,,transcriber',s ,,note3 ,minor typographical errors have been addressed1 but standardisation of the differing spelling of ,ojibwe words has not been attempted4 ,,bulletin ,,of ,,the ,,public ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,milwaukee ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #c1 ,pp4 #cbg-ebe1 ,plates #df-gg ,may #b1 #aicb ,ethnobotany of the ,ojibwe ,indians ,by ,huron ,h4 ,smith ,,milwaukee1 ,,wis41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,published by ,order of the ,board of ,trustees ,printed by the ,,aetna ,,press1 ,,inc4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,engravings by the ,,schroeder ,,engraving ,,company ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,ethnobotany of the ,ojibwe ,indians ,,contents ,page ,foreword #ccc ,introduction #ccg ,ojibwe ,medicines #cdh ,ojibwe ,medicinal ,materials #ceb ,other than plants #ceb ,ojibwe ,medicinal ,plants #cec ,ojibwe ,vegetal ,foods #cic ,ojibwe ,food ,plants #cid ,ojibwe ,vegetal ,fibers #daa ,ojibwe ,fiber ,plants #dab ,ojibwe ,vegetal ,dyes #dbd ,ojibwe ,dye ,plants #dbd ,miscellaneous ,uses of ,plants #dbf ,conclusion #dcc ,,illustrations ,plates ,plate ,,xlvi4 fig4 #a4 ,ojibwe garden4 fig4 #b4 ,ojibwe wigwam4 ,,xlvii4 fig4 #a4 ,ojibwe dream dance4 fig4 #b4 ,jerking deer meat4 ,,xlviii4 fig4 #a4 ,bead work4 fig4 #b4 ,lac du ,flambeau4 ,,xlix4 fig4 #a4 ,birch bark baskets4 fig4 #b4 ,cradle board4 ,l4 fig4 #a4 ,pounding ash splints4 fig4 #b4 ,making baskets4 ,,li4 fig4 #a4 ,rushes for weaving4 fig4 #b4 ,ojibwe grave houses4 ,,lii4 fig4 #a4 ,peeling birch log4 fig4 #b4 ,birch bark roll4 ,,liii4 fig4 #a4 ,splitting cedar log4 fig4 #b4 ,making canoe ribs4 ,,liv4 fig4 #a4 ,shaping canoe nose4 fig4 #b4 ,canoe form4 ,,lv4 fig4 #a4 ,jack ,pine roots4 fig4 #b4 ,coiled roots4 ,,lvi4 fig4 #a4 ,boiling pitch4 fig4 #b4 ,sewing canoe4 ,,lvii4 fig4 #a4 ,pitching seams4 fig4 #b4 ,launching canoe4 ,,lviii4 fig4 #a4 ,ojibwe garden4 fig4 #b4 ,bark wigwam4 ,,lix4 fig4 #a4 ,piawantaginum4 fig4 #b4 ,white ,cloud4 ,,lx4 fig4 #a4 ,bear ,island4 fig4 #b4 ,tamarack branch4 ,,lxi4 fig4 #a4 ,ground ,pine4 fig4 #b4 ,giant ,puffball4 ,,lxii4 fig4 #a4 ,balsam ,fir4 fig4 #b4 ,white ,spruce4 ,,lxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,white ,pine4 fig4 #b4 ,norway ,pine4 ,,lxiv4 fig4 #a4 ,bur ,oak4 fig4 #b4 ,red ,oak4 ,,lxv4 fig4 #a4 ,red ,maple4 fig4 #b4 ,mountain ,holly4 ,,lxvi4 fig4 #a4 ,sphagnum ,moss4 fig4 #b4 ,virginia ,grape ,fern4 ,,lxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,pitcher-plant4 fig4 #b4 ,cranberries4 ,,lxviii4 fig4 #a4 ,poison ,ivy4 fig4 #b4 ,box ,elder4 ,,lxix4 fig4 #a4 ,balsam ,apple4 fig4 #b4 ,great ,willow-herb4 ,,lxx4 fig4 #a4 ,wild ,currant4 fig4 #b4 ,river-bank ,grape4 ,,lxxi4 fig4 #a4 ,canada ,mayflower4 fig4 #b4 ,spikenard4 ,,lxxii4 fig4 #a4 ,twisted ,stalk4 fig4 #b4 ,solomon's ,seal4 ,,lxxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,meadow ,rue4 fig4 #b4 ,carrion-flower4 ,,lxxiv4 fig4 #a4 ,wild ,columbine4 fig4 #b4 ,canada ,anemone4 ,,lxxv4 fig4 #a4 ,goldthread4 fig4 #b4 ,wintergreen4 ,,lxxvi4 fig4 #a4 ,red ,baneberry4 fig4 #b4 ,labrador ,tea4 ,,lxxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,agrimony4 fig4 #b4 ,hawthorn4 ,,foreword ,this bulletin is the third in a series of six1 recounting the field work done among ,wisconsin ,indians to discover their present uses of native or introduced plants and1 insofar as is possible1 the history of these plant uses by their ancestors4 ,as far back as #ahhh ,hoffman#he reported that the medicinal lore of the ,ojibwe would soon be gone4 ,but thirty-two years later1 it is still partially recalled and practised among the more primitive bands of these people4 ,how long it will persist is problematical4 ,the ,ojibwe are the most numerous of any of our tribes and as long as they live in the northern forest and lake district of ,wisconsin1 so long will the older ,indians continue to explain the natural history of their environment to the young men and women of the tribe4 ,the writer deplores the brevity of the time that could be devoted to each tribe1 and applauds the similar study reported by ,miss ,frances ,densmore#hf in her fifteen years of research among the ,ojibwe4 ,necessarily the most valuable information comes from the oldest ,indians1 and many informants have died since this study was made4 ,three trips were made1 usually of six weeks duration4 ,the first was made in ,june1 #aibc to the ,lac du ,flambeau ,reservation1 in ,vilas ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,the same region was visited again later in the fall4 ,during the spring of #aibd one trip was made to ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota1 where the remnant of the ,pillager ,band of the ,ojibwe live on ,bear ,island1 7,plate #fj1 fig4 #a71 and the surrounding mainland4 ,since then1 trips have been made to ,redcliff1 ,bayfield ,county1 to ,odanah1 ,iron ,county1 to ,lac ,court ,oreilles1 ,clark ,county1 and to scattered bands in various sections of northern ,wisconsin4 ,the principal work was done at ,lac du ,flambeau and ,leech ,lake4 ,the ,leech ,lake trip checked results obtained at ,lac du ,flambeau4 ,the writer thanks those officials and private citizens who assisted by introductions to ,indians and by making his stay among them comfortable4 ,mr4 ,james ,w4 ,balmer1 ,indian ,agent1 then at ,lac du ,flambeau1 now at ,pipestone1 ,minnesota1 and his chief clerk1 ,mr4 ,walter ,h4 ,shawnee1 a ,shawnee ,indian1 still in service at ,lac du ,flambeau1 and ,mr4 ,john ,allen1 ,ojibwe ,indian and school disciplinarian all gave valued advice and quartered us at their ,teacher's ,club4 ,mr4 ,edward ,rogers1 of ,walker1 ,minnesota1 a very successful ,ojibwe attorney1 and the ,noble brothers1 ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,noble and ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 78,van07 ,noble1 proprietor of ,forest ,view ,lodge1 directly across from ,bear ,island1 rendered valuable assistance with the ,pillager band of ,ojibwe4 ,the writer collected every plant he could find in each region because he had been informed that the ,ojibwe differ from other ,wisconsin ,indians in that they believe that every plant that grows is some kind of medicine or useful for something4 ,the only plants discovered for which they had no name or use were adventive plants1 and one could fairly well establish the date of their appearance in the state1 because the ,indians pay much more attention to our native flora than do the whites4 ,most of our informants were men1 because they found it easier to talk to the writer than the women4 ,it was easy to get the women to talk of old time methods of preparing aboriginal foods4 ,the ,ojibwe had a large number of hunting medicines used as charms4 ,these were accompanied by drawings on the ground designating what they hoped to accomplish in killing game for their larder4 ,about sixty-five per cent of their medicinal plants were actually valuable medicinally1 the remainder being employed in a shamanistic or superstitious manner4 ,the writer concludes that their great knowledge of plants has been achieved through long periods of time by a process of trial and error1 basing this belief upon their fear of mushrooms4 ,both men and women pointed out plants in their native habitat and were willing to explain their uses4 ,they are the real ones to thank for the facts discovered and without their cooperation such a study would be impossible4 ,a list of them follows4 ,in conformity with previous bulletins1 the plants will be listed 7#a7 under their various uses and 7#b7 under each of these captions1 alphabetically by their families4 ,where possible1 the literal translation of the ,indian name is given4#hg ,,informants ,in the course of this work many informants have assisted the author1 among whom the following residents of ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wisconsin1 should be noted3 ,jas4 ,w4 ,balmer1 ,indian ,agent2 ,walter ,h4 ,shawnee1 ,chief ,clerk2 ,charley ,burns1 ,cagkecci1 ,indian ,policeman2 ,john ,allen1 ,indian ,disciplinarian2 ,anawabi 7,exalted ,one7 ,village ,chief2 ,jack ,doud1 ,kkk 7,sparrow-hawk7 ,captain in ,civil ,war2 ,bert ,skye1 ,anawabi's ,son2 ,mrs4 ,bert ,skye2 ,bear ,skin1 ,mkwean 7,bearskin7 ,medicine ,man2 ,jack ,patterson1 ,skurtz1 of ,sand ,lake2 ,long ,john ,bear of ,pelican ,lake2 ,john ,white ,feather1 ,wabackiganebi1 of ,flambeau ,lake2 ,mrs4 ,john ,white ,feather2 ,webujuonokwe1 of ,flambeau village2 ,amkons 7,young ,beaver7 of ,flambeau village4 ,we also received information from the following residents of ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota1 ,ga-sagaskwadjimkag3 ,ben ,smith1 ,pcikci 7,deer7 of ,boy ,lake1 ,minnesota2 ,edward ,rogers of ,walker1 ,minnesota2 ,john ,peper1 ,jigwabe of ,bear ,island2 ,piawantaginm1 ,peper's mother2 ,white ,cloud1 ,wabackanakwad 7,white ,cloud7 of ,bear ,island2 ,inwapikwe1 ,white ,cloud's wife2 ,wasawanakwt1 ,white ,cloud's son of ,federal ,dam1 ,minnesota2 ,john ,smith1 ,ajovbnesa of ,bear ,island2 ,mowcgaws of ,bear ,island2 ,ed ,coming1 ,getakibnes1 of ,brevick1 ,minnesota4 ,micimn 7,apple71 ,chief1 and ,john ,goslin1 ,wabackiganebi1 of ,lac ,court ,oreilles1 ,wisconsin1 also contributed information4 ,,phonetic ,,key ,the ,ojibwe have written their language for a longer time than any other ,algonquin tribe and1 while they employ a syllabary#hh in corresponding with absent members of the tribe1 it has little value to the ethnologist4 ,the writer has two books printed in ,english and ,ojibwe4 ,one is 8,a collection of ,chippeway and ,english ,hymns01 translated by ,peter ,jones1 ,indian ,missionary1 the second edition of which was printed by the ,methodist ,book ,concern in #ahdg4 ,this was given to the writer by ,mr4 ,henry ,ritchie1 an ,ojibwe1 of ,laona1 ,wisconsin4 ,the other is 8,a ,dictionary of the ,otchipwe ,language01 explained in ,english1 ,part #a1 ,english-,otchipwe1 by ,r4,r4 ,bishop ,baraga1 published by ,beauchemin and ,valois1 ,montreal1 in #ahgh4 ,this was given to the writer by ,capt4 ,john ,valentine ,satterlee1 of the ,menomini tribe1 ,keshena1 ,wisconsin4 ,with the aid of either of them one experiences little difficulty in pronouncing ,ojibwe words4 ,in this bulletin1 the following phonetic system will be used4 ,,vowels a as in art as in flat e as in prey as in met i as in police as in bit o as in go as in luck u as in rule w1 y and h as in ,english ai as in aisle ,,consonants ,post-,pal ,medio-,pal ,pre-,pal ,dental ,bilabial ,stop k1 g d t t b p ,spirant c j s z ,affricative dj tc f v ,nasal n m s as in since g as in give z as in zeal c as sound of sh j as sound of zh tc as sound of tc in witch dj as sound of j in jug ,while the writer is not a linguist1 ,indian pronunciation came easily to him and he was able to pronounce all plant names in an intelligible manner to ,ojibwe people whom he had never seen before4 ,,introduction ,the subjects of this bulletin1 the ,ojibwe ,indians1 have probably been designated by more different spellings of their name than any other tribe in the country4 ,the anglicized version is ,chippewa1 an adaptation of the ,ojibway of ,longfellow4 ,ojibway means 8to roast till puckered up10 referring to the puckered seams on their moccasins1 from 8,ojib01 8to pucker up01 8ub-way01 8to roast04 ,in historic literature some of the more common ways of spelling their name have been3 ,achipoes1 ,chepeways1 ,chipaways1 ,odjibwag1 ,otchipwe1 ,uchipweys4 ,less familiar names applied to them have been3 ,baouichtigouin1 ,bawichtigouek1 ,dewakanha1 ,dshipowehaga1 ,estiaghicks1 ,hahatwawne1 ,khahkhahtons1 ,neayaog1 ,ninniwas1 ,saulteur1 ,santeaux1 ,wahkahtowah and at least fifty others4 ,the ,ojibwe is one of the largest tribes in the ,united ,states and ,canada1 and lived originally along both shores of the ,great ,lakes as far west as the ,turtle ,mountains1 ,north ,dakota4 ,they are of ,algonkian stock and in the north are closely related to the ,cree and ,maskegon tribes4 ,in the south1 through ,michigan1 ,wisconsin and ,minnesota they have always been closely associated with the ,ottawa and ,pottawatomi4 ,these three have been recently called the ,three ,fires ,confederacy4 ,their languages were even similar1 and ,pottawatomi have often told the writer that their tongue was an abbreviated ,ojibwe language1--8like it was a nickname04 ,this numerous people lived far away from the frontiers of the colonial war period1 hence are not often mentioned in the early history of the ,united ,states4 ,the original habitation of the ,ojibwe in ,wisconsin is supposed to have been at ,la ,pointe1 a town no longer in existence1 in ,ashland ,county1 near ,lake ,superior4 ,the first reference to them in history is in the ,jesuit ,relation of #afdj when they resided at ,sault ,ste4 ,marie4 ,it is thought that ,nicolet met them either in #afcd or #afci4 ,father ,allouez found them at ,superior1 ,wisconsin1 in #affe-fg4 ,according to ,perrot1#hi in #afgj-ii those ,ojibwe on the ,lake ,superior shore of ,wisconsin cultivated corn and were living peaceably with their neighbors1 the ,sioux4 ,about this time they first obtained fire-arms1 and pushed their way westward fighting with the ,sioux and the ,meskwaki4 ,the ,french established a trading post at ,shangawawmikong1 afterwards ,la ,pointe1 in #afib1 which was the most important ,ojibwe settlement in ,wisconsin4 ,in the early years of the eighteenth century1 the ,ojibwe succeeded in driving the ,meskwaki from northern ,wisconsin1 when the ,meskwaki joined forces with the ,sauk ,indians4 ,the ,ojibwe then turned their attention to the ,sioux1 driving them across the ,mississippi and as far as the ,turtle ,mountains in ,north ,dakota4 ,the ,ojibwe took part in frontier settlement wars up to the close of the war of #ahab4 ,those living within the ,united ,states made a treaty with the ,government in #ahae and have since remained peaceful1 with the exception of a minor uprising among the ,pillager ,band of ,ojibwe on ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota4 ,most of them live on reservations or allotted land in ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota and ,north ,dakota4 ,there was a small band of ,swan ,creek and ,black ,river ,ojibwe who sold their lands in ,michigan in #ahcf and went to live with the ,munsee1 in ,franklin ,county1 ,kansas4 ,it was represented to the writer that the ,pillager ,band of ,ojibwe should be quite interesting and primitive since they were the only unsubdued ,indians left in the ,united ,states4 ,they are supposed to have revolted during the ,civil ,war1 when ,government attention was concentrated on determining whether or not1 the ,union should be preserved4 ,they pillaged a small town1 killed the inhabitants1 took all of the food stores and fled to ,bear ,island in ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota1 shown in plate #fj1 fig4 #a4 ,again1 while the ,united ,states was at war with ,spain in #ahih1 the ,ojibwe complained bitterly about certain irregularities in regard to the disposal of the dead and fallen timber on ,leech ,lake ,reservation4 ,they accused white speculators of firing the woods to create a class of timber known as dead and down timber1 thus depriving them of their winter livelihood in logging operations4#ij ,rather indiscriminate arrests of the ,pillager ,indians by ,united ,states marshals caused resentment and the actual warfare was caused by the attempt of a deputy marshal to arrest certain ,indians accused of selling whiskey on the reservation4 ,on ,september #ae1 #ahih1 two ,indians were arrested by deputy marshals and rescued by their comrades4 ,warrants were issued for the arrest of the more than twenty ,indians who had assisted in the rescue4 ,since the marshals feared the ,indians1 they asked for the assistance of troops4 ,it was thought that a show of force by regular troops would be sufficient4 ,twenty men of the ,third ,regiment ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry were sent1 but since the ,indians showed no sign of yielding eighty more left ,fort ,snelling for ,walker1 ,minnesota4 ,major ,m4 ,c4 ,wilkinson and ,general ,j4 ,m4 ,bacon were in charge4 ,two small lake steamers and a barge took the troops to ,bear ,island1 and they anchored in shoal water just across from the island1 proceeding by barge to the mainland4 ,the battle took place at the house of ,bujonegicig1 who died only a few years ago4 ,the troops were fired upon from the woods and ,major ,wilkinson1 ,sergeant ,butler and four privates were killed4 ,ten were wounded4 ,on ,october #f1 #ahih1 #bad more troops came to assist1 but no further firing was encountered and the uprising was over4 ,the ,commissioner of ,indian ,affairs1 ,w4 ,a4 ,jones1 arrived from ,washington1 ,october #aj4 ,the next morning he and ,father ,aloysius1 a priest with great influence over the ,indians1 held a long and friendly conference with the ,pillager chiefs investigating and settling the timber complaints4 ,troops flooded that country and persuaded the ,bear ,islanders to respond to the warrants4 ,they were duly tried1 sentenced and fined1 but the fines were remitted and after two months imprisonment the sentences were commuted and pardons granted4 ,the writer found but few who remembered the battle1 for while there were over a hundred men able to bear arms in #ahih1 the ,ojibwe could not successfully fight the influenza attack of #aiai and the present population consists of only fourteen persons3 ,john ,peper1 wife1 daughter and mother2 ,white ,cloud1 shown in plate #ei1 fig4 #b1 wife and son2 ,mockawus and wife2 ,john ,smith1 ,frank ,marshall1 wife and two children4 ,john ,peper's mother was said to be #ajf years old and looked the part1 as shown in plate #ei1 fig4 #a4 ,john1 her youngest boy was past #gj years of age4 ,another very old resident1 ,john ,smith1 had died the year before the writer arrived4 ,his age was said to be #ach years4 ,his recollections are said to have included ,george ,washington as ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,all of our ,ojibwe residents in ,wisconsin and those in ,michigan and ,minnesota were forest ,indians and1 as such1 great hunters1 although they cultivated maize in a small way4 ,they made very superior birch bark canoes and were at home on the many lakes of the northland1 subsisting largely on fish and game4 ,while at the present time1 they dress themselves to satisfy the pre-conceived ideas of tourists1 in the early days1 their headdress consisted of otter skin caps1 often embellished with eagle feathers1 one for each enemy slain in battle and consequently for each scalp secured4 ,the great feathered bonnet was not of their culture1 but has been more recently borrowed from the ,plains ,indians4 ,they never used the tepee of the ,plains ,indians1 such as is shown in plate #df1 fig4 #b1 and in plate #eh1 fig4 #b1 but built a wigwam4 ,the wigwam was easily constructed in a half-day's time4 ,poles were thrust into the ground in a circle of from twelve to twenty feet1 their tips bent and securely tied in the center with basswood bark cord to form a hemisphere1 about eight feet in height at the center4 ,the whole was then covered with bark of balsam1 or woven cat-tail mats1 such as the one shown in plate #df1 fig4 #b1 and roofed with birch bark4 ,an entrance and smoke hole were left and mats thrown upon the ground4 ,it was much warmer than a tepee and better adapted to the heavy snow fall of the north1 and to low temperatures4 ,all of their storage houses and their smaller sweat lodges were similarly made4 ,their medicine lodges followed the same construction though they were much longer3 being eighty1 a hundred and even a hundred and fifty feet in length4 ,we had occasion to see the medicine lodge in use several times during our stay at ,lac du ,flambeau4 ,this lodge was in the old ,flambeau village1 just at the edge of the woods4 ,it was a huge affair1 about one hundred and fifty feet long1 with a stout framework of saplings joined together and arched over at a height of eight feet4 ,the framework was rigidly held together with other horizontal saplings secured by basswood bark cord at every junction of poles4 ,it stood as a framework for several years4 ,during use1 the sides of this framework are covered with cat-tail mats and the top with sewed birch bark1 as shown in figure #ba1 of the ,museum's #aibc ,yearbook4 ,by using a bone needle and nettle string the cat-tail mats are sewed together with an invisible stitch1 that makes a windproof cover4 ,down the center of the lodge is a long ellipse where countless dance steps have bared the earth of this otherwise grassy plot4 ,the entrance of the lodge faces the east1 and there is an exit to the west4 ,a fire is usually burning just inside the eastern entrance1 the smoke ascending through a smoke hole left in the roof4 ,the medicine men are gathered to the left of the fire on the north while the patient is usually seated to the right of the fire on the south4 ,the medicine drum in use during a treatment for healing is smaller than the dream dance drum1 usually seen by tourists1 and of a different shape4 ,it is about eight inches in diameter and sixteen inches high4 ,the buckskin stretched over the end is moistened from time to time by reversing the drum which contains water1 and rubbing the skin to permit it to take up the liquid4 ,the tone and volume are greatly enhanced by this procedure4 ,the medicine lodge members sit in groups around the lodge starting at the north side1 and proceeding down to the west and back along the south side toward the east again4 ,every song and march around the lodge is repeated four times1 this being their sacred number4 ,the time needed in effecting a cure is varied but the writer has seen a woman carried in on a litter1 recover in three hours time and take part in the dancing4 ,the ,indian ,service in the past has wished to discourage treatment by medicine men and on larger reservations has supplied a resident physician4 ,it is a constant competition between the two1 for naturally a white physician cannot cure every case any more than a medicine man can1 and when the medicine man apparently effects cures after the physician has given up or appeared to produce no improvement1 the credulous patients are going to continue to believe in the medicine men4 ,christianity has had but little effect upon the ,ojibwe so far as the writer has been able to observe1 largely because of the reputation of the medicine men among them4 ,according to the late ,dr4 ,william ,jones1 the ethnologist mentioned in 8,ethnobotany of the ,meskwaki ,indians01 ,part #b of this volume1 the ,pillager ,band of ,bear ,island occasionally practiced cannibalism ceremonially1 and even as late as #aijb ate human flesh on the ,rainy ,river during a famine4 ,he cites the fact in #aije that polygamy was once common and even still occurred among wandering bands4 ,many visitors to the northland think of the country in terms of sand1 and consider it unfit for use agriculturally4 ,while sandy soil is common1 it is also easy to find very good productive soil and in some cases even clay4 ,the ,indian settlements and homesteads were never extensive and four or five acres of land seem to suffice them for growing hay and garden crops4 ,the agency ,indian farmer maintains demonstration garden plots1 such as the one shown in plate #df1 fig4 #a1 and also more extensive farms1 and constantly advises with those who are trying to farm4 ,the ,indian women even grow some cultivated flowers4 ,at ,lac du ,flambeau1 the ,ojibwe take great pride in their annual ,indian fair and display farm animals1 horticultural products1 and native arts and crafts for premiums4 ,it is a pity that more do not follow agriculture because they have sufficient farming land and have also good examples to follow4 ,most of them like the quick returns made in selling ,indian art work1 or made acting as guides for fishing and hunting parties4 ,the easy money is too soon spent and they suffer considerably before the winter is over4 ,the native flora is about the same at both ,lac du ,flambeau and ,leech ,lake1 and the species are by no means as varied as on the ,menomonie ,reservation4 ,they make full use of everything that occurs with them except the adventive or introduced plants4 ,they recognize regular types of soil as sources of their medicinal plants4 ,sandy meadows1 sandy wastes1 lakes1 still ponds1 swamps1 upland swamps1 rocky openings in the forest1 evergreen forests1 and hardwood forests all are searched for distinctive plants4 ,the greatest number of species of native plants are found in the composite family and we find the ,ojibwe making more use of these than any other tribe4 ,the heath family contributes many species and is important to them4 ,grasses and sedges1 while numerous in species are not so well known to them1 although here again they use more species than the neighboring tribes4 ,john ,whitefeather1 of the ,couderay ,ojibwe1 who adopted the writer into their tribe1 related their origin myth4 ,briefly it is as follows3 ,there has always been a controversy among the whites as to whether such an ,indian as ,hiawatha ever lived4 ,hiawatha is the name that ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow gave to their cultural hero1 ,winabojo4 ,hiawatha or ,winabojo was never seen by man1 although sometimes both names have been used for proper names among the ,ojibwe4 ,their great spirit or ruler of the universe was named ,dzhe ,manido4 ,according to ,whitefeather1 ,winabojo was the one who caused the deluge that covered the world and was responsible for building it again4 ,winabojo was sitting at the mouth of a big river and noticed a stick bobbing up and down near the middle of the stream4 ,he thought it was curious that it was not carried on down stream to the big lake and further thought that it would be fun to sit on the stick4 ,so he swam out and sat on it4 ,dzhe ,manido had told him two phrases1 one of which he might sing to himself1 which is translated 8,lake must close in0 and the other was 8,lake should spread out01 and he must not say that4 ,winabojo became curious to see what would happen if he repeated the second of these phrases4 ,he said it4 ,immediately the stick sank and he fell under4 ,he swam back to the top but could discover no land4 ,other animals were swimming around1 so he requested muskrat to dive down and get him some mud from the bottom of the lake4 ,muskrat dived down but it was too far and he drowned4 ,the martin tried it and drowned4 ,the otter tried it and drowned4 ,then beaver tried it and obtained some mud1 but died as he reached the surface4 ,winabojo took the mud that remained between the claws of beaver and rolled it into a little ball4 ,winabojo made this ball grow as he rolled it around in his hands1 while the animals swam around him4 ,finally the ball grew large enough for the fox to jump upon it and run around4 ,then it grew larger until all the animals could get upon it4 ,so ,winabojo and the animals were the first inhabitants and ,winabojo put the plants upon the world4 ,winabojo lived in a little valley with his grandmother1 ,nokomis4 ,against her wishes1 he went on a voyage of exploration1 leaving his valley to climb a hill4 ,in the next valley he saw a lot of people all dancing and he wanted to dance with them4 ,so he went down and danced all day1 though none of them spoke to him or said a word to each other4 ,when the wind died down at sunset1 he discovered them to be only cattails1 so he started back home4 ,on his way he was approached by ,cumpa4 ,no one knows who sent ,cumpa there1 but we think that it was ,dzhe ,manido4 ,nokomis had told him that there were inhabitants somewhere on the earth4 ,winabojo sat down with ,cumpa and they talked over the matter of how to regulate the world4 ,in their conference they developed the medicine lodge idea and the ,ojibwe count ,winabojo as its founder4 ,the painted post that they erect in their medicine lodge represents ,winabojo4 ,it is carved to resemble a human form1 but not too closely1 as they wish it to be understood that ,winabojo is a god and not a human being4 ,winabojo started during the month of ,july to hunt for the inhabitants of the earth and finally found them in the latter part of ,december or early ,january4 ,then he stayed with them for several months1 teaching them the secrets of the medicine lodge4 ,he told them how they must gather roots and what songs they must sing4 ,a specimen song and its meaning is here given4 ,nin ba ba odjibke ,i go to gather roots2 oowedasassema here is tobacco2 mnode ni nowi nmcn ,give me direct guidance1 gi wedjibkeien ,you1-maker of roots da mino wi djibkeian4 ,that ,i may get the proper roots4 ,their story of creation is the common one among the northern ,algonkians4 ,they believe that all objects1 both animate and inanimate possess some mysterious power1 and speak of that power as the manido that dwells in it4 ,on the ,lac du ,flambeau ,reservation1 the writer saw two or three large stones1 shown in plate #dh1 fig4 #b1 that were thought to be spirit rocks4 ,they also believed that the spirit of the departed brave often returns to the grave1 as long as the body has not turned to dust4 ,they often buried the body in a sitting position facing west1 or in a shallow grave on its back or side1 making a mound1 over which bark1 birch poles or boards were erected1 to form a little grave house1 as shown in plate #ea1 fig4 #b4 ,this1 they believe to be often inhabited by the spirit of the departed one which they occasionally feed with wild rice or dried jerky 7deer meat7 through a small opening4 ,according to ,mc,kenney1#ia the ,ojibwe of ,fond du ,lac1 ,wisconsin1 buried their dead in a box which was elevated upon a platform of poles4 ,mourning for the departed usually lasted a year1 unless some medicine man shortened the time1 or a relative performed some notable feat in war4 ,their religion was the teachings of their ,grand ,medicine society or midewiwin4 ,the ,ojibwe are probably the strictest disciples of this society of any of our ,wisconsin ,indians and the part played by plants is the greatest of any factor4 ,things other than plants were used1 such as rattlesnake meat1 duck bones1 clay and feathers1 but these were so far in the minority that they are scarcely worth mentioning4 ,according to the ,ojibwe1 every plant is medicine2 if not to your particular informant1 then to some other medicine man or woman4 ,it was a matter of finding the proper informant to get the correct name and use4 ,consequently1 in the field we gathered every tree1 shrub1 perennial or annual1 herb or grass we encountered4 ,all of these being medicinal plants were thus sacred to them and must be secured with the proper mide ceremony4 ,this consisted of an explanatory song1 and the offering of tobacco to grandmother1 the earth1 and ,winabojo1 their cultural hero4 ,the constant effort of the ,government to educate the ,indian is resulting in the gradual discarding of the medicine lodge ceremonies4 ,the ,ojibwe1 who have stayed on the frontier of civilization1 are among the last to change1 and have clung tenaciously to their medicine society4 ,as with other ,wisconsin ,indians1 the ,ojibwe love their children dearly and are rarely harsh to them4 ,the children are taught to dance at an early age and while subsequent education may make them forget the names and uses of medicinal plants1 they never forget the dance tunes and steps4 ,it is a common conception among white men that it is useless to educate an ,indian4 ,too many have agreed with ,mark ,twain that 8the only good ,indian is a dead one40 ,stories are related concerning ,indian college graduates that revert to the tepee and to the dog feast4 ,some of these may be true1 but according to ,indian psychology1 there is nothing disgraceful about this4 ,it is the fallacy of the white man in trying to impose his culture on other peoples and in always assuming that it is superior to any other way of living4 ,we are prone to point to the exceptional fall from grace1 and forget about the many who have made a success of their life according to our standards4 ,there are many full-blooded ,indian men and women in ,milwaukee1 who are useful citizens4 ,many ,milwaukee men and women are proud of the ,indian strain in their blood4 ,education has been of great assistance to the ,ojibwe1 who have many times proven that they have the same capabilities as their white brothers4 ,the ,indian has the same anatomical characteristics as the ,caucasian race and is capable of going far along the road of education4 ,since the field work among the ,ojibwe was completed in #aibc and #aibd1 some scattering members of the tribe have adopted the peyote lodge4 ,the ,ojibwe are fond of visiting and1 in the summer time1 some are always away on visits to other tribes in ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 ,minnesota1 the ,dakotas1 ,kansas or ,oklahoma4 ,the old idea of fighting other tribes was forgotten long ago and they feel that all red men are their brothers4 ,those ,ojibwe who have visited the ,winnebago ,indians in ,wisconsin have been especially influenced to adopt the peyote cult4 ,this rarely happens where the ,ojibwe live in close contact with their tribesmen on reservations4 ,but several live as isolated families on the shores of our northern lakes1 and when they adopt the peyote religion they throw overboard all of their medicine lodge paraphernalia and beliefs4 ,the members of the peyote cult1 chew and swallow the peyote buttons which are the button-shaped branches of a cactus 7,lophophora williamsii7 found in ,texas1 ,new ,mexico and ,old ,mexico4 ,the practice is said to have originated among the ,indians of old ,mexico4 ,under its narcotic influence the peyote ,indian claims to see in a vision and to commune with ,jesus ,christ1 who gives him the rule of conduct for his life4 ,the ,indians justify their use of peyote by comparing it to the sacramental wine of the white man4 ,however1 peyote carries a governmental disapproval and the ,indian police are supposed to be vigilantly alert for peyote4 ,a jail sentence1 as well as confiscation of the supply of peyote1 is meted out to any member they can detect using it4 ,another type of ceremonial dance used by the ,ojibwe1 and in fact by all of the forest ,indians of ,wisconsin1 is the dream dance1 such as is shown in plate #dg1 fig4 #a4 ,while this is sacred1 it is not performed in secret1 and the white people are often invited to come and witness these dances4 ,they do come from many miles away to see the ,indian dances and games4 ,at the ,lac du ,flambeau ,reservation1 they perform several kinds of dances1 such as the corn dance1 the warrior dance1 the prisoner dance1 the deer hunt dance1 and many others4 ,one dance in particular was brought back from ,oklahoma by ,anawabi4 ,it is called the 8,squaw ,dance40 ,in it men and women dance together1 as shown in figure #bj of the ,museum's ,yearbook for #aibc4 ,anawabi1 the medicine man1 was credited with powers of witchcraft as well as healing4 ,a young ,ojibwe boy sick with pneumonia1 told his parents in a delirium that ,anawabi had come and was taking his breath away4 ,his parents believed him1 and he eventually died1 but before he did1 some friend hastened to ,anawabi and ,anawabi stood not on the order of his going1 but left at once for ,oklahoma where he stayed two years4 ,he probably witnessed the modern two step among the ,oklahoma ,indians1 which they called the 8,squaw ,dance40 ,it is distinctly opposed to the ,indian way of dancing4 ,it has always been the custom for women to remain in the background at any of the old time dances1 dancing by themselves1 outside and back of the circle or group of the men4 ,for them to take an equal part in a dance seems out of place4 ,this caused a rift in the tribe1 and the older residents at the old ,flambeau village will have nothing to do with such dances4 ,the participants in the dream dance usually dress in all of their native finery and nowadays wear many ornaments that are not of ,ojibwe origin4 ,while under the spell of the singing and drumming1 the dancers assume a smiling face and are usually oblivious to the presence of any spectators4 ,the ,ojibwe use two types of drums4 ,one is the large dream-dance drum1 about two feet in diameter and fourteen inches deep4 ,the other is a tambourine-shaped drum of rawhide only a couple of inches thick and possibly ten inches in diameter1 suspended by a loop of sinew1 decorated with human figures1 and beaten with the hands or a smaller bone drum stick4 ,this drum is used in games and the songs differ considerably for the various games4 ,la ,crosse1 the woman's shinny game1 the bowl and dice game1 the moccasin game and others are all announced by preliminary songs from the chief1 who accompanies himself on the game drum4 ,in writing this bulletin1 the system adopted in previous bulletins will be followed4 ,plants not found to be of use are included in this list1 as other investigators may find that they were used4 ,the listing of each plant will be by family and ,english names1 followed by the ,latin binomial according to ,gray's ,manual of ,botany1 then the ,ojibwe name and its literal translation1 if that be known4 ,following this will be the uses1 methods of use1 supposed properties1 its value as an official or eclectic drug by the whites1 and any known myth connected with it4 ,the same procedure will be followed in the other subheadings under investigation1 viz43 foods1 fibers1 dyes1 and plants of miscellaneous uses such as utility1 good luck charms1 love potions and so on4 ,,ojibwe ,,medicines ,the ,ojibwe are probably the best informed and the strictest observers of the medicine lodge ceremonies in the country4 ,their knowledge of plants both in their own environment and far away is probably the best of any group of ,indians4 ,while their flora is not so rich in species as that of ,indians farther south1 they make trips far away from their home to obtain necessary plants4 ,as among the white people1 one plant may bear several common names1 according to different individuals in different sections of the country1 and again1 one name may be given to several plants1 as in the case of plants used as 8revivers04 ,yet1 there is an agreement in names of ,lac du ,flambeau and ,leech ,lake ,ojibwe1 that well checks information received4 ,the name is usually descriptive1 just as their names for animals usually are either descriptive or representative of the cry or note uttered by the animal1 like 8ko-ko-ko-o01 the hoot owl1 or 8ka-ka-ka01 the raven or crow4 ,the medicine name usually tells what the plant looks like1 where it may be found1 some peculiar taste or property1 or its chief use4 ,often a termination is added signifying the plural of a noun or the part of the plant used1 such as the wood1 the leaf1 the flower1 the root1 or the berry or fruit4 ,it is worth noting that they understand the proper time to gather the plant part4 ,at times1 the medicinal qualities are inert1 undeveloped or dispersed by being too old4 ,much of the knowledge of white men originated from studying the ,indian plant uses1 in the early days4 ,eclectic practitioners sought the ,indian herbs and observed carefully what parts of the plant were used4 ,this mass of early information was sifted scientifically by the students of medicine1 and finally tested physiologically on animals4 ,perhaps sixty-five per cent of their remedies were found to be potent and are included in our pharmacopoeas2 the other thirty-five per cent were discovered to be valueless medicinally4 ,all of the references to uses of the plants by white men were obtained from the #aiaf edition of the ,national ,standard ,dispensatory1 by ,hare1 ,caspari ,rusby4 ,the medicine man depended largely upon his reputation and often cured fancied diseases by shamanistic suggestions4 ,his peculiar incantations to the patient to inspire confidence and induce the patient to think he was getting well1 often worked1 as it works in the case of quack doctors and credulous white men4 ,the young man who had the proper dream following the period of fasting in his youth1 predicting his predilection towards the medicine man's profession1 was taken through a rigorous course of training4 ,individual knowledge was handed down through the family4 ,instruction to boys and girls usually comes from the uncle or aunt1 and if they have no natural uncle or aunt1 then one is assigned to them4 ,this is considered the closest relationship among ,wisconsin ,indians1 and when one is adopted into the tribe and given a medicine bag1 it will be through the sponsorship of an uncle for his nephew4 ,among the ,ojibwe1 both at ,lac du ,flambeau and at ,lac ,court ,oreilles1 the writer is known as ,shagashkandawe 8,flying ,squirrel10 which they say was the name of a famous old chief and medicine man4 ,the ,ojibwe still use the songs essential to digging medicine roots4 ,jack ,doud1 the old scout captain of the ,civil ,war1 of the old ,flambeau village1 told the writer that ,winabojo1 their deity1 had received the seeds of all plants from ,dzhe ,manido1 the creator of the universe1 and that ,winabojo had given them to ,nokomis1 grandmother1 the ,earth1 to keep in her bosom1 for the use of the ,indians4 ,jack ,doud also said that ,winabojo took some of the native foods from his own body4 ,he said that ,winabojo pulled out a little pinch of flesh and threw it on the ground telling it to grow there as mandamin or corn for the ,indians4 ,another pinch yielded squash1 another beans and so on until ,winabojo had very little flesh left on his body4 ,in other words1 the ,indians did not know the sources of their cultivated crops1 and had invented this tradition to attempt to explain their presence4 ,as with other ,algonkians1 the ,ojibwe place tobacco in the cavity from which they dig the root1 as an offering to ,grandmother ,earth1 to ,winabojo1 and to ,dzhe ,manido1 praying in song to these deities to make their chosen medicine potent4 ,the medicine man or woman is usually distinguished by two long braids of hair over either shoulder4 ,they are usually shrewd diagnosticians1 and depend upon their senses for discovering the ailment4 ,they feel the pulse rate1 look at the pupils of the eyes1 at the condition of the tongue1 at the complexion variation1 feel the body temperature and inquire where the pain is felt4 ,from these symptoms they diagnose the disease4 ,usually they want time to dream over the case1 and drink a draught of their own dream-inducing medicine before going to sleep4 ,in a vision or dream1 they are directed to the proper medicine to use1 and concoct it the following day4 ,external afflictions are treated with lotions or poultices1 while internal troubles are almost invariably treated with a medicinal tea4 ,the ingredients are steeped in lukewarm water1 and copious draughts are prescribed several times a day4 ,the writer has taken such draughts of various medicines and finds them not unpleasant to the taste4 ,bitter and nauseous ingredients are usually disguised by 8seasoners0 which they add to make them taste good4 ,the time alloted for a cure is usually four days1 their sacred number1 and unless there is marked improvement in the patient at the end of that period1 the medicine man will change the treatment4 ,some of the medicine men have 8tattooing outfits01 which are not really tattooing outfits as we understand the term1 but rather blood-letting instruments4 ,sharp fish teeth are mounted at the end of a four or five-inch stick1 and with a quick stroke on the upper side of the elbow or near the collar bone the blood is caused to gush out4 ,the patient holds the arm out tensely while lying down and when the artery is tapped the blood spurts out rapidly4 ,a tourniquet is applied to the upper arm when the medicine man thinks enough blood has flowed and the medicine man then sucks out the residue4 ,the wound is then bandaged and the tourniquet removed4 ,it is the thought of the medicine man that it is necessary to let out a certain amount of bad blood1 so that the remaining blood in the patient's body can be more easily purified by his heart and his breathing4 ,the ,ojibwe also believe that the medicine man can make bad medicine as well as good1 and can prescribe certain medicines from his medicine bundle that will enable him to get the better of his enemies4 ,they had many hunting charms which were supposed to help them get game4 ,the hunter in using these would often trace the outline of the desired game upon the ground drawing a line to its heart4 ,he would then pierce the heart with the line and put the proper medicine on the heart puncture indicated4 ,a similar procedure might be followed against human enemies4 ,such practices were always kept a deep secret1 becoming valueless should anyone see the perpetrator making the figure4 ,they were likewise deprecated and resented by the tribe and punishment was apt to follow anyone caught in such a practice1 which all agreed was a perversion of the grand medicine society teachings4 ,most of the remedies of the medicine men were kept tied in little bits of cloth1 compounded and ready to steep for use4 ,combinations of nine to twelve herbs are common4 ,these have been ground with a mortar and pestle until it would be difficult to identify the ingredients of the prepared medicines4 ,even if one knew all of the ingredients1 the amounts of each herb would be difficult to ascertain4 ,often1 as in the case of ,sweet ,flag 7,acorus calamus71 the amount must be very limited since the medicinal effect is so severe4 ,the medicine men are taught that their medicines have a great value and will not be efficacious if disposed of cheaply4 ,since money is not so plentiful they are quite willing to accept pay in valuable goods4 ,this may be a pony1 so many blankets1 so much wild rice or whatever the patient has of value4 ,the patient usually calls the medicine man for ailments that have not responded to his own individual treatment4 ,when the patient pays what the medicine man thinks is proper1 then he may be told what was used to effect the cure1 and how and when to gather the ingredients and how to administer the remedy4 ,the recipient is admonished to see that he does not impart the knowledge unless he is well paid for it1 as he paid the medicine man4 ,this explains the difficulty one encounters when he tries to get medicinal information4 ,only by completely securing the confidence of the ,indians1 can a white man get this information without pay1 and then it must be thoroughly understood that the investigator is not copying their medicines to take commercial advantage of this knowledge4 ,the ,indian is quick to appreciate favors and to acknowledge the respect that is given to him by the white man1 and becomes quite confident when he realizes that his confidence is not abused4 ,,ojibwe ,,medicinal ,,materials ,while the ,ojibwe use a few remedies outside the plant kingdom1 they are not of such great importance as among some other tribes4 ,these are here considered first1 the plants following under the proper families alphabetically4 ,,other ,,than ,,plants ,,reptiles ,rattlesnake1 8jicigwe04 ,the flesh of the rattlesnake commonly known as the massasauga rattler1 is sometimes used in combination with other medicines1 for its lubricant effect1 similar to ,russian mineral oil4 ,the ,plains ,indians and those farther south in the ,united ,states consider rattlesnake meat quite efficient in making childbirth easier4 ,,fish ,sturgeon1 8nam04 ,fine teeth of the sturgeon were said to be used to make the 8tattooing0 tool employed by the medicine man in blood-letting4 ,large fish bladders1 8pkwadj01 were sometimes used as syringes2 a hollow duck bone bound with sinew in the end of it1 being used for anal applications4 ,,minerals ,white ,clay1 8wababgan04 ,white clay was sometimes mixed with medicinal powders to make them into pellets or pills1 and the clay was supposed to be a medicine1 too1 but for what purpose we were unable to discover4 ,red ,clay 8osaman0 was also used in fabricating poultices and was supposed to help draw out the inflammation4 ,,mammals ,bear1 8mkwo04 ,bear's fat was used in several compounds4 ,melted alone and swallowed it became a drastic physic4 ,buds of the ,balsam ,poplar 7,populus balsamifera7 and the ,large-toothed ,poplar 7,populus grandidentata7 stewed in bear fat1 yielded an aromatic salve that was used in curing ear-ache1 soothing boils1 and healing wounds and ulcers4 ,,ojibwe ,,medicinal ,,plants ,,aceraceae 7,,maple ,,family7 ,box ,elder 7,acer negundo ,l471 8adjagobimk01 shown in plate #fh1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,pillager ,band of ,ojibwe reported that the inner bark of the box-elder is steeped to make an emetic4 ,there is no record of its use by the whites4 ,red ,maple 7,acer rubrum ,l47 8cicigmewc01 shown in plate #fe1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe boil the bark of the red maple to obtain a tea with which to wash and cure sore eyes4 ,there is no record of its use by the whites4 ,mountain ,maple 7,acer spicatum ,lam47 8cacagobimk0 emetic bark4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe extract the pith of the twig and pinch off small particles which are put into the eye like flax seed to remove foreign matter4 ,it becomes sticky and holds foreign matter which can then be removed with the pith4 ,the pith is also soaked in water to make a lotion for treating sore eyes4 ,among the whites1 ,mountain ,maple bark is often gathered and sold for ,cramp ,bark 7,viburnum opulus ,l4 var4 americanum ,mill4 ,ait47 ,in fact1 it has often been wholly substituted for it1 and seems about as effective as a uterine sedative and preventative of abortion4 ,,alismaceae 7,,water-,,plantain ,,family7 ,arum-leaved ,arrowhead 7,sagittaria arifolia ,nutt47 8wabasi pn0 white potato4#ib ,upon short lateral rootlets1 amongst the mass of fibrous roots of the arrowhead1 firm corms develop1 pinkish-white and bulb-shaped1 but solid and composed of a sweetish1 starchy texture4 ,these are the choice ,indian potatoes4 ,these corms break away from the root mass very easily so that the utmost care is necessary in digging to get them in situ4 ,muskrats are very fond of them1 as are beavers1 and sometimes store up large covered caches1 which the ,indian recognizes and appropriates4 ,they will also dig for them1 if they cannot be more easily obtained4 ,while they are chiefly prized for food1 they are also taken to be a remedy for indigestion among the ,pillager ,ojibwe4 ,,anacardiaceae 7,,sumac ,,family7 ,smooth ,sumac 7,rhus glabra ,l47 8bakwa nak0 binding tree4 ,according to ,jack ,doud and other ,flambeau ,ojibwe all parts of the ,smooth ,sumac are suitable for medicine1 the root bark1 trunk bark1 twig bark1 leaves1 flowers and fruit4 ,the root bark tea is used as a hemostatic4 ,trunk and twig innerbark are used in combination with other medicine for their astringent qualities4 ,blossoms are sometimes steeped for sore eyes1 leaves are used in poultices1 and the fruit is considered a throat cleanser as well as being the basis of a beverage4 ,eclectic practitioners1 or the old time herbalists1 used the berries of ,rhus glabra because of the malic acid in the skin1 claiming it to be a good gargle in acute throat inflammation4 ,staghorn ,sumac 7,rhus typhina ,l47 8bakwana tg0 binding tree4#ic ,the ,staghorn ,sumac was absent from the ,flambeau ,ojibwe territory1 but plentiful around ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota1 while the ,smooth ,sumac was not found near ,leech ,lake4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe only used the root as a medicine to stop a hemorrhage4 ,they suggested that they had heard of it being used in medicinal combinations but did not know how to make or use them4 ,poison ,ivy 7,rhus toxicodendron ,l47 8anmkibg0 cloud1 shown in plate #fh1 fig4 #a4 ,mukwean 7,bearskin71 ,flambeau medicine man1 called this a poison to the skin and said that the ,ojibwe have no distinctive name for it4 ,john ,peper1 one of the ,bear ,island ,pillager ,indians1 gave us the ,indian name and said that no one now alive there knew how to use it4 ,since ,kepeosatok1 ,meskwaki medicine man1 at ,tama1 ,iowa1 used it in a certain manner for poulticing some kinds of swellings1 the writer thinks this may be the use to which ,john ,peper referred4 ,,apocynaceae 7,,dogbane ,,family7 ,spreading ,dogbane 7,apocynum androsaemifolium ,l47 8wesa wckwn0 nearly blue flowers or 8magose cnakwk0 needle-like4#id ,bearskin1 ,flambeau medicine man1 said that the stalk and root of this plant are steeped to make a tea for women to drink4 ,it keeps the kidneys free during pregnancy4 ,other ,flambeau ,ojibwe agreed with the use but cited the second name as more correct for it4 ,under the ,ojibwe name of 8mdewdjibk0 medicine lodge root1 the ,pillager ,ojibwe declared it to be one of the sacred roots that is eaten during the medicine lodge ceremony4 ,they use it also for throat trouble4 ,when one has a coated tongue and is afflicted with headache1 the root is also used4 ,in the case of headache1 the root is placed upon live coals and the incense is inhaled4 ,,aquifoliaceae 7,,holly ,,family7 ,winterberry 7,ilex verticillata ,l4 ,gray71 8awensibg0 wintergreen leaf1 and 8anmcmnn0 dog berry4 ,the bark of this native holly is medicine among the ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 but the use could not be discovered1 other than that it might be used for diarrhea4 ,winterberry has been employed by eclectic practitioners as a tonic and astringent4 ,it has been substituted for quinine in the treatment of periodical fevers1 and also used in the treatment of diarrhea4 ,the eclectic practitioner has also used it in treating malignant ulcers and chronic skin eruptions4 ,mountain ,holly 7,nemopanthus mucronata ,l4 ,trel471 8mckimn nmc0 red berry tree1 shown in plate #fe1 fig4 #b4 ,this bush is very common around the reservation of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe and the berries are used as medicine1 but the writer was unable to discover for what disease or how used4 ,there is no record of its use among the whites4 ,,araceae 7,,arum ,,family7 ,sweet ,flag 7,acorus calamus ,l47 8na bgck0 something flat4 ,the root of ,sweet ,flag is a quick acting physic1 supposed to act in half a day4 ,bearskin cautioned the writer that no more than one and a half inches was to be used1 as more would make one ill1 and even this much is quite harsh4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe recognize the ,sweet ,flag under the name 8weke01 which is the same word used by another tribe for the ,yellow ,water-lily1 and by another for the ,blue ,flag4 ,john ,peper said that the root was used for curing a cold in the throat or for curing a cramp in the stomach4 ,in earlier days1 among the whites1 slices were candied to create a more popular form of medication4 ,it was formerly used among the white men as a tonic for dyspepsia and for correcting flatulent colic4 ,it was also supposed to be beneficial as a mild stimulant in typhoid cases4 ,indian ,turnip 7,arisaema triphyllum ,l4 ,schott471 8caca gomn40#ie ,the root of ,indian ,turnip was said by ,john ,peper1 ,bear ,island ,ojibwe1 to be used in treating sore eyes1 but he did not know how to use it4 ,one wonders if the calcium oxalate crystals so firefull to the mouth lining were equally so to the delicate membranes of the eye4 ,small doses of the partially dried root have been used by the white man in the treatment of chronic bronchitis1 asthma1 flatulent colic and rheumatism1 certainly widely different maladies4 ,the juice of the fresh corm in lard has been used by the white man as a local application to cure ringworm4 ,,araliaceae 7,,ginseng ,,family7 ,wild ,sarsaparilla 7,aralia nudicaulis ,l47 8bebamabi k0 root runs far through the ground4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe recognize the root of this plant as a strong medicine1 but do not steep it to make tea4 ,the fresh root is pounded and applied as a poultice to bring a boil to a head or to cure a carbuncle4 ,among the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 the writer found two names applied to this1 one of which he thinks to be a case of mistaken identification by the informant4 8,o kadak0 wild carrot is more likely to refer to ,aralia racemosa though no specimens were found there4 ,they used it under this name as a special squaw remedy for blood purification during pregnancy4 ,the root was pounded in a mortar1 then boiled in hot water4 ,under their name 8wabo s skwe0 rabbit the root was prepared the same way and the tea was used to cure a cough4 ,among the white men1 this root has the same properties and uses as the ,indian ,spikenard 7,aralia racemosa72 namely1 stimulant1 diaphoretic1 and alterative4 ,ginseng 7,panax quinquefolium ,l47 8jssns40 ,evidently the word they used was an attempt to pronounce the white man's term for it4 ,the writer was unable to discover any medical use made of it by the ,ojibwe1 though they gathered it assiduously for sale to the traders4 ,their method of gathering was a thoughtful one4 ,although they undoubtedly recognized it in any stage of growth1 they only gathered the root when the red berries were mature1 but before they were ready to drop4 ,into the hole from whence the root came1 they would thrust the whole fruiting top1 and carefully firm the soil upon it4 ,knowing the location well1 they would revisit the place in three to five years and find more roots than they harvested in the first instance4 ,according to our pharmacopoeia1 the medicinal value of ginseng is almost nothing1 but there is a great market for it in ,china1 where it is worshipped as a sort of fetish1 and is acclaimed as a panacea for sexual impotency1 nervousness1 vomiting and dyspepsia4 ,the more nearly the root approximates the human torso1 the more valuable it is to the ,chinese4 ,thus one root in a six hundred-pound bale may be worth many times the entire remainder of the bale1 and when ten dollars a pound is the price1 one can realize the extreme value of such a piece4 ,,aristolochiaceae 7,,birthwort ,,family7 ,wild ,ginger 7,asarum canadense ,l4 var4 acuminatum ,ashe47 8name pn0 sturgeon potato4#if ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe called this a potato for sick people4 ,they are supposed to chew the root1 and then they can eat anything they desire4 ,the white man calls this ,canada ,snakeroot in his dispensatories1 considering it a feeble remedy with tonic1 aromatic and diuretic properties4 ,cases of convalescent acute febrile infections are sometimes given the extract of wild ginger root4 ,,asclepiadaceae 7,,milkweed ,,family7 ,common ,milkweed 7,asclepias syriaca ,l47 8cabo skn0 milk or 8nniwnj0 ,indian plant1 according to ,flambeau ,ojibwe4#ig ,although the ,pillager ,ojibwe used this chiefly for food1 the root was also used as a female remedy1 but for what phase of illness1 we were not able to discover4 ,eclectic practitioners have used the roots as counter-irritants or internally as stomachics1 carminatives1 or anti-spasmodics of the stimulating class4 ,,balsaminaceae 7,,touch-,,me-,,not ,,family7 ,spotted ,touch-me-not 7,impatiens biflora ,walt47 8wesa ws gaskonk0 yellow light4 ,bearskin1 ,flambeau medicine man said that the fresh juice of this plant rubbed on the head would cure a headache4 ,the leaves are steeped for a medicinal tea1 but the ailment was undiscovered4 ,the herbage of this plant1 under the name ,wild ,celadine1 has been largely employed by homoeopathic physicians and eclectics4 ,the chemical constituents are not known though the leaves apparently contain tannin4 ,the medicinal value is questionable1 though fresh applications of the juice appear to relieve skin irritations of various kinds1 especially that of ,poison ,ivy4 ,,berberidaceae 7,,barberry ,,family7 ,blue ,cohosh 7,caulophyllum thalictroides ,l4 ,michx74 8oci gmc04#ih ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the root for female troubles especially for cramps in the stomach during painful menstruation4 ,the fine roots are also boiled to make a tea for emetic purposes4 ,white people seldom use it4 ,eclectics have used it in the treatment of hysteria and uterine diseases4 ,they have claimed that it will prevent abortion1 by causing uterine contraction when uterine inertia is present4 ,,betulaceae 7,,birch ,,family7 ,speckled ,alder 7,alnus incana ,l4 ,moench47 8wado bn0 root to sew a canoe4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root for its hemostatic qualities4 ,when one passes blood in his stools1 the root tea will act as an astringent and coagulant4 ,the white man has also used alder bark for its mild astringent properties4 ,the eclectic practitioner in the ,united ,states and ,canada employed it in a powdered condition for dusting upon chafed body surfaces4 ,paper ,birch 7,betula alba ,l4 var4 papyrifera ,marsh4 ,spach47 8wgwas04 ,from 8wgwas0 comes the word 8wigwam0 or house1 because birch bark was used in covering the house1 furnishing a waterproof roof4 ,the root of the ,paper ,birch was used in medicines as a seasoner4 ,its sweetish1 aromatic1 wintergreen flavor disguised less pleasant doses4 ,the root bark and maple sugar cooked together made a soothing syrup to alleviate cramps in the stomach4 ,the white man has employed only the leaves medicinally as a diuretic4 ,low ,birch 7,betula pumila ,l4 var4 glandulifera ,regel47 8bne mcins0 partridge tips4 ,among the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 the ,low ,birch is a valued source of medicine4 ,although it is plentiful around the ,flambeau ,reservation1 none of them seemed to consider it medicine1 although their name agreed1 8bne mc01 without the diminutive4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the tiny cones upon a plate of coals as an incense to cure catarrh4 ,no doubt the resinous covering of the twigs and cones in this variety causes the aromatic incense4 ,also a tea made from the cones is drunk by women in their menses4 ,such tea is also accounted strengthening when the patient is enfeebled by childbirth4 ,the leaves probably possess diuretic properties as do other species of ,betula4 ,no record of its use by white men has been discovered4 ,hazelnut 7,corylus americana ,walt47 8mkwobaga nak0 bear nut4#ii ,bearskin said that the bark of the hazelnut bush is medicine4 ,it is boiled and used as a poultice on cuts to close and heal them4 ,no record of its medical use by white men has been discovered4 ,beaked ,hazelnut 7,corylus rostrata ,ait471 8bagan0 or 8baganak0 nut ,flambeau names1 and 8baganamijic0 nut tree1 ,pillager name4 ,bearskin assigned the same properties and uses to the bark of the ,beaked ,hazelnut as to the ,hazelnut4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe used only the hairs of the hazelnut husk as a medicine to expel worms4 ,eclectic practitioners have used it in the same manner as an anthelmintic1 depending probably on the irritant effect of the tiny stickers4 ,,boraginaceae 7,,borage ,,family7 ,hound's ,tongue 7,cynoglossum boreale ,fernald71 8masan04 ,three terms are used to denote the action of such plants as this1 which are burned upon live coals that the patient may inhale the fumes4 ,they are3 8aba bson01--to revive or 8head standing by smoke02 8sasa bkwat01--to snuff it2 and 8nokwe skn01--8smell as it comes04 ,they are used interchangeably in designating the use of the plant4 ,hound's ,tongue is specifically fumed to cure a headache4 ,among the whites1 ,hound's ,tongue has been recommended as a sedative and demulcent in the treatment of bronchial and pulmonary affections4 ,it is said to be of value also in dysentery4 ,the fresh leaves are used locally as a remedy for superficial burns and abraded surfaces4 ,,campanulaceae 7,,bellflower ,,family7 ,marsh ,bellflower 7,campanula aparinoides ,pursh47 ,although plentiful around the ,lac du ,flambeau region1 our informants said that this is not used4 ,harebell 7,campanula rotundifolia ,l47 8adotagons0 little bell4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the root of the ,harebell combined with three other unnamed roots for lung troubles4 ,there is no record of its use by whites4 ,,caprifoliaceae 7,,honeysuckle ,,family7 ,bush ,honeysuckle 7,diervilla lonicera ,mill471 8osawa skanet0 yellow fluid4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root together with other plants such as the ,ground ,pine1 for their most valued urinary remedy4 ,it is also known among white men as a diuretic and a remedy to relieve itching4 ,red ,elderberry 7,sambucus racemosa ,l471 8papaskatcksiganatg0 popgun wood4 ,according to the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 this bark is an emetic or a purgative1 depending upon how it is prepared for use4 ,it is a last resort purgative to be used when other remedies for the same complaint are of no avail4 ,it may be said that the ,ojibwe have more plants for physic than for any other purpose1 thus the ,red ,elder will be seen to be their most important one4 ,four internodes of the stalk are taken1 because four is their magic number4 ,these sections are measured carefully from the point of the ulna to the point of the humerus4 ,the inner bark is secured by peeling downward4 ,this is steeped and boiled1 and the resulting liquid is drunk for constipation4 ,it is supposed to thus save the life of one threatened with serious constipation4 ,it is reserved for extreme cases1 because of the many other physics they employ1 and they consider it drastic and dangerous otherwise4 ,if these same four sticks had been peeled upwards and the resulting tea drunk1 then it would have acted as a powerful emetic4 ,the writer can testify to its strength1 but notes that it works both ways at once1 no matter how prepared1 so that the method of preparation is doubtless superstitious4 ,among the whites only the elder flowers are recognized in the ,new ,formulary1 but the inner bark has been known to produce death in children1 a short time after being eaten1 with symptoms similar to ,poison ,hemlock 7,cicuta74 ,in moderate doses1 it is also known to produce vomiting and purging4 ,the active alkaloid evidently works only in the fresh state1 as it loses its potency in a dried state4 ,snowberry 7,symphoricarpos racemosus ,michx47 8angomiji mnagawnj0 little crow bush4 ,among the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 the root of the ,snowberry is used to make a tea to clear up the afterbirth1 and enable quicker convalescence4 ,among the ,meskwaki ,indians the same use is ascribed to the ,wolfberry 7,symphoricarpos occidentalis74 ,there is no record of its use by white men4 ,nannyberry 7,viburnum lentago ,l471 8atte tamnn0 or 8atte tamnagawnj40#ajj ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe collect the inner bark of the trunk1 down low next to the ground1 to yield a tea which is used as a diuretic4 ,among the white men1 ,nannyberry is often sold as ,viburnum prunifolium which is official in our pharmacopoeia4 ,the virtues assigned to this class of medicine are as feeble as they are numerous4 ,it has been used as a nervine1 astringent1 tonic1 diuretic and has been said to have value as an uterine sedative and preventive of abortion4 ,highbush ,cranberry 7,viburnum opulus ,l4 var4 americanum ,mill4 ,ait47 8anibmngawck0 anib means elm1 berries1 bush4#aja ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe used the inner bark as a physic1 and also drank the tea to cure cramps in the stomach4 ,among the white men1 ,viburnum opulus is considered to be the same as ,viburnum prunifolium1 only less potent4 ,it is recommended as an antispasmodic in asthma1 hysteria1 puerperal convulsions1 and dysmenorrhea4 ,,caryophyllaceae 7,,pink ,,family7 ,white ,campion 7,lychnis alba ,mill47 8basi bgk0 small leaf4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root of this for a tea to physic a patient4 ,there is no record of its use by white men4 ,,celastraceae 7,,staff ,,tree ,,family7 ,climbing ,bittersweet 7,celastrus scandens ,l47 8mandobima kwt0 spirit-twisted4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the red berries of this plant for stomach trouble4 ,the white man uses the berries for decorative purposes1 and has used the bark for emetic1 diaphoretic and antisyphilitic purposes4 ,,compositae 7,,composite ,,family7 ,the composite family is represented by many species in northern ,wisconsin and also in northern ,minnesota4 ,there are probably three times as many plants in this family as in any other1 hence it furnishes numerous medicines4 ,woolly ,yarrow 7,achillea lanulosa ,nutt471 8wa bgwn0 white-flower4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 under the name given1 use the leaves of this plant as a poultice to cure the bite of a spider4 ,the dried flowering heads are smoked in mixture with other things1 much as kinnikinnik1 not for pleasure1 but more for ceremonial purposes4 ,it has not been distinguished by the eclectic practitioner from the ,common ,yarrow1 which was used for its bitter and aromatic principles4 ,it was used as an emmenagogue and for various ailments of the reproductive organs4 ,it was sometimes used to cure diseased conditions of the entire gastro-intestinal tract4 ,yarrow 7,achillea millefolium ,l471 8adjidamo ank0 squirrel tail4#ajb ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe used the florets in ceremonial smoking and placed them on a bed of coals inhaling the smoke to break a fever4 ,yarrow has always been a home remedy of the white man1 and the ,germans still use the dried flowers in a tea1 called 8schafesgarbetee01 to break a fever4 ,other uses are the same as above4 ,pearly ,everlasting 7,anaphalis margaritacea ,l4 ,b4 ,h471 8basi bagk0 small leaf4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the flowers of this plant1 calling attention to the fact that it smells like acorns1 reducing them to a powder which is sprinkled on live coals as a 8nokwe sgn0 or perfume4 ,this is inhaled by a party who has had a stroke of paralysis and is said to revive him4 ,the ,pearly ,everlasting has never been properly analyzed by white men1 but the flowers have been locally used by them as soothing expectorants and are known to have more or less marked stomachic properties4 ,lesser ,cat's-,foot 7,antennaria neodioica ,greene7 8gagge bg0 everlasting leaf4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the whole herb as a valued remedy to make a tea to be given to the mother after child birth4 ,it is to purge the afterbirth and heal them internally4 ,eclectic practitioners have used this plant as a hemostatic4 ,common ,burdock 7,arctium minus ,bernh471 8gi masan0 big stickers4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root of burdock as one of the ingredients of a medicine for pain in the stomach4 ,it is also supposed to have a tonic effect4 ,burdock root has quite a reputation among home practitioners among the white men as a diaphoretic1 diuretic1 alterative1 aperient and depurative4 ,it has been used for rheumatism1 gout1 pulmonary catarrh1 chronic skin diseases such as scrofula and syphilis1 and to dissolve urinary deposits4 ,externally it has been used as a salve or wash for eruptions1 burns1 wounds1 hemorrhoids and swelling4 ,white ,sage 7,artemisia ludoviciana ,nutt47 8mbjgoa0 according to ,white ,cloud1 ,bear ,island ,ojibwe1 but 8wngskw0 or 8bebejigoganji0 horse medicine by ,john ,peper1 another ,bear ,islander4 ,peper said the ,pillager ,ojibwe used it as a horse medicine1 but the ,sioux smoked it4 ,miners and frontiersmen prized it in their treatment of 8mountain fevers40 ,large-leaved ,aster 7,aster macrophyllus ,l471 8naskosi cs04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe consider this a feeble remedy but also good as a charm in hunting4 ,young roots were used to make a tea to bathe the head for headache4 ,the informant giving this latter use called it 8megsi bg0 eagle leaf4 ,there is no record of its use by the whites4 ,ox-eye ,daisy 7,chrysanthemum leucanthemum ,l474 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe had no name for this1 as they said it was from the south1 and they do not use it4 ,canada ,thistle 7,cirsium arvense ,l4 ,scop47 8masa nck0 prickly4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the plant for a bowel tonic4 ,canada ,thistle is one of the worst ,american weeds1 and white men have used the dried plant for a diuretic and tonic4 ,common ,thistle 7,cirsium lanceolatum ,l4 ,hill71 8ji masanck04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root of this for alleviating stomach cramps in both men and women4 ,the dried plant has been used by the whites as a diuretic and tonic4 ,philadelphia ,fleabane 7,erigeron philadelphicus ,l47 8mcaogacan0 odor of deer hoof4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the flowers to make a tea to break fevers4 ,the smoke of the dried flowers is inhaled to cure a cold in the head4 ,the disk flowers1 pulverized1 were snuffed up the nostrils to cause the patient to sneeze and thus loosen a cold in the head4 ,the whites have used the ,canada ,fleabane as a remedy in the pharmacopoeia1 and also have used the ,philadelphia ,fleabane locally1 but for different purposes4 ,it is diuretic rather than astringent4 ,daisy ,fleabane 7,erigeron ramosus ,walt4 ,,bsp74 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe do not assign this plant a special name but class it as a 8nokwe sgn0 or perfume for curing sick headache4 ,several species of ,erigeron have been substituted by white men for the ,canada ,fleabane1 which is used as a diaphoretic and expectorant4 ,joe-,pye ,weed 7,eupatorium purpureum ,l471 8b gsowe0 bathing4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe make a strong solution of the root1 with which to wash a papoose up till the time he is six years old4 ,this is supposed to strengthen him4 ,joe-,pye is officinal but not official among white men4 ,official designates that it is authorized by the ,u4 ,s4 ,pharmacopoeia while officinal means that it is regularly kept for sale in drug stores4 ,officinal remedies are much used by eclectic practitioners4 ,the root has the odor of old hay and is diuretic1 stimulant1 astringent and tonic4 ,it has been used in chronic urinary disorders1 gout1 rheumatism1 and hematuria4 ,tall ,blue ,lettuce 7,lactuca spicata ,lam4 ,hitchc471 8dadocabo0 milk4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe employ the plant to make a tea given to women with caked breasts to render lactation easier4 ,a dog whisker hair is used to pierce the teat4 ,among white men ,lactuca was formerly employed as a soporific and sedative4 ,white ,lettuce 7,prenanthus alba ,l471 8weca ws wa ckwnsk0 yellow light4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the milk of the ,white ,lettuce as a diuretic1 especially in female diseases4 ,the root is also used as a female remedy4 ,white men have used the root decoction internally for dysentery4 ,old time herb doctors gave the milk of the plant internally1 and used the leaves1 steeped in hot water1 as a poultice for the bite of a snake4 ,black-eyed ,susan 7,rudbeckia hirta ,l474 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe claim that this plant is adventive from the south and have no name or use for it4 ,it has been used by the white men as a diuretic4 ,golden ,ragwort 7,senecio aureus ,l474 ,entire-leaved ,groundsel 7,senecio integerrimus ,nutt47 ,both of these plants are considered adventive by the ,pillager ,ojibwe and neither was named nor used4 ,under the name squaw weed1 white men have exploited the ,golden ,ragwort as a female regulator1 claiming diuretic1 pectoral1 diaphoretic and tonic properties4 ,it is also said to be useful in treating gravel and other urinary affections4 ,indian ,cup ,plant 7,silphium perfoliatum ,l471 8asasa weskk0 square stem4 ,according to ,john ,white ,feather1 of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 this root was carried from ,iowa and transplanted on the ,lac du ,flambeau ,ojibwe ,reservation4 ,they all accept it as great medicine4 ,a tea is made from the root for lumbago and some other kinds of rheumatic pains in the back4 ,john ,peper1 ,pillager ,ojibwe1 gave it the same ,indian name and said that an old ,indian had brought it to ,bear ,island from ,iowa a hundred years ago1 and had planted it in his field1 whence it escaped to the south end of the island4 ,he said they use it for stomach trouble1 and hemorrhage4 ,white men have used the ,indian ,cup ,plant root for its tonic1 diaphoretic and alterative properties4 ,it has also been used in intermittent fevers1 ulcers1 liver affections and debility4 ,the resinous gum collected from the stem has been used by the whites as a stimulant and antispasmodic4 ,fragrant ,golden-rod 7,solidago graminifolia ,l4 ,salisb471 8wasa waskwnek0 yellow light4 ,besides being of use in hunting medicine1 the flowers in infusion were used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe for a pain in the chest4 ,golden-rod leaves and flowers have at times held a rather important place in materia medica1 for their carminative1 and antispasmodic properties4 ,they have also been used as an intestinal astringent4 ,tansy 7,tanacetum vulgare ,l47 8muckikiwt0 medicine4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe have no distinctive name for this plant1 claiming it came from the south and they were told it was good for fevers4 ,among white men1 it is deemed tonic1 emmenagogue and diaphoretic4 ,it has been used in a cold infusion in convalescence from exhausting diseases1 dyspepsia1 hysteria and jaundice4 ,dandelion 7,taraxacum officinale ,weber7 8wesausakwnek0 yellow light4#ajc ,while the ,flambeau ,ojibwe do not use this plant1 the ,pillager ,ojibwe give it a name and use the root for a tea for heartburn4 ,it was found growing at the north end of ,bear ,island in ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota4 ,among the whites1 the virtues of the root are much overrated4 ,the dried root is steeped in boiling water and is used as a stomachic and tonic1 with slight diuretic and aperient action4 ,cocklebur 7,xanthium commune ,britton71 8sakatikomk0 stickers4 ,although giving it a name1 the ,flambeau ,ojibwe did not use it4 ,it has been used by white men in intermittent fevers1 also as a diuretic1 diaphoretic and sialagogue4 ,,cornaceae 7,,dogwood ,,family7 ,alternate-leaved ,dogwood 7,cornus alternifolia ,l4 f47 8mosomc0 moose tree4#ajd ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the inner bark for an emetic4 ,although other species of ,cornus are officinal with white men1 there is no record of the use of this species4 ,bunchberry 7,cornus canadensis ,l47 8ode imndji bk0 strawberry root1 or heart-berry root4 ,the ,bunchberry or ,dwarf ,cornel somewhat resembles the ,wild ,strawberry4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe make a tea from the root1 which is used to cure babies of colic4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by the whites1 though it has been eaten by them4 ,panicled ,dogwood 7,cornus paniculata ,l',her471 8meskwabi mc0 red bush4 ,it is peculiar that the ,flambeau ,ojibwe would call this a red bush1 for the branches are distinctly gray4 ,only the fruit stalks or pedicels are bright red4 ,the bark is used as a tea for flux4 ,an aggregate of this bark compressed into a stopper shape is forced into the anus as a treatment for piles4 ,there is no record of its use by the whites4 ,,cruciferae 7,,mustard ,,family7 ,tower ,mustard 7,arabis glabra ,l4 ,bernh471 8misodjidamo ank0 black squirrel tail4 ,although the ,pillager ,ojibwe have a name for this plant1 they say it is from the south1 and they do not use it4 ,there is no record of its use by white men4 ,marsh ,cress 7,radicula palustris ,l4 var4 hispida ,desv4 ,robinson71 8wabgwn0 yellow flower4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe name for ,marsh ,cress is not very distinctive although it does have yellowish flowers4 ,they have no use for the plant as it came in from the south1 according to them4 ,neither have white men4 ,tansy-mustard 7,sisymbrium canescens ,nutt47 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe do not know this plant1 which they consider to be adventive from the south and do not use it4 ,aside from the fact that the seeds have a volatile oil similar to mustard seed1 the whites do not use it4 ,,cucurbitaceae 7,,gourd ,,family7 ,squash 7,cucurbita maxima ,duchesne47 8ogwssimaun owasokwnek0 threads like hair2 yellow light4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe used the seed tea as a diuretic4 ,there is no distinctive medicinal use of squash among the whites4 ,wild ,balsam-apple 7,echinocystis lobata ,michx4 ,t4 ,g47 8ngtni gnk0 or 8mtcigi mnk0 man in the ground1 shown in plate #fi1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root tea as a bitter medicine for stomach troubles and as a tonic4 ,the root is certainly bitter enough4 ,on the west coast1 the root has been employed by white men as a simple bitter4 ,,cyperaceae 7,,sedge ,,family7 ,hare's ,tail 7,eriophorum callitrix ,cham47 8bwee cknk0 fuzz of fruit4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the matted fuzz as a hemostatic4 ,under the name 8mesadi wackons0 little catkins from popple1 the ,pillager ,ojibwe refer to it1 but none of them knew any use for it4 ,there has been a limited use of its tannic properties as an astringent by white men4 ,,equisetaceae 7,,horsetail ,,family7 ,field ,horsetail 7,equisetum arvense ,l47 8gji bnsk10 duck round4#aje ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the whole plant to make a tea to cure the dropsy4 ,the plant has been used indefinitely chiefly in domestic practice by the whites4 ,wood ,horsetail 7,equisetum sylvaticum ,l471 8siba mckn04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the whole plant to make a tea to cure kidney trouble and dropsy4 ,it has not been much used by the whites1 except as a domestic remedy for gravel4 ,,ericaceae 7,,heath ,,family7 ,bog ,rosemary 7,andromeda glaucophylla ,link471 8bne mkci0 swamp partridge berry4 ,the plant was found on the ,flambeau ,ojibwe ,reservation1 but was not used medicinally4 ,among the whites1 it is credited with poisonous properties4 ,prince's ,pine 7,chimaphila umbellata ,l4 ,nutt471 8ga ggebg0 everlasting leaf4#ajf ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe pronounce the name of ,prince's ,pine nearly the same as the ,menomini ,indians1 and use it for the same purposes1 namely a tea for treating stomach troubles4 ,chimaphila is official with white men as a tonic and diuretic4 ,it stimulates the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary tract1 and has been used in renal dropsy1 scrofulous conditions1 chronic ulcers and skin lesions4 ,it is employed both internally and as an embrocation4 ,wintergreen 7,gaultheria procumbens ,l471 8wnsi bgd01 dirty leaves1 shown in plate #ge1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the leaves to brew a tea to cure rheumatism and 8to make one feel good40 ,the white man discovered the properties of this plant from the ,indians1 and originally wintergreen was the chief source of methyl salicylate4 ,aspirin is synthetically the same thing4 ,birch twigs were later used as a source and finally it was made from coal tar dye4 ,like other volatile oils1 methyl salicylate was used as an antiseptic1 analgesic1 carminative and flavoring agent4 ,it was added to liniments for rubbing muscular rheumatism1 and similar complaints4 ,overdoses of the pure oil on the skin produce drowsiness1 congestion and delirium4 ,cranberry 7,vaccinium oxycoccus ,l47 8mcki mnaga wnj0 swamp berry bush4 ,a tea for a person who is slightly ill with nausea4 ,white men have used the bitter1 astringent leaves in diarrhea and diabetes and for purifying the blood4 ,blueberry 7,vaccinium pennsylvanicum ,lam471 8minga wnj0 berry bush4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the leaves of this common blueberry for a medicinal tea as a blood purifier4 ,white men have employed it in the same manner4 ,,euphorbiaceae 7,,spurge ,,family7 ,flowering ,spurge 7,euphorbia corollata ,l471 8cabos kn0 milky bitter root4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root for a physic4 ,a half inch of the root is pounded and steeped in a cup of water1 which is drunk before eating4 ,the resinous1 milky juice of the root has been employed by eclectic practitioners as an emetic1 but its use has been practically abandoned because of its irritant and uncertain qualities4 ,,fagaceae 7,,beech ,,family7 ,bur ,oak 7,quercus macrocarpa ,michx471 8mtgo mc0 wooden tree1 shown in plate #fd1 fig4 #a4 ,the bark is an astringent medicine to the ,pillager ,ojibwe4 ,they also use it to bandage a broken foot or leg4 ,all oaks are noted among the whites for their astringent properties4 ,eclectic practitioners used it for gargles in cases of inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx4 ,it was also used in treating leucorrhea and piles4 ,red ,oak 7,quercus rubra ,l471 8mtgo mc01 wooden tree1 shown in plate #fd1 fig4 #b4 ,the bark1--8mtgo mc wena gk04 ,the bark is a medicine for heart troubles and bronchial affections among the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,its use by white men was approximately the same as ,bur ,oak4 ,,fumariaceae 7,,fumitory ,,family7 ,golden ,corydalis 7,corydalis aurea ,willd471 8tpote kwason10 looks like pants4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe place the root on coals and inhale the smoke for clearing the head and reviving the patient4 ,there is no record of its use by white men4 ,,fungi ,the ,ojibwe have evidently had disastrous experiences with mushrooms in the past and do not use them as a food4 ,the children often gather the common brackets 7,fomes applanatus7 and draw pictures on them1 using them as toys4 ,giant ,puffball 7,calvatia craniiformis ,schw47 shown in plate #fa1 fig4 #b1 8oskwetk04 ,this is kept on hand in the mature stage4 ,the inner part has an organized mass of threads and does not break down entirely into spores as do the smaller puffballs4 ,the substance is snuffed up the nose to stop nose bleed4 ,the ,ojibwe also made use of an unidentified fungus matte material1 found in the windshake spaces of down timber4 ,this is the matted vegetating mycelium of some timber fungus1 such as ,fomes1 ,trametes1 ,polyporus or ,pholiota4 ,this made a good tinder for use in the fire base block1 and when the fire stick was rapidly twirled against this material1 it caught fire and was blown into a blaze that became the basis of their fire4 ,in all medicine lodge ceremonials1 the fire was kindled in this manner and thus deemed a sacred fire4 ,things cooked over this fire were ceremonial1 and the calumet or pipe used in the ceremonies was always lighted from a coal of the sacred fire4 ,,geraniaceae 7,,geranium ,,family7 ,wild ,geranium 7,geranium maculatum ,l471 8o sawaskwni s0 yellow light4#ajg ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the astringent root for the treatment of flux1 and also for healing a sore mouth4 ,eclectic practitioners have also used it as a mild internal astringent1 useful for infants and people who have a delicate stomach1 because it is not irritating4 ,it is valuable in serious diarrheas4 ,it has also been used by white men for rectal and vaginal injections to tone up weak muscles4 ,,gramineae 7,,grass ,,family7 ,rattlesnake ,grass 7,glyceria canadensis ,michx4 ,trin471 8anagone wck0 fern4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the roots of this as a female remedy1 but it is difficult to understand why they call it a fern4 ,there is no record of its use by white men4 ,,hydrophyllaceae 7,,waterleaf ,,family7 ,virginia ,waterleaf 7,hydrophyllum virginianum ,l471#ajh 8ne bneankwe k0 according to the ,pillager ,ojibwe ,white ,cloud on ,bear ,island1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota1 but 8anmcde bgons0 dog feet medicine1 according to ,john ,peper1 of the same island4 ,it furnishes a root that may be used to keep flux in check4 ,he states that it is good for man1 woman or child4 ,it was used for the same purpose among the ,meskwaki ,indians1 but there is no record of its use by whites4 ,,iridaceae 7,,iris ,,family7 ,blue ,flag 7,iris versicolor ,l471 8na bkck04#aji ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use a half inch of the root boiled in water as a quick physic4 ,under the name 8caboskn0 milk root1 the ,pillager ,ojibwe use a little piece of the root in boiling water1 drinking a tablespoonful and a half as an emetic and physic4 ,blue ,flag root has been accounted one of the most valuable remedies by the eclectic practitioner4 ,it is alterative1 cathartic1 sialagogue1 vermifuge and diuretic4 ,it has been used in scrofula and syphilis1 chronic hepatic1 renal and splenitic affections4 ,,labiatae 7,,mint ,,family7 ,wild ,mint 7,mentha arvensis ,l4 var4 canadensis ,l4 ,briquet71 8name wckons0 little sturgeon plant4#aaj ,among the ,flambeau ,ojibwe a tea is brewed from the entire plant1 to be taken as a blood remedy4 ,it is also used by them in the sweat bath1 8akskati04 ,john ,peper1 ,pillager ,ojibwe1 made an especial trip to find this on the lake shore but calls it 8andego bgons0 little crow leaf and says that they use it as a tea to break fevers4 ,this species of mint was rarely used by white men for carminative1 stimulant and anodyne affects4 ,wild ,bergamot 7,monarda fistulosa ,l471 8weca ws wackw nek0 yellow light4#aaa ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe gather and dry the whole plant1 boiling it in a vessel to obtain the volatile oil to inhale to cure catarrh and bronchial affections4 ,in some sections1 the whites use it as a domestic antiperiodic and diaphoretic4 ,catnip 7,nepeta cataria ,l47 8tci name wck0 big sturgeon plant4#aab ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe brew a tea of catnip leaves for a blood purifier4 ,the mint water obtained by steeping the herb in lukewarm water is used to bathe a patient1 to raise the body temperature4 ,the plant is employed by the whites as an emmenagogue and antispasmodic4 ,it has been used as a carminative to allay flatulent colic in infants1 and is supposed to be useful in allaying hysteria4 ,heal-all 7,prunella vulgaris ,l471 8basi bgk0 partridge leaf4 ,the root is used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe in combination with others for a female remedy4 ,it has been used by eclectic practitioners as a pungent and bitter tonic and antispasmodic4 ,it has vermifuge properties and is slightly diuretic4 ,it has also been used for obstructions of the liver1 cramps and fits4 ,marsh ,skullcap 7,scutellaria galericulata ,l471 8tcatcabon ksk0 refers to the way the stem comes up through the leaves4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this for medicine1 having something to do with heart trouble1 but we could get no definite information upon it4 ,there is no record of its use by white men1 although a similar species1 ,s4 lateriflora has been used as a nervine1 tonic and antispasmodic in chorea1 convulsions1 fits1 delirium tremens and all nervous affections4 ,,leguminosae 7,,pulse ,,family7 ,creamy ,vetchling 7,lathyrus ochroleucus ,hook47 8bgwa dj k pni k mne bg0 unusual potato1 berry1 leaf4 ,john ,peper1 ,pillager ,ojibwe1 said that the foliage was fed to a pony to make him lively for a race4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe call it 8basi bgk0 partridge leaf1 in common with several other plants1 and say that the ,creamy ,vetch is used for stomach trouble4 ,by the white men1 it is considered one of the loco weeds1 bad for horses4 ,marsh ,vetchling 7,lathyrus palustris ,l471 8bebejgoganji macki ki0 horse medicine4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe feed this to a pony that is sick and claim it will make him fat4 ,there is no record of its use as medicine by white men4 ,white ,sweet ,clover 7,melilotus alba ,desr474 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe claim that this plant is adventive and so they do not use it4 ,there is no record of its use as medicine by white men4 ,,lichens ,reindeer ,moss 7,cladonia rangiferina ,l4 ,hoffm47 8asa gnik0 moss4 ,the ,ojibwe boil this moss and use the water to wash a new born baby4 ,they declare it is the same as if you were putting salt into the water4 ,so far as is known1 it has never been utilized as a medicine by the white man4 ,,liliaceae 7,,lily ,,family7 ,northern ,clintonia 7,clintonia borealis ,ait4 ,raf471 8gnose wibg0 muskellunge leaf4#aac ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root tea as a remedy to help parturition4 ,john ,peper1 ,pillager ,ojibwe called it 8adotagons0 little bell and said that the dogs use it to poison their teeth so that they can kill their prey4 ,should they bite a person1 then it would be necessary to procure the same root and put it on the bite to draw out the poison4 ,this curious superstition was also encountered in another tribe1--the ,menomini4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by white men4 ,canada ,mayflower 7,maianthemum canadense ,desf471 8agogosi mnn0 chipmunk berries1 shown in plate #ga1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe recognize that this is somewhat different from ,spikenard 7,smilacina racemosa71 but give it the same name and uses1 namely to keep the kidneys open during pregnancy1 to cure sore throat and headaches4 ,it is also used to make smoke for inhaling4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe do not know or use it4 ,small ,solomon's ,seal 7,polygonatum biflorum ,walt4 ,ell47 8nanbteodekn01 grows in a row1 shown in plate #gb1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the root as a physic and it is also cooked to yield a tea to treat a cough4 ,white men have used it as a substitute for ,convallaria for the same purposes1 namely the treatment of dropsy4 ,false ,spikenard 7,smilacina racemosa ,l4 ,desf471 8agogo smnn0 chipmunk berries1 shown in plate #ga1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this root in combination with ,spreading ,dogbane 7,apocynum androsaemifolium7 to keep the kidneys open during pregnancy1 to cure sore throat and headache4 ,it is also used as a reviver1 8ababsn04 ,convallarin is the important constituent of ,spikenard and it is classed the same as ,solomon's ,seal and ,canada ,mayflower4 ,star-flowered ,solomon's ,seal 7,smilacina stellata ,l4 ,desf47 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe have no name nor use for this root4 ,carrion-flower 7,smilax herbacea ,l471 8gne bgomnagawnj0 snake berry bush1 shown in plate #gc1 fig4 #b4 ,the root of this plant was used in lung troubles according to the ,pillager ,ojibwe4 ,it has been used by eclectic practitioners as an alterative4 ,twisted ,stalk 7,streptopus roseus ,michx471 8nanibte ode kn01 grows in a row1 shown in plate #gb1 fig4 #a4 ,this plant is called by the same name as ,polygonatum biflorum among the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 but this particular one is always referred to as the squaw1 while ,polygonatum has always been called the man4 ,it is used for a physic or to make tea for a cough4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by white men4 ,large ,flowered ,bellwort 7,uvularia grandiflora ,sm471 8wesawabi kwonk0 yellow light#aad1 the name applied to the plant1 but the root is called 8wabckadji bk0 white root4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the root for stomach trouble4 ,the trouble is described as a pain in the solar plexus1 which may mean pleurisy4 ,it has been used by eclectic practitioners for erysipelas1 ulcerated mouth1 etc4 ,,lycopodiaceae 7,,club ,,moss ,,family7 ,ground ,pine 7,lycopodium complanatum ,l471 8gjik gando gng0 cedar-like4 ,the dried leaves are used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe as a 8nokweskn0 or reviver4 ,lycopodium spores are used by the white man as a surgical dusting powder4 ,ground ,pine 7,lycopodium obscurum ,l4 var4 dendroideum ,michx4 ,d4 ,c4 ,eaton7 8cigona gan0 evergreen1 shown in plate #fa1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this plant in combination with ,bush ,honeysuckle roots 7,diervilla lonicera7 as a diuretic4 ,the spores are the only part used by the white man for medicine4 ,they are an antiseptic dusting powder4 ,,menispermaceae 7,,moonseed ,,family7 ,canada ,moonseed 7,menispermum canadense ,l471 8bma kwt wa bgons0 twisted pod or stick4 ,white ,cloud1 ,pillager ,ojibwe of ,bear ,island1 did not know the use of this root1 but assured the writer that other ,ojibwe knew it and used it4 ,moonseed root is used by eclectic practitioners as a tonic and alterative1 and has been employed as a substitute for ,sarsaparilla4 ,,myricaceae 7,,bayberry ,,family7 ,sweet ,fern 7,myrica asplenifolia ,l471 8gibaime nnagws0 coverer4 ,sweet fern is called 8a coverer10 because it is used to line the blueberry pails and cover the berries to keep them from spoiling4 ,the word is almost the same as that used by the ,menomini and means the same4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe consider the leaves too strong for a beverage tea1 but make a medicinal tea to cure the flux and cramps in the stomach4 ,the white man uses ,sweet ,fern as a stimulant and astringent2 sometimes using it to relieve colic and check diarrhea4 ,it has also been used in a fomentation to relieve rheumatic pains4 ,,nyctaginaceae 7,,four-,o',,clock ,,family7 ,heart-leaved ,umbrella-wort 7,oxybaphus nyctagineus ,michx4 ,sweet7 8goko coadji bk0 7pig root74 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe say that the pig is fond of the roots of this plant because they are large and succulent1 hence call it 8pig root04 ,the root is used by them to reduce sprains and swellings4 ,there is no record of its use among the whites4 ,,nymphaeaceae 7,,water ,,lily ,,family7 ,sweet ,white ,water ,lily 7,castalia odorata ,ait4 ,woodville ,wood471 8odteabg wa bgwn0 flat heart leaf1 white flower4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root as a cough medicine for those who have tuberculosis4 ,the roots have been used by white men in the treatment of diarrhea1 dysentery and leucorrhea4 ,yellow ,water ,lily 7,nymphaea advena ,ait471 8oga da mn0 standing on legs4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe word is a bit different in spelling but means the same as the ,menomini word for this plant4 ,the ,ojibwe call the leaves1 8odteabg0 flat heart leaf4 ,the root is the only medicinal part and is grated to make a poultice for sores4 ,other ingredients such as ,skunk ,cabbage root are added to this poultice4 ,the ,ojibwe gather goodly quantities of the large underwater stems2 which we are prone to call roots1 dry them and reduce them to powder4 ,the powder alone is supposed to heal cuts and swellings4 ,the roots have been used by white men in the treatment of diarrhea1 dysentery and leucorrhea4 ,,oleaceae 7,,olive ,,family7 ,red ,ash 7,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,marsh71 8a gmak0 snow-shoe wood4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the inner bark in combination with other things for a tonic4 ,the inner bark is official with white men as a bitter tonic and astringent4 ,it is also said to be valuable as an antiperiodic4 ,,onagraceae 7,,evening ,,primrose ,,family7 ,great ,willow-herb 7,epilobium angustifolium ,l471 8o ca cadji bkes0 slippery or soap root1 shown in plate #fi1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe say that the outer rind of this root lathers in water and they pound it to make a poultice4 ,this is used to draw out inflammation from a boil or a carbuncle4 ,with white men1 it is a demulcent1 tonic and astringent4 ,it has been used internally for its tonic effect on mucous surfaces and its value in intestinal disorders4 ,evening ,primrose 7,oenothera biennis ,l47 ,while the ,flambeau ,ojibwe have no ,indian name for this1 still they use the whole plant soaked in warm water to make a poultice to heal bruises4 ,because of its antispasmodic properties1 the white man has used it internally in the treatment of whooping cough1 hiccough and spasmodic asthma4 ,,ophioglossaceae 7,,adder',s ,,tongue ,,family7 ,virginia ,grape ,fern 7,botrychium virginianum ,l4 ,sw471 8gcknsne namkk0 man1 squaw and baby1 shown in plate #ff1 fig4 #b4 ,john ,peper1 ,pillager ,ojibwe1 hunted a long time for this plant around ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota1 because his mother said it was good for lung trouble and consumption4 ,he called attention to the fact that one always finds two stems together in the proper plant to use1 which he described as the man and squaw1 with the little one or fruiting frond1 in the center4 ,there is no record of its use by white men4 ,,orchidaceae 7,,orchis ,,family7 ,yellow ,ladies' ,slipper 7,cypripedium parviflorum ,salisb4 var4 pubescens ,willd4 ,knight71 8ma kasn0 moccasin4#aae ,among the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 the root of this species is said to be a good remedy for female troubles of all kinds4 ,the white man has used it as a gentle tonic for the nerves1 a stimulant and antispasmodic1 similar to ,valerian1 only less powerful4 ,rein ,orchis 7,habenaria bracteata ,willd4 ,r4 ,br471 8gokocgnda mnskwe mn0 pig-woman enticer root4 ,the ,ojibwe ,pillager would smuggle this into food as an aphrodisiac1 which they considered a bad use and not to be talked about or countenanced4 ,there is no record of its use by the white men4 ,adder's ,mouth 7,microstylis unifolia ,michx4 ,,bsp47 8aa nkotci mn0 twisted berry4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the tiny root of this plant to mix with ,bush ,honeysuckle bark 7,diervilla lonicera7 as a diuretic4 ,there is no record of its use by white men4 ,,papaveraceae 7,,poppy ,,family7 ,bloodroot 7,sanguinaria canadensis ,l47#aaf 8meskwa dji bkk0 red root4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the orange-red juice of the ,bloodroot to cure sore throat4 ,the juice is squeezed out on a lump of maple sugar1 and this is retained in the mouth until it has melted away4 ,they also use the juice to paint the face for the medicine lodge ceremony or when on the warpath4 ,sanguinaria is official only in the ,u4 ,s4 ,pharmacopoeia1 and in small doses it produces a sense of warmth in the stomach and stimulates gastric secretion4 ,it is given as an expectorant and in larger doses as an emetic4 ,,pinaceae 7,,pine ,,family7 ,balsam ,fir 7,abies balsamea ,l4 ,mill71 8jngo b0 any kind of fir tree name1 shown in plate #fb1 fig4 #a4 ,while the ,flambeau ,ojibwe call the tree 8jngo b0 as a short term1 the full name of the ,balsam ,fir according to them is 8jngo b pkewa ndag04 ,they claim that the liquid balsam is used direct from the bark blister upon the eyes1 for sore eyes4 ,the leaves are a reviver or 8aba bsn0 and are also used in combinations as a wash4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe call it 8jngo bandag01 and use the balsam gum for colds and to heal sores4 ,this corresponds to the way the ,hudson ,bay ,indians use the bark4 ,the needle-like leaves are placed upon live coals and the smoke is inhaled for colds4 ,they are also used as a part of the medicine for the sweat bath4 ,the sweat bath is taken in a small hemispherical wigwam1 like the regular abode1 but entirely covered with mats or nowadays with canvas4 ,the medicines are coiled into wreaths to fit into large iron kettles4 ,water is added and finally hot rocks which cause steam4 ,the ,indian taking the sweat bath may be taking it for ceremonial reasons1 for cleansing1 but most likely as a medicated steam bath4 ,he sits naked within until there is no more steam and his body is entirely dried again4 ,he then puts on all clean clothes and will not wear the discarded clothes until they have all been thoroughly washed4 ,the candidate for degrees in the medicine lodge1 must undergo the sweat bath in a ceremonial way4 ,usual plants employed to medicate the steam are ,white ,pine leaves1 ,hemlock leaves1 ,arbor ,vitae leaves1 ,wild ,bergamot plant1 ,balsam needles1 ,peppermint plants1 and the like4 ,they are undoubtedly very beneficial to the health4 ,canada balsam is accounted the same medicinally as turpentine1 but its principal value to the white man today is its perfect transparency and peculiar optical properties1 which fit it for use in mounting microscopic specimens4 ,tamarack 7,larix laricina ,du ,roi ,koch71 8mckgwa tg0 swamp tree1 shown in plate #fj1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the dried leaves as an inhalant and fumigator1 8nokweskn04 ,larch bark has been highly valued in the past in chronic bronchitis with profuse expectoration1 in chronic inflammation of the urinary passages1 and in phases of hemorrhage4 ,white ,spruce 7,picea canadensis ,mill4 ,,bsp471 8gawa ndag01 shown in plate #fb1 fig4 #b4 ,the leaves of ,white ,spruce are used in the same manner as ,larch1 as a 8nokweskn01 an inhalant or fumigator4 ,the needle oil is considered about the same as turpentine1 by white men4 ,black ,spruce 7,picea mariana ,mill4 ,,bsp471 8jingwp04 ,if the bark is meant as a medicinal salt1 then its name is 8jingw p gawa ndag0 but if the leaves are the part meant for a reviver1 8aba busun01 then it carries only the name 8jingwup04 ,the needle oil is used by white men the same as turpentine4 ,jack ,pine 7,pinus banksiana ,lamb471 8gga ndag04 ,the leaves are used as a reviver1--8nokwe skn0 according to the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by the white men4 ,norway ,pine 7,pinus resinosa ,ait471 8abakwang img0 bark in plates1 shown in plate #fc1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,norway ,pine is used in all particulars by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 just as the ,white ,pine4 ,white ,pine 7,pinus strobus ,l471 8jngwak kweseskwe tk0 according to ,bearskin of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 shown in plate #fc1 fig4 #a1 8jngwak waceskwedo0 according to ,charley ,burns of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,the bark medicine is1 8jngwak ona gk0 and is gathered in the same manner as by the ,menomini1 with a song to grandmother ,earth1 and the placing of tobacco on the ground4 ,the cones1 when boiled and likewise the bark of the young tree trunk yield a pitch which is medicine1 called 8jngwak bgo40 ,the dried leaves are powdered and used as a reviver or inhalant4 ,there are three names referring to this sort of treatment1 as said before1--8nokwe skn01 8sasa bkwat0 and 8aba bsn04 ,of these three terms1 8sasa bkwat0 is the proper one to use when ,white ,pine needles are employed in this manner4 ,white ,pine is a very valuable remedy with all ,ojibwe1 but ,norway ,pine is sometimes substituted for it4 ,white ,pine bark is used in making cough syrup1 by white men1 but it possesses only feeble properties as an expectorant4 ,arbor ,vitae 7,thuja occidentalis ,l471 8gi jkandag0 sky or cedar tree4#aag ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the leaves as a perfume1 8aba bsn0 and also as a tea for headache4 ,during ceremonies of the medicine lodge1 it is necessary to purify sacred objects and the hands and persons of participants4 ,a plate of live coals is used and dried ,arbor ,vitae leaves placed upon them4 ,the servitor wafts the incense over sacred objects by fanning the smoke with his hands4 ,others hold their hands over and in the smoke1 waving it upon their persons4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe call it by the simple name 8gi jk0 sky or cedar4 ,they also use it as a purifying incense1 and as an ingredient for the sweat bath with ,white ,pine1 ,balsam1 ,hemlock and other plants4 ,they drink the boiled leaves claiming that the steam goes through the blood and purifies it4 ,this treatment cures coughs4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,pharmacopoeia formerly required that leaves for medicinal use be in a fresh state but the new formulary only requires them to be recently dried and leafy4 ,internally it has been used for an emmenagogue1 for fevers1 bronchial catarrh1 rheumatism and to remove intestinal worms4 ,externally it is applied in ointment to treat ulcers1 warts and cancerous growths4 ,hemlock 7,tsuga canadensis ,l4 ,carr471 8gagagi wc0 raven tree4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe medicine man puts the leaves in his medicinal tea to disguise the taste4 ,the bark is used for healing cuts and wounds1 and for stopping the flow of blood from a wound4 ,the bark is rich in tannin and naturally quite astringent4 ,white men have used the bark and its resulting pitch as substitutes for burgundy pitch in making plasters4 ,these have been used as external remedies for lumbago1 chronic rheumatic pains1 chronic bronchitis and pleurisy4 ,,plantaginaceae 7,,plantain ,,family7 ,common ,plantain 7,plantago major ,l471 8ceca gski bge snk0 leaves grow up and also lie flat on the ground4#aah ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe soak the leaves in warm water then bind them on bruises1 sprains or sores as a poultice4 ,it is also a healing and soothing remedy for burns1 scalds1 bee stings1 and snake bites4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe also refer to it as 8pakwan04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use it in the same manner but call it 8jimcki gobg0 sort of swamp leaf4 ,although plantain is a feeble remedy1 it has been ascribed potency in many diseases by eclectic practitioners4 ,they still use it to some extent in treating inflammation of the skin1 malignant ulcers1 intermittent fevers1 etc4 ,the leaves are of some value in arresting hemorrhages when applied to the bleeding surfaces4 ,the writer cured a badly swollen and lacerated hand1 which swelled to three times its normal size1 probably because dirt from a sewer was ground into it1 with the simple leaf bound upon the hand4 ,,polygonaceae 7,,buckwheat ,,family7 ,carey's ,persicaria 7,polygonum careyi ,olney74 ,the ,ojibwe have no name or use for this1 nor have white men4 ,swamp ,persicaria 7,polygonum muhlenbergii ,meisn4 ,wats471 8agogo simnn0 chipmunk berries4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this plant for a tea to cure a pain in the stomach4 ,it is also hunting medicine4 ,several of the polygonums have been used by eclectic practitioners for their astringent properties4 ,curled ,dock 7,rumex crispus ,l47 8ciobg0 twisted leaf4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root1 which contains considerable tannin1 for closing and healing cuts4 ,white men have used it for its astringent properties4 ,,polypodiaceae 7,,fern ,,family7 ,shield ,fern 7,aspidium cristatum ,l4 ,sw471 8ana ganck0 fern4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root tea for stomach trouble4 ,among the white men1 this fern has been found to have almost the same value as ,male ,fern as a teniafuge4 ,great care is exercised in the size of the dose and to see that no part of the drug remains in the system after it has performed its task of killing intestinal worms1 as fatalities have been known to occur4 ,female ,fern 7,asplenium filix-femina ,l4 ,bernh471 8ana ganck0 fern4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe grate the dry root into a powder which is used as a healing powder for sores4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe call it 8nokomi sknn0 grandmother84 ,the root is made into a tea to cause milk flow in patients with caked breast4 ,there is a record of its medicinal use by white men to alleviate backache4 ,sensitive ,fern 7,onoclea sensibilis ,l471 8a nana ganck0 fern4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe powder the dry root1 and make a tea to give the patient whose breasts are caked1 to stimulate the flow of milk4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by white men4 ,brake 7,pteris aquilina ,l471 8ana ganck0 general fern name4 ,this is the general name of the bracken fern1 where used for food4 ,when used for medicine1 it is called by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe--8makate wa ana ganck0 black fern1 and the root is made into tea to alleviate cramps in the stomach4 ,it is only used by the women for this purpose4 ,the dried leaves are smoked upon live coals to relieve a headache4 ,under the name 8a nanagana wck0 the root is used by the ,pillager ,ojibwe in the same manner as by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,white men have considered this root to be pectoral1 demulcent1 purgative and anthelmintic4 ,a syrup solution is used in pulmonary and hepatic diseases4 ,a strong decoction is used to expel worms4 ,,primulaceae 7,,primrose ,,family7 ,so far as is known1 none of the ,primrose family is used by the ,ojibwe for medicine4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe did not know the ,tufted ,loosestrife 7,lysimachia thyrsiflora ,l474 ,,ranunculaceae 7,,crowfoot ,,family7 ,red ,baneberry 7,actaea rubra ,ait4 ,willd471 8wckobidjibk0 sweet root1 shown in plate #gf1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe make a tea from the root1 to be drunk by women after childbirth4 ,it is to clear up the system4 ,a man also eats the root for stomach troubles4 ,white men use the root as a substitute for ,black ,cohosh 7,cimicifuga racemosa71 which it resembles in appearances and properties4 ,it has been used in treating ovarian neuralgia1 uterine tenderness1 subinvolution1 and amenorrhea4 ,it has also been used as a substitute for digitalis in fatty or irritable heart1 but only after other remedies have failed4 ,headache due to eyestrain has also been cured by this root4 ,canada ,anemone 7,anemone canadensis ,l471 8mdewidji bk0 medicine lodge root1 shown in plate #gd1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe eat the root of this plant to clear the throat so they can sing well in the medicine lodge ceremony1--a sort of throat lozenge4 ,most of the anemones have been substituted for ,pulsatilla and used for the same host of diseases by eclectic practitioners4 ,included in these ailments are3 cataract1 paralysis1 rheumatism1 melancholia1 syphilis1 dysmenorrhea1 and many other morbid conditions4 ,thimble-weed 7,anemone cylindrica ,gray471 8gande gwa soninke cnagwk0 looks like tumble-weed4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root for making a tea to relieve lung congestion and tuberculosis4 ,among the white men it has the same uses as ,canada ,anemone4 ,wild ,columbine 7,aquilegia canadensis ,l471 shown in plate #gd1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe have no name for this plant1 but the root is considered a good medicine for stomach trouble4 ,eclectic practitioners consider it a diuretic1 diaphoretic1 and antiscorbutic1 using it in jaundice1 in smallpox to promote eruption1 and in scurvy4 ,goldthread 7,coptis trifolia ,l4 ,salisb471 8wesa wa nikweak0 yellow8 and 8wesa wadjibkweak0 yellow root1 shown in plate #ge1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the decoction of the root to soothe and heal the baby's gums while it is teething4 ,it is also used as a mouth wash for adults when their mouths are sore4 ,this use has been adopted by white men1 who also use it in dyspepsia and chronic inflammation of the stomach4 ,bristly ,crowfoot 7,ranunculus pennsylvanicus ,l4 f471 8manwe gons04 ,the seeds are a hunting medicine with the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,several of the ,ranunculaceae have been used as counter-irritants by the white men4 ,cursed ,crowfoot 7,ranunculus sceleratus ,l474 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe do not know this plant1 and have no name for it4 ,eclectic practitioners have used it as a counter-irritant4 ,purple ,meadow ,rue 7,thalictrum dasycarpum ,fisch4 ,lall471 shown in plate #gc1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe have no ,indian name for this1 but use the root to make a tea to reduce fever4 ,the properties of this root are considered almost identical with ,berberis1 which is used by white men as a tonic1 stimulant and antiperiodic4 ,,rosaceae 7,,rose ,,family7 ,agrimony 7,agrimonia gryposepala ,wallr471 8saga tgans0 seeds stick1 shown in plate #gg1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root with other ingredients as a medicine for urinary troubles4 ,it is not much valued now by white men1 although it has been used for its bitter astringent properties4 ,smooth ,juneberry 7,amelanchier laevis ,wiegand71 8gozigagominagawnj0 thorny wood#aai according to ,john ,whitefeather1 ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 and 8bsegagomnagawnj0 according to ,charley ,burns1 another ,flambeau ,ojibwe who said that the bark was used for medicine1 but he did not know what it was to treat4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe call it 8gozigagomnk0 and say that the bark is to make a tea for the expectant mother4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by white men4 ,hawthorn 7,crataegus sp471 8mnesaga wnj0 berries and thorn bush1 shown in plate #gg1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use both the fruit and the bark for medicine1 a kind not made now1 other than for women4 ,eclectic practitioners have used the berries for their astringent and reputed cardiac properties4 ,wild ,strawberry 7,fragaria virginiana ,duchesne71 8ode imndji bk10 heart berry root4#abj ,the root of the common ,wild ,strawberry is used to make a tea good for the stomach-ache1 and especially for babies4 ,the white man uses the herb as an astringent and tonic for convalescents and especially for children having bowel and bladder weakness4 ,large-leaved ,avens 7,geum macrophyllum ,willd471 8wicawasa konek0 yellow light4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this for a female remedy4 ,eclectic practitioners consider the root tonic and astringent4 ,rough ,cinquefoil 7,potentilla monspeliensis ,l471 8tcode imnaga wnj0 like a strawberry4 ,this plant seemed to be known to all the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 even the eight-year-old girls1 as a physic4 ,there is no record of its use as a medicine by white men4 ,marsh ,five-finger 7,potentilla palustris ,l4 ,scop471 8beba akwndek0 floats about4 ,this was dug from the water by ,john ,whitefeather's wife1 ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 who said it was a cure for cramps in the stomach1 and is used alone as one medicine4 ,under the ,pillager ,ojibwe name of 8mcki godjibk0 swamp root1 ,john ,peper said that it was medicine with them1 but he did not know how to use it4 ,there is no record of its use as medicine by white men4 ,pin ,cherry 7,prunus pennsylvanica ,l4 f471 8baewimnn04 ,the inner bark is a valued remedy for coughs4 ,most of the species of cherry have been used by white men for the bitter principle contained1 which suits it for use as a stomachic and bitter tonic in gastric atony and general debility4 ,the syrup of wild cherry has been used as a pleasant vehicle for other drugs4 ,wild ,cherry 7,prunus serotina ,ehrh47 8okwe mn0 worm out of a fly's egg2 refers to the little worms in a cherry when it is ripe4#aba ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe value the bark of this species to make a tea as a remedy for coughs and colds4 ,it is used the same as ,pin ,cherry by white men4 ,choke ,cherry 7,prunus virginiana ,l471 8a sasawe mnaga wnj40#abb ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe make a tea for lung trouble from the inner bark4 ,this is the official bark in the pharmacopoeia1 which is used as a stomachic and bitter tonic useful in gastric atony and general debility4 ,wild cherry syrup is used to mask other unpleasant drugs4 ,smooth ,rose 7,rosa blanda ,ait471 8ogne mnaga ons0 rose berries4#abc ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the skin of the fruit or 8rose hip0 for stomach trouble4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe call it 8ogni0 or 8ogni gawnj0 rose berries4 ,they dry and powder the flowers for use in relieving heartburn4 ,the skin of the rose hips is a medicine for indigestion4 ,rose hips are described by white men as refrigerant and astringent1 but are only used in medicine to prepare the confection of hips4 ,roses are used almost wholly today to impart their pleasant odor to pharmaceutical preparations4 ,high ,bush ,blackberry 7,rubus allegheniensis ,porter71 8odataga gomc0 its name4#abd ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe boil the canes to obtain a tea that is used as a diuretic4 ,the roots furnish a tea for arresting flux4 ,blackberry and ,dewberry root are official in the ,u4 ,s4 ,pharmacopoeia because of their tonic and astringent properties4 ,they are favorite household remedies among white men in the treatment of summer diarrhea of children and adults4 ,blackberry cordial is often used for the same purpose4 ,red ,raspberry 7,rubus idaeus ,l4 aculeatissimus ,c4 ,a4 ,mey ,regel ,tiling7 8meskwa mnaga wnj0 red bush berry4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe value the berries as a seasoner for their medicines4 ,that is1 the flavor is used to disguise less pleasant ingredients4 ,the root bark makes a tea for healing sore eyes4 ,under the name ,rubi ,idei ,fructus1 ,n4 ,f4 white men use the berries for making an agreeable syrup as a vehicle for less pleasant tasting medicines4 ,when the ,red ,raspberry is not readily available the ,black ,cap ,raspberry is used in the same manner4 ,meadow-sweet 7,spiraea salicifolia ,l471 8wabckki bug0 rabbit leaf4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root as a trapping medicine4 ,there is no record of its use by the white man4 ,steeple ,bush 7,spiraea tomentosa ,l471 8memsgwnagg0 squaws' drink4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe make a tea from the leaves and flowers of the ,steeple ,bush to drink for the sickness of pregnancy and to act as an easy parturient4 ,the whites have used the root and the leaves as an astringent and tonic1 in diarrhea1 hemorrhages1 gonorrhea1 ulcers1 etc4 ,,rubiaceae 7,,madder ,,family7 ,goose ,grass 7,galium aparine ,l471 8sakate bwi0 stickers4 ,the whole plant is used by the ,pillager ,ojibwe to make a tea used for a diuretic1 in kidney trouble1 gravel1 stoppage of urine1 and allied ailments4 ,other species are used in much the same way and for the same purposes4 ,white men have recognized it as a valuable refrigerant and diuretic1 and have found it useful in diseases of the urinary organs4 ,it is not recommended for diseases of a passive character1 on account of its refrigerant and sedative effects1 but is used freely in fevers and all acute diseases4 ,small ,cleaver 7,galium tinctorium ,l471 8waboskki mnn0 rabbit swamp berries4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe make a medicinal tea from the whole plant1 for its beneficial effect upon the respiratory organs4 ,eclectic practitioners have used it for its nervine1 antispasmodic1 expectorant and diaphoretic properties4 ,it has been successfully used in asthma1 cough1 and chronic bronchitis4 ,the plant has a pungent1 aromatic1 pleasant1 persistent taste4 ,small ,bedstraw 7,galium trifidum ,l471 8ojbwe owe cwn01 ojibwe male genitalia4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe make a medicinal tea of this species for skin diseases such as eczema1 ringworm and scrofula4 ,white men undoubtedly use it in much the same way as the preceding species through error in identifying it correctly4 ,,rutaceae 7,,rue ,,family7 ,prickly ,ash 7,zanthoxylum americanum ,mill471 8gawa kumc01#abe its name4 ,both ,flambeau and ,pillager ,ojibwe make trips further south to get this bark1 since none of the trees grow near them4 ,they want it for treating quinsy and sore throat4 ,they say that even the berries are good for a hot tea to treat sore throat1 and also to use as a spray on the chest to cool and relieve congestion in bronchitis4 ,among the white men1 it is considered a stimulant1 tonic1 alterative and sialagogue and is used for chronic rheumatism1 colic1 syphilis1 and hepatic derangements4 ,,salicaceae 7,,willow ,,family7 ,balsam ,poplar 7,populus balsamifera ,l471 8manasa di0 perfume poplar4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe cook the buds of the ,balsam ,poplar in lard or bear fat1 and use the cold product for a salve on cuts1 wounds or bruises4 ,they also rub it on the inside of the nostrils1 so that the balsamic odors can course through the respiratory passages and open them in case of congestion from cold1 catarrh or bronchitis4 ,poplar buds are also official with white men who use them as a stimulating expectorant1 and in the form of an ointment in treating sluggish ulcers and sores4 ,eclectic practitioners have used tinctures of the buds for stomach and kidney treatment and in scurvy and rheumatism1 and sometimes1 apply it to the chest4 ,the bark is used by white men for a tonic and cathartic1 of service in gout and rheumatism4 ,large-toothed ,aspen 7,populus grandidentata ,michx471 8asadi0 bitter bark4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the young roots of this tree in a tea as a hemostatic4 ,there is no record of its use by the whites4 ,quaking ,aspen 7,populus tremuloides ,michx471 8asadi0 poplar4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe give this tree the same name as the ,large-toothed ,aspen4 ,they use the bark of a young trunk for poulticing cuts and wounds4 ,the astringent salacin in the inner bark undoubtedly draws the cuts together and causes healing4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe distinguish the tree with a slightly different name1 8asadins01 the diminutive of 8asadi01 meaning 8little poplar04 ,they use the inner bark for poulticing a sore arm or leg1 and make the inner layer of their splints of the inner bark so that a broken limb may heal healthily4 ,eclectic practitioners use both bark and leaves in treating acute rheumatism1 also to lower the temperature in fevers1 to relieve pain and reduce arterial swellings1 colds1 hay fever1 influenza1 neuralgia and diabetes4 ,externally the whites have used it as a wash for gangrenous wounds1 eczema1 cancer1 burns1 and body odor4 ,crack ,willow 7,salix fragilis ,l471 8sizigo bimc0 willow name4 ,this tree has escaped from cultivation around the water-courses of the ,flambeau ,reservation and has been accepted by the ,ojibwe there as efficacious along with the native willows4 ,the bark is astringent from its salacin content and is used as a styptic and poultice for sores4 ,willow bark was formerly employed by physicians among the whites as a stomachic and antiperiodic in the treatment of intermittents1 but is rarely used today4 ,shining ,willow 7,salix lucida ,muhl471 8zigo bamc04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the bark of this species as an external remedy for sores4 ,the ,ojibwe do not generally distinguish any particular willow with any other name1 but ,whitefeather1 ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 called this species 8mckigo bamc0 swamp tree and said it was used on a cut to stop the bleeding1 and that the bark was also a poultice material for sores4 ,other ,flambeau ,ojibwe called it 8sizigo bamc01 but it was generally noticed that in that latitude the ,shining ,willow was invariably found in swamps1 and not along streams1 so there is justification for ,whitefeather's name4 ,among the whites1 this bark was used formerly as a stomachic and antiperiodic4 ,bog ,willow 7,salix pedicellaris ,pursh471 8sizigo bamc04 ,this is a species of the cold bogs and meadows found far up toward the ,arctic ,circle4 ,while the ,pillager ,ojibwe did not give it a distinctive name1 they said it was not used for bark to smoke1 but for bark to treat stomach trouble4 ,there is no record of its use by whites4 ,,sarraceniaceae 7,,pitcher-,,plant ,,family7 ,pitcher-plant 7,sarracenia purpurea ,l471 8o makaki wdass0 frog's leggins1 as shown in plate #fg1 fig4 #a4 ,bearskin1 ,flambeau ,ojibwe medicine man had a slight variant in pronouncing this--8o makaki odass04 ,he said that the root is used to make a tea to help a woman accomplish parturition4 ,eclectic practitioners used the whole plant to make a tea for a tonic1 stimulant1 diuretic and laxative4 ,,saxifragaceae 7,,saxifrage ,,family7 ,wild ,red ,currant 7,ribes triste ,pall471 8mci tcimnk40 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the leaves as some sort of a female remedy4 ,there is no record of its use by the whites4 ,,scrophulariaceae 7,,figwort ,,family7 ,butter and ,eggs 7,linaria vulgaris ,hill471 8owacawa skwneg0 yellow light4 ,the whole plant is dried by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe and used in the kettle with other foliage and twigs as a bronchial inhalant in the sweat lodge4 ,the ,ojibwe name for medicine to be inhaled is 8nokweskn0 which sounds much like the ,menomini ,indian name for the same thing1--8na skon04 ,the eclectic practitioners claimed that the plant is diuretic1 and cathartic1 using it in dropsy1 jaundice1 and cutaneous eruptions4 ,the fresh plant was sometimes used as a poultice for hemorrhoidal tumors1 and an ointment was made of the fresh flowers for the same purpose and to use locally in diseases of the skin4 ,in ,germany1 the flowers were used for a yellow dye4 ,cow ,wheat 7,melampyrum lineare ,lam471 8agogasi mnk0 chipmunk berries4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe say that this plant is made into a tea1 which is a 8little medicine for the eyes04 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by the whites4 ,wood ,betony 7,pedicularis canadensis ,l471 8mandam nodji bkns0 little corn root4 ,according to ,john ,peper1 ,pillager ,ojibwe1 this root was a bad kind of medicine1 an aphrodisiac1 when cut fine and placed in some dish of food without the knowledge of those who were going to eat it4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by the whites4 ,mullein 7,verbascum thapsus ,l474 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe have no name for this since it has come into their territory from the south and they do not use it4 ,the writer has gathered this for his grandmother who smoked the leaves for relieving asthma and bronchitis4 ,the flowers are supposed to have diuretic properties and have been used in the treatment of tuberculosis4 ,,thymeleaceae 7,,mezereum ,,family7 ,moosewood 7,dirca palustris ,l471 8djibe gb0 djibe means a dead person1 or ghost or spirit4 ,the bark of ,moosewood is very soft1 strong and elastic1 so that twigs can be tied into knots4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe say that all their people use it as a tea for a diuretic4 ,the bark is sometimes substituted for ,mezereum bark1 which is official in the ,u4 ,s4 pharmacopoeia4 ,it is usually used in a compound decoction with sarsaparilla for chronic skin diseases1 and syphilitic1 rheumatic and scrofulous conditions4 ,as an external ointment1 it was used for a stimulant to foul or ill-conditioned ulcers4 ,,typhaceae 7,,cat-,,tail ,,family7 ,cat-tail 7,typha latifolia ,l471 8bebamasn0 it flies around4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe used the fuzz of the fruit for a war medicine4 ,they claim that the fuzz thrown into an enemy's face will blind him4 ,,umbelliferae 7,,parsley ,,family7 ,musquash ,root 7,cicuta maculata ,l471 8apagwasgons04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe say that this root is used a little in their medicine1 but did not know just how4 ,it was smoked in hunting4 ,cow ,parsnip 7,heracleum lanatum ,michx47 8pi pgwe wanck0 flute stem4#abf ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe pound the fresh root and apply it as a poultice to cure sores4 ,the fresh leaves and root are known to produce vesication or blisters by the whites1 and therefore have been used by them as counter-irritants4 ,the root has been used by eclectic practitioners to cure epilepsy4 ,in infusions1 it is thought to cure dyspeptic disorders4 ,sweet ,cicely 7,osmorhiza longistylis ,torr4 ,d4 ,c471 8osaga tkm0 interlaced twigs4 ,the same name was applied by the ,pillager ,ojibwe to ,o4 claytoni1 and evidently they did not distinguish between the two species4 ,a tea for making parturition easier is prepared from the roots4 ,the liquorice flavor of the tea is said to be good for a sore throat4 ,wild ,parsnip 7,pastinaca sativa ,l471 8pigwewnsk0 flute stem4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe are quite cautious in using this poisonous root4 ,they claim that a little bit is very powerful1 while much is poisonous4 ,they use a very minute quantity mixed with four other kinds of roots to make a medicinal tea for female troubles4 ,there is no record of its medicinal use by the whites4 ,black ,snakeroot 7,sanicula marilandica ,l471 8masan0 from the woods4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root pounded as a poultice to cure rattlesnake bite or any snake bite4 ,bearskin1 chief ,flambeau medicine man said that if this root be chewed1 it would cause eruptions on the epithelial lining of the mouth4 ,they consider it a very potent remedy4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe call it 8gnebg odji bk0 snake root and make a root tea that is used to cure fevers of various kinds4 ,eclectic practitioners have accredited it with active aromatic1 bitter principles4 ,they have used it in intermittent fevers1 sore throat1 erysipelas and cutaneous affections4 ,it has been also used for ,st4 ,vitus dance and other nervous affections4 ,,urticaceae 7,,nettle ,,family7 ,hop 7,humulus lupulus ,l471 8jiwcgonibg04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the common hop to make a tea which acts like saleratus on the system1 increasing the excresence of urine and reducing its acidity4 ,it is official in the ,u4 ,s4 pharmacopoeia as a tonic1 diuretic1 sedative and somewhat anaphrodisiac4 ,wood ,nettle 7,laportea canadensis ,l4 ,gaud471 8masanatk0 forest wood4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the root to make a medicinal tea for its diuretic properties4 ,it is said to cure various urinary ailments4 ,eclectic practitioners have considered it tonic1 astringent and diuretic4 ,they use both roots and leaves4 ,the seeds and flowers are given in wine for the ague4 ,slippery ,elm 7,ulmus fulva ,michx471 8anib04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the slippery inner bark for sore throat1 especially when the throat is apt to be dry4 ,slippery ,elm is official in the ,u4 ,s4 pharmacopoeia as a demulcent1 emollient and nutritive4 ,it is considered useful internally for dysentery1 diarrhea and bronchitis4 ,pounded bark for poultices has been used for boils and inflammations1 and in compounding suppositories4 ,lyall's ,nettle 7,urtica lyallii ,wats471 8masan0 woods4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use only the leaves as medicine4 ,these are soaked in warm water and used as a poultice for heat rashes4 ,it is something like fighting fire with fire4 ,among the whites1 nettles are known for their powerful and peculiar diuretic properties4 ,,violaceae 7,,violet ,,family7 ,canada ,violet 7,viola canadensis ,l47 ,although a common violet in the territory of the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 they claimed to have no name or use for it4 ,it was formerly used by eclectic practitioners as a blood purifier and as a remedy in chronic affections of the lungs1 and in skin diseases1 but is no longer used4 ,american ,dog ,violet 7,viola conspersa ,reichenb471 8wewae bgg04 ,the whole plant is used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe to make a tea for heart trouble4 ,the whole plants have been used among the whites as alterative and expectorant remedies4 ,they were said to be useful in skin diseases1 scrofula1 syphilis and bronchitis4 ,,vitaceae 7,,vine ,,family7 ,river-bank ,grape 7,vitis vulpina ,l471 8ciw mnn0 or 8ciw mnaga wnj01 shown in plate #gj1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe used a tea of boiled twigs for women to drink to clear up afterbirth and enable it to pass easily4 ,they use the sap as a medicine for stomach and bowel trouble4 ,among the whites1 the tender branchlets and leaves were sometimes employed for their agreeable acidulous flavor4 ,,ojibwe ,,vegetal ,,foods ,the ,ojibwe have always lived far from the haunts of civilization4 ,they were too far in the back country to participate in the colonial and pre-colonial wars4 ,they have always preferred to live where game is abundant1 and even today they are still able to subsist partly on deer and fish4 ,the products of the hunt were very important to them1 and they possess a very large number of hunting charms1 which are roots1 seeds or blossoms that are used as good luck omens or actual lures in trapping and fishing4 ,they have always made the greatest use of the edible plants of their environment1 but did not progress very far in an agricultural way until the last quarter century1 when each reservation was furnished with an ,indian or white farmer1 preferably an ,indian4 ,he has used the school children to cultivate demonstration farms1 and his example is persisting in some of his former pupils4 ,the older people had a few simple products from prehistoric days and have not allowed them to completely run out4 ,the garden patch was always small1 and the caretaker was invariably the woman of the household4 ,among the cultivated crops were3 ,cranberry pole beans1 maize or ,indian corn1 potatoes of an early variety1 squash and tobacco4 ,the last crop has not been grown by them in fifty years1 as they now depend upon the white men for their source of supply4 ,at the present time1 they raise any of the crops1 that the white men raise4 ,in their gardens1 one will find lettuce and onions1 radishes1 carrots1 parsnips1 beets1 turnips1 cabbage1 potatoes of standard varieties1 beans and peas1 and any other crop one will find in an up-to-date garden4 ,stranger still1 one may find garden flowers1 and the lady of the house will be quite proud of them1 and usually a little jealous1 if her neighbor has some flowers that she has not4 ,some of the wild crops they gather possess considerable commercial value1 such as blueberries and wild rice4 ,the laborious work of preparing wild rice for table use has boosted the price to #a4je a pound1 which those 8in the know0 gladly pay4 ,blueberries yield a goodly part of their cash income1 for the berries usually sell for about twenty cents a quart1 and it is easy for an ,indian family to pick eighty quarts in a day4 ,they do not pick them like the white man does1 but comb the bushes with their fingers1 removing the leaves and twigs later4 ,the ,ojibwe are fond of their native foods1 and since they regard all plants as the gift of their deities1 and sacred to their uses1 they feel that their native foods are medicine to keep them in health as well as foods4 ,while they know nothing about vitamins or chemical constituents1 they think that there are some salts or minerals in their native foods that keep them well4 ,we know that they are correct in that4 ,they ascribe many of their present diseases to the abandonment of their native foods and the adoption of white men's foods4 ,they think that the early failure of their teeth is due to using too much white flour for bread4 ,from the middle of ,july to the middle of ,september1 one will find the women busily caring for the various food harvests4 ,maize will be drying on cloth screens1 and blueberries will be drying to tough1 inky pellets4 ,raspberries and dewberries are cooked into jams1 cranberries are cooked with maple sugar into a jelly1 and circles of squash are strung on a basswood bark string4 ,men and women are busy at the shallow lake harvesting wild rice1 and all are very active4 ,sundays they will stop for a pow-wow or dream dance1 but not if it is the wild rice harvest time4 ,the food plants are listed alphabetically by families4 ,,ojibwe ,,food ,,plants ,,aceraceae 7,,maple ,,family7 ,box ,elder 7,acer negundo ,l471 8adjagobi mk04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe collect the sap of the ,box ,elder and mix it with the sap of the regular ,sugar ,maple to drink as a beverage4 ,sugar ,maple 7,acer saccharum ,marsh471 8nena tg0 ,indian tree and 8adjagobi mn04 ,both names came from the ,pillager ,ojibwe1#abg and although the trees were scarce on the ,flambeau ,reservation1 they also call it 8nena tg01 and gather quantities of the sap somewhere south of the reservation4 ,maple sugar is one of their most important foods and is used in almost every kind of cookery4 ,maple sap is saved to drink as it comes from the tree1 sometimes with the added sap of the ,box ,elder or ,yellow ,birch4 ,again it is allowed to become sour to make a vinegar 8cwabo0 used in their cookery of venison1 which1 when afterwards sweetened with maple sugar1 corresponds to the ,german fashion of sweet-sour meat4 ,before they had the salt of the white man1 maple sugar took its place and still does when they can get it4 ,all kinds of meats were seasoned with it4 ,there are many interesting legends about the tree1 its discovery and sugar making1 as related in ,mr4 ,alanson ,skinner's 8,material ,culture of the ,menomini04#abh ,the ,ojibwe garner their sugar crop much the same way as they did years ago1 except that they have used large iron kettles since the coming of the white man4 ,the sugar camps are rather permanent affairs1 and the framework of the boiling house with its upright poles around the fire place to hold the kettles is left intact4 ,a bark-covered wigwam is used to store the tools of sugar sap gathering1 and granulation4 ,most of the sap vessels and storage vessels are made of birch bark1 sewed with boiled basswood fiber or the core of the ,jack ,pine root4 ,the vessels are rendered waterproof by the application of pitch secured by boiling ,jack ,pine cones4 ,in early ,april1 the ,ojibwe visit their camps1 the men to repair the camps and the storage vats of hollowed logs1 and to cut fire wood1 the women to see that the sap buckets and mokoks are scrupulously clean and watertight4 ,if some can not be repaired1 rolls of birchbark are there to make new ones4 ,the whole family then move to the camp and live in the large wigwam1 while they make sugar for a month4 ,during the sap flow1 a man can chop holes and set taps into from two to three hundred trees in a day4 ,the first flow of sap is the best1 and it gets to be of a rather poor quality by the end of the flow4 ,the ,ojibwe will not use the night flow of the sap1 which they say is bitter1 so they cease collecting an hour before dark4 ,gathered sap is stored in hollowed basswood log vats1 and covered over with birch bark to keep it clean4 ,boiling in the iron kettles is done much as the white man does it1 except that foam is dissipated by stirring with a fresh brush of a spruce branch4 ,the syrup is strained through a cloth and recooked in two or three quart quantities until it is ready to sugar4 ,then1 while still warm1 it is poured into a wooden trough1 where it is pounded and crushed with a heavy wooden paddle as it hardens4 ,it is stored in covered birch bark baskets called mokoks1 of from twenty-five to seventy-five pounds capacity4 ,the sugar is graded according to its whiteness and stored away4 ,sap is often added to the dregs in the kettles and a second grade sugar is secured4 ,to waste or spill any of the sap is considered an affront to their deities1 who punish such an act by causing the sugar to shrink after it is made4 ,,alismaceae 7,,water-,,plantain ,,family7 ,arum-leaved ,arrowhead 7,sagittaria arifolia ,nutt47 8wabasi pn0 white potato4#abi ,both the ,flambeau and the ,pillager ,ojibwe call this by the same name and use it exactly alike as far as its food value is concerned4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe also use it as a medicine for man and horse4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe recognize that it is also a favorite food of ducks and geese4 ,a similar species found in ,california is used by the ,indians there as a potato under the name 8wappate0 or 8wapatoo01 and is called by the whites there 8,tule root40#acj ,the corms are a most valued food source to the ,ojibwe4 ,they will dig them if they cannot get them more easily4 ,muskrat and beavers store them in large caches1 which the ,indians have learned to recognize and appropriate4 ,it is difficult to dig them out still attached to the plant1 because the connection between the roots and the corm is so fragile and small4 ,the round corms are attached by a tiny rootlet to the main mass of fibrous roots1 and are capable of reproducing the plant in a vegetative manner1 just as the ,irish ,potato does4 ,they are from one-half to an inch and a half in diameter and about three-quarters to two inches long4 ,they are pure white inside1 sweet and quite starchy4 ,the ,indian does not differentiate between this species and the ,broad-leaved ,arrowhead4 ,for winter use1 the potato is boiled1 then sliced and strung on a piece of basswood bark fiber and hung up overhead for storage4 ,they also use the fresh corms1 cooking them with deer meat1 and maple sugar4 ,some of the potatoes are kept over after cooking and the maple sugar is thickened until they might almost be called candied sweet potatoes4 ,,anacardiaceae 7,,sumac ,,family7 ,smooth ,sumac 7,rhus glabra ,l471 8bakwa nak0 binding tree4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe gather the berries to make a pleasant beverage much like lemonade4 ,the berries are tart and are sweetened with maple sugar1 soaked in water until required for use4 ,they also gather and dry them for winter use4 ,the dried berries are cooked in water with maple sugar1 and form a hot drink1 instead of a cooling one1 as used in the summer and fall4 ,staghorn ,sumac 7,rhus typhina ,l471 8bakwa natg0 binding tree4#aca ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the berries in the same way as the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this species1 and under the same name4 ,they also store up the dried seed heads for winter use4 ,,aristolochiaceae 7,,birthwort ,,family7 ,wild ,ginger 7,asarum canadense ,l4 var4 acuminatum ,ashe71 8name pn01 sturgeon potato4#acb ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe often use this root in cookery to season the food4 ,they claim it takes away any muddy taste from fish1 and will render any meat dish digestible by anyone1 even if they are sick4 ,the roots are processed in lye water for cookery on a large scale4 ,,asclepiadaceae 7,,milkweed ,,family7 ,common ,milkweed 7,asclepias syriaca ,l471 8cabo skn0 milk1 8nniwnj0 indian plant ,flambeau name4#acc ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe eat the fresh flowers and tips of the shoots in soups4 ,they are usually cooked with some kind of meat and become somewhat mucilaginous like okra1 when cooked4 ,they also gather and dry the flowers for refreshening in the winter time1 to make into soup4 ,,betulaceae 7,,birch ,,family7 ,yellow ,birch 7,betula lutea ,michx4 f471 8winsk04 ,the ,flambeau and ,couderay ,ojibwe tap the ,yellow ,birch for sap to add to maple sap for a pleasant beverage drink4 ,hazelnut 7,corylus americana ,walt471 8mkwobaga nak0 bear nut4#acd ,the ,flambeau ,indians use the hazel nut as a food and are especially fond of the newly gathered nuts before the kernel has hardened4 ,the name is often shortened to 8baga nak04 ,beaked ,hazelnut 7,corylus rostrata ,ait471 8ba gana mc0 nut tree4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe also use the ,beaked ,hazelnut4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe also recognize it as 8baga nak0 nut and use it as a food4 ,,caprifoliaceae 7,,honeysuckle ,,family7 ,nannyberry 7,viburnum lentago ,l471 8atte tamn04#ace ,the berries are eaten when ripe1 fresh from the bush1 and are also used in jam with wild grapes4 ,,celastraceae 7,,staff ,,tree ,,family7 ,climbing ,bittersweet 7,celastrus scandens ,l471 8mandobma kwt0 spirit twisted4#acf ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe story of this plant is practically the same as that of the ,menomini1 as given in ,museum bulletin ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #fc-fd4 ,bittersweet is fairly abundant around ,leech ,lake1 and is found in dense hardwood forests climbing to tops of trees thirty feet or more in height4 ,when food is unobtainable in the winter1 because the snow is too deep and game is scarce1 the ,ojibwe gather this bark and separate the inner bark to make a thick soup for a meal4 ,while it is not so very palatable1 it is sustaining and they may subsist on it for a considerable time1 until they are able to get some game1 or to go to some relatives and get other foodstuffs4 ,the ,ojibwe name refers as does the ,menomini name1 to the twisted intestines of their cultural hero1 ,winabojo4 ,,compositae 7,,composite ,,family7 ,large-leaved ,aster 7,aster macrophyllus ,l471 8mgsi bg01 eagle leaf4 ,the leaves of this aster are eaten when young and tender4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe declare that they are fine-flavored and good to eat1 because they act as medicine at the same time that they are food4 ,among the ,pillager ,ojibwe they use the root of this same aster as a soup material1 but call it 8nmgosi bg0 trout leaf4 ,philadelphia ,fleabane 7,erigeron philadelphicus ,l471 8micao gacan0 odor of split hoof of doe4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe say that deer and cows eat this plant and that they use it in their smoking tobacco or kinnikinnik mixture4 ,dandelion 7,taraxacum officinale ,weber7 8weca waskwne k0 yellow light4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe gather the young leaves in the spring and cook them with pork or venison for greens1 using vinegar made from soured maple sap4 ,,cornaceae 7,,dogwood ,,family7 ,panicled ,dogwood 7,cornus paniculata ,l',her47 8meskwabi mc0 red bush4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this bark in their kinnikinnik or native smoking tobacco4 ,sometimes real tobacco is mixed with it and sometimes not1 as real tobacco is expensive4 ,the twig bark is peeled and toasted over coals on a crude drying fork1 then further shredded to carry in their tobacco pouches and smoke in their pipes4 ,,cruciferae 7,,mustard ,,family7 ,large ,toothwort 7,dentaria maxima ,nutt471 8mkwopnik0 bear potato4 ,the rootstocks of this cress are very abundant in wet1 springy ground in the forest4 ,the white man can only identify this plant in the spring of the year when the flower and leaf are found1 but the ,ojibwe knows the root and where it grows so gathers it when it has matured4 ,it is a favored wild potato1 but has a very pungent acrid taste when freshly dug4 ,they heap the mass of cleaned roots upon a blanket and cover it closely to exclude the air for four or five days4 ,during this time the roots ferment and lose the acrid taste1 becoming sweet and palatable4 ,the ,ojibwe cook them with corn and deer meat1 or with beans and deer meat1 and say that1 besides being a fine food1 they are a good medicine for the stomach4 ,,cucurbitaceae 7,,gourd ,,family7 ,cucumber 7,cucumis sativus ,l471 8eckadamn0 its name4 ,the ,ojibwe use their cucumbers raw1 but sometimes flavor them with a vinegar 8cwabo0 made from souring maple sap4 ,they are further flavored with powdered maple sugar4 ,ojibwe ,squash 7,cucurbita maxima ,duchesne71 8ogwssi maun owaso kwonek0 pumpkin1 yellow light4 ,their word 8ogwissimaun0 literally means 8tangled hairs01 and refers to the strings inside upon which the seeds are borne4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe cultivate their own variety of squash1 although they say that they got it originally from the ,iroquois4 ,they dry rings of squash for winter use4 ,large ,pie ,pumpkin 7,cucurbita pepo ,l471 8missa bgon0 little giant plant4 ,they have cultivated this original ,ojibwe dark yellow pie pumpkin since long before the advent of the white man4 ,they cut it into rings and sun dry it for winter use4 ,gourds 7,lagenaria vulgaris ,ser471 8jicawgan0 hollow like4 ,the ,ojibwe cultivate the gourds1 which they eat when young1 before the rind has hardened4 ,they also make use of them for drinking and dipping cups1 and for rattles in the medicine lodge4 ,the medicine man1 8mdewag01 keeps the rhythm of his songs by shaking them4 ,they are pierced1 kernels of corn or shells inserted1 and then corked again for use4 ,,equisetaceae 7,,horsetail ,,family7 ,field ,horsetail 7,equisetum arvense ,l471 8gji bnsk0 duck food4#acg ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe gather this for their domesticated ducks to eat and also to feed their ponies1 to make their coats glossy4 ,,ericaceae 7,,heath ,,family7 ,bog ,rosemary 7,andromeda glaucophylla ,link471 8bne mkci0 swamp4 ,young1 tender leaves and tips of this plant are used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe to boil for a beverage tea4 ,while they often pick and use it fresh on the hunting trail1 they also gather and dry it for later use4 ,it is not a bad substitute for 8store tea40 ,leather ,leaf 7,chamaedaphne calyculata ,l4 ,moench471 8wabackki bg0 rabbit leaf4 ,this is another beverage tea leaf1 prized by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,it is used on the trail or dried and saved for future use4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe also use it in the same manner1 under the name1--8macki gobgons0 little swamp leaf4 ,wintergreen 7,gaultheria procumbens ,l471 8wnsi bgd0 dirty leaf1 shown in plate #ge1 fig4 #b4 ,while the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this as a rheumatic medicine1 they also use the leaf tea from the youngest1 tenderest leaves as a beverage tea1 and especially favor it because it 8makes them feel good04 ,they also eat the wintergreen berry which they call 8ownsi mn04 ,labrador ,tea 7,ledum groenlandicum ,oeder471 8waboskki bg0 rabbit leaf1 shown in plate #gf1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the tender leaves of this plant for a beverage tea1 and will even eat the leaves in the tea4 ,it is a well known tea to many northern and ,canadian ,indians4 ,cranberry 7,vaccinium oxycoccos ,l471 8mcki mn0 swamp berry shown in plate #fg1 fig4 #b4 ,this is an important wild food of the ,flambeau ,indians and also of the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 who use a slightly different pronunciation1 8mcktci mn0 swamp berry4 ,the train men that go through that reservation never seem to tire of getting ,johnnie ,frog to say 8cranberry pie0 for them in ,ojibwe4 ,it sounds so complicated because they really have no word for pie in their language but must say1 8swamp berries made into sauce rolled between bread01--8mcki gimnn backi mnasgn wiwegidasgn04 ,blueberry 7,vaccinium pennsylvanicum ,lam471 8mnn0 berries4 ,the ,flambeau and the ,pillager ,ojibwe harvest quantities of blueberries both for themselves and to sell4 ,they dry them in large quantities on raised scaffolds of rush mats1 like currants1 or raisins1 which they somewhat resemble4 ,in the winter1 they like to cook them with dried sweet corn1 sweetened with maple sugar4 ,they also cook them with wild rice1 and venison and make a sweet bread with them4 ,they have different names for different varieties of blueberries4 ,the ,low ,blueberry 7,v4 vacillans ,kalm47 is called 8gimnest0 while the low ,black ,blueberry 7,v4 nigrum ,wood ,britton7 is called 8makate mn0 black blueberry4 ,no specimens of the last two were secured1 but the names were common among the ,ojibwe4 ,,fagaceae 7,,beech ,,family7 ,beech 7,fagus grandifolia ,ehrh47 8gawemc04 ,all the ,ojibwe know and appreciate the sweet nuts of the beech tree4 ,they are never plentiful enough to store for winter1 but the ,indians like them fresh4 ,white ,oak 7,quercus alba ,l471 8mci mn0 oak berry4 ,all ,ojibwe encountered told of their former dependence upon acorns for their soup stock4 ,it seems that at least every ,algonkian tribe knew and used all species of acorns4 ,they got rid of the bitter tannin taste by soaking the acorns in hot lye4 ,wood ashes in water1 when boiled gave them the lye4 ,a regular woven bark bag held a quantity of acorns and the lye was leached out by washing the whole bagful in several changes of warm water4 ,the acorns were then dried for storage1 and when wanted1 pounded and ground to a coarse flour which was used to thicken soups or form a sort of mush4 ,blueberries were often cooked with this mush to give it a good flavor and it was seasoned with maple sugar4 ,white ,oak acorns needed no lye treatment4 ,bur ,oak 7,quercus macrocarpa ,michx471 8mtgo mc0 wooden tree4 ,bur ,oak acorns are bitter1 but yield to the lye treatment to become as edible as the acorns of the ,white ,oak4 ,red ,oak 7,quercus rubra ,l471 8mtgo mc0 wooden tree4 ,because ,red ,oak was so abundant in the ,ojibwe territory and so large in size1 the acorns were one of their most important starchy foods4 ,they leached the tannic acid flavor with lye and brought them to a par with the sweet acorns of ,white ,oak4 ,black ,oak 7,quercus velutina ,lam47 8t komn04 ,the name is evidently an abbreviation of 8mtgo mn01 but probably an intentional one for this tree was always referred to by the abbreviation4 ,its acorns were equally good as others when the tannin was extracted4 ,,fungi ,the writer found that none of the ,ojibwe eat any of the mushrooms although they have two names for them1--8pkwa djc0 and 8wajackwe do0 muskrat4 ,probably some remote ancestor had a fatal experience with mushrooms and the news has been handed down4 ,although the ,ojibwe have fanciful stories explaining why they use certain plants1 no doubt their knowledge came by a process of trial and error through the centuries and the errors have been duly buried but not entirely forgotten4 ,,graminae 7,,grass ,,family7 ,corn 7,zea mays ,l471 8manda mn04 ,corn is a traditional heritage of the ,ojibwe1 although none knew a time when they did not have it4 ,their origin myth is that it was a pinch of flesh taken from the side of their culture hero1 ,winabojo1 by himself and cast upon the ground1 to grow and become corn for them4 ,this is the same as acknowledging that they do not know how it came to be here4 ,when mandamin matures1 they say that only horses can eat it raw in that condition4 ,they have to soak it in lye water1 wash out the lye and then parboil it to prepare it for the table4 ,this is the same as our hominy4 ,scientists think now that corn originated in ,mexico from an accidental crossing of teosinte and gama grass4 ,while the ,ojibwe cultivate and grow the approved strains of corn for ,wisconsin1 they also cling to their own 8calico0 corn1 with all sorts of colors of grains on different cobs4 ,they have two names for sweet corn1--8wckobi mandamn0 sweet maize1 and 8wckobi sgang0 turns sweet in cooking4 ,their sweet or soft corns are different from those used by the white man4 ,they roast the ears in the husk and make it into hominy as the white man does4 ,they cut the kernels from their sweet corn and dry them for winter use4 ,it is also boiled in a kettle1 and when half-cooked1 is cut from the cob and dried for winter use4 ,they had a name for popcorn1 but the writer saw none of it while around them4 ,wild ,rice 7,zizania palustris ,l471 8mano mn0 good berry4 ,the ,ojibwe word is their pronunciation of the ,menomini term for wild rice4 ,most ,algonkians have the same word for wild rice and it forms a very important part of their food4 ,the writer has often been present at the ,ojibwe rice harvests4 ,the largest operation seen was that of the ,ojibwe at ,mole ,lake in ,forest ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,there about twenty families were working at one time and the writer worked at each operation to become familiar with it4 ,wild rice preparation is the hardest kind of labor1 and they earn all they get for it when they sell it4 ,it sells in ,milwaukee for #a4je a pound1 but one can buy it from the ,indians at 4#be to 4#ce a pound4 ,one man reaped #acbe pounds of rice in the harvest time4 ,the ,menomini ,rice ,harvest group in the ,public ,museum exhibition halls1 shows very well most features of the operation4 ,various families have definite parts of the lake for their share1 while others travel to small lakes and stay there until the harvest is complete4 ,they set up a family camp1 while the grain is still in the milk stage and wait for it to ripen4 ,when this time arrives1 having made experimental collections to determine it1 they make a ceremonial gathering4 ,three to a canoe1 two women and a man go to the rice beds and gather sufficient rice for a preliminary feast4 ,with a hooked stick1 held in a crescent by a string1 the women pull the rice over the canoe and beat off the kernels with a stick1 into the canoe bed4 ,sometimes1 when the ,indians do not want to waste any of the rice1 they will go into the beds before it is ripe and tie several heads together to ripen in that manner4 ,the first collection is prepared complete1 with songs to their deities and a ceremonial feast is observed4 ,after that all hands fall to in earnest and gather unremittingly until all the rice is harvested4 ,when the canoe is partly loaded1 they pole back to camp1 to prepare it4 ,wild rice grows in a mucky soil which may be quite deep4 ,ten foot poles1 with a wide fork to secure a hold on the grass1 are used to propel the canoe through the rice4 ,on the return trip when loaded1 the women trample the rice to break off the spiny beards or awns4 ,the next step is roasting or parching4 ,a wash tub is tilted against a large back log and a fire maintained under it4 ,to keep the rice from burning1 one must use a forty inch paddle and stir constantly for about three hours4 ,the roasting destroys any weevils that might be present1 gives the rice a pleasant flavor1 loosens the husks or glumes and hardens the rice so it may be kept indefinitely4 ,in earlier times1 a hole was dug into the ground and carefully lined with buckskin4 ,nowadays a candy bucket is sunk into the hole4 ,this is the threshing floor4 ,a man with new moccasins steps in to trample and thresh it4#ach ,he has a couple of poles1 slanting near the hole1 and supported on a tree with which he balances1 while trampling the rice4 ,he gives a circular1 twisting pressure to the rice with his feet to grind off the husks4 ,then the chaff is winnowed away by a woman as shown in the present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 plate #bi1 fig4 #b4 ,a large shallow birchbark tray is shaken up and down by the woman as she stands in a breeze4 ,if there is no wind1 the chaff accumulates on top and is pushed over the edge from time to time4 ,after the winnowing1 the rice is washed to clean it of foreign matter and of the smoky flavor of parching4 ,it is then dried and ready to use or store4 ,wild rice swells more than cultivated rice in cooking4 ,it is often moistened with six times its bulk in water4 ,the kernels are about six times as long as thick and in cooking the ends curl backward to meet in the center1 thus differing from ,oryza sativa1 the white man's rice4 ,the proper way to cook it ,indian fashion is with deer broth and season with maple sugar4 ,wild rice cooked with wild fowl takes away the muddy or wild taste and is highly prized by those whites who know its qualities4 ,,hydrophyllaceae 7,,waterleaf ,,family7 ,virginia ,waterleaf 7,hydrophyllum virginianum ,l471 8nebnenanikweag0#aci having hair on only one side4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the root as a feed for ponies to make them fatten rapidly4 ,,juglandaceae 7,,walnut ,,family7 ,shell-bark ,hickory 7,carya ovata ,mill4 ,k4 ,koch471 8baga nako bagan04 ,hickory trees are scarce in the north1 but the ,ojibwe appreciate the edible nuts4 ,butternut 7,juglans cinerea ,l471 8baga nag04 ,butternut is plentiful in the north and in most ,ojibwe territory1 while the ,black ,walnut is not to be found4 ,they use the nuts for food and the hulls for dye4 ,,labiatae 7,,mint ,,family7 ,wild ,mint 7,mentha arvensis ,l4 var4 canadensis ,l4 ,briquet47 8andego bgons0 little crow leaf4#adj ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the foliage to make a beverage tea4 ,catnip 7,nepeta cataria ,l471 8tci namewck0 big sturgeon leaf4 ,catnip leaves are used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe in making a beverage tea4 ,,leguminosae 7,,pulse ,,family7 ,hog ,peanut 7,amphicarpa pitcheri ,t4 ,g471 8bgwa dj mskodi smn0 unusual red bean4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe cook the beans and are very fond of the unusual flavor imparted to their cooking in this way4 ,they also cook the roots1 although they are really too small to be considered of much importance4 ,creamy ,vetchling 7,lathyrus ochroleucus ,hook471 8bgwadj pnik0 unusual potato4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the root of this plant as a sort of ,indian potato1 and store it in deep pits in the garden1 as they do their regular potatoes4 ,navy ,bean 7,phaseolus vulgaris ,l471 8wabenimnesa0 little white berry4 ,the ,ojibwe claim to have always had the sort of beans that the white man uses and while their original ,navy ,bean is not exactly like that of the white man1 still it is near enough to be confused with it4 ,lima ,bean 7,phaseolus lunatus macrocarpus718wabeni mna0 big white berry4 ,the ,ojibwe also claim to have originally had the ,lima ,bean1 but that is doubtful4 ,cranberry ,pole ,bean 7,phaseolus vulgaris ,l471 8mskodi mnn0 red heart berry4 ,the ,red ,cranberry ,pole ,bean is the original source of all our best commercial pole beans4 ,the ,indians cultivated it in aboriginal times4 ,they use it alone or in many peculiar combinations4 ,,lichens ,tree ,lichen 7,sticta glomulifera71 8jngwakons wakun0 little white pine and row of eggs or 8jngwakwak0 pine egg4 ,on the bark at the base of an old ,white ,pine1 will be found lichens growing from the ground to a height of perhaps three feet4 ,the ,ojibwe gather these and boil them until they coagulate or 8come together0 like scrambled eggs4 ,they say that they taste like eggs 8wawn01 but they call them 8wakn01 which is a term applied to the roe or eggs of a fish4 ,it is a favorite dish and a very ancient one4 ,,liliaceae 7,,lily ,,family7 ,wild ,onion 7,allium cernuum ,roth471 8cgaga wnj0 skunk plant4 ,both ,pillager and ,flambeau ,ojibwe like the ,wild ,onion and ,wild ,leek in the spring as an article of food4 ,wild ,leek 7,allium tricoccum ,ait471 8bgwa djijca gownj0 unusual onion 8jcago0 really means skunk1 and from this word ,chicago was named4 ,this is the larger wild onion and is known as ,winabojo's onion1 or the one he pointed out for food4 ,it is gathered in the spring when it is round and plumper than in the fall4 ,it is also gathered and dried for future use4 ,the ,wild ,leek is somewhat bitter1 while the smaller wild onion is sweet4 ,false ,spikenard 7,smilacina racemosa ,l4 ,desf471 8agogosi wdji bk0 chipmunk root4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use this root added to oats to make a pony grow fat4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe also prepare and eat the ,false ,spikenard root4 ,it is soaked in lye water and parboiled to get rid of the lye1 then cooked like potatoes4 ,,nymphaeaceae 7,,water ,,lily ,,family7 ,sweet ,white ,water ,lily 7,castalia odorata ,ait4 ,woodville ,wood71 8odteabg wabgwn0 flat heart-shaped leaf1 white flowered4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe eat the buds of this water lily before they open4 ,yellow ,lotus 7,nelumbo lutea 7,willd47 ,pers471 8wesawasa kwunek odteabg0 yellow light1 flat heart-shaped leaf4#ada ,most of the ,wisconsin ,ojibwe know about this favored wild potato2 and also use the hard chestnut-like seeds to roast and make into a sweet meal4 ,they cut off the terminal shoots1 at either end of the underground creeping rootstock and the remainder is their potato4 ,these shoots are similar in shape and size to a banana1 and form the starchy storage reservoirs for future growth4 ,they have pores inside1 but have more substance to them than the stems4 ,they are cut crosswise and strung upon basswood strings1 to hang from the rafters for winter use4 ,they are soaked when needed and then cooked with venison1 corn or beans4 ,,oleaceae 7,,olive ,,family7 ,red ,ash 7,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,marsh47 8agmak0 snow-shoe wood4 ,the cambium layer of the ash is scraped down in long1 fluffy layers and cooked4 ,it is called 8sagma kwn01 which incorporates the name of the ash with 8wn0 or eggs4 ,they say it tastes like eggs4 ,many other trees are given the same sort of treatment for food purposes4 ,,pinaceae 7,,pine ,,family7 ,white ,pine 7,pinus strobus ,l471 8jngwa k04 ,in the spring the ,ojibwe use the young staminate catkins of the pine to cook for food4 ,it is stewed with meat4 ,one might think this would taste rather like pitch1 but they assured the writer that it was sweet and had no pitchy flavor4 ,hemlock 7,tsuga canadensis ,l4 ,carr471 8gagagi wc04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the leaves of ,hemlock to make a beverage tea4 ,this sort of tea is oftentimes used by the ,indian ,medicine man to carry his medicaments and disguise the fact that the patient is taking medicine4 ,,polypodiaceae 7,,fern ,,family7 ,brake 7,pteris aquilina ,l471 8ana ganck0 general fern name4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe are fond of young fern sprouts as a soup material4 ,the young fern tips1 with coiled fronds1 are about like asparagus tips1 only not stringy with fibrovascular bundles like asparagus4 ,the tips are thrown into hot water for an hour to rid them of ants1 then put into soup stock and thickened with flour4 ,the flavor resembles wild rice4 ,hunters are very careful to live wholly upon this when stalking does in the spring4 ,the doe feeds upon the fronds and the hunter does also1 so that his breath does not betray his presence4 ,he claims to be able to approach within twenty feet without disturbing the deer1 from which distance he can easily make a fatal shot with his bow and arrow4 ,after killing the deer1 the hunter will eat whatever strikes his fancy4 ,,ranunculaceae 7,,crowfoot ,,family7 ,marsh ,marigold 7,caltha palustris ,l471 8o gte bg04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the leaves as a green to cook with pork in the springtime4 ,,rosaceae 7,,rose ,,family7 ,smooth ,juneberry 7,amelanchier laevis ,wiegand71 8gozgago mnn0 thorny berry4 ,according to ,john ,whitefeather1 ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 this is the name of the ,juneberry1 while ,charley ,burns on the same reservation called it 8bsega gwomn04 ,both knew it only as a food1 although some tribes use the bark as a medicine4 ,juneberries were also dried for winter use1 the ,indians often preferring them to blueberries4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe also use them as a food and use the bark as a medicine4 ,red ,haw ,apple 7,crataegus sp471 8mnesaga wnj04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the haw apples as a food in the fall of the year4 ,wild ,strawberry 7,fragaria virginiana ,duchesne71 8ode imn0 heart berry4 ,both ,flambeau and ,pillager ,ojibwe have the same name for the ,wild ,strawberry1 and call it the heart berry from its shape and color4 ,they are very fond of it in season and make preserves of it for winter use4 ,wild ,plum 7,prunus nigra ,ait471 8bge sanatg04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe find quantities of the ,wild ,plum in thickets and gather it for food and for preserves4 ,pin ,cherry 7,prunus pennsylvanica ,l4f471 8bae wimnn04 ,the ,pin ,cherry is abundant around the ,flambeau ,reservation and the ,ojibwe are fond of it4 ,it is an education in itself to see a group of ,ojibwe women working on mats with a supply of fruit laden branches beside them4 ,with one hand they will start a stream of berries into the mouth and the stream of cherry stones ejected from the other corner of the mouth seems ceaseless4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe also have the tree and use it in the same manner4 ,sand ,cherry 7,prunus pumila ,l471 8sewakomn04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe find plenty of this species on sandy openings in the forest1 and gather the fruit for food4 ,wild ,cherry 7,prunus serotina ,ehrh471 8okwe mn0 worm from egg of a fly4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe prefer this cherry to all other wild cherries1 and dry it for winter use4 ,some of them also make whiskey from the ripe cherries4 ,choke ,cherry 7,prunus virginiana ,l471 8sawe mn04 ,although the fruit of this cherry is sufficiently acrid to be unsatisfactory to the whites as a food1 the ,pillager ,ojibwe like it1 especially after the fruit has been frosted4 ,high ,bush ,blackberry 7,rubus allegheniensis ,porter71 8odataga gomc0 blackberry stem4#adb ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe relish the ,blackberry and also the ,dewberry 7,rubus villosus ,ait47 although we found no specimen nor distinctive name for it4 ,they make a jam of the berries for winter use4 ,red ,raspberry 7,rubus idaeus ,l4 var4 aculaetissimus ,c4 ,a4 ,mey4 ,regel ,tiling7 8meskwa mn0 red berry4 ,this is a favorite fresh fruit of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe and is also used for making jams for winter use4 ,,salicaceae 7,,willow ,,family7 ,large-toothed ,aspen 7,populus grandidentata ,michx471 8asadi0 bitter bark4 ,the ,ojibwe scrape the cambium layer to obtain a food which is boiled and is something like eggs4 ,they also scrape the cambium of several other trees for food4 ,,saxifragaceae 7,,saxifrage ,,family7 ,prickly ,gooseberry 7,ribes cynosbati ,l471 8me skwacabo mnk0 red berries with thorns4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe relish these berries when ripe and make them into preserves for winter use4 ,wild ,black ,currant 7,ribes americanum ,mill471 8amkomn0 beaver berries1 shown in plate #gj1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe eat these berries fresh1 in jams1 and preserves and dry them for winter4 ,in the winter1 a favorite dish is wild currants cooked with sweet corn4 ,the ,flambeau ,indians use them in a like manner1 but call them 8kagagtci mn0 raven berries4 ,wild ,red ,currant 7,ribes triste ,pall471 8mcitci mnk04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe gather these currants and use them as they do the ,wild ,black ,currants4 ,smooth ,gooseberry 7,ribes oxyacanthoides ,l471 8cabo mnk0 smooth berry4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe gather this berry for fresh food1 and also make it into preserves for winter use4 ,it is often cooked with sweet corn4 ,,solanaceae 7,,nightshade ,,family7 ,ojibwe ,potato 7,solanum tuberosum ,l471 8opn0 potato4#adc ,the ,ojibwe have cultivated this early potato1 according to their traditions since aboriginal times1 and it surely looks primitive enough4 ,it is round in circumference1 about two or three inches long1 has purplish flesh1 and never cooks to a mealy consistency4 ,it is much prized for soups and is always firm and crisp when cooked4 ,white ,cloud's potato patch on ,bear ,island1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota1 is shown in plate #eh1 fig4 #a4 ,,urticaceae 7,,nettle ,,family7 ,hop 7,humulus lupulus ,l47 8jiwcini goni bg04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe often use the hop fruit as a substitute for baking soda4 ,,vitaceae 7,,vine ,,family7 ,virginia ,creeper 7,psedera quinquefolia ,l4 ,greene71 8mando bimakwt0 spirit twisted4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe say that the root of this vine was cooked and eaten a long time ago by their people and that it had been given as a special food by ,winabojo4 ,river-bank ,grape 7,vitis vulpina ,l471 8c wimnn04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use these grapes after they have been frosted1 and make them into jelly for winter use4 ,,ojibwe ,,vegetal ,,fibers ,the ,ojibwe ,indians have always been far removed from the beaten paths of the white men1 and for this reason make good use of their native plant materials4 ,oft times1 it seems to the white man that they bestow considerable labor1 upon making cord1 string1 mats1 baskets and similar articles that might as easily be purchased at a store4 ,but money is not plentiful1 and many of the things that can be purchased have inferior lasting qualities4 ,disgust for a poor substitute1 pride in their own resourcefulness1 and the habit of centuries has kept them constantly proving that they are the master of their environment and continuing to make their products in the good old ,ojibwe way4 ,outside of yarn sashes1 they have not woven textiles for a long time4 ,perhaps the last of their textile work is in storage bags made from nettle fiber or basswood string4 ,cedar bark fiber was used long ago for some coarse textiles but not within the past century4 ,their bark wigwams are quite comfortable and probably more ,ojibwe live in these native houses1 shown in plate #df1 fig4 #b1 and plate #eh1 fig4 #b1 than in frame houses4 ,certainly they use more of these than any other ,wisconsin tribe4 ,the mats for the benches or beds at the outer rim of the wigwam1 or for the floor inside1 are skillfully made4 ,they can make their wigwams wind and waterproof with sewed cat-tail mats and birch bark1 as shown in plate #df1 fig4 #b1 and can even live very comfortably in their wigwams in sub-zero temperatures4 ,there are several agency schools scattered about the reservations1 where the children may go to school1 and happily the teachers usually encourage the children to learn their own ,indian arts4 ,the schools are really boarding schools1 where the children stay continuously for nine months1 being completely clothed by the ,indian service4 ,sometimes boys and girls will escape and run home to hide1 but the disciplinarian and ,indian policeman usually ferret them out and bring them back1 or else seize the father and hold him in jail until the scholar is produced again4 ,indian children are taught more of the useful arts and household arts than are the white children1 but also have access to a college education through their university or normal schools4 ,under the head of vegetal fibers1 we also consider their uses of forest trees1 since these are so closely related4 ,as before1 the plant families are listed alphabetically1 and descriptions of uses are made along the same lines as in the preceding divisions of this bulletin4 ,,ojibwe ,,fiber ,,plants ,,aceraceae 7,,maple ,,family7 ,red ,maple 7,acer rubrum ,l471 8cicigmewc04 ,this leaf is frequently used in the ,ojibwe beadwork designs4 ,in fact1 many leaves1 flowers and fruits furnish designs4 ,since the plants are sacred to their midewiwin or medicine lodge1 it is common for them to use especially valuable remedies in their designs4 ,these may be worked in either porcupine quills or beads4 ,shell and copper beads were used in the older work1 while tiny glass beads obtainable from the whites are now used4 ,indian women are usually most apt at their own aboriginal designs and do a rather poor job1 when they are given a white man's design to copy4 ,in the early days1 the ,indian men drew outline pictures on birchbark scrolls to remind them of midewiwin rituals1 practices and medicines4 ,indian women experimented with plant materials laid upon birch bark until they found the design that suited them4 ,deer horns burned in the fire to furnish charcoal or else flour was used to coat the underside of a leaf1 which was then pressed upon birch bark to leave its outline as from a carbon copy4 ,the birch bark design would be placed beneath the native bead loom1 as shown in plate #dh1 fig4 #a1 and the pattern copied in beads4 ,sashes1 anklets1 bracelets1 kneelets1 belts1 coats and waists were beaded1 also moccasins4 ,the public is not very discerning in choosing real ,indian designs1 but the ethnologist can quickly pick the originals1 even though he may never have seen that tribe of ,indians before4 ,mountain ,maple 7,acer spicatum ,lam471 8cacagobimk0 emetic bark4 ,the three-lobed leaf of the ,mountain ,maple is a great favorite with ,ojibwe women for design work for beading1 and it is more often seen than any other kind of leaf4 ,sugar ,maple 7,acer saccharum ,marsh471 8nnatg0 ,indian tree4#add ,paddles for stirring maple sugar or wild rice while scorching or parching it1 bowls and many other objects of utility were made by the ,ojibwe from this wood4 ,,apocynaceae 7,,dogbane ,,family7 ,spreading ,dogbane 7,apocynum androsaemifolium ,l471 8wesawskwn0 nearly blue flowers4 ,the ,flambeau women used to use the outer rind for fine sewing4 ,in the fall1 when mature this fiber makes one of the strongest native fibers1 stronger even than the cultivated hemp to which it is related4 ,,betulaceae 7,,birch ,,family7 ,paper ,birch 7,betula alba ,l4 var4 papyrifera ,marsh4 ,spach7 8wgwas04 ,birch occupies almost as important a position in the life of the ,ojibwe as dates do in the life of an ,arabian or cocoanuts in the life of a ,south ,sea ,islander4 ,the bark is used for buckets1 baskets1 wigwam covering1 and canoes4 ,patterns for their decorative art were made upon the bark2 records of their medicine lodge ritual were kept on its virgin surface4 ,it and cedar form the two most sacred trees of the ,ojibwe1 both of which are so useful to them4 ,they regard the birch bark as a distinct contribution from ,winabojo and point to the fact that it is the last part of the tree to decay4 ,it keeps its form even after the wood has changed to dust and can be readily slipped from the wood in decayed logs4 ,it also has the property of protecting from decay articles stored in it4 ,they claim that a birch is never struck by lightning1 hence offers a safe harbor in a thunderstorm4 ,no birch or cedar is gathered by the ,ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to ,winabojo and ,grandmother ,earth4 ,families make a pilgrimage to birch groves during the latter part of ,june and in ,july to gather their supply of birch bark1 because it peels most easily at that time4 ,as everyone knows1 there are many layers of bark on a birch tree ranging from the thinnest paper to quite heavy pieces that make very durable canoes4 ,george ,l4 ,waite1 ,honorary ,curator of ,botany in this museum1 made a special series of pictures1 thirty in number1 detailing every step in the manufacture of their canoes or 8tciman0 as they call them4 ,ogabegijg rift in the clouds and his wife ,cawasnokwe rays of light from cloud both #hj years old1 about the only old couple at ,lac du ,flambeau1 still remembering the proper ,ojibwe method of making a birchbark canoe were engaged to carry on the work4 ,important steps are shown in plates accompanying this bulletin4 ,to find a tree with thick bark suitable for canoe-making often necessitates a considerable journey on foot as it did in this case4 ,the trunk should be ten to fifteen inches in diameter1 smooth and straight as can be selected4 ,paper birches are of slow growth and the usual specimen of that diameter will be from fifty to seventy years old4 ,this tree was collected with all the proper ceremony4 ,into a hole in the ground at the base of the tree1 tobacco was placed as an offering4 ,tobacco was smoked by the man1 who saluted the cardinal points of the compass1 and likewise heaven and earth4 ,the tree was then cut down4 ,they say that usually it will be left standing on the stump1 so that the bark may be undamaged1 but for this canoe where the outside of the bark becomes the inside of the canoe1 they felled crossed logs to hold it off the ground4 ,to remove the bark1 a long perpendicular slit is made the length desired4 ,from this cut the bark is laid back on either side1 with an axe1 and peeled from the log as shown in plate #eb1 fig4 #a4 ,to overcome the natural curl of the bark1 it is then rolled up with the inner side outmost1 in proper lengths and tied with inner bark of the basswood1 which is their ready cord material4 ,with a tump-line over the head1 as shown in plate #eb1 fig4 #b1 the man is ready to carry the bark home1 where he will make the canoe4 ,the framework was made of ,white ,cedar or ,arbor ,vitae because it is light1 elastic1 strong and easy to split4 ,in plate #ec1 fig4 #a1 ,ogabegijg is shown splitting the cedar log to obtain the ribs and framework4 ,there are two lengths1 sixteen feet for top rails1 and six feet for ribs1 as shown in plate #ec1 fig4 #b4 ,the curves of the prow and stern are obtained by slitting a stave twelve times so that it may be bent at right angles1 tied securely with basswood string1 and held in place until dried as shown in plate #ed1 fig4 #a4 ,a staked form eighteen feet long is next laid out on the ground1 as shown in plate #ed1 fig4 #b4 ,the bark is secured between the two stakes so that it cannot slip and is then ready for sewing together4 ,large rocks are piled inside to overcome any tendency of the bark to curl4 ,the sewing material is the root of ,jack ,pine4 ,these are especially suitable since they are long and straight4 ,ogabegijg is seen pulling them out of the ground after digging with a grub hoe1 in plate #ee1 fig4 #a4 ,the central core is tough and is about the same diameter at the tip as it is close to the main trunk of the tree4 ,it is split into two and coiled1 to furnish a very tough flexible cord4 ,the coils are shown with ,cawasnokwe under the ,jack ,pine tree from whence they came in plate #ee1 fig4 #b4 ,both cedar sticks and root fiber are sunk in the lake till needed4 ,sewing makes awl holes necessary1 and a ,white ,oak wood awl is used4 ,both ends are drawn through the same hole with a lock stitch1 like the shoemaker used to use in putting on half soles4 ,all holes must be caulked and made watertight4 ,pitch is obtained from a ,balsam1 ,norway ,pine1 or ,white ,pine4 ,notches made in the tree trunk fill with resin in ten days4 ,this is boiled with tallow in a kettle1 as shown in plate #ef1 fig4 #a4 ,the resin is cooked a second time to obtain the pitch and ,hemlock or ,larch bark is used to furnish the heat1 because it produces more steady heat than a wood fire4 ,cawasnokwe is seen again sewing the canoe into its form in plate #ef1 figure #b1 and is shown applying pitch to the seams in plate #eg1 figure #a4 ,decorations are made with native dyes such as blue clay and red ochre4 ,nowadays white men's colors are used and clan marks painted on each end4 ,ogabegijg uses a bear picture for his clan mark while ,cawasnokwe belongs to the chicken clan4 ,the finished canoe is seen in plate #eg1 fig4 #b1 as they are launching it upon ,flambeau ,lake4 ,very few ,ojibwe can still make a real birch bark canoe in this manner and the museum considers this series of photographs a valuable one4 ,the tree is later salvaged for firewood1 but the bark may be used right away as soon as obtained4 ,emergency trays or buckets may be fashioned at once in the woods1 or the bark may be stored for future use4 ,the application of heat is all that is necessary to bend it in any shape desired4 ,although it is highly inflammable1 still buckets of birch bark can be used to cook meats4 ,where water covers the inside of the vessel1 it will not burn4 ,the ,ojibwe woman saves scraps of birchbark to kindle or light fires with them4 ,a handy torch which will burn all night can be made by rolling birch bark tightly4 ,it is often used by the ,ojibwe in lieu of candles4 ,nearly any kitchen utensil common to the white man1 can be duplicated in birchbark by the ,ojibwe4 ,even funnels for pouring hot lard are easily made4 ,the mokoks or baskets are made for gathering and storing berries1 for storing maple sugar1 dried fish1 meat1 or any food4 ,the birchbark keeps the food from spoiling4 ,some of the mokoks for gathering berries or carrying maple sap1 have bark handles like bucket handles1 as shown in plate #di1 fig4 #a1 while larger storage baskets have no handles1 but a lid1 or sometimes a flap of the basket itself is used to close it tightly4 ,all sorts of drying trays are made from birch bark4 ,shallow trays for winnowing wild rice are also made of it4 ,sheets of bark are sewed together with basswood string and made into birchbark rolls1 used as waterproof roofing for wigwams1 as shown in plate #df1 fig4 #b4 ,sticks tied across the end of the roll keep it from splitting and tearing4 ,a fine opportunity to see these bark rolls was afforded during the ,court of ,neptune pageant in #aibf on the lake front in ,milwaukee1 when the writer brought down over a hundred ,ojibwe ,indians from ,lac ,court ,oreilles1 ,wisconsin1 and set up a model old time village of eleven wigwams4 ,there they lived for a week demonstrating their former methods of life1 jerking meats over open fires1 as shown in plate #dg1 fig4 #b1 and practicing their native arts and crafts4 ,low ,birch 7,betula pumila ,l4 var4 glandulifera ,regel71 8bnemc0 partridge bush4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the twigs of this dwarf birch for the ribs of baskets1 where sweet grass is the weaving material4 ,hazelnut 7,corylus americana ,walt471 8mkwobaganak04#ade ,a crooked stick with an enlarged base such as can often be obtained in a hazel bush makes the favorite drum stick for the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,the finer twigs are bound into a bundle1 with the tips sheared1 to serve as a primitive broom or brush to be used on the bare ground in the wigwam4 ,the finer twigs may also be used as ribs in making woven baskets for collecting or storing acorns or hard fruits4 ,,caprifoliaceae 7,,honeysuckle ,,family7 ,downy ,arrow-wood 7,viburnum pubescens ,ait4 ,pursh71 8wabanweak0 east stick4 ,the bark of this species furnished one of the ingredients of a ,pillager ,ojibwe kinnikinnik1 which the writer smoked and pronounces good4 ,,compositae 7,,composite ,,family7 ,woolly ,yarrow 7,achillea lanulosa ,nutt471 8wabgwon0 white flower4 ,the flower heads are used in the kinnikinnik mixture for smoking by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,this mixture1 is not however smoked for pleasure1 but in medicine lodge ceremonies for ceremonial purposes4 ,white ,sage 7,artemisia ludoviciana ,nutt471 8bebejigoganj wngsk0 horse hollow tube4 ,while the ,pillager ,ojibwe use this plant as a horse medicine1 they report that their neighbors the ,sioux use it in their smoking tobacco4 ,,cornaceae 7,,dogwood ,,family7 ,alternate-leaved ,dogwood 7,cornus alternifolia ,l4 f471 8mosomc0 moose tree4 ,the bark of this dogwood is used for kinnikinnik1 while the twigs are used in thatching and for various purposes by the ,pillager ,ojibwe4 ,panicled ,dogwood 7,cornus paniculata ,l',her471 8meskwabimc0 red tree4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe make kinnikinnik from the bark of this species for smoking4 ,,cyperaceae 7,,sedge ,,family7 ,wool ,grass 7,scirpus cyperinus ,l4 ,kunth471 8gaewckk04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use these small rushes for a certain kind of mat1 and formerly used them for woven bags for storage4 ,great ,bulrush 7,scirpus validus ,vahl471 8jkamiskn04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use this rush for their best mats4 ,the bleached rushes are shown in plate #ea1 fig4 #a1 after they have been immersed in water for a few days and then cleansed4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the same rush in the same way4 ,they select long rushes1 with small diameters1 so that the pith content is small4 ,when the mat is in service1 such a fiber will not crush readily4 ,the rush when gathered is an intense green1 white only at the base where it stands in water4 ,all rushes must first be bleached pure white1 and afterwards colored as desired4 ,they are pulled1 rather than cut1 in order to obtain the maximum length4 ,when thoroughly bleached and dried1 they dye them with white men's dyes4 ,formerly they used native dyes1 which they really prefer4 ,the writer tried for a long time to secure the proper dyes for ,whitefeather1 but without success4 ,they had a small quantity of ,german dye bought in #aiad1 which was satisfactory1 but the six lots sent them were not equal to the small sample in penetration nor permanence4 ,the bleached rushes preponderate in any rug1 and are ivory-white in color4 ,the finished rug or mat is three feet wide and from four to eight feet long1 and sells for from #h to #cj4adf ,the edge is bound securely with nettle fiber cord4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use a more general term in referring to the rushes 8anaganck0 meaning rushes in general4 ,,equisetaceae 7,,horsetail ,,family7 ,scouring ,rush 7,equisetum hyemale ,l471 8gjibnsk0 duck plant4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe1 besides using this for a medicine1 employ a handful of the stems to scour their kettles and pans4 ,,fagaceae 7,,beech ,,family7 ,white ,oak 7,quercus alba ,l471 8mtgomc04 ,the wood is of much value to all the ,ojibwe1 especially for making awls to punch holes in birch bark as they are sewing it with ,jack ,pine roots4 ,they use it in making wigwams and for several other things4 ,in fact1 all the oaks are used and appreciated4 ,,gramineae 7,,grass ,,family7 ,sweet ,grass 7,anthoxanthum odoratum ,l471 8wckobimckosi0 sweet grass4 ,while ,sweet ,grass is scarce around the ,flambeau and ,pillager reservations1 they secure it elsewhere for making baskets1 and say that in olden times it was used ceremonially because of its persistent sweet scent4 ,,hydrophyllaceae 7,,waterleaf ,,family7 ,virginia ,waterleaf 7,hydrophyllum virginianum ,l471 8nebnenanikweag40 having hair on only one side4 ,according to ,white ,cloud1 ,pillager ,ojibwe1 this root was chopped up and put into pony feed to make them grow fat and have glossy hair4 ,,juglandaceae 7,,walnut ,,family7 ,shell-bark ,hickory 7,carya ovata ,mill4 ,k4 ,koch471 8mtgwabak0 wooden84 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the wood for making bows4 ,some are quite particular about the piece of wood they select1 choosing a billet from the tree that includes heart wood on one side and sap wood on the other4 ,the heart wood is the front of the bow in use1 while the sap wood is nearest the user4 ,it is likewise a wood of general utility4 ,,juncaceae 7,,rush ,,family7 ,dudley's ,rush 7,juncus dudleyi ,wiegand71 8jgomiskn04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use this tiny rush in their finest mat work1 for small pieces4 ,,leguminosae 7,,pulse ,,family7 ,creamy ,vetchling 7,lathyrus ochroleucus1 ,hook471 8bgwadjk pnikmnebg0 unusual potato1 berry leaf4 ,the leaves and roots of this were used by the ,pillager ,ojibwe to put spirit into a pony just before they expected to race him4 ,marsh ,vetchling 7,lathyrus palustris ,l471 8bebejigoganji mackiki0 horse medicine or literally 8animal with only one hoof0 medicine4 ,the foliage was specially fed to a pony by the ,pillager ,ojibwe to make it grow fat4 ,,myricaceae 7,,bayberry ,,family7 ,sweet ,fern 7,myrica asplenifolia ,l471 8gibaimennagws0 coverer4 ,this word is almost the same as the ,menomini word for ,sweet ,fern and means the same thing4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the leaves to line their buckets when they pick blueberries and also cover them with the leaves1 to keep them from spoiling4 ,,oleaceae 7,,olive ,,family7 ,black ,ash 7,fraxinus nigra ,marsh74 ,black ,ash is the wood chosen for basketry splints by the ,ojibwe4 ,while our ,wisconsin ,indians are skilled at basket making1 their product is more useful than highly ornamental4 ,if they had the yucca leaves1 the devil's claw fiber1 the sumac twigs1 the bunch grass1 and the other splendid basketry fibers of the southwestern ,indians1 no doubt they would make equally fine baskets4 ,the ,wisconsin ,indians exercise possibly more ingenuity in gathering and preparing their basketry material4 ,they select a ,black ,ash log from a swamp and peel it carefully4 ,then with a butcher knife1 they make a cut about a half inch deep and by pounding with an axe head cause it to split up from the log1 as seen in plate #ej1 figure #a4 ,by inserting wedges1 and continually pounding ahead of them1 they cause the wood to separate along the annual rings4 ,then a further cut is made in the center of the annual ring and the two halves peeled back leaving a glossy surface4 ,these splints are curled up into coils to be immersed in kettles of dye stuffs4 ,then they are woven by the women of the household as shown in plate #ej1 figure #b4 ,red ,ash 7,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,marsh471 8agmak0 snow-shoe wood4 ,all ash wood is quite valuable to the ,ojibwe1 as they use it for bows and arrows1 snow-shoe frames1 sleds1 basketry splints and cradle boards as shown in plate #di1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,red ,ash is not used for the basketry splints when they can get ,black ,ash4 ,,pinaceae 7,,pine ,,family7 ,balsam ,fir 7,abies balsamea ,l4 ,mill471 8jngob0 any kind of fir tree4 ,more properly 8jngob pikewandag0 fir tree that goes up to a peak4 ,the ,ojibwe chop a hole in the trunk and allow the resin to accumulate and harden4 ,when gathered and boiled it becomes a canoe pitch4 ,it is usually boiled a second time with the addition of suet or fat to make a canoe pitch of the proper consistency4 ,another name given the tree is 8jngobandag04 ,tamarack 7,larix laricina ,du,roi ,koch71 8mckigwatg0 swamp tree4 ,larch roots are also used as a sewing material by the ,flambeau and ,couderay ,ojibwe and they used to sew canoes with them4 ,they also make bags from the root fibers1 which are considered especially durable4 ,black ,spruce 7,picea mariana ,mill4 ,,bsp471 8jngwp0 its name4 ,the ,flambeau and ,couderay ,ojibwe used these roots to sew canoes1 and from incisions in the bark gathered the resin to be boiled with tallow to make pitch for caulking canoes4 ,jack ,pine 7,pinus banksiana ,lamb471 8ggandag0 its name4 ,jack ,pine roots have ever been esteemed by all ,ojibwe as fine sewing material for their canoes and other coarse and durable sewing4 ,they dig the roots with a grub hoe as shown in plate #ee1 fig4 #a1 and often find them fifty or sixty feet long4 ,these are split lengthwise into two halves starting at the tree end1 and are wrapped in coils as shown in plate #ee1 fig4 #b4 ,they are then sunk in the lake which loosens the bark and enables them to be scraped clean1 as well as adding to their flexibility4 ,they are an ivory white when used and very tough and flexible4 ,an ,ojibwe woman is shown sewing a canoe with them in plate #ef1 figure #b4 ,norway ,pine 7,pinus resinosa ,ait471 8abakwangimg0 bark in plates1 shown in plate #fc1 fig4 #b4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe gather resin from the ,norway ,pine just as they do from the ,white ,pine1 ,balsam and ,spruce1 by chopping a hole into the trunk and collecting the resin as it forms4 ,it is boiled twice1 being combined with tallow the second time1 to make a serviceable waterproof pitch4 ,this is not only used for caulking canoes1 but for mending roof rolls of birch bark and other things4 ,the wood is also utilized4 ,white ,pine 7,pinus strobus ,l471 8jngwakwacskwedo0 white pine cone1 shown in plate #fc1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the pitch from the boiled cones1 along with the resin that flows from boxed trees1 for caulking and waterproofing purposes4 ,arbor ,vitae 7,thuja occidentalis ,l471 8gijg0 cedar or sky4 ,the ,ojibwe worships the ,arbor ,vitae or ,white ,cedar and the ,paper or ,canoe ,birch1 as the two most useful trees in the forest4 ,the pungent fragrance of the leaves and wood of the ,arbor ,vitae are always an acceptable incense to ,winabojo1 and the wood is their choice for light1 strong straight-grained canoe frames and ribs1 as shown in plate #ec1 figure #b4 ,in earlier times1 the tough stringy bark was used in making fiber bags1 but these are scarcely ever seen today4 ,hemlock 7,tsuga canadensis ,l4 ,carr471 8gagagiwc0 its name4 ,hemlock bark was used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe for fuel1 when boiling their pitch the second time1 because the heat from it was more easily regulated than that from a wood fire4 ,,rosaceae 7,,rose ,,family7 ,hawthorn 7,crataegus sp471 8mnesagawnj04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe women use the sharp thorns for sewing awls on finer work such as buckskin sewing with sinew4 ,,salicaceae 7,,willow ,,family7 ,shining ,willow 7,salix lucida ,muhl471 8azisigobmc0 its name4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this bark for their kinnikinnik or native smoking mixture4 ,it is peeled and toasted over a fire and reduced to flakes4 ,,sphagnaceae 7,,sphagnum ,,moss ,,family7 ,sphagnum 7,sphagnum dusenii ,c4 ,jens471 8asagmg0 moss4 ,the ,flambeau and ,pillager ,ojibwe find ,sphagnum ,moss1 shown in plate #ff1 fig4 #a1 readily available4 ,they gather and dry it to make mattresses4 ,,tiliaceae 7,,basswood ,,family7 ,basswood 7,tilia americana ,l471 8wigub0 its name4 ,the tough fibrous bark of young basswood trees furnishes all ,ojibwe with ready cordage and string in the woods1 but it is also prepared by the women for future use4 ,they strip the bark and peel the outer edge from the inner fiber with their teeth4 ,the rolls are then kept in coils or are boiled and kept as coils until needed1 being soaked again when used1 to make them pliable4 ,while they have countless uses for this cordage perhaps the most important is in tying the poles together for the framework of the wigwam or medicine lodge1 as shown in plate #df1 figure #b4 ,when these crossings of poles are lashed together with wet bark fiber1 it is easy to get a tight knot which shrinks when dry and makes an even tighter joint4 ,the bark of an elm or a balsam1 cut into broad strips is then sewed into place on the framework with basswood string4 ,in olden times1 an oak wood awl was used to punch holes in the bark1 but at ,leech ,lake when they made the writer's wigwam1 as shown in plate #eh1 figure #b1 they used an old file end for an awl4 ,the writer lived in this new wigwam all the time he was among the ,pillager ,ojibwe and scarcely a night passed without a group of them visiting him and sitting around the campfire1 telling old time stories4 ,,typhaceae 7,,cat-,,tail ,,family7 ,cat-tail 7,typha latifolia ,l471 8abkweskwe0 wigwam cover2 that is1 the plant leaves4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe women use the cat-tail leaves to make wind and rain-proof mats to be placed on the sides of the medicine lodge or any temporary wigwam or sweat lodge4 ,they sew with a bone needle and nettle or basswood fiber with a hidden stitch1 and bind the edges securely with their sewing cord4 ,these mats are made quite large to cover the wigwams1 and are rolled and carried around with them4 ,they are not quite rain-proof as a roofing material1 so birchbark rolls are used for that purpose4 ,the fuzz or seed of the cat-tail is called 8bebamasn0 it flies around1 and is used to make mattresses and sleeping bags4 ,they say the fuzz will blind one if it gets into his eyes4 ,they gather the heads and boil them first1 which causes all the bugs to come out of them4 ,then they dry them and strip the fuzz1 to make a mattress1 which they claim is as soft as feathers1 but very prone to mat together1 so that it must be shaken often and thoroughly4 ,they also make a quilt of it1 and from the quilt a sleeping bag4 ,this is declared to be soft and warm in the coldest weather4 ,,urticaceae 7,,nettle ,,family7 ,wood ,nettle 7,laportea canadensis ,l4 ,gaud471 8masanatg0 woods fiber4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe say that their old people used the rind of this nettle as a sewing fiber4 ,slippery ,elm 7,ulmus fulva ,michx471 8anib0 its name4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe strip this bark to use as a wigwam cover1 for the sides of the wigwam4 ,lyall's ,nettle 7,urtica lyalli ,wats471 8masan0 woods4 ,in aboriginal times1 the ,flambeau ,ojibwe used the bark or rind of this nettle to give them a fine1 stout sewing fiber4 ,,ojibwe ,,vegetal ,,dyes ,some of the old people among all ,ojibwe still use vegetable and native dye stuffs1 especially upon a mat or piece of material that they expect to keep for their own use4 ,for the tourist trade1 they will use 8,diamond0 dyes or any sort they can get as they are not especially interested in how well the color lasts in that case4 ,john ,whitefeather1 ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 asked the writer to find a good dye for them1 as he had been unable to buy any since #aiad4 ,several lots were sent to him1 but none was found that had the penetration and permanence of the ,german dyes that he had before the war4 ,he had to resort to native dye stuffs to get those qualities1 but1 of course1 could not get the same range of colors in native dye stuffs4 ,that was the main reason he sought more of the white man's dyes4 ,they boil the material they wish to color in the mixture of plant parts and some earth to set the color4 ,for this they use various clays1 the red or black sand that bubbles up in a spring1 or stone dust1 perhaps with a few1 rusty1 iron nails thrown in the kettle for good measure4 ,sometimes the bark of ,black ,oak 7,quercus velutina ,lam47 was used to set the color4 ,,ojibwe ,,dye ,,plants ,,anacardiaceae 7,,sumac ,,family7 ,smooth ,sumac 7,rhus glabra ,l471 8bakwanak0 binding tree4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the inner bark and the central pith of the stem of the ,smooth ,sumac1 mixed with ,bloodroot to obtain an orange color4 ,the material is boiled in the mixture4 ,staghorn ,sumac 7,rhus typhina ,l471 8bakwanatg04 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe do not have the ,smooth ,sumac1 but use the ,staghorn ,sumac in the same way as the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the other4 ,the writer was unable to discover how they set the color unless it was with some stone dust that accumulated in the base of the kettle4 ,,balsaminaceae 7,,touch-,,me-,,not ,,family7 ,spotted ,touch-me-not 7,impatiens biflora ,walt471 8osawaskodjibk0 yellow root4 ,the whole plant is used by the ,pillager ,ojibwe to make a yellow dye and the material is boiled in the mixture with a few rusty nails4 ,,betulaceae 7,,birch ,,family7 ,speckled ,alder 7,alnus incana ,l4 ,moench471 8wadob0 its name4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the inner bark for dyeing a light yellow1 or with other ingredients to get a red1 red brown or black4 ,in occasional cases where sweet grass is dyed reddish yellow1 the woman chews the inner bark and draws a wisp of sweet grass through her mouth weaving it in for color4 ,paper ,birch 7,betula alba ,l4 var4 papyrifera ,marsh4 ,spach71 8wgwas0 birch4 ,the innermost bark of the ,white ,birch is boiled to extract a reddish dye by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,hazelnut 7,corylus americana ,walt471 8mkwobaganak04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe make use of the seed hulls of the ,hazelnut in setting the black color of butternut dye4 ,they are boiled together and the tannic acid of the hull sets the color4 ,,fagaceae 7,,beech ,,family7 ,bur ,oak 7,quercus macrocarpa ,michx471 8mtgomc04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this bark in combination with other materials to set color4 ,black ,oak 7,quercus velutina ,lam471 8mtgomic04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this bark for a reddish yellow dye and it sets its own color4 ,,juglandaceae 7,,walnut ,,family7 ,butternut 7,juglans cinerea ,l471 8baganag04 ,the ,flambeau and ,pillager ,ojibwe find this one of their best brown dyes1 because they can get it from the tree at any time of the year4 ,it is usually used in other combinations for brown and black colors4 ,,myricaceae 7,,bayberry ,,family7 ,sweet ,gale 7,myrica gale ,l471 8wasawasnimke0 yellow catkins4 ,in the fall of the year1 the tips of the branches grow into an abortive scale or gall-like structure that is plucked and boiled to yield a brown dye stuff4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe seem to be the only ,ojibwe that know this4 ,,papaveraceae 7,,poppy ,,family7 ,bloodroot 7,sanguinaria canadensis ,l471 8meskwadjibkk0 red root4 ,the ,ojibwe use this root in four or five combinations in dyeing various materials4 ,it is not necessary to mix it with other materials to set the color and alone it gives a dark yellow or orange color4 ,they use it to paint the face1 also1 making different clan marks with it4 ,either the fresh root or dried root may be used4 ,,pinaceae 7,,pine ,,family7 ,hemlock 7,tsuga canadensis ,l4 ,carr471 8gagagiwc04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the bark together with a little rock dust to set the color1 to dye materials a dark red brown4 ,,ranunculaceae 7,,crowfoot ,,family7 ,goldthread 7,coptis trifolia ,l4 ,salisb471 8wesawadjibkweak0 yellow root81 shown in plate #ge1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe add the golden-colored roots to other plant dyes to emphasize the yellow color4 ,bristly ,crowfoot 7,ranunculus pennsylvanicus ,l4 f471 8manwegons04 ,the entire plant is boiled by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe to yield a red coloring dye4 ,bur ,oak is added to set the color4 ,,rosaceae 7,,rose ,,family7 ,wild ,plum 7,prunus nigra ,ait471 8bgesanatg04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the inner bark as an astringent color fixative in dyeing with other plant dyes4 ,,miscellaneous ,,uses ,,of ,,plants ,john ,whitefeather1 of the ,couderay ,ojibwe1 in explaining the four degrees of the medicine lodge1 told the writer about the many uses of charms or bewitching plants that the initiate learned in the fourth degree4 ,the ,mde who perfected himself in the fourth degree was called a juggler or 8,jessakd04 ,he is supposed to have supernatural powers of magic1 and can read the thoughts of others1 as well as call forth the ghosts or spirits of the other world4 ,he can give ,indians charms or lures which will aid them to do almost anything they have in mind1 and he is most feared and respected among the ,ojibwe4 ,these charms are supposed to work without physical contact and are thus different from medicines4 ,they are addressed and prayed over1 often with ceremonial tobacco offered to the four points of the compass1 to heaven and the earth4 ,they are usually referred to as medicine1 and are carried in little buckskin packages about the person of the owner4 ,much of the contents of the war bundle1 hunting bundle or medicine bundle1 is composed of such charms4 ,they guarantee a safe journey1 the winning of a lacrosse or bowl and dice game1 and the ability to find persons lost in the woods or lost articles4 ,they can bewitch a man's wife1 win the love of the opposite sex1 work evil1 and attract game to be shot1 or small animals to one's traps4 ,there is no doubt that medicines were often applied with as much faith in their power to charm as belief in the medicinal value of the medicine root for that specific disease4 ,the connection between actual and superstitious remedies was oftentimes close4 ,although a juggler or witch doctor had the power to cast these spells or charms1 he was also supposed to have the power to dispel them and cure them4 ,john ,whitefeather called attention to the frequent wry mouth or twisted side of an ,indian's face1 and said that it had been caused by some witch doctor1 but that it could be corrected by the victim1 if he would pay the medicine man more to heal it than the one had paid for bringing on the affliction in the first instance4 ,many of their people think this unjust and the medicine man who does it may have to leave the village and flee for his life4 ,this actually happened in the case of ,anawabi and the boy who died of pneumonia1 the parents claiming that ,anawabi took his breath away4 ,of course1 ,anawabi was not within miles of the boy and assured the writer that he had nothing at all to do with that case1 nor had even thought about it1 but he made a hurried trip to ,oklahoma and remained a couple of years until the anger of the parents had lessened4 ,some plants had been used in various tanning processes a very long time ago by the ,ojibwe1 but none know anything about it now1 so far as the writer could discover4 ,,apocynaceae 7,,dogbane ,,family7 ,spreading ,dogbane 7,apocynum androsaemifolium ,l471 8magosiecnakwk0 needle like4#adg ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe say that this is one of the roots the use of which is taught in the fourth degree of the medicine lodge1 and that it is not only eaten during the medicine lodge ceremony1 but is also chewed to keep the other witch doctors from affecting one with an evil charm4 ,,araceae 7,,arum ,,family7 ,sweet ,flag 7,acorus calamus ,l471 8nabgck0 something flat4 ,the root tea of this is used by ,big ,george1 ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 on his gill net to bring him a fine catch of white fish4 ,the net still smelled of the ,calamus root after being in the water more than twelve hours1 and he caught #aba white fish in one pull of the net in ,flambeau ,lake4 ,it is combined with the root of ,sarsaparilla4 ,,araliaceae 7,,ginseng ,,family7 ,wild ,sarsaparilla 7,aralia nudicaulis ,l471 8bebamabik0 root runs far through the ground4 ,this root is mixed with ,sweet ,flag root to make a tea to soak a gill net before setting it to catch fish during the night4 ,big ,george ,skye1 at ,lac du ,flambeau1 was quite successful in catching them4 ,,asclepiadaceae 7,,milkweed ,,family7 ,common ,milkweed 7,asclepias syriaca ,l471 8nniwnj0 ,indian plant4#adh ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the milk of the ,common ,milkweed along with the milk of ,canada ,hawkweed to put on a deer call1 thinking that it will better imitate the call of a fawn that is hungry or in distress4 ,,compositae 7,,composite ,,family7 ,blue ,wood ,aster 7,aster cordifolius ,l471 8naskosics04 ,a number of the composites as well as plants from other families are used in the ,ojibwe hunting charms4 ,the deer carries its scent or spoor in between its toes1 and wherever the foot is impressed into the ground1 other animals can detect its presence4 ,it is thus dogs track them4 ,it is a peculiar scent and the ,ojibwe tries successfully to counterfeit it with roots and herbs4 ,the root of this aster is but one of nineteen that can be used to make a smoke or incense when smoked in a pipe1 which attracts the deer near enough to shoot it with a bow and arrow4 ,they say that the white man drives the deer away when he smokes cigarettes or cigars1 but the ,indians bring them closer4 ,large-leaved ,aster 7,aster macrophyllus ,l471 8naskosics04 ,this is one of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe hunting charms4 ,it is smoked to attract deer4 ,horse-weed 7,erigeron canadensis ,l471 8wabgwn0 white flower4 ,this is one of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe hunting charms4 ,the disk florets are smoked4 ,philadelphia ,fleabane 7,erigeron philadelphicus ,l471 8mcaogacan0 odor of split hoof of female deer4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe use the disk florets of this plant to smoke to attract the buck deer4 ,they say that cows and deer eat the blossoms4 ,canada ,hawkweed 7,hieracium canadense ,michx47 ,under the name 8wabgwn0 white flower1 some of the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the flowers to make a hunting lure1 and mix it with their other hunting charms4 ,others call it 8mmsknakk0 and say that they cut off the roots and nibble at them when hunting4 ,the roots are milky like the stem and the hunter wanting a doe will pretend he is a fawn trying to suckle and thus attract a doe close enough to shoot with bow and arrow4 ,tall ,blue ,lettuce 7,lactuca spicata ,lam4 ,hitchc471 8dodocabo0 milk4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use this plant in the same manner as they do the ,canada ,hawkweed to attract a doe to them for a close shot4 ,fragrant ,golden-rod 7,solidago graminifolia ,l4 ,salisb471 8wasawaskwnek0 yellow light4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the flowers of this golden-rod to add to their hunting medicine1 which is smoked to simulate the odor of a deer's hoof4 ,tansy 7,tanacetum vulgare ,l471 8mckkiwt0 medicine plant4 ,the yellow flowers are used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe as an addition to their odorous hunting mixture which they smoke to attract deer4 ,,cornaceae 7,,dogwood ,,family7 ,alternate-leaved ,dogwood 7,cornus alternifolia ,l4 f471 8mosomc0 moose tree4 ,the root is boiled by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe to wash a muskrat trap and make it lure the muskrat4 ,,ericaceae 7,,heath ,,family7 ,shin ,leaf 7,pyrola americana ,sweet471 8bnebg0 partridge leaf4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe hunter makes a tea from dried leaves of this plant and drinks it as a good luck potion in the morning before he starts to hunt4 ,,iridaceae 7,,iris ,,family7 ,blue ,flag 7,iris versicolor ,l47 8wik04#adi ,both ,flambeau and ,pillager ,ojibwe use this as a charm against snakes and claim that ,indians all over the country use it the same way4 ,when the ,ojibwe go out blueberrying all day1 every one carries a piece of it in his clothes and will handle it every little while to perpetuate the scent4 ,they believe that snakes will shun them while so protected4 ,they say that the ,arizona ,indians use it when they hold their snake dances and are never struck as long as their clothes are fumigated with it4 ,they also chew it to get the odor into their mouths1 preparatory to taking rattlesnakes into their teeth4 ,the rattlesnake never offers to bite them so long as the scent of the ,blue ,flag persists4 ,,labiatae 7,,mint ,,family7 ,heal-all 7,prunella vulgaris ,l471 8basibgk04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root of this plant to make a tea to drink before going hunting4 ,it is supposed to sharpen their powers of observation4 ,,liliaceae 7,,lily ,,family7 ,northern ,clintonia 7,clintonia borealis ,ait4 ,raf471 8adotagans0 little bell4#aej ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe claim that dogs chew the roots of this plant to poison their teeth1 and if they then bite an animal it will die4 ,a man may protect himself from such a bite by using the same root as a poultice on the wound4 ,sessile-leaved ,bellwort 7,oakesia sessilifolia ,l4 ,wats471 8neweakwisnk0 one sided4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root of this plant as a part of their mcaogacan hunting medicine to bring a buck deer near the hunter4 ,,orchidaceae 7,,orchis ,,family7 ,rein ,orchis 7,habenaria bracteata ,willd4 ,r4 ,br471 8gokocgnda mneskwemn0 pig does1 red root4 ,this plant is a sort of love charm among the ,pillager ,ojibwe often put to bad use4 ,slender ,ladies' ,tresses 7,spiranthes gracilis ,bigel4 ,beck71 8bnebg0 partridge leaf4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe use the root as an ingredient of their hunting charm to bring game to them4 ,,plantaginaceae 7,,plantain ,,family7 ,common ,plantain 7,plantago major ,l471 8cecagski bgesnk0 leaves grow up and also lie flat on the ground4#aea ,the highly colored base and root of this plant appeal to the ,flambeau ,ojibwe who always carry some of the ground root in their pockets to ward off snakes4 ,,polygonaceae 7,,buckwheat ,,family7 ,swamp ,persicaria 7,polygonum muhlenbergii ,meisn4 ,wats47 8agogosimnn04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe dry the flower of this plant and then include it in their hunting medicine1 which is smoked to attract deer to the hunter4 ,curled ,dock 7,rumex crispus ,l471 8ciobg04 ,the dried seeds of this dock are smoked when dried by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 as a favorable lure to game when mixed with kinnikinnik4 ,,primulaceae 7,,primrose ,,family7 ,starflower 7,trientalis americana ,pers4 ,pursh471 8nawobgk0 four-leaved clover4 ,the root of this is mixed with many others to make the smoking scent that attracts the deer to the hunter1 according to the ,flambeau ,ojibwe4 ,,ranunculaceae 7,,crowfoot ,,family7 ,bristly ,crowfoot 7,ranunculus pennsylvanicus ,l4 f471 8manwe gons04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe smoke the seeds of this in their hunting medicine to lure the buck deer near enough for a shot with bow and arrow4 ,,rosaceae 7,,rose ,,family7 ,hawthorn 7,crataegus ,sp471 8mnesagawnj01 shown in plate #gg1 fig4 #b4 ,the bark of the ,hawthorn was used by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe in making up their deer scent for smoking to attract deer while hunting4 ,,scrophulariaceae 7,,figwort ,,family7 ,wood ,betony 7,pedicularis canadensis ,l471 8mandamnodjibkns0 little corn root4 ,this is a sort of love charm according to ,john ,peper1 ,pillager ,ojibwe1 who said that the root was chopped up and put into some dish of food that was cooking1 without the knowledge of the people who were going to eat it1 and if they had been quarrelsome1 then they became lovers again4 ,however1 he said it was too often put to bad uses4 ,,typhaceae 7,,cat-,,tail ,,family7 ,cat-tail 7,typha latifolia ,l47 8bebamasn0 it flies around4 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe used to throw the fuzz of the fruit into the eyes of their enemies1 the ,sioux1 claiming that it blinded them4 ,,umbelliferae 7,,parsley ,,family7 ,musquash ,root 7,cicuta maculata ,l471 8abagwasgans04 ,the root of this is used in making a hunting medicine to be smoked to attract the buck deer near enough to shoot with bow and arrow4 ,cow ,parsnip 7,heracleum lanatum ,michx47 8pipigwewanck0 flute reed4 ,according to the ,flambeau ,ojibwe1 there is a bad spirit 8soknau01 who is always present trying to steal away one's luck in hunting game4 ,he must be driven away from the camp of the hunter by smudging a fire with the roots of the ,cow ,parsnip4 ,this gets into ,soknau's eyes and he cannot see the hunter leave the camp1 so naturally does not follow and bother him4 ,other ,flambeau ,ojibwe call it 8acaweskk0 but use it in the same way4 ,the ,pillager ,ojibwe have the same name for the plant1 but put the seed of the plant on a fire to drive away ,soknau4 ,they boil the root to sprinkle their fishing nets and lure fish4 ,water ,parsnip 7,sium cicutaefolium ,schrank471 8wanemgons04 ,the seed of this is smoked over a fire by the ,flambeau ,ojibwe to drive away and blind ,soknau1 the evil spirit that steals away one's hunting luck4 ,yellow ,pimpernel 7,taenidia integerrima ,l4 ,drude71 8manwegons0 or 8manwekos04 ,the ,flambeau ,ojibwe declare that the seeds of this plant are very good for smoking in a pipe when one goes hunting for they will bring him luck4 ,,conclusion ,the ,ojibwe will always be interesting1 because they prefer to live in the backwoods1 and because they cling so closely to their traditions4 ,a further reason is that they are more numerous than any other ,wisconsin tribe4 ,they are good friends of the white people and find it hard to keep to a strictly commercial basis1 when hired as guides for fishing and hunting4 ,many ,milwaukee sportsmen have much appreciated friends among the ,ojibwe1 who have ever been strict and upright in their dealings with them4 ,there remains a considerable amount of folk lore or ethnology to be studied and recorded1 and since it is easy to find well educated men and women among them1 who still recall the traditions and stories of their early life1 it should prove a fertile field of investigation for some student4 ,the writer is satisfied that he has only touched the surface in their ethnobotanical uses1 knowing that three or four months are really too short a time to get this lore from them4 ,but he wishes to close by saying that the ,ojibwe are one of the most interesting people he has ever met4 ,,footnotes3 #he ,walter ,j4 ,hoffman4 8,the ,midewiwin or #8,grand ,medicine ,society' of the ,ojibwa40 ,in the #gth ,annual ,report of ,bur4 of ,ethnol4 #ahia1 pp4 #adc-bii4 #hf ,miss ,frances ,densmore4 8,use of ,plants by the ,chippewa ,indians40 ,in #ddth ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,am4 ,ethnol41 #aibh1 pp4 #bge-cig4 #hg ,field work is completed upon the ethnobotany of the ,forest ,pottawatomi1 ,winnebago and ,oneida ,indians1 and bulletins will appear upon their ethnobotany at a future date4 ,all will follow the same general plan4 #hh ,,ojibwe ,,syllabary ba be bi bo ka ke ki ko sa se si so wa we wi we sha she shi sho ya ye yi yo na ne ni no a e i o ma me mi mo da de di do ta te ti to ga ge gi go tta tte tti tto ,the letters all have the ,english value except tta and ga1 which are pronounced cha and kwa4 ,a1 e1 i1 and o when pronounced alone become ha1 he1 hi1 ho4 ,extra characters are ,ji1 pronounced zhi1 and di1 pronounced dzhi4 #hi 8,the ,indian tribes of the ,upper ,mississippi ,valley and region of the ,great ,lakes0 ,by ,nicolas ,perrot1 translated by ,e4 ,h4 ,blair1 #aiaa1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #aji4 #ij 8,the last ,indian uprising in the ,u4,s40 ,louis ,h4 ,roddis1 ,minn4 ,hist4 ,bull4 ,vol4 #c1 ,no4 #e1 pp4 #bgc-bij4 #ia 8,sketches of a tour of the ,lakes1 of the character and customs of the ,chippeway ,indians1 and of the incidents connected with the treaty of ,fond du ,lac10 ,thos4 ,l4 ,mc,kenney1 7,balto4 #ahbg74 #ib ,present ,series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #c #ic ,present ,series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #d #id ,present ,series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ce1 fig4 #d4 #ie ,present ,series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ae1 fig4 #d #if ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #de1 fig4 #a4 #ig ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bf1 fig4 #b4 #ih ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bh1 fig4 #b4 #ii ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #af1 fig4 #c4 #ajj ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ag1 fig4 #a4 #aja ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ag1 fig4 #b4 #ajb ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #af1 fig4 #a4 #ajc ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #a4 #ajd ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ah1 fig4 #a4 #aje ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #aa1 fig4 #a4 #ajf ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a4 #ajg ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ai1 fig4 #b4 #ajh ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cc1 fig4 #a4 #aji ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #dj1 fig4 #b4 #aaj ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c4 #aaa ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ai1 fig4 #c4 #aab ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ai1 fig4 #d4 #aac ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c4 #aad ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ac1 fig4 #a4 #aae ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cb1 fig4 #c4 #aaf ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ad1 fig4 #b4 #aag ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #c4 #aah ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #b4 #aai ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #b4 #abj ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cc1 fig4 #b4 #aba ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bc1 fig4 #c4 #abb ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #a4 #abc ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cg1 fig4 #c4 #abd ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #be1 fig4 #d4 #abe ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bc1 fig4 #b4 #abf ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bd1 fig4 #a1 and pl4 #cg1 fig4 #a4 #abg ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #g1 fig4 #a4 #abh ,indian ,notes and ,monographs1 ,museum of the ,american ,indian1 ,heye ,foundation1 ,misc4 ,publ4 #bj1 pp4 #afd-afe1 #aiba4 #abi ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 plate #ca1 fig4 #c4 #acj ,lyons1 ,a4 ,n4--,plant ,names1 ,scientific and ,popular1 #aijg1 ,detroit1 p4 #djh1 ,art4 #aijf4 #aca ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #i1 fig4 #d4 #acb ,present series4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #de1 fig4 #a4 #acc ,present series4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bf1 fig4 #b4 #acd ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #af1 fig4 #c4 #ace ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ag1 fig4 #a4 #acf ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cd1 fig4 #c4 #acg ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #aa1 fig4 #a4 #ach ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bi1 fig4 #a4 #aci ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cc1 fig4 #a4 #adj ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c4 #ada ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c1 and pl4 #da1 fig4 #b4 #adb ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #be1 fig4 #d4 #adc ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #cb1 fig4 #b4 #add ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #g1 fig4 #b4 #ade ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #af1 fig4 #c4 #adf #aibc ,yearbook1 fig4 #ag4 #adg ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ce1 fig4 #d4 #adh ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bf1 fig4 #b4 #adi ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #dj1 fig4 #b4 #aej ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c4 #aea ,present series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #b4 ,,finding ,,list ,,of ,,plants ,,by ,,scientific ,,name ,abies balsamea #cgh1 #dbj ,,aceraceae #cec1 #cid1 #dab ,acer negundo #cec1 #cid ,acer rubrum #cec1 #dab ,acer spicatum #cec1 #dac ,acer saccharum #cid1 #dac ,achillea lanulosa #cfb1 #dag ,achillea millefolium #cfb ,acorus calamus #cee1 #dbh ,actaea rubra #chb ,agrimonia gryposepala #chc ,,alismaceae #cec1 #cif ,allium cernuum #djf ,allium tricoccum #djf ,alnus incana #ceh1 #dbe ,amelanchier laevis #chd1 #djh ,amphicarpa pitcheri #dje ,,anacardiaceae #ced1 #cig1 #dbd ,anaphalis margaritacea #cfb ,andromeda glaucophylla #cfh1 #djj ,anemone canadensis #chb ,anemone cylindrica #chc ,antennaria neodioica #cfc ,anthoxanthum odoratum #dai ,,apocynaceae #ced1 #dac1 #dbh ,apocynum androsaemifolium #ced1 #cgd1 #dac1 #dbh ,aquilegia canadensis #chc ,,aquifoliaceae #cee ,arabis glabra #cfg ,,araceae #cee1 #dbh ,,araliaceae #cef1 #dbh ,aralia nudicaulis #cef1 #dbh ,aralia racemosa #cef ,arctium minus #cfc ,arisaema triphyllum #cef ,,aristolochiaceae #ceg1 #cig ,artemisia ludoviciana #cfc1 #dag ,asarum canadense acuminatum #ceg1 #cig ,,asclepiadaceae #ceg1 #cig1 #dbh ,asclepias syriaca #ceg1 #cig1 #dbh ,aspidium cristatum #cha ,asplenium filix-femina #cha ,aster cordifolius #dbh ,aster macrophyllus #cfc1 #cih1 #dbi ,,balsaminaceae #ceg1 #dbe ,,berberidaceae #ceh ,betula alba papyrifera #ceh1 #dac1 #dbe ,,betulaceae #ceh1 #cig1 #dac1 #dbe ,betula lutea #cig ,betula pumila glandulifera #cei1 #dag ,,boraginaceae #cei ,botrychium virginianum #cgg ,caltha palustris #djh ,calvatia craniiformis #cgj ,campanula aparinoides #cfj ,,campanulaceae #cfj ,campanula rotundifolia #cfj ,,caprifoliaceae #cfj1 #cih1 #dag ,carya ovata #dje1 #dai ,,caryophyllaceae #cfa ,castalia odorata #cgf1 #djg ,caulophyllum thalictroides #ceh ,,celastraceae #cfb1 #cih ,celastrus scandens #cfb1 #cih ,chamaedaphne calyculata #djj ,chimaphila umbellata #cfh ,chrysanthemum leucanthemum #cfc ,cicuta maculata #cij1 #dcb ,cimicifuga racemosa #chb ,cirsium arvense #cfd ,cirsium lanceolatum #cfd ,cladonia rangiferina #cgc ,clintonia borealis #cgc1 #dcj ,,compositae #cfb1 #cih1 #dag1 #dbh ,coptis trifolia #chc1 #dbf ,,cornaceae #cff1 #cii1 #dag1 #dbi ,cornus alternifolia #cff1 #dag1 #dbi ,cornus canadensis #cff ,cornus paniculata #cfg1 #cii1 #dah ,corydalis aurea #cgj ,corylus americana #cei1 #cig1 #dag1 #dbe ,corylus rostrata #cei1 #cih ,crataegus sp #chd1 #dji1 #dbb1 #dca ,,cruciferae #cfg1 #cii ,cucumis sativa #cii ,,cucurbitaceae #cfg1 #cii ,cucurbita maxima #cfg1 #cii ,cucurbita pepo #djj ,cynoglossum boreale #cei ,,cyperaceae #cfh1 #dah ,cypripedium parviflorum #cgg ,dentaria maxima #cii ,diervilla lonicera #cfj1 #cge1 #cgg ,dirca palustris #cij ,echinocystis lobata #cfg ,epilobium angustifolium #cgf ,,equisetaceae #cfh1 #djj1 #dah ,equisetum arvense #cfh1 #djj ,equisetum hyemale #cfh1 #dah ,,ericaceae #cfh1 #djj1 #dcj ,erigeron canadensis #dbi ,erigeron philadelphicus #cfd1 #cih1 #dbi ,erigeron ramosus #cfd ,eriophorum callitrix #cfh ,eupatorium purpureum #cfd ,,euphorbiaceae #cfi ,euphorbia corollata #cfi ,,fagaceae #cfi1 #dja1 #dah1 #dbe ,fagus grandifolia #dja ,fomes applanatus #cgj ,fragaria virginiana #chd1 #dji ,fraxinus nigra #dbj ,fraxinus pennsylvanica #cgf1 #djg1 #dbj ,,fumariaceae #cgj ,,fungi #cgj1 #djb ,galium aparine #chf ,galium tinctorium #chf ,galium trifidum #chg ,gaultheria procumbens #cfi1 #djj ,,geraniaceae #cgj ,geranium maculatum #cgj ,geum macrophyllum #chd ,glyceria canadensis #cga ,,graminae #cga1 #djb1 #dai ,habenaria bracteata #cgg1 #dca ,heracleum lanatum #cij1 #dcb ,hieracium canadense #dbi ,humulus lupulus #cia1 #daa ,,hydrophyllaceae #cga1 #dje1 #dai ,hydrophyllum virginianum #cga1 #dje1 #dai ,ilex verticillata #cee ,impatiens biflora #ceg1 #dbe ,,iridaceae #cga1 #dcj ,iris versicolor #cga1 #dcj ,,juglandaceae #dje1 #dai1 #dbe ,juglans cinerea #dje1 #dbe ,,juncaceae #dai ,juncus dudleyi #dai ,,labiatae #cga1 #dje1 #dcj ,lactuca spicata #cfd1 #dbi ,lagenaria vulgaris #djj ,laportea canadensis #cia1 #dbc ,larix laricina #cgh1 #dba ,lathyrus ochroleucus #cga1 #djf1 #dai ,lathyrus palustris #cgc1 #dai ,ledum groenlandicum #dja ,,leguminosae #cga1 #dje1 #dai ,,lichens #cgc1 #djf ,,liliaceae #cgc1 #dcj ,linaria vulgaris #chi ,lychnis alba #cfa ,,lycopodiaceae #cge ,lycopodium complanatum #cge ,lycopodium obscurum dendroideum #cge ,lysimachia thyrsiflora #chb ,maianthemum canadense #cgc ,melampyrum lineare #chi ,melilotus alba #cgc ,,menispermaceae #cge ,menispermum canadense #cge ,mentha arvensis canadensis #cga1 #dje ,microstylis unifolia #cgg ,monarda fistulosa #cga ,myrica asplenifolia #cge1 #dbj ,,myricaceae #cge1 #dbj1 #dbe ,myrica gale #dbe ,nelumbo lutea #djg ,nemopanthus mucronata #cee ,nepeta cataria #cga1 #dje ,nymphaea advena #cgf ,,nymphaeaceae #cgf1 #djg ,,nyctaginaceae #cge ,oakesia sessilifolia #dcj ,oenothera biennis #cgf ,,oleaceae #cgf1 #dbj ,,onagraceae #cgf ,onoclea sensibilis #chb ,,ophioglossaceae #cgg ,,orchidaceae #cgg1 #dca ,osmorhiza claytoni #cia ,osmorhiza longistylis #cia ,oxybaphus nyctagineus #cge ,panax quinquefolium #cef ,,papaveraceae #cgg1 #dbf ,pastinaca sativa #cia ,pedicularis canadensis #chi1 #dcb ,phaseolus lunatus macrocarpa #djf ,phaseolus vulgaris #djf ,picea canadensis #cgi ,picea mariana #cgi1 #dba ,,pinaceae #cgh1 #djg1 #dbj1 #dbf ,pinus banksiana #cgi1 #dba ,pinus resinosa #cgi1 #dba ,pinus strobus #cgi1 #djg1 #dba ,,plantaginaceae #chj1 #dca ,plantago major #chj1 #dca ,,polygonaceae #cha1 #dca ,polygonatum biflorum #cgd ,polygonum careyi #cha ,polygonum muhlenbergii #cha1 #dca ,,polypodiaceae #cha1 #djh ,populus balsamifera #ceb1 #chg ,populus grandidentata #ceb1 #chg1 #daj ,populus tremuloides #chh ,potentilla monspeliensis #chd ,potentilla palustris #chd ,prenanthus alba #cfe ,,primulaceae #chb1 #dca ,prunella vulgaris #cga1 #dcj ,prunus nigra #dji1 #dbf ,prunus pennsylvanica #che1 #dji ,prunus pumila #dji ,prunus serotina #che1 #dji ,prunus virginiana #che1 #dji ,psedera quinquefolia #daa ,pteris aquilina #chb1 #djh ,pyrola americana #dcj ,quercus alba #dja1 #dah ,quercus macrocarpa #cfi1 #djb1 #dbe ,quercus rubra #cfi1 #djb ,quercus velutina #djb1 #dbd1 #dbe ,radicula palustris #cfg ,,ranunculaceae #chb1 #djh1 #dbf1 #dca ,ranunculus pennsylvanicus #chc1 #dbf1 #dca ,ranunculus sceleratus #chc ,rhus glabra #ced1 #cig1 #dbd ,rhus toxicodendron #ced ,rhus typhina #ced1 #cig1 #dbd ,ribes americanum #daj ,ribes cynosbati #daj ,ribes oxyacanthoides #daj ,ribes triste #chi1 #daj ,rosa blanda #che ,,rosaceae #djh1 #dbb1 #dbf1 #dca ,,rubiaceae #chf ,rubus allegheniensis #che1 #dji ,rubus idaeus aculeatissimus #chf1 #daj ,rubus villosus #dji ,rudbeckia hirta #cfe ,rumex crispus #cha1 #dca ,,rutaceae #chg ,sagittaria arifolia #cec1 #cif ,,salicaceae #chg1 #daj1 #dbb ,salix fragilis #chh ,salix lucida #chh1 #dbb ,salix pedicellaris #chh ,sambucus racemosus #cfj ,sanguinaria canadensis #cgg1 #dbf ,sanicula marilandica #cia ,,sarraceniaceae #chi ,sarracenia purpurea #chi ,,saxifragaceae #chi1 #daj ,scirpus cyperinus #dah ,scirpus validus #dah ,,scrophulariaceae #chi1 #dcb ,scutellaria galericulata #cga ,senecio aureus #cfe ,senecio integerrimus #cfe ,silphium perfoliatum #cfe ,sisymbrium canescens #cfg ,sium cicutaefolium #dcb ,smilacina racemosa #cgd1 #djg ,smilacina stellata #cgd ,smilax herbacea #cgd ,,solanaceae #daj ,solanum tuberosum #daj ,solidago graminifolia #cff1 #dbi ,,sphagnaceae #dbb ,spiraea salicifolia #chf ,spiraea tomentosa #chf ,spiranthes gracilis #dca ,sticta glomulifera #djf ,streptopus roseus #cgd ,symphoricarpos occidentalis #cfa ,symphoricarpos racemosus #cfa ,taenidia integerrima #dcb ,tanacetum vulgare #cff1 #dbi ,taraxacum officinale #cff1 #cii ,thalictrum dasycarpum #chc ,thuja occidentalis #chj1 #dba ,,thymeleaceae #cij ,tilia americana #dbb ,,tiliaceae #dbb ,trientalis americana #dca ,tsuga canadensis #chj1 #djh1 #dbb1 #dbf ,,typhaceae #cij1 #dbc1 #dcb ,typha latifolia #cij1 #dbc1 #dcb ,ulmus fulva #cib1 #dbc ,,umbelliferae #dcb ,,urticaceae #cia1 #daa1 #dbc ,urtica lyallii #cib1 #dbc ,uvularia grandiflora #cgd ,vaccinium nigrum #dja ,vaccinium oxycoccus #cfi1 #dja ,vaccinium pennsylvanicum #cfi1 #dja ,vaccinium vacillans #dja ,verbascum thapsus #cij ,viburnum lentago #cfa1 #cih ,viburnum opulus americanum #cec1 #cfa ,viburnum prunifolium #cfa ,viburnum pubescens #dag ,viola canadensis #cib ,,violaceae #cib ,viola conspersa #cib ,,vitaceae #cib1 #daa ,vitis vulpina #cib1 #daa ,xanthium commune #cff ,zanthoxylum americanum #chg ,zea mays #djb ,zizania palustris #djc ,,by ,,english ,,name ,adder's ,mouth #cgg ,,adder',s ,,tongue ,,family #cgg ,agrimony #chc ,alder1 ,speckled #ceh1 #dbe ,anemone1 ,canada #chb ,apple1 ,red ,haw #dji ,arbor ,vitae #chj1 #dba ,arrowhead1 ,arum ,leaved #cec1 #cif ,arrow-wood1 ,downy #dag ,,arum ,,family #cee1 #dbh ,ash1 ,black #dbj ,ash1 ,prickly #chg ,ash1 ,red #cgf1 #djg1 #dbj ,aspen1 ,large-toothed #chg1 #daj ,aspen1 ,quaking #chh ,aster1 ,blue ,wood #dbh ,aster1 ,large-leaved #cfc1 #cih1 #dbi ,avens1 ,large-leaved #chd ,balsam-apple1 ,wild #cfg ,balsam ,fir #cgh1 #dbj ,baneberry1 ,red #chb ,,barberry ,,family #ceh ,,basswood ,,family #dbb ,,bayberry ,,family #cge1 #dbj1 #dbe ,bean1 ,cranberry ,pole #djf ,bean1 ,lima #djf ,bean1 ,navy #djf ,bear #ceb ,bedstraw1 ,small #chg ,beech #dja ,,beech ,,family #cfi1 #dja1 #dah1 #dbe ,,bellflower ,,family #cfj ,bellflower1 ,marsh #cfj ,bellwort1 ,large-flowered #cgd ,bellwort1 ,sessile-leaved #dcj ,bergamot1 ,wild #cga ,betony1 ,wood #chi1 #dcb ,,birch ,,family #ceh1 #cig1 #dac1 #dbe ,birch1 ,low #cei1 #dag ,birch1 ,paper #ceh1 #dac1 #dbe ,birch1 ,yellow #cig ,,birthwort ,,family #ceg1 #cig ,bittersweet1 ,climbing #cfb1 #cih ,blackberry1 ,high ,bush #che1 #dji ,bloodroot #cgg1 #dbf ,blueberry #cfi1 #dja ,blueberry1 ,black ,low #dja ,blueberry1 ,low #dja ,blue ,flag #dcj ,,borage ,,family #cei ,box ,elder #cec1 #cid ,brake #chb1 #djh ,,buckwheat ,,family #cha1 #dca ,bulrush1 ,great #dah ,bunchberry #cff ,burdock1 ,common #cfc ,bush1 ,steeple #chf ,butter and ,eggs #chi ,butternut #dje1 #dbe ,campion1 ,white #cfa ,canada ,mayflower #cgc ,carrion-flower #cgd ,catnip #cga1 #dje ,cat's-,foot1 ,lesser #cfc ,cat-tail #cij1 #dcb ,,cat-,,tail ,,family #cij1 #dcb ,cedar1 ,white #dba ,celadine1 ,wild #ceh ,cherry1 ,choke #che1 #dji ,cherry1 ,pin #che1 #dji ,cherry1 ,sand #dji ,cherry1 ,wild #che1 #dji ,cicely1 ,sweet #cia ,cinquefoil1 ,rough #chd ,clay1 ,red #ceb ,clay1 ,white #ceb ,cleaver1 ,small #chf ,clintonia1 ,northern #cgc1 #dcj ,clover1 ,white ,sweet #cgc ,,club ,,moss ,,family #cge ,cocklebur #cff ,cohosh1 ,black #chb ,cohosh1 ,blue #ceh ,columbine1 ,wild #chc ,,composite ,,family #cfb1 #cih1 #dag1 #dbh ,corn #djb ,cornel1 ,dwarf #cff ,corydalis1 ,golden #cgj ,cow ,parsnip #cij1 #dcb ,cow ,wheat #chi ,cramp ,bark #cec ,cranberry #cfi1 #dja ,cranberry1 ,highbush #cfa ,cress1 ,marsh #cfg ,crowfoot1 ,bristly #chc1 #dbf1 #dca ,crowfoot1 ,cursed #chc ,,crowfoot ,,family #chb1 #djh1 #dbf1 #dca ,cucumber #cii ,cup1 ,indian #cfe ,currant1 ,wild ,black #daj ,currant1 ,wild ,red #chi1 #daj ,daisy1 ,ox-eye #cfc ,dandelion #cff1 #cii ,dewberry #dji ,dock1 ,curled #cha1 #dca ,,dogbane ,,family #ced1 #dac1 #dbh ,dogbane1 ,spreading #ced1 #cgd1 #dac1 #dbh ,,dogwood ,,family #cff1 #cii1 #dag1 #dbi ,dogwood1 ,alternate-leaved #cff1 #dag1 #dbi ,dogwood1 ,panicled #cfg1 #cii1 #dah ,dyes #dbd ,elderberry1 ,red #cfj ,elder1 ,box #cid ,elm1 ,slippery #cib ,,evening ,,primrose ,,family #cgf ,everlasting1 ,pearly #cfb ,,fern ,,family #cha1 #djh ,fern1 ,female #cha ,fern1 ,sensitive #chb ,fern1 ,shield #cha ,fern1 ,sweet #cge1 #dbj ,fern1 ,virginia ,grape #cgg ,fibers #daa ,,figwort ,,family #chi1 #dcb ,fir1 ,balsam #cgh1 #dbj ,fish #ceb ,five-finger1 ,marsh #chd ,flag1 ,blue #cee1 #cga1 #dcj ,flag1 ,sweet #cee1 #dbh ,fleabane1 ,daisy #cfd ,fleabane1 ,philadelphia #cfd1 #cih1 #dbi ,food ,plants #cid ,,four ,o',,clock ,,family #cge ,,fumitory ,,family #cgj ,,fungi #djb ,gale1 ,sweet #dbe ,,geranium ,,family #cgj ,geranium1 ,wild #cgj ,ginger1 ,wild #ceg1 #cig ,ginseng #cef ,,ginseng ,,family #cef1 #dbh ,golden-rod1 ,fragrant #cff1 #dbi ,goldthread #chc1 #dbf ,gooseberry1 ,prickly #daj ,gooseberry1 ,smooth #daj ,goose ,grass #chf ,,gourd ,,family #cfg1 #cii ,gourds #djj ,grape1 ,river-bank #cib1 #daa ,,grass ,,family #cga1 #djb1 #dai ,grass1 ,goose #chf ,grass1 ,rattlesnake #cga ,grass1 ,sweet #dai ,grass1 ,wool #dah ,ground ,pine #cge ,groundsel1 ,entire-leaved #cfe ,harebell #cfj ,hare's ,tail #cfh ,hawkweed1 ,canada #dbi ,hawthorn #chd1 #dbb1 #dca ,hazelnut #cei1 #cig1 #dag1 #dbe ,hazelnut1 ,beaked #cei1 #cih ,heal-all #cga1 #dcj ,,heath ,,family #cfh1 #djj1 #dcj ,hemlock #chj1 #djh1 #dbb1 #dbf ,hemlock1 ,poison #cfa ,hickory1 ,shell-bark #dje1 #dai ,,holly ,,family #cee ,honeysuckle1 ,bush #cfj1 #cge1 #cgg ,,honeysuckle ,,family #cfj1 #cih1 #dag ,hop #cia1 #daa ,,horsetail ,,family #cfh1 #djj1 #dah ,horsetail1 ,field #cfh1 #djj ,horsetail1 ,wood #cfh ,horse-weed #dbi ,hound's ,tongue #cei ,,iris ,,family #cga1 #dcj ,ivy1 ,poison #ced ,joe ,pye ,weed #cfd ,juneberry1 ,smooth #chd1 #djh ,labrador ,tea #dja ,ladies' ,slipper1 ,yellow #cgg ,ladies' ,tresses1 ,slender #dca ,leaf1 ,leather #djj ,leather ,leaf #djj ,leek1 ,wild #djf ,lettuce1 ,tall ,blue #cfd1 #dbi ,lettuce1 ,white #cfe ,lichens #cgc1 #djf ,lichen1 ,tree #djf ,,lily ,,family #cgc1 #djf1 #dcj ,loosestrife1 ,tufted #chb ,lotus1 ,yellow #djg ,,madder ,,family #chf ,mammals #ceb ,,maple ,,family #cec1 #cid1 #dab ,maple1 ,mountain #cec1 #dac ,maple1 ,red #cec1 #dab ,maple1 ,sugar #cid1 #dac ,marigold1 ,marsh #djh ,mayflower1 ,canada #cgc ,meadow ,sweet #chf ,medicinal ,plants #cec ,,mezereum ,,family #cij ,milkweed1 ,common #ceg1 #cig1 #dbh ,,milkweed ,,family #ceg1 #cig1 #dbh ,minerals #ceb ,,mint ,,family #cga1 #dje1 #dcj ,mint1 ,wild #cga1 #dje ,miscellaneous uses #dbf ,moonseed1 ,canada #cge ,,moonseed ,,family #cge ,moosewood #cij ,moss1 ,reindeer #cgc ,mullein #cij ,musquash ,root #cij1 #dcb ,,mustard ,,family #cfg1 #cii ,mustard1 ,tansy #cfg ,mustard1 ,tower #cfg ,nannyberry #cfa1 #cih ,,nettle ,,family #cia1 #daa ,nettle1 ,lyall's #cib ,nettle1 ,wood #cia ,,nightshade ,,family #daj ,oak1 ,black #djb1 #dbd1 #dbe ,oak1 ,bur #cfi1 #djb1 #dbe1 #dbf ,oak1 ,red #cfi1 #djb ,oak1 ,white #dja1 #dah ,,olive ,,family #cgf1 #djg1 #dbj ,onion1 ,wild #djf ,,orchis ,,family #cgg1 #dca ,orchis1 ,rein #cgg1 #dca ,,parsley ,,family #cij1 #dcb ,parsnip1 ,cow #cij1 #dcb ,parsnip1 ,water #dcb ,parsnip1 ,wild #cia ,peanut1 ,hog #dje ,persicaria1 ,carey's #cha ,persicaria1 ,swamp #cha1 #dca ,pimpernel1 ,yellow #dcb ,,pine ,,family #cgh1 #djg1 #dbj1 #dbf ,pine1 ,ground #cge ,pine1 ,jack #cgi1 #dba ,pine1 ,norway #cgi1 #dba ,pine1 ,prince's #cfh ,pine1 ,white #cgi1 #djg1 #dba ,,pink ,,family #cfa ,pitcher-plant #chi ,,pitcher-,,plant ,,family #chi ,plantain1 ,common #chj1 #dca ,,plantain ,,family #chj1 #dca ,plum1 ,wild #dji1 #dbf ,poplar1 ,balsam #ceb1 #chg ,poplar1 ,large ,toothed #ceb ,,poppy ,,family #cgg1 #dbf ,potato1 ,ojibwe #daj ,primrose1 ,evening #cgf ,,primrose ,,family #chb1 #dca ,prince's ,pine #cfh ,puffball1 ,giant #cgj ,pulsatilla #chb ,,pulse ,,family #cga1 #dje1 #dai ,pumpkin1 ,large ,pie #djj ,ragwort1 ,golden #cfe ,raspberry1 ,red #chf1 #daj ,rattlesnake #ceb ,reindeer ,moss #cgc ,reptiles #ceb ,rice1 ,wild #djc ,,rose ,,family #chc1 #djh1 #dbb1 #dbf1 #dca ,rosemary1 ,bog #cfh1 #djj ,rose1 ,smooth #che ,,rue ,,family #chg ,rue1 ,purple ,meadow #chc ,rush1 ,dudley's #dai ,,rush ,,family #dai ,rush1 ,scouring #dah ,sage1 ,white #cfc1 #dag ,sarsaparilla1 ,wild #cef1 #dbh ,,saxifrage ,,family #chi1 #daj ,,sedge ,,family #cfh1 #dah ,sensitive ,fern #chb ,shin ,leaf #dcj ,skullcap1 ,marsh #cga ,slippery ,elm #cib ,snakeroot1 ,black #cia ,snakeroot1 ,canada #ceg ,snowberry #cfa ,solomon's ,seal1 ,small #cgd ,solomon's ,seal1 ,star-flowered #cgd ,,sphagnum ,,moss ,,family #dbb ,spikenard1 ,false #cgd1 #djg ,spikenard1 ,indian #cef ,spruce1 ,black #cgi1 #dba ,spruce1 ,white #cgi ,,spurge ,,family #cfi ,spurge1 ,flowering #cfi ,squash #cfg ,squash1 ,ojibwe #cii ,,staff ,,tree ,,family #cfb1 #cih ,stalk1 ,twisted #cgd ,starflower #dca ,steeple ,bush #chf ,strawberry1 ,wild #chd1 #dji ,sturgeon #ceb ,sugar ,maple #cid ,,sumac ,,family #ced1 #cig1 #dbd ,sumac1 ,smooth #ced1 #cig1 #dbd ,sumac1 ,staghorn #ced1 #cig1 #dbd ,susan1 ,black-eyed #cfe ,sweet ,cicely #cia ,sweet ,fern #cge ,sweet ,flag #dbh ,tamarack #cgh1 #dba ,tansy #cff1 #dbi ,tattooing #ceb ,tea1 ,labrador #dja ,thimble-weed #chc ,thistle1 ,canada #cfd ,thistle1 ,common #cfd ,toothwort1 ,large #cii ,,touch-,,me-,,not ,,family #ceg1 #dbe ,touch-me-not1 ,spotted #ceg1 #dbe ,turnip1 ,indian #cef ,twisted ,stalk #cgd ,umbrella-wort1 ,heart-leaved #cge ,vetchling1 ,creamy #cga1 #djf1 #dai ,vetchling1 ,marsh #cgc1 #dai ,violet1 ,american ,dog #cib ,violet1 ,canada #cib ,,violet ,,family #cib ,,vine ,,family #cib1 #daa ,virginia ,creeper #daa ,,walnut ,,family #dje1 #dai1 #dbe ,,waterleaf ,,family #cga1 #dje1 #dai ,waterleaf1 ,virginia #cga1 #dje1 #dai ,,water ,,lily ,,family #cge1 #djg ,water ,lily1 ,sweet ,white #cgf1 #djg ,water ,lily1 ,yellow #cee ,,water ,,plantain ,,family #cec1 #cif ,wheat1 ,cow #chi ,willow1 ,bog #chh ,willow1 ,crack #chh ,,willow ,,family #chg1 #daj1 #dbb ,willow-herb1 ,great #cgf ,willow1 ,shining #chh1 #dbb ,winterberry #cee ,wintergreen #cfi1 #djj ,wolfberry #cfa ,wood ,betony #chi1 #dcb ,yarrow #cfb ,yarrow1 ,woolly #cfb1 #dag ,by ,,ojibwe ,,names ,ojibwe ,latin ,use ,page ababsn ,smilacina racemosa ,kidneys #cgd abagwasgans ,cicuta maculata ,hunting #dcb abakwangimg ,pinus resinosa ,pitch #dba abakwangimg ,pinus resinosa ,sudatory #cgi abkweskwe ,typha latifolia ,fiber #dbc acaweskk ,heracleum lanatum ,hunting #dcb adjagobimn ,acer saccharum ,sugar #cid adjagobimk ,acer negundo ,emetic #cec adjagobimk ,acer negundo ,sugar #cid adjidamoank ,achillea millefolium ,fever #cfb adotagons ,campanula rotundifolia ,lungs #cfj adotagons ,clintonia borealis ,parturient #cgc adotagons ,clintonia borealis ,poison #cgc1 #dcj agmak ,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,tonic #cgf agmak ,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,food #djg agmak ,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,crafts #dbj agogasimnk ,melampyrum lineare ,eyes #chi agogosimnn ,maianthemum canadense ,kidneys #cgc agogosmnn ,polygonum muhlenbergii ,stomach #cha agogosimnn ,polygonum muhlenbergii ,hunting #dca agogosmnn ,smilacina racemosa ,kidneys #cgd agogosiwdjibk ,smilacina racemosa ,food #djg aankotcimn ,microstylis unifolia ,diuretic #cgg amkomn ,ribes americanum ,food #daj anaganck ,asplenium filix-femina ,sores #cha anaganck ,aspidium cristatum ,stomach #cha anaganck ,pteris aquilina ,cramps #chb anaganck ,pteris aquilina ,food #djh anaganck ,scirpus validus ,textiles #dah anagonewck ,glyceria canadensis ,female remedy #cga ananaganawck ,pteris aquilina ,cramps #chb ananaganck ,onoclea sensibilis ,caked breast #chb andegobgons ,mentha arvensis canadensis ,beverage #dje andegobgons ,mentha arvensis canadensis ,blood remedy #cgb anib ,ulmus fulva ,expectorant #cib anib ,ulmus fulva ,fiber #dbc anibmnngawck ,viburnum opulus americanum ,cramps #cfa angomiji mnagawnj ,symphoricarpos racemosus ,afterbirth #cfa anmkibg ,rhus toxicodendron ,poison #ced anmcdebgons ,hydrophyllum virginianum ,flux #cga anmcmnn ,ilex verticillata ,diarrhoea #cee apagwasgons ,cicuta maculata ,hunting #cij asadi ,populus grandidentata ,hemostatic #chg asadi ,populus grandidentata ,food #daj asadi ,populus tremuloides ,wounds #chh asadins ,populus tremuloides ,poultices #chh asagmg ,sphagnum dusenii ,fiber #dbb asagnik ,cladonia rangiferina ,cleanser #cgc asasawemnagawnj ,prunus virginiana ,lungs #che asasaweskk ,silphium perfoliatum ,lumbago #cfe attetamn ,viburnum lentago ,food #cih attetamnagawnj ,viburnum lentago ,diuretic #cfa attetamnn ,viburnum lentago ,diuretic #cfa awensibg ,ilex verticillata ,diarrhoea #cee azisigobimc ,salix lucida ,smoking #dbb baewmnn ,prunus pennsylvanica ,coughs #che baewmnn ,prunus pennsylvanica ,food #dji bagan ,corylus rostrata ,poultices #cei baganag ,juglans cinerea ,food #dje baganag ,juglans cinerea ,dye #dje1 #dbe baganak ,corylus rostrata ,poultices #cei baganak ,corylus americana ,food #cih baganak ,corylus rostrata ,food #cih baganakobagan ,carya ovata ,food #dje baganamc ,corylus rostrata ,food #cih baganamijc ,corylus rostrata ,anthelmintic #cei bakwanak ,rhus glabra ,astringent #ced bakwanak ,rhus glabra ,beverage #cig bakwanak ,rhus glabra ,dye #dbd bakwanatg ,rhus typhina ,hemorrhage #ced bakwanatg ,rhus typhina ,beverage #cig bakwanatg ,rhus typhina ,dye #dbd basibagk ,anaphalis margaritacea ,paralysis #cfb basibgk ,prunella vulgaris ,female remedy #cgb basibgk ,lathyrus ochroleucus ,stomach #cgc basibgk ,prunella vulgaris ,hunting #dcj basibkk ,lychnis alba ,physic #cfa bebaakwndek ,potentilla palustris ,cramps #chd bebamabik ,aralia nudicaulis ,boils #cef bebamabik ,aralia nudicaulis ,fish lure #dbh bebamasn ,typha latifolia ,war medicine #cij1 #dcb bebamasn ,typha latifolia ,fiber #dbc bebamasn ,typha latifolia ,weapon #dbc bebejigoganji ,artemisia ludoviciana ,veterinary use #cfc bebejigoganji mackiki ,lathyrus palustris ,veterinary use #cgc bebejigoganjimackiki ,lathyrus palustris ,horse medicine #dai bebejigoganj wngsk ,artemisia ludoviciana ,horse medicine #dag bmakwtwabgons ,menispermum canadense 8 #cge bnebg ,spiranthes gracilis ,hunting #dca bnebg ,pyrola americana ,hunting #dcj bnemc ,betula pumila glandulifera ,fiber #dag bnemc ,betula pumila glandulifera ,catarrh #cei bnemcins ,betula pumila glandulifera ,menstruant #cei bnemcki ,andromeda glaucophylla 8 #cfh1 #djj bsegagomnagawnj ,amelanchier laevis 8 #chd bsegagwomn ,amelanchier laevis ,food #djh bweecknk ,eriophorum callitrix ,hemostatic #cfh bgesanatg ,prunus nigra ,dye #dbf bgesanatg ,prunus nigra ,food #dji bgsowe ,eupatorium purpureum ,sudatory #cfd bgwadjijcagownj ,allium tricoccum ,food #djf bgwadjik pnik ,lathyrus ochroleucus ,veterinary use #cgb mnebg bgwadjmskodismn ,amphicarpa pitcheri ,food #dje bgwadjpnik ,lathyrus ochroleucus ,food #djf bgwadjk pnik ,lathyrus ochroleucus ,horse #cgb1 #dai mnebg medicine cabomnk ,ribes oxyacanthoides ,food #daj caboskn ,asclepias syriaca ,food #cig caboskn ,iris versicolor ,physic #cga caboskn ,euphorbia corollata ,physic #cfi caboskn ,asclepias syriaca ,female remedy #ceg cacagobimk ,acer spicatum ,arts #dac cacagobimk ,acer spicatum ,sore eyes #cec cacagomn ,arisaema triphyllum ,sore eyes #cef cecagskibgesnk ,plantago major ,sprains #chj cecagskibgesnk ,plantago major ,charm #dca cicigmewc ,acer rubrum ,arts #dab cicigmewc ,acer rubrum ,sore eyes #cec cgagawnj ,allium cernuum ,food #djf cigonagan ,lycopodium obscurum ,diuretic #cge dendroideum ciobg ,rumex crispus ,hunting #dca ciobg ,rumex crispus ,cuts #cha cwabo ,acer saccharum ,vinegar #cie ciwimnagawnj ,vitis vulpina ,afterbirth #cib ciwiminn ,vitis vulpina ,food #daa cwimnn ,vitis vulpina ,afterbirth #cib dadocabo ,lactuca spicata ,lactary #cfd djibegb ,dirca palustris ,diuretic #cij dodocabo ,lactuca spicata ,hunting #dbh eckadamn ,cucumis sativa ,food #cii gaewckk ,scirpus cyperinus ,textiles #dah gaggebg ,chimaphila umbellata ,stomach #cfh gaggebg ,antennaria neodioica ,afterbirth #cfc gagagiwc ,tsuga canadensis ,dye #dbb1 #dbf gagagiwc ,tsuga canadensis ,beverage #djh gagagiwc ,tsuga canadensis ,wounds #chj gandegwasonnke ,anemone cylindrica ,stomach #chc cnagwk gawakumc ,zanthoxylum americanum ,quinsy #chg gawandag ,picea canadensis ,inhalant #cgi gawemc ,fagus grandifolia ,food #dja gibaimennagws ,myrica asplenifolia ,cramps #cge gibaime nnagws ,myrica asplenifolia ,utensils #dbj gcknsnenamkk ,botrychium virginianum ,consumption #cgg gigandag ,pinus banksiana ,fiber #dba gigandag ,pinus banksiana ,reviver #cgi gjibnsk ,equisetum arvense ,dropsy #cfh gjibnsk ,equisetum arvense ,fodder #djj gjibnsk ,equisetum hyemale ,scouring #dah gijg ,thuja occidentalis ,crafts #dba gijk ,thuja occidentalis ,incense #chj gijkandag ,thuja occidentalis ,headache #chj gjikgandogng ,lycopodium complanatum ,reviver #cge gimasan ,arctium minus ,tonic #cfc gimnest ,vaccinium vacillans ,food #dja gnebg odjibk ,sanicula marilandica ,fevers #cia gnebgomnagawnj ,smilax herbacea ,lungs #cgd gnosewbg ,clintonia borealis ,parturient #cgc gokocgnda ,habenaria bracteata ,aphrodisiac #cgg mnskwemn gokocgnda ,habenaria bracteata ,love charm #dca mnskwemn gokocoadjibk ,oxybaphus nyctagineus ,sprains #cge gozigagomnagawnj ,amelanchier laevis 8 #chd gozigagomnk ,amelanchier laevis ,prenatal remedy #chd gozigagomnn ,amelanchier laevis ,food #djh mbjgoa ,artemisia ludoviciana ,veterinary use #cfc nenatg ,acer saccharum ,sugar #cid innatg ,acer saccharum ,utensils #dac nniwnj ,asclepias syriaca ,female remedy #ceg nniwnj ,asclepias syriaca ,food #cig nniwnj ,asclepias syriaca ,hunting #dbh jicawgan ,lagenaria vulgaris ,food #djj jicigwe ,rattlesnake ,childbirth #ceb jgomiskn ,juncus dudleyi ,arts #dai jkamiskn ,scirpus validus ,textiles #dah jimasanck ,cirsium lanceolatum ,cramps #cfd jimckigobg ,plantago major ,bruises #cha jngob ,abies balsamea ,crafts #dbj jngob ,abies balsamea ,sore eyes #cgh jngobandag ,abies balsamea ,crafts #cgh1 #dbj jngob pkewandag ,abies balsamea ,crafts #dbj jngob pkewandag ,abies balsamea ,sore eyes #cgh jngwak ,pinus strobus ,food #djg jngwakbgo ,pinus strobus ,inhalant #cgi jngwak kweseskwetk ,pinus strobus ,inhalant #cgi jngwak onagk ,pinus strobus ,sudatory #cgi jngwakons wakun ,sticta glomulifera ,food #djf jngwak wacskwedo ,pinus strobus ,resin #dba jngwak wacskwedo ,pinus strobus ,sudatory #cgi jngwakwak ,sticta glomulifera ,food #djf jngwp ,picea mariana ,crafts #dba jngwp ,picea mariana ,reviver #cgi jngwup gawandag ,picea mariana ,medicinal salt #cgi jssns ,panax quinquefolium ,commerce #cef jiwcgonibg ,humulus lupulus ,diuretic #cia jiwcinigonibg ,humulus lupulus ,cooking #daa kagagtcimn ,ribes americanum ,food #daj mackigobgons ,chamaedaphne calyculata ,beverage #djj magosiecnakwk ,apocynum androsaemifolium ,charm #dbh magosecnakwk ,apocynum androsaemifolium ,kidneys #ced makasn ,cypripedium parviflorum ,female remedy #cgg makatemn ,vaccinium nigrum ,food #dja makatewa anaganck ,pteris aquilina ,cramps #chb manasadi ,populus balsamifera ,wounds #chg manasatg ,laportea canadensis ,fiber #cgh1 #dba mandamn ,zea mays ,food #djb mandamnodjibkns ,pedicularis canadensis ,aphrodisiac #chi mandamnodjibkns ,pedicularis canadensis ,love charm #dcb mandobimakwt ,celastrus scandens ,stomach #cfb mandobmakwt ,celastrus scandens ,food #cih mandobimakwt ,psedera quinquefolia ,food #daa manomn ,zizania palustris ,food #djc manwegons ,ranunculus pennsylvanicus ,hunting #chc manwegons ,ranunculus pennsylvanicus ,dye #dbf manwegons ,ranunculus pennsylvanicus ,hunting #dca manwegons ,taenidia integerrima ,hunting #dcb manwekos ,taenidia integerrima ,hunting #dcb masan ,sanicula marilandica ,snake bite #cia masan ,cynoglossum boreale ,inhalant #cei masan ,urtica lyallii ,fiber #dbc masan ,urtica lyallii ,heat rash #cib masanatk ,laportea canadensis ,diuretic #cia1 #dbc masanck ,cirsium arvense ,bowel tonic #cfd mgsibg ,aster macrophyllus ,food #cih mgisibg ,aster macrophyllus ,headache #cfc mmisgwnagg ,spiraea tomentosa ,parturient #chf mmsknakk ,hieracium canadense ,hunting #dbi mesadiwackons ,eriophorum callitrix 8 #cfh mskodimnn ,phaseolus vulgaris ,food #djf meskwabimc ,cornus paniculata ,flux #cfg meskwabimc ,cornus paniculata ,smoking #cii1 #dah meskwacabomnk ,ribes cynosbati ,food #daj meskwadjibkk ,sanguinaria canadensis ,sore throat #cgg meskwadjibkk ,sanguinaria canadensis ,dye #dbf meskwamn ,rubus idaeus aculeatissimus ,food #daj meskwamnagawnj ,rubus idaeus aculeatissimus ,seasoner #chf metgomc ,quercus velutina ,dye #dbe metgomc ,quercus macrocarpa ,dye #dbe mtgomn ,quercus velutina ,food #djb mcaogacan ,erigeron philadelphicus ,hunting #dbh mcaogacan ,erigeron philadelphicus ,smoking #cih mcaogacan ,erigeron philadelphicus ,fever #cfd mcimn ,quercus alba ,food #dja mcitcimnk ,ribes triste ,female remedy #chi1 #daj mckimnnmc ,nemopanthus mucronata 8 #cee mdewidjibk ,anemone canadensis ,lozenge #chb mdewidjibk ,apocynum androsaemifolium ,ceremonial #ced mnesagawnj ,crataegus sp4 ,female remedy #chd mnesagawnj ,crataegus sp4 ,food #dji mnesagawnj ,crataegus sp4 ,crafts #dbb mnesagawnj ,crataegus sp4 ,hunting #dca mngawnj ,vaccinium pennsylvanicum ,blood #cfi mnn ,vaccinium pennsylvanicum ,food #dja missabgon ,cucurbita pepo ,food #djj misodjidamoank ,arabis glabra 8 #cfg mtcigimnk ,echinocystis lobata ,tonic #cfg mtgomc ,quercus alba ,utensils #dah mtgomc ,quercus macrocarpa ,astringent #cfi mtgomc ,quercus macrocarpa ,food #djb mtgomc wenagk ,quercus rubra ,bronchitis #cfi mtgomc ,quercus rubra ,food #djb mtgwabak ,carya ovata ,bows #dai mosomc ,cornus alternifolia ,emetic #cff mosomc ,cornus alternifolia ,smoking #dag mosomc ,cornus alternifolia ,trap lure #dbh mckigobamc ,salix lucida ,sores #chh mckigodjibk ,potentilla palustris ,stomach #che mckgwatg ,larix laricina ,inhalant #cgh mcki gwatg ,larix laricina ,crafts #dba mckikiwt ,tanacetum vulgare-- ,fevers #cff mckkiwt ,tanacetum vulgare ,hunting #dbh mckimn ,vaccinium oxycoccus-- ,food #dja mckimnagawnj ,vaccinium oxycoccus ,nausea #cfi mcktcimn ,vaccinium oxycoccus ,food #dja mkwo ,bear fat ,physic #ceb mkwobaganak ,corylus americana ,dye #dbe mkwobaganak ,corylus americana ,utensils #dag mkwobaganak ,corylus americana ,poultices #cei mkwobaganak ,corylus americana ,food #cig mkwopnik ,dentaria maxima ,food #cii nabgck ,acorus calamus ,physic #cee nabgck ,acorus calamus ,fish lure #dbh nabkck ,iris versicolor ,physic #cga name ,sturgeon ,tattooing tool #ceb namepn ,asarum canadense acuminatum ,stomachic #ceg namepn ,asarum canadense acuminatum ,food #cig namewckons ,mentha arvensis canadensis ,blood remedy #cga nanbteodekn ,polygonatum biflorum ,cough #cgd nanibteodekn ,streptopus roseus ,cough #cgd naskosics ,aster macrophyllus ,hunting #cfc naskosics ,aster cordifolius ,hunting #dbh naskosics ,aster macrophyllus ,hunting #dbh nawobgk ,trientalis americana ,hunting #dca nebneankwek ,hydrophyllum virginianum ,flux #cga nebnenanikweag ,hydrophyllum virginianum ,horse #dje1 #dai medicine nebnenanikweag ,hydrophyllum virginianum ,fodder #dje nmgosibg ,aster macrophyllus ,food #cih neweakwisnk ,oakesia sessilifolia ,hunting #dcj ngtnignk ,echinocystis lobata ,tonic #cfg nokomisknn ,asplenium filix-femina ,caked breast #cha nokwesgn ,erigeron ramosus ,headache #cfd ocacadjibkes ,epilobium angustifolium ,carbuncle #cgf ocigmc ,caulophyllum thalictroides ,cramps #ceh odatagagomc ,rubus allegheniensis ,food #dji odatagagomc ,rubus allegheniensis ,diuretic #che odeimn ,fragaria virginiana ,food #dji odeimndjibk ,fragaria virginiana ,colic #chd odeimndjibk ,cornus canadensis ,cold #cff odteabg ,nymphaea advena ,poultices #cgf odteabg wabgwn ,castalia odorata ,cough #cgf odteabg wabgwn ,castalia odorata ,food #djg ogadamn ,nymphaea advena ,poultices #cgf ogini ,rosa blanda ,heartburn #che ognigawnj ,rosa blanda ,heartburn #che ogneminagaons ,rosa blanda ,heartburn #che ogtebg ,caltha palustris ,food #djh ogwissimaun ,cucurbita maxima ,food #cii owasokwonek ogwssimaun ,cucurbita maxima ,diuretic #cfg owasokwnek ojbweowecwn ,galium trifidum ,skin diseases #chg okadak ,aralia nudicaulis ,blood purifier #cef okwemn ,prunus serotina ,cough #che okwemn ,prunus serotina ,food #dji omakakiodass ,sarracenia purpurea ,parturient #chi omakakiwdass ,sarracenia purpurea ,parturient #chi opin ,solanum tuberosum ,food #daj osagatkm ,osmorhiza longistylis ,parturient #cia osaman ,red clay ,poultices #ceb osawaskanet ,diervilla lonicera ,diuretic #cfj osawaskodjibk ,impatiens biflora ,dye #dbe osawaskwnis ,geranium maculatum ,flux #cgj oskwetk ,calvatia craniiformis ,nose-bleed #cgj owacawaskwneg ,linaria vulgaris ,bronchitis #chi owinsimn ,gaultheria procumbens ,food #dja pakwan ,plantago major ,sprains #chj papaskatcksiganatg ,sambucus racemosa ,purgative #cfj pigwewnsk ,pastinaca sativa ,female remedy #cia pkwadj ,fish ,bladder ,syringe #ceb pkwadjc ,mushrooms ,poison #djb pipgwewanck ,heracleum lanatum ,sores #cij pipigwewanck ,heracleum lanatum ,hunting #dcb sagatgons ,agrimonia gryposepala ,diuretic #chc sagmakwn ,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,food #djg sakatebwi ,galium aparine ,kidneys #chf sakatikomk ,xanthium commune 8 #cff sawemn ,prunus virginiana ,food #dji sewakomn ,prunus pumila ,food #dji sibamckn ,equisetum sylvaticum ,dropsy #cfh sizigobimc ,salix fragilis ,styptic #chh sizigobamc ,salix pedicellaris ,stomach #chh sizigobamc ,salix lucida ,sores #chh tcatcabonksk ,scutellaria galericulata ,heart #cgb tcinamewck ,nepeta cataria ,blood purifier #cgb tcinamewck ,nepeta cataria ,beverage #dje tcodeimnagawnj ,potentilla monspeliensis ,physic #chd tekomn ,quercus velutina ,food #djb tpotekwason ,corydalis aurea ,reviver #cgj wababgan ,white ,clay ,pills #ceb wabackkibg ,chamaedaphne calyculata ,beverage #djj wabanweak ,viburnum pubescens ,smoking #dag wabasipn ,sagittaria arifolia ,indigestion #cec wabasipn ,sagittaria arifolia ,food #cif wabenimna ,phaseolus lunatus ,food #djf macrocarpus wabenimnesa ,phaseolus vulgaris ,food #djf wabgwon ,achillea lanulosa ,smoking #dag wabgwn ,achillea lanulosa ,insect bites #cfb wabgwn ,radicula palustris hispida 8 #cfg wabgwn ,erigeron canadensis ,hunting #dbh wabgwn ,hieracium canadense ,hunting #dbh waboskkibg ,ledum groenlandicum ,beverage #dja waboskkimnn ,galium tinctorium ,lungs #chf wabosskwe ,aralia nudicaulis ,cough #cef wabckadj bk ,uvularia grandiflora ,pleurisy #cgd wabckkibg ,spiraea salicifolia ,trapping #chf wadob ,alnus incana ,dye #dbe wadobn ,alnus incana ,hemostatic #ceh wajackwedo ,mushrooms ,poison #djb wanemgons ,sium cicutaefolium ,hunting #dcb wasawaskwnek ,solidago graminifolia ,hunting #dbh wasawaskwnek ,solidago graminifolia ,chest pain #cff wasawasnimke ,myrica gale ,dye #dbe wapate 7,california ,sagittaria arifolia ,food #cif tribe7 wapatoo 7,california ,sagittaria arifolia ,food #cif tribe7 wecawaskwnek ,taraxacum officinale ,food #cii wecaws wackwnek ,monarda fistulosa ,catarrh #cgb wecaws wackwnsk ,prenanthus alba ,diuretic #cfe weke ,acorus calamus ,physic #cee wesausakwnek ,taraxacum officinale ,heartburn #cff wesawabikwonk ,uvularia grandiflora ,stomach #cgd wesawadjibkweak ,coptis trifolia ,sore mouth #chc wesawadjibikweak ,coptis trifolia ,dye #dbf wesawanikweak ,coptis trifolia ,sore mouth #chc wesawasakwnek ,nelumbo lutea ,food #djg odteabg wesawckn ,apocynum androsaemifolium ,kidneys #ced wesawsgaskonk ,impatiens biflora ,headache #ceg wesawskwn ,apocynum androsaemifolium ,fiber #dac wewaebgg ,viola conspersa ,heart #cib wicawasakonek ,geum macrophyllum ,female remedy #chd wckobidjibk ,actaea rubra ,childbirth #chb wckobimandamn ,zea mays ,food #djc wckobimckosi ,anthoxanthum odoratum ,arts #dai wckobisgang ,zea mays ,food #djc wigub ,tilia americana ,fiber #dbb wgwas ,betula alba papyrifera ,dye #dbe wgwas ,betula alba papyrifera ,utensils #dac wgwas ,betula alba papyrifera ,aromatic #ceh wik ,iris versicolor ,snake charm #dcj wnsibgd ,gaultheria procumbens ,rheumatism #cfi1 #djj winsk ,betula lutea ,beverage #cig wngskw ,artemisia ludoviciana ,veterinary use #cfc zigo ,salix lucida ,sores #chh ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,figure #a4 ,ojibwe demonstration garden at ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wis4 ,see page #cdb4 ,figure #b4 ,ojibwe wigwam at ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wis4 ,covered with cat-tail mats and birch bark rolls4 ,see pages #cdj1 #daf1 #dbb4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,xlvi4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,figure #a4 ,ojibwe dream dance at ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wis4 ,see page #cdf4 ,figure #b4 ,jerking deer meat at ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wis4 ,see page #dag4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,xlvii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,figure #a4 ,ojibwe bead loom and work1 ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wis4 ,john ,whitefeather and wife4 ,see page #dac4 ,figure #b4 ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wis41 showing ,pokegama and ,flambeau lakes4 ,see page #cdd4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,xlviii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,figure #a4 ,birch bark baskets4 ,wife of ,webujuonokwe1 ,flambeau ,village1 ,wis4 ,see page #daf4 ,figure #b4 ,ojibwe cradle board4 ,see page #dbj4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,xlix4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,l4 ,figure #a4 ,pounding out ,black ,ash basketry splints4 ,see page #dbj4 ,figure #b4 ,making ash splint baskets4 ,see page #dbj4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,l4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,li4 ,figure #a4 ,great ,bulrushes 7,scirpus validus7 for weaving mats4 ,see page #dah4 ,figure #b4 ,ojibwe burial on ,bear ,island1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota4 ,see page #cdd4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,li4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lii4 ,figure #a4 ,peeling birch log for canoe bark4 ,lac du ,flambeau1 ,wis4 ,see page #dae4 ,figure #b4 ,birch bark roll and method of transportation4 ,see page #dae4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,liii4 ,figure #a4 ,splitting canoe ribs from ,cedar 7,thuja occidentalis74 ,see page #dae4 ,figure #b4 ,making canoe ribs4 ,see page #dae4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,liii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,liv4 ,figure #a4 ,shaping canoe nose4 ,see page #dae4 ,figure #b4 ,sewing canoe in form4 ,see page #dae4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,liv4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lv4 ,figure #a4 ,grubbing out ,jack ,pine roots 7,pinus banksiana74 ,see pages #dae1 #dba4 ,figure #b4 ,split ,jack ,pine roots coiled4 ,see pages #dae1 #dba4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lv4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lvi4 ,figure #a4 ,boiling pitch of the ,balsam ,fir 7,abies balsamea74 ,see page #dae4 ,figure #b4 ,sewing birch bark canoe4 ,see pages #daf1 #dba4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lvi4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lvii4 ,figure #a4 ,applying pitch to seams for waterproofing4 ,see page #daf4 ,figure #b4 ,launching completed canoe in ,flambeau ,lake4 ,see page #daf4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lvii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lviii4 ,figure #a4 ,white ,cloud's garden and potato patch1 ,bear ,island1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota4 ,see page #daa4 ,figure #b4 ,balsam bark wigwam1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota4 ,see pages #cdj1 #dbc4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lviii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lix4 ,figure #a4 ,piawantaginum1 mother of ,john ,peper4 ,age #ajf4 ,bear ,island1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota4 ,see page #cci4 ,figure #b4 ,white ,cloud1 ,bear ,island1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minn4 ,see page #cci4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lix4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lx4 ,figure #a4 ,bear ,island1 ,leech ,lake1 ,minnesota4 ,see page #cch4 ,figure #b4 ,tamarack branch 7,larix laricina74 ,source of medicine and food4 ,see page #cgh4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lx4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxi4 ,figure #a4 ,ground ,pine 7,lycopodium dendroideum74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cge4 ,figure #b4 ,giant ,puffball 7,calvatia craniiformis74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgj4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxi4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxii4 ,figure #a4 ,balsam ,fir 7,abies balsamea74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgh4 ,figure #b4 ,white ,spruce 7,picea canadensis74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgi4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxiii4 ,figure #a4 ,white ,pine 7,pinus strobus74 ,source of medicine4 ,see pages #cgi1 #dba4 ,figure #b4 ,norway ,pine 7,pinus resinosa74 ,source of medicine4 ,see pages #cgi1 #dba4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxiii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxiv4 ,figure #a4 ,bur ,oak 7,quercus macrocarpa74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cfi4 ,figure #b4 ,red ,oak 7,quercus rubra74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgj4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxiv4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxv4 ,figure #a4 ,red ,maple 7,acer rubrum74 ,used in arts4 ,see pages #cec1 #dab4 ,figure #b4 ,mountain ,holly 7,nemopanthus mucronata74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cee4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxv4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxvi4 ,figure #a4 ,sphagnum ,moss 7,sphagnum dusenii74 ,used in arts4 ,see page #dbb4 ,figure #b4 ,virginia ,grape ,fern 7,botrichium virginianum74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgg4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxvi4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxvii4 ,figure #a4 ,pitcher-plant 7,sarracenia purpurea74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #chi4 ,figure #b4 ,cranberries in fruit 7,vaccinium oxycoccus74 ,source of medicine and food4 ,see pages #cfi1 #dja4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxvii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxviii4 ,figure #a4 ,poison ,ivy 7,rhus toxicodendron74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #ced4 ,figure #b4 ,box ,elder 7,acer negundo74 ,source of medicine and food4 ,see pages #cec1 #cid4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxviii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxix4 ,figure #a4 ,balsam ,apple 7,echinocystis lobata74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cfg4 ,figure #b4 ,great ,willow-herb 7,epilobium angustifolium74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgf4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxix4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxx4 ,figure #a4 ,wild ,currant 7,ribes americanum ,mill474 ,source of food4 ,see page #daj4 ,figure #b4 ,river-bank ,grape 7,vitis vulpina74 ,source of medicine and food4 ,see pages #cib1 #daa4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxx4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxxi4 ,figure #a4 ,canada ,mayflower 7,maianthemum canadense74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgc4 ,figure #b4 ,false ,spikenard 7,smilacina racemosa74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgd4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxxi4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxxii4 ,figure #a4 ,twisted ,stalk 7,streptopus roseus74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgd4 ,figure #b4 ,solomon's ,seal 7,polygonatum biflorum74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgd4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxxii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxxiii4 ,figure #a4 ,purple ,meadow ,rue 7,thalictrum dasycarpum74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #chc4 ,figure #b4 ,carrion-flower 7,smilax herbacea74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #cgd4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxxiii4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxxiv4 ,figure #a4 ,wild ,columbine 7,aquilegia canadensis74 ,source of charm4 ,see page #chc4 ,figure #b4 ,canada ,anemone 7,anemone canadensis74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #chb4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxxiv4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxxv4 ,figure #a4 ,goldthread 7,coptis trifolia74 ,source of medicine and dye4 ,see pages #chc1 #dbf4 ,figure #b4 ,wintergreen 7,gaultheria procumbens74 ,source of medicine4 ,see pages #cfi1 #djj4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxxv4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxxvi4 ,figure #a4 ,red ,baneberry 7,actaea rubra74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #chb4 ,figure #b4 ,labrador ,tea 7,ledum groenlandicum74 ,source of beverage4 ,see page #dja4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxxvi4 ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,lxxvii4 ,figure #a4 ,agrimony 7,agrimonia gryposepala74 ,source of medicine4 ,see page #chd4 ,figure #b4 ,hawthorn 7,crataegus sp474 ,source of food and utility4 ,see pages #chd1 #dca4 ,,bull41 ,,publ4 ,,mus41 ,,milw4 ,,vol4 #d1 ,,pl4 ,,lxxvii4