4 ,!y rise up 9 ! mid/ ( level c\ntry ab\t a mile f ! t[n ( ,tambia1 & ne> ! village ( ,ngovungovu4 ,al?\gh situat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,tambia riv]1 ^! spr+s are n adjac5t to ! riv]1 & 9 ?is respect !y diff] f ne>ly all ! inl& hot spr+s4 ,! hotte/ spr+ bubbles up into a pool #e or #f feet across1 :i* _h a temp]ature ( #ahj ,f41 9 ,m>*1 #ahii4 ,ne> by is a l>ge deep pool1 "s #bj feet or m across1 ) a temp]ature ( #ajj4 ,x receives ! ov]fl[ f ! small] pool1 & app>5tly hot wat] also bubbles up at ! bottom4 ,ar\nd ! small] hotte/ pool !re is a consid]able deposit ( :at is ma9ly silice\s s9t]4 ,x incru/s ! /ones & also ! oy/]-%ells ly+ ab\t ! pool 9 quantities1 :]e !y h be5 left by ! natives aft] _! cont5ts _h be5 cook$ & eat54 ,"s ( ! %ells are almo/ decay$ away1 ! s9t] = ! mo/ "p alone rema9+4 #aa4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,v&rani4--,^! spr+s occur 9 ! he>t ( ! isl&1 ab\t #h miles f ! coa/ 9 a /raight l9e1 & ab\t #bgj feet above ! sea4 ,?is is ! greate/ elevation1 z f> z ,i "k1 at :i* a hot spr+ exi/s 9 ?is isl&4 ,"h !y rise up ne> ! base ( ! c5tral m\nta9 range1 close to ! head-wat]s ( ! ,wailevu riv] :i* op5s into ,lambasa bay4 ,! spr+s bubble up into a pool1 a foot deep1 on ! left side ( ! riv]1 f\r or five paces away f ! wat]'s edge1 & sc>cely rais$ above x4 ,!y are cov]$ ov] :5 ! riv] is 9 flood4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahii1 ! temp]ature record$ by my !rmomet] 0 #ajj ,f42 b probably x 0 a few degrees high] at ! bottom ( ! pool4 ,i notic$ no deposits4 #ab4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,na ,,kama ,,on ,,! ,,wailevu ,,riv]4--,^! boil+ spr+s1 :i* are ( an ext5sive "*1 come up 9 half-a-doz5 places on ei!r bank ( ! riv]1 & are f #e to #f miles inl&1 & ab\t #ij feet above ! sea4 ,!y are close to ! wat]1 & f #a to #aj feet above x4 ,! temp]ature ( "o small pool1 :]e ! wat] bubbl$ up briskly1 0 #bjd ,f4 9 ,febru>y1 #ahii4 ,9 ano!r x 0 #aid4 ,! wat] 0 probably at ! boil+-po9t 9 "s cases z x ent]$ ! pools1 & 9 ! o!rs x c\ld h be5 only a few degrees bel[ x4 ,! rocks ( ! di/rict are agglom]ates & tuffs4 ,i h no recollection ( deposits ( any ext5t ar\nd ! spr+s4 #ac4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,vunimoli ,,on ,,! ,,lambasa ,,riv]4--,a few m9utes' walk f ,vunimoli1 & ab\t #ajj y>ds f ! left bank ( ! riv]1 ^! hot spr+s issue 9 a place nam$ ,vunimbele f ! =am9if]\s clay rock 7soap/one7 ( ! di/rict4 ,!y are on ! side ( a dit* :i* communicates ) ! riv]4 ,! natives h cut out ( ! s(t rock small squ>e bas9s :i* receive ! wat]s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! hotte/ spr+ 9 ,augu/1 #ahii1 0 #aee ,f4 ,t ( o!rs 0 #adj4 ,! conditions are n fav\rable = ! =mation ( deposits4 ,^! spr+s lie ab\t #h miles inl& & are r ov] #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 small & unimportant1 & ! locality 9 :i* !y occur is n[ ov]gr[n ) vegetation & n easy to discov]4 #ad4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,mbati-,,ni-,,kama ,,on ,,! ,,ngawa ,,riv]4--,^! spr+s are situat$ 9 ! ,lambasa di/rict ab\t #g miles f ! coa/1 & r ov] #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,!y issue copi\sly f ! volcanic agglom]ate at a temp]ature ( #afa ,f4 7,augu/1 #ahii71 & are only remov$ a few paces f ! riv]1 & a foot or s above x4 ,alg fl\ri% 9 ! wat]1 & silice\s s9t] incru/s ! rocks4 #ae4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+ ,,( ,,n&ongo ,,on ,,! ,,head-,,wat]s ,,( ,,! ,,wai-,,ni-,,koro ,,riv]4--,a few hundr$ y>ds f ! village & elevat$ ab\t #ahj feet above ! sea !re is a small pool 9 ! clay ( ! riv] bank1 #b or #c feet above & close to ! wat]1 :i* 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii1 _h a temp]ature ( #ig ,f4 #af4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,natuvo ,,on ,,! ,,nor? ,,coa/ ,,( ,,natewa ,,bay4--,ab\t a mile ea/ ( ,mbiagunu & ne> ! village ( ,natuvo1 !re are two hot spr+s ( small size :i* ,i visit$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,"o t issu$ on ! reef-flat f ! coral-rock at a temp]ature ( #acf ,f4 0 cov]$ ov] t[>ds high-tide4 ,! o!r issu$ ne> by at a temp]ature ( #aca f swampy gr\nd a few paces among ! trees4 #ag4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,ndaku-,,ndaku ,,on ,,! ,,nor? ,,coa/ ,,( ,,natewa ,,bay4--,at ?is place ab\t #b miles nor? ( ,vu9&i "s hot spr+s rise ?r\gh ! reef-flat1 :i* are only expos$ at l[ tide4 ,at ! "t ( my visit !y 7 cov]$ ov] by ! ris+ tide4 ,! natives describ$ !m z n v hot & l ! neighb\r+ hot spr+s ( ,natuvo4 #ah4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+ ,,( ,,navak>avi1 ,,natewa ,,bay4--,! coa/ village ?us nam$ lies ab\t "o & a half miles nor? ( ,7-kamba4 ,! hot spr+ is ab\t a mile inl& & n ov] #cj to #dj feet above ! sea4 ,x is rea*$ aft] trav]s+ a l[ & (t5 swampy tract4 ,! spr+ 9 ,augu/1 #ahii1 issu$ f a little rise at a temp]ature ( #acc ,fahr41 & =m$ a rivulet #ah in*es across4 #ai4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,vunisawana ,,at ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,natewa ,,bay4--,mr4 ,horne1 :o 0 9 ?is locality 9 #ahgh1 ref]s to ^! spr+s 9 8 book ,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji4 ,!y _h at "o "t1 he rem>ks1 a wide reputation = _! curative qualities2 b ! p ar\nd became s poor on acc\nt ( ! hospitality t cu/om compell$ !m to ext5d to ! num]\s visitors t !y buri$ up ! spr+s4 ,mr4 ,horne 0 %[n ! site at ! bottom ( a muddy creek4 ,i saw x 9 #ahih4 ,x lies #cjj or #djj y>ds 9 f ! bea* & only a few feet above ! sea4 ,!re 7 no signs ( heat !n2 b ,i 0 told t :5 ! /ream close by is v l[ x sometimes is a little w>m4 #bj4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+ ,,( ,,ndreke-,,ni-,,wai ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,coa/ ,,( ,,natewa ,,bay4--,?is small spr+ issues betwe5 ! tide-m>ks f an old reef-pat* close to ! %ore & is only to be se5 at l[-wat]4 ,its temp]ature 9 ,may1 #ahih1 0 #acj-ace ,fahr4 #ba4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+ ,,( ,,waikatakata ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,coa/ ,,( ,,natewa ,,bay4--,?is important spr+ lies ab\t f\r miles ea/ ( ! t[n ( ,natewa4 ,x issues on a hill-slope ab\t #djj y>ds f ! bea* & is "s #be or #cj feet above ! sea2 b x is s beset by und]gr[? t ! s\rce is n easy to rea*4 ,b\ld]s & blocks ( a basaltic rock lie ab\t on ! slope2 & x is f "u a huge b\ld] ( five or six tons 9 weight t ! spr+ em]ges at a temp]ature ( #adh ,fahr4 7,april1 #ahih74 ,!re is a good volume ( wat]1 & a s]ies ( ba?+ pools ( v>y+ temp]ature c\ld be readily made4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! inl& hot spr+s1 x is n 9 connection ) a /ream or riv]4 #bb4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+ ,,( ,,ndevo ,,on ,,! ,,coa/ ,,opposite ,,to ,,rambi4--,i did n he> ( any spr+ :5 9 ! locality2 b ,i le>n$ aft]w>ds t ne> a /ream on ! bea* !re is a hot spr+ :i* is cov]$ at high tide4 #bc4 ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+ ,,( ,,navuni ,,ne> ,,fawn ,,h>b\r4--,?is small spr+ is situat$ 9 a hilly di/rict 9 a region :]e oliv9e-basalts prevail4 ,i 0 indebt$ to ,mr4 ,pick]+ = %[+ me its locality4 ,x lies ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile inl& & ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,x issues f ! volcanic agglom]ate a few paces f ! "r bank ( ! ,navuni /ream & five or six feet above its level4 ,9 ,may1 #ahih1 x _h a temp]ature ( #aab-aac ,fahr4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,?is isl& is !re=e rem>kable = ! numb] ( its hot spr+s4 ,9 ! li/ giv5 on page #dj ,i h enum]at$ #bc localities :]e !y occur2 b1 z %[n bel[1 _! numb] w probably 9 "t be ext5sively increas$4 ,on ref]r+ to ! map x w be obs]v$ t ! di/ribution ( ^! spr+s is fairly g5]al ov] two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s ( ! isl&4 ,tak+ ?is area at ab\t #a1ejj squ>e miles & divid+ x into squ>es ) sides ( eight miles1 we %\ld1 if ! spr+s 7 q ev5ly disp]s$1 f9d a !rmal sy/em 9 e squ>e4 ,ev5 among/ ! ,fijians & among ! :ite resid5ts ! numb] ( hot spr+s w cause surprise4 ,only ^? ( ,savu-savu1 ,wa9unu1 ,nukumbolo1 ,mbat9i-kama1 & ,na ,kama on ! ,wailevu riv] h be5 up to ?is "t g5]ally kn[n4 ,! reason ( ?is is t mo/ ( !m are insignificant1 & ) a temp]ature f> bel[ ! boil+-po9t1 & ooze up 9 unlikely & out-(-! way places1 z by ! wat]-side 9 little visit$ riv]-valleys1 on ! reef-flats ( n mu* frequ5t$ coa/s1 & 9 swampy situations :]e !y are likely to be ov]look$4 ,! natives only recognise z 8,na ,kama0 ! boil+ or v hot spr+s2 & x 0 only aft] mu* que/ion+ t ,i c\ld get !m to tell me ( "s unimportant 8wai katakata0 7hot wat]7 :i* !y deem$ to be f> b5ea? my notice4 ,! natives 7 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 my botanical & geological inve/igations2 b !y consid]$ x to be b5ea? ! dignity ( a man :o _h se5 ! wond]s ( ,na ,savu-savu to sp5d "s "t look+ = a half-=gott5 !rmal spr+ 9 a swamp4 ,f ?is cause alone ,i no d\bt fail$ to f9d sev]al spr+s4 ,all ! boil+ spr+s & ^? ( v high temp]ature are probably kn[n2 b z is po9t$ out bel[ x is m ?an likely t a l>ge numb] ( unimportant spr+s rema9 to be discov]$ 9 _m a des]t$ inl& valley & betwe5 ! tide-m>ks along ! v ext5sive reef-b\nd coa/s4 ,z above rem>k$ ! hot spr+s did n come "u my notice 9 all p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,!y are to all appe>ance want+ 9 ! we/]n or ,mbua portion1 & also 9 ! ,undu portion nor? ( ,natewa ,bay4 ,tak+ ! fir/-nam$ region1 x w be notic$ t no hot spr+s are indicat$ 9 ! map we/ ( ! ,ndreketi & ,wa9unu riv]s4 ,i made inquiries :]ev] ,i w5t1 b ) no result4 ,on my writ+ to ,mr4 ,witt/ock1 ( ,mbaulailai1 :o is well acqua9t$ ) ! ,mbua p59sula1 he in=m$ me t if hot spr+s exi/$ 9 t "p ( ! isl& he w\ld probably h kn[n ( !m4 ,9 t portion ( ! isl& :i* ends 9 ,undu ,po9t ,i c\ld nei!r discov] nor he> ( any !rmal spr+s ea/ ( ,lambasa on ! nor? side1 & ( ,lakemba on ! s\? or ,natewa ,bay side2 nor c\ld ,mr4 ,bull+1 :o has resid$ at ,undu ,po9t = _m ye>s1 tell me ( any spr+s 9 8 neighb\rhood4 ,on look+ at ! g5]al map x w be obs]v$ t ! hot spr+s are conf9$ to ! area ( basic rocks1 al?\gh !y d n occur all ov] t area1 n be+ indicat$ 9 ! map to ! we/ ( ! ,ndreketi & ,wa9unu riv]s4 ,!y are n kn[n to occur 9 ! region ( dacites & acid &esites1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,dr&ramea di/rict2 & !y h n be5 f\nd 9 ! area ( rhyolitic & tra*ytic rocks t ext5ds f ,undu ,po9t to ,mbu?ai-sau on ! nor? coa/ & to ne> ,tawaki on ! ,natewa ,bay side4 ,! region ( hot spr+s w\ld be limit$ on ! ea/ by a l9e jo9+ ! ,mbati-ni-kama spr+s ) ^? ( ,n&ongo on ! ,wa9ikoro riv] & ,natuvo on ! nor? %ore ( ,natewa ,bay4 ,su* a l9e1 ?\gh ly+ )9 x1 r\ghly indicates ! limit betwe5 ! regions ( basic & acid rocks4 ,! situation ( ! hot spr+s 9 ! l[] levels1 & _! non-discov]y at elevations exce$+ #cjj feet above ! sea1 are facts ( importance4 ,9 m ?an half ! cases !y arise close to & (t5 on ! banks ( /reams & riv]s1 occasionally inde$ at ! riv]-bottom2 & no d\bt num]\s unkn[n !rmal spr+s issue "u wat] f ! riv] b$s4 ,9 ab\t a ?ird ( ! kn[n cases ! spr+s come up on ! coa/ betwe5 ! tide-m>ks1 usually ris+ ?r\gh ! reef-flat4 ,at times ev5 !y are to be obs]v$ bel[ ! l[ tide level2 & "o c sc>cely d\bt t !re are a l>ge numb] ( undiscov]$ spr+s t are nev] expos$ at ! l[e/ tides4 ,x is also v likely t a numb] ( hot spr+s issu+ betwe5 ! tide-m>ks are /ill to be discov]$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,! same may be said ( inl& hot spr+s4 ,look+ at ! insignificant "* ( _m ( !m & not+ _! occurr5ce 9 places :]e !y might easily be ov]look$1 x is highly probable1 z be=e rem>k$1 t a numb] ( spr+s exi/ inl&1 :i*1 ?\gh once kn[n to ! natives1 are n[ =gott54 ,! int]ior ( ! isl& is v sp>sely inhabit$ n[2 b !re is evid5ce ( a mu* m popul\s condition 9 old times4 ,! pres5t natives are fa/ los+ ! k ( ! int]ior ( ! isl& :i* _! =efa!rs possess$2 & _m tracts 9 ! m\nta9 di/ricts are f> remov$ f exi/+ pa?s4 ,f ! haphaz>d mann] 9 :i* ,i light$ ^u !rmal spr+s beside ! head-wat]s ( ! ,ndreketi1 ,wailevu1 & ,wai-ni-koro riv]s1 ,i _c d\bt t _m m exi/ 9 simil> localities n visit$ by me4 ,) reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ! spr+s z respect+ temp]ature1 ,i _c f9d any m>k$ arrangem5t ei!r 9 _! gr\p+ or 9 ! am\nt ( elevation4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t ! ?ree sy/ems ( hotte/ spr+s1 t ( ,savu-savu 7#baj71 t ( ,na ,kama on ! ,wailevu riv] 7#bjd71 & t ( ,tambia 7#ahj7 are all less ?an #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,al?\gh ! spr+s ( highe/ temp]ature are conf9$ g5]ally1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ,savu-savu1 to ! ma9 mass ( ! isl&1 x w\ld seem t adjac5t sy/ems ( spr+s may diff] mu* 9 temp]ature4 ,! spr+s ( ,vunimoli1 = in/ance1 h a maximum temp]ature ( #aee1 :i* is ne>ly #ej l[] ?an t ( ,na ,kama1 ?ree miles to ! we/w>d4 ,hot spr+s are m num]\s 9 ! region ar\nd ,lambasa ?an 9 mo/ o!r di/ricts4 ,la/ly1 ,i may add t e>?quakes are app>5tly m frequ5t 9 ! ,mbua di/rict1 :]e no !rmal spr+s are kn[n1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! isl&4 ,) reg>d to ! deposits =m$ ar\nd ! spr+s1 x may be obs]v$ t ! circum/ances are n usually suitable = _! =mation1 z = in/ance :5 !y rise ?r\gh ! reef-flat or 9 swampy localities4 ,9 ^? spr+s1 h[ev]1 :]e ! temp]ature is ov] #aej ,f41 & :]e ! wat] spreads ov] a surface s z to facilitate evaporation1 deposits ( :ite s9t] associat$ ) alg occur1 z at ,savu-savu1 ,tambia1 & ,nukumbolo4 ,its composition v>ies a little 9 diff]5t localities4 ,at ,savu-savu x is compact & lam9at$ & =m$ almo/ entirely ( hydrat$ amorph\s or colloid silica4 ,at ,mbati-ni-kama ! silice\s s9t] is m friable1 ) a t5d5cy to =m opal4 ,! s9t] ( ! ,nukumbolo spr+s resembles t ( ,savu-savu2 b x also conta9s a good proportion ( c>bonate ( lime 7#bj p] c5t47 9 a granul> =m1 & t ( ,tambia has ! same *>act]s4 ,x is n unlikely t ?is lime is d]iv$ f ! decay$ %ells1 su* z ,i h ref]r$ to 9 ! case ( ! ,tambia spr+s4444 ,x may be "h obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,we$ & o!rs1 :o h /udi$ ! orig9 ( silice\s s9t] 9 ! ,yell[/one region & else:]e1 reg>d x z ! secretion ( alg1 mosses1 c41 t gr[ 9 hot wat]s 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 #cg1 #ahhi74 ,i come n[ to "s g5]al consid]ations respect+ ! hot spr+s ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! s+ul> fact t ! inl& hot spr+s ne>ly always make _! appe>ance along ! pres5t l9es ( surface-dra9age4 ,b ,i d n ga!r t ! hot spr+s are ( m rec5t orig9 ?an ! riv]s & /reams1 by ! side ( :i* !y rise4 ,on ! contr>y ! hot spr+s are probably f> old]4 ,! conditions ( subt]ranean dra9age t fav\r ! =mation ( spr+s at ! surface1 :e!r cold or !rmal1 w\ld no d\bt (t5 det]m9e ! direction ( surface dra9age 9 a newly-=m$ l&4 ,^? famili> ) mod]n volcanoes w recall ! abs5ce or r>ity ( /reams & riv]s1 & ! frequ5cy (t5 ( cold & !rmal spr+s at & ne> ! coa/1 :i* are sometimes ( su* bulk at ! exits t ! expression 8subt]ranean riv]0 w\ld be ne>ly appropriate4 ,! pres5ce ( artesian res]voirs may also 9 "s localities be safely assum$4 ,i w "h draw a little on my own exp]i5ce ( volcanic regions4 ,on ! lava-b\nd coa/s ( ! riv]less s\!rn portion ( ! l>ge volcanic isl& ( ,hawaii1 ! subt]ranean wat]s issue z cold & !rmal spr+s at num]\s localities4 ,at ,punaluu1 & at ,n9oli1 a mile to ! we/w>d1 !re are ext5sive fre%wat] spr+s at & ne> ! bea* :i* h a temp]ature ( #fd ,f4 all ?r\gh ! ye>1#ca ^? at ,n9oli issu+ z a l>ge subt]ranean /ream4 ,ea/ ( ,punaluu & at int]vals along ! ,puna coa/1 spr+s ( wat]1 sometimes fre% & cold ) a temp]ature occasionally z l[ z #fd1 at o!r times m9]al & !rmal1 b ) a temp]ature n usually above #ie1 issue at ! surface or at ! bottom ( deep fissures 9 ! old lava fl[s4444 ,9 ,oahu1 ano!r isl& ( ! ,hawaiian gr\p1 :]e ! volcanic =ces h be5 long ext9ct1 artesian wells h be5 9 ext5sive use = "s ye>s 9 ! irrigation ( ! sug>-cane plantations4 ,! la/ wat]-be>+ /rata are rea*$ at dep?s ( #djj to #ejj feet4#cb ,! subt]ranean or artesian res]voirs are evid5tly !re=e on a l>ge scale2 yet ,oahu is sc>cely "o-?ird ! size ( ,vanua ,levu 9 ,fiji4444 ,la/ly1 ,i w ref] to ! num]\s subt]ranean /reams t issue =?1 z cold & !rmal spr+s1 f b5ea? ! lavas ne> & at ! ,etna coa/1 z = in/ance 9 ! vic9ity ( ,acireale4 ,! ,etna slopes are 9 great "p de=e/$1 & 9 consequ5ce soakage is relatively small1 & aft] heavy ra9s mu* ( ! wat] runs (f 9 ! torr5ts4 ,:il/ 9 ?is locality ,i 0 impress$ ) ^! facts1 & ,i =m$ ! op9ion t 9 anci5t times :5 ,etna 0 well wood$ ! dis*>ge ( subt]ranean /reams at ! coa/ 0 f> great] ?an at pres5t4 ,= ^! reasons & on o!r gr\nds1 among/ !m notably ! abs5ce ( rec5t crat]al cavities1 ,i inf] t ! num]\s hot spr+s are ! outfl[s ( subt]ranean /reams1 f$ orig9ally by ! 8soakage0 aris+ f a ra9fall ( at lea/ #bjj to #cjj in*es 9 ! m\nta9\s portions ( ! isl&4 ,su* subt]ranean /reams run probably at consid]able dep?s1 em]g+1 x is likely1 z (t5 "u ! sea z !y d on ! l&4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h read 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 7,novemb] #aijb71 an ab/ract ( a lecture by ,pr(4 ,suess on ! subject ( hot spr+s & volcanic ph5om5a4 ,!rmal spr+s1 he holds1 are suppli$ by hypog5e wat]s & d n receive _! salts f ! sea4 ,su* spr+s1 accord+ to ?is view1 be+ ! survivals ( volcanic activity1 orig9ate 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?'s cru/ & br+ wat] to ! surface = ! fir/ "t1 n d]iv+ x f infiltration4 ,x seems almo/ imp]t95t to sugge/ a view oppos$ to t ( su* a high au?ority2 b x appe>s to me t ! frequ5t situation ( ! ,vanua ,levu !rmal spr+s along ! l9es ( surface-dra9age requires an explanation t does n altoge!r exclude ! ag5cy ( infiltration4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu1 #ahih-ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,locality4 ,coa/ or ,height ,ne> or ,silice\s ,nature ,temp]a- inl&4 above f> f s9t]4 ( ! ture4 sea-level4/reams4 surface at ! exit4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,wai- ,coa/ to ,sea-level ,riv] ,little or ,soil-cap1#ajj- nunu f\r to #bj or -side & none tuffs1 #acj ,f4 miles #cj feet "u c4 inl& wat] #b4 ,nato ,?ree to #ej to #ajj ,ne> ,little or ,soil-cap #aaj- -arau &f\r feet brooks none #abf ,f4 vic9itymiles & f coa/ /reams #c4 ,nukum-,six miles #acj feet ,ab\t #ajj ,mix$ ),agglom]-#aeg ,f4 bolo inl& y>ds lime ate-tuff f c>bonate riv] #d4 ,savu ,bea* & ,sea-level ,inl& ,9 fair ,rott5 #bjh- -savu #aej y>ds to #aj feetspr+s quantityvolcanic #baj ,f4 inl& ne> a agglom]- brook ate #e4 ,ravuka,n9e #bjj feet ,riv] ,none ,pebble #adh ,f4 miles -side b$ inl& #f4 ,vu9a-,t5 miles #aej feet ,riv] ,none ,soil-cap #aca- sanga f -side #acd ,f4 nor? coa/ #g4 ,foot ,f\r ,n kn[n ,n kn[n ,n kn[n ,n kn[n,n ( ,nawavimiles kn[n4 ,range inl& #h4 ,vatu- ,coa/ ,nil4 #adj ,f4 loaloa bel[ high-tide m>k #i4 ,nambu-,half-mile ,probably ,n kn[n ,n kn[n ,swampy #adj ,f4 onu inl& slight 7proba- bly74 #aj4 ,tam- ,inl& #ij feet ,n ne> ,abundant ,soil-cap #ahj ,f4 bia "o & a /ream a-half to two miles #aa4 ,v&-,eight #bgj feet ,riv] ,none ,old #ajj ,f4 rani miles -side riv]-b$ f coa/ #ab4 ,na ,inl& #ij feet ,riv] ,probably ,agglom]-#aid- ,kama1 five to -side little ates & #bjd ,f4 ,wailevu six tuffs miles #ac4 ,vuni-,inl& #abj feet ,ab\t #ajj ,none ,=am9i-#adj ,f4 moli eight y>ds f]\s #aee ,f4 miles f clay-rock riv] #ad4 ,mbati,inl& #acj feet ,riv] ,9 fair ,volcanic #afa ,f4 -ni-kama sev5 & -side quantityagglom]- a-half ate miles #ae4 ,nan- ,inl& #ahj feet ,riv] ,none ,clay #ig ,f4 dongo f\r -side miles #af4 ,nat- ,coa/ & ,nil ,none ,reef-flat#aca ,f4 uvo betwe5 & a few & #acf ,f4 ! tide- feet swampy m>ks gr\nd #ag4 ,nda- ,betwe5 ,nil ,none ,reef-flat,n ku-ndaku ! tide- kn[n4 m>ks #ah4 ,nava-,a mile #cj to #dj ,swampy ,none ,soil-cap #acc ,f4 k>avi inl& feet gr\nd #ai4 ,vuni-,f ,a few feet,ne> a ,n kn[n ,soil-cap ,n sawana bea* #cjj brook kn[n4 or #djj y>ds #bj4 ,ndr- ,coa/ ,nil ,none ,old reef-#acj- eke-ni betwe5 pat* #ace ,f4 -wai ! tide- m>ks #ba4 ,wai- ,inl& #be or #cj ,n ne> ,none ,rises #adh ,f4 katakata #djj y>ds feet a /ream b5ea? a b\ld] ( basalt #bb4 ,ndevo,on coa/ ,nil ,ne> a ,n kn[n ,probably ,n bel[ /ream ! kn[n4 high- reef-flat wat] level #bc4 ,nav- ,inl& #ajj feet ,ne> a ,little or ,volcanic #aab- uni ?ree- /ream none agglom]-#aac ,f4 qu>t]s ate ( a mile ,summ>y ( ! previ\s rem>ks on ! hot spr+s ( ,vanua ,levu4 7#a7 ,hot spr+s h be5 record$ f #bc localities1 b !re are probably _m undiscov]$ or =gott54 7#b7 ,!y are di/ribut$ ov] mu* ( ! isl&2 b h n be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,mbua or ,we/]n end & 9 ! ,undu extremity ea/ ( ,lambasa & ,lakemba4 7#c7 ,!y are conf9$ to ! areas ( basic rocks & are n kn[n 9 ! di/ricts ( dacites & o!r acid &esites or 9 ^? ( qu>tz-porphyry & tra*yte4 7#d7 ,!y are always f\nd at l[ elevations1 nev] exce$+ #cjj feet4 7#e7 ,:il/ m ?an half are situat$ along riv] & /ream c\rses1 ne>ly all ! rema9d] lie betwe5 ! tide-m>ks4 7#f7 ,9 only two localities is ! temp]ature at or ne> ! boil+-po9t4 ,9 "o place x is #ahj ,f41 & 9 mo/ ( ! o!r spr+s x ranges betwe5 #ajj & #aej4 7#g7 ,silice\s s9t] is =m$ :]e ! temp]ature is ov] #aej4 7#h7 ,z exemplifi$ by ! wat] ( ! ,savu-savu spr+s ! proportion ( salts 9 solution 7#h p] #ajjj7 is con/ant ov] _m ye>s2 :il/ 9 ?is fact & 9 ! relative am\nts ( ea* salt !re is a %>p di/9ction f ! composition ( sea-wat]4 7#i7 ,! hot spr+s are old] ?an ! /reams & riv]s1 along :i* !y are s frequ5tly f\nd4 ,x w\ld appe> t !y are l>gely suppli$ f ! 8soakage0 ( ! heavy ra9fall 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu4 ,,9 ?is *apt] ! detail$ description ( ! isl& is comm5c$1 beg9n+ ) ! we/]n extremity & proce$+ ea/w>d4 ,mo/ ( ! petrological details are dealt ) "u _! respective sections2 b x has be5 f\nd necess>y also to frequ5tly ref] to !m 9 ?is connection4 ,,! ,,naivaka ,,p59sula4--,?is m\nta9\s p59sula =ms ! conspicu\s feature ( ! we/]n extremity ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,among/ all ! m\nta9s ( ! isl& its appe>ance f a di/ance gave mo/ promise ( display+ ! products ( rec5t volcanic eruptions2 b z %[n bel[ x af=ds evid5ce ( an antiquity ne>ly z great z t ( ! re/ ( ! isl&1 al?\gh !re are reasons = believ+ t its eruptions took place dur+ ! la/ /age ( ! em]g5ce4 ,naivaka is connect$ ) ! adjac5t relatively little elevat$ "p ( ! ma9 isl& by a l[ & n>r[ neck a little less ?an a mile 9 bread?4 ,9 its highe/ "p1 :]e x is only rais$ betwe5 #bj & #cj feet above ! sea1 ?is i/hmus is =m$ ( ! basic volcanic rocks ( ! di/rict2 b ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( its wid? are occupi$ by mangrove-swamps :i* are especially ext5sive on ! s\? side4 ,view$ f "s miles to ! ea/w>d ! m\nta9 has a regul> conical outl9e2 b f ! s\?1 :5 se5 f ,ruku-ruku ,bay1 x has an elongat$ & a mu* m irregul> pr(ile1 desc5d+ rapidly on ! ea/ side1 b display+ a gradual & a fairly regul> slope ( ab\t #aj degrees on ! we/ side4 ,! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9 is 9 ! =m ( a curve ) ! concavity fac+ s\?1 ! cre/ be+ m or less brok5 up into five or six peaks %[+ (t5 precipit\s & at times v]tical rocky faces hav+ a drop ( f #ajj to #cjj feet1 ! highe/ peaks rang+ f #aejj to #afeh feet above ! sea4 ,all ar\nd ! m\nta91 except on ! upp] /eep portion on ! s\? side :]e x is well-wood$1 ! slopes h ! usual "* ( ! 8talas+a0 di/ricts1 be+ occupi$ only by grass1 f]ns1 cycads1 & ! ord9>y scanty vegetation ( su* regions4 ,:il/ on mo/ sides ! surface configuration is fairly regul> & ! asc5t to ! summit is m or less regul>1 on ! s\? side bold spurs ) valleys betwe5 !m desc5d to ! coa/1 & ! c5tral mass rises abruptly 9 ! middle ( ! p59sula f a height betwe5 #cjj & #ejj feet above ! sea4 ,x is on ?is side t ,naivaka has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 orig9ally a crat]al m\nta91 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only ! nor? segm5t 9 a mu* degrad$ condition n[ rema9s1 :il/ ! o!r two-?irds h disappe>$4 ,! prevail+ rocks are a blacki% compact oliv9e-basalt1 hav+ z a rule mu* smoky glass 9 ! gr\nd-mass & possess+ a specific gravity ( #bib-bid4 ,!y are ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( g5us #be ( ! oliv9e-basalts giv5 on page #bei4 ,^! rocks compose ! agglom]ate & ! agglom]ate-tuffs t =m ! ea/]n portion ( ! summit & probably mo/ ( ! elevat$ "p ( ! m\nta94 ,simil> agglom]ates occur along mo/ ( ! nor? coa/1 ! rock be+ 9 a few places scoriace\s or amygdaloidal2 & !y occur 9 huge fall5 masses on ! s\? side ne> ! foot ( ! precipit\s portion4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ate ( ! summit are usually six to eight in*es across4 ,on ! s\?-we/ side ! massive rocks expos$ are less basic ) a specific gravity ( #bgf to #bgi4 ,!y are also m alt]$1 ! oliv9e be+ infrequ5t & ! int]/itial glass scanty4 ,!y diff] besides 9 ! p>allel arrangem5t & 9 ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s 7#ah mm471 :i* are on ! av]age half z long aga9 z ^? ( ! prevail+ oliv9e basalts 7#ab mm474 ,!y are plac$ 9 a diff]5t ord] ( ^! rocks & belong to g5us #cg describ$ on page #bfb4 ,tuffs did n come frequ5tly "u my notice4 ,at "o "p ( ! nor? coa/ ! cliffs are =m$ ( a palagonitic tuff-s&/one1 eff]vesc+ ) an acid1 :i* is describ$ on page #ccj4 ,al?\gh no organic rema9s are to be notic$1 x is probably a subm>9e deposit4 ,on a spur on ! s\?-we/ side1 at an elevation ( #fjj feet1 !re is expos$ a h>d r$ palagonitic tuff dipp+ away f ! summit at an angle ( #dj4 ,x is ma9ly compos$ ( ! palagonitis$ dbris ( a vacuol> basic glass & incloses brok5 & entire cry/als ( plagioclase1 augite1 & oliv9e4 ,! augite cry/als1 :i* atta9 a l5g? ( five or six mm41 project f ! wea!r$ surface & are easily deta*$1 ly+ ab\t 9 quantities on ! gr\nd 9 places4 ,al?\gh !y are n[ imb$d$ 9 evid5tly a subm>9e tuff1 ^! pyrox5e cry/als c\ld only h be5 eject$ z su* f a suba]ial v5t2 & x w\ld !re=e appe> t !y fell into ! sea ar\nd ! %ores ( a volcanic isl& 9 a /ate ( activity4 ,^! cry/als are (t5 crack$ & are z a rule n s p]fect z ^? ,i h ga!r$ f ! slopes ( ,vesuvius1 ,/romboli1 & ,etna4 ,!y exhibit an unusual tabul> =m aris+ f ! great developm5t ( ! cl9op9akoid at ! exp5se ( ! or?op9akoid faces4 ,on ! :ole x may be inf]r$ t ! ,naivaka volcano 0 subm]g$ at ! "t ( its orig91 b t ! eruptions cont9u$ aft] x began to %[ itself above ! sea4 ,9 _m ( its features1 especially 9 ! "* ( ! agglom]ate t =ms its upp] portion1 & 9 ! palagonitic nature ( ! tuffs1 ,naivaka diff]s only f o!r elevat$ di/ricts ( ! isl&1 :]e organic rema9s occur1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* rema9s4 ,its =m be>s te/imony to ! extreme degradation we f9d 9 o!r di/ricts1 & ! occurr5ce ( =am9if]\s tuffs high up ! neighb\r+ slopes ( ,m\nt ,sesaleka af=ds additional evid5ce ( ! orig9al subm]g5ce ( ?is di/rict4 ,,! ,,hill ,,( ,,korolevu4#cc--;,ab\t ?ree miles ea/ ( ,m\nt ,naivaka !re rises to a height ( #hjj feet1 ab\t a mile inl& f ! %ores ( ,wailea ,bay1 ! s+ul> flat-topp$ hill ( ,korolevu4 ,x displays v]tical cliff-faces1 ) a drop (t5 ( #bjj or #cjj feet1 :i* h become s deeply furr[$ or flut$ by ! erod+ atmosph]ic ag5cies t !y appe> at a di/ance to be made ( column> basalt4 ,! hill is1 h[ev]1 =m$ 9 mass ( a compact$ tuff or agglom]ate tuff built up ( mat]ials ( a hyalomelan basic glass t has und]gone p>tial conv]sion into palagonite4 ,9 ! upp] ?irds ^! rocks %[ no b$d+1 b 9 ! l[] slopes on ! seaw>d side !y are b$d$ & dip to ! nor? away f ! summit at an angle ( #ae or #bj4 ,! =m ( ?is hill is well %[n 9 ! sket* atta*$1 & !re is little d\bt t we h "h an old volcanic 8neck10 ! rema9s ( a subm>9e v5t4 ,a specim5 ( ! tuff f ! summit is made up ( compact$ fragm5ts1 9 size rang+ up to "o ?ird ( an in*1 ( a bottle-gre5 vacuol> glass1 :i* fuses readily 9 a lamp-flame & is n dissolv$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,?is glass is usually isotropic1 b mu* ( x is also palagonitic & feebly refractive1 ! vacuoles or /eam-holes1 :i* are (t5 elongat$1 be+ 9 ! la/ case fill$ ) ! same palagonitic mat]ial4 ,plagioclase cry/als occur macroscopically 9 ! glass2 !y are mu* erod$ & conta9 num]\s l>ge inclusions bo? ( ! cle> isotropic glass & ( its palagonitis$ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,korolevu ,hill 7#hjj ft47 f ,wailea ,bay4 ,ab\t a ?ird ( a mile we/ ( ! ,korolevu hill rises ! hill ( ,ngangaturuturu1 #dej feet high1 :i* pres5ts a precipit\s cliff-fac$ summit 9 :i* are expos$ basic tuffs %[+ pyrox5e cry/als project+ f ! wea!r$ surface4 ,,! ,,bomb ,,=mation ,,( ,,nav+iri4--,a mile nor?-we/ ( ,korolevu ,hill1 :]e ! coa/ road crosses a spur at ! back ( ,nav+iri1 a v curi\s =mation is expos$ at an elevation some:at "u #bjj feet above ! sea4 ,"h !re are to appe>ance a numb] ( l>ge m or less sph]ical volcanic bombs1 two to ?ree feet across & =m$ ( a semi-vitre\s scoriace\s basalt1 imb$d$ 9 a hyalomelan-tuff display+ ! same microscopical *>act]s z 9 ! case ( ! tuff =m+ ! adjac5t hill ( ,korolevu4 ,! a% is light grey 9 col\r & r friable2 b :]e 9 contact ) ! bombs x becomes d>k] & is h>d5$4 ,! /eam pores ( ! bombs are r\nd & n elongat$2 & z is usual ) ^! bodies !y increase 9 size f ! outside1 :]e !y are v small 7#a millimetre & less71 to ! c5tre1 :]e !y v>y f two to five millimetres across4 ,a vitre\s bord]1 ab\t an in* 9 bread?1 =ms ! out] %ell ( ! bomb :]e x is 9 contact ) ! tuff4 ,"s ( ! bombs are only two or ?ree in*es ap>t2 & "o ( !m %[s evid5ce ( fracture1 fragm5ts ( ! out] vitre\s %ell ly+ imb$d$ 9 disord] 9 ! surr\nd+ tuff4 ,be=e ent]+ into m detail x may be at once obs]v$ t ! contiguity ( "s ( ! bombs to ea* o!r makes x at fir/ difficult to view !m z hav+ be5 =m$ 9 ! mann] volcanic bombs are suppos$ to orig9ate4 ,^? :o h se5 ! huge bombs ly+ scatt]$ ab\t on ! summit ( ,vulcano 9 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s w appreciate ! difficulty ( imag9+ h[ ^! bombs c occur 9 su* a close arrangem5t )\t hav+ (t5 %att]$ ea* o!r to fragm5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,witt/ock ( ,mbaulailai 9 a lett] to me describes ev5 l>g] bombs t came "u 8 notice expos$ on ! surface 9 ! ,mbua di/rict1 _! out] cru/ :5 brok5 look+ 8l ! slag ( a bla/-furnace40 ,! bomb-rock is a semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite4 ,x displays microporphyritic plagioclase 9 a gr\nd-mass =m$ ma9ly ( a smoky1 almo/ isotropic glass1 9 :i* numb]s ( felsp> microli?s 7#a mm47 are develop$1 ! augite be+ b slightly diff]5tiat$4 ,scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! glass are little irregul> pat*es1 or 8lakelets10 ( residual magma compos$ ( a yell[i% feebly refractive mat]ial t ,i _c di/+ui% f palagonite4 ,! a%1 9 :i* ! bombs are imb$d$1 is a some:at friable hyalomelan-tuff compos$ ( fragm5ts ( basic glass (t5 p>tially palagonitis$1 & usually #b or #c mm4 9 size4 ,9 x occur pumice\s lapilli ( ! same mat]ial up to #b c5timetres 9 diamet]4 ,! glass is m>k$ly vacuol>1 ! cavities be+ ei!r fill$ ) gas or ) alt]ation-products4 ,! vacuoles are (t5 drawn out into tubes1 giv+ ! glass a fibrill> appe>ance4 ,! num]\s plagioclase ph5ocry/s inclos$ 9 ! glass are mu* honeycomb$ & conta9 l>ge inclosures ( ! glass1 bo? alt]$ & un*ang$4 ,al?\gh ! l9e ( contact is well def9$ 9 a h&-specim51 ! two rocks _c be sep>at$ along ! junction4 ,9 a ?9 section1 9 :i* ! union ( ! vitre\s %ell ( ! bomb ) ! a% is well %[n1 !re is no def9$ l9e ( dem>cation1 ! non-vacuol> isotropic glass ( ! bomb be+ !re brok5 up into fragm5ts1 ) ! int]spaces fill$ ) ! p>tially palagonitis$ pumice\s a%4 ,9 ! vitre\s %ell ! felsp> microli?s are mu* less develop$ bo? 9 size & numb] ?an 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! bomb4 ,num]\s cracks communicat+ ) ! r\nd /eam-pores1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! vacuoles ( ! a%-glass1 are fill$ ) ! same yell[i% magma-exudation ref]r$ to 9 ! case ( ! rock =m+ ! c5tre ( ! bomb4 ,?r\gh ! cracks ?is palagonite-mat]ial has f\nd its way into ! /eam-pores4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! above t ! bombs 7 b p>tially consolidat$ :5 !y fell into ! b$ ( a%4 ,! tuff is some:at 8bak$0 :]e x is 9 contact ) ! bombs2 & !re is evid5ce ( a collision betwe5 ! bombs 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! vitre\s %ell imb$d$ 9 ! a%4 ,al?\gh ! a% itself conta9s no organic rema9s1 !re occur1 n _m hundr$ y>ds away & at an elevation #ajj feet high] above ! sea1 =am9if]\s tuffs ( basic glass :i* are describ$ bel[4 ,!re is no indication ( a crat]al cavity 9 ?is locality2 :il/ ! anci5t 8neck0 repres5t$ by ,korolevu ,hill is a mile away4 ,^! bombs mo/ probably aft] be+ eject$ f "s sub-a]ial v5t fell into ! sea ar\nd1 on ! floor ( :i* mu* basic pumice-a% _h be5 previ\sly deposit$4 ,su* masses z !y sank w\ld lose mo/ ( _! orig9al mom5tum4 ,,rem>kable ,,section ,,ne> ,,korolevu ,,hill4--,betwe5 ! hills ( ,korolevu & ,nganga-turuturu1 at an elevation ( ab\t #cjj feet above ! sea1 !re is a s+ul> exposure ( tuffs horizontally /ratifi$ & =m+ a l[ esc>pm5t or l9e ( cliff ab\t #ae feet high on ! hill-side4 ,^! b$s display ! passage f basic tuffs bel[ to relatively acid tuffs above1 & !y e/abli% t 9 ?is locality ! p]iod ( acid &esites foll[$ t m>k$ by ! eruption ( basalts & basaltic &esites4 ,f _! horizontal & undi/urb$ position1 x may be inf]r$ t ^! deposits began to be =m$ "u ! sea :5 ! activity ( ! subm>9e basic v5ts 0 on ! wane4 ,9 _! composition & 9 ! v>i\s degrees ( co>s5ess ( _! mat]ials1 we c pla9ly disc]n ! hi/ory ( volcanic action 9 ?is locality4 ,a h>d compact$ palagonite-tuff makes up ! l[] half ( ! ?ickness ( b$s expos$1 #ae feet 9 all4 ,! great] portion ( x has ! uni=m texture ( a s$im5t>y rock1 f9e-gra9$ bel[ :]e ! fragm5ts are #a to #c mm4 9 size1 & becom+ co>s] above :]e ! l>g] measure #a to #b mm4 ,x is compos$ ( m or less angul> fragm5ts ( a basic vacuol> isotropic glass1 & ( plagioclase & augite ) mu* f9e palagonitic dbris4 ,!re is no eff]vesc5ce ) an acid2 b 9 ! upp] "p !re are a few ca/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8globig]9a0 type1 z indicat$ 9 ! ?9 sections4 ,above ?is lies a b$ ( a simil> basic tuff1 hav+ h[ev] a b&$ appe>ance f ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials ( diff]5t degrees ( co>s5ess1 ! f9] be+ #a-b mm4 9 size1 ! co>s] #d-h mm4 ,!re is little or no c>bonate ( lime2 b occasional te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! type above m5tion$ occur 9 ! slide4 ,! basic tuffs "h abruptly t]m9ate4 ,!y repres5t ! quiet deposition 9 wat] comp>atively deep ( ! products ( m>9e erosion1 & ( ! f9] ejectam5ta ( "s di/ant suba]ial v5t4 ,above ! basic tuffs lie a s]ies ( tuffs1 ab\t #e feet 9 ?ickness1 & compos$ ma9ly ( ! debris ( acid &esitic rocks ( ! hornbl5de-&esite type1 su* z occur 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict4 ,!y m>k a p]iod ( active eruption on ! "p ( "s neighb\r+ acid &esitic v5t 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 :i* ! subsequ5t explor] may be able to id5tify ) "s volcanic 8neck40 ,^! tuffs are compos$ p>tly ( fragm5ts ( a hemicry/all9e hornbl5de-&esite & p>tly ( cry/als1 brok5 & entire1 ( plagioclase1 hornbl5de1 rhombic pyrox5e1 & augite4 ,! plagioclase is tabul>1 zon$1 & glassy1 & gives ext9ctions ( oligoclase-&es9e 7#f to #ab74 ,! hornbl5de is bottle gre51 m>k$ly pleo*roic1 & gives ext9ctions up to #ad4 ,! rhombic pyrox5e has ! *>act]s describ$ on page #cja1 9 ! case ( ! ,ndr&ramea rocks4 ,! augite is less frequ5t1 b ! two pyrox5es are sometimes associat$ z int]gr[?s4 ,^! acid tuffs d n eff]vesce ) an acid1 nor c any te/s ( =am9if]a be obs]v$ 9 !m2 b s9ce ^! organisms are repres5t$ 9 ! basic tuffs bel[1 x is highly probable t ! :ole s]ies ( ^! horizontal b$s is subm>9e4 ,! fir/ or l[e/ b$ ( ! acid tuffs indicates a some:at viol5t volcanic outbreak 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 foll[+ ! deposition ( ! basic tuffs4 ,x is compos$ ( loosely compact$ subangul> fragm5ts1 #a to #c millimetres 9 size1 9 :i* ! macroscopic prisms ( ! rhombic pyrox5e are especially frequ5t4 ,x passes upw>d )\t int]ruption into a regul>ly gra9$ s&/one =m$ ( r\nd$ & subangul> fragm5ts measur+ #c to #g mm4 across4 ,above ?is lies a q di/9ct b$1 a few in*es ?ick1 ( a f9e compact clay rock1 :]e ! m9]al fragm5ts measure only #je to #ab mm4 9 diamet]1 hornbl5de be+ well repres5t$1 al?\gh ! rhombic pyrox5e is v scanty4 ,up to ?is "t ^! b$s ( acid tuffs indicate a gradual def]vesc5ce ( ! volcanic activity t began ) "s viol5ce1 z %[n by ! *>act]s ( ! l[e/ b$4 ,n[ ano!r outbreak occurr$1 & ov]ly+ ! clay-l b$ we f9d a co>se tuff made up ( fragm5ts #b to #e millimetres across1 & approa*+ 9 texture & appe>ance a suba]ial tuff1 b 9 o!r respects simil> to ^? bel[ x4 ,x is ! la/ & upp]mo/ ( ?is s]ies ( acid tuffs1 & ) x t]m9ates an int]e/+ record ( ! pa/ 9 ?is region1 ! *ief features ( :i* may ?us be summ>is$4 ,a prolong$ p]iod ( quiet deposition ( subm>9e basic tuffs1 ! products p>tly ( m>9e erosion & p>tly ( di/ant eruptions1 0 abruptly foll[$ by ! outbreak ( a neighb\r+ v5t dur+ :i* tuffs =m$ ( ! debris ( acid &esites 7 deposit$4 ,! gradual decrease 9 ! degree ( activity is pla9ly %[n 9 ! gradual dim9ution 9 size ( ^! tuffs1 until !y acquire ! f95ess ( a clay4 ,!n ano!r bur/ ( activity f ! same v5t or v5ts occurr$1 & ! record ends4 ,s9ce t "t !re has be5 app>5tly an upheaval to an elevation ( #cjj feet above ! sea4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! b$s are q undi/urb$1 ! em]g5ce may h be5 due to ! l[]+ ( ! sea-level1 a subject :i* is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,coa/ ,,betwe5 ,,wailea ,,bay ,,& ,,lekutu4--,! hills "h (t5 approa* ! coa/1 _! spurs runn+ d[n to ! bea*4 ,9 ! l[ range1 #bej to #cjj feet high1 ea/ ( ,wailea ,bay1 are expos$ palagonite-tuffs dipp+ g5tly nor?-ea/ & compos$ ( fragm5ts ( a vacuol> basic glass1 m or less palagonitis$1 & ( m9]als 7plagioclase1 etc47 n exce$+ #b mm4 9 size4 ,^! deposits are app>5tly non-calc>e\s & %[ no organic rema9s4 ,f>!r along ! coa/ t[>ds ,nativi basic tuffs & agglom]ates appe> at ! surface2 b ! und]ly+ rock1 expos$ 9 position 9 ! /ream-c\rses & prevail+ along mu* ( ! sea-bord] to ,nativi & a mile or s beyond1 is a vesicul> semi-ophitic basaltic &esite ) co>se dol]itic texture & conta9+ mu* int]/itial smoky glass4 7,x belongs to ! non-porphyritic gr\p ( g5us #i ( ! augite-&esites describ$ on page #bgc47 ,su* rocks evid5tly repres5t anci5t fl[s4 ,!y give place z "o proce$s ea/ to porphyritic semi-ophitic dol]itic rocks ( ! same g5us & to semi-vitre\s basic rocks4 ,ab\t half a mile we/ ( ,nukunase a vesicul> dol]itic basaltic &esite =ms a spur protrud+ at ! coa/4 ,x is semi-ophitic & conta9s 9 ! smoky glass ( ! gr\ndmass little irregul> cavities fill$ ) a yell[i% residual magma l palagonite 9 "*4 7,x is ref]able to g5us #ab ( ! augite-&esites1 describ$ on page #bge47 ,a few paces we/ ( ?is spur a v]tical dyke1 #bj feet wide & tr5d+ ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 appe>s on ! bea*4 ,x is =m$ ( a blui% scoriace\s basaltic &esite conta9+ mu* glass 9 ! gr\ndmass & %[+ imp]fectly develop$ felsp> la!s4 ,x is includ$ 9 g5us #d ( ! augite-&esites describ$ on page #bgj4 ,a little ea/ ( ! spur !re is ano!r dyke app>5tly v]tical & =m$ ( a vesicul> r ?an a scoriace\s basaltic &esite ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! augite-&esites 7page #bfg74 ,x diff]s f ! rock ( ! previ\s dyke 9 ! pres5ce ( small plagioclase ph5ocry/s :i* conta9 abundant magma-inclusions2 b x resembles x 9 ! *>act]s ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,?is dyke is ab\t #dj feet 9 ?ickness & tr5ds ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ! =ego+ rem>ks t !re 0 at "o "t a volcanic v5t 9 ! di/rict we/ ( ,nukunase4 ,! l9es repres5t+ ! tr5d ( ! two dykes above notic$ w\ld if ext5d$ meet at a common focus a little way inl&4 ,! rocks ( ! dykes diff] conspicu\sly f ! prevail+ dol]itic rocks t =m1 z be=e rem>k$1 ! anci5t fl[s1 ! av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s 9 ! =m] be+ #a-b mm41 9 ! latt] #c-d mm4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 belong probably to ! same v5t ( :i* n[ ! exact situation w\ld n be easy to discov]1 on acc\nt ( ! re-%ap+ ( ! surface ?r\gh ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,,m\nt ,,koroma4--,! highe/ peak ( ! hills ly+ inl& betwe5 ,wailea ,bay & ,lekutu is nam$ ,koroma & atta9s a height ( #a1chd feet4 ,i did n asc5d its slopes high] ?an #ijj feet1 & approa*$ x f ! ,mbua or s\? side4 ,ext5sive pla9s1 cov]$ ) ! usual 8talas+a0 vegetation1 rea* inl& f ! %ores ( ,mbua ,bay to ! foot ( ?is range )\t atta9+ a great] elevation ?an #ajj feet4 ,?is l[ di/rict is dra9$ by ! ,mbua riv] & its tribut>ies1 ! rock usually expos$ at its surface be+ a decompos+ porphyritic basaltic &esite4 ,x is aga9 ref]r$ to on page #ef 9 connection ) ! l[-ly+ level region ( ?is portion ( ! isl& ( :i* x 9 fact =ms a "p4 ,a basic non-calc>e\s f9e-gra9$ tuff-s&/one is expos$ 9 a /ream at ! foot ( ! s\? slope ( ,m\nt ,koroma4 ,:il/ cross+ "s l[ wood$ outly+ hills 9 ?is locality1 ,i came sudd5ly ^u :at seem$ l a des]t 9 m9iature1 q b>e ( vegetation & occupy+ an area ( "s acres4 ,"h a porphyritic basic rock1 f "s cause unkn[n to me1 has decompos$ 9 ! mass to a dep? ( #bj feet & m2 & ! result is a surface ( :ite crumbl+ rock scor$ deeply by ! ra9s & c>v$ out by ! d5ud+ =ces into m9iature hills & dales4 ,x is n improbable t a small crat] 9 its la/ solfat>a-/age once exi/$ "h2 b ! :it5$ dis9tegrat$ rocks alone rema91 & we c n[ only haz>d a conjecture z to ! cause4 ,i f\nd a v>iety ( basic rocks expos$ on ! hill slopes up to #ijj feet4 ,! mo/ frequ5t ( ! deep]-seat$ rocks :i* occurr$ 9 mass at ?is elevation1 & z l>ge blocks on ! l[] levels1 is a d>k grey r alt]$ hyp]/h5e-augite-&esite1 ref]r$ to g5us #a ( t sub-class z describ$ on page #bhf4 ,! specific gravity is #bgc1 :il/ ! gr\ndmass displays a little gre5i% alt]$ glass4 ,ano!r ( ! deep] rocks1 expos$ #ejj feet up ! slopes1 is plac$ 9 ! same sub-class1 augite & rhombic pyrox5e be+ porphyritically develop$1 sep>ately & z int]gr[?s4 ,! gr\ndmass displays %ort /\t felsp>s1 augite1 & a little alt]$ glass4 ,! rock is !re=e ref]r$ to ! or?ophyric ord] describ$ on page #bij4 ,spec4 grav4 #bgh4 ,evid5ce ( m rec5t surface lava-fl[s "h exi/s4 ,9 "o place ,i came ^u su* a b$ #ab feet ?ick1 compact 9 its upp] half & slaggy or scoriace\s 9 its l[] half4 ,! rock is an aphanitic augite-&esite 7spec4 grav4 #bgg7 & belongs to species ,b1 g5us #af1 ( ! augite-&esites1 z describ$ on page #bha4 ,its gr\ndmass displays felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t ) a little int]/itial glass4 ,slaggy lava is n uncommon on ^! slopes4 ,"o specim5 beside me is a semi-vitre\s =m ( ! deep] hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites ( ?is range4 ,!re appe>s to be bett] evid5ce ( sub-a]ial lava-fl[s on ! l[] slopes ( ,m\nt ,koroma ?an ,i f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! isl&4 ,x %\ld h be5 be=e rem>k$ t "o ( ^! fl[s lies ^u a b$ ( a h>d r$di% compact tuff1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ?9 section z an alt]$ palagonite-tuff1 conta9+ fragm5ts ( m9]als includ+ bo? rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 b %[+ nei!r lime nor organic rema9s4 ,! l>g] fragm5ts are #b mm4 9 size4 ,x seems likely t ?is fl[ ran into ! sea dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,! preval5ce ( rocks ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esite type 9 ,m\nt ,koroma di/+ui%es ?is range f ! surr\nd+ regions ( oliv9e-basalts & basaltic &esites4 ,?is di/rict is well wor? a detail$ exam9ation1 & p]haps ! rema9s ( a crat]al cavity may yet be f\nd4 ,,! ,,coa/ ,,betwe5 ,,naivaka ,,& ,,koro-,,ni-,,solo ,,at ,,! ,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,slope ,,( ,,! ,,sesaleka ,,range4--,basaltic &esites1 & oliv9e-basalts ( ! ,naivaka type occur on ?is coa/4 ,a rock ( m acid "*1 light grey & mu* alt]$1 is expos$ at ! surface :]e ! track crosses ! headl& project+ into ,ruku-ruku ,bay4 ,x is "o ( ! propylites ref]r$ to 9 my description ( ! second g5us ( ! augite-&esites 7p4 #bfi74 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass give ! small ext9ctions ( oligoclase2 & 9 ?is respect x diff]s f ! o!r augite-&esites4 ,besides ! alt]$ plagioclase ph5ocry/s !re is mu* microporphyritic augite b slightly *ang$4 ,calcitic & o!r alt]ation products occur 9 ! int]/itial glass4 ,,m\nt ,,sesaleka4--,?is is ! "n ( ! highe/ peak1 #a1cgj feet1 ( a rem>kable ridge-%ap$ range1 :i* is v precipit\s on ! ea/ & nor?-ea/ sides1 :]e !re is a %e] drop app>5tly ( #ejj or #fjj feet1 :il/ on ! o!r sides ! slope is m gradual1 especially on ! nor? :]e !re is a g5tle desc5t to ! sea4 ,! actual summit is b>e1 rocky1 & n>r[4 ,!re is a curi\s native leg5d relat+ to a pond on ! top ( ?is hill4 ,f :at ,mr4 ,witt/ock tells me1 x seems probable t !re is a spr+ ne> ! summit4 ,close to ! top are ! rema9s ( an old 8koro-ni-valu0 or w>-t[n2 :il/ numb]s ( %ells ( species ( ,c>dium1 ,cypra1 & ,/rombus1 su* z w\ld be us$ = food1 lie ab\t4 ,_m ye>s ago !re 0 a prolong$ siege ( ?is /ronghold1 :i* is ref]r$ to "h z indicat+ t ! def5d]s _h "s indep5d5t wat]-supply4 ,9 asc5d+ f ,koro-vatu on ! we/ side basic agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs 7 f\nd expos$ z f> z half-way up4 ,9 ! upp] half occurr$ at fir/ f9e-gra9$ calc>e\s tuffs1 b$d$ & dipp+ g5tly d[n ! slope1 compos$ ( palagonite-debris1 m9]al fragm5ts & calcitic mat]ial & display+ a few macroscopic te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,^! tuffs became non-calc>e\s & co>s] z "o approa*$ ! summit4 ,a specim5 obta9$ f ! top is co>se-gra9$1 be+ compos$ ( fragm5ts ( basic glass1 usually palagonitis$1 mu* augite1 a little plagioclase & fre% oliv9e1 b no te/s ( =am9if]a1 ! size ( ! fragm5ts be+ usually #e-ae mm4 ,massive rocks 7 r>ely expos$ on ?is side2 b half-way up 9 a /ream c\rse ,i came ^u an exposure ( a porphyritic oliv9e-basalt conta9+ a fair am\nt ( devitrifi$ int]/itial glass4 ,its specific gravity is #bhe & x is ref]r$ to g5us #be ( ! oliv9e basalts 7page #bei74 ,i desc5d$ by a g5tle slope to ! nor?1 co>se basic tuffs & agglom]ates conta9+ amygdaloidal fragm5ts be+ display$ on ! surface4 ,9 a /ream at ! foot1 close to ,koro-ni-solo1 7 blocks ( a heavy compact oliv9e-basalt ) specific gravity #bif4 ,,di/rict ,,betwe5 ,,m\nt ,,sesaleka1 ,,?ombo-,,?ombo ,,po9t1 ,,& ,,vatu-,,k>ok>o ,,hill4--,?is is a brok5 c\ntry ) sev]al abruptly ris+ less] hills4 ,/>t+ f ,koro-vatu & cross+ ! ,?ombo-?ombo promontory1 ,i rea*$ ! coa/ ( ,mbua ,bay ne> ,navunievu4 ,basic tuffs & agglom]ates prevail$ on ! way1 ! la/ conta9+ blocks ( a scoriace\s basaltic lava be>+ oliv9e4 ,! massive rocks expos$ belong 9 "s cases to g5us #ac ( ! oliv9e-basalts z describ$ on page #bef1 be+ d>k grey & hav+ a specific gravity ( #bhh1 & 9 o!r cases to g5us #af1 species ,b1 ( ! augite-&esites :5 !y are light] 9 col\r & h a specific gravity ( #bgg4 ,9 bo? cases ! int]/itial glass is scanty4 ,i asc5d$ ,vatui1 "o ( ! num]\s small hills ( ! di/rict4 ,x is #dej feet high & is capp$ by a b>e mass ( tuff-agglom]ate1 #dj to #ej feet high & conta9+ fragm5ts ( vesicul> basic lava4 ,?is mass is pi]c$ by a dyke1 #ah in*es ?ick1 :i* is incl9$ to ! ,n4,,ne4 at a high angle ( #fj or #fe degrees ) ! horizon4 ,?is dyke is compos$ ( a compact oliv9e-basalt :i* is rem>kable = ! preval5ce ( small augite prisms 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,x is describ$ on page #bfe "u g5us #dd ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,h&-specim5s are magnetic & display pol>ity1 :i* is due1 z po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvi41 to ! expos$ situation ( ! peak4 ,vatui 9 its *>act]s is evid5tly typical ( ! o!r less] hills ar\nd1 :i*1 z view$ f bel[1 possess b>e tops & precipit\s declivities ( ! same =mation4 ,all ! hills 9 ! di/rict includ+ ,sesaleka are capp$ by ^! basic tuffs & tuff-agglom]ates2 & d\btless z 9 ! case ( ,sesaleka ^! deposits are all subm>9e4 ,?is is true also ( ,vatu-k>ok>o1 a hill #fjj feet high1 ov]look+ ,mbua ,bay & ab\t two miles ea/ ( ,sesaleka4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ?is hill is expos$ a d>k compact basaltic &esite1 ref]r$ to g5us #ac1 species ,b1 ( ! augite-&esites 7sp4 gr4 #bhc71 :il/ blocks ( a black oliv9e-basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bia7 occur 9 ! agglom]ate ( ! summit4 ,^! hills may all be reg>d$ z 8volcanic necks0 or ! /umps ( volcanic cones1 probably subm>9e4 ,,! ,,divid+ ,,ridge ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,mbua ,,& ,,lekutu ,,pla9s4--,a level roll+ 8talas+a0 di/rict int]v5es betwe5 ,mbua ,bay & ! divid+ ridge4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is ridge1 :i* atta9s a height ( ab\t #ejj feet above ! sea1 is compos$ ( a h>d grey s&/one-l tuff1 eff]vesc+ feebly ) an acid1 :i* on exam9ation proves to be =m$ 9 great "p ( fragm5ts1 #jg-a mm4 9 size1 ( a d>k basic glass occasionally vacuol>4 ,! re/ ( ! deposit consi/s ( simil>-siz$ fragm5ts ( plagioclase & o!r m9]als1 & includes also a few te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type4 ,! mass ( ! ridge1 h[ev]1 is compos$ ( co>se tuffs & agglom]ates ( a diff]5t k9d :i* h be5 cov]$ ov] by ! =am9if]\s deposit j describ$4 ,?us !re are expos$ on ! l[] slopes1 tuffs & agglom]ates ( a basic pit*/one =m$ ( a br[n glass conta9+ a few felsp> & pyrox5e microli?s4 ,9 ! tuff ! fragm5ts are ?ree to six mm4 9 size & %[ evid5ce ( cru%+ 9 situ1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ ) debris ( ! same mat]ial m or less palagonitis$1#cd b !re is no c>bonate ( lime4 ,l>ge masses ( an agglom]ate made up ( blocks ( an acid &esite occur high] up ! slopes4 ,! compon5t rock belongs to an unusual type ( hyp]/h5e-&esite1 specially notic$ on page #big4 ,! int]e/+ feature 9 ?is ridge lies 9 ! te/imony x af=ds t ! ext5sive ,mbua & ,ndama basaltic pla9s1 on :i* ,i 0 unable to discov] any subm>9e deposits1 7 at "o "t subm]g$4 ,,! ,,mbua ,,& ,,ndama ,,pla9s4--,^! roll+ pla9s are a /rik+ feature 9 ! we/]n end ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,!y h an arid b>r5 look1 are clo!d ) a scanty & peculi> vegetation1 possess a dry crumbl+ soil (t5 deeply /a9$ by iron oxide1 are trav]s$ by riv]s )\t tribut>ies desc5d+ f ! wood$ upl&s ( ! int]ior1 & 9 fact h well e>n$ ! "n giv5 to !m by ! natives ( 8talas+a0 or sun-burnt l&4 ,bo? ,seemann & ,horne h rem>k$ on ! ,s\? ,au/ralian aspect ( ^! regions1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! lee & dri] sides ( ! l>g] isl&s ( ! gr\p4 ,cov]$ = ! mo/ "p ) grass1 f]ns & re$s1 ^! l[-ly+ di/ricts are dott$ "h & !re ) ,casu>9as1 ,p&anus trees & ,cycads1 :il/ su* o!r trees & %rubs z ,acacia ,ri*ii & ,dodona viscosa1 add to ! v>iety & peculi>ity ( ! vegetation4 ,! orig9 ( ^! 8talas+a0 di/ricts is discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s =m a cont9u\s region ext5d+ ?ree to five miles inl& to ! foot ( ! great m\nta9 ( ,seatura1 to ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,mbua & ,lekutu1 & to ! base ( ,m\nt ,koroma2 :il/ x rea*es along ! sea bord] f ! vic9ity ( ,navunievu ab\t f\r miles we/ ( ! ,mbua ,riv] to beyond ,seatovo a few miles s\? ( ! ,ndama ,riv]4 ,_! ext5t is def9$ 9 a g5]al s5se by ! #cjj feet cont\r l9e 9 ! map4 ,_! elevation1 h[ev]1 above ! sea does n g5]ally exce$ #bjj feet & is usually only #ej or #ajj feet2 b at ! foot ( ,seatura !y rise to betwe5 #cjj & #djj feet4 ,:il/ on ! "o side ^! pla9s =m a cont9uation ( ! l[] slopes ( ! great ,seatura m\nta91 on ! o!r side !y are ext5d$ "u ! sea z ! broad subm>9e plat=m1 ! edge ( :i*1 z def9$ by ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e1 lies eight to t5 miles (f ! coa/4 ,x is po9t$ out on page #cgb t ?is cont9uity ( surface1 bo? supra-m>9e & subm>9e1 ext5ds probably to ! geological /ructure & t ! subm>9e plat=m repres5ts ! ext5sion "u ! sea ( ! basaltic fl[s ( ! pla9s4 ,! :ole region ( ! pla9s is occupi$ by oliv9e-basalts & basaltic &esites1 su* z are f\nd on ! neighb\r+ l[] slopes ( ! ,seatura m\nta94 ,!y are z a rule mu* decompos$1 ev5 at a dep? ( sev]al feet bel[ ! surface4 ,typically1 !y are nei!r vesicul> nor scoriace\s1 & 9 ?is respect !y possess ! "* ( subm>9e lava-fl[s4 ,! roll+ surface ( ! pla9 is v>i$ occasionally by small 8rises0 or hillocks m>k+ app>5tly "s second>y cone1 ( :i* ! mu* degrad$ 8wreck0 alone rema9s4 ,"h & !re fragm5ts ( limonite1 approa*+ hmatite 9 its compact texture1 lie 9 pr(usion on ! soil1 repres5t+ d\btless small swamps long s9ce dri$ up1 "s ( :i* /ill occur 9 ! holl[s ( ! pla94 ,m+l$ ) ^! fragm5ts are (t5 pieces ( silice\s rocks & concretions1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! o!r 8talas+a0 di/ricts ( ! isl&1 ! description ( :i* is giv5 on pages #abh1 #acb1 c4 ,i w n[ ref] m 9 detail to "s ( ! po9ts allud$ to 9 ?is %ort description ( ^! pla9s4 ,) ref]5ce fir/ to ! compact limonite1 x %\ld be rem>k$ t x occurs on ! surface ei!r z fragm5ts ( holl[ nodules two or ?ree in*es across1 or z portions ( flat 8cakes0 half to "o in* ?ick4 ,x is especially abundant 9 ! di/rict ly+ a mile or two on ei!r side ( ! ,navutua /ream-c\rse betwe5 ,ndama & ,mbua4 ,"h ! subsoil is *>g$ ) f]rug9\s matt]1 & ! wat] ( ! s]ies ( /agnant pools 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream is /a9$ blood-r$ by iron-oxide1 a circum/ance t has naturally giv5 rise to native leg5ds ( a correspond+ hue4 ,^! fragm5ts ( iron ore1 :i* lie betwe5 #ajj & #aej feet above ! sea1 repres5t ! f9al /age ( a process :i* is n[ no d\bt 9 op]ation on ! bottom ( ! neighb\r+ pools & small swamps4 ,_! pres5ce on ! surface goes to indicate t ?is op5 c\ntry has be5 = ages a l&-surface free f =e/1 z x is 9 our own "t4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! ext5sive dis9tegration ( ! basaltic rocks t =m ^! pla9s af=ds evid5ce ( ! great antiquity ( ^! 8talas+a0 pla9s 9 _! pres5t un=e/$ condition4 ,! ext5t to :i* ^! rocks h wea!r$ d[nw>ds is v rem>kable4 ,betwe5 ,ndama & ,mbua !y are decompos$ to a dep? (t5 ( eight or t5 feet bel[ ! surface4 ,?is is well exhibit$ 9 ! sides ( deep *annels excavat$ by ! torr5ts dur+ ! ra9s4 ,"h ! sph]oidal /ructure is well br\ght out 9 ! dis9tegrat+ mass1 all /ages be+ display$ 9 ! =mation ( ! b\ld]s t are scatt]$ all ov] ^! pla9s4 ,9 "o locality1 ne> ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,ndama riv]1 a ?ickness ( #be feet ( decompos$ rock 0 expos$ 9 a cliff-face4 ,9 ?is case ! rock 0 a porphyritic basaltic &esite1 ! dis9tegrat+ process hav+ affect$ ! :ole ?ickness ( ! l>ge sph]oidal masses ) ! exception ( a h>d c5tral nucleus ( ! size ( ! fi/4 ,9 "o ( ^! nuclei by my side x is app>5t t dur+ ! ext5sion ( ! wea!r+ process ! ph5ocry/s ( glassy plagioclase become opaque long be=e ! gr\ndmass is affect$4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! /age ( dis9tegration z affect+ ! felsp> ph5ocry/s is at lea/ "o & a half in*es 9 advance ( t affect+ ! gr\ndmass4 ,?is great dis9tegration ( ! basaltic rocks1 :i* z po9t$ out on page #fd is also 9 progress on ! slopes ( ! adjac5t spurs ( ,m\nt ,seatura1 is m *>act]i/ic ( ! porphyritic basaltic &esites ?an ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,x is to ! sph]oidal wea!r+ t we mu/ look = an explanation ( ! r\nd$ b\ld]s s frequ5t 9 ^! di/ricts4 ,x may also be inf]r$ t ! soil produc$ f ?is ext5sive decomposition ( ! rocks is (t5 v deep4 ,at ! ,wesleyan ,mission ,/ation at ,mbua1 on level gr\nd ne>ly a hundr$ feet above ! riv]1 a well has be5 sunk to a dep? ( #bj feet 9 soil ( ?is description2 & away to ! we/w>d a simil> ?ickness ( soil produc$ by ! same cause is 9 places to be obs]v$4 ,com+ to ! *>act]s ( ! basaltic rocks ( ! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s1 x may be rem>k$ t ! prevail+ rocks are ! porphyritic basaltic &esites1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bgg to #bha1 :i* are 9 mo/ cases to be ref]r$ to g5us #ac 7porphyritic sub-g5us7 ( ! augite-&esites describ$ on page #bgh4 ,!y possess l>ge ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & b little int]/itial glass4 ,! o!r rocks are oliv9e-basalts ) specific gravity #bhh to #bij & %[+ only a few small plagioclase-ph5ocry/s4 ,!y display a little residual glass & belong = ! mo/ "p to g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e basalts describ$ on page #bfb4 ,9 bo? ^! basaltic rocks ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t2 b 9 ! basaltic &esites !y av]age #aa mm4 9 l5g?1 :il/ 9 ! oliv9e-basalts !y av]age #ah mm4 ,! l[ m\nd-l 8rises0 9 ^! pla9s1 to :i* previ\s ref]5ce has be5 made1 are n usually elevat$ m ?an #ej feet above ! g5]al surface4 ,"o ( ^! hillocks t lies ne> ! track f ,mbua to ,navunievu1 ab\t two miles f ! ,wesleyan ,/ation1 is compos$ ( a rem>kable semi-vitre\s pyrox5e-&esite pass+ upw>d into a rubbly rock ( ! same nature4 ,! rock ( ?is old volcanic neck is ( an unusual type & is ref]r$ to ! prismatic ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites describ$ on page #bhi4 ,bo? ! felsp> & pyrox5e prisms ( ! gr\ndmass are 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,"o ( ^! m\nds ne> ! ,mbua ,wesleyan ,/ation is app>5tly =m$ ( ! decompos+ basaltic &esite ( ! di/rict4 ,on its surface are fragm5ts ( e>?y limonite & silice\s rocks4 ,! r>ity ( subm>9e tuffs & clays on ^! pla9s is some:at s+ul>2 b 9 ! occurr5ce ( =am9if]\s tuffs high up ! slopes ( ,sesaleka & on ! cre/ ( ! ,mbua-,lekutu divid+ ridge we h evid5ce ( ! orig9al subm]g5ce ( all ^! l[] regions4 ,x is probable en\gh t ! ages ( exposure t h s9ce witness$ ! r$uction ( ! solid basaltic rock to a crumbl+ mass sev]al feet 9 dep? 7 m ?an suffici5t = ! /ripp+ (f ( mo/ ( ! ov]ly+ subm>9e deposits4 ,su* deposits are1 h[ev]1 common on ! surface ( ! ext5sive 8talas+a0 pla9s t con/itute mu* ( ! nor? side ( ! isl&4 ,,! ,,%ell-,,b$ ,,( ,,! ,,mbua ,,riv]4--,r curi\s evid5ce ( an em]g5ce ( a few feet & ( a consid]able advance ( ! delta ( ! ,mbua riv] 9 comp>atively rec5t times is af=d$ by a b$ ( m>9e %ells expos$ 9 ! "r bank ( ?is riv]1 ab\t #bjj y>ds bel[ ! boat-%$ ( ! ,wesleyan ,mission ,/ation & ab\t two miles 9 a /raight l9e f ! sea4 ,?is b$1 :i* is ab\t a foot 9 ?ickness1 is expos$ = a di/ance ( #gj or #hj y>ds4 ,x slopes gradually seaw>d z "o desc5ds ! riv]1 be+ rais$ two or two & a half feet at its upp] end above ! riv] level at l[ tide1 :il/ at its l[] end x is at ab\t ! wat]-level4 ,! riv]-bank is "h #ae or #af feet high1 & is compos$ 9 its upp] half ( a f9e gravel ( volcanic rocks mix$ ) e>?1 :i* bel[ passes abruptly into a friable non-calc>e\s black mud-rock 7n b$d$ & look+ l consolidat$ swamp mud71 9 :i* ! lay] ( %ells is conta9$4 ,^! %ells are1 !re=e1 cov]$ by deposits1 #ac or #ad feet 9 ?ickness1 ( :i* ! upp] eight feet are =m$ ( gravel & e>?1 & ! re/ ( mud-rock4 ,!y are evid5tly ga!r$ toge!r on ! slope ( an old mud-flat4 ,! %ells are all l>ge m>9e bivalves1 belong+ to ! g5]a ,o/ra1 ,meleagr9a1 ,c>dium1 ,arca1 c41 no fre%wat] %ells occurr+4 ,!y are (t5 mu* decay$ & h lo/ ! ligam5ts4 ,! valves are g5]ally sep>ate2 b 9 "s cases !y are /ill 9 apposition1 ! cavity be+ !n fill$ ) ! same black mud 9 :i* ! %ells are emb$d$4 ,!y lie ab\t 9 all positions1 "s v]tical1 "s horizontal1 & are (t5 pil$ on ea* o!r4 ,9 "s cases l>ge bor]s h p]=at$ "o or bo? ( ! valves2 & "h & !re valves may be notic$ ) small] oy/]-%ells atta*$ to ! inn] surface4 ,no vegetable rema9s 7 discov]$ ) ! exception ( a s+le 8/one0 ( ! fruit ( ! ,sea tree1#ce :i* is common 9 ^! isl&s1 its empty almo/ inde/ructible /ones occurr+ frequ5tly 9 ! drift /r&$ at ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,at fir/ sight "o w\ld look to human ag5cy = ! explanation ( ?is %ell-b$2 b _m ( its features are inconsi/5t ) su* a view4 ,if ! %ells _h be5 orig9ally collect$ by ! aborig9es = food1 ! abs5ce ( ^? ( m>9e univalves ( ! g5]a ,turbo1 ,/rombus1 ,cypra1 c41 su* z are mu* appreciat$ z food by natives1 is inexplicable4 ,! ext5t ( ! b$ & its uni=m ?ickness are *>act]s t give no support to su* an explanation4 ,x repres5ts1 z ,i appreh5d1 an anci5t %ell-bank =m$ on a muddy bottom 9 comp>atively %all[ wat] ne> ! m\? ( a riv]4 ,s9ce t "t ! ,mbua ,riv] has cut ?r\gh its old deposits1 & ! m>g9 ( its delta is n[ two miles to seaw>d1 ! int]v5+ new l& be+ =m$ ( ext5sive mangrove-swamps 9 its l[] "p1 :il/ ne>] ! %ell-b$ !re is mu* level l& rais$ a few feet above ! sea1 on :i* ! native t[n & diff]5t villages n[ /&4 ,! am\nt ( em]g5ce "h indicat$ s9ce ! "t :5 ?is bank ( %ells 0 =m+ "u ! sea does n probably exce$ a c\ple ( fa?oms4 ,,lekumbi ,,po9t4--,?is s+ul> long & l[ promontory is betwe5 ?ree & ?ree-&-a-half miles 9 l5g? & r less ?an a mile 9 av]age wid?4 ,x is monopolis$ by mangroves1 except at ! extremity :]e ! swampy gr\nd passes into ! dry s&y soil occupi$ by ! *>act]i/ic vegetation ( coral bea*es4 ,?is t]m9al portion1 :i* is ab\t a ?ird ( a mile 9 l5g? & rais$ a c\ple ( feet above high-wat] m>k1 0 orig9ally a reef-islet4 ,! out] ?ird ( ! cape1 h[ev]1 is cut (f f ! rema9d] by a n>r[ w9d+ passage 9 ! mangroves1 :i* be+ #be or #cj feet wide c be trav]s$ by boats at & ne> high-wat]1 & is (t5 us$ to %ort5 ! j\rney d[n ! coa/4 ,! fl[+ tide ru%es 9 at bo? entrances1 & :5 ! tide is ebb+ x f9ds its way out at bo? exits1 ! passage pres5t+ ! readie/ way ( ! fill+ & empty+ ( ! int]ior swamps ) ! fl[ & ebb ( ! tide4 ,be=e expla9+ ! orig9 ( ?is l[ tongue-%ap$ promontory ( ,lekumbi1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t x lies on a long project+ pat* ( coral reef :i* is cont9u\s ) ! neighb\r+ %ore-reefs4 ,dep?s ( sev5 & eight fa?oms are f\nd (f ! sides & ( #aa & #ab fa?oms (f ! end ( ! reef-pat*4 ,?is reef 9 its turn mu/ h be5 built up on a subm>9e bank protrud+ f ! coa/4 ,su* a bank may h orig9ally be5 produc$ by ! deposits br\ght d[n by ! ,ndama ,riv] :i* f9ds an exit ?r\gh ! mangroves ne> ! base ( ! cape4 ,) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,lekutu ,riv]1 none ( ! o!r ,vanua ,levu riv]s h giv5 rise to su* tongues ( l& at _! m\?s4 ,i am m incl9$ to hold t ! subm>9e %oal1 :i* und]lies ! pres5t l[ cape ( ,lekumbi1 indicates an old lava-fl[ f ! great crat]al valley ( ,seatura1 opposite ! m\? ( :i* x lies4 ,traces ( su* fl[s are /ill to be f\nd 9 t locality4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,seatura ,,m\nta94--,9 my description ( ! pr(ile ( ?is "p ( ,vanua ,levu1 ref]5ce has already be5 made 7p4 #c7 to ! great mass ( ?is m\nta9 :i* occupies five-six?s ( ! bread? ( ! isl&4 ,view$ f seaw>d x looks l a huge table-topp$ m\nta9-ridge1 & z su* x is repres5t$ 9 ! ,admiralty *>ts2 b :5 its true cont\rs are di/+ui%$ x appe>s1 :5 def9$ by ! #cjj-;feet level 9 ! map1 z a some:at r\nd$ mass1 measur+ #ab miles 9 l5g? & #aj miles 9 bread? & atta9+ a maximum height ( #b1hab feet4 ,se5 f ! deck ( a pass+ %ip x displays m or less regul> volcanic slopes1 especially on ! ea/1 :]e !re is a gradual desc5t at an angle ( #c or #d degrees = "s #aj miles1 & on ! nor? t[>ds ! ,lekutu l[l&s4 ,x also %[s a fairly regul> desc5t t[>ds ,mbua ,bay on ! we/4 7,see pr(ile1 p4 #fb47 ,on ! we/ side1 h[ev]1 !re is a great gap 9 ! m\nta9-mass 7! ,ndriti ,gap71 m>k+1 z ,i hold1 an old crat]al cavity ( l>ge dim5sions1 & n[ occupi$ by ! ,ndama ,riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,! adjac5t ,seatovo ,range to ! s\?w>d obscures ! pr(ile ( ! m\nta9 on ! s\?2 & x is 9 fact n at all easy = ?is reason to get a view ) all ! slopes display$4 ,x is only at times1 :5 view$ 9 its complete mass ) un9t]rupt$ outl9es1 z f (f ! m\? ( ! ,ndreketi ,riv] to ! nor?-ea/1 or :5 ! symmetry ( its long ea/]n slope is obs]v$ f ,wa9unu ,bay t ,seatura displays itself z a g5tle-slop$ m\nta9-mass ( ! ,mauna ,loa type4 ,d5se =e/ clo!s ! great] "p ( x1 except on ! nor? & nor?-we/1 :]e x lies )9 ! limits ( ! scantily vegetat$ 8talas+a0 region4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile & ,geological ,section ( ! we/]n end ( ,vanua ,levu f ! ,wa9unu e/u>y across ! summit ( ! basaltic m\nta9 ( ,seatura to ! edge ( ! subm>9e plat=m (f ! ,ndama coa/ z limit$ by ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e4 ,! slopes ( ?is m\nta9 are deeply furr[$ by riv]-valleys :i* radiate l ! spokes ( a :eel f its c5tral elevat$ mass4 ,d[n its nor!rn slopes fl[ ! ,lekutu ,riv] & its tribut>ies & ! pr9cipal tribut>ies ( ! ,s>awanga ,riv]4 ,! l>ge we/]n afflu5ts ( ! ,wa9unu ,riv] desc5d f its ea/]n side1 :il/ ! ,korolevu1 ,tongalevu1 & o!r small riv]s fl[ s\? into ,wa9unu ,bay1 & ! ,ndama ,riv] dra9s its we/]n slopes4 ,9 all ^! cases1 except+ t ( ! ,ndama ,riv]1 ! riv]s h worn deep valleys into ! m\nta9-mass1 valleys ( d5udation t repres5t ! "w ( ages4 ,t ( ! ,lekutu is a deep cut almo/ into ! he>t ( ! m\nta92 at ,n&roro 9 ?is valley1 :i* lies #f to #g miles inl& & #hjj feet above ! sea1 ! hills rise /eeply on ei!r side ( ! riv] to an elevation ( #a1ajj & #a1bjj feet & m4 ,"s ( ! l>ge tribut>ies ( ! ,s>awanga & ! ,wa9unu fl[ ?r\gh gorge-l valleys #bjj to #cjj feet 9 dep?4 ,on ! we/]n slopes nor? ( ! ,ndama riv]1 ! m\nta9-side pres5ts an alt]nat+ s]ies ( l(ty spurs & deep broad valleys4 ,9 fact1 all ar\nd ,seatura its slopes are deeply furr[$ ?r\gh ! d5udation & erosion ( ages4 ,! rocks ( ?is anci5t volcanic m\nta9 are almo/ all ( ! massive basic type1 & except at ! m\? ( ! ,ndriti ,gap h>dly ev] display a scoriace\s "*4 ,x is also notewor?y t no detrital rock1 :e!r agglom]ate1 tuff1 or tuff-clay came "u my obs]vation4 ,! rocks expos$ on ! surface are mo/ly blacki% br[n oliv9e-basalts & porphyritic basaltic &esites1 ! =m] mu* prevail+4 ,9 ! nor!rn portion1 h[ev]1 grey oliv9e basalts ( a diff]5t type occur4 ,9 ! great crat]al holl[1 :i* ,i h nam$ ! ,ndriti ,gap1 are display$ num]\s dykes =m$ ( highly alt]$ basaltic rocks t may be class$ among ! propylites4 ,! d5se =e/ t clo!s ! great] "p ( ?is m\nta9 (f]s _m s]i\s h9drances to geological exploration4 ,except 9 ! nor!rn portion1 views ( ! surr\nd+s are v limit$1 & "o has (t5 to rely ma9ly on ! an]oid & ! compass to obta9 correct ideas ( ! cont\rs & g5]al configuration4 ,dur+ mo/ ( ! "t sp5t 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! m\nta91 my "w 0 greatly imp$$ by heavy ra9s1 & f ?is cause & f ! frequ5t necessity ( foll[+ up ! /ream-c\rses & ( cross+ riv]s 9 flood1 ,i 0 usually wet ?r\gh all ! day4 7a7 ,! ,ea/]n ,slopes ( ,seatura4--,! basaltic fl[s1 ( :i* ?is m\nta9 is pr9cipally compos$1 are be/ obs]v$ on ! ea/]n side :]e ! orig9al volcanic slopes are pres]v$4 ,al?\gh ! riv]s h worn su* deep valleys into ! m\nta9 sides1 x is h[ev] n (t5 t any great exposure ( rock occurs1 on acc\nt ( ! d5se =e/-gr[? ov] mu* ( ?is region4 ,x is only occasionally t ! column> /ructure ( ^! old basaltic fl[s is display$4 ,x is especially well exhibit$ 9 ! face ( a wat]fall1 di/ant ab\t two miles 9 a /raight l9e f ,temb59dio & elevat$ ab\t #gjj feet above ! sea4 ,"h !re is an exposure to ! ext5t ( #be feet ( huge basaltic v]tical columns1 f\r to five feet across1 & p5tagonal 9 =m4 ,! rock is a blacki% basalt ) scanty oliv9e & a specific gravity ( #bhg4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #be ( ! oliv9e-basalts :i* is describ$ on page #bei4 ,micro-ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & a few ( augite occur1 ! oliv9e be+ mo/ly replac$ by pseudomorphs4 ,! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass av]age #ah mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little br[n opaque int]/itial glass4 ,b\ld]s & fragm5ts ( a closely simil> basalt1 ) a specific gravity ( #bi1 lie ab\t on ! surface 9 ?is region4 ,! ,seatura slopes "h abut on ! plateau ( ,na ,savu1 =m$ l>gely ( volcanic agglom]ates1 to be subsequ5tly describ$4 ,on ! s\?-ea/]n slopes ( ! m\nta9 betwe5 ,ndawa?umi 7inl&7 & ,korolevu 7at ! coa/71 some:at simil> basalts ) scanty oliv9e are expos$ 7sp4 gr4 #bhf-bia74 ,"s ( !m %[ ! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass arrang$ 9 a plexus 7g5us #be71 :il/ o!rs exhibit fl[-/ructure 7g5us #cg71 ! av]age l5g? ( ! la!s v>y+ 9 diff]5t localities betwe5 #ae & #ba mm4 ,all display scanty residual glass4 ,on ! %ores ( ,wa9unu ,bay betwe5 ! ,wa9unu & ,korolevu riv]s occur porphyritic basaltic &esites ) a consid]able am\nt ( glass 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,!re is expos$ on ! "r side ( ! m\? ( ! la/-nam$ riv] a highly basic v>iety ( oliv9e-basalt ) a specific gravity ( #cjg4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #ae 7describ$ on page #beh71 :i* includes ! mo/ basic rocks 9 my collection4 ,!re are 9 ?is rock no plagioclase ph5ocry/s & ! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass are relatively infrequ5t1 :il/ oliv9e & augite occur 9 abundance4 ,!re is little or no residual glass4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,tongalevu blacki% oliv9e-basalts & basaltic &esites ( ! usual "* are f\nd4 ,9 ! ,na ,suva range1 :i* lies two miles inl& f ! %ores ( ,nasawana ,bay & =ms ! s\!rly ext5sion ( ! m\nta91 a some:at compact v>iety ( oliv9e-basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bib7 prevails up to ! summit1 #a1eej feet above ! sea4 ,x is includ$ 9 g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,9 ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s 7#ae mm47 x belongs to ! ,seatura type ( ^! d>k basalts4 7b7 ,! ,we/]n ,slopes ( ,seatura4--,"h ov]look+ ! pla9s nor? ( ! ,ndama ,riv] ! same oliv9e-basalts & porphyritic basaltic &esites occur4 ,! vegetation is ( ! scanty 8talas+a0 "*1 & s9ce !re is little or no soil-cap ! dis9tegration ( ! rocks has be5 v great1 (t5 ext5d+ to a dep? ( #aj or #ab feet4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is dis9tegration is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! 8talas+a0 & simil> scantily wood$ di/ricts ( ! m\nta94 ,on ! d5sely wood$ ea/]n & s\!rn sides :]e !re is a ?ick soil-cap1 x is by no means s evid5t4 ,"h on ! we/]n slopes h be5 c>v$ out deep broad valleys & l(ty spurs1 ! la/ 9 _! turn furr[$ on _! flanks1 )\t any app>5t suffici5t cause4 ,! %all[ /reams at ! bottom ( ! valleys appe> q incompet5t to produce su* great erosion2 & d\btless ^! results are p>tly due to ! action on ! crumbl+ rock-surface ( tempor>y torr5ts =m$ dur+ ! ra9s4 7c7 ,! ,nor!rn ,slopes ( ,seatura4--,"h )9 ! scantily vegetat$ 8talas+a0 region ! con=mation ( ! l& is well display$4 ,broad1 deep & ne>ly p>allel valleys1 sep>at$ by level-topp$ spurs & occupi$ by ! ,lekutu & its tribut>ies1 score ! m\nta9's slopes4 ,! prevail+ rocks are blacki%-br[n oliv9e-basalts & porphyritic basaltic &esites1 su* z occur ar\nd ! o!r p>ts ( ,seatura2 b grey oliv9e-basalts also occur1 possess+ opaque plagioclase-ph5ocry/s & look+ l porphyrites4 ,!y are ess5tially holocry/all9e & are probably m deeply situat$ ?an ! o!r basaltic rocks4 ,!y are ref]r$ to g5]a #bf & #ch describ$ on pages #bfa1 #bfc1 & h a specific gravity ( #bge-bhc4 ,d>k dol]itic basalts di/9ct f all ! o!rs are expos$ 9 places4 ,a good idea ( ?is region may be obta9$ by foll[+ ! road we/w>d f ,tavua on ! head-wat]s ( ! ,s>awanga ,riv] to ,wailevu on ! we/]nmo/ tribut>y ( ! ,lekutu ,riv]1 a di/ance ( ab\t #f miles4 ,leav+ ,tavua "o at once beg9s to asc5d & cross ! long spur t desc5ds f ,seatura & divides ! valleys ( ^! two riv]-sy/ems4 ,on its slopes are expos$ mu* decompos$ blacki% basalts possess+ scanty oliv9e & %[+ l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase4 ,!y h a specific gravity ( #bhd & are assign$ to ! porphyritic sub-g5us ( g5us #be 7page #bei74 ,at ! summit1 #hjj feet above ! sea1 occur blocks ( a grey holocry/all9e basalt ) scanty oliv9e & semi-opaque plagioclase-ph5ocry/s ref]r$ to g5us #bf & hav+ a specific gravity ( #bgf4 ,x appe>s to =m ! axis ( ! spur4 ,desc5d+ to ! ma9 ,lekutu ,riv]1 j bel[ ,kavula1 :]e ! elevation is ab\t #cjj feet above ! sea1 "o obs]ves expos$ 9 mass 9 ! riv]-b$ a d>k semi-ophitic dol]itic basalt simil> to ! dol]itic rocks )\t oliv9e prevail+ on ! coa/ betwe5 ,wailea ,bay & ,lekutu 7see page #ej71 b diff]+ 9 ! abs5ce ( felsp>-ph5ocry/s4 ,x displays a consid]able am\nt ( opaque int]/itial glass & is assign$ to g5us #ab ( ! augite-&esites 7page #bge74 ,! specific gravity is #bgh1 b !re are a few m9ute irregul> cavities 9 its sub/ance4 ,on leav+ ,kavula "o crosses ano!r ( ! ,seatura spurs at a level ( #fej feet1 desc5d+ !n into a small] riv]-valley occupi$ by a tribut>y ( ! ,lekutu1 on ! banks ( :i* lies ! village ( ,nawai1 #cej feet above ! sea4 ,!n ano!r spur is cross$ at an elevation ( #dej feet & ! desc5t is made into ! valley ( ! ,wailevu tribut>y ( ! ,lekutu4 ,cross+ ! valley1 :i* at ! t[n ( ,wailevu is elevat$ #cjj feet1 "o rises to a height ( #gjj feet & !n desc5ds into ! ,mbua pla9s4 ,^! ?ree almo/ p>allel valleys ( ! ,lekutu & its two tribut>ies are wor?y ( a detail$ exam9ation4 ,! rocks on ! surface betwe5 ,kavula & ,wailevu v>y 9 "*4 ,ne>] ,kavula !re appe>s a blacki% compact oliv9e-basalt 7spec4 grav4 #bhh71 %[+ a little microporphyritic plagioclase & belong+ to g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e rocks4 ,fur!r on is expos$ "o ( ! holocry/all9e grey oliv9e-basalts ) porphyritic plagioclase-ph5ocry/s & specific gravity #bhc4 ,x belongs to ! type describ$ 9 g5us #ch ( ! rocks on page #bfc4 ,ne>] ,wailevu !re occurs a blacki% porphyritic basalt ) scanty oliv9e & specific gravity #bha4 ,x conta9s b little residual glass & is ref]r$ to ! porphyritic sub-g5us ( g5us #be4 ,9 "s cliffs at ! riv]-side close to ,wailevu1 !re is display$ a semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite1 %[+ l>ge porphyritic plagioclase cry/als1 #c to #h mm4 ,its l[ specific gravity 7#bfh7 is to be attribut$ to ! l>ge am\nt ( glass 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,!re is a loose me%-"w ( felsp>-la!s1 b ! augite is n diff]5tiat$4 ,we/w>d ( ,wailevu comm5ce ! decompos+ basaltic rocks ( ! ,mbua pla9s4 7d7 ,trav]se ( ! ,nor!rn ,"p ( ! ,summit ( ,seatura f ,kavula ,s\?-,we/ to ,n>awai4--,! track fir/ lay up ! picturesque valley ( ! ,lekutu ,riv] to ,n&roro1 #b miles di/ant & #hjj feet above ! sea4 ,on ! way blacki% basaltic rocks ( ! prevail+ ,seatura type1 ) or )\t scanty oliv9e1 7 display$ (t5 9 a decompos+ condition4 ,at "o place a *>act]i/ic grey oliv9e-basalt1 %[+ opaque porphyritic plagioclase 7sp4 gr4 #bhg71 & look+ l a porphyrite1 0 expos$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! abundance ( ! oliv9e1 x is plac$ 9 g5us #b ( ! oliv9e-rocks4 ,aft] ,n&roro ! pa? lay up ! /eep m\nta9-side to a height ( #a1ejj feet3 & aft]w>ds across ! summit ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,seatura1 :i* is "h ab\t two miles 9 bread?4 ,?is elevat$ region is well wood$ ) "h & !re a pat* ( 8talas+a0 l&2 b x is by no means level1 its elevation v>y+ betwe5 #a1djj & #a1hjj feet1 & x soon became evid5t t we 7 cross+ ! heads ( valleys1 sometimes #bjj or #cjj feet 9 dep?1 t c\ld only h be5 excavat$ by ! torr5tial ra9s4 ,^! /reamless valleys af=d ano!r indication ( ! d5udation to :i* ?is anci5t m\nta9 has be5 subject$4 ,! rocks prevail+ 9 ?is elevat$ nor!rn portion ( ,seatura1 at heights ( #a1ejj to #a1hjj feet above ! sea1 are3 7a7 blacki% basalts ) scanty oliv9e1 a little int]/itial glass1 & belong+ to ! porphyritic & non-porphyritic sub-g5]a ( g5us #be ( ! oliv9e-rocks3 7b7 grey oliv9e-basalts ) porphyritic opaque plagioclase1 conta9+ b little residual glass1 b v>y+ greatly 9 ! am\nt ( oliv9e & belong+ to ! g5]a #b & #bf ( ! oliv9e-basalts2 !y w\ld be class$1 z f> z appe>ance goes1 z porphyrites2 _! specific gravity ranges #bhe to #bij4 ,! rock exposures 71 h[ev]1 scanty2 & b little in=mation c\ld be obta9$ ( ! mode ( occurr5ce4 ,no scoriace\s rocks 7 f\nd except 9 ! in/ance ( a compact d>k basalt )\t plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 app>5tly a dyke rock1 & belong+ to g5us #dj ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 7e7 ,asc5t to ! ,summit ( ,seatura f ,ndriti4--,! t[n ( ,ndriti lies 9 ! great gap 9 ! s\?-we/ side ( ! m\nta9 :i* has be5 previ\sly m5tion$ z probably an old crat]al cavity4 ,aft] trav]s+ a di/rict ( highly alt]$ basic rocks or propylites1 to be subsequ5tly describ$1 & rea*+ an elevation ( ab\t #djj feet above ! sea1 ,i came to ! long slope t leads up to ! summit4 ,a d5se =e/ hid ev]y?+ f view1 s t ! compass & an]oid _h alone to be reli$ on4 ,at fir/ "o trav]s$ a s]ies ( /ep-l alt]nations ( level gr\nd & /eep 8rises10 until ! old site ( ! village ( ,seatura1 ab\t #a1bjj feet above ! sea1 0 rea*$4 ,!re are "s /range leg5ds connect$ ) ?is old m\nta9-village1 :i* is n[ only indicat$ by little piles ( /ones & ! debris ( a wall1 & 0 evid5tly ab&on$ long ago4 ,we f9ally rea*$ ! summit by foll[+ up a spur or ridge 9 a nor!rly direction f ,seatura4 ,!re 0 a precipit\s desc5t on ei!r side ( ! ridge ) evid5tly a broad1 deep valley to ! ea/w>d4 ,! summit 0 r\nd$2 b on acc\nt ( ! =e/ no view c\ld be obta9$4 ,!re 0 nev] any ext5sive exposure ( rock notic$ dur+ ! asc5t2 b all ! way up occasional small blocks ( a blacki% oliv9e-basalt 7 obs]v$ on ! surface1 ( ! same g5]al type z t f\nd all ar\nd ! m\nta9 & ref]r$ to g5us #cg 9 ! synopsis4 7f7 ,! ,ndriti ,bas9 or ,gap4--,?is great holl[ 9 ! side ( ,seatura1 :i* ,i h nam$ aft] ! t[n 9 its mid/1 is app>5tly a crat]al cavity n[ dra9$ by ! ,ndama riv]1 & its tribut>ies1 & cov]$ ) d5se =e/ to su* a degree t a g5]al view ( ! :ole is impracticable4 ,! glimpses1 h[ev]1 t "o obta9s ( ! m\nta9 sc5]y are v gr&1 ! t[n ( ,ndriti ly+ 9 ! mid/ ( m\nta9s t rise almo/ on all sides ( x except on ! we/4 ,?is great cavity is contract$ at its m\? a little bel[ ! t[n & exp&s 9 its int]ior1 :]e x mu/ be two or ?ree miles 9 wid?4 ,its floor is fairly level & is elevat$ only ab\t #bjj feet above ! sea2#cf :il/ its m\nta9\s sides rise to #b1jjj feet & ov]4 ,z %[n 9 ! map !re are two breaks 9 ! outl9e ( ?is anci5t crat]1 ! "o on ! we/ ?r\gh :i* ! ,ndama riv] fl[s1 ! o!r on ! s\? :]e ! divid+ ridge1 sep>at+ x f ! ,n&i ,valley is "u #gjj feet 9 elevation4 ,! ,n&i ,gorge1 z ,i w t]m ! la/-nam$1 is a n>r[ picturesque rav9e lead+ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s f ,n&i to ,ndriti4 ,"o foll[s up a rocky /ream-c\rse hemm$ 9 by precipit\s sides until ! top ( ! gorge is rea*$1 :5 ! wat]%$ is cross$1 & ! desc5t is !n made to ,ndriti by "o ( ! tribut>y /ream-c\rses ( ! ,ndama riv]4 ,two or ?ree l>ge rapid /reams1 aft] dra9+ its m\nta9\s slopes1 unite )9 ! bas9 to =m ! ,ndama riv]1 :i*1 z x issues f its m\?1 becomes a comp>atively placid /ream roll+ sluggi%ly along to ! sea1 "s five or six miles away1 ) an av]age drop ( ab\t ?irty feet 9 a mile4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages ! orig9al configuration ( ?is great holl[ has d\btless be5 ext5sively modifi$ by ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,! ra9fall on ! m\nta9-slopes mu/ be v great1 probably n "u #bej in*es 9 ! ye>#cg2 & ,ndriti1 ?\gh only #bjj feet above ! sea1 is 9 all probability on acc\nt ( its situation "o ( ! wette/ places 9 ! isl&4 ,! riv]s h evid5tly be5 important factors 9 re%ap+ ! orig9al cavity4 ,ne>ly all ! rocks expos$ 9 situ 9 ! b$s ( ! riv]s & /reams 9 ! floor ( ! great ,ndriti bas91 & = #cjj or #djj feet up its sides are m or less highly alt]$ basic rocks1 to :i* ! old & ! new names ( gre5/one & propylite may be fitly appli$4 ,!y (t5 sp>kle ) pyrites1 & n uncommonly eff]vesce ) an acid1 s t "o is apt to imag9e "o's self 9 a region ( lime/one4 ,! degree ( alt]ation v>ies consid]ably1 ^? mo/ alt]$ be+ light-col\r$ & gre5i%1 :il/ ! o!rs are d>k]1 ! specific gravity rang+ f #bfi to #bgi4 ,9 spite ( ^! diff]5ces almo/ all ( !m appe> to belong to ! same eruptive s]ies1 be+ z a rule %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! prevail+ unalt]$ surface basaltic rocks ( ! slopes ( ,seatura by ! size ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* av]age ab\t #c mm4 9 l5g?1 :il/ ^? ( ! basaltic rocks j allud$ to av]age only #ag or #ah mm4 long4 ,^! rocks are also well display$ 9 ! sides ( ! ,n&i ,gorge2 & f _! mode ( exposure by riv]-erosion1 z well z f _! relatively co>se cry/all9e texture1 & f _! alt]ation1 x may be inf]r$ t !y are old] & m deeply situat$ ?an any ( ! ,seatura rocks be=e ref]r$ to4 ,:e!r ^! rocks1 :i* ext5d ov] an area ( "s squ>e miles1 h be5 alt]$ by solfat>ic action or contact-metamorphism1#ch ,i w n n[ say4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t !y are be/ expos$ :]ev] ! /reams h worn deeply into ! floor1 & l[] slopes ( ! great bas91 or h cut d[n into ! m\nta9-mass z 9 ! case ( ! ,n&i ,gorge4 ,! rocks t lie 9 loose blocks on ! surface ei!r at ! bottom ( ! bas9 or on its slopes ext5d+ ev5 to ! v summit ( ! m\nta9 7see page #fg71 are *>act]i/ic blacki% oliv9e-basalts ( ! type prevail+ ar\nd ! m\nta9's slopes4 ,^! propylites are mo/ frequ5tly expos$ z dykes 9 ! b$s ( ! riv]s at ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,su* dykes v>y f #d to #f feet 9 ?ickness1 & !y are v conspicu\s :5 !y /ret* across ! riv]'s bread? project+ m or less above ! wat]4 ,f _! frequ5cy x may be inf]r$ t 9 _m o!r small exposures1 ill suit$ = display+ ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ! rock1 we h also to deal ) dykes4 ,judg+ f f\r dykes t 7 p>ticul>ly exam9$1 !y are all v]tical or ne>ly s1 & all run 9 mu* ! same direction1 namely1 ,n4,n4,w4--,s4,s4,e4 or ,n4,w4--,s4,e41 :e!r on ! nor? or s\? side ( ! great bas94 ,9 "o in/ance1 a rudely column> /ructure across ! ?ickness ( ! dyke 0 obs]v$4 ,f _! exposure 9 riv]-b$s x 0 r>ely possible to asc]ta9 mu* m ?an is giv5 above4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! b$ ( a riv]1 a mile above ,ndriti1 !re 0 an ext5sive exposure ( a highly alt]$ gre5i% rock :i* 0 cross$ by a v]tical dyke1 #d feet ?ick1 =m$ ( a d>k grey less alt]$ rock4 ,i h ref]r$ ^! two propylites to two diff]5t g5]a ( ! augite-&esites1 ! dyke-rock to g5us #b1 & ! o!r to g5us #d4 ,9 ! case ( ! dyke ! rock is a little vesicul>2 :il/ 9 ! o!r x is d5sely *>g$ ) pyrites4 ,bo? h be5 subject$ to ! same alt]ation2 b 9 a diff]5t degree2 & x w\ld ?us seem t solfat>ic influ5ces 7 "h 9 op]ation be=e & aft] ! intrusion ( ! dyke4 ,) ref]5ce to ! *>act]s ( ! alt]ation ( ^! rocks ( ! ,ndriti bas91 x may be rem>k$ t :]e ! *ange is greate/ ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass are alone recognisable4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are q disguis$ by alt]ation products1 & *lorite1 viridite1 epidote1 calcite1 pyrites1 c41 occupy mu* ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,o!r rocks are less affect$ & 9 a few ! *ange is only slight4 ,) reg>d to ! prevail+ types ( ! propylites ( ! ,ndriti ,bas91 x has already be5 obs]v$ t 9 mo/ ( !m ! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass are unusually l>ge1 ! av]age l5g? be+ #c mm4 ,f ! r>e occurr5ce ( oliv9e 9 "s ( ! rocks t are b slightly *ang$1 x is to be inf]r$ t mo/ ( !m belong to ! augite-&esites1 & might be t]m$ dol]itic basaltic &esites4 ,b 9 o!r respects !y diff] consid]ably1 bo? z reg>ds ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( fl[-arrangem5t ( ! felsp>-la!s1 & 9 ! occurr5ce & size ( ! plagioclase-ph5ocry/s1 "s hav+ l>ge porphyritic cry/als1 o!rs small ph5ocry/s1 & o!rs none at all4 ,_m ( !m conta9$ a little int]/itial glass4 ,9 my classification ( ! augite-&esites !y are assign$ to g5]a #b1 #d1 #af1 c41 & additional p>ticul>s conc]n+ _! *>act]s are giv5 9 ! description ( ^? g5]a4 ,judg+ f ! av]age l>ge size ( ! felsp>-la!s x may be held t1 al?\gh 9 o!r features !y (t5 diff]1 "s ( ! g5]al conditions "u :i* !y 7 produc$ 7 ! same4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,ndama riv]1 opposite ,ndriti1 !re is a s+ul> association ( a v]tical dyke ( a blui%-grey basic &esite ) a r$di% scoriace\s lava1 app>5tly a fl[4 ,! dyke is ab\t #d feet ?ick & runs ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 l ! o!r dykes ( ! bas91 exhibit+ also a rudely column> /ructure across its bread?4 ,:]e ! two rocks are 9 contact1 ! dyke has a vitre\s bord] half an in* ?ick1 & an (f%oot ( ! dyke1 f\r in*es wide1 has p5etrat$ ! lava1 acquir+ at ! same "t a m glassy texture4 ,! small size ( ! felsp>-la!s ( bo? rocks di/+ui%es !m f ! dyke rocks ( ! bas91 :]e ! felsp>s are twice z long4 ,bo? rocks %[ "s degree ( alt]ation4#ci ,9 foll[+ ! valley ( ! ,ndama ,riv] f ,ndriti to ,telana1 ab\t ?ree miles f>!r d[n1 "o trav]ses a picturesque region4 ,em]g+ f ! great bas9 ! riv] fl[s ?r\gh ! roll+ pla9s ( ! 8talas+a0 di/rict4 ,ne> ,ndriti1 & occasionally on ! way to ,telana1 is expos$ a scoriace\s grey basaltic rock2 & betwe5 two & ?ree miles bel[ ,ndriti !re is to be obs]v$ 9 ! riv]-b$ evid5ce ( a comp>atively rec5t fl[ ( a highly basic scoriace\s lava f ! anci5t crat] ( ! ,ndriti bas94 ,! rock1 :i* is d>k & fre%-look+1 %[s l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( augite & oliv9e b no plagioclase1 :il/ ! gr\ndmass conta9s a little br[n int]/itial glass4 ,its *>act]s w be f\nd describ$ "u g5us #c ( ! oliv9e-basalts 7p4 #bee74 ,its specific gravity1 not)/&+ its l>ge empty /eam-pores1 is #bia4 ,x diff]s m>k$ly f ! basaltic rocks ( ! ,seatura slopes & ! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s1 9 ! great porphyritic developm5t ( augite & oliv9e1 9 ! l>ge size ( ! felsp>s & augite ( ! gr\ndmass1 & 9 its num]\s /eam-holes4 ,b 9 ! co>s5ess ( its small felsp>s x belongs to ! same type z ! alt]$ or propylitic basic rocks ( ! ,ndriti bas94 ,x is probably by "s su* lava fl[ f ! old ,ndriti crat] t ! subm>9e bank 0 =m$ (f ! adjac5t coa/ on :i* ! l[ ,lekumbi promontory has be5 built up4 ,9 ! num]\s dykes ( ! ,ndriti bas9 & 9 ! great alt]ation :i* _! rocks h frequ5tly und]gone1 we h evid5ce 9 support ( ! view t ?is is an old crat]al cavity1 an op9ion t is support$ by ! indications ( lava-fl[s t h issu$1 app>5tly 9 lat] times1 f ! m\? ( ! bas94 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! locality :]e a dyke-rock & ! rock-mass1 into :i* x has be5 intrud$1 are bo? propylitic2 & f ?is & o!r facts1 su* z ! v>y+ degrees ( alt]ation 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! bas91 x is to be inf]r$ t 9 ! la/ /age ( ! activity ( ?is v5t its bottom & sides 7 ext5sively affect$ by solfat>ic influ5ces4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 ! configuration ( ! crat]-bas9 has be5 greatly modifi$ ?r\gh ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,! abs5ce1 or at lea/ ! great r>ity1 ( tuffs & agglom]ates 9 ! case ( ,seatura is rem>kable4 ,! m\nta9 has evid5tly be5 built up 9 ! mass by fl[s ( basic lava2 & f ?is s\rce h no d\bt 9 an important degree be5 d]iv$ ! basaltic fl[s ( ! ,ndama1 ,mbua1 & ,s>awanga pla9s1 great /reams ( basalt t fur!r seaw>d h help$ to =m ! subm>9e plat=m ext5d+ sev]al miles f ! coa/4 ,! subm>9e tuffs & agglom]ates t occur at v>i\s elevations1 rea*+ z high z #a1bjj feet above ! sea1 9 ! ,sesaleka1 ,lekutu1 ,s>awanga1 & ,ndr&ramea di/ricts ly+ to ! nor?-we/1 nor?1 & ea/1 did n come "u my notice on ! ,seatura slopes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 except 9 ! few localities1 :]e scoriace\s rocks occur1 ! g5]al type ( ! basalts is su* z we w\ld expect to f9d 9 subm>9e fl[s4 ,9 no "p ( ! isl&1 h[ev]1 is ! antiquity ( ! l&-surface s well atte/$ by ! dis9tegration ( ! basaltic fl[s1 :i* ext5ds "h to dep?s ( t5 & ev5 tw5ty feet4 ,?is is 9 fav\r n only ( ! suffici5cy ( "t1 b also ( ! ability ( ! d5ud+ ag5cies to /rip (f ! surface-deposits4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is evid5t t ! m\nta9 ( ,seatura possesses a hi/ory q indep5d5t ( t ( ! re/ ( ! isl&4 ,i h po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,i4 t x repres5ts a m\nta9 ( ! ,tahitian type4 ,9 its radiat+ valleys & 9 its basaltic "* x mu* resembles ! m\nta9\s isl& ( ,tahiti1 :i* ,dana describes z a g5tly slop+ cone ( ! ,hawaiian ord] t ?r\gh ! erosion ( ages has become a dissect$ m\nta94#dj ,,! ,,seatovo ,,range4--,?is rem>kably situat$ m\nta9-range1 :i* ,i h nam$ aft] a t[n at ! foot ( its we/]n slope1 ext5ds f ! valley ( ! ,ndama ,riv] to ,solevu ,bay4 ,x atta9s a maximum height ( ab\t #a1hjj feet1 & v>ies betwe5 ?is elevation & #a1ejj feet until 9 ! vic9ity ( ,solevu1 :]e x desc5ds z a m\nta9\s headl& to ! coa/4 ,its summit is n>r[ & ridge-%ap$1 & al?\gh ! :ole range is n int]rupt$ by gaps x has a composite orig94 ,at its nor? end1 :]e x is cut (f f ! ,seatura ,range by ! ,n&i ,gorge x helps to close 9 ! l>ge ,ndriti bas94 ,t[>ds ! s\? an (f%oot proce$s ea/w>d & %uts 9 ,solevu ,bay4 ,b1 al?\gh app>5tly all ! rocks are basic1 consid]able v>iety prevails1 & !re are _m puzzl+ po9ts 9 ! geological /ructure ( ?is region4 ,at ! place :]e ?is range abuts on ! ,ndama valley1 bel[ ,ndriti1 ! grey scoriace\s basalt1 be=e ref]r$ to1 is expos$ at its foot4 ,h[ev]1 ! usual blacki% basaltic rocks1 (t5 c>ry+ a little oliv9e1 =m 9 mass ! m\nta9\s s\!rn headl& t culm9ates 9 ,solevu ,peak 7,ulu-i-matua72 & ! same rocks prevail 9 ! l[] regions on ! we/ side ( ! range f ,vuia ,po9t to ! valley ( ! ,ndama ,riv]4 ,! s\!rn portion w be describ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,solevu ,bay2 & ,i w n[ give ! results ( my j\rney across ! summit ( ! range ab\t half a mile s\? ( ! ,lead+ ,peak ( ! *>t4 ,! ea/]n slopes are /eep & (t5 precipit\s1 :il/ on ! we/]n side !re is a m or less g5tle desc5t to ! l[] levels1 sugge/ive ( a volcanic slope2 & x is rem>kable t :il/ ! rocks expos$ on ! precipit\s ea/]n side = ! l[] two-?irds are sometimes m>k$ly alt]$1 on ! we/]n side !y are comp>atively un*ang$4 ,^! facts at once sugge/ t we h "h ! we/]n rim ( a l>ge crat]al cavity1 ?\gh ! topography ( ?is di/rict is n suffici5tly well %[n 9 ! *>t to enable "o to def9e its orig9al limits4 ,?is inf]5ce is also support$ by ! occasional scoriace\s "* ( ! rocks bel[ ref]r$ to4 ,! mo/ frequ5t rocks 9 ! upp] two-?irds ( ! range are grey porphyritic oliv9e-basalts1 display+ opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s & m or less hematis$ oliv9e1 ! specific gravity be+ ab\t #bi4 ,!y approa* 9 *>act]s ! grey porphyritic oliv9e-basalts ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,seatura 7pages #fe1 #ff72 b diff] among/ o!r features 9 ! great] abundance ( ! oliv9e & 9 exhibit+ fl[-/ructure4 ,!y are usually almo/ holocry/all9e1 & are assign$ = ! mo/ "p to g5us #ad ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,!y are ext5sively expos$ 9 ! /ream-c\rses on ! we/ side betwe5 #ejj & #ijj feet2 & huge masses ( ! same rocks1 b conta9+ less oliv9e & m glass1 & display+ mu* calcite1 viridite1 & o!r alt]ation products1 are f\nd ne> ! base ( ! ea/]n slopes4 ,! semi-vitre\s condition ( ^! rocks is repres5t$ 9 ! l>ge masses ( a d>k v scoriace\s porphyritic lava1 possess+ q a c9d]y appe>ance1 t occur on ! n>r[ ridge-%ap$ summit4 ,! gr\ndmass %[s a few scatt]$ felsp> microli?s2 b x is 9 ! ma9 compos$ ( a d>k opaque glass4 ,small cube-l cry/als ( *abazite l9e "s ( ! cavities4 ,o!r basic rocks are n infrequ5t & app>5tly repres5t dykes4 ,?us on ! ea/]n side at #hjj feet is expos$ a d>k-grey semi-ophitic dol]itic rock 7sp4 gr4 #bgg7 assign$ to g5us #ab ( ! augite-&esites 7page #bge74 ,! felsp>-la!s av]age #c mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little int]/itial glass conta9+ viriditic & calcitic alt]ation products1 ! same mat]ials fill+ small r\nd$ vesicul> cavities4 ,on ! same slope betwe5 #a1jjj & #a1bjj feet1 !re are display$ fre%-look+ compact non-porphyritic basaltic &esites 7sp4 gr4 #bhd71 :]e ! felsp>-la!s av]age #b mm4 & ! int]/itial glass is scanty4 ,!y are ref]r$ to g5us #af1 species ,c1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,on ?is side also betwe5 #fjj & #hjj feet occur blocks ( a highly alt]$ slightly vesicul> augite-&esite %[+ a little microporphyritic plagioclase4 ,x is assign$ to g5us #ac1 species ,b1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,9 "o place :]e x is 9 position x is scoriace\s1 ! /eam-holes be+ r\nd1 empty & "o to five mm4 9 size4 ,9 ! less glassy rock x displays num]\s small irregul> cavities ei!r fill$ ) fibr\s viridite or calcite or %[+ conc5tric zones ( ! two m9]als4 ,! felsp>-la!s are #ae-b mm4 9 l5g?4 ,9 blocks ne> ! foot ( ! ea/]n slope occur a blacki% oliv9e-basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bhh7 ( ! prevail+ ,seatura type1 possess+ a little int]/itial glass & felsp>-la!s ) an av]age l5g? ( #b mm4 ,x belongs to g5us #be ( ! oliv9e-rocks4444 ,on ! we/]n slopes at a height ( #ejj feet occurs a d>k compact rock 7sp4 gr4 #bhi7 ) abundant oliv9e :i* is ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! oliv9e basalts4 ,!re is a little residual glass1 ! felsp>-la!s av]ag+ only #jh mm4 9 l5g?4 ,a simil>-look+ rock is expos$ at #a1djj feet1 :i* displays felsp>-la!s av]ag+ #b mm4 long 7sp4 gr4 #bi74 ,x belongs to g5us #cg ( ! same oliv9e class4 ,"h also is assign$ an aphanitic basalt1 ) a few scatt]$ l>ge plagioclase ph5ocry/s & felsp>-la!s av]ag+ #ae mm4 long1 :i* is display$ ne> ! base ( ! slope4 ,i c\ld n satisfy myself z to ! pres5ce ( tuffs on ! slopes ( ?is range4 ,"s f9e argillace\s rocks expos$ half-way up on ei!r side %[ no lime & conta9 no organic rema9s4 ,"o specim5 beside me is c]ta9ly a dis9tegrat$ basic rock4 ,no agglom]ates came "u my notice4 ,9 ! abs5ce or r>ity ( detrital rocks ?is "p ( ! range resembles ! adjac5t m\nta9 ( ,seatura4 ,al?\gh oliv9e-basalts prevail 9 ?is "p ( ! ,seatovo ,range !re is great v>iety 9 _! *>act]s2 & x does n appe> possible to expla9 su* a div]sity except to assume t we h "h an old crat]al ridge :i* has aga9 & aga9 be5 p5etrat$ by dykes & has s9ce be5 greatly d5ud$4 ,we h "h "o ( ^? s+ul> m\nta9-ridges t *>act]ise ! c5tral portion ( ! isl&1 b diff]+ 9 ?is respect t ! subm>9e tuffs & agglom]ates1 :i* !re occur on ! surface1 ev5 9 ! high] levels1 are "h abs5t4 ,,solevu ,,bay4--,!re are few localities 9 ! isl& :]e s _m k9ds ( basic rocks are display$ z ar\nd ,solevu ,bay4 ,9 addition to ! prevail+ blacki% porphyritic basalts & basaltic &esites1 !re are grey porphyritic basalts1 grey non-porphyritic basalts1 black basalts ) abundant l>ge cry/als ( oliv9e1 c41 all ( :i* h _! di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,?is picturesque bay is surr\nd$ by hills4 ,on ! we/ side x is inclos$ by ! promontory =m+ ! s\!rn ext5sion ( ! ,seatovo range :i*1 culm9at+ 9 ,ulu-i-matua1 or ! 8,head-(-!-,/rong0 peak1 desc5ds at fir/ /eeply & !n gradually to ! coa/1 :]e x projects z ,vulavul&re ,po9t4 ,on ! ea/ side is a brok5 l9e ( hills1 ( :i* ,koro-i-rea1 ! hill kn[n to ! natives z ! 8,t[n ( ! ,alb9os10 is ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,beyond x /ret*es ! ea/]n po9t ( ! bay1 :i* ! ,fijians call 8,ua-nguru10 t is1 8! noise ( ! waves40 ,on ! %ores lie ! village ( ,nawa9do1 8! runn+-/ream10 & ! once popul\s t[n ( ,solevu1 :i* has giv5 its "n to ! bay4 ,solevu1 z its "n indicates1 is ! place ( ! 8great assembly40 ,9 ! backgr\nd rises ! ?ree-peak$ m\nta9 ( ,koro-tolutolu1 8! ?ree t[ns10 :i* =ms a cont9uation inl& ( ! ea/]n arm ( ! bay1 & jo9s ! ,seatovo ,range at ! head ( x4 ,betwe5 ^! two ranges inclos+ ! bay lies ! valley ( ,solevu1 d[n :i* desc5ds ! ,solevu ,riv] to ! sea4 ,9 asc5d+ ?is valley f ! %ore1 "o rises only ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea = ! fir/ mile or two4 ,! promontory1 :i* 9 ! ev5-topp$ ,ulu-i-matua or ,solevu ,peak1 atta9s a height ( #a1ajj feet above ! sea1 displays on its summit & on its ea/]n slopes desc5d+ to ! ,solevu riv]1 & on its we/]n slopes rea*+ d[n to ! coa/ at ,vuia1 m or less porphyritic blacki% oliv9e-basalts ( ! usual type ) specific gravity #bhh-bij4 ,^! basaltic rocks conta9 scanty oliv9e & only a little int]/itial glass4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass v>y 9 diff]5t localities f #aa to #ae mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 ,! rocks belong to g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e class :i* is describ$ on page #bfb4 ,!y are 9 ! l[] regions (t5 decompos$ to a consid]able dep?1 ! sph]oidal /ructure be+ well display$ dur+ ! wea!r+ process4 ,:]e ?is promontory t]m9ates 9 ! l[ ,vulavul&re po9t1 ^! rocks give place 9 "p to grey porphyritic oliv9e-basalts1 ) specific gravity #bgi-bhc1 :i* f ! abundance ( ! macroscopic opaque felsp> look l porphyrites4 ,!y come ne> to ! rocks expos$ on ! nor? slopes ( ,seatura & 9 ! ,seatovo ,range4 ,at ! end ( ! po9t !y become scoriace\s & m vitre\s2 b ) ?is exception !y conta9 b little glass4 ,!y v>y some:at 9 "* & are ref]r$ to g5]a #b & #ch ( ! oliv9e-class4 ,! prevail+ rock 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,ua-nguru promontory to ! s\? ( ,koro-i-rea is ! blacki% porphyritic basalt1 conta9+ a little oliv9e1 & (t5 mu* decompos$2 b at ! po9t & on ! ea/ %ores ( ,solevu ,bay1 !re is a consid]able v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! basic rocks1 ( :i* ! two foll[+ are ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,ne> ! village ( ,nawa9do1 !re is an app>5t intrusion ( a black lava-l basalt ( high basicity 7specific gravity #cja7 %[+ abundant l>ge oliv9e cry/als1 five or six mm4 across1 ) "s porphyritic augite1 b no macroscopic felsp>4 ,at ! po9t ! rock is some:at scoriace\s1 ) calcite occasionally fill+ ! cavities1 :il/ ! oliv9e is s ?or\ghly hmatis$ t x gli/5s l br[n mica4 ,! compact rock conta9s a little devitrifi$ int]/itial glass1 ! felsp>-la!s be+ unusually small1 _! av]age l5g? be+ only #jg mm4 ,x belongs to g5us #ae1 ! mo/ basic ( ! g5]a ( ! oliv9e class repres5t$ 9 ! isl&4 ,! second rock to be notic$ is a slightly alt]$ compact basalt )\t oliv9e =m+ app>5tly a dyke ne> ! coa/ ab\t half way betwe5 ! village ( ,solevu & ,ua-nguru ,po9t4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #bhd1 ! felsp> la!s 7#ae mm47 pres5t+ a m>k$ fl[-arrangem5t1 :il/ !re is a fair am\nt ( alt]$ residual glass 9 irregul> spaces1 a millimetre 9 size4 ,! rock1 on acc\nt ( its jo9t-/ructure1 c\ld be easily work$ z a build+-/one4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #af1 species ,b1 ( ! augite &esites4 ,! hill ( ,koro-i-rea1 :i* rises on ! ea/ side ( ! bay to a height ( #hej feet1 has a ridge-%ap$ summit4 ,its upp] half is compos$ ( a blui%-grey rock look+ l a phonolite & usually compact1 except at ! top ( ! hill1 :]e x is a little scoriace\s4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 a specific gravity ( #bia or #bib1 & is 9 fact a pretty grey oliv9e-basalt /udd$ ) small oliv9e cry/als ab\t a millimetre 9 size & %[+ no o!r ph5ocry/s4 ,?is type ( oliv9e-basalt occurs also at ,ulu-i-ndali on ! ea/ side ( ,wa9unu ,bay1 b is r>e 9 ! isl&4 ,x diff]s among/ o!r features f ! porphyritic oliv9e-basalts ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,seatura & ( ! ,seatovo range 9 ! abs5ce ( plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,!re is app>5tly no int]/itial glass1 :il/ ! av]age l5g? ( ! m or less p>allel felsp>-la!s is #ac mm4#da ,on ! l[] slopes ( ! hill ! common blacki% porphyritic basalt or basaltic &esite is expos$4 ,9 ! grey-basaltic upp] portion ( ?is hill we h probably an old volcanic 8neck40 ,foll[+ ! l9e ( hills inl& f ,koro-i-rea1 we cross ! int]v5+ saddle #dej feet above ! sea1 & asc5d ! slopes ( ,koro-tolutolu1 a ridge-%ap$ m\nta9 back+ ,solevu ,bay1 & hav+1 z its "n indicates1 ?ree peaks1 ( :i* ! highe/ is #a1bhj feet above ! sea4 ,my obs]vations indicate t ?is m\nta9 is =m$ 9 mass ( ! common blacki%-basalts describ$ "u g5us #cg1 _! specific gravity be+ #bhh to #bid4 ,b ,koro-tolutolu has also ! peculi>ity t x appe>s to be 9 mass magnetic4 ,! rocks obta9$ f its summit1 half-way up its we/]n slopes1 & ne> its foot on ! same side1 all display pol>ity1 a "* also ( ! rocks ( ! neighb\r+ hills ( ,ulu-i-matua & ,koro-i-rea1 b 9 _! cases seem+ly conf9$ to ! high] levels4#db ,nei!r tuffs nor agglom]ates came "u my notice at ,solevu ,bay4 ,?is appe>s to be an anci5t corn] ( ! isl&1 f :i* d5udation has /ripp$ (f ne>ly ev]y?+ t c\ld guide u 9 speculat+ z to its pa/4 ,al?\gh ! hills ( ,koro-i-rea & ,koro-tolutolu d\btless repres5t old volcanic necks1 ! relation ( ,ulu-i-matua to ! v diff]5tly compos$ nor!rn "p ( ! same range1 z describ$ on page #gc1 is extremely puzzl+4 ,!n aga9 9 ! opposite sides ( ,solevu ,bay we see expos$ ! rema9s ( lava-fl[s t be> no relation to ! pres5t configuration ( ! surface4 ,we may suspect1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( ! volcanic en]gy 0 display$ "u ! sea4 ,,n&i ,,bay4--,ly+ nor? ( ,solevu ,bay1 ?is bay is situat$ betwe5 spurs1 desc5d+ to ! coa/ f ! m\nta9\s int]ior4 ,! valley ext5ds a long di/ance inl& )\t mu* *ange ( level1 ! elevation #a miles f ! coa/ be+ n ov] #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,at its head is ! ,n&i ,gorge1 :i* leads into ! ,ndriti ,bas91 ! great crat]al cavity ( ,seatura4 ,!re are "s rem>kable l(ty1 isolat$ hills 9 ?is valley t w\ld be well wor? exam9+4 ,t ! bay repres5ts ! site ( an old volcanic c5tre is indicat$ by ! occurr5ce on ! %ore ( two basaltic dykes1 "o on ei!r side ( ! village ( ,na ,savu & #cjj to #djj y>ds ap>t4 ,! ea/]n dyke is p]haps #cj feet ?ick1 :il/ t to ! we/ is sc>cely half ?is ?ickness4 ,!y exhibit an imp]fect column> /ructure1 ! columns1 :i* are #f to #ab in*es across1 be+ incl9$ at an angle ( #ae or #bj f ! v]tical 9 su* a way t x may be inf]r$ t ! molt5 mat]ial 0 eject$ f "s subt]ranean focus ly+ to ! nor?w>d 7or inl&7 at an angle ( #ae or #bj above ! horizon4 ,! basalt is a compact blui%-black rock ) specific gravity #bie-bii4 ,x conta9s abundant oliv9e b no o!r ph5ocry/s & v scanty int]/itial glass1 :il/ ! felsp>-la!s av]age #a mm4 9 l5g?4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #af ( ! oliv9e basalts1 & is rem>kable = ! fl[ arrangem5t n only ( ! felsp>-la!s b also ( ! small] oliv9e cry/als4 ,blacki% basaltic rocks ( ! prevail+ type are expos$ on ! surface ( ! broad spur1 n ov] #ejj feet 9 height1 t divides ! ,n&i & ,nasawana valleys & desc5ds to ! coa/ betwe5 ! two bays ?us nam$4 ,!y belong to g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e-basalts & display a few small plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,! felsp>-la!s av]age #b mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little int]/itial glass4 ,ent]+ ,nasawana ,bay we f9d ourselves on ! s\!rn slopes ( ,seatura1 ( :i* ! high ,na ,suva range t backs ! bay is ! s\!rn ext5sion4 ,,! ,,table-,,l& ,,( ,,na ,,savu4--,?is rem>kable plateau has an elevation v>y+ usually betwe5 #gjj & #hjj feet above ! sea & a maximum bread? ( f\r or five miles4 ,x is an area ( basic agglom]ates & basic tuffs & lies 9 ! holl[ betwe5 ! basaltic m\nta9 ( ,seatura & ! acid &esitic hilly region ( ,ndr&ramea4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( description ,i h nam$ x aft] ! picturesque falls ( ,na ,savu#dc at its s\!rn edge4 ,^! falls are celebrat$ 9 ,fijian tradition2 & f ! br9k 9 old "t ! native desir\s ( end+ 8 life leapt into ! gorge bel[4 ,aft] fl[+ sluggi%ly along on ! surface ( ! table-l&1 ! ,mbutu-mbutu ,riv] arrives sudd5ly at ! edge ( a l9e ( cliffs ( volcanic agglom]ate1 t "h =m ! s\!rn bord] ( ! plateau1 & ) a volume #cj to #dj feet across1 x plunges d[n into ! rav9e #aej feet bel[4 ,z %[n 9 ! view f ! gorge bel[1 !re is a break 9 ! middle ( ! desc5t4 ,^! falls1 h[ev]1 are n easily accessible4 ,!y are be/ approa*$ by proce$+ f ,wa9unu to ,ndawa?umi & !nce up ! gorge ( ! ,mbutu-mbutu ,riv]4 ,! surface ( ! plateau ( ,na ,savu is d5sely wood$4 ,9 places x is m>%y1 & "h ?rives ! ,giant ,s$ge 7,scirpod5dron co/atum74 ,! ,makita tree 7,p>9>ium laur9um7 also fl\ri%es 9 ! wet di/ricts2 & 9 ! dri] localities occur ! ,ndakua 7,damm>a viti5sis7 & ! ,ndamanu 7,calophyllum-burmanni7 toge!r ) a palm ( ! g5us ,veit*ia4 ,"h on ?is level wat]%$ betwe5 ! bas9s ( ! ,wa9unu & ,s>awanga riv]s1 ! sluggi% /reams fl[ aimlessly along 9 b slightly erod$ *annels2 & x is n always possible to det]m9e ! side ( ! isl& to :i* !y ultimately direct _! c\rse4 ,9 _! b$s are pebbles & irregul>ly =m$ concretions ( an impure r$di% fl9t :i* ,i h describ$ on page #ced4 ,on ! nor? & s\? sides ! table-l& is mu* excavat$ by ! tribut>ies ( ! ,s>awanga & ,wa9unu riv]s4 ,on ! we/ :]e x meets ! foot ( ! ,seatura slope portions ( columns ( basaltic rocks appe> on ! surface1 & deep gorges are worn by ! l>ge /reams desc5d+ f ! m\nta94 ,on ! ea/ t[>ds ,nuku-ni-tambua & ,tambu-lotu1 ! surface is also mu* cut up4 ,! pres]vation ( ?is table-l& 9 a region1 :]e ! d5ud+ ag5cies are v active 9 _! op]ations all ar\nd x1 is to be attribut$ to its be+ a level wat]%$1 :]e ! head-wat]s ( ! ,wa9unu & ,s>awanga riv]s 9 "p take _! rise b h little or no erod+ p[]4 ,x is n easy to obta9 a good g5]al view ( ! di/rict ( ! falls on acc\nt ( ! d5se =e/-gr[?4 ,:5 mak+ ! trav]se f ,tambu-lotu to ,ndawa-?umi1 x is obs]v$ t !re is "h a s+ul> holl[1 ab\t half a mile 9 l5g?1 :i* receives ! falls at ! we/]n end4 ,! riv] crosses ?is holl[ & is at once receiv$ into ! gorge bel[1 b !re is no /ream to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! cavity4 ,on its nor? side ! cliffs ( agglom]ate rise to a height ( #aej to #bjj feet f _! base1 b on ! s\? ! sides are mu* l[]4 ,"h !re seem to be ! rema9s ( ! crat] ( ! anci5t v5t f :i* all ! tuffs & agglom]ates ( ! di/rict 7 d]iv$4 ,we mu/ look = _! orig9 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! only evid5ce ( a crat]al cavity is ?is /reamless holl[ ext5d+ ea/ f ! falls ( ,na ,savu4 ,) ref]5ce to ! basic tuffs & agglom]ates ( ?is plateau x may be obs]v$ t !y cov] ! massive basic rocks & are probably n ov] #ajj or #aej feet 9 maximum ?ickness4 ,!y are well expos$ :]e ! /reams cut into ! bord]s ( ! plateau4 ,! tuffs are sometimes b$d$ & slightly incl9$1 & !y may be f9e or co>se gra9$4 ,!y are m or less palagonitis$ hyalomelane-tuffs1 be+ compos$ ma9ly ( fragm5ts ( a basic glass1 (t5 f9ely vesicul> & ev5 fibrill>1 ! vacuoles be+ fill$ ) diff]5t mat]ials1 :il/ ! palagonitisation is well advanc$4 ,sometimes !y h a brecciat$ appe>ance1 & 9 t case :5 ! alt]ation ( ! basic glass is v ext5sive we f9d angul> fragm5ts1 #a to #b in*es across1 ( a gre5i% palagonite imb$d$ 9 a pale matrix ( palagonitic debris1 ! :ole rock hav+ a soapy feel & a /eatitic appe>ance4 ,?is is well %[n on ! sides ( ! /ream-c\rse at ,ndawa?umi :i* lies at ! bord] ( ! table-l&4 ,^! tuffs eff]vesce b slightly ) an acid4 ,! basic agglom]ate is display$ 9 ! face ( ! falls & 9 ! gorges4 ,! blocks are z a rule compos$ ( semi-vitre\s basaltic &esites ( v>y+ type1 %[+ no oliv9e & conta9+ a fair am\nt ( smoky glass 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,at times !y are scoriace\s & display amygdules ( calcite or a zeolite4 ,9 places ! rock %[s l>ge ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & a semi-ophitic gr\ndmass1 :5 x is ref]r$ to ! porphyritic gr\p ( g5us #i ( ! augite-class4 ,9 a few ( ! scoriace\s blocks ! augite ( ! gr\ndmass is = ! mo/ "p prismatic & r>ely granul> 7g5us #e74 ,! massive rocks und]ly+ ! agglom]ates 9 ! vic9ity ( ,na ,savu are aphanitic augite-&esites1 diff]+ 9 important *>act]s f ! rocks ( ! agglom]ates4 ,!y probably repres5t anci5t lava fl[s ( ! ,na ,savu v5t4 ,!y are compact 7sp4 gr4 #bgb-bgf71 & display a gr\ndmass =m$ ( a felt ( felsp>-la!s1 av]ag+ #je or #jf mm4 only 9 l5g?1 & 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,t occurr+ j bel[ ! falls is almo/ aphanitic1 b is ref]r$ to g5us #ac1 species ,a1 sub-species a1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,! rock f ! gorge bel[ is ( ! same "*1 b on acc\nt ( its opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s x is ref]r$ to g5us #ad1 & is describ$ on p4 #bgi4 ,9 "o place on ! plateau a tuff-agglom]ate is p5etrat$ by ve9s1 a few in*es ?ick1 =m$ app>5tly ( a f9ely brecciat$ tuff ( basic glass fragm5ts 9 a palagonitic matrix4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out on p4 #cdj t !y 7 orig9ally ve9s ( basaltic glass :i* h be5 subject$ to cru%+1 & t ! palagonite has s9ce be5 produc$4 ,9 conclud+ ?is description ( ! table-l& ( ,na ,savu1 x may be inf]r$ t ! s\rce ( its basic tuffs & agglom]ates is to be f\nd 9 ! same locality2 & probably ! orig9al v5t is n[ repres5t$ by ! holl[ ext5d+ ea/w>d f ! falls4 ,) ! exception ( a l>ge block ( silicifi$ coral f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ndawa?umi & ( ! impure fl9ts ( ! surface ( ! plateau1 :i* are describ$ on pages #ced1 c41 no direct te/imony ( its subm>9e orig9 (f]$ itself to me4 ,! palagonitic *>act]s ( ! tuffs af=d1 h[ev]1 indirect evid5ce 9 ?is connection2 & inde$ ! occurr5ce ( subm>9e tuffs & lime/ones 9 ! vic9ity ( ,temb59dio on its l[] nor!rn slopes 7see page #aca71 & ! exi/5ce at elevations ( sev]al hundr$ feet above ! sea ( fossilif]\s tuffs & clays 9 ! ,wa9unu & ,ndr&ramea di/ricts to ! ea/w>d1 af=d /rong presumptive evid5ce t ! tuffs & agglom]ates ( ! table-l& 7 deposit$ "u ! sea1 & ,i may add 9 a p]iod subsequ5t to t ( ! =mation ( ! great basaltic fl[s ( ,seatura & ,wa9unu4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,basaltic ,,plateau ,,( ,,wa9unu4--,?is table-l& ext5ds = a di/ance ( sev5 miles f ! base ( ! ,ndr&ramea m\nta9s 9 ! he>t ( ! isl&1 :]e x is elevat$ #a1ajj to #a1bjj feet above ! sea1 to ! valley imm$iately nor? ( ! hill ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 :]e )9 a %ort di/ance ( its t]m9ation x /ill reta9s a height ( #gjj to #hjj feet4 ,limit$ on ! we/ by ! valley ( ! ,wa9unu ,riv] & on ! ea/ by t ( ! ,yanawai ,riv]1 its bread? v>ies usually betwe5 f\r or five miles4 ,x is be/ se5 9 pr(ile :5 view$ f ! s\?-we/ on ! we/]n %ores ( ,wa9unu ,bay1 betwe5 ,korolevu & ,nasawana1 :5 x pres5ts itself to ! eye z a table-l&1 desc5d+ ) a v gradual slope f ! int]ior t[>ds ! coa/4 ,f su* a po9t ( view ! two great basaltic slopes ( ,seatura & ,wa9unu may be se5 toge!r1 ! =m] desc5d+ ea/w>d to ! ,wa9unu valley at an angle ( #c or #d degrees1 ! latt] desc5d+ at "r angles to x to ! s\?w>d ) a simil> small gradi5t ( #b or #c degrees4 ,9 ! pr(ile ( ! isl& atta*$ to ?is "w ! ,seatura slope is well %[n2 b t ( ! ,wa9unu table-l& be+ se5 f ! s\? is repres5t$ only by a level cont\r-l9e at ! base ( ! ,ndr&ramea m\nta9s4 ,! two great s]ies ( basaltic fl[s1 ?\gh closely approa*+ 9 a direction at "r angles to ea* o!r1 d n come into actual contact1 & ! int]v5+ space is n[ occupi$ by ! valley ( ! ,wa9unu ,riv]4 ,9 ! accompany+ rude outl9e-sket* ( ?is region1 z se5 f (f ! m\? ( ! ,wa9unu e/u>y1 ! relation ( ?is valley to ! two great s]ies ( basaltic fl[s is cle>ly %[n4 ,on ! left is ! foot ( ! ,seatura basaltic slope2 on ! "r is ! ,wa9unu basaltic table-l&2 & betwe5 !m lie ! e/u>y & valley ( ! ,wa9unu1 at ! back ( :i* appe>s ! 8,na ,savu0 table-l&1 =m$ ( basic tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,beh9d all !re rise up sudd5ly ! ,ndr&ramea m\nta9s =m$ ( acid &esites2 :il/ 9 ! =egr\nd to ! "r is ! hill ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 :i* is compos$ 9 ! mass ( a grey basalt ( a type q diff]5t f ! blacki% basaltic rocks ( ! ,seatura slope & ( ! ,wa9unu table-l&4 ,x 0 f ?is view (f ! m\? ( ! e/u>y t ,i receiv$ my fir/ lesson 9 /udy+ ! /ructural =mation ( ! isl&4 ,i kept x always 9 my m9d's eye1 & = mon?s 9 an almo/ unmapp$ region x 0 my only guide4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile1 look+ nor? f (f ! m\? ( ! ,wa9unu ,riv]4 ,! gradual slope ( ! ,wa9unu table-l& f an elevation ( #a1ajj or #a1bjj feet 9 ! int]ior to #gjj or #hjj feet ne> ! coa/ has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,beyond ?is l[] limit x desc5ds mu* m rapidly & )9 less ?an a mile x t]m9ates at ,masusu 9 a /eep-sid$ declivity #cjj feet high opposite ,ulu-i-ndali1 & 9 a g5tl] slope on ! ea/]n side 9 ! ,ndranimako di/rict4 ,its some:at undulat+ surface is well wood$2 b on acc\nt ( ! small gradi5t ! small /reams on ! table-l& d n excavate deep *annels1 b fl[ sl[ly along 9 %all[ c\rses & (t5 /agnate 9 swampy l& :]e ! int]e/+ 8,scirpod5dron co/atum10 ! giant-s$ge1 fl\ri%es4 ,9 _! b$s occur r$di% fl9ty concretions1 up to #c in*es across 9 size1 & magnetic iron s& 9 great abundance4 ,a sample ( ?is s& r\ghly wa%$ on ! spot conta9s #gg p] c5t4 ( magnetic iron4#dd ,basaltic rocks1 (t5 exhibit+ a column> /ructure1 are expos$ at int]vals on ! surface & slopes ( ?is table-l& all ov] its area4 ,n[ & !n :5 trav]s+ ?is region "o comes ^u a tract /rewn ) l>ge blocks1 among/ :i* occur fragm5ts ( huge columns #c to #d feet 9 diamet]2 b x is on ! /eep s\!rn slopes ( ! plateau 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ndavutu & ,masusu t ! mo/ ext5sive exposures ( column> basalt are to be f\nd4 ,"h !re h be5 l>ge cle>+s made = ! tea-plantations1 & portions ( columns #b to #c feet 9 ?ickness are scatt]$ all ov] ! slopes & surface ( ,masusu4 ,a v int]e/+ exposure occurs on ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,masusu flat fac+ ,ulu-i-ndali4 ,"h !re is display$ 9 ! face ( a wat]fall a mass ( basalt ab\t #dj feet deep1 =m$ ( regul> cross-jo9t$ columns1 #c to #d feet 9 diamet] & (t5 p5tagonal 9 %ape1 :i* are almo/ p]p5dicul>1 be+ incl9$ ab\t five degrees f ! v]tical4 ,b 9 ! upp] portion ( ! fall ! columns are small] 7#b to #c feet across7 & become ar*$ & ne>ly horizontal4 ,?is 0 ! only section ( ! inn] mass ( ! basaltic fl[s t ,i f\nd1 & "h ! columns are almo/ v]tical4 ,9 ?is locality sev]al o!r exposures ( ! column> basalt occur2 b !y are all at ! surface & ! columns are ne>ly horizontal or v mu* incl9$ f ! v]tical1 be+ (t5 p5tagonal 9 =m1 #b to #c feet across1 & sometimes curv$ ) jo9ts #aj to #bj feet 9 l5g?4 ,nei!r vesicul> nor scoriace\s rocks came "u my notice 9 ?is region1 & ! pres5ce ( pt]opod-ooze deposits & ( =am9if]\s clays & tuffs on ! slopes ( ! basaltic tablel& indicates t ! fl[s 7 subm>9e4 ,! common "* ( a sub-arial basaltic fl[1 :]e !re are l>ge v]tical columns bel[ & small] radiat+ columns above1 did n pres5t itself2 & x is probable t ! s+ul> arrangem5t ( ! columns 9 ! upp] portion ( ^! fl[s may be connect$ ) ! conditions ( dep? "u :i* ! fl[s took place4 ,x is app>5t f ! description giv5 by ,dana ( ! column> basalt ( ,tahiti#de t x 0 =m$ "u diff]5t conditions f ^? "u :i* ! basaltic fl[s ( ,wa9unu & ,seatura 7 =m$4 ,! columns compos+ a cliff #ejj feet high 9 ! ,matavai valley 7 #aj to #bj in*es across4 ,a bluff1 #bjj to #cjj feet high1 9 ano!r "p ( ! valley1 0 made up ( columns #e to #h in*es 9 wid?4 ,! talle/ cliff display$ 9 places conv]g+ & curv$ columns1 :i* is attribut$ to ! unequal cool+ ( ! int]ior ( ! mass2 b x is evid5t f a diagram giv5 by ! au?or t ! columns 7 n incl9$ at a l>ge angle f ! p]p5dicul>4#df ,he also ref]s to "s prisms ( a grey basalt expos$ j bel[ ! ,wailuku ,falls ne> ,hilo 9 ! l>ge isl& ( ,hawaii :i* 7 #h feet 9 diamet] & 7 surm\nt$ by o!rs only #a to #d feet across4 ,! basalts ( ! ,wa9unu table-l& are blacki% & non-vesicul>1 ) a d5sity ( #bhg to #bij4 ,!y all c>ry oliv9e & microporphyritic plagioclase1 & display a little int]/itial glass1 & ! felsp>-la!s are usually 9 plexus-arrangem5t1 be+ /\t & (t5 %[+ tw9 lamell4 ,b ! rocks exhibit important v>iations 9 diff]5t localities z reg>ds ! am\nt ( oliv9e1 ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! ophitic "*1 c41 & !y are gr\p$ 9 diff]5t g5]a ( ! oliv9e class 7#a1 #ac1 #be1 #cc74 ,probably ! type ( g5us #be1 ) scanty oliv9e & granul> augite1 w\ld prevail4 ,f ! v>y+ size ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass x is app>5t t ! fl[s are n all ( ! same "*4 ,at ,masusu1 :]e ! rock is dol]itic 9 texture1 !y av]age f #be to #c mm4 9 l5g?4 ,a mile fur!r nor?1 !y are ab\t #ag mm4 long1 & two miles m to ! nor? !y av]age only #a mm4 9 l5g?4 ,x is probable t a semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite 7spec4 grav4 #bgc71 t %[s no oliv9e & is ref]r$ to ! porphyritic sub-g5us ( g5us #i ( ! augite-&esites1 :i* is expos$ 9 ! /ream-c\rses ne> ! base ( ! dacitic m\nta9s ( ! int]ior1 is ! product ( a lat] eruption4 ,occasionally "o f9ds1 z at ,?ongea 9 ! ,wa9unu valley1 a basalt ri* 9 oliv9e 7spec4 grav4 #bie71 ! felsp>s ( ! base av]ag+ #a mm4 9 l5g?4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t "o _c draw a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! basalts ( ?is region & ^? ( ! adjac5t ea/]n slope ( ,seatura4 ,_! specific gravity is ab\t ! same 7#bhg to #bij72 b ! co>se texture ( ! ,masusu basalts did n come "u my notice 9 ! la/ locality1 :]e ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass av]age #ah mm4 9 l5g? or ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ^? ( ! ,masusu rocks4 ,by ref]r+ to ! section across ?is "p ( ! isl&1 x w be obs]v$ t ! basaltic lavas ( ?is table-l& mu/ h issu$ f "s fissure ne> ! s\? side ( ! base ( ! ,ndr&ramea m\nta9s4 ,9 cross+ ! head ( ?is plateau on ! way f ,nambuna to ,ndrawa "o passes f ! region ( ! acid &esites into t ( ! basalts4 ,! track fir/ skirts ! base ( ,m\nt ,wawa-,levu1 :]e ! prevail+ alt]$ dacitic rocks are expos$ 9 a mu* decompos$ condition 9 ! /ream-c\rses4 ,!n !re is a gradual asc5t ?r\gh some:at brok5 c\ntry to rea* ! we/]n slope ( ! table-l&1 & "h are at fir/ display$ ! semi-vitre\s basaltic &esites j ref]r$ to4 ,! ,wa9unu table-l& is bisect$ 9 a s+ul> fa%ion by ! ,ndavutu ,riv]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! deep & (t5 gorge-l *annel ( ! riv] displays subm>9e deposits incru/+ ! basaltic slopes on its sides1 x is evid5t t ! break 9 ! basaltic table-l& exi/$ 9 "p at lea/ be=e ! em]g5ce4 ,) reg>d to ! total ?ickness ( ! basaltic fl[s ( ?is plateau ,i h only a few data4 ,9 ! b$ ( ! ,ndavutu ,riv] opposite ,vunivuvundi1 & ab\t #djj feet above ! sea1 !re is expos$ a greyi% porphyritic rock %[+ pyrites1 app>5tly an alt]$ &esite4 ,if ?is is ! b$-rock1 ! basaltic plateau 9 t locality w\ld be #cjj to #djj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?is is r ov] ! ?ickness ( ! end ( ! table-l& at ,masusu4 ,i pass on n[ to consid] briefly ! subm>9e deposits t ov]lie ! m>g9al slopes ( ?is basaltic table-l& 9 places4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p pt]opod & =am9if]\s ooze-rocks & are ext5sively repres5t$ on ! surface & slopes ( ! ,n&ua flat to ! nor? ( ,ndavutu1 :]e !y occur at all elevations up to #ejj feet above ! sea4 ,!y are also display$ on ! ea/]n slopes ov]look+ ! ,yanawai b at r l[] heights2 & little pat*es ( !m occur "h & !re 9 diff]5t places b n exce$+ #ejj feet 9 elevation4 ,^! friable clayey rocks1 :i* conta9 f #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 are describ$ 9 detail on page #cbj4 ,x may h[ev] be rem>k$ "h t ^! deposits are b p>tly d]iv$ f ! degradation ( ! subm]g$ basaltic table-l& or f ! wa%+s ( a basaltic coa/4 ,!y 7 =m$ 9 a cle> sea-way1 b probably at no great dep?1 at a "t :5 ! basaltic plateau 0 subm]g$ bel[ ! level ( break]-action4 ,x is rem>kable t ^! deposits d n repose directly on ! basaltic rock4 ,9 "o place bel[ ! ,n&ua tea-plantation1 :]e !re is a /eep desc5t to ! riv] ( ab\t #bej feet1 ! pt]opod ooze-rock1 :i* is expos$ 9 ! upp] half1 passes d[n into a *ocolate-col\r$ m>l t conta9s #e p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & is horizontally b$d$4 ,x is compos$ 9 ! ma9 ( f9e palagonitic debris1 ) "s fragm5ts ( m9]als1 c41 & conta9s a few microscopic te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,?is deposit passes d[n into app>5tly a rock ( pure palagonite4 ,! succession ( ^! b$s & _! *>act]s are describ$ m 9 detail on page #cdd2 & z indicat$ 9 ! diagram !re giv5 x is to be inf]r$ t a v ext5sive =mation ( palagonite has tak5 place on ! surface ( a subm>9e basaltic fl[4 ,on a simil> slope ( ! ,n&ua di/rict1 & ab\t half a mile ne>] ,ndavutu1 ! pt]opod ooze-rock ov]lies a co>se zeolitic palagonite-tuff compos$ 9 great "p ( fragm5ts ( a highly alt]$ vacuol> basic glass1 b )\t organic rema9s4 ,^! tuffs are horizontally /ratifi$4 ,tuffs precisely simil> occur on ! nor!rn slopes ( ,ulu-i-ndali ?ree miles to ! s\?4 ,!y are all describ$ 9 detail on page #cce4 ,"s miles up ! valley ( ! ,ndavutu ,riv] on ! /eep slope desc5d+ f ,vunivuvundi to ! riv]1 & on ! sides ( ! riv] l[] d[n1 are expos$ d>k palagonitic & sometimes calc>e\s clays & tuffs4 ,i trac$ !m z high z #dej feet above ! sea :]e !y 7 b$d$ & dipp$ g5tly to ! we/4 ,9 ! riv]-*annel !y 7 mo/ly conf9$ to ! "r bank1 ! slope on ! o!r side be+ /rewn ) l>ge fragm5ts ( column> basalt4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,ndavutu ,riv]1 !re are expos$ tuface\s s&/ones & a tuff-conglom]ate1 probably 9 great "p =m$ ( palagonitic mat]ials1 b ,i h kept no specim5s4 ,!re is mu* t is puzzl+ ab\t ! tuffs ( ! region betwe5 ,ndavutu & ,vunivuvundi4 ,! surface pt]opod & =am9if]\s ooze-rocks1 t are f\nd "h & on ! ,yanawai or ea/]n bord] ( ! basaltic plateau & 9 o!r localities1 (f] no difficulties2 b ! orig9 ( ! palagonitic tuffs t 9 places lie b5ea? !m is n s easy to expla94 ,at ,mr4 ,simpson's old e/ate on ! ,n&ua flat "o f9ds numb]s ( huge blocks ( column> basalt scatt]$ ab\t on ! slope desc5d+ to ! riv]2 & 9 places !re is expos$ 9 a small /ream1 up to a height ( #ejj feet1 a fossilif]\s ooze-rock conta9+ m>9e %ells4 ,! ooze-rock is evid5tly an incru/+ deposit2 b :5 "o goes d[n to ! riv]-side1 :i* is !re ab\t #bjj feet above ! sea1 "o f9ds display$ 9 situ 9 ! riv]-b$ an amygdaloidal basic lava ) co>se tuffs & agglom]ates a little l[] d[n4 ,,! ,,hill ,,( ,,ulu-,i-,,ndali4--,! mean+ ( ! "n ( ?is hill is 8,head ( ! rope40 ,x is not$ on acc\nt ( ! d5se gr[? ( tall =e/ trees t clo!s its surface1 su* z ! ,vesi 7,afzelia bijuga71 ! ,ndamanu 7,calophyllum burmanni71 ! ,ndakua 7,damm>a viti5sis71 ! ,wa?i-wa?i 7,/]culia sp47 c42 & x may be t its "n is connect$ ) ! laun*+ ( ! l>ge canoes t 7 at "o "t con/ruct$ on its slopes4 ,ulu-i-ndali1 :i* has a broad level summit #a1ajj to #a1aej feet 9 height1 rises on ! left side ( ! m\? ( ! ,wa9unu e/u>y4 ,its relation to ! surr\nd+ region is p>tly %[n 9 ! r\gh sket* giv5 on page #hc4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! basaltic table-l& to ! nor? by a deep & wide valley1 ! bottom ( :i* is rais$ only a few feet above ! sea2 ! small /ream kn[n z ,ndawa-nd+o1 t app>5tly fl[s ?r\gh x1 is m]ely a bran* ( ! ,wa9unu e/u>y1 ! tide asc5d+ x = "s di/ance4 ,?is s+ul> valley1 l ! ma9 valley ( ! ,wa9unu1 dates back 9 great "p to ! p]iod prec$+ ! em]g5ce ( ?is region4 ,! /eep basaltic slopes ( ,masusu1 /rewn ) fragm5ts ( l>ge columns1 b\nd x on ! nor?4 ,on its s\? side are ! l[] slopes ( ,ulu-i-ndali :i* are compos$ ( volcanic tuffs4 ,a long spur desc5ds to ! s\? f ,ulu-i-ndali to =m ! rocky promontory ( ,vatu ,vono or 8,/one turtle10 s-nam$ f ! fanciful resemblance ( ! l>ge r\nd$ blocks ( basalt on ! %ore to ! backs ( turtles4 ,to ! s\?-ea/ ext5d ! l[ tuff-=m$ ,ravi-ravi pla9s :i* are b slightly elevat$ above ! sea4 ,! ,ulu-i-ndali range is app>5tly connect$ by a 8col0 ) a range ( simil> height to ! ea/w>d1 ! highe/ peak ( :i* is ab\t #c miles di/ant4 ,a m or less co>se dol]itic grey oliv9e-basalt =ms ! mass ( ?is hill & is *iefly expos$ 9 its upp] portion4 ,ar\nd its slopes1 ext5d+ f ! coa/ usually halfway up ! hill1 are blacki%-br[n oliv9e-basalts2 !y diff] among/ o!r po9ts f ! grey basalts--:i* are practically holocry/all9e1 9 _! great] am\nt ( int]/itial glass1 to :i*1 d\btless1 is due _! d>k col\r4 ,^! d>k basalts also occur scantily on ! summit2 b f _! great] preval5ce on ! l[] slopes & f "s o!r ( _! *>act]s1 x may be inf]r$ t !y are 9 ! ma9 =m$ at ! surface4 ,outside all1 on ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! hill1 are expos$ co>se tuffs compos$ ( fragm5ts ( palagonitis$ vacuol> basic glass & conta9+ mu* second>y zeolitic & calcitic mat]ials4 ,!y are purely ( eruptive orig91 & al?\gh conta9+ no organic rema9s 7 d\btless1 z 9 ! case ( ! precisely simil> tuffs ( ! neighb\r+ di/rict ( ,n&ua1 deposit$ "u ! sea4 ,a description ( _! *>act]s is giv5 on page #cce4 ,su* tuffs ext5d z high z #cjj feet above ! sea on ! nor?-we/ slopes1 :]e !re are exposures1 #aj to #ab feet 9 ?ickness1 9 ! dry /ream c\rses2 & "h !y may be se5 ov]ly+ ! basalt & rudely b$d$1 dipp+ away f ! summit at an angle ( #ae degrees4 ,! grey oliv9e-basalts ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 :i* (t5 look l cl9k/one1 range g5]ally 9 specific gravity f #bi to #bie4 ,!y conta9 microporphyritic oliv9e 9 abundance1 :i* is usually m or less hmatis$ & 9 extreme cases ( ! *ange looks l br[n mica4 ,mo/ ( !m are ref]r$ to g5us #af ( ! oliv9e class & _! *>act]s w be f\nd describ$ on page #beh4 ,! felsp>-la!s are /\t & %[ sometimes lamell> tw9n+1 & on acc\nt ( _! l>ge size 7#b to #e mm 9 av]age l5g?7 ! rock acquires a dol]itic texture4 ,!y display z a rule a fl[ arrangem5t ar\nd ! oliv9e cry/als4 ,augite granules occur 9 great abundance1 & !re is r>ely any int]/itial glass4 ,^! grey oliv9e-basalts are z a rule non-vesicul>1 b rocks ) m9ute irregul> cavities1 ?\gh )\t glass1 occur scantily on ! upp] slopes4 ,!y come ne> to ! grey oliv9e-basalts ( ! hill ( ,koro-i-rea 9 ! ,solevu di/rict1 z describ$ on page #gg2 b !y diff] 9 _! dol]itic or co>s] texture1 ! felsp>-la!s 9 ! la/-nam$ locality be+ mu* small]1 _! av]age l5g? be+ #ab mm4 ,! blacki% basalts1 mo/ly *>act]i/ic ( ! l[] slopes ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 v>y some:at 9 "*2 b !y may on ! :ole be reg>d$ z surface =ms ( ! m deeply situat$ grey basalts :i* are practically holocry/all9e4 ,! rock ( ?is k9d t prevails on ! s\? & we/ sides has a specific gravity ( #bif4 ,x is ref]r$ to ! same g5us 7#af7 z ! grey basalts1 b diff]s f !m 9 ! circum/ance t ! microporphyritic oliv9e is s]p5t9is$ & n hmatis$1 & 9 ! occurr5ce ( a fair am\nt ( devitrifi$ int]/itial glass1 to :i* probably ! d>k col\r ( ! rock is due4444 ,! d>k aphanitic basalt1 ) fl9ty fracture & a specific gravity ( #cjj1 t is display$ 9 ,vatu ,vono ,po9t1 is m]ely a compact surface v>iety ( ! m co>se-textur$ grey basalts1 be+ ref]r$ to ! same g5us4 ,"h !re is a great abundance ( microporphyritic oliv9e 9 a gr\ndmass ( p>allel felsp>-la!s & augite gra9s2 b ! felsp>s are unusually small1 av]ag+ #a mm4 9 l5g?2 & !re is a mu* l>g] am\nt ( f9e magnetite ?an 9 ! grey basalts4 ,!re seems to be no int]/itial glass2 & ! oliv9e :5 n fre% is usually s]p5t9is$ b occasionally hmatis$4 ,! d>k basalts ( ,ulu-i-ndali :5 !y occur on its upp] slopes become ophitic4 ,a specim5 ly+ beside me has a specific gravity ( #bia4 ,all[+ = ! /ructural diff]5ces1 x appe>s z an ophitic surface v>iety ( ! deep] seat$ grey basalts4 ,a description ( x is giv5 "u g5us #ab on page #bef1 ( :i* x =ms ! type4 ,f ! data above giv51 ! hill ( ,ulu-i-ndali is to be reg>d$ z ! basal portion ( a subm>9e volcano /ill reta9+ "p ( its a%-cov]+s4 ,! grey dol]itic basalts probably repres5t ! core & ! d>k f9e-gra9$ basalts repres5t ! fl[s ( ?is anci5t v5t4 ,,! ,,kumbulau ,,p59sula4--,s\?-ea/ ( ,ulu-i-ndali /ret*es a rem>kable 8talas+a0 di/rict :i* = conv5i5ce ,i w call ! p59sula ( ,kumbulau4 ,its s\? or seaw>d bord] is brok5 & hilly1 & pres5ts an irregul> l9e ( hills #cjj to #dgj feet 9 height1 ext5d+ f ,kumbulau ,po9t to ,soni-soni ,isl&1 :i* is almo/ connect$ ) ! coa/4 ,! re/ ( ! p59sula is a l[-ly+ & (t5 m>%y pla91 :i*1 ?\gh elevat$ 9 "s places #bj to #be feet above ! sea1 is usually mu* l[]4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! i/hmus is ! n>r[ ,n&i inlet1 bord]$ by l[ mangrove-belts1 :i* repres5ts ! broad *annel t 9 a v rec5t p]iod ( ! isl&'s hi/ory cut ?r\gh ! pres5t neck ( ! p59sula betwe5 ! head ( ! ,n&i inlet & ,ravi-ravi4 ,/ratifi$ & (t5 /eeply incl9$ tuff-s&/ones & clays1 m or less basic & palagonitic 9 "*1 =m toge!r ) basaltic agglom]ates ! prevail+ rocks ( ! p59sula1 :e!r 9 ! hilly portion or 9 ! pla9s4 ,!y belong to ! basic tuffs ( mix$ composition describ$ on page #ccj2 & ?\gh ! ag5cy ( eruptions c be recognis$ 9 _! compon5ts !y are also ! products ( m>9e erosion4 ,"s ( ! hills repres5t volcanic 8necks02 :il/ ! l[ n>r[ promontory betwe5 ,kiombo & ,soni-soni ,isl& has be5 =m$ by an old basaltic fl[4 ,i w beg9 ! description ( ?is p59sula ) ! ea/]n extremity nor? ( ,kumbulau ,po9t1 ! int]ior ( :i* is cut up into ridgy hills #cjj to #cej feet 9 height4 ,on its ea/]n coa/ are expos$ volcanic agglom]ates1 compos$ ( l>ge blocks1 :i* f _! dim5sions giv5 bel[ w\ld weigh betwe5 "o-?ird & two-?irds ( a ton1 a size indicat+ ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! v5t1 n[ oblit]at$1 f :i* !y 7 orig9ally eject$4 ,ne> ,kumbulau ,po9t ! blocks1 :i* are made ( basaltic &esite1 measure five or six cubic feet4 ,fur!r nor? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,vatu-,ndamu1 ! precipit\s coa/ cliffs are compos$ ( agglom]ates1 ! l>ge blocks ( :i*1 (t5 t5 cubic feet 9 dim5sion1 are =m$1 n ( ! prevail+ basaltic &esites1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! p59sula1 b ( a grey hornbl5de-&esite4 ,?is s+ul> appe>ance ( an acid &esite 9 a region ( basic rocks has no d\bt giv5 rise to ! native "n ( ,vatu-,ndamu1 8! r$ or br[n /one40 ,x belongs to ! second ord] ( ! hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites1 & is describ$ on page #bih4 ,proce$+ along ! s\? coa/ we/w>d f ,kumbulau ,po9t1 be=e arriv+ at ! village ( ,na ,tokalau we pass f ! di/rict ( agglom]ates into t ( ! b$d$ tuface\s s&/ones & clays :i* are expos$ all along ! coa/ to ,kiombo ab\t ?ree miles away4 ,! transition is indicat$ by ! agglom]ates becom+ int]/ratifi$ ) ! tuff-b$s4 ,^! s$im5t>y tuffs are z a rule /eeply incl9$ at angles ( #bj to #dj degrees1 ! prevail+ direction ( ! dip be+ to ! nor?-ea/1 its uni=mity = su* a l5g? ( coa/ be+ notewor?y4 ,^! b$s h[ev] are occasionally 8crumpl$02 & "h & !re a globul> /ructure is develop$4 ,! hills ( ?is region ( s$im5t>y tuffs betwe5 ,na ,tokalau & ,kiombo are ! highe/ ( ! p59sula4 ,!y usually atta9 a height ( #djj feet1 b d n rea* #ejj feet4 ,f ea* ( !m desc5ds to ! coa/ a spur t]m9at+ 9 a rocky po9t2 :il/ betwe5 ^! po9ts lie l[ s&y flats1 :]e ! native villages ( ,levuka1 ,kiombo1 c41 are situat$4 ,! tuff-rocks ext5d to ! top ( ! hills beh9d ,na ,tokalau1 & probably ?is w be f\nd true ( mo/ ( ! o!r hills4 ,agglom]ates are n common 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 ! po9t we/ ( ,na ,tokalau1 h[ev]1 !y are ov]laid by basaltic agglom]ates1 "s ( ! blocks be+ scoriace\s4 ,9 ! po9t ea/ ( ,levuka1 a *ocolate-col\r$ some:at calc>e\s tuff-clay occurs int]/ratifi$ 9 ?9 b$s ) ! co>s] deposits4 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( ^! tuff-s&/ones & tuff-clays h already be5 briefly ref]r$ to4 ,! =m] are mu* m preval5t & non-calc>e\s2 ! latt] are sometimes a little calc>e\s & look l m>l1 & may p]haps conta9 a few te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,bo? are =m$ ( ! debris ( basic rocks & are m or less palagonitic4 ,! co>s] deposits are describ$ z sample ,a on page #ccj4 ,at times ^! tuffs are compos$ ( mu* co>s] fragm5ts ( ! same mat]ials1 "s ( !m a c5timetre 9 size4 ,a type ( tuff int]m$iate 9 "* is n uncommon4 ,! promontory t lies betwe5 ,kiombo & ,soni-soni ,isl& has be5 =m$ by a rem>kable basaltic fl[4 ,! l[ tongue1 ab\t #ej feet high & #bjj to #cjj y>ds across1 9 :i* x t]m9ates1 0 orig9ally sev]$ by a passage worn by ! sea f ! ma9 portion2 b x is n[ jo9$ by a l[ tract only #b or #c feet above ! bea* & p>tly occupi$ by mangroves4 ,! /ructure ( ! fl[ is well exhibit$ 9 ! %ore-flat & coa/-cliffs we/ ( ,kiombo1 & ext5d+ to ! end ( ! po9t4 ,! waves h "h cut into its mass & expos$ its /ructure4 ,its l[] "p1 z expos$ 9 ! %ore-flat1 is made ( a compact hemicry/all9e basalt2 :il/ its upp] portion1 z display$ 9 ! cliffs1 #cj or #ce feet 9 height1 is compos$ ( vitre\s & semi-vitre\s =ms ( ! same rock look+ l pit*/one4 ,! upp] vitre\s "p is sometimes massive2 b usually x is rubbly1 ) a t5d5cy to =m sph]oidal masses4 ,all transitions c !re be trac$ betwe5 ! hemicry/all9e rock ( ! %ore-flat & ! vitre\s rock ( ! cliffs4 ,! rock ( ! %ore-flat1 :i* has a specific gravity ( #bhc1 is a blacki% porphyritic basalt ) scanty oliv9e1 & on acc\nt ( ! semi-ophitic "* ( ! augites ( ! gr\ndmass x is plac$ 9 g5us #cc ( ! oliv9e class4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are #c to #e mm4 9 size4 ,ab\t half ( ! gr\ndmass is made up ( felsp>-la!s 7#ag mm4 long7 & l>ge augites 7#aa mm471 ! re/ consi/+ ( a smoky devitrifi$ glass conta9+ a few irregul> 8lacun0 fill$ ) ! residual magma 9 ! =m ( a r$di%-br[n opaque palagonite-l mat]ial4 ,! rock int]m$iate betwe5 ! l[] & upp] portions ( ! fl[ is also int]m$iate 9 "*1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bgg1 :il/ q ?ree-f\r?s ( ! gr\ndmass are ( smoky glass4 ,! vitre\s rocks ( ! cliffs1 ?\gh usually rubbly 9 appe>ance1 h also ! aspect 9 places ( brecciat$ pit*/one tuffs ) ! int]/ices fill$ ) waxy palagonite2 b ! microscopical exam9ation %[s t we h n to deal ) a rock ( detrital orig94 ,we h "h ! effects ( ! break+ up & cru%+ 9 situ ( a d>k-br[n isotropic basic glass#dg c>ry+ porphyritic plagioclase4 ,! int]spaces !n became p>tially fill$ ) ! f9] fragm5ts ( ! glass & ( ! cru%$ felsp>2 b !y 7 9 ! ma9 occupi$ by a /ill liquid magma :i* p5etrat$ into ! cracks ( ! glass-fragm5ts & into ^? ( ! felsp>s1 :]e ! fractur$ portions 9 "s cases rema9$ 9 position4 ,!re x has become devitrifi$ & (t5 palagonitis$4 ,:e!r ?is liquid magma 0 produc$ by a p>tial remelt+ result+ f ! heat develop$ dur+ ! cru%+ ( ! glassy upp] portion ( ! fl[ dur+ ! contract+ process1 or :e!r x 0 squeez$ upw>ds f ! less consolidat$ l[] portion1 ,i _c det]m9e1 al?\gh ! la/ supposition seems m probable4 ,at all ev5ts ! edges ( ! glass-fragm5ts are peculi>ly erod$ z if by ! magma4 7,! be>+ ( ^! facts on ! orig9 ( palagonite is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv47 ,i inf] t ?is fl[ has desc5d$ f ! hills we/ ( ,kiombo4 ,huge masses ( agglom]ate are expos$ 9 ! l[] ?ird ( ! hill m>k$ 8#dgj feet0 9 ! *>t1 & imm$iately nor? ( ! t[n4 ,f9e clayey tuffs are expos$ 9 ! hill at ! back & to ! we/w>d ( ?is place2 b ! locality requires a m detail$ exam9ation4 ,! abs5ce to all appe>ance ( vesicul> & scoriace\s rocks 9 ! case ( ?is basaltic fl[ is rem>kable4 ,?is w\ld n h be5 expect$ 9 ! case ( a supra-m>9e fl[2 & inde$ ! te/imony ( ! tuffs ( ?is p59sula suffici5tly indicates t dur+ _! deposition ! :ole di/rict 0 subm]g$4 ,! future inquir] w d\btless discov] "s old volcanic 8necks0 9 ! hills ( ?is p59sula4 ,"o su* hill ov]looks ! ,soni-soni inlet ab\t a mile we/ ( ,kiombo4 ,x is a s+ul> isolat$ hill :i* ,i h nam$ ,b>e-poll ,peak = descriptive purposes4 ,9 my notes its height is /at$ z #abj feet1 b x appe>$ to me to be r high] ?an ?is4 ,x is capp$ by two huge masses1 #ad or #ae feet high1 ( a d>k grey slightly scoriace\s augite-&esite ) a cryptocry/all9e gr\ndmass1 :i* app>5tly =m ! upp]mo/ portion ( a volcanic 8neck0 or pipe4 ,accord+ to ! size ( ^! rock-masses ! 8neck0 w\ld h a circumf]5ce ( #hj or #ij feet4 ,^! masses are 9 "p incru/$ ) agglom]ate4 ,! adjac5t isl& ( ,soni-soni1 :i* is almo/ jo9$ by ! mangrove-belt to ! adjo9+ coa/1 probably repres5ts "o ( ! num]\s small v5ts t 7 once active 9 ?is region4 ,its s+le peak is #dfj feet 9 height4 ,z !re did n seem mu* prospect ( f9d+ rocks expos$ on its upp] "p1 its slopes be+ d5sely cov]$ ) tall re$s1 my exam9ation 0 conf9$ to ! l[] portion dur+ a walk ar\nd ! isl&4 ,on its ea/ & nor? sides occur rocks ( mu* ! same "* z ^? expos$ 9 ! neighb\r+ l[ promontory to ! ea/ ( x4 ,9 addition to agglom]ates & basaltic &esites occurr$ a rubbly pit*/one compos$ ( fragm5ts1 up to a c5timetre 9 size1 ( an opaque br[n glass display+ a few ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & pyrox5e1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ ) cru%$ fragm5ts ( ! ph5ocry/s & f9] glass debris4 ,?is rock is alli$ to ! 8cru%-tuffs0 describ$ on page #ccd4 ,x may be add$ t ! basic tuffs are m frequ5t on ! we/ & s\? sides ( ! isl&4 ,! l[ isl& ( ,na ,vatu 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,soni-soni inlet is ab\t #bej feet across & only #c or #d feet above ! ord9>y high-tide level4 ,9 #ahih1 :5 ,i visit$ x1 ?is t9y isl& possess$ ab\t #bj h\ses & a population ( #fj or #gj p]sons1 & ,i ga!r f ,hazlewood's acc\nt ( ^! isl&s t ,na ,vatu 0 cr[d$ ) h\ses m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,x 0 app>5tly 9 ! fir/ place a s&-key1 & is protect$ aga9/ ! wa% ( ! waves by a l[ sea-wall =m$ ( l>ge blocks ( /one4 ,an int]e/+ exposure ( b$d$ tuffs & clays is display$ at ,ravi-ravi on ! we/ side ( ! p59sula4 ,a broad %ore-flat has be5 =m$ by ! m>9e erosion ( a l9e ( coa/ compos$ ( ^! deposits4 ,! /rike is well exhibit$1 ! dip be+ ab\t #cj degrees ,n4 by ,w4 ,"h !re are alt]nat+ b$s1 a few in*es ?ick1 ( co>se & f9e tuface\s s&/ones1 sometimes calc>e\s1 ) m>ls or calc>e\s clays4 ,! m9]al fragm5ts ( ! co>s] rocks are compos$ ( plagioclase1 augite & rhombic pyrox5e1 ! la/ be+ abundant & giv+ a m acid "* to ^! deposits4 ,! calc>e\s fragm5ts appe> to be pr9cipally %ell debris4 ,! m>l is 9 "p compos$ ( mu* f9] detritus ( ! same m9]als4 ,! o!r mat]ials ( ^! deposits are d]iv$ f ! degradation ( basic &esitic rocks1 & include also a little palagonite4 ,to ! we/w>d ( ,ravi-ravi ^! b$s %[ signs ( di/urbance1 be+ /eeply tilt$ to ! ,n4,w4 ,agglom]ates also occur 9 ! di/urb$ area4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,kumbulau p59sula is evid5tly ! hi/ory ( ! eruptive phases ( a numb] ( m or less subm]g$ small v5ts & ( ! p]iods ( great m>9e erosion t foll[$ dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,! abs5ce or r>ity ( dykes is rem>kable2 b mo/ ( ! hills w\ld repres5t volcanic 8necks0 :e!r ( massive rock1 tuff1 or agglom]ate4 ,,! ,,di/rict ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,kumbulau ,,p59sula ,,& ,,! ,,yanawai ,,riv]4--,betwe5 ,n&i ,inlet & ! village ( ,rewa ! sea-bord] is l[ & (t5 swampy1 :il/ occasional spurs desc5d f ! inl& range into ! swamps )\t rea*+ ! coa/4 ,pebbles ( 8soap/one0 7=am9if]\s mud-rock7 occur 9 /reams & are no d\bt d]iv$ f ! incru/+ deposits ( ! neighb\r+ hill slopes4 ,9 "o /ream-b$ 9 ! swamps is expos$ 9 situ a rem>kable *ocolate-col\r$ rock t looks l a greasy pit*/one or a palagonite-rock4 ,x is h[ev] ( detrital orig91 & is compos$ 9 mass ( m9ute fragm5ts ( a basic1 sometimes vacuol>1 glass 9 great "p conv]t$ into palagonite2 :il/ !re are a numb] ( brok5 cry/als ( oliv9e & plagioclase4 ,?r\gh ! palagonitic alt]ation ! fragm5tal "* is some:at obscur$1 zeolites be+ ext5sively develop$ 9 ! int]/ices4 ,a little lime occurs & !re is a suspicion ( =am9if]a4 ,! deposit belongs to ! gr\p ( palagonite m>ls describ$ on page #cce4 ,! deep] rocks ( ! di/rict are repres5t$ 9 a spur by an alt]$ augite-&esite1 orig9ally hemicry/all9e & conta9+ mu* granul> epidote4 ,proce$+ nor?w>d f ! village ( ,rewa1 "o crosses ano!r spur desc5d+ f ! inl& range4 ,x is =m$ 9 mass ( a d>k dol]itic oliv9e-basalt 7spec4 grav4 #bia7 *>act]is$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s 7#bh mm471 possess+ a little int]/itial glass1 & ref]r$ to g5us #be ( ! oliv9e class4 ,x probably repres5ts an anci5t fl[4 ,its surface is incru/$1 z high z ! road asc5ds1 ne>ly #bjj feet above ! sea1 by f9e & co>se palagonite-tuffs2 :il/ ! pebbles ( =am9if]\s mud-rock 9 ! /ream indicate ! exi/5ce ( incru/+ m>9e deposits fur!r up ! slopes4 ,! road !n leads d[n into a l[-ly+ undulat+ di/rict t =ms ! sea bord] z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,yanawai1 & rea*es ab\t two miles inl& )\t exce$+ an elevation ( #ajj feet1 al?\gh l[ hills occur "h & !re4 ,?is region is front$ by mangrove swamps & is trav]s$ by ! ,matasawalevu & ,ndranimako /reams4 ,x is a di/rict ( basic tuffs & =am9if]\s clays1 :i*1 z %[n bel[1 ext5d up ! slopes ( ! basaltic ,wa9unu table-l& t lies beh9d4 ,! soil 9 all ! l[ c\ntry betwe5 ,rewa & ! ,yanawai is r$1 heavy1 wet1 & clayey2 & af=ds a contra/ to ! dry friable soil ( ! ,kumbulau & ,kiombo region to ! s\?w>d4 ,! ,navakavura pla9 ly+ nor? ( ,rewa des]ves especial m5tion4 ,x is a l[1 swampy di/rict :i* a mile inl& is rais$ only #bj or #cj feet above ! sea1 & is mo/ly occupi$ by casu>9a & p&anus trees4 ,r$ argillace\s rocks1 repres5t+ m or less decompos$ palagonite co>se & f9e tuffs1 are expos$ 9 ! banks ( ! /reams4 ,"s ( !m 7 orig9ally made up ( fragm5ts ( basic glass :i* aft] be+ palagonitis$ became mu* dis9tegrat$4 ,a typical specim5 by my side has a soapy feel & looks l a lump ( r$ clay4 ,microscopical exam9ation %[s t x is compos$ 9 mass ( palagonite1 b 9 an extreme /age ( ! alt]ation process4 ,aft] trav]s+ ! ,navakavura pla91 "o crosses a l[ hill r ov] #ajj feet above ! sea be=e desc5d+ to ,ndranimako4 ,on ! hill are expos$ r$di% clay-rocks1 mu* wea!r$1 b %[+ vegetable rema9s & a few univalve & bivalve %ells4 ,ext5sive subm>9e deposits occur 9 ! inl& di/rict we/ ( ,ndranimako4 ,!y are ! usual =am9if]\s clay-rocks or 8soap/ones10 & 9 places !y conta9 pt]opod %ells4 ,!y are well display$ 9 riv]-banks1 & 9 ! hill-slopes on ei!r side2 b !y are probably ( no great ?ickness s9ce 9 "o locality nam$ ,na ,savu1 ne>ly two miles we/ ( ,ndranimako1 ! und]ly+ basaltic rock is expos$ 9 ! b$ ( a gully1 ! sides be+ ( 8soap/one40 ,^! deposits 7 =m$ 9 comp>atively deep wat]4#dh ,! greate/ elevation at :i* !y 7 obs]v$ 0 ab\t #ajj feet2 b ?is 0 z high z ,i rea*$ 9 ! asc5t ( ! riv]4 ,accord+ to ! natives1 :o are v obs]vant 9 su* matt]s1 ^! subm>9e deposits ext5d up ! slopes ( ! adjac5t ,wa9unu plateau4 ,on page #hf ref]5ce is made to _! occurr5ce on ! slopes ( ?is basaltic table-l&1 #a or #b miles f>!r nor?4 ,9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,ndranimako & ! ,yanawai riv]s basic tuffs & 8soap/one0 prevail4 ,9 ?is locality1 & especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ndranimako1 silice\s concretions #b to #c in*es across1 occur 9 places on ! surface4 ,_! nature is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks x may be inf]r$ t ! sea-bord] betwe5 ! ,kumbulau ,p59sula & ! ,yanawai ,riv] is =m$ ( subm>9e deposits ov]ly+ basic rocks :i* probably repres5t anci5t fl[s4 ,"s ( ! deposits are l>gely =m$ ( glassy erupt$ mat]ials1 :i* h be5 conv]t$ into palagonite4 ,o!rs aga9 are m *>act]i/ic s$im5t>y =mations accumulat$ 9 relatively deep wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,ndr&ramea ,,di/rict ,,?is hilly region ( acid &esites is a cont9uation ( ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl&1 be+ sep>at$ f ! basaltic m\nta9 ( ,seatura by ! saddle =m$ by ! ,na ,savu table-l&4 ,^! acid &esites exhibit 9 ne>ly all cases a felsitic gr\ndmass & ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & rhombic pyrox5e2 :il/ _m ( !m are *>act]is$ by br[n hornbl5de m or less pseudomorphos$ 9 ! mann] describ$ on page #cjf1 & a few display porphyritic qu>tz4 ,al?\gh ^! rocks h a common facies1 !y v>y consid]ably among !mselves2 & x is difficult to f9d a t]m t w\ld /rictly include !m all4 ,a g5]al description ( _! *>act]s is giv5 9 ! *apt] on ! ,acid ,&esites4 ,9 ?is int]e/+ region a numb] ( hills or m\nta9s =m$ 9 mass ( acid &esites rise up abruptly )\t any regul> arrangem5t )9 an area measur+ #e by #f miles1 & elevat$ #fjj to #a1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,( ^! hills1 ?irte5 9 all1 n9e range 9 height betwe5 #a1fjj & #b1ejj feet above ! sea1 none ( ! o!rs ris+ less ?an #a1jjj feet above t level4 ,b ! actual height ( ea* hill above ! c\ntry at its base is mu* less ?an ?is4 ,! height ( ! hill-mass1 9 five or six ( ! l>ge/1 ranges betwe5 #ijj & #a1bjj feet1 :il/ 9 ! small] hills x v>ies betwe5 #djj & #hjj feet4 7,see accompany+ plan47 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,ndr&ramea ,di/rict f ! we/w>d4 ,! hills & m\nta9s are ( acid &esites & dacites4 ,! =egr\nd is elevat$ ab\t #dej feet above ! sea4 ,face p4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\gh plan ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict 9 ,vanua ,levu2 made ) prismatic compass & an]oid by ,h4 ,b4 ,guppy4 ,^! hills h sometimes a r\nd$ pr(ile1 :5 _! summits are usually wood$4 ,o!rs aga9 t]m9ate 9 conical b>e rocky peaks1 ei!r po9t$ or truncat$4 ,!y h (t5 precipit\s slopes & display v]tical cliff-faces high up _! sides4 ,_! arrangem5t is r s+ul>4 ,to ! s\? & ap>t f ! o!rs lies ,soloa ,levu 7#a1fjj feet74 ,navun+umu 7#a1icj feet7 is simil>ly isolat$ on ! nor?4 ,on ! ea/ rises ,nga+ai 7#b1dcj feet71 ! highe/ ( ! peaks1 ) ,wawa ,levu 7#b1jjj feet71 ,vatu ,k]imasi 7#a1ijj feet71 ,vatu ,vanaya 7#a1fjj feet71 & ,mbona ,lailai 7#b1ajj feet7 closely clu/]$ by its side4 ,on ! we/ !re is ano!r gr\p ( hills1 ( :i* ,ndr&ramea 7#a1hjj feet7 is ! highe/ & be/ kn[n4 ,associat$ ) x are ,kala-,kala 7#a1fjj feet71 ,mako-mako1 ,?oka-s+a 7#a1cjj feet71 ,vatu ,mata 7#a1jej feet71 & ano!r unnam$ peak 7#a1djj feet7 ly+ we/ ( ,ndr&ramea4 ,! di/ricts betwe5 & among ! hills are mu* cut up into less] hills & ridges1 ! result ( ! v ext5sive d5udation to :i* ?is region has be5 subject$4 ,! great] "p ( ?is area is dra9$ by ! ,tambu-lotu tribut>y ( ! ,wa9unu2 b 9 ! nor!rn "p we cross ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,wa9unu & ,ndreketi bas9s1 & to rea* ,navun+umu we cross ! valley ( "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,ndreketi4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,ndr&ramea region ext5ds a brok5 c\ntry1 elevat$ r m ?an #a1jjj feet above ! sea1 & f x !re rise "o or two hills ) b>e cliff-faces1 :i* are probably compos$ ( simil> acid &esites4 ,al?\gh = ! mo/ "p compos$ ( ^! acid &esites1 ea* hill1 z f> z my obs]vations %[1 has z a rule its own type ( ! rock1 diff]+ f ! o!rs 9 specific weight1 9 ! texture ( ! gr\ndmass1 & 9 ! relative proportion ( ! porphyritic con/itu5ts4 ,! petrological *>act]s w be f\nd m fully discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi42 & only "s ( ! m di/9ctive features w be notic$ "h 9 ! foll[+ description ( ! di/rict4 ,,! ,,nga+ai ,,gr\p ,,( ,,hills4--,)9 a space less ?an a mile squ>e rise ,nga+ai1 ,wawa ,levu1 & ! o!r ?ree hills above nam$1 s closely clu/]$ toge!r t ! collective "n ( 8,h5 & ,*ick5s0 might be aptly appli$ to ! gr\p4 ,! peculi> =m ( ,nga+ai is %[n 9 ! accompany+ pr(ile-sket*4 ,x is ! ,nangorongoro ( ! ,admiralty *>t4 ,! height ( ! m\nta9 f its base is #a1ajj to #a1bjj feet4 ,its asc5t1 :i* is n difficult1 may be made f ! we/ side4 ,above its wood$ slopes rises its b>e rocky peak1 f :i* a magnific5t panoramic view ( ! we/]n half ( ,vanua ,levu c be obta9$4 ,*>act]i/ic dacites ) porphyritic qu>tz came "u my notice all ! way up f ! foot to ! summit1 be+ occasionally expos$ 9 p]p5dicul> cliff-faces4 ,specim5s tak5 f ! upp] & l[] portions are uni=m 9 "*1 & h a specific gravity ( #beg4 ,no o!r rocks 7 obs]v$ on its slopes4 ,! :ole hill-mass is 9 great "p if n entirely =m$ ( ^! acid &esites4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! n>r[ cre/$ peak ( ,nga+ai & ! dome-%ap$ summit ( ,wawa ,levu is se5 9 ! sket*2 & ?is is ! m rem>kable because x is n associat$1 z f> z ,i c\ld asc]ta91 ) any important diff]5ce 9 geological "*4 ,wawa ,levu rises precipit\sly to a height ( #ijj or #a1jjj feet above its base1 & displays (t5 p]p5dicul> cliff-faces on its sides4 ,its broad level soil-cov]$ summit is mo/ly cov]$ ) "y wood1 few ( ! trees hav+ trunks m ?an #d in*es 9 diamet]1 :il/ !y are usually clo!d ) damp moss1 & are (t5 decay$ & rott54#di ,true dacites1 closely simil> to ^? ( ! neighb\r+ ,nga+ai & hav+ a specific gravity ( #bfa1 7 display$ (t5 9 slab-l blocks f ! base to ne> ! top4 ,! rudely column> /ructure to be obs]v$ 9 "s ( ! o!r hills is r>ely exhibit$4 ,no o!r rocks came "u my notice4 ,! rema9s ( ! /one walls ( two old 8w>-t[ns10 "o ( !m nam$ 8,ndaku-i-tonga10 occur on its s\? & s\?-ea/ slopes4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(iles ( ,nga+ai & ,wawa ,levu f ,nambuna to ! s\?-we/4 ,bo? are dacitic m\nta9s4 ,! o!r ?ree hills ( ! ,nga+ai gr\p 7 n asc5d$ by me4 ,!y %[ ! same b>e cliff-faces & h to all appe>ance ! same geological "*4 ,mbona ,lailai & ,vatu ,k]imasi are two blunt-topp$ conical hills ) precipit\s slopes t rise respectively ab\t #ijj & #gjj feet above ! c\ntry at _! base4 ,vatu ,vanaya1 ab\t #ejj feet 9 height1 has a r\nd$ summit4 ,,! ,,ndr&ramea ,,gr\p ,,( ,,hills4--,a view ( ^! hills f ! we/w>d is giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,!y h a l[] elevation ?an ! hills ( ! ,nga+ai gr\p1 none ( !m ris+ to ov] #a1hjj feet above ! sea1 :il/ _! height f ! base is also less1 rang+ betwe5 #djj & #ijj feet4 ,!y rise1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 9 ! mid/ ( a d5sely-wood$ brok5 c\ntry4 ,ndr&ramea1 :i* is #a1hjj feet above ! sea1 has an individual height ( ab\t #ijj feet4 ,fijians 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! isl& are famili> ) ! "n ( ?is rem>kable peak4 ,x has a leg5d>y fame2 & l ,wawa ,levu 9 ! old "t x s]v$ z a m\nta9 /ronghold 9 times ( w>4 ,! rema9s ( a /onewall ( a 8koro-ni-valu0 or 8t[n ( w>10 kn[n z ,mata-mei-ndami-ndami1 occur on its side1 #cjj or #cej feet bel[ its summit2 :il/ among ! wild lemon trees t cov] ! slopes bel[ l>ge ovoid sl+-/ones #d or #e in*es 9 l5g? may /ill be f\nd4 ,view$ f ! s\?-ea/1 z %[n 9 ! frontispiece1 ,ndr&ramea has ! %ape ( a woman's brea/2 & evid5tly ! orig9 ( its "n is connect$ ) ?is resemblance4 ,b se5 f ! we/ & s\?-we/1 z 9 ! o!r g5]al view ( ! di/rict 7page #ih71 x has a broadly truncat$ conical outl9e1 its =m be+ inde$ some:at elongat$ or elliptical4 ,?is hill pres5ts precipit\s slopes1 & on ! s\? side x %[s b>e rocky faces4 ,z se5 9 ! illu/ration1 x might appe> inaccessible2 b ! asc5t is n difficult on ! we/ side4 ,x is compos$ 9 mass ( an acid &esite alli$ to ! dacites ( ,nga+ai & ,wawa ,levu1 b diff]+ 9 ! hemicry/all9e "* ( ! gr\ndmass 7except at ! base71 9 ! porphyritic developm5t ( rhombic pyrox5e1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( porphyritic qu>tz4 ,z rem>k$ on page #cja1 ! rock becomes m basic z "o desc5ds ! hill4 ,at ! top its specific weight is #bdd1 ab\t #cjj feet bel[ x is #beh1 at #gjj feet f ! top x is #bfh1 & at ! base ( ! hill :]e x is holocry/all9e & has a dioritic appe>ance x is #bga4 ,t x possesses a rudely column> /ructure is %[n by ! occurr5ce "h & !re on ! slopes & at ! base ( ! hill ( portions ( pro/rate columns1 #c to #d feet broad & sometimes #bj to #be feet long1 :i* h a r\nd$ surface & look l fossil tree-trunks4 ,masses ( agglom]ate ( ! same &esitic rocks lie ab\t 9 places on ! l[] slopes1 ! includ$ blocks1 :i* are a few in*es across1 be+ sometimes r\nd$4 ,! neighb\r+ hills ly+ s\? & we/ ( ,ndr&ramea are1 z f> z my obs]vations %[1 ( ! same acid type ( &esite4 ,x is connect$ ) ^? ne>e/ by a saddle1 #a1ajj feet above ! sea1 :]e ! same holocry/all9e =m ( ! rock occurs1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bg & be+ (t5 rudely column> 9 /ructure4 ,kala-kala1 ab\t #a1fjj feet above ! sea1 is an impos+-look+ hill ) p]p5dicul> cliff-faces on "s ( its sides4 ,i did n asc5d x1 b f\nd at its base a rock ( ! same &esitic type1 diff]+ f t ( ,ndr&ramea 9 ! m cry/all9e "* ( ! gr\ndmass1 & hav+ a specific gravity ( #bfa4 ,we/ ( ,kala-kala is ! outly+ hill ( ,vatu ,mata ) a flat top & ris+ only ab\t #djj feet f its base4 ,x has all ! appe>ance ( be+ compos$ ( ! same &esitic rocks4 ,x is %[n on ! left-h& 9 ! illu/ration4 ,ly+ s\? ( ,kala-kala are ! two peaks ( ,mako-mako & ,?oka-s+a1 ris+ respectively #a1djj & #a1cjj feet above ! sea4 ,i asc5d$ ! la/-nam$1 :i* has a r\nd$ summit cov]$ ) trees4 ,approa*+ x f ,nambuna on ! ea/1 ,i f\nd at its foot a l>ge mass ( pit*/one-agglom]ate1 =m$ ( fragm5ts ( vitre\s basic rocks1 su* z occurs ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ,soloa ,levu on ! o!r side ( ! valley4 ,! slopes ( ,?oka-s+a1 betwe5 #bjj & #dej feet bel[ ! summit1 are /rewn ) masses ( ano!r k9d ( agglom]ate made up ( blocks #c to #h in*es across1 occasionally r\nd$1 & compos$ ( ! same felsitic &esite1 ( :i* ! mass ( ! hill is =m$4 ,?is la/-nam$ rock is expos$ 9 bulk 9 ! upp] "p1 b on ! summit ! agglom]ate reappe>s4 ,x has a granitoid appe>ance1 & is di/+ui%$ f ! acid &esites ( ! o!r hills ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict by its great] specific gravity 7#bgb to #bgd71 by its holocry/all9e texture1 & by ! co>se gra9 ( ! mosaic ( its felsitic gr\ndmass1 :i* is probably qu>tz-be>+ b is relatively scanty4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ref]able to ! same gr\p ( felsitic &esites1 b is to be plac$ at ! basic end ( ! s]ies4 7,its description is giv5 on page #cjb47 ,9 ,?oka-s+a we h !re=e a hill :i* is evid5tly =m$ 9 mass ( ^! holocry/all9e felsitic &esites b cov]$ 9 places ) an agglom]ate ( ! same mat]ials4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ?is feature 9 ! /ructure ( ,ndr&ramea4 ,s9ce ! blocks are sometimes r\nd$1 su* agglom]ates may repres5t ! result ( m>9e erosion dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,9 ! case ( ,navun+umu1 :]e !y lie abruptly on calc>e\s clays conta9+ te/s ( =am9if]a & %ells ( pt]opods1 a diff]5t explanation appe>s to be ne$$4 ,,! ,,hill ,,( ,,soloa ,,levu4--,?is isolat$ hill1 :i* pres5ts ano!r type ( ^! acid &esites1 has a broad r\nd$ summit2 & ?\gh elevat$ ab\t #a1fjj feet above ! sea1 ! hill itself rises only #hjj or #ijj feet above ! c\ntry at its base4 ,x is n easy to obta9 a view ( ! pr(ile ( ?is hill & to asc]ta9 its relation to its surr\nd+s2 & x 0 only :5 ,i view$ x f ne> ! top ( ,vatu ,kaisia six miles to ! ea/w>d t ,i 0 able to und]/& its position4 ,look+ f t /&po9t across ! basaltic table-l& ( ,wa9unu "o obs]v$ ,soloa ,levu ris+ z a dome-%ap$ hill at ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! table-l& & app>5tly n sep>at$ f x4 ,! exam9ation ( ! di/rict %[s t on ! ea/ & s\?-ea/ sides ?is hill 0 9 "p surr\nd$ by ! great basaltic fl[s by :i* ! table-l& 0 built up4 ,basic tuffs & agglom]ates1 h[ev]1 occur on ! l[] slopes on ! nor?-we/1 we/1 & s\?-we/ sides1 s t ,soloa ,levu 9 fact lies 9 ! mid/ ( an area ( basic rocks4 ,! type ( acid &esite :i* is display$ 9 ! upp] two-?irds ( ! hill is di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! o!r hills ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict by its or?ophyric gr\ndmass4 ,in/ead ( a f9e mosaic1 ! matrix displays z a rule an arrangem5t ( %ort /\t plagioclase prisms2 b 9 "o ( my slides ! two =ms ( gr\ndmass are associat$4 ,9 _! g5]al *>act]s z describ$ on page #bif1 !y _c be sep>at$ f ! acid &esites ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict4 ,_! specific weight ranges betwe5 #bed & #bfb1 & l mo/ ( ! o!r acid &esites !y conta9 little1 if any1 int]/itial glass4 ,huge blocks ( ^! rocks lie ab\t on ! slopes1 (t5 assum+ a column> =m1 ! fragm5ts ( su* columns be+ sometimes #e or #f feet 9 diamet]1 & #ab to #ae feet 9 l5g?4 ,i f\nd "o su* block /&+ erect l a solit>y obelisk4 ,! be/ way to obs]ve ! basic rocks t inve/ ! l[] slopes ( ,soloa ,levu is to foll[ ! track t skirts x on ! s\? side on ! way f ,tambu-lotu to ,vunivuvundi4 ,palagonitic tuffs conta9+ 9 places a little lime#ej & compos$ ( fragm5ts ( basic glass ( v>y+ size & m or less palagonitis$ ext5d f ,tambu-lotu & ,nuku-ni-tambua 7two villages ly+ ab\t a mile to ! we/w>d7 to ! we/ & s\?-we/ slopes ( ,soloa ,levu4 ,a pit*/one-agglom]ate1 =m$ ( fragm5ts ( a basic glass inclos+ l>ge cry/als ( plagioclase felsp> "o-?ird ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is associat$ ) ^! tuffs on ! l[] nor?-we/1 we/1 & s\?-we/ slopes ( ! hill4 ,! tuffs are =m$ ( ! same mat]ials z ! pit*/one-agglom]ates1 b diff] 9 _! "* ( be+ m or less palagonitis$4 ,h[ev]1 on ! nor?-we/ side ! latt] h also und]gone ?is *ange4 ,on page #cab w be f\nd a description ( ! basic glass ( ^! agglom]ates 9 its fre% & 9 its alt]$ condition4 ,huge blocks ( ^! rocks /rew ! surface on ! s\?-we/ slopes ( ,soloa ,levu1 & 9 "o place ! und]ly+ acid &esite t =ms ! mass ( ! hill is expos$ 9 a /ream-c\rse4 ,^! pit*/one-agglom]ates & palagonitic pit*/one-tuffs are elevat$ betwe5 #fjj & #gej feet above ! sea4 ,z "o proce$s on ! road to ,vunivuvundi & skirts ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! hill "o asc5ds ! we/]n bord] ( ! basaltic ,wa9unu table-l& :i*1 h[ev]1 is mu* cut up by riv]s 9 ?is locality4 ,"h ! tuffs & agglom]ates give place to a basaltic &esite1 & on rea*+ an elevation ( #a1jjj feet we arrive at ! top ( ! table-l& f :i* an asc5t ( ,soloa ,levu is easily made4 ,! road !n lies on1 b p>allel to1 ! bord] ( ?is plateau = "s di/ance until x desc5ds into a deep valley worn by "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,wa9unu ,riv]4 ,?is hill ( ,soloa ,levu is 9 fact a mass ( acid &esite situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( an area ( basic rocks4 ,i f\nd basaltic rocks expos$ 9 ! /ream c\rses to ! nor? & simil> rocks prevail on ! nor?-we/ on ! way betwe5 ,nambuna & ,tambu-lotu4 ,x has be5 above rem>k$ t on ! ea/ & s\? x has be5 9 "p surr\nd$ by ! basaltic fl[s ( ! ,wa9unu table-l&1 & t pit*/one-tuffs & agglom]ates cov] its l[] slopes on ! we/ & s\?-we/1 yet x is n easy to f9d any trace ( ! v5t f :i* !y fl[$ or 7 eject$4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t ! occurr5ce "h & !re ( basic rocks 9 ! mid/ ( ?is region sugge/s ! vic9ity ( dykes4 ,= in/ance1 9 a deep gulley ab\t half a mile s\?-we/ ( ,kalakala1 :]e a dacitic rock 0 expos$ 9 situ1 ,i came ^u a s+le l>ge mass ( an aphanitic augite-&esite ( ! type describ$ "u g5us #af1 species ,a1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,,! ,,alt]$ ,,acid ,,&esites ,,( ,,! ,,ndr&ramea ,,di/rict4--,"o ( ! mo/ important features ( ! geological /ructure ( ?is di/rict lies 9 ! fact t ! b$-rock expos$ 9 ! l[] region betwe5 ! hills is a highly alt]$ acid &esite ( ! type f\nd 9 ! hills ar\nd4 ,by ref]r+ to ! map ( ?is locality1 x w be obs]v$ t betwe5 ! ,ndr&ramea hills on ! we/ & ! ,nga+ai hills on ! ea/ is ! valley ( ! ,tambu-lotu riv] & its tribut>ies1 an op5 brok5 c\ntry deeply erod$ by ! /reams1 & elevat$ #fjj to #gjj feet above ! sea4 ,^! alt]$ rocks are well expos$ 9 ! deep gorge-l *annel ( ! riv] betwe5 ! village ( ,nambuna & ! foot ( ,ndr&ramea1 & 9 fact 9 all places 9 ?is di/rict :]e ! /reams h worn deeply into ! surface4 ,!y h a co>se felsitic gr\ndmass1 & are describ$ "u ! felsitic ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-&esites on page #big4 ,!y pres5t all degrees ( *ange f ! h>d d>k grey mottl$ rocks1 9 :i* ! ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & rhombic pyrox5e are 9 "p replac$ by calcitic1 viriditic1 & *loritic mat]ials1 to ^? :]e ! pseudomorphism & alt]ation is complete1 :5 ! decomposition products give _! "* to a pale yell[i% rock1 :i* sp>kles ) pyrites & (t5 eff]vesces briskly ) an acid4 ,aft] ?is comes ! f9al /age ( dis9tegration1 & we get a :iti% rott5 /one1 (t5 full ( pyrites1 ! la/ condition ( :i* is %[n 9 a kaol9-l mat]ial expos$ 9 ! riv]-side4 ,! ext5sive alt]ation ( ^! rocks is also indicat$ by ! occurr5ce among/ ! gravel ( ! riv]-b$ & small /ream c\rses ne> ,nambuna ( fragm5ts ( cle> qu>tz prisms1 half an in* across1 & ( nodules1 ?ree in*es 9 size & sometimes holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 =m$ ( radiat+ qu>tz cry/als t once fill$ cavities 9 ! alt]$ rock4 ,small masses ( ve9-qu>tz also occur 9 ^! /reams1 =m$ 9 a fissure by ! gr[? ( ! cry/als f ! sides t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,i 0 unable to f9d ! s\rce ( ! qu>tz2 b x is probable t x 0 produc$ ne> ! l9e ( contact betwe5 ! basaltic fl[s to ! ea/w>d & ! old] felsitic rocks ( ! di/rict4 ,! great alt]ation ( ! acid &esitic rocks expos$ z ! b$-rocks 9 ?is region may 9 all probability be attribut$ to ! vic9ity ( ^! basaltic rocks4 ,! two =mations app>5tly come into contact ab\t a mile ea/ ( ,nambuna4 ,9 trav]s+ ?is di/rict on ! road to ,ndrawa "o fir/ obs]ves 9 situ 9 ! /reams ! decompos$ felsitic b$-rock ) occasional loose blocks ( a qu>tzitic rock t displays 9 ! ?9 section a mosaic ( irregul> gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,aft]w>ds1 z "o rises gradually to ! top ( ! basaltic plateau1 basaltic rocks are alone expos$ 9 position4 ,9 ! "* ( ! f9e riv] s& a clue may be f\nd to ! exact locality ( ! contact4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! &esitic area betwe5 ,nambuna & ,ndr&ramea1 ! s&1 besides conta9+ mu* magnetic iron1 is also compos$ to a l>ge ext5t ( rhombic pyrox5e prisms1 cle> qu>tz gra9s1 & fragm5ts ( plagioclase1 all d]iv$ f ! porphyritic cry/als ( ! dacites1 c4 ,ne> ! basaltic di/rict we f9d t ! qu>tz & rhombic pyrox5e h disappe>$1 ! s& be+ l>gely made up ( magnetic-iron gra9s mix$ ) fragm5ts ( plagioclase4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile & ,geological ,section ( ,vanua ,levu1 across ! isl& f ! ,s>awanga 7nor?7 coa/ to ! ,yanawai 7s\?7 coa/4 ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,acid ,,&esite ,,rocks ,,9 ,,! ,,ndr&ramea ,,di/rict4--,by ref]r+ to ! map ( ?is locality x w be obs]v$ t ?is region ( &esites ext5ds nor?w>d to ! ,navun+umu ,range1 & t on ! s\? x w\ld be sep>at$ f ! di/rict ( tuffs & agglom]ates1 nam$ ! table-l& ( ,na ,savu1 by a l9e jo9+ ! hills ( ,soloa ,levu & ,?okas+a4 ,on ! ea/ x is b\nd$ by ! basaltic area ( ! ,wa9unu table-l&4 ,on ! we/ x ext5ds at ! surface1 ) an occasional ov]ly+ pat* ( subm>9e tuffs & clays1 = a di/ance ( at lea/ two or ?ree miles f ! base ( ! hills1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! direction ( ,s>awanga1 m ?an half way to ! coa/4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ ! relation ( ^! acid rocks to ! basalts & to ! s$im5t>y deposits 9 ! geological section4 ,:5 tak+ ! track f ,s>awanga to ,nambuna by way ( ,ndr&ramea "o soon ent]s ! region ( ^! acid &esites4 ,! prevail+ rock expos$ on ! surface1 :]e x is usually mu* decompos$1 is a blui%-grey hyp]/h5e-&esite ) a specific gravity ( #bed1 & display+ 9 a cryptocry/all9e gr\ndmass1 :]e ! felsitic texture c be recognis$1 abundant ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & rhombic pyrox5e4 ,z high z #ejj feet above ! sea x is occasionally capp$ by pat*es ( palagonitis$ clays & tuffs scantily =am9if]\s1 & at "o place ,i notic$ a pat* ( agglom]ate1 ! subangul> blocks six to eight in*es across be+ =m$ ( ! same acid &esite4 ,9 ! same way by tak+ ! road f ,tembe-ni-ndio to ,nambuna1 pass+ ! hill ( ,kala-kala on ! way1 we leave beh9d ! =am9if]\s tuffs & lime/ones ( ! l[] coa/ regions2 & :5 ab\t #djj feet above ! sea we ent] ! inl& di/rict ( felsitic &esites :i* beg9 ab\t two miles f ,tembe-ni-ndio4 ,,! ,,navun+umu ,,range4--,by foll[+ ! track f ,nambuna to ,navun+umu "o skirts ! bases ( ,wawa ,levu & ,nga+ai1 :]e dacitic rocks are expos$4 ,aft] pass+ ! wat]%$#ea betwe5 ! ,wa9unu & ,ndreketi riv]s1 ! track desc5ds into ! deep valley ( "o ( ! we/]n tribut>ies ( ! ,ndreketi1 :]e a *>act]i/ic holocry/all9e type ( ^! felsitic &esites is expos$4 ,approa*+ ,navun+umu "o f9ds expos$ at its base agglom]ates1 compos$ ( scoriace\s & amygdaloidal semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 ov]ly+ a d>k tuface\s s&/one :i* on exam9ation proves to be a basic pumice\s tuff ( ! type describ$ on page #ccc1 & scantily =am9if]\s4 ,we /& n[ 9 a region ( basic rocks on ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! range1 & be=e u rises abruptly ! weird-look+ magnetic peak ( ,navun+umu1 :i* is well repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,9 ! wet season its summit is usually envelop$ 9 ! ?und]-cl\ds4 ,its elevation above ! sea is #a1icj feet1 b e/imat$ f its base its height is #a1jjj to #a1ajj feet4 ,! natives also "n ?is peak ,na ,seyanga1 aft] a t[n t once exi/$ 9 ?is locality4 ,x is ! summit ( a range t ext5ds a mile or m to ! nor? :]e x t]m9ates 9 a less] peak kn[n z ,mumu4 ,asc5d+ ! peak ( ,navun+umu f ! s\?-ea/ "o f9ds expos$ 9 its l[] "p1 up to #a1bjj feet above ! sea1 pit*/one-agglom]ates 7compos$ ( fragm5ts ( a vitre\s basic rock7 & :ite tuface\s s&/ones 7conta9+ a few te/s ( =am9if]a71 su* z are describ$ bel[ 9 ! case ( ! neighb\r+ ,mb5u?a ,cliffs4 ,betwe5 #a1cjj & #a1ejj feet !re is display$ 9 position a typical dacite ( ! type describ$ on page #cjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mt4 ,,tavia 7#b1baj feet7 f ,,vatu ,,kaisia4 ,x is probably =m$ ( an acid &esite4 ,illu/ration3 ,! magnetic peak ( ,,navun+umu 7#a1ica feet7 f ! s\?4 ,! summit repres5ts a basaltic neck4 ,face p4 #ajh4 ,! peak itself is =m$ ( a d>k-br[n slightly vesicul> semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite1 ( :i*1 9 fact1 = ! upp] #bjj feet1 ! summit is compos$4 ,! rock is some:at rubbly2 & :]e x is expos$ on ! b>e peak x is p[]fully magnetic1 display+ pol>ity 9 a m>k$ degree1 & r5d]+ ! compass useless 7see page #cfh74 ,a specim5 ( ! magnetic rock1 :i* is a little vesicul>1 has a specific gravity ( #bhb4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! augite-&esites describ$ on page #bfg4 ,x displays 9 ! slide porphyritic plagioclase1 ) a little augite1 9 a gr\ndmass =m$ ( a plexus ( m9ute felsp>-la!s 7#jf mm4 9 l5g?71 & exhibit+ a l>ge am\nt ( a br[n opaque glass 9 :i* gra9s & rods ( magnetite ) a few pyrox5e granules are develop$4 ,! magnetite 9 ! gr\ndmass1 al?\gh abundant1 is n 9 great] quantity ?an is usually f\nd 9 semi-vitre\s basaltic rocks )\t pol>ity4444 ,?is t]m9al mass ( basic lava-rock evid5tly =ms ! 8plug0 ( a volcanic pipe t pi]ces ! acid &esitic rocks ( ! di/rict2 & f ?is anci5t v5t 7 d\btless eject$ ! basic tuffs & agglom]ates t n[ cov] ! l[] slopes ( ! m\nta94 ,! conditions "u :i* ?is volcano display$ its activity are fur!r illu/rat$ 9 a rem>kable section exhibit$ on ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta9 half a mile or m nor? ( ! summit4 ,"h !re is a l9e ( bold cliffs1 9 :i*1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 a b$ ( agglom]ate1 #fj or #gj feet ?ick1 ov]lies a s]ies ( =am9if]\s clays & tuface\s s&/ones1 :i* are elevat$ ab\t #a1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,! locality is nam$ 8,mb5u-?a0 or 8,rubbi%-heap40 ,x is well kn[n to ! natives on acc\nt ( its caves1 :i* s]ve z a half-way re/+-place on ! road f ,nambuna to ,ndreketi4 ,^! caves h be5 produc$ by ! m rapid wea!r+ ( ! und]ly+ clays & s&/ones4 ,! l9e ( cliff ext5ds nor?w>d to ,mumu1 ! peak at t end ( ! range1 & pres]ves !re ! same /ructure4 ,! clays & tuff-s&/ones are m or less /ratifi$1 & dip g5]ally to ! we/ or s\?-we/ at an angle p]haps ( #bj degrees2 b 9 m ?an "o place !y %[ signs ( great di/urbance1 be+ contort$ & /eeply tilt$4 ,! =am9if]\s clays =m a m or less compact rock & conta9 #ae or #af p] c5t4 ( lime4 ,!y inclose pt]opod %ells 9 places & %[ _m m9ute =am9if]\s te/s ( ! pelagic type4 ,_! composition is giv5 on page #cbc2 b x may be "h rem>k$ t ! residue is made up ma9ly ( palagonitic debris1 f9e clayey mat]ial & m9]als4 ,! m9]al fragm5ts =m ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! mass1 & consi/ pr9cipally ( glassy plagioclase1 ) "s rhombic pyrox5e1 & magnetite1 _! size av]ag+ #a mm4 ,! tuff-s&/ones int]/ratifi$ ) ! clays conta9 only #b or #c p] c5t4 ( lime1 & %[ only a few scatt]$ microscopic te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! rock consi/ ( fragm5ts ( a bottle gre5 basic glass1 vacuol> & b little alt]$1 ! re/ be+ compos$ *iefly ( glass debris1 plagioclase1 & a little pyrox5e1 ! l>g] m9]al & glass fragm5ts av]ag+ #c to #e mm4 9 size4 ,!y are 9 fact subm>9e hyalomelane tuffs v simil> to ^? fir/ met ) at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 :i* are ref]r$ to on page #ajh4 7,!y are describ$ on page #ccc47 ,^! int]b$d$ clays & tuface\s s&/ones ( ! ,mb5u-?a cliffs 7 deposit$ "u some:at diff]5t conditions4 ,! clays repres5t ! quiet deposition 9 fairly deep wat] ( f9e mat]ials d]iv$ f ! degradation ( acid &esites z well z ( basic rocks4 ,! hyalomelane tuff-s&/ones 7 =m$ m rapidly by ! accumulation ( f9e volcanic a% consi/+ ( fragm5ts ( a basic glass eject$ f "s neighb\r+ volcano t rose above ! sea-surface4 ,subm>9e hyalomelane-tuffs ) basic agglom]ates appe> to be ( common occurr5ce ar\nd ! base ( ! ,navun+umu m\nta94 ,z we leave ! range beh9d & beg9 to desc5d ! long spur t slopes nor?w>d to ,ndreketi1 we f9d = ! fir/ mile or two ^! agglom]ates4 ,b :]e ! deep] rocks are expos$ at an elevation ( #fjj feet1 ne> ! village ( ,s+a-s+a1 !re are display$ f9e basic pumice\s tuffs & compact palagonitis$ clays conta9+ little if any lime1 ! la/1 h[ev]1 conta9+ a few ca/s ( microscopic =am9if]a4 ,! tuff is made up ( m9ute fragm5ts1 ! l>ge/ less ?an #a mm4 9 size1 ( a basic hyalomelane glass1 :i* is vacuol>1 & (t5 fibrill> l ord9>y pumice1 & 9 places %[s ! e>ly /age ( alt]ation into palagonite4 ,! clay pr9cipally consi/s ( m or less palagonitis$ debris ( ! same basic glass1 toge!r ) m9ute fragm5ts ( plagioclase & rhombic pyrox5e4 ,^! tuffs & clays repres5t ! two conditions ( deposition above ref]r$ to1 ! la/ indicat+ a p]iod ( quiesc5ce :5 ! f9e mat]ials result+ f ! degradation ( bo? acid & basic &esites 7 sl[ly accumulat+ 9 deep wat]1 ! fir/ d5ot+ ! activity ( a neighb\r+ supra-m>9e v5t f :i* f9e du/ & a% =m$ ( basic pumice 7 eject$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mb5u?a ,cliffs %[+ volcanic agglom]ates ov]ly+ tuffs & clays1 conta9+ %ells ( pt]opods & =am9if]a1 :i* are rais$ #a1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,face p4 #aaa4 ,! b$ ( agglom]ate1 #fj to #gj feet ?ick1 :i* ov]lies ! =am9if]\s tuffs & clays expos$ 9 ! l9e ( cliff ext5d+ f ,mb5u-?a to ,mumu1 is made up ( subangul> blocks1 n usually ov] #f in*es 9 diamet]1 ( an acid &esite ( ! g5]al type f\nd 9 ! ,ndr&ramea region1 b possess+ a semi-vitre\s gr\ndmass4#eb ,by clamb]+ up ! /eep slope on ! s\? side ( ^! cliffs1 x w be obs]v$ t ?is ?ick b$ ( agglom]ate is cov]$ by b$d$ =am9if]\s clays & tuffs simil> to ^? t und]lie x4 ,x is !re=e )\t d\bt subm>9e1 & pres5ts ! result ( ! m viol5t outbur/s ( "s neighb\r+ v5t4 ,t ?is v5t is n[ repres5t$ by ! 8plug0 ( basic lava =m+ ! peak ( ,navun+umu is highly probable4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t ^! b$s ( agglom]ates1 tuffs1 & clays1 z %[n 9 ! photograph ( ! cliffs1 are all incl9$ at an angle ( #bj t[>ds ! axis ( eruption or to ! we/w>d4 ,! tuffs & clays und]ly+ ! agglom]ates are1 z already rem>k$1 mu* di/urb$ 9 places4 ,x w\ld seem t all ! b$s "h expos$ 7 orig9ally horizontal1 & 7 tilt$ up dur+ ! di/urbances accompany+ ! outbur/s ( volcanic activity4 ,! natural section1 :i* ! ,mb5u-?a cliffs pres5t1 is d\btless due to l&slips4 ,simil> exposures1 display$ by cliffs ( basic agglom]ate ) subm>9e tuffs & clays at _! base1 are common on ! m\nta9-slopes ( o!r p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,wat] oozes ?r\gh ! und]ly+ s(t deposits1 & ! result is se5 9 ! occurr5ce ( huge masses ( agglom]ate on ! slopes bel[4 ,f ! details "h giv5 respect+ ,navun+umu & its surr\nd+s1 x is app>5t t !re h be5 two /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is volcanic m\nta94 ,! fir/ 0 subm>9e & 0 *>act]is$ by ! dis*>ge ( acid lavas :i* consolidat$ ar\nd ! v5t & 7 aft]w>ds cov]$ ov] ) deposits ( =am9if]\s clays4 ,! second 0 9 ! la/ "p supra-m>9e4 ,) ! r5ewal ( activity1 ! ov]ly+ acid &esites 7 brok5 ?r\gh & basic mat]ials 7 dis*>g$ f ! new v5t4 ,! b$ ( acid agglom]ates expos$ 9 ! ,mb5u-?a cliff belongs to t p]iod ( ! second /age :5 ! explosive ag5cies 7 mo/ viol5t4 ,x repres5ts ! ext5sive de/ruction ( ! ov]ly+ rocks4 ,! =am9if]\s tuff-s&/ones are subm>9e accumulations ( ! f9ely comm9ut$ fragm5ts ( basic pumice t con/itut$ ! du/ & f9e a% dis*>g$ f a supra-m>9e v5t4 ,! scoriace\s & amygdaloidal blocks ( ! basic agglom]ates ov]ly+ ^! tuffs ar\nd ! base ( ! m\nta9 h _h a simil> orig94 ,! orig9al a%-cone t at "o "t rose above ! surface ( ! sea has long s9ce be5 de/roy$ by ! d5ud+ ag5cies2 & its situation is alone indicat$ by ! 8neck0 ( basic lava-rock t =ms ! peak ( ,navun+umu4 ,a v long p]iod mu/ h elaps$ s9ce ?is la/ /age 9 ! activity ( ! v5t4 ,! clays conta9+ pt]opod-%ells & te/s ( =am9if]a1 ) :i* ! basic pumice tuffs & ! acid agglom]ates 7 int]/ratifi$1 are n[ ab\t #a1ajj feet above ! sea1 & are situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&4 ,dur+ ! em]g5ce ! d5udation ( ! new l&-surface 0 no d\bt v great2 & ^! subm>9e clays & tuffs1 z display$ 9 ! cliffs1 owe _! pres]vation 9 great "p to ! protection ( ! ov]ly+ mass ( agglom]ate4 ,mu* light is ?r[n on ! hi/ory ( ! :ole ,ndr&ramea region ( acid &esites by ! exam9ation ( ?is old volcano ( ,navun+umu4 ,"s ( ! hills1 z 9 ! case ( ,nga+ai & ,wawa ,levu1 seem to h be5 /ripp$ ( ev]y?+ t c\ld give in=mation to ! geologi/4 ,o!rs aga91 l ^? ( ,?oka-s+a & ,ndr&ramea1 display "h & !re on _! slopes agglom]ates ( ! same mat]ials1 ! r\nd$ =ms ( "s ( ! blocks be+ 9 "p indicative ( m>9e erosion dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ?is region f ! sea4 ,9 ,soloa ,levu1 h[ev]1 we h "o ( ^! hills p>tially surr\nd$ by lat] basaltic fl[s & cov]$ 9 places on its l[] slopes by basic tuffs & agglom]ates1 probably subm>9e4 ,9 ,navun+umu ! orig9al mass ( acid &esite is only scantily expos$4 ,x is = ! mo/ "p buri$ b5ea? subm>9e clays :i* are 9 _! turn cov]$ by ! tuffs & agglom]ates ( lat] basic eruptions4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,m\nt ,,vatu ,,kaisia ,,& ,,di/rict ,,?is peak1 #a1hhj feet 9 height1 />ts up sudd5ly 9 ! m\nta9\s int]ior ( ! isl&4 ,be+ situat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,yanawai riv]1 :i* op5s to ! s\?1 x =ms a conspicu\s l&m>k = vessels (f ! s\? coa/2 b f mo/ o!r po9ts ( view1 on acc\nt ( its peculi> situation1 x is usually difficult & (t5 impossible to obta9 ev5 a glimpse ( x4#ec ,f its rem>kable blunt-topp$ conical %ape x has receiv$ ! n v appropriate "n ( ,m>l+ ,spike 9 ! ,admiralty *>ts4 ,! natives "n x ,vatu ,kaisia1 ! fir/ ^w signify+ 8rock10 :il/ ! second is ! "n ( a demon4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile-sket* ( ! ,vatu ,kaisia di/rict f ,s4,s4,e4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( its situation & ( ! "* ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntry f ! pr(ile-sket* & photograph "h produc$4 ,i 0 unable = reasons giv5 bel[ to take a photograph ( ! m\nta9 itself1 z x 0 ei!r too ne> or too f> away4 ,vatu ,kaisia is approa*$ ei!r f ,ndrawa on ! nor? or f ,ndaw>a on ! s\?1 ! asc5t be+ be/ made f ! we/ side4 ,! regions trav]s$ on ! way are s d5sely wood$ t ! m\nta9 does n become visible until ! travell] is "r ^u x4 ,he becomes sudd5ly aw>e t !re is "s huge mass close to him loom+ above 8 head ?r\gh ! trees2 & x is ) a feel+ ( awe t he fir/ looks ^u a m\nta9 t al?\gh only a few hundr$ y>ds away ne>ly escap$ 8 se>*4 ,he is />tl$ by its proximity1 & wond]s :at /range =ces h be5 at "w to place x !re2 b 8 view is transitory1 & :e!r proce$+ nor? or s\? he sees x no m1 unless he essays to climb its slopes4 ,vatu ,kaisia lies n 9 ! c5tre b t[>ds ! we/ side ( ! ,yanawai valley ! riv] fl[+ z an impetu\s /ream ar\nd ! foot ( its ea/]n slope4 ,9 ! pr(ile-sket* ! m\nta9 itself conceals ! peculi> feature ( its position1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 %[n 9 an exagg]at$ =m 9 ! geological section bel[4 ,on its we/ side rises a broad ridge runn+ s\? :i* 9 places is n mu* high] ?an ! basaltic plateau ( ,wa9unu to ! we/ ( x4 ,?is ridge is only sep>at$ f ,vatu ,kaisia by a d>k n>r[ gorge n _m hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 across :i* my natives 7 able to make !mselves he>d :5 ne> ! summit4 ,! m\nta9 rises #a1ajj or #a1bjj feet above ! gorge on its we/ side1 :i* is #gjj feet above ! sea1 & "s #a1djj or #a1ejj feet above ! ,yanawai riv] on ! ea/1 :i* is #cjj or #djj feet above ! sea4 ,x possesses two peaks1 ( :i* ! we/]n "o is small] & lat]al & has a height ( #a1fjj or #a1fej feet1 :il/ ! ea/]n is ! ma9 peak & rises to #a1hhj feet4 ,! saddle betwe5 ! peaks has an elevation ( ab\t #a1ejj feet4 ,x is v difficult to obta9 a di/ant view ( ! two peaks1 :i* lie ab\t ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 ) ea* o!r4 ,!y are ei!r m]g$ into "o z 9 ! view f ! s\?1 or else ! highe/ portion ( ! ma9 peak is alone visible4 ,on ! l[] slopes ( ! m\nta9 z high z #a1ajj or #a1bjj feet is expos$ a porphyritic dol]itic basalt %[+ semi-ophitic augite & abundant int]/itial glass4 ,its specific gravity is #bh1 b !re is no oliv9e4 ,x belongs to a type ( basalt describ$ "u g5us #i1 sub-g5us ,a1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,! upp] d\ble-peak$ portion rises precipit\sly1 display+ b>e rocky cliff-faces ) a drop ( #ajj or #aej feet1 & =m$ 9 mass ( a grey &esitic rock ) a specific gravity ( #bga & %[+ abundant small porphyritic cry/als ( hornbl5de & rhombic pyrox5e4 ,x repres5ts a type ( ! hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites describ$ on page #cja4 ,i 0 unable1 ?r\gh want ( a rope-ladd]1 to accompli% ! la/ hundr$ feet ( ! summit2 b ! g5]al uni=mity ( /ructure 0 evid5t4 ,no detrital rocks came "u my obs]vation4 ,t ! porphyritic basalt repres5ts a lat] fl[ ar\nd ?is old &esitic m\nta9 is indicat$ among/ o!r ?+s by ?is abs5ce ( tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,vatu ,kaisia is und\bt$ly ! core ( an anci5t cone ( hornbl5de-&esite1 & z 9 ! case ( ,m\nt ,soloa ,levu1 :i* is =m$ ( some:at simil> &esites 7see page #ajc71 x has be5 m or less completely surr\nd$ by lat] basaltic fl[s4 ,vatu ,kaisia & ,soloa ,levu occupy simil> positions ) respect to ! great basaltic table-l& ( ,wa9unu1 ! fir/ ly+ j )9 its ea/]n bord]1 ! second ly+ p>tly )9 its we/]n m>g94 ,! /ructure ( ! ridge imm$iately we/ ( ,vatu ,kaisia l5ds support to ?is view ( ! =mation ( ?is region4 ,! ridge is "h1 x is true1 elevat$ a hundr$ feet or s above ! table-l& :i* is ab\t #a1jjj feet above ! sea2 b :il/ on its slopes fac+ ! m\nta9 ! same porphyritic basalt prevails1 !re is a limit$ exposure on its top ( ! same rock 7sp4 gr4 #bfh71 diff]+ only 9 ! l>g] size ( its porphyritic cry/als ( hornbl5de & rhombic pyrox5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,vatu ,kaisia ,! n>r[ gorge isolat+ ! m\nta9 on ! we/ is occupi$ by a tribut>y ( ! ,yanawai ,riv]4 ,x has a dep? ( #djj feet bel[ ! ridge2 & z illu/rat$ 9 ! section bel[ x has evid5tly be5 l>gely =m$ by ! erod+ ag5cy ( ! /ream4 ,h[ev]1 at ! bottom ( ! gorge !re is expos$ a heavy aphanitic basalt %[+ no oliv9e & hav+ a specific gravity ( #bhe4 ,?\gh ( mu* f9] texture1 ! felsp> microli?s only measur+ #je mm4 9 l5g?1 x diff]s conspicu\sly f ! ov]ly+ porphyritic basalt 9 possess+ little or no int]/itial glass4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #af1 species ,a1 sub-species #a1 ( ! augite-&esites 7page #bhj74 ,! probable /ructure ( ?is di/rict is %[n 9 ! geological section "h giv54 ,x is assum$ f ! limit$ exposure ( ! same rock on ! top ( ! ridge t ! basaltic fl[s :i* surr\nd$ ! l[] portion ( ,vatu ,kaisia at ! same "t cov]$ ov] ano!r simil> peak ly+ imm$iately we/ ( x4 ,?r\gh /ream-erosion ,vatu ,kaisia has n[ be5 isolat$ on its we/ side2 & s9ce ! basaltic rocks rise to ab\t ! same height on bo? sides ( ! gorge ?us produc$1 ! orig9al surface 0 probably z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e 9 ! diagram4 ,by foll[+ ! summit ( ! ridge1 z x runs s\? on ! "r side ( ! ,yanawai valley t[>ds ,ndaw>a1 "s int]e/+ rocks are obs]v$4 ,= ! fir/ mile f ! camp+-place opposite ,vatu ,kaisia ! elevation increas$ f #a1ajj to #a1cjj feet1 & blocks ( a blacki% basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bgf7 lay on ! gr\nd4 ,ab\t a mile fur!r on fragm5ts ( :ite qu>tz-rock appe>$ on ! surface hav+ be5 ?r[n out ( a %aft close to ! track :i* _h be5 sunk to a dep? ( #ae or #bj feet by a gold m9]#ed a few ye>s be=e4 ,i c\ld n desc5d ! %aft to exam9e x3 b ! specim5s pick$ up are evid5tly a :ite ve9-qu>tz1 "s ( !m hav+ a /riat$ 8slick5side0 surface on "o side4#ee ,!re is evid5tly a 8contact0 9 ?is locality1 probably ( a basaltic rock ) an acid &esite4 ,leav+ ! %aft1 ! track proce$s s\?w>d & ea/w>d1 & "o desc5ds gradually f a height ( #a1ajj feet d[n to ! ,yanawai riv] :]e ! elevation is only ab\t #aej feet above ! sea4 ,occasional blocks ( basaltic rocks lie on ! surface ( ! ridge1 & 9 "o locality !re is expos$ a curi\s-look+ agglom]ate =m$ ( fragm5ts ( a gre5i% alt]$ augite-&esite1 some:at scoriace\s1 ! cavities be+ fill$ ) a zeolite4 ,at ! cross+ ( ! riv] a black basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bhb7 occurs 9 situ2 :il/ loose blocks ( basalt & ( an acid &esite occur 9 ! riv]-b$4 ,cont9u+ ! j\rney f ! ,yanawai cross+ to ,ndaw>a ne> ! m\? ( ! riv]1 "o foll[s ! track across a range ( hills1 #ejj to #fjj feet 9 height1 basaltic rocks prevail+ on ! surface4 ,,! ,,n&ron&ranu ,,di/rict4 ,ly+ nor?-we/ ( ,vatu ,kaisia is an elevat$ di/rict :i* ,i h nam$ aft] its highe/ summit1 a squ>e-topp$ peak r high] ?an ,vatu ,kaisia & probably ab\t #b1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,koro-ni-yalewa1 :i* signifies 8t[n ( ! wom510 is ano!r "n ( ?is peak4 ,x is %[n 9 ! sket* giv5 on page #aac1 & is situat$ ab\t two miles nor?-we/ ( ,vatu ,kaisia4 ,i did n asc5d ?is m\nta91 :i* f its =m w\ld seem to be made ( an acid &esite l ! ,ndr&ramea peaks4 ,mu* ( ?is elevat$ region v>ies betwe5 #a1jjj & #a1ejj feet 9 elevation4 ,x is connect$ ) ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict by some:at brok5 c\ntry n mu* ov] #a1jjj feet 9 height1 :i* is ! 8divide0 betwe5 ! riv] sy/ems ( ! ,ndreketi & ,wa9unu4 ,a long tongue-l ext5sion ( simil> elevation projects to ! nor?-we/ betwe5 ! ,ndrawa & ,navun+umu bran*es ( ! ,ndreketi4 ,?is elevat$ region is cont9u\s to ! ea/w>d ) ! ,tavia ,range :i* is describ$ bel[4 ,= conv5i5ce ! valleys ( ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,ndrawa riv] h be5 includ$ 9 ?is di/rict z _! geological features c 9 ?is connection be be/ expla9$4 ,?is region is well di/+ui%$ f mo/ ( ! o!r di/ricts ( ! isl& by ! preval5ce ( aphanitic augite-&esites4 ,^! rocks h also suppli$ ! agglom]ates ( ! locality1 & ! palagonite-tuffs :i* are 9 places ext5sively repres5t$ are evid5tly 9 great "p d]iv$ f vitre\s =ms ( ! same rocks4 ,we seem to get ne>] to supra-m>9e eruptions 9 ?is region ?an 9 mo/ o!rs4 ,! palagonitic-tuffs & agglom]ates appe> to h rapidly accumulat$ 9 %all[ wat]1 & !re is reason = reg>d+ "o exposure ( ! aphanitic augite-&esites z at all ev5ts a %all[-wat] lava-fl[4 ,! aphanitic "* ( ! massive rocks1 h[ev] x may h aris51 is "h1 z ,i take x1 associat$ ) ! %all[-wat] habit ( ! tuffs & agglom]ates4 7#a7 ,,ea/ ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,n&ron&ranu ,,di/rict4--,by foll[+ ! track lead+ f ! ridge on ! we/ side ( ,vatu ,kaisia nor?w>d to ,ndrawa "o rises gradually to a m elevat$ region4 ,! rocks expos$ on ! surface = ! fir/ mile are = ! mo/ "p alt]$ hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites possess+ a micro-felsitic gr\ndmass4 ,:5 a height ( ab\t #a1djj feet 0 atta9$1 ! track c\ld n h be5 f> f ! peak ( ,n&ron&ranu1 b on acc\nt ( ! wood no view 0 obta9able4 ,9 ?is locality betwe5 #a1cjj & #a1djj feet soapy palagonitic clay-rocks & co>s] palagonite-tuffs are display$ on ! surface4 ,no organic rema9s are to be notic$ 9 ! specim5s collect$ "h1 b !y are mu* affect$ by hydration4 ,judg+ f ! fossilif]\s "* ( simil> deposits ov] a l>ge "p ( ! isl&1 x is highly probable t ^! tuffs & clays are also subm>9e4 ,aft]w>ds a desc5t 0 made to an undulat+ region ab\t #a miles across & elevat$ betwe5 #gej & #hej feet4 ,! blocks !re display$ on ! surface are compos$ ( a d>k r compact augite-&esite ) a specific gravity ( #bge 7see g5us #ac7 & ( an alt]$ gre5i% aphanitic augite-&esite ) a specific gravity ( #bei 9 :i* calcite occurs z an alt]ation product 7g5us #af74 ,aphanitic rocks ( ?is "* z %[n bel[1 are v preval5t 9 ! nor?-we/ & nor? p>ts ( ! ,n&ron&ranu di/rict1 b are n usually alt]$4 7#b7 ,,! ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,n&ron&ranu ,,di/rict4--,! be/ r\te to foll[ "h is to take ! track f ,nambuna to ,ndrawa4 ,aft] cross+ ! upp] portion ( ! ,wa9unu table-l& "o rea*es ! headwat]s ( ! ,ndavutu ,riv] & !n asc5ds ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,ndreketi & ,wa9unu riv]-sy/ems1 rea*+ ,savulu1 ab\t #a1jej feet above ! sea1 :]e a solit>y h\se m>ks ! site ( an old m\nta9 t[n4 ,?is region is mu* cut up 9 deep valleys usually #bjj to #cjj feet deep1 :i* are occupi$ by afflu5ts ( ! ,ndrawa bran* ( ! ,ndreketi1 fl[+ nor?4 ,! valley ( ! ma9 afflu5ts is f #djj to #ejj feet 9 dep?2 & ?is con/ant asc5t & desc5t ( /eep & (t5 slipp]y valley sides makes ! j\rney v t$i\s4 ,at ,savulu "o /&s )9 ! ,n&ron&ranu di/rict4 ,beh9d lies ! ,wa9unu table-l& ) its oliv9e basalts2 b "h aphanitic augite-&esites prevail & ext5d to ,ndrawa & beyond4 ,!y are expos$ 9 position 9 ! /ream-c\rses & furni% mo/ ( ! blocks & pebbles f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ! ma9 ,ndrawa ,riv] = miles d[n its c\rse t[>ds ! sea4 ,!y are d>k1 compact1 & non-porphyritic rocks & are all ref]r$ to g5us #af ( ! augite-&esites z describ$ on page #bgi4 ,!y v>y1 h[ev]1 9 c]ta9 features1 z 9 ! specific gravity1 ! am\nt ( glass1 c4 ,! residual glass is1 h[ev]1 usually small2 b 9 a /ream-c\rse ea/ ( ,savulu ,i f\nd 9 position at an elevation ( #gej feet a semi-vitre\s scoriace\s v>iety ( ^! rocks1 9 :i* ! /eam-pores _h be5 drawn out into long tubul> cavities half an in* & m 9 l5g?4 ,! scoriace\s "* is infrequ5t2 b ref]5ce %\ld "h be made to ano!r exposure ( a slaggy semi-vitre\s rock %[+ abundant /eam-pores 9 ! tuff-di/rict ( ! riv] valley above ,ravuka4 ,x diff]s 9 "s respects f ! prevail+ rock1 s9ce x displays prismatic augite z well z felsp> microli?s 9 its glassy gr\ndmass1 & is = ?is reason ref]r$ to g5us #bj ( ! augite-&esites4 ,9 ! elevat$ region ea/ ( ,savulu ! aphanitic augite-&esites are 9 places ov]la9 by tuffs & agglom]ates =m$ ( ! same mat]ials4 ,!re is a v good exposure ( ! tuffs 9 ! ,nganga-turuturu cliffs ab\t #b miles we/ ( ,savulu4 7#c7 ,,! ,,nganga-,,turuturu ,,cliffs4--,^! picturesque cliffs1 #ej to #gj feet 9 height1 rise up at ! head ( ! ,liwa-liwa valley betwe5 ,savulu & ,ndrawa4 ,!y are elevat$ ab\t #a1bjj feet above ! sea2 & probably d]ive _! "n f a small wat]fall :i*1 aft] desc5d+ ov] _! face1 drops into ! valley bel[4 ,at its bottom is situat$ ! hamlet ( ,liwa-liwa1 :i* is ab\t #fjj feet above ! sea4 ,?is is ! ,fijian ^w = 8cold10 & d\btless x has allusion to ! coolness ( ! valley4 ,on acc\nt ( ! m rapid wea!r+ ( ! tuffs 9 ! l[] "p ( ! cliffs1 !re is a rude %elt] af=d$ by ! ov]hang+ portion :i* is ! ma9 feature ( int]e/ t ! cliffs pres5t f a native's po9t ( view4 ,! tuffs compos+ ! cliffs are horizontally b$d$ & ov]lie ! prevail+ aphanitic augite-&esite expos$ on ! valley-slopes bel[4 ,orig9ally grey 9 col\r1 !y h be5 l>gely affect$ by ! hydration accompany+ ! wea!r+ process4 ,!y are f9e 9 texture & some:at friable1 b conta9 no lime1 & are *iefly made up ( ! palagonitis$ f9e detritus ( vitre\s v>ieties ( ! aphanitic augite-&esites ( ! di/rict4 ,no organic rema9s came "u my notice4 ,"s ( ! b$s conta9 a numb] ( lapilli ( basic pumice1 #a to #c c5timetres 9 size1 :i* are (t5 9 ! la/ /age ( ! dis9tegration produc$ dur+ palagonitisation4 ,x w\ld seem probable t ^! lapilli1 aft] hav+ be5 eject$ f "s supra-m>9e v5t1 7 deposit$ ) ! tuffs 9 ! sea ar\nd4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be n =gott5 t vesicul> & pumice\s mat]ials may be dis*>g$ dur+ a subm>9e eruption4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! museum at ,catania1 ,pr(4 ,platania %[$ me portions ( a bomb1 highly vesicul>1 t _h be5 ?r[n up 9 a subm>9e eruption (f ,vulcano 9 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s4 7#d7 ,,! ,,upp] ,,valleys ,,( ,,! ,,ndrawa ,,riv]4--,! two valleys ( ,liwa-liwa & ,ndrawa meet at ,ravuka1 :]e _! two /reams unite to =m ! ma9 ,ndrawa ,riv]4 ,! =m] is ! l>ge/2 & its l>ge impetu\s /ream1 dur+ its desc5t ( ab\t two miles f ,liwa-liwa pa/ ,lutu-k9a to ,ravuka1 :i* is betwe5 #bjj & #bej feet above ! sea1 has a drop ( #cjj or #cej feet4 ,! ma9 /ream fl[s ) a g5tle gradi5t to ! coa/ ab\t t5 miles away4 ,i did n desc5d its c\rse = m ?an two miles bel[ ,ravuka1 :]e "s hot spr+s well up ?r\gh ! gravel on ! left bank 7see page #ca47 ,?is is a region ( palagonite-tuffs :i* l ^? ( ! ,nganga-turuturu cliffs are ma9ly d]iv$ f vitre\s & semi-vitre\s aphanitic augite-&esites4 ,!y d n eff]vesce ) an acid1 & nei!r =am9if]\s te/s nor o!r organic rema9s occur4 ,! palagonitic mat]ial is usually vacuol>1 ! vacuoles be+ fill$ ) palagonitic glass or ) a zeolite z 9 ! m alt]$ rocks4 ,:]e b$d+ is %[n1 ! b$s are g5]ally horizontal4 ,^! tuffs are ext5sively display$ 9 ! sides & b$s ( ! riv]s f ,liwa-liwa & ,ndrawa to ,ravuka & z f> z ,i w5t d[n ! ma9 riv]1 namely to ! hot spr+s4 ,!y are associat$ ) agglom]ates1 =m$ ( ! aphanitic augite-&esites1 bel[ ,ravuka & 9 ! ,ndrawa valley4 7#e7 ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,ndrawa4--,! village ( ,ndrawa1 :i* is n elevat$ m ?an #cjj feet above ! sea1 is situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! isl& 9 a deep valley m or less hemm$ 9 by ! m\nta9s4 ,?is is "o ( ! wette/ localities 9 ,vanua ,levu1 & probably1 z 9 ! case ( t ( ,ndriti 9 ! ,seatura bas91 ! ra9fall is n f> "u #cjj in*es 9 ! ye>4 ,9 ! riv]-gorge desc5d+ we/w>d to ,ravuka are display$ horizontally b$d$ palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates above ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( ! ,ravuka di/rict1 & ! same rocks are expos$ on ! m\nta9-slopes to ! s\? ( ! village4#ef ,imm$iately to ! nor? lies a brok5 hilly c\ntry1 ab\t #hjj feet above ! sea1 :i* has to be cross$ on ! way to ,mbatiri & is mu* cut up by /reams desc5d+ f ! vic9ity ( ,na ,r>o to jo9 ! ,ndrawa ,riv] bel[ ,ravuka4 ,! prevail+ rocks are tuff-breccias & agglom]ates4 ,! fir/ are made up *iefly ( angul> fragm5ts1 less ?an an in* 9 size1 ( aphanitic augite-&esites1 "s ( !m be+ m or less vitre\s & 9 diff]5t /ages ( palagonitisation1 :il/ ! f9] mat]ial d]iv$ f ! same rocks conta9s "s c>bonate ( lime4 ,! agglom]ates are compos$ ( ! same type ( ^! augite-&esites1 ) h[ev] b little int]/itial glass4 ,x %\ld be add$ t pebbles ( a k9d ( jasp] or iron-fl9t occur 9 ! /ream-b$s 9 ?is locality4 7,! microscopical *>act]s are describ$ on page #cee47 ,by foll[+ up ! valley t ext5ds to ! ea/ f ,ndrawa1 "o ent]s aft] ab\t a mile into ! region ( ,na ,r>o1 :i* is describ$ on page #abc4 ,,! ,,tavia ,,ranges4 ,nor? ( ,vatu ,kaisia ! elevat$ ,n&ronadranu di/rict divides into two ranges1 "o ( :i* /ret*es ea/w>d to ! s\? ( ,na ,r>o z f> z ! gap ( t "n1 :il/ ! o!r ext5ds s\?w>d on ! ea/ side ( ! ,yanawai valley4 ,ne> ! angle ( bifurcation is situat$ ,m\nt ,tavia1 a rem>kable pyramidal peak m>k$ #b1baj feet 9 ! ,admiralty *>t & ly+ #a miles nor?-ea/ 7,n#cc;,e7 ( ,vatu ,kaisia4 ,x is %[n 9 ! view fac+ page #ajh4 ,all ?is region is d5sely wood$1 & ,i _h *iefly to rely on 8c\rse-&-di/ance10 & on my an]oid1 to det]m9e ! surface-configuration4 7#a7 ,,range ,,on ,,! ,,ea/ ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,yanawai ,,valley4--,no asc5t ( ^! hills 0 made4 ,!y v>y f #a1ejj to #a1hjj feet 9 height1 & judg+ f ! loose blocks & gravel 9 ! b$ ( ! ,yanawai ,riv] bel[ ,vatu ,kaisia !y w\ld seem to be ma9ly =m$ ( basaltic rocks1 acid &esites be+ also repres5t$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i cross$ ! s\!rn end ( ! range1 :]e x is #ejj to #fjj feet 9 height1 to ! nor? ( ,ndaw>a1 & f\nd basaltic &esites prevail+ at ! surface4 7#b7 ,,range ,,ext5d+ ,,ea/w>d ,,f ,,m\nt ,,tavia ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,side ,,( ,,na ,,r>o4--,m\nt ,tavia1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( a dacitic peak1 0 n asc5d$2 b ! range 0 cross$ 9 two places 9 go+ f ,ndrawa to ,vatu-vono & f ,val5i to ,n>eilangi1 its usual height v>y+ betwe5 #a1bjj & #a1ejj feet1 ! extreme height be+ ab\t #a1gjj feet4 ,9 mak+ ! trav]se f ,ndrawa to ,vatu-vono1 "o fir/ passes ?r\gh a "p ( ! hornbl5de-&esite region ( ,na ,r>o1 :i* is describ$ 9 a lat] page4 ,aft]w>ds :ile asc5d+ ! nor? slopes ( ! range1 basaltic &esites1 (t5 dol]itic 9 texture & ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! augite-&esites1 are usually f\nd z f> z ! summit #a1bjj to #a1cjj feet above ! sea4 ,on desc5d+ ! s\? slopes "o f9ds co>se & f9e palagonite-tuffs & clays at #ijj to #a1ajj feet up1 simil> to ^? prevail+ ne> ! sea-bord]4 ,!y are probably subm>9e1 b my specim5s are wea!r$ & give no eff]vesc5ce ) an acid4 ,9 ! b$ ( ! riv] above ,vatu-vono1 ab\t #djj feet above ! sea1 !re occurs 9 position an aphanitic augite-&esite 7spec4 grav4 #bgg71 ref]r$ to g5us #af1 species ,a2 :il/ blocks ( a co>s] gra9$ basaltic &esite lie loose 9 ! /ream4 ,9 my trav]se across ! range f ,val5i to ,n>eilangi ,i notic$ ab\t a mile f ,val5i & n mu* ov] #ajj feet above ! sea an agglom]ate =m$ ( blocks ( an alt]$ acid &esite possess+ a micro-felsitic gr\ndmass & %[+ microporphyritic rhombic pyrox5e ) d>k alt]ation bord]s 7spec4 grav4 #be74 ,x is di/9ct f ! ,na ,r>o rocks2 & its pres5ce 9 an agglom]ate seems to indicate ! vic9ity ( "s old acid &esite peak buri$ b5ea? lat] basic eruptive products4 ,asc5d+ ! s\? slopes ( ! range1 ,i f\nd decompos+ basaltic &esites & basic tuffs1 ! prevail+ rocks up to an elevation ( #a1cjj feet2 b 9 "o locality 7#hjj feet7 occurr$ l>ge masses ( :at seem$ to be a dis9tegrat+ dacitic rock p5etrat$ by qu>tz ve9s less ?an an in* ?ick4 ,an aphanitic augite-&esite1 ( a some:at exceptional "* 7spec4 grav4 #bfc71 0 display$ at ! top ( ! ridge1 #a1ejj feet above ! sea4#eg ,basic rocks 7 expos$ 9 ! spur runn+ nor?w>d on ! ea/ side ( ,na ,r>o4 ,,! ,,sea-,,bord] ,,ext5d+ ,,ea/ ,,f ,,! ,,yanawai ,,riv] ,,to ,,! ,,lango-,,lango ,,riv]4--,9 ?is di/rict is includ$ ! area betwe5 ! foot ( ! slopes ( ! ,tavia ,ranges & ! %ores ( ,savu-savu ,bay4 ,?is undulat+ c\ntry1 two to ?ree miles 9 bread?1 does n atta9 a great] elevation inl& ?an #cjj or #djj feet4 ,f9e & co>se palagonite-tuffs1 "s ( !m ) ! texture ( s&/one1 are ! *>act]i/ic rocks4 ,!y at times conta9 a little lime & probably a few te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,! palagonitis$ glass is (t5 vacuol>1 ! vacuoles be+ fill$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,9 places :]e !y are well display$ ^! tuffs g5]ally %[ b$d+1 z 9 a hill-slope j ea/ ( ,vuni-evu-evu1 :]e !re are f9e & co>se tuffs int]/ratifi$ & dipp+ g5tly ,w4 by ,s4 ,basic agglom]ates also occur 9 ?is di/rict4 ,9 ! promontory nam$ ,yanu?a ,po9t 9 ! map !re is display$ an old fl[ ( basaltic lava1 %[+ a column> /ructure at ! end ( ! po9t4 ,! columns are #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 & are incl9$ ab\t #bj degrees f ! v]tical 9 su* a direction t x may be inf]r$ t ! orig9al fl[1 d\btless subm>9e1 desc5d$ at t angle f ,n4,n4,w4 ,! d>k grey rock ( ! columns 7spec4 grav4 #bgf7 has a fair am\nt ( int]/itial glass1 :il/ a blacki% compact rock 7spec4 grav4 #bgh7 t repres5ts app>5tly a m sup]ficial "p ( ! fl[ has an abundance ( smoky glass 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,^! rocks are basaltic &esites & are nei!r vesicul> nor scoriace\s1 & come ne> ! basalts ( ! ,kiombo fl[ :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9 "s oliv9e 7see page #ib74 ,!y are semi-ophitic & are ref]r$ to g5us #ba ( ! augite-&esites :i* is describ$ on page #bhc4 ,,na ,,r>o4 ,9 ,na ,r>o we h "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! isolat$ hornbl5de-&esite m\nta9s ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,unlike ,vatu ,kaisia1 :i* (t5 eludes ! obs]vation1 ,na ,r>o is visible f mo/ po9ts ( view4 ,x is d\ble-peak$1 ! two peaks ly+ 9 a nor? & s\? l9e & ris+ precipit\sly4 ,x is ?is feature t gives ! m\nta9 su* a v>iety 9 its pr(ile4 ,f ! nor? & s\? x appe>s z %[n 9 ! accompany+ sket* z a %>p conical peak4 ,f ! nor?-ea/ & s\?-ea/1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! two o!r sket*es1 x has ! =m ( a blunt or squ>e-topp$ m\nta92 & its true %ape is only %[n :5 x is se5 f ! ea/ or we/4 ,9 ! photograph "h reproduc$ :i* 0 tak5 ab\t #a miles to ! s\?-we/1 ! two peaks are ) difficulty di/+ui%$4 7,see frontispiece47 ,n _m asc5ts h be5 made ( ^! precipit\s peaks4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b>rack1 :o k9dly suppli$ me ) "s in=mation ab\t x1 made ! asc5t "s ye>s ago2 & ,mr4 ,bly? 7871 a magi/rate1 also rea*$ ! top4 ,!re are /ories ( "s big (ficials be+ haul$ up 9 baskets2 & ! natives told me ( a :ite man :o 0 seiz$ ) a %iv]+-fit :5 he arriv$ at ! summit4 ,x is c]ta9ly a r haz>d\s climb2 b ! safe/ plan is to resign oneself into ! h&s ( ! natives1 :o 8bundle0 "o up 9 an exp$iti\s1 if n 9 a v c]emoni\s1 fa%ion4 ,n>eilangi1 ne> ! foot ( ! m\nta9 on ! nor? side1 is a conv5i5t />t+-po9t1 & half a doz5 /\t ,fijians w n prove too _m to assi/ ! climb] 9 ! difficult p>ts ( ! asc5t4 ,s9ce ! top usually becomes cl\d$ z ! day progresses1 x is be/ to sp5d a night 9 a cave ab\t #a1djj feet above ! sea f :i* ! asc5t c be made 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,! view f ,na ,r>o is panoramic & ext5ds ov] a l>ge "p ( ! isl& f ,naivaka to ,savu-savu4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(iles ,,( ,,na ,,r>o4 ,f ! s\? (f ,kumbulau ,po9t4 ,f ! nor? 9 ! ,ndreketi ,pla9s4 ,f ! ,nor?-ea/4 ,f ! ,ea/-s\?-ea/4 ,na ,r>o rises up to a height ( #b1dbj feet 9 ! mid/ ( a region ( basic rocks4 ,agglom]ates & co>se tuffs =m$ ( aphanitic augite-&esites prevail 9 ! brok5 c\ntry on ! nor? & we/ sides t[>ds ,n>eilangi & ,ndrawa4 ,imm$iately s\? rises ! ,tavia ,range ) its basaltic &esites & ov]ly+ palagonite-tuffs2 :il/ on ! ea/ lies a spur ( ?is range4 ,n>eilangi1 ! village f :i* ! />t is made1 is ab\t #b miles di/ant f ,na ,r>o1 & ?\gh situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! isl& x is only ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,! track fir/ passes ?r\gh a di/rict ( =am9if]\s tuffs & clays rea*+ up to #bjj or #bej feet4 ,aft]w>ds a brok5 c\ntry ext5d+ up to #hjj feet is trav]s$4 ,"h prevail agglom]ates & tuff-agglom]ates d]iv$ f aphanitic augite-&esites4#eh ,"o !n desc5ds into a valley ab\t #fjj feet above ! sea1 & f ?is place ! asc5t ( ! m\nta9 prop] beg9s4 ,! asc5t at fir/ is fairly /eep1 dacitic tuffs prevail+ up to #a1jjj or #a1ajj feet above ! sea & =m+ 9 places precipit\s cliff-faces4 ,l>ge masses ( hornbl5de-&esite lie on ! slopes4 ,! dacitic tuffs di/+ui% ,na ,r>o f all ! o!r peaks ( hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esite rocks t ,i exam9$4 ,!y seem g5]ally to h be5 /ripp$ (f by ! d5ud+ ag5cies2 & only at times1 z ar\nd ! slopes ( ,ndr&ramea & ,?okas+a1 are to be f\nd ! rema9s ( agglom]ates ( ! same =mation4 ,9 ! case ( ,na ,r>o1 h[ev]1 ! tuffs diff] some:at 9 _! compon5ts f ! rocks =m+ ! m\nta9 mass4 ,! tuffs are d]iv$ f a hornbl5de-&esite ( dacitic type2 :il/ ! massive rocks ( ! m\nta9 are ( hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites1 )\t porphyritic qu>tz1 b approa*+ ! dacitic habit4 ,! tuffs ( ,na ,r>o1 :i* are sometimes compact$ & at o!r times r friable1 d n display b$d+4 ,!y conta9 a little lime2 b ,i f\nd no te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,!y are compos$ ( fragm5ts1 up to a c5timetre 9 size1 ( a dacite display+ br[n hornbl5de1 plagioclase1 & qu>tz 9 a micr(elsitic gr\ndmass1 toge!r ) a few fragm5ts ( a semi-vitre\s basic &esite4 ,above #a1ajj feet ! tuffs give place to ! massive hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esite4 ,at an elevation ( #a1dej feet1 a %\ld] ( ! m\nta9 is rea*$1 ne> ! top ( :i* is ! cave above m5tion$4 ,cross+ ! %\ld] "o desc5ds = #ajj or #aej feet into a gap1 ?us rea*+ ! foot ( ! precipit\s nor!rn peak1 :i* rises up l a wall = a height ( f #ijj to #ajjj feet ov]head4 ,x is 9 mass ( ! &esite j m5tion$1 _m ( its faces pres5t+ inaccessible cliffs display+ seem+ly no /ructure4 ,?is peak is some:at l[] ?an ! s\!rn peak4 ,i plac$ its height at #b1bgj feet1 :i*1 tak+ ! total elevation ( ! m\nta9 at #b1dbj feet1 z giv5 9 ! *>t1 makes ! diff]5ce #aej feet4 ,a deep & broad cleft1 t goes half-way d[n ! m\nta91 sep>ates ! two peaks4 ,! s\!rn "o1 :i* appe>s to be inaccessible1 is evid5tly =m$ ( ! same acid &esite4 ,^! hornbl5de-&esites1 ) or )\t porphyritic qu>tz1 appe> to be = ! mo/ "p re/rict$ to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,na ,r>o1 except to ! s\?-we/1 :]e at a di/ance ( ab\t a mile & a half f ! m\nta9 at an elevation ( #ejj feet occur a rubbly hornbl5de-&esite & agglom]ates ( ! same mat]ials4 ,?\gh ! rock is ( ! ,na ,r>o type1 its pres5ce "h is sugge/ive ( a di/9ct v5t ( small size1 ( :i* mo/ ( ! traces h be5 swept away dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ! isl&4 ,ab\t half a mile s\?-ea/ ( ?is locality at an elevation ( #dej feet occur "s s+ul> b&$ palagonite-tuffs :i*1 al?\gh !y d n %[ =am9if]a 9 ! section exam9$1 conta9 a little calcite & are probably ( subm>9e orig94444 ,9 ?is locality ,i f\nd a l>ge :ite mass1 measur+ #d #d #e feet1 =m$ ( a silice\s rock appe>+ 9 ?9 sections z granul> *alc$onic qu>tz 7see page #cee74 ,! hornbl5de-&esite ( ,na ,r>o1 z 9 ! case ( ! rocks ( mo/ ( ! o!r peaks ( acid &esites1 has its peculi> *>act]s4 ,x diff]s1 = in/ance1 f t ( ,vatu ,kaisia 9 ! l>g] gra9 ( ! felsitic gr\ndmass 7,n4 ,r4 #jba mm42 ,v4 ,k4 #jac mm471 9 ! abs5ce or r>ity ( ph5ocry/s ( rhombic pyrox5e1 9 its l[] specific gravity 7#bf ,n4 ,r43 #bg ,v4 ,k471 9 ! pres5ce ( a little int]/itial glass1 & 9 o!r p>ticul>s4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 belong to ! sub-class ( hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites1 & are describ$ on page #cja4 ,9 ! ,na ,r>o rock ! rhombic pyrox5e is repres5t$ 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,) reg>d to ! relative age ( ,na ,r>o ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x is ! mo/ rec5t ( ! acid &esite peaks ( ! isl&4 ,nei!r vitre\s nor vesicul> rocks came "u my notice 9 its vic9ity2 :il/ ! tuffs t clo! its l[] slopes are non-pumice\s1 ?\gh ( dacitic orig91 b conta9+ also a few fragm5ts ( a semivitre\s basic &esite %[+ t9y felsp> la!s & augite-granules4 ,s9ce ! ev]y:]e prevail+ subm>9e palagonite-tuffs & =am9if]\s clays d n ext5d ov] its area1 we may assign to x a lat] date4 ,x is evid5tly also po/]ior 9 "t to ! basaltic &esites & aphanitic augite-&esites ar\nd1 :i* are cov]$ by ^! subm>9e deposits4 ,relatively rec5t z x app>5tly is1 ?is m\nta9 be>s ! impress ( a high antiquity4 ,!re is no?+ to indicate t ?is 8core0 ( a volcanic m\nta9 belong$ to a suba]ial v5t4 ,na ,r>o has %>$ 9 all ! lat] /ages ( ! subm]g5ce & em]g5ce ( ! isl&4 ,?\gh x pres5ts ! f9al page 9 ! hi/ory ( ! hornbl5de-&esite volcanoes1 t *apt] has be5 = unkn[n ages clos$4 ,,! ,,na ,,r>o ,,gap4--,betwe5 ! ,tavia & ,va-lili ,ranges !re is a break 9 ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl&1 to :i* ,i h giv5 ?is "n4 ,! greate/ elevation is probably n ov] #hjj feet4 ,x is f ! s\? side ( ?is wat]%$ t ! ,lango-lango riv] takes its rise4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,basaltic ,,l[l&s ,,( ,,s>awanga ,,& ,,ndreketi4 ,,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! nor? side ( ! isl& is ! ext5sive undulat+ pla9 t /ret*es f ! ,lekutu riv] to ne> ,sealevu on ! head-wat]s ( ! ,ndreketi1 a di/ance ( almo/ #cj miles4 ,9 its we/]n half ?is pla9 slopes gradually to ! sea-coa/1 :]e x is bord]$ by a broad belt ( mangroves4 ,9 its ea/]n half1 f ! m\? ( ! ,ndreketi ea/w>d1 ! l(ty ,nawavi coa/ range int]v5es betwe5 x & ! sea-%ore4 ,its bread? v>ies usually betwe5 #d & #f miles1 & its elevation1 ?\gh x rea*es a maximum ( ab\t #cjj feet1 is z a rule betwe5 #ajj & #bjj feet above ! sea4 ,ov] ne>ly all its area x pres5ts ! dri$-up & scantily vegetat$ appe>ance ( ! 8talas+a0 regions4 ,x is an op5 c\ntry mo/ly cle> ( =e/2 & x is to ?is "* z well z to its peculi> vegetation t x 9 "s measure owes its b>r5 look4 ,among/ ! brack51 grass1 & tall re$s 7,eulalia japonica7 t clo! mu* ( its surface fl\ri% ! ,p&anus1 ! ,casu>9a1 & ! ,cycad1 :i* give a special physiognomy to ! :ole area2 :il/ sev]al sea-side plants1 z ,ipomea pes capr1 ,mor9da citrifolia1 ,c]b]a odollam1 c41 h spread !mselves f> & wide ov] its ext5t4 ,x is trav]s$ by ! riv]s ,ndreketi1 ,s>awanga1 & ,lekutu1 ! two fir/ nam$ be+ navigable = sev]al miles1 z ! tide asc5ds a long way f ! coa/4 ,9 its ess5tial *>act]s ?is region corresponds ) ! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s at ! we/ end ( ! isl&1 :i* h be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,:]ev] ! riv]s h worn *annels ( any dep?1 basaltic rocks1 sometimes column> 9 /ructure1 are expos$2 & ov] mo/ ( its surface ! same rocks are display$1 (t5 mu* decompos$ & develop+ a sph]oidal "*1 or ly+ 9 l>ge blocks all ar\nd4 ,ov]ly+ ! basaltic rocks 9 v>i\s localities occur =am9if]\s clays & o!r subm>9e deposits4 ,?is great region ( pla9s is p>tially divid$ into two by ! project+ mass ( ! dacitic di/rict ( ,ndr&ramea1 ! slopes ( :i* desc5d to )9 #c or #d miles ( ! coa/ betwe5 ! ,s>awanga & ,ndreketi riv]s4 ,= conv5i5ce ( description ,i w deal ) ^! two sub-regions sep>ately "u ! names ( ! ,s>awanga & ,ndreketi pla9s4 ,,! ,,basaltic ,,pla9s ,,( ,,s>awanga4-- ,^! pla9s ext5d ab\t #f miles inl& to ! village ( ,tembe-ni-ndio on ! head-wat]s ( ! ,s>awanga riv]4 ,! prevail+ type ( basalt 9 ?is region is a porphyritic oliv9e-basalt %[+ a few l>ge cry/als ( glassy plagioclase & hav+ a specific gravity ( #bhd to #bi4 ,!y are nei!r vesicul> nor scoriace\s & are ref]r$ to g5]a #be & #cg ( ! oliv9e class4 ,! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass av]age #b mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little int]/itial glass4 ,!y _c (t5 be di/+ui%$ 9 _! *>act]s f ! oliv9e-basalt display$ 9 v]tical columns1 #d to #e feet 9 diamet]1 on ! l[] slopes ( ,seatura at ! back ( ,tembe-ni-ndio 7page #fc74 ,x is highly probable t mo/ ( ! basalts ( ^! pla9s belong to lava-fl[s t desc5d$ f ! great ,seatura v5t4 ,9 ! l[l&s x is mu* decompos$1 & a sph]oidal /ructure is frequ5tly develop$ dur+ ! dis9tegrat+ process1 j z has be5 notic$ 9 ! case ( ! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s on ! we/ side ( ,seatura4 ,! r\nd$ blocks t commonly occur on ! surface may be reg>d$ 9 ea* in/ance z ! nucleus ( a wea!r+ sph]oidal mass4 ,:5 ?is rock is expos$ unalt]$ 9 ! /reams x is usually massive or non-column>4 ,!re is a less common type ( basalt 9 ?is region :i* p]haps may repres5t ! upp] portion ( ^! basaltic fl[s4 ,i f\nd x expos$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ,selesele riv] ab\t half-way betwe5 ,lekutu & ,s>awanga & ab\t #b miles inl&1 :]e x =m$ v]tical columns #a feet across4 ,x diff]s pr9cipally 9 ! pres5ce ( a few small amygdules & 9 ! great] am\nt ( int]/itial glass4 ,! column> basalt t ,dana 9 ! 8,geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition0 describes z occurr+ at ! m\? ( ! same riv] probably belongs to ! same fl[4 ,he rem>ks t a few hundr$ y>ds back f ! 8,wat]+-place0 !re is an exposure ( column> basalt1 ! columns be+ v]tical1 #a to #b feet 9 diamet]1 & usually six-sid$4 ,! incru/+ subm>9e deposits f\nd 9 pat*es ov] ^! pla9s are g5]ally calc>e\s clay-rocks conta9+ te/s ( =mam9if]a & (t5 also univalve1 bivalve1 & pt]opod %ells4 ,!y are ref]r$ to ! =am9if]\s mud-rocks describ$ on page #cba4 ,su* deposits are prop]ly d>k-col\r$2 b z expos$ at & ne> ! surface !y h (t5 lo/ by hydration mo/ ( _! lime1 & h acquir$ by ! removal ( ! iron oxides a :iti% or pale-yell[ appe>ance1 :il/ !y h a peculi> soapy 8feel10 on acc\nt ( :i* !y are g5]ally kn[n z 8soap/one0 among/ ! :ites4 ,/reams fl[+ ?r\gh su* di/ricts h a some:at milky col\r4 ,^! deposits are ext5sively repres5t$ on ! slopes ( ! ,s>awanga valley1 & especially to ! ea/ ( ! t[n ( t "n4 ,!y are well display$ on ! way f ,s>awanga to ,tembe-ni-ndio1 & are also to be se5 on ! surface ( ! pla9s betwe5 ,lekutu & ! ,mbua-,lekutu wat]%$ to ! s\?w>d4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,s>awanga !y atta9 an elevation ( #bjj feet above ! sea2 b !y may be trac$ 9 pat*es up to #ejj feet on ! adjac5t slopes ( ! acid &esite region ( ,ndr&ramea4 ,ne> ! riv]1 & less ?an #ajj feet above ! sea1 ^! deposits are 9 "o place ov]la9 by an agglom]ate =m$ ( l>ge blocks1 #a to #b feet across1 ( ^! ,ndr&ramea &esites & dacites4 ,9 ano!r place1 ne> ! t[n ( ,s>awanga1 ,i f\nd !m expos$ 9 ! riv]-bank1 :]e !y 7 cov]$ ov] by a co>se palagonitic b$d$ tuff1 dipp+ g5tly ea/w>d & some:at calc>e\s4 ,f ! "* ( ! %ells ( m>9e univalves inclos$ 9 ?is tuff1 x appe>s to h be5 =m$ 9 %all[ wat]4 ,a v int]e/+ display ( ^! surface m>9e deposits occurs 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,s>awanga valley 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tembe-ni-ndio4 ,"h we h f9e & co>se calc>e\s palagonitic tuffs1 conta9+ te/s ( =am9if]a1 associat$ ) impure =am9if]al lime/ones4 ,!y occur up to elevations ( #cjj feet above ! sea on ei!r side ( ! ,s>awanga valley above ?is t[n1 incru/+ on ! nor? side ! l[] dacitic slopes ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict1 & on ! s\? side ! l[] basaltic slopes ( ,seatura4 ,at ! bottom ( ! valley1 z 9 ! ris+ gr\nd betwe5 ,tavua & ,tembe-ni-ndio1 !y conceal 9 "p ! basaltic rocks ( ! di/rict4 ,ne> ! la/-nam$ place1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,tembe-ni-ndio bran* ( ! ,s>awanga riv]1 ! =am9if]al lime/ones are display$ 9 l[ cliffs #ae to #bj feet 9 height4 ,!y are sometimes e>?y :5 !y conta9 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( lime1 & at o!r times m compact ) ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( lime1 ! residue be+ compos$ ( palagonitic mat]ials1 t9y fragm5ts ( m9]als & ( a basic rock1 c4#ei ,l>ge %ells1 ( ,o/ra & ,c>dium are also conta9$ 9 ^! lime/ones1 ! valves be+ deta*$ f ea* o!r4 ,! oy/] %ells project f ! wea!r$ surface2 & x is probable t ! "n ( ,tembe-ni-ndio1 :i* signifies 8! %ell ( ! oy/]10 may be ?us expla9$4 ,und]nea? ! =am9if]al lime/ones 9 ?is locality occur b$d$ co>se tuface\s s&/ones1 slightly incl9$ ,e4,n4,e41 & inclos+ wat]worn gravel & pebbles4 ,^! l[ lime/one cliffs1 al?\gh ab\t six miles inl&1 are n m ?an #abj or #acj feet above ! sea4 ,9 _! face !re is evid5ce ( an old erosion-l9e ( ! riv] #aj or #aa feet above its pres5t level4 ,by foll[+ up ?is bran* ( ! riv] = a little di/ance ,i came ^u an exposure ( ne>ly horizontal b$d$ palagonitic tuffs on its floor & sides4 ,"h a co>se tuff1 ( :i* ! l>g] fragm5ts compos+ x range betwe5 #c & #e mm4 9 size1 passes upw>d into a *ocolate-col\r$ compact tuff-clay =m$ ( ! same mat]ials1 ! l>g] av]ag+ #b or #c mm4 9 size4 ,^! tuffs are made up *iefly ( a palagonitis$ vacuol> basic glass1 ! vacuoles be+ fill$ ) ! alt]ation products4 ,! l[] co>se tuffs conta9 v little lime1 probably n ov] #a p] c5t41 & exhibit no organic rema9s 9 ! slide4 ,! upp] f9e tuffs h #c or #d p] c5t4 ( lime1 & inclose num]\s m9ute te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! globig]9a type1 _! cavities be+ g5]ally fill$ ) palagonitic mat]ial4 ,fur!r up ! valley ab\t a mile above ,tembe-ni-ndio1 & ab\t #bej feet above ! sea1 ! impure =am9if]al lime/ones aga9 appe>2 b !y "h exhibit an important diff]5ce 9 texture4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ( ^? ( ! l[] locality1 ! calcite is granul> & loosely arrang$1 or displays 9 an obscurely indicat$ mosaic ! comm5cem5t ( recry/allization4 ,9 ! case ( ^? ( ! upp] locality ! calcitic mat]ial ( ! gr\ndmass has m completely recry/alliz$1 & %[s a fairly cle> mosaic2 :il/ 9 "o place ! rock 0 ov]la9 or r incru/$ above by a lay]1 #c in*es ?ick1 ( a :ite cry/all9e lime/one1 look+ l /atu>y m>ble1 & inclos+ portions ( a mat]ial l t ( ! rock b5ea? x4 ,?is la/1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! slide1 exhibits itself z =m$ 9 mass ( cry/all9e calcite1 display+ a regul> mosaic1 & inclos+ small fragm5ts ( palagonitis$ mat]ials & ( m9]als 7pyrox5e7 su* z are abundant 9 ! rock bel[4 ,9 places ! gra9s ( ! mosaic are bord]$ by br[n & black iron oxide4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> t a metamorphism has be5 9 op]ation "h1 & t ! process :i* began ) ! recry/allization ( ! matrix 9 ! l[] rock is almo/ complet$ 9 ! ov]ly+ ?9 lay] :]e ev5 mo/ ( ! non-calc>e\s mat]ials h disappe>$4 ,no evid5ce sugge/ive ( contact-metamorphism came "u my notice 9 ?is locality4 ,^! =am9if]al lime/ones are surface =mations1 & x 0 9 ! upp]mo/ portion t ! metamorphism 0 mo/ complete4 ,we "h witness 9 op]ation ! trans=mation ( a rock conta9+ #df p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime 7! residue ( m9]als1 palagonite1 c471 into a m>ble or cry/all9e lime/one4 ,i ga!r t z 9 ! in/ance ( sev]al ( our old ,briti% lime/ones ! *ange is a purely int]/itial "o1 & is n connect$ ) !rmal metamorphism4 ,^! rem>ks on ! basaltic pla9s ( ,s>awanga & on _! incru/+ subm>9e deposits may be conclud$ ) a brief ref]5ce to ! silice\s concretions1 #b or #c in*es across1 ! silicifi$ portions ( corals1 & ! fragm5ts ( clay iron-/one & limonite resembl+ hmatite1 t occur frequ5tly on ! surface4 ,!y are common on ! pla9s s\? ( ,lekutu & betwe5 ,lekutu & ,s>awanga1 & up to elevations ( #bjj feet 9 ! =am9if]\s clay di/rict ea/ ( ,s>awanga1 :]e fragm5ts look+ l portions ( ! silicifi$ bran*es ( ,madrepores are to be f\nd2 b !y are n limit$ to su* localities1 & may occur also :]e ! surface is =m$ ( decompos$ basaltic rock4 7,^! matt]s are g5]ally discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxv47 ,,! ,,basaltic ,,pla9s ,,( ,,! ,,ndreketi4--,?is l[-ly+ region ( roll+ 8talas+a0 c\ntry n[ s]ves z ! bas9 ( ! ,ndreketi riv]1 ! l>ge/ ( ! riv]s ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,x is usually elevat$ betwe5 #ajj & #cjj feet above ! sea1 & its limits are well def9$ by ! #cjj feet cont\r l9e 9 ! map ( ! isl&4 ,on ! ea/ x is sep>at$ f ! bas9 common to ! ,wailevu & ,lambasa riv]s by ! ,sealevu ,divide1 :i* is describ$ on p4 #acf4 ,on ! we/1 z be=e obs]v$1 x is only 9 "p di/+ui%$ f ! bas9 ( ! ,s>awanga by ! spur desc5d+ f ! dacitic m\nta9s ( ,ndr&ramea4 ,x meets ! coa/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m\? ( ! ,ndreketi2 b = two-?irds ( its l5g? x is cut (f f ! sea by ! great ,nawavi range4 ,x supports ! *>act]i/ic vegetation ( ! 8talas+a0 or sun-burnt l&4 ,:il/ ! ,p&anus & ! ,casu>9a are mo/ conspicu\s among/ ! trees1 bu%es1 h]bs1 grasses & f]ns pr$om9ate4 ,"h ! native ,g+] & ! native ,turm]ic ) species ( ,tacca are frequ5tly to be recognis$1 & ! wa/e-l& bu%es ( ,dodona viscosa & ,mussnda frondosa are abundantly to be f\nd4 ,z 9 ! ,s>awanga pla9s1 ! basaltic rocks are "h (t5 ov]la9 or incru/$ by subm>9e deposits1 ! =m] expos$ 9 all ! deep] riv]-b$s1 ! latt] frequ5tly display$ 9 ! sides ( _! tribut>ies4 ,i w deal fir/ ) ! basaltic rocks4 ,9 ! places :]e ! surface deposits h be5 /ripp$ (f1 ^! rocks are g5]ally expos$ z decompos+ b\ld]s1 ! sph]oidal /ructure be+ well develop$ 9 ! wea!r+ process4 ,n infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 a rudely column> /ructure is exhibit$ :]e ! riv]s h cut deeply into ! basalt4 ,! columns t ,i obs]v$ 7 usually v]tical4 ,9 ! riv]-b$ at ! l&+-place at ,mbatiri1 = in/ance1 ! columns are f #b to #c feet across & v]tical4 ,z expos$ 9 ! riv]-cross+ ab\t a mile above ?is t[n !y are #ab to #ae in*es 9 diamet] & also v]tical4 ,h[ev]1 at ,na ,kal\1 a coa/ village ab\t #a miles ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,ndreketi1 :]e !re is an unexpect$ exposure ( basalt1 ! columns1 ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 are incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #bj f ! v]tical & face to ! nor?4 ,^! rocks are1 z a rule1 compact1 only %[+ a typical scoriace\s /ructure 9 ! case ( specim5s obta9$ ne> ! foot ( ,nakambuta1 an isolat$ hill ab\t ?ree miles to ! s\?w>d ( ,natua1 :i* probably repres5ts a v5t ( m rec5t times4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !y h a pseudo-vesicul> appe>ance1 f ! occurr5ce 9 ! mid/ ( ! pat*es ( int]/itial glass ( m9ute irregul> cavities t seem to h be5 =m$ dur+ ! la/ /age ( consolidation ( ! magma4 ,! prevail+ type ( basalts is a blacki%1 dol]itic1 semi-ophitic rock )\t oliv9e1 ) specific gravity #bgh to #bhj4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass 7#bb-ce mm471 by ! l>ge size ( ! augite granules 7#a-c mm471 & by ! quantity ( d>k int]/itial glass4 ,!y pres5t two =ms1 "o ) & ! o!r )\t plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,! fir/ k9d is ref]r$ to g5us #i ( ! augite-&esites 7page #bgb71 "s ( ! specim5s be+ ref]r$ to ! porphyritic sub-g5us1 & o!rs to ! non-porphyritic sub-g5us1 accord+ to ! size ( ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,! second k9d1 )\t felsp> ph5ocry/s1 belongs to g5us #ab ( ! same class 7page #bge74 ,a good example ( ! porphyritic rocks is af=d$ 9 ! l>ge blocks ly+ 9 ! /ream-b$s dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! way f ,ndreketi to ,s>awanga4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t ^! dol]itic1 semi-ophitic basaltic &esites ( ! ,ndreketi pla9s diff] conspicu\sly f ! prevail+ type f\nd on ! slopes ( ,seatura1 on ! ,s>awanga & ,mbua pla9s1 & on ! ,wa9unu table-l&4 ,!re we h1 z a rule1 oliv9e-basalts1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bhf to #bij1 & %[+ b scanty int]/itial glass1 ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass be+ on ! av]age n ov] #b mm4 9 l5g?1 :il/ ! augite granules are1 z a rule1 only #jb-jc mm4 9 diamet]1 & ! ophitic /ructure is infrequ5t4 ,! subm>9e deposits1 consi/+ ( =am9if]\s clays & co>s] tuff-s&/ones1 ! =m] be+ usually b5ea?1 are f\nd at int]vals all ov] ?is area4 ,!y occur inl& z f> z ,vu9asanga & ,n>eilangi1 ne> ! base ( ! m\nta9s ( ,va ,lili & ,na ,r>o1 rea*+ z high z #cjj feet1 _! place be+ tak5 on ! m\nta9 slopes by co>s] tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,:5 n wea!r$ !y are m or less calc>e\s1 & conta9 occasionally m>9e molluscan %ells1 :il/ palagonitic debris ent] l>gely into _! composition4 ,! =am9if]\s clays1 (t5 mu* blea*$ by hydration1 are well repres5t$ ar\nd ,mbatiri & 9 ! di/ricts betwe5 t t[n & ,natua & ,n>eilangi4 ,!y are relatively deep-wat] deposits1 & belong to ! type describ$ on page #cbc4 ,o!rs1 aga91 z expos$ 9 ! banks ( ! riv] at ,natua1 are *ocolate col\r$ & ( ! k9d ref]r$ to 9 detail on page #cce4 ,^! =am9if]\s clays 9 ! region betwe5 ,natua & ,mbatiri are ov]la9 9 places by co>se1 almo/ brecciat$1 tuffs1 =m$ 9 "p ( ! debris ( acid &esites1 su* z compose ! n f> di/ant m\nta9 ( ,na ,r>o4 ,s9ce ! massive basaltic rocks are expos$ 9 all ! deep] rock *annels ( ^! pla9s1 x is app>5t t ! ov]ly+ subm>9e deposits c possess no great ?ickness4 ,probably !y are nev] #ajj feet ?ick1 & usually f> less4 ,9 _m places1 ?r\gh _! d5udation1 ! und]ly+ basaltic rocks are expos$1 & 9 a decompos+ condition l>gely =m ! surface4 ,^! deposits z a rule display b$d+1 ! b$s be+ horizontal or at lea/ only incl9$ #b or #c degrees4 ,?is horizontality is a ne>ly con/ant feature ( ^! subm>9e b$s1 z !y ov]lie ! basaltic rocks ( ! pla9s2 & x is a feature we %\ld expect to f9d :]e !re has be5 em]g5ce r ?an upheaval4 ,silice\s concretions & silicifi$ coral fragm5ts1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! surface ( "s ( ^! pla9s ( ,vanua ,levu1 did n frequ5tly come "u my notice "h4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 occur occasionally1 z 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ,n&uri & ,natua4 ,,! ,,nawavi ,,range4 ,) ?is rem>kable coa/ range1 :i* fronts ! ,ma?uata sea-bord] = a di/ance ( #ab or #ac miles betwe5 ,ravi-ravi ,po9t & ,n&uri1 ,i h un=tunately b scant acqua9tance4 ,x atta9s its maximum elevation 9 ,m\nt ,nawavi ( #b1bch feet1 & is describ$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,?omson1#fj :o survey$ ?is coa/1 z brok5 9 two ne>ly opposite ,niurua1 ! pyramidal m\nta9 ( ,koro ,navuta ris+ 9 ! gap4 ,v>i\s o!r peaks1 besides t ( ,nawavi1 are m>k$ 9 ! late/ ,admiralty *>t2 !y v>y 9 height f #a1jjj to #a1gjj feet4 ,z ?is range lies only a mile or less back f ! bea*1 x gives to ! sea-bord] a bold & (t5 precipit\s appe>ance1 :i* is well %[n 9 an illu/ration 9 ,wilkes' ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition 7iii4 #bbf74 ,basic rocks probably prevail 9 ?is range4 ,:5 ,i asc5d$ its ea/]n spurs f ,n&uri1 & rea*$ a height ( #hjj feet1 only basic tuffs & agglom]ates came "u my notice4 ,f ,dana's rem>ks#fa x is to be inf]r$ t ! 8fr[n+ bluffs0 opposite ,ma?uata ,isl& are ( simil> =mation2 & x w\ld seem t ! rugg$ black /ones1 describ$ 9 ! ,admiralty ,sail+ ,directions#fb z topp+ ! hills beh9d ,ravi-ravi ,po9t1 are ( ! same basic "*4 ,f its cont\r & pr(ile ,i w\ld ga!r t1 z 9 ! great m\nta9\s ridges t con/itute ! backbone ( ! isl& betwe5 ,va ,lili & ,m\nt ,?ur/on1 palagonitic tuffs & clays ( subm>9e orig9 w1 toge!r ) volcanic agglom]ates1 be f\nd f> up ! slopes ( ?is range1 & t ! axis w prove to be l>gely compos$ ( massive basic rocks4 ,! hot spr+s ref]r$ to by ,?omson & o!rs z occurr+ at ! foot ( ! nor? & s\? slopes1 namely at ,vatuloaloa1 ,nambuonu1 & 9 ano!r unnam$ inl& locality1 are briefly m5tion$ on page #ca4 ,,! ,,sealevu ,,divide4--,?is broad range :i* sep>ates ! ,ndreketi & ,lambasa bas9s is an (f%oot f ! c5tral m\nta9s at ,sealevu & rea*es ! coa/ j ea/ ( ,n&uri4 ,its highe/ "p accord+ to ! elevation giv5 9 ! ,admiralty *>t is #a1dcg feet4 ,! road f ,sealevu to ,n&uri1 :i* crosses its broad level summit = a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles1 does n rise ov] #a1ajj feet4 ,betwe5 #hjj & #a1ajj feet are expos$ calc>e\s tuffs & clays all l>gely made up ( palagonitic mat]ials4 ,! co>s] might be describ$ z s&/ones4 ,! clays h #ab p] c5t4 ( lime & are =am9if]\s & are ( ! type describ$ on page #cba4 ,! rocks display$ on ! l[] nor!rn slopes on ! way to ,n&uri are at fir/ ! same subm>9e deposits1 & aft]w>ds decompos+ basaltic &esites4 ,x is app>5t t 9 ! c5tral elevat$ "p ( ?is range !re are hills ( volcanic =mation m or less completely buri$ b5ea? ^! deposits4 ,,! ,,di/rict ,,betwe5 ,,n&uri ,,bay ,,& ,,wailevu ,,riv] ,! sea-bord] betwe5 ,n&uri ,bay & ,middle ,po9t1 ne>ly f\r miles to ! ea/1 consi/s ( a fr+e ( l[l& m>g9$ by ! mangrove-belts & bank$ by a l9e ( hills betwe5 a qu>t] & two-?irds ( a mile inl&4 ,^! hills =m a cont9uation ( ! ,nawavi coa/ range ( m\nta9s ext5d+ f ,ravi-ravi ,po9t to ,n&uri4 ,!y atta9 _! greate/ height 9 ! case ( ,ulu-i-sori1 a cockscomb-l peak #a1ada feet above ! sea4 ,ano!r ( ^! hills1 ,vatu-tangiri1 is capp$ by a rem>kable obelisk-l rock4 ,beh9d ?is coa/ range lies a hill ) an elevation ( ne>ly #a1djj feet4 ,! rocks expos$ = ! fir/ mile or two along ! coa/ ea/ ( ,n&uri are agglom]ates & basic tuffs4 ,! blocks ( ! agglom]ates1 h[ev]1 are made ( an alt]$ grey porphyritic rock :i* has ! *>act]s ( a porphyrite ( a r acid type4#fc ,?is composition ( ! agglom]ate is q exceptional & indicates ! antiquity ( ! volcanic rocks 9 ?is locality4 ,f>!r along ! coa/ ! typical agglom]ates occur1 :]e ! blocks1 #c to #aj in*es across1 are compos$ ( ! usual semi-vitre\s black basaltic rock %[+ plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,ne>] ,middle ,po9t a decay+ dol]itic basalt is display$ at ! surface4 ,x is simil> to ! prevail+ rock ( ! ,ndreketi pla9s1 & is ref]r$ to ! ophitic rocks =m+ g5us #i ( ! augite-&esites4 ,! elevat$ promontory ( ,middle ,po9t is a prolongation ( a spur ( ,ulu-i-sori4 ,:]e x is cross$ by ! road x is ab\t #cej feet above ! sea4 ,on its we/ slopes are expos$ yell[i%-:ite tuff-l rocks1 evid5tly ! prevail+ basic clay-tuffs :i* h become blea*$ ?r\gh ! hydration accompany+ ! wea!r+ process4 ,b5ea? ^! deposits lies an amygdaloidal augite-&esite :i* is b>$ 9 places4 ,! rock is semi-vitre\s & ! amygdules x conta9s are (t5 a c5timetre long4 ,!y are compos$ ( a :ite m9]al ) fibro-radiate /ructure & made up ( ne$le-l prisms4 ,x gives (f wat]1 b x is n easily fus$1 & does n gelat9ise 9 ,h,cl4 ,f ! top ( ! promontory ! road /rikes inl& 9 an ea/-s\?-ea/ direction = ,tambia1 pass+ inside ! coa/ range1 :i* is "h #fjj feet 9 height1 & desc5d+ gradually ?r\gh a region ( basaltic &esite into ! valley ( ! ,tambia riv]4 7,?is rock1 :i* has a specific gravity ( #bhd1 displays m or less p>allel /\t felsp>-la!s1 #bc mm4 9 l5g?1 & has a little int]/itial glass4 ,x belongs to g5us #ac ( ! augite-&esites47 ,l[ hills %ut 9 ! little valley on all sides except :]e ! riv] breaks ?r\gh ! coa/ range4 ,! t[n ( ,tambia is n ov] #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,ab\t a mile to ! nor? exi/ hot spr+s ( consid]able ext5t :i* are describ$ on page #cb4 ,! road f ,tambia to ! ,wailevu ,riv] trav]ses an undulat+ di/rict v>y+ f #ajj to #cjj feet above ! sea4 ,a basalt conta9+ a little oliv9e1 ) a specific gravity ( #bia1 is commonly expos$ at ! surface 9 a dis9tegrat+ condition4 ,"h & !re occur basic tuffs4 ,9 "o locality1 !re is display$ a dyke-l mass 9 a small /ream c\rse1 #bjj feet above ! sea1 ( an alt]$ grey & compact &esite m>k$ ) p>allel r$ /reaks or b&s4 ,x is an aphanitic augite-&esite2 & is to be ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! augite sub-class4 ,x displays closely cr[d$ felsp>-la!s1 #jg mm4 9 l5g?1 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,! b&s are due to ! ga!r+ ( ! residual glass 9 /reaks p>allel to ! fl[4 ,*alc$onic fl9ts1 "s ( !m %[+ ! agate-/ructure1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( silicifi$ corals1 are f\nd occasionally on ! surface 9 ?is di/rict4 ,,! ,,lambasa ,,pla9s ,^! rem>kable inl& pla9s1 ab\t t5 miles long & ?ree to five miles broad1 are well describ$ 9 ! ,admiralty *>t z a l[ undulat+ c\ntry cov]$ ) grass1 screw-p9es1 & ,casu>9a trees4 ,!y are back$ by ! m\nta9s =m+ ! c5tral axis ( ! isl&1 :il/ brok5 gr\ps ( hills1 n usually m ?an #ejj or #fjj feet 9 height & atta9+ 9 ,ulu-i-,mbau an elevation ( #a1afj feet1 int]v5e betwe5 !m & ! sea-bord]4 ,!y are trav]s$ by ! ,wailevu1 ,lambasa1 & ,ngawa riv]s :i* aft] break+ ?r\gh ! seaw>d hill-ranges pass ?r\gh broad mangrove-belts to rea* ! coa/4 ,! tide asc5ds ^! riv]-c\rses = sev]al miles2 & 9 ! case ( ! ,lambasa riv] boats c foll[ its w9d+ c\rse = t5 miles p5etrat+ into ! he>t ( ! pla9s4 ,mu* ( ?is level inl& region is less ?an #ajj feet above ! sea2 :il/ ! cont\r l9e ( #cjj feet by :i* ! region is def9$ 9 ! map atta*$ to ?is book fairly well indicates ! high] levels4 ,! features :i* we h describ$ 9 ! in/ances ( ! ,s>awanga & ,ndreketi pla9s are 9 ! ma9 reproduc$ 9 ! ,lambasa region2 b 9 ! la/-nam$ ea* ( ! ?ree riv]s has a sy/em ( hot spr+s along its c\rse1 namely 7z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii471 at ,na ,kama on ! ,wailevu ,riv]1 at ,vuni-moli on ! ,lambasa ,riv]1 & at ,mbati-ni-kama on ! ,ngawa ,riv]4 ,basaltic &esites1 (t5 expos$ at ! surface 9 a decompos+ condition1 =m ! f\ndation ( ! pla9s4 ,!y are ov]la9 by subm>9e clays conta9+ pt]opod %ells & te/s ( =am9if]a2 & ov] ^! 9 _! turn co>se palagonitic tuffs & agglom]ate-tuffs are f\nd 9 places4 ,=mations /ill m rec5t are repres5t$ by elevat$ reef-rock on ! seaw>d side ( ! hills t b\nd ! pla9s4 ,nodules ( *alc$ony1 silicifi$ corals1 & o!r silice\s rocks1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( impure limonite1 lie on ! surface ov] mu* ( ?is region4 ,! basaltic rocks ( ?is region r>ely %[ oliv9e1 & belong z a rule to ! basaltic &esites1 be+ ref]r$ to g5]a #ac & #ba ( ! augite-&esites1 ! specific gravity be+ ab\t #bh4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 #ab to #ad mm4 9 l5g?1 are 9 fl[-arrangem5t1 & ! augite is at times semi-ophitic2 :il/ !re is a little int]/itial glass4 ,! basic rocks prevail+ betwe5 ,vatu-levoni & ,v&rani belong to g5us #ac ( ! augite-hyp]/h5e-&esites & h a gr\ndmass ( mu* f9] texture1 ! felsp>s only measur+ #je mm4 ,_! specific gravity ranges betwe5 #bg & #bge4 ,! ov]ly+ =am9if]\s & pt]opod clay rocks1 ! s-call$ 8soap/one10 are expos$ ov] l>ge areas ( ! surface4 ,a good idea ( ! important "p !y take 9 ! =mation ( ! l[] pla9s may be =m$ by visit+ ! hot spr+s ( ,vunimbele1 close to ,vuni-moli1 :i* issue f ! side ( a deep tr5* cut into ^! deposits4 ,z g5]ally display$ at ! surface1 !y h be5 subject$ to s mu* hydration 9 ! wea!r+ process t !y appe> z yell[i%-:ite clay-rocks depriv$ ( _! lime2 & x is only n[ & !n t ! rema9s ( =am9if]a & pt]opods c be detect$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 fairly well pres]v$ ar\nd ! base ( ,ulu-i-mbau 9 ! vic9ity ( ,koro-wiri1 :]e !y conta91 besides ! %ells ( pt]opods & =am9if]a1 portions ( decay+ coral1 & ext5d to #bjj feet & ov] above ! sea4 ,"h !y are ov]la9 by r co>s] basic tuffs ( mix$ "*1 conta9+ #e or #f p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & "s palagonite1 :i* ,i foll[$ z high z ! track lay1 r ov] #ejj feet above ! sea4#fd ,! reef-lime/ones1 already notic$ z expos$ 9 ! l[ hills betwe5 ,wailevu & ,lambasa1 lie a mile or two inl& & rea* to #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,! fragm5ts ( silice\s rocks1 :i* ) occasional bits ( impure limonite1 occur at int]vals all ov] ! surface ( ^! pla9s & l>gely =m ! gravel & pebbles 9 ! riv]-b$s1 include nodules ( *alc$ony1 fragm5ts ( jasp] or iron-fl9t1 :ite qu>tz-rock =m$ ( *alc$onic silica1 silicifi$ corals1 c4 ,!y are especially frequ5t 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nasawana & ,koro-ut>i1 & include f9e specim5s ( agates & ( onyx4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,va-,,lili ,,range ,,?is range ext5ds f ! ,na ,r>o ,gap be=e m5tion$ to ! ,ndreke-ni-wai riv]4 ,x is p>tly isolat$ on ! nor?-ea/ f ! ,korot9i ,range1 ! ext5sion ea/w>d ( ! m\nta9\s axis ( ! isl&1 by a depression or saddle :i* at its l[e/ "p is n m ?an #a1bjj or #a1cjj feet above ! sea2 b !re is no real break 9 ! l9e ( m\nta9s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t to make ?is di/9ction1 & ,i h nam$ ! dip betwe5 ! two ranges1 ! ,waisali ,saddle4 ,! range n[ to be describ$ atta9s its greate/ elevation 9 ! summit ( ,va-lili1 :i* is #b1icj feet above ! sea4 ,!re are two or ?ree o!r peaks t exce$ #b1jjj feet1 & mu* ( ! range is n "u #a1gjj feet4 ,my acqua9tance ) ?is range is n ext5sive2 b x w s]ve to illu/rate its g5]al geological /ructure4 ,! summit ( ,va-lili is v conspicu\s f mo/ po9ts ( view4 ,f ! nor?1 ea/1 & s\?-ea/1 x has a rem>kable broad & squ>e-topp$ pr(ile ) a little conical elevation 9 ! c5tre4 ,f ! s\?-we/1 x displays a diff]5t outl9e ) a solit>y squ>i% block on ! top1 & ?is is ! =m mo/ famili> to ! navigator4 ,un=tunately1 = reasons giv5 bel[1 ,i did n q rea* ! summit1 & al?\gh ,i 0 able to obta9 suffici5t data = =m+ a g5]al idea ( ! /ructure ( ?is "p ( ! range1 ! /ructure ( ! actual summit has yet to be asc]ta9$4 7#a7 ,,asc5t ,,( ,,va-,,lili ,,f ,,n>5gali4--,?is village1 :i* is elevat$ #djj feet above ! sea1 lies ab\t two miles 9 a direct l9e1 ,n4,n4,e4 f ! peak4 ,9 trav]s+ ! int]v5+ c\ntry1 "o crosses ! ,loma-loma ridge1 elevat$ #a1jjj feet1 on ! top ( :i* 0 once situat$ ! village ( ,loma-loma visit$ by ,horne 9 #ahgh4 ,! rocks expos$ on ! surface are scanty1 a h>d palagonite-tuff1 :i* owes its induration to a calcitic cem5t1 occurr+ on ! upp] "p ( ! ridge2 ! orig9al site ( ! village be+ m>k$ by a l>ge block ( ?is /one4#fe ,! track !n desc5ds into ! valley ( ! ,loma-loma riv]1 ab\t #djj feet above ! sea1 9 ! b$ ( :i* occur blocks ( an amygdaloidal basaltic &esite1 conta9+ ph5ocry/s ( bo? rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 & ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! rhombic pyrox5e &esites4 ,! amygdules are =m$ ( calcite4 ,,pr(ile-,,sket*es ,,( ,,! ,,va-,,lili ,,range4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f ! s\?-ea/ ne> ,sav>ek>eka4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f ! s\?-we/4 ,beyond ! riv] ! asc5t ( ! nor!rn slope ( ,va-lili beg9s4 ,z high z #a1ajj feet occur basic agglom]ates ov]ly+ f9e & co>se palagonite-tuffs1 :i* are at times horizontally b$d$1 ! f9] k9ds be+ sometimes calc>e\s1 & l t ( ! ,loma-loma ridge above m5tion$4 ,at #a1cjj feet is a l9e ( tall cliffs :i* ext5d = "s di/ance at int]vals along ! m\nta9-slope1 & are indicat$ by "s f9e wat]falls4 ,my track /ruck ^! cliffs at a place nam$ 8,nang>a-ravi0 7! lean+ cave-rock7 :]e !y h a height ( #aej feet or m4 ,! tall cliff leans slightly =w>d1 s t x =ms a %elt] at its foot1 & h5ce ! "n4 ,x is compos$ ( a tuff-agglom]ate1 ! blocks1 :i* are =m$ ( a semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite ( ! augite class1 be+ n g5]ally m ?an #c or #d in*es across4 ,^! blocks1 :i* are r\nd$ on ! out] expos$ side & angul> on ! imb$d$ side1 are inclos$ 9 a h>d1 probably calc>e\s matrix4 ,! :ole face ( ! cliff has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 worn smoo? by attrition1 & !re are n to be obs]v$ ! project+ blocks f its surface :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( o!r agglom]ate-cliffs4 ,x %[s no /ratification2 b at its base flu% ) ! cliff-face are l>ge masses ( a basic massive rock4 ,b few portions ( rock h be5 deta*$ f ! cliff4 ,h[ev]1 ,i f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( a huge fall5 fragm5t ( ! agglom]ate a dyke-l mass ( a basaltic &esite1 :i* diff]s *iefly f ! rock =m+ ! blocks ( ! agglom]ate 9 be+ m cry/all9e4 ,?is dyke mu/ h be5 ab\t #ae feet ?ick4 ,hav+ reg>d to ^! v>i\s features1 ,i am incl9$ to consid] t ?is lean+ cliff repres5ts "o side ( a l>ge fissure 9 ! agglom]ates :i* 0 occupi$ by a dyke4 ,ref]5ce has be5 above made to ! fact t ! agglom]ates may be se5 ov]ly+ ! tuffs f>!r d[n ! slope1 s t ! conditions fav\rable = l&slips exi/4 ,i h %[n on page #aaa t ! orig9 ( ! ,mb5u?a cliffs :]e agglom]ates lie on clayey tuffs may be ?us attribut$ to a l&slip4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,nang>a-ravi cliffs1 ! occurr5ce ( ?is fragm5t ( a l>ge basaltic dyke is ( "s importance 9 connection ) ! orig9 ( ! basic agglom]ates ( ?is locality4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9-ridge is ab\t #gjj feet above ,nang>a-ravi1 or #b1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! tuffs & agglom]ates t once exi/$ "h h be5 /ripp$ (f to a great ext5t & ! deep] rocks ( ! range are 9 "p expos$4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is ridge 7#a1gjj to #b1jjj feet7 is =m$ ( a rubbly pit*/one :]e a basic glass has be5 brok5 up & !n consolidat$1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ up ) palagonite z describ$ 9 o!r cases on page #cac4 ,?\gh non-vesicul>1 x is j su* a rock z "o w\ld expect to f9d on ! surface ( a lava-fl[ or on ! sides ( a dyke4 ,! cre/ ( ! range is "h only a n>r[ ridge4 ,i foll[$ x along 9 a nor?-we/ direction1 gradually asc5d+ on ! way1 & 9 "t ! rubbly pit*/one gave place to a h>d5$ palagonitic clay rock1 :i* 0 obs]v$ z high z #b1cjj feet4 ,x app>5tly conta9s a little lime1 & probably 0 at "o "t =am9if]\s2 b x is n[ mu* affect$ by hydration4 ,soon aft] ?is1 we arriv$ at ! foot ( ! /eep asc5t lead+ to ! summit ( ,va-lili4 ,we 7 n[ r ov] #b1djj feet above ! sea2 b my natives refus$ to g on1 ! heavy ra9 hav+ made ! slope too slipp]y = a safe asc5t4 ,) mu* reluctance ,i retrac$ my /eps2 & z ! bad wea!r cont9u$ = sev]al days aft]1 ,i did n make ano!r attempt4 ,!re w\ld1 h[ev]1 be no difficulty 9 dry wea!r4 7#b7 ,,trav]se ,,( ,,! ,,va-,,lili ,,range ,,f ,,! ,,old ,,site ,,( ,,loma-,,loma ,,to ,,waiwai ,,on ,,! ,,coa/ ,,( ,,savu-,,savu ,,bay4--,?is r\te1 :i* 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,horne1 ! botani/1 9 ! rev]se direction 9 #ahgh1 is ?us describ$ 9 8 book1 ,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji 7p4 #ai73 8,! pa?1 r\gh & app>5tly n mu* us$1 ran along /reams1 up /eep asc5ts & d[n awkw>d desc5ts1 ov] slipp]y b\ld]s & fall5 trees1 up ! sides & along ! cre/s ( d5sely wood$ m\nta9s40 ,asc5d+ ! nor? slope ( ! range ,i f\nd at ! ,tangi-n&reli cave1 :i* is #a1jej feet above ! sea1 a palagonite-tuff-s&/one und]ly+ ! basic agglom]ate4 ,?is tuff1 :i* is ( ! type describ$ j bel[1 does n eff]vesce ) an acid1 & %[s no te/s ( =am9if]a :5 exam9$ ) a l5s4 ,fur!r up ! slopes l>ge masses ( agglom]ate occur4 ,at #a1cej feet ,i came ^u a l>ge mass ( a f9e-gra9$ compact$ palagonite-tuff made up *iefly ( fragm5ts ( palagonitiz$ vacuol> basic glass4 ,among ! m9]al fragm5ts occur plagioclase1 augite1 & rhombic pyrox5e1 & a little fre% oliv9e1 :i* is ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 ^! palagonite-tuffs4 ,x conta9s little or no lime1 & %[s no te/s ( =am9if]a 9 ! slide4 ,! summit ( ! range is "h ab\t half a mile broad1 & is relatively level4 ,i plac$ its elevation at #a1gfj feet1 :i* is n f> f ,horne's e/imate ( #a1hjj feet4 ,! s\!rn slope1 :i* is ! ra9y side ( ! range1 is mu* cut up into gorges4 ,9 ! upp] #bjj feet palagonite-tuffs1 simil> to ^? above ref]r$ to1 are display$1 & basic agglom]ates occur l[] d[n4444 ,?is "p ( ! range is rem>kable ?r\gh be+ completely cov]$ ov] by palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out above t ?is is n ! case ) ! range close to ! highe/ peak1 :]e ! und]ly+ rocks are 9 "p expos$ at ! cre/ ( ! range4 7#c7 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,peak ,,( ,,! ,,va-,,lili ,,range4--,?is hill1 ab\t #a1ajj feet 9 height1 ov]looks ! ,mbale-mbale bran* ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai riv]4 ,at its foot ne> ! riv] !re is expos$ at ! roadside a rubbly pit*/one =m$ ( a basic glass1 inclos+ porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase1 augite1 & oliv9e1 :i* is describ$ on page #cac4 ,"h also occurs an agglom]ate made up ( blocks ( a semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bgh71 %[+ prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass1 & ref]r$ to g5us #bj ( ! augite-&esites4 ,! upp] "p ( ! hill displays ! same agglom]ate1 & a tuff-agglom]ate 9 :i* small fragm5ts ( ! basaltic &esite are inclos$ 9 a matrix l>gely made up ( f9e debris ( basic glass4 ,!re protrudes ?r\gh ^! detrital rocks at ! top ( ! hill a broad dyke-l mass ( ! same basaltic &esite t =ms ! agglom]ate ar\nd2 & ! /ructure ( ! hill is ?us display$ z t ( an old volcanic neck4 ,x has evid5tly an axis ( massive basaltic rocks1 m or less cov]$ ov] ) agglom]ates & tuffs4 7#d7 ,,! ,,nambuni ,,spur4--,?is s+ul> spur runs d[n to ! coa/ betwe5 ,waiwai & ,wailevu2 b x is p>tly sep>at$ by a deep gap f ! ma9 range4 ,x atta9s a height ( #eej to #fjj feet1 & has two little peaks :i* ! natives call ,vatu-tolutolu & ,vatu-tangitangiri4 ,its position is %[n 9 "o ( ! pr(ile-sket*es ( ,va-lili1 giv5 on page #ada4 ,! cre/ ( ! spur is =m$ by a dyke-l mass1 #be to #cj feet ?ick1 :i* is compos$ ( a basic agglom]ate pass+ d[n into a palagonite-tuff4 ,! blocks ( ! agglom]ate are compos$ ( a semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite1 %[+ m9ute felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t 9 an abundant smoky glass1 ! f9e pyrox5e be+ n diff]5tiat$4 ,! tuff1 into :i* ! agglom]ate passes d[n is non-calc>e\s1 & displays no organic rema9s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 compos$ ( fragm5ts1 :i* d n g5]ally exce$ a millimetre 9 size1 ( palagonitis$ vacuol> glass1 basic &esites1 plagioclase1 monocl9ic & rhombic pyrox5e1 c4 ,?is dyke-l mass =ms ! axis ( ! ridge & protrudes v]tically ab\t #ajj feet1 ! bulk ( ! spur be+ compos$ ( a compact$ brecciat$ palagonite-tuff made up ma9ly ( fragm5ts a c5timetre 9 size1 ( a basic vacuol> glass1 sometimes fibrill>1 :i* is ext5sively palagonitis$4 ,! fill+ up ( a fissure 9 a mass ( tuff-breccia by palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates probably occurr$ dur+ ! subm]g5ce1 ! orig9al dyke-rock hav+ be5 remov$ by m>9e erosion4 ,aft] ! em]g5ce ! suba]ial d5ud+ ag5cies re%ap$ ! surface1 & z a result ( ! less yield+ "* ( ! mat]ials fill+ ! fissure1 !y protrude z a dyke-l mass f ! cre/4 ,9 a cliff-face ( ! adjac5t ma9 range !re are display$ an agglom]ate ( basaltic &esite & a pit*/one-breccia1 compos$ ( fragm5ts ( b little alt]$ basic glass1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ up ) palagonite4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,kiombo fl[ ,i h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( a closely simil> pit*-/one-breccia 7page #ib74 7#e7 ,,! ,,sea-,,bord] ,,& ,,! ,,l[-,,ly+ ,,di/ricts ,,at ,,! ,,base ,,( ,,! ,,va-,,lili ,,range4--,x may be g5]ally rem>k$ t palagonite-tuffs & clays1 (t5 =am9if]\s1 prevail 9 ^! localities4 ,?us 9 ! sea-bord] betwe5 ,waiwai & ! m\? ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai basic agglom]ates are display$ :]e ! m\nta9s approa* ! coa/2 b fur!r we/ a broad tract ( undulat+ l&1 elevat$ usually #ajj to #cjj feet1 int]v5es betwe5 ! range & ! sea-bord]1 & "h co>se & f9e palagonite-tuffs pr$om9ate4444 ,on ! nor?-we/ ! =am9if]\s tuffs & clays ( ! ,ndreketi pla9s approa* ! ,va-lili range 9 ! vic9ity ( ,vu9asanga1 & ext5d = at lea/ #bjj or #cjj feet up its sides4444 ,at ! ea/ end ( ! range1 :]e ! slopes desc5d to ! pla9s ( ! ,waisali valley1 a little we/ ( ,mbale-mbale1 !re are expos$ b$d$ palagonite-tuffs1 tilt$ up at an angle ( ab\t #bj to ! s\?-we/4 ,!y conta9 a little lime & display microscopic te/s ( =am9if]a1 ! palagonite be+ m9utely vacuol>1 ! cavities also be+ fill$ ) ! alt]$ glass4 ,i notic$ ^? subm>9e deposits at an elevation ( #ajj feet1 b probably !y rea* mu* high]4 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! data above giv5 conc]n+ ! ,va-lili range seems cle>ly to be ?is4 ,we h "h indicat$ ! em]g5ce ( a subm>9e m\nta9-ridge cov]$ ov] ) palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates1 ! la/ be+ upp]mo/4 ,^! cov]+s h be5 9 places /ripp$ (f by ! d5ud+ ag5cies & ! und]ly+ massive basic rocks expos$4 ,^! rocks1 h[ev]1 v>y mu* 9 texture1 "s be+ vitre\s1 z 9 ! case ( ! pit*/ones1 o!rs hemi-cry/all9e z 9 ! case ( ! basaltic &esites2 & x is to be ga!r$ f ?is & o!r simil> indications t diff]5t subm>9e v5ts 7 =m$ along a fissure or fissures at ! sea-bottom4 ,no evid5ce ( suba]ial eruptions came "u my notice4 ,aft] ! v5ts became ext9ct !y 7 buri$ b5ea? ! palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,dur+ & aft] ! em]g5ce ! d5ud+ ag5cies re%ap$ ! surface ( ! range & left b little ( its orig9al =m4 ,s9ce x is my object to build up a !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ridge-m\nta9s z ,i proce$ ) ! sy/ematic description ( ! isl&1 x w be "h conv5i5t to foll[ up ! prec$+ rem>ks on ! ,va-lili ,range by a prelim9>y ref]5ce to ! great ridge di/rict ly+ ea/ ( x4 ,:5 a panoramic view ( ?is region is obta9$1 "o obs]ves a s]ies ( l(ty ridges m or less p>allel & runn+ ab\t ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 ,!re are ! ,va-lili1 ,n>5gali1 & ,sealevu ridge-m\nta9s ) less] ridges betwe54 ,! int]v5+ valleys are elevat$ ab\t #djj feet above ! sea1 :il/ ! m\nta9s rise up to ov] #b1jjj feet4 ,9 _m localities ?is configuration ( ! surface w\ld be attribut$ ma9ly to suba]ial d5udation4 ,9 ?is isl& ,i w endeav\r to %[ t ^! m\nta9-ridges exi/$ be=e ! em]g5ce4 ,!y d n owe _! =m to ! riv]s t fl[ ?r\gh ! valleys1 ?\gh no d\bt riv]-erosion has br\ght ^! features into great] relief4 ,9 ,vanua ,levu1 z !re w be frequ5t occasion ( %[+1 riv]s (t5 fl[ 9 valleys t !y h n made4 ,?is is especially po9t$ out on page #aea2 & x is necess>y to emphasise x "h1 be=e proce$+ f>!r ) ! description ( ! geological /ructure ( ! m\nta9-ridges4 ,,! ,,waisali ,,saddle ,?is saddle1 :i* connects ! ,va-lili & ! ,koro-t9i ranges1 has probably a m9imum elevation ( n ov] #a1bjj or #a1cjj feet4 ,to und]/& ?is di/rict ?or\ghly a regul> survey is1 h[ev]1 necess>y4 ,x is only at times 9 ?is d5sely wood$ range t a view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is obta9$2 b 9 spite ( ?is drawback ,i 0 able by a dilig5t use ( wat*1 an]oid1 & prismatic compass1 to obta9 a fair g5]al notion ( ! surface-configuration4 ,! track t proce$s we/w>d f ,waisali to ,n>5gali leads also to ! villages ( ,na ,s9u & ,sealevu4 ,ab\t #a or #b miles f ,waisali1 ! track bran*es (f to ! we/w>d = ,n>5gali & to ! nor?w>d = ,na ,s9u & ,sealevu4 ,aft] half an h\r's walk along ?is la/-nam$ pa?1 "o comes to a place :]e at an elevation ( ab\t #ijj feet x bran*es (f to ! left = ,na ,s9u1 cross+ ! l[e/ "p ( ! saddle1 & to ! "r = ,sealevu across ! ,koro-t9i ,range4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t s9ce ! natives are gradually ab&on+ _! m\nta9-villages & are settl+ at ! coa/1 _m ( ! m\nta9-tracks us$ by me w be=e long be ov]gr[n & =gott54 ,9 tak+ ! pa? f ,waisali to ,n>5gali "o soon ent]s ! hilly c\ntry :]e l>ge masses ( basic tuffs & basic agglom]ates1 ! la/ =m$ ( blocks ( a compact basaltic &esite1 occur on ! surface up to #gjj or #gej feet above ! sea4 ,! rock j nam$ has a specific gravity ( #bhd1 & s9ce x displays rhombic pyrox5e among/ its ph5ocry/s1 x is plac$ 9 g5us #a ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,above ?is elevation1 & z f> z ! top ( ! range1 #a1hjj-a1ijj feet above ! sea1 porphyritic basaltic &esites1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bh1 prevail at ! surface4 ,!y display small porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase1 augite1 & rhombic pyrox5e 9 a gr\ndmass compos$ ( small felsp>-la!s1 prismatic pyrox5e1 & mu* smoky glass1 & are ref]r$ to g5us #e ( ! same pyrox5e &esites4 ,x is probable1 judg+ f "o ( ^! exposures1 t su* rocks are dyke-l masses3 b on acc\nt ( ! ?ick soil-cap x is n possible to obta9 a good view ( !m4 ,9 ! /ream-c\rses occur l>ge blocks ( alt]$ basaltic &esites ( ! propylitic type1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bfd to #bgj1 & exhibit+ abundant alt]ation products1 su* z calcite1 viridite1 c4 ,^! propylites1 ,i presume1 con/itute ! deep] portion ( ! range4 ,x w (t5 be necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! alt]$ basaltic &esites1 su* z are above ref]r$ to1 & ! relatively fre% rocks ( ! same type4 ,! =m] are light col\r$ 7sp4 gr4 #bf to #bge71 & are only expos$ 9 gorges & /ream-c\rses t deeply score ! m\nta9-slopes4 ,! latt] are blacki% 7sp4 gr4 ab\t #bh71 & at times p5etrate ! cov]+ ( tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,desc5d+ ! opposite or nor?-we/ side ( ! saddle-range1 "o f9ds ! same basic &esites1 bo? fre% & alt]$1 d[n to ab\t #a1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,!n ! track leads "o d[n a precipit\s slope into ! picturesque gorge trav]s$ by ! head-wat]s ( ! ,n>5gali ,riv]4 ,at its l[] end ! gorge op5s out into ! broad ,n>5gali valley1 & "h ! d5se =e/ ( ! high] di/ricts gives place to ! scanty vegetation ( ! 8talas+a0 region4 ,! rocks expos$ 9 ! sides ( ! gorge are basic agglom]ates ov]ly+ palagonitic tuffs ( mix$ composition & evid5tly s$im5t>y4 ,on ! bottom lie huge masses1 "s ( !m #gj or #hj tons 9 weight1 ( alt]$ grey aphanitic or non-porphyritic augite-&esites1 p5etrat$ 9 "s cases by ?9 ve9s ( :ite qu>tz1 & at times display+ a rudely column> /ructure1 ! columns be+ #ab to #ad in*es across4 ,sometimes ! alt]ation is ma9ly conf9$ to ! fill+ ( ! fissures ) *alc$onic qu>tz1 m9ute ne/s ( ! same mat]ial occurr+ 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,at o!r times ! small augite granules are also decompos+4 ,! specific gravity v>ies f #bfd to #bgc2 ! rocks be+ ref]r$ to g5us #af1 species ,a1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,occasional deta*$ masses ( a propylitic basic &esite1 display+ porphyritic plagioclase & pyrox5e1 also occur 9 ?is gorge1 ! felsp> ph5ocry/s be+ l>gely occupi$ by calcitic & o!r alt]ation products1 :il/ mu* viridite occurs 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,x exhibits bo? monocl9ic & rhombic pyrox5e2 & on acc\nt ( ! prism =m ( ! gr\ndmass pyrox5e x is plac$ 9 ! #bnd sub-ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,^! alt]$ rocks are deep-seat$ intrusive masses t 7 orig9ally cov]$ ov] by ! basic agglom]ates & palagonite-tuffs expos$ 9 ! sides ( ! gorge4 ,bel[ ! gorge !re is an ext5sive exposure 9 ! sides & b$ ( ! riv] ( light-col\r$ calc>e\s tuffs :i* 7 orig9ally compos$ ( palagonitic mat]ials2 b ow+ p>tly to hydration1 & p>tly to o!r second>y *anges1 ! orig9al /ructure is mu* disguis$4 ,cross+ ! riv] 9 ! mid/ ( ^! tuffs !re is a dyke1 #ae feet ?ick1 =m$ ( a propylitic basaltic &esite1 a semi-vitre\s rock 9 :i* calcitic & zeolitic mat]ials h be5 develop$ 9 quantity4 ,! dyke1 :i* is n column>1 is /eeply incl9$ at an angle ( #de to ! nor?-ea/4444 ,fur!r d[n ! riv]-valley z f> z ,n>5gali1 occur basic tuff-agglom]ates4 ,,! ,,tract ,,( ,,nakambuta ,?is is a tract ( brok5 c\ntry t projects f ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl& 7betwe5 ! ,va-lili & ,koro-t9i ranges7 into ! he>t ( ! ,ndreketi pla9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,natua4 ,z limit$ by ! #cjj-;feet cont\r l9e1 x is indicat$ 9 ! map atta*$ to ?is "w4 ,its g5]al level v>ies betwe5 #cjj & #fjj feet 9 elevation2 b a numb] ( isolat$ peaks are includ$ )9 ?is area4 ,m ?an "o ( ^! hills atta9 a height ( #a1jjj feet1 ,nakambuta a v conspicu\s hill be+ z mu* z #a1ejj feet4 ,basaltic &esites ) basic agglom]ates & palagonite-tuffs prevail4 ,t[>ds ,natua ! basaltic &esites1 :i* are (t5 mu* decompos$1 are ( ! dol]itic type ref]r$ to 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,ndreketi ,pla9s on page #acc4 ,inl&1 t[>ds ,n>5gali & ,va-lili1 ^! rocks are (t5 m or less glassy & take ! =m ( pit*/ones2 :il/ ! agglom]ates h ! same "*4 ,! fir/ probably repres5t subm>9e fl[s ( basaltic lava :i* h spread f> & wide ov] ! ,ndreketi pla9s4 ,! inl& rocks are1 z is po9t$ out bel[1 ! products ( v5ts t1 z 9 ! case no d\bt ( ,m\nt ,nakambuta1 rose out ( a %all[ sea4 ,! palagonite-tuffs & clays1 (t5 =am9if]\s1 :i* cov] ! ,ndreketi pla9s1 are ext5sively repres5t$ 9 ! l[] levels up to #djj feet or m4 ,betwe5 "o & two miles to ! we/w>d ( ! ,n>5gali valley1 & imm$iately nor? ( ,va-lili1 ! agglom]ates1 ov]ly+ palagonite-tuffs1 =m l(ty precipices4 ,! agglom]ates are compos$ ( blocks ( m or less vitre\s basaltic-&esites1 "s ( !m semi-vitre\s & amygdaloidal1 "s 9 ! =m ( pit*/one1 & o!rs aga9 z ta*ylyte t fuses 9 ! lamp-flame4 ,! und]ly+ palagonite-tuffs are b$d$1 & are compos$ ( fragm5ts ( basic glass t orig9ally inclos$ porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase4 ,9 ! slide x is obs]v$ t ! glass & m9]al fragm5ts h (t5 be5 re-fractur$ z !y lie 9 ! tuff & t ! =m] h r\nd$ angles & erod$ edges4 ,! int]/ices are fill$ ) a m or less palagonitis$ magma4 ,simil> rocks occur 9 o!r localities1 & !y w all be f\nd describ$ on page #ccd4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ "h t 9 all cases ^! rocks w\ld seem to h und]gone "s cru%+1 ! heat develop$ 9 ! process be+ suffici5t to p>tially remelt ! glass4 ,a high temp]ature 0 n requir$ to effect ?is fusion1 s9ce spl9t]s ( ! ta*ylyte occurr+ 9 ! ov]ly+ agglom]ate fuse 9 an ord9>y lamp-flame4 ,x is po9t$ out on page #cda t tuffs ( ?is "* diff] 9 orig9 & 9 *>act]s f ! prevail+ =am9if]\s palagonite-tuffs4 ,! road f ,n>5gali to ,natua trav]ses ! l5g? ( ?is di/rict4 ,at & ne> ! m\? ( ! ,n>5gali valley !re are expos$ basic tuffs & agglom]ates1 ! blocks 9 ! la/ case be+ =m$ ( a semi-vitre\s1 vesicul> or almo/ scoriace\s basaltic &esite4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood ! track passes across ! top ( a wat]fall :i* is ! result ( ! exi/5ce ( a huge dyke-l mass ( a compact basaltic &esite %[+ a little int]/itial glass & ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! augite-&esites4 ,x lies 9 a di/rict ( tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,f>!r on1 ab\t two miles nor?-we/ ( ,n>5gali1 ! track crosses "s r\nd$ hills1 elevat$ ab\t #fjj feet1 on ! top ( :i* is display$ a concretion>y pit*/one1 %[+ little nodul> concretions ( ! size ( filb]ts1 & hav+ ! microscopical *>act]s ( 8v>iolite10 z describ$ on page #cac4 ,?is is ! only locality ( ?is rock t is kn[n to me4 ,my acqua9tance ) ! tract ( ,nakambuta is1 h[ev]1 v imp]fect4 ,b x is app>5t t 9 ! pit*/ones & 9 ! semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 sometimes vesicul> & amygdaloidal1 we get a ne>] approa* to ! products ( suba]ial eruptions ?an is to be obs]v$ 9 mo/ o!r portions ( ! isl&4 ,! exam9ation ( ! ,nakambuta peak by "s future inve/igator w br+ to light "s int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ?is region4 ,x is n unlikely t dur+ a late /age ( ! em]g5ce ( ?is region ,nakambuta & ! o!r peaks ar\nd protrud$ z active v5ts above ! surface ( a %all[ sea1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! products ( _! eruptions accumulat$4 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,ndreke-,,ni-,,wai ,,& ,,its ,,tribut>ies ,ndreke-ni-wai1 :i* signifies 8! holl[ ( ! wat]10 is ! "n ( a broad tidal e/u>y1 op5+ into ,savu-savu ,bay1 :i* is =m$ by ! union1 ab\t half a mile above its m\?1 ( two riv]s1 ! ,mbale-mbale ,riv] fl[+ f ! nor?-we/ pa/ a village ( t "n1 & ! ,vatu-kawa ,riv]1 ! l>ge/1 fl[+ f ! ea/w>d1 :i* ,i h also nam$ aft] a village on its banks4 ,! valleys ( ^! two riv]s are sep>at$ by a m\nta9\s divid+-ridge connect$ by a saddle ) ! ma9 range4 ,its highe/ peaks rise to #b1ajj feet above ! sea1 ! elevation ( ?is 8divide0 rapidly decreas+ z x approa*es ! coa/1 :]e1 )9 a mile ( ! bea*1 x t]m9ates 9 "s l[ hills #bjj or #cjj feet 9 height4 ,x may be obs]v$ "h t a m\? ( ! riv] 0 orig9ally situat$ #gjj or #hjj y>ds to ! we/ ( its pres5t site4 ,?is old m\? is n[ repres5t$ by a lagoon communicat+ ) ! ,mbale-mbale ,riv] above1 b clos$ by ! s&-m\nd ( ! bea* at its l[] end1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is occasionally brok5 ?r\gh :5 ! riv]s are 9 flood4 ,?is lagoon is %[n 9 ! view fac+ page #aec4 ,! valley ( ! ,mbale-mbale ,riv]1 :i* is mu* ! small] ( ! two riv]s1 is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! precipit\s slopes ( ! ,koro-t9i ,range1 :i* rise to ov] #b1jjj feet1 & on ! s\? & we/ by ! l(ty ,va-lili ,range4 ,! valley1 above ! village ( ,mbale-mbale1 is broad & l[-ly+2 & "o c asc5d x to ! vic9ity ( ,waisali1 ?ree to f\r miles f ! riv]'s m\?1 )\t atta9+ an elevation ( #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,! ma9 /ream1 :i* fl[s d[n f ,waisali1 is jo9$ ne> ,mbale-mbale by a m impetu\s /ream t desc5ds ! /eep m\nta9-sides j to ! ea/ ( ! ,koro-t9i ,bluff4 ,! valley ( ! ,vatu-kawa ,riv] is b\nd$ by l(ty m\nta9-ranges t rise to elevations v>y+ f #b1jjj to #c1ejj feet4 ,on ! s\? side lies ! ,m>iko ,range1 on ! ea/ lies ,m\nt ,mbat9i1 ! mo/ elevat$ peak ( ! isl&1 :il/ on ! nor? rise up ! /eep slopes ( ! ,koro-t9i ,range & ( ! m\nta9\s 8divide40 ,! valley has su* a g5tle gradi5t t "o c foll[ x inl& = five or six miles f ! e/u>y to ! vic9ity ( ,nukumbolo )\t exce$+ an elevation ( #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,bel[ ,na ,salia ! valley is conf9$ betwe5 ! hills t approa* ! riv]2 b above t village x is v broad2 & on acc\nt ( its slight fall ! riv] "h (t5 *anges its c\rse1 s t ! floor ( ! valley is /rewn ) wat]-worn blocks & pebbles m>k+ ! old *annels4 ,! ,vatu-kawa ,riv]1 :i* rises on ! we/ slopes ( ,mbat9i1 fl[s ) a placid curr5t pa/ ,nukumbolo & ,na ,salia1 until x rea*es ! village ( ,vatu-kawa1 :]e x is jo9$ by its impetu\s tribut>y1 ! ,wai-ni-ngio1 8! riv] ( ! %>k40 ,?is afflu5t1 aft] desc5d+ ! /eep slopes ( ! ,koro-t9i m\nta9s1 bur/s ?r\gh ! divid+ range t sep>ates ! ,mbale-mbale & ! ,vatu-kawa valleys4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,wai-ni-ngio )\t any great ef=t on its "p might become a tribut>y ( ! ,mbale-mbale ,riv]4 ,! great "* ( ^! two valleys1 z %[n above1 is _! little elevation above ! sea4 ,= miles inl& ! level does n atta9 #ajj feet1 & high ranges rise /eeply 9 ea* case on ei!r side to #b1jjj feet & ov]4 ,"h1 z 9 ! in/ance ( mo/ ( ! l>ge valleys ( ! isl&1 ! orig9al configuration ( ! surface 0 n dep5d5t on riv]-erosion4 ,riv]s no d\bt h done mu* to c>ve out ! less] & to deep5 & wid5 ! great] valleys2 b1 z is (t5 rem>k$ 9 ?is "w1 ! ma9 features ( ! surface 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ! em]g5ce ( ! isl& f ! sea4 ,! geological =mation ( ! slopes ( ^! two valleys is describ$ 9 ! acc\nts ( ! v>i\s asc5ts ( ! m\nta9s b\nd+ !m4 ,s9ce =am9if]\s tuffs occur high up _! sides1 up to elevations ( #b1jjj feet & ov]1 ! valleys !mselves 7 at "o "t no d\bt also cov]$ ) ^! subm>9e deposits1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h be5 9 great "p /ripp$ (f by ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,!y are /ill to be f\nd1 conta9+ l>ge te/s ( =am9if]a1 betwe5 ,mbale-mbale & ,waisali2 b ! basaltic &esites1 orig9ally und]ly+ !m1 are m frequ5tly expos$4 ,"o ( ^! rocks f\nd a little ea/ ( ,waisali1 :i* has an aphanitic appe>ance & a specific gravity ( #bhb1 is m]ely a basic glass 9 its e>ly /age ( cry/allisation1 be+ made up ( v m9ute cry/allites #a_/ejjj ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,on ! surface 9 ?is locality !re also occur basic agglom]ates conta9+ scoriace\s rocks1 ! products ( "s ( ! la/ /ages ( volcanic action 9 ?is "p ( ! isl&4444 ,9 ! case ( ! broad "p ( ! ,vatu-kawa valley above ,na ,salia blocks ( basic rocks d]iv$ f ! m\nta9s ar\nd /rew ! bottom 9 great abundance4 ,l[] d[n1 :]e ! valley is conf9$ betwe5 ! hills1 basic agglom]ates & co>se tuffs are display$ 9 ! hill-sides4 ,m5tion %\ld be made "h ( ! v>i\s hot spr+s exi/+ 9 ^! valleys 9 ! l[ levels ne> ! riv]s & /ream-c\rses4 ,9 ! ,vatu-kawa valley !y exi/ at ,nukumbolo1 & 9 ! ,mbale-mbale valley at ,nato>au1 ,waitunutunu & o!r localities4 ,^! spr+s are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,duniua ,,lagoon1 repres5t+ an old m\? ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai4 ,beh9d rises ! ,korot9i ,tablel& 7#b1jjj-c1jjj feet74 ,! cliff-l declivity ov] ! head ( ! lagoon is ! ,korot9i ,bluff4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,koro-,,t9i ,,range ,,or ,,table-,,l& ,,! level-topp$ range t =ms ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl& = a di/ance ( ne>ly #aj miles is "o ( ! rem>kable features ( ,vanua ,levu4#ff ,9 ! g5]al pr(ile ( ! isl& x is nam$ ! ,koro-t9i ,table-l& on acc\nt ( ! level pr(ile :i* x pres5ts :e!r view$ f ! nor? or f ! s\?4 ,b ?is is m]ely its appe>ance en masse4 ,:5 x is exam9$ 9 detail x is f\nd t al?\gh mu* ( ! range has an elevation betwe5 #b1jjj & #b1djj feet above ! sea1 x atta9s an elevation ( ab\t #c1jjj feet 9 ! case ( two g5tly slop+ peaks4 ,) reg>d also to its table-top1 x is necess>y to rem>k t :il/ 9 "s portions ( ! range ! summit is broad & level1 9 o!rs x is mu* cut up into ridges1 & 9 o!rs aga9 x pres5ts a s+le n>r[ cre/4 ,nor c we realise on look+ at ! pr(ile ! ext5t to :i* its slopes h be5 c>v$ out by riv]-erosion1 & we get no indication ( ! sev]al l(ty spurs t desc5d nor? & s\? f> into ! pla9s1 z 9 ! case ( ! spur we/ ( ,su5i & 9 t t]m9at+ 9 ! ,koro-t9i ,bluff4 ,9 ! pr(ile ! eye ignores ! details ) :i* ! inve/igator dur+ _m toilsome asc5ts has fill$ ! pages ( 8 note-books4 ,to ?is ext5t x is useful 9 t x enables him to rise a little above ! level ( 8 facts1 & p]mits him 7to employ a figure-(-spee*7 to reg>d ! /yle & g5]al "* ( ! edifice )\t be+ exclusively absorb$ 9 ! /udy ( ! bricks4 ,?is range1 :i* ext5ds f a mile or two we/ ( ,sealevu to a c\ple ( miles ea/ ( ,su5i1 is connect$ on ! we/ ) ! ,va-lili ,range by ! ,waisali ,saddle be=e describ$1 & on ! ea/ ) ! ,?ambeyu or ,m\nt ,?ur/on ,range by a brok5 *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ( :i* ,koro-mbasanga is ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,x is connect$ by an elevat$ col ) ,m\nt ,mbat9i & ! ,m>iko ,range to ! s\?w>d4 ,! "n ( ,koro-t9i has be5 appli$ to ?is range because x is famili> to ! natives4 ,x signifies 8t5 t[ns10 & 0 giv5 to a once popul\s di/rict on ! slopes ( ! l(ty bluff ov]look+ on ! nor? ! m\? ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai4 ,i cross$ ! range 9 f\r places1 namely1 betwe5 ,waisali & ,sealevu1 betwe5 ,mbale-mbale & ,v&rani1 betwe5 ,vatu-kawa & ,v&rani1 & betwe5 ,nukumbolo & ,su5i4 7#a7 ,,trav]se ,,( ,,! ,,koro-,,t9i ,,range ,,f ,,waisali ,,to ,,sealevu4--,/>t+ f ,waisali by ! ,n>5gali track1 ,i asc5d$ ! ea/ slope ( ! ,waisali ,saddle1 z describ$ on page #adf1 until an elevation ( ab\t #gej feet 0 rea*$1 :5 my way lay to ! nor?w>d across ! ,koro-t9i ,range to ,sealevu4 ,at #hej feet a s+ul> alt]$ tuff 0 display$ 9 position 9 a /ream-c\rse4 ,x %[s calcite & pyrites1 & is int]e/+ f ! fact t al?\gh x is made up l>gely ( basic glass ! tuff does n seem to h und]gone ! palagonitic *ange4 ,aft]w>ds1 !re 0 a fairly /eep asc5t to ! summit ( ! range1 #b1djj feet above ! sea1 :i* has m]ely a ridge-l cre/4 ,betwe5 an elevation ( #a1djj feet & ! top !re are expos$ at ! surface compact$ co>se & f9e palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ate-tuffs =m$ ( ! same mat]ials4 ,!y conta9 (t5 abundant organic rema9s1 su* z valves ( 8,c>dium0 & 8,pect50 %ells1 macroscopic te/s ( ,=am9if]a1 & "s curi\s scale-l bodies1 %[+ a conc5tric /ructure & ab\t an in* across1 :i* look l fi%-scales4 ,x is probable t ^! int]e/+ rocks ext5d to a great] elevation ?an #b1djj feet1 :i* 0 m]ely ! highe/ level rea*$ 9 ! trav]se1 b is n ! highe/ po9t ( ! range4 ,^! deposits are made up 9 mass ( a m or less palagonitis$ basic glass orig9ally conta9+ ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & pyrox5e4 ,! palagonitic process is ne>ly always f> advanc$2 b x is se5 9 all its /ages1 ! lea/ alt]$ mat]ials fus+ "u ! bl[-pipe into a black glass4 ,! fragm5ts are usually sub-angul> 9 ! case ( ! co>se tuffs2 b small r\nd$ pebbles up to half an in* 9 size & f9e wat]-worn gravel are n infrequ5t4 ,! matrix is compos$ ( palagonitic debris1 portions ( cry/als ( plagioclase & pyrox5e1 f9e gravel1 occasional te/s ( =am9if]a2 & x (t5 conta9s a fair am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime1 9 "o specim5 te/$ z mu* z #ac p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( lime1 h[ev]1 v>ies1 be+ 9 "s places scanty4 ,! t]m 8conglom]ate0 c\ld n be appli$ to ! co>s] deposits1 s9ce ! sub-angul> & angul> fragm5ts always pr$om9ate4 ,!y c\ld sc>cely be deem$ 8breccias0 on acc\nt ( ! mixture ) pebbles & gravel4 ,_! "* is !re=e int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,i h us$ ! expression 8agglom]ate-tuff0 because x be/ describes _! appe>ance4 ,a specim5 ( su* a rock pres5ts a curi\s mixture1 9 ! well-compact$ mass1 ( angul> & sub-r\nd$ fragm5ts ( palagonite up to an in* 9 size1 small pebbles & f9e gravel ( ! same mat]ial1 & deta*$ valves ( 8,c>dium10 entire & brok54 ,"o is =c$ to draw ! inf]5ce t ^! mat]ials accumulat$ 9 %all[ wat]4 ,!y are su* z might h be5 produc$ by ! m>9e erosion ( an em]g+ volcanic isl& endeav\r+ to hold its own above ! waves4 ,b f ! occasional occurr5ce ( blocks ( a scoriace\s basaltic rock x w\ld appe> t dur+ ! =mation ( ! deposits !re 7 p]iods ( eruption4 ,at times massive & comp>atively fre%-look+ basaltic rocks are expos$ 9 situ on ! m\nta9 sides 9 ! mid/ ( ^! subm>9e deposits4 ,a specim5 obta9$ at #a1hjj feet is a semi-ophitic porphyritic oliv9e-basalt ) a specific gravity ( #bhf & %[+ a little int]/itial glass4 ,! mode ( exposure did n admit ( my asc]ta9+ ! exact relation ( ^! rocks to ! deposits4 ,!y are no d\bt dyke-l masses repres5t+ ! orig9al fissures ( eruption ( a subm>9e v5t2 & dur+ ! em]g5ce !y 7 cov]$ up ) tuffs & deposits1 ! "w ( ! m>9e erosion ( ! em]g+ l&4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are po9ts on :i* light w be ?r[n :5 we come to exam9e o!r localities4 ,desc5d+ ! nor!rn slopes ( ! range f ! summit to ,sealevu ! g5]al c\rse 0 ,n4,n4,e4 ,sev]al valleys 7 cross$1 ( :i* t occupi$ by ! ,na ,s9u riv] 0 #fjj feet 9 dep?1 ! riv]s & /reams all fl[+ to ! nor?-we/ into ! ,ndreketi bas94 ,basic tuffs & agglom]ates 7 expos$ at ! surface all ! way d[n to ,sealevu1 #djj feet above ! sea4 ,at ! head ( ! ,sealevu valley1 ab\t a mile or r m above ! village1 & a little ea/ ( ! track foll[$ 9 ! desc5t above describ$1 ! m\nta9-range t]m9ates abruptly 9 l(ty cliffs #djj or #ejj feet 9 height4 ,at _! base1 :i* is ab\t #a1jjj feet above ! sea1 once /ood ! village ( ,lovutu4 ,^! cliffs are =m$ ( basic agglom]ate-tuffs :i* display a horizontal arrangem5t1 b !re is no di/9ct b$d+4 ,!y h ! ca/ellat$ appe>ance t (t5 *>act]ises horizontally b$d$ s$im5t>y =mations4 ,! inclos$ rock-fragm5ts v>y 9 size f #ah in*es to half an in* & small]4 ,! l>g] are angul> or sub-angul>1 & are compos$ ( hemicry/all9e basaltic &esites1 scoriace\s & vesicul> & sometimes amygdaloidal4 ,! small] fragm5ts are m or less r\nd$ & ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! matrix is made up ( f9e detritus ( ! l>ge fragm5ts & ( lapilli ( a vacuol> palagonitic basic glass1 :il/ small cry/als ( calcite fill ! cavities & l9e ! fissures4 ,! ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & augite inclos$ 9 ! alt]$ glass also display ext5sive alt]ation1 & 9 ! fir/ case are l>gely replac$ by calcite1 second>y qu>tz1 & o!r products4 ,no organic rema9s came "u my notice2 b on acc\nt ( ! alt]ation ( ! tuff-matrix _! pres]vation c\ld h>dly be expect$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 ! fossilif]\s "* ( ! tuffs & agglom]ates 9 ! high] "p ( ! range1 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! agglom]ate-tuffs ( ! ,sealevu cliffs are also subm>9e4 ,ea* trav]se ( ! great ,koro-t9i ,range w provide u ) new facts to aid u 9 fram+ an explanation ( ! orig9 ( ?is long m\nta9-ridge4 ,! pr9cipal lesson to be le>n$ f ! j\rney across ! range f ,waisali to ,sealevu1 & f ! visit to ! cliffs1 is conc]n$ ) ! great ext5t & ?ickness ( ^! subm>9e basic tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,f #a1jjj feet above ! sea up to ! summit1 #b1djj feet 9 height1 !y are almo/ ! only rocks expos$1 except+ ! occasional masses ( basaltic rocks1 :i* probably repres5t dykes4 ,_! maximum ?ickness mu/ am\nt to "s hundr$s ( feet4 7#b7 ,,trav]se ,,( ,,! ,,koro-,,t9i ,,range ,,f ,,mbale-,,mbale ,,to ,,v&rani4--,9 ?is trav]se ! track be=e asc5d+ to ! summit crosses a spur ( ! ,koro-t9i ,bluff1 & !n desc5ds into ! valley ( ! ,nato>au riv] on ! ea/ side ( x4 ,x w !re=e be conv5i5t to describe ! bluff be=e giv+ my description ( ! j\rney across ! range4 ,! ,koro-t9i ,bluff is a l(ty headl& 7if ,i may s t]m x71 ly+ ab\t f\r miles inl& f ! m\? ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai4 ,x atta9s an elevation ( ab\t #b1jjj feet1 & t]m9ates above 9 a l9e ( precipices #cjj or #djj feet 9 height4 ,x repres5ts ! s\!rn edge ( ! level-topp$ m\nta9 range beh9d1 & l ! ,sealevu cliffs on ! nor? side x af=ds a natural section ( its mass4 ,x is %[n 9 ! plate fac+ page #aec1 :]e x rises at ! back ( ! lagoon4 ,approa*+ ! bluff f ,mbale-mbale1 "o crosses a l[-ly+ di/rict less ?an #ajj feet above ! sea be=e /rik+ ! spur4 ,"h & 9 ! l[] few hundr$ feet ( ! spur are expos$ basic agglom]ates1 & occasionally 9 ! mass a semi-vitre\s vesicul> oliv9e-basalt1 almo/ l a pit*/one1 & display+ l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase1 #e or #f millimetres long1 ! agglom]ates be+ made up ( ! same mat]ial4 ,high] up1 at elevations betwe5 #a1jjj & #a1ejj feet1 are expos$ co>se palagonite-tuffs made up ( fragm5ts1 usually #a to #c mm4 9 size1 ( ext5sively palagonitis$ basic vitre\s rocks1 su* z occur 9 ! cliffs above4 ,^! tuffs become co>s] z "o approa*es ! precipit\s bluff1 ! base ( :i* lies ab\t #a1fej feet above ! sea4 ,"h ! cliffs pres5t a b>e rocky face1 "s #bjj feet high4 ,! l[] portion is compos$ ( an agglom]ate-tuff1 & ! upp] portion ma9ly ( agglom]ates4 ,^! deposits display no b$d+ except+ a s+le plane ( division incl9$ /eeply to ! nor? at an angle ( p]haps #dj4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ate-tuff are ei!r angul> or sub-angul>1 & are less ?an a foot across4 ,!y are all compos$ ( m or less vitre\s porphyritic oliv9e-basalts1 %[+ l>ge cry/als ( plagioclase a fif? ( an in* 7#e or #f mm47 9 l5g?4 ,b !y v>y some:at 9 "*4 ,"s ( !m1 t are vesicul> & almo/ scoriace\s1 may be t]m$ f _! glassy nature porphyritic pit*/ones4 ,o!rs aga91 :]e ! gr\ndmass is hemi-cry/all9e1 may be designat$ porphyritic compact basalts1 & are ref]r$ to g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,! matrix ( ! agglom]ate-tuff is made up ( angul> fragm5ts1 up to #e mm4 9 size1 ( s+ul> vitre\s & semi-vitre\s oliv9e-basalts1 9 "p palagonitis$4 ,!re is evid5ce ( cru%+ 9 situ ( "s ( ! porphyritic felsp> cry/als2 b x is n s m>k$ z else:]e notic$4 ,! palagonite is also 9 "p int]/itial1 a "* t goes to support ! view advanc$ on page #cdb1 t ! palagonite may be connect$ 9 its orig9 ) ! heat develop$ dur+ cru%+1 only a mod]ate temp]ature be+ requir$ = ! p>tial fusion ( ! glass4 ,9 cross+ ! range by ?is r\te f ,mbale-mbale "o fir/ asc5ds1 z above obs]v$1 ! spur ( ! ,koro-t9i ,bluff up to a height ( #a1bjj feet4 ,! track !n desc5ds into ! valley-gorge ( ! ,nato>au riv] on ! ea/1 ! bottom ( :i* is #gej feet above ! sea1 & f "h ! climb beg9s4 ,"o asc5ds ! b$ ( ! /ream c\rse1 clamb]+ ov] slipp]y rock surfaces up to #a1bjj or #a1cjj feet1 :]e ! /ream is left1 & ! m\nta9-slopes1 (t5 /eep & precipit\s1 are !n foll[$ to ! summit1 #b1jjj feet 9 height4 ,co>se & f9e palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ate-tuffs ( ! same "* are expos$ on ! surface f ! comm5cem5t ( ! asc5t up to #a1hej feet2 b !y are display$ mu* m ext5sively 9 ! /ream-c\rse ?an 9 ! soil-cov]$ upp] slopes4 ,! tuffs are grey except :5 hydrat$1 :5 !y turn yell[i%-br[n4 ,"s ( !m conta9 lime1 z mu* at times z #aj or #ab p] c5t42 :il/ o!rs possess little or none4 ,te/s ( =am9if]a are n infrequ5tly inclos$1 ev5 z high z #a1hej feet4 ,a description ( "o ( ^! tuffs conta9+ a few te/s ( ,globig]9a1 :i* 0 obta9$ at #a1bjj feet1 is giv5 on page #cca1 "u sample ,d4 ,x w be !re se5 t !y are d]iv$ f diff]5t basic rocks1 "s conta9+ b little glass1 o!rs ma9ly vitre\s1 only ! m glassy con/itu5ts be+ palagonitis$4 ,! palagonite-tuff s&/ones expos$ 9 l>ge blocks on a b>e spur at #a1hej feet conta9 #ab p] c5t4 ( lime1 ! l>ge/ te/s ( =am9if]a be+ n ov] half a millimetre4#fg ,^! tuffs occasionally %[ b$d+4 ,at #a1jjj feet !y dip g5tly to ! ,s4,s4,w41 & at #gej feet !y are incl9$ ab\t #ae 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ?is la/ locality !y consi/ ( alt]nat+ lay]s1 #a to #d in*es 9 ?ickness1 ( f9e & co>se tuffs1 ! co>s] look+ l s&/one4444 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ate-tuff are sub-angul>1 & ( an oliv9e-basalt ) hemi-cry/all9e gr\ndmass1#fh _! size rang+ f #b feet to an in*4 ,i notic$ "o l>ge block ( ?is rock1 measur+ #b #a #a feet1 imb$d$ alone 9 ! tuffs at #a1bjj feet4 ,at "o place a tuff conta9+ small fragm5ts ( basalt display$ a concretion>y /ructure1 indicat+ probably ! proximity ( a dyke1 ! globul> masses be+ #d feet across4 ,a little lime occurs 9 ! matrix ( ! agglom]ate-tuff4 ,! summit ( ! range1 #b1jjj feet 9 height1 is 8ridgy10 ab\t half a mile 9 wid?1 & _c !re=e be describ$ z table-topp$4 ,! rocks expos$ 9 blocks on ! surface are compos$ ( a semi-ophitic oliv9e-basalt conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( int]/itial glass :i* %[s ! fibr\s cry/allites ( ! e>ly /age devitrification4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #cc ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,desc5d+ ! nor!rn side ( ! range ,i foll[$ ! /eep slopes d[n to #a1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,a rubbly dol]itic oliv9e-basalt1 semi-ophitic1 & assign$ to ! same g5us 7#cc71 prevail$ on ! way2 & x is probable t a wat]fall ) a drop ( #ej feet or m t is situat$ on ^! slopes indicates a l>ge intrusive mass ( ?is rock4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! desc5t to ,v&rani1 :i* lies 9 a valley at ! foot ( ! range1 & is elevat$ ab\t #cjj feet above ! sea1 basic agglom]ates & palagonite-tuffs1 toge!r ) deposits int]m$iate 9 "*1 7 expos$ at ! surface4 ,at times a semi-ophitic dol]itic basalt simil> to ^? display$ above1 b )\t oliv9e1 occurr$ 9 position4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ates are =m$ ( a compact semi-vitre\s basaltic rock1 & are sometimes vesicul>4 ,at "o place ! palagonite-tuffs exhibit$ signs ( alt]ation1 be+ trav]s$ by small fissures n ov] a ?ird ( an in* broad 7#e to #h mm471 & fill$ ) a zeolite behav+ l natrolite4 ,9 "s cliffs by ! riv] at ,v&rani are display$ f9e & co>se non-calc>e\s palagonite-tuffs1 b$d$ & dipp+ ab\t #ae ,n4 by ,w4 ,!y are p5etrat$ by cracks1 #e mm4 9 bread?1 :i* are fill$ ) *alc$ony4 ,^! tuffs are evid5tly 9 "p d]iv$ f acid z well z f basic rocks1 ?\gh ma9ly f ! latt]2 & !y %[ o!r alt]ation-*>act]s4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,v&rani valley !re are expos$ 9 ! riv]-b$ co>se palagonite-tuff s&/ones conta9+ a little lime1 & probably a few te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,ref]5ce may "h be made to ! m\nta9 ( ,ravi-koro :i*1 :5 se5 f ! nor?-ea/1 rises up z a p>tially indep5d5t peak1 ) a broad base & a conical truncat$ summit1 imm$iately we/ ( ! track foll[$ 9 ! desc5t f ! summit ( ! range to ,v&rani4 ,x is probably n mu* "u #b1jjj feet 9 height1 & exhibits b>e precipit\s cliff-faces on ! nor? side4 ,x w\ld be wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! future inve/igator4 ,recurr+ to ! pr9cipal features ( ! range betwe5 ,mbale-mbale & ,v&rani1 "o may rem>k ! ext5sive occurr5ce ( basic agglom]ates & tuffs on bo? slopes1 ! preval5ce ( oliv9e-basalts1 ! frequ5cy ( ! semi-vitre\s & vitre\s or r pit*/one condition ( ^! rocks1 & _! semi-ophitic "*1 especially on ! summit & nor? slopes4 ,f ! vesicul> /ructure ( ! rocks ( ! ,koro-t9i ,bluff & f ! "* ( its tuffs & agglom]ates1 x is to be inf]r$ t !y are ! direct products ( eruptions1 probably 9 %all[ seas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tuffs 7(t5 =am9if]\s7 z well z ! agglom]ate-tuffs ( ! nor? & s\? slopes ( ! range are 9 "p sugge/ive ( m>9e erosion4 ,intrusive masses ( basalt are to be obs]v$ occasionally1 & d\btless to ?is cause may be attribut$ ! concretion>y /ructure ( ! tuffs 9 places1 & ! alt]ation ( ^! deposits 9 "o or two localities1 :]e !y are p5etrat$ by cracks fill$ ) *alc$ony4 7#c7 ,,trav]se ,,( ,,! ,,koro-,,t9i ,,range ,,f ,,vatu-,,kawa ,,to ,,v&rani4--,on leav+ ,vatu-kawa#fi1 :i* is n m ?an #ej feet above ! sea1 ! asc5t = ! fir/ #fjj feet up ! /eep m\nta9-side lies along ! rocky b$ ( ! ,wai-ni-ngio ,riv]1 :i* f its rapid fall has m ! "* ( a torr5t4 ,on its sides are expos$ basic agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs2 :il/ ! l>ge b\ld]s 9 its b$ are compos$ ( a some:at alt]$ oliv9e-basalt4 ,at #fjj feet ! track ab&ons ! /ream-c\rse = ! /eep m\nta9 slopes1 & !nce up to #a1ajj feet simil> agglom]ates & tuffs prevail4 ,at ?is la/-nam$ elevation !re are display$ f9e & co>se indurat$ palagonite-tuffs1 a little alt]$ 9 "* & ) little or no lime4 ,a specim5 ( ! =m]1 ( :i* ! mat]ials compos+ x d n exce$ #b mm4 9 size1 %[s 9 ! slide an occasional 8,globig]9a0 te/ fill$ ) palagonitic debris4 ,su* a m>9e deposit is evid5tly n ( %all[-wat] orig94 ,! co>s] tuff is made up ( compact$ sub-angul> fragm5ts1 n ov] #b mm4 9 size2 b conta9s no organic rema9s4 ,! prevail+ rocks expos$ betwe5 #a1ajj & #a1ijj feet1 a little bel[ ! summit ( ! range1 are some:at alt]$ compact$ non-calc>e\s breccia-tuffs1 compos$ ( sub-angul> fragm5ts #e or #f mm4 9 size1 ( a m or less glassy & (t5 vacuol> basic or basaltic &esite1 only 9 "p palagonitis$1 ! vacuoles z well z ! int]/ices betwe5 ! fragm5ts be+ sometimes fill$ ) a zeolite4#gj ,! summit ( ! range may be describ$ z a 8ridgy0 table-l&4 ,?\gh ab\t #b miles 9 bread?1 its level only v>ies betwe5 #b1jjj & #b1bjj feet1 ! inequalities be+ probably ! effect ( d5udation4 ,"h1 z 9 _m o!r simil> localities1 on acc\nt ( ! d5se =e/ x 0 only possible to det]m9e ! surface-configuration by ! use ( compass1 wat* & an]oid4 ,! prevail+ rocks display$ 9 ?is region are grey non-calc>e\s basic tuffs1 some:at alt]$ 9 "*1 & compos$ ( fragm5ts usually n exce$+ #a mm4 9 size ( a basic glass1 ! palagonitic process be+ mask$ by o!r *anges4 ,^! tuffs (t5 become br[ni%-yell[ ?r\gh hydration4 ,te/s ( =am9if]a are enclos$1 b !y are v scanty4 ,on ! nor? slopes basic agglom]ates & palagonite-tuffs are ! pr$om9ant rocks d[n to ! foot ( ! range4 ,a specim5 ( ! tuffs tak5 at #a1cjj feet is calc>e\s 9 pat*es & probably conta9s te/s ( =am9if]a2 b x is too mu* wea!r$ to enable "o to speak ) c]ta9ty on ?is po9t4 ,! int]e/+ feature ( ?is slope is ! exposure at #a1fjj to #a1gjj feet ( l>ge blocks ( a d>k grey hyp]/h5e-augite &esite ref]r$ to ! or?ophyric ord] ( ^? rocks describ$ on page #bij4 ,l[] d[n 7#a1jjj-a1cjj feet7 occasional solit>y blocks ( ! same rock1 b some:at alt]$1 occur imb$d$ 9 ! palagonite-tuff4 ,?is type ( rock :i* is *>act]is$ by ! or?ophyric /ructure ( ! gr\ndmass & by o!r features is r>ely repres5t$ 9 ,vanua ,levu4 ,summ+ up ! g5]al results ( ?is trav]se we obs]ve t "h1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! range1 basic agglom]ates1 breccias1 & tuffs1 ! la/ h[ev] scantily =am9if]\s1 occupy a great ext5t ( ! slopes & summit4 ,! alt]ation ( ^! deposits on ! s\!rn slopes is notewor?y4 ,! only deep] seat$ massive rocks obs]v$ 7 ! pyrox5e-&esites above allud$ to4 7#d7 ,,trav]se ,,( ,,! ,,koro-,,t9i ,,range ,,f ,,nukumbolo ,,to ,,su5i4--,! hot spr+s at ,nukumbolo1 :i* are describ$ on page #bd1 rise up ?r\gh agglom]ate-tuffs4 ,ar\nd ! ba?+ pools lie l>ge masses ( alt]$ palagonite-tuffs :i* give ! fir/ indication ( ! region ( alt]$ rocks t ext5ds f ,nukumbolo to ! l[] slopes ( ! range1 a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles4 ,= ab\t a mile & a half or two miles f ?is place ! track lies ?r\gh a brok5 c\ntry & does n rise to a height m ?an #cjj feet above ! sea4 ,a v>iety ( alt]$ rocks are "h expos$ 9 position 9 ! /ream c\rses4 ,"s ( !m are f9e & co>se basic tuffs %[+ second>y calcite1 qu>tz & opal1 z alt]ation products4 ,o!rs are palagonite-breccias ) ! vacuoles ( ! alt]$ glass fill$ ) opal4 ,o!rs aga9 are massive basic rocks1 su* z f9e-textur$ augite-&esites1 or dol]itic basaltic &esites1 semi-ophitic 9 "*1 ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s be+ m or less occupi$ by calcitic & o!r products4 ,! alt]ation is n always f> advanc$1 b x is suffici5tly m>k$ to give a common "* to ! rocks ( ! di/rict4 ,asc5d+ ! l[] slopes ( ! range up to #hjj feet "o f9ds ! alt]$ rocks /ill expos$ 9 ! /ream-c\rses2 b ! *anges exhibit$ are n always ! same4 ,a specim5 f #ejj feet looks l a tuff1 b 9 ! slide x appe>s z a semi-vitre\s augite-&esite1 its sub/ance be+ p5etrat$ by f9e ve9s ( *alc$onic qu>tz & opal1 :il/ ! same mat]ial is develop$ )9 ! l>g] plagioclase cry/als4 ,ano!r specim5 f #hjj feet1 :i* is app>5tly a tuff1 conta9s s mu* lime t x eff]vesces freely ) an acid4 ,x 0 compos$ orig9ally ( fragm5ts ( a hemi-cry/all9e basic rock1 ( :i* ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s h be5 replac$ by calcite2 :il/ ! augite & int]/itial glass is n[ repres5t$ by viridite & a *loritic m9]al4 ,x is to be inf]r$ t at "s "t hot spr+s 7 v num]\s 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ,nukumbolo & ! l[] slopes ( ! range1 ^? at ,nukumbolo1 z f> z ,i "k1 alone exi/+ 9 our "t4 ,f a height ( #a1ajj or #a1bjj feet ! m\nta9 slopes rise /eeply to ! summit r ov] #b1jjj feet 9 elevation4 ,at ! foot are expos$ 9 situ aphanitic augite-&esites1#ga :i* 9 "s specim5s %[ a little alt]ation 9 ! *alc$onic qu>tz fill+ m9ute cracks1 & 9 "o case !re is an irregul> cavity1 in* across1 fill$ ) milk-:ite opal4 ,ano!r rock expos$ at ! foot ( ! /eep asc5t is a semi-vitre\s basaltic-&esite1 dol]itic 9 texture & ophitic /ructure1 b app>5tly n mu* *ang$4#gb ,at #a1gjj feet is display$ a vesicul> basic &esite1 semi-vitre\s 9 "*1 & above ?is ,i f\nd a porphyritic basaltic &esite4 ,! summit ( ! range is #a or #b miles 9 bread? & is relatively level1 its undulat+ surface v>y+ 9 elevation betwe5 #a1ijj & #b1bjj feet4 ,! prevail+ rocks expos$ on ?is elevat$ plateau are vitre\s pit*/one-l rocks f9ely vesicul> & scoriace\s1 ! cavities be+ fill$ ei!r ) aragonite or ) opal4 ,! basic glass1 ( :i* !y are =m$1 %[s incipi5t cry/als1 & beg9s to fuse 9 an ord9>y flame4 ,"o specim5 obta9$ "h is a dol]itic basaltic &esite1 slightly ophitic & conta9+ a fair am\nt ( residual glass4#gc ,h[ev]1 ! vitre\s & scoriace\s "* ( mo/ ( ! rocks on ! summit is v rem>kable4 7,simil> rocks occur on ! top ( ,m\nt ,?ambeyu :]e ! slopes ( ! m\nta9 are cov]$ ) subm>9e tuffs & agglom]ates47 ,!re is a precipit\s desc5t on ! nor? side ( ! range to ,su5i at its foot1 massive basaltic &esites be+ expos$ at fir/1 :il/ basic tuffs & agglom]ates are display$ l[] d[n4 ,! special features ( ?is trav]se ( ! range are ! alt]ation ( ! tuffs & massive rocks betwe5 ,nukumbolo & ! l[] s\!rn slopes1 ! v>iation 9 "* ( ! basic rocks 9 ! upp] s\!rn slopes1 ! occurr5ce ( vitre\s vesicul> & scoriace\s rocks on ! summit1 & ! re/riction ( ! ord9>y basic agglom]ates & tuffs to ! nor!rn slopes4 ,any attempt on my "p to expla9 ! /ructure ( ?is "p ( ! range f ! data "h giv5 w\ld be futile )\t comp>+ !m ) ^? obta9$ f o!r p>ts ( ! range4 ,x w be subsequ5tly po9t$ out t ! difficulties w be 9 "p remov$ if x is assum$ t ! subm>9e palagonite-tuffs & agglom]ates1 t s (t5 cov] ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s to _! summits1 h be5 9 ?is case l>gely /ripp$ (f by ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 7#e7 ,,! ,,su5i ,,valley4--,my acqua9tance ) ! extreme ea/]n "p ( ! ,koro-t9i ,range is re/rict$ to ! desc5t ( ! picturesque valley f ,su5i to ,koro-ut>i4 ,x is occupi$ by a tribut>y ( ! ,lambasa ,riv]1 & is b\nd$ on ! ea/ side by ! l(ty slopes ( ! ma9 range1 & to ! we/w>d by a m\nta9\s spur t projects f> into ! ,lambasa pla9s4 ,su5i lies by ! riv]-side 9 ! mid/ ( m\nta9s :i* rise /eeply on mo/ sides to heights ( #b1jjj feet & ov]1 & (t5 display precipit\s b>e faces app>5tly ( volcanic agglom]ates4 ,num]\s wat]falls may be obs]v$ on _! flanks1 :i*1 z 9 o!r localities1 d\btless indicate ! occurr5ce ( l>ge intrusive dykes4 ,su5i is situat$ ab\t #cjj feet above ! sea1 ! desc5t to ,koro-ut>i at ! m\? ( ! valley1 a di/ance ( #c to #d miles 9 a direct l9e1 be+ ab\t #aej feet4 ,! riv] z x fl[s d[n ! valley f ,su5i to ,koro-ut>i trav]ses a region ( basic agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs4 ,^! deposits1 z !y are display$ 9 ! hill-slopes ly+ ,w4,s4,w4 & at ! back ( ,su5i1 are compos$ ( blocks ( ! size ( ! fi/ ( a vesicul> basaltic &esite2 :il/ ! l>ge masses on ! surface are made ( ! same1 b non-vesicul>1 rock4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ates betwe5 ,su5i & ,koro-ut>i range usually f a few in*es to a foot 9 diamet]4 ,a specim5 obta9$ f "o ( !m is made ( a p>tly vitre\s basaltic &esite2 :il/ 9 ano!r case ! rock is an alt]$ basic &esite1 ! glassy gr\ndmass be+ l>gely impregnat$ ) colloid silica look+ l opal "u ! l5s4#gd ,ne>ly a mile bel[ ,su5i1 )9 a space ( less ?an #fj y>ds1 !re are expos$ at ! riv]-side 9 ! agglom]ates ?ree v]tical or ne>ly v]tical dykes1 #d to #f feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!y tr5d r\ghly ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 & are non-column>1 except 9 ! case ( ! "o f>!/ up ! riv]1 :i* has rude1 transv]se jo9ts4#ge ,! rocks compos+ ^! dykes are some:at dol]itic basaltic &esites1 oliv9e be+ v r>e or abs5t4 ,! two highe/1 :i* are only #ae to #bj feet ap>t1 are made ( simil> rocks *>act]is$ by abundant int]/itial glass1 & hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( #bgh4 ,! rock ( ! ?ird dyke1 ab\t #ej y>ds f>!r d[n ! riv]1 has b scanty glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 ! sp4 gr4 be+ #bhi4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two types repres5t$ 9 ! ?ree dykes are ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! degree ( cry/allisation1 & x is probable t ?\gh n contemporane\s !y 7 d]iv$ f ! same fluid magma :i*1 z we may inf] f ! proximity & lie ( ! dykes1 0 situat$ at no great dep?4#gf ,,g5]al ,,inf]5ce ,,respect+ ,,! ,,koro-,,t9i ,,range4--,if we c imag9e a l9e ( v5ts1 protrud+ 9 "s cases above ! surface ( ! sea1 t 7 ultimately worn d[n to a common level ?r\gh m>9e-erosion1 & 7 !n l>gely cov]$ ov] ) subm>9e tuffs & agglom]ates1 we %\ld h 9 our m9d's eye ! fir/ & mo/ important /age 9 ! =mation ( ?is range4 ,if we !n assume t !re foll[$ a p]iod ( em]g5ce *>act]is$ by a r5ewal on a v ext5sive scale ( m>9e-erosion1 dur+ :i* ! agglom]ates 7 ma9ly =m$1 & t s9ce t p]iod ! sub-a]ial d5ud+ ag5cies h be5 = ages 9 op]ation1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 obta9 "s idea ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,koro-t9i ,range4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,koro-,,mbasanga ,,range ,,z is illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ pr(ile-sket*1 ! relatively level-topp$ range ( ,koro-t9i gives place at its ea/]n end to a brok5 l9e ( m\nta9s1 ( :i* ! r\nd-topp$ ,koro-tambu1 #b1gec feet 9 height1 & ! p9nacl$ ,koro-mbasanga1#gg #b1ecg feet1 are ! highe/ peaks4 ,fur!r ea/ lies ! broad ,vu9&i ,gap :i* sep>ates ! ,koro-mbasanga & ,m\nt ,?ur/on1 or ,?ambeyu1 ranges4 ,! tw9-peaks ( ,m\nt ,mbat9i1 ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ! isl&1 appe> 9 ! backgr\nd 9 ! sket*1 & to ! left rises ,?ambeyu1 ! second highe/ summit4 ,we ent] "h ano!r complex region ( m\nta9s2 & if ! "* ( ! rocks are sometimes diff]5t we %all yet h to be> 9 m9d 9 our int]pretation ( its geological features ! lesson d]iv$ f ! exam9ation ( ! ,koro-t9i ,range4 ,be=e & beh9d all our facts ( obs]vation lie ! two great p]iods ( m>9e-erosion & ! lat] ages ( sub-a]ial d5udation4 ,:5 approa*$ f ! nor?1 ! we/]n "p ( ! range has a rude cresc5tic =m1 & looks l ! remnant ( a gigantic crat]-cavity ab\t two miles across4 ,at ! back rise1 z %[n 9 ! second ( ! pr(ile-sket*es1 ! precipit\s slopes ( ,koro-mbasanga prop]2 :il/ ! two spurs desc5d+ f x1 "o on ! we/1 ! ,sok5a spur1 t[>ds ,koro-ut>i1 ! o!r on ! ea/1 at ! back ( ,nasawana1 give ! cresc5tic figure op5 to ! nor?4 ,! la/-nam$ village lies ne/l$ 9 ?is great holl[1 ! floor ( :i*1 ?\gh n 9 its l[e/ "p bel[ ! level ( ! ,lambasa pla9s1 is n ov] #bjj feet above ! sea4 ,h[ev]1 ! facts adduc$ 9 ! foll[+ description ( ?is region d n give mu* support to ?is view ( its surface-configuration4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( description1 ,i w fir/ describe ! peak ( ,koro-mbasanga1 & !n ! ,sok5a ridge &1 la/ly1 ! ,lovo valley t cuts ?r\gh ! range to ! ea/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! ?ree sections =m a cont9u\s pr(ile-sket* ( ! m\nta9\s axis ( ,vanua ,levu = a l5g? ( #ae or #af miles & include ! ,?ambeyu1 ,koro-mbasanga1 & ,koro-t9i ranges z view$ f ! nor?w>d ne> ,na ,kama4 ,! ea/]n section is at ! top & ! we/]n section at ! bottom4 ,! summit ( ,?ambeyu 0 cov]$ ) cl\ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,koro-mbasanga f ! nor?-nor?-ea/4 7#a7 ,,koro-,,mbasanga4--,! asc5t ( ,koro-mbasanga is be/ made f ,nasawana1 a village at its base1 elevat$ r ov] #bjj feet above ! sea1 & di/ant ab\t a mile & a half nor?-ea/ f ! peak4 ,on ! way to ! foot ( ! m\nta9 we trav]se an undulat+ region ( basaltic &esite1#gh :i* is m]ely ! ext5sion to ! base ( ! m\nta9s ( ! basaltic ,lambasa pla9s4 ,aft] comm5c+ ! asc5t ( ! /eep slopes1 we f9d expos$ 9 a /ream-c\rse1 #gjj to #hjj feet above ! sea1 a s$im5t>y basic tuff1 pres5t+ lay]s ( co>se & f9e mat]ials1 & p>tly palagonitic 9 composition4 ,x is a little calc>e\s1 & app>5tly incloses te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,^! subm>9e deposits h evid5tly be5 /ripp$ (f ! basaltic l[-l&s b5ea?4 ,x ?us becomes evid5t t ! /ructural features ( ! ,lambasa pla9s 7basaltic rocks ov]la9 by subm>9e deposits7 are pres]v$ to ! base ( ! range4 ,^! subm>9e deposits1 z expos$ 9 ! /ream-c\rse1 lie b5ea? agglom]ates :i* repose horizontally ^u !m2 & f ?is level up to ! b>e rocky peak ( ! m\nta91 agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs are alone display$ ei!r z l>ge deta*$ masses or 9 cliff-faces4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! m\nta9 ! blocks1 usually sub-angul>1 are ab\t a foot across2 b !y become small] z "o asc5ds t[>ds ! summit1 :]e !y are #c or #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,at ! top !re are ext5sive exposures 9 cliff-faces ( ! agglom]ate-tuffs2 & "h ! f9] mat]ials ( ! matrix include a few r\nd$ pebbles n exce$+ half an in* 9 size4 ,?is is a fact ( importance 9 connection ) ! subm>9e orig9 ( ^! =mations4 ,z reg>ds _! composition1 ! blocks ( ! agglom]ates h n ! uni=m "* we w\ld expect to f9d 9 ! case ( mat]ials directly eject$ f a volcanic v5t4 ,! mo/ frequ5t type ( rock repres5t$ is a grey hyp]/h5e-augite-&esite1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bgb-bgh4 ,x displays small ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & ( rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 b 9 o!r respects x exhibits mu* v>iety1 n only 9 ! arrangem5t & av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s 7#jh to #ah mm47 b 9 ! =m ( ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass 7ei!r granul> or prismatic7 & 9 ! am\nt ( residual glass1 sometimes abundant1 sometimes scanty4 ,two di/9ct g5]a 7#a & #e7 ( ! sub-class are !re=e repres5t$4 ,o!r rocks f\nd 9 ^! agglom]ates conta9 no rhombic pyrox5e1 & are ref]r$ to g5]a #ac & #af ( ! augite-&esites accord+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,9 ! la/ case we h a d>k aphanitic rock 7sp4 gr4 #bgd71 sometimes scoriace\s1 :]e ! av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s may be z little z #jd mm4 ,"o ( ! blocks 0 compos$ ( a highly scoriace\s semi-vitre\s rock1 ! cavities be+ fill$ ) a zeolite4 ,ano!r 0 compos$ ( a black porphyritic augite-&esite1 %[+ l>ge cry/als ( plagioclase4444 ,! matrix ( ! agglom]ate-tuff is =m$ ( sub-angul> & r\nd$ fragm5ts1 up to a c5timetre 9 size1 ( ! same &esites1 ! int]/itial mat]ial be+ =m$ ( f9e detritus & palagonitic debris4 ,?\gh ! agglom]ates ( ! peak ( ,koro-mbasanga are compos$ ( a v>iety ( rocks1 all ! rocks are to be ref]r$ to ! pyrox5e-&esites ) specific gravity bel[ #bh b above #bg4 ,!y are !re=e less basic ?an ! oliv9e-basalts & basaltic &esites ( ! ,koro-t9i range1 :]e ! d5sity is usually #bh & ov]4 ,_! v>iation1 h[ev]1 is m consi/5t ) ! *>act]s ( an agglom]ate =m$ by m>9e erosion4 ,! same may be said ( ! sort+ ( ! blocks accord+ to _! size & ( ! occasional occurr5ce 9 ! matrix ( small r\nd$ pebbles4 ,t ^! deposits ( agglom]ates 7 =m$ "u ! sea is indicat$ also by _! ov]ly+ subm>9e s$im5t>y tuffs ne> ! base ( ! m\nta94 7#b7 ,,! ,,sok5a ,,ridge4--,to ! we/ ( ,koro-mbasanga1 & =m+ a spur ( ! same range1 is ! flat-topp$ hill ( ,sok5a1 :i* rises ab\t #a1ajj feet above ! c\ntry at its base & ab\t #a1fjj feet above ! sea4 ,f a di/ance x has ! appe>ance ( be+ =m$ 9 its high] portion ( ne>ly horizontal /rata dipp+ g5tly nor?w>d4 ,9 its upp] "p x t]m9ates 9 a l9e ( cliffs ab\t #bjj feet 9 height1 & !re is a simil> l9e ( cliffs l[] d[n ! slopes4 ,^! cliffs are compos$ ( b$d$ f9e & co>se non-calc>e\s tuffs1 dipp+ ab\t #aj ,n4,n4,w41 9 :i* are imb$d$ )\t any arrangem5t blocks1 rang+ 9 size f #b or #c in*es to #c or #d feet1 ( a rem>kable blacki% pit*/one-l rock display+ opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #ah 7see page #bhi7 ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites1 bo? rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e be+ repres5t$ 9 ! ph5ocry/s & 9 ! gr\ndmass :]e !y take ! =m ( m9ute prisms 7#jc mm474 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( pale br[n glass4 ,a rock v simil> occurs 9 ! ,?ambeyu agglom]ates 7see page #agh74 ,! tuffs are =m$ l>gely ( palagonitic mat]ials1 ! angul> fragm5ts 9 ! co>s] b$s be+ to #b c5timetres 9 size1 ! palagonite be+ (t5 vacuol> b mu* affect$ by hydration4 ,^! tuffs & agglom]ates ( ! ,sok5a cliffs app>5tly conta9 no organic rema9s4 ,!y appe> to h accumulat$ "u wat] z ! result ( ! eruptions ( a neighb\r+ v5t )\t ! int]m$iate ag5cy ( m>9e erosion4 7#c7 ,,! ,,asc5t ,,( ,,! ,,lovo ,,valley4--,ab\t two miles to ! ea/ ( ! peak ( ,koro-mbasanga ! picturesque ,lovo valley cuts deeply 9 a s\!rly direction into ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl&4 ,! site ( ! old t[n ( ,lovo lies )9 ! valley ab\t two miles f its m\?4 8,lovo0 is ! ,fijian ^w = a cannibal-ov52 & ,i ga!r$ f my natives t 9 ! old times ?is vale 0 not$ = its cannibal orgies4 ,x is occupi$ by ! ,nasawana tribut>y ( ! ,lambasa ,riv]1 & (t5 becomes s n>r[ t x may be describ$ z a gorge4 ,i foll[$ ! valley f its m\?1 :]e x is elevat$ ab\t #cjj feet above ! sea1 = "s miles 9 a s\!rly direction up to a height ( #a1jjj feet1 :]e ! nor!rn slope ( ! great m\nta9-mass ( ,mbat9i comm5ces4 ,on ei!r side ( ! ,lovo valley rise precipit\s m\nta9-slopes1 display+ 9 _! cliff-faces & 9 ! l>ge deta*$ rock-masses basic agglom]ates4 ,! same =mation is also usually display$ 9 ! sides ( ! riv]4 ,! blocks compos+ ! agglom]ates are =m$ ( ! usual type ( hemi-cry/all9e or semi-vitre\s blacki% basaltic &esite s *>act]i/ic ( ^! deposits4 ,x is g5]ally compact1 b is at times amygdaloidal4 ,"s di/ance bel[ ! old site ( ,lovo1 & at an elevation ( ab\t #ejj feet above ! sea1 !re is an int]e/+ exposure 9 ! riv]-side1 :]e ! agglom]ates ov]lie b$d$ co>se calc>e\s basic tuffs conta9+ l>ge flat te/s ( =am9if]a ) pieces ( molluscan %ells1 & dipp+ ab\t #ae ,s4,w4 ,^! tuffs c be trac$ up ! valley t[>ds ,lovo4 ,display$ 9 mass 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] 9 ! same locality1 & b5ea? ! subm>9e tuff j ref]r$ to1 is a porphyritic basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bgi7 conta9+ b scanty int]/itial glass1 ! felsp>-la!s be+ #ae mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! augite-&esites4 ,! same rock is expos$ at int]vals 9 ! riv]-b$ z f> z ,lovo1 :i* is ab\t #hej feet above ! sea4 ,at "o place x exhibits a rudely column> /ructure1 ! columns be+ horizontal & #b to #b feet 9 diamet]1 ! tr5d ( ! dyke-l mass be+ ,w4 by ,s4 & ,e4 by ,n4 ,ne> ,lovo a small dyke1 #f feet ?ick & tr5d+ ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e41 pi]ces ! agglom]ate4 ,x is compos$ ( a some:at aphanitic augite-&esite closely resembl+ ! rocks expos$ 9 ! riv]-c\rse = a mile or s above ,lovo up to an elevation ( #a1jjj feet4 ,9 ?is upp] "p ( ! valley :il/ agglom]ates are expos$ 9 ! cliffs & precipit\s m\nta9-slopes on ei!r side1 pyrox5e-&esites1 some:at aphanitic 9 texture & ) a specific gravity ( #bfh to #bg1 are display$ 9 mass 9 ! riv] b$4 ,^! la/-nam$ rocks1 :i* are closely simil> to ^? f\nd on ! l[] slopes ( ,m\nt ,mbat9i 7see page #agc7 are1 z ,i %\ld h also rem>k$ 9 ! case ( ! basaltic &esite above m5tion$1 a little alt]$1 z is indicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( calcite & viridite 9 ! gr\ndmass4#gi ,f ?is in/ructive asc5t ( ! ,lovo valley we may le>n t :il/ ! m\nta9 mass is =m$1 to a consid]able dep?1 ( agglom]ates ) und]ly+ subm>9e tuffs1 ! deep] seat$ rocks expos$ 9 ! riv]-b$s are massive intrusive rocks4 ,! ov]ly+ agglom]ates h pres]v$ ! subm>9e tuffs f de/ruction1 & !re is no difficulty 9 assum+ t !y also 7 accumulat$ "u ! sea1 b 9 %all[ wat]1 z evid5c$ by ! "* ( ! tuffs4 ,i f\nd no signs ( alt]ation 9 ^! tuffs1 & except 9 ! case ( ! small dyke above notic$ !re is no sign ( ! dykes p5etrat+ ! agglom]ates4 ,we h "h a section into ! he>t ( ! m\nta9-range2 & assum+ t ! l>ge intrusive masses ( basic &esites _h p5etrat$ ^! deposits1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 "s evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! ext5sive exposures ( agglom]ates f> up ! m\nta9-sides4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 we f9d su* rocks only 9 ! deeply excavat$ riv]-b$4 ,if we imag9e a subm>9e volcanic m\nta91 or "o b slightly rais$ above ! surface ( ! sea1 to be subject$ dur+ a long p]iod ( em]g5ce to m>9e erosion1 ! 8basal wreck0 ( ! m\nta9 w\ld ultimately be cov]$ ov] by subm>9e tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,?is is ! condition t seems to be pres5t$ "h4 ,i did n make ! asc5t ( ,koro-tambu1 ! o!r pr9cipal peak ( ! ,koro-mbasanga ,range4 ,?is r\nd-topp$ m\nta9 is well se5 f ! summit ( ,mbat9i f :i* x be>s ,n4 #cj ,w4 by compass4 ,x is probably ! peak m>k$ #b1gec feet 9 ! ,admiralty *>t1 & is connect$ ) ,mbat9i by a saddle n "u #a1ejj feet 9 elevation4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important features 9 ! above acc\nt ( ?is di/rict may "h be emphasis$4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! peak ( ,koro-mbasanga & 9 ! ,lovo valley agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs1 sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick1 ov]lie s$im5t>y subm>9e tuffs4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ locality ! deep] massive basic rocks are also expos$2 & we may inf] 9 bo? in/ances t ! agglom]ate-=mation is a subm>9e deposit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,sok5a ,ridge1 :i* is a spur ( ! ma9 range1 we h app>5tly ! accumulation ( mat]ials on a sea-bottom1 directly eject$ f a v5t )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ag5cy ( m>9e-erosion4 ,9 reg>d to ?is & o!r di/ricts 9 ?is "p ( ! isl& x %\ld be rememb]$ t ea/ & we/ occur und\bt$ evid5ces ( ext5sive subm]g5ce4 ,x has already be5 %[n t subm>9e tuffs conta9+ te/s ( =am9if]a & o!r organic rema9s occur at heights ( #b1jjj feet & ov] on ! summit ( ! ,koro-t9i ,range1 & x w be subsequ5tly %[n t simil> deposits are to be f\nd on ! neighb\r+ slopes ( ,?ambeyu z high z #b1ajj feet4 ,,m\nt ,,mbat9i ,accord+ to ! ,admiralty *>t ?is is ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ,vanua ,levu1 its elevation be+ #c1dcg feet4 ,x has tw9 peaks :i* lie ei!r ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 or ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e4 ) ea* o!r4 ,! nor!rly or we/]ly peak is po9t$ & too?-l4 ,h5ce probably arises its "n ( ,mbat9i 7mbati-too?74 ,! s\!rly or ea/]ly peak is kn[n z ,soro-levu4 ,x has a broadly conical outl9e ) a truncat$ summit4 ,! m\nta9 is nam$ ,koro-mbasanga 9 ! ,admiralty *>t1 a "n t really belongs to a peak ly+ ab\t #c miles ne>ly due nor? 7,n4 #e ,w474 ,! natives are v cle> 9 ?is matt]2 b x mu/ be rem>k$ 9 ?is connection t ,koro-mbasanga1 :i* signifies 8a =k$ em95ce10 w\ld be a v suitable appellation = ! d\ble-peak$ summit ( ,mbat9i4#hj ,by ! natives ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict ! :ole m\nta9 is kn[n z ,mbat9i2 b by ! natives ( ! ea/]n %ores ( ,natewa ,bay1 x is usually kn[n z ,soro-levu1 s9ce ! we/]n peak is (t5 m or less hidd5 f view or is less conspicu\s4 ,! pr(ile ( ?is m\nta9 & ( ! neighb\r+ region is %[n 9 ! accompany+ pr(ile-sket*es & also 9 "o ( ^? illu/rat+ ! ,koro-mbasanga range on page #afg4 ,z view$ f ! top ( ,m>iko to ! s\?w>d1 ,mbat9i pres5ts itself z a long m\nta9-ridge1 tr5d+ ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e41 :i* is connect$ on ! nor? ) ,koro-tambu1 ! highe/ peak ( ! ,koro-mbasanga ,range1 by a saddle probably n ov] #a1ejj feet above ! sea1 & on ! s\? ) ! m\nta9-ridge ( ,m>iko by a col :i* appe>s n to be "u #a1jjj feet 9 elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,m\nt ,mbat9i f ! top ( ,koro-mbasanga4 ,! di/ant peak on ! "r is "o ( ! summits ( ! ,m>iko ridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f ,muanaira on ! s\? coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay4 ,my asc5t ( ?is m\nta9 0 made f ! nor? by ! way ( ! ,lovo valley4 ,9 asc5d+ ! ,lovo valley "o rea*es1 at an elevation ( ab\t #a1jjj feet1 ! foot ( ! nor? slope ( ,mbat9i4 ,! slope is some:at /eep up to #b1jjj feet1 ! rocks expos$ on ! surface be+ closely simil> 9 ! gr\ndmass to ^? display$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,lovo valley4 ,!y are compact-look+ blacki% augite-&esites 7sp4 gr4 #bg71 ! v small felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* are 9 fl[ arrangem5t1 av]ag+ only #je mm4 9 l5g?4 ,l ! rocks bel[1 !y are a little alt]$2 & "h ! int]/itial glass is also scanty4 ,b !y diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( rhombic pyrox5e & are !re=e ref]r$ to ! augite-&esites 7g5us #ac74 ,at #b1jjj feet1 :]e "o crosses ! foot-track f ,nukumbolo to ,korolau1 ! asc5t ( ! true ,mbat9i ridge beg9s1 ! summit ly+ ne>ly two miles to ! s\?-ea/4 ,:il/ foll[+ along ?is l(ty m\nta9-ridge we 7 = ! great] "p ( ! "t 9 ! ra9-cl\ds1 s t v little 0 se5 ( our surr\nd+s4 ,! cre/ is d5sely wood$ s t our progress 0 v sl[4 ,! rocks are b sp>+ly expos$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ridge 7#b1ajj feet7 is display$ an alt]$ hyp]/h5e-augite &esite1 rudely column> blocks ( :i*1 up to #b feet 9 diamet]1 7 ly+ ab\t4 ,x belongs to g5us #a ( ?is sub-class 7see page #bhf7 :i* also includes ! rocks expos$ f>!r along ! ridge4 ,9 ^! rocks ! felsp>-la!s are small 7#je-jg mm4 long7 & are n 9 fl[ arrangem5t4 ,! int]/itial glass v>ies 9 am\nt1 & ! specific gravity is ab\t #bg4 ,! asc5t is v gradual = ! fir/ "o & a half miles1 :5 an elevation ( #b1fjj feet is atta9$4 ,f "h "o asc5ds ! /eep-sid$ peak ( ,mbat9i1 :i* rises "s #gjj or #hjj feet f ! ridge4 ,z "o ne>s ! highe/ po9t ! cre/ becomes v n>r[1 betwe5 #ae & #bj feet across2 & on ei!r side !re is app>5tly a drop ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,! actual peak1 :i* is b>e & rocky1 is yet n>r[]2 & :5 x is envelop$ 9 d5se mi/ z x 0 9 my in/ance1 x is n a v secure situation = a geologi/4 ,x is highly magnetic1 z is ! case ) mo/ ( ! o!r b>e peaks ( ! isl&4 ,! rocks expos$ 9 ! upp] #ejj feet1 t is1 9 ! peak prop]1 are highly alt]$ semi-vitre\s1 b ext5sively wea!r$1 hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites :i* are ref]r$ to g5us #a ( t sub-class4 ,mu* ( ! glassy gr\ndmass is replac$ by viridite1 silica1 calcite1 c4 ,less alt]$ specim5s display 9 a br[n opaque glass small felsp>-la!s av]ag+ less ?an #a mm4 9 l5g?4 ,!y exhibit ph5ocry/s ( rhombic pyrox5e & augite1 ! fir/ prevail+4 ,i did n climb ,soro-levu1 ! o!r ( ! tw9-peaks4 ,its asc5t %\ld be made ei!r f ,nukumbolo or f "o ( ! villages on ! neighb\r+ %ore ( ,natewa ,bay4 ,my acqua9tance ) ,mbat9i1 al?\gh v incomplete1 enables me h[ev] to po9t out a few ( its g5]al features4 ,z rem>k$ be=e1 !re is a g5]al uni=mity 9 ! type ( its rocks4 ,! oliv9e-basalts & basaltic &esites1 prevail+ 9 ! ,koro-t9i ,range1 are n "h repres5t$1 nor are ! dacites or acid &esites to be f\nd4 ,! *>act]i/ic rocks are m or less alt]$ hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites hav+ a specific gravity 9 ! lea/ alt]$ & lea/ vitre\s condition ( ab\t #bg2 :il/ ! av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s is always less ?an #a mm4 ,! same type prevails f ! upp] "p ( ! ,lovo valley to ! summit ( ,mbat9i2 b x is only 9 ! actual peak t ^! rocks %[ mu* glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 ?\gh ext5sively affect$ by alt]ation4 ,nei!r tuffs nor agglom]ates came "u my notice2 b !y might be expect$ to occur on ! o!r slopes4 ,i am incl9$ to reg>d ?is m\nta9-ridge z a huge dyke-l mass or sill1 repres5t+ ! rema9s ( a volcanic v5t t has be5 subject$ at diff]5t p]iods to m>9e-erosion & 9 lat] ages to sub-a]ial d5udation4 ,,! ,,vu9&i ,,gap ,i h giv5 ?is "n to ! break betwe5 ! ,?ambeyu 7,m\nt ,?ur/on7 & ,koro-mbasanga ranges1 :]e ! level ( ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl& desc5ds to ab\t #a1bjj feet above ! sea4 ,?is is ! r\te tak5 by ! track f ,vu9&i on ! %ores ( ,natewa ,bay across ! isl& to ,lambasa4 ,at ,vu9&i ! m\nta9s rec$e f ! coa/ leav+ a broad level pla9 ext5d+ ab\t two miles inl& to ! village ( ,t>awau )\t ris+ ov] #fj feet above ! sea4 ,basaltic rocks are expos$ 9 ! spurs t desc5d f ! m\nta9s to ! coa/ on ea* side ( ! pla94 ,aft] trav]s+ ! l[-ly+ region t lies betwe5 ,vu9&i & ! ma9 range1 "o f9ds on asc5d+ ! ea/]n slopes1 en r\te to ,lambasa1 basaltic &esites ( ! usual type prevail+ up to #a1jjj feet4 ,! upp] portion ( ! divid+ range1 #a1jjj to #a1bjj feet1 is compos$ ( a m compact basaltic &esite :i* is (t5 rubbly & 9 ?is condition is p5etrat$ by f9e cracks1 #a_/h ( an in* broad1 fill$ ) *alc$ony4 ,?is rock1 :i* has a specific gravity ( #bhe1 has a v fre%-look+ appe>ance 9 ! slide1 & ! segregation ( silica does n !re=e appe> to arise f an alt]ative *ange4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* are 9 fl[-arrangem5t1 av]age #aa mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little residual glass4 ,! m\nta9s rise on ei!r side ( ! ,vu9&i ,gap to ab\t #b1jjj feet4 ,desc5d+ on ! we/ side ( ! range "o foll[s a /ream-c\rse d[n to a level ( #djj feet above ! sea1 agglom]ates & co>se basic tuffs be+ expos$ on ! way4 ,! rocks =m+ ! agglom]ates are = ! mo/ "p to be ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,!y are sometimes compact & sometimes amygdaloidal1 ! amygdules be+ =m$ ( *alc$ony & o!r m9]als1 :il/ ! glass ( ! gr\ndmass is (t5 alt]$4 ,! track !n lay across a spur1 #hjj feet 9 height1 pr9cipally compos$ ( a greyi% porphyrite1 exhibit+ l>ge opaque cry/als ( plagioclase1 #d to #g mm4 long1 9 an almo/ holo-cry/all9e gr\ndmass =m$ ( /\t lamell> felsp>s ) l>ge augite granules4 ,x is describ$ on page #bfh "u ! porphyritic sub-g5us ( g5us #b ( ! augite-&esites1 & is an unusual type ( rock = ?is isl&4 ,aft] ?is ,i desc5d$ into ! picturesque gorge ( ! ,satulaki ,riv]1 :i* is only elevat$ ab\t #bjj feet above ! sea1 agglom]ates prevail+4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,satulaki a r compact basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bhb7 is commonly expos$ 9 position4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! augite &esites & belongs to ! species ) felsp>-la!s less ?an #a mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 ,x occurs bo? nor? & s\? ( ?is place & 9 ! hill-spurs on ei!r side4 ,?is is ! b$-rock ( ! ,lambasa pla9s :i* "h beg9 & ext5d to ! nor? coa/1 be+ usually cov]$ ) subm>9e tuffs & clays4 ,,! ,,?ambeyu ,,or ,,m\nt ,,?ur/on ,,range ,m\nt ,?ur/on is ! "n giv5 9 ! ,admiralty *>ts to ! highe/ peak 7#c1abd feet7 ( ?is range4 ,!re does n appe> to be any g5]al native "n4 ,! highe/ peak visible f ! ,lambasa side is kn[n z 8,?ambeyu40 ,! l(ty m\nta9-mass1 z x is view$ f ,vu9&i1 is kn[n z ,ulu-i-ndiri-ndiri4#ha ,! :ole m\nta9-range has yet to be prop]ly explor$4 ,x is a mu* m complicat$ sy/em ( m\nta9-ridges ?an is indicat$ 9 ! *>t1 my acqua9tance ) x be+ re/rict$ to ! ,?ambeyu ridge1 ! elevation ( :i* is #b1fjj feet above ! sea4 ,x tr5ds ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e42 b its relation to ! highe/ peak ( ! range c\ld n be asc]ta9$1 z we 7 9 ! ra9-cl\ds dur+ ! two days we 7 on ! m\nta94 ,i made ! asc5t f ! village ( ,numbu-ni-a-vula ab\t ?ree miles to ! we/w>d1 :i* is only #bjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 ! int]v5+ l[ di/rict a basaltic &esite is expos$ 9 ! /ream-c\rses4 ,! /ructure ( ! ridge1 z indicat$ by ! asc5t ( its we/]n slope1 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,! core or c5tral axis is =m$ ( massive basic rocks :i* protrude at ! summit & 9 "o or two ( ! cre/s ( ! spurs4 ,! flanks are compos$ ( subm>9e tuffs & clays ov]laid by agglom]ates ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,! tuffs rea* to )9 #ej feet ( ! top1 :il/ ! agglom]ates ext5d to )9 #djj feet ( ! summit4 ,! results obta9$ f ?is asc5t are specially int]e/+1 s9ce x af=d$ me ! opportunity ( /udy+ 9 a satisfactory mann] ! junction ( ! agglom]ates ) ! tuffs4 ,!re are two caves on ! m\nta9-side :i* c be us$ = night-%elt] by ^? explor+ ! range4 ,! l[e/1 #a1ejj feet above ! sea1 is ! ,taloko ,cave 7na-ng>a-taloko74 ,! highe/ is ! ,ndromo ,cave1#hb #b1ajj feet1 kn[n to ! natives z 8na-ng>a-vatu-ni-ndromo40 ,l mo/ ( ! caves all ov] ! isl& !y occur at ! junction ( ! agglom]ates & tuffs1 & are to be attribut$ to ! m rapid wea!r+ ( ! und]ly+ tuffs4444 ,9 describ+ ! results ( my exam9ation ( ?is m\nta9-ridge1 ,i w deal 9 succession ) ! tuffs1 ! agglom]ates1 ! junction betwe5 ^! two deposits1 & ! axis or core ( basic rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,image3 ,ideal ,section ( ,?ombeyu 7#a7 ,! subm>9e tuffs & tuff-clays4--,z expos$ 9 ! /ream-c\rses ne> & at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 & z high z ! ,taloko ,cave1 ^! deposits are b$d$ horizontally4 ,at high] levels1 ow+ to insuffici5t exposure ! b$d+ is n s cle>4 ,up to #gjj or #hjj feet co>se palagonite-tuffs prevail2 b !y d n eff]vesce ) an acid1 & app>5tly conta9 b scanty organic rema9s4 ,at #iej feet co>se & f9e s$im5t>y tuffs alt]nate1 ! la/ be+ gre5i% =am9if]\s tuff-clay rocks1 some:at compact$ & conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! te/s ( ! =am9if]a1 :i* are abundant & ( ! ,globig]9a type1 are fill$ ) calcite4 ,sev]al fragm5ts1 ( a semi-vitre\s basic rock1 n h[ev] exce$+ #b mm4 9 size1 are inclos$ 9 ! deposit2 b ! mass ( x is made up ( yet f9] mat]ials ( ! same rock1 palagonitic detritus1 plagioclase fragm5ts1 f9e calcitic debris1 te/s ( =am9if]a1 c4 ,^! f9e tuff-clays 7 evid5tly =m$ 9 relatively deep-wat]4 ,at ! ,taloko ,cave 7#a1ejj feet71 :]e !re are expos$ r co>se tuffs conta9+ b&s ab\t a c5timetre ?ick ( a f9e clay-tuff1 ! la/-nam$ eff]vesce freely ) an acid1 :il/ ! fir/ conta9 only a little c>bonate ( lime4 ,no sections h be5 made ( ^! deposits2 b :5 p[d]$ & exam9$ "u ! microscope !y appe> to h ! same g5]al composition z ! deposit describ$ above f an elevation ( #iej feet4 ,!y are probably =am9if]\s ?\gh scantily4 ,! tuffs f\nd at ! ,ndromo ,cave 7#b1ajj feet7 conta9 #d p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & small te/s ( =am9if]a are visible ) a l5s4 ,! m9]al fragm5ts include plagioclase & rhombic pyrox5e1 & !re are inclos$ r\nd$ gravel-fragm5ts1 #e mm4 9 size1 ( a semi-vitre\s rock4 ,palagonitic debris make up ! mass ( ^! tuffs4 ,a co>se deposit f #b1ejj feet is non-calc>e\s1 b has ! same g5]al composition4 7#b7 ,! agglom]ates4--,^! deposits are be/ repres5t$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta91 betwe5 #a1ejj & #b1bjj feet above ! sea4 ,"h !y (t5 pres5t v]tical precipices hav+ a drop v>y+ betwe5 #ajj & #djj feet1 ) ! subm>9e tuffs expos$ at _! base4 ,su* cliffs1 h[ev]1 display no /ructure4 ,_! v]tical faces are to be attribut$ to jo9ts & to ! ext5sive 8slips0 t frequ5tly occur on ^! slopes1 :5 l>ge masses ( agglom]ate1 und]m9$ by ! p]colation ( spr+s ?r\gh ! tuffs b5ea? !m1 roll f> d[n ! m\nta9-sides4 ,! blocks ( ! agglom]ates are fairly uni=m 9 size1 be+ usually #d or #e in*es across4 ,!y are compos$ ( a semi-vitre\s hyp]/h5e-augite &esite1 conta9+ bo? augite & rhombic pyrox5e1 b ( an unusual type4 ,x is a blacki% rock c>ry+ opaque ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase1 & is *>act]is$ by ! prismatic =m ( ! pyrox5e 7monocl9ic7 ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,a v simil> rock f ! ,sok5a agglom]ates has be5 be=e describ$4 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #ah ( ! class1 & ! prismatic sub-ord] to :i* t g5us belongs is describ$ on page #bhi4 7#c7 ,! junction ( ! agglom]ates & subm>9e tuffs4--,?is is well display$ at ! ,taloko ,cave4 ,"h ! agglom]ates lie con=mably on ! s$im5t>y tuffs2 b ! l9e ( junction is %>ply def9$ & ! only evid5ce ( transition is af=d$ by ! great dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! blocks ( ! agglom]ates1 :i* are #a to #b in*es across4 ,imm$iately b5ea? ! agglom]ate is a lay] #b c5timetres ?ick ( a r co>se s$im5t>y palagonite-tuff hav+ ! composition ( ! deposits above describ$1 b n eff]vesc+ ) an acid1 & %[+ no =am9if]\s te/s4 ,! size ( its 8gra90 is ab\t a millimetre4 ,?is passes d[nw>d r abruptly into a *ocolate-col\r$ m>l-l rock1 a c5timetre ?ick1 :i* is =m$ ( ! same mat]ials b 9 a clayey condition4 ,b5ea? ?is is ! calc>e\s =am9if]\s palagonite-tuff ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ p>agraph4 ,x is app>5t t = "s "t be=e ! agglom]ates began to accumulate on ! sea-bottom !re _h be5 a fairly uni=m deposit ( subm>9e tuffs1 evid5tly 9 r deep wat]4 ,!n foll[$ a p]iod dur+ :i* ! f9e/ mud 0 deposit$ :i* is repres5t$ by ! ?9 lay] ( *ocolate-col\r$ clay4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by ! deposition ( co>s] s$im5t>y tuffs =m+ a lay] ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,!n comm5c$ ! accumulation ( ! agglom]ates1 ( :i* ! mat]ials 7 at fir/ small & aft]w>ds l>g] 9 size4 7#d7 ,! core or axis ( volcanic rocks4--,?is is repres5t$ on ! summit by masses1 #b to #e feet across1 ( two k9ds ( hyp]/h5e-augite &esite1 :i* are ref]r$ to g5us #a ( t sub-class4 ,"o is a compact grey rock 7sp4 gr4 #bgb7 c>ry+ ph5ocry/s bo? ( rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 ! =m] prevail+1 & display+ a small am\nt ( int]/itial glass4 ,x is magnetic & exhibits m>k$ pol>ity1 z notic$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,! o!r is a scoriace\s rock conta9+ num]\s r\nd /eam-pores1 rang+ up to #e millimetres 9 diamet] & g5]ally fill$ ) cle> qu>tz-cry/als & l9$ by *alc$ony4 ,x conta9s semi-opaque glass 9 abundance1 & is app>5tly a semi-vitre\s =m ( ! rock j describ$4 ,bo? rocks are to "s ext5t alt]$4444 ,on ! cre/ ( a spur1 #ejj feet bel[ ! summit1 is expos$ 9 position an augite-&esite1 assign$ to g5us #ac1 sub-g5us #a1 species ,b1 ( t sub-class4 ,x is non-scoriace\s & exhibits a consid]able am\nt ( gre5i% alt]ation products4 7,sp4 gr4 #bgi47 ,,! ,,avuka ,,range ,?is high range1 :i* lies imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ,lambasa1 atta9s its greate/ elevation 9 ,m\nt ,avuka1 :i* is #a1igf feet above ! sea4 ,x repres5ts ! ext5sion nor?w>d to ! coa/ ( ! inl& ,?ambeyu m\nta9s t culm9ate 9 ,m\nt ,?ur/on4 ,9 its upp] portion ,m\nt ,avuka pres5ts b>e precipit\s faces app>5tly ( agglom]ates & "s hundr$s ( feet 9 height4 ,my acqua9tance ) ?is range is scanty4 ,9 a trav]se f ,lambasa to ,ngele-mumu ,i cross$ x a mile or m s\? ( ,m\nt ,avuka1 :]e x is only #gjj feet 9 elevation4 ,i also r\nd$ ! end ( ! range :]e x rea*es ! coa/ betwe5 ,lambasa & ! valley ( ,mbu?ai-sau4 ,?is la/ locality1 :i* is describ$ on page #bah1 d]ives especial int]e/ f ! circum/ance t "h ! regions ( basic & acid rocks meet4 ,! basic rocks t occupy ne>ly all ! sea-bord] f ,naivaka to ,lambasa "h become m+l$ )1 & f9ally give place to1 ! acid rocks :i* prevail 9 all ! region ea/w>d z f> z ,undu ,po9t4 ,9 cross+ ! range on ! way f ,lambasa to ,ngelemumu1 ,i notic$ z high z #dej feet basic non-calc>e\s tuffs display+ a concretion>y arrangem5t sugge/ive ( ! proximity ( an intrusive igne\s rock4 ,fur!r up ! we/]n slope occur basic agglom]ates1 :il/ at & ne> ! top 7#gjj feet7 !re lie on ! surface l>ge b\ld]s ( a d>k grey hyp]/h5e-gabbro hav+ a specific gravity ( #bg & belong+ to ! type ( plutonic rocks describ$ on page #bdi4 ,x is v probable t ?is gabbro =ms ! axis ( ! range2 & we h "h no d\bt "o ( ! olde/ ( ! m\nta9-ridges 9 ! isl&4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,valanga ,,range ,,?is range1 :i* tr5ds ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 betwe5 ! ,m>iko m\nta9-ridge & ! head ( ! valley ( ,na ,kula1 atta9s a height ( #a1hhj feet at its ,n4,w4 & ( #a1gaj feet at its ,s4,e4 end4 ,! av]age elevation1 h[ev]1 is probably n ov] #a1cjj or #a1djj feet4 ,my acqua9tance ) ! range is only p>tial1 b x is suffici5t to br+ to light "s ( its lead+ /ructural features4 ,^? :o foll[ me w f9d 9 ^! m\nta9s a v int]e/+ region = _! geological explorations4 7#a7 ,,trav]se ,,( ,,! ,,valanga ,,range4--,9 mak+ ! j\rney f ,valanga to ,vunimbua1 ,i cross$ ! range :]e its elevation 0 ab\t #a1cjj feet4 ,basic agglom]ates1 conta9+ sometimes amygdaloidal blocks1 are display$ 9 ! l[ di/rict betwe5 ,valanga & ! foot ( ! range4 ,9 ! /ream-c\rse at ! base ( ! slope ! deep] seat$ rocks ( ! range are at once expos$4 ,l>ge masses1 #e or #f feet across1 ( alt]$ grey pyrox5e &esites lie 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,"s ( !m %[ opaque porphyritic felsp> & h ! appe>ance ( porphyrites 7sp4 gr4 #bfg74 ,!y belong to ! type describ$ on page #bga "u g5us #f ( ! augite-&esites4 ,o!rs are grey propylitic v>ieties ( a basic semi-dol]itic &esite p5etrat$ by cracks conta9+ calcite1 & display+ 9 a gr\ndmass1 exhibit+ mu* viridite & a little pyrites1 calcitic pseudomorphs ( ! felsp> ph5ocry/s & m or less p>allel felsp>-la!s1 #ae mm4 long & some:at alt]$4 ,ano!r ( ! deep]-seat$ rocks commonly expos$ on ! upp] we/ slopes ( ! range is a d>k grey rock %[+ mu* porphyritic pyrox5e 7sp4 gr4 #bgb74 ,x has a micro-felsitic gr\ndmass & is ref]r$ to ! f\r? ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites describ$ on page #bia4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! way up ! we/]n slope ( ! range1 !re is expos$ a co>se palagonite-tuff1 evid5tly an incru/+ deposit4 ,/\t cry/als ( augite c be pick$ out ( x1 & x conta9s also lapilli up to an in* 9 size ( a basic vesicul> semi-vitre\s basalt4 ,desc5d+ ! ea/]n slopes "o obs]ves betwe5 #a1bjj & #a1jjj feet l>ge blocks ( ! same grey hyp]/h5e-augite-&esite above m5tion$ & ( a grey granitoid rock ( ! gabbro type4 ,?is la/ is a hyp]/h5e-gabbro ) specific gravity ( #bge1 & belongs to ! gr\p ( plutonic rocks describ$ on page #bej4 ,its pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are (t5 repres5t$ by fibr\s ba/ite4 ,"o c sc>cely d\bt t ?is gabbro is ! plutonic equival5t ( ! prevail+ grey pyrox5e-&esites4 ,l[] d[n ! slope only small fragm5ts ( rocks 7 expos$1 probably d]iv$ f an agglom]ate4 ,"o ( ! specim5s "h obta9$ is a dol]itic basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bgg74 ,ano!r is a v int]e/+ rock display+ l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( a m9]al l bronzite 9 a gr\ndmass orig9ally to a l>ge degree vitre\s2 b ! glass is n[ replac$ by viridite & second>y cry/all9e silica4 ,! 8bronzite0 is ! result ( ! conv]sion ( associat$ rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e into fibr\s ba/ite4 ,f ! results ( ! trav]se across ?is "p ( ! ,valanga ,range x may be inf]r$ t m or less alt]$ grey basic &esites pass+ into gabbros *iefly compose x4 ,no d\bt at "o "t x 0 l>gely cov]$ ) basic tuffs & agglom]ates1 b ^! deposits h be5 almo/ completely /ripp$ (f by ! d5ud+ ag5cies1 & 7 only notic$ 9 "o place on ! we/]n flank4 ,t ! nor!rn "p ( ! range t[>ds ! ,m>iko ridge has a simil> /ructure is %[n by ! "* ( ! loose blocks 9 ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,vunimbua ,riv]1 :i* takes its rise on ^! slopes4 ,among/ ^? 9 ! riv] above ! village ,i notic$ a solit>y block ( a co>sely cry/all9e diorite conta9+ prisms ( br[n hornbl5de a c5timetre 9 l5g?4#hc ,b ! rocks mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ 7 propylitic grey hyp]/h5e-&esites1 9 :i* ! pyrox5e is mo/ly *ang$ into ba/ite1 :il/ ! surface (t5 sp>kles ) pyrites 7see page #big74 7#b7 ,,ngone ,,hill4--,?is is a curi\s conical hill1 ab\t #gjj feet 9 height1 t rises up on ! "r side ( ! ,vunimbua ,riv] ab\t #a miles above ! village ( t "n & ne> ! foot ( ! range4 ,x evid5tly repres5ts a 8volcanic neck10 & d\btless ?is v5t 0 ! s\rce ( ! l>ge blocks =m+ ! basic agglom]ate t occurs 9 huge masses 9 ! riv]-c\rse 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is hill4 ,on its l[] flanks is expos$ a h>d compact$ tuff1 %[+ pyrox5e cry/als1 :i* is compos$ pr9cipally ( fragm5ts ( a palagonitis$ vacuol> basic glass1 ! m9ute cavities be+ (t5 fill$ ) opal4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! hill is display$ a massive alt]$ augite-&esite p5etrat$ by f9e ve9s ( *alc$ony4 ,num]\s irregul> cavities fill$ ) ! same mat]ial occur 9 its d>k opaque glassy gr\ndmass4 ,! blocks ( ! agglom]ates f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! hill v>y 9 size f #d to #ah in*es4 ,!y are compos$ ( a compact blacki% semi-vitre\s basic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bgc7 ( ! type *>act]i/ic ( ! basic agglom]ates ov] mo/ ( ! isl&4 ,! matrix ( ! agglom]ate is h>d & some:at alt]$1 & is *iefly made up ( fragm5ts1 rang+ up to #e mm4 9 size1 ( a vacuol> basic glass1 sometimes b slightly *ang$1 ?\gh usually conv]t$ into palagonite1 ! vacuoles be+ fill$ ) *alc$onic opal4 ,! l>ge masses ( co>se tuffs display$ 9 ! b$ ( a /ream-c\rse close to ,ngone ,hill are non-calc>e\s & compos$ ( palagonitic mat]ials4 ,palagonite-tuff clays are also expos$ 9 ! riv]-c\rse a little above ,vunimbua4 ,ab\t half-way betwe5 ! village & ! hill !re occurs 9 position at ! riv]-side an amygdaloidal basic rock1 ! amygdules be+ =m$ ( *alc$onic opal4 ,x is app>5t t ?is hill repres5ts a less] v5t :i* probably dates back to ! p]iod be=e ! em]g5ce4 ,all ! products ( its eruption are1 h[ev]1 m or less alt]$4 ,f ! abs5ce ( sort+ 9 ! blocks ( ! agglom]ates1 & f ! "* ( ! matrix1 x may be inf]r$ t ^! deposits h be5 accumulat$ directly f ! eject$ mat]ials )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ag5cy ( m>9e erosion4 7#c7 ,,! ,,we/]n ,,flank ,,( ,,! ,,valanga ,,range4--,"o ( ! bolde/ pieces ( coa/ 9 ! isl& lies on ! ea/]n side ( ,savu-savu ,bay1 betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai ,riv] & ,valanga ,h>b\r4 ,"h a numb] ( l(ty headl&s sep>at$ by broad valleys desc5d ) precipit\s fronts to ! %ore1 "s ( !m1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,namba?i promontory on ! nor? side ( ,valanga ,h>b\r1 reta9+ an elevation ( #a1jjj feet )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! coa/4 ,by foll[+ ! coa/-track f ! ,ndreke-ni-wai ,riv] to ,valanga "o crosses "s ( ^! headl&s4 ,z f> z ,vatu-lele alt]$ r$ tuffs1 basic agglom]ates1 & massive basaltic &esites are ! prevail+ rocks4 ,! r$ tuffs exhibit a d\ble alt]ation4 ,!y 7 orig9ally compos$ ( f9ely pulv]is$ basic vacuol> glass1 :i* subsequ5tly became palagonitis$1 & aft]w>ds !re 0 an ext5sive deposition ( *alc$onic silica & ( r$ iron oxide4 ,no organic rema9s appe> to exi/2 :il/ ! scanty calcite pres5t is evid5tly an alt]ation product4 ,:]e ! road 8tops0 ! headl& on ! nor? side ( ,vatu-lele ,bay1 !re is expos$ a dyke-l mass ( a rubbly semi-vitre\s basaltic rock p5etrat$ 9 all directions by ve9s1 #a to #c in*es ?ick1 ( a ta*ylytic glass1 spl9t]s ( :i* fuse readily 9 ! ord9>y _s-lamp flame4 ,! num]\s fissures 7 d\btless produc$ dur+ ! consolidation ( ! rock2 & subsequ5tly !y 7 fill$ ) ! /ill fluid residual portion ( ! magma1 :i* w\ld be compos$ ( ! mo/ fusible con/itu5ts4 ,?is subject1 :i* be>s on ! orig9 ( palagonite1 is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,betwe5 ,vatu-lele & ,urata1 palagonite-tuffs & basic agglom]ates are *iefly display$4 ,on ! nor? slope desc5d+ to ,urata !re is expos$ 9 ! foot-pa? a dyke-l mass ( a d>k-grey hornbl5de-pyrox5e-&esite1 an unusual type ( rock :i* is describ$ on page #bih4 ,j s\? ( ,urata ,i obs]v$ an agglom]ate conta9+ l>ge blocks1 #c or #d feet across1 ( ! deep]-seat$ alt]$ grey pyrox5e-&esites t ) ! gabbros & diorites =m ! axis ( ! range4 7#d7 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,na ,,kula4--,9 cross+ f ,sava-reka-reka to ,natewa ,bay1 "o asc5ds ! rem>kable valley ( ! ,kula & trav]ses ! ridge at its head4 ,?is ridge1 :i* is ab\t #gjj feet 9 height & =ms ! t]m9ation ( ! ,valanga ,range1 is compos$ ( alt]$ grey hornbl5de-pyrox5e-&esites & ( simil> holo-cry/all9e rocks repres5t+ ! gabbro or plutonic type ( ! same4 ,"o ( ^! rocks is describ$ on page #bej1 "u ! head ( hornbl5de-gabbro4 ,ano!r is ref]r$ provisionally to ! hyp]/h5e-gabbros 7page #bdi72 b x is ext5sively occupi$ by *lorite1 viridite1 & o!r alt]ation products4 ,"h1 z ) ! o!r rocks ( ! ,na ,kula ,ridge1 ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are opaque1 ! result ( ! num]\s f9e cracks ) decomposition products 9 ! int]ior ( ! cry/als4444 ,x is ?us se5 t 9 g5]al /ructure ! ,na ,kula ,ridge repres5ts ! ma9 axis ( ! ,valanga ,range to ! nor?4 ,! valley ( ,na ,kula is occupi$ by a riv] :i* does n empty itself1 z "o w\ld expect1 into ,savu-savu ,bay1 b turns (f %>ply to ! s\? at "r-angles to its previ\s c\rse1 & aft] break+ ?r\gh ! coa/ range1 op5s into ,na9di ,bay4 ,?is peculi>ity has attract$ ! att5tion ( ! natives4 ,! village ( ,sawa-,ndrondro1 :i* lies ab\t #a miles up ?is valley1 is n elevat$ m ?an #ej feet above ! sea4 ,! gradi5t is evid5tly n only v slight b is also irregul>1 s t 9 _! upp] c\rse ab\t #c miles inl&1 :]e ! elevation is only #acj feet1 ! wat]s ( ! riv] are p>tially *eck$ 9 _! fl[ & =m ext5sive swamps :]e ! 8vi?o0 or wild sug>-cane fl\ri%es4 7#e7 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,valanga ,,range4--,x may be inf]r$ f ! geological /ructure ( ! range t x is "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! isl&4 ,! agglom]ates & tuffs t ent] s l>gely into ! =mation ( mo/ ( ! o!r m\nta9-ridges are "h to a great ext5t abs5t1 except 9 ! l[] flanks2 & we h expos$ ! axis ( ! range compos$ ( m or less alt]$ grey pyrox5e & hornbl5de-pyrox5e &esites pass+1 z appe>s to be ! case1 into gabbros & diorites4 ,x is true t ! exposure ( ! gabbros is limit$ & t only a s+le block ( diorite came "u my notice2 b ?is might be look$ = :]e ! plutonic rocks are deeply seat$4 ,al?\gh f> ov]topp$ by ! neighb\r+ agglom]ate m\nta9-ridge ( ,m>iko1 ! ,valanga ,range w\ld seem to date back to a mu* e>li] /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! isl&4 ,,! ,,m\nta9-,,ridge ,,( ,,m>iko ,?is m\nta9-ridge1 :i* tr5ds ne>ly ea/ & we/ & jo9s ! ,valanga ,range1 rises 9 mass to a height ( r ov] #b1jjj feet4 ,above ?is elevation x t]m9ates 9 sev]al %ort conical peaks1 ( :i* ! highe/1 #b1hij feet1 is nam$ ,m>iko1 ! ,drayton ,peak ( ! *>t4 ,"o ( ! peaks1 ly+ a little to ! ea/ ( ! summit1 & app>5tly betwe5 #ajj & #bjj feet l[]1 is call$ ! ,vatu-mbu?o or ,:ite ,rock4 ,9 ! pr(ile ( ! range1 z se5 ne>ly 8end-on0 f ! di/ant s\? %ore ( ,natewa ,bay1 x w\ld appe> to be r\nd$ 9 its upp] "p4 ,its true outl9e1 h[ev]1 :5 view$ 9 l5g?1 is1 z describ$ above1 namely1 a massive ridge ) v>i\s peaks4 ,:5 view$ f ! top ( ! hills beh9d ,valanga1 ?is m\nta9\s range has a v impos+ appe>ance4 ,on ! s\? side x rises precipit\sly to ! summit1 b ! nor!rn slopes bel[ an elevation ( #a1hjj or #a1ijj feet desc5d ) a v easy gradi5t = #a or #b miles into ! valley ( ! riv] ,ndreke-ni-wai4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! av]age angle ( ! slope w\ld be f #ae to #bj degrees & 9 places (t5 m2 :il/ 9 ! second case ! av]age incl9ation w\ld be ab\t #g degrees4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two sides ( ! range is v /rik+ & "o ought1 ,i ?9k1 to f9d a p>allel 9 ! brok5-d[n rim ( a l>ge crat] ) a g5tle out] slope & a precipit\s inn] face4 ,:5 desc5d+ rec5tly ! out] slope ( ,monte ,somma1 ! anci5t ,vesuvian v5t1 ,i f\nd reproduc$ "s ( ! features ( ! nor!rn slope ( ,m>iko4 ,! tuffs & agglom]ate-tuffs t cov] _! out] flanks are 9 bo? m\nta9s deeply scor$ by ! gorges & rav9es worn by ! torr5ts4 ,aft] ! description ( ! geological /ructure ( ! ,m>iko ,range1 we %all p]haps be 9 a bett] position to consid] ?is "q2 b until a prop] survey ( ! region has be5 made x w n be possible to give a f9al answ]4 ,!re are also _m o!r unc]ta9ties :i* w\ld be remov$ by ! accurate mapp+ ( ! di/rict1 su* = in/ance z ! mode ( connection betwe5 ! ,m>iko & ,valanga ,ranges4 ,! highe/ peak ( ! ,m>iko ,range is irregul>ly squ>e-topp$ & is only a few paces across4 ,x has a soil-cap & supports small trees & %rubs1 :il/ !re is a precipit\s rocky face on ! ea/ & s\?4 ,l mo/ ( ! o!r l(ty peaks ( ! isl& x is magnetic1 & z rem>k$ on page #cfh1 x m>k$ly deflects ! compass-ne$le4 ,i made two asc5ts ( ?is m\nta9 f ,vunimbua1 "o to ! highe/ peak 7#b1hij feet71 & ! o!r across ! range to ,nukumbolo at a po9t half a mile or m to ! we/ ( ! summit1 :]e its elevation is #b1bjj feet4 ,basic agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs prevail on bo? ! slopes up to #a1hjj or #b1jjj feet1 ! blocks be+ compos$ ( a d>k semi-vitre\s basic &esite ref]r$ to ! hyp]/h5e-augite sub-class ) specific gravity #bge4 ,x conta9s mu* glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 & s9ce ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is prismatic1 ?is rock belongs to ! prismatic sub-ord] describ$ on page #bhi4 ,ord9>y basic tuffs are also well repres5t$ on ! nor? flank4 ,on ! s\? or precipit\s side !y are usually m or less alt]$4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 !y may take ! =m ( a h>d breccia-tuff conta9+ vesicul> lapilli1 up to half-an-in* 9 size1 ( a semi-vitre\s basic rock1 ! small /eam-holes be+ ei!r empty or fill$ ) opal or *alc$ony4 ,! matrix ( ! rock is made up ( f9] fragm5ts ( a basic vacuol> glass1 %[+ a few felsp> microli?s1 b (t5 m or less palagonitis$4 ,evid5ce ( fur!r alt]ation is af=d$ by ! small cracks & crevices fill$ ) *alc$ony4 ,o!r alt]$ tuff-rocks are expos$ on ! s\? slope4 ,at an elevation ( #djj-dej feet above ! sea1 & und]ly+ ! agglom]ates & breccia-tuffs1 ,i f\nd expos$ 9 a /ream-c\rse a h>d d>k rock look+ l a compact &esite4 ,"u ! microscope1 h[ev]1 x is %[n to be an alt]$ palagonite-tuff compos$ 9 "p ( angul> fragm5ts ( plagioclase & ( rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 n exce$+ #ae mm4 9 size1 & conta9+ also simil>-siz$ fragm5ts ( a basic hemicry/all9e rock4 ,! base is made up ( palagonitic mat]ial & conta9s a few 8,globig]9a0 te/s sometimes display+ calcite 9 _! int]ior4 ,f9e cracks fill$ ) *alc$onic silica te/ify to a subsequ5t alt]ation ( ! deposit4 ,at #a1ejj feet occurs a h>d r$ alt]$ palagonite-tuff1 hav+ a simil> composition & be+ alt]$ 9 l fa%ion1 b n display+ te/s ( =am9if]a 9 ! slide4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks ref] to ! ma9 undivid$ mass ( ! range1 t is1 up to #b1jjj feet4 ,! highe/ peak ( ,m>iko probably repres5ts 9 /ructure ! o!r peaks ris+ to v>i\s heights on ei!r side ( x4 ,"h1 at elevations betwe5 #b1jjj feet & ! summit1 a rubbly agglom]ate prevails ( a some:at diff]5t "* f t occurr+ at l[] levels4 ,x is well expos$ 9 "s cave-cliffs at a height ( #b1ejj feet & also 9 ! rocky face ( ! peak4 ,! rock compos+ ! blocks is a d>k-grey aphanitic augite-&esite 7sp4 gr4 #bfe71 ref]r$ to g5us #bj ( t sub-class & display+ prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,smoky residual glass exi/s usually 9 fair am\nt2 :il/ 9 ! blocks ( ! cave-cliffs x is s abundant t ! rock may be t]m$ semi-vitre\s4 ,9 ! locality j nam$ ! blocks are scoriace\s1 ! /eam-pores1 :i* are drawn out to a l5g? ( #e or #f mm4 & m1 be+ p>tially or completely fill$ ) calcite & occasionally ) opal4 ,at times ! /eam cavities are mu* l>g]4 ,9 "o ( my specim5s !re is an elongat$ cavity #e cm4 7#b in*es7 9 l5g?1 :i* has a ?9 l9+ ( *alc$ony1 f ! surface ( :i* pyramidal cry/als ( calcite project into ! int]ior4 7,i f\nd ! same grey &esite expos$ 9 situ l[] d[n ! s\? slope at an elevation ( #a1hjj feet1 b non-scoriace\s47 ,! matrix ( ! agglom]ate pr9cipally consi/s ( f9e palagonitic mat]ial ) small fragm5ts ( plagioclase & pyrox5e b app>5tly no lime4 ,at heights ( ab\t #b1hjj feet on ! s\? side ( ! peak1 & ( #a1fjj feet on ! nor? flank ( ! range1 are expos$ non-calc>e\s greyi% tuffs rem>kable = ! quantity ( cry/als ( rhombic pyrox5e1 entire & 9 fragm5ts1 t !y conta94 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! m acid &esitic tuffs ( ! isl&1 & x is to ^! deposits t ! ,m>iko tuffs 9 "q make a ne> approa*4 ,!y conta9 at times subangul> fragm5ts ( m basic rocks2 & are true tuffs 9 ! s5se t al?\gh p]haps deposit$ on a sea-bottom !y repres5t ! eject$ mat]ials ( a suba]ial v5t4 ,! cre/ ( ! range1 :]e x is cross$ by ! road f ,vunimbua to ,nukumbolo & = #bjj feet bel[1 is =m$ ( a decompos$ rock1 p]haps a breccia4 ,a fragm5t ( ! rock obta9$ f ! cre/ is a grey some:at alt]$ hyp]/h5e-augite &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bge7 ) an or?ophyric gr\ndmass1 & ref]r$ to ! ord] describ$ on page #bij4 ,?is rock may be connect$ ) ! tuffs above allud$ to4444 ,ref]5ce may "h be made to a black basaltic rock 7sp4 gr4 #bhh7 ( :i*1 at an elevation ( #b1ejj feet at ! foot ( ! peak1 ,i f\nd a portion ( a column> block ab\t #ah in*es across4 ,x may prove to be an oliv9e-basalt2 b no section has be5 made ( x4 ,x is app>5t f ! =ego+ description ( ! ,m>iko ,range t 9 g5]al /ructure x does n diff] mat]ially f ! o!r m\nta9-ridges ( ! isl&1 al?\gh 9 ! types ( ! rocks x pres5ts "s v>iety4 ,"h also we h agglom]ates prevail+ on ! flanks & =m+ ! summit4 ,z f> z ! *>act]s ( ! rocks c guide u1 we _c det]m9e :e!r ! range has be5 built up by a numb] ( v5ts on a great fissure1 or :e!r x repres5ts ! rema9s ( a huge crat]4 ,9 ?is unc]ta9ty we c only appeal to ! contra/ betwe5 ! g5tle gradi5t ( ! nor? slopes & ! precipit\s desc5t ( ! s\? slopes z fav\r+ ! la/ supposition4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 d\bt t ! agglom]ates ( ! upp] portion ( ! range are ! products ( an eruptive v5t or ( v5ts t rose above ! surface ( ! sea1 s9ce ! blocks are all ( "o k9d ( &esite & are (t5 scoriace\s4 ,we c be fairly c]ta9 t at su* a "t ! l[] slopes 7 9 "p subm]g$1 see+ t =am9if]\s tuffs und]ly+ ! agglom]ates are n[ expos$4 ,b we h to di/+ui% betwe5 ^! subm>9e basic tuffs ( ! l[] slopes :i* may 9 "p be ! result ( m>9e-erosion & ! grey rhombic-pyrox5e-tuffs ( ! upp] levels :i* are probably d]iv$ f suba]ial eruptions4 ,,! ,,savu-,,savu ,,p59sula ,i include 9 ?is di/rict ! promontory we/ ( ,na9di ,bay & ,sava-reka-reka ,bay4 ,al?\gh its surface is mu* cut up1 x has1 :5 view$ f a di/ance1 a fairly ev5 pr(ile & atta9s a maximum height ( r ov] #hjj feet4 ,f ! region ea/ ( x1 x is sep>at$ by ! ,na9di ,gap4 ,"h "o c cross ! p59sula betwe5 ! two bays above nam$ )\t ris+ m ?an #ej feet above ! sea4 ,! elevat$ int]ior is divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* are divid$ by a col1 ab\t #bej feet 9 elevation1 :i* is asc5d$ 9 cross+ f ,nai!koro on ! s\? coa/ to ,na ,kama on ! nor? coa/4 ,mu* ( ! surface is clo!d ) ! usual 8talas+a0 vegetation4 ,close to ! nor? %ore1 ) :i* x is connect$ by ! reef-flat1 rises ! small isl& ( ,na-,wi1 & (f ! extremity ( ! p59sula1 :i* is kn[n z ,h>man's ,po9t1 is ! islet ( ,naviavia1 =m$ ( rais$ reef-lime/one z describ$ on p4 #h4 ,! celebrat$ boil+ spr+s kn[n z ,na ,kama are situat$ on ! nor? coa/ opposite ,na-,wi4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t besides f9d+ an exit 9 ! spr+s1 ! hot wat] oozes ?r\gh ! bea* & bel[ ! tide-m>ks = sev]al hundr$ y>ds along ! %ore4 ,^! spr+s are describ$ 9 detail on p4 #be4 ,?is is "o ( ! few di/ricts ( ! isl& 9 :i* elevat$ reef-masses occur at ! sea-bord]4 ,^! old reefs1 :i* atta9 a maximum elevation ( #bej feet above ! sea1 are pr9cipally re/rict$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ,na9di ,bay4 7,!y are ref]r$ to 9 detail 9 ,*apt] ,,ii47 ,b !y indicate only a "p ( ! subm]g5ce :i* ?is region has exp]i5c$4 ,!re is an exposure ( a v int]e/+ rock 9 a /ream-c\rse t is cross$ on ! road f ,y>oi to ,na9di1 less ?an a mile f ! fir/-nam$ place1 & ab\t #cj feet above ! sea4 ,"h we f9d a d>k1 impure 8,globig]9a0 lime/one1 or1 z x might be also designat$1 an alt]$ calc>e\s palagonitic clay-tuff4#hd ,! l>g] fragm5ts 9 x av]age only #b mm41 & x af=ds evid5ce ( a p]iod ( subm]g5ce dur+ :i* ! hill-tops ( ! ,savu-savu ,p59sula 7 bel[ ! sea-level4 ,we get ! same indication1 b 9 a m pron\nc$ degree1 9 ! /ratifi$ s$im5t>y clay-tuffs :i* are expos$ on ! %ore-flat ( ! s\? side ( ! neighb\r+ ,sava-reka-reka ,bay4 ,^! b$s1 :i* )9 a di/ance ( fifty paces are incl9$ #aj-ae to ! s\?-we/ & ! same am\nt to ! nor?-we/1 h app>5tly a ququv]sal dip4 ,9 places !y exhibit a sph]oidal & conc5tric /ructure1 & are p5etrat$ by cracks conta9+ "s calcite1 b mo/ly fill$ ) a :ite zeolitic m9]al4#he ,"o ( ^! rocks is a bright gre51 h>d & compact deposit1 conta9+ b little lime1 & evid5tly an alt]$ palagonitic clay-tuff4 ,x conta9s a few m9ute te/s ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type2 & on acc\nt ( ! small size ( its fragm5ts ( m9]als1 :i* range f 4#ja to 4#jd mm41 x may be reg>d$ z a relatively deep-wat] s$im5t4#hf ,x is int]/ratifi$ ) a co>s]1 some:at alt]$ palagonite-tuff1 :i* %[s b little lime & only a suspicion ( te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,! size ( ! l>g] includ$ fragm5ts does n exce$ half a millimetre4444 ,! l[ hill1 ne> ,y>oi1 on :i* ! magi/rate's h\se is built1 is compos$ ( f9e & co>se tuffs1 probably subm>9e4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any b s$im5t>y tuffs occur 9 ?is p59sula4 ,9 ! hills ( ! we/]n "p ( ! p59sula1 t is1 we/ ( ,na ,kama & ,nai!koro1 a p>ticul> type ( basaltic &esite prevails1 *>act]is$ by rhombic pyrox5e z well z augite ph5ocry/s1 & ref]r$ = ! mo/ "p to g5us #ac ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,_! specific gravity ranges f #bgf to #bhc1 & ! int]/itial glass may be fair or scanty 9 am\nt4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s is unusually small1 #jd-jf mm4 ,9 ^! respects ! basaltic &esites ( ! ,savu-savu ,p59sula diff] f ! basaltic &esites f\nd 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! isl&1 :]e1 z exemplifi$ by ^? ( ! ,wa9unu1 ,solevu1 & ,seatura regions1 ! felsp>-la!s av]age betwe5 #a & #b mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is practically no rhombic pyrox5e4 ,a some:at scoriace\s semi-vitre\s =m ( pyrox5e &esite is expos$ on ! s\? slopes above ,nukumbalavu1 :]e x is cov]$ by basic agglom]ates4 ,! pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass is "h prismatic1 & n granul>1 & = ! mo/ "p rhombic2 & ! rock is ref]r$ to ! prismatic sub-ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites describ$ on p4 #bhg4 ,! basaltic &esites ( ! p59sula are (t5 ext5sively decompos$ ?r\gh ! wea!r+ process1 a sph]oidal /ructure be+ !n display$4 ,x r>ely happ5s t ! basaltic rocks ( ?is locality assume a propylitic "*4 ,yet1 if ?is *ange is due to hydro!rmal metamorphism1 we ought to f9d alt]$ rocks ( ?is k9d 9 ! vic9ity ( ! boil+-spr+s4 ,su* rocks did n come "u my notice at ! surface2 b ?is only indicates t if ?is alt]ation has tak5 place "h1 x has be5 effect$ at "s dep?2 &1 inde$1 x w\ld seem probable t ! alt]ation kn[n z 8propylitic0 is a *ange produc$ g5]ally 9 deep-seat$ rocks4 ,a semi-ophitic basaltic &esite t is expos$ 9 ! small /ream-c\rse at ! back ( ! spr+s1 & n #ajj y>ds di/ant1 displays no propylitic *ange1 & is only affect$ by hydration4 ,! basaltic &esites f\nd on ! hill-slopes fur!r inl& f ! spr+s exhibit no *ange ( su* a nature4 ,h[ev]1 rocks ( ?is description occur at & ne> ! coa/ ab\t a mile to ! we/w>d4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* is light gre5 9 col\r1 might be tak5 = a lime/one1 s9ce x eff]vesces ) an acid4 ,:5 exam9$ 9 ! slide x is %[n to be ! prevail+ basaltic &esite greatly alt]$4 ,! porphyritic rhombic pyrox5e is replac$ by viriditic mat]ial2 ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are replac$ by calcite1 second>y silica1 & o!r alt]ation products2 & ! /ructure ( ! gr\ndmass is disguis$ by *alc$ony1 calcite1 viridite1 c4 ,ano!r rock f ?is locality displays great alt]ation4 ,! /ructure ( ! gr\ndmass is obscur$ by second>y silica1 & is trav]s$ by f9e cracks pass+ ?r\gh ! felsp> ph5ocry/s & fill$ ) blood-r$ films ( hematite4 ,on ! hill-slopes beh9d ,h>man's ,po9t1 at an elevation ( #cjj to #djj feet1 blocks ( a r$di%1 volcanic rock1 greatly alt]$ by ! deposition ( silica1 7 display$ on ! surface4 ,! gr\nd 0 "h /rewn 9 places ) beautiful pyramidal prisms ( cle> qu>tz1 rang+ up to an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y conta9 num]\s inclusions1 _! faces be+ sometimes deeply et*$ or erod$4 ,^! cry/als appe> to h be5 =m$ r rapidly 9 "s highly silice\s !rmal und]gr\nd wat]s4 ,i did n asc5d ! hills ( ! portion ( ! p59sula ly+ ea/ ( ,na ,kama & ,nai!koro4 ,b :il/ cross+ ! saddle betwe5 ^! two places1 ,i p]ceiv$ t ! prevail+ basaltic &esites ext5d$ up ! slopes to ! ea/4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,na9di ,bay (f]s sev]al features ( int]e/4 ,! bay1 :i* is circul> 9 %ape1 is clos$ 9 on ! ea/ & we/ by project+ po9ts1 :]e we f9d elevat$ reef-lime/one1 #dj or #ej feet above ! sea1 display+ massive corals & l>ge 8,tridacna0 %ells 9 _! natural position1 & ov]lay+ a cem5t-/one compos$ ( blocks ( volcanic rocks 9 a calc>e\s matrix4 ,on ! bea* on ! we/ side ( ! bay !re is expos$ a r$di%-grey alt]$ pyrox5e-&esite1 :i*1 z reg>ds ! size ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass & o!r *>act]s1 appe>s to be an alt]$ =m ( ! prevail+ basaltic &esites ( ! p59sula4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! l[ passage t isolates ! p59sula1 :i* ,i h t]m$ ! ,na9di ,gap1 !re is display$ a highly alt]$ basic &esite :i* conta9s a :ite1 zeolitic m9]al 9 its num]\s cracks4 ,! small isl& ( ,na-,wi consi/s ( two l[ hills1 ! highe/ #acj feet 9 height1 connect$ by a mangrove swamp & a s&y bea*4 ,!re is no trace ( a crat]al cavity4 ,! prevail+ rock is a porphyritic1 compact1 basic &esite1 diff]+ f ! o!r rocks ( ! neighb\rhood 9 ! great] am\nt ( glass x conta9s4 ,?\gh x is n easy to f9d a good1 unwea!r$ specim5 ( ! rock1 x w\ld appe> t ,na-,wi repres5ts an old volcanic neck4 ,we may inf] f ! above description ( ?is p59sula t x has a hi/ory simil> to t ( mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,!re is evid5ce 9 ! uprais$ reefs & 9 ! 8,globig]9a0 clays & lime/ones ( consid]able subm]g5ce at "o p]iod2 & x is highly probable t ! prevail+ basaltic &esites are ! products ( subm>9e eruptions4 ,9 my acc\nt ( ! hot spr+s giv5 on page #bf1 ref]5ce is made to ! abs5ce ( any trace ( a crat]al cavity 9 t locality4 ,! same is true1 z f> z my obs]vation goes1 ( ! :ole p59sula4 ,alt]$ rocks d n occur 9 ! vic9ity ( ! spr+s1 b !y are to be f\nd at di/ances a mile & m away4 ,x does n seem possible to re/ore 9 imag9ation ! orig9al =m ( ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,! pres5t cont\rs are ! results ( m ?an "o re%ap+ ( ! surface ?r\gh ! ag5cies ( m>9e erosion & sub-a]ial d5udation4 ,,! ,,di/rict ,,betwe5 ,,na9di ,,bay ,,& ,,! ,,salt ,,lake ,?ree or f\r ( ! peaks ( ?is hilly di/rict rise to ab\t #a1jjj feet or r ov]1 ! highe/ be+ t ( ,na ,suva-suva1 :i* atta9s a height ( #a1aaj feet4 ,s9ce my acqua9tance ) ?is region is incomplete1 ,i w conf9e my rem>ks to ! localities actually exam9$4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,sp5ce1 ,i 0 able to make use ( a track cle>$ to ! top ( ,na ,suva-suva4 ,?is em95ce1 :i* =ms a conspicu\s l&m>k = _m miles1 bo? l&w>d & seaw>d1 has a r\nd$ summit & is to all appe>ance an old volcanic neck4 ,x is compos$ 9 mass 9 its upp] half ( a heavy d>k oliv9e-basalt 7sp4 gr4 #cja71 seem+ly non-column>1 & ref]r$ to ! highly basic rocks =m+ g5us #af ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,!re is su* a ?ick soil-cap on ! l[] slopes t ,i 0 unable to asc]ta9 ! "* ( ! rocks !re4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t a v simil> oliv9e-basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bii7 crops out on ! coa/ s\? ( ?is hill & to ! ea/ ( ,na9di ,bay4 ,!y bo? conta9 abundant small oliv9e-ph5ocry/s & a little residual glass1 ! felsp>-la!s av]ag+ #a-ad mm4 9 l5g?4 ,s9ce _! localities are r m ?an a mile ap>t1 x is n possible to say )\t a fur!r exam9ation ( ! locality :e!r or n we h "h ! same intrusion4 ,on ! coa/ betwe5 ,na9di ,bay & ,salt ,lake ,passage1 calc>e\s tuffs1 probably fossilif]\s1 are occasionally expos$ 9 ! l[ spurs desc5d+ to ! sea1 :il/ islets ( elevat$ reef-rock front ! bea*4 ,! coa/ imm$iately we/ ( ! ,salt ,lake ,passage is ( exceptional int]e/4 ,"h ! sea-cliffs & ! %ore-flat are =m$ ( an agglom]ate tuff p5etrat$ 9 all directions by ve9s ( calcite1 an in* & "u 9 ?ickness4 ,! matrix ( ?is deposit1 :i* is a little calc>e\s1 is pr9cipally made up ( fragm5ts1 rang+ up to #c or #d millimetres 9 size1 ( vacuol> palagonite1 ! m9ute vesicles be+ fill$ ) "s alt]ation product4 ,x also conta9s l>ge macl$ augite cry/als #e or #f mm4 9 size1 :i* c be pick$ out 9 numb]s by ! f+]s4 ,! blocks v>y f a few in*es to two feet across1 & are usually compos$ ( an augite-&esite1 conta9+ l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( augite1 & are (t5 amygdaloidal1 ! amygdules1 #c or #d mm4 9 size1 be+ =m$ ( a zeolite4 ,b blocks ( v diff]5t rocks also occur 9 ?is agglom]ate tuff4 ,"o1 ab\t two feet across1 0 compos$ ( a co>sely cry/all9e diorite made up1 z describ$ on page #bea1 ( l>ge cry/als ( hornbl5de1 #b to #be c5timetres long1 & ( l>ge opaque cry/als ( acid labradorite4 ,ano!r 0 made ( hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e &esite belong+ to ! or?o-phyric ord] ( t sub-class 7see page #bii74 ,!re is a little alt]$ glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 & l>ge secretions ( br[n hornbl5de1 m ?an an in* 9 size1 are to be obs]v$ 9 ! rock4 ,x is probable t ?is s+ul> deposit repres5ts a subm>9e accumulation ( mat]ials eject$ f "s neighb\r+ v5t4 ,organic rema9s did n come "u my notice2 b ap>t f ! palagonitic "* ( ! matrix & ! abundance ( ve9s ( calcite1 ! subm>9e orig9 is indicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( uprais$ reefs 9 ! coa/ di/ricts ea/ & we/ ( ?is locality4 ,! block ( diorite af=ds an important clue z to ! "* ( ! deep-seat$ plutonic rocks 9 ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,a simil> diorite 0 f\nd by me among/ ! blocks 9 ! b$ ( ! ,vunimbua ,riv]2 & on page #ahe1 ref]5ce is made to ! probability ( su* rocks =m+ ! nucleus ( ! ,valanga ,range4 ,! hills on ! we/ side ( ! ,salt ,lake are wor? fur!r exam9ation4 ,on ! coa/ ( ! ,natewa ,bay side ( ?is di/rict1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,vuni-tangaloa & betwe5 t place & ,vuni-sawana1 !re are display$ agglom]ates =m$ ( blocks ( hornbl5de-&esite1 "s ( ! specim5s be+ v simil> to t obta9$ f ! block ( hornbl5de-&esite notic$ 9 ! agglom]ate-tuff on ! neighb\r+ s\? coa/4 ,,! ,,salt ,,lake ,! l[ i/hmus1 ab\t #b miles 9 bread?1 :i* connects ! ,natewa ,p59sula ) ! re/ ( ! isl&1 c be cross$ )\t ris+ m ?an #dj or #ej feet above ! sea4 ,f ! occurr5ce ( uprais$ reefs 9 ! islets & 9 ! l[ sea-cliffs ( ! s\? coa/ x may be inf]r$ t at no di/ant p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,vanua ,levu ?is i/hmus 0 subm]g$4 ,! lake1 :i* is oblong 9 =m1 is ab\t f\r-fif?s ( a mile long & ab\t two-fif?s broad4 ,its maximum dep? accord+ to ! ,admiralty *>t is #c fa?oms2 b ! usual dep? 9 ! c5tre v>ies1 z ,i f\nd1 betwe5 #b & #b fa?oms4 ,x communicates ) ! sea on ! s\? coa/ by a long n>r[ passage1 r ov] a mile 9 l5g?1 :i* = ! great] "p ( its c\rse1 except+ ne> its seaw>d m\?1 is only betwe5 #be & #cj feet broad4 ,mangroves fl\ri% ar\nd ! lake & also l9e ! passage2 :il/ elevat$ reef-rock is to be obs]v$ on ! sides ( ! passage4 ,mr4 ,horne 0 in=m$ t corals ab\nd 9 ! lake-wat]s2 b ,i f9d no ref]5ce to ?is po9t 9 my notes4 ,judg+ f ! d5sity ( ! efflu5t wat]1 ! specific gravity ( ! lake-wat] is t ( ! sea4 ,! 8rise & fall10 z notic$ bel[1 is consid]ably less ?an 9 ! case ( ! tides at ! coa/4 ,ne> ! c5tre ( ! lake !re is a l[ islet1 "s #dj paces across1 & only rais$ ab\t a foot above ! level ( ! lake at ! "t ( high-wat]4 ,x is *iefly made up ( coral blocks2 b !re are a few fragm5ts ( basaltic &esite ly+ ab\t1 :i* 7 probably br\ght !re by natives4 ,?is islet is m5tion$ 9 ,mrs4 ,smy!'s acc\nt#hg ( ! visit made by ,colonel ,smy! to ! lake 9 #ahfj2 & by reason ( its little elevation x may be accept$ z a rude datum-m>k ( ! relative level ( l& & sea 9 ?is region4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t !re has be5 no appreciable *ange ( level 9 ?is region = ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,except on ! nor? & nor?-we/ sides1 ! lake is m or less surr\nd$ by hills rea*+ up to #djj or #ejj feet1 ! passage repres5t+ a break 9 ! range4 ,on ! ,natewa ,bay side ! level ( ! surface is mu* l[]4 ,! l[ /rip ( l& t int]v5es betwe5 ! nor?-we/ corn] ( ! lake & ,natewa ,bay is ab\t a mile across1 & does n atta9 a great] elevation ?an #dj or #ej feet above ! sea4 ,on its surface1 fragm5ts ( basic volcanic rocks are display$2 b no reef debris came "u my notice4 ,at its nor?-ea/ side ! lake is only sep>at$ f ,natewa ,bay by a neck ( l& #cjj to #djj y>ds 9 bread? & ab\t #ajj feet high4 ,x 0 across ?is neck t ! natives 9 old times us$ to drag _! l>ge canoes4 ,mr4 ,horne#hh :o visit$ ?is neighb\rhood 9 #ahgh1 sugge/$ t ! ,salt ,lake occupies a crat]-cavity4 ,! hills ar\nd are ( volcanic =mation1 & ,i am r incl9$ to support ?is view2 b c]ta9ty is sc>cely possible n[1 on acc\nt ( ! great degradation :i* ! surface has evid5tly exp]i5c$ dur+ & s9ce ! em]g5ce2 :il/ subsequ5t reef-gr[? has also to "s ext5t mask$ ! orig9al =m ( ! di/rict4 ,x is notewor?y t a some:at p>allel condition ( ?+s is pres5t$ a few miles to ! we/ by ! circul> ,na9di ,bay & ! l[ passage1 n m ?an #ej feet above ! sea1 t p>tly isolate ! ,savu-savu ,p59sula4 ,! peculi> behavi\r ( ! tides 9 connection ) ! ,salt ,lake & its passage attract$ my att5tion dur+ two visits to ?is locality4 ,on ! fir/ occasion ,i notic$ t betwe5 two & ?ree h\rs aft] ! tide at ! coa/ _h comm5c$ to rise !re 0 /ill a /rong fl[ ?r\gh ! passage f ! lake1 & t ! curr5t 0 only rev]s$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! ris+ tide4 ,dur+ my second visit at ! end ( ,may1 #ahii1 :5 ,i 0 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,smallwood1 ,i sp5t a night 9 obs]v+ ! behavi\r ( ! spr+ tides at a spot bel[ ! n>r[ portion ( ! passage #fjj or #gjj y>ds f ! op5+ on ! coa/4 ,"h ! bread? 0 ab\t #ajj feet1 ! dep? at l[-wat] #e feet1 & ! rise ( ! tide #d feet4 ,! curr5t ran seaw>d at a velocity v>y+ f #a1ejj to #b1ejj y>ds p] h\r2 & x cont9u$ to fl[ 9 ?is direction = #b h\rs aft] ! tide _h begun to rise on ! coa/4 7,9 ! n>r[ "p ( ! passage ! rate ( ! curr5t w\ld probably be n ov] #c knots47 ,x is curi\s t at ! place ( measurem5t ! bottom 0 =m$ ( mud into :i* ! pole sank six feet )\t /rik+ a h>d sub/ratum4 ,! obs]vations on ! curr5t 7 made ) a v]tical float imm]s$ ab\t #c feet4 ,! po9t ( difficulty 9 ! behavi\r ( ! tides is ?is4 ,! wat] is runn+ rapidly out ( ! lake = n9e h\rs2 :il/ dur+ ! rema9+ ?ree h\rs !re is a sluggi% return-fl[ up ! passage into ! lake4 ,a f> great] quantity ( wat] f9ds an exit by ! passage ?an is return$ by ! same *annel2 & ,i c only expla9 ?is by assum+ t !re is an ext5sive p]colation ( wat] f ,natewa ,bay into ! lake4 ,x is easy to %[ t ) su* a n>r[ efflu5t1 :i* _c h a sectional area exce$+ #ahj squ>e feet1 ! level ( ! lake w\ld be only l[]$ #b or #c feet1 if ! av]age velocity dur+ ! n9e h\rs 0 two nautical miles4 ,! great bulk ( ! wat] w\ld ?us rema9 un*ang$4 ,! ultimate result ( su* conditions w\ld be a lake ( br9e4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! sea-wat] ( ! lake possesses ! ord9>y d5sity1 x is app>5t = ?is reason only t !re is "s o!r means ( supply ?an by ! pres5t n>r[ passage lead+ to ! sea4 ,! mean level ( ! ,salt ,lake is evid5tly r above t ( ! sea1 p]haps a foot or two2 & ! 8rise-&-fall0 is probably v small4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,natewa ,,p59sula ,,?is rem>kable p59sula is connect$ ) ! re/ ( ! isl& by ! l[-ly+ ,salt ,lake di/rict1 a n>r[ i/hmus1 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 :i* "o c cross )\t ris+ #ej feet above ! sea4 ,my acqua9tance ) ?is region is f> f complete2 b f ! foll[+ notes a fair g5]al idea ( its geological *>act]s may be ga!r$4 ,by ref]r+ to ! map x w be se5 t !re are ?ree gr\ps ( m\nta9s4 ,! nor?-ea/]n culm9ates 9 ,m\nt ,freel& or ,ngala1 #b1gdj feet2 ! s\!rn is =m$ by ! rugg$ ,waikawa ,range1 #a1edj feet2 :il/ ! ,lea ,range to ! we/ atta9s 9 ,ngalau-levu a height ( #a1ifj feet4 ,!y are mu* cut up by ! d5ud+ ag5cies1 & all be> ! /amp ( an anci5t l&-surface4 ,?\gh hot spr+s are n infrequ5t1 z at ,ndreke-ni-wai1 ,waikatakata1 ,ndevo1 & ,navuni1 no evid5ce ( rec5t volcanic action came "u my notice4 ,subm>9e deposits occur at int]vals on ! surface up to elevations ( #a1jjj feet & ov]2 b ) ! exception ( ! comp>atively rec5t upheaval or em]g5ce ( "s #bj or #cj feet1 indicat$ by ! rais$ reef-masses & =am9if]\s tuffs & clays 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/1 !re is no?+ to sugge/ t ^! *anges did n occur ages s9ce4 ,9 ! frequ5t alt]ation ( its &esitic rocks1 & 9 ! occasional occurr5ce ( porphyrites1 we h suffici5t indication ( ! antiquity ( ?is "p ( ! isl& z f> z its volcanic hi/ory is conc]n$4 ,i w comm5ce ! description ( ?is p59sula at its we/]n end4 ,! brok5 elevat$ di/rict t ext5ds ea/w>d f ! ,salt ,lake to ,fawn ,h>b\r on ! s\? coa/1 & to ! m\? ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai ,riv] on ! nor? coa/1 is divid$ into two pr9cipal masses1 :i* are connect$ by a ridge or col ab\t #djj feet above ! sea1 :i* is situat$ a little ea/ ( ,vi5e4 ,! we/]n portion1 :i* may be nam$ ! ,vi5e sub-di/rict1 atta9s a maximum height ( #a1jjj feet4 ,! ea/]n portion rea*es 9 ! peak ( ,ngalau-levu1 a height ( #a1ifj feet1 & may be t]m$ ! ,lea sub-di/rict4 ,,! ,,vi5e ,,sub-,,di/rict4--,! cliffs on ! nor? coa/ betwe5 ,muanaira & a little ea/ ( ,vi5e are ma9ly =m$ ( basic tuffs1 (t5 calc>e\s4 ,at a place ab\t #a miles ea/ ( ,vi5e1 ^! tuffs z expos$ 9 a coa/ spur display l>ge flat spiral te/s ( %all[-wat] =am9if]a #d or #e millimetres across4 ,!y may be describ$ 9 ?is locality z palagonitic calc>e\s tuff-s&/ones1 m or less compact$1 & conta9+ fragm5ts ( palagonitis$ basic rocks4 ,:5 cross+ ! col above ref]r$ to "o f9ds simil> palagonitic calc>e\s s&/ones & clays expos$ on its slopes up to its summit 7#djj feet74 ,on ! s\? side1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,vunilangi ,inlet1 =am9if]\s clays & reef-lime/ones are display$ at ! foot ( ! slopes2 & ! coa/ betwe5 ?is place & ,ta!levu to ! we/w>d is bord]$ by l[ cliffs ( reef-lime/one rais$ #f to #h feet above ! high-wat] m>k & display+ massive corals 9 _! position ( gr[?4 ,ne> ,ta!levu !re occur rais$ reefs #aj to #ae feet above ! sea2 :il/ ! hills1 #bej to #cjj feet 9 height1 at ! back ( ?is place are compos$ ( f9e & co>se tuffs & tuff-s&/ones conta9+ little or no lime1 & app>5tly no organic rema9s4 ,!y are s$im5t>y tuffs ( mix$ composition1 made up ( fragm5ts ( plagioclase1 rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 br[n hornbl5de1 portions ( semi-vitre\s basic &esite1 & palagonitic debris4 ,9 ! l[] levels !y are f9e textur$ ) a gra9 ( #b to #c mm4 ,9 ! high] "p _! gra9 is #e to #a mm41 & !y are m basic 9 "* & come ne> to ! palagonite-tuffs4 ,at an elevation ( #bjj feet !y =m inl& cliffs1 #ej feet high1 9 :i* are imb$d$ blocks1 #b feet across1 ( a blacki% pyrox5e-&esite ) a specific gravity ( #bgc1 & belong+ to ! prismatic sub-ord] ( ! or?ophyric ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,x is rem>kable = ! pyrox5e prisms ( ! gr\ndmass1 & %[s a little int]/itial glass4 ,^! cliffs are well display$ beh9d ,navela?a1 ab\t half a mile f ,ta!levu4 ,betwe5 ?is locality & ! ,salt ,lake ,passage1 elevat$ reef-lime/ones1 =m+ l[ cliffs #f to #h feet high1 toge!r ) occasional tuff-agglom]ates1 occur at ! coa/4 ,,! ,,lea ,,sub-,,di/rict4--,?is region1 :i* includes ! m\nta9-range ( ,ngalau-levu at ! back ( ,lea1 is limit$ by ,fawn ,h>b\r & ,vunilangi ,inlet on ! s\? coa/1 & by ! ,ndreke-ni-,wai ,riv] & a po9t betwe5 ,vi5e & ,lea on ! nor? coa/4 ,its /ructure1 z is %[n bel[1 is v complicat$1 acid & basic rocks be+ associat$ 9 a rem>kable mann]2 :il/ ov] all lie ! subm>9e tuffs4 ,m>9e & sub-a]ial d5ud+ ag5cies h %ap$ & re-%ap$ ! surface to su* a degree t x is n[ impossible to re/ore x 9 imag9ation4 ,on ! nor? coa/ ( ?is sub-di/rict1 ab\t two miles ea/ ( ,vi5e1 is expos$ an alt]$ d>ki% porphyrite display+ l>ge opaque cry/als ( plagioclase1 #e to #g mm4 long1 ! rock-mass be+ p5etrat$ by f9e ve9s ( *alc$onic qu>tz1 :i* also trav]se ! ph5ocry/s4 ,its specific gravity is #bf2 b on acc\nt ( ! imp]fect developm5t ( ! felsp>-la!s & ! am\nt ( alt]$ glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 :i* also conta9s a little calcite1 x c be only g5]ally ref]r$ to ! augite-&esites4 ,a gre5i% alt]$ =am9if]\s tuff %[+ f9e cracks fill$ ) *alc$ony composes a spur 9 ?is locality4 ,a propylitic or highly alt]$ dol]ite is expos$ half-way betwe5 ,vi5e & ,lea4 ,z "o ne>s ,lea f ! we/ ! l(ty spurs ( ! m\nta9 ( ,ngalau-levu rea* ! coa/1 & basic tuffs & agglom]ates prevail4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ate are compos$ ( a vesicul> semi-vitre\s hyp]/h5e-augite &esite1 :i* is assign$ to ! second prismatic sub-ord]1 s9ce x c>ries prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,! t[n ( ,lea is picturesquely situat$ on ! coa/ at ! foot ( ! /eep m\nta9-slopes1 be+ clos$ 9 on ! ea/ & we/ by elevat$ spurs desc5d+ to ! sea4 ,fragm5ts ( jasp] & *alc$ony occur 9 ! b$s ( ! /reams t "h dra9 ! precipit\s sides ( ! range4 ,two dykes ( d>k basic rocks protrude ?r\gh ! bea* 9 ,lea ,bay4 ,!y are compos$ ( augite-&esites ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! augite-class2 b ! two rocks belong to diff]5t species ( t g5us4 ,9 ! "o ! felsp>-la!s are only #jd mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little alt]$ glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 ! specific gravity be+ #bfc4 ,9 ! o!r ! felsp>-la!s av]age #b mm4 9 l5g?1 & ! rock has a co>s] texture1 :il/ ! specific gravity is #bg4 ,! augite granules are l>ge 7#jc mm471 & !re are irregul> lacun> spaces fill$ ) calcite & l9$ by a br[n palagonite-l mat]ial4 ,i asc5d$ ! second highe/ peak ( ! ,ngalau-levu m\nta91 :i* rises to a height ( #a1fhj feet beh9d ! t[n ( ,lea1 ! highe/ summit ly+ to ! ea/w>d4 ,ngalau-lailai1 :i* ,i also asc5d$1 is a less] peak1 #a1djj feet 9 height1 situat$ yet ne>] to ! t[n4 ,basic tuffs & agglom]ates simil> to ^? expos$ 9 ! we/]n spur ( ! bay occurr$ all ! way up to ! b>e rocky p9nacles =m+ ! summits4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ates are made up ( a semi-vitre\s augite-&esite1 :i* is sometimes scoriace\s or amygdaloidal1 & at o!r times pseudo-vesicul>4 ,augite cry/als1 #e or #f millimetres 9 l5g?1 are inclos$ 9 ! tuffs :i* conta9 palagonitis$ mat]ials1 b app>5tly no organic rema9s4 ,9 ! spur on ! ea/ side ( ,lea ,bay occurs a light-col\r$ alt]$ hornbl5de &esite4 ,! br[n hornbl5de is mo/ly repres5t$ by black pseudomorphs4 ,su* a rock appe>s 9 /range contra/ ) its basic surr\nd+s4 ,?is is foll[$1 z "o proce$s ea/w>d along ! coa/1 by basic tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,x %\ld h be5 be=e obs]v$ t blocks ( a blacki%-br[n oliv9e basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bhi71 ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! oliv9e class1 occur at int]vals on ! coa/ betwe5 ,vi5e & ,ndreke2 b ! rock nev] pres5t$ itself 9 position4 ,! t9y felsp>-la!s 7#jc mm4 long7 are 9 fl[ arrangem5t2 b !re is little or no residual glass1 & ! augite granules 7#ja mm47 occur 9 great abundance4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! way betwe5 ,lea & ,ndreke-ni-wai !re lie close to ! %ore two islets1 #bj to #be feet high1 ( reef-lime/one1 9 :i* massive corals may be obs]v$ 9 _! position ( gr[?4 ,fur!r ea/1 ab\t half a mile we/ ( ,ndreke-ni-wai1 !re is expos$ at ! coa/ a b$d$ light-col\r$ non-calc>e\s compact$ tuff-rock1 dipp+ #ab to #ae to ! s\?w>d4 ,x conta9s pebbles & blocks ( acid & basic &esitic rocks1 & may be describ$ z an alt]$ hornbl5de-&esite tuff4 ,basic agglom]ates occur z "o approa*es ,ndreke-ni-wai4 ,?is t[n lies at ! m\? ( ! riv] ( t "n1 ! fir/ riv] t "o meets on ! nor? side ( ?is p59sula4 ,!re exi/ "h betwe5 ! tide-m>ks "s hot spr+s1 to :i* ref]5ce is made on page #cd4 ,:5 cross+ ! ,natewa p59sula f ,ndreke-ni-wai to ! head ( ,fawn ,h>b\r1 "o rea*es a height ( #ffj feet above ! sea4 ,?is ridge repres5ts ! 8divide0 betwe5 ! ,lea & ,waikawa m\nta9-ranges4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! nor!rn slopes ( ?is ridge occur basic tuffs & agglom]ates2 b betwe5 #bjj & #djj feet a light-col\r$ acid rock ( ! hornbl5de-&esite type prevails1 bo? 9 ! =m ( agglom]ate & ( loose blocks4 ,?is rock is describ$ "u ! second ord] ( ! hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e &esites on page #bii4 ,desc5d+ ! s\? slope1 ,i f\nd at an elevation ( #ejj feet a s+le l>ge mass1 ab\t #d feet across1 ( q ano!r type ( volcanic rock1 :i* is ref]r$ to ! or?ophyric ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites 7page #bij74 ,x is a d>k grey almo/ holo-cry/all9e rock 7sp4 gr4 #bfi7 %[+ porphyritic pyrox5e to ! eye & display+ 9 its relatively scanty gr\ndmass %ort /\t felsp>s1 #je mm4 9 l5g?4 ,on ! surface ( ! l[] two-?irds ( ?is s\!rn slope occur basic tuffs & agglom]ates1 basaltic blocks be+ f\nd 9 ! /reams4 ,! tuffs are palagonitic & conta9 a few calc>e\s p>ticles4 ,!y app>5tly conta9 "s =am9if]\s %ells & are d\btless ( subm>9e orig94 ,x w\ld seem t ! axis or deep] portion ( ?is ridge is compos$ ( ! hornbl5de & hyp]/h5e-augite &esites1 :il/ ! basic tuffs & agglom]ates =m ! slopes4 ,) ref]5ce to ! s\? side ( ! ,lea sub-di/rict1 x may be obs]v$ t :il/ on ! nor? side ! m\nta9s rise up close to ! sea-bord]1 "h !y are sep>at$ f ! coa/ by a broad tract ( l[l&1 :]e b$d$ pt]opod & =am9if]\s clay-rocks are expos$1 dipp+ g5tly to ! s\?-ea/4 ,usually betwe5 ,fawn ,h>b\r & ,vunilangi ,inlet ! coa/ is m>g9$ by l[ cliffs ( coral-lime/one1 %[+ ! massive corals 9 position2 b sometimes ! deposits above notic$ compose ! l[ cliffs & ev5 ! islets close by4 ,,! ,,waikawa ,,m\nta9s4--,?is range occupies ne>ly ! :ole area ( ! broad & elevat$ promontory t is only sep>at$ f ,taviuni by ! n>r[ /raits ( ,somo-somo1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h a m9imum dep? ( #abj fa?oms4 ,^! m\nta9s ext5d to ! vic9ity ( ,mbu?a ,bay on "o side & to ne> ,fawn ,h>b\r on ! o!r4 ,sev]al ( ! peaks rea* to ov] #a1jjj feet1 ! greate/ height giv5 9 ! ,admiralty *>t be+ #a1edj feet4 ,! :ole region has a v rugg$ aspect1 ! m\nta9s ris+ up ne> ! coa/1 :il/ ! surface is mu* cut up into ridges & valleys4 ,a s+le trav]se across ! range 0 alone made1 b ! results obta9$ are v sugge/ive & may d\btless be appli$ to mu* ( ?is rugg$ promontory4 ,i cross$ ! m\nta9s f ,loa to ,waikawa4 ,! summit 0 ab\t a mile broad & undulat+1 ! level v>y+ betwe5 #ijj & #a1aej feet4 ,at "o place on ! top !re 0 a deep holl[1 "s #cjj or #djj y>ds across1 p]haps ! rema9s ( an old crat]-cavity2 b ! high] slopes 7 s d5sely wood$ t x 0 n possible to get a cle> view ( my surr\nd+s4 ,basic tuffs & agglom]ates prevail$ on ei!r side f ! foot to ! top ( ! range4 ,specim5s obta9$ f betwe5 #hjj & #ijj feet above ! sea are *>act]i/ic palagonitic tuffs ( v>y+ degrees ( co>s5ess conta9+ #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & a few te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,at #a1ajj feet ,i obta9$ a specim5 :i* on acc\nt ( ! l>ge proportion ( c>bonate ( lime 7#ce p] c5t47 & ! abundance ( =am9if]al te/s may be t]m$ an impure =am9if]al lime/one belong+ to ! gr\p ( ^! rocks describ$ on page #cai4 ,! te/s range up to a millimetre 9 size1 & !re are also inclos$ a few l>ge fragm5ts1 #a to #b c5timetres 9 size1 ( %ells & cry/all9e lime/one4 ,! residue is made ( ! detritus ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 palagonitic debris1 f9e clayey mat]ial & m9]als 7#ae p] c5t471 ! la/ includ+ beside plagioclase abundant m or less p]fect pyrox5e prisms1 mo/ly ( ! rhombic type4 ,ne> ! summit !re occurr$ 9 "o place blocks ( a highly basic blacki% oliv9e-basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bii71 m>k+ evid5tly ! situation ( a dyke4 ,?is rock is ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! oliv9e-class4 ,x displays abundant ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & augite ) b little plagioclase4 ,int]/itial glass is scanty1 ! gr\ndmass consi/+ ( /\ti% felsp>-la!s 7#jf mm4 long71 abundant augite granules & prisms1 & magnetite4 ,! ,waikawa m\nta9s w\ld ?us seem to possess ! same g5]al /ructure t *>act]ises _m ( ! ranges ( ! isl&4 ,subm>9e basic tuffs & agglom]ates cov] _! sides & _! summits1 ! deep] rocks =m+ ! axis ( ! range be+ 9 ?is case n s frequ5tly expos$4 ,on ! coa/ betwe5 ,waikawa & ,navuni1 r ov] a mile ea/ ( ,fawn ,h>b\r1 basic agglom]ates1 palagonitic tuff-s&/ones1 & calc>e\s clay-rocks conta9+ pt]opod & =am9if]\s te/s1 prevail4 ,! tuff-s&/ones & clay-rocks are b$d$1 ! /ratification be+ (t5 well %[n 9 ! horizontal sections display$ 9 ! %ore-flat4 ,9 "o locality )9 an area a few hundr$ y>ds across1 a quaquav]sal dip 0 exhibit$4 ,at ,navuni1 :]e ! hills rea* ! coa/1 ! same =mations occur4 ,i asc5d$ ! /ream-c\rse !re = ab\t a mile1 basic tuffs & agglom]ates be+ expos$ 9 its sides1 :il/ blocks ( a heavy d>k oliv9e-basalt#hi lay 9 ! b$4 ,! hot spr+s :i* issue inl& at ! side ( ?is /ream are describ$ on page #ce4 ,,! ,,bas9 ,,( ,,! ,,ndreke-,,ni-,,wai ,,riv]4--,) ! region1 :i* is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! ,m\nt ,freel& ,range or ! ,ngala m\nta9s & on ! s\? by ! ,waikawa ,range1 ,i h b slight acqua9tance1 except 9 ! case ( ! coa/ front+ ,natewa ,bay4 ,a little way up ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,ndreke-ni-wai1 :i* dra9s ?is area1 lies ! t[n ( ,koro-ni-yasa?a1 :]e ,mr4 ,horne1 ! botani/1 sp5t "s days 9 #ahgh4 ,probably mu* ( ?is area is n ov] #bjj feet above ! sea1 & app>5tly !re is a good deal ( talas+a c\ntry4 ,,! ,,coa/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,ndreke-,,ni-,,wai ,,riv] ,,& ,,! ,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,ngala ,,or ,,m\nt ,,freel& ,,range4--,betwe5 ?is e/u>y & ,valavala1 two miles to ! ea/w>d1 occurs a b$d$ calc>e\s palagonitic tuff ( s$im5t>y orig91 dipp+ /eeply to ! nor?4 ,9 "o locality !re is a rudely column> dyke ( a porphyritic augite-&esite4 ,co>se basic tuffs expos$ 9 ! cliffs & %ore-flat ( ,ko-n&i-n&i ,po9t on ! side ( ,valavala ,bay display a sph]oidal /ructure1 due probably to ! vic9ity ( "s igne\s intrusion4 ,! sea-bord] ext5d+ f ?is bay to ,natewa1 & f>!r on to ,waikatakata1 ne> ! foot ( ! ,ngala m\nta9s1 is 9 mo/ p>ts a broad l[ /rip ( coa/-l&1 :]e rock-exposures are infrequ5t4 ,a d>k grey &esite =ms ! blocks ( ! agglom]ate 9 ?is locality4 ,x is noticeable on acc\nt ( ! prismatic pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass2 & x is assign$ to g5us #e ( ! second 7prismatic7 sub-ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,a blacki% semi-vitre\s pyrox5e-&esite occurs 9 ! vic9ity ( ,natewa4 ,at ,waikatakata 7! ,fijian ^w = 8hot wat]071 :]e an outly+ spur ( ! ,m\nt ,freel& or ,ngala ,range rea*es ! coa/1 hot spr+s issue on ! hill-side1 z describ$ on page #cd4 ,on ! slopes ar\nd ! spr+s lie huge masses ( an aphanitic basaltic &esite hav+ a specific gravity ( #bha & ref]r$ to g5us #af ( ! augite sub-class4 ,x displays a *>act]i/ic &esitic gr\ndmass1 %[+ cr[d$ felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t ) av]age l5g? ( #ag mm41 & conta9+ sc>cely any residual glass4 ,proce$+ along ! coa/ ea/ ( ,waikatakata1 "o ent]s ! region ( alt]$ pyrox5e-&esites1 = :i* ,m\nt ,freel&1 or ! ,ngala ,range1 is rem>kable4 ,!re are fir/ to be obs]v$ on ! %ore blocks ( a grey alt]$ ophitic dol]ite1 :i* belongs to ! non-porphyritic division ( g5us #aj ( ! augite-&esites & is describ$ 9 detail on page #bge4 ,aft]w>ds ! *>act]i/ic rocks ( ! di/rict occur4 ,! l(ty spurs ( ! ,ngala ,range "h rea* ! %ore2 & betwe5 !m lies ! coa/ village ( ,ng>a-vutu1 f :i* ! asc5t to ! summit is be/ made4 ,,m\nt ,,freel& ,,or ,,! ,,ngala ,,range ,?is high range =ms a conspicu\s object 9 ! pr(ile ( ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,x d]ives its ,fijian "n f ! old w>-t[n ( ,ngala t 0 situat$ at an elevation ( #a1ejj or #a1fjj feet ov]look+ ,ng>a-vutu on ! we/4 ,! ma9 mass ( ! range takes a cresc5tic sweep1 #c or #d miles 9 ext5t & fac+ ,natewa ,bay4 ,x incloses ! coa/ di/rict ( ,tunuloa4 ,! /eep m\nta9-slopes "h rise to #b1jjj feet & ov]1 ! greate/ elevation be+ #b1gdj feet4 ,! d5sely wood$ spurs ( ! range occupy mo/ ( ! area betwe5 ! t[n ( ,natewa1 ,kumbulau ,po9t1 & ,mbu?a ,bay4 ,! summit is a long n>r[ ridge cov]$ ) a d5se entangl$ mass ( ,freyc9etia /ems :i* r5d] progress v difficult4 ,! rocks expos$ all ! way up f ! /ream-c\rses 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ng>a-vutu to ! top1 are almo/ all ( ! same type1 namely alt]$ augite-&esites4 ,!y are d>k grey 9 col\r & eff]vesce slightly ) an acid1 :il/ occasionally !y %[ a little pyrites4#ij ,agglom]ates 7 n obs]v$ & tuffs only 9 "o locality1 #a1bjj feet above ! sea1 :]e a highly alt]$ tuff compos$ ( debris ( ! prevail+ rocks 0 expos$4 ,at an elevation ( #ejj feet !re occurr$ a grey dol]itic porphyritic rock1 display+ l>ge opaque cry/als ( plagioclase1 & look+ l a porphyrite4 ,x exhibits a semi-ophitic gr\ndmass1 & is probably an intrusive mass4 ,a description ( x w be f\nd "u g5us #aj ( ! augite-&esites 7page #bgd74 ,! g5]al petrological *>act]s ( ! pr9cipal summit ( ,m\nt ,ngala po9t to its high antiquity z a volcanic m\nta94 ,x probably ranks among ! olde/ ext9ct volcanic v5ts 9 ! isl&4 ,proce$+ along ! coa/ f ,ng>a-vutu to ,navetau1 ! ,buli's t[n ( ! ,tunuloa di/rict1 "o obs]ves blocks ( basic rocks4 ,f>!r to ! ea/w>d = a di/ance ( two or ?ree miles basic agglom]ates & basic tuff-agglom]ates prevail along ! sea-bord]1 be+ (t5 ext5sively expos$ 9 ! cliff-faces ( ! hills4 ,! rock compos+ ! blocks is a hemi-cry/all9e pyrox5e-&esite rem>kable = ! prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass1 & ref]r$ to g5us #ag ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite sub-class4 ,i cross$ ! range to ,ndevo on ! o!r side ( ! p59sula f a place ?ree or f\r miles we/ ( ,kumbulau ,po9t1 ris+ on ! way to a height ( #icj feet4 ,= ! l[] #cjj feet on ! nor? slope basic agglom]ates & basic tuff-agglom]ates are expos$4 ,!y are made up ( ! same mat]ials z ^? above describ$ on ! coa/4 ,ne> & at ! summit occur compact$ brecciat$ tuffs made up ( palagonitis$ basic mat]ials b conta9+ no lime1 & ^! are associat$ ) light gre5i% f9e-textur$ h>d tuffs ( an acid "*1 b )\t lime or organic rema9s4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! deposit is =m$ ( m9]al fragm5ts 7oligoclase1 rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 c471 ! debris ( a hemi-cry/all9e volcanic rock1 & a quantity ( gre5i% alt]ation products4 ,on ! s\? side 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ndevo ! sea-bord] is compos$ ( calc>e\s palagonitic clays & tuffs conta9+ pt]opod %ells & l>ge te/s ( =am9if]a 9 abundance4 ,^! deposits1 :i* are horizontally b$d$1 ext5d a mile inl& & rea* to betwe5 #bej & #cjj feet up ! slopes4 ,a hot spr+ is /at$ to occur betwe5 ! tide-m>ks ne> ,ndevo4 ,at int]vals all along ! coa/ betwe5 ,ndevo & ,nuku-ndamu1 pass+ on ! way ! villages ( ,koro-i-vonu1 ,tuvumila & ,kanakana1 f9e & co>se basic tuffs1 (t5 calc>e\s1 are to be se5 expos$ 9 ! sea-cliffs & 9 ! l[ hills beh9d4 ,!y are b$d$ & dip #e to #aj ,w4,s4,w4 ne> ,ndevo & #ae to #bj ,s4 b ,w4 s\? ( ,kanakana4 ,! l[] slopes ( ! ,ngala m\nta9s "h approa* ! coa/1 & x is highly probable t ! subm>9e tuffs :i* =m ! sea-bord] ext5d a consid]able di/ance inl& & to "s height above ! sea4 ,betwe5 ,nuku-ndamu & ,tukavesi1 :]e ! m\nta9s rise close to ! bea*1 occur basic agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs1 d]iv$ f basaltic &esites4 ,a specim5 ( ! la/ nam$ repres5ts an uncommon type ( basaltic rock 7sp4 gr4 #bhe71 :i* on acc\nt ( ! "* ( ! felsp>s & ( ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is ref]r$ to ! prismatic sub-ord] ( ! or?ophyric ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites 7page #bij74 ,x may be inf]r$ f ! =ego+ rem>ks t :il/ ! ma9 elevat$ mass ( ! ,ngala ,range is compos$ ( alt]$ basic &esites1 ! product ( anci5t eruptions1 ! basic agglom]ates1 tuffs1 & clays1 :i* occur on ! l[] slopes & 9 ! outly+ spurs1 are ( lat] date4 ,^! tuffs & clays are evid5tly ( subm>9e orig91 at lea/ 9 ! l[] levels2 b al?\gh fossilif]\s deposits 7 n obs]v$ at great] elevations ?an #cjj feet above ! sea1 x is probable t future inve/igators w f9d !m at mu* high] levels4 ,_! discov]y1 z be=e notic$1 at an elevation ( #a1ajj feet 9 ! adjac5t ,waikawa m\nta9s1 r5d]s x likely t z 9 ! case ( ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ! ma9 portion ( ! isl& ! :ole ( ! ,natewa p59sula 0 at "o "t subm]g$1 or at lea/ all ! region except+ ! summit ( ,m\nt ,ngala4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,nor?-,,ea/ ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,isl& ,,?is l>ge area1 :i* ext5ds = a di/ance ( ne>ly =ty miles f ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,m\nt ,?ur/on ,range to ,undu ,po9t1 =ms ! region clos+ 9 ,natewa ,bay on ! nor?4 ,x w\ld be difficult to imag9e an area ( ?is size ) a great] v>iety ( surface or %[+ su* a lack ( arrangem5t ( its pr9cipal features4 ,! hills & m\nta9s on ! nor? side ga!r at ! coa/1 & ext5sive inl& pla9s1 rais$ b a few feet above ! sea & /rewn ) silicifi$ corals1 occupy a portion ( its int]ior4 ,a long valley ) a v small gradi5t ext5ds ne>ly across its bread?2 & ! riv]s are = ! mo/ "p tidal e/u>ies f$1 except 9 "o or two cases1 by insignificant /reams4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a l(ty range ( ridge-m\nta9s 9 its broade/ "p atta9+ a height ( #b1ejj feet2 :il/ away to ! ea/ /ret*es ! great ,undu ,promontory s+ul> = ! /raightness ( its =m4 ,volcanic rocks ( acid types1 su* z oligoclase-tra*ytes1 qu>tz-porphyries1 & :ite pumice-tuffs prevail 9 ! nor!rn "p betwe5 ,undu ,po9t & ! promontory opposite ,mali ,isl&4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p1 f ! foot ( ,m\nt ,?ur/on & ,vu9&i to ! vic9ity ( ,tawaki1 massive rocks & tuffs & agglom]ates ( basic *>act]s pr$om9ate4 ,al?\gh my acqua9tance ) ?is area is incomplete1 ! data bel[ giv5 w be suffici5t to enable a g5]al idea to be =m$ ( its /ructure4 ,! m conspicu\s features 9 its geology w gradually come into prom95ce z ! v>i\s localities visit$ are describ$4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,sea-,,bord] ,,betwe5 ,,vu9&i ,,& ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,tawaki ,! basic rocks1 :i* *>act]ise ?is long ext5t ( coa/1 give place ab\t two miles we/ ( ,tawaki to ! acid rocks4 ,i w proce$ me?odically ) ! description f ,vu9&i ea/w>d4 7a7 ,! coa/ betwe5 ,vu9&i & ,nak>ambo4--,along ?is coa/1 spurs f ! ,m\nt ,?ur/on ,range rea* ! bord]s ( ,natewa ,bay1 =m+ a succession ( small bays a mile or s across1 on ! %ores ( :i* are situat$ ! villages & t[ns ( ,vu9&i1 ,ndaku-ndaku1 ,korotas]e1 & ,nak>ambo4 ,! basaltic rocks *>act]i/ic ( ! vic9ity ( ,vu9&i are pr$om9ant "h2 b agglom]ates & tuffs are ( r>e occurr5ce1 ! prevail+ rocks expos$ 9 ! spurs be+ f9e textur$ basaltic &esites 7sp4 gr4 #bhb74 ,a calc>e\s tuff-clay is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$ 9 ! ea/ po9t ( ,vu9&i ,bay1 :]e x is app>5tly p5etrat$ by a dyke ( ! above m5tion$ rock4 ,9 ,ndaku-ndaku ,bay !re issue f ! %ore-flat betwe5 ! tide-m>ks "s hot spr+s :i* are ref]r$ to on page #cd4 7b7 ,! coa/ betwe5 ,nak>ambo & ,waimotu4--,9 ?is tract we meet ) rocks ( a some:at diff]5t "*1 ?\gh /ill basic 9 _! type4 ,?r\gh ! agglom]ates & agglom]ate-tuffs ( ! spurs protrude co>sely cry/all9e grey pyrox5e-&esites4#ia ,!y are to "s degree alt]$1 & are *>act]is$ by _! abundant ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & ( rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 ! gr\ndmass be+ relatively scanty4 ,! agglom]ates are =m$ ( simil> mat]ials4 ,!re is an int]e/+ exposure 9 ! po9t ea/ ( ,nak>ambo4 ,my specim5s f ?is locality 7 un=tunately lo/2 b 9 my notes ref]5ce is made to ! co>sely cry/all9e grey &esite above notic$1 to ! lat] intrusion ( a d>k amygdaloidal rock1 & to an alt]$ calc>e\s tuff4 7c7 ,! coa/ betwe5 ,waimotu & ,natasa ,bay4--,a l[ belt ( l& (t5 =ms ! sea-bord]4 ,betwe5 ^! two localities !re is a broad e/u>y1 ! village ( ,vanuav\ be+ situat$ on ! "r side & ,malati on ! left side4 ,tuffs usually calc>e\s & probably subm>9e are "h display$ toge!r ) basaltic &esites4 7d7 ,! coa/ betwe5 ,natasa ,bay & ! vic9ity ( ,tawaki4--,?is ext5sive /ret* ( sea-bord]1 ne>ly #ae miles 9 l5g?1 is *>act]is$ by hilly spurs & long int]v5+ l[-ly+ tracts4 ,! prevail+ rocks expos$ are tuff-clays1 some:at h>d & alt]$1 & co>s] basic tuffs sometimes calc>e\s & ov]ly+ ! =m]4 ,^! s$im5t>y deposits1 :i* are evid5tly subm>9e1 are (t5 b$d$ & h a fairly con/ant dip ov] mo/ ( ?is region ( #aj to #ae degrees to ,n4,w4 or ,w4,n4,w4 ,!y are frequ5tly pi]c$ by dykes1 #f to #aj feet ?ick1 ( compact basic rocks4 ,a specim5 ( "o ( ^! dyke-rocks f betwe5 ,natasa & ,vatu-k>oa is a dol]itic basalt ) scanty oliv9e 7sp4 gr4 #bha7ib2 b ! rock ( ! dykes ea/ ( ,vatu-k>oa is less basic 7sp4 gr4 #bgb71 & may be describ$ z an augite-&esite#ic ) a dol]itic /ructure 9 "p disguis$ by alt]ation4 ,betwe5 ,natasa & ,sangani !re is a rem>kable exposure ( an intrusive opaque :ite rhyolitic rock associat$ ) alt]$ tuffs4 ,?is rock1 :i* has und]gone "s degree ( alt]ation1 is describ$ on page #caa4 ,x is ! only indication ( ! vic9ity ( a region ( acid rocks t ,i came ^u on ?is tract ( coa/4 ,x probably1 if trac$ inl&1 w\ld be f\nd connect$ ) ! di/rict ( acid rocks4 ,9 foll[+ along ! coa/1 h[ev]1 t[>ds ,undu ,po9t1 ! region ( acid rocks is n rea*$ until )9 #b or #c miles we/ ( ,tawaki4 ,ref]5ce %\ld be made "h to two hot spr+s t1 z describ$ on page #cc1 rise up on ! coa/ at ,natuvu1 a little ea/ ( ,lakemba4 ,,! ,,inl& ,,m\nta9\s ,,region ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,m\nt ,,?ur/on ,,range ,,& ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,tawaki ,?is inl& region corresponds = ! mo/ "p to ! tract ( coa/ be=e describ$ betwe5 ,vu9&i & ! vic9ity ( ,tawaki4 ,we h "h a v mu* brok5 area trav]s$ 9 a nor!rly & s\!rly direction by m\nta9-ridges & p5etrat$ 9 places on ! nor? side by prolongations ( ! ,wa9ikoro & ,kalikoso pla9s4 ,! two l(tie/ summits1 ! ,ndo5damu & ,savu-riti peaks ( ! *>t1 rise respectively to heights ( #b1dha & #b1bch feet4 ,! =m] is ! ,hale ,peak ( ! ,wilkes' ,exp$ition2 b z reg>ds ! native names !re is "s confusion & ,i h n be5 able to cle> x up4 ,sev]al ( ! less] peaks rise to ov] a #a1jjj feet1 & f\r or five ( !m to r ov] #a1ejj feet4 ,) ! exception ( ! fix+ ( ! positions ( ! m conspicu\s peaks1 ! int]ior ( ?is "p ( ! isl& is unsurvey$4 ,i 0 able to lay d[n my positions approximately2 b be=e a sy/ematic exam9ation c be made ( ! geology ( ?is region a survey is necess>y4 ,sev]al trav]ses & asc5ts 7 made by me2 b mu* m 9 ! way ( exploration rema9s to be done4 ,i v5ture1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t f ! data bel[ giv5 a fairly accurate notion ( "s ( ! lead+ geological features ( ?is region may be =m$4 ,! di/ricts visit$ w be describ$ 9 _! ord] f ea/ to we/4 7a7 ,! m\nta9\s di/rict ea/ ( ! m\nta9s ( ,vungalei & ,nailo?a1 ext5d+ to ! vic9ity ( ,tawaki4--,mr4 ,?omson#id 9 8 map ( ! sea-bord] ( ?is di/rict %[s a cont9u\s coa/ range f ne> ,tawaki to ,natasa ly+ ab\t two miles inl&4 ,?is is ! appe>ance :5 ! region is se5 9 pr(ile f a di/ance2 b :5 view$ f an elevation 9 its int]ior its surface is se5 to be = ! mo/ "p trav]s$ by a s]ies ( m\nta9\s & hilly ridges tr5d+ r\ghly nor? & s\?1 ! greate/ height n exce$+ #a1ejj or #a1fjj feet4 ,! geological "* ( ! sea-bord] ( ?is di/rict has already be5 describ$ on page #bjh4 ,x is !re %[n t f9e & co>se s$im5t>y tuffs1 sometimes calc>e\s1 & (t5 p5etrat$ by basic dykes1 "h prevail4 ,_! g5]al /ory is "o ( great d5udation1 & we h ! same te/imony impress$ on u :5 exam9+ "o ( ! inl& m\nta9-ridges4 ,i foll[$ ! cre/ ( "o ( ^! ridges f ! hamlet ( ,nawi1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,vui-na-savu ,riv]1 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction = ab\t #d miles to ! peak ( ,u?ulanga1 :i* ov]looks ,lakemba on ! %ore ( ,natewa ,bay4 ,dur+ ! walk my level rose fairly gradually f t ( ,nawi1 less ?an #ajj feet above ! sea1 until ne> ,lakemba1 :]e a height ( #a1djj feet 0 atta9$4 ,"h ! ridge abruptly t]m9ates 9 ! r\nd-topp$ peak ( ,u?ulanga1 :i* rises /eeply f its cre/ = ano!r #aej feet or r m1 & has a precipit\s face on ! s\!rn side desc5d+ f> d[n ! m\nta9-slope4 ,?is peak1 :i* is ab\t #a1eej feet above ! sea1 :5 se5 f ! opposite %ores ( ,natewa ,bay is v conspicu\s & looks l a ?umb or a nose4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,fijian "n ( ?is peak signifies a nose4 ,! hamlet ( ,nawi1 f :5ce ! ridge beg9s1 is built on a l[ m\nd-l 8rise10 :i* is compos$ ( a d>k-grey hyp]/h5e-gabbro4 ,s9ce plutonic rocks are ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 ?is isl&1 ! ,nawi gabbro has a p>ticul> int]e/4 ,x belongs to ! gr\p ( plutonic rocks describ$ on page #bej2 & is to be ref]r$ to ! m basic k9ds1 its specific gravity be+ #bhd4 ,9 appe>ance x is l a diallage-gabbro1 & 9 ! slide displays monocl9ic & rhombic pyrox5e fill+ ! int]spaces betwe5 ! l>ge plagioclase cry/als & und]go+ respectively ! diallage & bronzite /ages ( s*ill]isation4 ,?is rock =ms ! type ( ! gr\p & ne$ n be ref]r$ to 9 m detail "h4 ,x %\ld be add$ t 9 ! b$ ( ! neighb\r+ riv] occur blocks ( a basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bhf7 ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,x is a less cry/all9e =m ( ! gabbro j m5tion$4 ,! prevail+ rock expos$ = ! fir/ #b miles on ! cre/ ( ! ridge 7by />t+ f ,nawi7 0 a gre5i% porphyrite display+ l>ge opaque cry/als ( oligoclase1 b %[+ mu* alt]ation ( ! propylitic k9d1 its specific gravity be+ #be1 b ! /ructure ( ! gr\ndmass is mu* disguis$4 ,dur+ ! next mile1 basic agglom]ates & a massive hyp]/h5e-augite &esite 7 expos$4 ,! la/-nam$ is semi-vitre\s1 & on acc\nt ( ! prismatic pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is plac$ 9 g5us #e ( its sub-class4 ,its specific gravity is #bg4 ,9 ! la/ & f\r? mile ( ! ridge 0 expos$ a d>k grey dol]itic basalt 7sp4 gr4 #bhe71 :i* r+s l cl9k/one "u ! hamm]1 & wea!rs 9 a honeycomb$ fa%ion4 ,! felsp>-la!s av]age #c mm4 9 l5g?1 ! residual glass be+ scanty4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s include "s ( rhombic pyrox5e2 & ! rock is !re=e ref]r$ to g5us #d ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,! actual peak ( ,u?ulanga1 z x rises abruptly ab\t #aej feet f ! end ( ! ridge1 is ( agglom]ate1 ! blocks be+ compos$ ( a compact grey &esite4 ,! peculi> succession ( rocks display$ 9 ?is m\nta9-ridge along its l5g? ( f\r miles is wor?y ( notice4 ,nei!r vesicul> nor scoriace\s rocks came "u obs]vation2 & x is to be assum$ t !re exi/$ orig9ally a l9e ( subm>9e v5ts1 "s ( !m eject+ acid & o!rs basic mat]ials4 ,ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! great m>9e erosion dur+ ! p]iod ( em]g5ce1 b p>tly also on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t sub-a]ial d5udation1 a pla9 ridge n[ repres5ts ?is l9e ( v5ts4 ,probably ! peak ( ,u?ulanga1 :i* is evid5tly an old volcanic neck1 repres5ts ! la/ ( ! /ages 9 ! volcanic hi/ory ( ?is ridge2 b a v long p]iod mu/ h s9ce elaps$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we look at ! expos$ gabbro at ! o!r end ( ! ridge1 we h to c>ry ! p]iod mu* f>!r back1 s9ce "h ! sup]jac5t surface volcanic rocks h be5 /ripp$ (f completely4 ,on page #b ,i h ref]r$ to an isl& 9 ! ,solomon ,gr\p :]e we h su* a *a9 ( anci5t v5ts ( acid & basic rocks4 ,9 t case ! =ms ( ! sep>ate hills indicat+ ! orig9al v5ts are /ill to be recognis$4 ,9 ?is old m\nta9-ridge ( ,vanua ,levu no su* outl9es rema9 except 9 ! in/ance ( ! t]m9al peak4 7b7 ,! ,nailo?a & ,vungalei ,range4--,?is l(ty range1 :i* t[]s above all ar\nd x1 atta9s a height ( #b1dha feet 9 ! peak ( ,nailo?a & ( #b1bch feet 9 t ( ,ndrukau or ,vungalei4 ,! fir/ is1 z ,i inf]1 ! ,ndo5damu or ,hale ,peak ( ! *>ts2 b x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! "n ,savu-riti %\ld be appli$ to ! nor!rn peak ( ! range z x is 9 ! *>ts1 or :e!r x belongs to an indep5d5t peak f>!r to ! ea/4 ,by ! natives 9 ! vic9ity ! nor!rn peak is kn[n z ,ndrukau1 & ,i h add$ ! "n ( ,vungalei f ! village at its foot4 ,! s\!rn peak is t ( ,nailo?a4 ,! range runs r\ghly nor? & s\?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t ! int]nal topography ( ?is "p ( ! isl& is b scantily kn[n4 ,brief ref]5ce w fir/ be made to ! c\ntry bord]+ ! range on ! nor?-we/ & we/ sides 9 ! vic9ity ( ! villages ( ,vungalei & ,tembe4 ,9 proce$+ s\? f ,kalikoso1 :i* lies 9 ! mid/ ( ! l[-ly+ ,wa9ikoro pla9s1 to ,vungale "o trav]ses ?is level di/rict1 ( :i* ! elevation is nev] m ?an #aej feet above ! sea & (t5 mu* less4 ,ab\t a mile s\?-ea/ ( ,kalikoso ! limit ( ! region ( qu>tz-porphyries & ( acid tuffs is pass$ & ! area ( basic rocks is ent]$1 a d>k semi-vitre\s pyrox5e-&esite ) a fl9ty fracture prevail+ at ! surface z f> z ,vungalei4 ,?is rock displays a few small ph5ocry/s ( oligoclase & pyrox5es 9 a blurr$ glassy gr\ndmass exhibit+ ! felsp> & pyrox5e microli?s 9 process ( developm5t 7sp4 gr4 #bdf74 ,vungalei itself is only elevat$ ab\t #acj feet above ! sea4 ,9 proce$+ f ?is village to ,tembe1 ly+ ab\t two miles ,s4,s4,w41 "o crosses a l9e ( hills1 ab\t #fjj feet 9 height1 :i* =m a spur ( ! ma9 range4 ,basic agglom]ates simil> to ^? f\nd on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,vungalei1 z describ$ bel[1 prevail 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ^! two villages up to ! top ( ! int]v5+ hills4 ,9 places "o notices t !y ov]lie ! ord9>y s$im5t>y deposit1 kn[n z 8soap/one10 a slightly calc>e\s clay-tuff b %[+ no organic rema9s to ! eye4 ,! rock expos$ 9 ! /ream-c\rses is a semi-ophitic basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bgd7 :i* conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( int]/itial glass4#ie ,:5 proce$+ ,s4,s4,w4 f ,tembe on ! way to ,n&ongo "o passes on ei!r h&1 z describ$ on page #baf1 hills ab\t #gjj feet high display+ v]tical cliffs =m$ ( agglom]ates ov]-ly+ f9] s$im5t>y b$s app>5tly ( ! 8soap/one0 "*4 ,i made ! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,vungalei f ! village ( t "n4 ,! peak is also kn[n z ,ndrukau4 ,basic agglom]ates 7 expos$ all ! way up to an elevation ( ab\t #b1jjj feet1 :]e a b$ ( a some:at scoriace\s basaltic &esite 0 display$1 ! upp] #bjj feet be+ inaccessible b ( ! same agglom]ate4 ,at a height ( #cjj feet 0 obs]v$ ano!r lay] ( ! same basaltic rock4 ,^! int]calat$ b$s appe>$ to be lava-fl[s r ?an horizontal dykes4 ,! agglom]ates become less co>se 9 ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9 :]e !y take ! "* ( agglom]ate-tuffs4 ,! blocks are compos$1 l ^? 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! isl&1 ( a d>k semi-vitre\s basaltic &esite1 b (t5 scoriace\s4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ^! agglom]ates are ! indications ( two di/9ct pauses 9 _! deposition af=d$ by ! occurr5ce at elevations ( #ijj & #a1gjj feet ( a s+le horizontal b$1 two to ?ree feet ?ick1 ( co>se palagonite-tuffs4 ,ea* b$ is expos$ at ! foot ( a tall cliff ( agglom]ate =m+ a l9e ( esc>pm5t along ! m\nta9-side4 ,! l>g] fragm5ts mak+ up ^! tuffs are usually f #b to #c millimetres 9 size2 b ! process ( palagonitisation is n complete2 & we f9d inclos$ abundant angul> pieces ( a d>k fre% ta*ylyte-glass1 f9ely vesicul>1 & fus+ readily 9 ! ord9>y _s-lamp flame4 ,! tuffs conta9 little or no lime & seem+ly no organic rema9s4 ,9 ! l[e/ b$ ,i notic$ a little wat]-worn gravel4 ,bo? b$s pass gradually into ! und]ly+ agglom]ate2 b _! upp] limits are well def9$ & ! agglom]ate comm5ces abruptly4 ,x is ?us se5 t 9 ! =mation ( ! agglom]ates !re 7 two pauses :5 !y gradually gave place to deposits ( f9e detritus made up ( a vesicul> basic glass t has s9ce be5 l>gely conv]t$ into palagonite4 ,!n foll[$ a sudd5 r5ewal ( ! agglom]ate-produc+ process4 ,we c sc>cely d\bt t ! agglom]ates1 ) _! scoriace\s blocks1 & ! palagonite-tuffs are 9 ! ma9 ! direct products ( volcanic eruptions4 ,! rival claim ( m>9e d5udation z ! ag5cy conc]n$ c be mo/ly b n altoge!r exclud$4 ,! agglom]ates & tuffs ( ,m\nt ,vungalei _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? s (t5 describ$ 9 ! case ( ! great inl& ranges ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! isl&1 ! subm>9e orig9 ( :i* is frequ5tly demon/rat$ by ! inclos$ organic rema9s4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! in/ance ( ,vungalei ^! deposits took place ar\nd ! %ores ( a volcanic m\nta9 t rose above ! sea4 ,on page #cae x is po9t$ out t 9 ,/romboli ) its dribbl+ eruptions we h a good illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* deposits c\ld be =m$4 ,my exam9ation ( ! m\nta9 ( ,nailo?a 0 re/rict$ to ! l[] slopes up to an elevation ( #fjj feet2 b ! results obta9$ are v sugge/ive4 ,:5 foll[+ up ! /ream-c\rse on ! way f ,tembe to ! m\nta9 "o notices 9 its b$ blocks ( a light-col\r$ rock l a compact qu>tzite4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a highly alt]$ oligoclase-tra*yte 7sp4 gr4 #bec7 ) its /ructure mu* disguis$ by second>y qu>tz4 ,?is is ! fir/ intimation "o gets1 on leav+ beh9d ! di/rict ( basic agglom]ates ab\t ,tembe1 ( ! o!rwise unexpect$ "* ( ! acid rocks display$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ,nailo?a4#if ,a torr5t "h cuts deeply into ! m\nta9-side4 ,at ! base1 betwe5 #bjj & #cjj feet above ! sea1 a blui%-grey r scoriace\s rock ) ! /eam-pores drawn out to a l5g? ( f #a to #b c5timetres1 is fir/ expos$4 ,its specific gravity aft] all[+ = ! cavities is less ?an #bf4 ,x %[s a gr\ndmass p>tly disguis$ by second>y qu>tz & conta9+ num]\s small vesicles l9$ by qu>tz & fill$ ) viridite & epidote4 ,:]e ! alt]ation is less advanc$ small p>allel felsp>-la!s ) f9e decompos+ pyrox5es are %[n4 ,! la!s give ext9ctions ( two or ?ree degrees & av]age #jd mm4 9 l5g?4 ,9 its some:at scoriace\s nature1 9 ! abs5ce ( ph5ocry/s1 & 9 its less alt]$ condition1 ?is rock diff]s f ^? expos$ high] up ! rav9e2 b x is evid5tly to be ref]r$ to ! same acid type4 ,at a height ( #cjj feet a light grey highly alt]$ oligoclase-tra*yte 7sp4 gr4 #bdc7 is exhibit$4 ,x conta9$ orig9ally "s ph5ocry/s ( felsp> & pyrox5e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h be5 m or less replac$ by calcite1 qu>tz1 & o!r mat]ials2 :il/ ! gr\ndmass1 orig9ally hemi-cry/all9e b n[ blurr$ by ! deposition ( silica1 %[s felsp>-la!s 9 process ( developm5t4 ,a little f>!r up ! gorge !re is display$ ano!r highly alt]$ rock ) a silice\s appe>ance1 su* z has be5 notic$ above z =m+ blocks 9 ! /ream ne> ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,x is an oligoclase-tra*yte impregnat$ ) cry/all9e silica & exhibit+ a s+ul> prismatic /ructure1 ! small columns or prisms be+ only #c or #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,betwe5 #djj & #ejj feet occurs a light-col\r$ compact rock sp>kl+ ) pyrites & also display+ a column> /ructure1 ! columns be+ betwe5 #d & #f in*es across4 ,x looks l a lime/one & eff]vesces freely ) an acid2 b x is 9 fact a highly alt]$ oligoclase-tra*yte 7sp4 gr4 #be7 ( ! propylite type4 ,x seems orig9ally to h inclos$ a few ph5ocry/s ( oligoclase1 sanid9e1 & pyrox5e1 & "h & !re a /\t felsp>-la! is to be notic$ 9 ! gr\ndmass giv+ /raight ext9ction4 ,! :ole texture ( ! rock1 h[ev]1 is m or less impregnat$ ) second>y qu>tz1 calcite1 *lorite1 viridite1 pyrites1 c4 ,f>!r up ! rav9e1 betwe5 #ejj & #fjj feet 9 elevation1 is display$ a rem>kable qu>tz-porphyry :i* exhibits opaque porphyritic cry/als ( felsp> z well z r\nd$ cry/als ( qu>tz 9 a grey compact base4 ,x has be5 subject$ to consid]able alt]ation & w be f\nd describ$ on page #caj4 ,at #fjj feet l>ge slabs ( ! ord9>y s$im5t>y clay-tuffs1 conta9+ b little lime & %[+ no organic rema9s to ! eye1 lay ab\t on ! m level slopes1 & evid5tly =m$ a surface deposit incru/+ ! alt]$ massive rocks4 ,if my asc5t _h la9 up ! m\nta9-side away f ! /ream-c\rses1 ^! s$im5t>y rocks w\ld alone h be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ! gorge1 h[ev]1 is expos$ to view ! deep]-seat$ rocks t make up ! m\nta9's mass4 ,we h "h a ?ickness ( ab\t #djj feet ( alt]$ acid rocks4 ,all are d\btless intrusive1 & 7 subject$ to alt]ation aft] ! developm5t ( ! column> /ructure & be=e ! deposition ( ! ov]ly+ clay-tuffs or 8soap/ones10 :i* are no d\bt ( subm>9e orig94 ,^! s$im5t>y tuffs belong probably to ! p]iod :5 ! subm>9e agglom]ates & palagonite-tuffs ( ! neighb\r+ peak ( ,vungalei 7 =m$4 7c7 ,trav]se ( ! coa/ range f ,n&ongo to ,vanuav\ on ! %ore ( ,natewa ,bay4--,?is r\te 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,horne1 ! botani/1 9 #ahgh4 ,i approa*$ ,n&ongo f ,tembe to ! nor?w>d4 ,! road at fir/ lay betwe5 hills ab\t #gjj feet 9 height display+ 9 _! precipit\s faces agglom]ates ov]ly+ f9e s$im5t>y tuffs4 ,^! deposits 9 ! =m ( slightly calc>e\s basic tuff-clays1 ! s-call$ 8soap/ones10 are expos$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ,wa9ikoro ,riv] z "o ne>s ,n&ongo4 ,?is village1 :i* is situat$ on ! headwat]s ( ! ,wa9ikoro at an elevation ( ab\t #ahj feet above ! sea1 lies ne> ! foot ( ! range4 ,9 its vic9ity !re is a small !rmal spr+ :i* is ref]r$ to on page #cc4 ,proce$+ s\? f ,n&ongo "o notices 9 ! /ream-c\rse at ! foot ( ! slopes ! s$im5t>y tuff deposits above m5tion$1 b$d+ & dipp+ g5tly to ! we/4 ,f>!r up ! slopes1 high] ?an #bej feet above ! sea1 !re are expos$ ! deep]-seat$ rocks ( ! range 9 ! %ape ( compact r$di% rocks 7sp4 gr4 #bdh71 :i* appe> "u ! microscope to be highly alt]$ acid &esites or oligoclase-tra*ytes orig9ally display+ fl[-/ructure & a fair am\nt ( glass1 b n[ mu* disguis$ by ! =mation ( second>y qu>tz4 ,on ?is nor? slope ( ! range ,i also f\nd an amygdaloidal v>iety ( ! same alt]$ rocks conta9+ irregul> amygdules1 #e or #f millimetres long1 ( fibr\s qu>tz or *alc$ony4 ,blocks ( basaltic &esite 7 obs]v$ on ! summit1 :i* has an elevation ( #iej to #a1jjj feet4 ,on ! s\!rn slopes desc5d+ t[>ds ,natewa ,bay co>se basic tuffs toge!r ) blocks ( basaltic &esite are *iefly expos$4 ,! la/-nam$ probably repres5t dykes bo? on ! s\? slope & on ! summit4 ,! rocks exhibit$ on ! portion ( ! coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay correspond+ to ?is range are d>k & light-col\r$ s$im5t>y tuffs usually calc>e\s1 ) occasional basaltic &esites indicat+ dykes4444 ,f ?is trav]se x w\ld appe> t ! range has an axis ( alt]$ acid rocks ov]la9 by basic s$im5t>y tuffs & pi]c$ by basaltic dykes4 7d7 ,! m\nta9\s di/rict ly+ betwe5 ! head wat]s ( ! ,wa9ikoro ,riv] & ! ,m\nt ,?ur/on ,range4--,( ?is region ,i "k v little4 ,! highe/ peak accord+ to ! *>t has an elevation ( ab\t #a1fjj feet4 ,"s indication ( ! "* ( ! inl& rocks may be obta9$ f t ( ^? expos$ on ! coa/ betwe5 ,nak>ambo & ,waimotu :]e1 z obs]v$ on page #bjh1 grey pyrox5e-&esites1 co>se 9 texture & almo/ holo-cry/all9e 9 /ructure1 protrude ?r\gh agglom]ates ( ! same mat]ials4 ,:5 on ! way f ,ngelemumu to ,wa9ikoro ,i cross$ ! extreme nor!rn prolongation ( ?is range :]e ! elevation above ! sea is only #gjj feet4 ,non-calc>e\s basic tuff-clays occur on ! slopes2 b ! deep]-seat$ rocks1 judg+ f an exposure on ! ea/ side1 are d>k grey alt]$ pyrox5e-&esites p5etrat$ by f9e cracks fill$ ) a mosaic ( qu>tz & hav+ a specific gravity ( #bg4 ,on ! summit ,i f\nd a gritty s&/one-l rock1 ( :i* my specim5 has be5 lo/4 ,9 a /ream at ! foot ( ! ea/ slope occur small blocks ( basaltic &esite probably d]iv$ f a dyke4 ,! region ( acid rocks1 su* z qu>tz-porphyries1 oligoclase-tra*ytes1 c41 is n ent]$ until ab\t two miles s\?-we/ ( ,wa9ikoro4 ,,! ,,coa/ ,,ranges ,,& ,,sea-,,bord] ,,betwe5 ,,mbu?ai-,,sau ,,& ,,?aw>o ,,or ,,mbekana ,,bay ,we h 9 ?is region ! m\nta9s & hills at ! coa/ & ! l[-ly+ pla9s inl&4 ,?is feature ( ! nor? side ( ,vanua ,levu is v rem>kable4 ,= "s sixty miles1 t is to say1 = m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! isl&1 betwe5 ! m\? ( ! riv] ,ndreketi & ,?aw>o or ,mbekana ,bay1 ,vanua ,levu possesses ?is "*4 ,! coa/ ranges we/ ( ,lambasa1 :]e basic rocks evid5tly prevail1 h be5 ref]r$ to on pages #ace1 #acf4 ,^? ea/ ( ! ,lambasa m\nta9s z f> z ,?aw>o ,bay w be dealt ) "h2 & in/ead ( basic we f9d acid rocks1 su* z qu>tz-porphyries ak9 to ! rhyolites1 oligoclase-tra*ytes1 pumice-tuffs1 c4 ,! sea-bord] is "h *>act]is$ n by a cont9u\s range runn+ p>allel to ! coa/1 z 9 ! case ( ! di/rict betwe5 ,n&uri & ! ,ndreketi ,riv]1 b by a numb] ( sep>ate gr\ps ( hills & less] m\nta9s1 sep>at$ by deep gaps or valleys :i* are occupi$ by tidal riv]s & ext5sive mangrove swamps4 ,! tide asc5ds ^! riv]s into ! pla9s beh9d ! coa/ ranges1 s t a depression ( only #cj feet w\ld conv]t ^! gr\ps ( hills into sep>ate isl&s & w\ld cov] mu* ( ! inl& pla9s ) ! sea4 ,! hills atta9 an elevation ( #a1bjj or #a1cjj feet a mile or two inl& & desc5d (t5 z bold promontories to ! coa/4 ,i w ref] 9 ord] to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is sea-bord]4 7#a7 ,,! ,,sea-,,bord] ,,betwe5 ,,lambasa ,,& ,,mbu?ai-,,sau ,9 ! sea-bord] betwe5 ,lambasa & ,mbu?ai-sau we h ! junction ( ! regions ( basic & acid rocks1 ! =m] ext5d+ we/w>d to ,naivaka1 ! latt] rea*+ to ,undu ,po9t4 ,9 su* a locality ! two types ( rocks might be expect$ to be associat$1 & ?is is :at occurs4 ,acid pumice-tuffs & basic agglom]ates1 sometimes associat$1 are "h display$4 ,9 ! l[ hills betwe5 ,lambasa & ,vuni-ika ,bay1 :i* lies we/ ( ,mbu?ai-sau1 ,i f\nd basic agglom]ates prevail+1 toge!r ) "s acid pumice-tuffs4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ates are compos$ ( a blacki% semi-vitre\s pyrox5e-&esite 7sp4 gr4 #bfh71 :i* is *>act]is$ by prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass1 & is ref]r$ to g5us #f ( ! second sub-ord] ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites describ$ on page #bhg4 ,ea/ ( ,vuni-ika on ! way to ,mbu?ai-sau1 at an elevation ( ab\t #ej feet above ! sea1 d>k tuffs conta9+ small fragm5ts ( reef-lime/one are expos$ 9 a cutt+4 ,a little f>!r on !re is a consid]able deposit ( a pale grey rhyolitic pumice-tuff1 a s(t /one easily work$1 & inde$ n[ qu>ri$ by ! plantation au?orities4 ,x conta9s no lime & 9 microscopical *>act]s is sc>cely di/+ui%able f a sample ( f9e pumice debris collect$ by me 9 ! ,*irica di/rict ( ,lip>i ,isl&4 ,x is made ( fragm5ts up to a c5timetre 9 size1 ( ord9>y fibrill> pumice 9 a matrix ( mu* f9] mat]ial ( ! same nature4 ,portions ( cry/als ( glassy felsp> 7oligoclase & sanid9e7 also occur 9 x1 toge!r ) "s qu>tz & rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! association 9 ?is locality ( acid & basic eruptive products 0 obs]v$ by ,dana 9 #ahdj 9 ! cliffs ( 8,mali ,po9t40#ig ,x is n q cle> :e!r ,mali ,isl&1 :i* lies imm$iately adjac5t to ! coa/1 is "h allud$ to1 or :e!r x is a headl& opposite to x4 ,dana describes ! deposits display$ 9 ^! cliffs z co>se aggregates ( fragm5ts ( pumice & decompos+ tra*yte1 :i* pass on ! "o side into f9e clayey mat]ial1 & on ! o!r into an agglom]ate =m$ ( angul> blocks ( vesicul> & compact basalt ) ! int]/ices fill$ ) pale yell[ tuface\s mat]ial4 ,ea/ ( ! ,avuka ,range t limits ! ,lambasa pla9s on ?is side is ! picturesque valley ( ,mbu?ai-sau4 ,?is broad valley runs 9 a s\?-ea/ direction into ! he>t ( ! isl&4 ,s small is ! gradi5t t ! riv] fl[+ d[n x c be asc5d$ 9 boats = "s miles2 :il/ ,ngele-mumu1 a village situat$ betwe5 #e & #f miles up ! valley1 is n mu* ov] #ej feet above ! sea4 ,?is valley 9 its l[] "p r\ghly divides ! regions ( acid & basic rocks t lie ea/ & we/ ( x respectively4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 above po9t$ out t ! two regions ov]lap 9 ! coa/ region on ! we/ side ( ! valley4 ,! two types ( rocks are also associat$ 9 ! coa/ hills imm$iately ea/ ( ! valley1 s9ce :5 /rik+ inl& f ,lloyd ,po9t to ! ,mbu?ai-sau sug>-cane di/rict1 "o leaves beh9d ! acid rocks at ! coa/ & trav]ses a region ( basic agglom]ates4 ,) ^! qualifications1 !re=e1 ! above l9e ( dem>cation holds good4 7#b7 ,,! ,,sea-,,bord] ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,mbu?ai-,,sau ,,& ,,! ,,langa-,,langa ,,riv]s ,! rocks pr$om9at+ 9 ?is di/rict are :ite & pale-yell[ pumice-tuffs & pumice agglom]ates1 ) qu>tz-porphyries & oligoclase-tra*ytes z intrusive masses4 ,! light col\r ( ! sea-cliffs1 ?us compos$1 makes !m conspicu\s f seaw>d4 ,_! appe>ance evid5tly l$ ,mr4 ,horne into an error 9 #ahgh :5 he view$ ?is coa/ f 8 canoe dur+ 8 sea-passage f ,lambasa to ,tutu4 8,! coa/ f ,lambasa0--he says--8is a s]ies ( bold project+ bluffs ( agglom]ate int]sp]s$ ) seams ( corall9e s&/one40#ih ,! pr9cipal feature ( ?is coa/1 h[ev]1 is ! preval5ce ( light-col\r$ pumice-tuffs1 ?\gh x is n improbable t elevat$ reef-=mations may occur 9 "s localities4 ,i p>ticul>ly exam9$ ! coa/ di/ricts 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,wa9ikoro & ,langa-,langa riv]s4 ,9 a spur t desc5ds to ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 a little above ! m\? ( ! ,wa9ikoro1 is expos$ an op5-textur$ rhyolite or qu>tz-porphyry conta9+1 z describ$ on page #caj1 ph5ocry/s ( glassy felsp> 7oligoclase & sanid9e71 qu>tz1 & a little hornbl5de4 ,"s int]e/+ exposures occur on ! coa/s betwe5 ,n>ikosa ,po9t 7,n>i-,roso ,po9t ( ! *>t7 & ! m\? ( ! ,wa9ikoro4 ,"h ! pumice-tuffs & agglom]ates are pi]c$ by dykes1 "s ( !m v]tical & #f feet across & compos$ ( a light-grey rhyolitic rock1 simil> except 9 its compact texture to ! rock above m5tion$4#ii ,! small qu>tz cry/als1 :i* are #a to #b millimetres 9 size1 are sometimes bipyramidal4 ,_m ( !m are r\nd$ & h a fus$-l surface4 ,! pumice-tuff1 :i* displays no eff]vesc5ce ) an acid1 is compos$ ma9ly ( f9ely pulv]is$ vacuol> & fibrill> i/ropic col\rless glass1 & conta9s also small fragm5ts ( glassy felsp> & small r\nd$ qu>tz cry/als1 su* z occur 9 ! rock =m+ ! dykes 9 ^! deposits4 ,imb$d$ 9 ! tuffs 9 places are small masses1 up to #d in*es 9 size1 ( a pretty grey vesicul> rhyolite-glass exhibit+ ! int]m$iate condition betwe5 compact obsidian & pumice :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! rocks ( ,vulcano 9 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ?is rock is giv5 on page #caa4 ,9 ! pumice-agglom]ates ( ?is locality occur pale-yell[ decay$ & alt]$ pumice blocks4 ,! headl&1 kn[n z ,n>ikosa ,po9t1 :i* lies betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,wa9ikoro & ,langa-langa riv]s1 t]m9ates 9 a rocky spur =m$ by a l>ge intrusive mass or dyke ( a r$di% oligoclase-tra*yte alt]$ 9 "* & display+ 9 places a rudely column> /ructure4#ajj ,! pumice-tuffs & agglom]ates are well expos$ at ! coa/ betwe5 ,n>ikosa ,po9t & ! ,langa-langa ,riv]4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,songombiau1 a village "h situat$1 ! tuffs are p5etrat$ by dykes4 ,"o dyke at ! back ( ! village is #d or #e feet ?ick & has vitre\s m>g9s4 ,x is compos$ ( a d>ki% pyrox5e-&esite :i* 9 ! int]ior ( ! intrusion 9 hemi-cry/all9e & a little vesicul>1 b 9 ! m>g9s x is m glassy & r scoriace\s4#aja ,?\gh n a basic rock 9 itself1 its specific gravity 9 ! compact /ate be+ only ab\t #bee1 x is relatively basic :5 contra/$ ) ! rhyolitic & tra*ytic rocks ( ! di/rict1 :i* h :5 compact a specific gravity ( n ov] #bc4 ,pumice-tuffs & agglom]ates appe> 9 ! cliff-faces ( ! hills on ei!r side ( ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,langa-langa ,riv] f ! vic9ity ( ,kalikoso to ! sea4 ,at "o place ab\t #c miles up ! riv] a dyke ( tra*yte1 mu* alt]$ & %[+ columns #ab to #ah in*es across1 0 expos$ at ! bank4 7#c7 ,,sea-,,bord] ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,langa-,,langa ,,riv] ,,& ,,?aw>o ,,bay ,! next "p ( ! coa/ :i* ,i visit$ 0 t opposite ,tutu ,isl&4 ,"h a range ( high hills1 #a1ajj or #a1bjj feet 9 height1 s5ds a l(ty spur to ! sea1 9 ! precipit\s faces ( :i* are expos$ breccia-tuffs & agglom]ates d]iv$ f acid rocks4 ,a specim5 ( ! tuffs %[s1 besides fragm5ts ( alt]$ rhyolitic or tra*ytic rocks1 portions ( decompos+ pumice1 ! vacuoles & tubul> cavities ( :i* are fill$ ) alt]ation products4 ,! blocks 9 ! agglom]ates are alt]$ oligoclase-tra*ytes1 bo? compact & vesicul>4 ,^! deposits are non-calc>e\s & r>ely display b$d+2 b 9 "o place !re 0 a rude arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials1 ! dip be+ to ! nor?-we/4 ,i cross$ ?is coa/ range :]e x is only #fjj feet above ! sea1 & desc5d$ into ! ,kalikoso pla9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,numbu4 ,9 ! coa/ di/rict betwe5 ,tutu ,isl& & ! village ( ,naua1 #c miles to ! ea/1 ! same alt]$ co>se pumice\s & tra*ytic tuffs1 occasionally b$d$ & dipp+ ,w4,n4,w41 =m ! l[ hills ne> ! sea4 ,9 "o place1 :]e ! elevation 0 less ?an #bjj feet1 ,i notic$ on ! surface small fragm5ts ( bran*+ corals4 ,!y _h p]haps wea!r$ out ( ! tuffs1 & ?\gh 9 "p silicifi$ /ill eff]vesc$ freely 9 an acid4 ,betwe5 ,naua & ! t[n ( ,visongo occur l[ hills =m$ ( acid tuffs4 ,at an elevation ( #bjj feet ! tuffs display a rem>kable "*4 ,:5 exam9$ ) ! l5s !y are se5 to be cr[d$ ) ! m9ute te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type4 ,! deposit =ms a fairly h>d light-grey clay-rock :i* accord+ to ! usual acid-te/ has no lime4 ,"u ! microscope x is se5 to be compos$ ne>ly 9 equal proportion ( ! te/s ( =am9if]a & ( v f9e detritus app>5tly d]iv$ f acid rocks1 ! mat]ials be+ g5]ally n ov] #ja mm4 9 diamet]1 ?\gh "s ( ! felsp> fragm5ts measure #je mm4 across4 ,a second>y process ( silicification1 z exhibit$ 9 ! occurr5ce ( m9utely granul> qu>tz1 has affect$ ! matrix ( ! clay z well z ! te/s ( ! =am9if]a4 ,! deposit is ( deep-wat] orig9 & appe>s to h be5 =m$ f ! f9e wa%+s ( a coa/ "s di/ance away4 ,x is notewor?y t ! surface 9 ?is locality is 9 places /rewn ) quantities ( angul> fragm5ts & r\nd pebbles ( *alc$onic fl9t1 toge!r ) l>ge nodules :i* :5 brok5 across are f\nd to be occupi$ by radiat+ cry/als ( qu>tz & 7 d\btless =m$ 9 ! cavities ( "s rock4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! p>tially silicifi$ coral fragm5ts ly+ on ! surface ( ! l[ coa/ hills a few miles to ! we/ ( ?is locality4 ,!y indicate a relatively rec5t em]g5ce & we get ! same indication f ! fl9ts on ! surface ( ?is di/rict4 ,^! evid5ces1 h[ev]1 relate only to ! la/ /age ( ! em]g5ce4 ,! te/imony ( ! silicifi$ 8,globig]9a0 clay c>ries u back to ! e>li] p]iods ( ^! *anges ( level1 & probably dates back to a "t :5 ! great] "p ( ?is portion ( ! isl& 0 subm]g$1 ) ! exception ( ! m\nta9 peaks4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ feature ( ! em]g5ce is ! silicify+ process t accompani$ x4 ,?is is illu/rat$ on a mu* great] scale 9 ! neighb\r+ inl& pla9s ( ,kalikoso & ,wa9ikoro :i* are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,proce$+ ea/w>d f ,visongo to ,namukalau "o trav]ses a coa/ di/rict n elevat$ m ?an #cjj feet above ! sea4 ,"h !re are display$ :iti% & pale yell[ compact$ tuffs diff]+ 9 aspect f ^? prevail+ to ! we/w>d & (t5 b$d$1 ! dip be+ ab\t #bj ,n4,w4 or ,n4,n4,w4 ,!y %[ no lime & app>5tly inclose no organic rema9s4 ,:]e ! upp] surface ( a b$ is b>$1 x %[s regul> %r9kage-l9es inclos+ hexagonal spaces #b to #c in*es across2 b !re is no correspond+ column> /ructure 9 ! b$-mass4 ,! rock is v light 9 weight & homog5e\s 9 texture & looks a little l ,*9a-clay4 ,9 a section its /ructure appe>s obscure2 b x seems to be =m$ ( ! f9e/ detritus1 d]iv$ f "s acid p>tly devitrifi$ glass1 ! pumice\s /ructure be+ 9 places fa9tly indicat$2 b ! :ole mass appe>s to h be5 subject$ to a process ( alt]ation p]haps simil> to ! ultimate palagonitic *ange 9 basic rocks4 ,9 ! slide a few small felsp> fragm5ts1 ab\t #a mm4 9 size1 are display$4 ,j ea/ ( ,namukalau is ! m\? ( ! ,vui-na-savu ,riv]1 ! ,na ,savu ,riv] ( ! *>t4 ,?is is a tidal riv]1 & is navigable = boats = sev]al miles4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse agglom]ates & tuffs prevail1 probably 9 "p at lea/ d]iv$ f acid rocks4 ,ne> ,rauriko1 :i* lies ab\t #e miles up ! riv]1 a b>e bluff1 ov]look+ ! valley on ! ea/1 is =m$ ( a decompos$ tra*ytic rock rem>kable = ! fact t x displays1 z describ$ on page #cgj1 fa9t magnetic pol>ity4 ,above ,vit9a1 a mile or two f>!r up1 ,i f\nd a simil> rock b amygdaloidal 9 "*4 ,on ! head-wat]s ( ! riv] is situat$ ! hamlet ( ,nawi1 :]e1 z m5tion$ on page #baa1 a plutonic rock ( ! gabbro type occurs4 ,tuffs & agglom]ates appe> to prevail 9 ! l[ coa/ tract betwe5 ! ,vui-na-,savu riv] & ,?aw>o ,bay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 draw+ "s g5]al inf]5ces respect+ ! acid =mations1 mo/ly fragm5tal 9 "*1 t are display$ 9 ! sea-bord] betwe5 ,lambasa & ,?aw>o ,bay1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! deposits we/ & ea/ ( ! ,langa-langa ,riv]4 ,betwe5 ,lambasa & ! riv] j nam$ ! tuffs may usually be reg>d$ z ! products ( sub-a]ial eruptions4 ,"s ( ! specim5s might h be5 obta9$1 z f> z _! *>act]s g1 f ! pumice-di/ricts 9 ! isl& ( ,lip>i4 ,_! limeless condition & ! app>5t abs5ce ( organic rema9s are notewor?y features1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! products ( sub-a]ial eruptions may be deposit$ "u ! sea4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 rem>kable t no compact obsidian came "u my notice4 ,! fragm5ts ( rhyolitic glass1 int]m$iate 9 /ructure betwe5 compact obsidian & pumice1 t 7 imb$d$ 9 ! pumice-tuffs 9 "o locality1 7 probably eject$ f "s sub-a]ial v5t4 ,9 ! region betwe5 ! ,langa-langa ,riv] & ,?aw>o ,bay acid tuffs & agglom]ates prevail2 b !y h all be5 subject$ to alt]ation by ! deposition ( second>y silica1 & ! pumice-/ructure :5 pres5t is l>gely disguis$4 ,!y h evid5tly1 9 "p at lea/1 be5 d]iv$ f compact rhyolitic & tra*ytic rocks1 & are probably 9 "s measure ! products ( m>9e erosion4 ,al?\gh nei!r lime nor organic rema9s 7 detect$1 ! pres5ce ( ! alt]$ 8,globig]9a0 clay ne> ,visongo is v sugge/ive & indicates a consid]able subm]g5ce ( ?is region at "s di/ant p]iod4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be done 9 ! exam9ation ( ! peaks ( ! coa/ ranges ( ?is "p ( ,vanua ,levu2 & x is likely t "s int]e/+ results w be obta9$ f su* an exploration4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physical ,,features 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,nor?-,,ea/ ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,isl& 7cont9u$7 ,,! ,,wa9ikoro ,,& ,,kalikoso ,,pla9s ,,^! ext5sive inl& pla9s occupy a consid]able area 9 ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,i e/imate t !re is an area ( ab\t #bj squ>e miles t does n exce$ an elevation ( #ajj feet above ! sea & is (t5 mu* less4 ,( ! two villages situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ^! pla9s1 ab\t #e miles inl&1 ,kalikoso is ab\t #cj feet & ,wa9ikoro is sc>cely #bj feet above ! sea2 :il/ mu* ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict is simil>ly l[4 ,tak+ ! #cjj-;feet cont\r-l9e z a guide1 ?is l[-ly+ region1 z %[n 9 ! map1 w\ld be mu* l>g]4 ,! pla9s are back$ on ! s\? by ! high m\nta9-range ( ,vungalei & ,nailo?a4 ,on ! nor? ! coa/-ranges1 :i* atta9 a height ( #a1ajj or #a1bjj feet1 sep>ate !m f ! sea-bord]2 :il/ on ! we/ !y are %ut (f f ! ,mbu?ai-sau valley by a l9e ( hills1 ( :i* ! m9imum elevation is ab\t #gjj feet4 ,?is region is occupi$ by ! scanty op5 vegetation *>act]i/ic ( ! 8talas+a0 or 8sun-burnt0 di/ricts4 ,! tall 8,ngasau0 re$ is common2 ! ,p&anus trees are frequ5t2 & among/ ! bu%es & small trees are repres5t$ 8,dodona viscosa10 8,mor9da citrifolia10 & a species ( 8,hibb]tia40 ,diff]5t riv]s & /reams1 ris+ 9 ! m\nta9s on ! s\? side ( ! pla9s1 trav]se ?is area2 & aft] break+ ?r\gh ! coa/-ranges rea* ! sea4 ,!y acquire an exagg]at$ size f ! circum/ance t !y are 9 great "p tidal e/u>ies4 ,! tide asc5ds !m = sev]al miles rea*+ beh9d ! coa/-ranges into ! pla9s2 :il/ ! d5se mangroves1 :i* l9e _! l[] c\rses among/ ! hills1 ext5d beyond into ! l[-ly+ level di/ricts f>!r inl&4 ,boats c foll[ up ! w9d+ c\rse ( ! ,wa9ikoro ,riv] until !y rea* ! village ( t "n1 :i* lies ab\t five & a half miles 9 a direct l9e f ! coa/ & ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ?is "p ( ! isl&4 ,! mangroves ext5d up to ! village4 ,! ,langa-langa ,riv]1 :i* is ( mu* small] size1 is simil>ly navigable = ?ree or f\r miles4 ,! mangroves t l9e its banks spread out 9 broad tracts :5 9 asc5d+ ! riv] we em]ge f ! hills into ! pla9s4 ,above ! influ5ce ( ! tide x dw9dles into a /ream ridicul\sly small4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! riv] two miles to ! ea/w>d4 ,! ,vui-na-savu ,riv] ne> ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ?is l[-ly+ region c be asc5d$ by boats into ! he>t ( ! isl&4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks x w be expect$ t "s portion ( ?is l[-ly+ inl& region w be occupi$ by swamps4 ,?is is 9 tru? ! case4 ,ab\t "o & a half miles nor?-ea/ f ! village ( ,kalikoso is a small fre%-wat] lake1 ab\t #ajj y>ds across1 :i* lies 9 a slight depression 9 ! pla9s & is surr\nd$ by a wide m>g9 ( swampy gr\nd1 occupi$ by re$s & s$ges1 9 :i* "o s9ks knee-deep :5 approa*+ ! banks4 ,! level ( ! surface ( ! lake is n ov] #be feet above ! sea1 & only a foot or s bel[ t ( ! pla9s ar\nd4 ,s9ce ! dep?1 z ,i asc]ta9$ x1 is #ae to #ah feet1 x foll[s t ! bottom ( ! lake is only a few feet above ! high-tide level4 ,! mangroves ext5d to )9 a mile ( its bord]2 & x is possible t ?\gh ly+ ab\t five miles inl&1 x may be indirectly affect$ by unusually high tides4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to det]m9e :e!r ! wat] is ev] bracki%4 ,?is small lake is1 or 01 reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s awe by ! natives on acc\nt ( ! float+ isl&s t x conta9s4 ,diff]5t leg5ds are connect$ ) x1 & ! ,fijians h giv5 x ! "n ( 8,vaka-lala?a10 9 allusion to ! drift+ ( ! isl&s f "o side ( ! lake to ! o!r1 ! small trees gr[+ ^u !m act+ 89 ! mann] ( sails40 ,mr4 ,horne1 :o 0 9 ?is locality 9 #ahgh1 ref]s to ! lake 9 8 book1 ,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji 7p4 #bd72 b does n appe> to h se5 x4 ,mr4 ,?omson#ajb visit$ x 9 #ahhj1 & describes x z conta9+ a s+le float+ isl&1 a qu>t] to a half an acre 9 ext5t4 ,! isl& 0 9 exi/5ce1 ! natives said1 9 ! days ( _! great-gr&fa!rs1 a /atem5t indicat+ t ! p ( ! di/rict _h no reason to d\bt its antiquity4 ,a *ief1 :o =m$ "o ( ! p>ty1 div$ "u ! isl&4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ?is lake 9 #ahii !re 7 ?ree float+ isl&s1 nam$ by ! natives 8,wanga levu0 & 8,wanga lailai10 t is1 8,l>ge canoe0 & 8,small canoe40 ,! l>ge/ 0 #ij or #ajj feet long1 :il/ ! two small] 7 ab\t #ej feet long1 ! bread? be+ less ?an half ! l5g?4 ,!y are compos$ ( a d5se gr[? ( re$s & s$ges support+ small liv+ trees #aj to #ag feet 9 height1 swamp f]ns1 & o!r small] vegetation1 ! :ole =m+ fairly solid /&+-gr\nd1 & d\btless possess+ consid]able ?ickness4 ,! orig9 ( ^! float+ isl&s is probably to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t ! d5se mass ( swamp-vegetation lies on a rocky sub/ratum1 & t dur+ "s unusually heavy flood l>ge portions ( ! swampy soil-cap became deta*$ & float$ up4 ,a float+ isl& occurs ne> ! sea 9 ! ,lau?ala di/rict on ! ,l[] ,rewa 9 ,viti ,levu4 ,! float+ isl& 9 ,d]w5twat] 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& is said to be 8a bli/] ( sublacu/r9e turf40 ,^? 9 ,russia & ,hung>y1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hanusz1 appe> to be felt$ masses ( tree-trunks1 bran*es1 & m>%-plants ?9ly cov]$ ) soil4#ajc ,i w preface my rem>ks on ! geology ( ! ,wa9ikoro & ,kalikoso pla9s by obs]v+ t ?is region displays ?ree conspicu\s features4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a region ( acid rocks1 mo/ly alt]$ tuffs1 d]iv$ f qu>tz-porphyries1 ! alt]ation consi/+ 9 ! deposition ( qu>tz (t5 ( ! *alc$onic type4 ,9 ! second place1 a silicify+ process has be5 9 op]ation "h on an ext5sive scale1 z evid5c$ by ! abundance ( silicifi$ corals ly+ on ! surface1 especially 9 ! di/rict ar\nd ! lake & by ! abundance ( concretions ( *alc$ony1 ( fragm5ts ( *alc$onic fl9ts1 & ( portions ( :ite *alc$onic qu>tz-rock t 9 places /rew ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 e>?y limonite1 or bog iron ore1 has be5 produc$ 9 quantity1 p>ticul>ly ar\nd ! lake2 & 9 places small r\nd concretions ( impure c>bonate ( iron cov] ! soil4 ,be=e ref]r+ m 9 detail to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is region1 x may be rem>k$ t ! silicifi$ corals1 fl9ts1 iron-ore deposits1 c41 ( ?is & o!r p>ts ( ! isl& are dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,?is region ( acid rocks ext5ds ab\t two miles to ! we/ & s\?-we/ ( ! village ( ,wa9ikoro4 ,"h prevail :ite acid tuffs (t5 decompos+ & alt]$ by ! =mation ( second>y qu>tz4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ! degradation ( qu>tz-porphyries or rhyolitic rocks4 ,! surface is irregul> b ! elevation is small1 ! #ajj-;feet level ly+ ab\t "o mile & ! #bjj-;feet level ab\t two miles we/ ( ,wa9ikoro4 ,! villages ( ,wa9ikoro & ,kalikoso are f two to ?ree miles ap>t1 ! int]v5+ di/rict n atta9+ a great] elevation ?an #gj feet above ! sea4 ,decompos+ alt]$ :ite acid tuffs "h occur ) occasional l>ge blocks1 a c\ple ( tons 9 weight1 ( app>5tly a qu>tz-porphyry or tra*yte ) its /ructure disguis$ by silicification4 ,fragm5ts ( silice\s concretions1 z *alc$ony1 *alc$onic fl9ts1 c41 lie on ! surface1 ! soil be+ friable & ( a deep o*re\s r$2 :il/ 9 places ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) r\nd m>ble-siz$ concretions compos$ ( a mixture ( c>bonate ( iron & limonite :i* ,i h describ$ on page #cef4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds to ! nor?-we/ ( ,kalikoso1 :]e !re is a little rise1 a decompos$ qu>tz-porphyry is expos$ display+ r\nd$ cry/als ( qu>tz fractur$ 9 position1 ! matrix ( ! rock be+ impregnat$ ) *alc$ony4 ,9 "o "p ( ?is m\nd !re is a friable :ite rock1 compos$ ( a crumbl+ mass ( small irregul> qu>tz-gra9s1 r>ely %[+ cry/al-faces4 ,x appe>s to be dis9tegrat$ qu>tz-felsite4 ,9 tak+ ! track f ,kalikoso to ! village ( ,vungalei1 :i* is di/ant ab\t #b miles to ! s\?-ea/1 "o trav]ses aft] ! fir/ mile1 :]e ! acid rocks t]m9ate1 a r m elevat$ region :i* rises to a maximum height ( #ahj feet above ! sea4 ,?\gh ! acid rocks give place to a semi-vitre\s pyrox5e-&esite z describ$ on page #bab1 small fragm5ts ( *alc$onic fl9ts are frequ5t on ! surface ov] bo? areas4 ,! di/rict t int]v5es betwe5 ,kalikoso & ! l&+-place on ! ,langa-langa ,riv]1 ab\t two miles 9 l5g?1 is n m ?an #cj feet above ! sea1 & is cross$ by small sluggi% /reams1 9 ! b$s ( :i* occur num]\s fragm5ts ( silicifi$ corals1 up to #c or #d in*es 9 size1 belong+ to ! ,porites & ,a/ran type4 ,9 ^! /ream-b$s also occur bits ( mamillat$ *alc$ony & ( onyx1 flatti% agates1 #c or #d in*es across1 & pebbles ( ! compact pyrox5e-&esite above allud$ to1 ! la/ probably d]iv$ f ! s\? side ( ! pla9s4 ,! pla9s ext5d 9 a nor?-ea/ direction z f> z ,numbu1 :i* lies betwe5 #b & #c miles nor?-ea/ ( ,kalikoso4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ^! two places is usually elevat$ betwe5 #fj & #ajj feet & is nev] m ?an #acj feet above ! sea4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,kuru-kuru di/rict4 ,! surface is /rewn ) ! fragm5ts ( fl9ts & ( a :ite *alc$onic qu>tz-rock2 :il/ ! soil is friable & deep-r$ 9 col\r1 limonite 9 abundant fragm5ts occurr+ on ! gr\nd4 ,"h & !re "o passes slabs ( a h>d :ite silicifi$ tuff1 small portions ( :i* are frequ5t on ! surface4 ,silicifi$ corals & e>?y limonite are to be f\nd 9 abundance scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! pla9s imm$iately surr\nd+ ! small lake ( ,vakalala?a4 ,we also f9d ly+ on ! gr\nd 9 ?is di/rict bits ( *alc$ony & onyx1 portions ( *alc$onic fl9ts1 & nodules ( ! size ( ! fi/1 :i* :5 fractur$ ei!r disclose ! regul> lay]s ( ! agate or radiat+ cry/als ( qu>tz4 ,! silicifi$ corals occur usually 9 fragm5ts n ov] #d in*es across1 & include portions ( bran*+ corals ( ! ,madrepore habit1 bits ( massive corals ( ! ,a/ran type1 small r\nd$ nobs ( 8,porites0 j z "o commonly obs]ves on a reef-flat1 c4 ,!y h an anci5t wea!r$ look1 & 9 "s cases x is evid5t f ! exi/5ce ( bor+-%ells 9 ! fractur$ end ( a bran*+ coral t x once lay z a dead fragm5t on ! surface ( a reef-flat4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ! *>act]s ( ! silicifi$ corals ( ! isl& are discuss$ 9 detail2 & ,i h !re advanc$ ! view t ! ext5sive silicification ( ! ,kalikoso & ,wa9ikoro pla9s took place dur+ ! consolidation ( ! calc>e\s muds ( a reef-flat :il/ ! l& 0 em]g+4 ,i h already allud$ on page #bbb to an area ( silicification on ! neighb\r+ sea-bord] betwe5 ,visongo & ,tutu4 ,!re c be no d\bt t dur+ ! la/ /age ( ! em]g5ce ! pres5t situation ( ! fre%-wat] lake ne> ,kalikoso 0 occupi$ by ! sea1 :i* also ext5d$ f> ov] ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,! process ( silicification w\ld ( necessity be re/rict$ to ! p]iod t has s9ce elaps$2 & ! discussion is !re=e conf9$ to ! nature ( ! conditions "u :i* ?is *ange 0 induc$4 ,z a factor 9 ! process we _c disreg>d ! acid "* ( ! rocks ( ! di/rict4 ,,! ,,undu ,,promontory ,! nor?-ea/ portion ( ! isl& t]m9ates 9 a long n>r[ promontory :i* ,i h nam$ aft] ,undu ,po9t at its extremity4 ,comm5c+ at ,?aw>o ,bay & ne> ,tawaki x runs 9 a /raight l9e = a di/ance ( betwe5 #ac & #ad miles1 its bread? v>y+ betwe5 #a & #b miles4 ,its greate/ elevation ( ne>ly #a1fjj feet is atta9$ at its we/]n end2 & x dim9i%es irregul>ly 9 height z "o proce$s t[>ds ,undu ,po9t1 :]e a height ( #djj feet is ma9ta9$ ab\t a mile f ! cape4 ,x is bord]$ by reefs sometimes a mile 9 bread?1 & ! reefs prolong ! promontory = ano!r ?ree miles beyond ,undu ,po9t4 ,z indicat$ by ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e1 ! subm>9e cont\r corresponds to t ( ! l&1 & ! ext5t ( m>9e erosion dur+ ! exi/+ relations ( l& & sea is evid5tly display$ 9 ! bread? ( ! reefs4 ,i f\nd no sign ( uprais$ reefs2 & al?\gh dilig5t inquiries 7 made no?+ c\ld be le>n$ ( any hot spr+s4 ,x w be se5 f ! foll[+ rem>ks t pumice-tuffs1 qu>tz-porphyries1 & oligoclase-tra*ytes1 are ! prevail+ rocks4 ,on ! nor? side !y may be reg>d$ z cont9u\s ) ! acid rocks ( ! region ext5d+ f ne> ,lambasa to ,?aw>o ,bay4 ,on ! s\? side !y comm5ce 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tawaki4 7#a7 ,,! ,,di/rict ,,ext5d+ ,,two ,,& ,a ,,half ,,miles ,,we/ ,,( ,,tawaki ,:5 proce$+ ea/w>d along ! nor? coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay "o ent]s ! region ( acid rocks betwe5 #b & #b miles we/ ( ,tawaki4 ,"h ! c\ntry is mu* brok51 picturesque hills ) b>e precipit\s faces ris+ up ne> ! coa/1 "o ( :i* nam$ ,natoto has a rudely conical & truncat$ =m4 ,grey oligoclase-tra*ytes hav+ a specific gravity ( #bd & possess+ ! *>act]s describ$ on page #cjh1 prevail 9 ! di/rict ext5d+ we/ ( ,tawaki4 ,sometimes !y occur 9 mass2 b !y (t5 =m agglom]ates4 ,a s+ul> pit*/one-agglom]ate occurs at ! coa/ at ! foot ( ,natoto4 ,! pit*/one1 :i* has a specific gravity ( #bdh1 is a semi-vitre\s =m ( a hyp]/h5e-augite &esite4 ,x %[s abundant small pyrox5e prisms 9 its glassy gr\ndmass & is ref]r$ to ! prismatic sub-ord] 7#e7 describ$ on page #bhi4 7#b7 ,,nai?ombo?ombo ,,range ,a high range ( hills1 =m+ ! backbone ( ?is "p ( ! isl&1 ext5ds ea/w>d = ab\t five miles f ,?aw>o & ,tawaki4 ,x is nam$ 8,nai?ombo?ombo0 9 ! ,admiralty *>t4 ,f x rise two conspicu\s peaks1 ,?aw>o ,peak 7#a1egc feet7 at its we/]n end1 :]e x ov]looks ! village ( t "n1 & ,m\nt ,?uku 7#a1bhh feet7 ne> its ea/]n end4 ,we/ ( ,?aw>o ,peak ?is range is connect$ ) ! hills beyond by a saddle #fjj feet 9 height1 :i* is asc5d$ :5 cross+ ! promontory f ,?aw>o ,bay to ,tawaki4 7a7 ,?aw>o ,peak4--,?is repres5ts an old 8volcanic neck0 ( agglom]ate ris+ out ( ! tuffs t are expos$ on its slopes to an elevation ( ab\t #fjj feet4 ,z view$ f ! saddle above m5tion$1 ! upp] "p ( ! hill pres5ts b>e precipit\s sides1 sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height1 ( agglom]ate1 ! blocks ( :i* are compos$ ( a compact hyp]/h5e-augite &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bdh74 ,x displays a few small ph5ocry/s ( m$ium &es9e & ( rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e2 & is ref]r$ to ! prismatic sub-ord] 7#e7 describ$ on page #bhi1 *>act]is$ by prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass4 7b7 ,s\? coa/ betwe5 ,tawaki & ! foot ( ,m\nt ,?uku4--,! tall cliffs t rise to a height ( f #bjj to #cjj feet beh9d ,tawaki are compos$ ( :ite tuffs & agglom]ate-tuffs d]iv$ f ! acid rocks ( ! di/rict4 ,ea/w>d f ,tawaki to ! base ( ,m\nt ,?uku ! coa/ sc5]y is p>ticul>ly f9e4 ,a little inl& a l9e ( hills1 nam$ 8,na ,kula10 rises precipit\sly to a height ( #gjj or #hjj feet1 & 9 ! v]tical sides are display$ tuffs & agglom]ates probably ( ! "* ( ^? above notic$4 ,light-col\r$ tuffs are sometimes expos$ at ! coa/ 9 :i* are inclos$ fragm5ts v>y+ 9 size ( a pit*/one#ajd 7sp4 gr4 #bcf7 approa*+ 9 /ructure a tra*ytic glass4 ,at "o place ! tuffs 7 evid5tly s$im5t>y & b$d$1 ! dip be+ ab\t #ae ,n4,w4 ,! massive rock mo/ frequ5tly expos$ at ! coa/ & on ! hill-slopes betwe5 ,tawaki & ,m\nt ,?uku is a qu>tz porphyry#aje display+ abundant porphyritic cry/als ( qu>tz & felsp> 9 a gr\ndmass orig9ally semi-vitre\s b n[ obscurely felsitic 9 "*4 ,! %ore-flat = m ?an half a mile we/ ( ,m\nt ,?uku is /rewn ) great numb]s ( deta*$ column> blocks1 #ab to #ae in*es across1 ( a slightly vesicul> oligoclase-tra*yte ( ! type describ$ on page #cjh4 7c7 ,nor? coa/ betwe5 ,?aw>o ,bay & ! foot ( ,m\nt ,?uku4--,co>se & f9e tuffs prevail at ! coa/ & on ! neighb\r+ hill-slopes2 & 9 ! b>e rocky faces ( ! hills inl& !y are also to be obs]v$4 ,! /reams h worn deep gorges into _! mass4 ,t[>ds ,?uku !y are acid & pumice\s1 & are evid5tly ! products ( eruption4 ,t[>ds ,?aw>o1 !y are m basic & d>k]1 & are 9 "p at lea/ to be attribut$ to m>9e degradation4 7d7 ,m\nt ,?uku4--,my asc5t ( ?is hill1 :i* is #a1bhh feet 9 height1 0 made f ! nor? coa/4 ,i f\nd x to be compos$ f ! foot to ! summit ( :ite pumice\s tuffs )\t any evid5t arrangem5t4 ,x has a n>r[ top & %[s no sign ( a crat]al cavity4 ,! hills ea/ & we/1 z view$ f its summit1 are ridge-%ap$ & display no?+ 9 _! configuration at all sugge/ive ( crat]s4 ,! pumice-tuffs ( ,m\nt ,?uku are non-calc>e\s1 & exhibit greyi% pumice\s lapilli 9 an abundant :ite matrix =m$ ( f9e pumice-debris4 ,"u ! microscope x %[s ! *>act]i/ic vacuol> & fibrill> /ructure2 b ! mat]ial has n ! fre% appe>ance ( ord9>y pumice & ! m9ute cavities are (t5 fill$ ) alt]ation products4 ,! two rocky po9ts on ! nor? coa/ opposite ! hill are =m$ 9 "o case ( a some:at alt]$ oligoclase-tra*yte & 9 ! o!r ( a qu>tz-porphyry4 ,bo? no d\bt repres5t intrusive masses1 ! almo/ horizontal columns1 #ab to #ae in*es 9 diamet]1 ( ! =m] indicat+ a ne>ly v]tical dyke4 7#c7 ,,! ,,undu ,,promontory ,,ea/ ,,( ,,m\nt ,,?uku ,ea/ ( ,m\nt ,?uku ! hilly backbone ( ! promontory is ( mu* less elevation4 ,ab\t ?ree miles to ! ea/w>d ! highe/ hill is #fcj feet1 & !nce to )9 a mile or two ( ,undu ,po9t ! hills reta9 a height ( #djj to #ejj feet4 7a7 ,! nor? coa/ betwe5 ,m\nt ,?uku & ! coa/ village ( ,nuku-ndamu4--,on ?is /ret* ( coa/1 ab\t five miles 9 l5g?1 ! %ore-cliffs are compos$ ( :ite & pale-yell[1 co>se & f9e /ratifi$ pumice-tuffs1 ! b$s be+ ei!r horizontal or ) a g5tle dip nor?w>d4 ,!y are z a rule non-calc>e\s1 & conta9 "s qu>tz gra9s & small bits1 #a to #c millimetres 9 size1 ( bottle gre5 compact obsidian1 mu* z "o f9ds 9 ,lip>i pumice-tuffs4 ,9 g5]al "*1 bo? nak$-eye & microscopic1 !y correspond to ! ,m\nt ,?uku pumice-tuffs above describ$4 ,l>ge blocks ( basic rocks are occasionally to be obs]v$ on ?is coa/1 sometimes probably indicat+ dykes1 b 9 "o place ne> ,m\nt ,?uku =m+ an agglom]ate4 ,! rock is a d>k-grey augite-&esite ) a specific gravity ( #bgg4 ,x is compact & has a hemi-cry/all9e gr\ndmass4#ajf 7b7 ,! s\? coa/ betwe5 ,m\nt ,?uku & ,moala1 a di/ance ( ab\t five miles4--,pumice-tuffs & agglom]ates are display$ at ! coa/1 ! =m] (t5 b$d$ & 9 "o place hav+ a dip ( #ce or #dj degrees to ! nor?4 ,a qu>tz-porphyry1 some:at b&$ & a little alt]$1 & display+ r\nd$ qu>tz cry/als #c or #d millimetres 9 size1 is ! prevail+ massive rock expos$ on ! hill-slopes & occasionally at ! coa/4 ,x is well exhibit$ ab\t a mile ea/ ( ,m\nt ,?uku4 ,blocks ( a grey oligoclase-tra*yte also occur4 ,^! rocks are describ$ on pages #cjh1 #cji4 7c7 ,! t]m9al portion ( ! promontory f ,nuku-ndamu & ,moala to ,undu ,po9t4--,! same pumice\s tuffs1 usually non-calc>e\s1 =m ! %ore-cliffs on ! s\? coa/ f ,moala to ,mr4 ,bull+'s /ation at ,ndo?iu1 :i* lies ab\t #b miles f ! po9t4 ,on ! correspond+ "p ( ! nor? coa/ betwe5 ,nuku-ndamu & ,ndo?iu ^! tuffs are (t5 calc>e\s2 & ne> ! fir/-nam$ place !y conta9 sub-angul> bits ( coral ( ! size ( a walnut4 ,on ! bea* at ,vunikondi 9 ?is locality !y are ov]la9 by ne>ly horizontal b$s ( basic lava1 ! upp] surface ( :i* :5 expos$ displays ! smoo?1 8ropy0 cru/ ( a lava fl[4 ,! rock is a d>k slightly vesicul> augite-&esite1 hemi-cry/all9e 9 /ructure1 & conta9+ a fair am\nt ( residual glass4#ajg ,s9ce ! und]ly+ tuffs 7 evid5tly deposit$ on a sea-bottom1 x foll[s t ?is is a subm>9e fl[4 ,i int5d$ to revisit ?is locality1 b 0 prev5t$4 ,a detail$ exam9ation ( x w\ld be wor? und]tak+4 ,f ,ndo?iu to ,undu ,po9t1 ab\t #b miles di/ant1 ! int]ior ( ! promontory has an undulat+ surface1 ! elevation be+ usually #bjj or #cjj feet & ris+ to #djj feet4 ,on ! coa/s are expos$ b$d$ pumice\s tuffs1 /eeply incl9$ & usually calc>e\s4 ,z display$ 9 ! hill-slopes ( ! int]ior !y are horizontally /ratifi$ & z a rule non-calc>e\s4 ,^! deposits sometimes exhibit a sph]oidal arrangem5t indicative ( ! proximity ( a dyke4 ,9 "o or two places at ! coa/s occur basic agglom]ates1 =m$ ( ! same augite-&esite lava-rock ( :i* ! ,vunikondi b$s are compos$1 b scoriace\s & conta9+ m glass 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,9 ! h&-specim5 beside me1 ! /eam cavities are ( all sizes1 f t ( a p9-prick to a ?ird ( an in* 7#h mm47 & are g5]ally elongat$4 ,a c>eful se>* ( ! tuff-deposits 9 ?is "p ( ! ,undu promontory ought to result 9 ! discov]y ( rema9s1 bo? ( plants & ( m>9e mollusks4 ,mr4 ,*alm]s in=m$ me t fossilis$ tree-trunks occur on ! coa/ ne> ,vunikondi2 b ,i 0 un=tunately n able to discov] !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,brief ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,,undu ,,promontory ,,f ,,?aw>o ,,& ,,tawaki ,,to ,,undu ,,po9t4--,"o sugge/ive negative feature ( ?is region is to be f\nd 9 ! abs5ce1 z f> z ,i c\ld asc]ta91 ( any trace ( a crat]4 ,"h also1 z 9 ! area ( acid rocks ext5d+ we/w>d along ! nor? side ( ! isl& to ne> ,lambasa1 hot spr+s are n to be f\nd4 ,! prevail+ rocks are 9 ! fir/ place ! pumice-tuffs1 :i* n only z a rule =m ! coa/-cliffs1 b occur inl& z high z ! summit ( ,m\nt ,?uku almo/ #a1cjj feet above ! sea4 ,!y 7 probably 9 great "p eject$ f sub-arial v5ts1 ?\gh no d\bt1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ,undu ,po9t1 !y 7 (t5 deposit$ "u ! sea4 ,! acid & basic tuffs 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tawaki & ,?aw>o are1 z ,i imag9e1 l>gely d]iv$ f m>9e degradation4 ,next to ! pumice-tuffs1 massive qu>tz-porphyries & oligoclase-tra*ytes are ! *>act]i/ic rocks4 ,!y are probably 9 mo/ cases intrusive1 & pres5t !mselves sometimes z v]tical column> dykes1 evid5tly ( consid]able dim5sions4 ,! basic rocks1 h[ev]1 are n unrepres5t$4 ,!y occur 9 "o or two places z agglom]ates1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,?uku on ! nor? coa/ & ne> ,undu ,po9t2 :il/ !y =m 8fl[s0 ov]ly+ ! pumice\s tuffs at ,vunikondi4 ,occasional blocks ly+ on ! surface on ! nor? coa/ are indications ( dykes4 ,! basic rocks1 nev]!less1 take a v second>y "p 9 ! composition ( ! ,undu ,promontory4 ,!y are 9 mo/ cases to be ref]r$ to ! augite-&esites ) a specific gravity #bf to #bgg2 b "s1 z 9 ! case ( ^? =m+ ! agglom]ates ( ,?aw>o ,peak1 are hyp]/h5e-augite &esites ) specific gravity ( ab\t #be4 ,oliv9e-basalts are n repres5t$4 ,! v5ts1 f :i* ! mat]ials =m+ ?is promontory 7 eject$1 7 arrang$ 9 a s+le /raight l9e = a l5g? ( #ad miles4 ,along ?is l9e> fissure1 :i* 0 probably subm>9e1 v5ts 7 at diff]5t times =m$2 & ?\gh ow+ to sub-a]ial & m>9e degradation ! pres5t surface has be5 s9ce %ap$ & re%ap$1 _! situation may /ill be recognis$ 9 ! 8necks0 ( tuff & agglom]ate t =m ! peaks1 & 9 ! l>ge dykes or sills ( qu>tz-porphyry & oligoclase-tra*yte4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu ,,! v>i$ "* ( ! volcanic rocks 9 my collection is br\ght out 9 ! foll[+ ,table1 :]e ,i h gr\p$ ab\t #djj rock-sections1 exclud+ ^? ( ! tuffs & f9] detrital deposits4 ,! small proportion ( plutonic rocks %\ld be not$4 ,oliv9e-basalts #bc p] c5t4 ,augite-&esites #dj ,hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites #ag ,acid &esites1 includ+ hornbl5de & qu>tz-&esites1 c4 #ab ,oligoclase-tra*ytes1 qu>tz-porphyries or rhyolites #f ,hyp]/h5e-gabbros & diorites #b ---- #ajj ,9 ord] to avoid ! necessity ( frequ5tly describ+ rocks ( ! same type x has be5 f\nd requisite to devise a me?od ( classification4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is some:at labori\s task ,i h (t5 be5 surpris$ at ! read9ess ) :i* rocks1 ! relations ( :i* _h be5 previ\sly v difficult to asc]ta91 fell into _! place 9 ! s*eme4 ,al?\gh _m ( my unc]ta9ties h be5 ?us remov$1 a l>ge numb] ( d\btful po9ts rema94 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t o!rs may be able to employ & also to ext5d ! me?od ( classification "h employ$4 ,! g5]al plan foll[$ has be5 work$ out 9 detail = ! oliv9e-basalts & ! pyrox5e-&esites ( ! m basic type2 :il/ lack ( mat]ials has prev5t$ its fur!r elaboration 9 ! case ( ! acid &esites1 oligoclase-tra*ytes1 qu>tz-porphyries1 c4 ,! treatm5t ( all ! classes has be5 uni=m1 ! s*eme be+ ! same :e!r appli$ to a basalt or to a dacite4 ,9 describ+ ! g5]al me?od ,i w take ! ,augite class4 ,z w be se5 9 ! ,synopsis t foll[s1 ?is class is fir/ divid$ accord+ to ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a gr\ndmass into two sub-classes1 ! fir/ ref]r+ to ! plutonic rocks1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n repres5t$ 9 my collection1 ! second compris+ ! augite-&esites :i* make up #dj p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,^! &esites are aga9 divid$ into f\r ord]s1 accord+ z ! gr\ndmass pres5ts p>allel or non-p>allel felsp>-la!s1 or %ort & /\t felsp>s 7or?ophyric71 or displays a felsitic "*4 ,! la/ two ord]s are practically unrepres5t$ "h1 ?\gh _m examples ( !m are f\nd among/ ! m acid &esites4 ,ea* ord] is !n split up into ?ree sub-ord]s dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass1 :e!r granul>1 prismatic1 or ophitic4 ,ea* sub-ord] is brok5 up into two sections1 "o display+ plagioclase-ph5ocry/s1 ! o!r )\t !m1 or possess+ v few ( !m4 ,! fir/ section is divid$ into two g5]a1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! plagioclase-ph5ocry/s1 :e!r glassy or opaque1 ! second g5us (t5 compris+ rocks alli$ to ! porphyrites4 ,! second or aphanitic section is subdivid$ into two g5]a accord+ to ! "* ( ! pyrox5e-ph5ocry/s2 9 ! "o case !y are macroporphyritic2 9 ! o!r !y are ei!r small or abs5t4 ,! g5]a are split into f\r species accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s1 a me?od :i* readily sep>ates out ! dol]itic rocks4 ,9 cases :]e ! mat]ials are abundant1 ! g5]a h be5 fir/ divid$ into porphyritic & non-porphyritic sub-g5]a1 bas$ on ! macroporphyritic or ! micro-porphyritic "* ( ! plagioclase-ph5ocry/s1 :5 pres5t4 ,! species c be also split into sub-species1 accord+ to ! degree ( basicity ( ! rocks1 z indicat$ by ! specific gravity4 ,?is me?od is fully work$ out 9 ! lat] pages & ne$ n be fur!r describ$ "h4 ,) abundant mat]ial f diff]5t regions x appe>s to me t a ready mode is "h af=d$ ( assign+ to a rock its place 9 ! s*eme4 ,9 ?is way x w\ld be possible to foll[ ! sy/emati/ 9 8 me?od ( comp>+ plants & animals f diff]5t localities4 ,to facilitate ?is end1 ,i h sugge/$ 9 ! synopsis ! employm5t ( abbreviations1 s t ! description ( ! critical *>act]s ( a rock c be cond5s$ into a =mula capable ( easy int]pretation4 ,z an example ( ! use ( ^! abbreviations ,i w take ! in/ance ( a common =m ( augite-&esite :i* is repres5t$ by ! =mula3--8,plag1 aug1 matr1 flu1 gran1 non-ph51 p>v1 #a-b mm40 ,?is is ! =mula = an aphanitic augite-&esite1 & x signifies t x is a rock ( ! plagioclase-augite class possess+ a gr\ndmass %[+ p>allel felsp>-la!s 7betwe5 #a & #b mm1 9 av]age l5g?7 & granul> pyrox5e1 & display+ no ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase or only a v few ( small size1 :il/ pyrox5e ph5ocry/s if pres5t are micro-porphyritic4 ,z ano!r example ! foll[+ =mula = a type ( porphyrite f\nd 9 ?is isl& may be giv53--,plag1 hyp]/h-aug1 matr1 or?1 prism1 ph51 opac4 ,?is is an &esite 9 :i* rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e are associat$ bo? 9 ! ph5ocry/s & 9 ! gr\ndmass :]e ! pyrox5e is prismatic & n granul>4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are opaque & ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass are ( ! or?ophyric type4 ,!re are "o or two po9ts t require fur!r ref]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! e>ly employm5t 9 ! s*eme ( ! *>act]s ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass = di/+ui%+ ! ord]s sc>cely seems ne$$ 9 ! cases :]e !y take ! la!-=m2 b ! importance ( its e>ly use is %[n 9 ! acid &esites :]e x is c]ta9ly ( prime importance 9 an e>ly /age ( ! classification to di/+ui% ! rocks by ! "* ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :e!r la!-l1 or?ophyric1 or felsitic4 ,x may also be object$ t ! two ord]s obta9$ by divid+ ! la! gr\p into 8p>allel0 & 8non-p>allel0 divisions are n equival5ts ( ! two o!r ord]s1 ! or?ophyric & ! felsitic4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! fl[ or non-fl[ arrangem5t1 ?\gh 9 practice n always readily e/abli%$1 is a f>-rea*+ "o4 ,on priori gr\nds ! fir/ division might be expect$ to h no plutonic equival5t2 :il/ 9 ! second division1 x is easy to trace ! gradations ?r\gh ! dol]itic /age1 :]e ! felsp>-la!s are v l>ge1 to ! granitoid condition4 ,!n1 aga91 ! ophitic habit is z a g5]al rule conf9$ to rocks ) a dol]itic or semi-dol]itic gr\ndmass1 :]e ! felsp>-la!s are co>se & =m a me%-"w4 ,two q di/9ct l9es ( developm5t unite 9 ! felsp>-la!s & beg9 to div]ge ) ! diff]5ce 9 _! arrangem5t 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,! nature ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fl[ & non-fl[ arrangem5t ( ! felsp>-la!s is well br\ght out 9 "s dykes ( basalt & augite-&esite t ,i exam9$ 9 ?is isl& & also 9 ! ,valle del ,bove on ! ,etna slopes4 ,9 ! out] vitre\s portion ! felsp>-la!s1 :i* are fairly well repres5t$1 are all ab\t ! same l5g? & are m or less p>allel ) ! sides ( ! dyke4 ,9 ! c5tral m cry/all9e portion two sets ( la!s c be di/+ui%$1 "o 7,a7 correspond+ 9 ! av]age l5g? & 9 ! fl[-arrangem5t ) ! la!s ( ! bord]s1 ! o!r 7,b7 be+ ab\t half ! l5g? & =m+ a plexus betwe5 ! l>g] p>allel la!s4 ,^? ( ! ,a set1 :i* are ^? t usually cat* ! eye 9 a section1 are contemporane\s 9 _! orig9 ) ^? 9 ! m>g9s ( ! dyke2 :il/ ^? ( ! ,b set h be5 subsequ5tly =m$4 ,9 ! prelim9>y 8/iff5+0 ( ! fir/ /age ( consolidation1 ! :ole mass ( ! dyke w\ld be affect$4 ,to ?is /age ! la!s ( ! ,a set belong2 :il/ to ! lat] /age ( consolidation :i* w\ld proce$ mu* m sl[ly 9 ! int]ior ?an at ! m>g9s ( ! dyke1 ! la!s ( ! ,b set are to be ref]r$4 ,?is di/9ction s pla9ly illu/rat$ 9 a dyke mu/ be po/ulat$ = all intrusive masses2 b ,i h n yet f\nd x possible to make mu* use ( x4 ,mu* gr\nd w h fir/ to be cle>$ be=e x c be safely employ$1 s9ce x is app>5t1 = in/ance1 t !re are (t5 all gradations 9 a slide betwe5 a la! & a ph5ocry/1 & t ! t]m 8ph5ocry/0 is appli$ to cry/als hav+ v diff]5t hi/ories4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! two sets ( felsp>-la!s 9 a dyke3 ,a1 long & p>allel1 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! mass4 ,b1 %ort & non-p>allel & f\nd only 9 ! c5tre4 ,) reg>d to ! ophitic habit ( "s ( ! basaltic rocks ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn3 7a7 ,typical ophitic 8plates0 are n v common 9 ! slides4 ,m frequ5tly ! habit ( ! pyrox5e is semi-ophitic4 7b7 ,?is "* is z a g5]al rule associat$ ) ! plexus or non-fluidal arrangem5t ( ! felsp> la!s4 7c7 ,! felsp>-la!s are ne>ly always l>ge1 frequ5tly av]ag+ m ?an #b mm4 9 l5g?4 ,?is co>se dol]itic gr\ndmass is almo/ diagno/ic ( an ophitic rock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n always possible to all[ = ! influ5ce ( locality 9 draw+ up su* a classification z ?is1 s9ce x is well kn[n t 9 ea* volcanic region ! rocks h a p>ticul> facies recognisable 9 h&-specim5s z well z 9 ! slide1 ?\gh x is n easy to express su* a di/9ction 9 a def9ition4 ,p]haps ?is is repres5t$ 9 8adaptation0 z we f9d x 9 ! organic _w1 & ! "q arises z to ! value ( su* *>act]s = critical purposes4 ,regional v>iation plays su* an important "p t x _c be ignor$ 9 rock-classification4 ,,synopsis ,i4 ,,class4--,,oliv9e ,,rocks 7,plag41 oliv474 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sub-,,class4 ,,division4 ,,ord]4#ajh ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a4 ,no gr\ndmass 7non-matr47 ,,limburgites1 7,n repres5t$ 9 collection47 ,,p]idotites1 ,,oliv9e ,,gabbros1 etc4 #a4 ,felsp> la!s n #a4 9 fl[-arrangem5t ,oliv9e abundant 7non-flu474 7cop47 #b4 ,felsp> la!s #b4 9 fl[-arrangem5t ,gr\ndmass 7flu474 7matr47 ,,oliv9e-,,basalts #c4 ,felsp> la!s n #b4 9 fl[-arrangem5t ,oliv9e 7non-flu474 relatively #d4 scanty ,felsp> la!s 7pauc474 9 fl[-arrangem5t 7flu474 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,ii4 ,,class4--,,augite ,,rocks 7,plag41 aug474 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,sub-,,class4 ,,ord]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a4 ,no gr\ndmass ,n repres5t$ 9 collection4 7non-matr47 ,,gabbros1 9 "p4 #a4 ,felsp> la!s n 9 fl[-arrangem5t 7non-flu474 #b4 ,gr\ndmass 7matr47 #b4 ,,basaltic ,,&esites2 ,felsp> la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t ,,augite-,,&esites2 7flu474 ,,pyrox5e-,,&esites #c4 9 "p4 ,felsp>s %ort & broad 7or?ophyric1 or?474#aji #d4 ,gr\ndmass felsitic 7fels47#aji ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,iii4 ,,class4--,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite ,,rocks 7,plag41 hyp]/h4-aug474 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sub-,,class4 ,,ord]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a4 ,no gr\ndmass 7non-matr47 ,repres5t$ by ! ,hyp]/h5e-gabbros ,,gabbros1 9 "p4 9 collection4 #a4 ,felsp> la!s n 9 fl[-arrangem5t 7non-flu474 #b4 #b4 ,felsp> la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t ,gr\ndmass 7matr47 7flu474 ,,pyrox5e-,,&esites1 9 "p4 #c4 ,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass %ort & broad 7or?ophyric1 or?474 #d4 ,gr\ndmass granul> or pres5t+ a mosaic 7felsitic1 fels474 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,iv4 ,,class4--,,hyp]/h5e ,,rocks4 ,v4 ,,class4--,,hornbl5de-,,hyp]/h5e ,,rocks4 ,,vi4 ,,class4--,,qu>tz-,,hornbl5de-,,hyp]/h5e ,,rocks ,,or ,,dacites4 ,^! la/ ?ree classes are m]ely provisional4 ,!y include ! ,acid ,&esites ( ,vanua ,levu1 :i* are all *>act]is$ by ! preval5ce ( rhombic pyrox5e among/ ! ph5ocry/s & by its pr$om9ance or r by its usually exclusive occurr5ce 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,all ! classes are capable ( be+ split up into two sub-classes & f\r ord]s z 9 ! case ( ! ?ird class4 ,! *>act]s ( ^! rocks are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,vii4 ,,class4--,,hornbl5de ,,rocks4 ,9 ?is class are includ$ ^? rocks :]e hornbl5de is ! only f]ro-magnesian m9]al4 ,x is only repres5t$ by two diorites describ$ on page #bea4 ,,viii4 ,,class4--,,oligoclase-,,tra*ytes4 ,,ix4 ,,class4--,,qu>tz-,,porphyries ,,& ,,rhyolites ,describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,fir/ ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e ,,basalts4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e 9 abundance4 ,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,oliv41 matr41 cop41 non-flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,numb] ( ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* ,l5g? specim5s4 ( ! plagioclase ( ! ( felsp> gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 la!s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 #jb-a mm4 #a ,glassy #a-b #b #a4 plagioclase #b-c ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s #c-e ph5ocry/s 7vitr47 7ph547 #b4 #jb-a mm4 ,opaque #a-b #a plagioclase #b-c #b ph5ocry/s #c-e 7opac47 #a4 ,granul> #c4 7gran47 ,l>ge #jb-a mm4 ph5ocry/s #a-b ( oliv9e #b-c #b4 & #c-e #a ,no pyrox5e1 plagioclase ov] #b mm4 ph5ocry/s 7magn47 7non-ph547 #d4 ,small #jb-a mm4 ph5ocry/s #a-b ( oliv9e #b-c & #c-e #a pyrox5e "u #b mm4 ,pyrox5e scanty & (t5 abs5t 7p>v47 #e4 ,vitr4 #c4 ,ph54 #b4 #f4 ,opac4 ,prismatic ,n 7prism47 #g4 ,magn4 repres5t$4 #d4 ,non-ph54 #h4 ,p>v4 #i4 ,vitr4 #e4 ,ph54 ,n #c4 #aj4 ,opac4 repres5t$4 ,ophitic 7oph47 #aa4 ,magn4 ,n #f4 ,non-ph54 repres5t$4 #ab4 ,p>v4 #a-b mm4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,second ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e 9 abundance4 ,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,oliv41 matr41 cop41 flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,numb] ( ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* ,l5g? specim5s4 ( ! plagioclase ( ! ( felsp> gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 la!s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ac4 #jb-a mm4 #c ,glassy #a-b #b plagioclase #b-c #a #g4 ph5ocry/s #c-e ,plagioclase 7vitr47 ph5ocry/s 7ph547 #ad4 #jb-a mm4 ,opaque #a-b #c plagioclase #b-c ph5ocry/s #c-e 7opac47 #d4 ,granul> #ae4 7gran47 ,l>ge #jb-a mm4 #b ph5ocry/s #a-b ( oliv9e #b-c & #c-e pyrox5e1 ov] #b mm4 7magn47 #h4 ,no #af4 plagioclase ,small ph5ocry/s ph5ocry/s 7non-ph547( oliv9e #jb-a mm4 #a & #a-b #e pyrox5e1 #b-c #b "u #b mm4 #c-e #a ,pyrox5e scanty & (t5 abs5t 7p>v47 #ag4 ,vitr4 #i4 ,ph54 #e4 #ah4 ,opac4 ,n ,prismatic repres5t$4 7prism47 #ai4 ,magn4 #aj4 ,non-ph54 #bj4 ,p>v4 #ba4 ,vitr4 #aa4 ,ph54 #f4 #bb4 ,opac4 ,n ,ophitic repres5t$4 7oph47 #bc4 ,magn4 #ab4 ,non-ph54 #bd4 ,p>v4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,?ird ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,oliv41 matr41 pauc41 non-flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,l5g? ,numb] ( ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* ( felsp> specim5s4 ( ! plagioclase ( ! la!s & gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 prisms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #be4 #jb-a mm4 #a ,glassy #a-b #ac #ac4 plagioclase #b-c #e ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s #c-e ph5ocry/s 7vitr47 7ph547 #bf4 #jb-a mm4 ,opaque #a-b #d plagioclase #b-c ph5ocry/s #c-e #g4 7opac47 ,granul> 7gran47 #bg4 ,l>ge #jb-a mm4 ph5ocry/s #a-b ,n ( oliv9e #b-c repres5t$4 & #c-e #ad4 pyrox5e1 ,no ov] #b mm4 plagioclase 7magn47 ph5ocry/s 7non-ph547 #bh4 ,small ph5ocry/s#jb-a mm4 ( oliv9e #a-b ,n & #b-c repres5t$4 sometimes #c-e pyrox5e1 "u #b mm4 7p>v47 #bi4 ,vitr4 #ae4 ,ph54 #h4 #cj4 ,opac4 ,n ,prismatic repres5t$4 7prism47 #ca4 ,magn4 #af4 ,non-ph54 #cb4 ,p>v4 #jb-a mm4 #cc4 ,vitr4 #a-b #c #ag4 ,ph54 #b-c #a #i4 #c-e #b ,ophitic ,n 7oph47 #cd4 ,opac4 repres5t$4 #ce4 ,magn4 ,n #ah4 repres5t$4 ,non-ph54 #cf4 ,p>v4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,f\r? ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,oliv41 matr41 pauc41 flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* ,l5g? ,numb] ( ( ! plagioclase ( ! ( felsp> specim5s4 gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 la!s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #cg4 #jb-a mm4 #b ,glassy #a-b #ab plagioclase #b-c #f #ai4 ph5ocry/s #c-e ,plagioclase 7vitr47 ph5ocry/s 7ph547 #ch4 #jb-a mm4 ,opaque #a-b #b plagioclase #b-c ph5ocry/s #c-e #aj4 7opac47 ,granul> 7gran47 #ci4 ,l>ge #jb-a mm4 ph5ocry/s #a-b ,n ( oliv9e #b-c repres5t$4 & #c-e pyrox5e1 #bj4 ov] #b mm4 ,no 7magn47 plagioclase ph5ocry/s #dj4 7non-ph547 ,small ph5ocry/s#jb-a mm4 ( oliv9e #a-b & #b-c #b sometimes #c-e #a pyrox5e1 "u #b mm4 7p>v47 #da4 ,vitr4 #ba4 ,ph54 ,n #aa4 #db4 ,opac4 repres5t$4 ,prismatic 7prism47 #dc4 ,magn4 ,n #bb4 repres5t$4 ,non-ph54 #dd4 ,p>v4 #jb-a mm4 #a #ab4 ,ophitic ,n 7oph47 repres5t$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fir/ ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites4 ,,*>act]s4--,felsp> la!s or prisms ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,aug41 matr41 non-flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,l5g? ( ,numb] ( ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* felsp> specim5s4 ( ! plagioclase ( ! la!s & gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 prisms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 #jb-a mm4 #i ,glassy #a-b #e plagioclase #b-c #d #a4 ph5ocry/s #c-e ,plagioclase 7vitr47 ph5ocry/s 7ph547 #b4 #jb-a mm4 #f ,opaque #a-b #d plagioclase #b-c #c ph5ocry/s #c-e #c #a4 7opac47 ,granul> 7gran47 #c4 ,l>ge ph5ocry/s ,n ( augite1 repres5t$4 #b4 ov] #b mm4 ,no 7magn47 plagioclase ph5ocry/s #d4 7non-ph547 ,small ph5ocry/s#jb-a mm4 ( augite1 #a-b #c "u #b-c #a #b mm41 #c-e #b or none 7p>v47 #jb-a mm4 #a #e4 ,vitr4 #a-b #b #c4 ,ph54 #b4 #f4 ,opac4 #a-b #b ,prismatic 7prism47 #g4 ,magn4 ,n #d4 repres5t$4 ,non-ph54 #h4 ,p>v4 #jb-a mm4 #a #a-b #c #i4 ,vitr4 #b-c #d #e4 ,ph54 #c-e #g #c4 #b-c mm4 #a ,ophitic #aj4 ,opac4 #c-e #a 7oph47 #aa4 ,magn4 #f4 ,non-ph54 #ab4 ,p>v4 #b-c mm4 #c #c-e #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,second ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites4 ,,*>act]s4--,felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,aug41 matr41 flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,l5g? ( ,numb] ( ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* felsp> ,specim5s4 ( ! plagioclase ( ! la!s & gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 prisms4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ac4 #jb-a mm4 #aj ,glassy #a-b #aj plagioclase #b-c #d #g4 ph5ocry/s #c-e #a ,plagioclase 7vitr47 ph5ocry/s 7ph547 #ad4 ,opaque ph5ocry/s#jb-a mm4 #b #d4 ( ,granul> plagioclase 7gran47 7opac47 #ae4 ,l>ge ,n #h4 ph5ocry/s repres5t$4 ,no 7or v ( augite1 few & small7 ov] #b mm4 plagioclase 7magn47 ph5ocry/s 7non-ph547 #af4 #jb-a mm4 #ab ,small augite #a-b #ad ph5ocry/s1 #b-c #d "u #b mm4 #c-e #c or none 7p>v47 #ag4 ,vitr4 #a-b mm4 #a #i4 ,ph54 ,n #ah4 ,opac4 repres5t$4 #e4 ,prismatic ,n 7prism47 #ai4 ,magn4 repres5t$4 #aj4 #jb-a mm4 #d ,non-ph54 #bj4 ,p>v4 #a-b #d #ba4 ,vitr4 #a-b mm4 #c #aa4 ,ph54 ,n #f4 #bb4 ,opac4 repres5t$4 ,ophitic 7oph47 #bc4 ,magn4 #ab4 ,n ,non-ph54 #bd4 ,p>v4 repres5t$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fir/ ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite ,,&esites4 ,,*>act]s4--,felsp>-la!s n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h4-aug41 matr41 non-flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,numb] ( ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* ,l5g? specim5s4 ( ! plagioclase ( ! ( felsp> gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 la!s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 ,glassy #jb-a mm4 #ab plagioclase #a-b #d ph5ocry/s #a4 7vitr47 ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s #b4 7ph547 ,opaque ,n ph5ocry/s repres5t$4 ( #a4 plagioclase ,granul> 7opac47 7gran47 #c4 ,l>ge ph5ocry/s ,n ( repres5t$4 pyrox5e1 #b4 ov] #b mm4 ,no plagioclase 7magn47 ph5ocry/s 7non ph547 #d4 ,small pyrox5e #c-e mm4 #a ph5ocry/s1 "u #b mm41 or none 7p>v47 #jb-a mm4 #b #e4 ,vitr4 #a-b #b #c4 ,ph54 #b4 #jb-a mm4 #a ,prismatic #f4 ,opac4 #a-b #a 7prism47 #g4 ,magn4 #d4 ,non ph54 ,n #h4 ,p>v4 repres5t$4 #i #c4 #aj ,n ,ophitic #aa repres5t$4 7oph47 #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,second ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite ,,&esites4 ,,*>act]s4--,felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h4-aug41 matr41 flu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sub-,,ord]4 ,,section4 ,,g5us4 ,,species4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pres5ce or ,numb] ( ,pyrox5e abs5ce ( ,"* ,l5g? specim5s4 ( ! plagioclase ( ! ( felsp> gr\ndmass4 ph5ocry/s4 ph5ocry/s4 la!s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ac4 ,glassy #jb-a mm4 #i plagioclase #a-b #b #g4 ph5ocry/s ,plagioclase 7vitr47 ph5ocry/s 7ph547 #ad4 ,opaque ,n ph5ocry/s repres5t$4 ( #d4 plagioclase ,granul> 7opac47 7gran47 #ae4 ,l>ge ph5ocry/s ,n ( pyrox5e1 repres5t$4 ov] #b mm4 #h4 7magn47 ,no plagioclase ph5ocry/s #af4 7non-ph547 ,small pyrox5e ,n ph5ocry/s1 repres5t$4 "u #b mm41 or none 7p>v47 #ag4 ,vitr4 #jb-a mm4 #b #i4 ,ph54 #e4 #ah4 ,opac4 #jb-a mm4 #d ,prismatic 7prism47 #ai4 ,magn4 ,n #aj4 repres5t$4 ,non-ph54 #bj4 ,p>v4#jb-a mm4 #d #a-b #b #f4 #ba ,ophitic #bb ,n 7oph47 #bc repres5t$4 #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,?ird ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite ,,&esites4 ,,*>act]s4--,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass %ort & /\t 7or?ophyric74 ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h4-aug41 matr41 or?4 ,,rem>ks4--,! same classification is to be employ$ "h z 9 ! case ( ! two previ\s ord]s1 b z ! rocks 9 my collection t belong to ?is ord] are n num]\s 7n9e sections71 x w be suffici5t to ref] to ! g5]al rem>ks on ! ord] on p4 #bij4 ,,f\r? ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite ,,&esites4 ,,*>act]s4--,gr\ndmass pres5t+ a rudely granul> appe>ance or blurr$ mosaic 7micr(elsitic74 ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h4-aug41 matr41 fels4 ,,rem>ks4--,my slic$ specim5s 7five7 are too few = ! elaboration ( ?is ord] to :i* ! classification employ$ = ! o!r ord]s is sc>cely applicable4 ,?is is due to ! p>tial decomposition or imp]fect developm5t ( ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( ! ord] are giv5 on p4 #bia4 ,,! ,,plutonic ,,rocks4 ,^! rocks are v infrequ5t & are = ! mo/ "p hyp]/h5e-gabbros or norites1 ) a few repres5tatives ( diorites#aaj )\t pyrox5e4 ,true plutonic rocks did n come "u my obs]vation 9 ! we/]n half ( ! isl& 7we/ ( ,lambasa & ,savu-savu71 ^? ( ,m\nt ,?oka-s+a 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict mak+ ! ne>e/ approa* 7see p4 #cjb74 ,! localities 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd are bel[ enum]at$3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mode ( ,no4 ,nature ( rock4 ,locality4 occurr5ce4 ,page4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,hyp]/h5e-gabbro ,avuka ,range ,probably =ms betwe5 ,lambasa ! axis ( ! & ,mbu?ai-sau range4 #ahj #b ,ditto ,nawi1 at ! ,deep-seat$4 #baa head ( ! ,vui-na-savu ,riv] #c ,ditto ,valanga ,range ,probably =ms betwe5 ! axis ( ! ,savu-savu & range4 #ahb ,natewa ,bays #d ,ditto ,ridge at ! ,ditto4 #ahd head ( ,na ,kula valley betwe5 ,savu-savu & ,natewa ,bays4 #e ,hornbl5de-gabbro4 ,ditto ,ditto4 #ahd #f ,diorite ,vunimbua ,riv]1 ,loose blocks 9 on s\? side ( riv]-b$4 #ahb ! ,m>iko ,range #g ,ditto ,coa/ cliffs ,l>ge block 9 we/ ( ! ,salt agglom]ate-tuff4 #aic ,lake ,passage ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,gabbros4--,^! rocks also conta9 monocl9ic pyrox5e1 & are ! plutonic equival5ts ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites :i* z a rule prevail 9 ! localities :]e ^! rocks occur4 ,!y are usually d>k grey or /eel-grey 9 col\r ) a specific gravity rang+ f #bg to #bhd & h a granitoid aspect4 ,! foll[+ *>act]s are common to all ! specim5s4 ,!y display a mixture ( plagioclase & pyrox5e1 ! la/ fill+ up ! spaces betwe5 ! felsp>s & app>5tly ( lat] =mation4 ,! plagioclase cry/als1 :i* are #a to #b mm4 9 size1 are opaque2 & s9ce !y are trav]s$ by num]\s f9e fissures fill$ ) du/-l decomposition products1 _! appe>ance is (t5 semi-saussuritic4 ,!y are mu* cross-macl$1 are at times zon$1 & give lamell> ext9ctions ( &es9e-labradorite 7#bj-cj74444 ,! pyrox5e includes bo? ! rhombic & monocl9ic =ms1 ! la/ ) ext9ction angles ( ov] #cj4 ,!y may be associat$ or may occur z sep>ate cry/als1 ! rhombic prevail+ 9 ! less basic & ! monocl9ic 9 ! m basic rocks4 ,! rhombic pyrox5e is usually m or less conv]t$ into ba/ite :i* by fur!r *ange passes into a *loritic mat]ial2 :il/ ! augite sometimes und]goes ! diallagic *ange result+ f s*ill]isation4 ,"s special features are pres5t$ by rocks f diff]5t localities4 ,t f ,nawi is mo/ basic & looks l a diallage-gabbro4 ,t f ! ,valanga ,range 7sp4 gr4 #bge7 conta9s "s qu>tz1 app>5tly second>y & fill+ up ! int]spaces4 ,! rock f ! ,na ,kula ,ridge %[s traces ( a gr\ndmass2 b x comes ne> ! plutonic type4 ,a ,,hornbl5de-,,gabbro4--,?is granitoid rock1 :i* is f ! ,na ,kula ,ridge1 has a specific gravity ( #bgb4 ,h&-specim5s display l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( hornbl5de 7#g mm4 long7 9 a base ( opaque felsp> & small] hornbl5de4 ,9 ! slide we obs]ve besides ! l>ge cry/als ( plagioclase & hornbl5de a little pyrox5e2 b ! mass ( ! rock consi/s ( gre5i%-br[n hornbl5de1 plagioclase1 & "s second>y qu>tz1 =m+ a co>se mosaic ) a 8gra90 ( ab\t a millimetre4 ,! hornbl5de is display$ 9 regul> hexagonal sections1 m>k$ly pleo*roic1 & gives ext9ctions up to #ab4 ,x %[s no d>k resorption bord]s2 & ! l>g] porphyritic cry/als h ! same *>act]s4 ,almo/ all ! plagioclase ( ! rock is trav]s$ by num]\s f9e fissures1 & (t5 acquires a semi-saussuritic appe>ance f ! pres5ce ( du/-l decomposition products4 ,! lamell> ext9ctions indicate &es9e-labradorite4 ,! qu>tz occurs mo/ly 9 ne/s4 ,! pyrox5e is =m$ ( l>ge gra9s ( bo? ! monocl9ic & rhombic types4 ,,! ,,diorites4--,! rock =m+ blocks 9 ! ,vunimbua ,riv] has a specific gravity ( #bgh to #bh4 ,x is a pretty rock %[+ long black blades ( hornbl5de1 #aj mm4 9 l5g?1 9 an opaque felsp> base4 ,9 ! slide ! hornbl5de1 :i* is d>k br[n & m>k$ly pleo*roic1 %[s six-sid$ sections ) *>act]i/ic prismatic cleavage l9es1 ! longitud9al sections giv+ ext9ctions up to #ae4 ,! bord]s 9 "s cases display traces ( resorption4 ,! felsp> 7plagioclase7 is 9 ! =m usually ( broad regul> cry/als1 #c to #d mm4 9 size1 & giv+ ext9ctions ( &es9e-labradorite 7#bh72 !y are 8cl\d$0 ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( f9e alt]ation products associat$ ) num]\s fissures4 ,! relation betwe5 ! hornbl5de & ! plagioclase is n con/ant4 ,?is appe>s to be p>tially due to ! occurr5ce ( traces ( a gr\ndmass4 ,! diorite =m+ blocks 9 ! agglom]ate ( ! coa/ cliffs1 we/ ( ! ,salt ,lake ,passage1 is a rem>kable rock %[+ l>ge blacki% hornbl5de cry/als1 9 ! %ape ( blades #be mm4 long & #c or #d mm4 broad1 set 9 a base ( opaque plagioclase felsp> :i* surr\nds ! hornbl5de4 ,! la/-nam$ is deep-br[n1 v pleo*roic1 yields ext9ctions up to #bb1 & displays b little evid5ce ( resorption4 ,! plagioclase is irregul> 9 %ape & exhibits broad lamell giv+ ext9ctions ( acid labradorite 7#bh-cj74 ,x is trav]s$ by num]\s f9e fissures fill$ ) decomposition products & conta9s abundant du/-l mat]ials4 7,spec4 grav4 #bh74 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,,oliv9e ,,class ,,sub-,,class ,,ii ,,! ,,oliv9e ,,basalts 7,plag1 oliv1 matr47 ,,?is sub-class includes ! plagioclase-oliv9e-basalts4 ,al?\gh ^! rocks are n ! mo/ num]\s ( ! basic rocks1 !y are well repres5t$ 9 ! isl&1 be+ 9 great "p conf9$ to ! we/]n half1 & be+ especially *>act]i/ic ( ! di/ricts ( ,wa9unu & ,solevu & ( ! m\nta9s ( ,seatura & ,naivaka4 ,x w be se5 f ! ,synopsis t ?is sub-class is split up into two divisions1 accord+ to ! relative abundance ( ! oliv9e4 ,_m ( ! rocks are grey basalts ) ! oliv9e m or less hematis$2 b ! majority are blacki% ) ! oliv9e usually m or less s]p5t9is$4 ,9 ! typical blacki% rocks !re is a little d>k opaque int]/itial glass4 ,9 ! grey basalts ! gr\ndmass is z a rule holo-cry/all9e4 ,! specific gravity ranges g5]ally f #bh to #c4 ,x w be notic$ 9 ! s*eme t ! 8prismatic0 sub-ord]s1 :]e ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is = ! mo/ "p 9 prisms1 are sc>cely repres5t$4 ,! 8ophitic0 sub-ord]s are poorly repres5t$1 s9ce !y only include ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,! ophitic oliv9e-basalts are inde$ mo/ly conf9$ to ! division :]e ! oliv9e is scanty1 & ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass are = ! mo/ "p n p>allel1 ! plexus arrangem5t1 z w be (t5 po9t$ out1 be+ almo/ ess5tial = ! developm5t ( ! ophitic /ructure4 ,) ! basaltic &esites1 :i* _c always be %>ply sep>at$ f ! basalts ) scanty oliv9e1 ! proportion ( ophitic rocks is mu* high]1 probably ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,! pyrox5e 9 ! oliv9e-basalts is ne>ly always augite1 int]gr[?s ) rhombic pyrox5e be+ only occasionally obs]v$4 ,i4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,*>act]s4--,abundant oliv9e4 ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop4 ,^! rocks are *>act]is$ by abundant oliv9e usually z ph5ocry/s b sometimes repres5t$ 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,:5 a basalt pres5ts mu* ( ?is m9]al 9 an ord9>y h&-specim5 & displays at lea/ five or six ph5ocry/s 9 a slide1 x is plac$ 9 ?is division4 ,oliv9e-basalts ( ?is "* are well exhibit$ 9 ! hills ar\nd ,solevu ,bay & 9 ! neighb\r+ ,seatovo ,range4 ,!y are also fairly repres5t$ on ! nor!rn slopes ( ,m\nt ,seatura1 on ! coa/ betwe5 ! ,wa9unu ,riv] & ,n&i ,bay1 & on ! ,wa9unu basaltic tablel&4 ,9 ! ,ulu-i-ndali ,range1 :i* lies ea/ ( ! ,wa9unu e/u>y1 !y are especially frequ5t4 ,:il/ conf9$ mo/ly to ! portion ( ! isl& we/ ( ,savu-savu ,bay1 !y occur sporadically 9 o!r localities to ! ea/w>d1 z 9 ,na ,suva-suva ,hill & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,natewa ,p59sula4 ,! grey basalts1 :i* =m "o-?ird ( ! total1 are *iefly *>act]i/ic ( ! hill ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 ( ! ,solevu di/rict1 & ( ! nor!rn slopes ( ,seatura4 ,:il/ ! blacki% basalts usually compose ! fl[s1 ! grey basalts =m dykes & volcanic necks4 ,two-?irds ( ^! oliv9e-basalts belong to ! ord] pres5t+ fl[-/ructure & almo/ all 7#bh out ( #bi7 are includ$ 9 ! sub-ord] exhibit+ granul> augite 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,! ophitic /ructure is display$ 9 only "o case2 & ! prismatic =m ( ! augites is nev] a pr$om9ant feature4 #a4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 non-flu1 gran1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,abundant oliv9e4 ,felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[ arrangem5t4 ,pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass granul>4 ,ph5ocry/s ( glassy plagioclase4 ,,description4--,d>k-br[n or blacki% rocks4 ,sp4 gr4 #bhh to #bic4 ,ph5ocry/s ( pyrox5e occur 9 fair quantity 9 addition to ^? ( ! oliv9e & plagioclase4 ,! gr\ndmass displays a plexus ( felsp>s & augite-granules ) mu* magnetite 9 gra9s & irregul> pat*es4 ,! int]/itial glass is scanty or almo/ abs5t4 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s1 ( :i* ! l>g] are #c to #d mm4 9 size1 are z a rule hematis$ at ! bord]s & 9 ! fissures1 & are sometimes p>tially s]p5t9is$4 ,9 "s cases small cry/als ( oliv9e are enclos$ 9 ! pyrox5e-ph5ocry/s4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s d n usually exce$ #b mm4 9 size4 ,!y give lamell> ext9ctions ( #ae-bh1 & are (t5 cross-macl$4 ,!y g5]ally conta9 magma-inclusions1 :i* may be arrang$ 9 zones1 & !y sometimes inclose small pyrox5e cry/als4 ,_! bord]s are (t5 erod$4 ,! pyrox5e-ph5ocry/s1 :i* frequ5tly are #c to #d mm4 9 size1 give ext9ctions ( #cj & ov]1 & may be describ$ z compos$ ( br[n augite4 ,x is only at times t int]gr[?s ( rhombic pyrox5e occur4 ,!y are (t5 tw9n$ & are sometimes erod$ & may conta9 magma & o!r inclusions4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* = ! mo/ "p =m a plexus1 are small & /\t1 _! av]age l5g? v>y+ f #jh to #ac mm41 :il/ !y frequ5tly display lamell> tw9n+ & give ext9ctions ( ab\t #ae 7oligoclase-&es9e74 ,! pyrox5e-granules ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* are ( br[n augite1 v>y 9 av]age size f #jb to #jd mm4 ,two ( ! f\r species1 :]e ! felsp>-la!s are less ?an #a mm4 & betwe5 #a & #b mm4 9 l5g?1 are repres5t$ 9 ?is collection4 #b4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 non-flu1 gran1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,abundant oliv9e4 ,felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass granul>4 ,ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase opaque :ite4 ,,description4--,grey compact-look+ rocks2 sp4 gr4 #bhc to #bi4 ,int]/itial glass scanty4 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s1 :i* range up to #e mm4 9 size1 are m or less hematis$2 & 9 extreme cases ( ?is alt]ation1 :]e s*ill]-planes are =m$1 ! h&-specim5 appe>s to c>ry br[n mica4 ,!re are sometimes small gra9s ( oliv9e 7#a mm47 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,! plagioclase-ph5ocry/s1 v>y+ 9 size f #b to #d mm41 owe _! opacity p>tly to _! composite "*1 :5 !y pres5t an aggregate ( small] cle> cry/als1 & p>tly to multiple macl+4 ,!y give ext9ctions ( acid labradorite 7#be-cb74 ,pyrox5e-ph5ocry/s1 :5 pres5t1 are scanty1 pale br[n1 n ov] #b mm4 9 size1 & give ! l>ge ext9ctions 7#cj7 ( augite4 ,9 _! abs5ce small augites 7#b mm47 are frequ5t4 ,f9e granules 7#ja-jc mm47 ( simil> augite1 toge!r ) magnetite1 ab\nd 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass are fairly /\t & la!-l & %[ at times a few tw9-lamell :i* give ext9ctions ( #ac to #bj 7m$ium &es9e74 ,species repres5t$3 7a7 felsp> la!s #a-b mm4 7b7 felsp> la!s #b-c mm4 #c4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 non-flu1 gran1 non-ph51 magn4 ,,*>act]s4--,abundant oliv9e4 ,felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass granul>4 ,no plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,l>ge ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & pyrox5e ov] #b mm4 9 size4 ,,description4--,a rem>kable blacki%-grey rock4 ,al?\gh some:at scoriace\s1 x has a sp4 gr4 ( #bia4 ,x displays l>ge ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & pyrox5e1 #d to #h mm4 9 size1 9 a co>se-textur$ gr\ndmass ( /\t felsp>s1 augite granules1 magnetite & a little glass4 ,! oliv9e is ext5sively hematis$4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are ( br[ni%-yell[ augite ) regul> outl9es & giv+ angles ( ext9ction up to #dj4 ,! broad lamell> felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* are on ! av]age #c to #d mm4 long1 give ext9ctions indicat+ bo? acid labradorite 7#bc to #bh7 & m$ium &es9e 7#af or #ag74 ,! abundant augite-gra9s av]age #je mm4 9 size2 b ! prism =m occurs at times4 ,! species ) felsp>-la!s #c to #e mm4 long is alone repres5t$4 #d4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 non-flu1 gran1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,abundant oliv9e4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is granul>4 ,no plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,small ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & occasionally pyrox5e "u #b mm4 ,,description4--,a grey co>se-gra9$ rock4 ,sp4 gr4 #bi4 ,x displays abundant small ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e1 all less ?an a millimetre 9 size 7#b-h mm471 :i* are hematis$ 9 ! fissures & at ! bord]s4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* display a few tw9-lamell giv+ ext9ctions ( #af-ah 7m$ium &es9e71 v>y greatly 9 size4 ,! small] are #a to #c mm4 & ! l>g] #c to #e mm4 long2 b ! two are connect$ by felsp>s ( int]m$iate l5g?4 ,! abundant augite granules av]age #jcg mm4 9 bread?4 ,pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are n repres5t$ 9 ! slide4 ,f its co>sely cry/all9e texture ?is rock m]its ! field-"n ( a grey dol]itic basalt2 & except 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! felsp>-la!s x does n diff] f ! grey dol]itic basalts ( g5us #af4 #ab4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 non-flu1 oph1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e abundant4 ,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass ophitic or semi-ophitic4 ,no plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,small ph5ocry/s 7"u #b mm47 ( oliv9e & occasionally a few ( pyrox5e4 ,,description4--,a d>k gre5i%-br[n rock1 ) sp4 gr4 #bia1 %[+ abundant micro-porphyritic oliv9e 9 a gr\ndmass consi/+ ( ophitic pale-br[n augite inclos+ ! felsp>-la!s1 toge!r ) small oliv9es1 pat*es ( magnetite1 & a little alt]$ int]/itial glass4 ,! oliv9e-ph5ocry/s are ab\t #e mm4 9 av]age size & are m or less hematis$4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* av]age #ae mm4 9 l5g?1 (t5 %[ tw9-lamell t give ext9ctions ( #bc-cj 7&es9e-labradorite74 ,! species ) felsp>-la!s #a-b mm4 long is alone repres5t$4 #ac4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 flu1 gran1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e abundant4 ,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass granul>4 ,ph5ocry/s ( glassy plagioclase4 ,,description4--,d>k grey or d>k br[n rocks ) sp4 gr4 #bhh to #bii4 ,ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e1 pyrox5e1 & plagioclase occur 9 a gr\ndmass %[+ p>tially p>allel felsp>-la!s1 abundant pyrox5e gra9s1 & f9e magnetite1 residual glass be+ scanty or abs5t4 ,! oliv9e-ph5ocry/s d n exce$ #c or #d mm4 9 size & 9 "s rocks are less ?an #a mm4 ,!y are usually m or less s]p5t9is$ & hematis$ at ! bord]s & 9 ! cracks2 b sometimes !y are almo/ fre% & pres5t regul> outl9es4 ,9 "s rocks ! oliv9e also occurs z gra9s 7#c mm47 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,:5 ! ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e h blacki% bord]s !y are surr\nd$ by a halo1 z ?\gh ! cry/al _h attract$ ! magnetite f ! gr\ndmass imm$iately ar\nd4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s v>y f #a to #c mm4 9 size4 ,!y (t5 conta9 abundant magma-inclusions & give lamell> ext9ctions ( #ae to #be 7basic &es9e74 ,9 "s rocks !y are rudely p>allel4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are ( pale br[ni%-yell[ augite giv+ ext9ctions ( ov] #cj1 d n usually exce$ #c mm4 ,!y pres5t regul> octagonal cross-sections & sometimes display lamell> tw9n+4 ,occasionally !re is a suspicion ( int]gr[? ) rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* accord+ to ! species v>y mu* 9 l5g?1 at times %[ a few lamell4 ,! augite gra9s ( ! gr\ndmass are abundant & are z a rule ab\t #jb mm4 9 size2 b 9 "s rocks !y are l>g] & 9 o!rs small]4 ,?is g5us may be divid$ into two sub-g5]a1 ! porphyritic sub-g5us :]e ! felsp> ph5ocry/s are l>g] ?an #c mm41 & ! non-porphyritic :]e !y are small]4 ,all f\r species1 z indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s1 are repres5t$4 #ad4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 flu1 gran1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e abundant4 ,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass granul>4 ,opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,,description4--,d>k grey rocks1 ) sp4 gr4 #bi to #bic1 %[+ ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & pyrox5e ) opaque :iti% ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase 9 a gr\ndmass ( felsp> la!s1 pyrox5e gra9s1 & magnetite1 ) occasional f9e oliv9e4 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are sometimes #e or #f mm4 9 size1 are (t5 deeply erod$4 ,!y are at times s ext5sively hematis$ along ! s*ill]-planes t !y appe> l br[n mica4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s owe _! opacity 9 "p to _! consi/+ ( an aggregate ( less] cry/als :i* are cle> & glassy & give lamell> ext9ctions ( #bj to #cj 7&es9e labradorite74 ,!y d n usually exce$ #c mm4 & are sometimes scanty4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are at times infrequ5t1 may be #e mm4 9 size4 ,!y are ( pale yell[i%-br[n augite1 giv+ ext9ctions ( #dj4 ,! felsp>-la!s are r>ely lamell>2 b 9 "o su* case ! angle ( ext9ction 0 #ag 7m$ium &es9e74 ,! gra9s ( augite 9 ! gr\ndmass av]age #jb mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! only species repres5t$ is t ) ! felsp>-la!s #a to #b mm4 long4 #ae4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 flu1 gran1 non-ph51 magn4 ,,*>act]s4--,abundant oliv9e4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is granul>4 ,no plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 b l>ge ph5ocry/s1 ov] #b mm41 ( oliv9e & pyrox5e4 ,,description4--,?is g5us includes ! mo/ basic rocks repres5t$ 9 my collection4 ,!y are compact heavy blacki% rocks ) sp4 gr4 #c to #ca1 & display l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( oliv9e & pyrox5e (t5 #c or #d mm4 9 size4 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s may be fairly fre% ) clean outl9es1 or !y may be deeply erod$ & /a9$ by iron oxide1 or !y may be pass+ into s]p5t9e4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s may be ei!r erod$ or possess regul> outl9es4 ,!y are ( pale br[n augite & give ext9ctions ov] #cj4 ,! pyrox5e granules1 :i* av]age #jb mm4 & are v abundant1 are ( ! same augite4 ,! felsp>-la!s are relatively scanty4 ,9 ! two rocks "h includ$ !y av]age 9 l5g? #jf mm4 & #jh mm4 ,:5 lamell c be recognis$ !y give ext9ctions ( #cj-dj 7labradorite74 ,! untw9n$ la!s give ext9ctions ( #bj-bh 7labradorite74 ,! only species repres5t$ is t ) felsp>-la!s less ?an #a mm4 9 l5g?4 #af4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 cop1 flu1 gran1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,abundant oliv9e4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[ arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is granul>4 ,!re are no plagioclase ph5ocry/s2 b !re are num]\s small ph5ocry/s1 "u #b mm4 9 size1 ( oliv9e & occasionally a few ( pyrox5e4 ,,description4--,z a highly basic g5us ?is ranks next to ! prec$+ "o1 ! specific gravity ( ! rocks rang+ f #bia to #cja4 ,all ! f\r species indicat$ by ! v>y+ l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s are repres5t$ 9 my collection4 ,! rocks ( ! fir/ two1 ) ! felsp>s av]ag+ less ?an #a mm4 & betwe5 #a & #b mm41 are compact aphanitic basalts1 only display+ an occasional small ph5ocry/ ( augite & blacki%-grey or blui%-black 9 col\r4 ,^? ( ! la/ two species1 ) ! av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s #b-c mm4 & #c-e mm4 respectively1 are lighti%-grey co>se-textur$ rocks ( ! dol]itic type4 ,9 all ! rocks no pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are display$ 9 ! slide2 & ! oliv9e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are v num]\s1 d n usually exce$ #a mm41 ?\gh occasionally ! av]age size is #ac mm41 & n infrequ5tly x is only #e mm4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! l>g] oliv9e ph5ocry/s lie a?w>t ! curr5t ( ! felsp>-la!s1 ! small] 7#e mm47 lie ) _! long axes p>allel to ! fl[4 ,! oliv9e is ei!r fre%1 or x may be beg9n+ to s]p5t9ise 9 ! cracks1 or x may be 9 "p hematis$4 ,! cry/als may h regul> outl9es1 or !y may be r\nd$ & sometimes deeply erod$4 ,! pyrox5e granules ( ! gr\ndmass are ( pale-br[n augite1 & av]age #ja to #jc mm4 9 size4 ,occasionally a few prism =ms occur1 giv+ ext9ctions ( #cj to #dj4 ,9 ! case ( ! m compact rocks1 ) ! felsp>-la!s av]ag+ less ?an #b mm4 9 l5g?1 lamell> tw9n+ is b scantily to be notic$ 9 ! la!s1 :i* give ext9ctions measur$ f ! long axis ( #bj to #be & by ! tw9 lamell ( #cj to #ce1 indicative ( acid labradorite 9 bo? in/ances4 ,) ! co>s] dol]itic grey basalts1 :]e ! felsp>-la!s are /\t] & h an av]age l5g? exce$+ #b mm41 lamell> tw9n+ is m frequ5t2 ! ext9ctions af=d$ by ! lamell range betwe5 #ae & #be 7m$ium &es9e74 ,residual glass is scanty 9 ^! rocks1 & 9 ! grey dol]ites x is (t5 difficult to recognise any4 #b4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,*>act]s4--,scanty oliv9e4 ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc4 #be4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc1 non-flu1 gran1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,felsp>s 7la!s & prisms7 ( ! gr\ndmass n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass granul>4 ,glassy plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,,description4--,ab\t two-?irds ( ^! rocks h a common facies1 be+ closely simil> 9 appe>ance1 br[ni%-black 9 col\r1 & ) spec4 grav4 usually betwe5 #bhd & #bib4 ,!y belong to ! species ) ! felsp>-la!s #a to #b mm4 9 l5g?4 ,!y are ess5tially ! rocks ( ! old subm>9e basaltic fl[s2 & !y are (t5 column>1 ! columns be+ #b to #d feet across4 ,my rem>ks w ma9ly apply to ?is pr$om9ant gr\p4 ,to ! eye !y are some:at compact & %[ scatt]$ porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase4 ,9 ! slide !y display num]\s ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase1 ) a few ( oliv9e & pyrox5e1 9 a gr\ndmass =m$ ( /\t lamell> felsp>-la!s & small prisms =m+ a plexus ) granul> augite 9 ! me%es4 ,!re is a good deal ( magnetite & g5]ally scanty residual glass4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are usually #b to #c mm4 9 size1 b !y may be small] 7#a to #b mm47 or l>g] 7#c to #e mm4 or m7 :5 ! rock has a porphyritic appe>ance4#aaa ,!y are (t5 cross-macl$ & at times %[ zon+4 ,9 _m slides two k9ds are di/+ui%$ by ! ext9ctions :i* indicate 9 "o case m$ium &es9e 7#ae to #bb7 & 9 ! o!r acid labradorite 7#bg to #cb74 ,!y conta9 inclusions ( ! magma & are (t5 erod$4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are ( pale br[n augite1 scanty & small1 & give ext9ctions ( #cj to #dj4 ,!y are sometimes tw9n$ & may be erod$ & conta9 inclusions ( ! magma4 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s1 :i* d n usually exce$ #b or #c mm41 are mo/ly r\nd$1 b sometimes h ! regul> outl9es1 & are 9 v>i\s /ages ( s]p5t9isation4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* av]age #ag mm4 9 l5g?1 are mo/ly /\t & lamell>2 b !y exhibit all transitions f ! la!-%ape ) "o or two lamell to broad multi-lamell> prisms :]e ! bread? is half ! l5g?4 ,!y give lamell> ext9ctions av]ag+ #ae to #ah 7&es9e74 ,! augite granules ( ! gr\ndmass are pale br[n & av]age #jb to #jc mm4 9 size4 ,9 a few cases !y are l>g] 7#je mm47 :i* is an indication ( an approa* to ! ophitic type4 ,9 mo/ slides occur a few small augites ( prism-=m1 two or ?ree times ! size ( ! granules1 :i* give ext9ctions ( ov] #cj4 ,:]e ! ph5ocry/s ( augite are v scanty or abs5t1 !re exi/ l>ge gra9s 7#a mm47 ( an int]m$iate size4 ,! magnetite is (t5 abundant1 occurr+ 9 cry/als1 rods1 & irregul> masses1 ! la/ associat$ (t5 ) ! int]/itial glass :i* is pres5t 9 small quantities 9 mo/ rocks1 be+ gre5i% or br[ni% & %[+ fibr\s devitrification4 ,9 "s localities semi-vitre\s rocks ref]able to ?is g5us are frequ5t4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! ,naivaka p59sula1 :]e ! rocks %[ a fair am\nt ( glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 ! porphyritic augite be+ well develop$1 :il/ ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is only 9 "p diff]5tiat$4 ,?ree ( ! f\r species are "h repres5t$4 ,^? ) l>ge felsp>-la!s 7#b-c mm4 long7 & co>se augite granules 7#je7 approa* ! semi-ophitic rocks includ$ 9 g5us #cc4 #bf4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc1 non-flu1 gran1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s & prisms are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is granul>4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are opaque4 ,,description4--,d>k grey porphyritic rocks1 :i*1 f ! opacity ( ! felsp> ph5ocry/s1 look l porphyrites4 ,!y are n v frequ5t & occur mo/ly on ! nor!rn slopes ( ,m\nt ,seatura4 ,two diff]5t types occur 9 my collection :i* may be reg>d$ z sub-g5]a4 ,9 ! mo/ basic k9d1 :]e ! sp4 gr4 is #bhf to #bhi1 ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 #b to #c mm4 9 size1 owe _! opacity *iefly to _! aggregate /ructure4 ,!y give lamell> ext9ctions 7#ae-cj7 ( &es9e labradorite4 ,porphyritic oliv9e is scanty & m or less hematis$2 b a fair am\nt ( oliv9e gra9s1 less ?an #a mm41 occur 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are scanty1 b microporphyritic pale br[n augite 7#a mm47 is frequ5t4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass are f\nd /\ti% felsp>-la!s1 av]ag+ #b mm4 long1 toge!r ) an abundance ( f9e augite granules 7#ja-jb mm47 & f9e magnetite1 ! residual glass be+ scanty4444 ,9 ! o!r type ! sp4 gr4 is #bge2 & ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s #d to #f mm4 9 size give ext9ctions ( &es9e & acid labradorite 7#aj-cj74 ,!re is an approa* to ! or?ophyric /ructure 9 ! gr\ndmass1 z is indicat$ by ! numb] ( %ort broad felsp>s1 av]ag+ #b mm4 9 l5g? & giv+ lamell> ext9ctions ( acid & basic &es9e4 ,! granul> augite ( ! gr\ndmass is co>se 7#jd mm471 & occasional prism-=ms give ext9ctions ( #dj4 #cc4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc1 non-flu1 oph1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is ophitic or semi-ophitic4 ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s glassy4 ,,description4--,^! br[ni%-black rocks are all ( ! semi-ophitic type4 ,al?\gh no ophitic 8plates0 occur 9 ! slide1 ! augites ( ! gr\ndmass h no long] ! granul> =m1 b are l>ge1 #jh-a mm4 9 size1 & t5d to inve/ ! felsp>-la!s4 ,! specific gravity ranges f #bgh to #bhf4 ,z 9 o!r ( ! ophitic & semi-ophitic rocks ( ?is collection 7g5]a #i1 #aj1 #ab1 ( ! augite-&esites71 ! l>ge size ( ! felsp>-la!s 7#b-c mm4 long7 ( ! gr\ndmass gives a dol]itic texture 9 ! slide4 ,9 mo/ ( ! o!r *>act]s ^! rocks approa* ^? ( g5us #be :i* possess felsp>-la!s m ?an #b mm4 9 l5g?4 ,b !y are m (t5 semi-vitre\s1 & display a consid]able am\nt ( d>k smoky glass %[+ num]\s magnetite rods & skeletal cry/als ) fibr\s devitrification4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* v>y mu* 9 size 9 diff]5t rocks 79 "s #b or #c mm41 9 o!rs #d or #e mm471 give ext9ctions ( &es9e labradorite 7#bj-ce74 ,!y are (t5 erod$ & conta9 num]\s l>ge black inclusions ( ! magma4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are ( pale-br[n augite1 (t5 h an aggregate-/ructure1 hav+ be5 =m$ 9 situ4 ,o!rs aga9 consi/ ( s+le cry/als & h be5 mu* affect$ by ! magma4 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are at times deeply erod$1 are g5]ally small & 9 "p s]p5t9is$4 #cg4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc1 flu1 gran1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is granul>4 ,glassy plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,,description4--,br[ni%-black rocks :i* _c be di/+ui%$1 except 9 ! fl[-arrangem5t ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 f ^? describ$ "u g5us #be4 ,l !m !y ent] into ! =mation ( ! basaltic pla9s ( ,s>awanga & ,mbua & else:]e4 ,mo/ ( ! rocks ( ?is g5us gr\p !mselves into "o type :]e ! felsp>-la!s av]age 9 l5g? #ae-ba mm4 ,! sp4 gr4 is usually betwe5 #bhg & #bia4 ,?\gh r>ely porphyritic1 su* rocks display to ! eye a few small scatt]$ glassy ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & an occasional gra9 ( oliv9e4 ,x is to ?is type ( ! g5us t ! foll[+ description applies4 ,9 ! ?9 sections !y display small plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 ) a few ( oliv9e & occasionally ( pyrox5e1 9 a gr\ndmass :]e ! fl[-arrangem5t ( ! felsp>-la!s is well m>k$1 ! re/ ( ! gr\ndmass be+ made up ( granul> augite ) magnetite & g5]ally a little residual glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s d n usually exce$ #b mm4 9 size & conta9 magma inclusions4 ,two k9ds are (t5 indicat$ 9 ! same slide by ! ext9ctions1 namely1 "o ( m$ium &es9e 7#ag-bb71 & ! o!r ( acid labradorite 7#bh-cc74444 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are ( pale br[n augite2 b !y are small 7less ?an #b mm471 scanty1 & (t5 abs5t :5 _! place is tak5 by microporphyritic augite1 #b mm4 9 size4444 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s are g5]ally small4 ,?\gh sometimes %[+ ! long hexagonal sections1 !y are (t5 r\nd$ & m or less s]p5t9is$4444 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass pres5t m typical la!s ?an are to be obs]v$ 9 ! non-p>allel felsp>s ( ! rocks ( g5us #be4 ,! tw9-lamell1 :5 pres5t1 are few]2 b give simil> ext9ctions 7#ae-ba7 ( m$ium &es9e4444 ,! augite granules are1 z a rule1 #jb or #jc mm4 9 diamet]2 b occasional m prismatic =ms occur1 two or ?ree times ! l5g?1 :i* give ext9ctions ( ov] #cj4 ,! magnetite is abundant1 & ! scanty int]/itial glass is gre5 or br[n & displays fibr\s devitrification4 ,! foll[+ ?ree species1 z indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s1 are repres5t$ 9 my collection3 7a7 #jb-a mm4 7b7 #a-b mm4 7c7 #b-c mm4 #ch4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc1 flu1 gran1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is granul>4 ,opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,,description4--,grey rocks1 sp4 gr4 #bgh to #bhc1 %[+ small opaque porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase ) a few ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & pyrox5e 9 a gr\ndmass ( p>allel felsp>-la!s1 augite granules1 & magnetite1 ) v scanty1 if any1 int]/itial glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 #b to #c mm4 9 size1 are (t5 aggregates ( small] cry/als4 ,!y conta9 col\rless granul> inclusions & are sometimes zon$1 giv+ ext9ctions ( m$ium &esite 7#ae-ah71 & ( &es9e labradorite 7#be-bi74444 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are pale-br[n1 scanty1 #b to #c mm4 9 size1 (t5 tw9n$ & give ! l>ge ext9ctions ( augite4444 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s1 :i* d n exce$ #b or #c mm41 are deeply erod$ by ! magma & are hematis$ & s*ill]is$4 ,small gra9s also occur 9 ! gr\ndmass4444 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* 9 ! species "h repres5t$ av]age #ae mm4 9 l5g?1 are /\t & give lamell> ext9ctions ( &es9e 7#ah-bb74444 ,! augite granules are pale-br[n & usually #jb-jc mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! only species repres5t$ 9 my collection is t ) ! felsp>-la!s #a-b mm4 long4 #dj4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc1 flu1 gran1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is granul>4 ,no plagioclase ph5ocry/s2 b !re are a few small ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & sometimes ( pyrox5e "u #b mm4 9 size4 ,,description4--,compact-look+ non-porphyritic blacki%-br[n rocks1 sp4 gr4 ab\t #bi4 ,occasionally a little vesicul>4 ,= ! mo/ "p dyke-rocks4 ,9 ! slide are display$ a few small ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & pyrox5e 9 a gr\ndmass =m$ ( m or less p>allel felsp>-la!s1 augite granules1 magnetite1 sometimes 9 rods1 & a little gre5i% devitrifi$ residual glass4444 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are ( pale-br[n augite & are g5]ally less ?an a millimetre 9 size4 ,!y may be s+le cry/als or !y may be =m$ ( an aggregate ( a few small] cry/als4444 ,! oliv9e ph5ocry/s r>ely exce$ #b mm4 9 size & are 9 "p s]p5t9is$4444 ,! augite granules v>y usually f #ja to #jc mm4 9 diamet]4444 ,! felsp>-la!s ( ! rocks 9 ?is collection are l>ge1 (t5 exce$+ #b mm4 9 l5g?1 giv+ ! rock a dol]itic texture 9 ! slide4 ,9 a s+le slide !y may range f #a to #f mm4 ,:5 lamell> !y give ext9ctions ( #ae to #be 7basic &es9e74 ,two species are repres5t$ 9 ?is collection3-- 7a7 ) felsp>-la!s #b-c mm4 7b7 ) felsp>-la!s #c-e mm4 #dd4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,oliv9e-,,basalts ,,=mula4--,oliv1 matr1 pauc1 flu1 prism1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,oliv9e scanty4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! pyrox5e is 9 great "p prismatic4 ,!re are no ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase2 b !re are a few small ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e & sometimes ( pyrox5e1 less ?an #b mm4 9 size4 ,,description4--,a d>k grey compacti% rock2 sp4 gr4 #bi2 %[+ a little macroscopic oliv9e2 =m+ a dyke 9 ! tuffs on ! summit ( ! hill ( ,vatui 7p4 #ed74 ,9 ! section x exhibits a few ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e 7m or less s]p5t9is$7 & ( augite 9 a gr\ndmass =m$ ( /\t augite prisms & small augite granules ) felsp>-la!s1 magnetite1 & a little devitrifi$ yell[i% int]/itial glass4 ,! augite prisms & ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t4444 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are pale br[n & give ext9ctions ( ov] #cj f ! s+le cleavage-l9es1 may be aggregates ( five or six small] cry/als or s+le cry/als pres5t+ sometimes lamell> tw9n+4 ,! fir/ are d\btless =m$ 9 situ4 ,! second ?\gh %[+ regul> outl9es may h a nucleus giv+ a diff]5t ext9ction & possess+ erod$ m>g9s4 ,! /\t augite prisms ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* are occasionally tw9n$1 h an av]age l5g? ( #b to #c mm4 & give angles ( ext9ction ) ! long axis ( #cj to #dj4 ,! felsp>-la!s av]age only #jg mm4 9 l5g? & af=d ext9ctions1 :5 untw9n$1 ( #ah to #bd 7acid labradorite74 ,! only species repres5t$ is t :]e ! av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s is betwe5 #jb & #a mm4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,,augite ,,class ,,sub-,,class ,,ii ,,augite-,,&esites ,,includ+ ,,! ,,basaltic ,,&esites 7,plag1 aug1 matr47 ,,?is sub-class1 :i* comprises #dj p] c5t4 ( ! volcanic rocks1 is *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( oliv9e on ! "o h&1 & by ! r>ity or abs5ce ( rhombic pyrox5e on ! o!r4 ,on ! basic side x %ades into ! oliv9e-basalts ?r\gh ! basaltic &esites1 & on ! acid side by int]m$iate /ages into ! hyp]/h5e augite &esites2 & = ^! reasons x is n always possible to draw a %>p l9e ( di/9ction4 ,9 cases :]e a h&-specim5 displays no macroscopic oliv9e & :]e a solit>y small ph5ocry/ ( oliv9e is alone obs]v$ 9 ! slide1 x %\ld be ref]r$ to ?is sub-class2 & "h also all d\btful specim5s z reg>ds ! occurr5ce ( oliv9e %\ld be plac$4 ,:5 ! "q ( ! occurr5ce ( rhombic pyrox5e arises1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! great preval5ce ( monocl9ic pyrox5e among/ ! ph5ocry/s & ! practical abs5ce ( rhombic pyrox5e f ! gr\ndmass are ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ?is sub-class4 ,rhombic pyrox5e is only indicat$ at times by int]gr[?s 9 ! ph5ocry/s4 ,! basaltic &esites ent] into ! =mation ( old 8fl[s10 z 9 ! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s4 ,! o!r rocks ent] pr9cipally into ! composition ( dykes1 necks1 & agglom]ates4 ,i4 ,,granul> ,,sub-,,ord] 7,,augite-,,&esites7 ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 gran4 #a4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 gran1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s & prisms are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is granul>4 ,ph5ocry/s ( glassy plagioclase4 ,,description4--,^! rocks frequ5tly =m dykes2 & x is probable t mo/ ( ! in/ances :]e ! nature ( ! exposure c\ld n be asc]ta9$ also fall into ?is category4 ,!y are d>k-br[n or blacki%1 & _! sp4 gr4 ranges1 except 9 ! semi-vitre\s rocks1 f #bg to #bhc4 ,!y are sometimes vesicul>1 & rocks ) abundant int]/itial glass are common4 ,!y admit ( gr\p+ into two sub-g5]a accord+ to ! size ( ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s3 7a7 ,porphyritic1 :]e ! av]age size is #c mm4 or ov]4 7b7 ,non-porphyritic :]e ! av]age size is less ?an #c mm4 ,ne>ly all ! rocks 9 my collection belong to ! second gr\p4 ,9 ! sections !y display ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & occasionally ( pyrox5e 9 a gr\ndmass =m$ ( a plexus ( felsp>-la!s1 augite granules1 magnetite1 & usually a fair am\nt ( smoky m or less opaque int]/itial glass4444 ,! felsp> ph5ocry/s1 :i* are sometimes abundant1 give lamell> ext9ctions ( &es9e labradorite 7#ae to #cj74 ,!y are frequ5tly small 7#a to #b mm47 & conta9 (t5 _m magma-inclusions4 ,:il/ ! corrod$ aspect ( "s indicate t !y belong to an e>li] p]iod1 ! aggregate "* & regul> outl9es ( o!rs sugge/ t !y h be5 produc$ 9 position4444 ,pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are abs5t 9 half ! rocks4 ,:5 pres5t !y are g5]ally small & ( a pale augite :i* gives ext9ctions ( #cj4 ,_! size does n usually exce$ #b mm42 & !y may consi/ ( s+le cry/als 7sometimes tw9n$7 or ( an aggregate ( small] cry/als4 ,at times !re is a suspicion ( int]gr[? ) rhombic pyrox5e2 b no ph5ocry/s =m$ alone ( t m9]al occur4444 ,! augite granules ( ! gr\ndmass z a rule v>y f #jb to #jd mm4 9 diamet]4 ,occasional prism-=ms giv+ l>ge ext9ctions occur4444 ,! felsp>-la!s v>y mu* 9 l5g? 9 diff]5t rocks4 ,9 "s !y av]age z little z #je mm41 & 9 o!rs z mu* z #b mm42 b ! dol]itic type ) yet long] la!s is n repres5t$ 9 ! collection except among ! alt]$ rocks4 ,mo/ ( ! la!s %[ a s+le m$ian tw9-l9e1 & :5 broad] !y display tw9-lamell4 ,! angles ( ext9ction indicate acid & basic &es9e4 ,?ree out ( ! eight species di/+ui%$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s occur 9 my collection1 t ) ! longe/ la!s 7#c-e mm47 be+ n repres5t$4 #b4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 gran1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s & prisms are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is granul>4 ,opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,,description4--,?is g5us may be divid$ into two gr\ps accord+ to ! size ( ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 ! fir/ 8porphyritic10 :]e !y av]age #c mm4 & ov]1 ! second 8non-porphyritic10 :]e !y are small] ?an #c mm41 usually n ov] #b mm4 ,! =m] w\ld include "s ( ! 8porphyrites10 & to ?is only "o ( ! rocks slic$ is to be ref]r$4 ,all ! re/ belong to ! non-porphyritic type2 & sev]al ( !m are rocks t h und]gone ! propylitic *ange1 z indicat$ by ! =mation ( pyrites1 *lorite1 calcite1 & o!r alt]ation-products4 7a7 ,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us4--,a greyi% rock1 ) sp4 gr4 #bgh1 %[+ abundant porphyritic opaque plagioclase 7#d to #g mm471 f ! vic9ity ( ,satulaki4 ,^! ph5ocry/s are (t5 aggregates ( less] cry/als1 or !y may be ext5sively cross-macl$4 ,!y are trav]s$ by num]\s f9e cracks & %[ mu* du/-l includ$ mat]ial4 ,!y are 9 "p corrod$ by ! magma & give evid5ce ( fracture 9 _! pres5t position1 ! re-union be+ sometimes effect$ by ! gr[? ( new sub/ance4 ,_! lamell> ext9ctions 7#aj to #bj7 are ^? ( &es9e4 ,! gr\ndmass displays a plexus ( /\t felsp>-la!s1 av]ag+ #a mm4 long1 ) ! me%es occupi$ by co>se augite granules1 #jc to #je mm41 ) little1 if any1 int]/itial glass4 ,! felsp>s are (t5 lamell> & give ext9ctions l ^? ( ! ph5ocry/s4 7b7 ,,non-,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us4--,ref]5ce w fir/ be made to "s ( ! propylitic rocks ( ! dykes ( ! ,ndriti ,bas9 :i* belong to ?is gr\p 7see p4 #gj74 ,!y are gre5i% or greyi%1 ) sp4 gr4 #bgf to #bh1 & (t5 sp>kle ) pyrites & conta9 second>y calcite1 sometimes to su* an ext5t t !y might be tak5 at fir/ sight = impure lime/ones4 ,! small opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s 7"u #b mm471 t !y conta91 are m evid5t 9 ! slide ?an 9 ! h&-specim51 & sc>cely give a macroscopic "* to ! rock4 ,!y give ext9ctions 7#aj to #cj7 rang+ f ^? ( acid &es9e to acid labradorite1 & are trav]s$ by num]\s cracks occupi$ by calcitic & o!r alt]ation products4 ,! few pyrox5e ph5ocry/s t once exi/$ are n[ entirely repres5t$ by *loritic pseudomorphs4 ,! gr\ndmass displays a dol]itic texture1 exhibit+ a plexus ( long felsp>-la!s1 #b to #d mm4 9 av]age l5g?1 :i* (t5 pres5t a false resemblance to a fl[-arrangem5t f _! aggregation into bundles4 ,!y are (t5 cl\d$ by second>y products1 b occasionally give lamell> ext9ctions 7#bj to #cj7 indicat+ &es9e labradorite4 ,! re/ ( ! gr\ndmass is greatly alt]$1 ! granul> augite & ! int]/itial glass1 :i* orig9ally exi/$ 9 fair am\nt1 be+ replac$ by calcite1 *lorite1 pyrites1 & occasionally epidote1 s t ! rock mass appe>s l>gely impregnat$ ) alt]ation products4 ,9 addition !re is mu* second>y magnetite1 & 9 "s cases !re are a few m9ute cavities fill$ ) *alc$onic silica & zeolites4 ,ref]5ce may "h be made to a s+ul> rock f ,ruku-ruku ,bay1 :i* resembles ! ,ndriti rocks 9 its propylitic alt]ation1 b ! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass1 #ba mm4 9 l5g?1 give ! small ext9ctions ( oligoclase4 ,spec4 grav4 #bfa4 ,mo/ ( ! prevail+ rocks ( ,m\nt ,freel& belong to ?is sub-g5us4 ,!y are d>k grey & %[ small opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s #a or #b mm4 9 size4 ,!y usually1 h[ev]1 are m or less alt]$1 ! *ange be+ (t5 ( ! propylitic type1 calcite1 *loritic mat]ial1 viridite1 & occasionally pyrites occurr+ z alt]ation products4 ,! specific gravity ( ! alt]$ rocks is #bfa-bfi2 t ( ! lea/ affect$ is ab\t #bgf4 ,!y all1 h[ev]1 belong to ! same g5us1 display+ small ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & augite 9 a gr\ndmass compos$ ( m9ute /\ti% felsp>-la!s 7#jc-jf mm471 augite granules1 magnetite1 & a little residual glass4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s owe _! opacity p>tly to ! num]\s f9e cracks trav]s+ !m & p>tly to ! alt]ation products4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are mo/ly ( pale yell[ augite1 display at times int]gr[?s ( rhombic pyrox5e4 #d4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 gran1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s & prisms are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is granul>4 ,!re are no plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 & ^? ( augite :5 pres5t are small 7"u #b mm474 ,,description4--,two gr\ps ( ^! rocks occur 9 my collection4 ,9 ! "o !re are vesicul> & scoriace\s rocks =m+ dykes ne> ,nukunase & ne> ! village ( ,ndriti4 ,!y display a plexus ( felsp>-la!s ) abundant smoky m or less devitrifi$ glass1 ! augite granules n be+ always diff]5tiat$4 ,! felsp>-la!s v>y f #a to #b mm4 9 av]age l5g?1 & :5 lamell> give ext9ctions ( basic &es9e 7#be74 ,!re are no pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 & ! augite granules :5 pres5t av]age #jb mm4 9 size4 ,9 ! o!r gr\p are includ$ "s propylites f ! dykes ( ! ,ndriti ,bas94 ,!y are greyi% or gre5i% rocks1 h a sp4 gr4 ( #bgb to #bgf1 sp>kle (t5 ) pyrites1 & conta9 s mu* second>y calcite t !y eff]vesce freely ) an acid4 ,except 9 ! r>ity or abs5ce ( plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 !y come ne> to ! propylitic rocks describ$ "u g5us #b4 ,!y usually display a dol]itic gr\ndmass exhibit+ long felsp>-la!s1 #b to #cc mm4 9 l5g?1 :i* pres5t ! same pseudo-fl[ arrangem5t f _! be+ ga!r$ into bundles4 ,! alt]ation corresponds precisely to t previ\sly describ$1 *lorite1 epidote1 pyrites1 c41 occurr+ 9 quantity z second>y products4 ,,ii ,,prismatic ,,sub-,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,:]e ,,! ,,felsp>-,,la!s ,,are ,,n ,,9 ,,fl[-,,arrangem5t ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 prism4 ,! augite-&esites1 :i* display 9 ! gr\ndmass a plexus ( felsp>-la!s & mu* prismatic pyrox5e1 are n frequ5t 9 my collection4 ,ab\t half ( ! specim5s belong to agglom]ates1 :il/ ! re/ are ( ! massive type1 none app>5tly be+ obta9$ f dykes4 ,!y admit ( ! same classification z t g5]ally adopt$ = ! 8granul>0 sub-ord]s2 & x mu/ be n =gott5 t granul> pyrox5e also occurs b is n pr$om9ant4 #e4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 prism1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s & prisms are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is = ! mo/ "p prismatic4 ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s glassy4 ,,description4--,except z reg>ds ! prismatic pyrox5e ^! rocks d n diff] mu* f ! 8granul>0 augite-&esites4 ,^? be=e me %[ ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & sometimes ( augite 9 a gr\ndmass display+ a me%-"w ( felsp>-la!s1 prismatic pyrox5e1 & mu* int]/itial glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 #a to #c mm4 9 size1 %[ abundant magma-inclusions arrang$ ei!r zone-wise or p>allel to ! tw9n+-planes4 ,!y are (t5 erod$4444 ,! ph5ocry/s ( augite1 :i* give ext9ctions ( ov] #cj1 are (t5 r\nd$ & display glass & o!r inclusions4444 ,! prismatic pyrox5es ( ! gr\ndmass v>y 9 av]age l5g? f #jc to #jh mm4 ,!y h ! peculi> pale muddy br[n hue *>act]i/ic ( ! prismatic augite 9 ^! rocks1 & give oblique ext9ctions up to #cj & ov]4 ,!y may be %ort & broad or long & sl5d]1 & :5 !re is mu* glass 9 ! rock !y resemble ! felsp>-la!s 9 _! =k$ & imp]fect extremities4 ,granul> pyrox5e occurs1 b is subord9ate4444 ,! felsp>-la!s1 #a mm4 long1 are r>ely lamell>1 & give ext9ctions measur$ f _! long axis ( #bj 7basic &es9e74 #f4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 prism1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is = ! mo/ "p prismatic4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are opaque4 ,,description4--,light & d>k grey rocks display+ abundant opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s n exce$+ #be mm4 ,!y are some:at alt]$1 "o ( ! specim5s hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( #bfh4 ,9 ! section !y exhibit ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase1 & occasionally ( augite 9 a gr\ndmass ( felsp>-la!s1 pyrox5e prisms & granules 7! =m] pr$om9at+71 ) a fair am\nt ( alt]$ int]/itial glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s owe _! opacity to ! great numb] ( f9e & sometimes p>allel cracks fill$ ) alt]ation products1 t trav]se !m4 ,al?\gh mu* ( _! orig9al mat]ial has (t5 disappe>$1 !y /ill display ! lamell> tw9n+ ( m$ium &es9e 7#ae to #bj74444 ,! ph5ocry/s ( pale yell[i% augite1 :i* give ! l>ge ext9ctions ( t m9]al1 exhibit b little alt]ation1 al?\gh ly+ 9 ! same slide ) ^? ( ! plagioclase4444 ,! pyrox5e prisms ( ! gr\ndmass are ( ! same yell[i% augite4 ,!y are broad ) r\nd$ extremities & are arrang$ 9 a loose plexus4444 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* av]age #a mm4 9 l5g? & give ext9ctions ( m$ium &es9e1 are ei!r la!-%ap$ or %ort & broad :5 !y display lamell4 ,! la/-nam$ approa* ! or?ophyric type1 & su* rocks come ne> ! porphyrites2 b ,i d n feel ju/ifi$ 9 plac+ !m 9 a sep>ate or?ophyric ord]4 ,,iii ,,ophitic ,,sub-,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,) ,,! ,,felsp>s ,,( ,,! ,,gr\ndmass ,,n ,,9 ,,fl[-,,arrangem5t4 ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 oph4 ,^! rocks =m g5]ally anci5t fl[s4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p semi-ophitic1 l>ge ophitic 8plates0 be+ uncommon4 #i4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 oph1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,! felsp>-la!s & prisms ( ! gr\ndmass are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,! augite ( ! gr\ndmass is ophitic or semi-ophitic4 ,glassy plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,?is g5us may be divid$ into two sub-g5]a1 7a7 ,porphyritic1 :]e ! av]age size ( ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s is #c mm4 & ov]4 7b7 ,non-porphyritic1 :]e ! size is less ?an #c mm4 ,a4 ,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us ,,description4--,co>se-look+ br[ni%-black porphyritic rocks display+ l>ge plagioclase cry/als t (t5 %[ a play ( col\rs4 ,_! sp4 gr4 is ab\t #bh4 ,none ( ! rocks 9 my collection are vesicul>4 ,on acc\nt ( ! consid]able porphyritic developm5t ( ! plagioclase1 ! gr\ndmass is relatively dim9i%$1 ! l>ge ph5ocry/s occupy+ ab\t a ?ird ( ! mass4 ,!y =m anci5t basaltic fl[s m especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! isolat$ hills & m\nta9s ( acid &esite1 z ar\nd ,vatu ,kaisia2 :il/ !y may ent] into ! =mation ( ! l[ basaltic pla9s z 9 ! region we/ & s\? ( ! ,ndreketi ,riv]4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 limit$ 9 _! ext5t & occurr5ce4 ,f ! l>ge am\nt ( glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 !y may be inf]r$ to belong to fl[s =m$ "u diff]5t conditions f ^? "u :i* ! great basaltic plateaux 7 =m$1 :]e ! rock conta9s b scanty int]/itial glass4 ,9 ! slide !y %[ ! l>ge plagioclase ph5ocry/s toge!r ) a few small plates ( ophitic augite 9 a gr\ndmass display+ 9 an abundant smoky glass a loose plexus ( long /\t la!-l plagioclase prisms p>tly wrapp$ ar\nd by less] augites4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* atta9 a size ( #d to #f mm41 give lamell> ext9ctions ( basic &es9e 7#bj-bg7 & %[ conc5tric zone-l9es ) transmitt$ light4 ,!y (t5 pol>ise 9 brilliant col\rs & are ext5sively cross-macl$4 ,!y conta9 usually abundant inclusions ( ! magma sometimes arrang$ zone-wise1 & are frequ5tly erod$4444 ,non-ophitic pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are uncommon4 ,9 ! slide occur "o or two small 8plates10 #a to #b mm4 9 size1 ( ophitic pale-br[n augite1 & a numb] ( less] augites1 #b to #c mm4 9 size1 :i* 9 "p wrap ar\nd ! felsp>-la!s & by _! aggregation =m imp]fect ophitic 8plates40444 ,! long /\t felsp>-la!s1 :i* are on ! av]age #c to #de mm4 9 l5g?1 give lamell> ext9ctions ( #ae to #bj 7m$ium &es9e74444 ,! copi\s smoky glass is r5d]$ p>tially opaque by ! abundant developm5t ( rods & skeletal cry/als ( magnetite1 & %[s ! fibr\s devitrification aris+ f ! =mation ( incipi5t microli?s4 ,9 "s rocks !re appe> 9 ! smoky glass br[ni%-yell[ pat*es ( ! residual magma :i* "u ! microscope _c be di/+ui%$ f palagonite4 ,all b "o ( ! specim5s belong to ! species :]e ! felsp>-la!s av]age ov] #c mm4 9 l5g?4 ,b4 ,,non-,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us ,,description4--,blacki%-br[n semi-ophitic rocks1 sp4 gr4 #bgd-bgg1 frequ5tly ( dol]itic texture & %[+ a few small macroscopic plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,!y are sometimes vesicul>1 & =m old fl[s 9 a few localities1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ,natua 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,ndreketi pla9s & 9 ! coa/ di/rict betwe5 ,lekutu & ,wailea ,bay4 ,!y display 9 ! slide small plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 (t5 abundant1 9 a gr\ndmass exhibit+ a loose plexus ( l>ge la!-%ap$ felsp> prisms1 toge!r ) occasional small ophitic 8plates0 ( augite & num]\s small] semi-ophitic augites1 :il/ !re is mu* int]/itial smoky glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are z a rule #a to #b mm4 9 size & d n exce$ #c mm4 ,!y (t5 conta9 abundant inclusions ( ! magma sometimes arrang$ s*ill]-fa%ion1 & are frequ5tly erod$4 ,_! lamell> ext9ctions 7#ae-cj7;indicate &es9e labradorite4444 ,! /\t plagioclase la!s1 :i* 9 mo/ ( my specim5s range betwe5 #b & #c mm41 & conta9 at times magma-inclusions1 give ! rocks _! dol]itic texture4444 ,! occasional small ophitic 8plates0 ( pale augite are n ov] #a mm4 9 size & give ext9ctions ( #cj f ! s+le cleavage-l9es4 ,! less] augites1 #b mm4 9 size1 are sev]al times l>g] ?an typical granul> pyrox5es 7#jb-jc mm471 & adapt _! =m to ! int]spaces ( ! felsp>-la!s :i* !y 9 "p inve/4444 ,! copi\s int]/itial glass is g5]ally smoky & sometimes q opaque ?r\gh ! deposition ( magnetite4 ,x is nev] cle> & isotropic1 b displays fibr\s devitrification & is usually a little alt]$4 ,^! rocks come ne> to ^? ( ! previ\s sub-g5us 9 sev]al respects1 b !y diff] conspicu\sly 9 _! non-porphyritic "*1 9 be+ sometimes vesicul>1 & 9 _! g5]al appe>ance4 ,all ! f\r species indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s are "h repres5t$2 b ! dol]itic types ) ! la!s exce$+ #b mm4 are ! mo/ frequ5t4 #aj4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 oph1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s & prisms are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is ophitic or semi-ophitic4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are opaque4 ,?is g5us may be divid$ into two sub-g5]a1 porphyritic & non-porphyritic1 accord+ to ! av]age size ( ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :e!r above or bel[ #c mm4 ,a4 ,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us4--,?is is repres5t$ by a light grey porphyritic rock1 ) sp4 gr4 #bge1 f ! l[] "p ( ,m\nt ,freel&4 ,x comes ne> to ! porphyrites1 & displays l>ge opaque :ite ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase #e or #f mm4 long4 ,x is a some:at alt]$ rock4 ,9 ! ?9 section x displays ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s 9 a gr\nd mass ( dol]itic & semi-ophitic texture %[+ a plexus ( long felsp>-la!s p>tly inve/$ by small augites ) a fair am\nt ( alt]$ gre5i% opaque int]/itial glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* give ext9ctions ( #aa to #ae 7acid &es9e71 are trav]s$ by a network ( f9e cracks & conta9 a quantity ( col\rless du/-l inclusions & alt]ation-products4 ,!y are long & rectil9e> 9 outl9e & are n mu* affect$ by ! magma4444 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* av]age #bf mm4 9 l5g?1 are occasionally lamell> :5 ! angle ( ext9ction indicates acid &es9e4 ,l ! ph5ocry/s !y conta9 _m du/-l inclusions4444 ,! augite may at times =m an aggregate ph5ocry/ ( small size2 b usually x occurs z semi-ophitic masses #a mm4 9 diamet]4 ,b4 ,,non-,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us4--,! specim5 repres5t+ ?is gr\p is a co>se-gra9$ greyi% alt]$ rock1 sp4 gr4 #bha1 f\nd 9 blocks ne> ,waikatakata 7p4 #bjd71 %[+ small some:at opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,9 ! section ^! ph5ocry/s are display$ 9 numb]s toge!r ) a few ( augite4 ,! gr\ndmass1 dol]itic 9 texture 9 ?is species1 displays a plexus ( long /\t felsp>-la!s ) num]\s semi-ophitic less] augites1 *loritic pseudomorphs aft] pyrox5e1 & scanty int]/itial alt]$ glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 #b to #c mm4 9 size1 give ext9ctions 7#bb to #bh7 ( basic &es9e4 ,!y are trav]s$ by _m f9e cracks & conta9 an abundance ( col\rless du/-l inclusions1 app>5tly alt]$ magma products4444 ,! small pyrox5e ph5ocry/s consi/ ( aggregates ( small] cry/als ( pale augite4 ,! less] augites1 #a mm4 9 size1 p>tly inve/ ! felsp>s4444 ,! broad felsp>-la!s1 :i* av]age #be mm4 9 l5g? & give lamell> ext9ctions ( m$ium &es9e 7#ae71 conta9 inclusions simil> to ^? ( ! ph5ocry/s4444 ,! scanty int]/itial glass is conv]t$ into viriditic & *loritic mat]ials4 ,second>y calcite also occurs "h & 9 ! *loritic pseudomorphs4 ,! only species repres5t$ is t ) felsp>-la!s #b to #c mm4 9 l5g?4 #ab4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 non-flu1 oph1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp> la!s & prisms are n 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is ophitic or semi-ophitic4 ,no plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,augite ph5ocry/s :5 pres5t less ?an #b mm4 9 size4 ,,description4--,^! rocks come ne> to ! non-porphyritic gr\p ( g5us #i2 b diff] 9 ! abs5ce or r>ity ( plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 9 _! m frequ5tly vesicul> & scoriace\s "*1 & 9 ! fre%] condition ( ! rock4 ,_! sp4 gr4 is ab\t #bgg4 ,!y pres5t !mselves usually z blacki%-br[n dol]itic rocks & =m anci5t fl[s 9 ! coa/-pla9s1 sometimes exhibit+ a column> /ructure z 9 ! cross+ ( ! ,ndreketi above ,mbatiri4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( limit$ occurr5ce & are mo/ly repres5t$ 9 ! ,ndreketi pla9s & 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,lekutu ,riv] & ,wailea ,bay4 ,typically !y display 9 ?9 sections no ph5ocry/s ei!r ( plagioclase or ( pyrox5e1 & exhibit a plexus ( usually long /\t felsp>-la!s p>tly inve/$ by ! less] augites 9 a copi\s smoky glass4444 ,! felsp>-la!s1 #be to #d mm4 9 l5g?1 give lamell> ext9ctions ( #aj to #bj 7&es9e7 & conta9 a few magma-inclusions4444 ,! semi-ophitic augites1 #a to #b mm4 9 size1 are sometimes tw9n$4444 ,! smoky glass pol>ises feebly & displays d>k fea!ry aggregates ( microli?s4 ,)9 x are br[ni%-yell[ semi-opaque pat*es ( residual glass1 :i* pol>ise fa9tly & behave l palagonite4 ,! two species ) felsp>-la!s #b to #c mm4 & #c to #e mm4 are repres5t$ 9 my collection4 #d4 ,,granul> ,,sub-,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 flu1 gran4 #ac4 ,,g5us ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 flu1 gran1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s or prisms are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is granul>4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are glassy4 ,,description4--,?is g5us readily splits up into two sub-g5]a1 ! non-porphyritic1 :]e ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are less ?an #c mm4 9 size1 & ! porphyritic :]e !y are l>g]4 #a4 ,,non-,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us4--,d>k-br[n or blacki% rocks display+ small plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 usually only #a or #b mm4 9 size4 ,?ree ( ! f\r species def9$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s are repres5t$ 9 my collection4 ,,species ,a4--,felsp>-la!s 4#jb-4a mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 ,?is may aga9 be sub-divid$ accord+ to ! degree ( basicity ( ! rocks3-- 7a7 ,sub-species ( great] basicity4--,sp4 gr4 #bgf to #bhb4444 ,su* rocks are repres5t$ 9 dykes & 9 ! prevail+ basic agglom]ates4 ,!y are at times scoriace\s4 ,! small plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* are fairly num]\s1 give lamell> ext9ctions ( &es9e labradorite 7#bj to #cj74 ,two k9ds occur :i* may or may n be repres5t$ 9 ! same slide4 ,9 ! "o ! cry/al is mu* corrod$ & conta9s abundant magma-inclusions4 ,x belongs 9 su* a case to an e>li] p]iod4 ,9 ! o!r ! outl9es are clean & regul>1 & ! cry/al is (t5 cross-macl$ to su* an ext5t t x may be inf]r$ f its unbrok5 condition to h be5 =m$ 9 situ4 ,augite ph5ocry/s :5 pres5t are small & scanty1 pale-yell[1 idiomorphic1 & giv+ ext9ctions ( #cj4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* av]age #jf-jh mm4 9 l5g?1 give ext9ctions indicat+ &es9e labradorite4 ,! augite granules are small 7#ja-jb mm474 ,int]/itial glass1 g5]ally scanty1 is sometimes abundant :5 x is smoky1 %[+ fibr\s devitrification1 ) irregul> 8lacun0 fill$ ) a br[ni% yell[ opaque glass l palagonite4 7b7 ,sub-species ( less] basicity4--,sp4 gr4 #bfe-bgj4444 ,! rem>ks on ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s ( ! m basic sub-species "h apply1 except t ! lamell> ext9ctions indicate m$ium &es9e 7#ab-bj74 ,! *>act]s ( ! augite ph5ocry/s & granules are 9 bo? gr\ps ! same2 b 9 ?is case !re is m frequ5tly a suspicion ( int]gr[? ) rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! felsp>-la!s are v small1 #jd or #je mm1 & give simple ext9ctions ( acid &es9e 7#e-aj74 ,int]/itial glass exi/s 9 mod]ate am\nt4 ,,species ,b4--,felsp>-la!s #a-b mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 ,blacki% or d>k-grey r compact rocks1 sp4 gr4 #bge-bgi1 t _c be readily divid$ into gr\ps accord+ to _! basicity4 ,!y =m dykes & volcanic 8necks0 & are sometimes scoriace\s4 ,! small plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* are mo/ evid5t 9 ! slide1 pres5t ! two k9ds above describ$ "u ,species ,a4 ,!y give lamell> ext9ctions v>y+ f ^? ( m$ium &es9e to acid labradorite 7#ae-cj74 ,! augite ph5ocry/s1 :i* are small & scanty1 occasionally %[ int]gr[?s ( rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! augite granules are g5]ally #jb to #jc mm4 9 size1 & "h & !re a prism =m gives ext9ctions ( #be4 ,! felsp>-la!s :i* av]age #aa to #ae mm4 long1 are (t5 r /\t1 %[+ a few lamell t give ext9ctions ( m$ium & basic &es9e4 ,int]/itial glass occurs 9 fair am\nt4 ,,species ,c4--,felsp>-la!s #b-c mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 ,blacki% rocks ) sp4 gr4 #bge-bhd4 ,! description ( ,species ,b applies "h4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are = ! mo/ "p microporphyritic4 ,! size ( ! augite granules is z above giv54 #b4 ,,porphyritic ,,sub-,,g5us4--,?is gr\p ( rocks is mo/ly conf9$ to ! slopes & vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,seatura 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&1 be+ preval5t 9 ! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s1 & occurr+ also z dyke-rocks 9 ! ,n&i ,gorge lead+ into ! ,ndriti ,bas91 & at & ne> ! coa/s ( ,wa9unu ,bay betwe5 ! ,tongalevu & ,wa9unu riv]s4 ,!y come ne> 9 appe>ance to ! porphyritic =ms ( ! blacki% oliv9e-basalts belong+ to g5]a #ac1 #be1 & #cg ( ! oliv9e rocks2 b !y diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( t m9]al1 9 _! l[] d5sity1 & 9 o!r *>act]s4 ,!y are ! type to :i* ! t]m 8porphyritic basaltic &esite0 is mo/ frequ5tly appli$ 9 ! text :5 ! ophitic /ructure is n display$4 ,!y are blacki% rocks hav+ a specific gravity ( #bga to #bha & exhibit+ l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase1 b !y v>y 9 _! m9ute /ructure on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t size ( ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,^? =m+ dykes 9 ! ,n&i ,gorge are (t5 m or less propylitic 9 "*4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* h an av]age l5g? ( #b to #c mm41 sometimes %[ a few lamell giv+ ext9ctions ( m$ium &es9e 7#ab-bj74 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s ( ! same &es9e are #c to #e mm4 9 size4 ,!y are erod$ & conta9 abundant magma inclusions4 ,!re are a few small ph5ocry/s ( pale br[n augite4 ,! augite granules are #jc or #jd mm4 9 diamet]1 & !re is a little d>k opaque residual glass4 ,! rocks ( ! ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s h a specific gravity ( #bha4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* yield ext9ctions ( basic &es9e 7#ba-bg71 are sometimes a c5timetre 9 l5g?4 ,!y are trav]s$ by cracks fill$ ) d>k alt]$ glass or occupi$ by br[ni% films4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* av]age #aa mm4 9 l5g?1 are (t5 /\t & lamell> & give ext9ctions l ! ph5ocry/s4 ,augite ph5ocry/s are ei!r abs5t or scanty2 :il/ ! granules av]age #jb-jc mm4 9 size4 ,!re is usually a little int]/itial glass4 ,a rock1 almo/ holocry/all9e & #bgd 9 d5sity1 :i* 0 obta9$ f ! ,tongalevu di/rict 9 ,wa9unu ,bay1 approa*es ! or?ophyric type 9 ! "* ( ! gr\nd mass4 ,! felsp>s are %ort 7#jf mm47 & /\t1 & yield lamell> ext9ctions ( oligoclase 7#e-aj74 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are ( basic &es9e4 ,among/ ! granules 7#jbe mm47 ( pale br[n augite occur prismatic =ms giv+ oblique ext9ctions ( #cj4 #ad4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 flu1 gran1 ph51 opac4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is granul>4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are opaque4 ,,description4--,only two rocks are ref]r$ to ?is g5us4 ,"o :i* is d>k grey ) a specific gravity ( #bgb is expos$ 9 ! gorge ( ! ,mbutu-mbutu ,riv] bel[ ! falls ( ,na ,savu4 ,fl[-arrangem5t is display$ bo? by ! felsp> ph5ocry/s & la!s4 ,! ph5ocry/s1 #b to #c mm4 9 size1 owe _! opacity to ! abundance ( inclusions ( br[n glass4 ,!y are corrod$ & give ext9ctions ( acid labradorite 7#bf-cb74 ,pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are scanty & small4 ,! gr\ndmass has a *>act]i/ic 8pilotaxitic0 appe>ance1 ! d5sely pack$ felsp>-la!s av]ag+ only #je mm4 9 l5g?1 :il/ ! pyrox5e granules are #ja mm4 9 size4 ,residual glass scanty4 ,! o!r rock is f ! range beh9d ,su5i4 ,x %[s l>ge porphyritic cry/als 7#e or #f mm47 ( m$ium &es9e :i* conta9 magma-inclusions 9 abundance4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ! felsp>-la! is #jh mm4 & ! size ( ! augite granules is #jb mm4 ,!re is b little glass4 ,! rock is some:at alt]$4 #af4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 flu1 gran1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is granul>4 ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s are abs5t1 or if pres5t v scanty & n usually ov] #a mm4 9 size4 ,:5 pres5t ! augite ph5ocry/s are "u #b mm4 ,,description4--,?is is a v ext5sive g5us1 admitt+ consid]able v>iation & includ+ mo/ ( ! aphanitic augite-&esites1 :]e ! felsp>-la!s are z a rule v small 7"u #a mm4 9 l5g?71 z well z "s ( ! dol]itic types :]e !y are v l>ge 7#b to #d mm4 long74 ,9 assign+ a rock a place 9 ?is g5us "s reg>d mu/ be paid to its macroscopic aspect z well z to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,9 _m cases two or ?ree small ph5ocry/s may be obs]v$ 9 a slide1 "u a millimetre 9 size2 b !y d n give a "* to ! nak$-eye appe>ance ( ! rock1 & su* rocks _c be di/+ui%$ f o!rs t d n display !m4 ,^! rocks range 9 specific gravity f #bee to #bhe4 ,?is l>ge range is 9 ! ma9 conc]n$ ) diff]5t degrees ( basicity dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! plagioclase1 ! relative abundance ( ! augite granules1 c42 b x is also connect$ ) ! am\nt ( int]/itial glass4 ,! v>iety ( plagioclase ranges betwe5 oligoclase & &es9e labradorite4 ,! fluidal /ructure is ne>ly always well-m>k$1 & ! closely pack$ felsp>-la!s h (t5 ! peculi> 8felt$0 appe>ance ( _m &esites4 ,a little int]/itial glass is pres5t 9 mo/ rocks4 ,_m1 p]haps ne>ly all1 ( ! rocks belong ei!r to dykes or to l>g] intrusive masses4 ,all ! f\r species indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s are repres5t$ 9 my collection1 especially ! two ) smalle/ felsp>s4 ,!y may aga9 be split up into two sub-species accord+ to ! degree ( basicity ( ! rocks4 ,,species ,a4--,felsp>-la!s betwe5 #jb mm4 & #a mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 7#a7 ,mo/ basic sub-species4444 ,sp4 gr4 #bge-bhe4 ,d>k-br[n & d>k-grey compact aphanitic rocks %[+ no plagioclase ph5ocry/s to ! eye4 ,:5 a few ( ^! ph5ocry/s are pres5t 9 a slide !y are n usually mu* ov] #a mm4 9 size1 & give ext9ctions ( &es9e labradorite 7#bj to #cj74 ,augite ph5ocry/s are (t5 abs5t1 & :5 pres5t are n ov] #a mm4 9 size & are z a rule scanty1 occasionally af=d+ a suspicion ( int]-gr[?s ) rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! felsp>-la!s :i* display m>k$ fl[-/ructure1 v>y 9 av]age l5g? 9 diff]5t rocks f #je-jh mm4 ,lamell> tw9n+ is r>e1 ! ext9ctions be+ ^? ( oligoclase &es9e 7#aj to #bj74 ,! usual ext9ction1 z measur$ f ! long axis ( ! la!1 is #aj to #ae 7m$ium &es9e74 ,! augite granules are small 7#ja-jb mm47 & abundant4 ,!re is g5]ally a little int]/itial glass ) small magnetite4 7#b7 ,lea/ basic sub-species4444 ,sp4 gr4 #bee-bge4 ,d>k compact aphanitic rocks especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ndrawa di/rict4 ,:5 plagioclase ph5ocry/s are pres5t1 !y are v scanty & n g5]ally ov] a millimetre 9 size1 possess+ rectangul> clean outl9es & %[+ b few inclusions4 ,!y may display c>lsbad tw9n+ & zon+1 or albite tw9n+1 :5 !y give ext9ctions ( oligoclase &es9e 7#aj-ae74 ,pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are ei!r abs5t1 or scanty & small1 be+ usually ( pale yell[ augite ) occasional indications ( int]gr[? ) rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! felsp>-la!s z a rule av]age #jg or #jh mm4 & pres5t a d5se fluidal arrangem5t4 ,!y r>ely display lamell> tw9n+ & give ext9ctions measur$ f ! long axis ( oligoclase & oligoclase &es9e 7#b-h74 ,! pyrox5e granules are v small1 av]ag+ #ja mm4 & less4 ,!re is also f9e magnetite4 ,a little int]/itial glass is usually pres5t4 ,:5 abundant x is n g5]ally smoky b %[s cle> fibr\s devitrification4444 ,"o ( ! specim5s1 :i* is semi-vitre\s1 exhibits tube-l /eam-pores drawn out to a l5g? ( #a-a c5timetres4 ,! felsp> microli?s are only #jb mm4 9 l5g?4 ,! copi\s glass has ! "* above describ$4 ,,species ,b4--,felsp>-la!s #a-b mm4 9 av]age l5g?4 ,?is species may also be sub-divid$ into two sub-species 7m basic & less basic74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 all b "o ( ! fifte5 rocks belong+ to ! species are ( ! m basic k9d my rem>ks w ma9ly apply to !m4 ,!y are d>k-br[n or d>k-grey compact aphanitic rocks1 occasionally b&$ or /reaky1 9 appe>ance1 & rang+ 9 specific gravity f #bge to #bhd4 ,!y occur 9 sev]al di/ricts1 b are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ndrawa di/rict4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 if pres5t1 are v scanty & small 7#a or #a mm474 ,!y conta9 inclusions ( ! magma & give lamell> ext9ctions ( &es9e labradorite 7#bj-cj74 ,pyrox5e ph5ocry/s d n g5]ally occur4 ,:5 pres5t1 !y are small & ( pale yell[ augite yield+ l>ge ext9ctions4 ,occasionally micro-porphyritic augite is well repres5t$4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* exhibit a well-m>k$ fl[-arrangem5t1 are g5]ally #ac to #ae mm4 long4 ,lamell> tw9n+ is uncommon1 ! ext9ctions measur$ f ! long axis indicat+ basic &es9e 7#aj-bj74 ,! augite granules are abundant & small 7#ja-jb mm474 ,occasional prism-=ms yield l>ge ext9ctions4 ,magnetite is abundant1 its gra9s correspond+ 9 size to ! augite granules4 ,!re is z a rule a little residual glass1 :i* %[s fibr\s devitrification & is n smoky4 ,! b&$ appe>ance ( "s ( ! rocks arises f ! glass collect+ 9 /reaks rudely p>allel & runn+ 9 ! direction ( ! 8fl[0 ( ! felsp>-la!s4 ,! only specim5 9 my collection ( 8slic$0 rocks belong+ to ! less basic sub-species is an alt]$ blui%-grey rock 7sp4 gr4 #bg7 f ! range betwe5 ! ,mbu?ai-sau valley & ! ,wa9ikoro pla9s4 ,its long p>allel untw9n$ felsp>-la!s give ! ne>ly /raight ext9ctions ( oligoclase4 ,f9e cracks 9 ! rock are fill$ ) cry/all9e silica4 ,,species ,c1 felsp>-la!s #b-c mm4 long4 ,,species ,d1 felsp>-la!s #c-e mm4 long4 ,! rocks ( ^! species 9 ! collection are = ! mo/ "p dyke-rocks ( ! m basic k9d4 ,!y are blacki% or d>k-br[n1 almo/ dol]itic 9 texture1 & range 9 specific gravity f #bgg to #bhg4 ,at times !y are vesicul> or scoriace\s1 z 9 ! specim5s f an agglom]ate at ,undu ,po9t & f a fl[ or dyke at ,vunikondi4 ,! mo/ typical ( ^! rocks are ^? ( "s ( ! dykes ( ! ,ndriti bas91 :i*1 h[ev]1 display propylitic alt]ation 9 a v>y+ degree4 ,!y w\ld be describ$ z semi-dol]itic basalts )\t oliv9e or z non-porphyritic basaltic &esites4 ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s are typically abs5t1 or !y are scanty & n ov] #a mm4 9 size4 ,augite ph5ocry/s are usually scanty & small4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* are m or less 9 fl[-arrangem5t1 are r /\t1 & range 9 av]age l5g? 9 diff]5t rocks f #bc to #ce mm4 ,!y (t5 %[ a few tw9-lamell :i* yield ext9ctions ( m$ium & basic &es9e 7#ae-bh74 ,! augite granules are l>ge 7#jc mm47 9 ! ,ndriti rocks4 ,magnetites1 usually correspond+ 9 size to ! augite granules1 are abundant4 ,int]/itial glass occurs (t5 9 fair quantity & is d>k & semi-opaque4 ,at times !re c be recognis$ a lat] g5]ation ( m9ute felsp> microli?s betwe5 ! mu* l>g] la!s4 ,!y display a plexus r ?an a fl[-arrangem5t4 ,:il/ ! l>g] p>allel la!s ( ! ,vunikondi rock1 above ref]r$ to1 av]age #bc mm4 long1 ! felsp> microli?s ( ! int]spaces av]age only #jc mm4 ,! significance ( ^! two crops ( felsp>s 9 ! gr\ndmass is discuss$ on page #bcg4 ,! only rock ( ! less basic sub-species 9 my collection is f a dyke ne> ,vatua-k>oa4 ,x %[s second>y calcite & viridite & o!r evid5ces ( ! propylitic *ange4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* av]age #c mm4 9 l5g?1 give ext9ctions ( oligoclase 7#j-e74 ,! specific gravity is #bgb4 #e4 ,,sub-,,ord]1 ,,prismatic1 ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites 7,felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,aug1 matr1 flu1 prism47 ,?is sub-ord] includes d>k-br[n or blacki% semi-vitre\s rocks1 all b "o ( :i* belong to ! g5us bel[ describ$4 ,s9ce ! exception 7:i* belongs to g5us #ag ( ! synopsis7 diff]s only 9 ! pres5ce ( plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 its sep>ate description is n ne$$4 #bj4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 flu1 prism1 non-ph51 p>v4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t1 & ! augite is prismatic4 ,plagioclase ph5ocry/s are abs5t or are v small & scanty1 & pyrox5e ph5ocry/s :5 pres5t d n exce$ #b mm4 9 size4 ,,description4--,^! d>k semi-vitre\s rocks occur 9 agglom]ates & z 8necks0 & dykes1 & are at times scoriace\s4 ,!y are usually compact & aphanitic1 %[+ few if any plagioclase ph5ocry/s & hav+ a semi-con*oidal fracture4 ,! specific gravity v>ies1 be+ g5]ally #bf-bfe1 b accord+ to ! degree ( basicity & am\nt ( glass x may be z l[ z #be or z high z #bgg4 ,9 ! less glassy condition1 z 9 ! case ( a rock f ! ridge ea/ ( ,na ,r>o1 ! felsp>-la!s are relatively scanty & ! gr\ndmass is ma9ly =m$ ( augite prisms 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,! la!s are g5]ally small1 less ?an #a mm41 & r>ely ov] #b mm4 ,_! ext9ctions are ^? ( oligoclase & acid &es9e4 ,! pyrox5e prisms1 :i* give ! l>ge ext9ctions ( augite1 h a pale muddy-br[n hue & are z a rule #jc-jg mm4 long4 ,granul> pyrox5e1 if pres5t1 is subord9ate 9 am\nt4 ,! glass1 :i* is always 9 good quantity & is sometimes abundant1 displays fibr\s devitrification4 ,9 a rock f ! vic9ity ( ,n>5gali a v>iolitic /ructure is exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( %eaf-l aggregates ( fibre-l felsp>s & skeleton prisms ( pyrox5e4 #f4 ,,sub-,,ord]1 ,,ophitic1 ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites 7,felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,aug1 matr1 flu1 oph47 #ba4 ,,g5us ,,( ,,! ,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,aug1 matr1 flu1 oph1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,9 ! gr\ndmass ! felsp>-la!s are 9 fl[-arrangem5t & ! augite is ophitic or semi-ophitic4 ,glassy plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,,description4--,d>k rocks1 sp4 gr4 #bgf-bh1 =m+ anci5t fl[s & display+ at times a column> /ructure z at ,yanu?a ,po9t 7page #abc74 ,! ophitic "* is only 9 "p develop$1 :i* may be connect$ ) ! fl[-arrangem5t ( ! felsp>s4 ,^! rocks come ne> to ! blacki% ophitic basalts ) scanty oliv9e 7g5us #cc ( ! oliv9e sub-class74 ,!y all belong to ! non-porphyritic sub-g5us :]e ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are less ?an #c mm4 9 size4 ,^! ph5ocry/s1 :i* (t5 conta9 abundant magma-inclusions1 give ext9ctions ( &es9e labradorite 7#bj-cj74 ,! augite ph5ocry/s are small & composite 9 "* z (t5 happ5s ) ^! ophitic rocks4 ,!y sometimes inve/ ! smalle/ felsp> ph5ocry/s1 & occasionally display int]gr[?s ( rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! felsp> la!s are #a to #ad mm4 9 l5g?1 & give ext9ctions ( m$ium & basic &es9e4 ,! augite granules are l>ge 7#jb-jf mm471 & t5d to wrap ar\nd ! la!s4 ,int]/itial glass exi/s 9 fair am\nt4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite ,,class ,,ii4 ,,sub-,,class4 ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,plag1 hyp]/h-aug1 matr4 ,,*>act]s4--,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s usually are repres5t$ by sep>ate cry/als ( ! monocl9ic z well z ! rhombic type1 & ! two =ms are (t5 associat$ 9 ! same cry/al4 ,! monocl9ic =m prevails 9 ! gr\ndmass 9 mo/ cases4 ,,rem>ks4--,x is n possible to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 ! augite & ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites2 b :]e two or ?ree ph5ocry/s ( ! rhombic type occur 9 a slide ! rock may be plac$ 9 ?is division4 ,betwe5 ?is v>iety & t :]e rhombic pyrox5e prevails1 bo? among ! ph5ocry/s & 9 ! gr\ndmass1 num]\s int]m$iate k9ds exi/4 ,^! rocks mo/ly occur 9 agglom]ates & =m small & l>ge dykes or sills1 b r>ely are f\nd 9 fl[s4 ,!y are di/ribut$ ov] mo/ ( ! isl& except 9 ! we/]n portion 7! basaltic di/ricts ( ,wa9unu1 ,seatura1 & ,solevu71 b reappe> aga9 9 ! ,mbua p59sula 9 places1 z at ,m\nt ,koroma4 ,! pale yell[ rhombic pyrox5e is uni=m 9 its optical behavi\r4 ,! prisms are noticeably pleo*roic1 be+ ne>ly col\rless :5 ly+ across ! long axis ( ! l[] nicol & pale yell[ :5 p>allel ) x4 ,! int]gr[?s ) monocl9ic pyrox5e (t5 take ! =m ( lamell> b&s1 :il/ 9 "s cases a nucleus ( ! "o 7usually rhombic7 is inve/$ by a gr[? ( ! o!r4 #a ,,sub-,,ord]1 ,,granul>1 ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite-,,&esites 7,felsp>-la!s n 9 fl[-arrangem5t47 ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h-aug1 matr1 non-flu1 gran4 #a g5us 7,vitr47 #b 7,opac47 ,see ,synopsis1 p4 #bdg4 #c 7,magn47 #d 7,p>v47 ,ne>ly all ( ! rocks ( ?is sub-ord] t are repres5t$ 9 my collection belong to ! g5us 7#a7 ) ph5ocry/s ( glassy plagioclase4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 appe>ance & 9 col\r 7black to grey71 & occur "u v diff]5t conditions1 z 9 8necks10 old fl[s1 l>ge intrusive masses1 dykes1 agglom]ates1 c4 ,_! specific gravity has r a wide range accord+ to ! degree ( basicity4 ,9 ! heavi] rocks :]e ! rhombic pyrox5e is scanty1 x is usually #bg to #bh4 ,9 ! o!rs1 :]e rhombic pyrox5e is m pr$om9ant & :]e ! felsp> is less basic1 x is #bf to #bg4 ,9 ! slide small ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase & pyrox5e occur 9 a gr\ndmass ( felsp>-la!s & pyrox5e granules1 :il/ !re is z a rule a fair am\nt ( residual glass4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* give ext9ctions 9 diff]5t rocks ( acid & basic &es9e & conta9 abundant magma-inclusions1 are g5]ally "o to two mm4 9 size4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are small1 & may be repres5t$ by sep>ate cry/als ( ! monocl9ic & rhombic k9ds1 or by cry/als display+ int]gr[?s ( ! two sorts4 ,! pyrox5e granules v>y mu* 9 size & are evid5tly 9 great "p ( augite4 ,9 mo/ ( ! rocks ! felsp>-la!s are less ?an #a mm4 9 l5g?4 ,9 ^? :]e ! l5g? is #a to #b mm4 !y are sometimes /\t & display a few lamell1 yield+ ext9ctions correspond+ to ^? ( ! ph5ocry/s4 ,a s+ul> d>k grey almo/ holocry/all9e dol]itic rock 7sp4 gr4 #bhe7 is expos$ 9 ! ,?ulanga ,ridge 7p4 #baa74 ,x %[s no plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 b ^? ( pyrox5e are num]\s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n exce$ #b mm4 9 size1 s t ! rock w\ld be ref]r$ to g5us #d ( ?is sub-ord]4 ,x appe>s to be a dol]itic =m ( ! plutonic rock f\nd at ,nawi 9 ?is neighb\rhood 7p4 #baa74 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are mo/ly ( br[ni%-yell[ augite1 b rhombic pyrox5e1 ei!r z sep>ate cry/als or z int]gr[?s1 is n uncommon4 ,! plagioclase la!s are long & fairly /\t1 giv+ at times lamell> ext9ctions ( #bj4 ,_! av]age l5g? is #c mm41 & x is to _! l>ge size t ! dol]itic texture is due4 ,! pyrox5es ( ! gr\ndmass are simil>ly co>se 7#b mm471 & include bo? monocl9ic & rhombic =ms1 ! latt] infrequ5t4 ,!re is a slight t5d5cy to semi-ophitic behavi\r 9 places2 b g5]ally ^! pyrox5es are irregul> 9 %ape or rudely prismatic4 #b4 ,,sub-,,ord]1 ,,prismatic1 ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite-,,&esites 7,felsp>-la!s n 9 fl[-arrangem5t47 ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h-aug1 matr1 non-flu1 prism4 #e g5us 7,vitr47 #f 7,opac47 ,see ,synopsis4 #g 7,magn47 #h 7,p>v47 ,?is sub-ord] includes rocks v>y+ mu* 9 appe>ance1 b all alike 9 ! pres5ce ( prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass & 9 ! abs5ce ( fl[-arrangem5t ( ! felsp>-la!s4 ,!y belong to ! two g5]a1 ) glassy & opaque plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,^! cry/als are n usually ov] #b mm4 9 size & are ( m$ium &es9e 7#ae-bj74 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are small & may be entirely ( monocl9ic or ( rhombic pyrox5e1 or ! two may be associat$ ei!r z lamell> int]gr[?s1 or by display+ an erod$ nucleus 7g5]ally rhombic7 ar\nd :i* a regul> cry/al ( monocl9ic pyrox5e has gr[n4 ,! felsp>-la!s are 9 "s cases less ?an #a mm4 long1 & 9 o!rs #a-b mm4 ,! pyrox5e prisms ( ! gr\ndmass av]age #ja-jd mm4 9 l5g?1 & give bo? /raight & oblique ext9ctions1 ! la/ prevail+4 ,! specific gravity ranges f #bee to #bge accord+ to ! degree ( basicity & am\nt ( int]/itial glass1 :i* is usually 9 fair quantity4 #d4 ,,sub-,,ord]1 ,,granul>1 ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite-,,&esites 7,felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t47 #ac4 ,,g5us ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h-aug1 matr1 flu1 gran1 ph51 vitr4 ,,*>act]s4--,glassy plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,,description4--,?is is a gr\p ( rocks t comes ne> ! basaltic &esites repres5t$ 9 g5]a #a & #ac ( ! augite sub-class2 & to ! m basic k9ds ! t]ms ( basaltic &esite is equally applicable4 ,^! rocks1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 ! preval5ce ( rhombic pyrox5e1 :i* occurs z ph5ocry/s1 b always accompani$ by monocl9ic pyrox5e1 :e!r z sep>ate cry/als or z int]-gr[?s4 ,su* rocks are int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! augite & rhombic pyrox5e classes4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,savu-savu p59sula1 b !y are also f\nd 9 o!r scatt]$ localities4 ,sometimes !y appe> to =m anci5t fl[s1 & at o!r times intrusive masses & dykes2 b !y are r>ely scoriace\s4 ,almo/ all ! rocks 9 my collection ref]r$ to ?is g5us belong to ! species :]e ! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass are #jb-a mm4 long4 ,!y are g5]ally blacki% or d>k-br[n1 & ! specific gravity ranges usually f #bgb to #bhc4 ,!y display 9 ! slide a fair numb] ( plagioclase & pyrox5e ph5ocry/s 9 a gr\ndmass ( felsp>-la!s1 pyrox5e granules1 & magnetite1 ! int]/itial glass be+ scanty or mod]ate 9 am\nt4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are r>ely z l>ge z #c mm41 s t mo/ ( ! rocks belong to ! non-porphyritic gr\p ( ! g5us4 ,^! ph5ocry/s1 :i* are (t5 zon$1 give ext9ctions ( basic &es9e 7#ae-be74 ,!y conta9 magma-inclusions1 sometimes 9 abundance1 :i* are arrang$ 9 zone-l9es4444 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are small1 ! two k9ds be+ always repres5t$ 9 ! same slide4 ,9 "s cases sep>ate cry/als occur1 & 9 o!rs ! two are associat$ z int]gr[?s1 b 9 mo/ cases sep>ate & comp\nd cry/als occur 9 ! same section4 ,n infrequ5tly ! ph5ocry/ is an aggregate ( less] cry/als ( ! two pyrox5es4 ,! monocl9ic =m is a br[ni% yell[ augite ) l>ge ext9ctions & (t5 tw9n$4 ,! felsp>-la!s ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* usually av]age #je or #jf mm4 9 l5g?1 are ei!r n>r[ & untw9n$1 or !y may be /\t] & display simple & at times lamell> tw9n+1 giv+ ext9ctions ( m$ium &es9e4444 ,! granules ( pyrox5e are g5]ally #ja-jb mm4 9 size2 b occasional prism-=ms occur :i* give sometimes ! /raight ext9ction ( rhombic pyrox5e & at o!r times ! l>ge oblique ext9ctions ( ! augite type4 #e4 ,,sub-,,ord]1 ,,prismatic1 ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite-,,&esites 7,felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t7 ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h-aug1 matr1 flu1 prism4 #ag g5us 7,vitr47 #ah 7,opac47 ,see ,synopsis4 #ai 7,magn47 #bj 7,p>v47 ,! rocks ( ?is sub-ord] t are repres5t$ 9 my collection admit easily ( a g5]al description1 & s9ce ! diagnoses ( ! g5]a are giv5 9 ! ,synopsis1 !re w be no ne$ to sep>ately describe ea* g5us4 ,almo/ )\t exception ^! rocks =m a con/itu5t ( agglom]ates 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! isl&2 & !y occur 9 ?is condition 9 "s ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 z ,m>iko1 ,?ambeyu1 & ,koro-mbasanga4 ,! exception ref]s to a l[ m\nd-l hill1 app>5tly a 8volcanic neck10 t rises f ! basaltic pla9s we/ ( ,mbua 7see page #eh74 ,9 ab\t half ( ! specim5s ! rocks are ref]r$ to section #aj1 :]e ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are ei!r small & v scanty or are abs5t altoge!r4 ,9 a fair numb] ^! ph5ocry/s are opaque 7g5us #ah72 :il/ 9 a few !y are glassy 7g5us #ag74 ,! rocks are typically blacki% or d>k grey1 & (t5 h a pit*/one-l appe>ance1 ! gr\ndmass be+ frequ5tly semi-vitre\s 9 "*4 ,vesicul> & scoriace\s rocks occur at times4 ,9 all cases ! felsp>-la!s & pyrox5e prisms are m or less 9 fl[-arrangem5t2 :il/ pyrox5e granules1 if pres5t1 are subord9ate4 ,! felsp>-la!s1 :i* are ei!r simple or once-tw9n$ & give ext9ctions ( acid & m$ium &es9e1 are usually small1 & av]age 9 diff]5t sections #je-jh mm4 9 l5g?4 ,! pyrox5e prisms are pale br[n & are #jc or #jd mm4 long4 ,mo/ ( !m give oblique ext9ctions ( ov] #be2 b 9 ! same slide "s give /raight ext9ctions2 ! proportion v>ies 9 diff]5t rocks4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s 9 all ! specim5s are small 7n ov] #b mm471 & are rhombic & monocl9ic4 ,9 mo/ sections ! two =ms are repres5t$ by sep>ate cry/als & are also associat$ 9 ! same ph5ocry/4 ,^? ( rhombic pyrox5e h (t5 d>k bord]s4 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( a pale br[n glass 9 ! gr\ndmass1 m or less devitrifi$4 ,! specific gravity v>ies consid]ably1 b is z a rule betwe5 #bee & #bge1 ! m basic rocks conta9+ augite 9 prepond]ance & basic &es9e1 :il/ ! less basic possess a l>ge proportion ( rhombic pyrox5e & display oligoclase-&es9e4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( a rock compos+ an agglom]ate ea/ ( ,n&uri1 :]e ! porphyritic plagioclase is opaque & !re is "s degree ( alt]ation1 ! rock looks v l a porphyrite4 ,,?ird ,,ord]1 ,,or?ophyric1 ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite-,,&esites ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h-aug1 matr1 or?4 ,,*>act]s4--,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass %ort & broad4 ,s9ce ! mat]ial is insuffici5t = ! sep>ate description ( ea* g5us1 a g5]al acc\nt ( ! ord] is alone giv54 ,^! rocks are (t5 repres5t$ 9 agglom]ates or !y occur z l>ge blocks1 ei!r ly+ on ! surface or imb$d$ 9 tuffs4 ,_m ( !m are some:at alt]$4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p d>k grey dull-look+ rocks1 ) a specific gravity ( #bg to #bh1 %[+ macroscopic plagioclase toge!r ) conspicu\s pyrox5e ph5ocry/s4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are usually small 7#a to #c mm471 & give ext9ctions ( m$ium &es9e 7#ae-bj7 & 9 "s rocks ( acid labradorite 7#cj74 ,!y are z a rule corrod$ & are p5etrat$ by num]\s fissures1 :il/ !y conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( alt]$ magma-inclusions ) sometimes o!r alt]ation products4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are f #b to #d mm4 9 size4 ,br[ni%-yell[ augite1 giv+ ext9ctions ( ov] #cj1 & pale-yell[ rhombic pyrox5e ( ! type be=e describ$ occur g5]ally 9 ! same slide1 & are frequ5tly associat$ z int]gr[?s 9 ! same cry/al4 ,!y may h regul> outl9es or d>k erod$ bord]s1 & at times !y exhibit abundant d>k opaque inclusions4 ,! broad felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass are sometimes rectangul> & give lamell> ext9ctions ( m$ium & acid &es9e 7#ab-ag74 ,!y v>y 9 l5g? 9 diff]5t rocks f #je to #b mm4 & m4 ,! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is g5]ally granul> & co>se 7#jb-je mm474 ,z indicat$ by ! ext9ctions ( occasional prism-=ms x is compos$ ( bo? augite & rhombic pyrox5e1 ! =m] prevail+4 ,! prismatic sub-ord] is also repres5t$1 & "h ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is 9 great "p prismatic1 ! l5g? ( ! prisms n (t5 exce$+ #je mm41 :il/ bo? ! monocl9ic & rhombic k9ds occur4 ,int]/itial glass v>ies 9 am\nt1 sometimes abs5t1 sometimes scanty & viriditic1 at o!r times abundant & opaque4 ,magnetite ab\nds 9 ! gr\ndmass mu* ( x (t5 be+ ( second>y orig94 ,,f\r? ,,ord]1 ,,felsitic1 ,,( ,,! ,,hyp]/h5e-,,augite ,,&esites ,,=mula4--,hyp]/h-aug1 matr1 fels4 ,,*>act]s4--,! gr\ndmass pres5ts a rudely granul> appe>ance or a blurr$ mosaic4 ,?is ord] is capable ( subdivision1 z 9 ! o!r ord]s ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites 7see ,synopsis1 page #bdg72 b s9ce x is only repres5t$ by six ( my rock-sections1 ,i w conf9e ! description to ! g5]al *>act]s4 ,^! rocks are d>k-grey1 sometimes granitoid 9 appe>ance1 ) specific gravity #bfe to #bge4 ,!y usually %[ "s alt]ation1 aris+ f second>y *anges )9 ! rock-mass2 & probably ! felsitic or semi-mosaic appe>ance ( ! scanty gr\ndmass is ! result ( su* a second>y *ange4 ,su* rocks 9 "s respects approa* ! type ( ! gabbros4 ,!y are frequ5t on ! nor? coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay 9 ! vic9ity ( ,waimotu & also occur 9 ! ,valanga ,ridge4 ,!y g5]ally pres5t !mselves z deep]-seat$ massive rocks expos$ by ! /ripp+ (f ( ! sup]ficial deposits4 ,!re are z a rule m or less conspicu\s ph5ocry/s1 up to #c mm4 9 size1 ( plagioclase & pyrox5e1 9 a relatively scanty micro-felsitic gr\ndmass1 display+ a blurr$ mosaic1 9 :i* a few /\t felsp>-la!s c /ill be recognis$1 & compos$ app>5tly ( felsp> & cry/all9e silica4 ,! 8gra90 ( ! mosaic may range 9 diff]5t rocks f #jje mm4 to #jb mm4 ,! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is l>gely decompos$1 & ! scanty residual glass is repres5t$ by viriditic mat]ials4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* give ext9ctions ( m$ium & basic &es9e 7#ae-be71 are (t5 semi-opaque & corrod$4 ,!y are trav]s$ by num]\s cracks & (t5 conta9 _m :iti% alt]ation products1 ?\gh ! lamell> /ructure is usually well pres]v$4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are compos$ ( br[ni%-yell[ augite 7ext4 #cj7 & pale rhombic pyrox5e ( ! type describ$ be=e1 ei!r z sep>ate cry/als or associat$ z int]gr[?s4 ,! rhombic pyrox5e cry/als are (t5 sub-r\nd$ ) d>k bord]s2 & z a rule ! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are mu* fre%] ?an ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 mo/ ( ! orig9al pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass 0 monocl9ic ) a little rhombic4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,volcanic ,,rocks ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7cont9u$7 ,,acid ,,&esites ,previ\s obs]vations on ! ,hornbl5de-,&esites ( ,fiji ,,^! rocks 7 fir/ describ$ by ,wi*mann#aab f specim5s obta9$ by ,kle9s*midt f ! m\nta9 ( ,mbuke ,levu 9 ,k&avu4 ,^! ,k&avu rocks _h a micr(elsitic base1 ! porphyritic br[n hornbl5de hav+ usually black bord]s 9 :i* a *ange into epidote 0 obs]v$4 ,rhombic pyrox5e 0 only not$ z an occasional con/itu5t ( a rock f ,ono4 ,r5>d#aac describ$ ^! rocks f ! vic9ity ( ,ngaloa ,h>b\r 9 ,k&avu & rem>k$ t bronzite 0 ( m common occurr5ce ?an ! monocl9ic pyrox5e4 ,9 ! gr\ndmass 7 num]\s felsp> & augite microli?s1 :il/ !re 0 a porphyritic developm5t ( plagioclase1 hornbl5de1 biotite1 & pyrox5e4 ,! hornbl5de ph5ocry/s play$ an important "p 9 ! rock-composition1 be+ surr\nd$ by a black zone ( magnetite or bord]$ by a bacill>y aggregate ( small pyrox5e prisms1 p>allel & col\rless or gre5i%1 ) ext9ction-angles ( #dj4 ,!re 0 (t5 also a developm5t ( biotite 9 ! he>t ( ! m9]al1 ! :ole hornbl5de section be+ sometimes ?us trans=m$4 ,mr4 ,eakle#aad has m rec5tly describ$ ! hornbl5de-&esites f ,mbuke ,levu 9 ,k&avu4 ,z ! result ( 8 exam9ation ( a collection ( volcanic rocks made by ! ,agassiz exp$ition 9 ,viti ,levu1 ,k&avu1 ,mb5ga1 ,totoya1 ,malolo1 ,yasawa gr\p1 & 9 sev]al o!r small isl&s1 he inf]r$ t ! hornbl5de-&esites are mu* m limit$ 9 _! occurr5ce 9 ,fiji ?an ! augite-&esites2 :il/ hyp]/h5e-&esite 0 only repres5t$ 9 ! collection f ,vomo-lailai ne> ,waia 9 ! ,yasawas4 ,! specim5s f ,waia _h a micr(elsitic base ) pseudomorphs ( hornbl5de & "s augite4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,&rews#aae 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 collection ( volcanic rocks1 made mo/ly 9 ! ,lau ,gr\p & ,taviuni1 makes no special ref]5ce to hornbl5de-&esites1 ! &esites be+ ma9ly augitic1 rhombic pyrox5e also occurr+ z a common porphyritic con/itu5t4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ! above & f my own obs]vations 9 ,vanua ,levu bel[ giv5 t hornbl5de-&esites h a relatively limit$ di/ribution 9 ,fiji4 ,!y are n g5]ally di/ribut$ z 9 ! case ( ! augitic & basaltic &esites2 b are conf9$ to c]ta9 localities 9 ,viti ,levu1#aaf ,vanua ,levu1 ,ovalau1 ,k&avu1 ,ono1 ,malolo1 ,yasawa ,isl&s1 etc4 ,! occurr5ce ( qu>tz-&esites or dacites 9 ,fiji4--,9 connection ) ! exi/5ce ( ^! rocks 9 ,vanua ,levu1 x is notewor?y t except 9 ,mr4 ,eakle's pap] !re is no ref]5ce 9 any ( ^! writ+s to ! occurr5ce ( qu>tz-&esites 9 ,fiji4 ,wi*mann expressly /ates t ! rocks he exam9$ 7 free f qu>tz1 & t up to 8 "t 7#ahhb7 no qu>tz-be>+ y\ng] eruptive rocks 7 kn[n f ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,mr4 ,eakle 9 #ahii describ$ a holo-cry/all9e &esite ) a felsitic aspect f ,malolo & ano!r simil> look+ rock f ,vatu ,mbulo1 9 ! same sub-gr\p ( ! ,fijian ,isl&s1 %[+ qu>tz bo? 9 ! ph5ocry/s & 9 ! microcry/all9e gr\ndmass1 conc]n+ :i* he obs]v$ t x 0 p]haps m ( a dacite ?an an &esite4 ,dacites 7 f\nd by me 9 #ahhd 9 ! isl& ( ,fauro 9 ! ,solomon gr\p1#aag & x is probable t !y are ( m frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,pacific ?an has be5 g5]ally suppos$4 ,z %[n imm$iately bel[1 !y are repres5t$ 9 ,vanua ,levu2 & ! ext5t ( _! di/ribution 9 ! isl& dep5ds on ! limits we assign to ! def9ition ( ! t]m 8dacite40 ,if we re/rict ! t]m to a hornbl5de-&esite c>ry+ porphyritic qu>tz & display+ a micr(elsitic gr\ndmass1 su* rocks1 ?\gh !y =m "s ( ! highe/ peaks 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict1 namely ,nga+ai & ,wawa-levu1 w\ld n be v frequ5t 9 ,vanua ,levu4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a micr(elsitic gr\ndmass is alone necess>y to con/itute a 8dacite10 ! great majority ( ! acid &esites ( ! isl& w\ld fall "u ?is designation4#aah ,?is has long be5 a controv]t$ po9t 9 petrology4 ,if ,i adopt$ ! la/ proc$ure1 my g5]al classification = ! &esites w\ld fall into confusion & _m rocks )\t any qu>tz w\ld be includ$ 9 ! dacites4 ,9 ! ,synopsis x w be se5 t my classification ( ! &esites is z f> z conc]ns ! great gr\ps bas$ on ! m9]al & n on ! /ructural *>act]s4 ,!re are ?ree sub-classes closely alli$ to ea* o!r1 ! hyp]/h5e-&esites1 ! hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites1 & ! qu>tz-hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites or dacites1 :i* _c be di/+ui%$ at _! b\nd>ies by _! petrological *>act]s or by _! diff]5t modes ( occurr5ce4 ,^! gr\ps ( rocks :i* include all ! acid &esites ( ! isl& w n[ be dealt )4 ,,! ,,acid-,,&esites ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu 7,compris+ ! hyp]/h5e-&esites2 hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites2 & qu>tz-hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites or dacites7 ,^! rocks compose 9 mass num]\s isolat$ hills t rise up abruptly 9 ! int]ior ( ! c5tral portion ( ! isl&4 ,su* hills1 or m\nta9s1 z !y might be (t5 t]m$1 usually atta9 a height ( f #gjj to #abjj feet above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & possess precipit\s slopes & frequ5tly p]p5dicul> cliff-faces4 ,9 ! geological description ( ! isl&1 ,i h ref]r$ 9 detail to ^! m\nta9s1 :5 speak+ ( ,na ,r>o1 ,vatu ,kaisia1 ,ndr&ramea1 ,nga+ai1 etc42 & illu/rations ( "s ( !m are includ$ 9 ?is "w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be "h rem>k$ t !y are z a rule rudely conical ) r\nd$ or peak$ summits4 ,! gr\nd-plan is g5]ally elliptical 9 outl9e2 & 9 consequ5ce ! pr(ile (t5 v>ies f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 s t z 9 ! case ( ,na ,r>o1 x is t ( a %>p conical peak :5 ! m\nta9 is view$ 8end-on10 or ( a broad truncat$ mass :5 se5 f ! side4 ,a simil> *ange ( =m is to be notic$ 9 ! illu/rations ( ,ndr&ramea4 ,no traces ( crat]al cavities came "u my notice4 ,! rocks are nei!r vesicul> nor scoriace\s1 & are usually massive2 b exhibit at times a rudely column> /ructure4 ,ea* hill or m\nta9 has its peculi> v>iety ( ^! rocks4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict4 ,?us ! rocks ( ,nga+ai & ( ,wawa-levu 9 c>ry+ porphyritic qu>tz diff] f ^? ( all ! o!r hills ar\nd4 ,^? ( ,soloa ,levu are di/+ui%$ by ! or?ophyric gr\ndmass & by ! abs5ce ( hornbl5de4 ,^? ( ,m\nt ,ndr&ramea aga9 h no porphyritic qu>tz1 b little hornbl5de1 & possess a micro-felsitic gr\ndmass4 ,! rocks ( ,na ,r>o & ,vatu ,kaisia diff] z reg>ds specific gravity1 ! 8gra90 ( ! felsitic gr\ndmass1 ! pres5ce ( ph5ocry/s ( rhombic pyrox5e1 etc4 ,! *>act]s ( ^! rocks f v>i\s localities are contra/$ 9 ! table giv5 on a lat] page1 :il/ ! diff]5t sub-classes to :i* !y belong are describ$ 9 detail bel[4 ,,sub-,,class ,,hyp]/h5e-,,&esites ,^! are d>k & light grey rocks1 sometimes granitoid 9 appe>ance4 ,!y pass on ! "o h& into ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites be=e describ$ & on ! o!r into ! hornbl5de hyp]/h5e-&esites to be subsequ5tly dealt )4 ,f ! =m] !y are di/+ui%$ by ! great pr$om9ance ( rhombic pyrox5e bo? z ph5ocry/s & 9 ! gr\ndmass2 :il/ f ! latt] !y are sep>at$ by ! abs5ce ( br[n hornbl5de or its pseudomorphs4 ,^! rocks are f\nd 9 ! ,ndr&ramea1 ,valanga1 & ,vunimbua di/ricts4 ,!y may =m isolat$ dome-%ap$ hills z 9 t ( ,soloa ,levu1 or !y may con/itute ! deep]-seat$ rocks ( ! region f :i* ^! hills arise1 z 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict4 ,9 _! g5]al mode ( occurr5ce1 h[ev]1 !y _c be treat$ ap>t f ! alli$ hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites & ! dacites4 ,?is sub-class may be divid$ l ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites into f\r ord]s accord+ to ! "* ( ! gr\ndmass2 & ^! are enum]at$ 9 ! ,synopsis4 ,only ! or?ophyric & felsitic ord]s are repres5t$ 9 my collection4 ,( ! =m] ! mo/ typical rocks are ^? compos+ ! hill ( ,soloa ,levu :i* is describ$ on page #ajc4 ,^! ,soloa ,levu rocks are lighti% grey & granitoid 9 aspect1 ) specific gravity ( #bed-bfb1 & display+ abundant porphyritic cry/als ( pyrox5e1 #b-c mm4 9 size4 ,9 ! slides !y %[ a l>ge numb] ( plagioclase ph5ocry/s toge!r ) ^? ( pyrox5e 9 a relatively scanty gr\ndmass1 = ! mo/ "p or?ophyric 9 texture & )\t residual glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* are n usually ov] #b or #c mm4 9 size1 are (t5 tabul> & %[ di/9ct zone-l9es4 ,?\gh !y are trav]s$ by m9ute cracks & h frequ5tly a semi-saussuritic appe>ance aris+ p>tly f *ange-products & p>tly f ! abundance ( col\rless inclusions1 !y yield cle> lamell> ext9ctions ( m$ium & basic &es9e 7#ae-be74444 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 :i* are n mu* alt]$1 are 9 mo/ cases long pale-yell[ rhombic prisms ) r\nd$ ends1 behav+ optically z describ$ on page #bhe2 b int]gr[?s ) monocl9ic pyrox5e may occur & ev5 sep>ate cry/als ( augite4444 ,! scanty gr\ndmass1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 =m$ ( %ort & broad felsp>s1 #ab mm4 long1 ( ! or?ophyric type1 displays 9 places a rude mosaic1 app>5tly ( qu>tz & felsp>4 ,x also %[s abundant small pyrox5es 9 ! =m ( small prisms 7#je mm4 9 l5g?71 giv+ ext9ctions ne>ly always /raight b occasionally oblique 7#cj-ce74 ,z examples ( ! felsitic ord] ( ^! rocks1 mo/ ( :i* are alt]$ l ! propylites1 ,i w fir/ take ! case ( ^? deep-seat$ rocks t are expos$ 9 ! riv]-b$ above ,nambuna 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict4 ,9 ! lea/ alt]$ /ate !y are d>k grey & mottl$1 & h a specific gravity ( #bff-bfi4 ,9 section !y display tabul> zon$ plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 usually m or less occupi$ by alt]ation products1 b at times giv+ lamell> ext9ctions ( basic &es9e 7#bj-be74 ,! rhombic pyrox5e is m or less replac$ by *loritoid pseudomorphs2 :il/ ! 8gra90 ( ! mosaic is (t5 co>se 7#jc mm471 & mu* ( x is evid5tly qu>tz4 ,! m advanc$ /ages ( alt]ation ( ^! rocks are describ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! di/rict giv5 on page #ajf4444 ,simil> rocks1 %[+ pyrites1 occur among/ ! blocks ( ,vunimbua ,riv]2 b "h ! rhombic pyrox5e is mo/ly conv]t$ into ba/ite1 & ! gr\ndmass is 9 "p tra*ytic z well z felsitic 9 texture4 ,! specific gravity is #bg4 7,9 ! la/ survey ( my collection ,i h f\nd a solit>y specim5 f an agglom]ate 9 ! ,mbua-,lekutu 8divide10 :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ord] ) felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t4 ,x is a pale grey rock %[+ abundant macroscopic pyrox5e prisms1 #b mm4 long1 mo/ly rhombic b %[+ also int]gr[?s ) monocl9ic pyrox5e4 ,! felsp>-la!s d n av]age m ?an #a mm41 & !re is a quantity ( small prisms ( rhombic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass1 :i* also conta9s a little residual glass47 ,,sub-,,class ,,hornbl5de-,,hyp]/h5e-,,&esites ,?is is an ext5sive gr\p :i* includes ! rocks =m+ sev]al ( ! hills 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict z well z ! isolat$ peaks ( ,na ,r>o1 ,vatu ,kaisia1 etc4 ,x passes on ! "o side into ! ,hyp]/h5e-,&esites be=e describ$ & on ! o!r into ! ,hornbl5de-,hyp]/h5e-,qu>tz-,&esites1 ! ,dacites ( ?is isl&4 ,( ! f\r ord]s e/abli%$ 9 ! ,synopsis 7page #bcf7 accord+ to ! g5]al me?od !re adopt$1 ! fir/1 :]e ! gr\ndmass exhibits felsp>-la!s n 9 fl[-arrangem5t1 is n repres5t$ 9 my collection4 ,,second ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,hornbl5de-,,hyp]/h5e-,,&esites 7,felsp>-la!s 9 fl[-arrangem5t7 ,?is ord] is only repres5t$ by ?ree rocks1 all ( :i* belong to ! prismatic sub-ord] :]e ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is prismatic & n granul>4 ,two ( ^! rocks are v simil> 9 appe>ance & "*1 ?\gh com+ f diff]5t localities on ! opposite sides ( ,savu-savu ,bay1 "o f ! agglom]ate ( ,vatu-ndamu 9 ! ,kumbulau p59sula 7page #ia71 ! o!r f an intrusive mass 9 ! vic9ity ( ,urata 7page #ahd74 ,!y are d>k grey1 ) specific gravity #bf to #bg1 & display macroscopic cry/als ( hornbl5de & pyrox5e4 ,9 ! slide !y exhibit 9 addition num]\s ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase1 #a to #b mm4 9 size1 9 a gr\ndmass %[+ small felsp>-la!s 7less ?an #a mm4 9 l5g?7 9 p>tial fl[-arrangem5t & num]\s pyrox5e prisms 7#je mm4 long7 giv+ /raight ext9ctions1 toge!r ) a little residual glass4444 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :i* give ext9ctions ( m$ium & basic &es9e1 are (t5 tabul> & display zone-l9es4 ,!y conta9 abundant pale inclusions arrang$ zone-wise4444 ,! hornbl5de ph5ocry/s are d>k br[n1 m>k$ly pleo*roic1 & give ext9ctions up to #ab degrees4 ,!y h d>k resorption bord]s & are sometimes deeply corrod$4 ,!y %[ 9 v>i\s /ages ! rem>kable conv]sion at ! bord]s into f9e pyrox5e1 :i* is describ$ on page #cjf4444 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are m num]\s 9 ! ,urata rock4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p ( ! pale yell[ feebly pleo*roic rhombic type t prevails 9 ! isl&4 ,a few ph5ocry/s ( pale augite 7ext4 #ce7 may occur 9 ! same slide2 :il/ ! two pyrox5es may be associat$ z int]gr[?s4 ,a crypto-cry/all9e v>iety ( ^! rocks1 :]e ! felsp>-la!s & rhombic pyrox5e prisms ( ! gr\ndmass are only 9 "p diff]5tiat$1 is f\nd on ! hills ( ,ndreke-ni-wai on ! %ores ( ,natewa ,bay 7page #bja74 ,x is a pale-grey op5-textur$ rock1 display+ num]\s small macroscopic cry/als ( hornbl5de4 ,,?ird ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,hornbl5de-,,hyp]/h5e-,,&esites 7,felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass1 %ort & broad1 ( ! or?ophyric type7 ,^! rocks occur g5]ally z agglom]ates & are m p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,m>iko ,range & ! ,salt ,lake4 ,!y belong = ! mo/ "p to ! prismatic sub-ord] ( ! gr\p & to ! section ) plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 & fall naturally into two divisions correspond+ to ! two g5]a ) glassy & opaque ph5ocry/s4 ,! la/ nam$ w\ld be reg>d$ by "s z porphyrites4 ,! specific gravity ( ! specim5s ranges f #beb to #bg4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 #a to #b mm4 9 size1 give ext9ctions indicat+ 9 "s rocks oligoclase-&es9e 7#aj-ae7 & 9 o!rs basic &es9e 7#ae-be74 ,_! opacity 9 ! porphyrites is sometimes due to multiple macl+1 b m usually x arises f ! num]\s f9e cracks fill$ ) decomposition products t trav]se !m4 ,! ph5ocry/s ( d>k br[n hornbl5de are g5]ally abundant & give ext9ctions ( #ae degrees4 ,!y z a rule h d>k resorption bord]s 9 :i* ! process ( conv]sion into f9e pyrox5e is 9 active op]ation4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are scanty & 9 mo/ cases rhombic2 b int]gr[?s ) augite & sep>ate cry/als ( ! la/-nam$ may occur4 ,9 ! alt]$ rocks or porphyrites !y are l>gely replac$ by ba/ite & viridite4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass are broad & (t5 rectangul> & may give lamell> ext9ctions ( oligoclase-&es9e4 ,! pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass ( ! porphyrites is (t5 p>tly decompos$4 ,x is z a rule prismatic4 ,a little int]/itial glass1 alt]$ 9 ! porphyrites1 is g5]ally pres5t4 ,,f\r? ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,hornbl5de-,,hyp]/h5e-,,&esites 7,gr\ndmass felsitic1 display+ a granul> mosaic /ructure7 ,^! are light & d>k grey rocks %[+ usually macroscopic pyrox5e & hornbl5de4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 appe>ance f ! op5-textur$ rock to t ) a granitoid co>sely cry/all9e aspect4 ,!y g5]ally c>ry br[n hornbl5de ph5ocry/s1 b frequ5tly ^! are repres5t$ by pseudomorphs2 & !y all h a felsitic gr\ndmass4 ,!y are only sep>at$ by ! abs5ce ( porphyritic qu>tz f ! dacites ( ,vanua ,levu1 :i* are treat$ 9 ! next sub-class4 ,!y pres5t all /ages f ! crypto-cry/all9e to ! holo-cry/all9e condition1 b all %[ a gr\ndmass :i* may be scanty 9 ! m co>sely cry/all9e rocks4 ,^! rocks are *>act]i/ic ( "s ( ! hills ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict & ( ! isolat$ peaks ( ,vatu ,kaisia & ,na ,r>o4 ,!y include a l>ge proportion ( ! acid &esites ( ! isl&1 & all belong to ! prismatic sub-ord] ) prismatic pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass1 & to ! section ) plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,_! specific gravity ranges usually f #bee 9 ! m acid & less cry/all9e types to #bgd 9 ! mo/ cry/all9e & basic k9ds4 ,9 ! typical slides !y display ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase1 pyrox5e1 & br[n hornbl5de 9 a micr(elsitic gr\ndmass =m$ evid5tly ( felsp> & qu>tz toge!r ) mu* prismatic pyrox5e4 ,!y may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree species accord+ to ! size ( ! 8gra90 ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,( ! fir/ species1 :]e ! 8gra90 is less ?an #ja mm41 ! rocks ( ,m\nt ,ndr&ramea are typical4 ,!y h a crypto-cry/all9e gr\ndmass :]e ! felsitic /ructure is 9 process ( developm5t & :]e ! pyrox5e prisms or microli?s are v m9ute4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s 7#a mm4 9 size7 give ext9ctions ( acid & m$ium &es9e 7#aj-bj71 & are tabul>1 zon$1 & conta9 abundant pale inclusions4 ,! hornbl5de ph5ocry/s1 except 9 ! case ( ! rocks at ! foot ( ! hill1 are repres5t$ by pseudomorphs 9 v>i\s /ages ( disp]sion1 s t ?is "* is likely to be ov]look$4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are 9 mo/ cases ( ! pale yell[ feebly pleo*roic rhombic type1 b !y may pres5t int]gr[?s ( bo? ! monocl9ic & rhombic =ms4 ,^! are light grey rocks ) a specific gravity increas+ z "o desc5ds f ! summit1 :]e x is ab\t #be1 to ! base :]e x is #bg1 a *ange correspond+ ) increase ( ! f]ro-magnesian m9]als & ) ! m cry/all9e /ructure ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,! second species1 :]e ! 8gra90 ( ! mosaic is betwe5 #ja & #jb mm41 is repres5t$ by ! ,vatu ,kaisia rock & by t expos$ 9 ! opposite side ( ! gorge4 ,!y are granitoid 9 appe>ance & h a specific gravity ( #bfh to #bga4 ,l>ge porphyritic cry/als ( pyrox5e & hornbl5de1 ! la/ sometimes #g mm4 9 l5g?1 occur 9 a d>k grey base4 ,9 ! slide ^! ph5ocry/s toge!r ) ^? ( plagioclase are display$ 9 a some:at scanty holo-cry/all9e gr\ndmass1 :]e ! 8gra90 ( ! mosaic av]ages #jab mm4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are zon$1 & give 9 diff]5t cry/als ext9ctions 9 "s cases ( oligoclase-&es9e 7#aj-ab7 & 9 o!rs ( &es9e-labradorite 7#be-cj74 ,! hornbl5de ph5ocry/s 9 _! pseudomorphism illu/rate ! v>i\s /ages ( ! process ( conv]sion into f9e granul> & prismatic pyrox5e4 ,! lea/ alt]$ cry/als h d>k resorption bord]s & are at times deeply corrod$4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are = ! mo/ "p rhombic2 b int]gr[?s ) ! monocl9ic =m occur4 ,! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( small rhombic prisms av]ag+ #je mm4 9 l5g?4 ,! ?ird species1 :]e ! gr\ndmass may be describ$ z a co>se mosaic ) a 8gra90 betwe5 #jb & #jc mm41 is repres5t$ by ! rocks ( ! peak ( ,na ,r>o & ( ,m\nt ,?okas+a 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict4 ,! ,na ,r>o rocks are light grey ) a specific gravity 9 ! unwea!r$ /ate ( ab\t #bf1 & display macroscopic cry/als ( glassy plagioclase & hornbl5de4 ,9 ! slide !y exhibit tabul> ph5ocry/s ( ! plagioclase1 toge!r ) d>k pseudomorphs aft] hornbl5de1 9 a co>sely felsitic gr\ndmass 7gra9 #jbb mm47 :]e a little v f9e prismatic pyrox5e1 app>5tly rhombic1 occurs4 ,!re is also a little alt]$ int]/itial glass4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s are zon$ & give ext9ctions ( #ae to #be 7acid & basic &es9e71 :il/ !y (t5 %[ magma inclusions4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ^! rocks is conc]n$ ) ! r>ity or abs5ce ( ph5ocry/s ( pyrox5e4 ,!y are to be se51 h[ev]1 9 ! process ( be+ built up )9 ! sub/ance ( ! hornbl5de pseudomorphs1 :i* consi/ entirely ( m9ute prisms & granules ( pyrox5e & ( f9e magnetite4 ,! process seems to consi/ 9 ! =mation ( p>allel lay]s ( rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e4 ,! ,?oka-s+a rocks are m basic 7spec4 grav4 #bgb to #bgd71 & 9 ! scanty holo-cry/all9e gr\ndmass approa* ! plutonic type4 ,!y are d>k grey granitoid rocks display+ abundant macroscopic pyrox5e cry/als #b to #c mm4 long4 ,! orig9al hornbl5de ph5ocry/s are only repres5t$ by traces ( pseudomorphs ( f9e pyrox5e & magnetite1 ! process ( disp]sion1 describ$ on page #cjg1 be+ almo/ complet$4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are mo/ly rhombic2 b int]gr[?s ) ! monocl9ic =m occur4 ,! 8gra90 ( ! mosaic ( ! gr\ndmass is co>se 7#jbc mm471 & !re is a fair am\nt ( prismatic ) a little granul> pyrox5e1 ! prisms1 #jd mm4 long1 giv+ usually /raight ext9ctions1 :il/ ! granules are app>5tly monocl9ic4 ,,sub-,,class ,,qu>tz-,,hornbl5de-,,hyp]/h5e-,,&esites ,,or ,,dacites ,^! rocks are infrequ5t4 ,!y compose 9 mass ! adjac5t m\nta9s ( ,nga+ai & ,wawa ,levu 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict1 & appe> also on ! l[] slopes ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9 ( ,navun+umu4 ,!y diff] *iefly f ! hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites 9 ! pres5ce ( porphyritic qu>tz1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n z a rule abundant4 ,9 _! g5]al orig9 & aff9ities & 9 _! mode ( occurr5ce !y _c be sep>at$ f ! two sub-classes ( hyp]/h5e-&esites & hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites be=e describ$4 ,!y all belong to ! felsitic ord] ( ! sub-class1 & all are ref]r$ to ! sub-ord] ) prismatic pyrox5e & to ! section ) plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,!y are light grey rocks1 ) a specific gravity ( #beg to #bfa1 %[+ usually d>k pseudomorphs aft] hornbl5de & a little porphyritic qu>tz4 ,9 ! slide !y display ^! pseudomorphs & qu>tz cry/als1 associat$ ) abundant plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 9 a felsitic gr\ndmass1 evid5tly a mixture ( felsp> & qu>tz1 ) f9e pyrox5e1 mo/ly prismatic & rhombic4 ,pyrox5e ph5ocry/s are abs5t or r>e2 b !y may be se5 9 process ( =mation 9 ! sub/ance ( ! hornbl5de-pseudomorphs4 ,x is only at times1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,navun+umu rock1 t ! br[n hornbl5de ph5ocry/s are 9 "p un*ang$ & t complete pyrox5e ph5ocry/s occur4 ,9 su* cases ! la/ may be entirely rhombic1 or may exhibit at times int]gr[?s ) ! monocl9ic =m4 ,! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 #b mm4 9 size1 are (t5 tabul> & zon$ & give two sets ( ext9ctions1 indicat+ acid & basic &es9e4 ,_! abundant inclusions are arrang$ 9 zones4 ,! qu>tz-cry/als1 #a to #b mm4 9 size1 pres5t hexagonal sections ) r\nd$ angles4 ,!y are sometimes trav]s$ by cracks occupi$ by iron oxide films4 ,! pseudomorphs aft] hornbl5de1 :i* consi/ ( f9e pyrox5e mix$ ) magnetite1 exhibit (t5 ! build+ up 9 _! int]ior ( pyrox5e ph5ocry/s1 app>5tly rhombic1 by long p>allel r[s ( /\t prisms4 ,9 o!r cases ! pseudomorphs display ! diff]5t /ages ( disp]sion4 ,! f9e pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass consi/s mo/ly ( rhombic prisms 7#jb-jf mm4 long7 ) "s granules4 ,! 8gra90 ( ! gr\ndmass is usually betwe5 #ja & #jb mm4 ,!re is little or no residual glass4 ,! rocks ( ,wawa ,levu & ,nga+ai are closely simil>1 b !y diff] 9 ! size ( ! prismatic pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* is co>s] 9 ! fir/-nam$ m\nta9 7#jee mm4 long7 ?an x is 9 ! second 7#jbe mm4 long74 ,9 bo? ! 8gra90 ( ! mosaic is ab\t ! same 7#jad mm474 ,,tabul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,acid ,,&esites ,,( ,,vanua ,,levu4 ,,note4--,! figures 9 ! columns head$ 8,felsitic0 & 8,rhombic0 ref] to ! size 9 millimetres ( ! felsitic 8gra90 & ! l>g] pyrox5e prisms4 ,column head+s3 ,p3 ,plagioclase4 ,q3 ,qu>tz4 ,h3 ,hornbl5de or its pseudomorph4 ,r3 ,rhombic ,pyrox5e4 ,m3 ,monocl9ic ,pyrox5e4 ,o3 ,or?ophyric4 ,rh3 ,rhombic4 ,mo3 ,monocl9ic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ph5ocry/s4 ,gr\ndmass4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,locality4 ,sp4 ,/ructure4 ,pyrox5e4 ,gr4,p,q ,h ,r ,m ------------------------ ,felsitic4 ,o ,rh ,mo ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nga+ai1 summit #beg #jad #jc pseudom4 ,nga+ai1 l[] "p #beg #jac #jb pseudom4 ,wawa-levu1 #a1ejj feet #bfa #jae #je pseudom4 ,wawa-levu1 #a1ejj feet #bfa #jad #jf pseudom4 ,wawa-levu1 we/ side #beg #jbb #jd ( base pseudom4 b n on 9 great m\nta9 "p ,ndr&ramea1 summit #bdd #jjg #ja only scanty hemi- traces cry/all9e ( pseudom4 ,ndr&ramea1 #a1fjj feet #beh #jjh #ja only scanty hemi- traces cry/all9e ( pseudom4 ,ndr&ramea1 #a1bjj feet #bfh 8 8 #jjh #ja hemi- cry/all9e ,ndr&ramea1 saddle at #bga 8 #jji #ja base ,kalakala1 #bfa #jb #ja ne> base pseudom4 9 "p ,navun+umu#bfe #jb #jc 8 ne> base 9 "p scanty pseudom4 #bdh #jah 8 ,?okas+a #bgd #jbd #jc pseudom4 ,?okas+a #bgb #jbc #jd ,na ,r>o1 #beh #jb #ja upp] "p pseudom4 scanty ,na ,r>o #beh #jbb #ja pseudom4 scanty ,vatu ,kaisia #bga #jac #je 9 "p pseudom4 ,vatu ,kaisia1#bfh #ja #je opposite to 9 "p pseudom4 ,soloa-levu1 #bed #jf upp] "p ,soloa-levu1 #beg #je upp] "p ,soloa-levu1 #bfb #jf ne> base scanty ,soloa-levu1 #bfa #jf ne> base scanty ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,note on ! ,rhombic ,pyrox5e ( ! ?ree =ego+ sub-classes ( ! ,acid ,&esites4--,! t]m 8hyp]/h5e0 has be5 "h us$ z a conv5i5t expression equival5t to 8rhombic pyrox5e40 ,! m9]al is always a little pleo*roic & is nev] col\rless1 & x is only 9 v r>e cases t ! t]m 8en/atite0 c\ld be us$4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is practically only "o =m ( rhombic pyrox5e repres5t$ 9 my collections :e!r 9 acid or basic &esites or 9 hemi-cry/all9e & plutonic rocks4 ,9 ! acid &esites x occurs n only z ph5ocry/s b also z m9ute prisms =m+ a con/itu5t ( ! gr\ndmass4 ,?is m9]al1 :5 compos+ ! ph5ocry/s1 pres5ts itself usually z s+le untw9n$ prisms :i* exhibit ! typical octagonal cross-sections ) mu* r$uc$ prism-faces4 ,! prismatic sections give /raight ext9ctions2 :il/ ) ! cross-sections we obta9 /raight ext9ctions p>allel ) ! p9akoid faces4 ,! col\r 9 transmitt$ light is pale br[ni% yell[4 ,! pleo*roism1 ?\gh usually feeble1 is q di/9ct1 ! col\r be+ pale yell[ :5 ! prism lies p>allel ) ! long axis ( ! l[] nicol1 & almo/ :ite :5 x lies across4 ,n infrequ5tly ^! ph5ocry/s behave abnormally & give small oblique ext9ctions4 ,?is is (t5 ! case :5 monocl9ic pyrox5e occurs 9 ! same section4 ,! association ( ! two pyrox5es 9 "o cry/al c 9 "s cases be cle>ly recognis$4 ,at "o "t a plate ( pyrox5e exhibits itself z a co>se aggregate ( ! two pyrox5es4 ,at o!r times ! two occur z p>allel int]gr[?s1 z 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,b x is r>ely t su* int]gr[?s are s typically display$1 ! reason ( :i* has be5 suppli$ by ,zirkel 9 8 ,lehrbu* d] ,petrographie2 #bnd edit43 ,i4 #bga4 ,note on ! 8magmatic p>amorphism0#aai ( ! hornbl5de ph5ocry/s4--,ref]5ce has be=e be5 made 9 ! g5]al description ( ^! rocks to ! d>k alt]ation m>g9s ( ! hornbl5de ph5ocry/s4 ,! d>k bord]s display ! 8bacill>y0 /ructure notic$ by ,r5>d 9 ! case ( "s hornbl5de &esites f ,k&avu 9 ! same gr\p ( isl&s1#abj be+ compos$ ( m9ute granules & p>allel prisms ( pyrox5e & also ( magnetite gra9s4 ,) ! ,k&avu rocks ,r5>d obs]v$ t ! t9y pyrox5es 7 col\rless or gre5i% & _h an ext9ction angle ( #dj4 ,9 ! ,vanua ,levu rocks1 h[ev]1 !re is a mixture 9 ^! d>k m>g9s ( bo? monocl9ic & rhombic pyrox5e2 & ! process may be obs]v$ 9 all /ages z x advances into ! int]ior ( ! cry/al1 until a d>k pseudomorph or p>amorph ( pyrox5e & magnetite results4 ,:5 ! magnetite prevails1 ! pseudomorph may ultimately =m a black pat* 9 :i* ! process is obscur$4 ,b :51 z is g5]ally ! case1 ! pyrox5es are m frequ5t1 x occurs z a d>k grey mass4 ,f9ally foll[s ! disp]sion ( ! pseudomorph1 :i* fir/ becomes a loosely arrang$ aggregate ( ! two pyrox5es & magnetite1 & !n breaks d[n1 & at l5g? is only repres5t$ by small pale pat*es ( its orig9al con/itu5ts4 ,^! pat*es are easily recognisable1 & 9 n a few rock-sections (f] ! only indication ( ! previ\sly exi/+ hornbl5de ph5ocry/4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is is ! s\rce ( mu* at lea/ ( ! (t5 abundant pyrox5es ( ! gr\ndmass1 :i* are usually mo/ frequ5t 9 ! vic9ity ( ! pat*es4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /age :5 ! d>k bord] alone exi/s1 x is n easy to di/+ui% ! "o pyrox5e f ! o!r1 ! granules & prisms be+ col\rless & v m9ute1 less ?an #ja 9 size4 ,b 9 a f> advanc$ /age ( ! p>amorphism ! granules & prisms become sometimes mu* l>g]1 ! fir/ atta9+ a bread? ( #jd & #je mm4 & ! la/ a l5g? ( #ae mm4 ,f9ally ! int]ior ( ! p>amorph is se5 to be m or less completely compos$ ( v pale br[n augite & pale yell[ rhombic pyrox5e 9 co>se gra9s & prisms1 ! fir/ di/+ui%$ by its oblique ext9ction ( #cj to #ce1 ! la/ recognis$ by its /raight ext9ction & feeble ?\gh di/9ct pleo*roism4 ,al?\gh z a rule ! p>amorph becomes disp]s$ & its pyrox5e con/itu5ts are add$ to ! gr\ndmass1 x sometimes exhibits a *ange ( ano!r "*4 ,9 ?is case ! out] portion is alone disp]s$1 :il/ ! gr[? ( a s+le l>ge cry/al ( pyrox5e proce$s )9 ! mass4 ,9 a lat] /age1 :5 ! disp]sion ( ! out] "p is complete1 we h a fre%-look+ pyrox5e ph5ocry/ ) un=m$ edges1 on ! bord]s ( :i* little granules & prisms ( pyrox5e may be se5 arrang+ !mselves1 z if ! cry/al-build+ 0 /ill 9 progress1 or r z if x _h be5 int]rupt$ & left unf9i%$ by ! too rapid disp]sion ( ! out] portions ( ! p>amorph4 ,x w be ga!r$ f ! above t ! s\rce ( ! pyrox5e ( ! gr\ndmass is to be f\nd 9 ! magmatic p>amorphism ( ! porphyritic hornbl5de4 ,! hornbl5de is d>k-br[n1 m>k$ly pleo*roic1 & ext9ctions up to #ae are giv5 9 prismatic sections4 ,x is well kn[n t ! conv]sion ( a hornbl5de cry/al into an aggregate ( pyrox5e prisms & magnetite 0 long s9ce exp]im5tally effect$ by ,doelt] & ,hussak by imm]s+ ! hornbl5de 9 molt5 basalt1 &esite1 c4#aba ,i w\ld imag9e t ! trans=mation ( ! hornbl5de & ! disp]sion ( ! p>amorph occurr$ "u two conditions2 9 ! fir/ case :il/ ! 8fl[0 0 /ill 9 motion :5 ! result+ pyrox5e w\ld be mix$ up 9 ! magma2 9 ! second case aft] movem5t _h ceas$1 b be=e consolidation ( ! gr\ndmass1 :5 a p>amorph or pseudomorph w\ld be =m$4 ,,oligoclase-,,tra*ytes ,! t]m 8tra*yte0 is "h appli$ 9 a g5]al s5se to a gr\p ( light-grey intrusive acid rocks1 hav+ a specific gravity :5 compact ( #bd to #bde & %[+ ph5ocry/s ( glassy felsp>1 b n ( qu>tz4 ,^! rocks1 :i* are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! di/ricts ar\nd ,tawaki & ,m\nt ,?uku & ( ! ,wa9ikoro sea-bord]1 are (t5 op5-textur$ & sometimes a little vesicul>1 :il/ sev]al ( !m exhibit "s degree ( alt]ation 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,9 all cases !y appe> to be intrusions r ?an surface-fl[s2 & at times !y display a column> /ructure4#abb ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! oligoclase-tra*ytes 9 v>i\s localities appe>s to be ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! v>y+ degrees ( cry/allisation4 ,!re are two pr9cipal v>ieties4 ,9 ! mo/ cry/all9e type !re are small ph5ocry/s ( glassy felsp> & a few ( pale augite1 ! angle ( ext9ction ( ! la/ be+ ov] #cj degrees4 ,! felsp> ph5ocry/s1 :i* conta9 b few inclusions & h %>p rectil9e> outl9es1 9 mo/ cases %[ zon+ & give lamell> ext9ction ( #e to #ab indicat+ oligoclase2 b "s ( !m h ! tabul> untw9n$ or simple tw9n$ =m ( sanid9e4 ,! gr\ndmass is 9 ! ma9 compos$ ( m9ute felsp>-la!s1 less ?an #a mm4 9 l5g?1 arrang$ 9 a d5se plexus1 & giv+ ne>ly /raight ext9ctions4 ,b x also conta9s a numb] ( scatt]$ l>g] felsp>-la!s av]ag+ #b mm4 9 l5g? & giv+ ext9ctions ( #e :5 simple1 & ( #h to #aj :5 lamell>4 ,!re is also "s small prismatic augite 9 ! gr\ndmass b (t5 decompos+4 ,! orig9al int]/itial glass is repres5t$ by num]\s r$di%-br[n pat*es ( devitrifi$ glass4 ,9 ! second type ( ^! tra*ytes1 ! rock is m op5 9 texture & is at times vesicul>1 ! specific gravity be+ usually less ?an #bd4 ,! g5]al *>act]s are mu* ! same1 b sanid9e is bett] repres5t$ among ! ph5ocry/s1 & ! gr\ndmass is m blurr$2 b :5 ! felsp>-la!s are di/9ct !y give an ext9ction ei!r ne>ly /raight or f #d to #h1 accord+ z !y are simple or display lamell4 ,! augite ( ! gr\ndmass is scanty & m or less decompos$2 :il/ ! int]/itial glass :5 unalt]$ is 9 fair quantity & ne>ly isotropic4 ,! alt]ation obs]v$ 9 sev]al ( ^! oligoclase-tra*ytes is re/rict$ *iefly to ! int]/itial glass 9 :i* second>y qu>tz & at times calcite & viridite are develop$4 ,sc>cely any ( !m are q free f ^! *anges4#abc ,! pit*/one or vitre\s =m ( ^! tra*ytes is display$ 9 ! blocks ( an agglom]ate-tuff betwe5 ,tawaki & ,m\nt ,?uku4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #bcf1 is d>k-br[n1 & has a con*oidal fracture4 ,ph5ocry/s ( felsp>1 mo/ly oligoclase1 ) ext9ction-angles ( #e to #aa1 & (t5 p5etrat$ by ! magma1 are inclos$ 9 a semi-isotropic gr\ndmass %[+ incipi5t developm5t ( felsp> & o!r d>k] microli?s4 ,!re are also a few small ph5ocry/s ( pale augite4 ,,qu>tz ,,porphyries ,,& ,,rhyolitic ,,rocks ,wi*mann :5 he wrote 9 #ahhb t no qu>tz-be>+ y\ng] eruptive rocks _h hi!rto be5 obs]v$ ei!r 9 ,fiji or 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s g5]ally1 _h app>5tly ov]look$ ,dana's obs]vations 9 ! ,fijian gr\p4 ,! ,am]ican geologi/#abd ref]s to a rock f\nd on ! nor?-ea/ %ores ( ,vanua ,levu :i* exhibit$ 9 a gre5i% base ?ickly dissem9at$ cry/als ( qu>tz 7bipyramidal dodecah$rons1 #a_/h ( an in* 9 diamet]7 & glassy felsp>1 toge!r ) a few sph5e cry/als4 ,qu>tz porphyries1 ak9 to ! rhyolites1 are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ! isl&1 to :i* 9 fact !y are entirely conf9$4 ,!y p]haps are be/ repres5t$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,?uku & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! m\? ( ! ,wa9ikoro ,riv]4 ,none ( my specim5s h ! fre% appe>ance ( ! ,lip>i rhyolites & all are m or less alt]$4 ,_! specific gravity does n exce$ #bd1 & !y are = ! mo/ "p intrusive 9 "*4 ,a rock frequ5tly expos$ betwe5 ,tawaki & ,m\nt ,?uku#abe conta9s abundant ph5ocry/s ( glassy felsp> 7oligoclase & sanid9e7 & qu>tz 9 a gre5i% opaque gr\ndmass hav+ a blurr$ micr(elsitic /ructure4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 a second>y devitrification ( ! gr\ndmass s9ce consolidation4 ,! porphyritic qu>tz cry/als are r\nd$ & ab\t #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,ano!r rock display$ 9 ! coa/-cliffs on ! nor? side ( ,natewa ,bay1 a mile ea/ ( ,m\nt ,?uku1 has a some:at b&$ appe>ance4 ,x %[s cry/als ( qu>tz1 m or less r\nd$ & #c to #d mm4 9 diamet]1 toge!r ) ph5ocry/s ( glassy felsp> 7oligoclase ) lamell> ext9ction ( #e & sanid9e74 ,! gr\ndmass displays traces ( sph]ulites & is 9 places semi-isotropic2 b = ! mo/ "p x is micr(elsitic4 ,! type ( rock f\nd 9 ! ,wa9ikoro di/rict & 9 ! adjac5t sea-bord]1 :]e x may be obs]v$ =m+ dykes 9 ! pumice-tuffs1 is light-grey & loose-textur$ ) a specific gravity ( #ba4 ,x exhibits small ph5ocry/s ( qu>tz & ( glassy felsp> 7oligoclase #e to #ab1 & sanid9e71 )1 9 "o locality only1 a scanty am\nt ( d>k gre5 hornbl5de yield+ ext9ctions up to #bj4 ,! qu>tz cry/als1 :i* are #a to #b mm4 9 size1 are sometimes bipyramidal2 b are (t5 r\nd$ & h fus$-l out] surfaces4 ,! gr\ndmass is semi-isotropic ) a blurr$ aspect1 & %[s traces ( sph]ulites & num]\s cry/allites1 ) occasional felsp>-la!s giv+ a ne>ly /raight ext9ction4 ,an ext5sively alt]$ qu>tz porphyry ( a diff]5t type is associat$ ) o!r alt]$ rocks at ! base ( ,m\nt ,nailo?a4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #bed1 & displays l>ge opaque cry/als ( plagioclase1 #b to #e mm4 9 size ) small qu>tz cry/als #a to #b mm4 across1 9 a grey compact matrix4 ,! fir/-nam$ %[s ! felsp> to be mo/ly replac$ by alt]ation products2 b occasionally a lamell> ext9ction ( #f or #g c be obs]v$4 ,! qu>tz cry/als are r\nd$ & p5etrat$ by ! magma1 & conta9 num]\s /r+s ( fluid-cavities4 ,! gr\ndmass 0 orig9ally sph]ulitic2 b ?is /ructure is m or less disguis$ by ! developm5t ( a mosaic ( *alc$onic qu>tz4 ,x %[s "s micro-porphyritic pat*es ( viridite & calcite4 ,a s+ul> alt]$ :ite rhyolitic rock is expos$ on ! nor? coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay betwe5 ,natasa & ,sangani1 :]e x is associat$ ) alt]$ tuffs4 ,x is compact ) a con*oidal fracture & has a specific gravity ( #bdh4 ,! h&-specim5 has a b&$ appe>ance4 ,"u ! microscope x appe>s z a rhyolitic glass = ! mo/ "p devitrifi$ & r5d]$ opaque by ! =mation ( second>y silica4 ,mu* ( x pres5ts a micr(elsitic /ructure1 ! b&s appe>+ z semi-opaque /reaks4 ,glassy =ms ( ! qu>tz porphyries or intrusive rhyolitic rocks are ext5sively repres5t$ 9 ! pumice tuffs ( ! ,undu ,promontory & ( ! coa/s betwe5 ! ,langa-langa riv] & ,lambasa4 ,^! tuffs w be f\nd describ$ on page #ccf4 ,fragm5ts ( a grey rhyolitic glass look+ l p]lite are inclos$ 9 ! pumice-tuffs ne> ! m\? ( ! ,wa9ikoro ,riv]4 ,"u ! microscope x is display$ z a col\rless glass inclos+ ph5ocry/s ( sanid9e1 oligoclase 7ext4 #d71 & qu>tz1 ! la/ ) r\nd$ outl9es & a fus$-l out] surface4 ,! glass %[s 9 places p]litic cracks2 b x is ma9ly *>act]is$ by a vacuol> /ructure1 ! m9ute cavities be+ l5g!n$ out 9 ! direction ( ! fl[ & display+ eddy-curr5ts ar\nd ! ph5ocry/s4 ,! elongat$ /eam-cavities sometimes conta9 wat]1 b are usually m or less fill$ ) granul> mat]ials4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,basic ,glasses & ,volcanic ,agglom]ates ,,basic ,,pit*/one ,,& ,,basic ,,glass ,,x is n possible to draw a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! pit*/one & ! purely vitre\s condition ( ^! glasses4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks w !re=e apply to bo?4 ,reg>d$ z compon5ts ( ! pit*/one-tuffs & palagonite-tuffs ^! rocks h a v ext5sive di/ribution 9 ! isl&2 b 9 ! massive /ate !y are h>dly ev] to be f\nd1 :il/ 9 ! =m ( agglom]ates !y are only frequ5t 9 c]ta9 localities1 z 9 ! cliffs ( ! ,korot9i ,bluff1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mbale-mbale1 on ! slopes ( ,soloa ,levu1 & 9 ! divid+ ridge betwe5 ! ,mbua & ,lekutu pla9s4 ,on r>e occasions !y are to be f\nd 9 a rubbly condition1 z 9 ! upp] "p ( a basaltic fl[ describ$ on p4 #ib1 or !y may =m ve9s 9 a m cry/all9e basaltic rock z at ,vatulele ,bay4 ,_! specific gravity ranges f #bfa to #bgg1 & !y fuse readily be=e ! bl[-pipe1 ! melt+ beg9n+ 9 ! ord9>y flame4 ,s9ce !y are n dissolv$ "u any condition 9 ,h,cl1 !y w\ld be ref]r$ to ! old hyalomelane gr\p ( basic glasses4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! rocks occurs on ! slopes ( ,soloa ,levu4 ,z display$ on ! s\?-we/ slope1 x pres5ts itself z a br[ni%-black rock ) a specific gravity ( #bfa & exhibit+ l>ge porphyritic cry/als 7#f to #h mm47 ( plagioclase4 ,x is g5]ally compact1 b x is 9 places a little vesicul>1 ! m9ute cavities be+ (t5 fill$ ) a zeolite4 ,! mode ( occurr5ce ( ?is pit*/one-porphyry is describ$ on p4 #ajd4 ,9 ! slide ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s give lamell> ext9ctions 7#ba-bg7 ( &es9e labradorite1 & h regul> outl9es1 ) b few inclusions ( ! glassy magma4 ,!re are also a few small ph5ocry/s ( augite ) d>k r\nd$ bord]s & %[+ 9 "s cases lamell> tw9n+4 ,! gr\ndmass is a br[n r turbid glass 9 :i* d>k po9ts ( devitrification occur4 ,x is trav]s$ by cracks t also p5etrate ! felsp> ph5ocry/s4 ,^! cracks are fill$ ) a feebly refractive mat]ial l palagonite2 & !re are traces ( ! e>ly /age ( ! palagonitic *ange 9 "o or two places4 ,?is is ( importance1 because on ! nor?-we/ side ( ! hill occurs ! same rock1 9 :i* ! basic glass has be5 conv]t$ into a r$di%-br[n almo/ opaque palagonite2 b 9 ?is case ! porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase are m affect$ by ! magma1 be+ r\nd$ & ext5sively p5etrat$ s*ill]-fa%ion by ?is mat]ial2 :il/ ! augite ph5ocry/s are some:at simil>ly affect$4 ,! alt]$ glass is also vacuol>1 ! cavities be+ fill$ ) a zeolite4 ,!re is an indication ( "s degree ( cru%+ 9 ! fracture ( "s ( ! felsp> ph5ocry/s 9 situ4 ,!re appe>s to be a connection1 z %[n on p4 #cdb1 betwe5 ! cru%+ ( a basic glass & ! =mation ( palagonite4 ,x is notewor?y t ) ?is *ange ! specific gravity drops f #bfa 9 ! comp>atively fre% rock to #bad 9 ! palagonitis$ hydrat$ condition4 ,z ano!r example ( ^! basic pit*/ones ,i w take t =m+ an agglom]ate ne> ,mbale-mbale4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #bgg & displays ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase1 oliv9e1 & augite4 ,! fir/-nam$1 :i* give ! lamell> ext9ction ( acid labradorite1 7#bb-bh71 are fre%-look+ & only affect$ to a small ext5t by ! magma4 ,^? ( oliv9e & augite are 9 mu* ! same condition4 ,! glass ( ! gr\ndmass is r turbid & displays num]\s d>k pat*es ( incipi5t cry/allisation1 :i* 9 "s cases prove to be compos$ ( bru%-l cry/allites ar\nd a cle> ,h-%ap$ nucleus1 & 9 o!r cases h a m prismatic =m4 ,a vitre\s rock hav+ "s ( ! *>act]s ( a v>iolite is f\nd ne> ,n>5gali 7see page #aej74 ,x1 h[ev]1 has ! l[ specific gravity ( #bdc & is n readily fusible ) ! bl[-pipe4 ,x displays an imp]fect sph]oidal /ructure on a small scale1 be+ made up ( nodules1 ! l>ge/ hav+ ! size ( a filb]t4 ,9 ! slide x appe>s z a grey glass made up ( %eaf-l aggregates ( fibre-l cry/allites1 app>5tly ( felsp>1 ) m9ute skeleton prisms ( pyrox5e 9 p>allel arrangem5t1 & is trav]s$ by p]litic cracks4 ,,! ,,volcanic ,,agglom]ates ,9 ?is place my rem>ks w be *iefly conf9$ to a summ>y ( "s ( ! lead+ features ( ^! =mations4 ,! agglom]ates1 :i* pass by all gradations ?r\gh ! tuff-agglom]ates into ! subm>9e tuffs1 rank among/ ! mo/ preval5t & ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! rocks expos$ at ! surface 9 ?is isl&4 ,_! li?ological *>act]s v>y accord+ to ! type ( ! massive rocks ( ! di/rict4 ,?us 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict ! blocks are compos$ ( ! prevail+ acid &esites4 ,9 ! ,koro-mbasanga di/rict !y are =m$ ( hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites4 ,9 ! ,korot9i & ,va-lili ranges !y are compos$ ( oliv9e basalts & basaltic &esites4 ,! agglom]ates d]iv$ f basaltic rocks & basic &esites are by f> ! mo/ frequ5t1 & x is to !m t ! foll[+ g5]al obs]vations apply4 ,! basic agglom]ates & tuff-agglom]ates are f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e & at all elevations up to #b1ejj feet above ! sea & ov]4 ,!y compose ! inl& cliffs & ! long l9es ( precipit\s declivities t give "* to ! valleys & gorges ( ! m\nta9\s int]ior4 ,! blocks are (t5 scoriace\s & semi-vitre\s1 b ! *>act]s ( ! rocks w be f\nd describ$ on page #caf4 ,!y are g5]ally sub-angul> & v>y 9 size f a few in*es to "o or two feet2 &1 ?\gh sometimes heap$ toge!r 9 confusion1 !y w g5]ally be f\nd 9 ! case ( any ext5sive exposure to be rudely sort$ accord+ to size1 or to pres5t a rude horizontal arrangem5t4 ,! matrix v>ies mu* 9 am\nt1 be+ sometimes b>ely appreciable & at o!r times s abundant t ! deposit may be t]m$ a tuff-agglom]ate4 ,typically x has ! "* ( ! palagonite-tuffs ( mix$ composition describ$ on page #cbf1 be+ made up ( fragm5ts ( palagonitis$ vacuol> basic glass1 portions ( cry/als ( plagioclase & augite1 ) ! debris ( ! basic semi-vitre\s & hemi-cry/all9e rocks =m+ ! blocks4 ,:5 x is scanty x conta9s nei!r c>bonate ( lime nor organic rema9s2 b 9 ! tuff-agglom]ates x may be calc>e\s & may inclose te/s ( =am9if]a & molluscan %ells4 ,f ! circum/ance t ! basic agglom]ates ov]lie subm>9e s$im5t>y tuffs & clays almo/ ev]y:]e1 _! subm>9e orig9 c\ld alone be safely po/ulat$4 ,!re are "o or two localities t ?r[ especial light on ! conditions "u :i* ^! accumulations occurr$4 ,!y are dealt ) at "s l5g? 9 ! g5]al description ( ea* di/rict & only a brief ref]5ce c be made to "s ( _! indications "h4 ,! te/imony suppli$ by ! int]e/+ exposures on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,?ambeyu 7page #agh7 goes to %[ t aft] ! deposition ( ! =am9if]\s tuffs & clays ! /age ( ! agglom]ates 0 u%]$ 9 gradually4 ,! tuffs increas$ 9 co>s5ess1 & aft]w>ds !y 7 cov]$ up ) an agglom]ate =m$ ( blocks at fir/ only "o or two in*es 9 size1 b aft]w>ds ( l>g] dim5sions4444 ,curi\s evid5ce is af=d$ by ! agglom]ates ( ,m\nt ,vungalei 7page #bac71 :]e two b$s ( palagonite-tuff1 at elevations ( #ijj & #a1gjj feet1 m>k two pauses 9 ! accumulation ( ! agglom]ates4 ,9 ea* case ! pause 0 introduc$ by ! gradual decrease ( ! agglom]ates :i* gave place by gradation to ! tuffs4 ,9 ea* case also ! pause 0 foll[$ by a sudd5 r5ewal ( ! deposition ( agglom]ates4 ,) ref]5ce to ! maximum ?ickness ( ^! deposits1 x w\ld appe> t on ! slopes ( ! ,korot9i ,range ?is am\nts to "s hundr$s ( feet1 if we also include ! tuff-agglom]ates4 ,_! orig9 is to be attribut$ p>tly to eruptions & p>tly to m>9e erosion4 ,! two ag5cies al?\gh (t5 associat$ 7 9 _! turns pr$om9ant 9 _! diff]5t phases1 & x is n too mu* to suppose t ! agglom]ates )\t arrangem5t1 ) scanty matrix1 & compos$ ( scoriace\s blocks1 belong m to an eruptive p]iod1 & t ^? ) abundant tuface\s matrix & sort$ blocks are ma9ly ! product ( m>9e erosion4 ,9 ei!r case ! deposition 0 subm>9e4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ^! agglom]ates & ( _! associat$ =am9if]\s tuffs & clays mu/ ( necessity be a complicat$ "o1 s9ce !y indicate a m9imum em]g5ce ( #b1ejj feet4 ,_! accumulation fir/ began :5 a numb] ( v5ts1 9 l9e> arrangem5t1 7 /riv+ to raise _! heads above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,x 0 cont9u$ aft] ! waves _h ultimately worn ! volcanic islets d[n to bel[ ! sea-level1 & ! %oals became cov]$ ov] ) subm>9e deposits4 ,aga9 & aga9 no d\bt ?is /ruggle betwe5 ! eruptive ag5cies & ! waves 0 r5ew$1 until at l5g? ! great em]g5ce began1 & probably f t date ! ag5cy ( m>9e erosion 0 pr$om9ant4 ,:5 on ! isl& ( ,/romboli ,i _h pres5t$ = my obs]vation at lea/ two modes ( agglom]ate-build+ "u ! sea4 ,!re 0 ! ord9>y "w ( ! m>9e erosion ( ! lava-cliffs1 ( :i* ! bea* repres5ts b a small "p ( ! result2 & !re 7 ! dribbl+ eruptions ( ! crat]1 f :i* at int]vals ( only a few m9utes masses ( semi-molt5 lava b\nd$ d[n ! /eep slopes into ! sea4 ,note on ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! rocks ( ! basic agglom]ates4--,9 appe>ance ! basic rocks =m+ ! blocks are (t5 v simil>4 ,!y are usually compact blacki% ) a semi-vitre\s aspect & display "s plagioclase ph5ocry/s4 ,b to enum]ate ! types to :i* !y belong w\ld be to g ov] mu* ( ! gr\nd trav]s$ 9 ! classification ( ! basic rocks1 :e!r oliv9e basalts1 basaltic &esites1 ord9>y augite-&esites1 or hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites4 ,! gr\ndmass z a rule conta9s mu* smoky glass1 b ! hemi-cry/all9e portions ( x v>y consid]ably 9 "*4 ,:il/ f9e granul> augite prevails1 semi-ophitic co>s] augites are n uncommon1 & prismatic pyrox5e1 sometimes ( ! rhombic =m1 is repres5t$ 9 ! gr\ndmass ( ! rocks compos+ ! agglom]ates ( ,m\nt ,?ambeyu & ( ! ,sok5a ,cliffs4 ,9 "s localities1 z on ! s\?-we/ slopes ( ! ,korot9i ,range1 rocks ( ! basic pit*/one k9d are pr$om9ant4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,calc>e\s ,,=mations1 ,,volcanic ,,muds1 ,,palagonite-,,tuffs ,,! classification t is adopt$ 9 my "w on ! geology ( ! ,solomon gr\p ) respect to ! calc>e\s =mations & volcanic muds ( ^? isl&s is only 9 "p applicable to ! calc>e\s rocks & volcanic deposits ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,deposits /rictly comp>able ) ^? ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s "h exi/1 & h 9 "s places an ext5sive di/ribution2 b _m o!rs _c be ref]r$ to t classification4 ,9 addition to ! calc>e\s oozes & volcanic muds1 su* z are n[ =m+ (f ^! reef-b\nd coa/s1 ! result p>tly ( m>9e erosion & p>tly ( sub-a]ial d5udation1 !re are _m k9ds ( subm>9e deposits 9 ,vanua ,levu t h be5 l>gely =m$ f ! mat]ials eject$ by volcanic v5ts4 ,basic glasses1 = in/ance1 (t5 f9ely vesicul> & usually conv]t$ into palagonite1 ent] l>gely into ! composition ( subm>9e deposits t frequ5tly =m ! surface f ! sea-bord]s to ! summits ( ! m\nta9-ranges2 & x is by ! degradation ( a l&-surface =m$ ( su* mat]ials t ! volcanic muds comp>able to ^? ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s are ma9ly produc$4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t we h to di/+ui% "h betwe5 ! deposits ( s$im5t>y & eruptive orig91 a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 :i* is n always easy to make1 s9ce !y are 9 bo? cases subm>9e1 & d\btless 7 (t5 9 process ( =m+ toge!r4 ,! deposits mo/ preval5t 9 ! isl& are ! subm>9e tuffs p>tly s$im5t>y & p>tly eruptive 9 _! orig9 & ! ov]ly+ volcanic agglom]ates4 ,! fir/ are usually palagonitic & calc>e\s & (t5 conta9 organic rema9s1 be+ usually associat$ ) volcanic muds & clays ma9ly ! product ( m>9e erosion4 ,9 connection ) ! employm5t ( ! t]ms 8uprais$0 & 8elevat$0 9 ! case ( ! ,vanua ,levu deposits ,i w take ?is opportunity to rem>k t ,i d n !reby commit myself to ! view t !re has be5 an actual upheaval ( ?is region4 ,?is is a matt]1 h[ev]1 t w be f\nd discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,uprais$ ,,coral ,,lime/ones ,^! reef-lime/ones are scantily repres5t$ 9 ! isl&1 ?\gh "o c sc>cely d\bt t !y 7 once f> m ext5sive1 hav+ be5 l>gely /ripp$ (f by ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,!y are mo/ly f\nd on ! s\? coa/ betwe5 ,na9di ,bay & ,fawn ,h>b\r1 & r>ely ext5d to heights great] ?an #bj or #cj feet above ! sea1 usually compos+ ! sea cliffs & n occurr+ z a rule inl&4 ,massive corals are (t5 to be se5 imb$d$ 9 _! position ( gr[?1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii42 & z f> z ! abs5ce ( signs ( di/urbance is conc]n$1 ^! anci5t reefs might owe _! pres5t situation1 ei!r to ! )drawal ( ! sea or to ! upheaval ( ! l&4 ,su* reef-lime/ones exi/ ov] mu* ( ! ,pacific1 & !y belong to ! usual type ( ^! rocks4 ,,%elly ,,& ,,=am9if]al ,,lime/ones ,^! rocks are compos$ p>tly ( reef-debris1 p>tly ( volcanic detritus1 & p>tly ( ! te/s ( =am9if]a 7usually bottom =ms71 fragm5ts ( lamellibran*iate & ga/]opod %ells1 toge!r ) ^? ( pt]opods1 & o!r organic rema9s4 ,occasionally sep>ate valves ( ! g5]a 8,c>dium0 & 8,o/raea0 are inclos$ 9 ! lime/one4 ,^! rocks h be5 evid5tly =m$ 9 r %all[ wat]4 ,9 places !y ov]lie palagonite-tuffs & clays1 also =am9if]al4 ,simil> lime/ones are d\btless =m+ at ! pres5t "t (f ! coa/4 ,!y are usually h>d 9 texture & greyi% or pale yell[ 9 col\r4 ,!y conta9 betwe5 #be & #de p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime2 :il/ ! residue consi/s ( fragm5ts ( m9]als 7#aj to #ae p] c5t471 includ+ plagioclase1 monocl9ic & rhombic pyrox5e1 & occasionally br[n hornbl5de1 ) silice\s ca/s ( =am9if]a 7#d to #bj p] c5t471 mo/ly =m$ ( *alc$onic silica b sometimes black & glauconitic2 ! rema9d] 7#cj to #dj p] c5t47 be+ compos$ ( r\nd$ & sub-angul> portions ( palagonite & semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 ( :i* ! l>g] v>y f to #a millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,9 "s cases ! c>bonate ( lime ( ! inclos$ organic rema9s has be5 ma9ly replac$ by m or less cry/all9e silica4 ,9 o!rs a recry/allisation ( ! calcitic mat]ial is 9 progress1 z describ$ on page #aca2 & ! matrix pres5ts 9 places a mosaic ( calcite4 ,^! rocks h !re=e be5 subject to "s degree ( alt]ation1 ! causes probably ly+ )9 ! mass4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 f> f frequ5t4 ,!y are be/ repres5t$ 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,s>awanga ,riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tembe-ni-ndio1 :]e !y rea* to a height ( ab\t #bej feet above ! sea4 ,! greate/ elevation at :i* ,i f\nd !m 0 9 ! m\nta9\s int]ior ( ! ,waikawa ,promontory1 :]e !y occur at a height ( #a1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,z samples1 ! results ( ! exam9ation ( two rocks f ! ,tembe-ni-ndio di/rict are "h app5d$3-- ,a4 ,c>bonate ( lime #df p] c5t4 ,fragm5ts ( palagonite & ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks #cj ,residue ,m9]als #ab ,second>y silica replac+ ! c>bonate ( lime 9 ! organic rema9s #ab --- #ajj ,x displays to ! nak$ eye fragm5ts ( %ells includ+ pt]opods1 & num]\s te/s ( =am9if]a #b or #c millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! section x displays 9 addition coral debris & a consid]able quantity ( r\nd$ & sub-angul> pieces ( palagonite & semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 usually less ?an a millimetre across1 ) small] fragm5ts ( m9]als 7pyrox5e & plagioclase71 & mu* calcitic mat]ial 9 ! matrix4 ,b4 ,c>bonate ( lime #be p] c5t4 ,debris ( palagonite & ( basic volcanic rocks #de ,m9]als #aj ,silice\s ca/s ( =am9if]a #bj --- #ajj ,! organic rema9s ma9ly consi/ ( te/s ( =am9if]a1 _m ( :i* occur 9 ! residue z col\rless silice\s ca/s4 ,! fragm5ts1 :e!r ( m9]als or ( volcanic rocks1 are usually less ?an half a millimetre across4 ,! =am9if]a are mo/ly small & ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type2 b !re is a ca/ ( a tube ( "s bor+-mollusc1 & fragm5ts ( %ells also occur4 ,,pt]opod-,,ooze ,,rocks ,^! rocks are blui%-grey :5 n expos$2 b ?r\gh ! hydration accompany+ exposure !y become mu* light] 9 col\r4 ,!y are cr[d$ ) pt]opod %ells1 & conta9 also small ga/]opod & lamellibran*iate %ells toge!r ) te/s ( =am9if]a bo? microscopic & macroscopic4 ,!y yield betwe5 #cj & #dj p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 ! residue be+ made up ( dis9tegrat$ palagonitic debris & f9e clayey mat]ial d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 toge!r ) a fair am\nt ( m9]al fragm5ts 7#aj p] c5t47 :i* include plagioclase1 pyrox5e1 & br[n hornbl5de1 & measure 9 ! case ( ! l>g] fragm5ts betwe5 #a & #d mm4 9 diamet]4 ,su* rocks are some:at friable & correspond ) ! pt]opod-ooze rocks ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s2 b !y are n v frequ5t1 be+ be/ repres5t$ on ! flanks ( ! basaltic table-l& betwe5 ! ,wa9unu & ,yanawai riv]s1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,n&ua tea-plantation :]e !y ext5d up to #ejj feet above ! sea4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> locality 7see page #cde7 !y ov]lie horizontally-/ratifi$ tuffs & clays1 compos$ ( ! debris ( a basic glass usually vacuol> b n[ = ! mo/ "p conv]t$ into palagonite1 & %[+ a few small te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,^! deposits are always ei!r surface or incru/+ =mations4 ,! circum/ance ( _! pass+ d[n into *>act]i/ic palagonite-=mations is repeat$ 9 ! case ( ! ,tembe-ni-ndio lime/ones1 z obs]v$ on page #aca2 & !re is no d\bt t mu* ( _! non-calc>e\s mat]ial is d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( palagonite4 ,sample ( pt]opod-ooze rock f bel[ ! ,n&ua tea-plantation4 ,c>bonate ( lime #ch p] c5t4 ,palagonitic debris & clayey mat]ial #ea ,residue ,m9]als #h ,ca/s ( =am9if]a #c --- #ajj ,f9e clayey mat]ial makes up ! great] "p 7#gb p] c5t47 ( ! residue4 ,x pres5ts ! microscopic *>act]s ( mat]ial d]iv$ f ! degradation ( palagonite4 ,among/ ! m9]al fragm5ts1 ( :i* ! l>g] are #b to #c mm4 9 size1 occur br[n hornbl5de1 pyrox5e1 felsp>1 magnetite1 c4 ,! ca/s ( =am9if]a are usually glauconitic1 b a few are ( cry/all9e silica4 ,a numb] ( curi\s little pellets ( palagonite1 oblong or oval 9 =m1 occur 9 ! residue4 ,_! size is #c to #f mm41 & !y app>5tly repres5t ! m9ute amygdules ( palagonite t occupy ! vacuoles 9 an alt]$ basic glass4 ,,=am9if]\s ,,volcanic ,,mud-,,rocks ,^! deposits1 :i* repres5t ! 8volcanic muds0 =m+ ar\nd ! coa/s ( volcanic isl&s1 are m or less consolidat$ clay-rocks4 ,!y conta9 9 v>y+ numb]s ! te/s ( =am9if]a ) occasionally pt]opod-%ells4 ,! =m] are usually m9ute & ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type2 b 9 "s rocks l>g] bottom-=ms prevail4 ,! orig9al col\r ( ^! deposits is blui%-grey1 b z g5]ally display$ !y are pale-br[n & consid]ably affect$ by hydration & are kn[n z 8soap/ones0 9 ! gr\p4 ,! ultimate effect ( exposure is ! production ( a :iti% or yell[i% soapy rock t has lo/ all ! c>bonate ( lime & all ! organic rema9s & breaks d[n easily 9 ! f+]s4 ,su* a crumbl+ mat]ial1 :5 exam9$ ) a high p[]1 _c be di/+ui%$ f ! products ( ! f9al dis9tegration ( palagonite z describ$ on page #cdh4 ,^! deposits are frequ5tly display$ 9 ! l[] regions up to elevations ( #cjj feet above ! sea1 incru/+ ! basaltic pla9s ( ,lekutu1 ,s>awanga1 ,ndreketi1 & ,lambasa1 t occupy su* a l>ge area ( ! nor? side ( ! isl&1 & exhibit+ !re 9 ! prevail+ horizontality ( _! b$s ! same indication t is pres5t$ by ! v]tical position ( ! columns ( ! "u-ly+ basalt1 namely1 ! comp>ative abs5ce ( di/urbance dur+ ! em]g5ce4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s ^! deposits are int]/ratifi$ ) & f9ally ov]laid by co>se palagonite-tuffs1 also conta9+ m>9e rema9s2 & ^! are 9 _! turn cov]$ ov] by ! agglom]ates t (t5 ent] s l>gely into ! composition ( ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl&4 ,su* b$s =m app>5tly ! l[e/ ( a s]ies :i* beg9s ) ! =am9if]\s clay & ends ) ! agglom]ate4 ,b 9 "s places1 z has be5 notic$ 9 ! cases ( ! pt]opod-ooze rock ( ,n&ua1 & ( ! %elly & =am9if]\s lime/one ( ,tembe-ni-ndio1 b$s compos$ l>gely ( *>act]i/ic palagonite lie b5ea?4 ,9 ! elevat$ int]ior ( ! isl& ^! volcanic mud-rocks are usually conceal$ by ! tuffs & agglom]ates4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !y are to be se5 expos$ by l&slips high up ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 z on ! slopes ( ,?ambeyu #a1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,an int]e/+ exposure ( !m is display$ 9 ! he>t ( ! isl& 9 ! face ( ! ,mb5u?a cliffs :]e ! elevation is ab\t #a1ajj feet4 ,"h !y are ov]laid by a ?ick b$ ( agglom]ate2 & tuff-b$s l>gely made up ( vacuol> basic glass debris & %[+ a few =am9if]a are int]/ratifi$ ) !m2 b !y exhibit signs ( consid]able di/urbance 7see page #aji74 ,^! deposits conta9 betwe5 #e & #be p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 & z a rule ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! residue consi/s ( f9e clayey mat]ial d]iv$ f ! f9al degradation ( palagonite & ( basic rocks4 ,! m9]al fragm5ts 7plagioclase1 augite1 rhombic pyrox5e1 & occasionally hornbl5de7 v>y mu* 9 am\nt1 _! av]age proportion be+ #ac or #ad p] c5t4 ( ! mass4 ,_! size is usually less ?an #b mm4 & does n exce$ #d mm4 ,ca/s ( =am9if]a are ne>ly always pres5t 9 ! residue & =m g5]ally #c or #d p] c5t4 ( ! :ole deposit4 ,sometimes !y are black & glauconitic2 b m frequ5tly !y are :ite & compos$ ( *alc$onic silica4 ,su* ca/s repres5t on a small scale ! results ( ! same silicify+ op]ation to :i* ! fl9ts & silicifi$ corals t occur s frequ5tly on ! surface 9 "s localities owe _! orig9 7see ,*apt] ,,xxv474 ,) reg>d to ! age ( ^! volcanic mud-rocks ( ,vanua ,levu1 x is mo/ likely t z 9 ! case ( simil> deposits 9 ,viti ,levu1 :i* 7 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,brady1 !y are ( po/-t]ti>y orig94 ,samples ( ! ,suva 8soap/one0 conta9+ #e or #f p] c5t4 ( lime & display+ %ells ( =am9if]a1 pt]opods1 & o!r molluscs1 7 obta9$ f diff]5t heights up to #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,s9ce #hg out ( ! #ib species ( =am9if]a repres5t$ 9 ! deposits are kn[n to be liv+ n[ 9 ! ,pacific1 ,mr4 ,brady _h no hesitation 9 assign+ ! b$s to ! po/-t]ti>y epo*4#abf ,,samples ,,( ,,! ,,volcanic ,,mud-,,rocks ,a4 ,f di/ricts we/ ( ,ndranimako1 #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,c>bonate ( lime #bj p] c5t4 ,f9e debris ( palagonite & semi-vitre\s basic rocks #fb ,residue ,m9]als #ad ,ca/s ( =am9if]a #d --- #ajj ,! organic rema9s consi/ ma9ly ( te/s ( m9ute =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type1 ca/s ( :i*1 bo? glauconitic & *alc$onic1 occur 9 ! residue4 ,ab\t #hh p] c5t4 ( ! residue consi/ ( f9e clayey mat]ials less ?an #be mm4 9 size4 ,! m9]al fragm5ts1 :i* av]age ab\t #a mm4 9 diamet]1 are mo/ly ( felsp> ) a little pyrox5e & br[n hornbl5de4 ,b4 ,f ! ,mb5u?a ,cliffs1 #a1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,c>bonate ( lime #ae p] c5t4 ,f9e mat]ial ma9ly d]iv$ f ! degradation ( palagonite #fj ,residue ,m9]als #bc ,ca/s ( =am9if]a #b --- #ajj ,?is rock is some:at h>d1 s t ! proportion ( f9e clayey mat]ial1 :i* is h[ev] l>ge1 _c be accurately det]m9$4 ,x %[s 9 places d>k /reaks compos$ ( an abundance ( m9ute & (t5 p]fect tabul> cry/als ( zon$ plagioclase & prisms ( rhombic pyrox5e1 ! size 9 nei!r case exce$+ half a millimetre1 bo? ( !m be+ d]iv$ f ! acid &esites ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 ! slide x displays m9ute te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type 9 a matrix =m$ ma9ly ( palagonitic debris1 fragm5ts ( m9]als & semi-vitre\s basic rocks4 ,! l>g] fragm5ts ( ! m9]als & ( ! volcanic rocks d n exce$ #ae mm42 b mo/ ( ! mat]ial is v f9e4 ,! te/s ( ! =am9if]a are sometimes fill$ ) ! matrix1 b (t5 !y are entirely ( calcite & exhibit 9 pol>is$ light a d>k cross4 ,c4 ,f betwe5 ,natua & ,mbatiri1 ab\t #bij feet above ! sea4 ,c>bonate ( lime #be p] c5t4 ,f9e mat]ial d]iv$ f ! degradation ( palagonite & ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks #fb ,residue ,m9]als #b ,ca/s ( =am9if]a #aa --- #ajj ,?is is a relatively deep-wat] deposit1 ! =am9if]a be+ m9ute & ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type4 ,ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! residue consi/s ( f9e clayey mat]ial1 ) :i* ! calcite is s intimately mix$ t ea* p>ticle is highly refractive & eff]vesces freely 9 an acid4 ,! m9]al fragm5ts 7pyrox5e & felsp>7 are v scanty1 ! l>ge/ be+ less ?an #be mm4 ,! :ite ca/s ( =am9if]a1 compos$ ( *alc$onic silica1 =m a conspicu\s elem5ts 9 ! residue4 ,d4 ,f ! vic9ity ( ,mbatiri1 #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,c>bonate ( lime #d p] c5t4 ,f9e mat]ial d]iv$ f ! degradation ( palagonite #ij ,m9]als #b ,ca/s ( =am9if]a #d --- #ajj ,ab\t #id p] c5t4 ( ! residue consi/s ( f9e clayey mat]ial4 ,! fragm5ts ( m9]als are v scanty & are all less ?an #b mm4 9 size4 ,! ca/s ( =am9if]a are :ite & ( *alc$onic silica4 ,f ! f95ess ( ! mat]ials & ! small size & pelagic "* ( ! =am9if]a1 ?is deposit may be reg>d$ z =m$ 9 relatively deep wat]4 ,e4 ,f ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,wa9unu table-l&1 #bjj feet above ! sea4--,?is is a %all[-wat] deposit & conta9s1 besides small ga/]opod %ells1 l>ge flat te/s ( =am9if]a #e or #f mm4 9 diamet]4 ,x possesses #bd p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 #fb p] c5t4 ( palagonitic debris1 c41 & #ad p] c5t4 ( m9]als4 ,,alt]$ ,,volcanic ,,mud-,,rocks ,?is gr\p includes compact h>d =am9if]\s usually d>k-br[n rocks1 :i* exhibit evid5ce ( alt]ation 9 _! induration1 9 ! pres5ce ( pyrites1 & 9 ! *alc$onic qu>tz fill+ f9e cracks 9 ! rock-mass4 ,occasionally special types ( alt]ation occur1 "o ( :i* w be ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( "s ( ! rocks giv5 bel[4 ,! proportion ( c>bonate ( lime is g5]ally small2 b sometimes x am\nts to #aj p] c5t4 or m4 ,!y admit ( be+ exam9$ 9 ?9 sections2 & _! true nature is at times s mu* disguis$ t ,i h tak5 !m at fir/ = aphanitic basic &esites4 ,9 ! slide !y display a few scatt]$ te/s ( =am9if]a ( pelagic habit 9 a matrix compos$ ( ! f9e debris ( palagonite & ( basic rocks1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( plagioclase & pyrox5e4 ,mo/ ( ! mat]ial is v f9e1 & ! size ( ! l>ge/ m9]al fragm5ts does n exce$ #b mm4 ,su* rocks1 h[ev]1 are n v frequ5t4 ,!y may be display$ on ! flanks ( m\nta9-ranges buri$ b5ea? basic tuffs & agglom]ates1 z 9 ! case ( ,m\nt ,m>iko 7page #ahg7 & ( ! m\nta9-slope beh9d ,mbale-mbale 7page #aeh72 or !y may be f\nd at mu* l[] levels z at ,sav>ek>eka ,bay 7page #aij71 :]e1 h[ev]1 !y assume sometimes a peculi> "*4 ,?\gh 9 ! la/-nam$ locality ! alt]ation is possibly connect$ ) !rmal metamorphism1 x is probable t 9 mo/ in/ances x is a normal int]/itial *ange occurr+ 9 b$s ( "s antiquity :i* are cov]$ ov] by a consid]able ?ickness ( lat] deposits4 ,9 places1 :]e ^! rocks h be5 subject$ to mu* hydration 9 ! wea!r+ process1 !y become r$ 9 col\r1 z is f\nd on ! flanks ( ,m\nt ,m>iko4 ,,samples ,,( ,,! ,,alt]$ ,,volcanic ,,mud-,,rocks ,a4 ,f betwe5 #djj & #ejj feet above ! sea on ! s\? slope ( ! ,m>iko ,range4444 ,! *>act]s & mode ( occurr5ce ( ?is rock are describ$ on page #ahg4 ,b4 ,f an elevation ( #a1ajj feet on ! s\? slope ( ! ,korot9i ,range4444 ,! description ( ! locality w be f\nd on page #afj4 ,?is rock is h>d & compact & looks l an alt]$ basic rock %[+ a few m9ute specks ( pyrites4 ,x is compos$ ( f9e palagonitic debris1 & small fragm5ts ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks & ( cry/als ( pyrox5e & felsp>1 none ( ! fragm5ts exce$+ #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,te/s ( m9ute =am9if]a1 fill$ ) matrix & ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type1 occur v scantily4 ,!re is little or no c>bonate ( lime2 b second>y silica1 bo? colloid & cry/all9e1 is pres5t z an alt]ation product4 ,c4 ,f ! vic9ity ( ,y>oi1 #cj feet above ! sea4444 ,! locality is describ$ on page #ahi4 ,?is is a d>k grey h>d compact rock1 conta9+ probably betwe5 #aj & #ae p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 & look+ l an alt]$ lime/one4 ,9 ! section x displays m9ute te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type 9 a matrix compos$ ( f9e dis9tegrat$ palagonitic mat]ial1 impregnat$ ) calcite & conta9+ also fragm5ts ( m9]als 7augite & felsp>71 none ( :i* exce$ #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,!re are also a few simil>-siz$ fragm5ts ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks4 ,"s f9e cracks 9 ! rock-mass are fill$ ) a qu>tz mosaic4 ,! te/s ( ! =am9if]a rema9 calcitic2 b _! cavities are fill$ ei!r ) ! matrix or ) calcite or ) a col\rless fibro-radiate m9]al pol>is+ 9 blacki%-blue hues4 ,d4 ,f ! s\? %ore ( ,sav>ek>eka ,bay4444 ,! locality is describ$ on page #aij4 ,?is is a bright gre5 h>d compact rock ) fl9ty fracture & n eff]vesc+ ) an acid4 ,9 ! slide x %[s a few ca/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type 9 a matrix compos$ ma9ly ( f9e debris 7#ja-jd mm47 ( felsp> & pyrox5e ) mu* gre5i% opaque amorph\s alt]ation products4 ,! abundance ( pyrox5e is rem>kable4 ,! mat]ial ( ! te/s ( ! =am9if]a is altoge!r replac$ by a gre5i% yell[ m9]al1 occurr+ 9 gra9s & radiat+ prisms1 app>5tly epidote4 ,e4 ,f an elevation ( #iej feet on ,m\nt ,?ambeyu4444 ,! locality is describ$ on page #agg4 ,a h>d d>k grey rock conta9+ #aj or #ae p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & %[+ f9e specks ( pyrites4 ,9 ! slide are display$ num]\s te/s ( =am9if]a ( v>y+ size up to #e mm42 scatt]$ pat*es ( pyrites2 fragm5ts ( a semi-vitre\s basic rock1 n exce$+ #ae mm4 9 diamet]1 & ( plagioclase & pyrox5e2 9 a matrix ( ! f9e/ debris ( ! same mat]ials impregnat$ ) granules ( calcite4 ,! te/s ( ! =am9if]a are fill$ ei!r ) calcite1 %[+ a black cross 9 pol>is$ light1 or ) a zeolite1 or ) pyrites1 or ) ! matrix4 ,,subm>9e ,,basic ,,tuffs ,,( ,,mix$ ,,composition ,^! tuffs1 :i* are compos$ n only ( palagonitic mat]ials b also ( ! f9e detritus ( usually semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 rank fir/ 9 frequ5cy among/ ! volcanic s$im5t>y deposits ( ! isl&4 ,9 _! "* !y pass on ! "o h& into ! =am9if]\s volcanic mud-rocks or clay rocks & on ! o!r into ! tuff-breccias & tuff-agglom]ates4 ,we h "h a s]ies beg9n+ ) ! agglom]ate & end+ ) ! clay t repres5ts 9 a g5]al s5se ! successive /ages ( ! degradation ( ! same mat]ials4 ,^! tuffs occur at all elevations f ! sea-bord]1 :]e !y may =m ! %ore-cliffs1 to ! upp] slopes & summits ( ! m\nta9-ranges1 :]e !y are f\nd at elevations betwe5 #b1jjj & #b1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! isl& !y are g5]ally to be obs]v$ und]ly+ ! basic agglom]ates4 ,:]ev] an ext5sive exposure ( ! agglom]ates exi/s 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts1 ^! tuffs are z a rule to be f\nd at ! base ( ! cliffs4 ,! precipit\s bluff ( agglom]ate1 t s (t5 gives a "* to ! m\nta9\s int]ior1 & ! l9e ( cliff ( ! same =mation t runs along ! slopes1 repres5t ! "w ( l&slips1 z is %[n by ! huge masses ( agglom]ate ly+ on ! gr\nd bel[4 ,^! 8slips0 are n uncommon1 & are due to ! und]m9+ influ5ce ( ! spr+s t p]colate ?r\gh ! tuffs & clays und]ly+ ! agglom]ates4 ,:5 ! tuffs are well display$ !y z a rule %[ /ratification4 ,! b$d+ may be indicat$ ei!r by di/9ct p>t+-l9es or by alt]nat+ b&s ( v>y+ degrees ( co>s5ess4 ,t ^! deposits1 :5 occurr+ 9 mass 9 ! upl& regions1 are (t5 horizontal or b slightly incl9$1 is evid5c$ by ! ,nganga-turuturu ,cliffs1 #a1bjj feet above ! sea1 :i* are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii41 9 ! l9e ( cliffs beh9d ,sealevu 7,*apt] ,,xi471 & high up ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,?ambeyu 7,*apt] ,,xii47 z high z #a1ejj feet4 ,?is is also %[n 9 ! circum/ance t ! l9e ( junction ) ! ov]ly+ agglom]ate1 except 9 r>e cases1 z 9 t ( ! ,mb5u?a ,cliffs1 is g5]ally horizontal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n uncommon to f9d ! b$s expos$ on ! m\nta9-flanks dipp+ away f ! axis ( ! range at a small angle1 z on ! slopes beh9d ,mbale-mbale & 9 ! ,sok5a ,cliffs4 ,9 ! l[] regions1 :]e ^! deposits are associat$ ) ! volcanic mud-rocks on ! basaltic pla9s1 !y are b slightly incl9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ! ,kumbulau di/rict1 ! sea-cliffs = "s miles may be compos$ ( tuffs m or less /eeply tilt$4 ,^! tuffs are g5]ally m or less compact$ & h a greyi% col\r2 b z usually expos$ 9 a wea!r$ condition !y are (t5 pale br[n or yell[i% & are m friable4 ,!y may be uni=m 9 /ructure1 or !y may display ?9 seams ( a m>l-l clay1 or !y may conta9 num]\s lapilli ( vesicul> basic glass ext5sively palagonitis$4 ,n uncommonly !y conta9 l>g] fragm5ts ( basic rocks1 & :5 ^! are at all frequ5t ! t]ms 8agglom]ate-tuff0 or 8tuff-agglom]ate0 h be5 employ$ accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( ei!r mat]ial4 ,_m ( ^! tuffs %[ no eff]vesc5ce ) an acid2 & ?is is especially ! case ) specim5s at all wea!r$4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are j z _m t conta9 a little c>bonate ( lime1 n usually m ?an #c or #d p] c5t41 b sometimes am\nt+ to #ab or #ac p] c5t4 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 ! case ( a s]ies ( tuffs1 app>5tly non-calc>e\s1 t an occasional ?9 b& ( a f9e clay-l rock conta9s a good p]c5tage ( lime4 ,x is po9t$ out bel[1 h[ev]1 t ! abs5ce ( eff]vesc5ce does n necess>ily imply ! abs5ce ( =am9if]\s te/s4 ,te/s ( =am9if]a1 (t5 macroscopic bottom =ms1 toge!r ) %ells ( small ga/]opods1 are display$ at times2 b !y are z a rule 9 su* cases n frequ5t4 ,i f\nd =am9if]\s tuffs at consid]able heights 9 "s localities1 z = in/ance betwe5 #b1jjj & #b1ejj feet on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,?ambeyu 7page #agh71 at an elevation ( #a1hej feet on ! s\? slope ( ! ,korot9i ,range above ,vatu-kawa 7page #aeh71 & betwe5 #b1jjj & #b1djj feet on ! summit ( ! range betwe5 ,waisali & ,sealevu 7page #aed74 ,9 ! la/-nam$ locality1 :]e ! tuffs are co>se & (t5 ( ! nature ( agglom]ate-tuffs1 !y are highly fossilif]\s2 b su* a "* is exceptional4 ,! subm>9e orig9 ( ! tuffs c (t5 be demon/rat$ 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce ( organic rema9s1 z by _! int]/ratification ) =am9if]\s clay rocks1 su* z we f9d at an elevation ( #a1jjj to #a1ajj feet on ! top ( ! 8divide0 betwe5 ! ,ndreketi & ,lambasa bas9s4 ,a s+le seam ( m>l-l rock display+ only a solit>y te/ ( a =am9if] 9 ! slide may ?r[ light on ! orig9 ( ! co>s] tuffs ) :i* x is associat$4 ,! use ( ! microscope is ess5tial 9 ! case ( "s ( ! h>d] tuffs1 :]e !re has be5 a little alt]ation4 ,"h ca/s ( =am9if]a may be obs]v$1 al?\gh no c>bonate ( lime is indicat$ by an acid4 ,9 "s localities :]e no organic rema9s are evid5t 9 ! tuff1 f9e wat]worn gravel is to be notic$4 ,^! deposits are compos$ z a rule ( sub-angul> fragm5ts ( semi-vitre\s basic or basaltic rocks & ( palagonite1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( plagioclase & pyrox5e1 ! int]spaces be+ fill$ ) f9e debris ( ! same mat]ials4 ,! relative proportion1 h[ev]1 ( ! ?ree pr9cipal con/itu5ts v>ies consid]ably1 ! palagonite1 = in/ance1 be+ sometimes scanty & sometimes abundant4 ,! size ( ! l>g] fragm5ts 9 a tuff ( ! mo/ common k9d is ab\t a millimetre2 b deposits r f9] & r co>s] are also frequ5t4 ,9 ! v co>se tuffs & 9 ! breccia-tuffs1 :]e ! l>g] mat]ials are mo/ly ( palagonite1 ! l>g] fragm5ts may be a c5timetre 9 size & ev5 m1 ! int]spaces be+ fill$ ) f9e debris ( ! same "* cem5t$ toge!r (t5 by c>bonate ( lime4 ,! fragm5ts ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks =m+ a regul> con/itu5t ( ^! tuffs are usually d>k & opaque & display a few plagioclase la!s4 ,!y correspond ) ! type ( ! semi-vitre\s basalt or basaltic &esite1 ( :i* ! blocks ( ! ov]ly+ agglom]ates are z a rule compos$ & are d\btless d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,fragm5ts ( unalt]$ basic glass are r>ely to be obs]v$ 9 ^! tuffs4 ,x is z a rule all conv]t$ into palagonite4 ,?is mat]ial pres5ts itself 9 v>i\s /ages ( second>y alt]ation1 f ! compact gre5i% or yell[i% waxy mass to a :ite friable pulv]ul5t sub/ance1 :i* repres5ts ! la/ /age ( degradation4 ,^! *anges w be f\nd describ$ on page #cdh4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be /at$ "h t !y are ma9ly conc]n$ ) hydration4 ,9 ! case ( ! lapilli ( f9ely vesicul> basic glass1 t is1 ( basic pumice1 :i* are inclos$ 9 "s ( ! tuffs1 all /ages ( ! second>y alt]ation ( palagonite are (t5 exhibit$1 & ! la/ /age ( ! *ange is m]ely indicat$ by a :ite p[d]y pat* conta9+ a few m9ute silice\s amygdules4 ,! puzzl+ little :ite pat*es s common 9 basic tuffs m]ely repres5t lapilli ( basic pumice t h be5 palagonitis$1 & !n blea*$ & dis9tegrat$ by hydration4 ,! m9]als are m or less abundant & may con/itute a ?ird ( ! :ole mass4 ,!y include plagioclase1 augite1 rhombic pyrox5e1 & magnetite1 oliv9e be+ r>e & scanty4 ,entire cry/als ( any size are infrequ5t4 ,h[ev]1 cry/als ( augite1 #e or #f mm4 9 l5g?1 are f\nd 9 ! tuffs at ,naivaka & ( ! coa/ cliffs ne> ! ,salt ,lake ,passage4444 ,x may be obs]v$ t zeolitic m9]als :i* are frequ5tly develop$ 9 ! tuffs consi/+ almo/ entirely ( palagonite are n typical ( ! tuffs ( mix$ composition4 ,!re is no?+ sugge/ive ( rec5t eruptions 9 any ( ^! =mations4 ,!y 7 =m$ ages s9ce on ! sea-floor at v>y+ dep?s ar\nd volcanic v5ts4 ,sometimes a cone 0 able to re> itself above ! level ( ! sea2 b 9 mo/ cases x rapidly succumb$ to break]-action4 ,?ree ag5cies1 conc]n$ ) sub-a]ial eruptions1 subm>9e eruptions1 & m>9e d5udation1 h co-op]at$ 9 ! production ( ^! deposits1 b _! p>ts 9 ! process h v>i$ greatly4 ,! la/ is indicat$ :5 ! tuff is =m$ ( a v>iety ( basic rocks ) b little palagonite4 ,! tuffs conta9+ mu* palagonite repres5t+ an orig9al vacuol> basic glass are reg>d$ z ma9ly ! products ( subm>9e-eruptions4 ,9 ^? cases :]e lapilli ( alt]$ basic pumice occur 9 ! deposit1 sub-a]ial eruptions are directly indicat$4 ,:5 an ext5sive exposure ( ^! tuffs occurs1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,nganga-turuturu ,cliffs & 9 t ( ! section display$ ne> ! hill ( ,korolevu 7page #dh71 all ?ree ag5cies are (t5 illu/rat$4 ,,samples ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,basic ,,tuffs ,,( ,,mix$ ,,composition ,a4 ,z examples ( ! non-fossilif]\s tuffs :]e ! palagonite con/itu5ts d n pr$om9ate1 ,i w take ^? expos$ 9 b$s 9 ! coa/ cliffs & 9 ! l[ hills 9 ! vic9ity ( ,na ,tokalau 9 ! ,kumbulau p59sula 7page #ij74 ,!y are grey 9 col\r & h ! texture ( a s&/one1 be+ m or less compact$ & %[+ no eff]vesc5ce ) an acid4 ,!y are compos$ ( fragm5ts ( basic rocks & ( m9]als1 v>y+ 9 size f #e to #a mm41 9 a scanty matrix made up ( f9e detritus ( ! same mat]ials & ( palagonitic debris4 ,! fragm5ts ( volcanic rocks are r\nd$ & sub-angul>1 & =m$ ma9ly ( a basaltic rock1 ) a black opaque gr\ndmass %[+ "s small plagioclase cry/als & 9 places m or less palagonitis$4 ,!re are also portions ( a hemi-cry/all9e basic rock %[+ small augite cry/als4 ,! m9]als entire & 9 fragm5ts1 :i* make up q a ?ird ( ! mass1 are mo/ly ( plagioclase1 b monocl9ic & rhombic pyrox5e are also well repres5t$4 ,x is evid5t t ?r\gh ! alt]ation ( ! palagonitic con/itu5ts1 :i* 7 probably m frequ5t :5 ! tuffs 7 deposit$1 ! /ructure ( ! matrix is some:at disguis$4 ,b4 ,a yell[i% grey tuff compos+ ! cliffs on ! nor? coa/ ( ,naivaka af=ds a good example ( a tuff :]e ! palagonitic mat]ials pr$om9ate4 ,x is some:at f9e-textur$ & displays a t5d5cy to lam9ation4 ,! p[d]$ mat]ial eff]vesces slightly ) an acid4 ,9 ! slide x is exhibit$ z compos$ ma9ly ( palagonite & ( fragm5ts ( m9]als1 ! latt] mak+ up ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole & rang+ 9 size usually betwe5 #b & #e mm4 ,a numb] ( m or less p>allel f9e cracks1 fill$ ) calcite & trav]s+ also ! inclos$ cry/als ( plagioclase1 toge!r ) small fragm5ts ( basic rocks are display$ 9 ! section4 ,!re are a few fragm5ts ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 z j indicat$1 b ! palagonite is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t4 ,x %[s num]\s m9ute amygdules occupy+ ! orig9al vacuoles ( ! basic glass2 & 9 its sub/ance occur irregul> pat*es =m$ ( a col\rless semi-isotropic m9]al :i* is ei!r zeolitic or a =m ( opal4 ,plagioclase & augite compose ! m9]al fragm5ts1 ! =m] prevail+4 ,al?\gh ^! tuffs are d]iv$ f a v5t t 0 probably ! la/ 9 eruption 9 ?is isl&1 !y display consid]able alt]ation :i* is ma9ly connect$ ) ! second>y *anges affect+ ! palagonite s9ce ! deposition ( ^! mat]ials4 ,c4 ,z an example ( ! b&$ tuffs compos$ ( co>se & f9e mat]ials ,i w take a compact grey rock =m+ "o ( ! horizontal b$s 9 ! natural section expos$ ne> ! hill ( ,korolevu 7p4 #di74 ,x is also an example ( ^? tuffs :i* :il/ n eff]vesc+ ) an acid display a few ca/s ( =am9if]a 9 ! slide4 ,! alt]nat+ b&s :i* are ab\t a c5timetre 9 ?ickness pass gradually into ea* o!r4 ,! b&s ( f9] mat]ials are made up ( sub-angul> fragm5ts1 #a to #b mm4 9 size1 ( ! d>k opaque gr\ndmass ( a semi-vitre\s basic rock & ( a grey hemi-cry/all9e gr\ndmass ( an augite-&esite1 toge!r ) palagonite m or less decompos$1 & fragm5ts ( plagioclase & augite1 :il/ ! int]spaces are fill$ ) ! f9] debris4 ,! lay]s ( co>se mat]ials h mu* ! same composition1 ! fragm5ts v>y+ usually betwe5 #e & #a mm4 9 diamet]1 ) occasional l>g] pieces ( palagonite #b to #e mm4 9 size repres5t+ orig9al lapilli ( a vacuol> basic glass4 ,! te/s ( ! =am9if]a1 :i* occur scantily 9 ! lay]s ( f9e mat]ial1 are all m9ute4 ,!y are fill$ ) palagonitic mat]ial4 ,d4 ,! tuffs prevail+ on ! high] flanks ( ! m\nta9\s backbone ( ! isl& are well repres5t$ by ^? expos$ at an elevation ( #a1bjj feet above ! sea on ! s\? slope ( ! ,korot9i ,range beh9d ,mbale-mbale4 ,x is a some:at co>se-gra9$ r h>d grey rock eff]vesc+ feebly ) an acid4 ,x is compos$ ( sub-angul> or p>tly r\nd$ fragm5ts1 #a to #d mm4 9 size1 ( v>i\s basic rocks1 & ( r small] fragm5ts ( plagioclase & augite1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ up ) f9e debris ( ! same mat]ials1 9 :i* a few m9ute te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type may be obs]v$4 ,! basic rocks ( :i* ! fragm5ts are =m$ comprise ! foll[+3 7a7 a grey aphanitic augite-&esite1 ) b little int]/itial glass1 pres5t+ a p>allel arrangem5t ( ! m9ute felsp>-la!s :i* h an av]age l5g? ( #je mm42 7b7 a grey augite-&esite ( co>s] texture b 9 o!r respects simil>1 ! felsp>-la!s be+ ab\t #a mm4 9 l5g?1 :il/ !re is a little microporphyritic plagioclase2 7c7 a semi-vitre\s basaltic rock %[+ small porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase & augite 9 a gr\ndmass usually black & opaque1 b sometimes smoky & display+ felsp> microli?s2 7d7 a vacuol> basic glass m or less palagonitis$4 ,e4 ,z a specim5 ( ! calc>e\s tuffs ^? expos$ on ! s\? slope ( ! ,korot9i ,range at an elevation ( #a1hej feet may be giv54 ,!y conta9 ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & inclose a few te/s ( =am9if]a #a to #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! o!r con/itu5ts are fragm5ts ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks & ( palagonite1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( plagioclase & pyrox5e cry/als & ( an amorph\s silice\s m9]al :i* behaves optically l *alc$onic silica4 ,:5 ! rock is g5tly rubb$ d[n1 m9ute fragm5ts ( ?is :ite m9]al c be pick$ out4 ,!y h a wr9kl$ surface & an irregul> =m & are n affect$ by acids4 ,9 pol>is$ light !y display a rude mosaic or an imp]fect radiate /ructure4 ,f4 ,z specim5s ( ! fossilif]\s agglom]ate-tuffs compos$ ma9ly ( palagonite1 ^? expos$ on ! high m\nta9 slopes ( ! ,korot9i ,range at heights ( #b1jjj feet may be "h cit$4 ,!y are describ$ on p4 #aed4 ,note4--,! examples ( mix$ tuffs above giv5 repres5t only "s ( ! pr9cipal types ( ^! deposits4 ,%ort descriptions ( o!rs w be f\nd 9 ! detail$ acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! isl&4 ,,alt]$ ,,basic ,,tuffs ,,( ,,mix$ ,,composition ,^! =m a gr\p ( h>d compact rocks1 ! fragm5tal "* ( :i* is n always app>5t 9 h&-specim5s1 microscopical exam9ation ( ?9 sections be+ usually requir$ = ! det]m9ation ( _! true nature4 ,!y are commonly expos$ on ! s\!rn flanks ( ! ,korot9i ,range at ! back ( ,vatu-kawa & ,nukumbolo4 ,!y are compos$ ( compact$ fragm5ts1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t localities f #a to #e or #f mm4 9 size1 ( a v>iety ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks1 ! matrix be+ scanty b (t5 conta9+ zeolites & second>y silica1 :il/ occasionally second>y calcite is develop$4 ,!y conta9 no organic rema9s1 & palagonite :5 pres5t is usually scanty1 :il/ viridite & simil> mat]ials repres5t ! decomposition ( ! pyrox5e4444 ,a h>d breccia-tuff f\nd on ! flanks ( ,m>iko & 9 "o or two o!r localities conta9s vesicul> fragm5ts1 :]e ! /eam-holes are fill$ ) opal or *alc$ony1 & ! cracks trav]s+ ! matrix are also fill$ ) ?is m9]al4 ,! alt]ation ( ^! tuffs has evid5tly aris5 f a v>iety ( causes4 ,9 "s cases ! *ange appe>s to be purely int]/itial4 ,9 o!r times x has aris5 f contact-metamorphism1 or f hydro-!rmal ag5cies1 z 9 ! case ( ! alt]$ tuffs ne> ! hot spr+s at ,nukumbolo 7p4 #afa74 ,,subm>9e ,,basic ,,pumice ,,tuffs ,^! deposits1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 are int]/ratifi$ ) volcanic mud-rocks 9 c]ta9 localities1 z at ! ,mb5u?a ,cliffs 7p4 #aaj71 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! hill ( ,korolevu 7p4 #dg74 ,!y indicate p]iods ( volcanic activity dur+ ! deposition ( ! =am9if]\s muds1 ) :i* !y are associat$1 :5 ! f9e mat]ials eject$ f sub-a]ial v5ts fell into ! seas ar\nd4 ,su* tuffs are m or less compact & usually f9e 9 texture4 ,:5 ! glass fragm5ts are b slightly alt]$1 ! tuff-rock is d>k grey2 b :5 ! palagonitic *ange is well advanc$1 x becomes pale & yell[i%4 ,!y are made up *iefly ( small fragm5ts ( a bottle-gre5 basic glass1 :i* are z a rule vacuol> & sometimes fibrill>2 b x nev] happ5s t ! pumice\s "* is z pron\nc$ z 9 acid pumice2 & 9 "s cases ! vacuoles or /eam-pores are to be obs]v$ only 9 ! m9ority ( ! fragm5ts display$ 9 a slide4 ,! size ( ! glass fragm5ts is z a rule small1 9 "s tuffs av]ag+ only #a mm4 & 9 o!rs #e mm42 b occasionally !y may be #a or #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,fragm5ts ( m9]als 7plagioclase & pyrox5e7 correspond+ 9 size to ! glass fragm5ts are z a rule well repres5t$1 =m+ a f\r? or a ?ird ( ! mass4 ,a little f9e detritus ( a semi-vitre\s basic rock also occurs4 ,te/$ 9 an acid sev]al ( ! tuffs ei!r d n eff]vesce or give an indication ( a small p]c5tage ( c>bonate ( lime2 :il/ o!rs eff]vesce freely4 ,!y usually display a few m9ute te/s ( =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 type1 ! cavities ( :i* are fill$ ) f9e palagonitic debris4 ,! palagonitic alt]ation is to be notic$ 9 all cases2 b x v>ies consid]ably 9 its ext5t4 ,9 ! d>k grey tuffs x affects ! m>g9s only ( a few ( ! glass-fragm5ts4 ,9 ! pal] tuffs x has ext5d$ m into _! sub/ance1 al?\gh ! alt]ation is nev] m ?an p>tial4 ,! pale greyi% mat]ial fill+ up ! int]spaces is compos$ ( dis9tegrat$ palagonite4 ,! /eam-pores or vacuoles are sometimes empty2 & at o!r times1 especially :]e ! palagonitic *ange has begun1 !y are fill$ ) a granul> alt]ation product4 ,! glass fuses readily2 b is n affect$ by acids4 ,x is cle> & isotropic1 %[+ h[ev] a few scatt]$ microli?s4 ,^! tuffs correspond ) ! hyalomelan-tuff f ! isl& ( ,munia 9 ?is gr\p z describ$ by ,wi*mann2 b 9 t in/ance no m5tion is made ( inclos$ te/s ( =am9if]a4 8,,cru%-,,tuffs0 ,,=m$ ,,( ,,basic ,,glass ,?is is a rem>kable gr\p ( compact$ tuff-l rocks :i* z h&-specim5s w\ld be g5]ally reg>d$ z pit*/one-tuffs4 ,_! detrital orig9 is1 h[ev]1 (t5 v d\btful4 ,!y are compos$ ( fragm5ts ( basic glass1 c>ry+ plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 ) ! int]spaces occupi$ by palagonite & by ! f9] debris ( ! glass & felsp>4 ,! l>g] glass fragm5ts1 :i* v>y 9 diff]5t rocks f #a or #b to #d or #e mm4 9 size1 h be5 cru%$ 9 situ1 ! brok5 portions (t5 rema9+ m or less 9 position4 ,^! fragm5ts are inve/$ by palagonite & h erod$ bord]s1 z %[n 9 ! figure on page #cdb4 ,! glass is bottle-gre51 non-vacuol>1 fuses readily1 & only at times displays incipi5t cry/allisation4 ,! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ^! rocks is attempt$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,!y conta9 nei!r c>bonate ( lime nor organic rema9s4 ,! mo/ typical example is pres5t 9 a b$ und]ly+ a pit*/one-agglom]ate ne> ,n>5gali 7see page #adi74 ,x is n uncommon to f9d evid5ce ( cru%+ 9 ! glassy matrix ( a pit*/one-agglom]ate or ( rubbly pit*/one1 z 9 ! ,va ,lili ,ridge 7#adb71 ! ,korot9i ,bluff 7#aeg71 & ,m\nt ,soloa ,levu 7#cac72 & "h also palagonite has be5 produc$ ar\nd ! cru%$ fragm5ts4 ,,co>se ,,zeolitic ,,palagonite-,,tuffs ,^! deposits repres5t co>se k9ds ( ! subm>9e tuffs ( basic glass1 9 :i* ! palagonitic *ange is f> advanc$1 & :]e zeolites & at times second>y calcite h be5 produc$ 9 abundance z a result ( ! alt]ation4 ,!y pres5t !mselves 9 ! mass z mottl$ grey rocks :i* :5 exam9$ 9 ?9 sections are se5 to be compos$ 9 great "p ( fragm5ts ( m or less palagonitis$ vacuol> basic glass1 :il/ zeolites are ext5sively develop$ 9 num]\s irregul> cavities & 9 ! int]spaces4 ,al?\gh display+ no organic rema9s1 _! subm>9e "* is indicat$ z at ,n&ua by ! circum/ance ( _! occurr+ z horizontal b$s ov]laid by pt]opod-ooze deposits1 or z at ,tembe-ni-ndio by _! =m+ "p ( a s]ies ( horizontal b$s ) a %elly lime/one & a =am9if]\s palagonite clay ov]ly+ !m4 ,! fragm5ts ( bottle gre5 basic glass v>y usually betwe5 #a & #d millimetres4 ,!y 7 orig9ally vacuol> & at times fibrill> f ! l5g!n+ out ( ! m9ute /eam-pores2 b ?r\gh ! palagonitic *ange ^! *>act]s h be5 (t5 disguis$1 & x is only at times t ! unalt]$ glass is obs]v$4 ,plagioclase & sometimes augite & occasionally oliv9e =m$ ph5ocry/s 9 ! orig9al glass4 ,! zeolites1 :i* include *abazite & natrolite1 may be s ext5sively develop$ t !y make up a f\r? or a fif? ( ! rock mass4 ,"o may obs]ve !m 9 cavities :]e ! walls are l9$ by fibr\s natrolite ) ! cube-l cry/als ( *abazite occupy+ ! int]ior4 ,! calcite is usually subord9ate to ! zeolites1 b sometimes ! tuff conta9s z mu* z #aj p] c5t4 ( ?is m9]al1 :i* is evid5tly ( second>y orig94444 ,! hi/ory ( ^! tuffs 9 ! di/rict ( ,n&ua & ,ulu-i-ndali is no d\bt applicable to ^! deposits 9 o!r localities4 ,!y are ! products ( subm>9e eruptions :i* %att]$ into fragm5ts ! ext5sive palagonite cru/s ( fl[s ( basaltic lava4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ h[ palagonite is =m$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! case ( su* subm>9e displays ( volcanic activity4 ,,*ocolate-,,col\r$ ,,=am9if]\s ,,palagonite-,,m>ls ,we h "h h>d1 some:at calc>e\s1 clay-rocks :i* consi/ 9 great "p 7n9e-t5?s7 ( f9e palagonite debris ) "s fragm5ts ( m9]als & a little f9e detritus ( semi-vitre\s basic rocks4 ,"s h&-specim5s w\ld be tak5 = pure palagonite2 b ! fragm5tal nature appe>s at once 9 ! slide4 ,?is is especially ! case ) a rock expos$ 9 a /ream-c\rse ne> ,rewa on ! %ores ( ,savu-savu ,bay 7see page #ie74 ,! mat]ials compos+ !m are exce$+ly f9e1 ! l>ge/ fragm5ts n usually exce$+ #b mm4 ,z a rule !y conta9 a little c>bonate ( lime & sometimes z mu* z #aj p] c5t41 :il/ a few te/s ( m9ute =am9if]a are to be notic$ 9 ! slide4 ,^! deposits are horizontally b$d$1 & und]lie a pt]opod-ooze rock at ,n&ua & a %elly impure lime/one at ,tembe-ni-ndio4 ,!y are n v frequ5t1 & sometimes approa* 9 *>act]s ! volcanic-mud rocks1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are mu* m mix$ 9 composition4 ,i reg>d !m 9 ! ma9 z s$im5t>y deposits d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( ! palagonitis$ vitre\s surface ( a subm>9e basaltic fl[4 ,!y pass d[nw>d at ,n&ua1 z describ$ on page #cde1 into a rock ( pure palagonite2 & !y are only to be f\nd 9 localities :]e basaltic pla9s or plateaux are cov]$ ov] ) subm>9e deposits4 ,,acid ,,pumice ,,tuffs ,! g5]al *>act]s ( ^! deposits are describ$ on pages #aj1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcc1 c4 ,su* tuffs are re/rict$ to ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ! isl& ea/ ( ,lambasa & ,tawaki1 & are well display$ 9 ! coa/ cliffs4 ,!y are pale yell[ or :iti%1 & are usually non-calc>e\s4 ,!y are compos$ ( ! debris ( a vacuol> & fibrill> isotropic glass1 ne>ly col\rless & 9 "s localities alt]$4 ,small cry/als ( qu>tz & ( glassy felsp> ) bits ( obsidian 7up to #c mm47 & lapilli ( rhyolitic glass are inclos$ 9 !m4 ,9 places inclos$ pieces ( coral & coral rock indicate subm>9e deposition4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,palagonite ,,f ! sea-bord] to ! m\nta9-top 9 almo/ e "p ( ! isl&1 palagonite occurs 9 a fragm5tal condition4 ,x is only :]e tuffs are n f\nd1 z 9 ! m\nta9\s mass ( ,seatura1 or :]e ^! deposits are =m$ ( acid rocks z 9 ! nor?-ea/ portion ( ! isl&1 t palagonite has n be5 obs]v$4 ,p]haps1 x is n too mu* to say t ! lat] if n all ! /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ,vanua ,levu are b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( ?is mat]ial4 ,9 ?is place ,i w only deal ) c]ta9 features 9 ! problem connect$ ) ! orig9 ( palagonite :i* seem to receive fur!r elucidation f my obs]vations 9 ?is isl&4 ,! lit]ature is already ext5sive1 & ^? int]e/$ 9 ! matt] w f9d 9 ,zirkel's ,petrographie & 9 ! ,*all5g] ,report on ,deep-,sea ,deposits by ,murray & ,r5>d a good introduction to ! subject4 ,9 ,vanua ,levu we are confront$ ) ! same difficulty t has p]plex$ geologi/s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,if we expect$ to f9d 9 ?is isl& ! s\rce ( ! enorm\s quantities ( ! basic glass t are repres5t$ by ! palagonite ( ! tuffs1 we %\ld look 9 va94 ,basic or basaltic glass usually occurs 9 agglom]ates 9 ! =m ( ta*ylytic pit*/ones1 z describ$ on page #cab1 & is also f\nd at times 9 basic pumice\s tuffs1 z describ$ on page #ccc2 b x is f> f frequ5t4 ,palagonite-rock1 t is to say1 a basaltic glass conv]t$ 9 mass into ?is sub/ance1 nev] came "u my notice4 ,9 ord] to cle> ! gr\nd = ! discussion ( my own obs]vations1 ,i w quote f ! report on deep-sea deposits above nam$4 ,fragm5ts ( basic glass und]go+ ! palagonite *ange are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ^! deposits & especially 9 ! r$-clay areas4 ,! hydro-*emical modifications det]m9+ ! decomposition ( ^! fragm5ts into palagonite1 & at ! same "t ! =mation ( zeolites1 h likewise result$ 9 ! complete trans=mation ( ^! lapilli into f]rug9\s argillace\s matt] 7p4 #cji74 ,! au?ors1 h[ev]1 ( ?is report d n attribute ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( fragm5ts ( basic glass on ! bottom ( ! ocean to ! buoyant p[]s ( basic pumice4 ,un=tunately1 ! problem does n p]mit ( su* a simple solution4 ,basic volcanic glass1 writes ,pr(4 ,r5>d1 ?\gh kn[n only f a few geological =mations & f a few eruptions ( rec5t volcanoes at ! surface ( ! cont95ts1 appe>s 9 abundance & 9 mo/ typical =m among ! products ( subm>9e eruptions1 z if ! deep oceans _h be5 9 "s way specially fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ?is li?ological type 7p4 #bii74 ,! palagonite-tuffs ( ?is isl& are describ$ 9 detail 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiii41 & a few g5]al rem>ks are alone ne$$ "h4 ,?is alt]$ glass ent]s into ! composition1 to a great] or less ext5t & 9 v>y+ /ages ( dis9tegration1 ( ne>ly all ! subm>9e basic tuffs & clays4 ,9 ! volcanic muds1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! tuffs ( mix$ "*1 :i* are ! prevail+ deposits1 x is associat$ ) o!r compon5ts4 ,"h ! "q ( ! orig9 ( palagonite )9 ! deposit does n z a rule arise1 s9ce !re is no?+ to indicate t ?is mat]ial 0 n d]iv$ f rocks previ\sly palagonitis$1 & ! po9t ( ma9 int]e/ is connect$ ) ! la/ /ages 9 ! degradation ( ?is sub/ance4 ,!re are n a few cases1 h[ev]1 :]e1 unless we assume t ! lapilli ( vesicul> basic glass 7 eject$ 9 ! palagonitic condition f a volcanic v5t1 we mu/ app>5tly reg>d ! alt]ation z hav+ occurr$ 9 ! tuff4 ,b ev5 ?is w prove to be by no means a necess>y consequ5ce if x c be %[n1 z ,i h attempt$ to d bel[1 t ! palagonitic condition exi/s pot5tially 9 a p>ticul> type ( basic glass & t ! effect ( hydration is n s mu* to produce b to make evid5t a condition t 0 previ\sly lat5t4 ,x w be !re=e ( int]e/ to det]m9e :e!r palagonite occurs 9 ?is isl& indep5d5tly ( ! tuff-deposits1 & "u su* circum/ances t x may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 produc$ )9 ! rock-mass4 ,an example is af=d$ 9 ! case ( a basaltic fl[ ne> ,soni-soni ,isl&1 :i* is fully describ$ on page #ib4 ,:il/ ! l[] "p ( ?is fl[ is compos$ ( a hemicry/all9e basalt ) scanty oliv9e1 ! upp] portion is made ( a basaltic glass :i* has be5 brok5 up or cru%$ 89 situ10 ! spaces betwe5 ! fragm5ts be+ fill$ ) palagonite4 ,x w\ld seem f ! peculi> erosion ( ! glass fragm5ts t aft] ! cru%+ a liquid magma occupi$ ! int]spaces1 & aft]w>ds solidifi$ & und]w5t ! palagonitic *ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magma-,,lakelet1 #be mm4 9 size1 magnifi$ #bij diamet]s1 f a basalt at ,nav+iri4 ,! gr\ndmass1 :i* is a smoky devitrifi$ glass conta9+ abundant felsp>-la!s1 is col\r$ black4 ,! magma-lakelet is pale yell[ 9 ! slide & displays conc5tric l9es ( congelation4 ,x behaves l palagonite4 ,9 ?is connection x is notewor?y t 9 ! sections ( ! l[] hemicry/all9e portion ( ! fl[ !re are %[n 9 ! gr\ndmass collections ( a palagonitic mat]ial =m+1 z ,i h t]m$ !m1 8magma lakelets0 ( microscopic dim5sions 7#be mm4 9 av]age size74 ,^! 8lakelets0 are irregul> 9 =m1 & are n uncommon among/ a c]ta9 type ( basaltic rocks4 ,"o ( !m is figur$ above2 & x may be add$ t !y are be/ exam9$ :5 display$ 9 a gr\ndmass conta9+ mu* smoky1 p>tly devitrifi$1 glass4 ,!y are usually m or less opaque & r$di%-br[n or yell[i% 9 col\r1 :il/ !y h (t5 a m>k$ zon$ /ructure1 ! conc5tric b&s con=m+ to ! irregul> cont\rs ( ! lakelet4 ,9 ! lea/ affect$ /age ! zones %[ fibr\s devitrification across _! bread?1 b z ! palagonitic *ange progresses ! mat]ial becomes opaque4 ,9 ! second>y *anges1 su* z ^? associat$ ) ! e>ly alt]ation ( ! propylites1 ^! 8magma lakelets0 are ! fir/ affect$4 ,!y !n pres5t alt]nat+ lay]s ( calcite & viridite & are (t5 bord]$ by magnetite4 ,if ^! 8lakelets0 7 to be describ$ z collections ( residual glass1 ! description w\ld be insuffici5t1 s9ce !y may occur 9 ! mid/ ( a smoky1 p>tially devitrifi$1 glass4 ,dur+ ! la/ /age 9 ! consolidation ( ! basaltic mass1 ! magma-residuum t /ill reta9s its fluidity collects "h & !re 9 ! crevices ( ! gr\ndmass1 & =ms little pools ( usually microscopic dim5sions into :i* ! felsp>-la!s (t5 protrude f ! sides4 ,^! little pools or lakelets repres5t t portion ( ! yet fluid magma t dur+ ! la/ /age ( consolidation is imprison$ 9 ! /iff5+ mass--l ! :ey 9 a *eese--:il/ ! great] "p ( x has be5 squeez$ into ! cracks ( ! cool+ mass1 z occurs 9 a dyke-l intrusion bel[ describ$1 or has be5 extrud$ on its surface1 z 9 ! case ( ! basaltic fl[ above ref]r$ to4 ,z a sugge/ive in/ance ( ! =mation ( palagonite 89 situ10 ,i w n[ ref] to a basic tuff-agglom]ate on ! plateau ( ,na ,savu 7see p4 #ha7 :i* is p5etrat$ by ve9s1 a few in*es ?ick1 app>5tly compos$ ( a f9ely brecciat$ pit*/one-tuff4 ,9 ! section ! mat]ial =m+ ! ve9s is se5 to be compos$ ( fragm5ts ( basic glass 7c>ry+ porphyritic plagioclase & augite7 :i* h be5 cru%$ 9 position1 ! int]spaces be+ fill$ up ) ! f9] debris ( ! glass & ( ! m9]als toge!r ) palagonitic mat]ial4 ,! glass fragm5ts1 :i* h lo/ _! %>p edges & angles1 are (t5 palagonitis$ at ! bord]s1 & we ?us get a pat* ( isotropic br[n glass ) a yell[i% m>g9 =m$ ( a feebly refractive turbid sub/ance4 ,:]e ?is bord] is n s evid5t1 x is notic$ t ! edge ( ! glass is peculi>ly erod$4 ,! indication appe>s to be t ! fissures 9 ?is agglom]ate 7 fill$ ) a basic magma t aft] its solidification into a glass 0 subject$ to a cru%+ process1 & t dur+ ?is process a p>tial remelt+ ( ! glass took place :i* result$ 9 ! molecul> *ange *>act]i/ic ( palagonite4 ,s9ce ! unalt]$ glass-fragm5ts fuse 9 ! ord9>y flame1 x w\ld seem t ! heat develop$ dur+ ! cru%+ might be suffici5t to p>tially remelt ! glass )\t affect+ ! rock p5etrat$ by ! ve9s4444 ,x is ( importance to note t 9 ! palagonite-tuffs ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s ! *ange is (t5 mo/ complete along fissures1 :i* ?us pres5t ! appe>ance ( be+ occupi$ by ve9s ( pit*/one4#abg ,9 ?is connection allusion may be made to a dyke-l mass ( a rubbly semi-vitre\s basaltic rock expos$ at ,vatu-lele ,bay1 describ$ on page #ahd4 ,x is p5etrat$ 9 all directions by ve9s1 #a to #c in*es ?ick1 ( a ta*ylytic glass :i* beg9s to fuse 9 ! ord9>y flame4 ,! glass is trav]s$ by cracks :i* sometimes conta9 palagonite4 ,! basalt1 p5etrat$ by ! ve9s1 has a smoky gr\ndmass display+ imp]fect felsp>-la!s 9 a feebly refractive glassy base & conta9+ a few small 8magma-lakelets0 t _c be di/+ui%$ f palagonite4#abh ,ne> ! m\? ( ! ,n>5gali valley 7see page #adi7 ,i f\nd :at appe>s to be a palagonite-tuff ov]la9 by agglom]ates =m$ ( ta*ylytic pit*/one & ( semi-vitre\s amygdaloidal basalts4 ,! tuff consi/s ( fragm5ts ( a br[n basic glass1 ! l>g] #a to #b millimetres 9 size1 c>ry+ porphyritic plagioclase1 & fractur$ 9 position1 ! int]spaces be+ fill$ ) palagonite4 ,! glass fragm5ts possess ! erod$ m>g9s indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is type ( tuff diff]s f t ( ! prevail+ palagonite-tuffs 9 be+ r>ely vacuol>1 9 ! abs5ce ( m>9e organic rema9s1 & 9 its homog5e\s composition4 ,x is describ$ on page #ccd "u ! head ( 8cru%-tuffs40 ,:e!r x is d]iv$ f ! de/ruction ( a mass ( basic glass t _h previ\sly und]gone cru%+ & p>tial palagonisation ,i _c say2 b its *>act]s po9t 9 ! direction ( ?is conclusion4#abi ,9 ! =ego+ pages x has be5 attempt$ to %[ t palagonitisation has tak5 place 9 ! ve9s ( basaltic glass trav]s+ 9 "o case a basic tuff agglom]ate & 9 ano!r case an intrusive basaltic mass1 & t x has also occurr$ 9 ! upp] vitre\s portion ( a basaltic fl[ & 9 ! mat]ials n[ compos+ a s-call$ 8cru%-tuff40 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is gr\p ( facts ,i v5ture to propose ?is !ory4 ,9 c]ta9 types ( basaltic lava1#acj :5 cool+ & consolidation take place "u peculi> conditions1 su* z we w\ld expect to f9d 9 subm>9e eruptions1 !re is a residuum ( ! magma ) relatively l[ fusibility t rema9s fluid aft] g5]al solidification ( ! mass is well advanc$4 ,z ! rock cont9ues to consolidate1 portions ( ?is magma residuum become imprison$ 9 ! mass1 l :ey 9 a *eese1 giv+ rise to ! 8magma lakelets0 above describ$2 :il/ o!r portions1 dur+ ! contraction & fissur+ accompany+ ! cool+ process1 are squeez$ out into ! cracks ?us =m$1 or are intrud$ on ! surface ( ! consolidat+ mass1 z 9 ! case ( a subm>9e lava-fl[4 ,?is solidifi$ magma-residuum diff]s f ! ord9>y basic glass n only 9 its l[] degree ( fusibility b 9 its m9]al composition & 9 its molecul> condition4 ,x probably 9 ! fir/ place does n diff] mu* 9 appe>ance f ! typical glass1 b x is an un/able sub/ance & is capable "u c]ta9 hydro-*emical conditions ( develop+ ! *>act]s ( palagonite4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ fragm5ts ( glass ) erod$ bord]s & ( plagioclase ) m ev5 edges 9 a matrix ( palagonite trav]s$ by cracks4 ,! l5g? ( ! l>ge/ fragm5t is half a millimetre4 ,! glass has be5 evid5tly fractur$ 9 position & ?is is true ( "o ( ! felsp> fragm5ts4 ,x is also app>5t t :atev] its cause ! erosion ( ! m>g9s ( ! glass has be5 produc$ s9ce ! fracture4 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! occurr5ce ( palagonite is associat$ ) evid5ce ( cru%+1 ! process appe>s to be 9 a s5se rev]s$1 s9ce p>tial palagonitisation ( an ord9>y basic glass takes place z a result ( ! elevation ( temp]ature due to ! cru%+4 ,! heat ?us develop$ is suffici5t to p>tly fuse ! glass2 b s9ce x is n great1 x only affects ! mo/ fusible con/itu5ts1 & ! remelt$ mat]ial corresponds !re=e to ! magma-residuum ( ! consolidat+ mass1 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,x has ! same un/able *>act]s & ! same t5d5cy to assume ! palagonitic condition4 ,?is !ory c5tres ar\nd ! relatively l[ fusibility ( ! magma-residuum t gives rise to palagonite4 ,?is degree ( fusibility has yet to be asc]ta9$1 s9ce accord+ to ! views "h advanc$ x may ev5 be mu* l[] ?an t ( ta*ylyte4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t ! melt+-po9t ( ta*ylyte is f> bel[ t ( ! m cry/all9e basaltic rocks1 s9ce x c be readily det]m9$1 z ,i h done 9 ! in/ance ( a dyke-l mass p5etrat$ by ta*ylyte-ve9s be=e ref]r$ to1 t ! ve9s are compos$ ( a mu* m fusible mat]ial ?an ! rock-mass4 ,f a v crude exp]im5t ,i w\ld inf] t ! melt+-po9t ( ord9>y ta*ylyte is n mu* above t ( lead 7#cce ,c74 ,! fusion-po9t ( an ord9>y hemicry/all9e basalt1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n exp]im5ts on ! lavas ( ,vesuvius & ,etna1 w\ld probably be ov] #a1jjj degrees ,c4 ,two int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 ! "o artificial1 ! o!r natural1 may be "h cit$ 9 connection ) ?is view4 ,buns5#aca m ?an half a c5tury ago1 z a result ( "s exp]im5ts 9 :i* he produc$ palagonite1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! tuffs =m$ ( ?is mat]ial are subm>9e deposits d]iv$ f ! break+ up ( previ\sly =m$ palagonite-masses4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?is sub/ance by plac+ p[d]$ basalt 9 an excess ( melt$ pota%-hydrate 7,kalihydrat7 & !n add+ wat] to ! silicate ( pota% ?us =m$1 he conclud$ t palagonite results f ! reaction betwe5 gl[+ augitic-lavas & rocks ri* 9 lime & o!r alkalies4 ,al?\gh ,zirkel quotes 9 ?is connection ! example :]e ?is mat]ial has be5 produc$ 9 ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s by basic lava fl[+ ov] lime/one1 he rejects ,buns5's explanation z inapplicable to ext5sive palagonite di/ricts1 su* z occur 9 ,icel&1 ?\gh all[+ t x w\ld acc\nt = ! local production ( ?is sub/ance4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t 9 ^! two exp]im5ts ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! production ( palagonite are p>tly illu/rat$4 ,we may accept ! results ( an exp]im5t )\t acquiesc+ 9 its int]pretation4 ,z ,i take x1 x is 9 ! p>tial wet fusion ( ! p[d]$ basalt t ! secret ( ?is successful production ( palagonite lies4 ,9 bo? ^! exp]im5ts "s ( ! conditions ( a subm>9e fl[ h be5 reproduc$4 ,:il/ ,ros5bus* e/abli%$ ! true "* ( palagonite z ! product ( a peculi> alt]ation ( a basic glass1 ,r5>d po9t$ out ! conditions "u :i* x 0 mo/ typically & 9 greate/ abundance =m$4 ,b ,buns5 0 happy 9 8 sugge/ion t palagonite-tuffs are subm>9e deposits d]iv$ f ! break+ up ( previ\sly =m$ palagonite masses4 ,! "q ?us resolves itself into "o conc]n+ ! conditions ( subm>9e eruptions & ! behavi\r dur+ consolidation ( a subm>9e basaltic fl[4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s ! field ( inve/igation is ma9ly re/rict$ to ! exam9ation ( anci5t subm>9e basaltic fl[s t h be5 rais$ above ! sea4 ,a rem>kable s]ies ( b$s expos$ 9 a /ream-c\rse bel[ ! ,n&ua tea-e/ate may be "h describ$ 9 connection ) ! "q ( ! orig9 ( palagonite =mations4 ,z obs]v$ on page #hf1 ?is locality lies on ! flanks ( a basaltic plateau1 :i* are incru/$ ) rec5t subm>9e deposits4 ,a pt]opod-ooze1 conta9+ also ! te/s ( l>ge & small =am9if]a & ! %ells ( small bivalves1 is display$ on ! sides ( ! /ream-c\rse = ! fir/ #aej feet ( ! desc5t4 ,bel[ ?is1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 is a declivity ) a drop ( #fj or #gj feet :]e !re is a wat]fall4 ,horizontal b$s ( ! pt]opod-ooze rock are expos$ 9 ! upp]-?ird ( ?is declivity2 b bel[1 !y pass into a *ocolate-col\r$ m>l-l deposit also horizontally b$d$1 & sometimes hav+ a b&$ appe>ance f ! alt]nation ( lay]s ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,?is rock conta9s #e or #f p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime & incloses a few scatt]$ te/s ( m9ute =am9if]a ( ! 8,globig]9a0 & 8,nodos>ia0 types4 ,9 ! slide ! rock appe>s to be ( massive palagonite inclos+ a few felsp>-la!s #a to #c mm4 9 l5g?1 & exhibit+ a zeolite & calcite 9 ! crevices & cracks4 ,b x 0 n until ,i _h discov]$ ! te/s ( ! =am9if]a & _h obs]v$ "s fragm5ts ( l>g] cry/als ( plagioclase & a little detritus ( a semi-vitre\s basaltic rock t its cla/ic "* 0 disclos$4 ,! palagonite *ange has "h to a great ext5t disguis$ ! "* ( ! deposit4 ,?is palagonite-m>l =mation is #bj or #cj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x pass$ d[nw>d into a r$di%-br[n rubbly un/ratifi$ rock :i* falls to pieces 9 "o's h&s1 break+ up into little cube-l masses an in* or two across4 ,^! masses display 9 _! int]ior a radiate prismatic /ructure2 b aft] dry+ !y crumble into small fragm5ts exhibit+ ! same m9ute prismatic /ructure1 ! m9iature prisms be+ ab\t a millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,f9e cracks1 fill$ ) calcite & a zeolite1 trav]se ?is rock 9 all directions1 & no d\bt ?is peculi> /ructure arises f %r9kage4 ,my idea t ,i 0 deal+ ) a clay-rock affect$ by ! proximity ( an igne\s intrusion 0 dispell$ :5 ! p[d]$ mat]ial pres5t$ itself z pure palagonite ) sc>cely any m9]al fragm5ts4 ,unlike ! m>l above1 x does n eff]vesce ) an acid2 & appe>s z a mass ( compact$ m9ute fragm5ts ( basic glass conv]t$ into palagonite1 :i* is seem+ly non-vacuol>1 & conta9+ ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,9 connection ) ! diagram x %\ld be rem>k$ t ,i did n f9d ! palagonite-rock actually pass+ d[n into ! basalt :i*1 h[ev]1 is expos$ 9 ! riv]-b$ bel[4 ,! :ole di/rict is *>act]is$ by column> basalt1 & ! s]ies ( deposits "h describ$ h be5 =m$ on ! flank ( ! great basaltic table-l& ( ,wa9unu4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! upp]mo/ deposits ( ! pt]opod-ooze palagonite =ms a noticeable proportion 7#aj-bj p] c5t47 ( ! residue2 & p]haps mo/ ( ! f9e clayey mat]ial is ?us d]iv$4 ,z not$ on page #cba1 m9ute pellets ( pure palagonite are n infrequ5t 9 ! residue4 ,probably ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! und]ly+ m>l consi/s ( palagonite4 ,9 ! l[e/ palagonite-rock ! proportion w\ld be q #ih p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ ! succession ( deposits bel[ ! ,n&ua tea-e/ate4 ,! total ?ickness is ab\t #bej feet4 ,! figures ref] to ! proportion ( palagonite4 ,:il/ x is app>5t t we h repres5t$ 9 ?is s]ies ! cov]+ ( a subm>9e basaltic fl[ ) subm>9e deposits1 x is also evid5t t ! mode ( junction betwe5 ! fl[ & ! ov]ly+ deposits is ( an unexpect$ nature4 ,be=e draw+ any inf]5ces1 x is necess>y to po9t out t :5 we beg9 on priori gr\nds to frame our notions z to ! c\rse ( ev5ts on ! surface ( a subm>9e basaltic fl[1 we are ent]+ a little kn[n region ( inquiry4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 sugge/ 9 ! light ( ! !ory be=e advanc$1 ! foll[+ explanation ( ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ?is s]ies4 ,dur+ ! consolidation ( ! fl[ mu* ( ! magma-residuum t /ill reta9$ its fluidity 0 extrud$ on ! surface1 :]e aft] solidification x became palagonitis$4 ,accord+ to my view ?is w\ld be ! typical behavi\r ( subm>9e basaltic fl[s2 b1 ow+ to ! un/able & p]i%able nature ( ! palagonitic cru/ ( ! fl[1 x w\ld be r>ely pres]v$ 9 upheav$ volcanic regions4 ,!re w\ld probably be1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,n&ua s]ies1 no %>p l9e to be drawn betwe5 ! palagonite-cru/ & ! deposits subsequ5tly cov]+ x1 deposits inde$ t w\ld d]ive no inconsid]able proportion ( _! mat]ials f ! dis9tegration ( ! cru/ itself4 ,dur+ & aft] ! em]g5ce ( su* a di/rict ( subm>9e eruptions ! un/able palagonitic cru/ w\ld be fur!r subject$ to ! hydration result+ f wea!r+ & simil> ag5cies2 & z a result ( its f9al degradation !re w\ld (t5 alone rema9 a b$ ( r$di% argillace\s mat]ial4 ,9 conclud+ ^! rem>ks on palagonite ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! pr9cipal po9ts "h dwelt ^u may be add$3 7a7 ,! basic glass1 t und]goes ! palagonitic *ange1 is ! vitre\s =m ( ! magma-residuum t 9 a p>ticul> type ( basalt & "u c]ta9 conditions rema9s fluid aft] ! mass ( ! rock has solidifi$4 ,dur+ ! la/ /age ( ! consolidation x is 9 "p imprison$ 9 ! 8magma-lakelets0 ( ! gr\ndmass2 :il/ ! re/ ( x is squeez$ into cracks & fissures1 or extrud$ on ! surface ( ! fl[4 7b7 ,?is glass diff]s f ord9>y basic glass 9 its molecul> condition1 its m9]al composition1 its l[ degree ( fusibility1 & 9 its un/able "*4 7c7 ,! =mation ( palagonite 9 connection ) ! cru%+ ( a basic glass is to be expla9$ by ! hypo!sis t ! heat develop$ dur+ ! cru%+ is suffici5t to p>tially re-fuse ! glass1 ! mat]ial ?us produc$ correspond+ to ! magma-residuum ( l[ degree ( fusibility1 :i* is above ref]r$ to4 7d7 ,9 subm>9e eruptions are to be f\nd ! conditions fav\r+ ! production ( palagonite on a l>ge scale4 ,9 ! case ( su* basaltic fl[s x is probable t _! upp] portions are =m$ entirely ( palagonite aris+ f ! alt]ation ( a vitre\s magma-residuum extrud$ on ! surface 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,su* a cru/1 z a result ( %r9kage & o!r processes1 w\ld probably pres5t itself to ! geologi/ z a some:at friable mat]ial1 pass+ gradually into ! ov]ly+ subm>9e deposits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note on ! type ( basalt f\nd associat$ ) palagonite4 ,! type is *>act]is$1 x w\ld appe>1 r by its /ructural features ?an by its m9]al composition4 ,x is ! basalt ( ophitic or semi-ophitic habit t w\ld seem to be usually associat$ ) palagonite2 & s9ce ?is habit is z a rule to be f\nd :]e ! gr\ndmass displays l>ge felsp>-la!s 9 plexus arrangem5t1 co>se augites1 & at lea/ a fair am\nt ( smoky glass1 x foll[s t a hemi-cry/all9e1 ophitic or semi-ophitic1 dol]itic basalt is ! type to be associat$ ) palagonite4 ,?is is ! type ( rock t =ms ! l[] "p ( ! basaltic fl[ ne> ,kiombo1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is l>gely palagonitic4 ,to ?is /ructural type also belong mo/ ( ! basalts 9 my collection :]e palagonite exi/s 9 ! =m ( 8magma-lakelets0 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,^! 8lakelets0 are almo/ diagno/ic ( ?is type ( basalt4 ,"h also belongs ! fam\s globul> basalt ( ,acica/ello on ! coa/ ( ,sicily4#acb ,9 su* rocks ! felsp>-la!s =m a me%-"w & v>y usually 9 av]age l5g? betwe5 #a & #c mm4 ,! augites ( ! gr\ndmass1 typically semi-ophitic1 range up to #a mm4 9 size4 ,!y are always l>ge1 t is1 ov] #jc mm41 & ?is co>s5ess is ano!r important indication4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,*anges ,,produc$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,hydration ,,( ,,palagonite4 ,mo/ ( t :i* is detail$ bel[ is n accord+ to my views palagonitisation1 b ! effect ( hydration 9 ! dis9tegration ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! initial molecul> condition & ! o!r *>act]s :i* repres5t pot5tially ! palagonitic *ange are n connect$ ) hydration2 b are conc]n$ ) ! causes be=e expla9$ t l$ to ! =mation ( a basic glass ( su* an un/able con/itution4 ,inde$1 !re is good reason to believe t ! *anges to be n[ describ$ may be obs]v$ "u ! ord9>y influ5ces ( wea!r+ 9 a wet region4 ,! e>ly /ages ( alt]ation are well display$ 9 "s ( ! tuffs =m$ ma9ly ( basic vacuol> glass1 ! subm>9e "* ( :i* is (t5 indicat$ by a few te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,:il/ ! glass reta9s its orig9al bottle-gre5 col\r1 x loses ! clean %>p con*oidal edges & displays r\gh & unev5 or granul> bord]s4 ,) a high p[] ! surface ( ! fragm5t is se5 to be m9utely pitt$ or pock-m>k$ 9 places1 ! %all[ circul> pits1 less ?an #ja mm4 9 diamet]1 be+ sometimes arrang$ 9 a r[ l a numb] ( ov]lapp+ ra9-pr9ts4 ,?is process proce$s until all ! surface is affect$1 & f ?is cause !re is (t5 an appe>ance ( polygonal m>k+s4 ,! pock-m>k+1 h[ev]1 cont9ues2 & z ! pits encroa* m & m on ea* o!r an irregul>ly wr9kl$ r\gh surface results4 ,up to ?is "t ! glass has reta9$ mu* ( its orig9al col\r2 b its cle>ness is replac$ by turbidity1 & collections ( v m9ute r\nd$1 rod-%ap$1 & irregul> granules1 compos$ ( a col\rless feebly pol>is+ mat]ial1 are display$ "h & !re 9 its sub/ance1 :il/ "s ( ! previ\sly empty vacuoles are n[ fill$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! next /age ! hydration ( ! iron-oxides beg9s1 & ! glass becomes opaque & yell[i% or r$di%-br[n1 & has a m granul> appe>ance1 pol>is+ feebly4 ,cracks n[ trav]se ! sub/ance1 & p5etrate into ! vacuoles1 :i*1 z !y become fill$ ) ! alt]ation products1 :e!r palagonitic1 zeolitic1 or silice\s1 become ruptur$ & curi\sly di/ort$4 ,! hydration & consequ5t dis9tegration cont9ue until ! deep /a9 ( ! iron-oxide is remov$1 & a semi-pulv]ul5t :iti% mat]ial rema9s4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( ! little blea*$ p[d]y pat*es s common 9 basic tuffs1 ea* repres5t+ orig9ally a lapillus ( basic pumice4 ,?is p[d] :5 exam9$ ) ! microscope is %[n to be made up ( f9e granul> & tub]cul> mat]ials :i* lose mu* ( _! di/9ctness :5 m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,x is n affect$ by boil+ 9 ,h,cl1 & conta9s usually an abundance ( m9ute silice\s oval amygdules t h be5 fre$ 9 ! la/ /age ( ! dis9tegration ( ! palagonite4 ,su* is ! /ory ( ! degradation ( ! palagonite daily 9 op]ation 9 ! basic tuffs ( ?is isl&4 ,f ?is s\rce is d\btless d]iv$ mu* ( ! f9e/ con/itu5ts ( ! subm>9e clays s common ov] ,vanua ,levu4 ,supplem5t>y note on ! occurr5ce ( palagonite 9 ! glassy matrix ( pit*/one-agglom]ates & 9 rubbly pit*/ones4--,9 my la/ revision ( ! pro(s ,i f9d t ,i h n laid suffici5t /ress on ! production ( palagonite "u ^! conditions4 ,! evid5ce ( cru%+ is (t5 v evid5t1 & especial ref]5ces to ?is po9t w be f\nd 9 ! index "u 8,pit*/one10 & on page #ccd "u 8,cru%-tuffs40 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,silicifi$ ,,corals ,,& ,,fl9ts ,,silicifi$ corals1 toge!r ) silice\s m9]als 7qu>tz1 *alc$ony1 jasp]1 c47 & silice\s concretions are evid5tly widely di/ribut$ 9 ^! isl&s4 ,kle9s*midt 9 8 j\rnal ref]s to l>ge blocks ( fl9t on ! isl& ( ,ono1 f :i* ! natives us$ to obta9 _! musket-fl9ts1#acc & he collect$ f ?is isl& z well z f ,viti ,levu1 ,ovalau1 c41 num]\s specim5s ( ^! & o!r silice\s m9]als & rocks1 su* z horn/one1 *alc$ony & jasp]1 :i* 7 exam9$ by ,wi*mann & describ$ 9 8 pap]4#acd ,mr4 ,&rews obs]v$ silicifi$ corals on ! summits & high] slopes ( ,vanua ,mbalavu4#ace ,! ,fijian "n = fl9ts1 8ngiwa0 7?und]bolt7 or 8vatu-ngiwa0 7/one-?und]bolt71 af=ds a good in/ance ( t curi\s sup]/ition connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ^! /ones1 :i* came also "u my notice 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1#acf & 9 fact is widely spread4 ,9 ,vanua ,levu ^! silice\s rocks & m9]als are 9 places abundant4 ,!y are especially frequ5t on ! surface ( ! ext5sive l[ pla9s on ! nor? side ( ! isl& :i* con/itute ! bas9s ( ! ,s>awanga1 ,ndreketi1 ,wailevu1 & ,lambasa riv]s2 b x is 9 ! l[-ly+ di/rict ( ,kalikoso1 9 ! nor?-ea/]n "p1 t !y exi/ 9 ! greate/ quantity4 ,!y d n occur usually at great] elevations ?an #cjj feet1 & are f\nd z a rule at mu* l[] levels4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ref]5ce is n "h made to qu>tz-ve9s1 su* z are f\nd 9 c]ta9 localities & ( :i* m5tion is made on pages #ajf1 #aaf4 ,x is n ) ! ord9>y products ( contact or g5]al metamorphism t we h "h to deal2 b ) ! rem>kable surface-collections ( silicifi$ corals1 nodules & fl9ts ( *alc$ony1 fragm5ts ( :ite qu>tz-rock1 bits ( jasp]1 & c]ta9 curi\s silice\s concretions1 t occur (t5 9 association ) fragm5ts ( limonite 9 ^! l[-ly+ regions4 ,all ! silice\s mat]ials above nam$ h1 z ! microscope indicates1 a common "*1 *alc$onic silica 9 a great] or less degree be+ ! basis ( all ( !m1 :e!r coral1 fl9t1 :ite qu>tz-rock1 or jasp]4 ,x soon became app>5t :il/ exam9+ ^! di/ricts t "o g5]al condition prevail$ :il/ ?is ext5sive deposition ( silica & ! =mation ( ! b$s ( limonite 7 9 progress4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be pret5d$ t ^! processes are actually 9 op]ation on ! pla9s n[4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! limonite 9 a few localities ! processes h be5 susp5d$2 b !y 7 9 active op]ation n long ago3 & an exam9ation ( ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! di/ricts w probably disclose "s ( ! conditions "u :i* ^! products h be5 =m$4 ,on ! surface ( ! ,kalikoso pla9s1 :]e ^! mat]ials are mo/ abundant1 we f9d silicifi$ corals associat$ ) fragm5ts & nodules ( *alc$ony1 fl9ts1 :ite qu>tz-rock1 limonite1 concretions ( c>bonate ( iron1 c41 9 ! l[-ly+ & (t5 swampy di/rict ar\nd ! fre%-wat] lake1 ! :ole region be+ only elevat$ betwe5 #bj & #fj feet above ! sea4 ,?is is an area ( decompos+ acid rocks 7qu>tz-porphyries1 tra*ytes74#acg ,on ! o!r h& 9 mo/ ( ! regions :]e ^! mat]ials occur on ! surface we h areas ( basic rocks 7basalts & basaltic &esites7 incru/$ 9 places ) subm>9e tuffs & =am9if]\s clays1 ! volcanic rocks und]go+ ext5sive dis9tegration4 ,su* = in/ance are ! ,lekutu1 ,s>awanga1 ,ndreketi1 & ,lambasa pla9s4 ,9 ! ,lambasa pla9s1 :i* are describ$ 9 ?is connection on page #aci1 we f9d besides ! corals & fl9ts & nodules ( *alc$ony1 fragm5ts ( jasp]4 ,9 ! ,s>awanga & ,lekutu l[l&s1 we f9d silicifi$ corals & limonite2 b "h ! cry/allis$ silica ( ! corals conta9s a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 :il/ 9 its less] degree ( h>dness & 9 its l[ specific gravity x comes ne> to semi-opal4 ,9 ^! & o!r localities1 z 9 ! level c\ntry ar\nd ,ndranimako on ! "r side ( ! ,yanawai e/u>y1 we f9d curi\s concretions ( ! same k9d ( hydr\s silica m or less cry/all9e4 ,^! concretions are describ$ bel[4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ne>ly all ! di/ricts 9 :i* ! silicifi$ corals & concretions1 silice\s m9]als1 & limonite occur1 are scantily vegetat$ 8talas+a0 l&s#ach ) r$di% soil4 ,except 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,kalikoso pla9s1 ! swamps & lakes h z a rule long s9ce disappe>$1 _! sites be+ alone indicat$ by ! limonite on ! surface4 ,9 ! ,mbua pla9s1 h[ev]1 !re are occasional small ponds & swamps1 & !re is no d\bt t ! limonite s b\ntifully repres5t$ on ! dry di/ricts is /ill 9 process ( =mation4 ,be=e draw+ "s g5]al inf]5ces z to ! conditions "u :i* ?is deposition ( silica & iron took place1 ,i w ref] to ! *>act]s ( ! mat]ials ?us produc$4 ,! silicifi$ corals include massive corals ( ! ,a/raean & 8,porites0 k9ds & bran*+ specim5s ( ! ,madrepore type or habit4 ,! =m] are r>ely l>g] ?an #g or #h in*es across & are m]ely fragm5ts4 ,! latt] are always portions ( bran*es1 nev] exce$+ #c or #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! la/ case x is sometimes possible to %[1 z 9 ! case ( a specim5 f\nd on ! ,kalikoso pla9s1 t be=e silicification occurr$ ! dead fragm5t ( bran*+ coral _h be5 ext5sively erod$ by solv5t ag5cies & _h be5 p5etrat$ by burr[+ molluscs4 ,! l>g] blocks ( massive corals h usually be5 ext5sively *ipp$ by ! natives 9 obta9+ fl9ts4 ,9 pa/ times !y 7 c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r1 ! result be+ t occasionally !y 7 br\ght to me 9 ! m\nta9-villages1 all %[+ evid5ce ( _! hav+ suppli$ fl9ts to a pa/ g5]ation4 ,^! corals are z a rule completely silicifi$4 ,:5 a massive specim5 is brok5 across x is n infrequ5tly f\nd t :il/ ! coral /ructure is pres]v$ 9 its out] "p1 ! inn] portion is compos$ ( a compact seem+ly /ructureless mass ( blui%-:ite or pale-grey fl9t1 :i* has ! *>act]i/ic microscopical appe>ance ( *alc$ony & a specific gravity ( #bei4aci ,x is f ! m compact p>ts ( ! silicifi$ massive corals t ! 8work$0 fl9ts f\nd on ! surface 7 obta9$1 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m1 z 9 ! case ( a 8scrap]0 9 my collection1 ! traces ( coral /ructure are /ill app>5t to ! eye4 ,wi*mann obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! silicifi$ corals f ,fiji t ! :ole petrify+ process appe>s to consi/ 9 ! saturation ( ! coral ) silica1 ! coral /ructure be+ usually di/9ct1 :il/ ! septa1 (t5 /ill calcitic1 %[ ! po9ts ( ! calcite cry/als project+ into ! *alc$ony :i* =ms ! mass4 ,lime h[ev] r>ely occurs 9 ! silicifi$ corals ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,x 0 only 9 ! case ( "o or two localities t ! corals display$ any eff]vesc5ce ) an acid4 ,9 ! microscope slide ! massive specim5s appe> to be entirely ( *alc$onic silica1 ! outl9es ( ! cells & ( ! septa be+ indicat$ by f]rug9\s mat]ial4 ,9 a specim5 ( ,porites by my side ! cry/allization ( ! silica has advanc$ beyond ! *alc$onic /age & ! coral is compos$ entirely ( m9ute qu>tz-cry/als1 #b to #d mm4 9 size1 (t5 irregul>1 b sometimes =m+ d\bly-t]m9at$ prisms4 ,?is has produc$ a some:at crumbl+ rock1 :i* is easily p[d]$ by ! f+]2 & 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! complete cry/allization ( ! silica is result+ 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! silicifi$ coral4 ,! ord9>y silicifi$ massive corals ( ,vanua ,levu1 :]e ! replacem5t by *alc$onic silica is complete1 ?\gh ! /ructure is pres]v$1 h a h>dness ( ab\t #f & a specific gravity ( #bed1 & yield b little wat] 9 ! clos$ tube4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! ,s>awanga pla9s & 9 ! ,lekutu l[l&s we f9d silicifi$ fragm5ts ( bran*+ corals :i* are easily scrat*$ ) a knife & h a h>dness ( #c to #d & a specific gravity ( #bc4 ,! fractur$ surface is milk-:ite or r$di%1 & looks l semi-opal4 ,:5 p[d]$ & heat$ 9 a clos$ tube1 ! mat]ial loses "o f\r? or "o fif? ( its weight ( wat]1 ! f9e/ du/ 7pass+ away 9 ! /eam7 be+ deposit$ on ! sides ( ! glass4 ,9 ! slide !re is display$ a f9ely granul> crypto-cry/all9e /ructure ) 9 places a some:at co>s] qu>tz-mosaic1 :il/ *alc$onic qu>tz fills m9ute cracks 9 ! mass4 ,no coral /ructure is pres]v$4 ,num]\s po9ts col\r$ by iron oxide occur 9 ! section1 & m9ute du/-l inclusions ab\nd1 :i* are d\btless wat]-pores4 ,i h describ$ on a lat] page c]ta9 concretions f\nd associat$ ) ^! silicifi$ corals :i* ?\gh =m$ ( ! same crypto-cry/all9e hydr\s silica1 are app>5tly silicifi$ portions ( nullipore-rocks4 ,! fragm5ts ( fl9t t occur commonly on ! surface 9 ^! di/ricts are1 z above rem>k$1 d]iv$ f ! h>d silicifi$ coral-masses4 ,nodules ( *alc$ony1 hav+ all ! appe>ance ( hav+ orig9at$ 9 cavities1 are also v frequ5t4 ,!y may take ! mamill>y1 agate1 or onyx =m1 "s ( ! agates :5 poli%$ mak+ beautiful specim5s4 ,^! nodules are ( all sizes up to #c or #d in*es across4 ,"s ( !m are holl[ & l9$ ) cle> qu>tz-cry/als1 :il/ ) o!rs ! cavity may be completely fill$ by int]lock+ qu>tz-cry/als4 ,! out] surface ( "o ( ! agates displays m>k+s %[+ 9 relief ca/s ( ! 8cups0 ( a m9ute-cell$ coral4 ,m+l$ ) ! o!r silice\s mat]ials on ! surface ( ! ,kalikoso & ,lambasa pla9s are f\nd fragm5ts ( a :iti% qu>tz-rock1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #bec-beg1 be+ !re=e m>k$ly light] ?an qu>tzite 7#bfc-bfg7 :i* x some:at resembles4 ,x usually occurs z small h&-specim5s2 b 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mbati-ni-kama ,i f\nd blocks1 #ab to #ae in*es across1 ly+ 9 ! riv]-b$4 ,"u ! microscope x displays a f9e radio-globul> aggregate ( *alc$onic qu>tz4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! silice\s concretions1 compos$ ma9ly ( hydr\s crypto-cry/all9e silica1 :i* are associat$ ) ! silicifi$ coral fragm5ts =m$ ( ! same k9d ( silica on ! surface ( ! pla9s ( ,mbua1 ,lekutu1 & ,s>awanga4 ,!y also occur 9 ! ,ndranimako l[l&s on ! "r side ( ! ,yanawai e/u>y1 & 9 ! m elevat$ inl& di/ricts ( ! ,wa9unu & ,na ,savu table-l&s at elevations ( #fej to #ggj feet above ! sea4 ,!y take ! =m ( irregul> nodules1 or ( flat unev5 8cakes10 usually two or ?ree in*es 9 size4 ,!y are z a rule r$di%1 b sometimes p9k & :ite4 ,_! h>dness is only #c to #d1 & !y are easily scrat*$ ) a knife2 & :5 p[d]$ & heat$ 9 a clos$ tube1 !y lose ab\t "o f\r? ( _! weight ( wat]4 ,"u ! microscope !y exhibit a grey crypto-cry/all9e gr\ndmass %[+ v f9ely granul> cry/all9e silica ) ! cracks & small cavities fill$ ) m brightly pol>is+ *alc$onic qu>tz4 ,b !y diff] z reg>ds _! o!r compon5ts & also 9 _! mode ( occurr5ce2 & x is highly probable t ! hi/ory ( _! orig9 is n always ! same4 ,^? associat$ ) ! silicifi$ corals on ! ,s>awanga & ,lekutu l[l&s %[ no /ructure 9 ! slide t gives me a clue z to _! orig92 b !y may p]haps repres5t old ,nullipore nodules4 ,^? ar\nd ,ndranimako are col\r$ deep r$2 & :il/ "s give no indication z to _! s\rce1 o!rs are transitional 9 "*1 & display 9 ! sections traces ( ! vacuol> semi-vitre\s basic rock ( :i* ! orig9al fragm5t 0 compos$4 ,! same r$ silice\s concretions =m ! pebbles & gravel 9 ! /ream-b$s on ! surface ( ! ,na ,savu table-l&1 #gjj feet above ! sea4 ,^! r$ fl9t-l nodules ( ,ndranimako & ,na ,savu some:at resemble ! jasp] ( ! isl&2 b !y are %>ply di/+ui%$ by _! microscopic *>act]s1 by be+ easily scrat*$ ) a knife1 & by ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] :i* !y conta94 ,roll$ /ones1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! %all[ /ream-c\rses on ! surface ( ! ,wa9unu table-l& #gej to #hjj feet above ! sea1 exhibit 9 ! sections1 9 spite ( ! g5]al silicification ( ! gr\ndmass1 ! outl9es ( ! orig9al ph5ocry/s ( felsp>1 & abundant skeletal magnetite rods1 su* z w\ld *>act]ise a semi-vitre\s basic rock4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! basaltic di/ricts ( ! ,na ,savu & ,wa9unu table-l&s ^! concretions h be5 =m$ "u c]ta9 conditions by ! decomposition ( ! silicates ( basic rocks4 ,b ^! conditions d n exi/ n[2 & ,i inf] t ! silicifi$ rocks1 :i* occur only 9 fragm5ts on ! surface1 repres5t ! silicification t occurr$ dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ! l& ages s9ce4 ,occasionally "o comes ^u 9 ! m\nta9 di/ricts1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ndrawa1 l>ge solit>y blocks #b to #d feet across ( a :iti% *]t-l rock :i* has a h>dness ( #e or #f1 ! h>d] v>iety hav+ a specific gravity ( ab\t #beh & ! s(t]1 :i* yields a fair am\nt ( wat]1 a specific gravity ( ab\t #bdf4 ,i notic$ su* solit>y masses also on ! ,mbua pla9s4 ,! fir/-nam$ locality is dacitic & ! la/ basaltic4 ,!y exhibit 9 ! slides a pat*y appe>ance1 %[+ 9 "s places f9ely granul> crypto-cry/all9e silica & 9 o!rs a co>s] mosaic ( *alc$onic qu>tz4 ,ap>t f ! abs5ce ( any def9ite coral /ructure1 ,i c only surmise t !y 7 orig9ally masses ( reef-lime/one4 ,_! elevation ev5 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts 0 n ov] #djj or #ejj feet above ! sea4 ,fragm5ts ( jasp]1 :i* are associat$ ) nodules ( *alc$ony & silicifi$ corals 9 ! ,lambasa pla9s1 are also to be f\nd z pebbles & small blocks 9 ! m\nta9 /reams ( ! ,ndrawa1 ,ndr&ramea1 & ,lea di/ricts1 toge!r ) bits ( *alc$ony & qu>tz-cry/als4 ,!y d n occur1 or are ( r>e occurr5ce1 9 ! rec5tly em]g$ ,kalikoso di/rict & probably belong to an e>li] /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! isl&'s em]g5ce f ! sea4 ,!y h a h>dness ( #f to #g1 n be+ scrat*$ by a knife1 & a specific gravity ( #bfe to #bgj2 :il/ b little wat] is giv5 (f 9 ! clos$ tube4 ,!y are a v>iety ( *alc$ony1 r5d]$ opaque by ! l>ge quantity ( r$ oxide ( iron t x conta9s1 & are really1 !re=e1 iron-fl9ts4 ,! microscopical section 9 "o case displays 9 ! cle> spaces a beautiful globul> aggregate1 ea* globule hav+ a nucleus ( ! iron oxide & giv+ a black cross 9 pol>is$ light4 ,9 ano!r case ! globul> /ructure is less p]fect1 & ! *alc$onic gr\ndmass is p5etrat$ by a multitude ( f9e cracks fill$ ) iron oxide4 ,! deposits ( limonite v>y 9 "* 9 diff]5t localities1 & evid5tly !y h n all ! same hi/ory4 ,! soil ( ! l[-ly+ pla9s ar\nd ,wai-ni-koro & ,kalikoso1 & especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! fre%-wat] lake1 is (t5 col\r$ a deep o*re\s r$4 ,small fragm5ts ( an e>?y yell[i%-br[n limonite occur on ! surface 9 quantity & are p>ticul>ly abundant ne> ! lake4 ,!y yield mu* wat] :5 heat$4 ,9 "s places 9 ?is di/rict1 z 9 ! c\ntry trav]s$ betwe5 ,wai-ni-koro & ,kalikoso1 ! surface is /rewn ) a numb] ( small r\nd concretions ( ! size ( small m>bles 7#f to #ab mm47 :i* are compos$ ( a mixture ( c>bonate ( iron & limonite1 b %[ no recognisable /ructures4 ,!y are some:at friable & give (f mu* wat] :5 heat$1 :il/ !y eff]vesce freely 9 hot hydro*loric acid4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! e>?y limonite ( ! ,kalikoso di/rict conta9$ orig9ally iron c>bonate & has be5 produc$ f concretions su* z ,i h j describ$4 ,! v>iety ( limonite f\nd 9 fragm5ts on ! surface ( ! pla9s ( ,mbua1 ,lekutu1 & ,s>awanga1 at elevations usually ( #ajj or #bjj feet above ! sea1 is a heavy compact k9d ) a specific gravity ( #c to #ce1 & closely resembl+ r$ hematite4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is light] 9 weight & /ill conta9s a little wat]1 x may be reg>d$ z 9 ! transition /age4 ,x occurs z portions ( cake-l masses v>y+ usually f a ?ird ( an in* to r ov] an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,z a rule x is f\nd 9 localities :]e no lakes or swamps n[ exi/ & may be associat$1 z 9 ! ,s>awanga & ,lekutu pla9s1 ) silicifi$ corals & silice\s concretions2 b 9 "s cases1 z 9 t ( ! ,mbua pla9s1 ponds & swamps are /ill scantily repres5t$ 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! wat] ( ! /agnant /reams is deeply col\r$ ) iron 7see page #ef74 ,iron/one gravel occurs 9 great quantity /rewn ov] ! surface ( ! basaltic table-l&s1 especially 9 ! case ( t betwe5 ! ,wa9unu & ! ,yanawai riv]s4 ,! small] gravel v>ies usually betwe5 "o eigh? & "o ?ird ( an in* 9 size1 ! l>g] fragm5ts be+ ab\t an in*4 ,! specific gravity is #ca to #cb4 ,! mat]ial =m+ ! f9] gravel dissolves ) b little eff]vesc5ce & scanty residue 9 hot hydro*loric acid2 x gives (f wat] & is evid5tly impure limonite4 ,! l>g] fragm5ts1 #a to #b in*es 9 size1 repres5t ! p>tial conv]sion into limonite ( a basic volcanic rock ) mu* glass 9 ! gr\ndmass :i* =m$ probably ! surface ( ! basaltic fl[s ( ! plateaux4 ,!re mu/ be an enorm\s am\nt ( ?is iron-/one 9 ! isl&4 ,! f9] gravel has a concretion>y "*1 "s ( ! pieces appe>+ l bits ( /ick t h be5 conv]t$ into limonite4 ,x seems to h be5 =m$ dur+ ! dis9tegration ( ! rock on ! moi/ surface ( ^! d5sely wood$ basaltic plateaux2 ! process 0 n accompli%$ 9 ponds or swamps1 b 0 c>ri$ out on ord9>y damp gr\nd4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! above connection t ! soil 9 ! areas ( basalt & basaltic &esites1 :i* occupy a l>ge portion ( ! surface ( ! isl&1 conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( f9e magnetic iron-s&4 ,aft] heavy ra9s ! foot pa?s gli/5 ) ?is f9e mat]ial :i* has be5 wa%$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! ext5sive scantily vegetat$ 8talas+a0 regions :]e ! basaltic rocks are dis9tegrat+ = a consid]able dep?4 ,! riv]-s& ( ^! areas1 aft] a little wa%+1 yields ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( magnetic iron gra9s :i* give 9 "s cases a slight titanium reaction4 ,! am\nt ( magnetic iron-s& 9 ^! riv]s1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,yanawai & ! ,wa9unu1 mu/ be v great4 ,9 ! b$s ( ! small sluggi% /reams on ! surface ( ! ,wa9unu table-l& ! am\nt is also v l>ge4 ,any explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! ext5sive silicification evid5c$ by ! occurr5ce ( silicifi$ corals & silice\s concretions on ! surface 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! l[] regions ( ! isl& w h to include t ( ! =mation ( ! limonite fragm5ts s (t5 accompany+ !m4 ,! necess>y conditions w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be af=d$ by an em]g+ l&-surface dur+ ! consolidation ( ! expos$ calc>e\s muds & ! subsequ5t dra9+ ( ! new surface4 ,on p>ts ( ! newly =m$ l&1 !re w\ld foll[ ! successive /ages ( sea-wat]1 bracki%1 & fre%-wat] swamps1 su* z are cle>ly indicat$ by ! abundance ( silicifi$ coral fragm5ts t /rew ! surface ( ! l[-ly+ & (t5 swampy di/ricts ar\nd ! fre% wat] lake ( ,kalikoso4 ,9 su* a locality z t ( ,kalikoso1 !re 7 no d\bt at ! "t ( ! em]g5ce l>ge tracts cov]$ ) *alky calc>e\s mud d]iv$ f reef-debris2 & x 0 dur+ ! consolidation ( ?is mud 9 ! rec5tly reclaim$ area t ! fragm5ts ( coral imb$d$ 9 x became silicifi$4 ,9 ^! cases :]e ! imb$d$ corals 7 already mu* decay$1 x is probable t ! empty cavities ?us produc$ 7 fill$ ) silica1 & t 9 ?is mann] ! nodules ( *alc$ony 7 produc$4 ,"h & !re a pebble or a l>g] block ( a volcanic rock w\ld h be5 inclos$ 9 ! mud2 & 9 ?is case also silica l>gely replac$ ! orig9al mat]ial ( ! /one4 ,i imag9e t ) ! evaporation ( ! wat] 9 ! mud dur+ ! dry+ & consolidat+ processes ! proportion ( silica 9 solution w\ld atta9 a degree ( sup]-saturation & t ! silicification w\ld h5ce be br\ght ab\t4 ,) ! consolidation ( ! mud ! deposition ( silica ceas$2 & 9 ! case ( any coral fragm5ts1 :]e ! trans=mation 0 n complet$1 decay w\ld (t5 comm5ce4 ,9 ! in/ance ( "s bits ( coral f\nd imb$d$ 9 =am9if]\s mud-rock 9 ! ,lambasa pla9s ! process ( ! *ange _h be5 susp5d$1 & ! fragm5ts 7 9 a /ate ( decay1 & col\r$ r$ by iron oxide4 ,if silicification occurr$ 9 a subm>9e deposit only aft] x became a portion ( an old l&-surface we ought n to f9d incompletely silicifi$ corals inclos$ 9 x4 ,= ^! reasons ,i d n consid] t silicification w\ld occur 9 ! case ( subm>9e deposits long aft] !y h be5 rais$ above ! sea4 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld seem t ! deposition ( silica 9 ! h>d p>ts ( dead organisms does n proce$ 9 ! %all[-wat] calc>e\s mud ( coral reef coa/s previ\s to em]g5ce4 ,silicifi$ corals h nev] z f> z ,i "k be5 f\nd "u su* conditions4 ,nor c\ld ! coral fragm5ts n[ ly+ on ! ,kalikoso pla9s1 (t5 only elevat$ "s #bj or #cj feet above ! sea1 h und]gone ?is *ange :il/ expos$ on ! l&-surface z !y n[ lie4 ,!y mu/ h be5 inclos$ 9 "s mat]ial conta9+ abundant free silica2 & x is reasonable to suppose t ?is mat]ial 0 ! *alky mud ( ! reef-flats on :i* !y once liv$4 ,if ?is is admitt$1 !n x foll[s t s9ce1 z above assum$1 silicification does n occur 9 su* a mud ei!r be=e upheaval or long aft] x has be5 rais$ above ! sea1 x mu/ take place 9 ! int]m$iate p]iod1 or 9 o!r words :il/ ! rec5tly expos$ subm>9e deposits are consolidat+ & dry+4 ,sev]al objections at once occur ) ref]5ce to ?is explanation ( ! silicification ( corals 9 ?is isl&2 b mu* m inve/igation is ne$$ to e/abli% any view on ! subject4 ,9 ! ,kalikoso pla9s1 h[ev]1 we h a critical locality = ! pursuit ( ?is inquiry4 ,concretions ( c>bonate ( iron & deposits ( e>?y limonite are "h associat$ ) silicifi$ corals on ! surface ( a level & (t5 swampy di/rict ar\nd a fre%wat] lake 9 a region :i* is only elevat$ #bj to #fj feet above ! sea4 ,we are deal+ "h ) an area ( l& t has em]g$ 9 comp>atively rec5t times z f> z ! hi/ory ( ! isl& is conc]n$4 ,! elem5t ( "t is limit$1 & ! problem is n complicat$1 z x w\ld be 9 ! case ( an old l&-surface1 rais$ "s hundr$s ( feet above ! sea1 by ! intrusion ( _m o!r di/urb+ ag5cies4 ,nature has simplifi$ matt]s "h = ! inquir]4 ,! evid5ce ( rec5t em]g5ce ) reg>d to ! :ole isl& is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 & ne$ n be aga9 ref]r$ to "h2 :il/ ! g5]al description ( ! ,kalikoso di/rict is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,9 ?is connection x may be rem>k$ t be=e _! em]g5ce ! ,kalikoso pla9s 7 cov]$ by ! wat]s ( a l>ge irregul> sea-wat] lagoon or lake1 :i* ?\gh m or less surr\nd$ by hills _h free communication ) ! sea on ! nor? along ! l9e ( ! passages n[ occupi$ by ! ,wai-ni-koro & ,langa-langa riv]s4 ,bo? massive & bran*+ corals !n ?riv$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! lagoon4 ,!re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t dur+ ! em]g5ce !re 0 an int]m$iate /age *>act]is$ by br9e-ponds & salt-swamps4 ,! dra9age f ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s to ! s\?w>d w\ld h prev5t$ x4 ,:il/ ?is *ange ( level 0 9 op]ation1 bracki% wat] collect$ 9 ! deep] "p ( ! orig9al lagoon1 =m+ a lake :i* z evid5c$ by ! pres5t di/ribution ( limonite on ! surface ( ! pla9s 0 !n f> l>g] ?an x is n[4 ,z ! pla9s became expos$ l>ge flats cov]$ ) *alky mud 9 :i* dead corals 7 m or less imb$d$ 7 b>$2 & !re & !n z ! dry+ & consolidation proce$$ silicification took place 9 ! mann] be=e surmis$4 ,?is deposit 0 ( no great ?ickness1 & has be5 s9ce remov$ by ! d5ud+ ag5cies1 :il/ ! silicifi$ corals rema9 beh9d4 ,:5 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s ,i 0 unable to f9d ! s\rce ( ! *alc$onic work$ fl9ts ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce 9 t region4 ,9 my g5]al "w on ^? isl&s 7pp4 #gg to #hj7 ref]5ce is made to ?is subject4 ,x w probably be %[n t !re z 9 ,fiji mo/ ( ! fl9ts are silicifi$ corals4 ,9 conclusion x may be rem>k$ t ^? :o object to ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( silicifi$ corals advanc$ 9 ?is *apt] w be able to f9d support = _! alt]native hypo!sis 9 _m facts detail$ 9 ^! pages4 ,vanua ,levu1 = in/ance1 ab\nds 9 hot spr+s2 & ,mr4 ,&rews might reg>d ?is fact z giv+ /r5g? to 8 view t ! silicifi$ corals ( ,vanua ,mbalavu 9 ?is gr\p owe _! condition to ! ag5cy ( sup]heat$ wat] d]iv$ f volcanic rocks1 m especially s9ce hot spr+s are f\nd on ! isl&4 ,su* an explanation c\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 apply to ! ext5sive area ( ! ,kalikoso pla9s :]e ! silicifi$ corals are associat$ ) limonite on ! surface ( a rec5tly em]g$ area4 ,if ^! *anges _h be5 induc$ by hydro!rmal action1 "o ought to f9d evid5ce ( ?is 9 ^? localities 9 ,vanua ,levu :]e ! hot spr+s issue f =am9if]\s clay deposits1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ,vuni-moli2 b no traces ( su* a trans=mation came "u my notice4 ,wi*mann does n advance any explanation ( ! silicification ( ! corals2 b he consid]s t ! 8horn/ones10 :i* he obta9$ f ,fiji1 rocks correspond+ to ! *]t-l rocks describ$ by me on page #cee1 are ! products ( dis9tegration ( ! basic &esites4 ,i h already po9t$ out t c]ta9 silice\s nodules h probably ?is orig94 ,x is also likely t "s ( ! jasp] ( ,vanua ,levu has be5 ?us =m$4 ,note on a silicifi$ ,f]n ,rhizome4--,?is is a specim51 ab\t ?ree in*es long1 pick$ up by a native 9 a /ream ne> ,su5i 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( be+ a portion ( ! /em or rhizome ( a tree-f]n1 & is p]meat$ 9 its entirety by *alc$onic qu>tz1 ! fibro-cellul> /ructure be+ /ill pres]v$4 ,no o!r specim5 ( ! k9d came "u my notice4 ,! probability ( ! occurr5ce ( silicifi$ plant-rema9s 9 ! pumice-tuffs ( ! ,undu ,promontory is po9t$ out on page #bcc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,magnetic ,,rocks ,,! lit]ature on ! subject ( ! magnetism ( rocks is v ext5sive1#adj & ev5 if ,i 0 capable ( do+ s1 any attempt to deal g5]ally ) ?is complicat$ ph5om5on w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,zirkel 9 8 *>act]i/ically ?or\gh fa%ion has review$ ! subject 9 8 g5]al "w on petrography1 b s9ce ! date ( ! la/ publication ( t book1 #ahic-id1 ! lit]ature has be5 mu* increas$ & ! subject has f "t to "t be5 op5$ up 9 sci5tific p]iodicals1 occasionally 9 ignorance ( ! lab\rs ( ^? t h gone be=e4 ,"h1 ! local magnetisation ( rocks is alone consid]$1 ! g5]al "q ( e>? magnetism n be+ ent]$ into4 ,accord+ to ,zirkel "o ( ! e>lie/ kn[n obs]vations ( ?is ph5om5on 0 made by ,b\gu]1 ! ,fr5* geograph]1 :il/ he 0 engag$ 9 ! measurem5t ( a degree ( ! m]idian 9 ! vic9ity ( ,quito 9 #agdb4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 h[ev]1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to attract g5]al att5tion to ?is subject by ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 discov]y 9 #agif ( a 8great magnetic m\nta90 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many4 ,he 0 !n director-g5]al ( ! m9es 9 two ,franconian pr9cipalities2 & 9 ord] to awak5 ! int]e/ ( ,g]man physici/s & m9]alogi/s 9 ?is matt]1 he ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ) an air ( my/]y1 & did n disclose ! locality = _m mon?s4 ,he !n plac$ 8 specim5s 9 ! m9+-(fice at ,bayreu? to be sold at s mu* by weight = ! relief ( poor m9]s4 ,8 plan succe$$1 & ?is "y savant :o _h yet be=e him 8 great c>e]1 _h soon enli/$ ! int]e/s ( sev]al ( ! not$ sci5tific m5 9 ,g]many1 includ+ ,w]n] ! m9]alogi/1 ,voigt ! ma!matician1 ,blum5ba* ! naturali/1 ,*>p5ti]1 & o!rs4 ,! am\nt ( att5tion t ?is subject !n excit$ c be inf]r$ f ! pages ( ! 8,intellig5zblatt d] ,allgeme9e ,lit]atur-zeitung0 = #agif-agig & f ! contempor>y publications4 ,x has be5 almo/ =gott5 n[1 & ! matt] is inde$ (t5 approa*$ 8de novo40 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh by ^! means ! data became l>gely increas$1 no g5]ally accept$ explanation result$4 ,oppos+ views cont9u$ at v>i\s times to be advanc$2 & x has only 9 rec5t ye>s come to be recognis$ t ! magnetic pol>ity#ada ( rocks 9 expos$ situations1 z 9 ! m\nta9-peak or 9 ! cre/$ spur1 (t5 arises f atmosph]ic electricity indep5d5tly ( ! inductive action ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,?is is ! conclusion to :i* ! lat] evid5ce giv5 by ,zirkel is direct$ & 0 t :i* ,oddone & ,sella =m$ f _! /udy ( ! magnetic rocks ( ! ,c5tral ,alps4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 always necess>y to suppose t ! affect$ rocks h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 al?\gh ,sella & ,folgh]ait] h %[n t ?is is ! result ( su* a contact4 ,!y may be f\nd1 z indicat$ by ,mr4 ,h>k]1 9 m\nta9\s localities :]e ?und]-/orms are rem>kably r>e1 & :]e ! peaks act1 x is sugge/$1 z natural conductors4 ,x is easy to %[1 rem>ks ! same au?or1 t no lapse ( "t is requir$ = rocks 9 expos$ situations to become magnetis$4 ,! /ones ( cairns erect$ a few ye>s be=e on ! m\nta9-tops ( ! ,isle ( ,skye become inv>iably highly magnetic2 :il/ ! loose /ones ly+ on ! gr\nd display ?is prop]ty to a mu* less degree4 ,nor is x requisite t ! rocks affect$ %\ld be basic volcanic rocks4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t granites1 tra*ytes1 c41 c possess magnetic pol>ity#adb2 & ! exi/5ce ( ?is quality among acid volcanic rocks is well %[n 9 ! case ( ! dacites 9 ,vanua ,levu1 rocks :i* compose "s ( ! isolat$ m\nta9-peaks4 ,"o f9ds occasional ref]5ce to ! highly magnetic "* ( ! rocks 9 oceanic isl&s ( volcanic orig91 b ! nature ( ! prop]ty is n always describ$2 & x is sometimes n possible to ga!r f ! data giv5 :e!r ! magnetism affects ! :ole m\nta9 mass1 :5 x w\ld be ( ! regional k9d1 due probably to induction1 or :e!r x is ! simple magnetic quality t almo/ all basic volcanic rocks possess on acc\nt ( ! f9e magnetite dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! rock1 or :e!r !re is evid5ce ( a deposit ( magnetite 9 ! vic9ity1 or :e!r x is a m]e surface ph5om5on conf9$ to ! b>e rocks ( peaks & ridges1 :5 su* rocks1 :e!r gabbro1 granite1 basalt1 tra*yte1 or dacite1 display magnetic pol>ity4 ,dana1 ) reg>d to ! basaltic m\nta9 ( ,tahiti1 rem>ks t ! compass 0 (t5 r5d]$ useless by ! local attraction ( ! rocks1 be>+s tak5 be+ f\nd to v>y two to ?ree po9ts on *ang+ ! position ( ! in/rum5t4#adc ,major ,haig says t ! compass becomes p]fectly useless any:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( "o ( ! m\nta9-masses or ext9ct crat]s 9 ,mauritius1 & attributes ?is effect to ! magnetite 9 ! basalt4#add ,on ! summit ( ,mauna ,loa 9 ,hawaii1 at ! edge ( ! great crat] & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! site :]e ,commodore ,wilkes c>ri$ out 8 p5dulum obs]vations 9 #ahdj1 ,i f\nd my compass-ne$le greatly affect$ by local attraction1 b ,i neglect$ to inquire fur!r into ! matt]4 ,judg+ f my soj\rn ( tw5ty-?ree days on ?is m\nta9-top1 ?und]-/orms are ( v r>e occurr5ce !re2 b ! electric condition ( ! air is at times v evid5t1 & its physiological effects are some:at di/ress+4 ,my blanket at night crackl$ 9 my h&s & emitt$ sp>ks1 s t ,i c\ld trace ) my f+] ! lett] ,a 9 phosphoresc5t hues on its surface4 ,t lightn+ is directly responsible 9 "s in/ances = ! magnetic pol>ity ( rocks 9 m\nta9-peaks is also well e/abli%$4 ,x has be5 illu/rat$ 9 an indirect fa%ion only la/ ye> 9 ! disa/] on ! ,wett]horn4 ,rocks p>tially fus$ by ?und]bolts & display+ pol>ity occur on ! summit ( ! ,riffelhorn & on "o ( ! peaks ( ,monte ,rosa1 & fulgurites h be5 also obta9$ f ,mont ,blanc4444 ,x is n always easy to expla91 h[ev]1 isolat$ cases ( pol>ic rocks :]e no signs ( fusion occur4 ,:il/ desc5d+ into ! ,valle del ,bove f ! ,etna ,obs]vatory1 ,i pick$ up f\r small volcanic bombs ( basic lava1 ( :i* "o display$ pol>ity1 ! poles be+ situat$ at ! sides ( ! bomb4 ,zirkel quotes ! obs]vation ( ,naumann on ! summit ( ! volcano ( ,moryo%i 9 ,japan4 ,"h out ( a numb] ( lava-blocks ly+ ab\t only "o exhibit$ m>k$ pol>ity1 :il/ ! re/ %[$ no signs ( x4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! pol>ic rocks ( ,vanua ,levu1 ,i w ref] to two localities 9 o!r p>ts ( ! gr\p :]e magnetic rocks h be5 obs]v$4 ,dur+ ! ,wilkes' exp$ition 9 #ahdj1ade ,lieut5ant ,und]wood obs]v$ great local attraction at ,naikovu1 a rock #ij feet high ( volcanic =mation ly+ (f ! s\? end ( ,nairai ,isl&4 ,he f\nd a 8deviation0 ( #ac po9ts 7#adi degrees7 at ! top ( ! rock1 :il/ at ! foot ne> ! wat] ! ne$le gave correct be>+s4 ,9 ! ,sail+ ,directions = ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 publi%$ 9 #aijj1 ! 8deflection0 at ! summit is said to be #hg degrees4 ,x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,eakle 9 8 pap] 7quot$ on p4 #bic7 on ! rocks collect$ by ! rec5t ,agassiz exp$ition t ?is rock is compos$ ( an augite-&esite4444 ,i h le>n$ f ,mr4 ,alex4 ,b>rack t !re are "s highly magnetic rocks on ! we/ coa/ ( ,viti ,levu 9 ! vic9ity ( ,likuri ,h>b\r 9 ! ,n&ronga di/rict4 ,x is said t specim5s s5t d[n to ! colonies 7 f\nd to conta9 #ie p] c5t4 ( magnetite4 ,x is v probable t ! results obta9$ by me = ,vanua ,levu c be g5]ally appli$ to ! o!r l>ge isl&s ( ! gr\p4 ,! obs]vations 7 made dur+ my v>i\s geological j\rneys & deal only ) c]ta9 aspects ( ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,! fir/ feature 9 ?is connection is ! frequ5cy ) :i* simple magnetism is display$ by ! acid z well z basic volcanic rocks ( ?is isl&4 ,ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( ! volcanic rocks collect$ attract bo? ends ( ! ne$le4#adf ,?is prop]ty ( volcanic rocks is well kn[n1 & is to be attribut$ to ! magnetite 9 ! gr\ndmass4#adg ,on exam9+ ! "* ( ! non-magnetic rocks x appe>s t almo/ all belong to two gr\ps :]e magnetite might be expect$ to be scanty4 ,! fir/ includes ! pit*/ones or basic glasses1 sometimes fre%1 at o!r times m or less palagonitis$4 ,! second comprises ! highly alt]$ basic rocks1 :]e ! f]ro-magnesian silicates h be5 replac$ by viridite1 calcite1 & pyrites4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be impli$ t rocks ( ^! two k9ds w n sometimes attract ! ne$le4 ,_m d n1 & ^? 9 my collection t d s act feebly4 ,com+ to ! magnetic pol>ity display$ by "s ( ^! rocks1 :5 ! ord9>y h&-specim5 behaves l a magnet 9 attract+ "o pole ( ! ne$le & repell+ ! o!r1 x is to be at fir/ obs]v$ t a rock c become pol>ic )\t be+ previ\sly magnetic4 ,dr4 ,folgh]ait] has obs]v$ pol>ity 9 ! case ( fragm5ts ( anci5t bricks & pott]y2 & he has describ$ ! same effect 9 ! masonry ( a h\se /ruck by lightn+4 ,9 "o or two ( ! ,vanua ,levu acid rocks %[+ pol>ity ?is c be also premis$ s9ce magnetite is pres5t 9 v slight degree4 ,pol>ity is v frequ5t among ! volcanic rocks ( ?is isl&4 ,out ( #ebj specim5s 9 my collection1 :i* 0 made )\t any ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 #hj1 or #ae p] c5t4 are pol>ic4 ,( ^! sev5-eigh?s are basic & ! re/ are acid rocks2 b ?is proportion is p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! f> great] preval5ce ( basic rocks 9 ! isl&4 ,! basic rocks %[+ pol>ity include "s ( ! heavie/ oliv9e-basalts ) a specific weight ( #cj1 z well z "s ( ! light] augite-&esites ) specific weight ( #bg4 ,!y comprise ! co>se textur$ dol]ite z well z ! vitre\s pit*/one & include bo? scoriace\s & amygdaloidal rocks4 ,! pol>ic acid rocks are mo/ly ref]able to ! dacites1 ) a specific gravity ( #be to #bf4 ,humboldt rem>k$ long ago t !re is no direct relation betwe5 ! degree ( pol>ity & ! specific weight4 ,?is is well br\ght out 9 ! table subjo9$2 b x %\ld be at once obs]v$ t !re is an indirect relation4 ,al?\gh :5 we arrange ! rocks 9 a s]ies accord+ to _! specific weight we f9d no correspond+ relation 9 ! am\nts ( ! pol>ity1 we obs]ve t ! ext5t to :i* pol>ity c be develop$ is m>k$ly great] 9 basic ?an 9 acid rocks4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$ t ! degree ( int5sity ( ! excit+ cause requir$ to give pol>ic p[]s ( a c]ta9 value to an acid rock1 l a dacite1 w\ld be mu* great] ?an t necess>y to end[ a basalt ) equal p[]s4 ,we %\ld n expect to f9d ! same am\nt ( pol>ity 9 ! b>e rocky peaks ( two adjac5t m\nta9s1 :]e "o 0 ( dacite & ! o!r ( basalt2 &1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 if two m\nta9s _h be5 expos$ = ages to ! same conditions1 we %\ld reg>d ! pol>ic p[]s ( ! two z nature's equival5t values = ! "w ( atmosph]ic electricity1 on ! two rocks 9 "q4 ,we h two su* m\nta9s 9 ,vanua ,levu 9 ! case ( ! adjac5t peaks ( ,nga+ai 7#b1ddh feet7 & ,navun+umu 7#a1ica feet7 :i* are ab\t #b miles ap>t & possess simil> b>e rocky po9t$ summits4 ,i take x t ! pol>ic p[] ( #be ( ! dacite 7sp4 gr4 #beg7 9 ! fir/ case is equal to ! p[] ( #ij ( ! basaltic &esite 7sp4 gr4 #bhb7 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! dacitic peak ( ,nga+ai & 9 ! basaltic peak ( ,navun+umu we c measure :at "w atmosph]ic electricity c accompli% 9 ! c\rse ( ages 9 ! magnetisation ( rocks4 ,! o!r conditions be+ tak5 z ab\t ! same1 ! ma9 det]m9+ diff]5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! rock-*>act]s4 ,9 ! table on ! opposite page we h a s]ies ( volcanic rocks plac$ accord+ to _! specific weights1 :i* range f #be to #cj1 & 9 ! second column are %[n _! relative pol>ic p[]s z indicat$ by ! numb] ( degrees ! nor? end ( ! magnetic ne$le is repell$ by ! correspond+ pole 9 ! h&-specim54 ,= ?is purpose a magnetic ne$le #b in*es 9 l5g? 7/rictly speak+ #fe c5timetres7 0 employ$1 a c>d m>k$ 9 degrees be+ plac$ b5ea?4 ,! nor? pole ( ! /one 0 plac$ 9 contact ) ! nor? end ( ! ne$le1 & aft] ! ne$le _h become /ation>y 9 its new position a read+ 0 tak54 ,^! pol>ic rocks came "u my notice ov] mo/ ( ! isl&4 ,!y are infrequ5t 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ,undu ,po9t & ! ,wai-ni-koro ,riv]1 :]e1 h[ev]1 acid tuffs are l>gely expos$2 & ,i did n f9d !m 9 ! ,natewa ,p59sula ea/ ( ,lea1 _! abs5ce f my collections made 9 ! ,m\nt ,freel& range be+ rem>kable4 ,b x is probable t ?is is due to ! surface conditions1 s9ce d5se wood cov]s ! slopes1 & b>e rocky peaks are r>ely to be se54 ,) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( locality on ! occurr5ce ( pol>ic rocks1 ! results may ?us be classifi$4 ,ab\t "o-?ird are f\nd 9 ! expos$ rocky peaks ( hills & m\nta9s4 ,ano!r ?ird are f\nd :]e ! rocks are b>$ 9 headl&s1 coa/ cliffs1 inl&-bluffs1 ridge-tops1 & 9 ! op5 basaltic pla9s :]e trees are scanty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ?ird occur 9 situations1 z 9 wood$ di/ricts :]e ! rock exposure is scanty1 :5 x is n easy to expla9 ! pol>ity1 unless x 0 develop$ 9 cle> di/ricts t h s9ce become cov]$ ) =e/4 ,table %[+ ! ,relation betwe5 ! ,specific ,gravity & ! ,pol>ity ( ,volcanic ,rocks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"* ( rock4 ,specific gravity4 ,am\nt ( pol>ity4#adh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,d>k oliv9e-basalt #cjj #aj ,grey #bid #bi #bib #g ,d>k #bij #aj #bhg #cj ,basaltic &esite #bhb #ij #bgg #e ,pyrox5e-&esite #bgb #ch ,dacite #bfa #ag #bei #e #beg #be #bej #ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 no place did any evid5ce ( ! direct action ( lightn+ come "u my notice4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,sk9n] :o k9dly look$ at a few ( ^! rocks says t he f\nd no trace ( fulgurites 9 !m4 ,x is probable t "h z 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,skye1 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,h>k]1 ^! effects are ! result ( ! g5]al influ5ce ( atmosph]ic electricity indep5d5tly ( ! direct ag5cy ( lightn+4 ,! frequ5cy ( pol>ic rocks 9 ! highe/ peaks ( ! isl& is v rem>kable4 ,g5]ally speak+1 all ! b>e summits ( ! m\nta9s are pol>ic4 ,9 my exp]i5ce !re is no exception4 ,all ! rocks obta9$ f ! actual summits %[ pol>ity4 ,! v>iety ( rocks ?us affect$ is sugge/ive2 & ?is *apt] may be conclud$ ) a brief ref]5ce to _! mode ( occurr5ce on "s ( ! m\nta9-peaks4 ,9 ,mbat9i1 #c1dcg feet 9 height1 :i* is ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ,vanua ,levu1 ! pyrox5e-&esite ( :i* ! b>e rocky peak is compos$ is some:at wea!r$ & has a pol>ic or repell5t p[] ( #bh4 ,specim5s ( rock obta9$ bel[ ! top %[ no pol>ity1 ! m\nta9 be+ well wood$ except at ! summit4 ,9 ! adjac5t m\nta9 ( ,koro-mbasanga1#adi ! pol>ic rocks are limit$ to ^? expos$ 9 ! peak :i* is b>$ ( vegetation4 ,! rocks 9 "q are tuff-agglom]ates1 ! small blocks ( pyrox5e-&esite /&+ out f ! tuff hav+ a pol>ic =ce ( #ad or #ae4 ,?is effect has be5 produc$ 9 greate/ int5sity 9 ! isolat$ peak ( ,navun+umu 7#a1ica feet7 9 ! ,ndr&ramea region4 ,"h ! b>e summit is =m$ ( a semi-vitre\s1 slightly vesicul>1 basaltic &esite ) a specific gravity ( #bhb 9 its pres5t condition4#aej ,?is rock is p[]fully pol>ic1 & r5d]$ ! compass useless1 ! deviation g5]ally to ! we/w>d v>y+ f #bj to #ej4 ,i place its repell5t =ce at ab\t #ij1 h& specim5s affect+ ! magnetic ne$le at a di/ance ( #ac or #ad in*es4 ,none ( ! v>i\s rocks obta9$ f ! wood$ slopes bel[ display$ pol>ity4 ,! neighb\r+ m\nta9 ( ,nga+ai is compos$ entirely ( dacite hav+ a specific weight ( #beg4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! summit1 #b1ddh feet above ! sea1 is b>e & rocky1 & ! /one "h is m>k$ly pol>ic1 ! repell5t =ce be+ ab\t #be4 ,specim5s f ! l[] wood$ slopes %[ no pol>ity4 ,ne> by rises ! hill ( ,ndr&ramea1 :i* is compos$ 9 mass ( acid &esites or dacitic rocks4 ,! summit 7#a1hjj feet7 is scantily vegetat$1 & "h ! some:at wea!r$ rock :i* has a specific weight ( #bdd 7probably ne> #be 9 ! fre% condition7 has a pol>ic =ce ( #ad4 ,specim5s ( a m compact rock tak5 f ! wood$ slopes #cjj feet bel[ ! summit 7sp4 gr4 #beh7 & f #gjj feet bel[ ! top 7sp4 gr4 #bfh7 %[$ no su* effect2 b a specim5 tak5 f a mass ( agglom]ate 9 ! la/ locality repels ! ne$le #ab4 ,its specific gravity is #bfa1 & no d\bt ! mass _h be5 orig9ally a portion ( an expos$ cliff-face4#aea ,! summit ( ,m>iko 7#b1hij feet71 ! ,drayton ,peak ( ! *>t1 is =m$ ( a rubbly agglom]ate ( a compact basic &esite4 ,?\gh x displays b>e rock-faces1 ! actual peak has a soil-cap at lea/ #ah in*es deep & supports small trees & %rubs4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ,i f\nd :5 /&+ on ! peak t my compass 0 v noticeably affect$1 ! pull be+ to ! ea/w>d1 :il/ ! am\nt ( deviation increas$ f #aa to #af :5 *ang+ f ! sitt+ to ! /&+ position4 ,specim5s ( blocks f ! agglom]ate =m+ a rock-face #aj feet bel[ ! summit possess$ pol>ic p[]s ( #ab & #e4 ,o!rs ( ! same rock expos$ 9 a cliff-face #dej feet bel[ _h a weak repell5t p[] ( only #d4444 ,z 9 ! case ( ,m>iko1 ! top ( ,?ambeyu 7#b1gjj feet7 is vegetat$2 & b5ea? ! small] trees blocks ( pol>ic rocks lie on ! surface4 ,"o ( ^!1 a pyrox5e-&esite 7sp4 gr4 #bgb71 f :i* ,i obta9$ a specim51 has a pol>ic p[] ( #ch4 ,9 ano!r case1 t ( an amygdaloidal rock ( ! same "*1 ! repell5t p[] is #ad4 ,i might m5tion sev]al o!r pol>ic peaks1 b x w be suffici5t to ref] to "o or two o!r localities4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s basaltic di/rict ar\nd ,solevu ,bay ! peaks are usually pol>ic4 ,specim5s f ! top ( ,uli-i-matua1 #a1ajj feet1 h a repell5t p[] ( #ae4 ,! ?ree-peak$ hill ( ,koro-tolu-tolu appe>s to be 9 ! mass ( pol>ic basalt f ! foot to ! summit1 hav+ a repell5t p[] v>y+ f #d to #cj1 ! mo/ active specim5s be+ obta9$ f ! l[] slopes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are scantily cov]$ ) trees4 ,samples ( ! grey basalt f ,koro-i-rea %[ pol>ic p[]s ( #c to #g4 ,z examples ( ! num]\s less] hills ) b>e rocky pol>ic summits ,i w fir/ take ,b>e-poll ,hill fac+ ,soni-soni ,isl&4 ,?is hill is only ab\t #aej feet above ! sea1 its top be+ =m$ by two l>ge masses ( a basic &esite lava ) a glassy gr\ndmass1 incru/$ ) agglom]ate1 ! :ole repres5t+ a volcanic 8neck40 ,a specim5 ( ! rock masses has a repell5t =ce ( #bb4 ,ano!r in/ance is af=d$ by ,vatui1 a hill #dej feet 9 height situat$ s\? ( ,m\nt ,sesaleka4 ,its summit is capp$ by a nak$ mass ( tuff-agglom]ate pi]c$ by a dyke #ah in*es ?ick ( an oliv9e-basalt1 ) a specific gravity ( #bij & a pol>ic p[] ( #aj4 ,a some:at sugge/ive example is af=d$ by ! hill ( ,na ,suva-suva1 #a1aaj feet high1 :i* ov]looks ,na9di ,h>b\r to ! ea/ ( ,savu-savu ,bay4 ,x is only occupi$ by trees 9 its upp] "p1 & a specim5 ( ! oliv9e-basalt1 ( :i* ! hill is compos$1 t 0 obta9$ f ! wood$ summit1 %[s no pol>ity2 :il/ ano!r f ! slopes1 two-?irds ( ! way up1 :i* _h be5 cle>$ ( trees1 has a repell5t =ce ( #aj4 ,! pol>ity ( ! oliv9e-basalt f ! well-wood$ slopes ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 a range #a1ajj feet 9 height on ! ea/ side ( ! ,wa9unu e/u>y1 is n s easily expla9$2 ! int5sity v>ies f #h to #bh4 ,ngalau-levu1 a hill #a1fej feet 9 height1 ris+ beh9d ,lea on ! s\? coa/ ( ,natewa ,bay1 is pol>ic 9 its upp] portion4 ,specim5s ( a hemicry/all9e basic &esite1 some:at scoriace\s1 :i* =m ! agglom]ate ( ! rocky summit1 h a repell5t =ce ( #ah1 :il/ a simil> rock f ! agglom]ate ( an expos$ spur two-?irds ( ! way up ! hill has a =ce ( z mu* z #ch4 ,a curi\s case ( pol>ity is exhibit$ 9 a b>e tuff ov]look+ ! ,vui-na-,savu ,riv] betwe5 ,rauriko & ,vit9a4 ,x is compos$ ( a mu* wea!r$ :iti% tra*ytic rock1 :i* 9 appe>ance af=ds no promise ( pol>ity1 b has ! p[] ( repell+ ! magnetic ne$le #b to #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note on ! ,av]age ,pol>ity 7,repell5t ,p[]7 ( ! ,volcanic ,rocks ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! table giv5 bel[ t ! diff]5ce 9 ! av]age pol>ity ( acid & basic rocks is n v great4 ,! av]age = rocks ) a specific gravity bel[ #bg is ab\t #aj2 & t = heavi] rocks is ab\t #ad4 ,! diff]5ce ma9ly lies at ! maximum end ( ea* s]ies1 ! capacity = extreme pol>ity be+1 z be=e rem>k$1 m>k$ly great] 9 ! basic rocks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pol>ity4#aeb ,specific ,"* ( rocks4 ,numb] ( ------------------ gravity4 specim5s4 ,range4 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bej-bei ,dacites #f #b-be #aaf #bfj-bfi ,dacites & #e #c-af #hf augite-&esites #bgj-bgi ,augite-&esites #e #e-ch #acb #bhj-bhi ,basaltic &esites & #ah #c-ij #aej oliv9e-basalts #bij-cjj ,oliv9e-basalts #ad #c-bi #abg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y1 z indicat$ by ! value ( ! av]age 9 ea* s]ies t n "o ( !m is a good s]ies4 ,!y =m curves :i* 9 ea* case pres5t an extreme maximum v>iant :i* is sugge/ive ( q ano!r degree ( magnetis+ ag5cy4 ,?is is also illu/rat$ 9 ! comb9$ curve ( all ! results giv5 above4 ,! acid z well z ! basic s]ies are ?us *>act]is$1 & ! extreme maximum v>iants are 9 ea* in/ance af=d$ by ! highe/ m\nta9 peaks4 ,x is probable t !re is an accel]at+ ratio ( magnetisation ) increas$ elevation4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x appe>s evid5t f my obs]vations on ! two adjac5t peaks ( ,nga+ai & ,navun+umu t ! limits ( pol>ity acquir$ ?r\gh atmosph]ic electricity )\t ! direct action ( lightn+ w\ld be1 z measur$ by ! scale "h employ$1 f\r times z great = a dacite 7#be7 z = a basaltic &esite 7#ij74 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,"s ,,conclusions ,,& ,,_! ,,be>+s ,,vanua ,,levu is a composite isl& built up dur+ a long p]iod ( em]g5ce1 t began probably 9 ! lat] ,t]ti>y p]iod1 by ! union ( a numb] ( l>ge & small isl&s ( volcanic =mation repres5t+ ! products ( subm>9e eruptions4 ,x diff]s 9 ?is respect f ,viti ,levu :i* is mu* m massive 9 its pr(ile & possesses a great] proportion ( plutonic rocks4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,viti ,levu comes to be sy/ematically exam9$1 x is likely t traces ( its composite orig9 w be f\nd4 ,! evid5ce seems to %[ t x is old] ?an ,vanua ,levu2 b !y are bo? situat$ on ! same subm>9e plat=m1 ! area ( :i* is ne>ly equal to ! comb9$ areas ( ! two l>ge isl&s t rise f x4 ,?is plat=m1 z indicat$ 9 ! small plan ( ! gr\p1 is limit$ by ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e 9 ! *>ts2 b s9ce ! reefs on _! seaw>d slopes plunge d[n precipit\sly1 su* a l9e practically s]ves to del9eate ! m>g9 ( ! plateau4 ,x has be5 my object to %[ on previ\s pages#aec t ?is subm>9e plat=m is a basaltic plateau built up by subm>9e lava-fl[s & incru/$ ) coral reefs & _! deposits4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ?is plat=m passes gradually1 z x proce$s l&w>d1 into ! l[-ly+ basaltic pla9s t con/itute ! sea-bord] 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&1 :]e ! bread? ( ! subm]g$ plateau is greate/4 ,! basaltic fl[s ( ! pla9s (t5 display ! almo/ v]tical columns ( slightly incl9$ fl[s4 ,_! app>5t t]m9ation at ! sea-bord]1 :]e !y are 9 places cov]$ ov] ) subm>9e deposits1 _c1 h[ev]1 be accept$ z _! real limits4 ,accord+ to my view !y ext5d sev]al miles seaw>d & =m ! plat=m1 z is %[n 9 ! sections on pages #fb & #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fiji ,,isl&s4 ,,f ,,admiralty ,,*>t #ghj1 ,,correct$ ,,to #aija4 ,,all ,,dep?s ,,beyond #ajj ,,fa?oms ,,are ,,col\r$ ,,black4 ,,heights ,,9 ,,feet1 ,,dep?s ,,9 ,,fa?oms4 ,we h 9 ! great basaltic m\nta9 ( ,seatura1 :i* =ms ! bulk ( ! we/]n end ( ! isl&1 a probable s\rce ( _m ( ^! basaltic fl[s2 & ! occurr5ce inl& 9 ! we/]n half ( ,vanua ,levu ( elevat$ table-l&s ( basalt l t ( ,wa9unu1 :i* ext5d f ! c5tre ( ! isl& to ne> ! coa/1 af=d te/imony t ! =mation ( ^! fl[s ext5ds ov] a consid]able p]iod ( ! isl&'s hi/ory4 ,x is held by ,pr(essor ,agassiz t ^! subm>9e plat=ms are ! "w ( erosion into ! flanks ( ! up-heav$ isl&s4#aed ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 x has be5 po9t$ out t ! erod+ ag5cies are n actively 9 op]ation 9 our own day1 & t !re is good reason = ! belief t ! process ( amalgamation by :i* ,vanua ,levu has be5 built up dur+ a prolong$ p]iod ( em]g5ce1 is n susp5d$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is assum$ t ! uni=mity 9 ,nature's me?ods has n be5 brok54 ,if1 h[ev]1 we h "h plat=ms ( erosion1 ! coa/s ( ,vanua ,levu1 z f> z my int]pretation goes1 supply no evid5ce ( x2 & we h to imag9e t a p]iod ( em]g5ce ext5d+ ov] a geological age has be5 foll[$ by a simil>ly va/ p]iod ( erosion )\t mu* *ange 9 level4 ,:atev] ag5cies h be5 at "w1 ! production ( subm>9e plat=ms #aj to #bj miles 9 wid? mu/ h be5 a /up5d\s op]ation2 & we %all be oblig$ to inquire :e!r plateaux1 ei!r subm>9e or upheav$1 occur 9 association ) volcanic isl&s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & "u :at conditions !y h be5 =m$4 ,at lea/ f\r hypo!ses h be5 fram$ ) reg>d to ! subm>9e plat=ms ( ,fiji4 ,!re is fir/ ! orig9al !ory ( subsid5ce ( ,d>w92 b ,vanua ,levu1 :i* pres5ts "o long /ory ( em]g5ce1 (f]s no?+ to support ?is view4 ,!re is ! gr[? ( a reef seaw>d on its own talus1 z advanc$ by ,murray4 ,!re is ! !ory ( erosion ( ,agassiz4 ,!re is la/ly my own idea ( basaltic plateaux incru/$ by reefs4 ,we may !re=e inquire z to ! evid5ce af=d$ by ,vanua ,levu 9 fav\r ( ^! views4 ,basaltic fl[s1 9 places cov]$ by subm>9e deposits1 =m ! l[ pla9s at its sea-bord]1 :]e ! plat=ms are broade/2 & !re rises a basaltic m\nta9 ( ! ,mauna ,loa type1 occupy+ mo/ ( ! we/]n end ( ! isl&4 ,no "o w\ld be bold en\gh to place ! limit ( ^! basaltic fl[s at ! wat]'s edge2 & z is indicat$ 9 ! sections1 !y probably ext5d = miles "u ! sea4 ,if we look = an isl& :i* 9 its ext5sive palagonite-=mations1 9 its basaltic table-l&s & lat] basaltic fl[s1 9 its huge m\nta9-ridges1 & 9 its evid5ce ( subm]g5ce1 mo/ resembles ,vanua ,levu1 we seem to f9d x 9 ,icel&4 ,x is 9 ,icel&1 ,i ?9k1 t we mu/ expect an explanation ( _m ( ! puzzl+ features 9 ! /ructure ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,i pass on n[ to ref] to "s ( ! g5]al po9ts 9 ! geology ( ?is isl&1 :i* h be5 dealt ) 9 detail 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w4 ,) reg>d fir/ to ! di/ribution ( ! volcanic rocks1 x may be rem>k$ t my mat]ials d n l5d !mselves to mak+ a geological map4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive idea ( ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! geological /ructure w be obta9$ by read+ ! description ( ! pr(ile giv5 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a me?od 9 ! di/ribution ( ! rocks t may be aga9 notic$ "h4 ,! plutonic rocks are v scantily expos$1 z is %[n on page #bdi2 & !y are n display$ at all 9 ! we/]n half ( ! isl&4 ,! m basic eruptive rocks1 ! oliv9e-basalts & basaltic &esites1 are ma9ly conf9$ to ! we/]n half1 t is1 we/ ( ,n&uri on ! nor? & ( ! ,ndreke-ni-wai ,riv] on ! s\?4 ,ord9>y augite-&esites occur also 9 ! we/]n half2 & toge!r ) ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites !y are f\nd ov] mo/ ( ! re/ ( ! isl&1 exclud+ ! nor?-ea/ portion1 ea/ ( ,lambasa & ,tawaki1 :]e qu>tz-porphyries1 oligoclase-tra*ytes1 & acid pumice tuffs prevail4 ,! acid &esites1 includ+ ! hornbl5de-&esites & ! dacites or felsitic &esites1 are be/ repres5t$ 9 ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict 9 ! mid/ ( ! basic rocks4 ,!y occur 9 ! isolat$ peaks ( ,na ,r>o & ,vatu ,kaisia & 9 "o or two o!r localities1 z 9 ! ,valanga ,range & on ! %ores ( ,natewa ,bay 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,salt ,lake4 ,^! peaks ( acid &esites1 z 9 ! in/ances ( ,vatu ,kaisia & ,soloa ,levu1 are at times 9 "p ov]:elm$ or surr\nd$ by ! basaltic fl[s4 ,?is s+ul> feature ( bosses ( acid rocks 9 ! mid/ ( basaltic fields (f]s ano!r po9t ( resemblance betwe5 ,icel& & ,vanua ,levu4 ,! m\nta9-types v>y consid]ably1 ! ridge-m\nta9s1 h[ev]1 be+ mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! isl&4 ,! basaltic m\nta9 ( ,seatura1 ?\gh its lava-fl[s 7 evid5tly 9 ! ma9 subm>9e1 belongs z be=e obs]v$ to ! ,mauna ,loa type4 ,9 its radiat+ valleys & gorges & 9 o!r *>act]s x recalls ! description giv5 by ,dana ( ! isl& ( ,tahiti4 ,! peaks ( acid &esites1 repres5t$ 9 ! isolat$ hills & m\nta9s ( ! ,ndr&ramea di/rict1 & 9 ! solit>y m\nta9s ( ,vatu ,kaisia & ,na ,r>o1 are ! necks & /umps ( subm>9e volcanoes dat+ back to ! pre-basaltic p]iod ( ! isl&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! great m\nta9-ridges ( ! c5tral portion ( ! isl&1 ^? ( ,va ,lili1 ,korot9i1 ,nawavi1 ,?ambeyu1 ,mbat9i1 ,m>iko1 c41 t we f9d1 z j rem>k$1 ! mo/ typical features ( ! int]nal topography ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,agglom]ates ov]ly+ palagonite-tuffs & clays1 t are usually =am9if]\s & sometimes inclose molluscan %ells1 clo! ! slopes ( ^! m\nta9-ridges up to elevations ( #b1ejj feet & ov] above ! sea4 ,mo/ ( ^! great ridges1 n[ m or less cov]$ ov] by ^! subm>9e deposits1 repres5t l9es ( subm]g$ v5ts1 ( :i* only a few rais$ _! summits above ! sea 9 ! e>lie/ /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! isl&4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod !re 7 no coral reefs4 ,"s ( ! ridges pres5t a m>k$ p>allel arrangem5t1 recall+ ! arrangem5t ( ! m\nta9-ridges & less] *a9s ( hills z describ$ by ,dr4 ,john/on-,lavis 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 visit to ,icel&4#aee ,! description ( ,hekla 7z giv5 by ,?orodds57 z 8an oblong ridge :i* has be5 fissur$ 9 ! direction ( its l5g? & be>s a r[ ( crat]s along ! fissure10#aef comes v ne> to my conception ( ! orig9al condition ( ^! great m\nta9-ridges be=e ! em]g5ce4 ,dr4 ,john/on-,lavis sees 9 ,hekla a type ( volcanic m\nta9 v diff]5t f t ( ,vesuvius & ,etna4 ,he reg>ds x z a ridge m>k$ by a numb] ( p>allel ridges & furr[s1 & built up along a ma9 fissure ) a numb] ( subsidi>y p>allel fissures4 ,! "p tak5 by palagonite 9 ! composition ( ! f9] deposits ov] ! great] portion ( ,vanua ,levu is ano!r prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! isl&4 ,palagonite1 z ,i h sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv41 is =m$ probably on ! surface ( subm>9e fl[s ( an ophitic basaltic rock4 ,! age ( ! m rec5t ( ! deposits ( ?is isl&1 ! fossilif]\s tuffs1 ! pt]opod-ooze rocks1 & ! =am9if]\s muds1 _c be f> diff]5t f t ( ! same deposits 9 o!r p>ts ( ! gr\p1 s9ce x is app>5t t ! same g5]al movem5t ( em]g5ce has affect$ bo? ( ! two l>g] isl&s4 ,pr(essor ,m>t9 ( ,leyd5 in=m$ ,dr4 ,wi*mann t ! fossil %ells f\nd 9 ! tuffs ( ,viti ,levu1 ,ovalau1 & o!r isl&s 7 ,t]ti>y b n old] ?an ! ,mioc5e4#aeg ,dr4 ,dall1 aft] exam9+ ! fossil mollusks collect$ by ,pr(essor ,agassiz f ! elevat$ lime/ones ( ,fiji1 confirm$ ! impression =m$ by ! latt] z to _! late ,t]ti>y age4 ,none ( ! g5]a 7 ext9ct1 & ! fossils 7 9 8 op9ion y\ng] ?an ,eoc5e & ei!r ,mioc5e or ,plioc5e4#aeh ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,t5ison-,woods describ$ z ext9ct ,t]ti>y fossils1 "s corals & mollusks f ! int]ior ( ,ovalau4#aei ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,brady1 bas+ 8 conclusions on ! "* ( ! =am9if]a1 assign$ a ,po/-,t]ti>y date to ! ,suva 8soap/one0 tak5 at elevations up to #ajj feet 9 t neighb\rhood4#afj ,pr(essor ,david ref]r+ to "s fossil tee? ( ,c>*>odon & to a fossil ,tridacna f\nd at ,walu ,bay inf]s t ! deposits are at lea/ z old z ,plioc5e b n z old z ! e>li] ,t]ti>ies4#afa ,s9ce1 z po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,david1 ! late/ movem5ts ( em]g5ce h tak5 place 9 rec5t geological "t1 ^! v>i\s obs]vations g to %[ t :il/ ! late/ exposure ( deposits has occurr$ 9 rec5t "t ! mass ( ! fossilif]\s deposits date back to ! ,plioc5e & ! ,mioc5e p]iods4 ,accord+ to ,wi*mann ^! isl&s 7 9 a cont95tal condition dur+ ! ,palozoic & ,mesozoic p]iods1 & x 0 only 9 ! lat] ,t]ti>y age t ! movem5t ( subsid5ce began t prep>$ ! way = ! =mation ( ! m rec5t deposits4 ,! subm]g5ce dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod & ! subsequ5t em]g5ce are facts t _c be ga9said2 b we may ask :]e is ! evid5ce ( ! cont95tal condition dur+ ! e>li] p]iods4 ,!re is little 9 ! results obta9$ f ,vanua ,levu t directly supports su* an hypo!sis4 ,"u su* circum/ances "o ought to h discov]$ 9 ! deposits ( ?is isl& "s evid5ce ( ?is e>ly condition1 & !re %\ld be f\nd 9 ! fauna & flora "s traces ( ! orig9al organisms4 ,accord+ to ,h$ley !re is "s indication ( a cont95tal condition 9 ! molluscan fauna1 & he quotes ,fairmaire z reg>d+ ! ,coleopt]a z ( a cont95tal "*2 b no "o1 t ,i am aw>e (1 has f\nd any direct evid5ce ( ! ,pre-,t]ti>y p]iods 9 ?is gr\p4 ,x is 9 h>mony ) ! geological *>act]s to assume t ^! isl&s made _! fir/ appe>ance dur+ ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,com+ to ! subject ( ! movem5ts :e!r ( l& or sea t l$ to ! appe>ance ( ^! isl&s1 we %all n be begg+ ! "q if we speak ( _! 8em]g5ce40 ,!re is no d\bt z to !re hav+ be5 dur+ & s9ce ! ,t]ti>y epo* an em]g5ce ( "s ?\s&s ( feet1 all[+ = ! orig9al dep? ( ! =am9if]\s deposits n[ f\nd at elevations ( ov] #b1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 x is %[n t !re is good gr\nd = ! belief t ^! *anges ( level h n altoge!r ceas$4 ,( :at nature1 we may ask1 is ?is movem5t4 ,we h be=e u ! gr& conception ( ,suess t ! em]g5ce ( ! l& 9 ! diff]5t phases ( geological "t has be5 produc$ by ! g5]al l[]+ ( ! level ( ! ocean aris+ f local subsid5ces ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,?is view 9 ! case ( ! rec5t calc>e\s =mations ( ! ,pacific is appli$ to ! t]races ( ! ,loyalty ,isl&s2#afb & x foll[s t x is also applicable to ! elevat$ calc>e\s deposits ( ! isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific z a :ole1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,tongan ,isl&s1 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! ,solomon ,gr\p1 c4 ,su* a g5]al *ange ( level ought to be repres5t$ 9 ! l>ge isl& ( ,hawaii 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific1 s9ce x c\ld n be conf9$ to "o locality 9 ?is ocean4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( em]g5ce1 z f> z ,i "k1 pres5t$ by ?is isl&4 ,dur+ my soj\rn !re1 ,i exam9$ mu* ( its coa/s4 ,n[ ! antiquity ( ! flora ( ?is gr\p is suffici5tly atte/$ by ! circum/ance t x ranks fir/ among ! oceanic gr\ps ( ! ,pacific = ! numb] ( endemic plants t x possesses2 & ! same conclusions may be drawn f ! insects & ! birds4 ,!re is no evid5ce 9 ?is gr\p1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,pacific ar*ipelagoes1 ( t great movem5t ( em]g5ce1 :i* is abundantly demon/rat$ ov] ! ,we/]n ,pacific4 ,! /&po9t is !re=e tak5 t ! movem5t ( em]g5ce :i* began 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod & is probably /ill 9 op]ation is conf9$ to ! s\!rn portion ( ! tropical ,pacific4 ,speak+ ( ! "t ( ! ,fijian em]g5ce1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz obs]ves t 8x is n unnatural to assume t x 0 co9cid5t ) ! elevation ( ,nor!rn ,que5sl&1 & t ! area ( elevation includ$ ,new ,gu9ea1 ! isl&s to ! ea/ ( x z f> z ,new ,cal$onia1 & z f> ea/ z ! mo/ di/ant ( ! ,paumotus1 & ext5d$ nor?w>d ( t l9e to include ! ,gilb]t1 ,ellice1 ,m>%all1 & ,c>ol9e ,isl&s40#afc ,f ! report ( ,mr4 ,&rews#afd x is evid5t t 9 ! ,lau ,isl&s ( ! ,fiji ,gr\p volcanic outbreaks h tak5 place s9ce ! la/ upheaval4 ,he describes 9 ! case ( ,mango & o!r isl&s ! mann] 9 :i* cliffs ( lime/one =m inli]s 9 fl[s ( &esitic lava4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ^! isl&s he fir/ di/+ui%es ! p]iod ( calc>e\s deposits1 :5 ! b$d$ lime/ones =m+ ! subm>9e plateau 7 laid d[n4 ,!n foll[$ a p]iod ( volcanism dur+ :i* masses ( volcanic mat]ials 7 erupt$ along ! axis ( elevation4 ,alt]nat+ epo*s ( upheaval & /able equilibrium ensu$1 dur+ ! la/ ( :i* ! reefs grew outw>ds & =m$ ! t]races n[ s *>act]i/ic ( ! pr(iles ( ! isl&s4 ,aft] ! la/ upheaval ! volcanic =ces became aga9 active4 ,!re is mu* ( special int]e/ 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,&rews ( ! ,lau ,gr\p4 ,! blocks ( lime/one includ$ 9 ! volcanic agglom]ates di/+ui% ! ,lau detrital rocks f ^? ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,!re is no evid5ce t coral reefs exi/$ dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! em]g5ce ( ,vanua ,levu to be obta9$ f ! subm>9e =mations f\nd on ! high] levels1 #a1jjj to #b1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,! p]iod ( em]g5ce = ?is isl& may be divid$ into an e>li] & into a lat] /age1 ! la/ correspond+ to ! age ( em]g5ce ( ! ,lau ,isl&s4 ,! e>li] /age1 :i* may be t]m$ ! 8,pre-,lau0 /age1 is repres5t$ by ! deposits ( ! high] slopes ( ,vanua ,levu1 t is above #a1jjj or #a1bjj feet4 ,?is is really ! critical epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is gr\p1 & assum+ t ! movem5t ( em]g5ce has be5 fairly uni=m ov] ! ar*ipelago we _c b be a/oni%$ at ! abs5ce ( all traces ( anci5t reefs 9 ! e>li] /age4 ,we may inf] f ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,li/]#afe t ! isl&s ( ! ,tonga ,gr\p repres5t ! ,lau /age ( ! em]g5ce4 ,!y are simil> 9 height & 9 g5]al geological /ructure to ! isl&s ( ,lau1 t ( ,eua1 = in/ance1 :i* has an elevation ( #a1ajj feet1 be+ =m$ ( reef-lime/ones ov]ly+ volcanic tuffs4 ,dykes p5etrate ! tuffs b d n ent] ! incru/+ calc>e\s /rata4 ,mr4 ,h>k]1#aff aft] exam9+ ! collections ( ,mr4 ,li/]1 rem>ks t all ! rocks except+ ^? f ,falcon ,isl& appe> to be ( subm>9e =mation4 ,! volcanic mat]ial1 he adds1 seems to h be5 almo/ exclusively ( fragm5tal "*4 ,x w\ld be ra%1 x is rem>k$1 to ref] all ! rocks to a ,rec5t age1 & "s ( !m may be f\nd to g back f> into ,t]ti>y times4 ,my division ( ! long p]iod occupi$ by ! em]g5ce ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s into two /ages1 ! ,lau /age correspond+ to elevations ( less ?an #a1jjj or #a1bjj feet1 & ! ,pre-,lau /age :i* includes ! e>li] evid5ce ( em]g5ce f\nd at heights exce$+ ^! elevations & rang+ up to #b1jjj or #c1jjj feet1 may p]haps be applicable to o!r regions ( em]g5ce4 ,z be>+ on ! "q ( ! isolation & antiquity ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s ! foll[+ approximate results = ! ,hawaiian1 ,fijian1 & ,tongan floras may be "h quot$4#afg ,^! data are liable to correction2 b !y are ne> en\gh to ! tru? to be v sugge/ive4 ,( peculi> g5]a ( fl[]+ plants & f]ns ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s possess ab\t #dj1 ! ,fiji ,gr\p ab\t #af1 & ! ,tongan ,isl&s none4 ,( endemic species ( fl[]+ plants !re are ab\t #hj p] c5t4 9 ,hawaii1 ab\t #ej p] c5t4 9 ,fiji1 & #c or #d p] c5t4 9 ,tonga4 ,grant+ t !re is mu* to be done yet 9 ! inve/igation ( ^! floras1 x w\ld be und]rat+ ! brilliant results ( ! lab\rs ( ,hillebr& & ,seemann to *>act]ise _! "w z sampl+4 ,let u suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! floras ( ,hawaii1 ,fiji1 & ,tonga h be5 only sampl$1 ! data above giv5 w\ld be /ill reliable4 ,x is q possible to obta9 a botanical equival5t correspond+ to ! geological e/imates ( ! relative ages ( ^! isl&s2 & tak+ ! proportion ( endemic plants z our guide1 ! ,lau /age1 z repres5t$ by ! ,tongan ,isl&s1 w\ld h a value ( #c or #d1 ! ,pre-,lau /age n[ exhibit$ 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( em]g5ce ( ,vanua ,levu w\ld h a value ( #ej1 & ! ,hawaiian /age old] ?an all w\ld h a value ( #hj4 ,^! results are int5d$ z sugge/ive & ,i hope to "w out ?is subject 9 ! second volume4 ,!y make ! problem ( ! relative antiquity ( ^! isl&s m my/]i\s ?an x ev5 appe>$ be=e4 ,) reg>d to ! vex$ "q ( ! light ?r[n on ! pa/ condition ( ^! isl&s by ! pres5t /ate ( _! floras & faunas1 x may be at once obs]v$ t my belief 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple t isl&s h always be5 isl&s has n be5 %ak5 by ! results ( ! exam9ation ( ! geological /ructure ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,9 a correspond5ce 9 ,nature ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago x 0 sugge/$ by me t ?is is ! position we ought to take ) reg>d to ! /ock+ ) plants ( ! isl&s ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 su* z ,k]guel52 & ,i take ! same /&po9t = ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,if ! di/ribution ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( plants or animals does n seem to accord ) ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! l&1 x is by f> ! safe/ plan1 ev5 aft] exhau/+ all likely modes ( explanation1 n to invoke ! int]v5tion ( geographical *anges4 ,new possibilities ( int]-communication1 new ways ( look+ at old facts1 & new discov]ies ( an unexpect$ nature come mon?ly be=e u 9 ! progress ( sci5tific rese>*2 & ,i sc>cely ?9k t our k ( any "o gr\p ( organisms is ev] suffici5tly precise to ju/ify a rec\rse to hypo!tical alt]ations 9 ! pres5t relations ( l& & sea4 ,! hypo!sis ( a ,pacific cont95t1#afh :e!r x takes a trans-oceanic =m1 z advocat$ by ,von ,ih]+1 ,hutton1 ,baur & o!rs1 or :e!r x is repres5t$ by an isl&-cont95t isolat$ 9 mesozoic times1 z sugge/$ by ,pilsbry1 receives no support f ! geological *>act]s ( ,vanua ,levu4 ,nor c ,i accept z reg>ds ,fiji ,mr4 ,h$ley's !ory ( ! ,melanesian ,plateau4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! v>i\s isl&s ( ! ,fiji ,gr\p 7 ev] amalgamat$ & no indication ( a geological nature t !y 7 ev] jo9$ to ! ,solomon ,gr\p4 ,! ,fijis1 z we see !m1 h _h an indep5d5t hi/ory1 & ! process at "w is n "o ( disruption b ( amalgamation1 less] isl&s be+ unit$ to l>g] isl&s dur+ ! prolong$ p]iod ( em]g5ce4 ,mr4 ,h$ley1 h[ev]1 has "s weighty data on 8 side m especially zoological2 b ev5 "h x w\ld be wise to susp5d "o's judgm5t4 ,?\gh ! great mass ( botanical evid5ce is z respects ,fiji oppos$ to su* connections1 ! di/ribution ( ,damm>a may1 h[ev]1 be fairly claim$ on _! behalf4 ,! dilemma into :i* su* discussions lead u is aptly /at$ by ,dr4 ,pilsbry4 ,if we d n accept ! hypo!sis ( a ,pacific cont95t1 we h to expla9 ! cessation ( ! means ( transportal 9 lat] geological times1 s9ce ?is is impli$ 9 ! isolation necess>y = ! developm5t ( peculi> *>act]s 9 a fauna or a flora4 ,?is 0 ! dilemma t pres5t$ itself to me 9 /udy+ ! orig9 ( ! ,fijian plants4 ,assum+ on geological gr\nds t ! insul> condition _h be5 always ma9ta9$ ,i _h to expla9 ! diff]5tiation 9 ! inl& plants1 or 9 o!r words to acc\nt = ! failure ( ! means ( transportal t once exi/$4 ,s9ce ?is subject be>s directly on ! pa/ condition ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ,i may be p>don$ = ref]r+ to x "h4 ,x belongs prop]ly to ! second volume :i* x is propos$ to devote to ! disp]sal & di/ribution ( ,pacific plants2 b z ,i conte/ ! pre-exi/5ce ( a ,pacific cont95t1 x is fitt+ ?\gh n necess>y t ?is difficulty %\ld be fac$ at once4 ,if we 9 imag9ation comb9e 9 a typical isl& ! *>act]s ( ! flora pres5t$ by isl&s ( diff]5t elevation 9 ! ,pacific we get a result ( ?is k9d 9 an isl& ( ! height ( ,hawaii1 ne>ly #ad1jjj feet4 ,! littoral plants ( su* an isl& are f\nd all ov] ! coa/s ( ! tropical ,pacific1 & = ! explanation ( ?is fact we look ma9ly to ! ag5cy ( ! ocean-curr5ts4 ,! plants ( ! m\nta9 summit1 belong+ to ! temp]ate g5]a ( ,g]anium1 ,rubus1 ,ranunculus1 ,vacc9ium1 c41 are repres5t$ at lea/ g5]ically on ! tops ( ! l(ty ranges ( ! ,pacific coa/s & 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts2 & we f9d ! explanation ( ! wide diffusion ( su* plants 9 ! ag5cy ( ! migrant birds t at no di/ant "t1 if n actually 9 our own "t1 7 regul> visitors to ^! m\nta9 regions4 ,! plants ( ! m>%1 ( ! /ream1 & ( ! pond1 belong (t5 to species t occur 9 simil> /ations ov] a great portion ( ! _w1 su* z species ( ,dros]a1 ,ruppia1 ,potamogeton1 c42 & "h ! ag5cy ( wild duck & o!r wat]f[l may be obs]v$ 9 active op]ation4 ,b :5 9 su* an isl& we reg>d ! int]m$iate region betwe5 ! upl&s & ! coa/1 usually ! =e/-zone1 we f9d an area ( *ange n only = ! plants b also = ! birds4 ,x is "h t ! new g5]a ( plants h be5 develop$ t di/+ui% ! floras ( ! ,pacific gr\ps ea* f ! o!rs2 & "h also ! migrant bird1 hav+ f "s cause *ang$ its ways1 has giv5 rise to new v>ieties & to new species4 ,x is ) ?is loss ( ! migratory p[]s ( ! birds ( ! =e/-zone t ,i connect _m ( ! important diff]5ces betwe5 ! =e/-floras ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ! ,pacific4 ,at "o "t1 x w\ld seem1 birds 7 f> m active ag5ts 9 disp]s+ se$s & fruits ov] ^! ar*ipelagoes ?an !y are at pres5t2 b x is n held t ?is is conc]n$ ) ! ext]m9ation & ext9ction ( ! birds ( ^! isl&s 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! *ange dates f> back & is f>-rea*+ 9 its effects4 ,x is assum$ 9 ?is argum5t t ! alp9e plant & ! plant ( ! pond & ( ! sea-%ore pres]ve _! *>act]s by reason ( ! means ( free disp]sal t !y /ill enjoy2 & x is inf]r$ t ! plant ( ! =e/-zone has v>i$ m because opportunities ( transportal ( its k9d no long] are af=d$4 ,_m a l9e ( anci5t migration is n[ brok54 ,x is sugge/$ t 9 ! pa/ :5 birds 7 m g5]alis$ 9 type !y 7 mu* m migratory 9 habits & t limitation ( range has be5 associat$ ) specialisation4 ,! plants disp]s$ by ! birds h und]gone a p>allel s]ies ( *anges4 ,at fir/ widely di/ribut$1 z 9 ! m g5]alis$ types ( birds1 !y became localis$ 9 proportion z ! birds to :i* !y ow$ _! means ( disp]sal lo/ _! migratory ways2 & bo? plant & bird began to v>y4 ,!re is1 ,i am conv9c$1 a pr(\nd connection betwe5 birds & plants1 ( :i* we n[ p]ceive only ! la/ ( a long s]ies ( *anges4 ,?is subject w be dealt ) at l5g? 9 ! volume on plant-disp]sal2 & x is only ref]r$ to "h to illu/rate my cont5tion t we h yet mu* to le>n be=e x w\ld be safe to look to hypo!tical *anges ( sea & l& to expla9 difficulties 9 di/ribution4 ,,app5dix ,note on ! ,/one-,axes4--,two ( ^! poli%$ /one-axes f a collection made 9 ,vanua ,levu 7 select$ = sections4 ,"o is light-gre5 & smoo?4 ,! o!r has a v diff]5t appe>ance1 be+ blacki% & r r\gh1 its smoo? surface hav+ be5 app>5tly lo/ by ly+ 9 a /ream-c\rse or 9 wet gr\nd = a long p]iod4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are made ( ! same type ( basaltic rock1 ! specific gravity 9 "o case be+ #bic1 9 ! o!r #big4 ,x is an aphanitic basalt ) scanty oliv9e conta9+ little or no residual glass & ref]r$ to g5us #dj ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,x is by no means a common type ( basalt 9 ,vanua ,levu1 & ,i _c ref] x to any p>ticul> locality on acc\nt ( ! peculi>ities x pres5ts :5 contra/$ ) rocks ( ! same g5us4 ,! oliv9e is v scanty & small1 & 9 "o ( ! specim5s is repres5t$ only by pseudomorphs4 ,! felsp>-la!s v>y usually f #je to #b mm4 9 l5g?1 & ! augite granules :i* are v abundant are #ja or #jb mm4 9 diamet]4 ,!re is an occasional small ph5ocry/ ( augite4 ,! rock %[s little or no alt]ation & _c be *>act]is$ z a gre5/one4 ,! gre5i% hue ( "o axe is due to wea!r+2 b its ext5sion into ! int]nal black portion ( ! tool is n appreciable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note on ! asc5t ( ! tide up ! ,ndreketi ,riv]4--,on ,july #bj? & #ba/1 #ahii1 by obs]v+ ! surface d5sity x 0 asc]ta9$ t at high-wat] ! sea-wat] rea*$ ,navundi a mile or two bel[ ,mbatiri4 ,at l[-tide x rea*$ ab\t half-way betwe5 ,kana?angi & ,navundi4 ,! moon 0 9 h] qu>t]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note on ! 8talas+a0 di/ricts4--,?is subject w be discuss$ 9 ! second volume4 ,,index ,,note4--,x has be5 deem$ be/ to foll[ ! example ( ! ,admiralty surveys 9 ! spell+ ( native names4 ,9 ?is book1 !re=e-- ,mb ! ,fijian ,b ,? ! ,fijian ,c ,,nd ! ,fijian ,d ,,ng ! ,fijian ,g & ,q ,abbreviations1 = rock descriptions1 #bcf ,acica/ello1 ,sicily1 basalt & palagonite1 #cdg ,acid & basic rocks1 regions (1 #bai1 #cgd ,agassiz1 ,pr(4 ,a41 #bid1 #cgc1 #cgf1 #cgg ,agates1 #ach1 #aci1 #bbg1 #cec1 #ced ,agglom]ates2 see ,volcanic agglom]ates ,alg 9 hot spr+s1 #bd1 #be1 #cc1 #ch ,alps1 magnetic rocks ( !1 #cfb1 #cfc ,alt]$ rocks2 see ,propylites1 etc4 ,&esites1 acid1 #ih-ajh1 #aab1 #abc-abg1 #aic1 #aid2 relative frequ5cy (1 #bce2 classification (1 #bic-cjf2 di/ribution (1 #cgd2 peaks 9 basaltic fl[s1 #ajd1 #aae1 #aaf1 #cgd2 alt]$1 #aje1 #big2 column>1 #ajb1 #ajd2 pre-basaltic1 #cge ,&rews1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,c41 #g1 #bb1 #bid1 #cej1 #cgh ,artesian res]voirs1 #ci ,augite1 cry/als (1 9 tuffs1 #de1 #ahb1 #aic ,augite-&esites1 #ea1 #afb1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bji1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bid1 etc42 classification (1 #bci1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bff-bhd2 di/ribution (1 #cgd2 aphanitic1 #aag-abj1 #abe1 #afb1 #afh1 #bgi2 relative frequ5cy (1 #bce2 see ,basaltic &esites ,avuka1 range1 #agi ,axes1 /one1 /ructure (1 #chc ,b>e-poll1 peak1 ne> ,soni-soni1 #ic ,b>rack1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h41 #bg1 #abc ,b>rack1 ,mr4 ,alex41 #cfd ,b>ratt1 ,mr41 #fh ,b>ri]-reef1 great1 ( ,fiji2 see "u ,subm>9e plateau #afi;,basaltic &esites1 #dg1 #ef1 #fd1 #ge1 #ajh1 #abc1 #acg1 #adg1 #adh1 #afj1 #afd1 #aij1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bhh2 classification (1 #bci1 #bff1 #bgh2 di/ribution (1 #cgd ,basaltic rocks1 ext5sive dis9tegration (1 #eg1 #fd1 #gb1 #abi ,basaltic fl[s surr\nd+ hills ( acid &esite1 #ajd1 #aae1 #aaf1 #cgd ,basaltic pla9s & plateaux1 #f1 #ee1 #fb1 #hb1 #ajg1 #abh-ace1 #cgc ,basaltic subm>9e fl[s1 #cch1 #cdb1 #cdd1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #cgb1 #cge2 see "u ,subm>9e plateau & ,basaltic pla9s ,basalts1 column>1 #c1 #fc1 #gh1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #abc1 #abi1 #acc1 #adg1 #agj1 #agc1 #bjc1 #bfj1 #bhd ,basalts1 ophitic1 #ej1 #gd1 #aad1 #acc1 #acg1 #ach1 #aee1 #aei1 #afb1 #aia1 #bjd1 #bac1 #beb1 #bef1 #cdg2 ! ophitic habit1 #bcg1 #bch2 ophitic sub-ord]s1 #bcf1 #bda-bde2 ophitic g5]a1 #bef1 #bfb1 #bgb-bgf1 #bhc ,basalts1 oliv9e1 relation ( black & grey1 #hi1 #ij2 classification (1 #bci1 #bda-bdd1 #beb-bfe2 relative frequ5cy (1 #bce2 di/ribution (1 #cgd ,basalts1 grey oliv9e1 #fe-fg1 #gc-ge1 #gg1 #hi1 #bec-bee1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bfc ,basalts1 highly basic1 #beh ,basalts1 ( ,acica/ello1 #cdg2 ( ,mbua & ,ndama pla9s1 #eh1 #acd1 #bfb1 #bgh2 ( ,ndreketi pla9s1 #acc1 #acd2 ( ,s>awanga pla9s1 #abi1 #acd1 #bfb2 ( ,savu-savu p59sula1 #aij1 #bhh2 ( ,seatura1 #fc-gb1 #he2 ( ,solevu ,bay1 #ge-gg2 ( ,wa9unu1 #he2 ( ,ulu-i-ndali1 #hi ,basalts associat$ ) palagonite1 #cdg ,basic glass1 #cab1 #cch2 see ,pit*/one1 ,cru%-tuffs1 ,hyalomelan-tuffs ,ba/ite1 #ahb1 #big ,baur1 ,mr41 #chj ,bly?1 ,mr41 #abc ,brady1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b41 #cbb1 #cgf ,breccias2 see ,volcanic agglom]ates ,bronzite1 #ahb ,broml[1 ,dr41 #bi ,b*n]1 ,dr4 ,max1 #bb ,bull+1 ,mr41 #cb1 #cf1 #bcb ,buns51 on palagonite1 #cdc1 #cdd ,c>bonate ( iron1 concretions (1 #bbg1 #cea1 #cef ,c>*>odon1 #cgf ,*alc$ony1 #ac1 #ach1 #afb1 #ahc1 #aii1 #bbf-bb1 #cej-cee2 see ,agate1 ,onyx1 ,fl9ts ,*alm]s1 ,mr41 #bcc ,*>ts1 old & new comp>$1 #ah1 #ai ,*]t1 #cee ,classification ( volcanic rocks1 #bce ,coleopt]a ( ,fiji1 #cgg ,column> /ructure2 see ,basalt1 ,acid &esite1 ,dacite1 ,oligoclase-tra*yte ,combe1 ,comm&]1 #ae ,coop]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,s41 #bi ,coral reefs1 upheav$1 #g-ab1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bja1 #cah2 _! abs5ce 9 ! high] levels1 #g1 #h1 #ab1 #ai1 #cge ,crat]s1 traces (1 #dd1 #eb1 #fg1 #hj1 #aff1 #ahf1 #aib1 #aie1 #bjb ,cru%-tuffs1 #ee1 #id1 #adi1 #aeg1 #cda2 g5]al description1 #ccd2 see bel[ ,cru%+ ( basic glass2 9 ve9s1 #cdj1 #cda2 on surface ( a subm>9e fl[1 #ic1 #cch2 9 matrix ( pit*/one-agglom]ate & 9 rubbly pit*/one1 #id1 #adb1 #ade1 #aeg1 #cac2 its connection ) palagonite1 #ic1 #cci1 #cdj-cdb1 #cdf ,cumm+1 ,miss ,gordon1 #bb1 #be1 #bi ,dacites1 #c1 #e1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #bce1 #bid1 #cjd2 column>1 #aja1 #ajb2 def9ition ( ! t]m1 #bie2 classification & *>act]s1 #bdj1 #cjb2 see ,acid &esites ,dall1 ,dr41 #cgf ,dana1 ,pr(41 #c1 #aj1 #aa1 #af1 #ba1 #bf1 #gb1 #hd1 #abi1 #ace1 #bah1 #cji1 #cfc ,d>w91 ,mr41 on b>ri]-reefs1 #cgc ,datum-m>k1 #aie ,david1 ,pr(41 #cgf ,deep-sea deposits1 #ccg ,delanasau1 #fh ,dillon's ,rock1 #de ,diorite1 #ahb1 #aic1 #bce1 #bdi1 #bea ,doelt]1 on hornbl5de p>amorphism1 #cjh ,dol]itic1 use & def9ition ( ! t]m1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bei1 #bgd ,dolomite1 #g ,drayton1 peak2 see ,m>iko ,dykes1 #ea1 #ed1 #fc1 #fh-gb1 #gh1 #ha1 #adb1 #add1 #adh1 #aee1 #aef1 #afc1 #afd1 #agj1 #aga1 #ahd1 #aii1 #bjb1 #bji1 #baf1 #bbj1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bgg1 #bhj1 #bhb2 _! two sets ( felsp>-la!s1 #bch ,eakle1 ,mr41 #bic1 #bid ,e>?quakes1 #cg ,em]g5ce ( ,vanua ,levu1 #a1 #g-bj1 #cba1 #cgf-cgi2 age (1 #cgf ,etna1 m\nt1 coa/ spr+s (1 #ci2 dykes 9 ,valle del ,bove1 #bcg2 magnetic bomb1 #cfd ,fairmaire1 ,m41 #cgg ,f>o1 isl&1 ,solomon ,gr\p1 #b ,fawn1 h>b\r1 #i1 #bjj1 #cah ,felsitic &esites1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #bie1 #cjj2 see ,acid &esites & ,dacites ,felsitic gr\ndmass1 z employ$ 9 classification1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdi ,felsitic ord]s1 #bdi1 #bia1 #big1 #cjj1 #cjb ,felsp>-la!s 9 classification1 #bcf1 #bda ,f]n1 tree1 silicifi$ caudex (1 #cfj ,fi%-scales1 fossil1 #aed ,fl9ts1 #ac1 #ha1 #hc1 #ach1 #aci1 #bbb1 #bbf1 #cej-cfj ,float+ isl&s1 #bbe ,floras ( ,fiji1 ,hawaii1 & ,tonga1 #cgi ,fl[-arrangem5t 9 classification1 #bcf-bch ,folgh]ait]1 ,dr41 #cfb1 #cfe ,=am9if]al lime/ones1 #acj-acb1 #bjb1 #cah ,=am9if]\s deposits 7tuffs1 muds1 clays71 #if1 #aji1 #acj1 #acd1 #acf1 #aci1 #adi1 #aed1 #afa1 #agj1 #aih1 #bje2 description (1 #cba-ccc2 alt]$1 #cbd-cbf2 ?ickness (1 #aef2 see ,globig]9a deposits & ,palagonite-tuffs ,fossilis$ trees1 #bcc ,freel&1 ,m\nt1 #b1 #f1 #bjc-bjf1 #bfi1 #bgd ,gabbros1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #baa1 #bce2 classification (1 #bci1 #bdj2 *>act]s1 #bdi1 #bej2 see ,plutonic rocks ,geikie1 ,sir ,a41 #cge ,giant s$ge2 see ,scirpod5dron ,globig]9a deposits1 #aj1 #ee1 #aca1 #aeh1 #agg1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bba1 #cba-cbf1 #cdd2 see ,=am9if]\s deposits ,globig]9a lime/one1 #cai ,gold1 alluvial1 9 ,vanua ,levu1 #aaf ,granul> pyrox5e1 ! sub-ord]s *>act]is$ by1 #bcf1 #bda1 c4 ,gre5/ones2 see ,propylites ,gr\ndmass1 *>act]s (1 us$ 9 classification1 #bcf-bch ,haig1 ,major1 on magnetic rocks1 #cfc ,hale ,peak1 #baj1 #bab ,hanusz1 on float+ isl&s1 #bbf ,h>k]1 ,mr41 #cfb1 #cfg1 #cgi ,h>man's ,po9t1 #aia ,hawaii1 #b1 #ch1 #he1 #cfc2 flora (1 #cgi2 coa/ spr+s (1 #ch ,h$ley1 ,mr41 #cgf1 #chj ,hekla1 ,m\nt1 #cge ,holmes1 ,mr41 #fh ,hornbl5de1 magmatic p>amorphism (1 #bic1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjc2 process describ$1 #cjf ,hornbl5de-&esites1 #ia1 #ahd1 #aic1 #aid1 #bja1 #bce1 #bid2 see ,acid &esites & hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e &esites ,hornbl5de-gabbro1 #ahd1 #bdi1 #bej ,hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites1 #bdj1 #bih-cjb ,horne1 ,mr41 #aj1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #cd1 #ee1 #ada1 #adc1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bbe2 see ! preface ,horn/one1 #cej ,hot spr+s1 g5]al description (1 #ba-db2 li/ (1 #dj2 analysis1 #bh2 di/ribution 9 ,vanua ,levu1 #cf1 #ach1 #bcc ,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 on magnetic rocks1 #cfa1 #cfe ,hussak1 on magmatic p>amorphism1 #cjh ,hutton1 #chj ,hyalomelan tuffs1 #dg1 #hj1 #aaj1 #ccc1 #ccd ,hydro!rmal metamorphism2 see ,solfat>ic ,hyp]/h5e2 see ,pyrox5e1 rhombic ,hyp]/h5e-&esites1 #bid1 #bif ,hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites1 #e1 #eb #adg1 #afa1 #afd1 #afh1 #aga1 #agc-age1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aii1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bcj2 classification1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bdh2 *>act]s ( ! ord]s & sub-ord]s1 #bhe-bib2 relative frequ5cy1 #bce2 di/ribution1 #cgd ,icel&1 ,vanua ,levu comp>$ to1 #cgd1 #cge ,idd+s1 ,mr41 #cjf ,iron ore2 see ,limonite ,iron s&1 magnetic1 #hc1 #ajf1 #ceg ,iron/one gravel1 #cef ,isl&s1 p]man5ce (1 #chj1 #cha ,jackson1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t41 #bh ,jasp]1 #ac1 #aba1 #aci1 #aii1 #cej1 #cea1 #cee ,john/on-,lavis1 ,dr41 #cdg1 #cge ,kalakala1 ,m\nt1 #ajc1 #cje ,kalikoso ,di/rict1 #aj1 #ae1 #bbd-bbh1 #cej1 #cef1 #ceh ,k&avu1 #bic1 #cjf2 hot spr+s (1 #bb ,kavula1 #fe1 #ff ,kia ,isl&1 #b ,kioa ,isl&1 #b ,kiombo ,coa/1 #ib ,kle9s*midt1 #bb1 #be1 #bic1 #cej ,koro1 significance z a prefix2 see ,place-,names ,koro-i-rea ,hill1 #ge1 #gg ,korolevu ,hill1 #de2 natural section ne>1 #dh ,korolevu ,riv]1 #fb1 #fd ,koroma1 ,m\nt1 #c1 #ea1 #bhe ,koro-mbasanga ,m\nta91 #aff-afi1 #bhi2 "n wrongly appli$ 9 ,admiralty *>ts1 #e1 #agb ,koro-navuta1 #ace ,koro-ni-valu2 see "u ,t[ns ,koro-ni-yalewa ,m\nta91 #aag ,koro-tambu ,m\nta91 #afg1 #aga ,korotas]e1 #bjh ,korot9i ,bluff1 #aef ,korot9i ,range or ,tablel&1 #e1 #aec-afe1 #afg1 #cbe ,koro-ut>i1 #afc ,koro-wiri1 #aci ,kumbulau ,p59sula1 #ij-ie ,kuru-kuru ,di/rict1 #bbh ,lambasa coa/1 #bah ,lambasa ,pla9s1 #ach1 #cea ,lambasa ,riv]1 #ae1 #ach ,l&slips1 effects (1 #aaa1 #agh1 #cbg ,langa-langa ,riv]1 #bbj1 #bbe ,lango-lango ,riv]1 #abb ,lau ,gr\p1 #g1 #bid1 #cgh ,lava-fl[s1 indications ( sub-a]ial1 #eb1 #ga1 #aai1 #acc1 #aeb1 #ahg1 #aij1 #bac1 #bcb ,lea ,di/rict1 #aii ,lekumbi ,po9t1 #ab1 #ai1 #fj ,lekutu ,di/rict1 coa/ (1 #aa1 #ej1 #bgc2 pla9s1 #abh1 #cea1 #cec1 #cef2 promontory1 #af1 #ah2 riv]1 #ah1 #fb1 #fe ,lime/ones1 recry/allisation (1 #aca2 coral1 #cah2 see ,=am9if]al lime/ones ,limonite1 deposits (1 #ef1 #acb1 #ach1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cef1 #cei ,li/]1 ,mr41 #cgh ,liv]sidge1 ,pr(41 #bi ,liwa-liwa1 #aai ,loma-loma ,ridge1 #ada ,lovo ,valley1 #afi-agc ,lovutu1 #aef ,macdonald1 ,dr41 #ba ,magma lakelets1 #dg1 #ga1 #ib1 #bgc1 #bgf1 #bgg2 description (1 #cci-cdb1 #cdf1 #cdg ,magmatic p>amorphism2 see ,hornbl5de ,magnetic iron s&1 #hc1 #ajf1 #ceg ,magnetic peaks & rocks1 #gg1 #ajh1 #agd1 #ahf1 #cfa-cga ,mako-mako ,hill1 #ajc ,mali ,isl&1 #b1 #bah ,mali ,po9t1 #bah ,malolo ,isl&1 #bid ,mangrove belt1 b>e tracts 91 #aa1 #ad2 relation to reef-flat1 #ac2 rate ( gr[?1 #ae1 #ai ,mangrove isl&s1 gr[? (1 #af1 #ag ,m>iko1 range & peak (1 #e1 #agc1 #ahe-ahi1 #bhi1 #cfh ,m>t91 ,pr(41 ( ,leyd51 #cgf ,masusu ,di/rict1 #hd ,mauna ,kea1 #b ,mauna ,loa1 #b1 #c1 #cfc ,mauritius1 magnetic rocks (1 #cfc ,mbale-mbale ,di/rict1 #adc1 #cac2 riv]1 #aej ,mbat9i ,m\nta91 #e1 #aff1 #agb-agd1 #cfg ,mbati-ni-kama1 hot spr+s (1 #cc ,mbatiri1 #acd1 #cbd ,mb5u?a ,cliffs1 #aji-aaa1 #cbc ,mbona-lailai ,m\nta91 #aja ,mbua ,di/rict1 #c1 #cf1 #cg1 #dg2 bay1 #ah2 coa/1 #ab ,mbua & ,ndama ,pla9s1 #ee-eh1 #cef ,mbua-,lekutu ,divide1 #ee1 #big ,mbua %ell-b$1 #ab1 #eh ,mbu?ai-sau ,valley1 #bah1 #bai ,mbutu-mbutu ,riv]1 #gi1 #bgi ,middle ,po9t1 #acg ,m\nta9 ridges & _! /ructure2 see "u ,ridge-m\nta9s ,m\nta9-t[ns2 see ,t[ns ,muanaira1 #aih ,mumu ,peak1 #ajh-aaj ,murray1 ,sir ,j41 #ccg1 #cgc ,naikovu ,rock1 #cfd ,nailo?a ,m\nta91 #f1 #bad-baf1 #caj ,na9di ,bay1 #h1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aie1 #cah ,na9di ,gap1 #ahi1 #aib ,nai!koro1 #aij ,nai?ombo?ombo1 po9t1 #ed2 range1 #bbi ,naivaka1 #b1 #c1 #aa1 #ah1 #dc-de1 #bfa ,na-kal\1 #acc ,na ,kama1 ,savu-savu1 #be2 ,lambasa1 #cb ,nakambuta ,di/rict1 #adh-aej ,nak>ambo1 #bjh ,na ,kula1 valley1 #ahd2 range1 #bcj ,nambuna ,di/rict1 #ajf ,nambuni ,spur1 #add ,nambuonu1 hot spr+s1 #cb ,n&i ,bay1 #gh ,n&i ,gorge1 #fi1 #gh1 #bgh ,n&ongo1 isl&1 #af1 #ag2 t[n1 #baf2 hot spr+s1 #cc ,n&ron&ranu di/rict1 #aag-aba ,n&roro ,di/rict1 #ff ,n&ua ,di/rict1 #hf1 #cbj1 #cdd ,n&uri ,di/rict1 #aa1 #ad1 #ace1 #acf ,nang>a-ravi ,cave1 #ada ,nang>a-vutu1 #bje ,nangorongoro ,peak2 see ,nga+ai ,na ,r>o ,gap1 #abg ,na ,r>o ,m\nta91 #b1 #e1 #abc-abg1 #bif1 #cja1 #cje ,n>awai ,di/rict1 #ff ,n>eilangi1 #abd ,n>5gali ,di/rict1 #adj1 #adg1 #adi ,n>ikosa ,po9t1 #bbj ,na ,salia1 #aea ,na ,savu1 tablel&1 #gi-ha2 falls1 #gi1 #bgi ,na ,seyanga1 #ajh ,na ,s9u1 #adf ,na ,suva ,range1 #fd ,na ,suva-suva ,hill1 #aib1 #cfi ,natasa ,bay1 #bji ,natewa ,bay1 nor?-coa/1 #i1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bia ,natewa ,p59sula1 #f1 #i1 #aig-bjf ,nativi1 #ej ,nato>au1 hot spr+s1 #bc2 riv]1 #aeh ,na ,tokalau1 #ia ,natoto ,hill1 #bbi ,natua ,di/rict1 #acd1 #adi1 #cbc ,natuvo or ,natuvu1 hot spr+s1 #cc1 #bji ,naumann on pol>ic lavas1 #cfd ,navak>avi ,hot ,spr+s1 #cd ,navakavura1 #if ,na ,vatu ,islet1 #id ,navetau1 #bje ,naviavia ,islet1 #h ,nav+iri1 #df ,navuni1 #bjb2 hot spr+s1 #ce ,navun+umu1 #ajh-aab1 #cjc1 #cfh ,nawavi1 range1 #ace2 hot spr+s ne>1 #ca ,nawi or ,na ,wi1 isl&1 #bf1 #aib2 hamlet1 #baa ,ndaku-ndaku1 bay1 #bjh2 hot spr+s1 #cd ,ndama1 riv] & valley1 #fb1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga2 pla9s1 #ee-eh ,ndavutu1 di/rict & riv]1 #hg2 = hot spr+s2 see ,wa9unu ,ndawa?umi1 #fd1 #hj ,ndevo di/rict1 #bje2 hot spr+s1 #ce ,ndo5damu ,m\nta91 #bji1 #bab ,ndr&ramea1 di/rict1 #b1 #c1 #hc1 #bif2 map1 #ii2 description1 #ih-aab ,ndr&ramea ,m\nt1 #ajb1 #bif1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #cfh ,ndranimako1 #if1 #cbb1 #cea ,ndrawa1 di/rict1 #abj1 #bha2 riv]1 #aah1 #abj ,ndreke-ni-wai1 ,natewa ,bay1 #bjj1 #bjc2 hot spr+s1 #cd ,ndreke-ni-wai1 ,savu-savu ,bay1 #aej1 #aeb ,ndreketi1 riv]1 #ae1 #abh1 #acb1 #chc2 pla9s1 #acb1 #bgc1 #cea ,ndriti ,bas91 #fg-gb1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bhb ,ndrukau ,m\nta91 #bac ,new ,hebrides1 #a ,nga+ai ,m\nta91 #ajj1 #bif1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cfh ,ngala ,m\nta92 see ,freel& ,ngalau-levu ,range1 #f1 #aii1 #bjj1 #cgj ,ngangaturuturu ,cliffs1 #aai ,ngau ,isl&1 hot spr+s (1 #bb ,ngawa ,riv]1 #ach ,ngelemumu1 #ahj1 #bai ,ngone ,hill1 #ahc ,nukumbolo1 di/rict1 #aea1 #afa1 #afb2 hot spr+s1 #bd ,nukunase or ,nuku-ngase1 #ej1 #bgj ,nukumbalavu1 #aij ,nuku-ndamu1 #bcb ,numbu1 #bbg ,numbu-ni-a-vula1 #agf ,oddone on magnetic rocks1 #cfb ,oligoclase-tra*ytes1 #f1 #bjg1 #bai1 #bbi2 description (1 #cjh2 di/ribution1 #cgd2 alt]$1 #bad-baf2 column>1 #bae1 #bbj1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcc ,oliv9e rocks1 classification (1 #bci ,oliv9e-basalts2 see ,basalts1 oliv9e ,ono ,isl&1 hot spr+s1 #bb2 acid &esite1 #bic2 fl9ts1 #cej ,onyx1 #aci1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #cec ,opal1 #afb1 #afc1 #ahc1 #cea1 #cec ,ophitic basalts1 _! relation to palagonite1 #cdg ,ophitic /ructure1 z us$ 9 classification1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch ,ophitic sub-ord]s & g5]a1 synopsis (1 #bda-bdh2 description (1 #bef1 #bgb-bgf1 #bhc ,or?ophyric gr\ndmass1 z us$ 9 classification1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdj ,or?ophyric ord]s & g5]a1 #bdh1 #bij1 #bif1 #big1 #bii ,ovalau1 #bid1 #cej ,palagonite1 *apt] on1 #ccg-cdi2 see also ,palagonite-tuffs1 ,cru%-tuffs1 ,cru%+ ( basic glass1 ,pit*/one c4 ,palagonite ( ,acica/ello1 #cdg ,palagonite tuffs1 classification & *>act]s1 #cag-ccf2 zeolitic1 #ccd2 m>ls1 #cce1 #cdd2 modes ( occurr5ce1 #e1 #dh1 #ec1 #hj1 #ha1 #ie1 #if1 #aag1 #aah-abb1 #acj1 #aca1 #ada1 #adc1 #ade1 #adh1 #aef-afa1 #afi1 #agg1 #aic1 #aih1 #bjb1 #bac ,palagonite1 hydration & degradation (1 #cbi1 #cdh ,ph5ocry/s1 _! use 9 classification1 #bcf ,pick]+1 ,mr41 #ce ,piep]1 ,dr4 ,o41 #bh ,pilsbry1 ,dr41 #chj ,pit*/one agglom]ates & rubbly pit*/ones1 petrological *>act]s1 #cab1 #cac2 evid5ce ( cru%+ & its connection ) palagonite1 #ib-id1 #adb1 #ade1 #aeg1 #cab1 #cac1 #ccd1 #cdj-cdb1 #cdf 7see ,palagonite1 ,cru%-tuffs1 ,cru%+ ( basic glass72 mode ( occurr5ce1 #aje1 #ajh1 #adb1 #aeg1 #afi1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #cji #agj,place-names1 mean+ ( ,fijian1 #ge1 #gi1 #ajb1 #aai1 #aea1 #agb ,platania1 ,pr(41 #aai1 #cdg ,plutonic rocks1 g5]al description1 #bdi-bea2 relative frequ5cy1 #bce2 di/ribution1 #bdi1 #cgd2 mode ( occurr5ce1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aic1 #baa ,pol>ity ( magnetic rocks1 #cff-cgj ,porphyrites1 #acf1 #age1 #aha1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjd1 #baa1 #bfa1 #bfh1 #bgd1 #bii2 belong to _m ord]s1 #bcf ,prismatic pyrox5e ( gr\ndmass1 its use 9 classification1 #bcf1 #bda-bdh2 sub-ord]s & g5]a1 #bfe1 #bgj-bgb1 #bhc1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjb ,pr(iles ( ,vanua ,levu1 #c-f1 #fb1 #hc1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aec1 #afg1 #agc ,propylites1 #fh-gb1 #ajf1 #adg1 #afb1 #aha1 #aia1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bad1 #bae1 #bfh-bgj1 #bhb1 #big2 orig9 (1 #fi1 #gb1 #aia ,pt]opod-ooze deposits1 description (1 #cbj2 mode ( occurr5ce1 #hd1 #hf1 #aji1 #aci1 #bja1 #bje1 #cdd ,pumice-tuffs1 acid1 #f1 #bjg1 #bah-bbc1 #bbi-bcc2 g5]al description1 #ccf2 special descriptions1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bca ,pumice-tuffs1 basic1 #aai1 #ccc2 see ,hyalomelan-tuffs ,pyrox5e ( gr\ndmass1 z a basis ( classification1 #bcf2 see ,granul> pyrox5e1 ,prismatic pyrox5e1 ,ophitic /ructure1 & ,synopsis ,pyrox5e1 rhombic1 *>act]s (1 #bhe1 #cjf2 int]gr[?s ) monocl9ic1 #bff1 #cjf ,pyrox5e1 d]ivation f hornbl5de1 #cjf ,qu>tz1 cry/als (1 #ajf1 #aia1 #ced2 ve9s (1 #ajf1 #aaf ,qu>tz-&esites2 see ,dacites ,qu>tz-porphyries1 mode ( occurr5ce1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbi-bcc2 relative frequ5cy1 #bce2 g5]al description1 #cji-caa2 di/ribution1 #f1 #bjg1 #cgd ,qu>tz-rock1 #aci1 #cea1 #ced ,ra9fall1 #cj1 #fh1 #abj ,rambi1 isl&1 #b2 hot spr+s1 #bb ,ravi-koro m\nta91 #aei ,ravi-ravi1 #id ,ravuka1 #abj2 hot spr+1 #ca ,r5>d1 ,pr(41 #bic1 #cjf1 #cch1 #cdd ,rewa ,di/rict 9 ,vanua ,levu1 #ie1 #if ,rewa ,riv]1 ,viti ,levu1 *anges at m\?1 #af ,rhyolites1 #bji2 see ,qu>tz-porphyries ,rhyolite-glass1 #bbj1 #caa ,rhyolitic-tuffs2 see ,pumice-tuffs1 acid ,ridge-m\nta9s1 _! g5]al appe>ance1 #b1 #f1 #adf1 #aec1 #ahe1 #baj1 #cgd2 _! /ructure & mode ( orig91 #ge1 #ade1 #aef1 #afe1 #aff1 #aga1 #agb1 #agg-ahj1 #ahb1 #ahh1 #bjb1 #baj-bab1 #baf1 #bcd2 f9al conclusion1 #cge ,riv]s2 see "u ,ndreketi1 ,lambasa ,s>awanga1 ,wa9ikoro1 c4 ,riv]s1 erod+ p[] (1 #fb ,ro*oll1 ,mr4 ,h41 #bi ,ros5bus*1 ,pr(41 #cjf1 #cdd ,ruku-ruku ,bay1 #ec1 #bfi ,salt ,lake ,di/rict1 #b1 #f1 #i1 #aib-aif ,s>awanga ,pla9s1 #ae1 #abi-acb1 #cea1 #cef ,s>awanga ,riv]1 #ae1 #fb1 #abi-aca ,satulaki1 #agf1 #bfh ,sav>ek>eka ,bay1 #aij1 #cbf ,savulu1 #aah ,savu-riti ,m\nta91 #baj1 #bab ,savu-savu ,hot ,spr+s1 #ba1 #be-cj1 #ahi ,savu-savu ,p59sula1 #ahi-aib1 #bhh ,sawa-ndrondro1 #ahe ,scirpod5dron co/atum 7,giant ,s$ge71 #gi1 #hc ,scoriace\s lava2 see ,lava fl[s ,sealevu ,di/rict1 #adf1 #aee1 #aef ,sealevu ,divide1 #acf ,seatovo ,range1 #gc-ge ,seatura1 m\nta91 #b1 #c1 #ef1 #bec1 #bfa1 #cgd2 g5]al description (1 #fa-gb2 old t[n (1 #fg ,sections across ,vanua ,levu1 #fb1 #ajg2 see also ,pr(iles ,seemann1 ,dr41 #ee ,sella1 on magnetic rocks1 #cfb ,semi-opal1 #cea1 #cec ,sesaleka ,m\nta91 #c1 #ab1 #ec ,silice\s concretions1 #ha1 #hc1 #if1 #acb1 #ace1 #cea-cee ,silice\s rock1 blocks (1 #abf1 #cee ,silice\s s9t]1 #bd1 #be1 #cb1 #cc1 #cg1 #db ,silicification1 conditions (1 #ceh ,silicifi$ corals1 #aj1 #ac1 #ha1 #acb1 #ace1 #ach1 #aci1 #bjg1 #bba1 #bbf-bbh2 !ory ( _! orig91 #bbh1 #ceg2 g5]al acc\nt (1 #cej-cfj ,silicifi$ f]n rhizome1 #cfj ,silicifi$ nullipores1 #cec1 #ced ,s+a-s+a1 #aaj ,s+atoka ,riv]1 ,viti ,levu1 #g ,sk9n]1 ,mr4 ,s41 #cfg ,skye1 ,isle (1 magnetic rocks1 #cfb ,smallwood1 ,mr41 #aif ,smy!1 ,colonel1 #bb1 #aie ,soap/ones2 see ,=am9if]\s deposits ,sok5a ,ridge1 #afg1 #afi1 #agb ,solevu ,bay1 #ge-gh1 #bec ,solfat>ic action on rocks1 #eb1 #fi1 #gb1 #aia ,soloa-levu ,m\nta91 #ajc-aje1 #aae1 #bif1 #cje1 #cab1 #cgd ,solomon ,isl&s1 #a1 #b1 #bid1 #cei ,songombiau1 #bbj ,soni-soni ,isl&1 #ic1 #id ,soro-levu ,m\nta91 #agb-agd ,sp5ce1 ,mr4 ,f41 #aic ,sph]oidal wea!r+ 9 basalts1 #eg1 #abi ,/romboli1 #bad1 #cae ,subm>9e basaltic fl[s & eruptions2 see ,basaltic subm>9e fl[s ,subm>9e plateau or plat=m ( ,fiji1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 #ef1 #fb1 #gb1 #ajg1 #cgb2 diff]5t explanations (1 #cgc ,subm>9e tuffs1 #cbf-ccf ,su5i ,di/rict1 #afc ,suess1 ,pr(41 on !rmal spr+s1 #ci2 on *anges 9 ! sea-level1 #bj1 #cgg ,suva soap/one1 #cbb1 #cgf ,synopsis ( classification ( volcanic rocks1 #bci-bdi ,ta*ylyte or basic glass1 #cab1 #ccg1 #cda1 #cdc2 see ,basic glass1 ,pit*/one1 ,hyalomelan1 c4 ,tahiti1 #c1 #gb1 #hd1 #cfc ,talas+a ,di/ricts1 #ee1 #eg1 #fd1 #abh1 #acb1 #acc1 #bbd1 #ceb1 #chc ,tambia1 di/rict1 #acg2 hot spr+s1 #cb ,tambu-lotu ,di/rict1 #ajd1 #aje ,ta!levu1 #aih ,tavia1 m\nta91 #aba2 ranges1 #aba-abc ,tavua1 #fe ,tawaki ,di/rict1 #bji1 #bbi1 #bcj ,tembe1 #bac1 #bad ,tembe-ni-ndio ,di/rict1 #acj1 #aca1 #cai ,t5ison-,woods1 ,rev41 #cgf ,?ambeyu1 m\nta91 #e1 #afg1 #bhi1 #cae1 #cbf2 description (1 #agf-agi ,?aw>o ,peak1 #bcj ,!rmal spr+s2 see ,hot spr+s ,?iele1 ,mr41 #ba ,?oka-s+a ,m\nta91 #ajc1 #bdi1 #cjb1 #cje ,?ombo-?ombo2 see ,nai?ombo?ombo ,?omson1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p41 #ca1 #ace1 #baj1 #bbe ,?ongea1 hot spr+s1 #bb2 basalt1 #he ,?orodds51 on ,hekla1 #cge ,?uku1 ,m\nt1 #f1 #bca1 #cjh-caj ,?ulanga2 see ,u?ulanga ,?ur/on ,range1 #e1 #afg1 #agf2 see ,?ambeyu ,tonga ,gr\p1 #a1 #cgh1 #cgi ,tongalevu ,di/rict1 #fb1 #fd1 #bgi ,t[ns1 old sites ( m\nta91 #ec1 #fg1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #aef1 #agj ,tra*ytes2 see ,oligoclase-tra*ytes ,tuffs1 *apt] on1 #cag-ccf2 =am9if]\s1 #cbf-ccc2 alt]$1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #aij1 #ccb2 dacitic1 #abe1 #abf2 see ,pumice tuffs1 acid & basic2 ,hyalomelan tuffs2 ,palagonite tuffs2 ,cru% tuffs2 mode ( occurr5ce1 #dh1 #ij1 #aji1 #aai1 #acj1 #aef1 #afj1 #agg1 #aij1 #bje1 #bji1 #bae ,tunuloa ,di/rict1 #bje ,tutu ,isl&1 #bba ,ulu-i-matua1 #ge1 #gf ,ulu-i-mbau1 #ach1 #aci ,ulu-i-ndali1 #c1 #hc1 #hg-ij1 #bec1 #cgj ,ulu-i-sori1 #acf ,und]wood1 ,lieut41 #cfd ,undu1 di/rict & promontory1 #f1 #aj1 #cf1 #bbh-bcd1 #caa1 #cfj ,upheaval2 see ,em]g5ce ,urata1 #ahd1 #bih ,u?ulanga ,ridge1 #baa1 #bhf 7also nam$ ,?ulanga7 ,vakalala?a ,lake1 #ae1 #bbe ,valanga ,range1 #aha-ahe ,valavala ,bay1 #bjc ,val5i1 #abb ,va ,lili1 #e1 #adj-adf ,valleys1 orig9 (1 #b1 #adf1 #aea1 #bai ,v&rani1 di/rict1 #aci1 #aei2 hot spr+s1 #cb ,vanua ,mbalavu1 hot spr+s1 #bb ,v>iolite1 #aej1 #bhc1 #cac ,vatui1 #ed1 #cfi ,vatu ,kaisia1 #e1 #aac-aaf1 #bif1 #cja1 #cje1 #cgd1 #cge ,vatu-k>oa1 #bji1 #bhb ,vatu-k>ok>o1 #ed ,vatu-kawa1 riv]1 #aea2 di/rict1 #afj ,vatu-k]imasi1 #aja ,vatu-lele ,bay1 #ahd ,vatu-levoni1 #aci ,vatuloaloa ,hot ,spr+s1 #ca ,vatu ,mata1 #ajc ,vatu-ndamu1 #ia ,vatu-tangiri1 #acf1 #add ,vatu ,vanaya1 #aja ,vatu ,vono ,po9t1 #hh1 #hi ,vatu-vono ,di/rict1 #aba1 #abb ,vi5e ,di/rict1 #aih ,visongo ,di/rict1 #bba ,viti ,levu1 #g1 #ah1 #cej1 #cfd1 #cgb ,vit9a1 #bbc ,volcanic agglom]ates1 g5]al description (1 #cad-caf2 _! ?ickness1 #aaj1 #aef1 #aga1 #agh1 #cae2 mode ( occurr5ce1 #e1 #gi1 #ia1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aag1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #adi1 #aee1 #aef1 #afa1 #afi-agb1 #agf-agi1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bac1 #bad2 ly+ above subm>9e deposits usually palagonitic & (t5 =am9if]\s1 #aaj1 #ada1 #adc1 #adi1 #afh1 #afi-aga1 #agf-agi1 #ahh1 #bac1 #bad2 see ,pit*/one-agglom]ates & ,l&slips ,volcanic bomb-=mation1 #df-dh ,volcanic mud deposits2 see ,=am9if]\s deposits ,volcanic necks1 #ed1 #eh1 #ij1 #ic1 #ie1 #aab1 #ahc1 #aib1 #bcj1 #bcd1 #bec1 #bgg1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #cge ,volcanic rocks1 classification (1 #bce2 di/ribution (1 #cgd ,vu9&i ,bay1 #bjh ,vu9&i ,gap1 #age ,vu9asanga1 di/rict1 #ade2 hot spr+s1 #ca ,vui-na-savu1 riv] & di/rict1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbe ,vula ,votu ,peak1 #agf ,vungalei ,m\nta91 #bab1 #bac1 #cae ,vuni-ika ,bay1 #bah ,vunikondi1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bhb ,vunimbele1 #aci2 hot spr+s1 #cc ,vunimbua1 di/rict & riv]1 #ahb1 #ahc ,vunimoli1 hot spr+s & di/rict1 #cc1 #ach1 #aci ,vunisawana1 di/rict1 #aid2 hot spr+s1 #cd ,vuni-tangaloa1 #aid ,vunivuvundi ,di/rict1 #hg ,waikatakata1 ,natewa ,bay1 hot spr+ & di/rict1 #cd1 #bjc1 #bge ,waikawa ,m\nta9s1 #bja1 #cai ,wailea1 bay & di/rict1 #df1 #ej ,wailevu ,riv]1 #ae1 #ach ,wai ,mbasanga1 ,viti ,levu1 hot spr+s1 #ba ,waimotu ,di/rict1 #bjh ,wai ,nd9a1 ,viti ,levu1 hot spr+s1 #ba ,wa9ikoro1 di/rict1 #bag1 #bbd-bbh1 #cef2 coa/1 #bai1 #cjh1 #caj2 riv]1 #bbe ,wai-ni-ngio ,riv]1 #aea1 #afj ,wa9unu1 hot spr+s1 #bb2 ra9fall #fh2 riv] & valley1 #fb1 #hb1 #hc ,wa9unu1 plateau or tablel&1 #c1 #hb-hg1 #cgc2 see figures on pages #hc1 #ajg ,waisali ,di/rict1 #adf1 #aea ,waisali ,saddle1 #adf-adh ,waiwai1 #adc-ade ,wat]falls1 #gi1 #ada1 #afc ,wawa ,levu ,m\nta91 #aja1 #cjb1 #cjd ,we$1 ,mr41 on ! orig9 ( silice\s s9t]1 #ch ,wi*mann1 ,dr4 ,a41 on a cont95tal condition ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 #cgf2 on hyalomelan tuff1 #ccd2 on fl9ts & silicifi$ corals1 #cej1 #ceb1 #cfj2 on ,k&avu &esites1 #bic2 on ! abs5ce ( qu>tz-&esites 9 ! ,s\? ,seas1 #bid1 #cji2 see ! preface ,wilkes1 ,commodore1 #aa1 #ae1 #ai1 #be1 #cfc1 etc4 ,witt/ock1 ,mr41 #cf1 #dg1 #ec ,yanawai coa/1 #ie-ig1 #abb ,yanawai1 riv] & valley1 #aac-aaf1 #aba ,yanganga ,isl&s1 #b ,yanu?a ,po9t1 #abc1 #bhd ,y>oi1 #ahi1 #cbe ,yasawa ,gr\p1 #bid ,zeolites1 =mation (1 9 palagonite1 #cch ,zeolitic palagonite-tuffs1 #ccd ,zirkel1 on int]gr[?s ( rhombic pyrox5e1 #cjf2 on palagonite1 #cdc2 on magnetic rocks1 #cfa ,,! ,,end ,r4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,bread ,,/4 ,,hill ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 --------------------- ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! case ( ! isl& ( ,f>o 9 ! ,solomon ,gr\p1 ,i h describ$ a simil> process ( isl&-build+4 7,geology ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 p4 #cg47 ,footnote #b3 ,9 #ahig ,i sp5t sev]al mon?s 9 travell+ ov] ?is isl& & asc5d$1 sometimes m ?an once1 ! ?ree great volcanic m\nta9s4 ,p]haps at "s future "t ,i may r5ew my exam9ation ( ?is int]e/+ region4 ,footnote #c3 ,/rictly speak+ ,korolevu indicat$ 9 ! pr(ile w\ld n be visible4 ,footnote #d3 ,m>iko is ! native "n ( ! ,drayton ,peak ( ! *>t4 ,mbat9i is ! correct "n = ! ,koro ,mbasanga ( ! *>t1 ! true ,koro ,mbasanga ly+ ?ree miles to ! nor?4 ,?ambeyu is a native "n = ! ,m\nt ,?ur/on ,range4 ,footnote #e3 ,!re has be5 "s confusion 9 ! native names ( ! peaks 9 ?is "p ( ! isl&1 :i* ,i h n be5 able to remove4 ,footnote #f3 ,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji1 #ahha1 pp4 #bb1 #afg4 ,footnote #g3 ,geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 #ahdi4 ,footnote #h3 ,?is height has be5 suppli$ f memory1 z ,i omitt$ to ref] to ! exact level ( ! erosion l9e 9 my notes4 ,footnote #i3 ,!y 7 describ$ to me z dry = a =tnight at a "t4 ,i 0 prev5t$ f mak+ m ?an an occasional visit to !m4 ,footnote #aj3 ,atlas ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 vol4 i41 ,philadelphia1 #ahej4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) ! rec5t *anges at ! m\? ( ! ,rewa ,riv] 9 ,viti ,levu1 :]e ! b>e s&y po9t ( ,lau?ala has ext5d$ itself seaw>d betwe5 #ejj & #fjj y>ds s9ce #ahdj1 :il/ ,port ,nukulau has %oal$ a fa?om 9 ! same p]iod4 ,b ,i c f9d no evid5ce ( any m>k$ advance 9 ! mangrove m>g9s ei!r t[>ds ,nukulau or on ! ,kamba side1 ! only *ange recognisable be+ 9 ! b>e s&y po9t ( ,lau?ala1 ! rapid ext5sion ( :i* has be5 su* z to attract ! att5tion ( resid5ts1 bo? :ites & natives4 ,dana1 :o 0 9 ?is locality 9 #ahdj1 rem>ks 9 ! ,geology ( ! ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 t he _h le>n$ f a p]son :o _h resid$ !re = =ty ye>s t dur+ ?is p]iod ! deposits _h l5g!n$ ! riv] half a mile4 ,:5 ,i 0 on ! ,rewa 9 #ahig ,i he>d t ! natives 9 old "t c\ld see ,suva ,po9t f ,rewa4 ,?is is probably a native leg5d connect$ ) ! mod]n ext5sion ( ,lau?ala ,po9t4 7,! *>ts comp>$ 9 mak+ ! above measurem5t ( ! rec5t advance ( ?is po9t 7 ! plan ( ! ,rewa ,roads by ,wilkes1 9 #ahdj1 & ! ,admiralty *>ts #ageg & #ije1 ! =m] ( :i* 0 bas$ on ,lieut4 ,dawson's survey 9 #ahge1 ! la/ be+ correct$ to #ahig47 ,footnote #ab3 ,betwe5 ,ma?uata ,isl& & ! coa/ a *ange is indicat$ f #i-aj fa?oms to #h-i fa?oms1 nor? ( ,motua ,isl& #ab-ac to #aa-ab1 & betwe5 ,nangano & ,?akavi #af to #ad fa?oms4 ,footnote #ac3 ,by ref]r+ to ! *>t x w be se5 t ext5sive mud-flats occur at ! m\?s ( ! ,s>awanga & ,ndreketi riv]s1 :]e ! l&-m>g9 is sl[ly advanc+4 ,footnote #ad3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 vol4 x42 ,geology1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji1 by ,john ,horne1 ,london1 #ahha1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #af3 ,j\rnal1 ,royal ,geographical ,society1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg4 ,footnote #ag3 ,scotti% ,geographical ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #ahia4 ,footnote #ah3 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 heft #ad1 ,hamburg1 #ahgi4 ,footnote #ai3 ,dr4 ,max ,b*n] also ref]s to ?is spr+ 9 8 ,reise dur* d5 ,/ill5 ,ozean1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #bj3 ,bullet9 ,museum ,comp>ative ,zoology1 ,h>v>d1 vol4 #ch2 ,geolog4 ,s]ies ,v41 ,no #a1 ,nov4 #aijj4 ,footnote #ba3 ,among/ ! o!r descriptions ( ^! spr+s ,i may ref] to t ( ,kle9s*midt 9 ! "w quot$ on p4 #bb1 to t ( ,miss ,gordon ,cumm+ 9 ,at ,home 9 ,fiji1 to t ( ,horne 9 8 ,ye> 9 ,fiji1 c4 ,!y are sket*$ 9 ! descriptions ( ,kle9s*midt1 ,miss ,cumm+1 & ,commodore ,wilkes4 ,! analyses are giv5 on a lat] page toge!r ) ! ref]5ces4 ,footnote #bb3 ,pacific ,isl&s1 ,sail+ ,directions1 vol4 ii41 ,c5tral ,gr\ps1 #aijj1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #bc3 ,f :at ,i rememb] ! usual exposure at l[-wat] 9 #ahih 0 less ?an a foot4 ,i h little d\bt z to ! id5tity ( ! locality4 ,?is rock is "o ( ! 8sights0 ( ! place at ! pres5t "t4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ = a resid5t to comp>e c>efully its pres5t condition ) t z describ$ by ,wilkes4 ,dana 9 ! "w quot$ on p4 #aj1 ref]s to ?is rock z a knoll ( basalt2 b he nev] visit$ ! locality & only obta9$ 8 acc\nt f ! (fic]s ( ,wilkes4 ,footnote #bd3 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,,iii41 #aii1 by ,commodore ,wilkes4 ,see also ,dana's ,geology ( ! same exp$ition4 ,footnote #be3 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 heft #ad1 ,hamburg1 #ahgi4 ,footnote #bf3 ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 by ,h4 ,/onehew] ,coop]1 #ahhh edition4 ,footnote #bg3 ,j\rnal ,royal ,society1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #ahhj1 vol4 #ad4 ,miss ,gordon ,cumm+ 9 ,at ,home 9 ,fiji gives ! same analysis b diff]5tly /at$4 ,footnote #bh3 ,to avoid error1 ,i h giv5 ! results ( ea* )\t conv]t+ !m to a common /&>d4 ,! numb]s 9 brackets are tak5 f ! =m ( ,pr(4 ,liv]sidge's analysis giv5 9 ,miss ,gordon ,cumm+'s book4 ,footnote #bi3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 vol4 #aj1 ,geology4 ,footnote #cj3 ,proce$+s1 ,que5sl& ,bran*1 ,geographical ,society1 ,au/ralia1 vol4 #a4 #ahhf4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i took ! temp]ature at mon?ly int]vals betwe5 ,octob]1 #ahif1 & ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! %ade w\ld be ab\t #fd at an elevation ( betwe5 #c1jjj & #d1jjj feet4 ,footnote #cb3 ,at ,ewa !re are pump+ plants capable ( supply+ #ge million gallons a day1 ! wat] be+ drawn entirely f artesian wells4 7,report on ,hawaii1 by ,dr4 ,/ubbs1 bullet9 #ie1 #aija2 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,footnote #cc3 ,?is hill is figur$ 9 ,wilkes' n>rative "u ! "n ( ,dillon's ,rock 7vol4 #c1 p4 #bce74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! ,dillon's ,rock ( 8 *>t1 :]e ! "n is giv5 to a rock on ! we/ side ( ! entrance to ,wailea ,bay4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see rem>ks on 8cru%-tuffs0 on p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #ce3 ,species n id5tifi$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,9 "o ( my trav]ses ,i cross$ a level di/rict ext5d+ a mile ,n4,e4 ( ,ndriti )\t *ang+ my elevation4 ,footnote #cg3 ,at ,delanasau1 on ! nor? or dry coa/ ( ! isl&1 ! av]age ra9fall1 accord+ to _m ye>s' obs]vations by ,mr4 ,holmes1 is ab\t #aae in*es4 ,at ,wa9unu1 ne> ! wet or s\? coa/1 ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,b>ratt & o!rs ext5d+ ov] #af ye>s give an av]age ( #afj in*es4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ?is w\ld be ne>ly d\bl$4 ,footnote #ch3 ,?is "q1 :i* has s (t5 be5 rais$ ) respect to ! propylites1 w probably receive a diff]5t answ] f diff]5t localities4 ,! matt] is fur!r discuss$ on lat] pages4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! dyke-rock has a specific gravity ( #bg2 b is slightly vesicul>4 ,x %[s a few small plagioclase ph5ocry/s 9 a gr\ndmass ( felsp>-la!s1 augite gra9s & prisms1 magnetite1 & a little br[n int]/itial glass4 ,! felsp>-la!s av]age #ad mm4 9 l5g? & are = ! mo/ "p n p>allel4 ,second>y calcite occurs 9 ! gr\ndmass1 & ! p[d]$ rock eff]vesces a little 9 an acid4 ,! rock =m+ ! (f%oot ( ! dyke diff]s only f ! p>5t rock 9 its m vitre\s "*4 ,al?\gh ! felsp>s & augites ( ! gr\ndmass are fairly develop$1 ! residual glass is mu* m copi\s1 & 9 places :]e x has segregat$1 =m+ 8lakelets10 x has be5 subject$ to an alt]ation (t5 obs]v$ 9 palagonite :5 !re are conc5tric alt]nat+ zones ( a tan-col\r$ fairly refractive mat]ial & calcite4 ,! r$di% scoriace\s lava 9 contact ) ! dyke %[s no ph5ocry/s4 ,! gr\ndmass displays m or less p>allel felsp>-la!s1 #a mm4 long1 augite gra9s1 & mu* magnetite4 ,! residual glass is fair 9 quantity2 b is mo/ly ga!r$ into 8lakelets0 ( br[n alt]$ glass ) sometimes calcite 9 ! c5tre4 ,! vitre\s bord] ( ! dyke is compos$ ( a d>k glass q opaque 9 ! out] portion1 b cle>] & %[+ incipi5t cry/allisation 9 ! inn] portion4 ,footnote #dj3 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,volcanoes1 #ahij4 ,footnote #da3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #af ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,footnote #db3 ,?is subject is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,footnote #dc3 8,na ,savu0 is ! ,fijian = wat]fall4 ,! complete "n ( ?is fall is 8,na ,savu ni nuku40 ,footnote #dd3 ,! fl9ty concretions are describ$ on page #ced1 & ! iron s& on p4 #cef4 ,footnote #de3 ,geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,footnote #df3 ,a simil> arrangem5t 0 obs]v$ 9 ! column> basalt ( ,kauai 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4 ,x is presum$ t ^! ,hawaiian fl[s are sub-arial4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! unalt]$ glass1 :i* incloses a few plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 has a specific gravity ( #bg1 & is readily fusible4 ,footnote #dh3 ,!y are describ$ on p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #di3 ,?is abs5ce ( a heal?y =e/-gr[?1 su* z occurs on ! level summit ( ! neighb\r+ ,soloa ,levu & 9 all l situations1 has probably "s geological significance4 ,footnote #ej3 ,^! tuffs are probably subm>9e4 ,!y w be f\nd describ$ ) tuffs ( ! same "* on p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,! track atta9s an elevation ( ab\t #a1cjj feet1 b ! top ( ! wat]%$ is two or ?ree hundr$ feet l[]4 ,footnote #eb3 ,x belongs to ! #crd ord] ( ! hornbl5de-hyp]/h5e-&esites describ$ on p4 #bii4 ,footnote #ec3 ,occasional views ( its summit only are obta9$ f ! ea/w>d1 z f ! ,ndr&ramea m\nta9s & _! vic9ity4 ,footnote #ed3 ,alluvial gold has long be5 kn[n to occur 9 ! b$ ( ! ,yanawai bel[ ,vatu ,kaisia2 b x has nev] be5 f\nd 9 pay+ quantity4 ,footnote #ee3 ,"u ! microscope x is %[n to be granul> 9 /ructure1 exhibit+ a mosaic ( irregul> qu>tz gra9s4 ,footnote #ef3 ,! blocks ( ! agglom]ate 9 ?is la/ locality are f "o to ?ree feet across4 ,footnote #eg3 ,x displays 9 ! gr\ndmass augite prisms 9 fl[-arrangem5t1 & is ref]r$ to g5us #bj ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #eh3 ,ref]r$ to g5]a #af & #bj ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #ei3 ,^! =am9if]al lime/ones are describ$ on p4 #cai4 ,footnote #fj3 ,proce$+s1 ,que5sl& ,bran*1 ,geographical ,society ( ,au/ralasia1 ,brisbane1 #ahhf1 vol4 i4 ,footnote #fa3 ,geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,footnote #fb3 ,pacific ,isl&s1 vol4 ii4 #aijj4 ,footnote #fc3 ,x is ref]r$ to ! #e? sub-ord] 7g5us #ah7 ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites *>act]is$ by prismatic pyrox5e & m or less p>allel felsp> la!s 9 ! gr\ndmass1 z describ$ on p4 #bhi4 ,x displays abundant opaque porphyritic plagioclase giv+ ext9ctions ( oligoclase-&es9e4 ,! pyrox5e ph5ocry/s h d>k alt]ation-bord]s4 ,!re is a little alt]$ int]/itial glass4 ,spec4 grav4 #bee4 ,footnote #fd3 ,i did n asc5d to ! top ( ,ulu-i-mbau4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5tly compos$ ( basic &esitic rocks1 occasionally amygdaloidal4 ,on its slopes up to at lea/ #fjj feet above ! sea occur agglom]ate-tuffs & f9] subm>9e tuffs1 z above describ$1 ov]ly+ =am9if]\s clays1 a subm]g5ce ( q #ejj feet be+ indicat$ by ! inve/+ deposits4 ,footnote #fe3 ,i did n f9d any =am9if]al %ells or o!r organic rema9s ei!r 9 ?is tuff or 9 ! simil> tuffs occurr+ on ! adjac5t slope ( ,va-lili up to #a1ajj feet4 ,my specim5s1 h[ev]1 are v small4 ,footnote #ff3 ,x rises 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! view4 ,footnote #fg3 ,!y are describ$ "u sample ,e on p4 #ccb4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e-basalts4 ,footnote #fi3 ,on ! "r side ( ! riv] close to ,vatu-kawa !re are "s cliffs display+ a section ( ! m\nta9\s spur1 ref]r$ to on p4 #aea1 t sep>ates ! valleys ( ! ,mbale-mbale & ,vatu-kawa riv]s1 an exposure q ap>t f ! rocks exhibit$ on ! adjac5t s\!rn slopes ( ! ma9 range4 ,^! cliffs are =m$ ( b$d$ grey tuffs m>k$ by s+le lay]s ( blocks #f to #h in*es across & dipp+ ab\t #cj ,s4,s4,w4 ,! tuffs 9 _! texture are n unlike sub-a]ial tuff-deposits4 ,!y conta9 no lime & are compos$ ( basic mat]ials ) a little palagonite4 ,!y seem to indicate "s subsidi>y v5t1 close to ! pres5t village ( ,vatu-kawa1 :i* may h be5 active %ortly be=e or dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ?is di/rict4 ,footnote #gj3 ,^! alt]$ tuffs on ! s\!rn slope ( ?is range are describ$ on p4 #ccb4 ,footnote #ga3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #af1 species ,a1 sub-species #a1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #i1 sub-g5us ,a1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #i1 sub-g5us ,b1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #gd3 ,bo? ^! rocks belong to ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites1 %[+ ph5ocry/s ( bo? monocl9ic & rhombic pyrox5e4 ,! fir/ belongs to ! or?ophyric ord] describ$ on p4 #bij2 :il/ ! second belongs to ! second ord] 7g5us #ac1 p4 #bhg7 :]e ! felsp>s ( ! gr\ndmass are la!-l & 9 fl[ arrangem5t4 ,footnote #ge3 ,! highe/ dyke tr5ds ,n4 #dh ,e4 & is incl9$ f ! v]tical ab\t #ae ,n4,w4 ,! dyke1 #e or #f y>ds bel[ x1 tr5ds ,n4 #cj;,e4 & is v]tical4 ,! dyke1 #ej y>ds f>!r d[n1 tr5ds ,n4 #ce ,e4 & is incl9$ f ! v]tical ab\t #e ,n4,w4 ,! incl9ation 0 only e/imat$4 ,! be>+s are true4 ,footnote #gf3 ,bo? ! types are ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! augite-&esites1 ! oliv9e1 :5 pres5t1 be+ q insuffici5t to give a "* to ! rock4 ,!y h[ev] belong to diff]5t species accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! felsp>-la!s1 :i* 9 ! dol]itic rocks av]ages #b mm4 & 9 ! o!r type #jh mm4 ,footnote #gg3 ,x is po9t$ out on p4 #e t ?is "n is wrongly appli$ 9 ! ,admiralty *>ts to ,m\nt ,mbat9i1 a m\nta9 ab\t ?ree miles s\? ( x4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #gi3 ,!y are blacki% & some:at compact 7sp4 gr4 #bfg-bga7 & h v small felsp>-la!s less ?an #a mm4 long4 ,!y conta9 bo? rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5e1 & are ref]r$ to g5]a #a & #ac ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite-&esites4 ,footnote #hj3 ,i discov]$ ?is error 9 a r practical fa%ion by asc5d+ ! wrong m\nta94 ,! natives 7 engag$ to take me to ,koro-mbasanga & !y p]=m$ _! task1 my an]oid & compass soon indicat+ t ,i 0 n on ! highe/ peak ( ! isl&1 b on a less] peak ?ree miles nor? ( x4 ,footnote #ha3 ,vula ,votu is ! "n ( a peak ly+ to ! ea/4 ,ngo9angai is a =k$ m\nta9 /ill fur!r ea/4 ,footnote #hb3 ,a k9d ( 8edible0 bird's-ne/ is f\nd 9 ?is cave4 ,footnote #hc3 ,?is rock is describ$ on p4 #bea4 ,footnote #hd3 ,x is describ$ "u ,sample ,c on p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #he3 ,x is granul>1 b fuses 9 ! bl[pipe flame into a cle> glass & gelat9ises 9 ,h,cl4 ,probably a =m ( natrolite4 ,footnote #hf3 ,x is describ$ "u ,sample ,d on p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #hg3 ,t5 ,mon?s 9 ,fiji1 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #hh3 ,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji1 pp4 #aed1 #afi2 ,london1 #ahha4 ,footnote #hi3 ,x displays an abundance ( small ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase1 augite1 & oliv9e p>tly s]p5t9is$1 9 a gr\ndmass compos$ 9 ! ma9 ( co>se augite gra9s 7#jbe mm4 9 size7 & ( felsp> microli?s 7#jg mm4 9 l5g?7 9 small] proportion1 ) little if any residual glass4 ,specific gravity #bih4 ,x is ne> ! ,waikawa basalt1 ref]r$ to on p4 #bjb1 & is plac$ 9 ! same g5us 7#ac7 ( ! oliv9e class4 ,footnote #ij3 ,!y are describ$ on p4 #bfi "u ! non-porphyritic sub-g5us ( g5us #b ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #ia3 ,^! rocks are 9 mo/ cases ref]r$ to ! or?ophyric & felsitic ord]s ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,! rocks ( ! la/-nam$ ord] prevail1 & =m ! type ( ! gr\p1 z describ$ on p4 #bia4 ,footnote #ib3 ,x belongs to g5us #cg ( ! oliv9e class4 ,! felsp>-la!s av]age #jb mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little alt]$ int]/itial glass4 ,footnote #ic3 ,x is ref]r$ to g5us #af1 species ,d1 ( ! augite-&esites4 ,! felsp>-la!s h an av]age l5g? ( #c mm4 ,footnote #id3 ,proce$+s1 ,que5sl& ,bran*1 ,geographical ,society ( ,au/ralia1 vol4 i42 #ahhf4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #i ( ! augite-&esites4 ,footnote #if3 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( ^! rocks are describ$ on p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #ig3 ,geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,footnote #ih3 ,a ,ye> 9 ,fiji1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #ii3 ,describ$ on p4 #caj4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,^! rocks are describ$ on p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #aja3 ,x conta9s small ph5ocry/s ( plagioclase 7m$ium &es9e71 & ( augite & rhombic pyrox5e1 & is ref]r$ to g5us #a ( ! hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see pap] quot$ on p4 #ca4 ,x is notewor?y t ,mr4 ,horne ref]s only to a s+le float+ isl&4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,j\rnal1 ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,june1 #ahid4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,describ$ on p4 #cji4 ,footnote #aje3 ,describ$ on p4 #caj4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #ac ( ! augite-&esites4 ,! felsp>-la!s av]age #a mm4 9 l5g?1 & !re is a little int]/itial glass4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ref]r$ to g5us #af ( ! augite-&esites4 ,!re are two sets ( felsp>-la!s 9 ! gr\ndmass2 ! l>g]1 #bc mm4 long1 are m or less p>allel2 ! small]1 #jd mm4 long1 =m a plexus4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,ea* division w\ld !oretically also possess an or?ophyric & a felsitic ord]2 b ^! ord]s are n repres5t$ 9 my collection & ne$ only be m5tion$4 ,footnote #aji3 ,n repres5t$ 9 ! collection4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,i apply ! t]m 8diorite0 to granitoid rocks =m$ entirely ( plagioclase & hornbl5de4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,accord+ to ! size ( ! plagioclase ph5ocry/s1 :e!r av]ag+ less ?an or m ?an #c mm4 9 size1 ^! rocks may be divid$ into a non-porphyritic & a porphyritic sub-g5us4 ,footnote #aab3 ,petrographie des ,viti ,ar*ipels2 ,m9]4 und ,petrogr4 ,mit!il2 b& v1 heft #a1 ,wi51 #ahhb4 ,footnote #aac3 ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 ,,ii4 ,report ,sci5t4 ,results2 ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g]2 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #aad3 ,petrographical ,notes on ! ,fiji ,isl&s2 ,proce$4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci5ces2 vol4 #cd2 no4 #ba2 ,may1 #ahii4 ,footnote #aae3 ,notes on ! ,lime/ones & ,g5]al ,geology ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool1 vol4 #e4 ,geolog4 ,s]4 vol4 #e1 no4 #a1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,nov4 #aijj4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,wi*mann describes rocks f ! cliffs ( ! ,s+atoka riv] & f ,ovalau4 ,footnote #aag3 ,geology ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 by ,h4 ,b4 ,guppy1 #ahhg1 pp4 #f1 #cf4 ,footnote #aah3 ,! t]m 8felsitic &esite0 is suitable = ?is micr(elsitic type4 ,footnote #aai3 ,i h borr[$ ?is t]m f ,ros5bus*'s ,microscopical ,physiography ( ! ,rock-mak+ ,m9]als1 translat$ by ,idd+s4 ,footnote #abj3 ,*all5g] ,reports1 ,physics & ,*emi/ry ,,ii4 ,footnote #aba3 ,neues ,jahrb4 fur ,m9]alogie1 #ahhd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,= _! mode ( occurr5ce1 see pp4 #bae1 #bbj1 #bcj-bcc4 ,footnote #abc3 ,highly alt]$ rocks ( ?is class are expos$ at ! base ( ,m\nt ,nailo?a z describ$ on p4 #bae4 ,footnote #abd3 ,see "w quot$ on p4 #bah4 ,footnote #abe3 ,see p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geolog4 ,soc4 xliv4 #ahhh4 ,footnote #abg3 ,zirkel's ,petrographie1 iii41 #fid4 ,footnote #abh3 ,?is basalt is n fusible 9 ! ord9>y bl[-pipe flame4 ,footnote #abi3 ,9 ?is connection see ! description ( ! ,soloa-levu pit*/one on p4 #cab4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see ! note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #aca3 ,quot$ 9 ,zirkel's ,petrographie1 iii41 #fhi4 ,footnote #acb3 ,i h visit$ ?is locality on sev]al occasions ) ! special object ( /udy+ ! relation ( ! basalt to ! associat$ palagonite-tuffs & clays4 ,a g5]al discussion ( ?is "q w\ld be out ( place "h2 b ,i may rem>k t ! conclusion arriv$ at by me is t ^! deposits are n s$im5t>y b are entirely ! result ( ! dis9tegration ( palagonite 9 situ4 ,?is is q oppos$ to ! view ( _! s$im5t>y orig9 held by ,dr4 ,john/on-,lavis1 ,pr(4 ,platania1 & o!r ,italian geologi/s4444 ,! basalt is scoriace\s1 semi-vitre\s1 & semi-ophitic1 & closely approa*es ! type ( basalt above def9$4 ,footnote #acc3 ,reis5 auf d5 ,viti-,inseln1 z quot$ on p4 #bb4 ,footnote #acd3 ,petrographie des ,viti-,ar*ipels1 quot$ on p4 #bic4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see "w quot$ on p4 #cgh4 ,footnote #acf3 ,solomon ,isl&s & _! ,natives1 by ,h4 ,b4 ,guppy1 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #acg3 ,! region is describ$ on pp4 #bbd-bbh4 ,footnote #ach3 ,= ! mean+ ( 8talas+a0 see p4 #ee4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! portion exhibit+ ! coral /ructure has a specific gravity ( #bed4 ,footnote #adj3 ,a good li/ ( ref]5ces to ! e>ly ,g]man au?orities on ! subject is giv5 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = #ahca1 vol4 #bj4444 ,zirkel 9 8 ,lehrbu* d] ,petrographie 7#ahic1 vol4 i4 p4 #efe7 gives mo/ ( ^! & _m m rec5t4444 ,h>k] 9 8 pap] bel[ nam$ ref]s to a review ( ! e>li] lit]ature 9 ,v]h4 naturh4 ,v]e9s4 ,bonn1 #ahea1 vol4 #h1 & to a m complete bibliography by ,meli 9 ,boll4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,ital4 #ahha1 vol4 #i4444 ,briti% ,association ,report 9 #ahhi by ,pr(essors ,rck] & ,?orpe on ! ,magnetic ,/ate ( ! ,briti% ,isles4444 ,nature = ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #ahid1 c4444 ,h>k] on magnetic di/urbances 9 ! ,isle ( ,skye1 ,proc4 ,cambr4 ,philos4 ,soc4 vol4 #aj1 "p #e4444 ,sk9n] 9 ,proc4 ,cambr4 ,philos4 ,soc4 ,may1 #ahid4444 ,cl>k 9 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,in/it4 ,cornwall1 #ahij-ic4444 ,folgh]ait] 9 ,framm5ti conc]nanti la ge(isica1 ,rome3 ref]r$ to 9 ,nature1 ,july #bg1 #ahii1 & ,nov4 #h1 #aijj4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ne>ly all volcanic rocks at all basic are magnetic1 ow+ to ! con/ant pres5ce ( magnetite2 b magnetic pol>ity1 :5 ! rock-fragm5t has a negative & a positive pole1 is n directly conc]n$ 9 volcanic rocks ) ! m9]al composition4 ,footnote #adb3 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ obs]vations 7 made on granites & tra*ytes4 ,footnote #adc3 ,geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 #ahdi1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #add3 ,qu>t]ly j\rnal ,geological ,society1 vol4 li41 p4 #dfi4 ,footnote #ade3 ,wilkes' ,n>rative ( ! ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii41 #ahe4 ,footnote #adf3 ,( ! tuffs & clays1 almo/ all subm>9e & (t5 conta9+ te/s ( =am9if]a & sometimes molluscan %ells1 ab\t #ij p] c5t4 exhibit simple magnetism 9 a slight degree1 b out ( ne>ly #ajj specim5s te/$ none %[ pol>ity4 ,footnote #adg3 ,on p4 #ceg w be f\nd "s notes on ! magnetic iron s& t occurs 9 great abundance 9 riv] & /ream b$s4 ,footnote #adh3 ,^! values repres5t ! numb] ( degrees t ! magnetic ne$le is repell$4 ,! me?od is describ$ above4 ,a note on ! av]age am\nt ( pol>ity f\nd 9 all my pol>ic rocks is giv5 at ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,! t]m 8dacite0 is "h an equival5t ( 8felsitic &esite40 ,footnote #adi3 ,?is "n has be5 wrongly appli$ 9 ! ,admiralty *>t to ! m\nta9 ( ,mbat9i4 ,koro-mbasanga1 #b1ejj feet1 lies ?ree miles to ! nor?4 ,footnote #aej3 ,?is rock is describ$ on p4 #aji4 ,!re is no exceptional developm5t ( magnetite = a basic rock 9 ! gr\ndmass4 ,footnote #aea3 ,un=tunately1 ,i h no data = ! peaks ( ,na ,r>o & ,vatu ,kaisia1 except t specim5s obta9$ bel[ ! summits are non-pol>ic4 ,9 ! case ( ,na ,r>o ,i did n reta9 ! specim5 obta9$ at ! top2 :il/ 9 my asc5t ( ,vatu ,kaisia ,i did n q rea* ! summit4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,! mode ( measurem5t is describ$ on p4 #cff4 ,footnote #aec3 ,see pp4 #b1 #ae1 #ah1 #ef1 #fb1 #gb1 c4 ,footnote #aed3 ,! ,isl&s & ,coral ,reefs ( ,fiji1 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool4 ,h>v4 ,coll4 vol4 #cc1 #ahii4 ,footnote #aee3 ,scott4 ,geogr4 ,mag4 #ahie4 ,footnote #aef3 ,anci5t ,volcanoes ( ,great ,brita91 by ,sir ,a4 ,geikie1 #ahig1 ii4 #bfj4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see ,wi*mann 9 ,m94 und ,petrog4 ,mit?4 b& v4 heft #a4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 ,,vi4 #afe1 #ahih4 ,see also ,agassiz on ! ,isl&s & ,coral ,reefs ( ,fiji1 be=e quot$4 ,footnote #aei3 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahgi-hj1 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #afj3 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geolog4 ,soc4 vol4 #dd1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #afa3 ,see ,preface to ! report ( ,mr4 ,&rews quot$ on a lat] page4 ,footnote #afb3 ,das ,antlitz d] ,erde1 ,fr5* edition by ,e4 de ,m>g]ie1 ii4 #ecd4 ,footnote #afc3 ,see ! pap] be=e quot$ on ! coral reefs ( ,fiji4 ,footnote #afd3 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool4 ,h>v4 ,coll4 vol4 #ch4 ,geolog4 ,s]4 vol4 #e1 no4 #a1 #aijj4 ,on ! ,lime/ones & ,g5]al ,geology ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,&rews4 ,footnote #afe3 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geolog4 ,soc4 vol4 #dg1 p4 #eij1 #ahia4 ,see also ,mr4 ,h>k]'s pap] bel[ quot$4 ,footnote #aff3 ,geolog4 ,mag4 ,june1 #ahia4 ,footnote #afg3 ,seemann's ,flora ,viti5sis1 ,horne's ,ye> 9 ,fiji1 ,hillebr&'s ,flora ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 ,hemsley's 8,flora ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s0 9 ,j\rnal ,l9nean ,society1 ,botany1 vol4 #cj4 ,footnote #afh3 ,see ,hutton ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif1 ,baur1 ,am]4 ,nat4 #ahig1 ,pilsbry1 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,philad4 #aijj1 ,h$ley1 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib1 #ahii1 c4 ,footnote #afi3 ,! t]m 8basalt0 is "h us$ 9 a g5]al s5se to include oliv9e-basalts1 basaltic &esites1 & o!r basic types ( ! augite-&esites & hyp]/h5e-augite &esites4 ,footnote #agj3 ,! usual signification ( 8koro0 z a prefix or "p ( names ( hills & m\nta9s is a 8prom95ce0 or 8projection40 ,x is a mi/ake on my "p to assume t 9 su* cases x is z a rule equival5t to a t[n or village4 --------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,!re is "s inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 9 ?is book :i* has n be5 normaliz$4 ,"s corrections h be5 made to ! text4 ,9 p>ticul>1 punctuation 0 correct$4 ,additionally1 ! foll[+ *anges h be5 made3 p4 #aj bewe5 - betwe5 p4 #ge #ae m4 long - #ae mm4 long p4 #aad ts - its p4 #bjh aud - & p4 #bdd ,pyroxy5e - ,pyrox5e p4 #bgj adop$ - adopt$ p4 #cde tea-e/at - tea-e/ate