,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?\ght ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,"q ,,! ,,in=mation ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,answ] ,,hawk9s ,,electrical ,,guide ,,numb] ,,f\r ,,que/ions ,,answ]s ,,illu/rations ,a ,,progressive ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,= ,,eng9e]s1 ,,electricians1 ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,^? ,,desir+ ,,to ,,acquire ,a ,,work+ ,,k ,,( ,,electricity ,,& ,,its ,,applications ,a ,,practical ,,treatise by ,,hawk9s ,,& ,,/aff ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co4 #gb ,,fif? ,,ave4 ,,new ,,york ,,copyright$1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,guide ,,no4 #d ,,di/ribution ,,sy/ems #fig to #gbj ,classification--s]ies sy/em--dang] 9 s]ies arc light sy/em--con/ant curr5t sy/em--p>allel sy/em--arrangem5t ( fe$] & ma9s 9 p>allel sy/em--s]ies-p>allel sy/em--c5t] ( di/ribution--,edison ?ree wire sy/em--evolution ( ! ?ree wire sy/em--balanc$ ?ree wire sy/em--balanc+ ( ?ree wire sy/em--copp] economy 9 ?ree wire sy/ems--,dobr[olsky ?ree wire sy/em--modifications ( ?ree wire sy/em--?ree wire /orage batt]y sy/em--?ree wire d\ble dynamo sy/em--?ree wire bridge sy/em--?ree wire ?ree bru% dynamo sy/em--,dobr[olsky ?ree wire sy/em--?ree wire auxili>y dynamo sy/em--?ree wire comp5sator sy/em--ext5sion ( ! ?ree wire pr9ciple--five wire sy/em--dynamotor--connections ( balanc+ set--balanc+ coils--di/ribution by dynamo motor sets--boo/]s & _! uses--auxili>y bus b>4 ,,wires ,,& ,,wire ,,calculation #gba to #gfd ,prelim9>y consid]ations--v>i\s wires--copp] wire--iron wire--,g]man silv] wire--/&>d ( copp] wire resi/ance--relative conductivity ( diff]5t metals & alloys--conductors--cable = elevator annunciators--cov]$ conductors--rubb] cov]$ conductors--rubb] insulat$ telephone & telegraph wires--wea!r pro( conductors--twi/$ wea!r pro( wires--precautions 9 us+ wea!r pro( conductors--sl[ burn+ wire2 :]e us$--sl[ burn+ wea!r pro( wire2 :]e us$2 h[ in/all$--miscellane\s insulat$ conductors--safe c>ry+ capacity ( wire--po!ad wires--circul> mils--squ>e mils--mil foot--lamp foot--amp]e foot--c5t] ( di/ribution--wire gauges--,b4 ,s4 /&>d wire gauge--micromet] screw gauge--calculat+ gauge--table ( v>i\s wire gauges--table ( lamp feet = rubb] cov]$ wires--lamp table = wea!r pro( wires--symmetrical & unsymmetrical di/ribution--wir+ table = light & p[] circuits--table ( wire equival5ts2 h[ to use--table ( cable capacities--inc&esc5t lamps on #ffj watt circuits--tree & modifi$ tree sy/em ( wir+--di/ribution ) sub-fe$]s--wrong & "r me?ods ( loop wir+--table1 ( amp]es p] motor2 ( amp]es p] dynamo--calculations = ?ree wire circuit--?ree wire circuit panel bo>d--size ( ! neutral wire4 ,,inside ,,wir+ #gfe to #gih ,! t]m wir+--op5 or expos$ wir+--selection ( wires--in/allation--disadvantages ( op5 wir+--splic+--pit* ( wires--cross+ ( wires--wir+ across pipes--practical po9ts relat+ to expos$ wir+--me?ods ( c>ry+ wires1 ?r\gh floors2 on walls--protect+ expos$ wir+ on l[ ceil+s--v>i\s porcela9 knobs & cleats--wires us$ 9 m\ld+s--/&>d wood5 m\ld+--kick box--usual "* ( m\ld+ "w--practical po9ts relat+ to wir+ 9 m\ld+s--tapp+ outlets--arc light wir+--arc lamps on l[ pressure s]vice--circul> fixture block--conceal$ knob & tube wir+2 objections2 me?od ( in/allation--arrangem5t ( swit* & receptacle outlet 9 knob & tube wir+--swit* boxes--rigid conduit wir+2 advantage--types ( rigid conduit2 requirem5ts---conduit box--disadvantages ( unl9$ conduit--flexible conduit wir+--,gre5field flexible /eel conduit--fi%+--insulat+ po9t--canopy insulator--fi% plug & me?od ( ins]tion--me?od ( in/all+ conduits 9 firepro( build+s--s]vice entrance to rubb] conduit sy/em--condulet outlet to arc lamp--hickey--me?ods ( b5d+ l>ge conduits--arm\r$ cable wir+2 features2 in/allation4 ,,outside ,,wir+ #gii to #hbd ,mat]ials = outside conductors--t5sile /r5g? ( copp] wire--pole l9es--pole con/ruct+ tools--wood5 poles--pres]vation ( wood5 poles--pres]vation processes--me?ods ( sett+ wood5 poles 9 unsuitable soil--re9=c$ concrete poles--cross arms--l9eman's portable plat=m--poles = light & p[] wires--spac+ ( poles--erect+ ! poles--guy an*ors--me?od ( rais+ a pole--me?od ( pull+ an*or into place--guys = poles--head & foot guy+--guy+ corn] poles--guy /ubs & an*or logs--climb]s--wir+ ! l9e--pay out reels--me?od ( /r++ wires--come alongs--t5sion on wires--sag table--l9eman's block & fall ) come alongs--atta*+ wire to insulator--splic+2 ,am]ican wire jo9t2 ,mc,intire sleeve & sleeve jo9t--transpositions--insulators--ov]hea d cable con/ruction--petticoat insulator--,cl>k's antihum--s]vice connections & loops--me?od ( mak+ s]ies1 & p>allel s]vice connections--jo9t pole cross+--s]vice wires4 ,,und]gr\nd ,,wir+ #hbe to #hdd ,city conditions--und]gr\nd sy/ems--v>i\s conduits--vitrifi$ clay pipe conduit--vitrifi$ clay or e>!nw>e tr\gh conduit--jo9ts 9 multiple-duct vitrifi$ clay conduit--concrete duct conduits--me?ods ( lay+ conduit--me?od ( lay+ s+le duct vitrifi$ clay conduit--me?od ( lay+ multiple duct clay conduit--wood5 duct conduits--objection to use ( wood2 rem$y2 adaptation wood5 built-9 conduits2 me?od ( in/allation--wr\ght iron or /eel pipe conduits2 me?od ( in/allation--porcela9 bridgework or c>ri]s--ca/ iron pipe & tr\gh conduit2 advantages--fibre conduits2 jo9ts--,edison tube sy/em--und]gr\nd cables--metal %ea?s on und]gr\nd cables--pot heads--,g5]al ,electric manhole junction box--pot head connections4 ,,wir+ ,,( ,,build+s #hde to #hfd ,prelim9>y consid]ations--electrician's in/ructions--location ( receptacles--ceil+ buttons--hallway wir+--selection ( wir+ sy/em--?ree wire conv]tible sy/em--me?od ( wir+--location ( panel bo>ds--curr5t requir$ on ea* floor ( build+--arrangem5t ( fe$]s--in/allation ( motors--l>ge/ size ( fe$] p]missible--me?od ( cutt+ pocket 9 floor--outlet basebo>d--complet$ pocket--h[ to exam9e p>tition int]iors--h\se plan ( conduit wir+--atta*m5t ( ma9s to knobs--precautions 9 mak+ jo9ts--wir+ = heat+ appliances--wir+ ) comb9ation ( m\ld+1 flexible tub+ or conduit 9 non-fire pro( build+--fe$] sy/em = l>ge hotel4 ,,sign ,,fla%]s #hfe to #hhd ,classification--,c>bon fla%]s--wir+ diagram = ,dull's c>bon fla%]s--bru% fla%]s--knife fla%]s--fla%] transmission ge>+--simple on & (f fla%]s--fla% sy/em ( gas light+--high spe$ fla%]s--light+ fla%]s--wir+ diagram = flags--diagram %[+ me?od ( wir+ = high spe$ effects on s+le l9es--me?od ( wir+ = a tor*--wir+ diagram = high spe$s--,dull's lightn+--script break]s--*as] fla%]s--!rmo fla%]s--c>riage calls--monogram = c>riage calls--wir+ diagrams = sign illum9ation---,national c>riage call op]at+ keybo>d--clock monogram--,bett's clock me*anism = op]at+ electric monogram "t fla%]--talk+ signs--two way !rmal fla%]4 ,,lightn+ ,,protection #hhe to #hib ,lightn+ rods2 :y %>p po9ts are us$2 erection--diagram %[+ pr9ciple ( air gap arre/or--v>iable gap arc break]--location ( lightn+ arre/or--c>bon arre/]s ) fuses = telephone l9es--gr\nd connection4 ,,/orage ,,batt]y #hic to #ifh ,e>ly exp]im5ts--!ory--description ( /orage cell--electrolyte--effect ( curr5t pass+ ?r\gh electrolyte--types ( /orage batt]ies--,plant cells--,will>d plates2 wood sep>ator--p>ts ( ,autex automobile cells--,faure or pa/$ type--comp>ison ( ,plant & ,faure plates--! electrolyte2 k9d g5]ally us$2 prep>ation2 te/2 mix+ acid & wat]2 k9d ( vessel us$2--specific gravity table--effect ( deep vessel--d5sity ( electrolyte--hydromet] syr+e--impurities 9 electrolyte--te/s = impurities2 *lor9e1 nitrates1 acetic acid1 iron1 copp]1 m]cury1 plat9um--old electrolyte--voltage ( a second>y cell--*>g+--connections = *>g+--*>g+2 fir/ "t2 p]iod2 regulation ( voltage--,edison cell data--frequ5cy ( *>g+--cadmium te/--em]g5cy connections = weak ignition batt]y--portable te/+ in/rum5ts--*>ge indications--two me?ods ( *>g+ f a direct curr5t light+ sy/em--colors ( ! plates--h[ be/ results are obta9$ 9 *>g+--*>ge voltage--two ways ( *>g+--diagram ( *>g+ connections--h[ to keep *>g+ curr5t con/ant--te/s :ile *>g+2 aft] *>g+--*>ge indications--behavior ( electrolyte dur+ dis*>ge--lead burn+ outfit--boil+2 causes--hydrog5 gas g5]ator = lead burn+--quick *>g+--*>g+ ?r\gh ! night--*>g+ p]iod = new batt]y--,will>d und]hung batt]y box = automobiles--high *>g+ rates--,national in/ructions = tak+ voltage read+s--m]cury arc rectifi]--capacity--table ( capacity v>iation = diff]5t dis*>ge rates--h[ to increase ! capacity--dis*>g+2 too rapidly rat+2 maximum rate--,edison alt]nat+ curr5t rectifi]--att5tion aft] dis*>g+--! batt]y room--batt]y att5dants--po9ts on c>e & managem5t--placem5t ( cells--h[ to avoid leakage--precautions :5 unpack+ cells--assembl+ cells--connections--precaution 9 jo9+ t]m9als--batt]y tr\bles--%ort circuit+2 indication2 location--ov]dis*>ge2 buckl+--sulphation ( plates--data on ,national cells2 ,am]ican cells2 ,autex cells--action 9 idle cell--lack ( capacity--h[ to prev5t lead poison+--l[ specific gravity )\t %ort circuits2 causes--treatm5t ( weak cells--pole te/+ pap]--disconnect+ cells--sulphuric acid specific gravity table--h[ to take a batt]y out ( commission--,)am *>g+ bo>d--putt+ batt]ies into commission--clean+ j>s--table ( voltage *>ge z affect$ by dis*>ge rate--cond5s$ rules = ! prop] c>e ( batt]ies4 ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,sy/ems #ifi to #iif ,uses ( /orage batt]ies2 _! importance 9 p[] plants--load curve %[+ use ( /orage batt]y z aid to ! g5]at+ ma*9]y--p>allel connection ( batt]y & dynamo--float+ ! batt]y on ! l9e--diagram %[+ effect ( batt]y 9 regulat+ dynamo load--connections & circuit control app>atus--diagram %[+ action ( batt]y z a res]voir ( res]ve p[]--?ree wire sy/em ) batt]y & dynamo--me?ods ( control = /orage batt]ies--diagram ( connections = ignition outfit--v>iable resi/ance--end cell swit*es--diagram ( connection ( batt]y equipm5t = resid5tial light+ plant--end cell swit* diagram--features ( end cell swit* con/ruction--end cell swit* control--circuit diagram = *>g+ batt]y 9 two p>allel gr\ps & dis*>g+ 9 s]ies--rev]se pressure cells2 regulation--,holz]-,cabot dynamotor--boo/]s--application ( s]ies boo/] sy/em--,bijur's batt]y sy/em--load diagram--*>act]i/ics ( s]ies boo/]--%unt boo/]s2 ) batt]y--,entz' c>bon pile boo/] sy/em--application ( %unt boo/]--circuit diagram = non-rev]sible %unt boo/] & batt]y sy/em--comp\nd boo/]s2 _! connections--me?od ( *>g+ batt]y at "o voltage & supply+ lights at a diff]5t voltage--connections ( "o =m ( diff]5tial boo/]--diff]5tial boo/]s2 ) comp5sat+ coil2 adaptation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,di/ribution ,,sy/ems ,! selection ( ! sy/em ( transmission & di/ribution ( electric en]gy f ! g5]at+ plant to lamps1 motors1 & o!r devices1 is gov]n$ ma9ly by ! co/ ( ! metallic conductors1 :i* 9 _m electrical in/allations1 is a l>g] item ?an ! co/ ( ! g5]at+ plant itself4 ,?is is especially true 9 case ( long di/ance transmission1 :ile 9 ^? ( ! light+ plants1 ! co/ ( wir+ is usually m exp5sive ?an t ( ! boil]s1 eng9es1 & g5]ators comb9$4 ,! pr9cipal di/ribution sy/ems1 are class$ z3 #a4 ,s]ies2 #b4 ,p>allel2 #c4 ,s]ies-p>allel2 #d4 ,p>allel-s]ies4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ea* class8 ,ans4 ,9 ! s]ies sy/ems ! curr5t is con/ant1 b ! voltage v>ies4 ,9 ! p>allel sy/ems1 ! voltage is con/ant1 b ! curr5t v>ies4 ,s]ies ,sy/em ( ,di/ribution4--,a s]ies sy/em af=ds ! simple/ arrangem5t ( lamps1 motors1 or o!r devices suppli$ ) electric en]gy4 ,! connections ( su* a sy/em are %[n 9 fig4 #ghc4 ,! curr5t f ! t]m9al ( ! dynamo passes ?r\gh ! lamps1 ,l1 ,l1 ,l1 ,l1 "o aft] ! o!r & f9ally returns to ! t]m9al4 ,! curr5t rema9s practically con/ant1 b ! voltage falls ?r\gh\t ! circuit 9 direct proportion to ! resi/ance1 & ! diff]5ce 9 pressure betwe5 any two po9ts 9 ! circuit is equal to ! curr5t 9 amp]es multipli$ by ! resi/ance 9 ohms includ$ betwe5 !m4 ,= example4 ,ea* op5 arc lamp requires ab\t #ej volts4 ,9 ! sy/em %[n 9 fig4 #ghc1 ! pressure measur$ across ! bru%es ( ! dynamo is assum$ to be #a1jjj volts4 ,z ?is curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! circuit #de volts w be actually lo/ 9 ea* lamp1 & z ! drop on ! l9e wire is usually ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total voltage1 !re w be a drop ( #e volts on ! conductor betwe5 any two lamps4 ,9 ! circuit %[n1 !re are tw5ty lamps1 !re=e1 ! diff]5ce 9 pressure betwe5 ei!r t]m9al ( ! dynamo & middle po9t ,a ( ! circuit w be #aj lamps #ej volts #ejj volts4 ,likewise1 ! diff]5ce 9 pressure betwe5 any two po9ts on ! circuit w be equal to #ej volts multipli$ by ! numb] ( lamps includ$ betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ghc4--,s]ies sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,?is is a con/ant curr5t sy/em1 s call$ because ! curr5t rema9s practically con/ant4 ,x is us$ *iefly = arc light+4 ,ques4 ,describe ! dang] 9 a s]ies arc light sy/em8 ,ans4 ,s9ce ! total voltage ( ! sy/em is equal to ! sum ( ! volts consum$ 9 all ( ! lamps1 x is high en\gh to be dang]\s to p]sonal safety4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ghc4 ,if ! l9e be gr\nd$ at ,b ow+ to defective insulation1 ! pressure ( ! circuit at t po9t w be z]o1 & !re=e1 a man /&+ on ! gr\nd c\ld t\* t po9t )\t receiv+ a %ock1 b if he %\ld t\* ! l9e at ! po9t ,c1 he w receive a slight %ock ( #aej volts1 z !re are ?ree lamps betwe5 ! po9t ,c1 & ! gr\nd connection ,b4 ,!re=e1 ! dang] ( t\*+ ! circuit increases directly ) ! resi/ance betwe5 ! po9t t\*$ & ! gr\nd connection1 s t if a man t\* ! circuit at ! po9t ,d1 he w receive a dang]\s %ock ( #af #ej #hjj volts4 ,9 practice1 sixty lamps are (t5 plac$ on a s+le arc light+ circuit1 s t its total pressure is ab\t #c1jjj volts1 ?us greatly increas+ ! dang] ( ! sy/em4 ,ques4 ,:at is a con/ant curr5t sy/em8 ,ans4 ,! s]ies sy/em is a con/ant curr5t sy/em1 & is s call$ because ! curr5t rema9s practically con/ant1 :ile ! voltage falls ?r\gh\t ! circuit 9 direct proportion to ! resi/ance4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal applications ( ! s]ies sy/em8 ,ans4 ,= arc light+1 & telegraphic circuits4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ! s]ies sy/em8 ,ans4 ,9 ! case ( telegraphic circuits only "o wire is requir$1 & = light+ & p[] transmission & di/ribution1 only two wires2 !re=e1 x is simpl] & *eap] ?an any o!r sy/em4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! disadvantage ( ! s]ies sy/em8 ,ans4 ,! dang] due to ! high voltage 9 in/allations su* z arc light+ circuits4 ,p>allel ,sy/em4--,p>allel or multiple sy/ems are usually m complicat$ ?an s]ies sy/ems1 b s9ce ! voltage c be ma9ta9$ ne>ly con/ant by v>i\s me?ods1 practically all inc&esc5t lamps1 electric motors1 & a l>ge proportion ( arc lamps are suppli$ by p>allel sy/ems4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! p>allel sy/em is %[n 9 fig4 #ghd4 ,) six lamps on ! circuit1 ea* requir+ "o-half amp]e ( curr5t1 at #aaj volts1 ! dynamo w h to supply a curr5t ( #c amp]es at a pressure ( #aab volts1 & ?is curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! circuit & di/ribute itself z %[n on acc\nt ( ! less] resi/ance ( ! wire relatively to t ( ! lamps4 ,at ! fir/ lamp1 ! #c amp]es w divide1 amp]e fl[+ ?r\gh ! lamp & ! rema9+ #b amp]es pass+ on to ! next lamp & s on ?r\gh ! entire circuit4 ,! r$uction ( pressure f #aab volts across ! bru%es to #aaj volts at ! la/ lamp is due to ! resi/ance ( ! conduct+ wires4 ,ques4 ,:at ?ree effects are due to ?is drop 9 pressure8 ,ans4 #a1 ,all ! lamps or motors 9 ! circuit receive a l[] voltage ?an t at ! dynamo1 #b1 "s lamps or motors may receive a l[] voltage ?an ! o!rs1 & #c1 ! voltage at "s lamps or motors may v>y :5 ! o!rs are turn$ on or (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ghd4--,p>allel sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,?is is a con/ant voltage sy/em & is us$ pr9cipally = inc&esc5t light+ & electric motor circuits4 ,! fir/ is ! lea/ h>mful & may be c\nt]act$ by runn+ ! dynamo at a little high] voltage2 b ! second & ?ird are v objectionable & difficult to ov]come4 ,!y are c\nt]act$ successfully 9 practice1 h[ev]1 by v>i\s me?ods ( regulation1 ! use ( boo/]s1 & ! op]ation ( dynamos 9 p>allel4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal applications ( p>allel or con/ant pressure sy/ems8 ,ans4 ,!y are us$ on practically all inc&esc5t lamp & electric motor circuits1 & on "s arc lamp circuits4 ,ques4 ,:y is x specially applicable to inc&esc5t lamp circuits8 ,ans4 ,inc&esc5t lamps _c be made to /& a pressure mu* ov] #bbj volts1 & !re=e h to be op]at$ on l[ voltage sy/ems4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal disadvantage ( a p>allel sy/em z comp>$ ) a s]ies sy/em8 ,ans4 ,! great] co/ ( ! copp] conductors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ghe4--;,arrangem5t ( fe$] & ma9s 9 p>allel sy/em4 ,by locat+ ! fe$] at ! electrical c5t]1 less copp] is requir$ = ! ma9s4 ,! cut does n %[ ! fuses :i* 9 practice are plac$ at ! junction ( fe$] & ma94 ,ques4 ,:at is ! usual arrangem5t ( p>allel sy/ems8 ,ans4 ,conductors kn[n z a fe$] run out f ! /ation1 & connect$ to ^! are o!r conductors kn[n z a ma9 to :i* 9 turn ! lamps or o!r devices are connect$ z %[n 9 fig4 #ghe4 ,ques4 ,9 :at two ways may fe$]s be connect$8 ,ans4 ,!y may be connect$ at ! same end ( ! ma9s1 kn[n z p>allel fe$+1 or !y may be connect$ at ! opposite end ( ! ma91 call$ anti-p>allel fe$+4 ,! ma9 may be ( uni=m cross section ?r\gh\t1 or x may *ange 9 size s z to keep ! curr5t d5sity approximately con/ant4 ,! above condition gives rise to f\r possible comb9ations3 #a4 ,cyl9drical conductors p>allel fe$+1 fig4 #ghf2 #b4 ,tap]+ conductors1 p>allel fe$+1 fig4 #ghg2 #c4 ,cyl9drical conductors1 anti-p>allel fe$+1 fig4 #ghh2 #d4 ,tap]+ conductors1 anti-p>allel fe$+1 fig4 #ghi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ghf to #ghi4--,v>i\s p>allel sy/ems4 ,fig4 #ghf1 cyl9drical conductors p>allel fe$+2 fig4 #ghg1 tap]+ conductors p>allel fe$+2 fig4 #ghh1 cyl9drical conductors anti-p>allel fe$+2 fig4 #ghi1 tap]+ conductors anti-p>allel fe$+4 ,! t]m tap]+ is "h us$ to d5ote a conductor made up ( l5g?s ( wire1 ea* l5g? small] ?an ! prec$+ l5g?1 ! object ( su* arrangem5t be+ to avoid a wa/e ( copp] by progressively dim9i%+ ! size ( wire s t ! relation betwe5 circul> rails & amp]es is kept approximately con/ant4 ,9 an anti-p>allel sy/em1 ! curr5t is f$ to ! lamp f opposite ends ( ! sy/em4 ,s]ies-,p>allel ,sy/em4--,?is is a comb9ation ( ! s]ies & p>allel sy/ems1 & is arrang$ z indicat$ 9 fig4 #gij4 ,sev]al lamps are arrang$ 9 p>allel to =m a gr\p1 & a numb] ( su* sets are connect$ 9 s]ies1 z %[n4 ,x is n necess>y = ! gr\ps to be id5tical1 provid$ !y are all adapt$ to take ! same curr5t 9 amp]es1 :i* %\ld be kept con/ant1 & provid$ ! lamps ( ea* set agree 9 voltage4 ,= example1 on ! ord9>y #aj-;amp]e arc circuit1 "o gr\p might consi/ ( #e lamps1 ea* requir+ #b amp]es at #ej volts2 ! next might be compos$ ( #aj lamps1 ea* tak+ #a amp]e at #ajj volts1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gij4--,s]ies-p>allel sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,x consi/s ( gr\ps ( p>allel connect$ receptive devices1 ! gr\ps be+ arrang$ 9 ! circuit 9 s]ies4 ,p>allel-,s]ies ,sy/em4--,9 ?is me?od ( connection1 "o or m gr\ps ( lamp are connect$ 9 s]ies & ! gr\ps 9 p>allel z %[n 9 fig4 #gia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gia4--,p>allel-s]ies sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,x consi/s ( gr\ps ( s]ies connect$ receptive devices1 ! gr\ps be+ arrang$ 9 ! circuit 9 p>allel4 ,ques4 ,:5 is a p>allel-s]ies sy/em us$8 ,ans4 ,:5 x is desir$ to op]ate a numb] ( lamps or motors on a l9e :]e voltage is sev]al times t requir$ to op]ate a s+le lamp or motor4 ,! p>allel-s]ies sy/em is employ$ *iefly 9 ! light+ circuit on electric traction l9es2 "h1 usually five #aaj volt lamps are connect$ to ! s\rce ( supply :i* has a pressure ( #eej volts4 ,c5t] ( ,di/ribution4--,x is important to det]m9e ! po9t at :i* ! fe$]s %\ld be atta*$ to ! ma9s 9 ord] to m9imize ! am\nt ( copp] requir$4 ,! me?od employ$ is simil> to t us$ 9 det]m9+ ! be/ location ( a p[] plant z reg>ds am\nt ( copp] requir$4 ,! c5t] ( di/ribution may be call$ ! electrical c5t] ( gravity ( ! sy/em1 & is f\nd by sep>ately obta9+ ! c5t] ( gravity ( /raight sections & !n det]m9+ ! total resultant & po9t ( application ( ?is resultant ( ! /raight sections4 ,fe$]s 7fe$+ cables or conductors7 are run f ! s\rce ( supply to ! di/ribut+ c5t]s1 &1 z ^! fe$]s are 9 _m cases ( consid]able l5g?1 a sub/antial loss ( pressure g5]ally occurs 9 !m4 ,! pressure at ! s\rce ( supply1 h[ev]1 is s regulat$ z to comp5sate = ! drop 9 ! fe$]s1 & ! pressure at ! di/ribut+ c5t]s is ?us kept con/ant2 or ! same result is obta9$ by ! use ( regulat+ devices 9 ! fe$]s4 ,! ess5tial condition 9 mo/ sy/ems is t ! pressure at ! di/ribut+ c5t]s %all be kept practically con/ant1 irrespective ( ! load4 ,edison ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em4--,9 electric light+ sy/ems us$ up to ab\t #ahig1 x 0 n consid]$ practicable to use inc&esc5t lamps requir+ a pressure exce$+ #abj volts4 ,?is limit$ ! op]at+ voltage ( p>allel sy/ems1 & necessitat$ ! use ( conductors ( l>ge size & weight1 especially :]e ! curr5t _h to be transmitt$ a consid]able di/ance4 ,! effect ( ?is limit+ voltage is m app>5t :5 x is cle>ly und]/ood t ! size ( wire requir$ to c>ry a curr5t dep5ds ^u ! amp]es & n ^u ! volts4 ,a wire capable ( c>ry+ a curr5t ( #aj amp]es at #bj volts1 c c>ry #aj amp]es at #bj1jjj volts or any o!r voltage4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! am\nt ( electric en]gy or p[] transmitt$ ?r\gh a conductor is equal to ! amp]es multipli$ by ! volts1 x is cle> t by increas+ ! voltage1 ! p[] transmitt+ capacity ( a curr5t c be almo/ indef9itely increas$ )\t increas+ ! size ( ! conduct+ wire4 ,?is is ! reason :y consid]ations ( economy dictate ! use ( ! highe/ voltages possible 9 long di/ance transmissions4 ,! voltage ( ! curr5t is det]m9$1 h[ev]1 by ! requirem5ts ( ! app>atus to be op]at$4 ,inc&esc5t lamps usually require a pressure ( #aaj volts1 & ! curr5t requir$ by a #af c&le p[] lamp at t voltage is ab\t amp]e4 ,!re=e if ! lamp be design$ = a pressure ( #bbj volts1 ! curr5t w be r$uc$ to amp]e1 & ! same size ( wire c\ld be us$ to fe$ twice z _m lamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #gib & #gic4--;,evolution ( ! ?ree wire sy/em4 ,fig4 #gib %[s two dynamos supply+ two indep5d5t circuits4 ,^! may be connect$ 9 s]ies z 9 fig4 #gic1 ?us op]at+ ! two circuits ( fig4 #gib ) two wires in/ead ( f\r4 ,to balance ! sy/em 9 case ( unequal load+1 a ?ird or neutral wire is us$ z %[n 9 fig4 #gid4 ,! sav+ ( copp] is ! sole m]it ( ! ?ree wire sy/em1 & ! object :i* l$ to its inv5tion 0 to effect ?is economy ) ! use ( #aaj volt lamps4 ,pr9ciple ( ! ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em4--,9 fig4 #gib1 two dynamos ,a & ,b are %[n supply+ two indep5d5t inc&esc5t light+ circuits1 ea* circuit receiv+ #c amp]es ( curr5t at a pressure ( #aaj volts4 ,x is evid5t t ! dynamos c\ld be connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 s]ies1 & ! lamps connect$ 9 s]ies ) two ea*1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gic1 ?us mak+ ! two wires ,k & ,l ( ! two indep5d5t circuits unnecess>y1 z ! pressure w be increas$ to #bbj volts :ile ! curr5t w rema9 at #c amp]es1 & ea* lamp w require amp]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gid4--;,balanc$ ?ree wire sy/em4 ,! middle conductor1 kn[n z ! neutral wire1 keeps ! sy/em balanc$ 9 case ( unequal load+1 t is1 a curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh x1 to or f ! dynamos1 accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( lamps on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,^! curr5t conditions are %[n 9 fig4 #gig4 ,! am\nt ( copp] sav$ w be #ajj p] c5t41 b ?is arrangem5t is op5 to ! objection1 t :5 "o ( ! lamps is turn$ (f1 or burn$ out1 its companion w also g out4 ,?is difficulty is avoid$ 9 ! ?ree wire sy/em by runn+ a ?ird wire ,n1 f ! junction ,o1 betwe5 ! two dynamos1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gid1 ?us provid+ a supply or return conductor to any "o ( ! lamps1 & p]mitt+ any numb] ( lamps to be disconnect$ )\t affect+ ^? :i* rema94 ,if ! sy/em be exactly balanc$1 no curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! wire ,n1 because ! pressure t[>d ! - t]m9al ( ! dynamo ,a1 w be equal to ! pressure f ! t]m9al ( dynamo ,b1 ?us neutraliz+ ! pressure 9 ! wire4 ,= ?is reason ! middle wire ( a ?ree wire sy/em is call$ ! neutral wire1 & is usually indicat$ by ! symbol ,o or ! latt] mean+ t x is positive to ! fir/ wire & negative to ! second4 ,if ! sy/em be unbalanc$1 a curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! neutral wire1 to or f ! dynamos1 accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( lamps 9 ! upp] or l[] sets4 ,:5 ! numb] 9 ! l[] set is ! great]1 ! curr5t 9 ! neutral wire w fl[ f ! dynamos z %[n 9 fig4 #gig1 & t[>d ! dynamos "u ! rev]se condition4 ,9 ! case repres5t$ 9 fig4 #gig1 !re are five lamps 9 circuit1 requir+ #b amp]es ( curr5t at a pressure ( #aaj volts4 ,! two lamps 9 ! upp] set w require #a amp]e1 & ! ?ree lamps 9 ! l[] set1 #a amp]es4 ,s9ce a pressure ( #aaj volts c =ce only a curr5t ( "o amp]e ?r\gh resi/ance ( ! two lamps 9 ! upp] set1 x is evid5t1 t ! additional amp]e requir$ by ! ?ree lamps 9 ! l[] set w h to be suppli$ ?r\gh ! neutral wire1 z %[n4 ,balanc+ ( ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em4--,9 practice x is impossible to obta9 an exactly balanc$ sy/em1 z ! turn+ on & (f ( lamps z requir$ results 9 a prepond]ance ( lamps 9 ! upp] or l[] sets1 & fur!rmore1 ev5 :5 ! numb] ( lamps 9 ! two sets are equal1 !y may be locat$ irregul>ly1 !reby caus+ ! curr5ts to fl[ = %ort di/ances 9 ! neutral l9e4 ,!re=e1 ! l>g] ! numb] ( lamps 9 ! circuit1 ! easi] x w be to keep ! sy/em 9 a balanc$ condition4 ,copp] ,economy 9 ,?ree ,wire ,sy/ems4--,!oretically1 ! size ( ! neutral wire has to be only suffici5t to c>ry ! l>ge/ curr5t t w pass ?r\gh x4 ,a l>ge m>g9 ( safety1 h[ev]1 is all[$ 9 practice s t its cross section ranges f ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! outside l9e1 9 l>ge c5tral /ation sy/ems1 to ! same z t ( ea* outside l9e 9 small isolat$ sy/ems4 ,if ! neutral wire be made "o-half ! size ( ! outside conductor1 z is usually ! case 9 fe$]s1 ! am\nt ( copp] requir$ is #e_/af ( t necess>y = ! two wire sy/em4 ,= ma9s x is cu/om>y to make all ?ree conductors ! same size increas+ ! am\nt ( copp] to ( t requir$ = ! two wire sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gie4--;,dobr[olsky ?ree wire sy/em ) self-induction coil4 ,x consi/s ( an ord9>y direct curr5t dynamo1 ! armature ,a & pole pieces ,n & ,s ( :i* are %[n4 ,a self-induction coil ,d1 is connect$ to two diametrically opposite po9ts ( ! w9d+ ( ! armature ,a4 ,! coil ,d may be c>ri$ by & revolve ) ! armature2 b 9 ! con/ruction repres5t$1 x is /ation>y1 be+ connect$ to ! armature w9d+ ?r\gh ! bru%es ,,cc1 r+s & wires ,,jj4 ,! middle po9t ( ! self-induction coil ,d1 is connect$ to ! neutral conductor ,o ( ! ?ree wire sy/em1 ! outside conductors & - be+ suppli$ f ! bru%es ,,bb 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! pressure at ! t]m9als ( ! coil ,d is alt]nat+2 h5ce ! latt]1 on acc\nt ( its self-induction1 does n act z a %ort circuit to ! armature4 ,fur!rmore1 ! inductances ( ! two halves ( ! coil ,d be+ equal1 ! pressure ( ! neutral wire ,o is kept midway betwe5 ! pressures ( ! outside wires & -4 ,:5 ! two sides ( ! sy/em are unbalanc$ 9 load1 ! diff]5ce 9 curr5t c>ri$ 9 "o direction or ! o!r by ! neutral wire passes freely ?r\gh ! coil ,d1 s9ce ! curr5t is /eady1 or v>ies sl[ly1 & is !re=e unimp$$ by ! self-induction4 ,x is evid5t t ! ohmic resi/ance ( ,d %\ld be z l[ & its self-induction z high z possible1 9 ord] t ! loss ( en]gy & ! diff]5ce 9 voltage on ! two sides ( ! sy/em %all be z small z possible "u all conditions4 ,modifications ( ! ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em4--,by ! employm5t ( suitable arrangem5ts1 x is possible to op]ate a ?ree wire sy/em ) only "o dynamo4 ,"s ( ! v>i\s arrangem5ts :i* h be5 us$ or propos$ 9 ?is connection may be briefly m5tion$ z foll[s3 ,?ree ,wire ,/orage ,batt]y ,sy/em1 9 :i* a /orage batt]y is connect$ betwe5 ! two outside wires1 & ! pressure ( ! neutral wire v>i$ to balance ! sy/em by %ift+ ! po9t at :i* x is connect$ to ! batt]y4 ,?ree ,wire ,d\ble ,dynamo ,sy/em1 9 :i* a d\ble dynamo hav+ two armature w9d+s ^u ! same core1 connect$ to two sep>ate commutators1 is us$ 9 ! same mann] z two sep>ate dynamos connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,?ree ,wire ,bridge ,sy/em1 9 :i* a resi/ance is connect$ across ! two outside wires1 & ! neutral wire is br\ght to a po9t on ! resi/ance ?r\gh a movable swit*4 ,! pressures on ! two sides ( ! circuit are equaliz$ by adju/+ ! arm ( ! swit* = any *ange ( load4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gif4--,?ree wire comp5sator sy/em4 ,a & ,b are ! comp5sators or equaliz]s4 ,!y consi/ ( auxili>y dynamos c\pl$ toge!r & connect$ to ! sy/em z %[n4 ,d is ! ma9 dynamo1 & ,e1 a boo/]4 ,?ree ,wire ,?ree ,bru% ,dynamo ,sy/em1 9 :i* ! neutral wire is connect$ to a ?ird bru% on ! dynamo4 ,dobr[olsky ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em1 9 :i* a self-induction coil is connect$ to two diametrically opposite po9ts ( ! armature ( an ord9>y direct curr5t dynamo4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is sy/em is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #gie4 ,?ree ,wire ,auxili>y ,dynamo ,sy/em1 9 :i* ! neutral wire is connect$ to an auxili>y dynamo :i* supplies a pressure "o-half z great z t ( ! ma9 dynamo4 ,! auxili>y dynamo is usually belt driv5 by ! ma9 dynamo1 & acts z a dynamo :5 ! load is great] on ! negative side ( ! circuit1 & z a motor :5 ! excess ( load is on ! positive side4 ,?ree ,wire ,comp5sator ,sy/em1 9 :i* two auxili>y dynamos ,a & ,b call$ comp5sators or equaliz]s1 are c\pl$ toge!r & connect$ to ! sy/em z %[n 9 fig4 #gif4 ,ea* comp5sator g5]ates "o-half z mu* pressure z ! ma9 dynamo ,d1 & s]ves to equalize ! pressure & ! load1 ! comp5sator on ! lightly load$ side op]at+ z a motor & driv+ ! o!r z a dynamo4 ,:5 ! sy/em is exactly balanc$1 bo? comp5sators run z motors "u no load1 !re=e1 consume v little en]gy4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t only "o boo/] ,e1 is requir$ = bo? sides ( ! sy/em1 z ! comp5sators are connect$ to ! outside wires at a po9t beyond ! boo/]s1 & !re=e1 sub-divide ! increas$ diff]5ce ( pressure equally betwe5 ! two sides ( ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gig4--,?ree wire d\ble dynamo sy/em hav+ two sep>ate w9d+s on ! same core & sep>ate commutators ,a & ,b z %[n4 ,ext5sion ( ! ,?ree ,wire ,pr9ciple4--,9 ord] to atta9 /ill great] economy 9 copp]1 ! pr9ciples ( ! ?ree wire sy/em may be ext5d$ to include f\r1 five1 six1 & sev5 wire sy/ems4 ,! comp>ative weights ( copp] requir$ by su* sy/ems are z foll[s3 ,two wire sy/em #a4jjj ,?ree all wires ( equal size 4#cgj ,?ree neutral wire "o-half size 4#cac ,f\r all wires ( equal size 4#bbb ,five 4#aef ,sev5 4#jif ,! f\r wire sy/em requires ab\t two-n9?s z mu* copp]1 & ! sev5 wire sy/em ab\t "o-t5? z mu* copp]1 z an equival5t two wire sy/em2 b nei!r is desirable1 z _! op]ation involves too mu* inconv5i5ce1 too _m unavoidable complications1 & create a possibility ( accid5t1 :i* m ?an (fsets ! sav+ 9 copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gih4--;,diagram %[+ dynamotor connections :5 us$ z an equaliz] 9 ! ?ree wire sy/em4 ,,dm1 dynamotor2 ,g1 g5]ator side2 ,m1 motor side4 ,! ,five ,wire ,sy/em4--,?is sy/em is employ$ advantage\sly 9 _m places 9 ,engl& & ,europe1 b has n z yet be5 introduc$ to any ext5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is v probable t 9 ! future ! ?ree wire #ddj volt sy/em w be select$ 9 pref]5ce to ! five wire sy/em4 ,dynamotor4--,?is is a comb9ation ( dynamo & motor on ! same %aft1 "o receiv+ curr5t & ! o!r deliv]+ curr5t1 usually ( diff]5t voltage1 ! motor be+ employ$ to drive ! dynamo ) a pressure ei!r high] or l[] ?an t receiv$ at ! motor t]m9als4 ,! dynamotor 9 ! direct curr5t circuit corresponds to ! trans=m] 9 ! alt]nat+ curr5t circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gii4--;,diagram %[+ connections ( balanc+ set 9 ?ree wire "o dynamo sy/em4 ,! set consi/s ( a motor & dynamo connect$1 & its op]ation is practically ! same z a dynamotor4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! dynamotor us$ z an equaliz] 9 ! ?ree wire sy/em8 ,ans4 ,:5 ?us us$1 ! ma*9e is connect$ z 9 fig4 #gih4 ,:5 bo? sides ( ! sy/em are balanc$1 !re w be no curr5t 9 ! neutral lead ,n1 & a small curr5t w pass ?r\gh ! two armature w9d+s ( ! dynamotor 9 s]ies1 bo? armatures act+ z motors4 ,if ! load on "o side ( ! sy/em become l>g] ?an ! load on ! o!r side1 !re w be a great] drop 9 ! leads connect$ to ! ov]load$ side & consequ5tly a l[] voltage w exi/ ov] ! l>g] load ?an exi/s ov] ! small] load4 ,! armature w9d+ ( ! dynamotor connect$ to ! high] voltage w act z a dynamo1 ^: pressure w t5d to raise ! voltage ( ! m heavily load$ side4 ,! direction ( ! curr5ts 9 an unbalanc$ ?ree wire sy/em t is be+ suppli$ ) en]gy f a ma9 dynamo is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! commutator at ,g is connect$ to ! dynamo w9d+ ( ! dynamotor & is supply+ curr5t to ! upp] or l>g] load1 & ! l[] commutator is connect$ to ! motor w9d+ ( ! dynamotor & is tak+ curr5t f ! lightly load$ side4 ,motor-,dynamo or ,balanc+ ,set4--,a balanc+ set or balanc] consi/s ( a motor me*anically connect$ to a dynamo us$ to balance a ?ree wire sy/em4 ,! op]ation ( su* a comb9ation is practically ! same z ! dynamotor j describ$4 ,! balanc] is connect$ z %[n 9 fig4 #gii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hjj4--;,holz]-,cabot type ,m motor-dynamo set4 ,?is comb9ation is kn[n z a boo/]1 & is us$ to raise or l[] ! voltage on fe$]s4 ,! motor is s]ies w\nd & connect$ 9 s]ies ) "o leg ( ! fe$]4 ,?us1 ! voltage :i* ! boo/] w add to ! l9e w be directly 9 proportion to ! curr5t fl[+ 9 ! fe$]4 ,! regulation is !re=e automatic4 ,:5 an unbalanc$ load comes on1 ! voltage on ! lightly load$ side rises & on ! heavily load$ side drops4 ,! ma*9e on ! light side !n takes p[] f ! l9e & runs z a motor driv+ ! ma*9e on ! heavy side z a dynamo1 supply+ ! extra curr5t = t side4 ,?is action t5ds to br+ ! voltage back to normal & gives good regulation4 ,9 "s cases ! field ( ea* ma*9e is connect$ to ! opposite side ( ! sy/em :i* gives a quick] action4 ,?is regulation is automatic & ! set takes c>e ( unbalanc$ loads 9 ei!r direction )\t adju/m5t4 ,balanc+ ,coils4--,ano!r me?od ( balanc+ a ?ree wire sy/em :i* does away ) any additional rotat+ ma*9es makes use ( balance coils4 ,ques4 ,describe ! type ( dynamo us$ ) balanc+ coils8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hja4--;,diagram %[+ connections ( balanc+ coil sy/em4 ,! dynamo us$ 9 ?is sy/em is provid$ ) bo? commutator & collector r+s4 ,ans4 ,! regul> two wire dynamo is us$ supply+ p[] to ! outside wires1 b !re are collector r+s connect$ to ! armature4 ,^! r+s are mu* light] ?an !y w\ld be = a conv]t] z !y c>ry only ab\t ( ! dynamo load4 ,^! r+s be+ light are usually plac$ at ! end ( ! commutator & are connect$ directly to ! commutator b>s4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! balanc+ coils con/ruct$8 ,ans4 ,!y are built ( /&>d trans=m] p>ts1 & are plac$ 9 cases simil> to ^? ( ord9>y small trans=m]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs #hjb & #hjc4--;,di/ribution by dynamo-motor sets4 ,fig4 #hjb1 sets 9 p>allel2 fig4 #hjc1 sets 9 s]ies4 ,9 fig4 #hjb1 curr5t produc$ by ! ma9 dynamo ,g1 is c>ri$ to ! ma*9es by ! conductors ,a & ,b to :i* ! motor portions ,m are connect$ 9 p>allel4 ,^! motors are provid$ ) %unt w\nd field coils :i* may be connect$ to ! prim>y or to ! second>y circuit1 consequ5tly ! ma*9es run at a practically con/ant spe$4 ,! dynamo portions ,d ( ! trans=m]s are connect$ to ! second>y circuits :i* supply ! lamps1 etc41 ,l1 z indicat$4 ,! field magnets ( ^! dynamos may also be f$ by ! ma9 circuit ,,ab1 or !y may be self-excit$ by %unt or comp\nd w9d+4 ,9 fig4 #hjc1 ! motors ,m are all connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! ma9 dynamo ,g1 & ! dynamo elem5ts ,d ( ! trans=m]s1 connect$ to ! lamps1 etc41 ,l4 ,if ! curr5t be kept con/ant 7! dynamo ,g hav+ a regulator l a s]ies arc dynamo71 & ! motors ,m are simple s]ies w\nd ma*9es1 !y w ex]t a c]ta9 torque1 or turn+ ef=t1 :i* w be con/ant4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t if ! dynamos ,d be also s]ies w\nd1 ea* w g5]ate a c]ta9 curr5t :i* w be con/ant4 ,if lamps or o!r devices1 design$ = t p>ticul> curr5t1 be connect$ 9 s]ies on ! second>y circuits1 ! dynamos ,d w always ma9ta9 t curr5t1 no matt] h[ _m lamps !re may be4 ,:5 lamps are add$1 ! resi/ance ( ! local circuit is rais$1 & ! curr5t 9 x decreases1 s t ! dynamo increases its spe$ until x g5]ates suffici5t pressure to produce practically ! same curr5t z be=e4 ,h5ce ?is con/itutes a sy/em :i* is self-regulat+1 :5 lamps1 etc41 are cut 9 or out ( ! second>y circuits4 ,no h>m results ev5 if ! second>y be %ort circuit$1 s9ce only ! normal curr5t c be g5]at$4 ,b if ! second>y circuit be op5$1 !n ! ma*9e w race1 & probably injure itself by c5trifugal =ce1 because ! torque ( ! motor ,m has its full value1 & !re is no load ^u ! dynamos ,d4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is dang]1 "s automatic device %\ld be provid$ to %ort circuit ! field or armature ( ! motor :5 its spe$ or rev]se voltage rises above a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! coil has a /raight cont9u\s w9d+1 bo? ends & a connection f ! middle po9t ( ! w9d+ be+ br\ght out ( ! case4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! coils connect$ to ! dynamo8 ,ans4 ,two coils are us$ & are connect$ to ! collector r+s z %[n 9 fig4 #hja1 "o coil across ea* phase4 ,! connections f ! middle po9ts ( ! coils are connect$ toge!r & to ! neutral wire ( ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hjd4--;,diagram to %[ correctness ( balanc+ coil connection4 ,9 ! figure1 ,,ae1 ,,bf1 ,,cg1 & ,,dh repres5t ! balance coil & its connection = diff]5t positions ( ! armature ( a bipol> ma*9e4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! action ( ! coils 9 equaliz+ ! load8 ,ans4 ,on balanc$ load1 ! coils take a small alt]nat+ excit+ curr5t f ! collector r+s z any trans=m] does :5 connect$ to an alt]nat+ curr5t l9e ) its second>y op54 ,:5 an unbalanc$ load comes on1 ! curr5t 9 ! neutral divides1 half go+ to ea* coil4 ,?is ent]s ! coil at ! middle po9t & half fl[s ea* way ?r\gh ! coil & ! slip r+s into ! armature w9d+4 ,! unbalanc$ curr5t is ?us f$ back directly into ! dynamo armature cont9u\sly4 ,! coils are small & c be plac$ back ( ! swit*bo>d or bel[ ! floor1 z !y require no att5tion4 ,! curr5t fl[+ to ea* slip r+ is #be ( ! direct curr5t 9 ! neutral wire ) ! small excit+ curr5t tak5 by ! coil add$4 ,! coils are usually built to take c>e ( curr5t 9 ! neutral equal to #be ( full load curr5t ( ! dynamo ) a voltage regulation n to exce$ #b p] c5t4 ,ques4 ,^u :at does ! op]ation ( ! balanc+ coil sy/em dep5d8 ,ans4 ,x dep5ds on ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,fir/1 ! imp$ance#a ( ! coils keeps ! excit+ curr5t :i* !y take f ! collector r+s d[n to a small value z x is alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,at ! same "t ! curr5t f ! neutral wire fl[s ?r\gh ! f\r half coils 9 p>allel1 & be+ direct curr5t is imp$$ only by ! ohmic resi/ance ( ! coils1 :i* is l[1 giv+ only a slight loss 9 ! coils4 ,! common po9t to :i* ! neutral wire is connect$ mu/ at all times be neutral to ! - & direct curr5t bru%es4 #a ,,note4--,! t]m imp$ance means ! total opposition 9 an electric circuit to ! fl[ ( an alt]nat+ curr5t1 be+ made up ( ! actual or ohmic resi/ance & ! app>5t resi/ance due to self-induction1 or if ! circuit conta9 also capacity1 ! resultant app>5t resi/ance due to self-induction & capacity4 ,t ?is common po9t is at all times neutral is readily %[n4 ,ref]r+ to fig4 #hjd1 let ,,ae1 ,,bf1 ,,cg & ,,dh repres5t ! balance coil & its connection = diff]5t positions ( ! armature ( a bipol> ma*9e4 ,let ,o be ! tap to ! middle po9t ( ! w9d+4 ,take ! in/ant :5 ! balance coil taps are directly "u ! direct curr5t bru%es z %[n at position ,,ae4 ,x is evid5t t s9ce ! po9t ,o is ! middle po9t ( ! coil1 x is neutral betwe5 ,a & ,e4 ,:5 ! armature turns s t ! balance coils take ! position ,,bf1 ! voltage drop betwe5 ,a & ,e may be divid$ into #d p>ts1 ,,ab1 ,,bo1 ,,( & ,,fe4 ,z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,o is neutral betwe5 ! ends ( ! coil1 & ! voltage drop ov] ,,( equals t ov] ,,ob4 ,s9ce ! space ,,ab includes ! same numb] ( armature coils z space ,,fe & !y are 9 fields ( equal /r5g?1 ! voltages across ! two spaces w be equal1 & ! voltage ov] ,,ab equals t ov] ,,fe4 ,!n add+ equals3 ,,ab ,,bo ,,fe ,,fo & ,o is neutral betwe5 ,a & ,e z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,9 ! same way x c be %[n t ,o is neutral betwe5 ! direct curr5t bru%es = any position ( ! balance coil taps4 ,"o coil w op]ate ! sy/em1 b two coils1 giv+ f\r po9ts spac$ #ij electrical degrees ap>t1 give bett] di/ribution ( ! curr5t to ! armature w9d+ & bett] regulation ( ! voltage4 ,boo/]s4--,a boo/] may be def9$ z1 a dynamo ins]t$ 9 a circuit at a po9t :5 x is necess>y to *ange ! voltage4 ,a boo/] is g5]ally driv5 by a motor1 ! two armatures be+ directly c\pl$1 al?\gh boo/]s are sometimes driv5 f ! eng9e or l9e %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hje4--;,crock] ,:eel] motor-dynamo set4 ,!re are num]\s cases :]e su* a comb9ation is useful = furni%+ a circuit ) a voltage diff]5t f t ( ! ma9 plant or ) a voltage t c be v>i$ indep5d5tly4 ,= /orage batt]y *>g+ & electrolytic "w1 :]e con/ant curr5t is desirable1 x =ms a simple means ( voltage regulation4 ,:]e a circuit ( special voltage is requir$1 ! set n only supplies curr5t at ! desir$ pressure1 b insulates ! special circuit1 :i* may be subject to m sev]e requirem5ts ?an ! ma9 sy/em4 ,! advantage ( ! ?ree wire di/ribution c be obta9$ f any two wire dynamo by means ( a small rot>y balanc] or balanc+ trans=m]1 :i* consi/s ( two direct curr5t ma*9es ( ! same voltage1 me*anically connect$ toge!r ) _! armatures 9 s]ies4 ,multiple voltage sy/ems = spe$ regulation c also be obta9$ by a simil> arrangem5t4 ,ques4 ,expla9 ! use ( a boo/]8 ,ans4 ,:5 a numb] ( fe$]s run out f a /ation1 ! longe/ & ^? c>ry+ ! heavie/ loads w h s mu* drop on ! l9e t ! pressure at di/ant po9ts is too l[4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to raise ! pressure to comp5sate = ! drop & ?is is done by ins]t+ a boo/] 9 ! circuit4 ,x w\ld n be economical to raise ! voltage on all ! l9es by supply+ curr5t f ! ma9 dynamo at high] pressure1 h5ce ! voltage is rais$ only on ! l9es :i* ne$ x by means ( ! boo/] work+ 9 s]ies ) ! ma9 dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hjf4--;,diagram %[+ use ( auxili>y bus b>4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! necessity = boo/]s1 "s /ations h an extra bus b>1 :i* is kept at a high] pressure ?an ! ma9 bus1 & to ?is are connect$ ! fe$]s t h an extra l>ge drop4 ,ques4 ,= :at o!r s]vice are boo/]s employ$8 ,ans4 ,!y are us$ 9 connection ) /orage batt]y plants = ! purpose ( rais+ ! voltage ( ! bus b>s to ! pressure necess>y = *>g+ /orage batt]ies4 ,ques4 ,:at is an auxili>y bus b>8 ,ans4 ,an extra bus b> :i* is kept at high] pressure ?an ! ma9 b>4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! object ( an auxili>y bus b>8 ,ans4 ,x is us$ 9 place ( a boo/] z %[n 9 fig4 #hjf4 ,"o or m dynamos ma9ta9 ! pressure betwe5 ! auxili>y b> & ! common negative b>4 ,! fe$]s :i* ne$ boo/+ are connect$ to ! common negative b> & ! auxili>y b> z %[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,wires ,,& ,,wire ,,calculations ,! wireman :o is call$ ^u to plan & in/all a sy/em ( wir+ w f9d x necess>y fir/ to h a k ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( wire s z to select ! "o be/ suit$ = ! "w1 & to be able to make simple calculations 9 ord] to det]m9e ! prop] sizes ( wire = ! v>i\s circuits4 ,wires are g5]ally made ( circul> cross section4 ,! process ( manufacture consi/s 9 draw+ ! mat]ial ?r\gh /eel dies1 :5 its prop]ties p]mit ?is treatm5t4 ,9 ! case ( "s sub/ances1 z = in/ance1 t9 & lead1 difficulties arise 9 ! draw+ process1 & ^! are !re=e squirt$4 ,! metals mo/ ext5sively us$ = wires are copp] & iron2 ,g]man silv]1 t9 & lead are also employ$1 b only at po9ts :]e x is desirable to h a comp>atively high resi/ance 9 ! circuit4 ,copp] ,wire4--,copp] is us$ 9 ne>ly all cases ( wir+ because x comb9es high electrical conductivity ) good me*anical qualities & reasonable price4 ,9 conductivity x is only surpass$ by silv]1 b ! co/ ( ! latt] ( c\rse prohibits its use = wir+ purposes4 ,copp] wire is us$ = electric light & p[] l9es1 = mo/ telephone & "s telegraph l9es1 & = all cases :]e l[ resi/ance is requir$ at mod]ate co/4 ,h>d drawn copp] wire is ductile1 & has a high t5sile /r5g?2 ^! prop]ties all[ x to be b5t ar\nd corn]s & drawn ?r\gh tubes )\t injury4 ,pure anneal$ copp] has a specific gravity ( #h4hi at #fj ,fahr4 ,"o cubic in* weighs 4#cb p\nd2 its melt+ po9t is ab\t #b1ajj ,fahr4 ,good h>d drawn copp] has a t5sile /r5g? ( ab\t ?ree times its own weight p] mile l5g?4 ,?us1 a numb] #aj ,b4 ,s4 gauge copp] wire1 weigh+ #aff lbs4 p] mile1 w h a break+ /r5g? equal to approximately #c #aff #dih lbs4 ,iron ,wire4--,?is k9d ( wire is l>gely us$ = telegraph & telephone l9es1 al?\gh x is rapidly be+ replac$ by copp] 9 long l9es4 ,!re are ?ree grades ( iron wire3 #a4 ,extra be/ be/ 7,e4 ,b4 ,b47 :i* has ! highe/ conductivity & is ! ne>e/ to be+ uni=m1 9 quality1 be+ bo? t\gh & pliable2 #b4 ,be/ be/ 7,b4 ,b471 :i* v>ies m 9 quality1 is n s t\gh1 & is l[] 9 conductivity4 ,x is frequ5tly sold z ,e4 ,b4 ,b42 #c4 ,be/ 7,b471 :i* is ! poore/ grade made1 be+ m brittle1 & l[e/ 9 conductivity4 ,iron wire %\ld be well galvaniz$4 ,g]man ,silv] ,wire4--,g]man silv] is an alloy consi/+ ( #ah to #cj nickel1 & ! balance ab\t f\r p>ts copp] to "o "p z9c4 ,x is v l>gely us$ z a resi/ance mat]ial 9 mak+ resi/ance coils1 & is sold 9 ! =m ( wire1 & /rip4 ,! resi/ance ( ?is wire v>ies ) its composition4 ,! resi/ance ( ! #ah alloy at #be ,c4 is #ah times t ( copp]1 & ( ! #cj alloy ab\t #bh times t ( copp]4 ,! safe c>ry+ capacity ( ! wire 9 spirals 9 op5 air = cont9u\s duty is su* t ! circul> mils p] amp]e v>ies f ab\t #a1ejj 9 ,no4 #aj wire to ab\t #dge 9 ,no4 #cj4 ,= int]mitt5t duty ! capacity is twice z great4 ,/&>d ( ,copp] ,wire ,resi/ance4--,mat?iess5's /&>d = resi/ance ( copp] wire is z foll[s3 ,a h>d drawn copp] wire "o met] long1 weigh+ "o gramme1 has a resi/ance ( 4#adfi ,b4 ,a4 unit at #cb ,fahr4 ,relative conduct+ p[]3 silv]1 #ajj2 h>d or un-anneal$ copp]1 #ii4ie2 s(t or anneal$ copp]1 #ajb4ba4 ,a committee ( ! ,am4 ,in/4 ,electrical ,eng9e]s recomm5ds ! foll[+ =m ( ,mat?iess5's /&>d1 tak+ #h4hi z ! specific gravity ( pure copp]3 ,a s(t copp] wire "o met] long & "o millimet] 9 diamet] has an electrical resi/ance ( 4#jbjeg ,b4 ,a4 unit at #j;,c4#b ,f ?is ! resi/ance ( a s(t copp] wire "o foot long & 4#jja 94 9 diamet] 7mil-foot7 is #i4gb ,b4 ,a4 units at #j;,c4 #b ,,note4--,! int]national ohm ,b4 ,a4 ohm #a 4#ihff4 ,! ,b4 ,a4 ohm ,int]national ohm #a #a4jacf4 ,h5ce1 to r$uce ,briti% ,association ohms to ,int]national ohms1 divide by #a4jacf4 or multiply by 4#ihff4 ,= e degree ,fahr41 ! resi/ance ( copp] wire increases 4#bbbb4 ,?us a piece ( copp] wire hav+ a resi/ance ( #aj ohms at #cb1 w\ld h a resi/ance ( #aa4aa ohms at #hb4 ,relative ,conductivity ( ,diff]5t ,metals & ,alloys4 7,accord+ to ,laz>e ,weil]47 ,pure silv] #ajj ,pure copp] #ajj ,alloy1 copp]1 silv] #hf4fe ,telephonic silice\s bronze #ce ,pure z9c #bi4i ,brass ) #ce z9c #ba4e ,sw$i% iron #af ,pure plat9um #aj4f ,copp] ) #aj nickel #aj4f ,pure lead #h4hh ,pure nickel #g4hi ,phosphor-bronze1 #aj t9 #c4hh ,conductors4--,copp] is us$ m ?an any o!r metal = transmitt+ electrical en]gy1 & = int]ior wir+ x is us$ exclusively4 ,copp] conductors %\ld be ( ! highe/ comm]cial conductivity1 n less ?an #ig4 ,= conductors up to sizes z l>ge z ,no4 #h ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 s+le conductors may be us$1 b = l>g] sizes ! necess>y conductivity %\ld be obta9$ by conductors made up ( /r&s ( small] wires4 ,! size ( ^! /r&s dep5d ^u ! size ( ! conductors & ! conditions "u :i* !y are to be us$4 ,:]e conductors are v l>ge 7z = in/ance dynamo leads71 & :]e x is ess5tial t !y %\ld be z flexible z possible1 /r&s z small z ,no4 #bj or #bb ,b4 ,s4 gauge may be us$4 ,conductors = flexible cords1 p5dants1 fixtures1 etc41 %\ld also consi/ ( v f9e /r&s1 s t !y may be p]fectly pliable & flexible4 ,! individual /r&s = in/ance1 = a ,no4 #af ,b4 ,s4 gauge flexible cord %\ld be z f9e z ,no4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hjg4--;,elevator cable = annunciators4 ,?is type ( cable is design$ = connect+ ! movable elevator c> ) ! signal buttons ^u ! diff]5t floors1 & is con/ruct$ s z to secure /r5g? & flexibility4 ,cov]$ ,conductors4--,= mo/ conditions ( s]vice1 wires are protect$ ) an insulat+ cov]+4 ,wires us$ 9 int]ior circuits %\ld h a cov]+ :i* %all act bo? z an electrical insulator & z a me*anical protection4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! insulat+ qualities are ( second>y importance4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( cov]+ n[ 9 use comm]cially = wires are3 #a4 ,rubb]2 #b4 ,wea!r pro(2 #c4 ,sl[ burn+2 #d4 ,sl[ burn+ wea!r pro(2 #e4 ,arm\r$4 ,rubb] ,cov]$ ,conductors4--,?is class ( conductor consi/s ( a t9n$ copp] wire ) a rubb] cov]+1 protect$ by an outside braid+ ( cotton saturat$ ) a pres]vative comp\nd4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! advantages ( rubb] insulation = conductors8 ,ans4 ,x is wat]pro(1 flexible1 fairly /rong1 & has high insulat+ qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hjh4--,rubb] insulat$ telephone & telegraph wires4 ,! inn] coat ( rubb] %\ld be free f sulphur or o!r sub/ances liable to corrode ! copp]4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! disadvantages ( rubb] insulation8 ,ans4 ,x det]iorates m or less rapidly & is quickly injur$ by temp]atures above #adj ,fahr4 ,ques4 ,= :at s]vice are rubb] cov]$ conductors adapt$8 ,ans4 ,= int]ior wir+4 ,ques4 ,is pure rubb] us$8 ,ans4 ,no4 ,! cov]+ %\ld be made f a comp\nd conta9+ f #bj to #ce p] c5t4 ( pure rubb]4 ,x w\ld be difficult to place pure rubb] on a wire1 & moreov] a cov]+ made ( pure rubb] w\ld n be durable & w\ld det]iorate v rapidly1 p>ticul>ly at temp]atures above #abj ,fahr4 ,accord+ly1 x is mix$ ) o!r mat]ials1 su* z ,fr5* *alk1 silicate ( magnesia1 sulphur1 r$ lead1 etc4 ,wea!r ,pro( ,conductors4--,9 ?is class ( conductor1 ! wire is protect$ f ! wea!r by a wat]pro( cov]+1 consi/+ usually ( braid$ cotton ( two or ?ree ?icknesses saturat$ ) a moi/ure resi/+ insulat+ comp\nd4 ,ques4 ,:]e are wea!r pro( conductors us$8 ,ans4 ,9 places subject to dampness1 su* z cell>s1 tunnels1 op5 %$s1 brew]ies1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hji4--,twi/$ wea!r pro( wires4 ,! insulation consi/s ( two or ?ree ?icknesses ( braid$ cotton saturat$ ) a moi/ure resi/+ insulat+ comp\nd4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! advantages ( wea!r pro( conductors8 ,ans4 ,! insulation is *eap1 v durable1 & does n det]iorate unless expos$ to high temp]atures su* z w melt ! comp\nd4 ,ques4 ,/ate ! disadvantages4 ,ans4 ,! cov]+ is m or less inflammable & is n v effici5t z an insulator4 ,ques4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 9 us+ wea!r pro( conductors8 ,ans4 ,on acc\nt ( ! inflammable "* ( ! cov]+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 9 wir+ at po9ts :]e any consid]able numb] ( conductors are br\ght toge!r1 or :]e !re is mu* woodwork or o!r combu/ible mat]ial4 ,ques4 ,= :at use are wea!r pro( conductors especially adapt$8 ,ans4 ,= outside wir+ :]e moi/ure is c]ta9 & :]e firepro( quality is n necess>y4 ,obvi\sly conductors ( ?is class %\ld n be us$ 9 conduits1 nor 9 fact1 9 any way except expos$ on glass or porcela9 insulators4 ,sl[ ,burn+ ,wire4--,?is class ( conductor is def9$ z3 "o t w n c>ry fire4 ,! cov]+ consi/s ( lay]s ( cotton or o!r ?read1 all ! int]/ices ( :i* are fill$ ) ! firepro(+ comp\nd1 or ( mat]ial hav+ equival5t fire resi/+ & insulat+ prop]ties4 ,! out] lay] is braid$ & specially design$ to )/& abrasion4 ,! ?ickness ( insulation mu/ n be less ?an t requir$ = sl[ burn+ wea!r pro( wire & ! out] surface mu/ be f9i%$ smoo? & h>d4--,und]writ]s' requirem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #haj4--,sl[ burn+ wire1 =m]ly kn[n z ,und]writ]'s ,wire4 ,! insulation is triple braid$1 saturat$ ) a :ite firepro( comp\nd4 ,solid conductor4 ,ques4 ,:]e %\ld sl[ burn+ wires be us$8 ,ans4 ,9 hot dry places1 :]e ord9>y insulations w\ld be injur$1 & :]e wires are bun*$1 z on ! back ( a l>ge swit*bo>d or 9 a wire t[]4 ,a sl[ burn+ cov]+ is consid]$ good en\gh :5 ! wires are entirely on insulat+ supports4 ,its ma9 object is to prev5t ! copp] conductors com+ into contact ) ea* o!r or any?+ else4 ,ques4 ,:at mu/ be done be=e us+ wea!r pro( wire8 ,ans4 ,p]mission to use ! wire mu/ fir/ be obta9$ f ! local ,inspection ,dep>tm5t4 ,sl[ ,burn+ ,wea!r ,pro( ,wire4--,! cov]+ ( ?is type wire is a comb9ation ( ! und]writ]s & wea!r pro( insulations4 ,! firepro( coat+ comprises a little m ?an half ( ! total cov]+4 ,:5 ! firepro( coat+ is plac$ on ! outside1 ! wire is call$ sl[ burn+ wea!r pro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #haa4--,sl[ burn+ wea!r pro( wire4 ,! insulation is compos$ ( two braids ?or\ghly saturat$ ) a fire pro( composition1 ov] :i* is a highly poli%$ wea!r pro( ?ird braid4 ,?is wire 0 =m]ly kn[n z fire & wea!r pro( wire4 ,ques4 ,h[ does sl[ burn+ wea!r pro( wire comp>e ) wea!r pro( wire8 ,ans4 ,x is less inflammable & less subject to s(t5+ "u heat4 ,ques4 ,:]e %\ld sl[ burn+ wea!r pro( wire be us$8 ,ans4 ,9 places :]e ! wires are to be run expos$ & :]e moi/ure resi/+ quality is desir$1 also :]e at ! same "t x is desirable to avoid an excess ( inflammable cov]+4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld x be in/all$8 ,ans4 ,x %\ld be set on glass or porcela9 insulators4 ,miscellane\s ,insulat$ ,conductors ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hab4--;,arm\r$ subm>9e cable4 ,?is type ( cable is insulat$ ) a rubb] comp\nd conta9+ n less ?an #cj ( pure ,p>a rubb]4 ,! foll[+ specifications h be5 adapt$ by v>i\s telegraph companies & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = g5]al use4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,no4 ( ,gauge ( ,no4 ( ,gauge ( ,outside ,weight ,conductors ,conductors ,arm\r ,arm\r ,wires ,diamet] p] #a1jjj 7,b4 ,s47 ,wires ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 7in*7 ,feet ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a #ad #ab #h #a1aej #b #ad #af #h #a-ca_/cb #a1fge #c #ad #ad #f #a #b1djj #d #ad #af #f #a-e_/af #b1gej #e #ad #ai #f #a #c1ajj #f #ad #ba #f #a #c1ejj #g #ad #ba #f #a #c1fjj #aj #ad #bb #d #a #d1fjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,note4--,! above specifications ref] only to riv] & h>bor cables4 ,ocean cables are ( an entirely diff]5t "*1 & consi/ ( %ore end1 int]m$iate & deep sea types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hac4--;,gas eng9e ignition cable4 ,?is is a special cable made to /& ! h>d s]vice necess>y on automobiles4 ,! conductor is compos$ ( #cf /r&s ( ,no4 #bg t9n$ copp] wire1 equal to ,no4 #ad 9 capacity1 :i* gives x necess>y flexibility4 ,ab\t ?is conductor are wov5 two lay]s ( cotton ?read4 ,ov] ?is are wov51 9 opposite directions1 sev]al lay]s ( specially prep>$ tape :i* has be5 giv5 two coat+s ( f9e insulat+ v>ni%4 ,two /rong braids ( cotton =m ! outside cov]+1 & ea* ( ^! diff]5t braids is pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( insulat+ liquid & bak$ 9 a /eam heat$ ov54 ,) ?ree lay]s ( tape ! cable w /& a te/ ( #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj volts1 & ) five lay]s1 #cj1jjj volts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #had4--,pap] insulat$ lead encas$ telephone cable4 ,ques4 ,= :at s]vice is sl[ burn+ wea!r pro( wire n suit$8 ,ans4 ,x is n adapt$ to outside "w4 ,safe ,c>ry+ ,capacity ( ,wire4--,all wires w heat :5 a curr5t ( electricity passes ?r\gh !m4 ,! great] ! curr5t or ! small] ! wire1 ! great] w be ! heat+ effect4 ,l>ge wires are heat$ comp>atively m ?an small wires because ! latt] h a relatively great] radiat+ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hae4--,po!ad wires4 ,! /&>d wire = po!ad "w is ei!r ,no4 #ai1 #bj or #bb ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 ei!r s+le conductor or twi/$ pair1 insulat$ to a diamet] ( #c_/cb in* ov] rubb]1 )\t any out] braid or protection4 ,9 ! case ( twi/$ pairs "o conductor is usually made ( a diff]5tly color$ rubb] ?an ! o!r1 s z to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,! temp]ature ( a wire increases approximately z ! squ>e ( ! curr5t1 & inv]sely z ! cube ( ! diamet] ( ! wire4 ,! elevation 9 temp]ature ( a wire c>ry+ a curr5t repres5ts s mu* lo/ en]gy4 ,f ^! consid]ations x mu/ be cle> t x is important n to ov]load conductors 9 ord] to secure effici5t work+1 & to avoid risk ( fire on inside in/allations4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,und]writ]s specifies t ! c>ry+ capacity ( a conductor is safe :5 ! wire w conduct a c]ta9 curr5t )\t becom+ pa9fully hot4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ( c>ry+ capacity1 prep>$ by ! und]writ]s1 a wire is assum$ to h a safe c>ry+ capacity :5 its temp]ature is n increas$ by ! giv5 curr5t ov] #cj ,fahr4 above t ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,,safe ,,c>ry+ ,,capacities ,,( ,,wires 7,maximum amp]es all[$ by ! ,und]writ]s47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,br[n ,rubb] ,o!r & insulation insulations ,%>pe ,circul> mils ------------ ------------ ,gauge ,amp]es ,amp]es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ah #a1fbd #c #e #af #b1ehc #f #h #ad #d1ajg #ab #af #ab #f1ecj #ag #bc #aj #aj1chj #bd #cb #h #af1eaj #cc #df #f #bf1bej #df #fe #e #cc1ajj #ed #gg #d #da1gdj #fe #ib #c #eb1fcj #gf #aaj #b #ff1cgj #ij #aca #a #hc1fij #ajg #aef #j #aje1ejj #abg #ahe #jj #acc1ajj #aej #bbj #jjj #afg1hjj #agg #bfb #jjjj #baa1fjj #baj #cab #bjj1jjj #bjj #cjj #cjj1jjj #bgj #djj #djj1jjj #ccj #ejj #ejj1jjj #cij #eij #fjj1jjj #dej #fhj #gjj1jjj #ejj #gfj #hjj1jjj #eej #hdj #ijj1jjj #fjj #ibj #a1jjj1jjj #fej #a1jjj #a1ajj1jjj #fij #a1jhj #a1bjj1jjj #gcj #a1aej #a1cjj1jjj #ggj #a1bbj #a1djj1jjj #haj #a1bij #a1ejj1jjj #hej #a1cfj #a1fjj1jjj #hij #a1dcj #a1gjj1jjj #icj #a1dij #a1hjj1jjj #igj #a1eej #a1ijj1jjj #a1jaj #a1faj #b1jjj1jjj #a1jej #a1fgj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! l[] limit is specifi$ = rubb] cov]$ wires to prev5t gradual det]ioration ( ! high insulations by ! heat ( ! wires1 b n f fe> ( ignit+ ! insulation4 ,! "q ( drop is n tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! table on page #gca4 ,! c>ry+ capacity ( ,nos4 #af & #ah ,b4 ,s4 gauge wire is giv51 b no small] ?an ,no4 #ad is to be us$1 except z all[$ "u rules = fixture wir+4--,und]writ]s' ,rules4 ,circul> ,mils4--,! unit ( measurem5t 9 measur+ ! cross sectional area ( wires is ! circul> mil2 x is ! area ( a circle "o mil 74#jja 947 9 diamet]4 ,! area ( a wire 9 circul> mils is equal to ! squ>e ( ! diamet] 9 mils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #haf4--;,diagram illu/rat+ circul> mils4 ,! circul> mil is us$ z a unit ( cross sectional area 9 measur+ wires4 ,x is equal to ! area ( a circle 4#jja 94 diamet]2 its value is 4#jjjjjjghed squ>e in*4 ,9 ! figure ! sum ( ! areas ( ! n9e small circles equals ! area ( ! l>ge circle4 ,?is is evid5t f ! foll[+3 ,take ! diamet] ( ! small circles z unity1 !n ! diamet] ( ! l>ge circle is ?ree4 ,h5ce1 ! sum ( ! area ( ! small circles 7 #a7 #i 4#ghed #i #g4jfhf2 area ( ! l>ge circle #c 4#ghed #i #g4jfhf4 ,!re=e s9ce ! area ( ! l>ge circle equals ! sum ( ! areas ( ! small circles1 ! area ( a wire 9 circul> mils is equal to ! squ>e ( its diamet] express$ 9 mils4 ,?us a wire #b mils 9 diamet] 74#jjb 947 has a cross sectional area ( #b #b circul> mils4 ,accord+ly to obta9 ! area ( a wire 9 circul> mils1 measure its diamet] ) a micromet] :i* reads directly 9 mils or ?\s&?s ( an in*1 & squ>e ! read+4 ,! circul> mil 7abbreviat$ ,c4,m47 applies to all r\nd conductors1 & has a value ( 4#ghed times t ( ! squ>e mil1 t is1 #a circul> mil 4#ghed squ>e mil4 ,if ! diamet] be express$ z a fraction ( an in*1 z = in/ance 941 ! circul> mil area may be f\nd z foll[s3 ,r$uce ! fraction to ! decimal ( an in*1 multiply ! result by #a1jjj to express ! diamet] 9 mils1 & squ>e ! diamet] s express$1 ?us3 #a1jjj #c 4#ccc4 4#ccc #a1jjj #ccc mils2 #ccc #ccc #aaj1hhi circul> mils4 ,! diamet] ( any wire may be f\nd :5 its circul> mil area is kn[n by extract+ ! squ>e root ( ! circul> mil area4 ,squ>e ,mils4--,= measur+ conductors ( squ>e or rectangul> cross section1 su* z bus b>s1 copp] ribbon1 etc41 ! squ>e mil is us$4 ,a squ>e mil is ! area ( a squ>e ^: sides are "o mil 74#jja 94 long7 & is equal to 4#jja 4#jja 4#jjjjja squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hag4--;,diagram illu/rat+ squ>e mils4 ,a squ>e mil is a unit ( area employ$ 9 measur+ ! areas ( cross sections ( squ>e or rectangul> conductors4 ,x is equal to 4#jjjjja squ>e in*4 ,"o squ>e mil equals #a4bgcb circul> mils4 ,! figure %[s an area ( n9e squ>e mils2 ?is is equal to #i #a4bgcb #aa4dehh circul> mils4 ,,example4--,a copp] ribbon = a field coil measures in* by in*4 ,:at is its area 9 squ>e mils8 ,:at is its area 9 circul> mils8 4#fbe 941 or #fbe mils2 4#abe 941 or #abe mils4 ,area 9 squ>e mils #fbe #abe #gh1abe4 ,area 9 circul> mils #gh1abe 4#ghed or #gh4abe #a4bgcb #ii1dfi4 ,mil ,foot4--,?is unit is us$ z a basis = comput+ ! resi/ance ( any giv5 wire4 ,a mil foot means a volume "o mil 9 diamet] & "o foot long4 ,! resi/ance ( a wire ( comm]cially pure copp] "o mil 9 diamet] & "o foot long is tak5 z a /&>d 9 calculat+ ! resi/ance ( wires1 & has be5 f\nd to be equal to #aj4gi ohms at #ge ,fahr4 ,! calculation is made accord+ to ! foll[+ rule3 ,! resi/ance ( a copp] wire is equal to its l5g? 9 feet1 multipli$ by ! resi/ance ( "o mil foot 7#aj4gi ohms7 & divid$ by ! numb] ( circul> mils1 or ! squ>e ( its diamet]4 ,express$ z a =mula3 l5g? ( wire 9 ft4 #aj4gi resi/ance 9 ohms ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 7#a7 circul> mils ,,example4 ,:at is ! resi/ance ( a copp] wire #a1ejj feet long & hav+ a transv]se area ( #aj1cha circul> mils8 ,sub/itut+ ^! values 9 =mula 7#a7 #a1ejj #aj4gi resi/ance ---------------------------------------- #a4eei ohms4 #aj1cha ,! transv]se area ( a copp] wire is f\nd by multiply+ ! resi/ance ( a mil foot 7#aj4gi7 by its l5g? 9 feet & divid+ ! result by its resi/ance 9 ohms4 ,?is is obta9$ directly f ! =mula 7#a7 by solv+ ! equation = circul> mils1 ?us3 l5g? ( wire 9 ft4 #aj4gi circul> mils ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 7#b7 resi/ance 9 ohms ,,example4 ,:at is ! circul> mil area ( a wire #a1ejj feet long & hav+ a resi/ance ( #a4eei ohms8 ,sub/itut+ ! values 9 equation 7#b7 #a1ejj #aj4gi circul> mils ------------------------- #aj1cha #a4eei ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hah & #hai4--;,diagrams illu/rat+ ! mean+ ( ! t]m lamp foot1 & h[ to apply x 9 calculat+ a circuit4 ,z def9$1 "o #af c&le p[] lamp at a di/ance ( "o foot f ! fuse block or po9t ( supply is call$ a lamp foot2 ?is is equival5t to "o #h c&le p[] lamp at a di/ance ( #b feet1 or "o #cb c&le p[] lamp "o-half foot f ! fuse block4 ,9 fig4 #hai1 !re are f\r #h c&le p[] lamps1 & ! di/ance to c5t] ( di/ribution is #aj feet4 ,! circuit !n conta9s #d #b #aj #bj lamp feet4 ,lamp ,foot4--,?is unit facilitates lay+ out wir+ & calculat+ ! drop4 ,a lamp foot is def9$ z "o #af c&le p[] lamp at a di/ance ( "o foot f ! po9t ( supply4 ,accord+ly ! numb] ( lamp feet 9 any circuit is equal to ! numb] ( #af c&le p[] lamps 7or equival5t 9 o!r sizes7 9 ! circuit multipli$ by ! di/ance 9 feet f ! fuse block to ! c5t] ( di/ribution4 ,:5 no po9t is specifi$1 ! feet are always measur$ f ! supply po9t to ! c5t] ( di/ribution4 ,:5 o!r ?an #af c4p4 lamps are 9 ! circuit !y mu/ be r$uc$ to #af c4p4 lamps4 ,?us two #h c4p4 lamps w\ld be c\nt$ "o #af c4p4 lamp1 "o #cb c4p4 lamp w\ld be c\nt$ two #af c4p4 lamps1 etc4 ,amp]e ,foot4--,f ! =ego+ explanation ( lamp foot1 ! significance ( amp]e foot is easily und]/ood--! two t]ms are 9 fact self-def9+4 ,an amp]e foot may be def9$ z ! product ( "o amp]e multipli$ by "o foot4 ,! unit amp]e foot is us$ 9 figur+ motor circuits or curr5ts design$ to c>ry a mix$ load4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hbj4--,! c5t] ( di/ribution ( a circuit co9cides ) ! geometrical c5t] ( ! gr\p ( lamps :5 ! lamps are ( uni=m size & spac$ equal di/ances ap>t4 ,! c5t] ( di/ribution is "h indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e ,a ,b4 ,! amp]e feet ( a ma9 are f\nd by multiply+ ! maximum load 9 amp]es by ! di/ance f ! fuse block to ! electrical c5t] ( ! load4 ,?us if ! c5t] ( di/ribution be #ej feet f ! fuse block & ! maximum load is #i amp]es1 ! numb] ( amp]e feet is equal to #i #ej #dej4 ,electrical ,c5t] ( ,di/ribution4--,! electrical c5t] ( a circuit dep5ds ^u ! di/ances betwe5 ! lamps & ! fuse block2 also ! relative sizes ( ! lamps4 ,x may be def9$ z ! sum ( ! lamp feet = ea* section divid$ by ! numb] ( #af c&le p[] lamps 9 ! circuit4 ,if ! lamps be ( uni=m capacity1 & plac$ at equal di/ances ap>t1 ! c5t] ( di/ribution w co9cide ) ! geometrical c5t] ( ! gr\p ( lamps4 ,h[ev]1 if ! lamps v>y 9 size1 & be irregul>ly spac$1 ! electrical c5t] w n co9cide ) ! geometrical c5t] unless ! lamps be symmetrically arrang$ s z to comp5sate = ! diff]5ce 9 sizes & spac+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hba4--;,diagram ( an irregul> circuit illu/rat+ me?od ( f9d+ ! c5t] ( di/ribution4 ,rule3 ,divide ! sum ( ! lamp feet = ea* section by ! numb] ( #af c&le p[] lamps or equival5t 9 ! circuit2 ! quoti5t gives ! di/ance 9 feet f ! fuse block to ! c5t] ( di/ribution4 ,9 su* cases1 z %[n 9 fig4 #hba1 ! electrical c5t] c be det]m9$ by add+ toge!r ! lamp feet ( ! sev]al sections ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 ( ! ma9 & divid+ ! result by ! #af c4p4 units4 ,?us ! lamp feet ( ,section ,a #aj lamps #aj feet #ajj ,b #i #e #de ,c #g #f #db ,d #f #d #bd ,e #e #e #be ,f #d #aj #dj ,g #b #e #aj ----- :i* add$ toge!r gives a total ( #bhf lamp feet4 ,?is :5 divid$ by ! t5 #af c4p4 units compris+ f\r #af c4p4 lamps & ?ree #cb c4p4 lamps1 gives a little ov] #bh feet z ! di/ance f ! fuse block to ! c5t] ( di/ribution1 ! position ( :i* is %[n by ! l9e ,m ,n 9 fig4 #hba1 :ile t ( ! geometrical c5t] is %[n by ! l9e ,k ,l4 ,:5 ! c5t] ( di/ribution is at a consid]able di/ance f ! supply circuit1 & x becomes advisable to divide ! wir+ into two di/9ct elem5ts--a fe$] & "o or m ma9s1 ! junction ( ! fe$] & ! ma9s %\ld be locat$ at ! electrical c5t] ( ! ma9s :5ev] possible4 ,:5 ?is is done1 x is obvi\s t ! wire size ( only "o half ! ma9 ne$s to be calculat$1 z bo? halves ( ! ma9 are id5tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hbb4--;,br[n & ,%>pe 7,b4 ,s471 or ,am]ican ,/&>d wire gauge4 ,?is gauge 0 adopt$ by ! brass manufactur]s ,jan41 #aheh4 ,! cut is full size1 & !re=e1 %[s ! actual sizes correspond+ to ! gauge numb]s4 ,wire ,gauges4--,= ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! measurem5t ( wire1 a numb] ( gauges h be5 design$ by v>i\s wire manufactur+ conc]ns4 ,! pr9cipal gauges us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! ,am]ican or ,br[n ,%>p's gauge2 ! ,engli% /&>d or ,birm+ham gauge2 ,wa%burn ,mo5's /&>d gauge2 ,imp]ial wire gauge2 ,/ubs' /eel wire gauge1 & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d wire gauge4 ,! sev]al gauges are "h giv5 ) explanation ( _! use4 ,! ,am]ican ,/&>d or ,br[n & ,%>p's ,gauge4--,?is gauge is commonly designat$ z ,a4 ,w4 ,g4 or ,b4 ,s41 & has be5 adopt$ by brass manufactur]s & is us$ mo/ly 9 measur+ brass1 copp]1 silv]1 ,g]man silv]1 & gold 9 bo? wire & plate4 ,birm+ham or ,/ub's ,wire ,gauge 7,b4 ,w4 ,g474--,old ,engli% ,/&>d & ,iron ,wire ,gauge4 ,birm+ham or ,/ubs' ,iron ,wire ,gauge is n ! same z ,/ubs' ,/eel ,wire ,gauge4 ,a table ( ,/ub's ,/eel ,wire ,gauge is giv5 on page #gda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hbc4--,micromet] screw gauge4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a screw ^: ?read is accurately turn$ to a pit* ( "s conv5i5t fraction ( an in* or c5timetre4 ,:5 ! screw is screw$ home1 ! surfaces ( ,a & ,b meet1 & ! in/rum5t %\ld !n read z]o on bo? ! /raight & ! circul> scale4 ,if ?is be n s1 !re is a z]o error :i* mu/ be ei!r all[$ =1 or correct$ by means ( ! screw provid$ = t purpose4 ,if ! =m] c\rse be adopt$1 ! read+ ( ! in/rum5t is tak5 :5 ! faces ,a & ,b are 9 contact1 & ?is numb] add$ to or subtract$ f ! f9al read+ accord+ to :e!r ! error makes ! wire app>5tly small] or great] ?an its real size4 ,! surfaces ,a & ,b are n[ screw$ ap>t & !n1 aft] ! wire to be measur$ 7:i* %\ld be clean & /raight7 has be5 introduc$ betwe5 !m1 !y are screw$ toge!r to lightly grip ! wire4 ,if ! gauge be screw$ up too tightly ! value ( ! measurem5t is de/roy$1 s9ce a copp] wire c easily be cru%$1 & 9 addition ! accurate screw may be p]man5tly damag$4 ,to avoid ! possibility ( ?is happ5+1 screw gauges are provid$ ) a rat*et :i* prev5ts an excessive =ce be+ appli$ to ! screw4 ,if ! pit* ( ! screw 9 ! gauge be #j? ( an in*1 & ! circul> scale consi/ ( #ej divisions1 !n = ea* revolution ( ! screw1 ! surface ,b w travel a di/ance equal to ! pit*1 t is #j? ( an in*4 ,! graduations on an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d are g5]ally ? ( an in* on ! /raight scale1 ) %ort] l9es to m>k ! half divisions4 ,! ?ickness ( a wire on ! /raight scale c !re=e be read to ! ne>e/ #j? in*4 ,ea* division ( ! circul> scale repres5ts #a_/ej? ( a revolution ( ! screw1 :i* corresponds to a *ange 9 di/ance betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ( #a_/ej ( #a_/bj #a_/a1jjj 94 ,if !n ! read+ on ! /raight scale be #a & on ! circul> scale #ce1 ! di/ance betwe5 ,a & ,b is 4#a 4#jce 4#ace in*4 ,wa%burn & ,mo5's ,/&>d ,wire ,gauge4--,commonly designat$ z ,w4 ,m4 ,g4 has be5 adopt$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,/eel ,corporation 9 mak+ _! wire4 ,new ,briti% ,/&>d 7,n4 ,b4 ,s474--,briti% ,imp]ial ,engli% ,legal ,/&>d & ,/&>d ,wire ,gauge1 & is v>i\sly abbreviat$ by ,s4 ,w4 ,g4 & ,i4 ,w4 ,g4 ,roebl+ ,gauge4--,wa%burn ,mo51 ,am]ican ,/eel ,wire ,co4's ,iron ,wire ,gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hbd & #hbe4--,u4 ,s4 wireman's calculat+ gauge2 views %[+ bo? sides4 ,on ! side %[n 9 fig4 #hbd1 set ! requir$ numb] ( feet on ! small circle opposite ! requir$ numb] ( amp]es on ! l>ge circle1 !n set ! small po9t] at ! requir$ voltage & loss4 ,!n on ! o!r side 7fig4 #hbe7 ! l>ge po9t] w indicate ! requir$ size ( wire 9 ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 & w also indicate ! safe c>ry+ capacity1 :ile ! wire may be gaug$ by slot ,a 7fig4 #hbd74 ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,wire ,gauge4--,?is gauge is us$ = measur+ %eet & plate iron1 & /eel1 by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t 9 assess+ duties1 & 9 mak+ requisitions = supplies4 ,old ,engli% ,/&>d ,wire ,gauge4--,! old ,engli% gauge is ! same z ! ,birm+ham or ,/ubs' /&>d gauge1 commonly designat$ z ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 ,x is us$ *iefly = measur+ %eet iron & /eel1 also s(t /eel & iron wire4 ,london ,gauge4--,old ,engli% 7n ,old ,engli% ,/&>d74 ,f ! =ego+ x is se5 t great confusion exi/s ) su* a multiplicity ( gauges & emphasizes ! importance ( specify+ ! gauge & ( kn[+ :at gauge to use4 ,9 us+ ! gauges kn[n z ,/ubs' ,gauges1 !re %\ld be con/antly borne 9 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,/ubs' ,iron ,wire ,gauge & ! ,/ubs' ,/eel ,wire ,gauge4 ,! ,/ubs' ,iron ,wire ,gauge is ! "o commonly kn[n z ! ,engli% ,/&>d ,wire1 or ,birm+ham ,gauge & designates ! ,/ubs' s(t wire sizes4 ,! ,/ubs' ,/eel ,wire ,gauge is ! "o t is us$ 9 measur+ drawn /eel wire or drill rods ( ,/ubs' make & is also us$ by _m mak]s ( ,am]ican drill rods4 ,,/ubs' ,,/eel ,,wire ,,gauge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,size ( ,size ( ,size ( ,size ( ,lett]4 ,lett] ,no4 ( ,numb] ,no4 ( ,numb] ,no4 ( ,numb] 9 ,wire 9 ,wire 9 ,wire 9 ,decimals4,gauge4,decimals4,gauge4,decim als4,gauge4,decimals4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,z 4#dac #a 4#bbg #bh 4#aci #ee 4#jej ,y 4#djd #b 4#bai #bi 4#acd #ef 4#jde ,x 4#cig #c 4#bab #cj 4#abg #eg 4#jdb ,w 4#chf #d 4#bjg #ca 4#abj #eh 4#jda ,v 4#cgg #e 4#bjd #cb 4#aae #ei 4#jdj ,u 4#cfh #f 4#bja #cc 4#aab #fj 4#jci ,t 4#ceh #g 4#aii #cd 4#aaj #fa 4#jch ,s 4#cdh #h 4#aig #ce 4#ajh #fb 4#jcg ,r 4#cci #i 4#aid #cf 4#ajf #fc 4#jcf ,q 4#ccb #aj 4#aia #cg 4#ajc #fd 4#jce ,p 4#cbc #aa 4#ahh #ch 4#aja #fe 4#jcc ,o 4#caf #ab 4#ahe #ci 4#jii #ff 4#jcb ,n 4#cjb #ac 4#ahb #dj 4#jig #fg 4#jca ,m 4#bie #ad 4#ahj #da 4#jie #fh 4#jcj ,l 4#bij #ae 4#agh #db 4#jib #fi 4#jbi ,k 4#bha #af 4#age #dc 4#jhh #gj 4#jbg ,j 4#bgg #ag 4#agb #dd 4#jhe #ga 4#jbf ,i 4#bgb #ah 4#afh #de 4#jha #gb 4#jbd ,h 4#bff #ai 4#afd #df 4#jgi #gc 4#jbc ,g 4#bfa #bj 4#afa #dg 4#jgg #gd 4#jbb ,f 4#beg #ba 4#aeg #dh 4#jge #ge 4#jbj ,e 4#bej #bb 4#aee #di 4#jgb #gf 4#jah ,d 4#bdf #bc 4#aec #ej 4#jfi #gg 4#jaf ,c 4#bdb #bd 4#aea #ea 4#jff #gh 4#jae ,b 4#bch #be 4#adh #eb 4#jfc #gi 4#jad ,a 4#bcd #bf 4#adf #ec 4#jeh #hj 4#jac #bg 4#adc #ed 4#jee ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,! foll[+ table gives ! diamet]s1 9 decimal p>ts ( an in*1 ( ! v>i\s sizes ( wire correspond+ to ! numb] ( gauge numb]s ( ! diff]5t /&>d wire gauges us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,wire ,,gauges ,9 decimal p>ts ( an in* ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,numb] ,am]i- ,birm+- ,wa%- ,tr5- ,g4,w4 ,old ,brit- ( c1 or ham1 or burn ton ,pr5- ,eng- i% ,wire ,br[n ,/ubs ,mo5 ,iron tiss1 li%1 ,/an- ,gauge ,%>pe 7,b4,w4,g47 ,mfg4 ,co41 ,co41 ,holy- ,f d>d 7,b4,s47 ,worces- ,tr5- oke1 ,brass 7,s4,w4- t]1 ton1 ,mass4 ,mfrs' ,g47 ,mass4 ,n4,j4 ,li/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- #jjjjjjj 4#ejj #jjjjjj 4#dfj 4#dfd #jjjjj 4#dcj 4#dej 4#dcb #jjjj 4#dfjjj 4#ded 4#cic 4#djj 4#djj #jjj 4#djifd 4#dbe 4#cfb 4#cfj 4#cehf 4#cgb #jj 4#cfdhj 4#chj 4#cca 4#ccj 4#cbhb 4#cdh #j 4#cbdhf 4#cdj 4#cjg 4#cje 4#biid 4#cbd #a 4#bhicj 4#cjj 4#bhc 4#bhe 4#bggg 4#cjj #b 4#begfc 4#bhd 4#bfc 4#bfe 4#beia 4#bgf #c 4#bbidb 4#bei 4#bdd 4#bde 4#bdja 4#beb #d 4#bjdca 4#bch 4#bbe 4#bbe 4#bbcj 4#bcb #e 4#ahaid 4#bbj 4#bjg 4#bje 4#bjdg 4#bab #f 4#afbjb 4#bjc 4#aib 4#aij 4#ahhe 4#aib #g 4#addbh 4#ahj 4#agg 4#age 4#ageh 4#agf #h 4#abhdi 4#afe 4#afb 4#afj 4#afje 4#afj #i 4#aaddc 4#adh 4#adh 4#ade 4#adga 4#add #aj 4#ajahi 4#acd 4#ace 4#acj 4#acea 4#abh #aa 4#jijgdb 4#abj 4#abj 4#aage 4#abje 4#aaf #ab 4#jhjhjh 4#aji 4#aje 4#ajej 4#ajfe 4#ajd #ac 4#jgaifa 4#jie 4#jibj 4#jibe 4#jibh 4#jibj #ad 4#jfdjhd 4#jhc 4#jhjj 4#jhjj 4#jhaf 4#jhcjj 4#jhjj #ae 4#jegjfh 4#jgb 4#jgbj 4#jgjj 4#jgbf 4#jgbjj 4#jgbj #af 4#jejhbj 4#jfe 4#jfcj 4#jfaj 4#jfbg 4#jfejj 4#jfdj #ag 4#jdebeg 4#jeh 4#jedj 4#jebe 4#jedf 4#jehjj 4#jefj #ah 4#jdjcjc 4#jdi 4#jdgj 4#jdej 4#jdgh 4#jdijj 4#jdhj #ai 4#jcehij 4#jdb 4#jdaj 4#jdjj 4#jdaa 4#jdjjj 4#jdjj #bj 4#jcaifa 4#jce 4#jcej 4#jcej 4#jcea 4#jcejj 4#jcfj #ba 4#jbhdfb 4#jcb 4#jcbj 4#jcaj 4#jcba 4#jcaej 4#jcbj #bb 4#jbecdg 4#jbh 4#jbhj 4#jbhj 4#jbij 4#jbiej 4#jbhj #bc 4#jbbega 4#jbe 4#jbej 4#jbej 4#jbfa 4#jbgjj 4#jbdj #bd 4#jbjajj 4#jbb 4#jbcj 4#jbbe 4#jbca 4#jbejj 4#jbbj #be 4#jagijj 4#jbj 4#jbjj 4#jbjj 4#jbab 4#jbcjj 4#jbjj #bf 4#jaeidj 4#jah 4#jahj 4#jahj 4#jaid 4#jbjej 4#jahj #bg 4#jadaie 4#jaf 4#jagj 4#jagj 4#jahb 4#jahge 4#jafd #bh 4#jabfda 4#jad 4#jafj 4#jafj 4#jagj 4#jafej 4#jadh #bi 4#jaabeg 4#jac 4#jaej 4#jaej 4#jafc 4#jaeej 4#jacf #cj 4#jajjbe 4#jab 4#jadj 4#jadj 4#jaef 4#jacge 4#jabd #ca 4#jjhibh 4#jaj 4#jacj 4#jacj 4#jadf 4#jabbe 4#jaaf #cb 4#jjgiej 4#jji 4#jabj 4#jabj 4#jacf 4#jaabe 4#jajh #cc 4#jjgjhj 4#jjh 4#jaaj 4#jaaj 4#jacj 4#jajbe 4#jajj #cd 4#jjfcje 4#jjg 4#jajj 4#jajj 4#jaah 4#jjiej 4#jjib #ce 4#jjefae 4#jje 4#jjie 4#jjie 4#jaji 4#jjijj 4#jjhd #cf 4#jjejjj 4#jjd 4#jjij 4#jjij 4#jajj 4#jjgej 4#jjgf #cg 4#jjddec 4#jjhe 4#jjhe 4#jjie 4#jjfej 4#jjfh #ch 4#jjcife 4#jjhj 4#jjhj 4#jjij 4#jjege 4#jjff #ci 4#jjceca 4#jjge 4#jjge 4#jjhc 4#jjejj 4#jjeb #dj 4#jjcade 4#jjgj 4#jjgj 4#jjgh 4#jjdej 4#jjdh #da 4#jjdd #db 4#jjdj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,,note4--,! sizes ( wire are ord9>ily express$ by an arbitr>y s]ies ( numb]s4 ,un=tunately !re are sev]al indep5d5t numb]+ me?ods1 s t x is always necess>y to specify ! me?od or wire gauge us$4 ,! above table gives ! numb]s & diamet]s 9 decimal p>ts ( an in* = ! v>i\s wire gauges 9 g5]al use4 ,wir+ ,t]ms4--,! v>i\s memb]s ( a complex wir+ in/allation are designat$ fe$]s1 sub-fe$]s1 ma9s1 bran*es1 & taps4 ,a fe$] is a /ret* ( wir+ to :i* no connection is made except at its two ends4 ,a sub-fe$] is ( ! same class z a fe$]1 b is di/+ui%$ ei!r by be+ "o ( two or m connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! end ( a s+le fe$] & sev]al di/ribut+ ma9s1 or by con/itut+ an ext5sion ( a fe$]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hbf4 ,circuit diagram illu/rat+ names ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,a circuit may consi/ ( ! foll[+ p>ts z def9$ 9 ! accompany+ text3 #a1 fe$]1 #b1 sub-fe$]s1 #c1 ma9s1 #d1 bran*es1 #e1 taps4 ,x is well to cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 ^! divisions because ! t]ms are con/antly us$ 9 wir+4 ,a ma9 is a /ret* ( wir+ suppli$ f "o or m fe$]s or sub-fe$]s & di/ribut+ curr5t to a numb] ( taps1 or else to a numb] ( bran*es4 ,a bran* di/ributes curr5t among a numb] ( lamps1 etc4 ,a tap almo/ inv>iably deliv]s curr5t to a s+le lamp or o!r device4 ,ref]5ce to fig4 #hbf w make ^! def9itions cle>]4 ,?is diagram is int5d$ m]ely to illu/rate ! above def9itions & does n repres5t any special plan ( wir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hbg & #hbh4 ,simple/ =ms ( circuit1 consi/+ ( a ma9 ) "o or m lamps at ! end4 ,! smalle/ size wire all[$ 7,no4 #ad ,b4,s4 gauge7 w g5]ally be f\nd amply l>ge = su* circuits4 ,note c>efully ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ma9 & a bran* by comp>ison ) fig4 #hbf4 ,a ma9 beg9s f a fuse block1 :ile a bran* is an (fset f a ma9 )\t any fuse block4 ,! simple/ possible wir+ in/allation is "o 9 :i* a s+le lamp or compact clu/] ( lamps is locat$ at ! end ( a ma91 z %[n 9 figs4 #hbg & #hbh4 ,9 su* cases calculations are almo/ always unnecess>y1 = ! reason t ,no4 #ad wire1 ! smalle/ size all[$ by ! und]writ]s1 w supply sev]al lamps at a long di/ance 7z int]ior wir+ goes7 ) a v mod]ate drop4 ,= example1 if ! ?ree lamps %[n at ! end ( ! ma9 9 fig4 #hbh1 be ( #af c&le p[] ea*1 & ! voltage ( ! supply circuit be #aaj volts1 a ma9 ( ,no4 #ad wire w\ld supply ! lamps at a di/ance ( #ace feet f ! fuse block ) a drop ( only #a p] c5t4 ,:5 ! lamps are /rung along ! ma91 h[ev]1 z 9 fig4 #hbf1 x is sometimes necess>y to *oose ! size ( wire ) reg>d to ! drop1 & 9 ord] to d ?is ! ma9 mu/ be measur$ = ei!r amp]e feet or lamp feet4 ,wire ,calculations4--,! problem ( calculat+ ! size ( wire w be pres5t$ "h 9 z simple a =m z possible1 ) explanation ( ! v>i\s /eps s t any "o c und]/& h[ ! =mula is d]iv$4 ,9 det]m9+ ! size ( wire1 !re are f\r kn[n factors :i* ent] into ! calculation1 viz43 #a4 ,l5g? ( circuit 9 feet2 #b4 ,maximum curr5t 9 amp]es2 #c4 ,drop or volts lo/ 9 ! circuit1 9 ( ! impress$ voltage2 #d4 ,heat+ effect ( ! curr5t4 ,! calculation is bas$ on ! mil foot1 :i* z previ\sly expla9$1 is a foot ( copp] wire "o mil 9 diamet] & ^: resi/ance is equal to #aj4gi ohms at #ge ,fahr4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hbi4--,wir+ = lights requir+ unusually long fe$]s4 ,! fir/ /ep is to f9d an expression = ! resi/ance ( ! wire :i* may be lat] sub/itut$ 9 ,ohm's law =mula4 ,accord+ly1 ! resi/ance ( any conductor is equal to its l5g? 9 feet multipli$ by its resi/ance p] mil foot & ! product divid$ by its area 9 circul> mils1 ?us3 l5g? 9 feet resi/ance p] mil foot resi/ance 9 ohms ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- circul> mils feet #aj4h or ohms ------------------------- 7#a7 circul> mils 7call+ ! resi/ance p] mil foot #aj4h in/ead ( #aj4gi to facilitate calculation74 ,,lamp ,,table ,,= ,,rubb] ,,cov]$ ,,wires ,%[+ ! maximum numb] ( #af c&le p[] #aaj to #bdj volt lamps 9 p>allel t may be c>ri$ by ! v>i\s sizes ( wire )\t violat+ ! und]writ]s' rules4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,wire size ,amp]es#c4a-watt lamps#c4e-watt lamps4 #d-watt lamps4 ,b4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- gauge ,at #aaj #bbj ,at #aaj #bbj #bbj #bcj #bdj volts ,v4 volts ,v4 ,v4 ,v4 ,v4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- #jjjj #baj #dfb #ibd #dab #hbe #gbb #ged #ghg #jjj #agg #chi #ggh #cdg #fie #fjh #fcf #ffc #jj #aej #ccj #ffj #bid #ehi #eae #eci #efb #j #abg #bgi #eeh #bdi #dii #dcf #def #dgf #a #ajg #bce #dgj #baj #dbj #cfg #chd #dja #b #ij #aig #cif #agf #cec #cji #cbc #ccg #c #gf #afg #ccd #adi #bih #bfa #bgc #bhe #d #fe #adc #bhf #abg #bee #bbc #bcc #bdc #e #ed #aah #bcg #ajf #bab #ahe #aid #bjb #f #df #aja #bjb #ij #ahj #aeh #afe #agb #h #cc #gb #ade #fd #abi #aac #aah #abc #aj #bd #eb #aje #dg #id #hb #hf #ij #ab #ag #cg #gd #cc #ff #eh #fa #fc #ad #ab #bf #eb #bc #dg #da #dc #de #afc #f #ac 44 #aa 44 #bj #ba #bb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- #c ,?is size c be us$ only 9 ! %ape ( flexible cord4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,ohm's law1 volts amp]es ohms 7#b7 h5ce1 sub/itut+ 9 7#b7 ! value = ! resi/ance 9 ohms1 z obta9$ 9 7#a73 feet #aj4h volts amp]es ------------------------- circul> mils or us+ ! usual symbols feet #aj4h ,e ,i ------------------------- 7#c7 circul> mils or express$ 9 words1 =mula 7#c7 means t ! volts lo/ or drop betwe5 ! beg9n+ & end ( a circuit is equal to ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! circuit multipli$ by ! product ( ! conductors' l5g? 9 feet multipli$ by ! resi/ance ( "o mil foot ( wire1 divid$ by ! area ( ! conductor 9 circul> mils4 ,,lamp ,,table ,,= ,,wea!r ,,pro( ,,wires ,%[+ ! maximum numb] ( #af c&le p[] #abj to #bdj volt lamps 9 p>allel t may be c>ri$ by v>i\s sizes ( wea!r pro( wire )\t violat+ ! und]writ]s' rules4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,wire ,amp]es #c4a-watt lamps4#ce-watt lamps4 #d-watt lamps4 size ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,b4 ,s4 #aaj #bbj #aaj #bbj #bbj #bcj #bdj gauge ,v4 ,v4 ,v4 ,v4 ,v4 ,v4 ,v4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #jjjj #cab #fhf #acgb #fab #abbe #ajgb #aaba #aagj #jjj #bfb #egf #aaeb #ead #ajbi #ijj #ida #ihb #jj #bbj #dhd #ifh #dcb #hfd #gef #gij #hbe #j #ahe #djg #had #cfc #gbf #fcf #ffe #fic #a #aef #cdc #fhf #cjf #fab #ecf #efj #ehe #b #aca #bhh #egf #beg #ead #dej #dgj #dia #c #aaj #bdb #dhd #baf #dcb #cgh #cie #dab #d #ib #bjb #djd #ahj #cfa #caf #ccj #cde #e #gg #afi #cch #aea #cjb #bfd #bgf #bhh #f #fe #adc #bhf #abg #bee #bbc #bcc #bdc #h #df #aja #bjb #ij #ahj #aeh #afe #agb #aj #cb #gj #adj #fb #abe #aaj #aae #abj #ab #bc #ej #aja #de #ij #gi #hb #hf #ad #af #ce #gj #ca #fb #ee #eg #fj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,n[1 s9ce ! l5g? ( ! circuit is giv5 z ! run or di/ance "o way1 t is1 "o half ! total l5g? ( wire 9 ! circuit1 =mula 7#c7 mu/ be multipli$ by #b to get ! total drop1 t is3 feet #aj4h ,x #b ,i feet #ba4f ,e ,i ----------------------------- ------------------------------- 7#d7 circul> mils circul> mills ,solv+ ! la/ equation = ! unkn[n quantity1 ! foll[+ equation is obta9$ = size ( wire3 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hcj & #hca4--,symmetrical & unsymmetrical di/ribution4 ,:5 a ma9 is suppli$ by a fe$]1 ! junction ( ! two1 if practicable1 is locat$ at ! electrical c5t] ( ! ma91 z indicat$ 9 fig4 #hcj1 s t ! di/ribution is symmetrical1 t is1 ! amp]e feet ea* way f ! junction are ! same4 ,?is is ne>ly always practicable 9 surface wir+1 & :5 x is practic$ x is only necess>y to calculate ! wire size = "o-half ( ! ma91 z ! o!r half is id5tical4 ,9 fig4 #hcj !re are f\r lamps on ea* side ( ! junction1 ,j2 ! c5t] ( ea* gr\p is at a di/ance1 ,m1 s t ! lamp feet 9 ea* half ( ! ma9 are #e ,m4 ,! lamp feet ( ! fe$] w\ld be #aj ,n1 ,n be+ ! di/ance f ! fe$] fuse block to ! junction1 ,j4 ,9 conceal$ "w1 h[ev]1 x does n always happ5 t a fe$] c be made to jo9 a ma9 at its electrical c5t]2 :5 ?is is n practicable1 ea* end ( ! ma9 %\ld be figur$ sep>ately4 ,9 fig4 #hca1 = in/ance1 ! ma9 has five lamps on "o side & two on ! o!r1 & ! di/ances f ! junction to ! c5t]s ( ! two gr\ps are at unequal di/ances ,s & ,s'4 ,if ! di/ance ,s be #ad feet1 & ! lamps1 #af c4 p41 ! lamp feet 9 ! left h& ma9 equals #e #ad #gj1 :ile 9 ! ma9 to ! "r1 tak+ ,s' at #aj feet1 !re are only #b #aj #bj lamp feet4 ,h5ce :at appe>s to be "o cont9u\s ma9 9 ?is case w\ld h to be treat$ z two ma9s1 & ea* "p figur$ sep>ately4 ,i feet #ba4f amp]es feet #ba4f circul> mils ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- 7#e7 ,e drop ,! foll[+ practical example is giv5 to illu/rate ! application ( ! =mula j obta9$3 ,,example4--,:at size wire %\ld be us$ on a #bej volt circuit to transmit a curr5t ( #bjj amp]es a di/ance ( #cej feet to a c5t] ( di/ribution ) a loss ( ?ree p] c5t4 "u full load8 ,! volts lo/ or drop is equal to #bej 4#jc #g4e volts4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,copp] ,,wire ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,numb] ,diamet] ,area 9 ,weight 9 p\nds ,resi/ance at #fh ,fahr4 ( gauge 9 circul> ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,b4 ,s4 mils mils #a1jjj feet mile feet p] #a1jjj feet mile p\nd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #jjjj #dfj #baa1fjj #fdj4e #c1cha #a4efa 4#jdhic 4#behc #jjj #dji4f #afg1hjj #ejh #b1fhb #a4ifi 4#jfagj 4#cbeh #jj #cfd4h #acc1ajj #djb4h #b1abg #b4dhb 4#jgghj 4#dajh #j #cbd4i #aje1ejj #cai4e #a1fhg #c4acj 4#jihaa 4#eahj #a #bhi4c #hc1fij #bec4c #a1ccg #c4idg 4#abcgj 4#feca #b #beg4f #ff1cgj #bjj4i #a1jfb #d4igg 4#aefj 4#hbcg #c #bbi4d #eb1fcj #aei4c #hda4a #f4bgf 4#aifg #a4jchf #d #bjd4c #da1gdj #abf4d #ffg4d #g4iad 4#bdhj #a4cjid #e #aha4i #cc1ajj #ajj4b #ebi4j #i4ihj 4#cabh #a4feaf #f #afb4j #bf1bej #gi4df #dai4e #ab4ehj 4#cidd #b4jhbd #g #add4c #bj1hbj #fc4jb #ccb4g #ae4hg 4#digc #b4fbeg #h #abh4e #af1eaj #di4ih #bfc4i #bj4ja 4#fbga #c4caaa #i #aad4d #ac1jij #ci4fc #bji4b #be4bc 4#gijh #d4aged #aj #aja4i #aj1chj #ca4ac #aff4j #ca4hb 4#iigb #e4bfeb #aa #ij4gd #h1bcd #bd4ic #aca4f #dj4ab #a4beg #f4fcgj #ab #hj4ha #f1ecj #ai4gg #ajd4d #ej4ei #a4ehf #h4cgd #ac #ga4if #e1agh #ae4fh #hb4gi #fc4gi #b4jjj #aj4efj #ad #fd4jh #d1ajg #ab4dc #fe4fc #hj4dd #b4eba #ac4caa #ae #eg4jg #c1beg #i4heh #eb4jeaja4d #c4agi #af4ghe #af #ej4hb #b1ehc #g4hah #da4bhabg4i #d4jji #ba4afh #ag #de4bf #b1jdh #f4bjj #cb4gdafa4c #e4jee #bf4fij #ah #dj4cj #a1fbd #d4iag #be4ifbjc4d #f4cgd #cc4fee #ai #ce4hi #a1bhh #c4hii #bj4eibef4e #h4jch #db4ddj #bj #ca4if #a1jbb #c4jib #af4cccbc4d #aj4ad #ec4edj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,sub/itut+ ! giv5 value 9 =mula 7#e7 #cej #bjj #ba4f circul> mils ------------------------------------ #bja1fjj4 #g4e ,diamet] #b #bja1fjj #ddi circul> mils or 4#ddi 94 ,f ! table 7on page #gca or on page #gdb7 ! ne>e/ 7l>g]7 size ( wire is #jjjj ,b4 ,s4 gauge4#d #d ,,caution4--,! size ?us obta9$ %\ld be comp>$ ) ! table ( c>ry+ capacity ( wires z giv5 on page #gca to see if ! wires w\ld h to c>ry m ?an ! all[able curr5t4 ,,wir+ ,,table ,,= ,,light ,,& ,,p[] ,,circuits ,,volts ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,loss #bjjj #a4g #a4e #a4d #a4b #a4a #a4j #j4ge #j4e #ajjj #c4d #b4i #b4g #b4d #b4b #b4j #a4e #a4j #ejj #f4e #e4g #f4b #d4h #d4c #c4i #b4i #b4j #bbj #ac4g #ab4j #aa4j #aj4c #i4c #h4c #f4e #d4d #aaj -- -- #bj4j #ah4e #ag4j #ae4d #ab4j #h4d #eb -- -- -- -- -- -- #bb4d #af4a ,,actual ,,volts ,,lo/ ,c>ry+ ,capacity ,size #ce #cj #bg4e #be #bb4e #bj #ae #aj ,amp]es4 ,b4 ,s4 #cjj #jjjj #cdehjj #bifdjj #bgagjj #bdgjjj #bbbcjj #aigfjj #adhbjj #ihhjj #bde #jjj #bgddjj #bcebjj #baefjj #aifjjj #agfdjj #aefhjj #aagfjj #ghdjj #bae #jj #bagebe #ahfdej #agjiab #aeecge #acihcg #abdcjj #icbbe #fbaej #aij #j #agbeej #adgijj #aceege #abcbej #aajibe #ihfjj #gciej #dicjj #afj #a #acfhej #aagcjj #ajgebe #iggej #hgige #ghbjj #ehfej #ciajj #ace #b #ajhejj #icjjj #hebej #ggejj #figej #fbjjj #dfejj #cajjj #aae #c #hfajj #gchjj #fgfej #faejj #eecej #dibjj #cfijj #bdfjj #ajj #d #fhbej #ehejj #ecfbe #dhgej #dchge #cijjj #bibej #aiejj #ij #e #edbej #dfejj #dbfbe #chgej #cdhge #cajjj #bcbej #aeejj #hj #f #dcjej #cfijj #cchbe #cjgej #bgfge #bdfjj #ahdej #abcjj #fj #h #bfife #bcacj #babjb #aibge #agcdg #aedbj #aaefe #ggaj #dj #aj #afige #adeej #acccg #ababe #ajiab #igjj #gbge #dhej #cj #ab #ajfge #iaej #hchh #gfbe #fhfb #fajj #dege #cjej #bb #ad #fgbj #egfj #ebhj #dhjj #dcbj #chdj #bhhj #aibj #ee #af #dbce #cfcj #ccbh #cjbe #bgbc #bdbj #ahae #abaj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,volts ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,loss #bjjj #j4de #j4d #j4ce #j4c #j4be #j4b #j4ae #j4a #j4je #ajjj #j4i #j4h #j4g #j4f #j4e #j4d #j4c #j4b #j4a #ejj #a4h #a4f #a4d #a4b #a4j #j4h #j4f #j4d #j4b #bbj #c4i #c4e #c4a #b4g #b4b #a4h #a4d #j4i #j4de #aaj #g4f #f4h #f4j #e4b #d4d #c4e #b4g #a4h #j4i #eb #ad4g #ac4c #aa4h #aj4c #h4h #g4a #e4e #c4g #a4i ,,actual ,,volts ,,lo/ ,c>ry+ ,capacity ,size #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #b #a ,amp]es4 ,b4 ,s4 #cjj #jjjj #hhibj #gijdj #fiafj #eibhj #didjj #ciebj #bifdj #aigfj #ihhj #bde #jjj #gjefj #fbgbj #edhhj #dgjdj #cibjj #cacfj #bcebj #aefhj #ghdj #bae #jj #eeice #digbj #dceje #cgbij #cajge #bdhfj #ahfde #abdcj #fbae #aij #j #ddcgj #ciddj #cdeaj #biehj #bdfej #aigbj #adgij #ihfj #dicj #afj #a #ceaij #cabhj #bgcgj #bcdfj #aieej #aefdj #aagcj #ghbj #ciaj #ace #b #bgijj #bdhjj #bagjj #ahfjj #aeejj #abdjj #icjj #fbjj #cajj #aae #c #bbadj #aifhj #agbbj #adgfj #abcjj #ihdj #gchj #dibj #bdfj #ajj #d #ageej #aefjj #acfej #aagjj #igej #ghjj #ehej #cijj #aiej #ij #e #aciej #abdjj #ajhej #icjj #ggej #fbjj #dfej #cajj #aeej #hj #f #aajgj #ihdj #hfaj #gchj #faej #dibj #cfij #bdfj #abcj #fj #h #fici #fafh #ecig #dfbf #chee #cjhd #bcac #aedb #gga #dj #aj #dcfe #chhj #ccie #biaj #bdbe #aidj #adee #igj #dhf #cj #ab #bgde #bddj #bace #ahcj #aebe #abbj #iae #faj #cje #bb #ad #agbh #aecf #acdd #aaeb #ifj #gfh #egf #chd #aib #ee #af #ajhi #ifh #hdg #gbf #fje #dhd #cfc #bdb #aba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e ,,note4--,9 case a l>g] loss ?an any giv5 9 ! table is requir$1 proce$ z foll[s3--,divide ! amp]e feet by #aj & !n ref] to column ( ,actual ,volts ,lo/ divid$ by #aj1 f :i* ! size ( wire is f\nd z be=e4 ,,rule4--,multiply curr5t 9 amp]es by s+le di/ance & ref] to ! ne>e/ correspond+ numb] "u column ( actual volts lo/1 to f9d size ( wire4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t ! und]writ]s prohibit ! use ( wire small] ?an ,no4 #ad ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 except z all[$ = fixture "w & p5dant cord4 ,,table ,,( ,,wire ,,equival5ts ,,gauge ,,numb] ,,( ,,wires ,b4 ,s4 #b #d #h #af #cb #fd #abh #bef #eab #ajbd #bjdh #djif #haib #afchd #jjjj #j #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #ci #jjj #a #d #g #aj #ac #af #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #dj #jj #b #e #h #aa #ad #ag #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #ch #jf #j #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #ci #ag #a #d #g #aj #ac #af #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #dj #bh #b #e #h #aa #ad #ag #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chci #df #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #cidaj #eg #d #g #aj #ac #af #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djeaa #fh #e #h #aa #ad #ag #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chfab #gi #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #cigac #haj #g #aj #ac #af #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djhad #iaa #h #aa #ad #ag #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chiae #ajab #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #ciajaf #aaac #aj #ac #af #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djaaag #abad #aa #ad #ag #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chabah #acae #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #ciacai #adaf #ac #af #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djadbj #aeag #ad #ag #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chaeba #afah #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #ciafbb #agai #af #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djagbc #ahbj #ag #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chahbd #aiba #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #ciaibe #bjbb #ai #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djbjbf #babc #bj #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chbabg #bbbd #ba #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #cibbbh #bcbe #bb #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djbcbi #bdbf #bc #bf #bi #cb #ce #chbdcj #bebg #bd #bg #cj #cc #cf #cibeca #bfbh #be #bh #ca #cd #cg #djbfcb #bgbi #bf #bi #cb #ce #chbgcc #bhcj #bg #cj #cc #cf #cibhcd #bica #bh #ca #cd #cg #djbice #cjcb #bi #cb #ce #chcjcf #cacc #cj #cc #cf #cicacg #cbcd #ca #cd #cg #djcbch #ccce #cb #ce #chccci #cdcf #cc #cf #cicddj #cecg #cd #cg #djcfci #ce #chcgci #cf #cichdj #cg #dj ,ques4 ,if ! calculat$ size ( wire be l>g] ?an any 9 ! table h[ is ! requir$ area obta9$8 ,ans4 ,by us+ two or m small] wires 9 p>allel1 ^: comb9$ area is equal to ! requir$ area4 ,to facilitate f9d+ ! equival5t sizes ! above table ( wire equival5ts has be5 prep>$4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! table ( wire equival5ts us$8 ,ans4 ,to use ! table1 f9d 9 ! v]tical column at left ! size ( conductor desir$2 !n foll[ along horizontally until ! size ( wire t is desir$ to use = ! /r&s1 & ! correspond+ numb] at top ( column w give ! numb] ( /r&s ( t size wire requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hcb4--;,break d[n swit* = use on ?ree wire circuit1 enabl+ x to be op]at$ break d[n fa%ion ) ! two out]s connect$ toge!r & ! neutral wire s]v+ z "o side ( ! resultant two wire circuit4 ,su* circuits mu/ be figur$ z two wire in/allations ( "o half ! ?ree wire voltage4 ,! size ( ! neutral wire ( a ?ree wire circuit dep5ds on conditions ( op]ation4 ,?ree wire circuits = occasional two wire work+1 mu/ h a neutral wire ^: cross section is equal to ! comb9$ cross sections ( ! two out] wires4 ,?is plan is useful = build+s suppli$ f a c5tral /ation1 z x w be satisfactory = two wire op]ation 9 em]g5cies1 & = ?ree wire1 two phase or ?ree phase di/ribution %\ld ! c5tral /ation ultimately be *ang$ ov] to ei!r ( ^? alt]nat+ curr5t sy/ems4 ,! exp5se = ! extra copp] 9 ! beg9n+ w n be ne>ly s great z t entail$ by a *ange 9 ! wir+ lat] on %\ld developm5ts require x4 ,x is p]missible1 h[ev]1 to make ! cross section ( ! neutral wire small] ?an t ( ea* out] wire1 if "o be reasonably sure t !re w nev] be any *anges su* z ^? j m5tion$1 & if ! drop 9 ! two out] wires d n exce$ #a p] c5t4 ,"u su* conditions1 x w be f\nd a v good rule to calculate ! neutral wire ( a pr9cipal fe$] = a maximum unbalanc+ ( #be p] c5t1 t is1 a condition "u :i* ! curr5t 9 "o out] wire w be #ge p] c5t ( ! curr5t 9 ! o!r "o1 ! curr5t 9 ! neutral be+ #be p] c5t ( t 9 ! heavi] load$ out] wire4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! significance ( ! zig-zag l9e8 ,ans4 ,! figures bel[ ?is l9e give ! gauge numb]s ( two wires :i* w h ! same conductivity z ! correspond+ conductor 9 left h& column4 ,,table ,,( ,,cable ,,capacities ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hcc4--;,diagram %[+ capacities ( cables = bo? op5 & conceal$ "w z all[$ by ! und]writ]s4 ,inc&esc5t ,lamps on #ffj ,watt ,circuits4--,! /&>d inc&esc5t lamp is rat$ z equival5t to ! light giv5 by #af c&les1 & may consume1 accord+ to type & make1 f #ej to #ef watts1 or f #c4a to #c4e watts p] c&le p[]4 ,!re=e1 a #ffj watt circuit w c>ry ?irte5 #af c&le p[] #di4f watt lamps1 or elev5 #ef watt lamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hcd4--;,diagram %[+ symmetrical & unsymmetrical di/ribution4 ,! two #e lamp c5t]s are locat$ at equal di/ances f ! di/ribut+ pocket or cab9et1 ,p1 s t ! sub-fe$]s1 ,a & ,a'1 h equal values ( lamp feet4 ,! sub-fe$]s1 ,b1 ,b'1 h equal l5g?s1 b z "o supplies #aj lamps1 & ! o!r #af1 ! lamp feet are diff]5t1 & ea* sub-fe$] mu/ !re=e be figur$ sep>ately4 ,! ma91 ,g1 %\ld be consid]$ z a "p ( ! sub-fe$]1 ,b1 9 ord] to avoid ! necessity = a fuse at ! junction ( ! two4 ,z x is symmetrically divid$1 only "o-half ( x w\ld be consid]$4 ,?us1 if ! sub-fe$]1 ,b1 7 #ej feet long1 & ! ma91 ,g1 #cj feet long1 ,b w\ld h #af #ej #hjj lamp feet & "o-half ( ! ma9 w\ld h #h #ae #abj lamp feet 7assum+ all #af c4 p4 lamps74 ,h5ce #hjj #abj #ibj lamp feet %\ld be tak5 z ! load l5g? & ! prop] size wire us$ = t figure1 mak+ ! sub-fe$]1 ,b1 ( ! same size z ! ma91 ,g4 ,! same proc$ure applies to ! sub-fe$] ,b' & ma9 ,g'2 also to ! sub-fe$]1 ,e1 & ! ma91 ,f4 ,! prop] sizes ( wire = ! diff]5t circuits is easily f\nd f ! lamp feet table1 aft] hav+ calculat$ ! lamp feet assign$ ! drop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hce & #hcf4--,! tree & modifi$ tree sy/ems ( wir+4 ,! tree sy/em consi/s ( a fe$] r$uc+ 9 size & supply+ ma9s = ea* floor1 ! g5]al arrangem5t resembl+ ! trunk & bran*es ( a tree4 ,s9ce fuses mu/ be ins]t$ on ea* floor :]e ! size ( ! fe$] is r$uc$1 ! sy/em requires a l>ge numb] ( jo9ts1 & 9 ! ev5t ( a fuse bl[+ x c\ld n be quickly locat$4 ,! tree sy/em is n to be recomm5d$1 z x results 9 consid]able drop1 & at full load ! lamps ne>e/ ! po9t ( supply w ei!r burn too brightly or ^? m remote w n give ! rat$ c&le p[]4 ,9 ! modifi$ tree sy/em1 fig4 #hcf1 ! size ( ! fe$] is n r$uc$4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! losses are consid]ably r$uc$ ow+ to ! mu* small] losses on ! fe$] betwe5 ^? c5t]s f>!/ away f ! po9t ( supply4 ,! prop] size ( wire = a #ffj watt circuit w dep5d ^u ! voltage = :i* ! lamps are made4 ,= example3 a #af c&le p[] lamp :i* consumes #ef watts on #aaj volt circuit w take1 #ef #aaj 4#e or amp]e ( curr5t1 :ile ! same lamp1 if made = #bbj volts1 w take only #ee #bbj 4#be or amp]e4 ,!re=e1 elev5 #af c&le p[] #ef watt lamps w require a curr5t ( #e amp]es at #aaj volts1 or #b amp]es at #bbj volts4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( resi/ance1 ! resi/ance ( a r\nd wire is inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! diamet]1 & if ! circuit be tak5 at #ajj feet1 & ! all[able p]c5tage ( drop at #a volt1 !n accord+ to =mula1 7#e7 on page #gdh1 ! wire requir$ = a circuit c>ry+ elev5 #af c&le p[] #ef watt #aaj volt lamps1 w h a cross sectional area (1 #e4e #ajj #ba4f -------------------------------- #aa1hhj circul> mils4 #a :ile ! same numb] ( lamps on a #bbj volt circuit w require wire hav+ a cross sectional area (1 #b4ge #ajj #ba4f --------------------------------- #e1idj circul> mils4 #a ,9 ord] to con=m to ! und]writ]s' requirem5ts1 ,no4 #h4 ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 wire mu/ be us$ = ! circuit c>ry+ ! #aaj volt lamps1 :ile ,no4 #ab1 ,b4 ,s4 wire1 w\ld be suffici5t = ! #bbj volt circuit4 ,9 ! case %[n 9 fig4 #hbi1 ! bran* circuits ,a & ,b are id5tical1 ea* supply+ f\r #af c&le p[] lamps requir+ #c4e watts p] c&le p[] at #aaj volts or c>ry+ a load ( #d #af #c4e #bbd watts1 #bbd #aaj #b amp]es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hcg4--;,di/ribution ) sub-fe$]s 7multi-c5t] di/ribution74 ,! fe$] connects at a c5tral po9t1 ,a1 ) sev]al sub-fe$]s :i* run to di/ribut+ c5t]s1 z at ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 comp\nd w\nd dynamos may be s design$ t ! pressure at ,a w rema9 ne>ly uni=m = all loads4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! wir+ be proportion$ = #b drop1 ! dynamos may be ov] comp\nd$ to t ext5t1 & ! ev5 illum9ation w comp5sate = ! extra co/ 9 ! in/allation4 ,! di/ance f ! fe$] junction or cut out to ! electrical c5t] ( ea* bran* circuit is #ab4e feet4 ,! compact area ( di/ribution p]mits ! r$uction ( ! loss ( volts to #a p] c5t1 or #aaj 4#ja #a4a volts drop4 ,!n sub/itut+ 9 =mula 7#e7 on page #gdh ! values = amp]es1 feet & drop z obta9$ above #b #be #ba4f ------------------------- #iha circul> mils1 #a4a or a value f> bel[ t ( ev5 ,no4 #ah wire1 ,b4 ,s4 gauge 7see table on page #gca71 b ! smalle/ wire all[$ by ! und]writ]s = ! ma9s ,a & ,b is ,no4 #ad1 ,b4 ,s4 gauge4 ,9 calculat+ ! size ( wire = ! fe$]s ! total load mu/ be consid]$4 ,?is is equal to eight #af c&le p[] lamps1 requir+ #c4e watts p] c&le p[] at #aaj volts #hafc4e #ddh watts #d amp]es4 ,! di/ance f ! entrance cut out to ! fe$] cut out is #bjj feet4 ,! drop %\ld n be great] ?an #a4e p] c5t4 or #aaja4e #a4f volts4 ,!n1 #dbjjba4f -------------------- #aj1hjj circul> mils #a4f a value :i* indicates t ,no4 #h wire1 ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 mu/ be us$ = ! fe$]s 9 ord] to keep ! drop )9 ! limit ( pr$et]m9$ value4 ,,table ,,= ,,taps1 ,,bridges ,,or ,,o!r ,,wires ,,at ,,negligible ,,drop ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,wire ,nos4 #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #aj #ab #adafah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,lamp ,feet#eb v4 #cjj #bfjbjjafjacjajj #hj #fe #ej #ch #bdae #i #f #aajv4#a1bhja1jhehfjfhjefjdcecdebhjbbjaf jajjfjdjbe ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note4--,9 us+ ?is table1 x is only necess>y to calculate ! lamp feet ( ! tap & take ! size ( wire correspond+ to ! ne>e/ great] numb] ( lamp feet 9 ! table4 ,! lamp feet specifi$ by ?is table %\ld n be exce$$ by m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,?us1 if a tap measure #ajh lamp feet1 9 #aaj volt lamps1 ,no4 #ab wire w\ld be us$4 ,b if x measure #aae lamp feet1 x w\ld be advisable to use ,no1 #aj wire4 ,con/ant ,voltage ,arc ,lamp ,circuits4--,! bran* conductor %\ld h a c>ry+ capacity ab\t fifty p] c5t4 great] ?an ! normal curr5t requir$ by ! lamp1 s z to provide = ! heavy curr5t requir$ :5 ! lamp is />t$4 ,! und]writ]s prohibit ! use ( any size wire "u ,no4 #ab = p>allel connect$ arc light circuits4 ,con/ant ,curr5t ,s]ies ,arc ,lamp ,circuits4--,! wir+ = s]ies connect$ arc lamps %\ld nev] be conceal$ nor encas$ unless reque/$ by ! electrical inspector4 ,= all int]ior wir+ ( ?is class1 approv$ rubb] cov]$ wire %\ld be us$1 & ! wire %\ld always be rigidly support$ on porcela9 or glass insulators :i* w hold ! wires at a di/ance ( at lea/ "o in* f ! surface wir$ ov]4 ,! wires on all circuits up to #gej volts1 %\ld be kept at lea/ #d in*es f ea* o!r1 & #h in*es ap>t on circuits ( ov] #gej volts4 ,no wires c>ry+ a curr5t hav+ a pressure exce$+ #c1ejj volts %\ld be c>ri$ into or ov] any build+ except c5tral /ations & sub-/ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hch4--;,diagram %[+ bridge wir+4 ,?is me?od is us$ 9 ! case ( two p>allel ma9s :]e "o fe$] is ample = bo?4 ,! fe$] is run to a c5tral po9t z %[n & connect$ to ! two ma9s by a s call$ bridge4 ,! arrangem5t cle>ly gives good di/ribution & effects a sav+ 9 copp] & labor1 = if ! bridge 7 omitt$1 two fe$]s w\ld be necess>y4 ,wire ,calculations = ,motors4--,! prop] size ( wire = a motor may be readily det]m9$ by means ( ! foll[+ =mula3 ,h4,p4 #gdf ,d #ba4f circul> mils ---------------------------------------- - 7#f7 ,e ,l ,k 9 :i* ,h4,p4 horse p[] ( motor2 #gdf watts p] ,h4,p42 ,d l5g? ( motor circuit f fuse block to motor2 #ba4f ohms p] foot run 9 circuit :]e wires are "o mil 9 diamet]2 ,e voltage at ! motor2 ,l drop 9 p]c5tage ( ! voltage at ! motor2 ,k effici5cy ( ! motor express$ z a decimal4 ,! av]age values = ,k are ab\t z foll[s3 #a ,h4,p41 4#ge2 #c ,h4,p41 4#hj2 #e ,h4,p41 4#hj2 #aj ,h4,p4 & ov]1 #ij p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hci & #hdj4--,wrong & "r me?ods ( loop wir+4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 a l>ge p]c5tage ( loss is all[$ ) lamps at %ort di/ances1 ! size ( wire1 calculat$ simply 9 accordance ) ! resi/ance rules1 w be f\nd too small to c>ry ! curr5t safely4 ,?is fact is (t5 ov]look$1 & ev5 ?\gh wires may h be5 correctly calculat$ = a uni=m p]c5tage ( loss1 !y w become pa9fully hot simply because ! table ( c>ry+ capacity 0 n consult$4 ,! cross connection ( ma9s :]ev] possible1 = ! purpose ( equaliz+ ! pressure1 w also (t5 r$uce ! heat+ effects ( ! curr5t4 ,an example ( ?is is %[n 9 ! above figures4 ,a circle ( lights 0 wir$ z 9 fig4 #hci1 & aft] ! curr5t _h be5 turn$ on1 ! wires ( ! circle became hot1 & !re 0 q a p]ceptible diff]5ce ( c&le p[] betwe5 ! lights ne> ,a & ^? ne> ,b4 ,inve/igation disclos$ ! fact t ! loop1 contr>y to in/ructions1 _h be5 left op54 ,a few in*es ( wire z %[n 9 dott$ l9es rem$i$ ! fault4 ,a bett] arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is %[n 9 fig4 #hdj4 ,,example4--,:at is ! prop] size ( wire = a #aj ,h4,p4 motor1 run at #bbj volts1 all[able drop #b p] c5t4 on #bjj foot circuit4 ,sub/itut+ ! giv5 values 9 ! =mula on page #geh3 #aj #gdf #bjj #ba4f ,circul> mils ---------------------------------------- - #cf1iia4 #bbj #d4d 4#i ,! ne>e/ l>g] value to ?is result1 9 ! table ( c>ry+ capacities ( copp] wire 7page #gca71 is #da1gdj1 correspond+ to ,no4 #d wire1 ,b4 ,s4 gauge4 ,9 all cases ! size ( ! wire ?us =m$ %\ld be comp>$ ) t all[$ by ! und]writ]s = full load curr5t ( motor1 plus #be p] c5t4 ( t curr5t1 & if ! size calculat$ happ5 to be small] ?an ! all[able size1 x %\ld be increas$ to ! latt]1 o!rwise x w n pass inspection4 ,,table ,,( ,,amp]es ,,p] ,,motor ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,h4,p4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,eff4 ,watts ,input #ej ,volts #ajj ,volts #bbj ,volts #ejj ,volts #gj #hjj #af #g #d #b #a #gj #afjj #cb #ae #g #c #c #ge #bihj #fj #bg #ad #f #e #hj #dffj #ic #db #ba #i #g #he #fehj #acb #fj #cj #ac #aj #he #hghj #agf #hj #dj #ah #ae #he #acbjj #bfd #abj #fj #bf #bj #he #agfjj #ceb #afj #hj #ce #be #he #baijj #dch #aii #ajj #dd #cj #ij #bdijj #dih #bbf #aac #ej #dj #ij #ccbjj #ffd #cja #aea #ff #ej #ij #dadjj #hbh #cgf #ahh #hc #fj #ij #digjj #iid #deb #bbf #ii #gj #ij #ehjjj #aafj #ebg #bfd #aaf #hj #ij #ffcjj #accj #fjh #cjb #acc #ij #ij #gdfjj #adij #fgh #cci #adi #ajj #ij #hbijj #affj #gee #cgg #aff #abj #ij #iiejj #aiij #ije #dec #aii #aej #ij #abdjjj #bdhj #aacj #efd #bdh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,table ,,( ,,amp]es ,,p] ,,dynamo ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,appx4 ,appx4 ,k4,w4 #abe ,vs4 #bej ,vs4 #ejj ,vs4 ,h4,p4 ,k4,w4 #abe ,vs4 #bej ,vs4 #ejj ,vs4 ,h4,p4 #a4 #h #d #b #a4c #cj4 #bdj #abj #fj #dj4 #b4 #af #h #d #b4g #cg4e #cjj #aej #ge #ej4 #c4 #bd #ab #f #d4j #dj4 #cbj #afj #hj #ec4 #e4 #dj #bj #aj #f4g #ej4 #djj #bjj #ajj #fg4 #g4e #fj #cj #ae #aj4 #fj4 #dhj #bdj #abj #hj4 #aj4 #hj #dj #bj #ac4 #ge4 #fjj #cjj #aej #ajj4 #ab4e #ajj #ej #be #ag4 #ajj4 #hjj #djj #bjj #acd4 #ae4 #abj #fj #cj #bj4 #abe4 #ajjj #ejj #bej #afg4 #bj4 #afj #hj #dj #bg4 #aej4 #abjj #fjj #cjj #bja4 #be4 #bjj #ajj #ej #cd4 #bjj4 #afjj #hjj #djj #bfh4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,to det]m9e ! curr5t requir$ = a motor1 z = in/ance1 ! #aj ,h4 ,p4 motor "u consid]ation1 multiply ! horsep[] by #gdf1 & divide ! product by ! voltage ( ! motor multipli$ by its effici5cy z foll[s3 7#aj #gdf7 7#bbj 4#ij7 #cg4f amp]es4 ,?is value increas$ by #be p] c5t4 ( itself 7#cg4f 4#be #i4d amp47 is equal to #cg4f plus #i4d #dg amp]es4 ,9 ! table ( c>ry+ capacities ( copp] wire 7page #gca71 #df amp]es is giv5 z ! all[able c>ry+ capacity ( ,no4 #f1 ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 rubb] cov]$ wire2 !re=e ,no4 #e wire mu/ be us$4 ,calculations = ,?ree ,wire ,circuit4--,9 all cases ( int]ior conduit "w1 & 9 mo/ cases ( inside op5 "w1 ! ma9 fe$]s f a ?ree wire s\rce ( supply are in/all$ on ! ?ree wire plan1 & ! sub-fe$]s & di/ribut+ ma9s1 on ! two wire plan1 except :]e ! application ( ! me?od necessitates ! use ( unwieldy sizes4 ,9 lay+ out sub-fe$]s & ma9s1 ! total load1 "u normal op]at+ conditions1 %\ld be divid$ z ne>ly z possible into two equal p>ts1 & "o "p connect$ on ea* side ( ! neutral "p ( ! entrance cut out1 or ! neutral bus b> ( ! swit* bo>d or panel bo>d 9 an isolat$ plant1 ?us mak+ ! load on ea* side ( ! neutral wire ( ! fe$] z ne> equal z possible4 ,fig4 #hda %[s a ?ree wire panel bo>d ) connection = #ab ma9s2 ^? %[n 9 solid l9es z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 be+ connect$ betwe5 ! neutral wire & ! negative wire ( ! fe$]1 & ^? %[n by dott$ l9es z ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 etc41 be+ connect$ betwe5 ! neutral wire & ! positive wire ( ! fe$]4 ,! total load consi/s ( n9ety-"o #af c&le p[] lamps1 :i* are s di/ribut$ t ! positive wire ( ! fe$] c>ries ! curr5t = #df lamps1 & ! negative wire1 #de lamps1 ! neutral wire c>ry+ ! diff]5ce or curr5t = #a lamp4 ,! prop] size ( wire = ! ma9s may be calculat$ z already expla9$1 b 9 calculat+ ! out] wires ( ! ?ree wire fe$]1 ! neutral wire %\ld be disreg>d$ & ! out] wires connect$ z a two wire circuit c>ry+ ! total load ( #ia lamps at ! ov] all pressure ( #bbj volts4 ,,example4--,n9ety-"o #af c&le p[] lamps consum+ #c4a watts p] c&le p[] at a pressure ( #aaj volts1 w require a curr5t ( #af #c4a #ia ------------------------- #da amp]es4 #aaj ,! di/ance f ! entrance cut out to ! ma9 or fe$] swit* is #bjj feet1 !n = a #b p] c5t4 drop1 or a loss ( #aaj4jbb4b volts1 ! cross sectional area ( ! wire w be1 #da amp]es #bjj feet #ba4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #hj1eji circul> mils4 #b4b volts ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hda4--,?ree wire circuit panel bo>d ) connections = #ab ma9s4 ,! wires %[n 9 solid l9es z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 are connect$ betwe5 ! neutral wire & ! negative wire ( ! fe$]1 & ^? %[n by dott$ l9es1 z ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 etc41 are connect$ betwe5 ! neutral wire & ! positive wire ( ! fe$]4 ,! jo9t resi/ance ( ! lamps on a ?ree wire sy/em1 h[ev]1 w\ld be f\r times great] ?an on a two wire sy/em2 consequ5tly ! resi/ance ( ! out] wires ( ! fe$] 9 ?is case w be f\r times great] = ! same p]c5tage ( loss1 & ! cross sectional area ( ea* ( ! out] wires w be1 #hj1ejidbj1abg circul> mils4 ,accord+ to ! und]writ]s' rules1 ?is value compels ! use ( ,no4 #f ,b4 ,s4 gauge wire4 ,if ! lamp voltage1 #aaj volts1 be us$1 ! two wire =mula 7#e7 giv5 on page #gdh mu/ be modifi$ to1 amp]es feet #ba4f circul> mils ---------------------------------------- - drop #d b if an ov] all voltage1 7t is1 ! voltage betwe5 ! out] wires71 ( #bbj volts be us$1 ! two wire =mula does n require any modification4 ,! prop] size ( wire may also be calculat$ by means ( ! =mula drop ---------------------------------------- ------- resi/ance p] foot 4 4 4 4 7#a7 #b di/ance amp]es ,example4--,if 9 calculat+ a ?ree wire fe$]1 ! ov] all voltage be #bbj volts1 ! drop #d4d volts1 twice ! di/ance #djj feet1 & ! curr5t #bj4e amp]es1 !n1 #d4d volts ---------------------------------------- --------- 4#jjjecfe ohms p] foot4 #djj feet #bj4e amp]es ,9 ! table ( ! prop]ties ( copp] wire :i* gives ! resi/ance ( v>i\s sizes ( wire1 x w be not$ t at all ( ! giv5 temp]atures ,no4 #h wire has a resi/ance great] ?an ! value j calculat$1 !re=e1 ,no4 #f ,b4 ,s4 gauge wire %\ld be us$ = ! out] wires ( ! fe$]4 ,9 ! table ! resi/ance is giv5 p] #a1jjj feet1 h5ce x is only necess>y to move ! decimal po9t to obta9 ! resi/ance p] foot4 ,if ! calculation be bas$ on ! lamp voltage1 #aaj volts1 ! =mula 7#a7 mu/ be modifi$ to drop #d ---------------------------------------- -------- resi/ance 4 4 4 47#b7 #b di/ance amp]es ,9 ?is case1 drop #b4b volts1 #b di/ance #djj feet1 & curr5t #da amp]es1 !n1 #b4b volts #d #h4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 4#jjecfd ohms4 #djj feet #da amp4 #af1djj ,size ( ! ,neutral ,wire4--,9 ?ree wire circuits1 ! size ( ! neutral wire w dep5d to a great ext5t ^u op]at+ conditions4 ,9 ! case ( in/allations :i* occasionally h to be work$ z two wire sy/ems1 ! cross section ( ! neutral wire %\ld be equal to ! comb9$ cross section ( ! two out] wires4 ,= int]ior wir+ :i* mu/ pass inspection1 ! neutral wire mu/ always be twice ! size ( "o ( ! outside wires4 ,h[ev]1 = g5]al di/ribution1 if x be reasonably sure t ! sy/em w always be work$ ?ree wire & t ! drop 9 ! two out] wires does n exce$ #a p] c5t41 ! cross section ( ! neutral wire may be made small] ?an t ( "o ( ! out] wires4 ,9 su* a case ! size ( ! neutral wire may be calculat$ = a maximum unbalanc+ ( #be p] c5t41 :5 ! curr5t 9 "o ( ! out] wires is #ge p] c5t4 ( ! curr5t 9 ! o!r out] wire4 ,= in/ance1 suppose t 9 a balanc$ sy/em1 ! total load on ea* ( ! out] wires ( a fe$] be #baa amp]es1 & t on acc\nt ( c]ta9 op]at+ conditions1 ?is load has to be divid$ unequally s z to put #bdb amp]es on "o ( ! out] wires1 & #aha amp]es on ! o!r out] wire4 ,9 ?is case ! neutral wire w c>ry #fj amp]es1 or #be p] c5t4 ( ! curr5t c>ri$ by ! heavi] out] wire4 ,if ! drop 9 ! out] wires exce$ #a p] c5t41 ! cross section ( ! neutral wire w h to be equal to or l>g] ?an t ( ea* ( ! out] wires1 o!rwise ! drop 9 ! neutral wire w exce$ volt ) an unbalanc+ ( #be p] c5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,inside ,,wir+ ,! t]m wir+ is commonly und]/ood to mean ! me?ods employ$ 9 lay+ ! conductors us$ = ! transmission & di/ribution ( electrical en]gy = light+1 p[]1 & o!r purposes4 ,int]ior wir+1 comprises ! v>i\s me?ods ( in/all+ ! conductors f ! entrance devices 9 ! walls or o!r p>ts ( ! build+s to ! lamps1 motors1 & o!r electrical app>atus )9 ! build+s4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( int]ior wir+ may be conv5i5tly gr\p$ into ! foll[+ g5]al classes3 #a4 ,op5 or expos$ wir+2 #b4 ,wires run 9 m\ld+s2 #c4 ,conceal$ knob & tube wir+2 #d4 ,rigid conduit wir+2 #e4 ,flexible conduit wir+2 #f4 ,arm\r$ cable wir+4 ,op5 or ,expos$ ,wir+4--,?is me?od ( wir+ possesses ! advantages ( be+ *eap1 durable & accessible4 ,x is us$ a great deal 9 factories1 mills & build+s :]e ! unsightly appe>ance ( ! wires expos$ on ! walls or ceil+s is ( no consequ5ce4 ,ques4 ,:at k9ds ( wires are suitable = ?is me?od ( wir+8 ,ans4 ,ei!r rubb] cov]$ or sl[ burn+ wea!r pro( wire4 ,rubb] insulation %\ld always be us$ :]e ! wire is 9 a damp place1 su* z a cell>1 & ei!r wea!r pro( or rubb] insulation may be us$ to protect x aga9/ corrosive vapors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hdb to #hdd4--,op5 or expos$ wir+4 ,fig4 #hdb1 wires pass+ ?r\gh beams4 ,! holes are bor$ at an angle & wire run ?r\gh 9 zig-zag c\rse4 ,porcela9 tubes are us$ :]e ! wire passes ?r\gh beams2 fig4 #hdc1 cleat "w across beams1 ! cleats are c>ri$ by bo>ds atta*$ to ! beams2 fig4 #hdd1 me?od ( c>ry+ wires on cleats ar\nd beams4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! wires in/all$8 ,ans4 ,!y are laid on "s cornice1 wa9scot+1 beam1 or o!r ar*itectural feature suitable = ! purpose1 by means ( porcela9 knobs & cleats1 z %[n 9 figs4 #hdb to #hdd4 ,porcela9 knobs %\ld pref]ably be ( ! two piece type 7fig4 #hfc7 9 :i* ! wire is c>ri$ betwe5 ! upp] & l[] portions r ?an be+ ti$ to a "o piece knob ) a tie wire z 9 fig4 #hfj4 ,v>i\s porcela9 knobs & cleats are %[n 9 figs4 #hfj to #hff4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! disadvantages ( op5 wir+8 ,ans4 ,! wir+ is n suffici5tly protect$ f moi/ure1 & ! effects ( fire :i* w de/roy ! insulation ( ! wires2 x is also liable to me*anical injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hde to #hdg4--,splic+4 ,figs4 #hde & #hdf1 mak+ a wire splice1 & ! twi/ complet$2 fig4 #hdg1 a wrapp$ jo9t on l>ge wire4 ,splic+ ( wires or jo9+ a bran* to a ma9 wire %\ld always be made by twi/+ ! wires toge!r or twi/+ "o wire ar\nd ! o!r1 s t ! jo9t w be me*anically /rong en\gh to c>ry all /ra9 :i* may come ^u x1 )\t any sold]+4 ,! jo9t %\ld !n be c>efully t9n$ & sold]$ 9 ord] to give good electrical contact & to avoid corrosion along ! contact surface4 ,:]e wires are too l>ge to be twi/$ toge!r1 ! ends are giv5 a %ort b5d & ! two wires wrapp$ firmly toge!r ) a small] b>e copp] wire1 aft] :i* ! jo9t is ?or\ghly t9n$ & sold]$1 pref]ably by p\r+ hot sold] ov] ! jo9t4 ,! jo9t is !n insulat$ by wrapp+ x ) two lay]s ( pure rubb]1 & ?ree lay]s ( tape1 suffici5t to make ! insulation ?ickness equal to t ( ! wire1 aft] :i* ! :ole jo9t %\ld be pa9t$ ) wat] pro( pa9t4 ,ques4 ,h[ f> ap>t %\ld ! wires be plac$8 ,ans4 ,:5 in/all$ 9 dry places & = pressures bel[ #cjj volts1 ! insulators %\ld sep>ate ! wires #b in*es f ea* o!r & in* f ! surface along :i* !y pass4 ,= voltages f #cjj to #ejj1 ! wires %\ld be sep>at$ f\r in*es f ea* o!r & "o in* f ! surface along :i* !y pass4 ,if ! wir+ be 9 a damp place1 ! wires %\ld be at lea/ "o in* f ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hdh to #hej4--;,cross+ ( wires4 ,:]e wires cross ea* o!r1 tubes %\ld be us$ except 9 case ( l>ge /iff wires z 9 fig4 #hdh2 "h "o wire may be b5t d[n & c>ri$ "u ! o!r2 fig4 #hdi1 %ort bu%+ /rung on ! wire--?is me?od is usually unsatisfactory1 especially :]e a l>ge numb] ( wires cross ea* o!r2 fig4 #hej1 wires cross+ ea* o!r ?r\gh tubes4 ,flexible tub+1 su* z circul> loom may be us$ 9 cross+ wires 9 dry locations4 ,insulators %\ld always be provid$ :]e wires cross to support ! wires1 ?us prev5t+ ! upp] wires sagg+ & t\*+ ^? bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hea to #hec4--,me?ods ( wir+ across pipes4 ,! wires %\ld pref]ably run ov] r ?an "u ! pipes4 ,fig4 #hea %[s cross+ ) circul> loom1 & fig4 #heb1 "o 9 :i* a tube is us$4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods are satisfactory 9 ! case ( gas pipes1 b = /eam pipes or wat] pipes :i* are liable to leak or sweat & drip moi/ure1 ! cross+ %\ld be above z %[n 9 fig4 #hec4 ,on side walls :]e v]tical wires run across horizontal wat] pipes1 ! latt] %\ld be enclos$ & ! moi/ure deflect$ to "o side4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld wires be protect$ :5 run v]tically on walls8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be box$ 9 or run 9 a pipe z %[n 9 fig4 #hed1 ! cov]+ ext5d+ #f feet above ! floor4 ,:5 plac$ inside a box !re %\ld be a cle>ance ( at lea/ "o in* ar\nd ! wires2 ! box %\ld be clos$ at ! end z %[n1 & ! wires protect$ :]e !y ent] ! top ) bu%+s4 ,:5 ! wires are plac$ 9 a pipe !y %\ld be fir/ encas$ 9 a piece ( flexible tub+ t w ext5d f ! insulator bel[ ! end ( ! pipe to ! fir/ "o above x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hed4--,me?ods employ$ 9 op5 wir+ :5 run v]tically on walls4 ,ei!r a box cas+ or iron pipe %\ld be us$ to protect ! wires4 ,! cov]+ ne$ only ext5d six feet above ! floor4 ,ques4 ,:at k9d ( inc&esc5t lamp receptacle or wall socket is be/ adapt$ to expos$ wir+8 ,ans4 ,"o :i* does n h expos$ contact e>s1 an approv$ =m be+ %[n 9 fig4 #hei4 ,practical ,po9ts ,relat+ to ,expos$ ,wir+4--,"s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts :i* %\ld be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection1 toge!r ) ! me?ods :i* may be appli$ to special cases1 may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,9 int]ior wir+ no wires small] ?an ,no4 #ad ,b4 ,s4 gauge %\ld be us$1 except z all[$ by ! und]writ]s1 & no m ?an #ffj watts %\ld be all[$ to a circuit4 #b4 ,tie wires %\ld h an insulation equal to t ( ! conductors :i* !y secure4 #c4 ,9 all cases1 :e!r ! wires be run on knobs1 split insulators1 or cleats1 ! wires %\ld be support$ at int]vals ( at lea/ #d feet1 & if expos$ to me*anical injury1 ! support]s %\ld be plac$ at clos] int]vals4 #d4 ,wires run on b>e ceil+s ( l[ basem5ts1 especially :]e !y are liable to injury1 %\ld be protect$ by two wood5 gu>d /rips z %[n 9 fig4 #heh4 ,! protective /rips %\ld be at lea/ in* 9 ?ickness & slightly high] ?an ! knobs1 insulators1 or cleats4 ,! two circuit wires %\ld n be run clos] ?an #f in*es ap>t1 & wires run ne> wat] tanks mu/ be rubb] cov]$ s z to r5d] !m moi/ure pro(4 #e4 ,cleats %\ld be us$ = ! wir+ ( /ores1 (fices1 or build+s hav+ flat ceil+s1 provid$ ! wir+ is in/all$ 9 dry locations4 #f4 ,:5 ! in/allation is expos$ to dampness or acid fumes su* z ^? develop$ 9 /ables1 bak]ies1 etc41 ! wires %\ld run on knobs or split insulators1 & %\ld be rubb] cov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #hee to #heg4--,me?ods ( c>ry+ wires ?r\gh floors4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh floors 7or walls7 ! wires (t5 come 9 contact ) conceal$ pipes or o!r gr\nd$ mat]ial1 h5ce ! only way !y c be prop]ly protect$ is by mak+ ! bu%+ cont9u\s4 ,?is may consi/ ( cont9u\s porcela9 tubes z %[n 9 fig4 #hee1 or %ort bu%+s may be arrang$ 9 iron pipes z 9 fig4 #hef4 ,! me?od foll[$ 9 case ( an (fset 9 ! wall is %[n 9 fig4 #heg4 ,sometimes ! floor c be tak5 up & an iron conduit1 prop]ly b5t1 put 9 place1 ! wires be+ re9=c$ ) flexible tub+4 ,ano!r me?od is to atta* ! wires to insulators2 9 ?is case ! floor mu/ n be put d[n until ! wir+ has be5 exam9$ by ! inspector4 #g4 ,:5 wires are run at "r angles to beams :i* are m ?an #d feet ap>t1 a runn+ bo>d %\ld be us$ & ! wires cleat$ to x z %[n 9 fig4 #hdc4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 to avoid ! use ( runn+ bo>ds1 :5ev] possible by runn+ ! wires p>allel ) ! beams1 ?us r$uc+ ! co/ ( insulation4 #h4 ,9 factories or o!r build+s ( op5 mill con/ruction1 ma9s ( ,no4 #h ,b4 ,s4 gauge or l>g] wire1 :]e !y are n expos$ to injury1 may be plac$ ab\t #f in*es ap>t & run f timb] to timb]1 n break+ ar\nd1 & may be support$ at ea* timb] only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #heh4--,me?od ( protect+ expos$ wir+ on l[ ceil+s by two gu>d /rips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hei4--,receptacle suitable = use ) op5 wir+1 ! requirem5t be+ t ! contact e>s %\ld n be expos$4 #i4 ,! be/ location = fe$]s is on ! walls4 ,9 dry build+s ! fire & wea!r pro( wire c be us$ ) safety2 b cov]$ wire mu/ be us$ on build+s subject to any =m ( dampness4 ,9 all cases :]e fe$]s are run on ! walls1 !y %\ld be protect$ f me*anical injury by box+s at lea/ #f feet high on ea* floor4 ,if floor swit*es be us$1 !y may be m\nt$ on ! front ( ! box+4 ,9 su* cases1 ! holes 9 ! box+ ?r\gh :i* ! wires pass to ! swit*es %\ld be provid$ ) porcela9 bu%+s4 #aj4 ,! rosettes1 receptacles1 sockets1 snap swit*es1 etc41 us$ 9 connection ) expos$ wir+ %\ld con=m 9 all respects to ! /&>ds specifi$ by ! und]writ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hfj to #hff4--,v>i\s porcela9 knobs & cleats4 ,9 op5 "w v>i\s =ms ( ^! devices are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hfg4--,porcela9 tube = entrance ( wire into a build+4 ,!re mu/ be a drip loop outside to dra9 (f wat]1 & ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! conductor passes mu/ be bu%$ ) a non-combu/ible1 non-absorptive insulat+ tube slant+ d[nw>d t[>d ! outside4 ,! object ( ! incl9ation is to all[ any wat] t might ent] ! tube to gravitate to ! drip loop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hfh4--;,int]ior bu%+4 ,wires mu/ be sep>at$ f contact ) walls1 floors1 timb]s or p>titions ?r\gh :i* !y may pass by non-combu/ible1 non-absorptive1 insulat+ tubes1 su* z glass or porcela91 except at outlets :]e approv$ flexible tub+ is requir$4 ,bu%+s mu/ be long en\gh to bu% ! entire l5g? ( ! hole 9 "o cont9u\s piece1 or else ! hole mu/ fir/ be bu%$ by a cont9u\s wat] pro( tube4 ,?is tube may be a conductor1 su* z iron pipe1 b 9 t case an insulat+ bu%+ mu/ be pu%$ into ea* end ( x1 ext5d+ f> en\gh to keep ! wire out ( contact ) ! pipe4 ,wires ,run 9 ,m\ld+s4--,wood5 m\ld+s are ext5sively us$ 9 connection ) ! wir+ ( /ores1 factories & build+s4 ,! advantages ( ?is type ( con/ruction are3 simplicity1 *eapness1 & accessibility1 & :5 ! m\ld+ is run /raight & accurately mitr$ x makes a neat job4 ,any class ( wood5 m\ld+ wir+1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5tly imp]vi\s to moi/ure to r5d] x suitable = use 9 damp places1 & x is liable to be cru%$ or punctur$4 ,fur!rmore1 x is naturally v combu/ible4 ,^! difficulties are ov]come to a c]ta9 ext5t by impregnat+ ! m\ld+ ) "s k9d ( moi/ure repellant1 or by coat+ x bo? inside & out ) wat] pro( pa9t4 ,h>dwood m\ld+ %\ld be us$ :]ev] possible1 b s(t wood m\ld+ usually con=ms mu* bett] to ! wall l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hfi4--,/&>d wood5 m\ld+ = encas+ wires4 ,wood5 m\ld+ mu/ n be us$ 9 conceal$ or damp places1 nor be plac$ directly aga9/ a brick wall :]e sweat+ may introduce moi/ure t may ultimately cause a %ort circuit4 ,wood5 m\ld+ = conceal+ electrical conductors is prohibit$ by ord9ances 9 "s cities4 ,ques4 ,= :at conditions is wir+ 9 m\ld+s suitable8 ,ans4 ,x is adapt$ to in/allations 9 :i* ! wires h to be laid aft] ! completion ( ! build+s4 ,ques4 ,describe ! m\ld+ usually employ$4 ,ans4 ,x is made ( h>dwood 9 two pieces1 a back+ & cap1 s con/ruct$ z to ?or\ghly encase ! wire4 ,x %\ld provide a "o-half in* tongue betwe5 ! conductors & a solid back+ :i* %\ld n be less ?an ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness "u ! grooves2 x %\ld be able to give suitable protection f abrasion4 ,! inside ( ! m\ld+ & ! cap mu/ h at lea/ two coats ( wat]pro( mat]ial1 or else ! :ole m\ld+ mu/ be impregnat$ ) moi/ure repellant4 ,only "o conductor is plac$ 9 a groove4 ,! back+ is secur$ to ! walls or ceil+s by means ( wire nails4 ,! wires are !n laid 9 ! grooves & ! capp+ put 9 place & fa/5$ by small brads4 ,! wires %\ld be cont9u\s1 & only rubb] cov]$ wire %\ld be employ$4 ,wood5 m\ld+ is made 9 a great v>iety ( size & design4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ?is type ( m\ld+ be+ %[n 9 fig4 #hfi4 ,ques4 ,:at o!r k9d ( m\ld+ is us$8 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hgj to #hgb4--,metal m\ld+4 ,an approv$ =m consi/s1 z %[n1 ( two pieces3 base 7fig4 #hgj71 & cap 7fig4 #hga71 s =m$ z to snap toge!r1 ! cap snapp+ ov] ! base z 9 fig4 #hgb4 ,! entire m\ld+ %\ld be galvaniz$ or coat$ ) a ru/ prev5tive4 ,:5 ! base is held 9 place by screws or bolts f ! inside surface1 depressions mu/ be provid$ s t ! heads ( ! screws w be flu% ) ! surface ( ! m\ld+4 ,ans4 ,metal m\ld+1 z %[n 9 figs4 #hgj to #hgb4 ,metal m\ld+ is p]mitt$ on circuits requir+ n m ?an #ffj watts & :]e ! pressure is n ov] #cjj volts4 ,special fitt+s mu/ be us$ ) ?is class ( m\ld+ s t x is cont9u\s bo? me*anically & electrically4 ,! m\ld+ %\ld be gr\nd$4 ,! in/allation rules are practically ! same z ^? gov]n+ conduit "w4 ,ques4 ,:at is a kick box8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hgc4--,kick box2 a device us$ to protect wires encas$ 9 porcela9 tubes :]e !y pass ?r\gh floors4 ,ans4 ,a fitt+1 z %[n 9 fig4 #hgc1 = protect+ wires at ! po9ts :]e !y ent] or em]ge f ! floor4 ,ques4 ,h[ is m\ld+ "w in/all$ on brick or pla/] walls :i* are liable to dampness8 ,ans4 ,a back+ bo>d mu/ be put on be=e ! m\ld+ is us$4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld m\ld+ be plac$ on a ceil+ ) respect to appe>ance8 ,ans4 ,! appe>ance is improv$ if ! m\ld+ be c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! side ( ! room1 ev5 if "p ( x be n us$4 ,?is w give a neat & f9i%$ appe>ance to ! ceil+ z %[n 9 fig4 #hgd4 ,m\ld+ %\ld always be run 9 z inconspicu\s position z possible1 & if x be necess>y to run x on ! op5 ceil+1 x %\ld be arrang$ s z to =m regul> panels4 ,(t5 x c be run s z to take ! place ( a picture m\ld+ or z a "p ( ! basebo>d s t x becomes m]ely a "p ( ! wood5 trim ( ! build+2 & 9 c]ta9 cases x %\ld be made ( mat]ial to mat* ! re/ ( ! trim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hgd4--,treatm5t ( m\ld+ "w on ceil+s4 ,all in/allations %\ld be plann$ out s z to con=m to symmetrical designs1 z f> z practicable ) ! prop] di/ribution ( ! lights1 etc41 & all runs f9i%$ (f1 :5ev] necess>y1 by dead m\ld+s cont9u$ to ! walls to improve ! appe>ance4 ,9 ! figure ! section$ portions %[ ! location ( ! dead m\ld+4 ,sometimes1 especially 9 ! wir+ ( private h\ses ! use ( special m\ld+ is necess>y4 ,9 su* cases ! %ape & k9d ( wood %\ld mat* t ( ! f9i% or trim ( ! room1 & ! receptacles %\ld be /a9$ to mat* ! m\ld+4 ,:5 ! m\ld+ is run along ! walls1 ! capp+ may be made to mat* ! trim or ! picture m\ld+ already 9 place1 ?us giv+ an app>5tly conceal$ job4 ,9 ?is k9d ( "w ! fe$]s c be run ?r\gh ! spaces betwe5 ! walls1 & if flexible tubes su* z circul> loom or flexiduct be us$1 no splice box w be necess>y :]e ! sy/em ( wir+ *anges & s+le braid$ rubb] wire may be us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! usual "* ( m\ld+ "w8 ,ans4 ,usually1 a c]ta9 "p ( ! "w w be run z conceal$1 t is1 inside ! p>titions1 ! wires be+ fi%$ f ! m\ld+ to ! outlet4 ,practical ,po9ts ,relat+ to ,wir+ 9 ,m\ld+s4--,! foll[+ practical po9ts w be f\nd useful 9 ! satisfactory execution ( any class ( wir+ ) wood5 m\ld+3 #a4 ,wood5 m\ld+ %\ld nev] be conceal$1 & %\ld n be us$ 9 damp places or 9 build+s subject to acid fumes1 su* z ice h\ses1 brew]ies1 or /ables1 etc4 #b4 ,wood5 m\ld+ select$ = use %\ld be =m$ ( good /raight /ock & free f knots1 knot holes & o!r imp]fections4 ,! sav+ effect$ 9 ! l[] co/ ( second h& m\ld+ does n comp5sate = ! additional co/ increase 9 its work+4 #c4 ,:5 wood5 m\ld+ is us$ 9 connection ) solid pipe or flexible tube conduit1 an iron box or conduitlet mu/ be in/all$ :]e ! sy/em ( wir+ *anges1 z %[n 9 fig4 #hge4 ,! pipe conduit is secur$ to ! box by means ( lock nuts1 ) porcela9 bu%+s or flexible tubes protect+ ! wires4 ,9 all cases ! loom %\ld run up to ! m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hge4--,me?od ( tapp+ outlets = fe$] circuits :5 wir+ ) wood5 m\ld+4 ,arc ,light ,wir+4--,all wir+ = high voltage arc light+ circuits %\ld be done ) rubb] cov]$ wire4 ,! wires %\ld be arrang$ to ent] & leave ! build+ ?r\gh an approv$ d\ble contact s]vice swit* :i* %\ld close ! ma9 circuit & disconnect ! wires 9 ! build+ :5 turn$ (f & be s con/ruct$ t !y w be automatic 9 _! action1 n /opp+ betwe5 po9ts :5 />t$ & to prev5t arc+ betwe5 po9ts "u any circum/ances1 & %\ld indicate pla9ly :e!r ! curr5t is on or (f4 ,nev] use snap swit*es = arc light+ circuits4 ,all arc light wir+ ( ?is class %\ld be 9 pla9 sight & nev] enclos$1 except :5 requir$1 & %\ld be support$ on porcela9 or glass insulators :i* sep>ate ! wires at lea/ "o in* f ! surface wir$ ov]4 ,! wires %\ld be kept rigidly at lea/ eight in*es ap>t1 except1 ( c\rse1 )9 ! lamp1 hang] bo>d or cut out box or swit*4 ,on side walls1 ! wir+ %\ld be protect$ f me*anical injury by a sub/antial box+1 reta9+ an air space ( "o in* ar\nd ! conductors1 clos$ at ! top 7! wires pass+ ?r\gh bu%$ holes7 & ext5d+ n less ?an sev5 feet f ! floor4 ,:5 cross+ floor timb]s 9 cell>s or 9 rooms1 :]e !y are liable to be injur$1 wires %\ld be atta*$ by _! insulat+ supports to ! "u side ( a wood5 /rip n less ?an "o-half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,arc ,lamps on ,l[ ,pressure ,s]vice4--,= ?is s]vice !re %\ld be a cut out = ea* lamp or s]ies ( lamps4 ,! bran* conductors = su* lamps %\ld h a c>ry+ capacity ab\t #ej p] c5t4 9 excess ( ! normal curr5t requir$ by ! lamp or lamps to provide = ! extra curr5t requir$ :5 ! lamps are />t$ or %\ld a c>bon become /uck )\t ov] fus+ ! wires4 ,if any resi/ance coils be necess>y = adju/m5t or regulation1 !y %\ld be enclos$ 9 non-combu/ible mat]ial & be treat$ z s\rces ( heat2 x is pref]able t su* resi/ance coils be plac$ )9 ! metal framework ( ! lamp itself4 ,inc&esc5t lamps %\ld nev] be us$ = resi/ance devices4 ,^! lamps %\ld be provid$ ) globes & sp>k arre/]s1 z 9 ! case ( arc lamps on high voltage s]ies circuits1 except :5 ! clos$ arc lamps are us$4 #d4 ,wood5 m\ld+ %\ld nev] be run 9 elevator %afts1 or %afts ( any k9d1 & %\ld nev] be run on ! inn] side ( ! outside walls ( ! build+s1 z ^! locations are usually subject to dampness4 #e4 ,9 lay+ out fe$]s x is usually *eap] to use iron conduit 9 a %aft1 ?an to run m\ld+ ?r\gh ! floor timb]s4 #f4 ,:5 tapp+ outlets = fe$] circuits1 an iron outlet box ) cov] %\ld be us$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #hhf4 ,! "o splice box is held up to ! outlet box already in/all$ by means ( two long screws1 & ! loom is run "r up to ! m\ld+ s z to leave no expos$ wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hgf4--;,circul> fixture block = outlet f m\ld+ "w on ceil+4 #g4 ,:]ev] fixture outlets are in/all$1 a circul> fixture block z %[n 9 fig4 #hgf %\ld be us$1 to give a good support = ! fixture & to make a neat back+ = ! fixture canopy4 ,! wires %\ld be br\ght ?r\gh ! fixture )\t cutt+ & disfigur+ ! canopy4 ,conceal$ ,knob & ,tube ,wir+4--,?is me?od ( wir+ %\ld be disc\rag$ z f> z possible1 z x is subject to me*anical injury1 is liable to int]f]5ce f rats1 mice1 etc4 ,z ! wires run accord+ to ?is me?od are liable to sag aga9/ beams1 la?s1 etc41 or are likely to be cov]$ by %av+s or o!r inflammable build+ mat]ial1 a fire c\ld easily result if ! wires become ov]heat$ or %ort circuit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hgg4--;,conceal$ knob & tube wir+4 ,! wires are c>ri$ on porcela9 knobs atta*$ to ! beams4 ,if run p]p5dicul> to ! beams1 holes are bor$ 9 ! latt] & porcela9 tubes ) a %\ld] at "o end1 ins]t$ 9 ! holes ?r\gh :i* ! wires pass4 ,! knobs %\ld support ! wires at lea/ "o in* f ! surface ov] :i* !y run1 & %\ld n be spac$ fur!r ?an #d feet ap>t4 ,! wires %\ld be atta*$ ) tie wires hav+ an insulation equal to t ( ! conductor :i* x secures to ! knob4 ,! use ( split knobs does away ) ! necessity ( us+ tie wires4 ,! conductors mu/ be at lea/ #e in*es ap>t & x is bett] to support !m on sep>ate beams :5 possible4 ,ea* wire mu/ be encas$ 9 a piece ( flexible tube at all swit*es1 outlets1 etc41 & ?is piece ( tub+ %\ld be suffici5tly long to ext5d f ! la/ insulator & project at lea/ "o in* beyond ! outlet4 ,conceal$ knob & tube wir+ is /ill all[$ by ! ,und]writ]s1 al?\gh _m vigor\s attempts h be5 made to h x aboli%$4 ,ea* ( ^! attempts has met ) /rong opposition f electric light companies & contractors1 especially 9 small villages & t[ns ! argum5t be+ t x is ! *eape/ me?od ( wir+1 & if =bidd51 _m places :i* are wir$ accord+ to ?is me?od w\ld n be wir$ at all1 & ! use ( electricity w\ld !re=e be mu* re/rict$1 if n entirely disp5s$ ) 9 su* communities4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 is only a tempor>y make%ift ob/ruction aga9/ progress1 & 9 ! ne> future1 no d\bt1 conceal$ knob & tube wir+ w be =bidd5 by ! und]writ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hgh to #hhj4--,me?ods ( mak+ fixture outlets 9 conceal$ knob & tube wir+4 ,a cleat consi/+ ( a piece ( bo>d at lea/ 94 ?ick1 %\ld be nail$ betwe5 ! joi/s or /uds into :i* ! wood screws support+ ! electroli] c be secur$4 ,holes are !n bor$ ?r\gh ! cleat1 ?r\gh :i* ! flexible tub+ c pass4 ,) a comb9ation gas & electric fixture z %[n 9 fig4 #hgi1 no cleat is necess>y1 because ! gas pipe supports ! fixture4 ,! flexible tub+ %\ld be wir$ to ! gas pipe1 to prev5t displacem5t by artisans :o h occasion to "w ar\nd ! outlet4 ,ques4 ,describe ! me?od ( conceal$ knob & tube wir+4 ,ans4 ,x consi/s 9 runn+ ! wires conceal$ betwe5 ! floor beams & /uds ( a build+1 knobs be+ us$ to support ! wires :5 run p>allel to ! beams or /uds1 & porcela9 tubes1 :5 run at "r angles ?r\gh ! beams1 or /uds z %[n 9 fig4 #hgg4 ,9 ?is me?od ( wir+1 usually no?+ ne$ be di/urb$ on ! fir/ floor z ! v>i\s outlets c be rea*$ f ! basem5t & f ! second floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hha & #hhb4--;,arrangem5t ( swit* & receptacle outlets 9 knob & tube wir+4 ,9 wir+ = swit*es1 flexible tub+ mu/ be us$ on ! conductor ends f ! la/ porcela9 support1 z %[n1 ! same z on conductor ends = o!r outlets4 ,a press$ /eel swit* box %\ld be us$ to encase ea* flu% swit* me*anism1 ev5 ?\gh x already be encas$ 9 porcela94 ,a 94 wood cleat or cleats are arrang$ to support ! swit* box4 ,^! wood5 cleats %\ld n be set out flu% ) ! out] edges ( ! /uds1 b %\ld be set ab\t 94 back1 z illu/rat$1 to all[ a space 9 :i* ! pla/] c take a grip4 ,= in/ance1 if x be necess>y to make an outlet = ! c5t] fixture 9 ! p>lor1 a /rip ( floor+ c be remov$ f ! floor above s z to expose ! beams4 ,!n ! wireman c bore two holes ?r\gh ea* ( ! beams1 ins]t porcela9 tubes !re91 slip ! wires ?r\gh ! outlet & replace ! /rip ( floor+4 ,v>i\s simple me?ods may be employ$ = c>ry+ ! wires to ! outlets on ! side walls4 ,= example3 a small hole c be made 9 ! wall1 & ! wire may be dropp$ ?r\gh ! spaces betwe5 ! walls1 or !y may be pull$ up f ! basem5t by means ( a cord l[]$ ) a weight atta*$ to its end4 ,outlets = swit*es & base receptacles may be provid$ =1 9 a simil> mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hhc & #hhd4--;,elevation & sectional view %[+ arrangem5t ( swit* outlet 9 conceal$ knob & tube wir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hhe4--;,arrangem5t ( surface swit* 9 conceal$ knob & tube wir+4 ,= a surface snap swit* outlet1 an iron box is n necess>y1 b a 94 cleat mu/ be in/all$ to hold ! tub+ 9 place & to provide a prop] support = ! screws t hold ! swit*4 ,9 wir+ old build+s :]e support+ cleats 7 n provid$ back ( ! pla/]1 a 94 wood5 block or plate %\ld be in/all$ on ! surface1 to :i* ! swit* c be atta*$4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! advantages ( conceal$ knob & tube wir+8 ,ans4 ,its *eapness1 especially 9 wir+ complet$ build+s1 & ! abs5ce ( any wires or cas+s on ! walls or ceil+s4 ,ques4 ,:at k9d ( wire mu/ be us$8 ,ans4 ,wire hav+ an approv$ rubb] insulat+ cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hhf to #hhh4--,swit* boxes = conceal$ knob & tube wir+4 ,^! are = flu% swit*es & are =m$ f %eet /eel4 ,a s+le swit* box c be exp&$ = any numb] ( swit*es1 by us+ ! prop] numb] ( spac]s4 ,s+le & d\ble swit* boxes c be suppli$ already assembl$ & are us$ :]e feasible1 because x is *eap] to buy !m ?is way ?an to assemble !m4 ,holes p>tially pun*$1 :i* c be knock$ out ) a hamm] bl[1 are provid$ 9 ! sides & back ?r\gh :i* ! flexible conduit wire protection c be ext5d$4 ,rigid ,conduit ,wir+4--,! in/allation ( wires 9 conduits n only af=ds protection f me*anical injury1 b also r$uces ! liability ( a %ort circuit or gr\nd on ! wires produc+ an arc :i* w\ld set fire to ! surr\nd+ mat]ial2 ! conduit be+ ( suffici5t ?ickness to bl[ a fuse be=e ! arc c burn ?r\gh ! conduit4 ,ques4 ,describe ! unl9$ type ( conduit4 ,ans4 ,x consi/s ( an iron or /eel pipe1 simil> 9 size1 ?ickness1 & 9 e o!r way to gas pipe1 except t special precautions are tak5 to free x inside f scale or any irregul>ities2 x is !n coat$ inside ) enamel1 outside x is sometimes enamel$ & sometimes galvaniz$4 ,ques4 ,describe ! l9$ type ( conduit4 ,ans4 ,x usually consi/s ( a pla9 iron pipe l9$ ) a tube ( pap] :i* has be5 treat$ ) an asphaltic or simil> comp\nd2 ?is pap] tube is cem5t$ or fa/5$ to ! inside ( ! iron pipe s t x =ms practically an integral "p ( ! same4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! advantages ( unl9$ conduit8 ,ans4 ,x is *eap]1 because hav+ no l9+ a small] size ( conduit c be us$ = any giv5 size ( conductor2 x is also *eap] to in/all1 z x c be b5t1 ?read$1 & cut m readily ?an ! l9$ conduit4 ,wires may be m easily ins]t$ & )drawn z ! inside is smoo!r ?an t ( ! l9$ conduit4 ,,note4--,conduits = inside wir+ :i* are subject to inspection1 mu/ h an inside diamet] ( n less ?an in*4 ,!y mu/ be cont9u\s f outlet to outlet or to junction bores1 & mu/ prop]ly ent] & be secur$ to all fitt+s1 & ! entire sy/em be me*anically secur$ 9 position4 ,9 case ( s]vice connections & ma9 wires1 ?is involves runn+ ea* conduit cont9u\sly into a ma9 cut out cab9et or gutt] surr\nd+ ! panel bo>d z ! case may be4 ,conduits mu/ fir/ be in/all$ )\t ! conductors1 & be equipp$ at e outlet ) an approv$ outlet box or plate4 ,outlet plates mu/ n be us$ :]e x is practicable to in/all outlet bores4 ,! outlet box or plate mu/ be s in/all$ t x w be flu% ) ! f9i%$ surface1 & if ?is surface be brok51 x %all be repair$ s t x w n %[ any gaps or op5 spaces ar\nd ! edge ( ! outlet box or plate4 ,9 build+s already con/ruct$ :]e ! conditions are su* t nei!r outlet box nor plate c be in/all$1 ^! appliances may be omitt$ by special p]mission1 provid+ ! conduit ends are bu%$ & secur$4 ,x is sugge/$ t outlet boxes & fitt+s hav+ conductive coat+s be us$ 9 ord] to secure bett] electrical contact at all po9ts ?r\gh\t ! conduit sy/em4 ,metal conduits :]e !y ent] junction boxes1 & at all o!r outlets1 etc41 mu/ be provid$ ) approv$ bu%+s or fa/5+ plates1 fitt$ s z to protect wire f abrasion1 except :5 su* protection is obta9$ by ! use ( approv$ nipples1 prop]ly fitt$ 9 boxes or devices4 ,conduits mu/ h ! metal ( ! conduit p]man5tly & effectually gr\nd$4 ,conduits & gas pipes mu/ be securely fa/5$ 9 metal outlet boxes s z to secure good electrical connections4 ,if conduit1 c\pl+s1 outlet boxes or fitt+s hav+ protective coat+ ( insulat+ mat]ial1 su* z enamel1 be us$1 su* coat+ mu/ be ?or\ghly remov$ f ?reads ( bo? c\pl+s & conduit & f surfaces ( boxes & fitt+s :]e ! conduit is secur$ 9 ord] to obta9 requisite good connection4 ,:]e boxes us$ = c5t]s ( di/ribution d n af=d good electrical connection1 ! conduits mu/ be jo9$ ar\nd !m by suitable bond wires4 ,:]e sections ( metal conduit are in/all$ )\t be+ fa/5$ to ! metal /ructure ( build+s or gr\nd$ metal pip+1 !y mu/ be bond$ toge!r & jo9$ to a p]man5t & effici5t gr\nd connection4 ,junction boxes mu/ always be in/all$ 9 su* a mann] z to be accessible4 ,all elb[s or b5ds mu/ be s made t ! conduit or l9+ ( same w n be injur$4 ,! radius ( ! curve ( ! inn] edge ( any elb[ mu/ n be less ?an ?ree & "o-half in*es4 ,mu/ h n m ?an ! equival5t ( f\r qu>t] b5ds f outlet to outlet1 ! b5ds at ! outlets n be+ c\nt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hhi4--;,conduit box %[+ arrangem5t = comb9ation side outlet ) op5 cov]4 ,outlet or junction boxes are ( two g5]al types3 #a1 ^? :i* are made = a p>ticul> position & h a giv5 numb] ( outlets1 & #b1 ^? :i* h a v>iable numb] ( outlets :i* are plugg$ ) metal discs 9 su* a mann] t ! latt] c be knock$ out by a slight bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,! illu/ration %[s a univ]sal plugg$ /eel conduit box1 :i* c be us$ z a /raight electric1 or comb9ation gas & electric1 ceil+ or side wall outlet1 or = flu% rot>y or pu% button swit*es1 or = flu% receptacles4 ,:5 rigid conduits are us$1 !y are screw$ to ! outlets by means ( lock nuts & wa%]s4 ,9 ! case ( flexible conduits1 ! ent]+ ends ( ! conduits are provid$ ) clamp bu%+s :i* are secur$ to ! outlet by means ( lock nuts4 ,all outlet boxes are fitt$ ) cov]s ( v>i\s designs1 :i* p]mit _! use = v>i\s types ( con/ruction su* z ceil+ & wall "w 9 la? or pla/]1 firepro(+ ceil+ "w1 etc41 :ile _m designs ( outlet plates & receptacle plates may be obta9$ f ! supply h\ses to satisfy ! requirem5t ( any special case4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! disadvantages ( ! unl9$ conduit8 ,ans4 ,! ,und]writ]s require ! use ( d\ble braid$ conductors in/ead ( s+le braid$ :i* are all[$ = l9$ conduits4 ,ques4 ,:]e may unl9$ conduits be us$8 ,ans4 ,9 build+s :]e ! conduit is n liable to corrosive action4 ,flexible ,conduit ,wir+4--,flexible conduits are us$ to advantage 9 _m cases :]e rigid conduits w\ld n be desirable4 ,x is especially adapt$ to complet$ build+s :]e x is desir$ to in/all ! wir+ by fi%+ )\t greatly di/urb+ ! walls1 floors1 or ceil+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hij & #hia4--;,gre5field flexible /eel conduit2 fig4 #hij s+le /rip type2 fig4 #hia d\ble /rip type4 ,! =m] 7fig4 #hij7 is =m$ ) a s+le /rip ( galvaniz$ /eel1 int]lock$ & gasket$ 9 su* a mann] z to be suitable = concrete con/ruction4 ,! d\ble /rip type 7fig4 #hia7 is con/ruct$ ( a concave & convex /eel /rip1 spirally w\nd ^u ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] z to int]lock _! concave surfaces4 ,?us ! convex surfaces ( ! two /rips =m respectively ! out] & inn] surfaces ( ! conduit4 ,?is con/ruction insures a smoo? int]ior surface1 ?us r$uc+ ! possibility ( friction 9 ! draw+ 9 ( conductors4 ,a gasket is provid$ betwe5 ! inn] & out] /rips r5d]+ ! conduit moi/ure pro(4 ,?is =m ( flexible conduit is especially adapt$ to use :]e ! wir+ is in/all$ aft] completion ( build+1 because x is v flexible4 ,ques4 ,h[ is a flexible conduit in/all$ by fi%+8 ,ans4 ,x is fi%$ "u floors1 9 p>titions betwe5 ! floor & ceil+1 by mak+ pockets 9 ! floors1 walls or ceil+s1 say e #ae or #bj feet1 & fi%+ ?r\gh fir/ a /iff metal wire call$ a snake1 & !n atta*+ ! conduit to same & pull+ ! conduit 9 place f pocket to pocket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hib4--;,insulat+ jo9t4 ,?is fitt+ is us$ 9 fixture "w4 ,! "p ,a screws on to ! gas pipe & ,b to ! fixture4 ,! p>ts are sep>at$ by insulat+ mat]ial ,e1 & ! outside ( ! jo9t is cov]$ ) m\ld$ insulation ,d4 ,9 connect+ fixtures to ! wir+1 all wires %\ld be kept away f ! gas pipe above ! jo9t1 b !y may be bun*$ 9 bel[ ! insulat+ jo9t aft] ! wires h be5 splic$1 sold]$1 & tap$4 ,x is important to protect ! gas pipe at ?is po9t4 ,insulat+ jo9ts %\ld be te/$ be=e be+ us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hic4--;,canopy insulator4 ,?is fitt+ %\ld be in/all$ :]ev] !re are metal ceil+s aga9/ :i* ! canopies ( fixtures might come4 ,! canopy is ! brass cup %ap$ piece us$ at ! top ( fixtures to cov] ! jo9t1 & is simply an insulat+ r+ plac$ betwe5 ! canopy & ! ceil+4 ,x is 9 contact ) ! fixture2 h5ce1 x is important t x be insulat$ f metal ceil+s1 or else all ! b5efits d]iv$ f an insulat+ jo9t w be lo/4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! conduit fi%$ on v]tical runs8 ,ans4 ,a *a9 or weight$ /r+ is us$ :i* is dropp$ f ! outlet to ! floor & its l[] end locat$ by s\nd ( ! *a9 end or weight /rik+ ! floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hid4--,section ( floor+ illu/rat+ use ( fi%+ hook4 ,9 fi%+ wires1 pun* a hole ?r\gh ! pla/]+ at ! requir$ position1 be+ c>eful t !re is no /udd+ at t place4 ,use a brad awl & cut ! hole l>ge en\gh to p]mit runn+ ( ! wires4 ,) a %ort l5g? ( small brass spr+ wire1 pu% ?r\gh ! op5+ a few in*es ( numb] #ai d\ble jack *a9 su* z is us$ = g5]al fi%+ purposes1 fir/ hav+ connect$ ! end ( ! *a9 ) a piece ( heavy l95 ?read4 ,run out ! ?read betwe5 ! la?s & ! outside wall until ! *a9 t\*es ! floor b5ea?2 move ! ?read & locate ! *a9 by ! s\nd2 bore a hole ?r\gh ! basebo>d or floor1 z ! case may be1 t[>d ! *a94 ,use a two or ?ree foot ,g]man twi/ gimlet4 ,) a small brass spr+ wire b5t at ! end 9 ! %ape ( a hook1 fi% = ! *a9 & draw x out4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! ?read atta* ! wire & draw x ?r\gh ) ! ?read4 ,pass+ "u ! floor bore a second hole ?r\gh ! floor z ne> ! o!r z possible4 ,run into ?is a piece ( snake or fi%+ wire ) a hook at ! end1 until x comes to an ob/ruction4 ,locate ! ob/ruction by s\nd4 ,9 runn+ wires "u ! floor+ fir/ c>efully exam9e all p>ts & f9d ! direction 9 :i* ! beams & timb]s run1 & run ! wires p>allel ) ^!4 ,aft] locat+ ! end ( ! fi%+ wire see if ! ob/ruction be a timb]2 if s1 f9d ! c5t] & bore f ! middle diagonally ?r\gh x 9 ! direction ( ! fi%+ wire4 ,drop ! jack *a9 & ?read ?r\gh ! hole2 fi% = x & draw x ?r\gh hole numb] #b2 atta* ! insulat$ wire & draw x back4 ,/>t+ hole numb] #c1 bore hole numb] #d diagonally ?r\gh ! timb] 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! wire is to be run1 mak+ holes #c & #d =m an inv]t$ ,v ?r\gh ! timb]4 ,run ! fi%+ wire ?r\gh hole numb] #d until x meets an ob/ruction4 ,if at ! end ( ! room1 bore ?r\gh ! floor1 drop ! *a91 fi% x out1 atta* wire & draw x home4 ,putty up holes aft] hav+ f9i%$ ! "w1 9 case ( h>d f9i%1 plug !m up ) wood4 ,9 lightly built h\ses x is (t5 f\nd easi] to take (f ! m\ld+ above ! basebo>d & run ! wire "u x4 ,9 su* cases c>e %\ld be tak5 to break (f ! old nails1 z any attempt to drive !m out w\ld cause a bad break4 ,9 closets & ar\nd *imneys x is usually f\nd easy to "w4 ,a m\se or lead weight atta*$ to a /r+ may (t5 be dropp$ f ! attic to ! cell> ceil+ ?r\gh ! space outside ! *imney4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 flexible conduit & flexible tub+8 ,ans4 ,flexible conduits are made ( metal :ile flexible tub+ is non-metallic4 ,ques4 ,describe a flexible conduit4 ,ans4 ,x is a cont9u\s flexible /eel tube compos$ ( convex & concave metal /rips1 w\nd spirally ^u ea* o!r 9 su* a way z to int]lock _! concave surfaces4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ?is =m ( flexible conduit8 ,ans4 ,x possesses consid]able /r5g? & c be obta9$ 9 long l5g?s 7#ej to #bjj feet72 elb[ fitt+s are n requir$ z ! conduit may be b5t to almo/ any radius4 ,! fissures ( ! conduit provide "s v5tilation2 ?is is an advantage 9 "s places & a disadvantage 9 o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hie to #hig4--;,gre5field flexible /eel conduit & fi% plug1 %[+ me?od ( ins]tion4 ,fi% plugs are made = in*1 in*1 & in* conduit & are useful 9 draw+ 9 ! conduit 9 f9i%$ build+s :]e x is desir$ to fi% x "u doors or 9 p>titions4 ,aft] ! conduit has be5 cut (f squ>e 9 ! special vise1 ! fi% plug may be screw$ into ! tube & ! fi% wire or draw+-9 l9e %\ld !n be atta*$ to ! eyelet on ! end ( ! plug4 ,ques4 ,9 :at places are flexible conduits n desirable8 ,ans4 ,9 damp places4 ,ques4 ,:y8 ,ans4 ,because ( ! fissures4 ,practical ,po9ts ,relat+ to ,inside ,conduit ,wir+4--,! foll[+ in/ructions apply to ! in/allation ( wir+ 9 bo? rigid & flexible conduit3 #a4 ,all conduits %\ld be made cont9u\s f "o junction or outlet box to ano!r1 or to ! v>i\s fixtures4 ,a conduit in/allation is made a complete sy/em by ! use ( outlets1 outlet boxes1 swit* or junction boxes1 & panel boxes ) doors & locks1 :i* s]ve to ?or\ghly protect ! circuit at all po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hih to #ija4--,pull boxes & _! use 9 conduit "w4 ,a pull box is a conv5i5t device us$ = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! disadvantages ( hav+ too _m b5ds 9 "o cont9u\s l9e ( conduit2 too _m b5ds w give tr\ble :5 ! conductors are drawn 94 ,pull boxes are also useful 9 places :]e ! arrangem5t ( ! conduit is su* t tr\ble w\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 b5d+ x to a fit1 & also 9 ! case ( conduits :i* are fir/ run on a side wall & !n h to be c>ri$ across ! ceil+ at "r angles to ! wall4 ,fig4 #hih %[s an example ( objectionable b5ds1 & fig4 #hii1 ! me?od ( ov]com+ ! difficulty by ! use ( a pull box4 ,x is evid5t t x w\ld be impossible to make "s ( ^! b5ds s z to p]mit ! draw+ 9 ( ! conductors4 ,?is difficulty is ov]come1 z %[n1 by plac+ a pull box on ! wall1 ) its top close to ! ceil+4 ,a bo>d ,b1 hav+ ! prop] size holes = ! conduits is fa/5$ to ! front ( ! box & close to ! ceil+4 ,aft] ! conductors h be5 drawn into ! conduits along ! wall z f> z ! pull box1 !y c be readily pull$ away f ! box ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! bo>d into ! correspond+ conduit on ! ceil+4 ,fig4 #ija1 %[s ! use ( a pull box 9 a case :]e x is necess>y to run conduit ?r\gh p>titions at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,pull boxes c be design$ to suit any condition liable to occur 9 practice1 & :5 prop]ly us$ w always save mu* "t & labor4 ,locknuts %\ld be plac$ on ! ends ( all conduits1 bo? inside & outside ! pull box 9 ord] to prev5t _! be+ displac$ :5 draw+ 9 ! conductors4 ,aft] all ! conductors h be5 drawn into ! conduit1 all ! outlets %\ld be plugg$ up ) wood or fibre plugs made 9 p>ts to fit ar\nd ! wires & cables1 & ! outlets giv5 a coat+ ( "s comp\nd :i* w r5d] ! :ole sy/em air tight & moi/ure pro(4 ,a f9al te/ %\ld !n be made to asc]ta9 t !re are no gr\nds on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! wir+1 & t ! insulation comes up to ! requirem5ts ( ! und]writ]s4 ,! metal ( all conduits1 & ! %ea?+ ( /eel arm\r$ cables %\ld be effectually & p]man5tly gr\nd$4 #b4 ,9 ! in/allation ( int]ior conduit wir+1 ! tubes are usually put 9 place z soon z ! p>titions ( ! build+s h be5 con/ruct$4 ,9 non-firepro( build+s1 ! tubes are usually support$ f ! und]side ( ! floor beams1 b 9 firepro( build+s !y are plac$ on top ( ! floor beams & "u ! floor z 9 fig4 #ijb4 #c4 ,:5 conduit is us$ 9 damp places1 lead encas$ wires %\ld be us$1 & ! wires drawn 9 v c>efully s z to prev5t any injury to ! cas+s4 #d4 ,= wir+ in/allations 9 build+s con/ruct$ entirely ( re9=c$ concrete1 ! prelim9>y "w %\ld be laid out dur+ ! progress ( ! build+ op]ations s z to avoid1 z mu* z possible1 ! necessity ( drill+ holes 9 ! f9i%$ concrete "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ijb4--,me?od ( in/all+ conduits 9 fire pro( build+s4 ,! in/allation ( ! conduit includes ! plac+ ( all outlet boxes1 & :5 ?is has be5 complet$1 ! la?+ or pla/]+ "w is execut$1 & aft] t is f9i%$1 ! wire is pull$ into ! tubes1 & ! receptacles1 swit*es1 etc41 put 9 position4 ,! "w ( pull+ 9 ! wires may be greatly facilitat$ by ! use ( pull boxes z %[n 9 figs4 #hii & #ija4 #e4 ,= conceal$ wir+1 ! location ( all ! outlets %\ld be m>k$ by %eet iron tubes l>ge en\gh to hold ! conduits4 ,^! tubes %\ld be prop]ly plugg$1 & set 9 ! false "w be=e ! concrete is p\r$ 94 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ?read$ pieces ( conduit ( ! prop] size1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! false "w = ris]s4 #f4 ,= expos$ wir+ on concrete walls & ceil+s1 suitable ca/ iron supports %\ld be set 9 ! m\lds at regul> int]vals4 ,:5 lib]ally us$1 ^! supports w also s]ve z good supports = o!r pipes4 #g4 ,:]e a conduit l9e t]m9ates on ! outside ( a build+ "s suitable fitt+ su* z a pipe cap %\ld be us$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ijc1 to prev5t ! entrance ( moi/ure into ! conduit sy/em4 ,a v>iety ( devices suitable = ?is purpose are available at supply h\ses2 b ^? hav+ porcela9 cov]s :i* spread ! wires ! prop] di/ance ap>t are ! mo/ satisfactory4 #h4 ,:]e x is desirable or necess>y to cont9ue op5 wir+ f conduits1 or :]e ! "* ( ! wir+ makes x necess>y to br+ ! wires ov] f ! conduit1 z 9 an arc lamp1 neat & safe "w c be done by use ( a suitable =m ( condulet z %[n 9 fig4 #ijd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ijc4--,s]vice entrance to int]ior conduit sy/em2 %[+ me?od ( prev5t+ moi/ure rea*+ ! int]ior ( ! conduit sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ijd4--,outlet to arc lamp f conduit by use ( condulet4 ,! wires are br\ght out f ! conduit sy/em at a di/ance ( #b in*es ap>t4 ,conduits are made 9 a great v>iety ( design ) int]*angeable porcela9 cov]s :i* r5d] !m adaptable to almo/ all cases requir+ ! in/allation ( outlet boxes4 #i4 ,:]e a conduit l9e t]m9ates 9 a swit* or panel box1 ! l9+ or cas+ ( ! panels %\ld be ( iron1 & ! conduit firmly secur$ to x s z to make good electrical contact4 ,v]tical l9es ( conduit %\ld be fa/5$ to ! wall or o!r supports 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! weight ( ! conduit com+ on ! panel box1 & ea* l5g? ( conduit in/all$ %\ld be fa/5$ s z to be> only its own weight4 ,! be/ me?od ( fa/5+ conduit to brick walls is by ! use ( expansion bolts & screws4 ,9 ! case ( fire brick ceil+s or o!r pla/]$ walls1 toggle bolts %\ld be us$4 ,:5 conduits are run on wood5 or iron beams1 v>i\s k9ds ( pipe hang] may be employ$4 #aj4 ,!re are num]\s devices on ! m>ket = b5d+ conduit = ! mak+ ( elb[s1 (fsets1 etc41 b ! majority possess ! disadvantage t ! conduit mu/ be tak5 to !m to be b5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! small] sizes1 ?is difficulty is avoid$ by ! use ( "s =m ( conduit b5d] su* z %[n 9 figs4 #iaj & #iaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ije to #iji4--,sprague multilet cov]s4 ,fig4 #ije1 six wire porcela9 cov]2 #ijf1 ,p ,s4 rec4 cov]2 #ijg1 cov] = five amp]e snap swit*2 #ijh1 ,g4 ,e4 & ,p4 ,s4 rec4 cov]2 #iji1 cov] = t5 amp]e snap swit*4 #aa4 ,9 all cases1 ! int]ior diamet] ( ! conduit in/all$ %\ld be amply suffici5t to p]mit ( ! wires be+ drawn 9 easily1 ?us provid+ a sub/antial raceway = ! conductors4 ,! practice ( pull+ wires ?r\gh conduit by means ( a block & tackle is v objectionable4 ,x is evid5t t if ! wires be pull$ 9 by ! application ( mu* =ce ! insulation is v liable to become damag$2 fur!rmore1 mu* difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 pull+ !m out aga91 especially 9 w>m places :]e ! heat t5ds to s(t5 ! l9+ ( ! conduit1 & also ! rubb] cov]+ ( ! wire4 ,p[d]$ soap/one put 9 ! pipe :ile ! wires are be+ drawn 9 w less5 ! friction & p]mit ! wire to g 9 m readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iaj4--,ord9>y =m ( hickey or conduit b5d]4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( "o in* /eam pipe ab\t ?ree feet long ) a "o-in* ca/ iron tee screw$ onto "o end ( ! pipe4 ,?is device is us$ z foll[s3 ! conduit to be b5t is plac$ on ! floor & ! tee slipp$ ov] x4 ,! workman !n places "o foot on ! conduit close to ! tee1 & pulls ! h&le ( ! b5d] t[>ds him4 ,z ! b5d+ progresses1 ! workman %\ld take c>e to cont9ually move ! b5d] away f himself1 to prev5t ! buckl+ ( ! conduit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iaa4--;,comm]cial =m ( hickey or conduit b5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iab & #iac4--,me?ods ( b5d+ l>ge conduits4 ,a sub/antial support is necess>y :i* may consi/1 z 9 fig4 #iab1 ( two pieces ( #b #d /udd+ ,a & ,b securely fa/5$ to an upright4 ,! conduit is plac$ "u ! block ,a & ov] ! block ,b1 & !n b5t by a d[nw>d pressure ex]t$ at ,c1 ! conduit 9 ! meantime be+ gradually advanc$ 9 ! direction ,d to give a curve ( ! requir$ radius4 ,! me?od %[n 9 fig4 #iac1 may be us$ :]ev] a r+ ,a c be atta*$ to a beam or gird] by means ( clamps or o!rwise to s]ve z a support4 ,9 ?is case ! conduit is slipp$ ?r\gh ! r+ & plac$ on ! top ( block+ ,b4 ,! b5d+ is accompli%$ by means ( a block & tackle rigg$ to an ov]head beam z %[n4 ,:]e r+ supports _c be arrang$1 ! application ( frame b5d+ me?ods give ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,arm\r$ ,cable ,wir+4--,:]e a conduit sy/em _c be conv5i5tly in/all$1 arm\r$ cable is us$4 ,arm\r$ cable is made by w9d+ /eel /rips ov] ! insulat$ conductors1 ! latt] be+ p]man5tly reta9$ inside ! /eel cas+4 ,arm\r$ cable is manufactur$ 9 long l5g?s1 ! actual l5g?s be+ det]m9$ by conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iad & #iae4--;,gre5field flexible /eel arm\r$ conductors4 ,! arm\r is compos$ ( convex & concave galvaniz$ metal /rips1 w\nd spirally ^u ea* o!r & ov] ! insulat$ conductors4 ,a gasket is plac$ betwe5 ! inn] & out] metal /rips1 ?us fur!r r5d]+ ! conductor moi/ure pro(4 ,,fig4 #iaf4--;,gre5field flexible /eel arm\r$ lead cov]$ conductors = use 9 wet places1 su* z brew]ies1 pack+ h\ses1 cold /orage build+s1 coal break]s & ! l1 & = und]gr\nd con/ruction1 9 :i* classes ( "w ^! mat]ials are be+ ext5sively & satisfactorily us$4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! features ( arm\r$ cable8 ,ans4 ,x is flexible & ! conductors are well protect$ f me*anical injury4 ,:ile ?is =m ( wir+ has n ! advantage ( ! conduit sy/em--namely1 t ! wires c be )drawn & new wires ins]t$ )\t di/urb+ ! build+ 9 any way :atev]--yet x has _m ( ! advantages ( ! flexible /eel conduit1 & x has "s additional advantages ( its own4 ,= example1 9 a build+ already erect$1 ?is cable c be fi%$ betwe5 ! floors & 9 ! p>tition walls1 :]e x w\ld be impossible to in/all ei!r rigid conduit or flexible /eel conduit )\t di/urb+ ! floors or walls to an ext5t t w\ld be objectionable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iag to #ibj4--;,gre5field flexible conduit tools4 ,special tools are necess>y = in/all+ ?is type ( conduit4 ,fig4 #iag1 univ]sal ream]2 fig4 #iah1 bu%+ tool2 fig4 #iai1 cable arm\r cutt]2 fig4 #ibj1 vice = hold+ conduit4 ,to remove cable arm\rs1 clamp ! conductor firmly 9 ! arm\r cutt] & ) a pair ( cutt+ pli]s back ! arm\r (f1 "o /rip at a "t1 to ! po9t ( contact ) ! cutt+ edge ( ! tool4 ,! vise = hold+ conduit takes all sizes4 ,! conduit c be cut ) an ord9>y hacksaw4 ,to protect ! insulation aga9/ any possible injury :ile ! wire is be+ drawn 91 a s(t metal bu%+ %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! end ( ! tube & secur$ p]man5tly !reto by means ( ! bu%+ tool4 ,! bu%+ provid$ = ?is purpose has an outside ?read1 :i* p]mits its be+ screw$ into ! end ( ! tube & !n exp&$ by ! use ( ! tool4 ,! tool %\ld always be us$ aft] ! bu%+ has be5 screw$ into ! pipe1 !n ! bu%+ tool %\ld be ins]t$4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld arm\r$ cable be in/all$8 ,ans4 ,x %\ld be cont9u\s f outlet to outlet1 )\t be+ splic$ & in/all$ on ! loop sy/em4 ,outlet boxes %\ld be in/all$ at all outlets1 al?\gh1 :]e ?is is impossible1 outlet plates may be us$ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,clamps %\ld be provid$ at all outlets1 swit* boxes1 junction boxes1 etc41 to hold ! cable 9 place1 & also to s]ve z a means ( gr\nd+ ! /eel %ea?+4 ,ques4 ,is arm\r$ cable wir+ exp5sive8 ,ans4 ,x is less exp5sive ?an ! rigid conduit or ! flexible /eel conduit1 b m exp5sive ?an cleat wir+ or knob & tube wir+1 & is /rongly recomm5d$ 9 pref]5ce to ! latt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,outside ,,wir+ ,9 ! equipm5t ( light+ & p[] plants1 ! co/ ( ! outside wir+ repres5ts a consid]able proportion ( ! total inve/m5t1 sometimes co/+ m ?an ! eng9es1 boil]s & dynamos4 ,a ?or\gh k ( outside wir+ is !re=e necess>y to prop]ly proportion & in/all ! wires s t ! sy/em w prove economical & safe4 ,mat]ials = ,outside ,conductors4--,copp] wire is n[ consid]$ to be ! mo/ suitable mat]ial n only = ! transmission ( curr5t = electric light & p[] purposes1 b also = telegraph & telephone l9es1 9 place ( ! iron wire =m]ly employ$4 ,h>d drawn copp] wire is us$ 9 outside con/ruction1 because its t5sile /r5g? ranges f #fj1jjj to #gj1jjj p\nds or ab\t twice t ( s(t copp]4 ,?is is desirable to )/& ! /resses to :i* ! wire is subject$ :i*1 9 ! case ( long spans1 are consid]able4 ,! table on ! next page gives ! t5sile /r5g?1 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( cross section1 h>d drawn copp] wire ( v>i\s sizes ,b4 ,s4 gauge4 ,! metal alum9um possesses c]ta9 advantages z a mat]ial = ov]head wires4 ,its conductivity is ab\t 4#f t ( copp]4 ,! specific gravity ( alum9um is ab\t #b4g1 :ile t ( copp] is #h4hi1 s t a giv5 volume ( copp] w weigh #c4c times m ?an an equal volume ( alum9um1 & copp] wire ( giv5 l5g? & resi/ance w\ld be ab\t twice z heavy z an alum9um wire ( equal l5g? & resi/ance4 ,!re are sev]al disadvantages1 su* z1 l[ t5sile /r5g?1 high electro-positive quality ( ! metal1 high] electro/atic capacity1 etc4 ,,t5sile ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,copp] ,,wire ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,size ( wire ,t5sile ,size ( wire ,t5sile ,b4 ,s4 gauge /r5g?1 lbs4 ,b4 ,s4 gauge /r5g?1 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- #jjjj #iiga #i #fag #jjj #gijg #aj #dhi #jj #fbga #aa #chh #j #digc #ab #cjg #a #cidc #ac #bdd #b #cabg #ad #aic #c #bdhj #ae #aec #d #aifg #af #acc #e #aeei #ag #ig #f #abcg #ah #gg #g #ihj #ai #fa #h #ggh #bj #dh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,pole ,l9es4--,9 ! majority ( cases ov]head conductors are support$ by wood5 poles4 ,9 tropical c\ntries1 h[ev]1 su* z ,india1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 etc41 :]e wood is rapidly de/roy$ by ! ravages ( :ite ants & o!r insects1 iron poles are almo/ exclusively us$ = telegraph1 telephone1 & o!r electric transmission l9es4 ,! =m ( iron pole g5]ally adopt$ consi/s ( tap]+ %ells ( %eet iron ( conv5i5t l5g?1 rivet$ toge!r at _! ends & set into ca/ iron base plates :i* are buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iba to #ibi4--,pole con/ruction tools4 ,fig4 #iba1 long h&l$ digg+ %ovel2 fig4 #ibb1 digg+ b>2 fig4 #ibc1 cr[ & digg+ b>2 fig4 #ibd1 tamp+ & digg+ b>2 fig4 #ibe1 wood h&le tamp+ b>2 fig4 #ibf1 slick digg+ tool2 fig4 #ibg1 po/ hole augur2 fig4 #ibh1 c>ry+ hook2 fig4 #ibi1 tamp+ pick4 ,wood5 ,poles4--,on acc\nt ( _! size & /raightness1 v>i\s species ( nor!rn p9e1 c$> & cypress are especially suitable = l>ge poles4 ,*e/nut1 :i* c be readily saw$ & hew$ is a v good mat]ial = small] poles4 ,saw$ r$wood is ext5sively us$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,pres]vation ( ,wood5 ,poles4--,! pres]vation ( wood5 poles employ$ 9 l9e "w is a matt] ( importance4 ,decay ( ! pole at or ne> ! soil l9e is caus$ prim>ily by v>i\s =ms ( bact]ia or fungi1 & 9 "s cases by insects4 ,bact]ia & fungi attack ei!r dead or liv+ timb]4 ,9 ! case ( dead timb]1 su* z t ( poles1 !y attack ! walls ( ! cells & cause ! famili> rot or decay :i* ev5tually de/roys ! usefulness ( ! pole4 ,x is well kn[n t ! rapid multiplication or action ( ! bact]ia & ! gr[? ( ! fungi are induc$ by a c]ta9 p] c5t4 ( moi/ure & ! heat ( ! sun1 t is1 ! portion ( ! pole at or ne> ! soil l9e is alt]nately moi/5$ & dri$4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to protect x aga9/ ?is action1 x is necess>y to /]ilize ! pole by ! application ( an antiseptic :i* w p5etrate ! pores ( ! wood4 ,pres]vation ,processes4--,!re are sev]al processes :i* may be successfully employ$ = ! pres]vation ( poles or o!r expos$ timb]4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! are ! creosot+1 burnettiz+1 kyaniz+1 c>boliz+1 & vulcaniz+ processes4 ,9 ,engl&1 creosot$ poles %[$ no sign ( decay at ! end ( #ce ye>s ( s]vice4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y h an av]age life ( #bb ye>s4 ,9 ,europe impregnation ) copp] sulphate has be5 ext5sively us$1 b ?is impregnation mu/ take place )9 a few days aft] cutt+ d[n ! tree4 ,uni=mly good results h be5 obta9$ by impregnation ) corrosive sublimate1 involv+ simply imm]sion 9 ! liquid f t5 to f\rte5 days4 ,g]man au?orities /ate t ! av]age life ( su* poles is ab\t #ag ye>s1 comp>$ ) #ad ye>s = natural or untreat$ poles4 ,! application ( pit* & t> (t5times results 9 m h>m ?an good4 ,x is au?oritatively /at$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,europe wood5 poles are effectively protect$ by pa9t+ !m ) t> up to ab\t #b feet above1 & d[n to ab\t #a feet bel[ ! soil l9e4 ,! pa9t$ p>ts ( ! pole are !n cov]$ ) a clo? :i* aft] be+ nail$ to ! pole1 is also pa9t$ ) t>4 ,f9ally a z9c plat$ %eet ( iron pa9t$ on bo? sides ) t>1 is plac$ ar\nd ! clo? & tight5$ to ! pole4 ,! sav+ due to ! use ( /]iliz$ poles is #dj p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( un/]iliz$ poles4 ,! comp>ison is made on ! foll[+ basis3 ,co/ ( pole1 #e ea*2 /]iliz+1 #a4be2 r5ewal ( /]iliz$ pole 9 #bd ye>s1 un/]iliz$ pole1 9 #ab ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #icj to #icb4--,pole l9e con/ruction tools4 ,fig4 #icj1 split wood5 h&le po/ hole aug]2 fig4 #ica1 cant hook2 fig4 #icb4 socket peavey4 ,me?ods ( ,sett+ ,wood5 ,poles 9 ,unsuitable ,soil4--,9 places :]e salt is pl5tiful & *eap1 su* z ! ,great ,salt ,lake region 9 ,utah1 x has be5 f\nd t ! lib]al use ( salt mix$ ) ! dirt fill+ tamp$ 9 ar\nd ! foot ( ! pole is v effectual 9 prev5t+ decay bel[ ! soil l9e4 ,:]e poles h to be plant$ 9 l[1 swampy gr\nd1 or :]e ! climatic conditions are su* t timb] decays rapidly1 x has be5 f\nd advantage\s to place ! poles 9 concrete sett+s4 ,?is me?od is ext5sively employ$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 squ>e poles be+ plac$ 9 sett+s ab\t #g feet deep & #c feet squ>e4 ,9 v s(t gr\nd ! employm5t ( a concrete sett+ is sometimes impracticable4 ,9 su* cases piles are driv5 deep into ! soil1 & ! pole bolt$ to ! "p ( ! pile ext5d+ above ! gr\nd4 ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,poles4--,! /ronge/ po9t 9 favor ( concrete poles is _! durability4 ,untreat$ wood5 telephone & telegraph poles h to be replac$ by new poles ab\t e six or sev5 ye>s1 dep5d+ on ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ! soil1 ! dri] ! soil1 ! long] be+ ! life ( ! pole4 ,concrete poles are n affect$ by soil conditions1 & if prop]ly made w la/ indef9itely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #icc to #ice4--;,glass insulator & insulator p9 & bracket4 ,! insulator "h %[n is ( ! pony d\ble petticoat type4 ,insulator p9s are us$ ) cross arms1 brackets are atta*$ direct to ! pole4 ,"o =m ( re9=c$ concrete pole consi/s ( a skeleton frame "w ( f\r corrugat$ iron rods cov]$ ) ord9>y concrete4 ,! pole is octagonal 9 %ape1 #cj feet long1 & provid$ ) mortises = cross arms1 ! latt] be+ fa/5$ 9 place by means ( iron bolts4 ,x is /at$ t !y are less exp5sive ?an p9e poles1 & t ea* pole c be manufactur$ at ! po9t on ! l9e at :i* x is to be in/all$ or plant$4 ,9 ,canada1 re9=c$ concrete poles are made squ>e on acc\nt ( ! ease ( mak+1 & also on acc\nt ( ! /eel economy p]mitt$ !reby4 ,all poles are made at ! po9t ( erection4 ,!y are m\ld$ 9 wood5 =ms1 9 a horizontal position1 ! top side be+ left op5 & f9i%$ ) a tr[el4 ,! concrete is compos$ ( "o "p ( ,portl& cem5t1 two p>ts clean %>p s&1 & f\r p>ts brok5 /one4 ,a #ce foot pole = ord9>y l9e "w weighs ab\t #b tons & a #ej foot pole ab\t #e tons4 ,cross ,arms4--,! famili> cross arms = /r++ wires are usually atta*$ to ! poles be=e !y are erect$4 ,!y are commonly made f yell[ p9e wood1 g5]ally #c x #d in*es1 & are freely coat$ ) good m9]al pa9t z a pres]vative4 ,atta*m5t is made to ! pole by cutt+ a ga9 "o in* deep & ( suffici5t bread? to all[ ! longe/ side ( ! cross arm to fit accurately4 ,x is !n secur$ 9 place by a lag screw1 ) a squ>e head1 s t x may be driv5 into place ) a wr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #icf4--;,cross arm :i* c>ries ! insulator p9s4 ,! /&>d cross arm is #c x #d in*es1 d\ble pa9t$1 & bor$ = #a in* p9s & two in* bolt holes4 ,telephone arms are #b x #c in*1 bor$ = #a in* p9s & two in* bolts4 ,! cross arm is fur!r secur$ to ! pole ) braces4 ,^! are flat /rips ( wr\ght iron or l[ c>bon /eel1 #cj in*es long1 in* ?ick & #a in*es wide1 accord+ to /&>d specifications4 ,holes are bor$ at po9ts "o in* f ei!r end1 "o = atta*+ to ! pole1 ! o!r = atta*+ to ! cross arm2 two braces =m+ a triangle ) ! cross arm = ! base & ) ! apex at ! po9t ( connection to ! pole4 ,l all o!r iron "w us$ on pole l9es1 ! braces are c>efully galvaniz$1 s z to /& ?ree imm]sions ( "o m9ute ea* 9 a saturat$ solution ( copp] sulphate )\t %[+ copp] deposits1 ! color be+ black at ! completion ( ! te/4 ,be=e ! cross arm is set 9 place ! ga9 is c>efully pa9t$ ) :ite lead4 ,z x is important t cross arms on a l9e ( poles1 p>ticul>ly :5 !re are sev]al on ea* pole1 %\ld be at equal di/ances f ! gr\nd z well z be+ uni=mly spac$1 x is necess>y t "s measur+ in/rum5t %\ld be us$ to accompli% ?is4 ,su* an in/rum5t is ! ord9>y template1 :i* is a l5g? ( bo>d c>ry+ a po9t$ block at "o end1 to correspond exactly ) ! top ( ! pole1 & also cross cleats nail$ at precisely ! same int]vals bel[ x z x is propos$ atta*+ ! cross arms4 ,! template1 laid ^u a pole1 %[s :]e to cut ! ga9s4 ,9 plant+ ! poles x is cu/om>y to s arrange !m t ! cross arms on alt]nate poles %all face 9 opposite directions1 = ! purpose ( equaliz+ ! /ra9 on ! l9e4 ,on curves1 h[ev]1 all cross arms are plac$ on ! side ( ! pole fac+ ! middle ( ! curve4 ,ques4 ,:at provision is made = atta*m5t ( ! wires8 ,ans4 ,! cross arms are bor$ ) holes = ! ins]tion ( ! insulator p9s1 :i* are made ( locu/ wood & ?read$ at ! upp] end to receive ! glass insulator4 ,! cross arm is made ( su* a l5g? z to accommodate ! numb] ( p9s to be ins]t$4 ,an arm = two p9s is made ?ree feet long1 accord+ to ! /&>d usually foll[$1 ) holes = ! p9s at c5t] po9ts ?ree in*es f ei!r end & a space ( #bh in*es betwe5 !m 9 ! c5t]4 ,ques4 ,h[ mu/ electric light & p[] wires be plac$ :5 wir$ on telephone or telegraph poles8 ,ans4 ,!y mu/ n be put on ! same cross arm ) ! telegraph1 telephone1 or simil> wires1 & :5 plac$ on ! same pole ) su* wires ! di/ance betwe5 ! two inside p9s ( ea* cross arm mu/ n be less ?an tw5ty-six in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #icg4--,portable plat=m ) rigg+ z us$ by l9em5 9 wir+ & mak+ repairs4 ,poles = ,light & ,p[] ,wires4--,9 select+ ! /yle ( pole necess>y = a c]ta9 class ( "w1 ! conditions & circum/ances %\ld be consid]$4 ,poles may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 ! size ( wire to be c>ri$ be+ "o ( ! important consid]ations4 ,fir/ ,class4--,ma9 l9e ( poles %\ld range 9 l5g? ( f #cj to #ce feet ) #f in* tops4 ,! height ( trees1 ( c\rse w h to be consid]$ 9 _m cases4 ,second ,class4--,t[n light+ by arc lights4 ,all poles %\ld h at lea/ #f in* tops4 ,! corn] poles %\ld h #f in* tops1 & :]ev] ! cross arms are plac$ on a pole at diff]5t angles1 ! pole %\ld h at lea/ a #f in* top4 ,a #cj foot pole is suffici5tly long = ! ma9 l9e1 b x w\ld be advisable to place #ce foot poles on corn]s4 ,?ird ,class4--,:]e heavy wire1 su* z ,no4 #jj1 is us$ = fe$] wire1 ! poles %\ld h at lea/ #g in* tops4 ,:]e ma9s are run on ! same pole l9e ! /ra9 is some:at less5$1 & poles ( small] size w answ]4 ,cull ,poles4--,all poles t are small] at ! top ?an ! sizes agre$ ^u1 are tr\bl$ ) dry rot1 l>ge knots & bumps1 h m ?an "o b5d1 or h a sweep ( ov] twelve in*es1 %\ld c]ta9ly be class$ z cull poles4 ,specifications = electric light & p[] "w %\ld be1 & 9 _m cases are1 mu* m sev]e ?an ^? requir$ by telegraph l9es4 ,a cull pole1 "o ( good mat]ial1 is ! be/ ?+ = a guy /ub1 & is frequ5tly us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a c$> pole is always pref]able to any o!r1 ow+ to ! fact t x is v light 9 comp>ison to o!r timb]1 & is /rong1 durable1 & v long liv$4 ,pole ,sett+4--,9 erect+ poles1 x seems to be ! univ]sal op9ion ( ! be/ po/$ con/ruction m5 t a pole %\ld be set at lea/ five feet 9 ! gr\nd1 & six in*es additional = e five feet additional l5g? above ?irty-five feet2 also additional dep?s on corn]s4 ,:]ev] !re is mu* moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd1 x is ( mu* value to pa9t or sme> ! butt ends ( ! pole ) pit* or t>1 all[+ ?is to ext5d ab\t two feet above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is protects ! pole f rot at ! base4 ,! weake/ "p ( ! pole is j :]e x ent]s ! gr\nd4 ,nev] set poles fur!r ?an #abe feet ap>t2 #aaj feet is good practice4 ,pa9t+4--,:5 poles are to be pa9t$1 a d>k olive gre5 color %\ld be *os51 9 ord] t !y may be z inconspicu\s z possible4 ,"o coat ( pa9t %\ld be appli$ be=e pole is set1 & "o aft] pole is set4 ,tops %\ld be po9t$ to %$ wat]4 ,spac+ ! ,poles4--,9 g5]al1 ! spac+ ( poles1 l _! dim5sions1 is regulat$ by ! weight ( ! l9es !y are design$ to c>ry--! heavi] ! l9es ! great] ! numb] ( poles4 ,! spac+ ( poles also dep5ds on _! liability to injury f /orms & w9d 9 any giv5 locality1 & ! nature ( ! s]vice4 ,poles = a telephone l9e may be spac$ tw5ty to fifty to ! mile--t is1 f ab\t #bfj to #ajj feet ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ich to #ida4--,pole l9e con/ruction tools4 ,fig4 #ich1 pike pole2 fig4 #ici1 rais+ =k2 fig4 #idj1 mule pole support2 fig4 #ida1 j5ny pole support4 ,erect+ ! ,poles4--,s9ce ea* pole on a prop]ly con/ruct$ l9e is saw$ to ! "r l5g? & c>efully %ap$ be=e x is f9ally ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd1 x is necess>y t ! holes be dug to z ne>ly ! requir$ dep? z possible4 ,holes = poles are dug v little wid] ?an _! diamet] at ! butt1 & ! dep? is usually comput$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil & ! weight ( ! propos$ l9e4 ,excavation1 :ile sometimes accompli%$ ) pat5t po/ hole aug]s1 or ev5 dynamite1 is usually done ) a long h&l$ digg+ %ovel1 & ! e>? remov$ ) a spoon %ovel1 su* z is %[n 9 fig4 #iba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #idb4--;,guy an*or log 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #idc4--,/ombaugh guy an*or4 ,x is made ( ca/ iron & c be screw$ into ! gr\nd l an aug]4 ,:]ev] requir$ by ! nature ( ! soil1 a gr\t+ or f\ndation ( loose /ones is =m$ 9 ! bottom ( ! hole1 &1 9 m>%y or spr+y gr\nd1 a base ( concrete & cem5t is laid1 ) fill+ ( ! same mat]ial ar\nd ! pole1 :5 rais$4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! poles transport$ to ! holes8 ,ans4 ,!y are roll$ or c>ri$ on hooks simil> to ^? us$ = c>ry+ blocks ( ice1 except = a long h&le = lift+ ! load at ei!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #idd4--,me?od ( rais+ a pole4 ,:5 ! pole has be5 prop]ly plac$1 x is seiz$ by sev]al l9em54 ,z soon z ! top ( ! pole is rais$ high en\gh to p]mit ! pikes to be ?ru/ into ! pole1 x is !n rais$ to a v]tical position4 ,at ab\t #ej ! butt end slides into ! hole4 ,! e>? is !n fill$ 9 ar\nd ! pole & firmly tamp$ d[n4 ,eight or t5 poles are ab\t z _m z c be set by ! av]age gang 9 a day4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! poles rais$ & plac$ 9 ! holes8 ,ans4 ,a piece ( timb] is ins]t$ 9 ! hole z a slide to prev5t crumbl+ ( ! e>? z ! pole is slid into place4 ,! end is rais$ by h& suffici5tly to all[ ! dead man1 or pole hoi/1 to be plac$ b5ea?1 & ?is is mov$ along regul>ly z ! pole is lift$ ) pike poles1 until x slides into place ?r\gh ! =ce ( gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ide4--,me?od ( pull+ an an*or into place be=e ! guy wire is fa/5$ to ! top ( ! pole1 ?us obviat+ ! liability ( pull+ ! pole out ( plumb4 ,?is accompli%$1 ! pole is held 9 a p]p5dicul> position by pikes 9 ! h&s ( assi/ants1 or plant$ 9 ! gr\nd ar\nd x1 :ile ! e>? is c>efully %ovel$ into ! hole & ?or\ghly pack$ d[n ) a tamp]4 ,guys = ,poles4--,:]e poles are subject to sev]e /ra9s :i* might ?r[ !m d[n & break ! wires1 guy cables are l>gely employ$1 ^! be+ atta*$ ne> ! top & secur$ ei!r to ! base ( ! next pole1 to a suitable guy /ub or po/1 or to a guy an*or1 :i* is buri$ ab\t eight feet 9 ! e>? & held d[n by /ones & concrete4 ,ques4 ,"u :at conditions is x necess>y to guy poles8 ,ans4 ,!y are guy$ at corn]s 9 ord] to ?or\ghly secure ! poles s t no /ra9 may come on ! corn]wise span4 ,x is also necess>y to guy a l9e :]e x is to be deflect$ f a /raight pa?1 z :5 r\nd+ a hill1 wat] c\rse or railway curve1 9 ord] to neutralize ! pull ( ! wires1 t5d+ to incl9e ! poles t[>d ! c5t] on :i* ! arc is describ$2 also :5 desc5d+ a hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #idf to #idh4--,me?ods ( guy+ corn] poles4 ,! prop] guy+ ( corn] & t]m9al poles is especially important2 on corn]s & curves1 ! guys %\ld be /rong] & m frequ5t & %\ld be plac$ on ! out] side z %[n 9 ! diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #idi4--;,head & foot guy+ ( a pole l9e 9 desc5d+ a hill4 ,guy ,/ubs & ,an*or ,logs4--,9 guy+ a l9e "u su* conditions1 ea* pole is connect$ by a suitable cable to a guy po/ or /ub1 or to an an*or log4 ,/&>d rules specify /ubs betwe5 #ah & #be feet1 ) exact limits z to circumf]5ce measures at ! top & at a po9t #f feet f ! butt1 accord+ to ! k9d ( wood us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iej to #ieb4--,l9eman's tools4 ,figs4 #iej & #iea1 ,ea/]n pole climb]s1 ) & )\t /rap = atta*+ to legs2 fig4 #ieb1 portable vise ) /rap = pull+ up ! slack 9 splic+4 ,?us1 guy /ubs ( c$> or junip]1 ei!r #ah or #be feet 9 l5g?1 mu/ h a circumf]5ce ( #bb in*es at ! top & ( #cb in*es #f feet f ! butt2 /ubs ( *e/nut mu/ measure #bd in*es 9 ! fir/1 & #cd 9 ! second1 :ile ^? ( cypress require #bh 9 ! fir/1 & 9 ! second1 #ci in*es = an #ah foot l5g?1 & at lea/ #da = a #be foot l5g?4 ,9 plant+ guy /ubs ! same rules are foll[$ z hold = poles1 e means be+ adopt$ to promote security ( con/ruction except t ! /ub is rak$ or tilt$ aga9/ ! /ra9 on ! guy cable4 ,wir+ ! ,l9e4--,! erection & guy+ ( ! poles ( a l9e z well z ! atta*m5t ( ! cross arms & ! screw+ on ( ! insulators are complet$ be=e ! /r++ ( ! l9e is begun4 ,x is p>ticul>ly ess5tial t ! pull on poles ( a giv5 l9e be accurately calculat$1 & t ea* "o be guy$ accord+ly be=e ! l9e is /rung1 9 ord] to avoid ! dang] ( an undue /ra9 ^u ! wires 9 attempt+ to rectify ! condition aft]w>d4 ,x is a good work+ rule t ! wires %\ld be subject$ to no /ress o!r ?an ! weights ( _! own spans aft] !y h be5 atta*$ to ! poles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iec & #ied4--,pay out reels4 ,fig4 #iec1 type us$ = telephone or telegraph "w2 fig4 #ied1 type us$ = electric light "w4 ,ques4 ,describe h[ ! wires are /rung4 ,ans4 ,9 /r++ ! l9es1 ei!r "o or ! full numb] ( wires may be put up at ! same "t4 ,:5 "o l9e only is to be /rung1 ! op]ation consi/s simply 9 reel+ ! wire & runn+ x (f f a h& reel1 su* z is %[n 9 fig4 #iec or #ied4 ,at ea* pole ! wire is drawn up to its place1 pull$ out to ! desir$ t5sion1 & atta*$ to ! insulator4 ,9 ! op]ation ( /r++ a numb] ( l9es at once1 ! me?od is diff]5t4 ,! reels are plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( a section1 ea* wire be+ ins]t$ & secur$ ?r\gh a sep>ate hole 9 a bo>d1 :i* is p]=at$ to correspond ) ! spac+ ( ! insulators on ! cross arms4 ,a rope is !n atta*$ to ?is runn+ bo>d1 :i* is drawn by a team ( horses ?r\gh ! /ret* to be wir$1 be+ lift$ ov] ea* pole top 9 turn4 ,:5 a c]ta9 l5g? has ?us be5 drawn out ! wires are drawn to ! requir$ t5sion betwe5 ea* pair ( poles & secur$ to ! insulators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iee4--,"o =m ( come along4 ,! wire is ins]t$ betwe5 jaws & is held fa/ :5 t5sion is appli$ to ! r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ief4--;,an improv$ =m ( come along or wire /ret*]4 ,! jaws :i* grip ! wire are smoo? & rema9 p>allel 9 clos+1 ?us ! wire is n scrat*$ or ind5t$1 z ) circul> jaws hav+ tee?4 ,ques4 ,h[ mu* t5sion mu/ be put ^u ! wires8 ,ans4 ,9 apply+ t5sion to ! wires z !y are /rung on ! poles1 x is ! rule to all[ "s sag4 ,! am\nt ( sag to be all[$ v>ies ) diff]5t l9e hang]s4 ,a typical case quot$ by "o or two au?orities gives a sag ( f\r in*es at ! c5t] ( ea* #acj foot span = a giv5 size ( wire1 at a giv5 temp]ature4 ,a m g5]al rule is to make ! t5sion on a wire z x is drawn up betwe5 ea* pair ( poles equal to "o-?ird ( its break+ weight4 ,?us ,no4 #aj ,b4 ,s4 gauge1 w\ld be drawn to ab\t #afc p\nds1 & ,no4 #ab to ab\t #ajb p\nds4 ,! temp]ature at ! "t ( /r++ & ! di/ance betwe5 ! poles are1 h[ev]1 important consid]ations 9 apply+ t5sion & all[+ = sag4 ,?us1 "o con/ruction company specifies a dip ( #aj in*es 9 summ] & #h in*es 9 w9t] = spans ( #acj feet1 or #dj poles to ! mile4 ,sev]al au?orities specify figures ab\t z giv5 9 ! above table = ,no4 #ad iron or copp] wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ieg4--,wireman's come along ) hook & tackle4 ,,sag ,,table ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,temp]ature ,fahr4 ,span ---------------------------------------- ----------- 9 #cj #fj #hj ,feet ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,sag 9 ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ge #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ajj #c #d #e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #acj #e #g #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aej #f #i #aa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ques4 ,h[ is ! wire drawn out8 ,ans4 ,9 draw+ out ! wire1 x is cu/om>y to use a wire clamp1 or come along4 ,?is tool is atta*$ to a block & tackle1 or drawn 9 by h&1 &1 z soon z ! prop] =ce has be5 appli$1 ! wire is held1 :ile ! l9eman secures x to ! insulator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ieh4--,l9eman's block & fall ) come alongs = /ret*+ wire & hold+ same :5 mak+ splices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iei & #ifj4--;,approv$ me?od ( atta*+ wire to an insulator2 elevation & plan ( insulator & tie4 ,! l9e wire is fir/ laid 9 ! groove ( ! insulator1 aft] :i* a %ort piece ( ! same size ( wire is pass$ entirely ar\nd to hold x 9 place1 !n x is twi/$ to ! l9e at ei!r side ) pli]s4 ,ano!r contrivance = ?is purpose is ! pole rat*et1 by :i* ! wire is drawn tight & held until atta*$ to ! pole4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! wires atta*$ to ! insulators8 ,ans4 ,an approv$ me?od is %[n 9 figs4 #iei & #ifj4 ,/&>d rules specify t all wires %all be ti$ to ! side ( ! insulators t[>d ! pole1 except on ! insulators next to ! pole1 :]e !y are to be atta*$ on ! opposite side4 ,on curves1 h[ev]1 x is requir$ t all wires %all be arrang$ s t ! /ra9 %all be aga9/ ! insulator & n on ! wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ifa4--;,am]ican wire jo9t4 ,?is is a simple me?od ( connect+ ! ends ( ! sections ( wire by tightly twi/+ ! ends ar\nd ea* o!r = a few turns2 x is ! /&>d ,we/]n ,union wire jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ifb & #ifc4--,mc,intire sleeve & sleeve jo9t4 ,an approv$ me?od ( mak+ ! jo9ts ( telephone l9es is by ! use ( "s =m ( sleeve1 su* z is %[n 9 fig4 #ifb4 ,?is consi/s ( two copp] tubes ( ! requir$ l5g?1 & ( suffici5t inside diamet]1 to admit ! ends ( ! wires to be jo9$1 fitt+ tightly4 ,! tubes are !n gripp$ ) a tool1 %[n 9 fig4 #ifd1 & twi/$ ar\nd "o ano!r1 s t ! wires are securely jo9$ & lock$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ifc4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! wires splic$8 ,ans4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( splic+ wires4 ,fig4 #ifa %[s ! ,am]ican wire jo9t1 & fig4 #ifc ! ,mc,intire sleeve jo9t4 ,9 mak+ a jo9t1 ! two ends are gripp$ by come alongs & drawn up to ! prop] t5sion ) tackle z %[n 9 fig4 #ieh4 ,! jo9t is !n made z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,transpositions4--,9 "s classes ( circuit1 z = in/ance telephone l9es1 ! curr5t is (t5 s]i\sly affect$ by electro/atic induction f o!r l9es1 & also f p[] circuits1 ow+ to ! fact t ! surfaces ( ! wires =m1 z x 71 s _m *>g+ plates ( an electrical cond5s]1 ) ! int]v5+ air z ! insulat+ lay] or dielectric4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ifd4--,mc,intyre's twi/+ clamp = wires #jj to #af ,b4 ,s4 gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ife--,me?od ( mak+ a transposition4 ,?is is usually done by means ( transposition insulators1 :i* are ei!r d\ble insulators1 "o be+ screw$ to ! p9 above ! o!r1 or else su* caps z are %[n 9 fig4 #ifg4 ,su* insulators are int5d$ to act z circuit break]s1 ! p>ticul> wire to be transpos$ be+ cut & dead end$1 or ti$ ar\nd1 on bo? ! upp] & l[] grooves ( ! cap4 ,! free end ( ea* l5g? is !n pass$ back & ar\nd ! insulator & twi/$1 or sleeve jo9t$ to ! o!r limb ( its own circuit4 ,! telephonic curr5t *anges ! pressure ( its own *>g+ surface z frequ5tly z x alt]nates1 & ?is fact 9 itself is amply suffici5t to acc\nt = a va/ weak5+ ( ! curr5t be=e x rea*es its de/9ation4 ,! only practicable me?od ( ov]com+ ?is annoyance 9 pole l9es is by ! arrangem5t kn[n z transposition1 :i* is1 briefly1 ! practice ( regul>ly %ift+ ! relative position ( ! two limbs ( ea* circuit z reg>ds o!r wires 9 ! same pole sy/em1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ife4 ,= %ort l9es & pole sy/ems ) only a few wires x is n necess>y to transpose v frequ5tly4 ,on long] l9es x has be5 f\nd amply suffici5t to transpose once e qu>t] mile2 t is to say to *ange ! relative position ( ! wires ( ! diff]5t circuits at po/s situat$ ab\t t di/ance ap>t4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ea* pair ( wires is transpos$ s (t51 b t on ord9>y siz$ sy/ems1 ! transposition ( "s "o circuit is amply suffici5t to secure balanc$ relations & effectually c\nt]act ! effects ( cross induction4 ,x is a matt] :i* mu/ be c>efully calculat$ & plann$ 9 ea* p>ticul> in/ance 9 ord] to secure ! be/ advantages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iff4--,telegraph & telephone l9e glass insulator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ifg4--,type ( insulator us$ 9 mak+ a transposition4 ,insulators4--,glass & porcela9 are employ$ almo/ univ]sally = support+ ov]head wires4 ,insulators made ( ^! mat]ials are sup]ior to ^? made ( o!r mat]ial su* z h>d rubb]1 or v>i\s comp\nds ( vegetable or m9]al matt]1 ) ! exception p]haps ( mica insulators us$ on ! fe$]s ( electric railway l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ifh4--,tree insulator4 ,?is type ( insulator is especially useful 9 connection ) tempor>y or repair "w1 or :]e ! wires pass ?r\gh trees hav+ num]\s bran*es4 ,! illu/ration %[s a ,cutl] tree insulator la%$ to ! trunk ( a tree4 ,x is made ( a s+le piece ( glass1 & is provid$ ) a slot :i* ! wire _c leave accid5tally4 ,! back ( ! device is concave & provid$ ) ribs :i* prev5t slid+4 ,x c be readily slipp$ ov] wires already 9 place1 is available = electric light circuit1 & w take wires up to in*1 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ifi & #igj4--,ov]head cable con/ruction4 ,9 "s cases1 p>ticul>ly on %ort l9es expos$ to inductive di/urbances f p[] & o!r electrical circuits1 x is usual to /r+ ! cables on poles su* z usually c>ry ! b>e conduct+ wires4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to insulate ! cable 9 any way2 consequ5tly x is m]ely hung to a support+ wire rope or cable1 call$ ! mess5g] wire1 be+ atta*$ ei!r ) "s =m ( hang]1 su* z is %[n 9 figs4 #ifi & #igj1 or by loops ( t>r$ m>l9e4 ,! m>l9e is sometimes w\nd ov] ! cable & mess5g] wire f a bobb91 b frequ5tly x is m]ely w\nd on by h&4 ,cables us$ 9 su* ov]head con/ruction consi/ ( bundles ( wires1 ! pairs twi/$ toge!r4 ,! size mo/ (t5 us$ is ,no4 #ai1 ,b4 ,s41 :i* is ab\t 4#jcehi in* 9 diamet]1 weighs #bj4g p\nds1 & has a specific resi/ance ( ab\t #h ohms to ! mile4 ,glass insulators are g5]ally us$ on l[ t5sion l9es1 & porcela9 insulators on high t5sion l9es1 ! latt] type be+ usually /rong] & less brittle4 ,porcela9 is m exp5sive ?an glass1 & its opacity prev5ts ! detection ( int]nal defects :i* w\ld be readily obs]v$ ?r\gh glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iga4--;,cl>k's antihum2 a device design$ to prev5t ! humm+ ( telegraph wires4 ,ques4 ,:at is a petticoat insulator8 ,ans4 ,an insulator :i* has "o1 two or ?ree deep flanges or petticoats ar\nd ! base = ! purpose ( increas+ ! leakage pa? f ! l9e to ! p94 ,bo? glass & porcela9 insulators may be ! d\ble or triple petticoat type :i* may be ca/ or m\ld$ solid1 or made 9 two or m p>ts :i* are subsequ5tly cem5t$ toge!r4 ,s]vice ,connections & ,loops4--,:5ev] x is necess>y to tap an ov]head conductor = s]vice connection1 ! me?od ( connection w dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! circuit4 ,9 ! case ( a p>allel circuit1 an extra insulator mu/ be plac$ on ! cross arm s z to prev5t ! s]vice ma9 putt+ a side /ra9 on ! ma9 l9e conductor4 ,9 ! case ( a s]ies circuit ! ma9 l9e conductor is usually dead end$ at ! ne>e/ pole & a loop tak5 to ! po9t ( s]vice1 z %[n 9 fig4 #igb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #igb4--,me?od ( mak+ a s]ies loop s]vice connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #igc4--,p>allel s]vice connection4 ,s]vice wires tapp$ to ! ma9 wires1 are run to insulators on an auxili>y cross arm1 !nce to insulators on ! side ( ! build+1 & ?r\gh ! dra9 tube to ! s]vice swit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #igd4--;,jo9t pole cross+1 %[+ wires ( two l9es cross+ ea* o!r4 ,f\r gu>d wires 7%[n heavi] ?an ! o!rs7 ext5d = "o span ei!r side ( ! jo9t pole p>allel to ! wires ( ! l[] circuits & protect !m f contact 9 case ( a break 9 ! wires ( ! upp] circuits4 ,^! gu>d wires are insulat$4 ,! m9imum di/ance betwe5 high & l[ t5sion wires %\ld be ?ree feet4 ,five is bett]4 ,! end gu>ds1 :i* prev5t wires slipp+ (f ends ( cross arms & dropp+ on ! l[] wires1 %\ld ext5d ab\t six in*es above ! level ( transmission l9e4 ,ques4 ,:at are s]vice wires8 ,ans4 ,wires :i* ent] a build+4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,und]gr\nd ,,wir+ ,9 l>ge cities1 ! be/ me?od ( runn+ wires = all v>ieties ( electrical p[] transmission is to place !m und]gr\nd4 ,_m city au?orities h made ?is me?od ( wir+ compulsory by law1 because ( ! difficulty 9 approa*+ a burn+ build+1 ! dang] f cross$ & fall+ wires1 & ! disfigurem5t ( ! /reets :]e !re is a network ( ov]head wires4 ,! exp5se ( in/all+ an und]gr\nd sy/em is v great 9 comp>ison ) t ( ov]head con/ruction1 b ! co/ ( ma9t5ance is mu* less & ! liability ( int]ruption ( s]vice greatly r$uc$4 ,und]gr\nd ,sy/ems4--,an und]gr\nd sy/em ( electrical conductors is compos$ ( ?ree ess5tial elem5ts3 #a4 ,! conductor itself1 :i* is almo/ inv>iably ( copp]2 #b4 ,! insulation1 :i* is ei!r 9 ! =m ( a complete cov]+ ( insulat+ mat]ial1 or simply insulat$ support+ po9ts2 #c4 ,! tube or conduit1 :i* con/itutes ! me*anical protection aga9/ ! effects ( ! sev]e %ocks1 wea!r conditions1 etc41 to :i* ! sy/em is naturally expos$4 ,! v>i\s und]gr\nd sy/ems may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,lead encas$ cables laid directly 9 ! gr\nd2 #b4 ,solid or built 9 sy/ems2 #c4 ,draw+ 9 sy/ems4 ,ques4 ,:at may be said ( ! fir/ m5tion$ con/ruction8 ,ans4 ,:]e cables are laid directly 9 ! gr\nd1 ! metallic cov]+1 consi/+ usually ( a lead tube1 :i* is plac$ ov] ! insulation is dep5d$ ^u = me*anical protection4 ,su* cables are l>gely us$ = %ort private l9es & ! fir/ co/ is less ?an t ( ! o!rs1 b 9 case ( repairs x has to be dug up4 ,ques4 ,describe ! draw+ 9 sy/em4 ,ans4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ! cables are drawn 9 aft] ! conduits are built4 ,! conduit ( ! draw+ 9 sy/em may consi/ ( v>i\s =ms ( pipe or tr\ghs ( iron1 e>!nw>e1 concrete1 wood or fibre1 :ile ^? ( ! solid or built 9 sy/ems are compos$ ( ei!r iron tubes or concrete tr5*es4 ,conduits4--,! pr9cipal qualifications ( a good conduit are fre$om f dis9tegration by ! action ( fire1 wat]1 acids1 alkalies1 or electrolysis2 second1 a smoo? int]ior surface s z to p]mit ( ! easy draw+ 9 ( ! cables2 & ?ird1 a design :i* w p]mit ( its economical in/allation 9 cr[d$ /reets4 ,!re are num]\s k9ds ( conduit ( :i* may be m5tion$3 #a4 ,vitrifi$ clay pipe conduits2 #b4 ,vitrifi$ clay or e>!nw>e tr\gh conduits2 #c4 ,concrete duct conduits2 #d4 ,wood5 duct conduits2 #e4 ,wood5 built 9 conduits2 #f4 ,wr\ght iron or /eel pipe conduits2 #g4 ,ca/ iron pipe & tr\gh conduits2 #h4 ,fibre conduits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ige4--;,a few =ms ( vitrifi$ clay pipe conduits2 view %[+ s+le & multiplex types4 ,! dim5sions ( ea* duct are ab\t #c #c4 ,! l5g?s v>y f two to ?ree feet4 ,vitrifi$ ,clay ,pipe ,conduit4--,v>i\s =ms ( vitrifi$ clay conduit appe> to possess ! qualifications1 desirable 9 und]gr\nd con/ruction1 to a high] degree ?an any o!r type4 ,!y are made 9 bo? s+le & multiple duct1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ige1 ! s+le type be+ ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]1 or #c in*es squ>e1 & #ah in*es long4 ,multiple conduit is made 9 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 six & m sections1 rang+ f #b to #c feet 9 l5g?4 ,ques4 ,= :at conditions is ! s+le conduit especially adapt$8 ,ans4 ,x is mo/ suitable = use :]e ! sub-surface conditions are *>act]iz$ by a great cr[d+ ( gas1 wat]1 & o!r pipes1 z ! conduits c be divid$ into sev]al lay]s s z to cross ov] or "u su* pipes1 & _m o!r sub-surface ob/ructions :i* are pres5t 9 ! /reets ( l>ge cities & t[ns4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! features ( ! multiple duct conduit8 ,ans4 ,x c be laid some:at *eap] ?an ! s+le duct type1 especially 9 l9es ( ab\t two to f\r ducts2 x is1 !re=e1 mo/ suitable = use 9 outly+ communities :]e ! /reets are comp>atively free f _m sub-surface ob/ructions4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! conduit laid8 ,ans4 ,9 lay+ conduit1 a tr5* is dug1 usually suffici5tly wide to all[ ! plac+ ( ?ree in*es ( concrete on ea* side ( ! ducts1 & suffici5tly deep to hold at lea/ ?irty in*es ( concrete on top ( ! upp] lay] ( concrete =m+ ! conduit1 & to all[ = ?ree in*es ( concrete 9 ! bottom4 ,! tr5* is grad$ f "s po9t ne> ! middle ( ! block to ! manhole at ea* int]section1 or f "o manhole to ! next manhole1 at a gradi5t n less ?an #b in*es to #ajj feet4 ,ques4 ,h[ are s+le duct conduits laid8 ,ans4 ,! tiles ( ! sev]al ducts are plac$ close toge!r1 & ! jo9ts pla/]$ & fill$ ) cem5t mort> consi/+ ( "o "p ( ,portl& cem5t to "o "p ( s&4 ,:5 ! conduit is be+ laid1 a wood5 m&rel ab\t f\r or five feet long1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & c>ry+ a lea!r or rubb] wa%] f ?ree to eight in*es l>g] at "o end is drawn ?r\gh ea* duct s z to draw out any p>ticles ( =eign matt] or cem5t :i* may h become lodg$ 9 ! jo9ts1 & also to insure good alignm5t ( ! tiles1 z %[n 9 fig4 #igg4 ,s+le duct conduits are usually laid by bricklay]s4 ,?is fact acc\nts = ! some:at great] co/ ( ! s+le ov] ! multiple conduit :i* is usually laid by ord9>y labor]s4 ,"o good brick-lay] & help]1 h[ev]1 w lay f #bjj to #cjj feet ( s+le duct conduit p] h\r4 ,practically ! same /&>d ( con/ruction is ma9ta9$ on all conduit l9es f two ducts up to tw5ty-five ducts1 z _m ( ! small] l9es may ext5d = miles into ! outly+ di/ricts1 & conta9 transmission l9es ( ! maximum work+ voltage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #igf4--,vitrifi$ clay or e>!nw>e tr\gh conduit2 ?is type ( conduit consi/s ( tr\ghs ei!r simple or ) p>titions1 ! latt] type be+ %[n 9 ! figure4 ,vitrifi$ ,clay or ,e>!nw>e ,tr\gh ,conduit4--,x consi/s ( tr\ghs ei!r simple or ) p>titions z %[n 9 fig4 #igf4 ,!y are usually made 9 tiles #c or #d in*es squ>e = ea* comp>tm5t1 ) wall ab\t "o in* ?ick4 ,! l5g? ( ! tiles ranges f two to f\r feet4 ,ea* ( ! two foot =m duct tr\ghs weighs ab\t #he p\nds4 ,:5 laid complete1 ! top tr\gh is cov]$ ) a %eet ( mild /eel1 ab\t ,no4 #bb gauge1 made to fit ov] ! sides s z to hold x 9 position1 & !n cov]$ ov] ) concrete4 ,jo9ts 9 ,multiple-duct ,vitrifi$ ,clay ,conduit4--,9 lay+ multiple duct e>!nw>e conduit1 ! ducts or sections are c5t]$ by means ( d[el p9s ins]t$ 9 ! holes at ea* jo9t1 :i* is !n wrapp$ ) a six in* /rip ( asphalt$ burlap1 or damp *eese clo?1 & coat$ ) cem5t mort> z %[n 9 fig4 #igh4 ,economy ( space & labor con/itutes ! pr9cipal advantages d]iv$ f ! use ( multiple duct conduit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #igg4--,me?od ( lay+ s+le duct vitrifi$ clay conduit4 ,! tiles ( ! sev]al ducts are plac$ close toge!r z %[n 9 ! figure1 & ! jo9ts pla/]$ & fill$ ) cem5t mort> consi/+ ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t & "o "p s&4 ,concrete ,duct ,conduits4--,^! are usually con/ruct$ by plac+ collapsible m&rels ( wood or metal 9 a tr5* :]e ! ducts are desir$ & !n fill+ ! tr5* ) concrete4 ,aft] ! concrete has solidifi$1 ! m&rels are tak5 out 9 pieces1 leav+ cont9u\s longitud9al holes :i* s]ve z ducts4 ,"s build]s produce a simil> result by plac+ tubes ( %eet iron or z9c 9 ! concrete z x is be+ fill$ into ! tr5*4 ,^! tubes h j en\gh /r5g? to )/& ! pressure to :i* !y are subject$1 & are1 !re=e1 v ?9 & liable to be quickly de/roy$ by corrosion1 b ! ducts =m$ by !m w always rema9 unimpair$ 9 ! h>d5$ mass ( concrete4 ,wood5 ,duct ,conduits4--,9 ?is type ( conduit1 ! ducts are =m$ ( wood5 pipe1 tr\gh+1 or boxes1 & con/itute ! simple/ & *eape/ =m ( conduit4 ,a pipe conduit consi/s ( pieces ( wood ab\t #d in*es squ>e1 & ?ree to six feet long1 ) a r\nd hole ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet] bor$ ?r\gh !m longitud9ally4 ,z %[n by fig4 #igi a cyl9drical projection is turn$ on "o end ( ea* section1 :i*1 :5 ! conduit is laid fits into a correspond+ recess 9 "o end ( ! next section4 ,! sections are usually laid 9 ti]s1 ^? ( "o ti] break+ jo9t ) ^? ( ! ti]s above or bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #igh4--,me?od ( lay+ multiple duct vitrifi$ clay conduit4 ,! sections are c5t]$ by ! d[el p9s %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! tr\gh conduit consi/s ( ducts ab\t #c in*es squ>e made ( horizontal bo>ds & v]tical p>titions1 usually ( yell[ p9e ab\t "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is =m ( conduit c be laid 9 conv5i5t l5g?s ( #aj or #ab feet1 or x c be built along cont9u\sly4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! objection to ! use ( wood = conduits8 ,ans4 ,! decay ( ! wood t5ds to =m acid :i* corrodes ! lead %ea? ( ! cable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #igi4--,wood5 pipe type ( conduit4 ,x consi/s ( pieces ( wood ab\t #d in*es squ>e1 & ?ree to six feet long1 ) a wide hole ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 bor$ ?r\gh !m longitud9ally4 ,ques4 ,h[ c ?is be prev5t$8 ,ans4 ,! decay ( ! wood c be prev5t$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! application ( /]iliz+ processes1 !reby pres]v+ x 9 fairly good condition = ab\t t5 to fifte5 ye>s4 ,ques4 ,= :at s]vice is wood5 conduit be/ adapt$8 ,ans4 ,= tempor>y in/allations :i* w be discont9u$ be=e ! wood decays4 ,wood5 ,built-9 ,conduits4--,)9 rec5t ye>s sev]al =ms ( wood5 built-9 conduit h be5 design$ & successfully us$ = p]man5t "w4 ,!y possess sev]al advantages ov] any ( ! duct sy/ems1 ! *ief ( :i* are high insulat+ quality1 ! capability ( us+ b>e wire & rods = und]gr\nd conductors1 & r$uc$ co/4 ,an approv$ =m ( wood5 built-9 conduit is %[n 9 fig4 #ihj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihj4--,p]spective view ( wood5 built-9 conduit4 ,x consi/s ( an out] rectangul> cas+ ( wood :i* is l9$ inside ) impregnat$ felt4 ,ques4 ,h[ are wood5 built-9 conduits in/all$8 ,ans4 ,a wood5 tr\gh is laid 9 a tr5* ab\t #ah in*es deep4 ,porcela9 c>ri]s z %[n 9 figs4 #iha & #ihb are plac$ 9 ! tr\gh at int]vals ( #d to #e feet1 to act z bridgework = support+ ! conductors4 ,?is bridgework is plac$ on & is surr\nd$ by impregnat$ felt or simil> mat]ial1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! c>ri]s1 aft] ! conductors h be5 plac$ 9 position on !m1 is fill$ ) voltax1 :i* h>d5s rapidly & =ms a solid insulat+ mat]ial ?r\gh\t ! conduit4 ,wr\ght ,iron or ,/eel ,pipe ,conduits4--,^! are =m$ ( pipes simil> to gas or /eam pipes1 ) screw or o!r connections4 ,!y are laid ei!r simply 9 ! e>?1 or 9 hydraulic cem5t1 & are ! /ronge/ & "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory =ms ( und]gr\nd conduit4 ,an appropriate /&>d ( ?is k9d ( "w is %[n 9 fig4 #ihc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #iha & #ihb4--,porcela9 bridgework or c>ri]s = support+ und]gr\nd conductors4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! ord9>y me?od ( con/ruction8 ,ans4 ,a tr5*1 ! wid? ( :i* w dep5d ^u ! numb] ( pipes to be laid1 is fir/ dug 9 ! gr\nd1 & aft] its bottom has be5 c>efully level$1 is brac$ ) side plank+ & fill$ to ! dep? ( two to f\r in*es ) a lay] ( good concrete1 consi/+ ( two p>ts ( ,ros5dale cem5t1 ?ree p>ts ( s&1 & five p>ts ( brok5 /one capable ( pass+ ?r\gh a "o & "o-half in* me%4 ,?is concrete is well secur$ 9 place & =ms ! b$ = ! l[]mo/ lay] or ti] ( pipes4 ,ord9>y wr\ght iron pipe is employ$1 9 #bj foot l5g?s ab\t ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 dep5d+ ^u ! size & numb] ( cables !y are int5d$ to c>ry4 ,aft] ! la/ ti] ( pipes h be5 put 9 place1 & a lay] ( concrete f two to f\r in*es plac$ ov] x1 a lay] ( two in* yell[ p9e plank+ is laid ov] ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihc4--;,cross section ( wr\ght iron pipe conduit laid 9 hydraulic cem5t4 ,! pipe connections consi/ ( a tap] screw ?read c\pl+ :i* c be easily made up z ! pipes are laid1 & :i* =ms a tight jo9t4 ,! pipes 9 ea* ti] are usually laid f to ( _! diamet] ap>t1 & :5 ! fir/ ti] is 9 place1 ! spaces betwe5 & ar\nd ! pipes are fill$ 9 ) concrete :i* is c>ri$ up ov] ! pipes to a dep? ( ab\t "o-half a diamet] to =m ! b$ = ano!r ti] ( pipes4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal object ( ! top cov]+ ( planks4 ,ans4 ,to protect ! conduit aga9/ ! tools ( workm5 mak+ lat] excavations4 ,practical exp]i5ce %[s t workm5 w dig ?r\gh concrete )\t /opp+ to inve/igate z to ! "* ( ! ob/ruction1 b "u simil> circum/ances1 w inv>iably turn away f wood4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! pipes treat$ be=e be+ laid8 ,ans4 ,!y are dipp$ 9 t> to protect ! outside surface f ru/4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! mo/ satisfactory =m ( l9$ iron pipe8 ,ans4 ,pipe l9$ ) cem5t4 ,! int]nal surfaces ( ^! pipes are usually cov]$ ) a l9+ ( pure ,ros5dale cem5t ab\t in* ?ick & conta9+ no s&4 ,! int]nal surface ( ! cem5t l9+ does n (f] mu* friction to ! introduction or )drawal ( ! conductors4 ,^! pipes are laid 9 cem5t or concrete 9 ! same mann] z pla9 iron pipe1 & are giv5 a coat+ ( t> on ! outside to prev5t ru/+4 ,ca/ ,iron ,pipe & ,tr\gh ,conduit4--,ca/ iron pipe = und]gr\nd conduits is simil> to ord9>y wr\ght iron pipe1 except t x is ?ick]4 ,! additional ?ickness is necess>y to make ! /r5g? equal to t ( wr\ght iron2 x is !re=e heavi] to h&le & m exp5sive4 ,ques4 ,describe a ca/ iron tr\gh conduit4 ,ans4 ,x consi/s ( %all[ tr\ghs ( ca/ iron 9 six foot l5g?s1 laid directly 9 ! e>? s z to =m a sy/em ( cont9u\s tr\gh+ 9 :i* ! conductors are plac$ & !n cov]$ ov] by ca/ iron cov]s :i* are bolt$ to ! tr\gh4 ,ques4 ,:at advantages does ?is =m ( conduit possess ov] ! duct type8 ,ans4 ,fir/1 ! cables c be laid directly 9 place1 ?us elim9at+ any *ance ( injury dur+ ! process ( draw+ 91 & second1 ! cables are easily accessible at any po9t by simply remov+ "o or two ( ! sectional ca/ iron cov]s1 ?us p]mitt+ ( _! be+ readily inspect$ & repair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihd4--;,fibre conduit4 ,x consi/s ( pipes made ( wood pulp1 hav+ ab\t ! same ?ickness z ca/ iron pipe4 ,slip jo9t conduit = electrical subways is ?ree in*es inside diamet]4 ,! socket jo9ts keep ! l5g?s c5t]$ & make x easi] to lay ?an a m]e butt jo9t4 ,x is laid 9 cem5t l iron pipe4 ,bran* connections c be made ) great] facility ?an 9 ! case ( any duct sy/em1 s t x is especially suitable = di/ribution sy/ems 7 x n = ! fact t x is s exp5sive z to be practically prohibitive4 ,fibre ,conduits4--,?is =m ( conduit consi/s ( pipes made ( wood pulp impregnat$ ) a bitum9\s pres]vative & insulat+ comp\nd4 ,^! pipes are laid 9 concrete 9 a mann] simil> to iron pipe4 ,fibre conduits are made 9 sizes rang+ f #a in* to #d in*es 9 diamet] & f #b to #e feet 9 l5g?1 ) walls rang+ f to in* 9 ?ickness4 ,ques4 ,"n ! ?ree types ( fibre conduit4 ,ans4 ,! socket jo9t type1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ihd1 ! sleeve type1 fig4 #ihe1 & ! screw jo9t type1 fig4 #ihf4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! usual me?od ( lay+ ! socket jo9t type ( fibre conduit8 ,ans4 ,aft] ! tr5* has be5 dug to ! requir$ wid? & dep?1 dep5d+ ^u ! numb] or pipes to be plac$ 9 a ti] & ! numb] ( ti]s1 a b$ ( concrete ab\t #c in*es deep is plac$ on ! bottom & a l9e drawn on "o side = ! alignm5t ( ! fir/ l9e ( pipes4 ,! o!r l9es ( pipe or ducts are laid p>allel to ! fir/ l9e1 & are sep>at$ f x & f ea* o!r by means ( in* or in* wood5 or iron pegs4 ,! pipes are well gr\t$ & cov]$ ) a lay] ( concrete to ! dep? ( or in*1 & ! next ti] laid 9 place 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! f9al ti] ( pipes has be5 in/all$1 x is cov]$ ) a lay] ( concrete ab\t #b to #c in*es deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihe4--,sleeve jo9t type ( fibre4 ,bo? ! socket type 7fig4 #ihd71 & ! sleeve type "h %[n are easily align$ )\t ! use ( a m&rel4 ,ques4 ,:at is done :5 x is necess>y to cut a l5g? ( pipe to break jo9ts1 or to ent] a manhole8 ,ans4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! l5g? may be utiliz$ by us+ a fibre conduit sleeve hav+ an inside diamet] in* great] ?an ! pipe be+ us$ on ! sy/em4 ,^! sleeves are furni%$ by ! manufactur]s at a nom9al *>ge p] foot4 ,!y are ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g? & fit ov] ! ends ( ! abutt+ pipes1 s t !y make tight jo9ts & give p]fect alignm5t4 ,al?\gh its employm5t is n p]mitt$ :]e firepro( regulations are 9 =ce1 fibre conduit is n[ be+ ext5sively us$ 9 o!r places1 & is giv+ satisfactory s]vice4 ,x is n affect$ by moi/ e>? & is imp]vi\s to ! action ( acids1 alkalies1 & gases4 ,z x is n subject to expansion & contraction1 leakage is practically elim9at$1 & s9ce x is a v good insulator1 tr\bles due to /ray curr5ts are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,x is extremely light1 comp>atively non-breakable1 & c be accurately laid at ! rate ( #ab1jjj duct feet p] day by a gang ( common labor]s1 consi/+ ( two lay]s & ?ree help]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihf4--,screw jo9t type ( fibre conduit4 ,?is me?od ( connection w =m a tight l9e & is suitable = runn+ "u ! lawns ( private h\ses & p>ks1 "u ! /reets ( t[ns & villages1 & 9 o!r places :]e ! co/ ( build+ electric subways is prohibitive4 ,edison ,tube ,sy/em4--,( ! v>i\s built 9 or solid und]gr\nd conduit sy/ems o!r ?an ^? already describ$ "u wood5 conduit sy/ems1 ! mo/ satisfactory are ! ,edison tube sy/em1 ! ,crompton nak$ conductor sy/em1 ! ,k5n$y sy/em1 :i* is a modification ( ! ,crompton & ! ,call5d] sy/ems4 ,ques4 ,describe ! ,edison tube sy/em4 ,ans4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( iron tubes or pipes conta9+ "o or m copp] conductors :i* are plac$ !re9 be=e ea* complete section or pipe leaves ! factory1 s t !y only ne$ to be jo9$ toge!r to =m a cont9u\s l9e ( und]gr\nd conduit ) conductors 9 place4 ,! arrangem5t ( wires & ! details ( ! ,edison tube sy/em are %[n 9 figs4 #ihg to #ihi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihg4--;,cross section ( ,edison fe$] tube4 ,?is runs f ! p[] /ation to ! c5t]s ( di/ribution1 & conta9s two pr9cipal conductors & a small] conductor to s]ve z a neutral wire1 & also ?ree insulat$ cables ( sev5 /r&s ( ,no4 #ai ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 wire ea*4 ,^! cables =m indep5d5t circuits & enable ! voltages at ! di/ant end ( ! fe$] to be read at ! c5tral /ation4 ,= ?is reason !y are commonly call$ pressure wires4 ,und]gr\nd ,cables4--,electric light & p[] cables = use 9 conduit may be divid$ into two classes3 moi/ure pro(1 & non-moi/ure pro(1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! insulator4 ,9 ! moi/ure pro( cables1 ! insulation consi/s ( "s =m ( rubb]1 or ( bitum51 & a metal %ea? or cov]+1 usually ( lead1 is provid$ to protect ! cable f me*anical or *emical injuries4 ,! non-moi/ure pro( cables are insulat$ ) pap] impregnat$ ) oil1 wax1 or res9\s comp\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihh4--;,cross section ( ,edison ma9 tube4 ,a numb] ( ^! tubes1 :i* radiate f ! c5t] ( di/ribution & loop ! ends ( ! fe$]s toge!r1 h ?ree conductors ( ! same size4 ,^! tubes are plac$ 9 ! gr\nd s z to br+ ! positive & negative conductors on "o side ( ! c5t] ( ! tube1 & ! neutral conductor on ! o!r side4 ,! ma9s are always laid ) ! neutral conductor adjac5t to ! curb l9e1 & = conv5i5ce ?is side ( ! tube is commonly call$ ! inside4 ,! fe$]s are always laid ) ! positive conductor on ! "r h& side1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ihi4 ,metal ,%ea?s on ,und]gr\nd ,cables4--,metal %ea?s are us$ on rubb] cov]$ cables to protect ! insulat+ comp\nds f ! det]iorat+ effects ( electrolysis & v>i\s k9ds ( acids & gases :i*1 "u pres5t me?ods ( con/ruction1 are ev] pres5t 9 ! und]gr\nd conduits4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t ! lead %ea? on a l[ t5sion cable1 :i* is us$ z "o side ( a gr\nd$ circuit1 has be51 9 "s cases ! cause (1 in/ead (1 cure = electrolysis4 ,! prop] cure lies 9 ! omission ( ! %ea? altoge!r1 b z ?is is n practical except 9 ! case ( v l>ge conductors1 ! be/ ?+ t c be done is to int]rupt ! cont9uity ( ! %ea? by "s =m ( insulat+ jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ihi4--,me?od ( lay+ ,edison und]gr\nd tube sy/em4 ,! tubes are laid 9 tr5*es ab\t #cj in*es deep & #bj in*es wide at ! bottom1 ea* tr5* usually conta9+ two l9es ( pipes--a ma9 adjac5t to ! curb & a fe$] on ! outside4 ,! copp] rods =m+ ! conductors are uni=mly #bj feet1 #d in*es 9 l5g? & project f #b to #c in*es f ea* end ( ! pipes1 :i* are connect$ toge!r by means ( c\pl+ boxes4 ,! c\pl+ box usually employ$ consi/s ( a two "p egg %ap$ ca/+ into :i* ! ends ( ! pipes ent] ?r\gh wat] tight sleeves at ! opposite ends ( ! oval4 ,! project+ ends ( ! copp] conductors are jo9$ by %ort pieces ( flexible cable ) sockets on ea* end1 :i* are drill$ to fit easily ov] ! conductor rods to :i* !y are ?or\ghly sold]$ 9 ord] to make a p]fect electrical jo9t4 ,aft] ! conductors h be5 ?us prop]ly connect$ ! cov] is bolt$ d[n on ! l[] half1 & ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! box is fill$ ) insulat+ comp\nd ?r\gh ! small hole at ! top ( ! cov]1 !reby completely insulat+ ! copp] conductors1 ! cable connectors1 & ! ends ( ! tubes4 ,f9ally1 ! hole 9 ! cov] is clos$ ) a ca/ iron cap4 ,^! c\pl+ boxes are also made 9 ! =m ( tees = mak+ bran* connections1 & 9 ! =m ( elb[s = turn+ corn]s1 ! ball ends atta*$ to ! tubes & ! sockets into :i* !y fit be+ design$ to p]mit ( v>iation 9 direction ?r\gh an arc ( #ah degrees on ei!r side ( ! c5tral position4 ,s]vices or bran*es to ! consum]s' premises consi/ ( %ort l5g?s ( tube :i* tap ! ma9s by means ( ?ree way or f\r way s]vice boxes1 ! latt] readily p]mitt+ ! tak+ ( two s]vices f "o jo9t4 ,s]vices are nev] tak5 f ! fe$]s1 b ! latt] are br\ght to di/ribut+ boxes conta9+ ?ree copp] r+s to :i* ! conductors are connect$ & bran*$ out to "o or m ma9s :i* are l$ out ?r\gh fuses to supply ! di/ricts4 ,pot ,heads4--,! upp] end ( a lat]al cable is equipp$ ) a dis*>ge bell1 :i* is commonly call$ a pot head4 ,! purpose ( a pot head is to h]metically seal ! end ( ! cable & br+ ! conductors out 9 su* a mann] z to p]mit ( _! be+ conv5i5tly connect$ to ! prim>y s]vice boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iij4--;,bottom ( ,g5]al ,electric manhole junction box2 view f manhole int]ior4 ,! cables ent] ! bottom ( ! box z %[n ?r\gh composition nozzles to :i* ! lead %ea!s are unit$ by a wip$ sold] connection1 =m+ a p]man5t wat] & gas tight jo9t4 ,/uff+ boxes are sometimes sub/itut$1 do+ away ) ! wip$ jo9t1 r5d]+ ! boxes suitable = use ) unlead$ or braid$ cables4 ,! normal position ( ! di/ribut+ cables is 9 ! upp] ducts s t !y may be br\ght to ! junction box )\t cross+ o!r l9es4 ,! entrance nozzles & seats are s arrang$ t all t]m9als are sold]$ to cables outside ( box & any cable may be remov$ )\t di/urb+ any sold]$ jo9t4 ,! wip$ jo9ts unite electrically ! lead %ea!s ( all cables ent]+ ! box & by connect+ a s+le e>? bond to ! %ell ( ! box all cable %ea!s are solidly gr\nd$4 ,incombu/ible %ields prev5t ! arc f a bl[n fuse mak+ a gr\nd connection to ! %ell or inn] cov]4 ,ques4 ,h[ are pot heads made8 ,ans4 ,!y are usually made 9 ?ree p>ts1 ! base be+ ( ca/ brass1 hav+ a diamet] dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! conductors1 ) a hole 9 ! l[] end ?read$ )9 9 su* a mann] z to make a tight fit on ! cable4 ,ques4 ,h[ is a pot head connect$ to a cable8 ,ans4 ,aft] ! cable has be5 b5t 9 to ! prop] position1 ! brass base is slipp$ d[n ov] x ) ! l>g] end up1 & !n screw$ d[n on ! lead %ea?4 ,! ?reads cut d[n into ! lead %ea? to a di/ance ( ab\t in* along ! %ea?1 ?us mak+ an air tight connection )\t necessitat+ ! mak+ ( a wip$ jo9t4 ,! sep>ate conductors are n[ b>$ ( _! insulation = a di/ance ( ab\t two in*es1 & !n splic$ to heavy rubb] cov]$ braid$ wire ( suffici5t l5g? to rea* ! prim>y s]vice boxes4 ,! jo9ts connect+ ^! rubb] cov]$ wires & ! cable conductors are splic$ 9 ! same mann] z /raight splices1 ! pap] sleeves us$ be+ ( suffici5t diamet] to be back$ out ( ! way ov] ! rubb] insulation4 ,:5 ! splice is complet$ a brass %ell ?read$ at "o end to fit a female ?read 9 ! upp] end ( ! brass base1 is slipp$ ov] ! end ( ! rubb] cov]$ wire & screw$ into ! base4 ,a hood ( %eet copp] hav+ ! =m ( a qu>t] section ( a ball is slipp$ ov] ! top ( ! frame & its l[] edge track$ 9 position bel[ ! horizontal %elf4 ,?is hood makes ! pot head wat]1 sn[1 & insect pro(4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,wir+ ,,( ,,build+s ,9 lay+ out ! circuits = a dwell+ h\se1 ! cut out cab9ets %\ld be locat$ fir/4 ,9 _m h\ses only "o cut out cab9et is necess>y1 b 9 l>ge h\ses x is conv5i5t to h "o on ea* floor1 ) v]tical ma9s runn+ ?r\gh !m f ! top to ! bottom ( ! h\se4 ,if only "o di/ribut+ po9t be us$1 x %\ld be ei!r 9 ! cell> or attic & ris]s run to ! diff]5t floors4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! di/ribut+ c5t]s or cut out cab9ets be locat$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be in/all$ ne> a p>tition t is s locat$ z to make ! runn+ ( ris]s easy1 & %\ld be on an inside wall to gu>d aga9/ dampness4 ,ques4 ,:at in/ructions are usually giv5 ! electrician :o does ! wir+8 ,ans4 ,9 _m cases simply a plan %[+ ! location & numb] ( lights1 f :i* he mu/ figure out h[ to in/all !m us+ ! lea/ am\nt ( mat]ial & labor consi/5t ) a good in/allation t w pass inspection4 ,ques4 ,:at provision %\ld be made 9 rooms :]e lamps are susp5d$ f ! ceil+8 ,ans4 ,a swit* %\ld be plac$ at a po9t :]e x w be conv5i5t = any "o ent]+ to turn on ! light4 ,ques4 ,:]e are receptacles usually plac$8 ,ans4 ,9 ! basebo>d4 ,a receptacle is a conv5i5t device :i* p]mits any "o to connect a lamp to ! electric light+ sy/em by ins]t+ a plug :i* is connect$ by flexible cord to ! lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iia4--;,ceil+ button4 ,if a lamp be ne$$ n m ?an #c feet f ! direct l9e ( ! wires1 x c be hung :]e requir$ by means ( a ceil+ button1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 b ! lamp cord mu/ n be us$ to run lamps 9 ?is way m ?an two or ?ree feet f ! rosette4 ,ques4 ,:at provision %\ld be made 9 wir+ a hallway8 ,ans4 ,! swit*+ arrangem5t %\ld be s design$ t ! lights may be turn$ on or (f ei!r f ! hall or floor above4 ,ques4 ,:at is ?is arrangem5t call$8 ,ans4 ,a two way swit*1 z %[n 9 fig4 #iib4 ,ques4 ,h[ c a two way swit* be di/+ui%$8 ,ans4 ,x has ?ree b9d+ screws1 two on "o end & "o on ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iib4--,two way light+ circuit p]mitt+ control f two po9ts4 ,?is is ! usual arrangem5t = hall :5 x is desir$ t ! lights may be turn$ on or (f f ei!r floor4 ,! circuit conta9s two two way swit*es connect$ by travell]s4 ,f ! diagram x is se5 t ! light may be controll$ f ei!r swit*4 ,x is a bad arrangem5t to h travell]s & return wire locat$ ne> ea* o!r1 z x is possible by ?is me?od to connect two individual circuits toge!r & possibly ov]load "o ( ! two fe$ wires ( ea* circuit4 ,h[ev]1 %\ld ea* fe$ wire run to a fuse direct1 )\t any o!r lamps ?an ^? conta9$ 9 ! ?ree way circuit be+ connect$1 x is n objectionable & becomes a conv5i5t me?od 9 _m cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iic4--;,f\r way light+ circuit1 p]mitt+ control f ?ree po9ts4 ,?is arrangem5t consi/s ( a f\r way swit* connect$ betwe5 two two way swit*es z %[n4 ,9 mak+ ! connections x %\ld be not$ t ! travell]s connect+ "o side ( ! f\r way swit* to ! two way swit*es %\ld be cross$4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! f\r way swit*1 ! connections are direct4 ,= ! v>i\s positions ( ! swit*es1 ! correspond+ circuits ?r\gh !m are z foll[s3 ,,abdghj--,,abdeij--,,acfghj--,,acfeij4 ,ques4 ,h[ may a gr\p ( lights be controll$ f ?ree po9ts8 ,ans4 ,by ! use ( a #d way swit* & two #b way swit*es connect$ z %[n 9 fig4 #iic4 ,ques4 ,be=e lay+ out ! wir+ sy/em = a build+1 :at %\ld be done8 ,ans4 ,x is necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r p[] w be suppli$ f ! c5tral /ation1 or :e!r a private plant is to be in/all$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iid4--,two wire multiple sy/em z us$ ) isolat$ plant4 ,ques4 ,:at wir+ sy/em %\ld be us$ ) a private or isolat$ plant8 ,ans4 ,! two wire multiple sy/em z %[n 9 fig4 #iid4 ,ques4 ,:5 ! c5tral /ation is to supply p[] z an auxili>y 9 case ( break d[n1 h[ %\ld ! connection be made8 ,ans4 ,! supply f ! c5tral /ation %\ld be connect$ to ! wir+ sy/em ?r\gh a d\ble ?r[ swit*1 z 9 fig4 #iie1 s t ei!r s\rce may be ?r[n into circuit4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! connections made :5 ! auxili>y supply is br\ght 9 ?r\gh a ?ree wire sy/em8 ,ans4 ,a d\ble ?r[ ?ree pole swit* is us$ z %[n 9 fig4 #iie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iie4--;,d\ble ?r[ swit* = use 9 isolat$ plants :5 auxili>y p[] is us$ f ! c5tral /ation 9 case ( breakd[n4 ,ques4 ,:5 p[] f an outside s\rce only is to be us$ :at mu/ be det]m9$ be=e wir+8 ,ans4 ,! sy/em ( wir+ ( ! supply4 ,if a ?ree wire sy/em be us$1 ! g5]al arrangem5t w be z %[n 9 fig4 #iig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iif4--;,d\ble ?r[ ?ree pole swit* = use 9 isolat$ plants :]e auxili>y p[] is br\ght 9 ?r\gh ?ree wire sy/em4 ,! side ( ! swit* controll+ ! curr5t is bridg$ z %[n4 ,ques4 ,w\ld x be exp5sive to *ange a regul> ?ree wire sy/em to a two wire sy/em8 ,ans4 ,x w\ld require ! re9=cem5t ( all ma9s & fe$]s by an additional wire4 ,?is wire w\ld be connect$ ) ! neutral wire s z to make ! capacity ( ! neutral equal to ! sum ( ! o!r two4 ,if a ?ree wire two wire sy/em _h be5 orig9ally in/all$1 no *ange 9 ! wir+ sy/em w\ld be necess>y4 ,! only *ange w\ld be at ! s]vice end ( ! swit*bo>d1 & ! d\bl+ ( ! size ( ! c5t] fuses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iig4--,?ree wire conv]tible1 or ?ree wire two wire sy/em2 us$ to advantage :]e p[] is suppli$ f an outside s\rce & br\ght 9 ?r\gh ! ?ree wire sy/em4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree wire conv]tible1 & ! /raight ?ree wire sy/em is t ! c5t]1 or neutral1 wire ( ! ma9s & fe$]s %\ld h a curr5t capacity equal to ! o!r two4 ,! reason = ?is is t x all[s ! sy/em to be readily *ang$ ov] to a two wire sy/em = use 9 connection ) a private plant4 ,x sometimes happ5s t aft] us+ p[] f ! local electric illum9at+ company = "s "t1 conditions arise :i* make x exp$i5t = ! own]s to in/all a private electric plant4 ,if a /raight ?ree wire sy/em _h be5 orig9ally in/all$1 ! ma9s & ! fe$]s :5 us$ on a two wire sy/em w\ld n be heavy en\gh by #be p] c5t41 z ! neutral wire ( a /raight ?ree wire sy/em is ! same 9 size z "o ( ! two out] wires1 & !oretically c>ries "o-half ! curr5t or less4 ,ques4 ,is a ?ree wire sy/em desirable ) an isolat$ plant8 ,ans4 ,x is m exp5sive to in/all ?an "o = a two wire sy/em1 z x is necess>y to add a balanc] 9 connection ) a #bdj volt dynamo4 ,?is balanc] set %\ld h "o-t5? ! capacity ( ! plant4 ,su* an equipm5t has its advantages :5 #bdj volt motors & #abj volt lamps are connect$ to ! sy/em4 ,) ?is plant no *anges 9 ! motors are necess>y1 :]eas 9 a /raight #abj volt sy/em1 ! motors w\ld h to be *ang$ f #bdj to #abj volt ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iih4--;,diagram %[+ re9=cem5t ( neutral wire necess>y to *ange regul> ?ree wire sy/em to two wire sy/em4 ,! capacity ( ! neutral wire mu/ equal t ( ! sum ( ! two o!r wires4 ,ques4 ,aft] decid+ on ! sy/em ( wir+ to be us$1 h[ %\ld ! electrician proce$ ) ! "w8 ,ans4 ,he %\ld lay out ! ma9s1 fe$]s & bran*es ( ! wir+ sy/em4 ,! outlets are fir/ locat$ & !n ! di/ribut+ c5t]s4 ,!re is no fix$ rule or plan by :i* to g1 b ! curr5t d5sity & s\rce ( supply are ! ma9 po9ts to be consid]$ 9 locat+ ^! c5t]s4 ,he mu/ also consid] ! con/ruction ( ! build+ & select runways & %afts :i* provide easy runs = fe$]s4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld panel bo>ds be plac$8 ,ans4 ,panel bo>ds 9 l(t build+s or 9 any build+ requir+ #h to #aj circuits to a floor %\ld be di/ribut$ "o to a floor4 ,9 private h\ses x is sometimes advisable to in/all only "o panel = ! entire h\se4 ,?is is good practice = a ?ree-/ory h\se n requir+ ov] twelve circuits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #iii4--;,diagram %[+ curr5t requir$ on ea* floor ( build+4 ,a sket* ( ?is k9d is useful 9 lay+ out ! fe$] sy/em4 ,9 ! build+ "h %[n x w be se5 t ! basem5t & fir/ floor require ! mo/ p[]4 ,9 su* a case a fe$] is run = ^! floors1 & a sub-fe$] f ! basem5t to ! fir/ floor4 ,x is n wor? :ile to r$uce ! size ( ! sub-fe$] unless ! am\nt ( curr5t us$ on ! sub-fe$] be a small p]c5tage ( t us$ 9 ! fe$]4 ,ano!r reason is t 9 *ang+ ! size ( a wire1 ! und]writ]s require a fuse to be ins]t$4 ,?is makes x necess>y to in/all a l>g] panel ) l>g] trim1 etc41 & ! consequ5t exp5se easily (fsets any ga9 made by in/all+ a small] wire4 ,9 a build+ cov]+ a l>ge area x is (t5 advisable to in/all two panels or c5t]s to a floor1 ) two sets ( fe$]s4 ,x is advisable to keep circuit l5g?s d[n to #ajj feet or less1 & ! judici\s lay+ out ( circuit c5t]s w save _m feet ( wir+4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! arrangem5t ( fe$]s = a l>ge build+ be det]m9$8 ,ans4 ,a good me?od is to draw an elevation ( ! build+ z 9 fig4 #iii1 & note on ea* floor ! curr5t requirem5ts4 ,! be/ plan is to furni% a fe$] = e floor1 especially 9 l>ge in/allations4 ,9 small] in/allations "o or two fe$]s are sometimes all t are requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jjj4--;,diagram %[+ arrangem5t ( swit*es 9 wir+ sy/em :]e provision is made t any circuit c be f$ f an outside s\rce 9 case ( ov]load or accid5t4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld fe$]s = motors be in/all$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be indep5d5t ( ! light+ fe$]s4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! l>ge/ size ( fe$] t %\ld be us$8 ,ans4 ,fe$]s requir+ ov] #b in* pipe %\ld n be us$4 ,x is bett] to subdivide !m1 especially if !re be _m b5ds or (fsets1 s9ce two in* pipe is ab\t ! limit+ size = economical h&l+4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld fe$]s be arrang$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld radiate f a di/ribut+ panel1 hav+ a prop] siz$ swit* & fuse = ea* fe$]4 ,if ! sy/em ( wir+ be su* t auxili>y p[] is tak5 f a local light+ company1 x is a good plan to h ea* circuit controll$ by a d\ble ?r[ swit* s t 9 case ( ov]load any circuit c be f$ f ! illum9at+ company's ma9s z 9 fig4 #a1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jja4--,sectional view %[+ me?od ( cutt+ a pocket or op5+ 9 floor = ! ins]tion ( wires4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld fe$]s & ma9s be run8 ,ans4 ,x is advisable to in/all !m 9 iron pipe ev5 ?\gh ! circuit wires be run o!rwise4 ,s9ce ! =m] c>ry ! ma9 supply ( curr5t x is important to h !m well protect$ z !y usually run up side walls4 ,! und]writ]s make num]\s re/rictions aga9/ op5 or m\ld+ "w on brick walls & require good protection1 & ?is is an additional reason = pip+ ! ma9s & fe$]s4 ,ques4 ,h[ mu* load %\ld be plac$ on ! bran* circuits8 ,ans4 ,9 lay+ out ! bran* circuits1 x is n good practice to use up ! und]writ]s' circuit all[ance ( #ffj watts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jjb4--,view ( outlet pocket %[+ base bo>d1 & cov] supports 9 position4 ,if a circuit be wir$ ) ! full all[ance ( lamps1 no additions c\ld be made )\t violat+ ! und]writ]'s requirem5ts4 ,ques4 ,if conceal$ wir+ is to be in/all$ 9 a f9i%$ build+ :at %\ld be done fir/8 ,ans4 ,! outlets %\ld be m>k$ on ! ceil+s & walls ) a p5cil cross at ! spot1 m>k+ also ! location ( swit*es1 etc4 ,ques4 ,if an outlet is to be plac$ at ! c5t] ( a room1 h[ is ! c5t] ( ! ceil+ locat$8 ,ans4 ,x is fir/ locat$ on ! floor1 !n transf]r$ to ! ceil+ by means ( a plumb bob4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! fir/ op]ation 9 mak+ a ceil+ outlet8 ,ans4 ,a small hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! ceil+ & ! bit pu%$ up till x comes 9 contact ) ! floor+ ( ! room above1 ?is floor+ is also bor$1 z 9 fig4 #a1jja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jjc4--,view ( complet$ pocket & ceil+ outlet %[+ me?od ( br++ out ! wires4 ,a long bit ab\t in* 9 diamet] & ab\t #ah in*es long is us$4 ,! hole bor$ 9 ! floor above w %[ :]e to take up ! bo>d to in/all ! wires4 ,ques4 ,h[ is a pocket op5$ above ! hole bor$ = ceil+ outlet8 ,ans4 ,"o-qu>t] in* holes are bor$ to ins]t a keyhole saw ?r\gh ! jo9t betwe5 two bo>ds at ea* end ( ! pocket1 & z ne> ! beams z possible1 !n ! bo>d is cut at an angle z indicat$ 9 fig4 #a1jja4 ,hav+ saw$ across ! bo>d at bo? ends1 x is pri$ out ) a *isel z %[n4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! holes bor$ ?r\gh ! beams = ! tubes8 ,ans4 ,!y are bor$ ab\t two in*es f ! top ) a #i_/af in* bit1 slant+ d[nw>d j en\gh to give cle>ance = ! brace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jjd4--;,device = exam9+ p>tition int]iors4 ,a pocket fla% lamp & a little mirror are ! only app>atus requir$ to inspect ! int]ior ( a wall or p>tition :i* w\ld ord9>ily be inaccessible4 ,= fi%+ wires1 retriev+ cable & inspect+ f9i%$ "w1 ! lamp & mirror w be f\nd mo/ useful4 ,! mirror has only to be introduc$ 9 ! outlet hole 9 ! wall1 ! fla% lamp & eye be+ held beh9d x z illu/rat$4 ,! mirror reflects ! light ( ! lamp onto ! place to be illum9at$1 at ! same "t reflect+ ! image back to ! eye ne> ! lamp4 ,! usefulness ( ?is little device is z great z its simplicity4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! knobs fa/5$8 ,ans4 ,screws may be us$ b /\t wire nails are satisfactory & are ins]t$ ) less labor4 ,lea!r nail heads are slipp$ on ! nails to protect ! porcela94 ,ques4 ,h[ is a ceil+ outlet complet$ aft] ! "w has rea*$ ! /age %[n 9 fig4 #a1jjb8 ,ans4 ,a basebo>d is next in/all$ z 9 fig4 #a1jjc to h a secure hold = ! screws us$ 9 fa/5+ ! fixtures4 ,two holes are !n bor$ diagonally ) a #aa_/af in* bit ins]t+ ! bit 9 ! small hole bor$ 9 ! ceil+ z 9 fig4 #a1jja4 ,! outlet wires are !n ti$ ar\nd ! knobs & ! upp] ends be+ b>$ & tapp$ on to ! ma9 wire4 ,a piece ( loom is slipp$ on ea* outlet wire aft] :i* x is ?ru/ ?r\gh ! outlet z 9 fig4 #a1jjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jje4--,plan %[+ "o floor ( a dwell+ h\se wir$ ) conduits4 ,! numb]s on ! v>i\s outlets indicate ! numb] ( lamps suppli$4 ,! wir+ is c>ri$ out on ! loop sy/em1 & x w be notic$ t no bran*es are tak5 (f betwe5 outlets4 ,f\r circuits are us$ 9 ord] t !re may n be m ?an t5 lamps on any "o circuit4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! ma9s secur$ to ! knobs8 ,ans4 ,by tak+ a turn ar\nd ! int]m$iate knobs & a dead end hit* at ! end knobs1 or !y may be hit*$ at ea* knob4 ,! ma9 may be secur$ also by use ( a tie wire4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a splice & a tap8 ,ans4 ,a splice is ! jo9+ ( two wires at _! ends2 a tap is ! jo9+ ( ! end ( "o wire ) an int]m$iate po9t ( ano!r wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jjf4--,wir+ = heat+ appliances 9 two /ory h\se2 plan ( basem5t4 ,ques4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 9 mak+ jo9ts8 ,ans4 ,all wires jo9$ toge!r %\ld be sold]$ z ?is insures good electrical contact4 ,unsold]$ wires are bo? unreliable & dang]\s1 s9ce !y w corrode f dampness1 ?us increas+ ! resi/ance ( ! jo9t s t x may become heat$4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld jo9ts be f9i%$ aft] sold]+8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be cov]$ ) rubb] tape twi/$ tightly :ile x is hot4 ,:5 ! rubb] has melt$ x w adh]e to ! jo9t & c be m\ld$ ) ! f+]s4 ,adhesive tape is !n w\nd ov] ! rubb]1 ! insulation ?us be+ made equal to t :i* 0 remov$ to unite ! wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jjg4--,wir+ = heat+ appliances2 plan ( fir/ floor4 ,wir+ = ,heat+ ,appliances4--,!re are n[ on ! m>ket a great numb] ( heat+ appliances :i* absorb su* small am\nts ( en]gy t !y c be us$ readily on ! light+ circuit4 ,^! appliances include ! c(fee p]colator1 *af+ di%1 heat+ pad1 small wat] heat]1 cig> light] & _m o!r miscellane\s devices4 ,by adapt+ ^! small] devices to ! light+ circuit1 n only is ! co/ ( wir+ decreas$1 b ! conv5i5ce & cleanl9ess ( ! electrical sy/em is secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jjh4--,wir+ = heat+ appliances2 plan ( second floor4 ,! location ( ! outlets = ! heat+ appliances is n ( ! lea/ importance4 ,= _m purposes1 ! flu% receptacle 9 ! basebo>d ( ! room answ]s _m requirem5ts4 ,9 o!r places1 = in/ance1 a receptacle plac$ b5ea? ! bracket lamp 9 ! ba?room ^u ! same circuit z ! lamp1 is v conv5i5t z a connection = ! electric %av+ mug or ! massage motor4 ,simil>ly1 a suitable outlet plac$ ne> ! head ( ! b$ is mo/ conv5i5t = op]at+ a heat+ pad z x does n necessitate unscrew+ a lamp at night4 ,! h\se illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #a1jjf to #a1jjh is an example ( ! use ( a s+le electric heat+ circuit ) a re/rict$ use ( ! light+ circuit = heat+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jji4--;,diagram illu/rat+ wir+ ) comb9ation ( m\ld+1 flexible tub+ or conduit 9 non-firepro( build+1 :]e wir+ _h n be5 orig9ally in/all$4 ,9 su* cases ! m\ld+ may be run 9 a cornice 9 ! hall4 ,:5 objectionable to h ! "w expos$ 9 ! rooms1 taps may be made 9 ! m\ld+ opposite ea* room & ! circuit ext5sions f ! m\ld+ to ! c5t] outlets 9 ! rooms may be run 9 flexible conduit1 fi%+ ! wires f ! m\ld+ to ! ceil+ outlet4 ,! use ( wood5 m\ld+ 9 new build+s is n to be recomm5d$ = ! reason t x is n usually firepro(1 & x w\ld be bett] to run ! conductors conceal$ 9 "s =m ( conduit2 if ! circuit "w 7 in/all$ at ! "t ! build+ is erect$1 x w\ld co/ b little m ?an m\ld+1 & w\ld be mu* m sub/antial4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 wood5 m\ld+ might be provid$ 9 a new build+ on ! ceil+ z a means ( af=d+ facilities = mak+ connections to outlets ov] desks1 tables1 etc41 :]e x w\ld be impossible to locate ! outlet exactly be=e ! build+ 0 pla/]$4 ,9 su* cases1 ! m\ld+ c\ld be in/all$ on ! ceil+ at a di/ance ( #ah to #bd in*es f ! walls1 =m+ a rectangle on ! ceil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jaj4--;,fe$] sy/em = l>ge hotel4 ,! cell>1 basem5t1 & gr\nd floors are suppli$ by sep>ate fe$]s1 because ( ! importance ( hav+ cont9u\s & un9t]rupt$ light+ s]vice at ^! floors4 ,! ?ree di/ribut+ c5t]s at ! cell> are suppli$ by a s+le fe$]4 ,?ree ( ! eight di/ribut+ c5t]s at ! basem5t floor s]ve to supply ! outside lights1 z describ$ above4 ,! di/ribut+ c5t] = ! outside /reet lamps is suppli$ by a sep>ate fe$] f ! ma9 swit*bo>d4 ,five ( ! di/ribut+ c5t]s at ! basem5t floor s]ve = ! basem5t lights only2 !y are f$ by two sep>ate fe$]s1 "o ( :i* s]ves two c5t]s & ! o!r ?ree c5t]s z %[n4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree c5t]s at ! gr\nd floor is suppli$ by a sep>ate fe$]4 ,! upp] floors1 f ! fir/ to ! f\rte5? inclusive1 are divid$ into two symmetrical sections4 ,ea* section has its own di/ribut+ c5t]1 & its own set ( supply fe$]s4 ,! fe$] t]m9ates at ! middle c5t] ( a gr\p ( ?ree1 & is ext5d$ by ma9s to ! correspond+ c5t]s at ! floors imm$iately above & bel[4 ,ea* fe$] f ! fir/ to ! twelf? floor inclusive s]ves to supply ?ree di/ribut+ c5t]s4 ,z c be se5 9 ! basem5t plan1 ! ma9 supply circuit ent]s ! basem5t & f ?is ! heat+ circuit & light+ circuits bran*1 z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,! heat+ circuit runs direct to ! basem5t laundry1 a bran* runn+ to ! flat iron4 ,connections are made ) ! kit*5 on ! fir/ floor & ) ! d9+ room by bran* circuits runn+ ?r\gh ! p>titions to ! respective rooms4 ,! heat+ circuit at ! d9+ room is provid$ ) flu% wall receptacles1 to :i* connection is made = ! *af+ di% & p]colator4 ,9 ! kit*5 ! electric bak+ outfit is arrang$ z %[n4 ,?is electric outfit is us$ = auxili>y cook+1 su* z a gas range w\ld be1 & ! ov51 plac$ by itself on ! opposite side ( ! coal range1 is controll$ f ! ma9 table4 ,up/airs ! heat+ circuit1 ^u :i* ! d9+ room appliances are op]at$1 is ext5d$ to supply curr5t to ! electric lum9\s radiator1 ei!r 9 ! *amb] or ba?room4 ,! arrangem5ts = ! light+ circuits are %[n 9 ! figures4 ,l&+ & basem5t lights are controll$ by ?ree way swit*es to make !m conv5i5t4 ,9 ! liv+ room a flu% floor receptacle is in/all$ s t ! read+ lamp1 *af+ di% or c(fee p]colator c be op]at$ )\t necessitat+ ! use ( a long cord4 ,a few ( ! electrical outlets suitable = ! purposes m5tion$ are illu/rat$4 ,:]e sev]al heat+ circuits are us$ x is ess5tial t an appliance tak+ a l>ge curr5t be n plac$ on ! regul> light+ circuit4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is possibility1 special receptacles %\ld be in/all$1 con/ruct$ = plugs :i* w n fit any o!r receptacle4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,sign ,,fla%]s ,! devices us$ = giv+ ! fla%+ & *angeable effects to electric lights 9 any =m are call$ fla%]s4 ,! me*anism may be con/ruct$ to fla% a sign by spell+ ! words out1 "o lett] at a "t1 fla%+ bord] lights ar\nd a w9d[1 *ang+ colors 9 glass signs1 or 9 fact 9 any way to attract ! eye4 ,!re are two advantages 9 favor ( us+ a fla%]3 #a1 x causes ! pass]by to look at ! sign1 & #b1 r$uces ! co/ ( electricity1 because ! lamps are swit*$ (f p]iodically4 ,!re are num]\s k9ds ( fla%]1 & !y may be classifi$1 accord+ to con/ruction ( ! swit* contacts1 z3 #a4 ,c>bon type2 #b4 ,bru% type2 #c4 ,knife type4 ,aga91 ) respect to op]ation or ! electrical effects1 !y may be classifi$ z #a4 ,simple on & (f fla%]s2 #b4 ,high spe$ fla%]s2 #c4 ,lightn+ fla%]s2 #d4 ,script break]s2 #e4 ,*as] fla%]s2 #f4 ,!rmo fla%]s2 #g4 ,c>riage calls2 #h4 ,talk+ signs2 #i4 ,electric clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jaa--;,dull's c>bon type fla%]4 ,?is is a ma9 l9e fla%]2 t is1 x is set into ! ma9 wires in/ead ( c>ry+ d[n ea* circuit4 ,! circuits are op5$ & clos$ on c>bon contacts1 re9=c$ ) /&>d knife swit*es4 ,! blades are op5$ & ! curr5t brok5 by gravity alone4 ,ea* swit* c be made to hold ! lights = any p]iod f #ah to #ha ( a revolution ( ! %aft4 ,!y c ?r[ on ! circuits progressively or all on & all (f toge!r4 ,aga91 ! circuits may be clos$ progressively1 rema9 on a few seconds1 & !n be op5$ progressively4 ,no circuit or circuits c be clos$ m ?an once p] revolution4 ,c>bon ,fla%]s4--,9 ?is type ( fla%]1 c>bon breaks are provid$1 t is1 ! arc :i* is =m$ :5 ! circuit is brok51 falls on c>bon1 :ile metal swit*es are provid$ to c>ry ! load4 ,?us ! c>bon gets ! arc :i* prev5ts ! swit*es burn+1 :ile ! swit*es c>ry ! load to prev5t ! c>bons becom+ heat$ & dis9tegrat$4 ,! c>bons mu/ be adju/$ occasionally accord+ to ! load !y are c>ry+4 ,c>bon ma*9es are made ei!r d\ble1 triple1 or s]ies break4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jab to #a1jad4--,wir+ diagrams = ,dull's c>bon fla%]s4 ,fig4 #a1jab1 usual me?od ( wir+4 ,! load is balanc$ by runn+ ! neutral wire ar\nd ! ma*9e1 to ! cut outs1 break+ ! outside legs only ( a #bbj-aaj volt sy/em4 ,:ile ?is me?od ( wir+ is entirely feasible1 x is no h>d] on ! contacts1 & p]mits ! use ( a *eap] ma*9e1 b x is te*nically a violation ( ! und]writ]s' rules1 :i* say t all circuits ( m ?an #ffj watts mu/ be brok5 d\ble pole4 ,if ! load be balanc$ !re w\ld be d\ble pole break at #bbj volts1 & ! lamps w\ld be 9 s]ies1 b if ! load be n exactly balanc$1 !re w\ld be s+le break+ to ! ext5t ( ! amp]es ov] ! av]age balance4 ,9 o!r words1 x is a d\ble break & x is n accord+ to circum/ances1 & ! use ( ?is ma*9e wir$ z above is a matt] t %\ld be tak5 up ) ! local inspector be=e in/all+4 ,fig4 #a1jac1 diagram = connect+ a /raight two wire c>bon fla%] on a two wire sy/em4 ,fig4 #a1jad1 diagram = connect+ a /raight ?ree wire c>bon fla%] on a ?ree wire sy/em & break+ ! neutral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jae4--,reynolds' bru% type fla%]4 ,! bru% type1 z its "n indicates1 is ( bru% con/ruction & is limit$ to #e amp]es capacity on ea* swit*4 ,! cams con/itut+ a drum are ( heavy con/ruction :ile ! bru%es are ( f9e copp] sev]al leaves ?ick4 ,x is mo/ commonly us$ = spell+ signs1 t is1 = lett] by lett] fla%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jaf4--,reynolds' knife type ( fla%] ) metal contacts4 ,! con/ruction is *eap] ?an ! c>bon type4 ,x is m\nt$ on a slate base1 & is heavily built ?r\gh\t4 ,! swit*es are design$ = #ae amp]es capacity d\ble break4 ,bru% ,fla%]s4--,^! ma*9es are provid$ ) bru% contacts4 ,^! be> on cams con/itut+ a drum1 & !y are usually made ( sev]al /rips ( copp]4 ,bru% fla%]s are g5]ally us$ = spell+ out signs "o lett] at a "t1 or "w ( a simil> nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jag--,sign fla%] transmission ge>+4 ,! view %[s an oil tight ge> case ) cov] plate remov$4 ,! ge>s are equipp$ ) ball be>+s & run 9 graphite grease4 ,by means ( ! worm ge> ! l>ge spe$ r$uction necess>y betwe5 ! fla%] %aft & motor is obta9$ )\t a multiplicity ( ge> :eels4 ,knife ,fla%]s4--,?is type ( con/ruction is *eap] ?an ! c>bon type4 ,! swit*es are ( ! knife type ) metal contacts4 ,"o manufactur] /ates t x is n advisable to build knife fla%]s = m ?an #ae amp]es p] d\ble pole swit*1 z !y _c be dep5d$ ^u to break a great] load = any l5g? ( "t4 ,simple ,on & ,(f ,fla%]s4--,^! are us$ = fla%+ :ole signs or heavy loads on & (f4 ,a fla%] ( ?is type consi/s ess5tially ( a revolv+ d\ble pole swit* ) r$uc+ ge> & connection to a small motor = op]at+ same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jah4--,simple on & (f d\ble pole fla%] = all on or all (f sign fla%+4 ,! ma*9e is furni%$ ) any numb] ( swit*es rang+ f #e amp]es up4 ,! ma*9e may h only "o swit* or any numb] ( swit*es4 ,! connection to motor may be by belt or *a91 or ! motor may be directly connect$ to ! worm ge>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fla% ,sy/em ( ,gas ,light+--,?is sy/em = simultane\sly light+ a l>ge numb] ( gas burn]s1 is us$ 9 l>ge halls1 *ur*es1 !atres1 etc4 ,two sp>k+ po9ts1 ea* insulat$ "o f ! o!r & f ! burn]1 are arrang$ at ea* burn]1 s t a sp>k betwe5 ! po9ts passes ?r\gh ! jet ( gas & ignites x4 ,a numb] ( sp>k+ po9ts & ! second>y ( an induction coil are connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,:5 ! circuit ?r\gh ! prim>y ( ! induction coil is clos$1 suffici5t pressure is induc$ 9 ! second>y to cause sp>ks to jump across e jet 9 ! s]ies4 ,s9ce ! voltage is high1 ! wires mu/ be in/all$ ) great precaution4 ,! wire %\ld be enclos$ 9 glass tub+ :]ev] x comes )9 less ?an #a 94 f ! gas pip+1 except :]e purposely gr\nd$4 ,high ,spe$ ,fla%]s4--,ma*9es ( ?is type are us$ = giv+ :at is g5]ally kn[n z high spe$ effects1 su* z f\nta9s1 wat]1 /eam1 smoke & fire effects1 :irl+ bord]s1 revolv+ :eels & "w ( a simil> nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jai4--;,dull's high spe$ fla%]4 ,x is m\nt$ on a slate base #ab in*es wide1 ! l5g? be+ gov]n$ by ! size ( ! ma*9e4 ,motion is giv5 to ! rot>y swit*es ?r\gh worm & belt ge>+4 ,iron cams are us$1 ! curr5t be+ tak5 !refrom by six-leaf bru%es1 provid$ ) /iff5]s4 ,! wir+ = ! ma*9e is simple2 #d c4p4 lamps c be run on "o wire4 ,a bord] or ornam5t conta9+ #afj lamps requires #ab wires betwe5 ! sign & fla%]4 ,! fla%] is made 9 #d swit* sizes only1 viz43 ,no4 #d1 #h1 #ab1 #af1 etc4 ,?is is due to ! fact t !re are ?ree p>ts ( light to "o ( d>kness4 ,lightn+ ,fla%]s4--,^! ma*9es are = giv+ ! appe>ance ( a /reak ( lightn+ go+ across a display4 ,!re is v little exp5se atta*$ to _! op]ation1 because n m ?an two-?irds ( ! lamps are turn$ on at "o "t1 & ?is numb] = only ab\t "o-six? ( ! "t1 z comp>$ ) ! sign burn+ /eadily4 ,lightn+ /rokes c be utiliz$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r alone or ) o!r adv]tis+ pieces4 ,alone !y c be plac$ along a cornice1 across ! front ( a build+1 up & d[n ! corn]s lead+ to a doorway1 etc4 ,!y c be us$ 9 ! c5t] ( a sign ) lett]s above & bel[4 ,9 ?is case1 x is be/ to alt]nate ! /roke ) ! lett]s1 t is1 fla% ! word+ on & !n (f4 ,z soon z x goes out1 ! /roke flies across 9 ! d>kness1 !n ! word+ comes up aga91 say six times a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jbj--,wir+ diagram = flags4 ,^! may be wir$ = high spe$ fla%]s by gradually increas+ ! lamp c5t]s betwe5 ! v]tical r[s f ! flag /aff to ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jba4--;,diagram %[+ me?od ( wir+ = high spe$ effects on s+le l9es4 ,?is wir+ diagram w\ld be c>ri$ out ! same 9 ! case ( a travell+ bord]1 :e!r x be /raight or o!rwise4 ,9 ! case ( a f\nta91 beg9 numb]+ ea* /ream at ! bottom & c>ry out ! same s*eme to ! end ( t /ream4 ,:5 sev]al /reams are p>allel1 all ! lamps may be connect$ 9 a r[ ! same z ?\gh !y 7 an individual lamp4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to get m ?an tw5ty ,no4 #a lamps on a circuit4 ,among ! effects t may be obta9$ are a revolv+ :eel1 a column ( flame1 & a /raight travell+ bord] ) "p ( ! ,no4 #a lamps f ea* effect to ! same ,no4 #a wire1 c>ry x back to any ,no4 #a swit* on ! ma*9e1 & ! effect w come out "r4 ,= in/ance1 9 a flame effect ) sixte5 ,no4 #a lamps1 f\r ,no4 #a lamps c\ld be tak5 9 ! /raight bord]1 & put on ! same wire1 & ! effect w\ld come out "r4 ,! spac+s = high spe$ effects v>y1 accord+ to ! size ( ! sign4 ,travell+ bord]s ar\nd an ord9>y sign #c x #aj feet %\ld h _! lamps spac$ ab\t six in*es ap>t4 ,9 a f\nta9 fifte5 feet high1 ! lamps %\ld be spac$ ab\t n9e in*es ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4jbb4--,me?od ( wir+ = a tor*4 ,?is wir+ diagram gives ! correct me?od ( wir+ smoke1 flames1 /eam1 & wat] effects4 ,x may be ! flame 9 ! top ( a tor* z "h %[n1 liquid p\r+ out ( a bottle1 smoke ris+ f a cig>1 or du/ beh9d an automobile :eel4 ,! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! direction ea* goes & ! outl9e ( ! bank ( lamps4 ,wire ! lamps 9 unequal l9es across2 avoid any /raight l9es because x gives a me*anical effect :i* is n natural4 ,if ! effect be to rise1 m>k ! l[] r[ ,no4 #a1 ! next r[ above ,no4 #b1 etc4 ,pick up all ! ,no4 #a r[s until !re are tw5ty lamps1 & atta* !m to ,no4 #a wire :i* w g back to any ,no4 #a swit* on ! ma*9e4 ,d ! same ) ! o!r numb]s4 ,d n ov]load l9e z ?is w decrease ! life ( ! contacts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jbc & #a1jbd4--,wir+ diagrams = high spe$s4 ,:]e a high spe$ fla%] is us$ on a spok$ :eel conta9+ m lamps 9 ! rim ?an ! numb] ( spokes1 ! extra rim lamps mu/ be connect$ to ! spoke circuits1 s t ! numb] ( rim circuits w equal ! numb] ( spokes2 o!rwise1 ! rim w appe> to travel sl[] ?an ! spokes4 ,9 ! case ( a sign already 9 use1 on ! front ( a build+ or ov] ! sidewalk1 a /roke c be plac$ lead+ to ! sign f any po9t above4 ,! fla% goes d[n & :5 x hits ! sign ! latt] lights up1 holds a few seconds1 goes out1 & repeats ab\t f\r times a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jbe--;,dull's lightn+ type fla%] = giv+ ! appe>ance ( a /reak ( lightn+ go+ across a display4 ,lightn+ fla%es are n usually con/ruct$ = heavy loads1 ! "o %[n 9 fig4 #a1jbe be+ design$ = two amp]es4 ,script ,break]s4--,fla%]s ( ?is type are us$ = break+ l>ge script signs1 "o socket at a "t2 t is1 ea* lamp is light$ "o aft] ano!r until all are on4 ,aft] a few seconds !y all g out simultane\sly & repeat4 ,?is gives ! appe>ance ( an invisible h&1 writ+ ! "n 9 ! d>kness1 & is v effective4 ,! result c be accompli%$ only ) script1 & to get ! prop] effect ! smalle/ lett] 9 a sign %\ld be n less ?an two feet high2 ! l>g] ! lett]1 ! bett] ! effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jbf4--;,betts' script break] 7bru% type74 ,?is fla%] is especially design$ = spell+ out signs "o lett] at a "t1 or "w ( a simil> nature1 ,! bru%es = ! revolv+ cam contacts are ( copp]1 sev]al leaves ?ick & provid$ ) special bru% hold] to prev5t loose contact & abnormal burn+4 ,script break]s are also us$ = fancy bord] signs ( o!r k9ds1 & 9 ord] to produce ^! results1 x is necess>y t ! return wire ( e lamp g back to ! fla%]s indep5d5tly1 :i* means a wire = ea* lamp4 ,*as] ,fla%]s4--,?is class ( fla%] is design$ to op]ate signs ^: lamps are arrang$ to give ! effect ( snakes *as+ ea* o!r ar\nd ! bord]4 ,?is peculi> effect is produc$ by hav+ a sep>ate wire & a sep>ate swit* on ! fla%] = ea* two lamps 9 ! bord]1 & ! me*anism s arrang$ t :5 ! t5? lamp is light$ 7assum+ ! snake to be t5 lamps long7 ! fir/ lamp goes out2 :5 ! elev5? is light$1 ! second goes out1 etc41 progress+ 9 ?is way ar\nd ! entire bord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jbg4--,reynolds *as] type ( fla%]1 z us$ on electric signs ^: lamps are arrang$ to give ! effect ( snakes *as+ ea* o!r ar\nd ! bord] ( a sign4 ,9 op]ation1 ! lamps are turn$ on & (f s rapidly t x produces ! effect ( snakes4 ,x is n advisable to build ^! signs small nor *eaply1 z 9 ord] to produce ! desir$ effect1 ! curv$ pa? tak5 by ! snake %\ld cov] at lea/ #aj in*es wid?1 :i* w\ld mean a total ( #bj in*es lat]al space = ! snake 9 addition to ! electric lett]s 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ord] to get ! prop] effect1 ! sign %\ld be at lea/ t5 feet long4 ,ques4 ,:y are *as] signs exp5sive8 ,ans4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! c>e requir$ 9 _! con/ruction1 l>ge am\nt ( wir+ necess>y & l>ge fla%] requir$4 ,a sign f\r by t5 feet outside dim5sions1 w\ld require 9 ! neighborhood ( #aej lamps 9 ! bord] alone on ea* side4 ,?is w\ld require a fla%] ) #ge swit*es & ab\t #hb wires to run betwe5 ! sign & fla%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jbh4--;,*as] wir+ diagram = two snakes4 ,draw a l9e diagonally ?r\gh ! sign 7z %[n 9 dott$ l9e7 s t "o-half ! total lamps w be on ei!r side4 ,beg9 to numb] f "o consecutively to ! l9e4 ,ov] ! l9e comm5ce aga9 at #a & numb] z be=e4 ,= ?ree snakes1 divide total lamps into ?ree p>ts & numb] z be=e4 ,9 ea* case1 connect all lamps ( ! same numb] to ! same wire :e!r ! sign be s+le or d\ble face4 ,! wire conta9+ all ! ,no4 #a lamps goes to ! ,no4 #a swit* on ! fla%]1 & ! rema9+ sets are connect$ simil>ly4 ,ques4 ,h[ are *as] signs work$8 ,ans4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( op]at+ ^! signs4 ,! bord] is g5]ally work+ cont9u\sly1 :ile ! c5t] c be fla%$ or n1 z may be desir$4 ,fla%+ ! word+ r$uces ! curr5t exp5se1 :i* (fsets 9 a measure ! extra co/ ( ! sign4 ,! bord]1 al?\gh work+ cont9u\sly consumes v little curr5t4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! relative co/ ( a "o snake sign z comp>$ ) a two snake sign8 ,ans4 ,"o snake runn+ ar\nd ! bord] w\ld co/ twice z mu* = fla%] & wir+ z a two snake fla%]4 ,?ree snakes w\ld co/ ab\t #be p] c5t4 less = fla%] & wir+ ?an = two snakes4 ,! small] ! numb] ( snakes travell+ ar\nd ! bord] at "o "t1 ! great] ! exp5se ( wir+ & fla%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jbi4--,!rmo fla%]4 ,x consi/s ( two metal /rips1 "o ( brass & ! o!r ( iron1 ab\t #ex x #a_/cb ea*4 ,! brass /rip is provid$ ) a w9d+ ( f9e wire ov] asbe/os & ! two /rips are connect$ to ! base z %[n4 ,"o t]m9al ( ! w9d+ is connect$ to ,j1 & ! o!r end to ,m4 ,at ! end ( ! /rips is a small contact screw ,n ) locknut ,o1 & bel[ is a contact plate ,l1 fa/5$ to ! base & t]m9al po/ ,r4 ,! fla%] is connect$ at ,p & ,r 9 s]ies ) ! lamp x is to fla%1 & ,n adju/$ s t x cle>s ! plate ab\t #a_/cb in* :5 !re is no curr5t fl[+ 9 ! w9d+4 ,:5 ! swit* is turn$ on !re w be a curr5t ?r\gh ! lamp & w9d+ 9 s]ies4 ,! brass /rip w be heat$ m ?an ! iron & x w exp& m1 ?us =c+ ! po9t ( ! screw ,n d[n ^u ! brass plate1 :i* w result 9 ! w9d+ ab\t ! brass /rip be+ %ort$ & ! full voltage w be impress$ ^u ! lamp1 & x w burn at normal c&le p[]4 ,:5 ! coil is %ort$ !re w ( c\rse be no curr5t 9 its w9d+ & ! brass /rip w cool d[n1 ! screw ,n w f9ally be drawn away f contact ) ! brass plate1 & ! w9d+ aga9 connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! lamp4 ,! lamp w app>5tly g out :5 ! w9d+ is 9 s]ies ) x1 z ! total resi/ance ( ! lamp & w9d+ comb9$ w n p]mit suffici5t curr5t to pass ?r\gh ! lamp to make its filam5t gl[4 ,! "t ! lamp is on & (f may be v>i$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by adju/+ ! screw ,n4 ,ques4 ,h[ _m snakes %\ld !re be = be/ effect8 ,ans4 ,two is consid]$ be/4 ,?ree may be us$ on "s signs1 b m ?an f\r w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 s cr[d !m z to spoil ! effect entirely4 ,!rmo ,fla%]s4--,^! fla%]s "w on ! !rmo or heat expansion pr9ciple1 t is1 ! movem5t ( ! contact po9ts ( ! fla%] necess>y to op5 & close ! circuit is obta9$ automatically by ! alt]nate heat+ & cool+ ( ! metal ( ! fla%]1 :i* causes x to exp& & contract4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jcj4--,!rmal fla%]4 ,?is simple fla%] consi/s ( a brass /rip fix$ at ea* end to a porcela9 base & slightly ar*$ upw>ds4 ,! am\nt ( ?is ar*+1 h[ev]1 is mu* less ?an is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! c5t] ( ! /rip c>ries a plat9um contact on its upp] surface1 & opposite ?is is a plat9um tipp$ contact screw :i* is c>ri$ 9 a brass angle piece fix$ to ! base4 ,"o t]m9al is fitt$ on "o end ( ! /rip1 & ! o!r is connect$1 ?r\gh ! angle piece1 ) ! contact screw4 ,! /rip is w\nd f end to end ) an insulat$ resi/ance wire1 "o end ( ?is be+ sold]$ to ! /rip1 & ! o!r connect$ to ! "r h& t]m9al4 ,:5 ?is device is swit*$ into circuit ) ! lamps1 ! curr5t fir/ fl[s ?r\gh ! resi/ance1 :i* cuts x d[n s mu* t ! lamps are n visibly affect$4 ,! heat g5]at$ 9 ! resi/ance causes ! /rip to curve /ill m1 till at l5g? contact is made1 ! resi/ance %ort circuit$1 & ! lamps light$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jca4--;,g5]al ,electric !rmal fla%]4 ,x consi/s ( a small brass cyl9d] fix$ at its left h& end to "o ( ! t]m9al blocks4 ,! junction betwe5 ! two is hidd5 by a portion ( ! cov]1 :i* is %[n brok5 away4 ,! "r h& end ( ! cyl9d] c>ries a cross piece be>+ a plat9um contact2 & opposite ?is is ! plat9um tip ( a contact screw c>ri$ 9 ! o!r t]m9al block4 ,! cyl9d] is w\nd ) a heat+ coil ( mangan9 resi/ance wire1 "o end be+ sold]$ to ! cyl9d] & ! o!r to ! "r h& t]m9al4 ,:5 ! curr5t is swit*$ on1 ! coil & ! cyl9d] w>m up & ! cyl9d] elongates suffici5tly to make contact & light ! lamps4 ,! coil be+ !n %ort circuit$1 x & ! cyl9d] cool d[n1 & contact is brok51 :]eupon ! coil is put 9 circuit once m1 & w>ms up aga94 ,9 "s sizes ( ?is fla%]1 ! contact gap is %unt$ by a small cond5s] fitt$ b5ea? ! base4 ,?is helps to elim9ate ! sp>k+ at ! contacts4 ,c>riage ,calls4--,^! are us$ to avoid ! confusion & noise at ! !atre1 club h\se or dep>tm5t /ore :5 vehicles are call$ by a megaphone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jcb4--,monogram or unit = c>riage call or talk+ sign4 ,x consi/s ( a collection ( metal comp>tm5ts ea* arrang$ to receive an inc&esc5t lamp4 ,! purpose ( ^! comp>tm5ts is to conf9e ! light to a c]ta9 space1 ?us =m+ a cle>ly def9$ numb] or lett] :i* c be read f a di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jcc & #a1jcd4--,wir+ diagrams %[+ prop] me?ods ( wir+ = illum9at+ a pa9t$ sign4 ,! lamps are plac$ ab\t "o foot ap>t 9 an ov]head inv]t$ tr\gh4 ,!y %\ld project out 9 front ( ! sign "o-half its wid?1 b no sign %\ld be m ?an eight feet wide1 z ord9>y #af c4p4 lamps w n c>ry any f>!r4 ,black & :ite pa9t only %\ld be us$4 ,! lamps may be fla%$ on & (f z a :ole1 sav+ "o-half ! curr5t1 or !y c be fla%$ 9 diff]5t colors z desir$4 ,= fla%+ 9 colors1 only r$ & amb] %\ld be us$4 ,no o!r colors1 su* z gre51 blue1 etc41 w give suffici5t light to produce a good effect4 ,! call itself consi/s ( two or m %eet /eel boxes1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #a1jcb1 ) inc&esc5t lamps arrang$ 9 metal comp>tm5ts 9 su* ord] t any numb] may be produc$ by light+ ! prop] lamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jce4--,op]at+ keybo>d = ?ree numb] ,national c>riage call4 ,! keybo>d "h %[n is design$ to control a ?ree numb] call1 !re be+ a r[ ( keys = ea* monogram or unit ( ! call4 ,its dim5sions are #d in*es deep1 #ah in*es wide & #ai in*es long4 ,! base is ( slate4 ,!re are f\rte5 wires = ea* monogram & "o return wire1 com+ out ( ! call4 ,! fla%+ ( ! numb] is controll$ by a keybo>d or swit* :i* may be plac$ 9 any conv5i5t location4 ,:5 ! swit* & call are connect$ toge!r1 any num]al may be fla%$ by press+ ! correspond+ key4 ,! num]al automatically rema9s light$ until ! releas+ button is press$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jcf4--;,clock monogram or electric sign clock1 op]at$ by ! me*anism %[n 9 fig1 #a1jcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jcg4--;,betts' clock me*anism = op]at+ electric monogram "t fla%]4 ,! second>y me*anism consi/s ( a ?ree cyl9d] fla%] & is controll$ by a ma/] clock :i* transmits an electric impulse ?r\gh a relay swit* "o ea* m9ute4 ,?is fla%es ! "t 9 figures on ! monogram1 viz43 #aa4de1 #aa4df1 #aa4dg1 #aa4dh1 etc4 ,! fir/ monogram to ! left consi/s simply ( a v]tical r[ ( lights repres5t+ ! figure "o4 ,ea* ( ! o!r monograms ( metal comp>tm5ts s arrang$ t any figure may be produc$ by light+ ! prop] comb9ation ( lamps4 ,talk+ ,signs4--,?is type ( electric sign automatically fla%es out 9 brilliant lett]s1 diff]5t phrases or ann\ncem5ts4 ,^! are fla%$ out repeat$ly & cont9u\sly dur+ ! op]ation ( ! sign & ! *anges foll[ ea* o!r )\t int]mission ( d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jch4--,two way !rmal fla%]4 ,! mov+ portion consi/s ( a rock+ arm ,a pivot$ at p1 & c>ry+ two seal$ bulbs1 ,b1 ,b'1 ^: bottoms are unit$ by ! tube ,t4 ,inside !re is suffici5t m]cury ,m to fill ,t & ! bottoms ( ! bulbs1 ! rema9d] conta9+ air4 ,at ea* end ( ,a is fix$ an insulat+ block ,i1 ,i'1 c>ry+ two contact prongs ,p & ,p'1 :i* are connect$ toge!r at ! top ?r\gh heat] wires ,h1 ,h' seal$ 9 ! bulbs ,b & ,b' respectively4 ,,mc1 ,,mc' are pairs ( m]cury cups1 ! fur!r "o ( ea* pair ^: /ud is m>k$ 1 be+ connect$ toge!r to ! positive pole ( ! circuit1 :ile ! front ones are jo9$ up to ! respective gr\ps ( lamps4 ,! action is z foll[s3 ,if ! app>atus be 9 ! position illu/rat$1 :5 ! circuit is clos$ at ! "t ,p is d[n1 lamp gr\p ,no4 #a w light up1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ,h on its way4 ,! air 9 ,b consequ5tly exp&s1 & gradually =ces ! m]cury d[n 9 ,b1 along ,t1 & up 9 ,b'4 ,! arm ,a w gradually become horizontal1 & w !n ov]balance1 ,p be+ )drawn f ,,mc1 & ,p' dipp$ into ,,mc'4 ,lamp gr\p ,no4 #a w consequ5tly be ext+ui%$ & lamp gr\p ,no4 #b light$2 ,h w cool d[n1 & ,h' w w>m up4 ,?us1 9 due c\rse1 ,a w be tilt$ ! o!r way aga94 ,! talk+ sign consi/s ( any desir$ numb] ( monograms or units1 9 ea* ( :i* any lett] or figure c be =m$ by light+ c]ta9 comb9ations ( inc&esc5t lamps4 ,a unit is %[n 9 fig4 #a1jcb4 ,! lamps are controll$ by a simple me*anical arrangem5t op]at$ by a small motor4 ,any read+ matt] c be fla%$ by prop]ly sett+ ! me*anism4 ,! fla%+ ( ! lett]s or num]als 9 ! monogram is controll$ by commutators1 "o commutator be+ requir$ = ea* monogram1 except = a d\ble fac$ sign :]e ! correspond+ monogram on ea* side is controll$ by ! same commutator4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,lightn+ ,,protection ,a lightn+ arre/] is an app>atus design$ to provide a pa? by :i* lightn+ di/urbances or o!r /atic dis*>ges may pass to e>?4 ,lightn+ arre/]s may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ z _! action dep5ds ^u ! effects (3 #a4 ,%>p po9ts2 #b4 ,air gaps2 #c4 ,%>p turns4 ,lightn+ ,rods4--,?is =m ( arre/] consi/s ( a conduct+ rod or cable erect$ on ! outside ( a build+ & connect$ to e>?1 9 ord] to af=d protection f lightn+ by c>ry+ ! lightn+ dis*>ge into ! gr\nd2 or to prev5t lightn+ by lead+ ! electricity f ! e>? to ! cl\d )\t di/urbance4 ,ques4 ,:y d lightn+ rods t]m9ate 9 %>p po9ts8 ,ans4 ,! action ( ! rod dep5ds on ! dis*>g+ effect ( a %>p po9t z foll[s3 ,:5 an electrically *>g$ cl\d approa*es a build+ provid$ ) a lightn+ rod1 x induces an opposite *>ge 9 ! e>? & 9 ! rod :i* is connect$ to ! e>?4 ,z soon z ! *>ge on ! po9t becomes /rong en\gh to break ap>t ! molecules ( ! air 9 front ( x1 a /ream ( electrifi$ p>ticles1 opposite 9 sign to t ( ! *>ge on ! cl\d1 passes f ! neighborhood ( ! rod to ! cl\d & ?us neutralizes ! *>ge ( ! cl\d4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld a lightn+ rod be erect$8 ,ans4 ,! conductor %\ld be c>ri$ to all high po9ts ( ! build+ x is to protect & %\ld be well insulat$ f ! latt] & gr\nd$ 9 deep wet e>?1 indep5d5t ( gas or wat] pipes4 ,%>p b5ds & corn]s %\ld be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jci4--;,diagram %[+ pr9ciple ( air gap arre/]3 lightn+ dis*>ges m readily at %>p po9ts ?an along flat surfaces4 ,ques4 ,:y h lightn+ rods fall5 into disfavor8 ,ans4 ,on acc\nt ( num]\s failures due to faulty in/allations1 & non-ma9t5ance ( ! rod 9 good condition1 also because ( ! excessive prices *>g$ by unscrupul\s deal]s = rods & _! erection4 ,a lightn+ rod ) defective insulation or brok5 gr\nd connection is a dang] r ?an a protection4 ,air ,gap ,arre/]s4--,_m ( ! lightn+ arre/]s us$ = ! protection ( electrical app>atus dep5d ^u ! fact t lightn+ dis*>ges w jump across air spaces t are good insulators = ! regul> work+ curr5t1 :ile !y f9d difficulty 9 pass+ ?r\gh circuits conta9+ electromagnets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jdj4--,union lightn+ arre/] & gr\nd wire swit* = telegraph l9es4 ,two l9e wires are atta*$ to ! two plates provid$ ) po9ts4 ,! gr\nd wire be+ connect$ to ! ?ird or c5tral plate4 ,! p9 s]ves z a gr\nd wire swit* & cut out4 ,?is is a good =m = %ort l9es4 ,! pr9ciple ( air gap arre/]s is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #a1jci4 ,!re are two brass plates slightly sep>at$2 "o is connect$ to ! l9e & ! o!r is gr\nd$4 ,! air gap betwe5 ! plates is v small & ! resi/ance ?us int]pos$1 :ile suffici5t to prev5t ! regul> work+ curr5t jump+ across1 is n great en\gh to int]f]e ) a lightn+ dis*>ge :i* readily jumps ! gap & passes (f to e>?4 ,ques4 ,:y are tee? provid$ on ! plates8 ,ans4 ,= ! same reason t po9ts are us$ on lightn+ rods4 ,t is1 :5 electricity at high pressure accumulates at su* po9ts ! surr\nd+ air is electrifi$ & ! *>ge escapes by means ( ! *>g$ air p>ticles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jda4--,mason multi-dis*>ge lightn+ arre/]4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is arre/] is bas$ on ! well kn[n pr9ciple t lightn+ dis*>ges m readily at po9ts or angles ?an else:]e4 ,! wire is w\nd ar\nd squ>e c>bon rods1 :i* are connect$ to ! gr\nd1 ! l9e be+ insulat$ f ! rods by %eets ( mica4 ,! wire itself be+ squ>e1 in/ead ( r\nd1 adds to ! effici5cy ( ! arre/]1 by increas+ ! numb] ( po9ts or angles4 ,ques4 ,= :at k9d ( s]vice is ! =m ( arre/] j describ$ us$8 ,ans4 ,x is suitable = telegraph & telephone l9es :]e curr5ts ( v l[ voltage are employ$4 ,ques4 ,:y is x n us$ on l9es employ+ high] voltage1 su* z 9 electric light & p[] /ations8 ,ans4 ,curr5t at high pressure w\ld foll[ ! lightn+ across ! gap & e/abli% an arc or cont9u\s flame f "o plate to ! o!r ?us quickly de/roy+ ! plates & caus+ o!r m s]i\s damage4 ,ques4 ,:at provision is made to prev5t ! de/ruction ( arre/]s by ! l9e curr5t8 ,ans4 ,lightn+ arre/]s us$ on heavy duty circuits are design$ to rupture ! arc z soon z =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jdb4--;,diagram %[+ op]ation ( v>iable gap arc break] us$ on heavy duty lightn+ arre/]s4 ,:5 a lightn+ dis*>ge passes across ! gap to e>?1 ! dynamo curr5t foll[s x & en]gizes ! magnet ,m1 :i* attracts ! %ort arm ( ! d\ble lev]1 ?us quickly j]k+ ! t]m9al ,b away f ,c4 ,! wid] air gap ?us int]pos$ betwe5 ,b & ,c greatly increases ! resi/ance :i* breaks ! arc4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ?is done8 ,ans4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods1 ( :i* may be m5tion$ ! v>iable gap me?od describ$ 9 fig4 #a1jdb1 & ! magnetic bl[ out me?od %[n 9 fig4 #a1jdc4 ,ques4 ,:]e %\ld lightn+ arre/]s be plac$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ z ne> z possible to ! po9t :]e wires ent] a build+1 & 9 an easily accessible place away f combu/ible mat]ial4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be avoid$ 9 in/all+ lightn+ arre/]s8 ,ans4 ,k9ks & %>p b5ds 9 ! wire runn+ f ! outdoor l9es to ! arre/]s & f arre/]s to gr\nd %\ld be avoid$ z f> z possible4 ,ques4 ,:y %\ld k9ks & %>p b5ds be avoid$8 ,ans4 ,because !y (f] resi/ance to ! lightn+ dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jdc4--;,horn type lightn+ arre/]4 ,9 ?is type ( arre/]1 two wires1 aft] approa*+ )9 a %ort di/ance ( "o ano!r1 are b5t div]g5tly4 ,^! wires are support$ on insulators4 ,"o ( !m is connect$ to ! l9e to be protect$ & ! o!r is e>!d4 ,! normal l9e pressure is insuffici5t to bridge ! gap1 ev5 at its n>r[e/ portion1 b an extra high pressure :e!r due to lightn+ or to o!r di/urb+ ph5om5a1 w bridge ! gap at its n>r[e/ po9t & e/abli% a pa? to e>?4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ma9 curr5t attempts to fl[ across1 ph5om5a ( electromagnetic repulsion =ce ! arc upw>d along ! horns1 l5g!n+ & att5uat+ x1 until x f9ally becomes ext+ui%$4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld lightn+ arre/]s be gr\nd$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be connect$ to gr\nd ) ,no4 #f ,b4 ,s4 gauge copp] wire or l>g]4 ,gas pipes )9 a build+ mu/ n be us$ = a gr\nd connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jdd4--;,gr\nd connection = lightn+ arre/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jde4--;,c>bon lightn+ arre/] ) fuses z us$ on telephone l9es4 ,! arre/] consi/s ( two blocks ( c>bon sep>at$ a small di/ance by a ?9 %eet ( insulat+ mica1 :i* is p]=at$ ) "o or m holes2 a high voltage *>ge on ! l9e w jump ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! mica f ! c>bon on ! l9e side to ! l[] c>bon1 :i* is connect$ ) ! gr\nd2 ! fuses protect ! in/rum5ts aga9/ =eign curr5ts :i* might damage1 al?\gh n ( suffici5tly high pressure to jump to e>?2 sometimes ! connections are rev]s$ s t ! fuse is betwe5 ! l9e & ! e>?4 ,gr\nd connections may be made ) a "o in* galvaniz$ iron pipe driv5 ab\t #h feet or until x rea*es p]man5tly moi/ e>?1 & ext5d+ at lea/ #g feet above gr\nd4 ,! gr\nd wire %\ld be securely sold]$ to a brass plug firmly screw$ into ! pipe1 & bo? /rongly /apl$ to ! pole s !re w be little dang] ( ! connection be+ brok54 ,a good gr\nd is important1 z ! effici5cy ( ! protection w\ld be impair$ if ! gr\nd connection 7 poor4 ,:]ev] ! e>? is dry & a good gr\nd _c surely be obta9$1 an excavation #d or #e feet deep %\ld be made1 & aft] plac+ ! copp] gr\nd plate or iron pipe 9 ! hole1 x %\ld be fill$ ) cru%$ coke or *>coal ab\t pea size4 ,?is improves ! electrical connection betwe5 pipe or plate & e>?4 ,ques4 ,does lightn+ (t5 /rike telephone or electric light l9es8 ,ans4 ,no1 ! l9es become *>g$ to a high pressure by induction f lightn+ fla%es or f ! pass+ ( cl\ds t are highly *>g$4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,/orage ,,batt]ies ,introduction4--,! practical developm5t ( ! /orage batt]y is comp>atively rec5t1 al?\gh a k ( ! ph5om5a ^u :i* its actions are bas$1 dates back to #ahja4 ,9 #ahjj1 ! ye> made memorable by ,volta's discov]y ( ! galvanic batt]y1 ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle f\nd t a curr5t f ,volta's cell c\ld decompose wat]4 ,9 #ahja1 ,gau!rot discov]$ t if two plates ( plat9um or silv]1 imm]s$ 9 a suitable electrolyte1 be connect$ to ! t]m9als ( an active prim>y cell & curr5t be all[$ to fl[1 a small curr5t c\ld be obta9$ on an outside circuit connect+ ^! two electrodes z soon z ! prim>y batt]y _h be5 disconnect$4 ,erman f\nd t ! positive pole ( su* a cell1 0 ! pole :i* _h be5 connect$ to ! positive pole ( ! batt]y4 ,9 #ahjc1 ,ritt] obs]v$1 ) gold wire1 ! same ph5om5on z ,gau!rot1 & con/ruct$ ! fir/ second>y batt]y1 by sup]pos+ plates ( gold1 sep>at$ by clo? discs1 moi/5$ ) ammonia4 ,volta1 ,davy1 ,m>ian9i1 & o!rs add$ some:at to ! k on ! subject1 & 9 #ahcg1 ,s*o5be9 f\nd t p]oxide ( lead c\ld be us$ 9 second>y batt]ies4 ,sir ,william ,grove next came =w>d ) ! discov]y t metal plates1 ) a lay] ( oxide on !m1 act$ bett] ?an ! pla9 metallic plates1 & ,:eat/one & ,siem5s f\nd /ill lat] t p]oxide ( lead 0 ! be/ = su* purposes4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,grove con/ruct$ a gas batt]y1 9 :i* ! electromotive =ce came f ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 evolv$ 9 ! electrolysis ( wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,by means ( fifty su* cells1 he obta9$ an arc light4 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 :5 electrolyz+ a solution ( lead acetate1 f\nd t p]oxide 0 produc$ at ! positive1 & metallic lead at ! negative pole1 & 9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 he comm5ts on ! high conductivity ( lead p]oxide1 & its p[] ( readily giv+ up its oxyg54 ,al?\gh he made no app>5t use ( ?is discov]y1 x may be consid]$ z ! next important /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! /orage batt]y4 ,accord+ to ,niblett1 ,:eat/one1 de la ,rue1 & ,niaudet 7 well aw>e t p]oxide ( lead 0 a p[]ful depol>iz]1 b nobody appe>s to h made use ( ?is fact until #ahfj1 :5 ,m4 ,ga/on ,plante con/ruct$ 8 well kn[n cell ) coil$ plates4 ,plante's rese>*es ext5d$ up to #ahgi1 & practically det]m9$ ! /ate ( ! art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jdf4--,"o plate or grid ( a type ( /orage cell con/ruct$ by ins]t+ buttons or ribbons ( ! prop] *emical sub/ances 9 p]=ations4 ,"s su* cells use crimp$ ribbons ( metallic lead = ins]t+ 9 ! p]=ations1 o!rs pure r$ lead or o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,z to ! !ory at ?is "t1 x may be /at$ t ,cl]k ,maxwell1 al?\gh ! lead+ electrician ( 8 "t1 speaks ( ! /orage batt]y z /or+ up a quantity ( en]gy 9 a mann] some:at analog\s to ! ord9>y cond5s]2 h5ce ! use ( ! ^w accumulator = /orage batt]y4 ,9 #ahgi1 ,r4 ,l4 ,metz] did away ) ! t$i\s =m+ process1 by me*anically apply+ ! active mat]ial4 ,?is important discov]y 0 n1 h[ev]1 g5]ally kn[n1 until #ahha1 :5 ,camille ,faure obta9$ important pat5ts conc]n+ ! me?od ( %ort5+ ! "t ( =mation4 ,*>les ,f4 ,bru%1 work+ indep5d5tly ( ei!r ,faure or ,metz]1 arriv$ at ! same result1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts h decid$1 aft] long litigation1 t to him belongs ! priority ( inv5tion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jdg to #a1jej4--;,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 plates4 ,fig4 #a1jdg1 ,man*e/] positive plate2 fig4 #a1jdh1 box negative plate2 fig4 #a1jdi1 ,tudor positive plate2 fig #a1jej1 pa/$ negative plate4 ,ques4 ,to :at use is ! /orage batt]y sometimes put 9 electric light+ or p[] /ations8 ,ans4 ,to c>ry ! peak ( ! load2 t excessive portion ( ! load :i*1 = in/ance1 9 electric light+ /ations has to be c>ri$ only = two or ?ree h\rs a day4 ,to c>ry ! entire load at m9imum h\rs4 ,to act z equaliz] or res]voir4 ,also = equipm5t ( annex or sub/ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jea4--,un=m$ plate ( "o patt]n ( ,g\ld /orage cell4 ,! p>ticul> plate %[n has total outside dim5sions ( #ff in*es4 ,! cle> outl9e ( ! grooves indicates abs5ce ( oxides1 due to action ( =m+ solutions1 or *>g+ curr5t4 ,!ory ( ! ,/orage ,batt]y4--,! action ( ! /orage batt]y is practically ! same z t ( ! prim>y batt]y & x is subject to ! same g5]al laws4 ,! cells ( a /orage batt]y are connect$ 9 ! same way z prim>y cells1 & :5 *>g$ is capable ( g5]at+ a curr5t ( electricity 9 a mann] simil> to t ( a prim>y batt]y4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! prim>y batt]y 9 t x is capable ( be+ re*>g$ aft] exhau/ion by pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh x 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! curr5t on dis*>ge4 ,?is diff]5ce con/itutes ! pr9cipal advantage ( ! /orage batt]y ov] ! prim>y batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jeb & #a1jec4--;,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,co41 type ,h exide plates4 ,?is =m ( plate is us$ = l>ge /& by batt]ies4 ,fig4 #a1jeb1 positive plate2 fig4 #a1jec1 negative plate4 ,ques4 ,describe a /orage cell4 ,ans4 ,a /orage cell consi/s ( plates or ( grids 9 an electrolyte1 ( su* a "* t ! electrical en]gy suppli$ to x is conv]t$ into *emical en]gy 7a process call$ *>g+74 ,! *emical en]gy c be reconv]t$ into electrical en]gy 7a process call$ dis*>g+74 ,ques4 ,describe ! electrolyte g5]ally us$4 ,ans4 ,x consi/s ( a weak solution ( sulphuric acid :i* p]mits ready conduction ( ! curr5t f ! prim>y batt]y1 ! great] ! proportion ( acid )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! small] ! resi/ance (f]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jed4--;,elem5ts ( #f volt #dj amp]e h\r ,aplco portable 7#c cell7 /orage batt]y4 ,! grids are made f an alloy ( lead & antimony2 h>d lead /raps :i* are burn$ toge!r1 are us$ = jo9+ ! plates4 ,specially treat$ sep>ators are us$4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! electrolyte8 ,ans4 ,x decomposes ! wat] into oxyg5 & hydrog52 ?is is indicat$ by ! =mation ( bubbles ^u ! expos$ surfaces ( bo? plates1 ^! bubbles be+ =m$ by oxyg5 gas on ! plate connect$ to ! positive pole ( ! prim>y batt]y1 & hydrog5 on ! plate connect$ to ! negative pole4 ,because1 h[ev]1 ! oxyg5 is unable to attack ei!r plat9um or silv] "u su* conditions1 ! capacity ( su* a device to act z an electrical accumulator is practically limit$ to ! po9t at :i* bo? plates are cov]$ ) bubbles4 ,aft] ?is po9t ! gases w beg9 to escape into ! atmosph]e4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! prime condition = op]ation ( a /orage batt]y8 ,ans4 ,! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte %\ld be z l[ z possible 9 ord] t ! curr5t may pass freely & ) full effect betwe5 ! electrodes4 ,if ! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte be too small1 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t w cause ! wat] to boil r ?an to occasion ! electrolytic effects not$ above4 ,ques4 ,:at happ5s :5 ! *>g+ curr5t is discont9u$1 & ! two electrodes jo9$ by an outside wire8 ,ans4 ,a small curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! outside circuit1 be+ due to ! recomposition ( ! acid & wat] solution4 ,! process is 9 a v def9ite s5se a rev]sal ( t by :i* ! curr5t is g5]at$ 9 a prim>y cell4 ,hydrog5 collect$ ^u ! negative plate1 :i* 0 ! ca?ode1 s long z ! prim>y batt]y 0 9 circuit1 is giv5 (f to ! liquid imm$iately surr\nd+ x1 unit+ ) its p>ticles ( oxyg5 & caus+ ! hydrog51 9 comb9ation ) !m1 to unite ) ! p>ticles ( oxyg5 next adjac5t4 ,! process is cont9u$ until ! opposite positive plate is rea*$1 :5 ! oxyg5 collect$ !re is f9ally comb9$ ) ! surplus hydrog51 go+ to x f ! surr\nd+ solution4 ,?is *emical process causes ! curr5t to em]ge f ! positive plate1 :i* 0 ! anode1 s long z ! prim>y batt]y 0 9 circuit4 ,! curr5t ?us produc$ w cont9ue until ! recomposition ( ! gases is complete2 !n ceas+ because ^! gases1 z be=e /at$1 d n comb9e ) ! metal ( ! electrodes4 ,types ( ,/orage ,batt]y4--,!re are ?ree classes ( /orage cell :i* are comm]cially important3 #a4 ,plante cells2 #b4 ,faure cells2 #c4 ,alkal9e cells4 ,accord+ to con/ruction second>y cells may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,lead sulphuric acid cells2 #b4 ,lead copp] cells2 #c4 ,lead z9c cells2 #d4 ,alkal9e z9cate cells4 ,! lead sulphuric acid type includes all ^? cells belong+ to ! ,plante & ,faure gr\ps4 ,lead copp] cells consi/ ( %eets ( metal coat$ ) lead oxide1 s]v+ z ! positive electrode1 & copp] plates = ! negative electrodes4 ,^! plates are imm]s$ 9 a solution ( copp] sulphate4 ,cells belong+ to ?is class are n employ$ 9 comm]cial practice1 be+ useful only = laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,lead z9c cells are simil> to ! prec$+ type1 b diff] by hav+ z9c = ! negative electrode1 & z9c sulphate = ! electrolyte4 ,! voltage ( ^! cells is slightly high] ?an t ( ! ord9>y cell1 & _! capacity p] unit ( total weight is high1 b !y are apt to lose _! *>ge on op5 circuit1 besides !y possess mo/ ( ! disadvantages ( ! ,plante cells4 ,alkal9e z9cate cells h copp] = ! positive1 & iron = ! negative electrode4 ,! electrolyte is compos$ ( sodium1 or potassium1 z9cate4 ,cells ( ?is type are us$ to "s ext5t = traction purposes4 ,9 addition to ! above !re are "s special =ms ( cell :i* d n belong to ! f\r prec$+ types4 ,ques4 ,describe ! ,plante type4 ,ans4 ,9 ! ,plante type ! lead is *emically attack$ & f9ally conv]t$ into lead p]oxide1 probably aft] x has gone ?r\gh sev]al int]m$iate *anges4 ,! plates are all =m$ z positive plates fir/ & !n all t are int5d$ = negative plates are rev]s$1 ! p]oxide be+ *ang$ into sponge lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jee & #a1jef4--,will>d plates2 fig4 #a1jee1 negative plates2 fig4 #a1jef1 positive plates4 ,bo? positive & negative plates are ( ! ,plant type1 made f "o integral piece ( roll$ lead4 ,^! are groov$ plates4 ,! projections are tap]$1 t is1 !y are wid] at ! base ?an at ! surface1 = /r5g?4 ,! c5t] web ( ea* positive plate is tap]$ f ! top ( ! plate d[nw>d to secure uni=m di/ribution ( ! curr5t all ov] ! surface ( ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jeg4--,wood sep>ator = spac+ ! plates1 z us$ 9 ! ,will>d /orage cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jeh4--,positive plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jei4--,p]=at$ rubb] sep>ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jfj4--,wood sep>ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jfa4--,negative plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jfb4--;,h>d rubb] cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jfc4--,v5t plug4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jfd4--,pill> connect+ /rap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jfe4--;,h>d rubb] j>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jff4--;,complete elem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a1jeh to #a1jff4--,p>ts ( ! ,will>d ,autex automobile cells4 ,ques4 ,:at is done to make ! ,plante plate m effici5t8 ,ans4 ,! surfaces are f9ely subdivid$1 ! foll[+ me?ods be+ ^? common3 scor+1 groov+1 ca/+1 lam9at+1 press+1 & by ! use ( lead wool4 ,ques4 ,describe ! ,faure or pa/$ type4 ,ans4 ,?is =m ( plate is con/ruct$ by atta*+ ! active mat]ial by "s me*anical means to a grid prop]4 ,! active mat]ial fir/ us$ = ?is purpose 0 r$ lead1 :i* 0 r$uc$ 9 a %ort "t to lead p]oxide :5 connect$ z ! positive or anode1 or to spongy metallic lead :5 connect$ z ! ca?ode or negative1 ?us =m+ plates ( ! same *emical comp\nd z 9 ! ,plante type4 ,! mat]ials us$ at ! pres5t "t by ! manufactur]s = mak+ ?is pa/e are l>gely a secret ) !m1 b 9 g5]al !y consi/ ( pulv]iz$ lead or lead oxide mix$ ) "s liquid to make a pa/e4 ,ques4 ,h[ d ,faure plates comp>e ) ^? ( ! ,plante type8 ,ans4 ,!y are usually light] & h a high] capacity1 b h a t5d5cy to %$ ! mat]ial f ! grid1 ?us mak+ ! batt]y useless4 ,_m ways h be5 tri$ = me*anically hold+ ! active mat]ial on ! grid1 ! g5]al me?od involv+ a special design 9 ! %ape ( ! grid4 ,"s ( ^! designs are3 #a1 solid p]=at$ %eets ( lattice "w2 #b1 corrugat$ & solid recess plates n p]=at$2 #c1 ribb$ plates ) project+ portions2 #d1 grid ca/ ar\nd active mat]ial2 #e1 lead envelopes1 & #f1 triangul> tr\ghs z horizontal ribs4 ,! ,electrolyte4--,sulphuric acid is g5]ally us$ z electrolyte2 ! acid %\ld be made f sulphur & n f pyrites1 z ! latt] is liable to conta9 injuri\s sub/ances4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! electrolyte prep>$8 ,ans4 ,"o "p ( *emically pure conc5trat$ sulphuric acid is mix$ ) sev]al p>ts ( wat]4 ,! proportion ( wat] diff]s ) sev]al types ( cell f ?ree to eight p>ts1 z specifi$ 9 ! directions accompany+ ! cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jfg to #a1jgi4--,will>d connect+ /raps & connectors4 ,ques4 ,:at te/ is necess>y 9 prep>+ ! electrolyte8 ,ans4 ,9 mix+ ! wat] & acid1 ! hydromet] %\ld be us$ to te/ ! specific gravity#f ( bo? ! acid & ! solution4 ,! mo/ suitable acid %\ld %[ a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4gfj or #ff ,baum4 #f ,,note4--,specific gravity is ! weight ( a giv5 sub/ance relative to an equal bulk ( "s o!r sub/ance :i* is tak5 z a /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,wat] is ! /&>d = liquids4 ,9 ! laboratory ! specific gravity bottle is (t5 us$ 9 det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( a liquid4 ,! capacity ( ! bottle is #a1jjj gra9s ( pure wat]4 ,:5 x is fill$ ) spirits ( w9e & weigh$ 9 a balance 7toge!r ) a c\nt]poise = ! weight ( ! bottle1 :i* ( c\rse is con/ant71 x w weigh consid]ably less ?an #a1jjj gra9s2 9 fact1 ! bottle w conta9 only ab\t #iag gra9s ( pro( _s2 !re=e1 tak+ ! specific gravity ( wat] z unity1 #a or #a4jjj1 ! specific gravity ( spirits ( w9e is #j4iag4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! bottle be fill$ ) sulphuric acid1 x w weigh ab\t #a1hej gra9s2 h5ce1 ! specific gravity ( sulphuric acid is said to be #a4hej4 ,a m conv5i5t me?od = ! automobili/ is by ! use ( ! hydromet]4 ,ques4 ,9 prep>+ ! electrolyte1 h[ %\ld ! wat] & acid be mix$8 ,ans4 ,! mixture %\ld be made by p\r+ ! acid sl[ly into ! wat]1 nev] ! rev]se4 ,z _c be too /rongly /at$1 9 mix+1 ! liquid %\ld be /irr$ ) a clean wood5 /ick1 ! acid be+ add$ to ! wat] sl[ly2 ! latt] is corrosive & w pa9fully burn ! fle%4 ,di/ill$ or ra9 wat] %\ld be us$ 9 prep>+ ! electrolyte4 ,:5 made1 ! solution %\ld be all[$ to cool = sev]al h\rs or until its temp]ature is approximately t ( ! atmosph]e 7#fj be+ ! av]age74 ,at ?is po9t x %\ld h a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4bjj or #be ,baum4 ,if ! hydromet] %[ a high] read+1 wat] may be add$ until ! correct read+ is obta9$2 if a l[] read+1 dilute acid may be add$ ) simil> int5t4 ,! electrolyte %\ld nev] be mix$ 9 j>s conta9+ ! batt]y plates1 b pref]ably 9 /one vessels1 specially prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,fur!rmore1 x %\ld nev] be plac$ 9 ! cell until p]fectly cool4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( mix+ ! acid & ! wat]8 ,ans4 ,! mixture becomes hot4 ,be=e us+1 ! mixture %\ld be all[$ to cool4 ,ques4 ,:at k9d ( a vessel %\ld be us$8 ,ans4 ,! vessel %\ld be ( glass1 glaz$ e>!nw>e1 or lead4 ,ques4 ,at :at d5sity is ! resi/ance ( dilute sulfuric acid at a m9imum8 ,ans4 ,at #a4bfj4 ,! p]c5tage ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & ( wat] p] #ajj p>ts ( ! electrolyte = v>i\s specific gravities is giv5 by ! foll[+ table3 ,,specific ,,gravity ,,table ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,sulphuric acid ,wat] ,specific gravity 7,p] c5t474 7,p] c5t474 ( ,mixture4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #ej #ej #a4cih #dg #ec #a4cgj #dd #ef #a4cdb #da #ei #a4cae #ch #fb #a4bhi #ce #fe #a4bfd #cb #fh #a4bci #bi #ga #a4bae #bf #gd #a4aij #bc #gg #a4afg #bj #hj #a4add #ag #hc #a4aba #ad #hf #a4jih #aj #ij #a4jfh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,! electrolyte ( ! desir$ specific gravity may be pur*as$ ready = use1 b 9 cases :]e x is desirable to save freight1 ! acid may be dilut$ at ! po9t ( in/allation4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( a deep conta9+ vessel8 ,ans4 ,p>ts ( ! plate surface may d m ?an _! %>e ( ! "w due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte at ! top & bottom4 ,! conta9+ vessel %\ld1 !re=e1 nev] be deep] ?an ab\t #bj in*es unless "s artificial means ( acid circulation be us$4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( *anges 9 temp]ature on ! electrolyte8 ,ans4 ,! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte is *ang$1 be+ less = increase ( temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jhj to #a1jhd--;,acid hydromet]s = liquids heavi] ?an wat]4 ,fig4 #a1jhj1 /&>d /orage batt]y hydromet] ) guid+ po9ts design$ = hydromet] syr+e1 %ot bulb1 ) r$ l9e at #be ,baum1 #e in*es long1 d\ble scale #aj to #dj ,baum1 #a4jej to #a4djj specific gravity4 ,fig4 #a1jha1 pla9 hydromet] ) %ot bulb1 #e in*es long1 d\ble scale #aj to #dj ,baum1 #a4jej to #a4djj specific gravity4 ,figs4 #a1jhb & #a1jhc1 hydromet] ) small flat bulb1 us$ 9 c> light+ batt]ies1 %ot bulb1 #d in*es long1 s+le scale1 read+ f #a4ajj to #a4bej specific gravity4 ,fig4 #a1jhd j> = hydromet]s4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! cells be fill$8 ,ans4 ,en\gh ( ! electrolyte %\ld be p\r$ into ! j>s to completely cov] ! plates1 or to )9 ab\t a half in* ( ! top edge ( ! j>4 ,l>ge cells %\ld be fill$ by means ( an acid pro( pump & rubb] hose4 ,ques4 ,:at *ange takes place aft] fill+ ! j>s8 ,ans4 ,! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte w fall consid]ably1 b w rise aga9 :5 ! batt]y is *>g$4 ,ques4 ,:at may be said ) respect to ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte8 ,ans4 ,x %\ld nev] exce$ #a4bjj :5 ! batt]y is fully *>g$4 ,ques4 ,h[ mu* electrolyte is us$ p] #ajj amp]e h\rs batt]y capacity1 on an #h h\r rat+8 ,ans4 ,ab\t t5 p\nds2 9 automobile batt]ies1 ab\t f\r p\nds is suffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jhe4--,! hydromet] syr+e2 a conv5i5t device = te/+ electric vehicle cells4 ,by slightly compress+ ! bulb & ins]t+ ! sl5d] tube ?r\gh ! v5t hole 9 ! cov] ( ! cell suffici5t acid may be drawn up to float ! hydromet] )9 ! l>ge glass tube1 & ! read+ c be made at once4 ,! acid is return$ to ! cell by aga9 compress+ ! bulb1 & ! read+ ( ! next cell tak54 ,! labori\s & uncleanly me?od ( draw+ out suffici5t acid by a syr+e is ?us avoid$4 ,ques4 ,:at may be said ) respect to impurities 9 ! electrolyte8 ,ans4 ,! electrolyte %\ld be free f *lor9e1 nitrates1 acetates1 iron1 copp]1 ars5ic1 m]cury1 & ! slighte/ trace ( plat9um4 ,m]cury alone has no injuri\s effect unless x be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity to amalgamate ! plates1 b 9 comb9ation ) any o!r metal1 may cause local action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jhf to #a1jhi4--,! ,*ampion ,accumulator2 views %[+ p>ts & assembly4 ,fig4 #a1jhf1 empty plate2 fig4 #a1jhg1 fill$ plate2 fig4 #a1jhh1 complete elem5t1 small type2 fig #a1jhi1 cell assembl$4 ,! plates are ( ! envelope type & are made ?ick4 ,! active mat]ial is held firmly 9 place by a cov]+ ( lead4 ,a few ?ick plates are us$ in/ead ( _m ?9 ones4 ,! foll[+ te/s %\ld be made = impurities be=e ! electrolyte is p\r$ 9 ! cells3 ,*lor9e4--,to a small sample ( ! electrolyte add a few drops ( silv] solution 7#bj gra9s ( silv] dissolv$ 9 #a1jjj cu4 cm4 ( wat]74 ,a :ite precipitate indicates *lor9e4 ,nitrates4--,place "s ( ! electrolyte 9 a te/ tube1 & add #aj gra9s ( /rong f]r\s sulphate solution4 ,c>efully p\r d[n ! side ( ! te/ tube a small am\nt ( *emically pure conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,a br[n /ratum betwe5 ! electrolyte & ! conc5trat$ acid indicates ! pres5ce ( nitric acid4 ,acetic acid4--,neutralize ! electrolyte ) ammonia1 !n add f]ric *loride4 ,if ! solution turns r$1 & is aft]w>ds blea*$ by ! addition ( hydro*loric acid1 acetic acid is pres5t4 ,iron4--,neutralize a sample ( ! electrolyte ) ammonia2 boil a small portion ) hydrog5 p]oxide1 & add ammonia or cau/ic pota% solution until ! mixture becomes alkal9e4 ,if a br[ni% r$ precipitate =ms1 x indicates iron4 ,copp]4--,if copp] be pres5t1 a blui% :ite precipitate w be =m$ :5 ammonia solution is add$ to ! electrolyte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jij4--,"o cell ( ! ,g\ld /orage batt]y = electric vehicle use4 ,accord+ to ! data giv5 by ! manufactur]s1 ?is cell1 conta9+ f\r negative & ?ree positive plates1 has a normal *>g+ rate ( #bg amp]es2 a di/ance rate ( #bb amp]es = f\r h\rs2 a capacity ( #ha amp]e h\rs at #c h\rs dis*>ge1 & ( #ij amp]e h\rs at #d h\rs dis*>ge4 ,=ty su* cells are g5]ally us$ = an av]age light vehicle batt]y4 ,m]cury4--,?is is indicat$ by an olive gre5 precipitate :5 a solution ( potassium iodide is add$ to ! electrolyte1 or by a black precipitate :5 lime wat] is add$4 ,plat9um4--,a r\gh te/ = traces ( plat9um is made by p\r+ ! electrolyte into a cell 9 :i* ! batt]y plates are imm]s$4 ,if gass+ take place = "s "t on op5 circuit1 x is an indication ( ! pres5ce ( plat9um4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be done ) old electrolyte8 ,ans4 ,:5 a batt]y is tak5 d[n ! electrolyte may be sav$ & us$ :5 re-assembl+ ! batt]y1 provid+ great c>e be ex]cis$ :5 p\r+ x out ( ! j>1 s z n to draw (f ) x any ( ! s$im5t4 ,x %\ld be /or$ 9 conv5i5t receptacles1 pref]ably c>boys1 :i* h be5 ?or\ghly wa%$ & nev] us$ = any o!r purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jia4--,phantom view ( an ,exide sp>k+ or ignition batt]y4 ,x conta9s ?ree cells4 ,9 ?is type1 ! t]m9al lug has be5 design$ to obviate ! creep+ ( ! electrolyte ) its accompany+ corrosion4 ,! positive & negative t]m9als are = id5tification4 ,! electrolyte sav$ 9 ?is mann] w n1 h[ev]1 be suffici5t to refill ! batt]y1 & z "s new electrolyte w be requir$1 9 g5]al x is recomm5d$ t ! old supply be ?r[n away & all new electrolyte 7#a4bjj specific gravity7 be us$ :5 re-assembl+4 ,voltage ( a ,second>y ,cell4--,?is dep5ds on ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte1 ! "* ( ! electrodes & condition ( ! cell2 x is indep5d5t ( ! size ( ! cell4 ,! voltage ( a lead sulphuric acid cell :5 be+ *>g$ is f #b to #b4e volts4 ,:ile ! cell is be+ dis*>g$1 x decreases f #b to #a4g volts4 ,! voltage due to ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte may be calculat$ f ! foll[+ =mula3 ,v #a4he 4#iag 7,s - s7 9 :i* ,v voltage2 ,s specific gravity ( ! electrotype2 s specific gravity ( wat] at ! temp]ature ( obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jib4--,! ,exide /orage cell4 ,! positive & negative plates are sep>at$ by ?9 %eets ( p]=at$ h>d rubb]1 plac$ on bo? sides ( ea* positive plate4 ,! electrolyte & plates are conta9$ 9 a h>d rubb] j>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1jic4--;,an ,exide batt]y ( five cells4 ,! box :i* holds ! cells is usually made ( oak1 prop]ly re9=c$1 ) ! wood treat$ to r5d] x acid pro(4 ,! t]m9als z %[n1 consi/ ( metal ca/+s atta*$ to ! side ( ! box & pla9ly m>k$4 ,connection = ,*>g+4--,! dynamo cable connections may be made ei!r be=e or aft] fill+ ! cells4 ,9 mak+ ^! connections great c>e %\ld be tak5 to be sure t ! positive t]m9al ( ! batt]y is connect$ to ! positive lead ( ! dynamo1 & t ! negative t]m9al ( ! batt]y is connect$ to ! negative lead ( ! dynamo4 ,9 ord] to insure t ! rev]se connections are n made accid5tally1 ! dynamo leads %\ld be te/$ by a pole te/]1 & ! positive & negative poles m>k$ r$ & black respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1jid to #a1aji4--,p>ts ( ! ,exide sp>k+ batt]y4 ,a1 positive plate2 ,b1 negative plate2 ,c1 wood sep>ator2 ,d1 positive /rap2 ,e1 negative /rap2 ,f1 t]m9al lug2 ,h1 connector2 ,i1 t]m9al bolt connector1 /ud1 ?umb nut & hexagonal nut2 ,j1 copp] wa%] = bolt connector2 ,l1 h>d rubb] j>2 ,m1 h>d rubb] cov]2 ,n1 h>d rubb] cyl9d] v5t2 ,o1 v5t plug = cyl9d] v5t2 ,r1 wood case2 ,s1 /rap h&le2 ,t1 fitt+ = /rap h&le4 ,! ,exide sp>k+ batt]y is also adapt$ = electric light+ ( automobiles1 = head lights1 tail lights1 side & int]ior lights4 ,! pol>ity ( ! dynamo wires be+ det]m9$1 !y may be jo9$ to ! prop] t]m9als by means ( suitable clamps or by sold]4 ,:]ev] possible ! dynamo %\ld be ( ! direct curr5t1 %unt w\nd1 or special comp\nd type1 b 9 cases :]e only alt]nat+ curr5t c be obta9$1 suitable rectifi]s or conv]t]s %\ld be us$ = *ang+ x to direct curr5t4 ,*>g+4--,be=e beg9n+ to *>ge a /orage batt]y1 x %\ld be gone ov] c>efully1 & any cell t is n up to ! /&>d %\ld be disconnect$ & put 9 work+ ord] be=e be+ replac$4 ,9 g5]al1 if ! curr5t us$ 9 *>g+ be too l>ge1 x w wa/e en]gy by evolv+ an excess ( heat & gas2 if too small1 an insulat+ deposit ( :ite lead sulphate w be =m$ on ! positive plate1 !reby prev5t+ ! =mation ( ! prop] am\nt ( lead p]oxide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1aaj & #a1aaa4--,swit*bo>d & motor dynamo circuit connections = *>g+ a batt]y f direct curr5t ma9s4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld a batt]y be *>g$ = ! fir/ "t8 ,ans4 ,x is ess5tial t ! curr5t be all[$ to ent] at ! positive pole at ab\t "o-half ! usual *>g+ rate prescrib$1 b aft] mak+ sure t all necess>y conditions h be5 fulfill$1 x is possible to raise ! rate to t prescrib$ by ! manufactur]s ( ! batt]y4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! usual p]iod = *>g+ a new batt]y8 ,ans4 ,) sev]al ( ! be/ kn[n makes ( /orage batt]y ! prescrib$ p]iod = ! fir/ *>ge v>ies betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1aab & #a1aac4--,swit*bo>d & motor g5]ator circuit connections = *>g+ a batt]y f alt]nat+ curr5t ma9s4 ,! connections ( a ?ird wire are %[n1 = use 9 case a ?ree phase circuit is available4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! electrolyte affect$ by ! fir/ *>ge8 ,ans4 ,a *ange ( specific gravity occurs4 ,! specific gravity %\ld be ab\t #a4bjj :5 ! solution is p\r$ into ! cells4 ,at ! completion ( ! fir/ *>ge1 x %\ld1 on ! same scale be ab\t #a4bbe4 ,if x be high] ?an ?is1 wat] %\ld be add$ to ! solution until ! prop] figure is rea*$1 if x be l[]1 dilute sulphuric acid %\ld be add$ until ! hydromet] regi/]s #a4bbe4 ,at ! fir/ *>g+ ( a cell1 :5 ! pressure has rea*$ ! requir$ limit1 ! cell %\ld be dis*>g$ until ! voltage has fall5 to ab\t two-?irds normal pressure1 :5 ! cell %\ld aga9 be re*>g$ to ! normal voltage 7#b4e or #b4f volts74 ,! manufactur]s ( a well kn[n cell ( ! ,plante g5us prescribe = ! fir/ *>ge1 half rate = f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* ! curr5t may be increas$ to ! normal p[] & cont9u$ = tw5ty h\rs successively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aad4--,plates ( ,edison /orage batt]y4 ,! positive or nickel plate consi/s ( "o or m p]=at$ /eel tubes1 heavily nickel plat$1 fill$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( nickel hydroxide & pure metallic nickel 9 excessively ?9 flakes4 ,! tube is drawn f a p]=at$ ribbon ( /eel1 nickel plat$1 & re9=c$ ) eight /eel b&s1 equidi/ant ap>t1 :i* prev5t ! tube exp&+ away f & break+ contact ) its cont5ts4 ,! tubes are flang$ at bo? ends & held 9 p]fect contact ) a /eel support+ frame or grid made ( cold roll$ /eel1 nickel plat$4 ,! negative or iron plate consi/s ( a grid ( cold roll$ /eel1 nickel plat$1 hold+ a numb] ( rectangul> pockets fill$ ) p[d]$ iron oxide4 ,^! pockets are made up ( v f9ely p]=at$ /eel1 nickel plat$4 ,aft] ! pockets are fill$ !y are ins]t$ 9 ! grid & subject$ to great pressure betwe5 dies :i* corrugate ! surface ( pockets & =ce !m into good contact ) ! grid4 ,ques4 ,:at /r5g? ( curr5t %\ld be us$ 9 *>g+ a cell8 ,ans4 ,x %\ld be 9 proportion to ! amp]e h\r capacity ( ! cell4 ,?us1 z giv5 by sev]al manufactur]s1 ! normal *>g+ rate = a cell ( #dj amp]e h\rs %\ld be five amp]es1 or "o-eigh? ( its amp]e h\r rat+ 9 amp]es ( *>g+ curr5t4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be ! voltage ( ! *>g+ curr5t be=e clos+ ! *>g+ circuit8 ,ans4 ,! voltage %\ld be at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 high] ?an ! normal voltage ( ! batt]y :5 *>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aae4--;,complete elem5t ( ,edison /orage batt]y ) insulators4 ,aft] ! plates are assembl$ into a complete elem5t1 n>r[ /rips ( treat$ h>d rubb] are ins]t$ betwe5 ! plates1 !reby sep>at+ & insulat+ !m f ea* o!r4 ,! side insulator is provid$ ) grooves t take ! edges ( ! plates1 !reby p]=m+ ! dual function ( sep>at+ ! plates & insulat+ ! complete elem5ts f ! /eel conta9]4 ,at ! ends ( ! elem5t1 t is betwe5 ! outside negative plates & conta9]1 are ins]t$ smoo? %eets ( h>d rubb]4 ,at ! bottom1 ! elem5t re/s ^u a h>d rubb] rack or bridge1 insulat+ ! plates f ! bottom ( conta9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aaf4--;,f\r ,edison cells 7type ,a-#d7 9 wood5 tray4 ,ques4 ,:at indicates ! completion ( a *>ge8 ,ans4 ,:5 a cell is fully *>g$ ! electrolyte app>5tly boils & gives (f gas freely4 ,! completion ( a *>ge may be det]m9$ by ! voltmet]1 :i* w %[ :e!r ! normal pressure has be5 atta9$4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! voltage be regulat$ dur+ ! fir/ *>ge8 ,ans4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to rise some:at above ! po9t ( normal pressure4 ,electrical ,data ,edison ,cell ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,b-#b ,b-#d ,b-#f ,normal output1 amp]e h\rs #dj #hj #abj ,maximum output1 amp]e h\rs #dh #ie #adb ,normal rate ( dis*>ge1 amp]es = five h\rs #h #af #bd ,av]age voltage on normal dis*>ge #a4b #a4b #a4b ,normal rate ( *>ge1 amp]es = sev5 h\rs #h #af #bd ,maximum rate ( boo/+ *>ge 7= %ort "t only7 #ej #ajj #adj ,l5g? ( conta9+ c 7det]m9$ by numb] ( plates7 #a #b #c-ac_/af ,wid? ( conta9+ c #e #e #e ,height #g-ae_/af #g-ac_/af #g ,height ov] all #h #h #h ,weight ( ea* cell alone1 lbs4 #d4f #g4d #aj4e ,av]age weight p] cell ( batt]y1 assembl$ 9 trays #e4e #h4g #aa4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aag4--;,cell ( ,edison /orage batt]y4 ,! j> or conta9] is ( nickel plat$ %eet /eel ) weld$ seams2 ! walls are corrugat$ to give /r5g?4 ,! cell cov]1 ( %eet /eel1 has f\r m\nt+s1 two be+ pockets to conta9 /uff+ boxes ab\t ! t]m9al po/s4 ,"o ( ! o!r two is a sep>ator :i* sep>ates spray f ! escap+ gas :ile ! batt]y is *>g+4 ,! f\r? m\nt+ is = fill+ ) electrolyte4 ,! electrolyte consi/s ( a #ba solution ( pota% 9 di/ill$ wat] ) a small p] c5t4 ( li?ia4 ,! d5sity ( ! electrolyte does n *ange on *>ge or dis*>ge4 ,ques4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld a batt]y be *>g$8 ,ans4 ,at lea/ once 9 two weeks1 ev5 if ! use be only slight 9 proportion to ! output capacity4 ,9 *>g+ a /orage batt]y1 x is ess5tial to rememb] ! fact t ! normal *>g+ rate is 9 proportion to ! voltage ( ! batt]y4 ,?us1 a #ajj amp]e h\r batt]y1 *>g$ f a #aaj volt circuit at ! rate ( t5 amp]es p] h\r1 w\ld require t5 h\rs to *>ge1 & w\ld consume 9 t "t an am\nt ( electrical en]gy repres5t$ by ! product ( #aaj 7voltage7 by #aj 7amp]es7 :i* w\ld give #a1ajj watts1 or #a kw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aah4--;,diagram illu/rat+ me?od ( *>g+ /orage batt]y ( /ation>y gas eng9e ignition sy/em2 ! sy/em is simple to in/all & w give satisfactory results4 ,two /orage batt]ies are us$1 "o be+ *>g$ :ile ! o!r is op]at+ ! sp>k+ coil4 ,:]e *>g+ curr5t is available at ! po9t :]e ! batt]ies are us$1 ! foll[+ diagram %[s ! sy/em ( connections1 :i* c be easily foll[$1 ,a repres5ts ! s\rce ( *>g+ curr5t & ,b ! bank ( lamps 7or o!r resi/ance1 su* z an ord9>y rheo/at7 suffici5t to cut d[n ! *>g+ voltage to t requir$ by ! batt]y4 ,c & ,d are two d\ble pole d\ble ?r[ knife swit*es connect$ at _! h+es to two batt]ies1 ,e & ,f1 ea* consi/+ ( a gr\p ( cells4 ,g repres5ts ! leads to ! sp>k+ coil t]m9als4 ,f ! diagram1 x w readily be se5 t by ?r[+ ! swit*es 9 opposite directions "o batt]y w be *>g+ :ile ! o!r batt]y is dis*>g+ to ! eng9e1 ?us giv+ a con/ant s\rce ( supply1 & insur+ t ! sp>e batt]y w be full & ready = s]vice by ! "t ! o!r is dis*>g$4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! necess>y resi/ance = cutt+ d[n ! l9e voltage = *>g+ ! batt]y is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3 ,if a batt]y require ab\t #c amp]es = *>g+1 h[ is ?is curr5t obta9$ f a #aaj volt circuit8 ,ea* #af c&le p[] c>bon filam5t lamp 9 ! lamp bank w\ld give approximately amp]e ) ! cells 9 s]ies 9 ! lamp circuit4 ,!re=e1 #c x #c or #i lamps %\ld be us$ 9 p>allel to give #c amp]es4 ,ques4 ,if 9 *>g+ a batt]y1 "o or m ( ! cells d n boil at ! completion ( ! *>ge1 or fail to %[ ! prop] voltage1 :at %\ld be done8 ,ans4 ,! *>g+ mu/ be cont9u$ until ! cadmium te/ %[s ! requir$ voltage1 b if ! prolong+ ( ! *>ge be liable to damage ! plates 9 ! o!r cells1 ! defective cell or cells %\ld be cut out ( circuit :5 ! batt]y dis*>ges & !n plac$ 9 circuit aga9 :5 ! batt]y is re*>g$4 ,if ! desir$ result _c be atta9$ by ?is me?od1 ! plates :i* require additional *>g+ may be *>g$ 9 a sep>ate cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1aai & #a1abj4--;,em]g5cy connections = weak ignition batt]y4 ,x sometimes occurs ?r\gh c>elessness or neglect1 t ! /orage batt]y is dis*>g$ s l[ t ! eng9e explosion w n take place1 & x is necess>y to run someh[ or o!r = a %ort "t4 ,9 su* cases ! foll[+ sugge/ion may be foll[$3 ,if !re be two /orage batt]ies1 connect !m 9 s]ies4 ,if !re be "o /orage batt]y & a set ( dry cells1 connect ! positive t]m9al ( ! /orage batt]y to ! negative or outside t]m9al ( ! dry cell2 set & connect to ! coil leads z if !y 7 "o batt]y4 ,! above sugge/ions %\ld only be foll[$ 9 em]g5cy1 = x may injure ! coils1 & is h>mful to ! batt]y4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! cadmium te/ made8 ,ans4 ,a plate ( cadmium is m\nt$ 9 a h>d rubb] frame & imm]s$ 9 ! electrolyte4 ,! te/ consi/s 9 tak+ voltage read+s betwe5 ! cadmium plate & ! positive or negative plates ( ! cell4 ,dur+ *>ge ! cadmium plate reads negative to ! negative plate1 until ! cell is ab\t full1 :5 ! read+ %\ld be z]o2 ! *>ge %\ld be cont9u$ until ! cadmium reads #j4b volt positive to ! negative :ile *>g+ at ! normal rate4 ,ques4 ,"n "s portable in/rum5ts t %\ld be provid$ = te/+ batt]ies4 ,ans4 #a1 a hydromet] syr+e 7specific gravity te/]72 #b1 an acid te/+ set 7c be us$ in/ead ( ! syr+e72 #c1 a l[ read+ voltmet]2 #d1 suitable prods1 & #e1 a !rmomet]4 ,ques4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 9 *>g+ a batt]y8 ,ans4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to h a nak$ flame any:]e 9 its vic9ity4 ,to ei!r *>ge or dis*>ge a batt]y at too rapid a rate involves ! g5]ation ( heat4 ,?us1 :ile ?is is n liable to result 9 a flame "u usual conditions1 ! batt]y may take fire1 if x be improp]ly connect$ or improp]ly us$4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( v>y+ ! *>g+ curr5t8 ,ans4 ,9 *>g+ a /orage cell1 p>ticul>ly = ! fir/ "t1 a weak] curr5t ?an t specifi$ may be us$ ) ! same result1 provid$ ! prescrib$ duration ( ! *>ge be proportionally l5g!n$4 ,! batt]y may also be occasionally *>g$ beyond ! prescrib$ voltage1 t5 or tw5ty p] c5t4 ov]*>ge effect+ no injury1 al?\gh if frequ5tly repeat$1 x %ort5s ! life ( ! batt]y4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! *>ge indications8 ,ans4 ,! /ate ( ! *>ge is n only indicat$ by ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte & ! voltage ( ! cell1 b also by ! color ( ! plates1 :i* is consid]$ by _m au?orities z "o ( ! be/ te/s = asc]ta9+ ! condition ( a batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1aba & #a1abb4--,two me?ods ( *>g+ f a direct curr5t light+ sy/em4 ,! simple/ me?od ( *>g+ is f an inc&esc5t light circuit1 us+ lamps connect$ 9 p>allel to r$uce ! voltage to t ( ! batt]y1 ! curr5t be+ adju/$ by v>y+ ! numb] ( lamps 9 circuit4 ,! gr\p ( lamps is 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y to be *>g$1 & ! comb9ation is connect$ across ! circuit furni%+ ! curr5t4 ,if ! *>g+ s\rce be a #aaj-abj volt circuit1 & ! rate requir$ be #f amp]es1 twelve #af c4 p4 or six #cb c4 p4 lamps1 9 p>allel1 & ! gr\p 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y1 w give ! desir$ *>g+ rate1 unless high effici5cy lamps be us$1 :5 m w be requir$4 ,9 case a l[] *>g+ rate1 say #b amp]es be us$1 !n a proportionately few] numb] ( lamps w be ne$$2 b ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to complete ! *>ge w be correspond+ly increas$4 ,in/ead ( lamps1 z 9 fig4 #a1aba1 a rheo/at is sometimes us$1 z %[n 9 fig #a1abb4 ,its resi/ance %\ld be su* z to produce1 :5 c>ry+ ! normal *>g+ curr5t1 a drop 9 volts equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pressure ( ! *>g+ s\rce & t ( ! batt]y to be *>g$2 ?us1 if a batt]y ( ?ree cells1 giv+ #f volts1 is to be *>g$ f a #aaj volt circuit at a #f amp]e rate1 ! resi/ance w\ld be1 accord+ to ,ohm's law1 7#aaj - #f7 #f #ag4c ohms4 ,! c>ry+ capacity ( ! rheo/at %\ld be slightly 9 excess ( ! curr5t requir$ = *>g+4 ,an ammet] ) suitable scale %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! batt]y circuit to indicate ! curr5t4 ,= *>g+ m ?an "o batt]y at a "t f a #aaj volt circuit1 ! batt]ies %\ld be connect$ 9 s]ies 7positive t]m9al ( "o batt]y to ! negative ( ! next1 & s on74 ,! *>g+ rate %\ld be t ( ! batt]y ) ! l[e/ rate4 ,! resi/ance to be ins]t$ w be less ?an if only "o batt]y is be+ *>g$2 :]e lamp resi/ance is us$1 ?is means m lamps 9 p>allel4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove ea* batt]y f ! circuit z x becomes *>g$1 ins]t+ additional resi/ance to take its place4 ,ques4 ,:at are ! colors ( ! plates8 ,ans4 ,9 ! case ( =m$ plates1 & be=e ! fir/ *>g+1 ! positives are ( a d>k br[n color ) :iti% or r$di% gray spots1 & ! negatives are ( a yell[i% gray4 ,! :iti% or r$di% gray spots on ! positive plates are small p>ticles ( lead sulphate :i* h n be5 r$uc$ to lead p]oxide dur+ ! process ( =m+1 & repres5t imp]fect sulphation4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! fir/ *>g+ %\ld be c>ri$ on until ^! spots completely disappe>4 ,aft] ?is ! positive plates %\ld be ( a d>k r$ or *ocolate color at ! end ( ! dis*>ge1 & ( a wet slate or ne>ly black color :5 fully *>g$4 ,a v small dis*>ge is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to *ange !m f black to ! d>k r$ or *ocolate color4 ,if ! batt]y has be5 dis*>g$ to a pressure l[] ?an #a4h volts1 ! :ite sulphate deposits w reappe>1 turn+ ! d>k r$ color to a grayi% t9t 9 pat*es or all ov] ! face ( ! plate1 or 9 ! =m ( scales ( a v5etian r$ color4 ,! =mation ( ^! scales :ile *>g+ indicates t ! maximum *>g+ curr5t is too l>ge & %\ld be r$uc$ until ! scales or :ite deposits fall (f or disappe>1 aft] :i* ! curr5t c be increas$ aga94 ,dur+ *>g+1 ! yell[i% gray color ( ! negatives *anges to a pale slate color :i* gr[s slightly d>k] at ! completion ( ! *>ge4 ,! color ( ! negatives always rema9s1 h[ev]1 mu* light] ?an t ( ! positives4 ,ques4 ,h[ are ! be/ results obta9$ 9 *>g+8 ,ans4 ,! rate ( *>ge %\ld be normal1 except 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,at su* a rate1 unless ! con/ant voltage me?od be employ$1 ! cell may be consid]$ full :5 ! voltmet] reads #b4e volts dur+ *>ge4 ,! electrolyte %\ld be kept at uni=m d5sity ?r\gh\t ! cell2 :5 wat] is add$1 because ( evaporation1 x %\ld be add$ by means ( a funnel rea*+ to ! bottom ( ! cell4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 nev] to add acid aft] evaporation2 o!rwise ! electrolyte w be too heavy4 ,hydromet] read+s %\ld be tak5 regul>ly2 ! read+ is an excell5t indication ( ! am\nt ( *>ge 9 ! batt]y4 ,hydromet] read+s are useless1 h[ev]1 unless ! precaution be tak5 to keep ! electrolyte ( uni=m d5sity4 ,ques4 ,:at voltage %\ld be us$ 9 *>g+8 ,ans4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! *>ge ! voltage %\ld be ab\t #e p] c5t4 high] ?an ! normal voltage ( ! batt]y1 unless ! latt] has be5 ov]dis*>g$1 9 :i* case ! diff]5ce ( pressure %\ld n exce$ #b p] c5t41 o!rwise ! curr5t might be too l>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1abb4--;,diagram %[+ *>g+ connections = ,exide duplex sp>k+ batt]y4 ,c1 *>g+ s\rce2 ,d1 d\ble pole s+le ?r[ swit*2 ,e1 s+le pole s+le ?r[ swit*2 ,m1 lamp resi/ance ma9 batt]y2 ,r1 lamp resi/ance res]ve batt]y4 ,ques4 ,9 :at two ways may batt]ies be *>g$8 ,ans4 ,!y may be *>g$ ei!r at con/ant curr5t or at con/ant voltage4 ,al?\gh ! latt] me?od is consid]$ ! bett] "o by _m au?orities1 x is a fact1 nev]!less1 t if ! *>g+ curr5t be normal at ! beg9n+ ( ! *>ge1 & no means be provid$ = keep+ x con/ant1 x w dim9i% z ! *>g+ progresses1 !reby greatly increas+ ! l5g? ( ! "t requir$ = *>g+1 & result+ 9 s]i\s injury to ! plates4 ,ques4 ,h[ may ! *>g+ curr5t be kept con/ant8 ,ans4 ,its voltage %\ld be gradually increas$1 fir/ to ab\t #aj or #ae p] c5t4 above ! voltage ( ! batt]y1 & kept at t po9t ne>ly to ! end ( ! *>ge1 :]e 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid rise ( pressure 9 ! batt]y x might become necess>y to increase ! voltage ( ! curr5t to #cj or #dj p] c5t4 above ! normal ( ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1abd to #a1abf4--;,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 *loride cells4 ,! voltage ( cells ( all capacities is slightly above #b volts on op5 circuit1 & dur+ dis*>ge at ! #h h\r rate x v>ies f t po9t at ! beg9n+ to #a4ge volts at ! end4 ,ques4 ,:at te/s %\ld be made :ile *>g+8 ,ans4 ,occasional voltage & cadmium read+s ( ea* cell %\ld be tak5 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ _! condition & ! behavior ( ! sep>ate plates4 ,ques4 ,:at te/s %\ld be made aft] *>g+8 ,ans4 ,ea* cell %\ld be te/$ ) a l[ read+ voltmet] & hydromet] ab\t once a week4 ,if any cell read l[1 x %\ld be cut out & exam9$ to see if any mat]ial has be5 introduc$ :i* w\ld cause a %ort circuit4 ,if ?is tr\ble d n exi/1 ! cell %\ld be giv5 an indep5d5t *>ge4 ,*>ge ,indications4--,! /ate ( ! *>ge is n only indicat$ by ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte & ! voltage ( ! cell1 b also by ! color ( ! plates1 :i* is consid]$ by _m au?orities z "o ( ! be/ te/s = asc]ta9+ ! condition ( a batt]y4 ,9 ! case ( =m$ plates1 & be=e ! fir/ *>g+1 ! positives are ( a d>k br[n color ) :iti% or r$di% gray spots & ! negatives are ( a yell[i% gray4 ,! :iti% or r$di% gray spots on ! positive plates are small p>ticles ( lead sulphate :i* h n be5 r$uc$ to lead p]oxide dur+ ! process ( =m+1 & repres5t imp]fect sulphation4 ,z a g5]al rule ! fir/ *>g+ %\ld be c>ri$ on until ^! spots completely disappe>4 ,aft] ?is1 ! positive plates %\ld be ( a d>k r$ or *ocolate color at ! end ( a dis*>ge & ( a wet slate or ne>ly black color :5 fully *>g$4 ,a v small dis*>ge is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to *ange !m f black to ! d>k r$ or *ocolate color4 ,if ! batt]y has be5 dis*>g$ to a pressure l[] ?an #a4h volts1 ! :ite sulphate deposits w reappe> turn+ ! d>k r$ color to a grayi% t9t 9 pat*es or all ov] ! surface ( ! plate1 or 9 ! =m ( scales ( a v5etian r$ color4 ,! =mation ( ^! scales dur+ *>g+ indicates t ! maximum *>g+ curr5t is too l>ge & %\ld be r$uc$ until ! scales or :ite deposits fall (f or disappe>1 aft] :i* ! curr5t c be increas$ aga94 ,ques4 ,describe ! behavior ( ! electrolyte dur+ dis*>ge4 ,ans4 ,!re is a def9ite *ange 9 ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte = a giv5 am\nt ( dis*>ge4 ,! d5sity ( ! electrolyte is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! be/ indications ( ! /ate ( *>ge1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 no int]nal dis*>ge due to local action takes place4 ,if1 :5 ! cell is *>g$1 x %[ a d5sity ( #a4bjj1 & :5 dis*>g$ #a4acj1 ! diff]5ce 4#jg repres5ts ! total *>ge4 ,if at any "t ! d5sity be #a4afe1 !n j "o half ! am\nt ( capacity has be5 tak5 f ! cell4 ,x is necess>y to /ir ! electrolyte well1 9 ord] = ^! obs]vations to be reliable4 ,if ! dis*>ge has tak5 place at a high rate1 ! cell mu/ /& = an h\r or m be=e ! electrolyte w completely diffuse s t ! d5sity read+s are correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1abg4--;,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,co41 arc lead burn+ outfit4 ,9 assembl+ a /orage batt]y elem5t1 a negative plate is laid d[n ) a sep>ator on x1 !n a positive plate1 sep>ator1 negative plate1 etc4 ,! plates are s plac$ t all ! lugs ( ! positive plates are on "o side & all ! lugs ( ! negative plates are on ! o!r side4 ,a /rip1 consi/+ ( flat /rips ( lead or lead alloy1 hav+ rectangul> op5+s 9 x ( ! same dim5sions z ! cross section ( ! lug ( ! plates1 ^! op5+s be+ spac$ to regi/] ) ! lugs1 is !n plac$ ov] ! plate lugs ( ! positive plates & a simil> /rap is plac$ ov] ! lugs ( ! negative plates4 ,! lugs are !n burn$ into integral union ) ! /raps4 ,ques4 ,def9e ! t]m boil+4 ,ans4 ,boil+ means ! rapid evolution ( gas :5 a cell is ne>ly *>g$4 ,ques4 ,:at causes boil+8 ,ans4 ,! am\nt ( sulphate to be conv]t$ into p]oxide becomes less & less z ! *>ge progresses & ! plates !re=e become virtually small]1 s t ! curr5t becomes too l>ge = ! "w dem&$ ( x4 ,! result is1 t "p ( ! curr5t n actually us$ 9 ! =mation ( p]oxide decomposes ! electrolyte into its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,ques4 ,:y d ! gases evolv$ produce a less milky appe>ance ( ! electrolyte :5 a batt]y has be5 9 use = a consid]able "t8 ,ans4 ,! plates are bett] =m$2 consequ5tly a l>g] *>g+ curr5t c be us$ )\t produc+ boil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1abh4--;,hydrog5 gas g5]ator = lead burn+4 ,a complete lead burn+ outfit consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 #a1 hydrog5 gas g5]ator2 #b1 trap = clean+ ! gas & = prev5t+ ! flame gett+ back 9 ! g5]ator2 #c1 air pump2 #d1 air tank2 #e1 bl[ pipe2 #f1 lead burn]'s mix+ tee2 #g1 l5g? ( #aej feet #e_/af in* s(t rubb] tub+4 ,:5 ! g5]ator is to be us$ = lead burn+1 connect up ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! app>atus z %[n4 ,fill ! trap full ) wat] & be sure to connect ! gas g5]ator to ! nipple on ! bottle m>k$ ,b4 ,! /op cocks ,n & ,c mu/ be clos$4 ,see t ! rubb] plug at ,d is secur$ 9 place4 ,put ! requir$ am\nt ( z9c 9 ! op5+ at ,h4 7,no4 #a g5]ator requires3 #ae lbs4 z9c1 #i gals1 wat]1 #c gal4 vitriol4 ,no4 #b g5]ator requires3 #bj lbs4 z9c1 #ae gals4 wat]1 #e gals4 vitriol74 ,aft] putt+ 9 ! z9c1 add ! wat] & !n ! sulphuric acid1 & note t ! wat] mu/ always be put 9 be=e ! acid4 ,:5 mak+ ! connection be sure t !re are no l[ po9ts 9 ! hose betwe5 ,e & ,n1 z wat] is liable to accumulate at ^! l[ places1 :i* w make ! gas damp :i* is detrim5tal to ! burn+4 ,if wat] get into ! l9e1 k9k ! hose betwe5 ,f & ,b1 deta* ! hose at ,e & bl[ out ! wat] ) air by op5+ ! cocks1 ,n1 ,c & ,v4 ,! l5g? ( ! hose betwe5 ,t & ,x mu/ n be long] ?an five feet z ! cocks ,n & ,c mu/ always be )9 ! rea* ( ! man :o is us+ ! flame4 ,:5 ready to use ! flame1 op5 ,n :i* all[s ! hydrog5 gas to escape4 ,light ! same ) a mat* & adju/ ! air cock ,c until ! desir$ flame is obta9$4 ,diff]5t classes ( "w require diff]5t flames1 :i* c be obta9$ by *ang+ ! tips & by v>y+ ! am\nt ( gas & air ) ! cocks ,n & ,c4 ,:5 ! g5]ator is laid up = ! night1 or :5 ! *>ge is exhau/$1 pull ! hose (f at ,f & draw (f ! solution by remov+ ! plug at ,d4 ,! g5]ator %\ld !n be ?or\ghly wa%$ by p\r+ wat] 9 ,a4 ,ques4 ,:at may be said ( *>g+ a batt]y z quickly z possible8 ,ans4 ,z a g5]al rule1 su* a proc$ure %\ld n be adopt$ unless ! batt]y be ?or\ghly dis*>g$4 ,ques4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak58 ,ans4 ,! dang] to be avoid$ 9 rapidly *>g+ a cell is its t5d5cy to heat4 ,ques4 ,:at app>atus is necess>y 9 *>g+ a batt]y8 ,ans4 ,! batt]y may be *>g$ f direct curr5t ma9s hav+ ! prop] voltage4 ,a curr5t z ne> uni=m z possible is requir$1 & exi/+ conditions mu/ be met 9 ea* sep>ate case4 ,sometimes a motor dynamo set ) a regulat+ swit*bo>d is us$4 ,su* an app>atus consi/s ( a direct curr5t dynamo1 driv5 direct f ! %aft ( a motor1 :i*1 9 turn1 is en]giz$ by curr5t f ! l9e circuit4 ,) a direct curr5t on ! l9e1 a direct curr5t dynamo may be us$2 b ) an alt]nat+ curr5t an induction motor is requir$4 ,! spe$ ( ! motor is gov]n$ by a rheo/at1 & ! output ( ! dynamo is ?us regulat$ z desir$4 ,*>g+ ,?r\gh ! ,night4--,if an electric vehicle1 aft] a late ev5+ run1 is to be us$ 9 ! morn+1 ! batt]y may be *>g$ dur+ ! night )\t an att5dant be+ pres5t2 b 9 do+ ?is great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to excessively ov]*>ge4 ,a c>eful e/imate ( ! am\nt ( curr5t requir$ %\ld be made & ! rate ( *>ge bas$ on ?is e/imate4 ,if1 say1 #gb amp]e h\rs be requir$ to re*>ge1 & ! "t available is n9e h\rs1 ! av]age rate ( *>ge mu/ be #h amp]es4 ,if *>g+ f a #aaj-volt circuit1 ! rate at ! />t %\ld be ab\t #aj amp]es2 if f a #ejj-volt circuit1 ab\t #i amp]es2 z1 9 *>g+ f a s\rce ) con/ant voltage1 su* z a lightn+ or trolley circuit1 ! rate into ! batt]y w fall z ! *>ge progresses4 ,?is also applies if ! *>g+ be done f a m]cury arc rectifi] )\t att5dance4 ,ques4 ,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 9 *>g+ a batt]y out ( a vehicle8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1abi4--;,int]ior view ,nor?we/]n /orage batt]y4 ,! positive plate is ( d\ble grid con/ruction1 & ! negative plate consi/s ( a special /agg]$ grid4 ,! sep>ators us$ betwe5 ! plates are h>d rubb]1 ribb$ on "o side s z to prev5t ! positive plate f buckl+4 ,x is p]=at$ s z to all[ a free circulation ( ! electrolyte & to decrease ! int]nal resi/ance4 ,rubb] sep>ators are bett] ?an ! commonly us$ wood or pap] sep>ators because !y prev5t local action4 ,! flat side ( ea* sep>ator is plac$ aga9/ a positive plate1 prev5t+ %$d+ or jolt+ ( ! active mat]ial ( ! plate4 ,?is *ecks det]ioration4 ,! j>s are made ( rubb] composition2 ! walls are ?ick & ! cov]s well fitt$ to avoid spill+ ! electrolyte4 ,all ,nor?we/]n batt]ies are conta9$ 9 rubb] composition j>s4 ,! walls are ?ick & ! cov]s fit tightly to prev5t spill+ ! acid4 ,a h>d wood box1 treat$ ) a moi/ure repellant is us$ = ! out] case4 ,^! batt]ies are made 9 any voltage desir$1 ! amp]e capacity rang+ f #be amp4 hrs4 to #cjj amp4 hrs4 ,ans4 ,:5 a batt]y is be+ ov]haul$1 ! cells mu/ be connect$ toge!r 9 s]ies & to ! *>g+ s\rce 9 relatively ! same mann] z if !y 7 9 ! vehicle2 t is1 ! positive 77 t]m9al ( "o gr\p ( cells mu/ be connect$ to ! negative 7-7 t]m9al ( ! next gr\p1 & ! two free t]m9als1 "o positive & ! o!r negative1 mu/ be connect$ respectively to ! positive & negative t]m9als ( ! *>g+ circuit1 b n until all ( ! gr\ps h be5 connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,great c>e mu/ always be tak5 to h ! pol>ities correct & ! wire or cable = ! connections ( ample size to c>ry1 )\t heat+1 ! heavie/ curr5t us$ 9 *>g+4 ,*>g+ ,small ,cells4--,= cells ( ! portable type1 hav+ capacities f #aj to #ajj amp]e h\rs1 ! normal *>g+ & dis*>g+ rate %\ld be ab\t "o-t5? ! /at$ capacity1 b ! dis*>g+ rate may be increas$ to d\ble ?is value1 9 case ( necessity4 ,if ! cells be provid$ ) =m$ plates & n *>g$1 ! j>s %\ld be fill$ ) ! prop] electrolyte1 & !n *>g$ = at lea/ #aj h\rs /eady1 or until !y boil1 !n !y may be dis*>g$4 ,9 ! case ( un=m$ plates1 ! *>g+ %\ld be f #cj to #dj h\rs1 until ! cells boil1 & ! plates assume _! prop] color4 ,ques4 ,h[ are small cells easily *>g$ f #aaj or #bbj volt circuits8 ,ans4 ,?is may be conv5i5tly done by ins]t+ 9 "o ( ! *>g+ leads an inc&esc5t lamp :i* w pass ! requir$ quantity ( curr5t4 ,if ! curr5t requir$ be z l>ge z #aj amp]es1 a suitable resi/ance or #aj lamps 9 p>allel1 ea* pass+ "o amp]e1 may be us$4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! batt]y is connect$ prop]ly4 ,p]iod ( ,*>g+ a ,new ,batt]y4--,9 ! case ( batt]ies provid$ ) =m$ plates1 ! fir/ *>ge %\ld ext5d ov] a p]iod ( n less ?an #cj consecutive h\rs1 )\t /opp+1 if possible1 or = p]iods ( n less ?an #aj h\rs a day = ?ree consecutive days4 ,! electrolyte w !n comm5ce to boil or gas1 assum+ a milky appe>ance due to ! asc5d+ bubbles ( gas4 ,at ?is /age ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte z %[n by ! hydromet] plac$ 9 ea* cell %\ld be at lea/ #a4bjj2 x is ess5tial t ! *>g+ %\ld be cont9u$ until e cell boils equally4 ,f ?is po9t ! *>g+ %\ld be prolong$ until ! pressure1 z det]m9$ by a voltmet] or a cadmium te/]1 rises to ab\t #b4ee volts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1acj4--,! ,will>d und]slung batt]y box = automobiles4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 9 automobile design1 is to keep ev]y?+ (f ! runn+ bo>d z f> z possible1 & to get tool boxes1 batt]y boxes1 etc41 plac$ some:]e "u cov]4 ,to meet ^! conditions ! box "h illu/rat$ is arrang$ s t x c be und]slung b5ea? ! re> footbo>d or support$ on auxili>y cross memb]s made ( /rap iron & atta*$ to ! side memb]s ( ! *assis4 ,x is usually susp5d$ "u ! re> footbo>d or ! re> seat4 ,! box has a *emically treat$ wood l9+ to make x acid pro(4 ,! l9+ is s made t !re is air space betwe5 ! batt]y & ! sides ( ! box1 except at ! corn]s4 ,v5tilation is ?us obta9$ & ! batt]y kept dry4 ,accumulation ( wat] or spill$ electrolyte 9 ! bottom ( ! box is prev5t$ by grooves 9 ! bottom bo>d1 ext5d+ d[nw>d f ! corn]s to an outlet at ! c5t] ( ! bo>d4 ,! box is also fitt$ ) rubb] bu%+s 9 ! holes :]e wire leaves ! batt]y box4 ,! *>g+ ( un=m$ plates is simil> 9 all respects to t ( =m$ plates1 except t ! fir/ *>g+ %\ld ext5d ov] a p]iod ( at lea/ #gj consecutive h\rs )\t /opp+1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! plates %\ld h ! *>act]i/ic colors ( ^? ( a fully *>g$ batt]y4 ,if !y d n1 ! *>g+ %\ld be prolong$ & ! cell te/$ = d5sity ( electrolyte1 & voltage1 z already describ$ until ! desir$ conditions are atta9$4 ,!n ! batt]y may be dis*>g$ & re*>g$4 ,x is probable t a total ( #cjj to #djj h\rs ( *>g+ ) int]v5+ dis*>ges w be requir$ to =m ! plates until !y acquire a good color1 & ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte becomes /able4 ,9 regul> *>g+1 ! rate %\ld be rapid :5 ! batt]y is ne>ly exhau/$1 b x %\ld be greatly r$uc$ at ! end ( ! *>ge aft] pass+ ! po9t ( boil+4 ,*>g+ at too l[ a rate is always injuri\s4 ,ques4 ,:at may be said ) respect to ! capacity ( a new batt]y8 ,ans4 ,a new batt]y w nev] give its full capacity till aft] ab\t tw5ty dis*>ges4 ,dur+ ?is "t x %\ld be giv5 ab\t #be ov]*>ge4 ,aft] t1 #aj ov]*>ge1 t is1 #aj m *>ge ?an 0 tak5 out1 w be suffici5t = ord9>y "w4 ,high ,*>g+ ,rates4--,occasionally x is desirable to *>ge a batt]y z quickly z possible4 ,z a g5]al rule1 su* a proc$ure %\ld n be adopt$ unless ! batt]y be ?or\ghly dis*>g$1 & n !n1 unless done by a p]son :o ?or\ghly und]/&s :at he is ab\t2 batt]y mak]s w always furni% data & directions to meet em]g5cies4 ,9 *>g+ a batt]y at a high rate1 ! dang] to be avoid$ is ! t5d5cy ( ! cells to heat4 ,! tr\bles t might arise f ?is cause may be prev5t$ by imm$iately r$uc+ ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,! prop] rate ( *>ge = a giv5 batt]y ( cells may be ?us discov]$ by exp]im5t4 ,a batt]y %\ld nev] be *>g$ at a high rate unless x be completely exhau/$1 s9ce x is a fact t ! rate ( *>ge t x w absorb is dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( en]gy already absorb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aca4--;,in/ructions = tak+ voltage read+s 7,national batt]ies74 ,! batt]ies are made up ( sev]al cells1 usually two or ?ree1 ea* cell repres5t+ approximately #b volts :5 batt]y is on op5 circuit 7nei!r *>g+ nor dis*>g+74 ,x is sometimes advisable to take individual read+s ( ! cells1 bo? to det]m9e on *>ge if all ! cells be ev5ly *>g$1 & also on dis*>ge to be sure t ! cells are ev5ly dis*>g$4 ,to d ?is1 a l[-read+ voltmet] mu/ be us$ ) prods atta*$ to ! voltmet] leads t c be =c$ into ! t]m9als s z to insure good contacts4 ,to te/ ! positive end cell1 put ! positive prod on ! positive t]m9al ( ! batt]y & ! negative prod into small hole back ( positive t]m9al 9 h>d rubb] cov]4 ,middle cell 79 #f volt1 type ,y batt]ies7 is te/$ by ins]t+ ! positive prod 9 ! small hole back ( ! positive t]m9al1 & ! negative prod 9 small hole back ( negative t]m9al4 ,9 ! #abj amp]e h\r1 ,auto type ( batt]y1 ! middle cell is te/$ by ins]t+ ! positive prod 9 ! small hole back ( ! positive t]m9al & ! negative prod on ! middle t]m9al4 ,! negative end cell is te/$ by putt+ ! negative prod on ! negative t]m9al & ! positive 9 ! small hole 9 rubb] cov] back ( ! negative t]m9al4 ,a *>g+ cell at end ( *>ge %\ld read ab\t #b4ee volts4 ,a fully *>g$ cell on op5 circuit %\ld read ab\t #b4a volts4 ,s9ce op5 circuit read+s v>y "u diff]5t conditions1 z to age1 acid1 etc41 little significance %\ld be atta*$ to !m4 ,a dis*>g$ cell voltage w v>y consid]ably ) ! _m diff]5t coils1 eng9es1 etc41 b 9 ! majority ( cases %\ld read betwe5 #a4h to #a4i volts1 :ile motor is 9 op]ation4 ,= rapid *>g+1 :5 a batt]y has to be *>g$ 9 f\r h\rs1 ! curr5t %\ld v>y ab\t z foll[s3 #dj p] c5t4 ( total #a/ h\r #be #bnd #bj #crd #ae #d? ,= quick *>g+ 9 ?ree h\rs ! rates %\ld be3 #ej p] c5t4 #a/ h\r2 #cc p] c5t4 #bnd h\r2 #af p] c5t4 #crd h\r4 ,m]cury ,arc ,rectifi]4--,?is is a device = obta9+ direct curr5t f alt]nat+ curr5t = use 9 *>g+ /orage batt]ies4 ,! trans=mation is obta9$ at a l[ co/1 because ! regulation is obta9$ f ! alt]nat+ side ( ! rectifi]1 :ile ! curr5t comes f ! direct curr5t side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1acb to #a1acd4--,m]cury arc rectifi] outfit1 or *>g+ set4 ,! cuts %[ front1 re>1 & side views ( ! rectifi]1 illu/rat+ ! arrangem5t on a panel1 ( ! rectifi] tube ) its connection & op]at+ devices4 ,! !ory is z foll[s3 ,9 an exhau/ tube hav+ "o or m m]cury electrodes1 ioniz$ vapor is suppli$ by ! negative electrode or ca?ode1 :5 ! latt] is 9 a /ate ( excitation4 ,?is condition ( excitation c be kept up only z long z !re is curr5t fl[+ t[>d ! negative electrode4 ,if ! direction ( ! voltage be rev]s$1 s t ! =m]ly negative electrode is n[ positive1 ! curr5t ceases to fl[1 s9ce 9 ord] to fl[ 9 ! opposite direction x w\ld require ! =mation ( a new negative electrode1 :i* c be accompli%$ only by special means4 ,!re=e1 ! curr5t is always fl[+ t[>d "o electrode--! ca?ode1 :i* is kept excit$ by ! curr5t itself4 ,su* a tube w\ld cease to op]ate on alt]nat+ curr5t voltage aft] half a cycle if "s means 7 n provid$ to ma9ta9 a fl[ ( curr5t cont9u\sly t[>ds ! negative electrode4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ace4--;,elem5t>y diagram ( m]cury arc rectifi] connections4 ,a1 ,a1 graphite anodes2 ,b1 m]cury ca?ode2 ,c1 small />t+ electrode2 ,d1 batt]y connection2 ,e1 & ,f reactance coils2 ,g & ,h1 trans=m] t]m9als2 ,j1 batt]y4 ,ques4 ,describe ! con/ruction & op]ation ( a m]cury arc rectifi]4 ,ans4 ,fig4 #a1ace is an elem5t>y diagram ( connections4 ,! rectifi] tube 9 an exhau/$ glass vessel 9 :i* are two graphite anodes ,a1 ,a1 & "o m]cury ca?ode ,b4 ,! small />t+ electrode ,c is connect$ to "o side ( ! alt]nat+ circuit1 ?r\gh resi/ance2 & by rock+ ! tube a slight arc is =m$1 :i* />ts ! op]ation ( ! rectifi] tube4 ,at ! in/ant ! t]m9al ,h ( ! supply trans=m] is positive1 ! anode ,a is !n positive1 & ! arc is free to fl[ betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,foll[+ ! direction ( ! arr[ /ill fur!r1 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! batt]y ,j1 ?r\gh "o-half ( ! ma9 reactance coil ,e1 & back to ! negative t]m9al ,g ( ! trans=m]4 ,:5 ! impress$ voltage falls bel[ a value suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! arc aga9/ ! rev]se voltage ( ! arc & load1 ! reactance ,e1 :i* h]et(ore has be5 *>g+1 n[ dis*>ges1 ! dis*>ge curr5t be+ 9 ! same direction z =m]ly4 ,?is s]ves to ma9ta9 ! arc 9 ! rectifi] tube until ! voltage ( ! supply has pass$ ?r\gh z]o1 rev]s$1 & built up su* a value z to cause ! anode ,a to h a suffici5tly positive value to />t ! arc betwe5 x & ! ca?ode ,b4 ,! dis*>ge circuit ( ! reactance coil ,e is n[ ?r\gh ! arc ,a',b in/ead ( ?r\gh its =m] circuit4 ,consequ5tly ! arc ,a',b is n[ suppli$ ) curr5t1 p>tly f ! trans=m]1 & p>tly f ! reactance coil ,e4 ,! new circuit f ! trans=m] is indicat$ by ! arr[s enclos$ 9 circles4 ,ques4 ,h[ is a m]cury arc rectifi] />t$8 ,ans4 ,a rectifi] outfit ) its />t+ devices1 etc41 is %[n 9 figs4 #a1acb to #a1acd4 ,to />t ! rectifi]1 close 9 ord] nam$ l9e swit* & circuit break]2 hold ! />t+ swit* 9 opposite position f normal2 rock ! tube g5tly by rectifi] %ak]4 ,:5 ! tube />ts1 z %[n by gre5i% blue light1 release />t+ swit* & see t x goes back to normal position4 ,adju/ ! *>g+ curr5t by means ( f9e regulation swit* on ! left2 or1 if n suffici5t1 by "o button ( co>se regulation swit* on ! "r4 ,! regulat+ swit* may h to be adju/$ occasionally dur+ *>ge1 if x be desir$ to ma9ta9 ! *>g+ curr5t approximately con/ant4 ,capacity4--,! unit ( capacity ( a /orage cell is ! amp]e h\r1 t is1 ! ability to dis*>ge "o amp]e cont9u\sly = "o h\r4 ,= in/ance1 a #ajj amp]e h\r batt]y w give a cont9u\s dis*>ge ( #ab amp]es = eight h\rs4 ,x %\ld !oretically give a dis*>ge ( #be amp]es cont9u\sly = f\r h\rs1 or #ej amp]es = two h\rs1 b 9 reality1 ! amp]e h\r capacity decreases ) an increase ( dis*>ge rate4 ,x requires1 !oretically 4#ace ounces ( metallic lead on ei!r elem5t r$uc$ to sponge lead or to lead p]oxide to produce "o amp]e h\r2 9 practice1 f f\r to six times ?is am\nt is requir$4 ,! reason = ?is is because x is impossible to r$uce all ! active mat]ial1 to br+ e p>ticle 9 contact ) ! electrolyte1 or to cause e "p to be p5etrat$ by ! curr5t4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t f 4#e to 4#h ounces ( sponge lead1 & f 4#ec to 4#hf ounces ( metallic lead conv]t$ into p]oxide1 are requir$ on _! respective elem5ts to produce a dis*>ge ( "o amp]e h\r at ord9>y comm]cial rates4 ,! capacity increases ) ! temp]ature1 be+ ab\t "o p] c5t4 = ea* degree ,fahr4 increase 9 temp]ature4 ,batt]y capacity dep5ds on ! size & numb] ( plates2 ! quantity ( active mat]ial pres5t1 & ! quantity ( electrolyte4 ,= an eight h\r rate ( dis*>ge & #fj degrees temp]ature1 ! capacity ( ,am]ican batt]ies v>ies f #dj to #fj amp]e h\rs p] squ>e foot ( positive plate surface 7 #b numb] ( positive plates 9 p>allel l5g? bread?74 ,! foll[+ table gives ! v>iation ( capacity = diff]5t rates ( dis*>ge3 ,capacity ,v>iation = ,diff]5t ,dis*>ge ,rates ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dis*>ge ,p] c5t ( capacity rate at #h h\r rate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,plante ,faure #h h\r #ajj #ajj #f h\r #if #if #d h\r #hj #hh #b h\r #fa #gj #a h\r #ef #dh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1acf4--;,exide connector pull] = remov+ connectors4 ,ques4 ,h[ may ! capacity ( a batt]y be increas$8 ,ans4 ,by mix+ organic mat]ials ) ! lead oxide1 b any su* mixture is always accompani$ by a rapid det]ioration ( ! plates4 ,dis*>g+4--,9 dis*>g+ a batt]y its voltage %\ld nev] be all[$ to fall bel[ #a4h volts1 "u load1 ?us leav+ ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! total capacity unus$4 ,! normal dis*>g+ curr5t may be equal to ! normal *>g+ curr5t1 b a dis*>ge equal to #c or #d times ! normal may be giv5 )\t injury to ! plates4 ,"s types may be dis*>g$ at ev5 six or sev5 times ! normal rate4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 ! capacity w be r$uc$ 9 ! same proportion1 z be=e expla9$ 9 ! p>agraph deal+ ) batt]y capacities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1acg to #a1aea4--,p>ts ( ! ,)]bee batt]y4 #a1 j>2 #b1 inside cov]2 #c1 cov]2 #d1 h&le2 #e1 v5t cap2 #f1 cov]1 screws1 nuts & wa%]s2 #g1 h&le eyes1 nuts & wa%]s2 #h1 rubb] cov]$ nut2 #i1 spann]nut2 #aj1 plate /rap = positive plates2 #aa1 plate /rap = negative plates2 #ab1 rubb] sep>ator2 #ac1 wood sep>ator2 #ad1 positive gr\p ( plates2 #ae1 negative gr\p ( plates2 #af1 positive plate2 #ag1 negative plate2 #ah1 cell connector4 ,an elem5t consi/s ( a complete set ( plates b\nd toge!r on /rap1 ) wood & rubb] sep>ators = a s+le cell4 ,positive plates are br[n1 negative plates1 gray4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( dis*>g+ too rapidly8 ,ans4 ,x t5ds to break ! plates1 & 9 ! case ( pa/$ plates1 a v sudd5 dis*>ge w dislodge ! pa/e4 ,ques4 ,h[ is ! dis*>ge capacity ( a /orage batt]y /at$8 ,ans4 ,9 amp]e h\rs4 ,?is1 unless o!rwise specifi$1 ref]s to its output ( curr5t at ! eight h\r rate4 ,mo/ manufactur]s ( automobile batt]ies specify only ! amp]age ( ! dis*>ge at ?ree & f\r h\rs4 ,?us1 at ! eight h\r rate1 a cell :i* w dis*>ge at t5 amp]es = eight h\rs is said to h a capacity ( eighty amp]e h\rs4 ,x does n foll[ t eighty amp]es w\ld be secur$ if ! cell 7 dis*>g$ 9 "o h\r4 ,x is safe to say t n m ?an =ty amp]es w\ld be ! result ) ?is rapid dis*>ge4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! "o h\r dis*>ge rate is f\r times t ( ! normal1 or eight h\r dis*>ge1 & consid]ations ( economy & prud5ce sugge/ t x %\ld nev] be exce$$1 if1 inde$1 x ev] be employ$4 ,! ?ree h\r dis*>ge1 :i* is normally twice t ( ! eight h\r1 is usually ! highe/ t is prud5t1 :ile ! f\r h\r dis*>ge is ! "o mo/ (t5 employ$ 9 vehicles = ! av]age high spe$ rid+4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be ! maximum rate ( dis*>ge8 ,ans4 ,! "o-h\r rate2 ?is :5 us$1 %\ld n ext5d ov] fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,9 ! case ( regulat+ batt]ies a =ty-five m9ute rate ( dis*>ge may be all[$ = "o or two m9utes dur+ great fluctuations ( load4 ,ques4 ,h[ does ! capacity decrease8 ,ans4 ,x decreases ) ! increase 9 curr5t output4 ,an #hj amp]e h\r cell1 capable ( deliv]+ #aj amp]es = #h h\rs1 w\ld1 :5 dis*>g$ at #ad amp]es1 h a capacity ( #gj amp]e h\rs2 :5 dis*>g$ at #bj1 its capacity w\ld be #fj2 & :5 dis*>g$ at #dj1 its capacity w h decreas$ f #hj to #dj amp]e h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aeb4--,! ,edison alt]nat+ curr5t rectifi]4 ,x consi/s ( an electro-me*anically op]at$ valve :i* all[s curr5t waves ( only "o pol>ity to pass ?r\gh x f ! alt]nat+ curr5t circuit to ! batt]y :i* is to be *>g$4 ,an indicat+ snap swit* ( ! usual =m controls ! />t+ & /opp+ ( ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,! rectifi] gives any desir$ *>g+ rate )9 its capacity4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! rectifi] connect$ up & *>g+ an ignition batt]y ( five ,edison cells4 ,! connections consi/ ( ! usual connect+ cord & plug & a *>g+ lead runn+ f ! plus side ( ! *>g+ t]m9als on ! rectifi] to ! plus pole ( ! batt]y1 & ano!r lead connect+ ! negative t]m9als z %[n4 ,9 turn+ ! snap swit* to ! on position1 ! prop] *>g+ curr5t w fl[ into ! batt]y4 ,:5 *>g+ is complet$1 ! swit* is turn$ to ! (f position & ! batt]y leads disconnect$4 ,ques4 ,:at1 9 g5]al1 are ! indications ( ! quantity ( electricity rema9+ )9 a cell8 ,ans4 ,! voltage1 & ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be done aft] dis*>g+8 ,ans4 ,:5ev] possible ! batt]y %\ld be imm$iately *>g$4 ,! ,batt]y ,room4--,precautions %\ld be tak5 to prev5t any direct sunlight fall+ on ! batt]y cells 9 glass j>s1 z ! breakage ( su* j>s due to unequal expansion ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! glass1 is a s\rce ( con/ant tr\ble & dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aec4--,p]man5t connections = ,edison rectifi]4 ,z %[n1 ! rectifi] is connect$ to a small swit* & cut\t4 ,! exclusion ( direct sunlight also t5ds to keep ! evaporation ( ! electrolyte at a m9imum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aed4--;,edison ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t rectifi]2 view ) cov] op5 %[+ p>ts4 ,b1 prim>y circuit cord2 ,c1 cond5s]2 ,e1 prim>y relay2 ,f1 second>y swit*2 ,s1 alt]nat+ circuit swit*2 ,t1 trans=m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aee4--,vibrat+ unit ( ,edison alt]nat+ curr5t rectifi]4 ,m1 p]man5t magnet2 ,n1 c>bon vibrat+ contact2 ,o1 comb radiator2 ,p1 prim>y circuit coil2 ,q1 vibrator adju/m5t screw4 ,op]ation ( ,edison ,rectifi] ,! op]ation ( ! ,edison rectifi] may be expla9$ z foll[s ) ! aid ( figs4 #a1aed to #a1aef 7! p>ts be+ uni=mly lett]$ 9 ! figures73 ,! prim>y circuit tak5 f ! alt]nat+ curr5t ma9s by ! cord ,b1 embraces ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! trans=m] ,t1 a cond5s] ,c1 & ! coils ,p1 ( ! vibrat+ units1 fig4 #a1aee4 ,! second>y circuit f ! trans=m] embraces ! massive c>bon & copp] contacts 7,n & ,o1 fig4 #a1aef7 :i* pass only ! positive waves ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t1 = *>g+ batt]ies or o!r duty4 ,an ammet] & rheo/at may be plac$ 9 ?is *>g+ circuit if ! curr5t is to be v>i$1 or a fix$ connection may be sub/itut$ on ! base ( ! rectifi] if x is to be us$ = ! maximum duty ( #h or #af amp]es4 ,! vibrat+ unit 7fig4 #a1aee71 :i* op]ates 9 a mann] simil> to ! well kn[n action ( a pol>iz$ relay1 includes a p]man5t magnet ,m2 ! coil 9 ! prim>y circuit ,p2 ! vibrat+ armature ( /eel ) removable c>bon contact ,n2 ! /ation>y copp] contact ) comb top = heat radiation ,o1 & ! screw ,q = adju/+ ! amplitude ( ! armature vibration4 ,! vibrat+ armature ( ea* unit is divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* gives flexibility1 af=ds increas$ curr5t capacity & m9imizes sp>k+1 ! two leads %[n be+ connect$ toge!r 9 "o circuit4 ,a prim>y relay & a second>y swit* 7,e & ,f1 figs4 #a1aed & #a1aef71 close _! contacts :5 curr5t is fl[+4 ,^u failure ( ! ma9 alt]nat+ curr5t l9e !y op]ate to op5 ! *>g+ circuit4 ,a /orage batt]y is ?us prev5t$ dis*>g+ ?r\gh ! rectifi]4 ,^u resumption ( ! ma9 alt]nat+ curr5t1 ! rectifi] />ts automatically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aef4--;,elem5t>y diagram ( connections4 ,e batt]y room %\ld be provid$ ) a wat] tap & s9k4 ,! floor %\ld be pav$ ) vitrifi$ brick1 pref]ably blue or yell[ 9 color1 ( diamond patt]n & slop+ 9 all directions t[>d suitable dra9s4 ,a floor ( ?is type c be easily wa%$ by flood+ ) wat]1 & its patt]ns t5d to keep x dry "u foot at all times4 ,wood5 floors are rott$ v quickly by acid spill+s & by ! spray4 ,! room %\ld be kept absolutely cle> ( ev]y?+1 :i* may be injur$1 by ! sulphuric acid fumes & x %\ld be well v5tilat$ to insure ! safety & good heal? ( ! att5dants4 ,a batt]y1 ev5 at re/1 gives (f hydrog5 :i* :5 dilut$ ) air =ms a mixture :i* is v liable to explode if br\ght 9 contact ) any k9d ( flame4 ,unless prop] v5tilation be provid$1 ! break+ ( ! connection :5 a curr5t is fl[+1 or ! light+ ( a b>e flame lamp 9 ! batt]y room w\ld be dang]\s4 ,batt]y ,att5dants & ,workm54--,^? employ$ 9 sett+ up batt]ies are liable to suff] f sor5ess ( h&s & ! de/ruction ( clo?+ unless prop] precautions be tak5 to prev5t ! same4 ,9 ord] to avoid ^! tr\bles1 ! boots %\ld be pa9t$ ) p>aff9e mix$ ) an equal quantity ( beeswax4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be ( wool5 mat]ial1 :i*1 unlike cotton1 is practically unaffect$ by ! acid4 ,if cotton %irts be worn1 !y %\ld be dipp$ 9 a /rong solution ( wa%+ soda & !n r\gh dri$4 ,an apron ( sack+1 back$ ) flannel %\ld be worn ov] all ! o!r clo!s4 ,a bottle ( /rong ammonia %\ld be kept 9 ! batt]y room at all times1 & 9 case ( an accid5tal spla% ( acid on ! clo!s1 ! imm$iate application ( a small quantity ( ! ammonia1 by means ( ! /opp]1 w at once neutralize ! acid & prev5t x burn+ a hole 9 ! mat]ial4 ,a pail conta9+ wat] made /rongly alkal9e ) wa%+ soda %\ld also be kept conv5i5tly at h& dur+ all op]ations 9 ! batt]y room4 ,! h&s %\ld be dipp$ occasionally 9 ?is wat] 9 ord] to prev5t ! sk9 sm>t+ & becom+ sore "u ! action ( ! acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aeg4--;,int]ior ( /orage batt]y room %[+ arrangem5t ( cells4 ,a1 are ! cell insulators2 ,b1 wood5 /r+]s2 ,c1 support+ pieces4 ,if a spla% ( acid %\ld happ5 to ent] ! eye1 x %\ld be wa%$ at once ) clean wat]1 w>m wat] pref]ably1 & !n put "o or two drops ( olive oil into ! eye4 ,if olive oil be n imm$iately available1 any k9d ( eng9e oil is bett] ?an none at all4 ,po9ts on ,c>e & ,managem5t4--,9 sett+ up /orage cells1 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 z few ti]s z possible1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! direct rays ( ! sun are n all[$ to fall ^u ! cells4 ,! rays ( ! sun are likely to crack ! glass4 ,?is is probably due to ! unequal expansion ( ! glass1 = x has be5 f\nd t j>s :i* are c>efully anneal$ nev] crack 9 ?is mann]4 ,( c\rse1 ! latt] precaution does n apply to l>ge batt]ies1 :]e lead l9$ wood5 tanks or solid lead boxes are us$4 ,9 in/all+ plants :]e exp]t att5dance is n to be _h1 x is well to place 9 ! circuit two magnetic cut outs1 "o set = maximum curr5t1 & ! o!r = m9imum voltage1 s t ! batt]y _c be dis*>g$ too l[4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! cells be plac$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ z %[n 9 fig4 #a1aea1 on insulators ,a1 re/+ on wood5 /r+]s ,b1 & support+ pieces ,c plac$ on ! floor4 ,! insulators are usually ( glass or porcela91 :i* 9 c]ta9 patt]ns may be fill$ ) oil1 to insure bett] insulation z %[n 9 figs4 #a1afe & #a1aff4 ,9 sett+ up a batt]y1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t plates det]iorate on /&+ expos$ to ! air4 ,!y %\ld1 !re=e1 be unpack$ & set up imm$iately on arrival4 ,:5 !y are entirely connect$ up1 !y are ready = ! addition ( ! electrolyte1 & = ! =m+ *>ge1 :i* !y %\ld receive imm$iately4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! wood5 /r+]s1 %elves1 cell bo>ds1 & trays be treat$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be ?or\ghly v>ni%$ to insure cleanl9ess z well z good insulation4 ,outside ( ea* cell & close to ! m\?1 melt$ p>aff9e %\ld be appli$ by means ( a bru%1 s z to =m a b& ab\t an in* wide1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! electrolyte creep+ ov] ! top ( ! j>1 wett+ ! outside1 & !reby impair+ ! insulation4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be done to avoid wa/e ( curr5t by leakage8 ,ans4 ,ea* cell ( ! batt]y mu/ be ?or\ghly insulat$4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( v]digris :i* =ms on ! t]m9als8 ,ans4 ,x is a poor conductor & %\ld !re=e be remov$ & ! t]m9als kept bright & clean to insure ! prop] fl[ ( ! curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aeh4--;,*>g+ ,*ampion batt]y ) *>g+ plug4 ,:]e direct light+ curr5t is available1 re*>g+ may be done by means ( ! *>g+ plug4 ,fir/ ins]t ! plug 9 a regul> socket4 ,!n screw a #ej c4p4 lamp into ! plug & turn on4 ,to tell ! positive f ! negative1 lay bo? wires on a small piece ( r$ litmus or te/ pap] moi/5$4 ,! negative wire makes a m>k on ! pap]4 ,?is wire mu/ g to ! negative po/ ( batt]y4 ,?is w fully *>ge ! #f-be-;,g batt]y 9 #ae to #bj h\rs4 ,ques4 ,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 9 unpack+ cells8 ,ans4 ,! plates %\ld be h&l$ c>efully4 ,:5 !y are s5t out f ! factory already built into sections1 !y %\ld be unpack$ )\t di/urb+ a s+le plate4 ,9 all cases1 e p>ticle ( pack+1 /raw1 hay & any *ips & bits ( p>ts %\ld be c>efully remov$1 & all ! du/ %\ld be bl[n out ( ! spaces betwe5 ! plates by means ( a bell[s or o!r simil> device4 ,,note4--,*ampion directions = repairs4 ,to replace brok5 j>s 9 a batt]y remove ! lid & lift out elem5ts bodily4 ,empty ! good j>s ) a syr+e or by tilt+ ! batt]y ov]4 ,nev] put ! acid 9 any vessel except glass1 /one or lead4 ,put new j>s 9 place same z o!rs & run melt$ p>aff9e ar\nd ! edges4 ,! wax mu/ be brok5 (f ! elem5ts t are to g into new j>s & be p\r$ on aga94 ,fill ! j>s ) acid to f tops4 ,melt ! brok5 wax 9 a t9 ladle & p\r ov] ! acid ab\t ?ick4 ,d n fill ) wax to tops ( j>s4 ,:5 ! wax gets cold x w be f\nd to h %runk away f ! edges ( ! j>s4 ,fill up ! op5+ ) a little melt$ p>aff9e wax by means ( a squirt c4 ,cut a small hole 9 ! middle ( ! wax seal = a v5t4 ,sme> ! brass po/s & t]m9als & inside ( case ) vasel9e to prev5t creep+ ( ! acid4 ,! #f-be-;,g requires "o-half gallon ( acid & ! #f-ej-;,g "o gallon4 ,al?\gh su* p>ticles are good non-conductors1 ! action ( ! sulphuric acid electrolyte c>bonizes !m1 giv+ !m conduct+ prop]ties :i* t5d to produce leakage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1aei to #a1afa4--;,*ampion electric light equipm5t design$ especially = use on laun*es1 ya*ts1 & c\ntry resid5ces4 ,! outfit consi/s ( ?ree ess5tial p>ts3 #a1 a dynamo run by belt f ma9 eng9e2 #b1 a /orage batt]y1 & #c1 a swit*bo>d to regulate1 measure & control ! curr5t4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! cells be assembl$8 ,ans4 ,9 plac+ ! plates or plate sections 9 ! conta9+ j>s or tanks1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! support+ frame ( p>aff9$ wood be>s ev5ly on ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,if !y d n1 w$ges ( p>aff9$ wood %\ld be plac$ "u ! frame1 s z to di/ribute ! weight ( ! section equally4 ,ea* section %\ld be l[]$ g5tly into ! j> until x re/s fairly ^u ! frame1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t none ( ! plates h %ift$1 & t ! section is situat$ c5trally 9 ! j>1 ) a small cle> space all ar\nd4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! cells be arrang$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be s plac$ t ! batt]y att5dant c see ! edges ( ! plates & consequ5tly ! spaces betwe5 !m at ! same "t4 ,ques4 ,describe ! me?od ( connect+ ! cells4 ,ans4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( sold]1 bolts & nuts1 or clamps1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! use ( sold] is n ess5tial if !re be a good surface ( ! lead /rip ( "o cell 9 contact ) t ( ! next1 & provid$ ^! contact surfaces h be5 well clean$4 ,usually1 ! ends ( ! lead /rips are turn$ up s t ! junction ( two cells takes ! =m ( an inv]t$ ,t z %[n 9 fig4 #a1afb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1afb4--,two /orage cells2 view %[+ ! inv]t$ ,t =m ( connection4 ,ques4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 9 jo9+ ! t]m9als ( ! cells8 ,ans4 ,! contact at ! junctions %\ld be v ?or\gh1 o!rwise !y w become heat$ :5 a curr5t is fl[+1 & x is desirable t ! connections %\ld include z little lead /rip 9 ! circuit z possible1 !reby r$uc+ ! am\nt ( useless resi/ance4 ,brass or gun metal clamps may be kept clean by bru%+ !m ov] ) melt$ p>aff9 aft] !y h be5 screw$ up tightly4 ,:5 ?us treat$ !y s]ve to indicate po9ts ( bad contact by heat1 g5]at$ at su* po9ts1 :5 ! curr5t is fl[+1 s(t5+ ! p>aff9 & *ang+ its normal color4 ,vasel9e & diff]5t k9ds ( anti-sulphuric acid v>ni%es1 or prep>ations t are n attack$ by ! electrolyte1 may also be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is a good plan to color ! v>ni% ) v]million or lamp black & pa9t ! positive connections r$ & ! negative connections black1 & also o!r p>ts ( ! in/allation = di/+ui%+ ! pol>ities4 ,cell ,connections4--,! cells may be connect$ toge!r ei!r 9 s]ies or p>allel1 or 9 p>allel-s]ies or s]ies-p>allel comb9ations1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts1 b 9 all cases x is be/ to use ! simple/ arrangem5t practicable4 ,= in/ance3 if ! cells employ$ 9 an in/allation requir+ #aaj volts1 h only half ! capacity requir$1 & #ee cells give ! desir$ voltage1 !n ! numb] ( cells mu/ be increas$ to #aaj1 & !oretically ! requir$ numb] ( amp]es h\rs at #aaj volts may be obta9$ 9 "o ( two ways3 #a1 by connect+ ! cells 9 pairs 9 p>allel & !n c\pl+ ! pairs toge!r 9 s]ies1 & #b1 by arrang+ ! #aaj cells 9 two complete batt]ies ( #ee cells ea* connect$ 9 s]ies1 !n c\pl+ ! two batt]ies 9 p>allel4 ,! fir/ me?od is q impracticable1 h[ev]1 z ! slighte/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! voltages ( ! two cells ( any pair w result 9 ! "o hav+ ! great] pressure dis*>g+ into ! o!r1 !reby caus+ ! entire batt]y to quickly det]iorate4 ,,note4--,to det]m9e ! positive wire4 ,)\t a voltmet]1 ! positive t]m9al ( ! *>g+ circuit c be det]m9$ by atta*+ a piece ( clean lead to ea* wire :i* is to be connect$ to ! batt]y1 & imm]s+ !m1 )\t t\*+ ea* o!r1 9 a glass or o!r insulat+ vessel conta9+ wat] to :i* is add$ a drop or two ( sulphuric acid4 ,aft] ! curr5t has pass$ ?r\gh ! circuit = a %ort "t1 ! positive lead w comm5ce to discolor1 &1 if left long en\gh1 w turn br[n4 ,bubbles w arise f ! two t]m9als imm]s$1 ! l>g] & m frequ5t ones be+ f ! negative1 ! small] ones f ! positive4 ,,note4--,me?od ( disconnect+ ,national cells4 ,!re are two me?ods ( disconnect+ ! cells employ+ l9k connectors4 ,fir/ a in* bit or twi/ drill may be us$1 bor+ d[n into ! top ( ! po/s ab\t in*4 ,! l9k w !n be loos5$ & c be remov$4 ,?is leaves ! l9k1 z well z ! po/1 9 good condition = reburn+4 ,second ! l9k may be cut 9 ! c5t]4 ,a flame %\ld be play$ on ! top ( ! po/1 at ! same "t grasp+ ! end ( ! half l9k firmly ) pli]s4 ,:5 ! connection has become w>m$ 7c>e be+ tak5 n to melt ! lead7 ! half l9k c be twi/$ loose f ! port4 ,new l9ks may be us$ if desir$ 9 re-assembl+ ! cells4 ,x is n necess>y to remove ! cov]s f ! elem5t1 ! l9ks may be cut 9 ! c5t] & ! plates remov$ f ! j>s )\t remov+ ! l9ks f ! ports4 ,! l9ks c be aft]w>ds reburn$ toge!r 9 ! c5t]4 ,:5 ! cells are equipp$ ) ,t or ,l /raps1 !y %\ld be cut ap>t ) hack saw or *isel midway betwe5 ! cells1 & 9 re-assembl+1 burn$ toge!r at ?is po9t4 ,batt]y ,tr\bles4--,to successfully cope ) faults 9 /orage batt]ies1 !re are two requisites3 #a1 a ?or\gh k ( ! con/ruction & pr9ciple ( op]ation ( ! batt]y1 & #b1 a well ord]$ proc$ure 9 look+ = ! s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,! faults :i* are usually enc\nt]$ by ^? :o op]ate /orage batt]ies are "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1afc4--;,arrangem5t ( batt]y cells & /&4 ,a1 cable lugs2 ,b1 bus b>s2 ,c1 glass tanks2 ,d1 plate2 ,e1 glass insulators2 ,q1 vitrifi$ brick2 ,o1 lead wa%]s4 ,batt]y cells are set up on /&s2 ! "o %[n be+ built = a #ajj amp]e batt]y4 ,l>g] sizes w\ld1 ( c\rse1 require heavi] /&s1 & if space be limit$1 ! cells may be set 9 r[s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,h[ev]1 x is evid5tly mu* bett] to place ! cells 9 s+le r[s1 :]e !y w be conv5i5t = inspection & repairs or any "w t has to be done on !m4 ,!re are sev]al o!r ways ( sett+ a batt]y1 "o ( :i* is to place ! /r+]s on ! floor1 on vitrifi$ brick or "s o!r insulator1 & !n place trays fill$ ) s& on ! /r+]s1 sett+ ! cells 9 ! trays on glass insulators4 ,! batt]y room %\ld be dry1 clean1 well v5tilat$ & free f metal "w1 also nei!r too hot nor too cold4 ,too high a temp]ature 9 ! batt]y w %ort5 ! life ( ! plates1 & al?\gh !re is no dang] ( ! batt]y freez+1 a l[ temp]ature1 :ile x is ma9ta9$1 r$uces ! capacity2 o!rwise cold has no ill effect on ! batt]y4 ,a good temp]ature = ! batt]y room is ab\t #fj ,f4 ,a damp1 dirty room is conductive to gr\nds & surface leakage1 & !re is dang] ( impurities gett+ into ! cells4 ,if ! room be v damp ! electrolyte may absorb en\gh moi/ure to cause ! cells to ov]fl[4 ,/rong floors are necess>y to support a batt]y1 z "o ( a #ajj amp]e1 #abe volt capacity weighs f #ab to #ac tons4 ,a wood floor may be us$1 b a cem5t floor is bett]1 & a glaz$ vitrifi$ brick floor is bett] /ill4 ,wood5 floors w rot quickly f ! acid1 :i* is sure to get onto x m or less2 a cem5t floor w be dis9tegrat$ if too mu* acid get onto x4 ,?is k9d ( floor =ms a fir/ class gr\nd if !re be any *ance = "o2 ! glaz$ brick floor is n affect$ by ! acid & is an insulator4 ,%ort ,circuit+4--,a =m ( d]angem5t t may occasionally affect /orage batt]ies is %ort circuit+4 ,x may be caus$ by "s ( ! active mat]ial--if ! cell be ( ! pa/$ v>iety--scal+ (f & dropp+ betwe5 ! plates1 or by an ov] collection ( s$im5t 9 ! bottom ( ! cell4 ,%\ld ! op]ator suspect tr\ble ) 8 batt]y he may discov] a %ort circuit$ cell by ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 color ( ! plates or ( ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r cells4 ,no p>ticul> damage w be caus$1 if ! tr\ble be discov]$ & remov$ be=e ^! symptoms become too m>k$4 ,if a =eign sub/ance has become lodg$ betwe5 ! plates1 x may be remov$ by a wood or glass in/rum5t4 ,if "s ( ! active mat]ial has scal$ (f1 x may be =c$ d[n to ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,if excessive s$im5t be f\nd1 ! j> & plates %\ld be wa%$ c>efully1 & reassembl$4 ,a cell t has be5 %ort circuit$ may be disconnect$ f ! batt]y & *>g$ & dis*>g$ sev]al times sep>ately :i* may rem$y ! tr\ble4 ,ques4 ,h[ are int]nal %ort circuits indicat$8 ,ans4 ,%ort circuits 9 a cell are indicat$ by %ort capacity1 l[ voltage & l[ specific gravity1 excessive heat+ & evaporation ( ! electrolyte4 ,ques4 ,h[ are int]nal %ort circuits locat$8 ,ans4 ,if ! tr\ble _c be locat$ by ! eye1 ! batt]y %\ld be connect$ 9 s]ies & dis*>g$ at ! normal rate ?r\gh suitable resi/ance4 ,if a suitable rheo/at be n available1 a wat] resi/ance may be us$4 ,?is consi/s ( a receptacle 7:i* mu/ n be ( metal7 fill$ ) v weak acid solution1 or ) salt wat] 9 :i* are susp5d$ two metal plates1 :i* are connect$ by wires ?r\gh an ammet]4 ,! curr5t may be regulat$ by alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates1 or by v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,z ! dis*>ge progresses ! voltage w gradually decrease1 & x %\ld be frequ5tly read at ! batt]y t]m9als2 z soon z x %[s a sudd5 drop1 ! voltage ( ea* cell %\ld be read ) a l[ read+ voltmet]4 ,:ile ! read+s are be+ tak51 ! dis*>ge rate %\ld be kept con/ant & ! dis*>ge cont9u$ until ! majority ( ! cells read #a4gj volts2 ^? read+ less %\ld be not$4 ,! dis*>ge %\ld be foll[$ by a *>ge until ! cells :i* read #a4gj volts are up1 !n ! l[ cells %\ld be cut out1 exam9$1 & ! tr\ble rem$i$4 ,ov]dis*>ge3 ,buckl+4--,on acc\nt ( unequal expansion ( ! two sides ( a plate1 or c]ta9 portions !re(1 ! /ra9s ?us set up may di/ort x & cause x to assume a buckl$ %ape1 t is1 b5t s "o side is concave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1afd4--,me?od ( /raight5+ a buckl$ plate4 ,buckl+ is caus$ by ! unequal expansion ( ! plates :i* is due to ! sulphate lodg+ on ! plates1 ?us prev5t+ action tak+ place at t po9t2 & by excessive *>g+4 ,if ! plates be n badly buckl$1 !y c be plac$ betwe5 #b bo>ds & ) a little pressure1 c be /raight5$ out4 ,buckl+ is due always to ov] dis*>ge on ei!r ! :ole1 or "s portion ( ! plate4 ,occasional buckl+ may occur ) too rapid *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,sulphation ( ,plates4--,dur+ dis*>ge a /orage cell det]iorates on acc\nt ( ! =mation ( lead sulphate ov] ! surface ( ! plates4 ,?is lead sulphate is ! product ( ! *emical comb9ation ( active mat]ial ) ! electrolyte4 ,x is a non-conductor1 :ite 9 color & ( great] volume1 9 proportion ?an ! active mat]ial4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge is ov] prolong$1 sulphation is evid5c$ by ! electrodes becom+ light] 9 color1 because ( ! sulphate :i* less5s ! active surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1afe & #a1aff4--,oil ,insulator2 fig4 #a1afe1 g5]al view2 fig4 #a1aff1 sectional view4 ,:5ev] a numb] ( op5 cells are 9 use1 unless precautions be tak51 electrical leakage betwe5 ! cells inv>iably occurs4 ,?is leakage is due *iefly to ! semi-conduct+ nature ( ! ?9 lay] ( moi/ure :i* frequ5tly cov]s n only ! glass conta9+ cells1 b ! unimm]s$ p>ts ( ! elem5ts1 & ev5 ! %elves on :i* ! cells re/4 ,to prev5t ?is wa/e ( en]gy1 ! outside ( ! cells %\ld occasionally be well clean$ & ?or\ghly dri$4 ,a little vasel9e or tall[ may !n be rubb$ ov] !m to advantage4 ,! %elves or supports = ! cells1 %\ld ei!r be well v>ni%$ or coat$ ) p>aff9 wax4 ,electrical leakage is greatly r$uc$ if ea* cell be m\nt$ on a glass or e>!nw>e insulator1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,! insulator "h %[n is 9 two p>ts & ( a mu%room %ape4 ,! l[] cup conta9s a small quantity ( "s non-evaporat+ oil1 & z ! conduct$ moi/ure _c bridge across ?is1 a ne>ly p]fect insulat+ m$ium is obta9$4 ,^! insulators are made 9 v>i\s sizes & may be obta9$ 9 e>!nw>e or glass4 ,^? made ( glass are f\nd to give ! be/ results4 ,ques4 ,"n "s causes ( sulphation4 ,ans4 ,x is sometimes caus$ by a too weak or too /rong acid solution1 b m g5]ally by cont9u$ ov] dis*>g+1 or too rapid dis*>g+ ( ! batt]ies1 or by all[+ !m to rema9 un*>g$ = long p]iods ( "t4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( sulphation8 ,ans4 ,x t5ds to cause %$d+ ( ! active mat]ial1 buckl+ ( plates1 loss ( capacity1 increase ( resi/ance & consequ5t r$uction ( effici5cy1 & increase ( temp]ature ) fl[ ( curr5t4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( lead p]oxide & sponge lead mu/ be reta9$ on ! plates to r$uce ?is resi/ance1 o!rwise ! *>g+ curr5t _c fl[ ?r\gh ! active mat]ial & reg5]ate ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1afg4--;,illu/rat+ me?od ( plac+ plates 9 glass j>s4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ( sulphation8 ,ans4 ,*>ge ! batt]y bel[ ! maximum rate1 necess>ily prolong+ ! *>ge1 until ! plates assume ! prop] color4 ,?is is a t$i\s task1 b x mu/ n be ha/5$1 z rapid *>g+ w cause s]i\s buckl+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,h[ to de/roy acid vapor 9 /orage batt]y rooms3 ,! be/ rem$y is a good sy/em ( ?or\gh & rapid v5tilation2 fail+ ?is ! evil effect ( ! acid may be m9imiz$ by ! fumes ( a p[]ful alkali su* z ammonia1 :i* w readily comb9e ) ! sulphuric acid to =m sulphate ( ammonia1 an in]t & h>mless salt4 ,if ! use ( liquid ammonia be objectionable1 ! granulat$ c>bonate ( ammonia w d equally well4 ,! ammonia fumes are be/ obta9$ by plac+ dilute ammonia 9 %all[ di%es1 s t an ext5sive evaporat+ surface is obta9$4 ,9 ! same way ! corrod+ dew :i* is s frequ5tly deposit$ on ! lugs & connectors ( /orage batt]y elem5ts may readily be neutraliz$ by ! application ( a solution ( ammonia1 or ev5 common wa%+ soda4 ,a good me?od ( protect+ metal "w 9 batt]y rooms is to sme> x ov] ev5ly ) vasel9e4 ,! *>g+ %\ld be done at l[ rates4 ,dis*>ge %\ld n be c>ri$ bel[ #a4h volts p] cell1 & ! *>g+ curr5t %\ld be /opp$ :5 ea* cell %[s #b4d volts4 ,if ! plates be 9 a v bad condition1 a little ( ! :ite sulphate deposit on ea* ( ! positive plates may be remov$ ) a /ick1 ?us expos+ a "p ( ! good surface to ! action ( ! electrolyte4 ,if ! positive plates _c be re/or$ to _! prop] color z direct$1 x is *eap] to replace !m by a new set1 r ?an to attempt _! recov]y by means ( rev]sals4 ,electrical ,data on ,national ,cells 7,size ( plate #d #h7 ,numb] ( ,plates p] cell #e #g #i #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- = #d h\rs #ab #ah #bd #cj ,dis*>ge 9 amp]es = #e h\rs #aj #ae #bj #be = #f h\rs #i #ac #ah #bc at #d h\r rate#dh #gb #if #abj ,amp]e h\r capacity at #e h\r rate#ea #gf #ajb #abg at #f h\r rate#ee #hc #aaj #ach ,outside measurem5ts ( rubb] ,l5g? #a #b #c #d-c_/af j>1 9 in*es ,wid? #e-e_/af #e-e_/af #e-e_/af #e-e_/af ,height#aa #aa #aa #aa ,weight ( cell complete1 9 lbs #ad #ai #bd #bi ,weight ( electrolyte1 9 lbs #a #b #c #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,lack ( ,capacity4--,?is is usually due to ! clogg+ ( ! pores 9 ! plate ) sulphate :i* is invisible because ! surface ( ! plate is ma9ta9$ 9 prop] condition b ! int]ior portions ( ! active mat]ial h n be5 ?or\ghly r$uc$4 ,to correct ?is condition1 ! batt]y %\ld be giv5 a prolong$ ov]*>ge at l[ curr5t rates1 say ab\t "o f\r? ! normal #h h\r *>g+ rate4 ,,note4--,oxide ( lead1 li?>ge1 or plumbic oxide is sometimes f\nd native z lead o*re1 & may be artificially made by heat+ ! c>bonate or nitrate4 ,x is usually prep>$ on a l>g] scale by heat+ ! lead 9 air4 ,:5 ! metal is only mod]ately heat$1 ! oxide =ms a yell[ p[d] :i* is kn[n z massicot1 b at a high] temp]ature ! oxide melts1 & on cool+1 x =ms a br[ni% scaly mass1 :i* is call$ flake li?>ge4 ,! scaly pieces are aft]w>ds gr\nd betwe5 /ones "u wat]1 =m+ buff or levegat$ li?>ge4 ,! li?>ge ( comm]ce (t5 has a r$di% yell[ color1 due to ! pres5ce ( "s ( ! r$ oxide ( lead1 & frequ5tly f "o to ?ree p] c5t4 ( f9ely divid$ metallic lead is f\nd mix$ ) x4 ,:5 heat$ to dull r$ness li?>ge assumes a d>k br[n color1 & becomes yell[ aga9 on cool+4 ,at a bright r$ heat x fuses & readily attacks clay crucibles1 =m+ silicate ( lead4 ,li?>ge is a mo/ p[]ful base1 & has a /rong t5d5cy to =m basic salts4 ,hot solution ( alkalies1 z pota% or soda1 readily dissolve x1 & on cool+1 x cry/alizes out 9 ! =m ( beautiful p9k cry/als4 ,fall+ (f 9 ! capacity may be caus$ by a dry cell1 due to a leak+ j>2 "s or all ( ! cells may be 9 a /ate ( incomplete *>ge1 due to ! batt]y hav+ be5 run too l[ & n suffici5tly *>g$2 or ! plates may be %ort circuit$1 ei!r by ! s$im5t 7deposit 9 ! bottom ( ! j>7 gett+ up to ! bottom ( ! plates or by some?+ t has fall5 into ! cell4 ,electrical ,data on ,am]ican ,cells ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,normal ,numb] ( #cj volt ,tung/5 lamps t c ,capacity be run ) #af cells 9 s]ies = #b1 #d1 #f or #h h\rs ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,amp]e h\rs #b h\rs #d h\rs #f h\rs #h h\rs #dj #ad #i #h #g #fj #ag #ad #ab #aj #hj #bh #ah #ae #ad #abj #db #bg #bd #ba #afj #eg #cg #ca #bh #bjj #ga #de #dj #ce #bej #hh #ef #ej #dd #cjj #ajf #gj #fj #eb #cej #abd #ha #ga #fb #djj #adb #ia #ha #ga ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1afh4--;,am]ican cell4 ,ques4 ,:at action takes place :5 a batt]y /&s idle = "s "t8 ,ans4 ,x loses "p ( its *>ge1 due to local losses 9 ! cells4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld batt]ies be treat$1 :5 us$ b occasionally8 ,ans4 ,if a batt]y is n to be us$ = sev]al days1 x %\ld fir/ be fully *>g$ be=e /&+2 if x cont9ue idle1 a fre%5+ *>ge %\ld be giv5 e two weeks1 cont9u+ ! *>ge :5 ! cells beg9 to gas freely4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ( lack ( capacity8 ,ans4 ,if ! curr5t consumption be normal1 !re may be poor connections or tr\ble 9 ! batt]y2 !re may be a dry cell1 due to a leak+ j>2 "s or all ( ! cells may be 9 a /ate ( incomplete *>ge1 due to ! batt]y hav+ be5 run too l[ & n suffici5tly *>g$1 or ! plates may be %ort circuit$1 ei!r by ! s$im5t 7deposit 9 ! bottom ( ! j>7 gett+ up to ! bottom ( ! plates or by some?+ t has fall5 into ! cell4 ,electrical ,data on ,autex ,cells 7,/&>d plates2 size1 #e x #h7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,numb] ( ,plates #g #i #aa #ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,dis*>ge 9 ,amp]es = #d h\rs #ba #bh #ce #db ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,l5g? #b #c #d #e ,outside ,measurem5ts -------------------------------- ,wid? #f #f #f #f ,rubb] ,j>s 9 in*es4 -------------------------------- ,height #ab #ab #ab #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,elem5t #ae #bj #bd #bi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,weight 9 ,p\nds ,electrolyte #d #e #e #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,complete ,cell #bb #bh #cd #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,electrical ,data on ,autex ,cells7cont9u$7 7,/&>d plates2 size1 #e x #h7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,numb] ( ,plates #ae #ag #ai #ba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,dis*>ge 9 ,amp]es = #d h\rs #di #ef #fc #gj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,l5g? #e #f #g #h ,outside ,measurem5ts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wid? #f #f #f #f ,rubb] ,j>s 9 in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,height #ab #ab #ab #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,elem5t #cd #ch #dc #dg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,weight 9 ,p\nds ,electrolyte #g #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,complete ,cell #dg #ec #ei #ff ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,note4--,p]oxide ( lead1 pure oxide or plumbic dioxide is ! true active mat]ial 9 all =ms ( lead /orage cell4 ,?is lead salt is f\nd native z ! m9]al plattn]ite4 ,x is a heavy lead ore1 =m+ black1 lu/r\s1 six sid$ prisms4 ,x may be prep>$ f ! r$ oxide by boil+ x 9 f9e p[d]1 ) nitric acid dilut$ ) five p>ts ( wat]1 or by treat+ ! c>bonate :5 susp5d$ 9 wat] ) a /ream ( *lor9e gas1 & !n ?or\ghly wa%+ & dry+ x4 ,x is r$uc$ to a l[] oxide on heat+ or by exposure to bright sunlight4 ,?is salt readily imp>ts oxyg5 to o!r sub/ances2 x becomes heat$ to r$ness :5 ?r[n into sulphuric dioxide1 & takes fire :5 triturat$ ) sulphur--h5ce ?is oxide is a common +r$i5t 9 lucif] mat* composition4 ,:5 us$ 9 prim>y or second>y batt]ies x readily imp>ts its oxyg5 to nasc5t hydrog51 =m+ wat]1 & ?us x acts z a p[]ful depol>iz]4 ,:5 robb$ ( its oxyg51 x readily becomes reoxidiz$1 if subject$ to ! action ( nasc5t oxyg5 lib]at$ by ! electrolytic decomposition ( wat]4 ,if ! tr\ble _c be locat$ by ! eye1 connect ! batt]y 9 s]ies1 & dis*>ge x at ! normal rate1 ?r\gh suitable resi/ance4 ,if a suitable rheo/at be n available1 a wat] resi/ance may be us$4 ,?is consi/s ( a receptacle 7:i* mu/ n be ( metal7 fill$ ) v weak acid solution or salt wat] 9 :i* are susp5d$ two metal plates1 :i* are connect$1 by wires ?r\gh an ammet]4 ,electrical ,data on ,autex ,cells 7,light weight plates2 size1 #e #h7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( ,plates #g #i #aa #ac #ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,dis*>ge 9 ,amp]es = #e h\rs #ae #ba #bf #ca #cf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,outside ,l5g? #a-bi_/cb #b-g_/af #c-ca_/cb #c #d-cb ,measurem5ts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,wid? #f #f #f #f #f ,rubb] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,j>s 9 94 ,height #ab #ab #ab #ab #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,weight ,elem5t #aa #ad #ah #ba #bd 9 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p\nds ,electrolyte #b #b #c #c #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,comp4 ,cell #ae #bj #bd #bh #cc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( ,plates #ag #ai #ba #bc #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,dis*>ge 9 ,amp]es = #e h\rs #db #dg #eb #eg #fc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,outside ,l5g? #d-i_/af #e-c_/cb #e #f-e_/cb #f-aa_/af ,measurem5ts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,wid? #f #f #f #f #f ,rubb] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,j>s 9 94,height #ab #ab #ab #ab #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,weight ,elem5t #bg #ca #cd #cg #dj 9 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p\nds ,electrolyte #d #e #f #f #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,comp4 ,cell #ch #db #df #ea #ef ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! curr5t may be regulat$ by alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates or by v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,z ! dis*>ge progresses1 ! voltage w gradually decrease & x %\ld be frequ5tly read at ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,:5 x %[s a sudd5 drop1 ! voltage ( ea* cell %\ld be read ) a l[ read+ voltmet]4 ,:ile ! read+s are be+ tak51 ! dis*>ge rate %\ld be kept con/ant & ! dis*>ge cont9u$ until ! majority ( ! cells read #a4gj volts2 ^? read+ less %\ld be not$4 ,! dis*>ge %\ld be foll[$ by a *>ge until ! cells :i* read #a4gj volts are up2 !n ! l[ cells %\ld be cut out1 exam9$ & ! tr\ble rem$i$4 ,,note4--,h[ to prev5t lead poison+4 ,workm5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( lead or lead salts are always liable to lead poison+1 bo? by inhal+ ! du/ & by contact ( ! mat]ials ) ! h&s4 ,v>i\s prev5tives = ?is h be5 employ$1 & ( ^!1 ! mo/ simple seems to be a c>eful wa%+ ( ! h&s 9 petroleum4 ,x is said t ?ree wa%+s a day are suffici5t to prev5t all s]i\s dang] ( poison+4 ,! b5zole 9 ! petroleum appe>s to sc\r ! sk9 & remove ! loose lead du/1 & ! fatty sub/ance 9 ! oil fills up ! pores ( ! sk9 & prev5ts ! absorption ( ! delet]i\s salts4 ,! employm5t ( petroleum has giv5 su* good results t x has be5 propos$ to use ?is mat]ial z a gu>d aga9/ poison+ 9 o!r indu/ries :]e ! salts ( copp] or m]cury are employ$4 ,ques4 ,:at causes l[ specific gravity :5 !re are no %ort circuits8 ,ans4 #a1 sloppage or a leaky j> 7! loss hav+ be5 replac$ ) wat] alone71 #b1 insuffici5t *>ge1 #c1 ov] dis*>ge1 or #d1 a comb9ation ( ^! abuses4 ,any ( ^! mean t !re is acid 9 comb9ation ) ! plates4 ,9 ?is case ! acid %\ld be br\ght out into ! electrolyte by a long *>ge at a qu>t] ( ! normal dis*>ge rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1afi & #a1agj4--,! ,national /orage batt]y2 views %[+ me?ods ( assembl+ cells4 ,fig #a1afi1 end assembl+2 fig #a1agj1 side assembl+4 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld weak cells be treat$8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be gr\p$ by !mselves & *>g$ z a sep>ate batt]y1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! positive /rap ( "o cell1 is connect$ to ! negative /rap ( ! adjo9+ cell & t ! *>g+ connections are prop]ly made4 ,if !re be n suffici5t resi/ance 9 ! *>g+ rheo/at to r$uce ! curr5t to ! prop] po9t1 a wat] resi/ance %\ld be us$4 ,,note4--,pole te/+ pap]4 ,make a ?9 solution ( :ite />* & soak /rips ( ?9 :ite blott+ pap] 9 x1 & set aside 9 a clean1 dry place to dry4 ,dissolve oz4 ( potassium iodide 9 "o p9t ( wat]4 ,imm]se ! /rips 9 ! solution = a few seconds & aga9 dry4 ,?is pap]1 :5 moi/5$ & us$ 9 ! usual way1 turns violet at ! positive pole4 ,:ile a cell is be+ treat$1 :5 possible1 ! cov] %\ld be remov$ 7if seal$1 ! comp\nd c be loos5$ by us+ a hot putty knife74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1aga to #a1agg4--,national batt]y bolt connector & p>ts4 ,! connector is equipp$ ) grease cups & antimoni\s lead wa%]s4 ,disconnect+ ,cells4--,! be/ me?od ( disconnect+ cells assembl$ ) pill> /raps1 = ! purpose ( replac+ brok5 j>s1 clean+ or tak+ out ( commission1 is to use a five-eigh? in* twi/ drill1 9 a c>p5t]'s brace1 bor+ d[n into ! top ( ! pill> ab\t "o-qu>t] in*2 !n pull (f ! connector sleeve f ! pill>4 ,by foll[+ ?is me?od1 all p>ts may be us$ aga94 ,:5 cells are equipp$ ) top /raps1 ! /raps %\ld be cut ) a %>p knife or *isel midway betwe5 ! cells4 ,tak+ ,batt]ies out ( ,commission4--,:]e a batt]y is to be out ( s]vice = sev]al mon?s1 & x is n conv5i5t to give x ! fre%5+ *>ge e two weeks1 x %\ld be tak5 out ( commission4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,baum ,,& ,,specific ,,gravity ,,scales ,,at #fj ,,fahr5heit ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,degrees,specific,degrees,specific,degre es,specific,degrees,specific ,baume ,gravity ,baume ,gravity ,baume ,gravity ,baume ,gravity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #j #a4jjj #ag #a4acc #cd #a4cjf #ea #a4edb #a #a4jjg #ah #a4adb #ce #a4cah #eb #a4eei #b #a4jad #ai #a4aea #cf #a4ccj #ec #a4egf #c #a4jba #bj #a4afj #cg #a4cdb #ed #a4eic #d #a4jbh #ba #a4afi #ch #a4cee #ee #a4faa #e #a4jcf #bb #a4agi #ci #a4cfh #ef #a4fbi #f #a4jdc #bc #a4ahh #dj #a4cha #eg #a4fdh #g #a4jea #bd #a4aih #da #a4cid #eh #a4fff #h #a4jeh #be #a4bjh #db #a4djh #ei #a4fhf #i #a4jff #bf #a4bah #dc #a4dba #fj #a4gjg #aj #a4jgd #bg #a4bbi #dd #a4dcf #fa #a4gbf #aa #a4jhb #bh #a4bci #de #a4dej #fb #a4gdg #ab #a4jij #bi #a4bej #df #a4dfe #fc #a4gfh #ac #a4jih #cj #a4bfa #dg #a4dgi #fd #a4gij #ad #a4ajg #ca #a4bgb #dh #a4die #fe #a4hab #ae #a4aae #cb #a4bhc #di #a4eaj #ff #a4hce #af #a4abd #cc #a4bie #ej #a4ebf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,note4--,! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid are v m>k$4 ,its fre$om f odor1 oily appe>ance1 & its great weight1 di/+ui% x f o!r liquids4 ,! pure conc5trat$ comm]cial acid has a d5sity :i* usually rea*es #a4hdb1 & its boil+ po9t is ab\t #fdj ,f4 ,! absolutely pure acid is p]fectly colorless1 b usually ev5 t us$ 9 laboratories has a peculi> grayi% color1 due to slight traces ( organic matt]4 ,sulphuric acid is exce$+ly hydroscopic1 & :5 expos$ to ! air x rapidly increases 9 bulk1 ow+ to absorption ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,,note4--,clamps n made ( metal simil> to t ( ! connect+ /rips1 frequ5tly give tr\ble f ! galvanic action due to ! contact ( dissimil> metals 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure :i* causes ! de/ruction ( ei!r ! connect+ /rip or ! clamp4 ,su* tr\bles c be avoid$ by plac+ a ?9 /rip ( %eet z9c betwe5 ! lead /rip & ! clamp4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! z9c w crumble away1 & c be replac$ )\t mu* inconv5i5ce & v little exp5se1 :ile ! clamps & connect+ /rips w rema9 un9jur$4 ,/r5g? ( ,dilute ,sulphuric ,acid ( ,diff]5t ,d5sities at #ei ,fahr4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] c5t4 ,specific ,p] c5t4 ,specific ( ( ,sulphuric ,acid ,gravity ,sulphuric ,acid ,gravity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ajj #a4hdb #bc #a4afg #dj #a4cjf #bb #a4aei #ca #a4bca #ba #a4aea #cj #a4bbc #bj #a4add #bi #a4bae #ai #a4acf #bh #a4bjf #ah #a4abi #bg #a4aih #ag #a4aba #bf #a4aij #af #a4aaf #be #a4agb #ae #a4ajf #bd #a4agd #ad #a4jih ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ques4 ,describe ! me?od ( tak+ a batt]y out ( commission4 ,ans4 ,! batt]y is *>g$ 9 ! usual mann]1 until ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte ( e cell has /opp$ ris+ ov] a p]iod ( "o h\r 7if !re be any l[ cells1 due to %ort circuits or o!r cause1 !y %\ld be put 9 condition be=e ! *>ge is />t$1 s t !y w receive ! full b5efit ( x74 ,! cells may n[ be disconnect$ & cov]s & elem5ts remov$ f ! j>s1 7if seal$1 ! comp\nd is loos5$ ) a hot putty knife74 ,! elem5ts are plac$ on _! sides ) ! plates slightly spread ap>t at ! bottom1 ! sep>ators )drawn1 & ! positive & negative gr\ps pull$ ap>t4 ,! electrolyte is wa%$ (f ) a g5tle /ream ( wat] & ! plates all[$ to dra9 & dry4#g ,! positive plates are ready to be put away4 ,:5 dry1 ! negatives are completely imm]s$ 9 electrolyte 7( ab\t #a4bge specific gravity71 & all[$ to soak = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,! j>s may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,aft] r9s+ & dry+1 !y are ready to be put away2 wa% also ! rubb] sep>ators4 #g ,,note4--,if ! active mat]ial 9 ! negative plates ext5d beyond ! ribs ( ! grid 7! support+ frame71 x %\ld be at once press$ back into place1 c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t ! plates dry+ be=e ?is is done4 ,! mo/ suitable & conv5i5t me?od = press+1 is to place betwe5 ! plates smoo? bo>ds ( a ?ickness equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates & !n put ! gr\ps "u pressure4 ,wood sep>ators1 aft] hav+ be5 9 s]vice1 w n /& mu* h&l+ & _h bett] be ?r[n away4 ,if x be ?\ght wor? :ile to keep !m1 !y mu/ be imm]s$ 9 wat] or weak electrolyte1 & 9 re-assembl+1 ! electrolyte mu/ be put into ! cells imm$iately1 z wet wood sep>ators mu/ n /& expos$ to ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1agh4--,! ,)am *>g+ bo>d1 = *>g+ f any electric outlet on a direct curr5t sy/em4 ,! in/rum5t %[s ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & ! c&le p[] ( ! lamps us$ z resi/ance indicates approximately ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t pass+4 ,op]ation3 ,f any conv5i5t electric light fitt+ remove "o ( ! lamps1 replac+ x by ! plug atta*$ to ! flexible cord4 ,screw ! lamp into "o ( ! sockets on ! *>g+ bo>d4 ,connect a wire to ea* b9d+ po/1 & be=e jo9+ up to ! batt]y1 hold ! ends ( ! two wires toge!r4 ,! lamp w !n light up & ! indicator ne$le w po9t to t b9d+ po/ :i* mu/ be connect$ to ! positive 77 t]m9al ( ! batt]y4 ,! o!r b9d+ po/ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be connect$ to ! negative 7-7 ( ! batt]y4 ,! *>g+ curr5t c be increas$ by ins]t+ ano!r lamp into ! second socket on ! *>g+ bo>d & by us+ lamps ( high] c&le p[]4 ,if1 :5 ! lamp lights up1 ! indicator ne$le d n po9t to "o ( ! b9d+ po/s1 b reta9 its position midway1 !n ! curr5t is an alt]nat+ "o & w n *>ge ! batt]y4 ,ques4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 ) ! j>s8 ,ans4 ,!y %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ ) fre% wat]1 no s$im5t be+ all[$ to rema94 ,putt+ ,batt]ies into ,commission4--,:5 re-assembl+ a batt]y1 x %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann] z if x 7 new & ! regul> in/ructions = assembl+ & putt+ a new batt]y into commission foll[$4 ,clean+ ,j>s4--,! j>s %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ ) fre% wat]1 no s$im5t be+ all[$ to rema94 ,table ( ,voltage ,*ange z ,affect$ by ,dis*>ge ,rate#h #h ,,note4--,! voltage increase or decrease ) *ange 9 curr5t is practically con/ant 9 a giv5 type ( cell = any size ( cell :5 ! curr5t is ref]r$ to a giv5 "t rate ( *>ge or dis*>ge2 t is1 ! drop 9 a l>ge cell or 9 a small cell1 :5 ea* is dis*>g$ at its f\r1 six or eight h\r rate1 w be ! same4 ,! drop v>ies some:at = ! condition ( ! batt]y *>ge4 ,= batt]ies :i* are "o-?ird dis*>g$1 ! temp]ature #fj ,fahr41 & plates 9 good condition1 ! *anges 9 pressure :i* may be expect$ betwe5 op5 circuit voltage & ! voltage on *>ge or dis*>ge are giv5 9 ! above table4 #h h\r rate 4#je volt #f 4#jfe #d 4#ji #c 4#aa #b 4#ad #a 4#ah #a 4#ba ,cond5s$ ,rules = ! ,prop] ,c>e ( ,batt]ies4--,! foll[+ g5]al in/ructions %\ld be foll[$ 9 ! c>e & ma9t5ance ( batt]ies3 #a4 ,a batt]y mu/ always be *>g$ ) direct curr5t & 9 ! "r direction4 #b4 ,be c>eful to *>ge at ! prop] rates & to give ! "r am\nt ( *>ge2 d n und]*>ge or ov]*>ge to an excessive degree4 #c4 ,d n br+ a nak$ flame ne> ! batt]y :ile *>g+ or imm$iately aft]w>ds4 #d4 ,d n ov]dis*>ge4 #e4 ,d n all[ ! batt]y to /& completely dis*>g$4 #f4 ,voltage read+s %\ld be tak5 only :5 ! batt]y is *>g+ or dis*>g+2 if tak5 :5 ! batt]y is /&+ idle !y are ( little or no value4 #g4 ,d n all[ ! batt]y temp]ature to exce$ #aaj ,fahr4 #h4 ,keep ! electrolyte at ! prop] height above ! top ( ! plates & at ! prop] specific gravity4 ,use only pure wat] to replace loss by evaporation4 ,9 prep>+ ! electrolyte nev] p\r wat] into ! acid4 #i4 ,keep ! cells free f dirt & all =eign sub/ances1 bo? solid & liquid4 #aj4 ,keep ! batt]y & all connections clean2 keep all bolt$ connections tight4 #aa4 ,if !re be lack ( capacity 9 a batt]y1 due to l[ cells1 d n delay 9 locat+ & br++ !m back to condition4 #ab4 ,d n all[ s$im5t to get up to ! plates4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,sy/ems ,/orage batt]ies are us$ = _m purposes1 su* z to supply curr5t = electric vehicles1 gas eng9e ignition1 light+1 & 9 connection ) p[] /ations & di/ribution "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! latt] is an important field1 ! /orage batt]y be+ us$ 9 connection ) ! p[] /ation = ! foll[+ purposes3 #a4 ,to c>ry ! peak load1 dur+ h\rs ( maximum dem&2 #b4 ,to c>ry ! entire load dur+ h\rs ( m9imum dem&1 or = a %ort "t 9 case ( em]g5cy2 #c4 ,to act z an equaliz]2 #d4 ,= regulation ( load & voltage2 #e4 ,z comp5sation = fe$] drop2 #f4 ,z a prev5tive aga9/ %ut d[ns4 ,9 almo/ e electric light+ plant !re are long p]iods dur+ ! day & late at night :5 ! numb] ( lamps light$ is s small t x may n pay to run ! g5]at+ ma*9]y4 ,9 su* cases1 /orage batt]ies may usually be us$ to advantage to aid 9 c>ry+ ! maximum load & to supply ! entire curr5t at m9imum load z illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #a1agi4 ,9 o!r words1 batt]ies are sub/itut$ = a c]ta9 portion ( ! ma*9]y plant or are us$ 9 place ( ! latt]4 ,ques4 ,:at provision mu/ be made 9 p[] plants :5 /orage batt]ies are n us$8 ,ans4 ,! capacity ( ! g5]at+ ma*9]y mu/ be suffici5t = ! heavie/ ov]loads :i* may occur1 & x mu/ be op]at$ cont9u\sly = #bd h\rs a day 9 ! majority ( c5tral /ations supply+ curr5t = light+ & p[]4 ,ques4 ,:at results are obta9$ ) ?is me?od ( work+8 ,ans4 ,! eng9es work+ "u v v>iable loads1 n only op]ate at l[ effici5cy1 b are cont9ually subject$ to sev]e me*anical /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1agi4--,load curve %[+ use ( /orage batt]y z an aid to ! g5]at+ ma*9]y4 ,9 ! diagram1 x is se5 t ! batt]y dis*>ges at m9imum & maximum loads & is *>g$ at o!r times1 ! batt]y furni%+ curr5t = ! entire m9imum load & "p ( ! maximum load4 ,ques4 ,h[ may great] effici5cy be secur$ ) /eam eng9es "u v>iable loads8 ,ans4 ,judici\s selection ( ! numb] & sizes ( ! eng9es enable !m to be work$ 9 mo/ cases at a consid]able fraction ( _! full capacity ne>ly all ! "t4 ,ques4 ,:at fur!r improvem5t is secur$ 9 mo/ cases ) ! /orage batt]y8 ,ans4 ,! plant is made m flexible1 & ! economy ( ! eng9es is increas$ by mak+ _! loads ne>] uni=m1 & ne>] to full capacity :ile !y are runn+4 ,ques4 ,:at is ! effect ( a batt]y connect$ 9 p>allel ) a dynamo1 z 9 fig4 #a1ahj8 ,ans4 ,x is n necess>y = ! dynamo to h a capacity exce$+ t :i* is suffici5t = ! av]age daily load1 at :i* x may be work$ practically all ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahj4--,/orage batt]y connect$ 9 p>allel ) a dynamo4 ,?is arrangem5t enables ! dynamo to be /opp$ = a consid]able portion ( ! "t1 & ?us save labor & att5tion4 ,x also acts to prev5t fluctuations z 9 a dynamo driv5 by a gas eng9e ^: spe$ v>ies p]iodically because ( ! nature ( its cycle ( op]ation4 ,:5 ! load is bel[ ! av]age1 ! dynamo *>ges ! batt]y1 & :5 ! load rises above ! av]age1 dur+ ! h\rs ( maximum dem&1 ! batt]y dis*>ges into ! l9e 9 p>allel ) ! dynamo4 ,dur+ ! h\rs ( m9imum dem& ! eng9es may be %ut d[n & ! necess>y curr5t suppli$ f ! batt]y alone1 ?us n only increas+ ! effici5cy ( ! plant1 b s]v+ to ma9ta9 a /eadi] pressure "u fluctuat+ loads4 ,ques4 ,:at is und]/ood by ! expression float+ ! batt]y on ! l9e8 ,ans4 ,a /orage batt]y is said to float on a l9e :5 connect$ across ! circuit at "s di/ance f ! p[] /ation1 s t a heavy load on ! l9e1 )9 ! range ( ! batt]y influ5ce1 causes suffici5t l9e drop to all[ ! batt]y to dis*>ge1 :ile ) a light load on ! l9e1 ! drop is small & ! impress$ voltage at ! batt]y high en\gh to *>ge ! batt]y4 ,?is usage is conf9$ *iefly to electric railway s]vice1 :]e l>ge voltage *anges are p]missible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aha4--;,diagram %[+ effect ( /orage batt]y 9 regulat+ ! dynamo load 9 a comb9$ railway & light+ plant4 ,9 ?is case ! av]age & l9e loads are ab\t equal & ! batt]y cov]s ! in/antane\s fluctuations4 ,x w be not$ t :ile ! l9e load fluctuations v>y betwe5 #ghj & #a1dbj amp]es1 ^? ( ! dynamo load are kept at an av]age betwe5 #a1jcj & #a1afj amp]es4 ,ques4 ,:5 ! batt]y is float$ on ! l9e1 h[ may ! am\nt ( *>ge be made to approximately equal ! am\nt ( dis*>ge8 ,ans4 ,by prop]ly proportion+ ! numb] ( cells 9 s]ies4 ,connections & ,circuit ,control ,app>atus4--,:5 a /orage batt]y is us$ 9 an electric light+ plant1 provision mu/ be made = fe$+ ! lamps1 etc41 f ei!r ! dynamo or batt]y sep>ately1 or f ! two work+ 9 p>allel1 & x %\ld be possible to *>ge ! batt]y at ! same "t ! lamps are be+ suppli$4 ,to accompli% ^! results requires ?ree swit*es1 = ! foll[+ connections3 #a4 ,to connect ! lamps to ! dynamo2 #b4 ,to connect ! lamps to ! batt]y2 #c4 ,to connect ! batt]y to ! dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahb4--;,diagram %[+ action ( /orage batt]y z a res]voir ( res]ve p[]4 ,! figure %[s an actual load curve f an ,edison /ation = #bd h\rs4 ,a sudd5 /orm caus$ ! load to be ?r[n on v quickly1 ! peak ( ! load be+ high] ?an usual4 ,9 "s plants1 ! fir/ swit* is omitt$1 because ! lamps are always f$ by ! batt]y alone1 ! latt] be+ *>g$ dur+ ! day1 :5 no lamps are 9 use4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 to h all ?ree swit*es 9 e plant 9 ord] to be able to supply lamps & *>ge ! batt]y at any "t4 ,9 ! batt]y circuit !re %\ld be an ammet] hav+ a scale on bo? sides ( z]o1 to %[ :e!r ! batt]y is be+ *>g$ or dis*>g$1 z well z ! value ( ! curr5t4 ,ano!r simil> ammet] is requir$ 9 ! circuit betwe5 ! dynamo & ! batt]y1 to %[ ! direction & am\nt ( curr5t4 ,a ?ird ammet] is desirable 9 ! lamp circuit1 to %[ ! total curr5t suppli$ to ! lamps1 b x ne$ only indicate on "o side ( z]o1 s9ce ! curr5t !re always fl[s 9 ! same direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahc4--;,diagram %[+ ?ree wire sy/em ) "o dynamo & /orage batt]y4 ,a #bbj volt dynamo *>ges a /orage batt]y ( correspond+ pressure1 :i* 9 turn subdivides ! pressure & supplies a ?ree wire sy/em1 ! neutral wire ( :i* is connect$ to ! middle po9t ( ! batt]y z %[n4 ,a voltmet] is requir$ ) a ?ree-way swit* to connect x to ! dynamo1 batt]y or lamps1 & a circuit break] mu/ be ins]t$ 9 ! batt]y circuit 9 ord] t x may be op5$ :5 ! curr5t becomes excessive4 ,a discrim9at+ cut out or rev]se curr5t circuit break] is requir$ betwe5 ! dynamo & ! batt]y to op5 ! circuit :5 ! *>g+ curr5t falls bel[ a c]ta9 value1 & ?us avoid any dang] ( ! batt]y dis*>g+ ?r\gh ! dynamo1 if f any cause ! voltage ( ! latt] drop bel[ t ( ! batt]y4 ,?is completes ! ord9>y measur+ & circuit controll+ app>atus employ$ ) /orage batt]ies4 ,me?ods ( ,control = ,/orage ,batt]ies4--,z ! ext]nal voltage ( a /orage batt]y v>ies ) ! am\nt ( *>ge x conta9s & ) ! direction ( ! curr5t1 x is necess>y to employ "s means = comp5sat+ ?is v>iation 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a con/ant voltage on ! l9e suppli$ by ! batt]y4 ,! v>i\s devices us$ = ?is purpose are z foll[s3 #a4 ,v>iable resi/ances2 #b4 ,end cell swit*es2 #c4 ,rev]se pressure cells2 #d4 ,boo/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahd4--;,diagram %[+ connections = ignition outfit4 ,! *>g+ swit* has f\r indications--,(f1 ,batt]y1 ,dynamo & ,*>ge4 ,:5 eng9e is at re/ swit* is turn$ to ,(f4 ,! fir/ turn br+s x to ,batt]y1 enabl+ ! eng9e to be />t$4 ,next turn cuts batt]y (f & puts ,dynamo direct on eng9e4 ,! next turn br+s ! swit* to ,*>ge4 ,dynamo !n *>ges ! batt]y & surplus curr5t is /or$ up4 ,next turn is ,(f1 :i* /ops eng9e & disconnects batt]y f dynamo4 ,te/ ! dynamo wires ) te/ pap] 7negative makes m>k74 ,put positive ( dynamo to positive ( batt]y4 ,dynamo %\ld be regulat$ to *>ge at ab\t f\r amp]es4 ,! p>ticul> me?od select$ w dep5d ^u ! size ( ! batt]y1 ! purpose = :i* x is us$1 ! all[able limits pf curr5t & voltage v>iations1 ! co/ ( ! sy/em1 etc4 ,v>iable ,resi/ance4--,regulation by v>iable resi/ance may be us$ advantage\sly only ) batt]ies ( small capacity1 & 9 small light+ plants su* z ^? ( ya*ts1 :]e ! space available = batt]y auxili>ies is limit$1 & :]e ! co/ ( en]gy is s l[ t ! loss ( p[] 9 ! resi/ance is n objectionable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahe4--,v>iable resi/ance me?od ( regulation = /orage batt]y2 diagram %[+ connections = *>g+ two halves ( a batt]y 9 p>allel4 ,! connections = "o ( ! simple/ me?ods is %[n 9 fig4 #a1ahe4 ,! batt]y is divid$ into two halves1 :i* are connect$ 9 s]ies = dis*>g+ & 9 p>allel = *>g+4 ,s9ce ! voltage ( ea* cell at ! end ( a dis*>ge %\ld n be l[] ?an #a4h volts1 a batt]y int5d$ = use on a #aaj volt light+ circuit w require #aaj #a4h #fb cells4 ,! voltage necess>y1 h[ev]1 = ea* cell at ! end ( a *>ge is ab\t #b4f volts1 or a total ( #b4f #fb #afa volts = ! batt]y1 a value :i* is f> above ! l9e voltage4 ,by divid+ ! batt]y into two halves & connect+ !m 9 p>allel only #hj4e volts are necess>y = *>g+4 ,! excess voltage ( ! l9e1 #bi4e volts is tak5 up by ! resi/ance1 :i* also controls ! output ( ! batt]y on dis*>ge4 ,end ,cell ,swit*es4--,^! may be us$ to advantage 9 small in/allations :]e !re is n dem& = curr5t dur+ ! day1 or :]e ! *>g+ is done by means ( boo/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahf4--;,diagram ( connections ( a batt]y equipm5t = a resid5tial light+ plant4 ,9 ! diagram ! voltmet] & voltmet] connections h be5 omitt$4 ,! bus b>s on ! batt]y panel are connect$ directly to ! bus b>s on ! dynamo panel4 ,9 ?is in/allation ! dynamos are run dur+ ! aft]noon on dis*>ge1 be+ regulat$ by means ( an end cell swit*4 ,on *>ge1 ! pressure above t ( ! bus b>s1 requir$ to br+ all cells up to full *>ge1 is suppli$ by means ( a motor driv5 *>g+ boo/]1 ! voltage at ! armature be+ suitably v>i$ by *ang+ ! field excitation4 ,ques4 ,:at is an end cell swit*8 ,ans4 ,a =m ( swit* employ$ 9 connection ) a /orage batt]y 9 ord] to control ! end cells = regulat+ ! voltage4 ,ques4 ,describe ! con/ruction ( an end cell swit*4 ,ans4 ,?is is %[n 9 fig4 #a1ahg4 ,! swit* contact arm is made 9 two p>ts1 ,a & ,b1 :i* are insulat$ f ea* o!r z %[n1 & connect$ ) ea* o!r ?r\gh ! protective resi/ance ,r4 ,! end cell contacts are s spac$ t :5 ! ma9 curr5t c>ry+ "p ,a ( ! swit* arm is squ>ely on "o end cell contact su* z ,x1 ! "p ,b1 does n t\* any o!r contact su* z ,y1 b :5 ! swit* arm is advanc$ = cutt+ into circuit ano!r end cell1 ! "p ,b1 rea*es ! contact ,y be=e ! "p ,a1 leaves ! contact ,x1 ?us keep+ ! batt]y circuit clos$1 :ile ! resi/ance ,r1 limits ! curr5t 9 ! %ort circuit$ cell at ! in/ant ! swit* arm passes f "o end cell contact to ! next4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahg4--;,diagram ( end cell swit*4 ,?is =m ( swit* controls sev]al cells at "o end ( a /orage batt]y & is us$ = regulat+ ! voltage4 ,! requirem5t ( an end cell swit* is t 9 swit*+ f "o end cell contact to ano!r1 ! dis*>g+ circuit mu/ n be op5$1 nei!r mu/ ! mov+ arm t\* "o contact be=e leav+ ! "o adjac5t1 s9ce ! jo9+ ( two contacts w %ort circuit ! cells connect$ !reto4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! spac+s ( ! two arms & contacts are su* t :5 ! ma9 arm ,a is squ>ely on an end cell contact1 ! advance or auxili>y arm ,b t\*es no o!r contact1 b 9 pass+ f "o po9t to ! next1 ! advance arm rea*es ! contact t[>d :i* x is mov+ be=e ! ma9 arm leaves its contact4 ,! resi/ance ,x1 betwe5 ! two po9ts prev5ts %ort circuit+1 & ! curr5t to ! ma9 circuit is nev] brok54 ,ques4 ,h[ %\ld ! conductors jo9+ ! end cells to ! end cell swit* contacts be proportion$8 ,ans4 ,!y mu/ h ! same sectional area z ! conductors ( ! ma9 circuit4 ,! reason = ?is is t :5 any end cell is 9 use1 ! conductor connect+ x to ! swit* becomes a "p ( ! ma9 circuit4 ,an all[ance ( #a1jjj amp]es p] sq4 941 :5 ! batt]y is dis*>g+ at ! two-h\r rate1 is consid]$ good practice4 ,ques4 ,describe "s ( ! features ( end cell swit* con/ruction4 ,ans4 ,^? ( small capacity are made circul>2 ! l>g] sizes are made horizontal 9 =m1 & bo? types may be ei!r op]at$ by h& or motor driv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahh4--;,end cell swit* control = /orage batt]y2 connections %[+ ma9 l9e op5 :5 ! batt]y is be+ *>g$4 ,ques4 ,:]e are end cell swit*es ( l>ge capacity locat$8 ,ans4 ,g5]ally !y are plac$ z ne> ! batt]y room z possible to avoid ! co/ ( runn+ ! heavy conductors1 & :5 su* swit*es are motor driv51 ! usual practice is to control _! op]ation f ! ma9 swit*bo>d4 ,9 fig4 #a1ahh is %[n ! me?od ( regulation ) an end swit*4 ,! diagram %[s ! batt]y be+ *>g$ ) ! ma9 swit* op51 & ! voltage ( ! dynamo rais$ to ! *>g+ pressure4 ,dur+ dis*>ge ! cells are connect$ 9 s]ies1 & z ! voltage ( ea* cell at ! beg9n+ ( dis*>ge is at lea/ #b4a volts1 only #eb or #ec cells are requir$ to give ! desir$ pressure ( #aaj volts1 b z ! dis*>ge cont9ues1 & ! voltage ( ea* cell decreases1 ! end cells1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 are cut into circuit successively by means ( ! end cell swit*1 !reby add+ to & comp5sat+ ! drop 9 ! total voltage until1 at ! end ( dis*>ge :5 ! voltage ( ea* cell has fall5 to #a4h volts1 ! entire #fb cells are 9 s]ies to supply ! requir$ l9e pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1ahi4--;,diagram ( connections arrang$ = *>g+ batt]y 9 two p>allel gr\ps & dis*>g+ 9 s]ies1 ! *>ge & dis*>ge be+ controll$ by v>iable resi/ances4 ,9 ya*t light+ ! limit$ space g5]ally prohibits ! use ( a *>g+ boo/]1 & 9 su* in/ances ?is me?od ( *>ge & dis*>ge control is ! usual practice4 ,9 case ! dynamo f :i* ! batt]y is *>g$ has suffici5t range 9 voltage to *>ge all cells 9 s]ies1 a *>g+ boo/] is n requir$1 nor is x necess>y to connect gr\ps ( cells 9 p>allel1 z ! dynamo voltage may be v>i$ z *>ge proce$s4 ,= a #aaj volt circuit1 ! numb] ( cells requir$ is #aaj #a4h #fa1 & ! numb] 9 s]ies :5 ! batt]y beg9s to dis*>ge is #aaj #b4a #eb4 ,h5ce1 9 a #aaj volt circuit an arrangem5t mu/ be provid$ :]eby #fa - #eb #i cells may be cut out or swit*$ 91 "o by "o4 ,! numb] ( end cells = any voltage may be obta9$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,numb] ( end cells 7,e_/#a4h7 - 7,e_/#b4a7 ,e voltage ( supply circuit2 #a4h m9imum voltage ( cell dur+ dis*>ge2 #b4a voltage ( fully *>g$ cell4 ,rev]se ,pressure ,cells4--,^! consi/ ( un=m$ lead plates imm]s$ 9 ! ord9>y electrolyte ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,z !y h no active mat]ial1 !y possess no capacity1 b are capable ( sett+ up an oppos+ pressure ( ab\t #b volts ea* to ! dis*>g+ curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh !m1 !reby cutt+ d[n ! total voltage ( ! batt]y1 s t ! net voltage across ! l9e dep5ds on ! numb] ( rev]se curr5t cells 9 s]ies 9 ! batt]y circuit4 ,z ! voltage ( ! batt]y falls dur+ dis*>ge1 ! rev]se pressure cells are cut out1 successively1 ?us keep+ ! ext]nal or l9e voltage con/ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aij4--,regulation ) rev]se pressure cells4 ,^! cells are m]ely lead plates plac$ 9 an electrolyte ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,!y h no capacity b set up an oppos+ or rev]se voltage ( approximately #b volts p] cell if curr5t be pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 us+ ^! cells = controll+ dis*>ge1 ! total numb] ( active cells 9 ! batt]y w be ! same z if ! me?od ( end cell control _h be5 us$4 ,rev]se pressure cells repres5t an increase 9 equipm5t ( ab\t #h p] c5t4 or m4 ,^! cells1 z %[n1 are connect$ 9 ! circuit 9 opposition to ! ma9 batt]y1 & conductors are run f ea* ( !m to po9ts on a swit* simil> to an end cell swit*4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( dis*>ge1 all ! rev]se cells are 9 circuit1 act+ 9 opposition to ! ma9 batt]y4 ,z dis*>ge proce$s & ! batt]y voltage falls1 ! rev]se cells are gradually cut out ( circuit4 ,! only advantage 9 ?is me?od ( regulation is t ! dis*>ge ?r\gh\t ! batt]y is uni=m1 b ?is fact alone does n w>rant su* means ( regulation on acc\nt ( ! additional exp5se involv$1 & ! en]gy loss :5 dis*>g+ aga9/ rev]se cells is ! same z if resi/ance _h be5 plac$ 9 ! circuit4 ,x is obvi\s1 t z ^! cells d n possess any capacity1 ! numb] ( active cells requir$ 9 ! batt]y w be ! same z :5 end cell control is employ$4 ,!re=e1 ! rev]se pressure cells repres5t an increase 9 equipm5t1 :i* entails an additional exp5se ( at lea/ #h p] c5t4 ,= ?is reason1 & also on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! am\nt ( en]gy lo/ 9 dis*>g+ aga9/ rev]se pressure cells1 is ! same z :5 ! resi/ance me?ods ( controll+ ! dis*>ge are employ$1 ! use ( cells = ?is purpose is n[ practically obsolete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aia4--;,holz]-,cabot dynamotor 7type ,k74 ,a dynamotor is a comb9ation ( dynamo & motor on ! same %aft1 "o receiv+ curr5t1 usually ( diff]5t voltage1 ! motor be+ employ$ to drive ! dynamo ) a pressure ei!r high] or l[] ?an t receiv$ at ! motor t]m9als4 ,a ma*9e ( ! dynamotor =m1 ) its w9d+s exactly alike1 is (t5 us$ 9 ?ree wire sy/ems to balance or equalize ! two halves ( ! circuit z 9 fig4 #gih4 ,boo/]s4--,9 g5]al1 a boo/] may be def9$ z a dynamo ins]t$ 9 s]ies 9 a circuit1 to *ange its voltage4 ,x may be driv5 by an electric motor1 9 :i* case x is sometimes call$ a motor-boo/]4 ,! function ( a boo/] is to add to an electric pressure d]iv$ f ano!r s\rce4 ,= in/ance1 if a /orage batt]y be us$ 9 conjunction ) "o or m dynamos to supply curr5t to an electric light in/allation1 ! batt]y _c be *>g$ f ! ma*9es :i* are fe$+ ! lamps1 because x requires a pressure high] ?an t requir$ = ! lamps to complete ! *>ge4 ,a small dynamo is !re=e connect$ 9 s]ies1 ) ! ma9 ma*9es & ! batt]y1 act+ 9 conjunction ) ! =m] to provide ! necess>y pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aib4--;,dayton laun* light+ outfit4 ,x consi/s ( an ,apple dynamo1 swit*bo>d & /orage batt]y4 ,! dynamo is fitt$ ) a bevel friction drive gov]nor4 ,! dynamo gives a ?ree amp]e *>g+ rate on a six volt batt]y at its normal spe$ ( #a1jej ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,! swit*bo>d is provid$ ) a comb9ation volt-ammet] :i* %[s ! voltage ( ! batt]y1 ! amp]e *>g+ rate ( ! dynamo & ! amp]e dis*>g+ rate ( ! batt]y4 ,! automatic cut out 9 ! back ( ! swit*bo>d automatically sev]s ! connections betwe5 ! dynamo & ! /orage batt]y :5 ! eng9e /ops & s prev5ts ! /orage batt]y curr5t runn+ back ?r\gh ! dynamo :5 ! dynamo is n g5]at+ curr5t4 ,a #f volt1 #fj amp]e h\r batt]y1 consi/+ ( #c five plate units connect$ 9 s]ies1 is us$ ) ! size dynamo %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! p[] = runn+ su* a dynamo is obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! dynamo or *>g+ boo/] may be belt driv5 or arrang$ on an ext5sion ( ! armature %aft ( ! ma9 dynamo2 aga91 x may consi/ ( a s+le armature ) a d\ble w9d+ 7fig4 #a1aia71 or a motor & dynamo c\pl$ toge!r on "o b$ plate z 9 figs4 #hjj & #hje4 ,boo/]s may be divid$ into sev]al classes z foll[s3 #a4 ,s]ies boo/]s2 #b4 ,%unt boo/]s2 #c4 ,comp\nd boo/]s2 #d4 ,diff]5tial boo/]s2 #e4 ,con/ant curr5t boo/]s2 #f4 ,sep>ately excit$ boo/]s4 ,s]ies ,boo/]s4--,! s]ies boo/] acts s z to comp\nd ! batt]y1 & t5ds to ma9ta9 a con/ant voltage on ! l9e1 :atev] ! load may be4 ,its op]ation dep5ds on ! fact t ! dynamo voltage mu/ rise & fall ) ! load4 ,x c1 !re=e1 be us$ only ) a %unt dynamo or its equival5t z ! s\rce ( supply4 ,ques4 ,:at use is made ( ! s]ies boo/] sy/em8 ,ans4 ,x is suit$ to p[]1 b n to inc&esc5t light+ purposes1 be+ simil> 9 op]ation to a float+ batt]y4 ,x is n ext5sively us$ z ! o!r types give bett] s]vice1 "u ! same conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aic4--;,diagram ( ,joseph ,bijur's /orage batt]y sy/em 7,g5]al ,/orage ,batt]y ,co474 ,! boo/] field w9d+ has "o t]m9al connect$ to ! middle po9t ( ! batt]y & ! o!r t]m9al1 to ! wire jo9+ ! resi/ances ,a & ,b4 ,a lev]1 pivot$ at ,l1 c>ries at ei!r end a numb] ( contact po9ts :i* dip into tr\ghs ( m]cury :5 "o end ( ! lev] moves upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,^! po9ts are connect$ to correspond+ po9ts on _! respective resi/ances1 & !re=e all ( ! resi/ances connect$ to contact po9ts :i* are imm]s$ 9 ! m]cury are %ort circuit$4 ,! po9ts are ( v>i\s l5g?s1 s t :5 ! lev] op]ates1 !y contact progressively ) ! m]cury4 ,if m ( ! ,a po9ts ?an ! ,b po9ts be imm]s$ 9 ! m]cury1 ! resi/ance ( ,b is less ?an t ( ,a1 m sections ( x be+ %ort circuit$4 ,curr5t w !re=e fl[ f ! middle po9t ( ! batt]y1 ?r\gh ! boo/] field1 & ?r\gh ,b to ! negative side ( ! sy/em1 excit+ ! boo/] field & produc+ a boo/] voltage to *>ge ! batt]y4 ,aga91 if m ( ! ,a po9ts be imm]s$1 ! ,a resi/ance becomes ! small]1 & curr5t !n fl[s f ! positive side ( ! sy/em ?r\gh resi/ance ,a1 ?r\gh ! boo/] field to ! middle po9t ( ! batt]y1 ! field excitation & ! boo/] pressure produc$ be+ 9 a direction opposite to ! fir/ describ$1 & t5d+ to dis*>ge ! batt]y4 ,:5 ! resi/ances ,a & ,b are equal1 !re is no pressure to s5d curr5t 9 ei!r direction ?r\gh ! boo/] field coil4 ,:5 ! load on ! ext]nal circuit is normal1 ! lev] is 9 a horizontal position1 ,a & ,b be+ equal1 no curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! boo/] field h5ce1 no curr5t passes into or out ( ! batt]y4 ,) increase ( ext]nal load1 ! pull ( ! sol5oid is /r5g!n$ by a small increase 9 dynamo curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! w9d+4 ,?is draws d[n ! left end ( ! lev] produc+ a curr5t 9 ! boo/] field su* z to dis*>ge ! batt]y & assi/ ! dynamo to supply ! load dem&4 ,a decrease 9 ext]nal load is att5d$ by a slight dim9ution 9 dynamo curr5t1 ! sol5oid is weak5$ & ! pull ( ! spr+ pr$om9ates4 ,?is results 9 a d[nw>d movem5t ( ! "r side ( ! lev] caus+ excitation ( ! boo/] field to produce a pressure to s5d *>ge into ! batt]y4 ,ques4 ,describe "s *>act]i/ics ( ! s]ies boo/]4 ,ans4 ,x is automatic & adju/s its voltage to produce ! prop] ratio ( *>ge or dis*>ge ) v>y+ ext]nal load1 & x also t5ds to ma9ta9 a con/ant voltage across ! l9e1 "u all conditions ( *ange 9 circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aid4--,load diagram1 %[+ k9d ( s]vice to :i* ! %unt boo/] is adapt$4 ,%unt ,boo/]s4--,?is type ( ma*9e is simply a %unt dynamo1 hav+ its armature circuit 9 s]ies ) ! l9e f ! ma9 dynamo to ! batt]y4 ,a rheo/at controls ! field excitation4 ,its function is to s5d *>ge into ! batt]y4 ,x is us$ 9 plants :]e ! batt]y is n design$ to take up load fluctuations1 b is 9 s]vice only to c>ry ! peak ( ! load1 be+ *>g$ dur+ p]iods ( light loads & dis*>g$ 9 p>allel ) ! dynamo4 ,! %unt boo/] acts to increase ! voltage appli$ to ! batt]y s t ! *>g+ curr5t w fl[ into ! latt]4 ,ques4 ,h[ is a batt]y us$ ) a %unt boo/] proportion$8 ,ans4 ,usually suffici5t batt]y is provid$ to c>ry ! entire load dur+ ! light load p]iod4 ,ques4 ,expla9 ! use ( ! rheo/at controll+ ! field excitation4 ,ans4 ,x is us$ to v>y ! boo/] voltage s z to ha/5 ! *>g+ ( ! batt]y if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aie4--;,entz' c>bon pile boo/] sy/em 7,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,co474 ,! boo/] field w9d+ is connect$ at "o end to ! middle po9t ( ! batt]y4 ,! o!r end is connect$ to ! upp] contact po9ts ( two c>bon pile resi/ances1 ,a & ,b4 ,! l[] end ( ,a is connect$ to ! negative side ( ! batt]y1 & ! correspond+ end ( ,b1 to ! positive side4 ,?is arrangem5t con/itutes 9 effect a pot5tiomet]4 ,if ! resi/ance ( ,a be equal to t ( ,b1 !re is no pressure 9 ! boo/] field to e/abli% curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,! drop ?r\gh ,a ,b is equal to ! total batt]y voltage1 & if ,a ,b1 ! drop f ei!r side ( ! batt]y ?r\gh ,a or ,b is "o-half ! total drop1 h5ce ! end ( ! boo/] field w9d+1 connect$ to ! upp] ends ( ,a & ,b is also at ! pressure ( ! middle po9t ( ! batt]y :i* is likewise ! pressure ( ! o!r side ( ! boo/] field coil4 ,accord+ly :5 ,a ,b1 !re c be no curr5t ?r\gh ! coil4 ,:5 ! two resi/ances are unequal1 !re w be curr5t ?r\gh ! boo/] field1 its direction dep5d+ on :i* ( ! resi/ances is ! less1 & its magnitude w be proportional to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two resi/ances4 ,v>iations 9 ! pressure on a c>bon pile causes v>iations 9 its resi/ance & ! sol5oid1 ,m1 oppos$ by spr+ ,s1 bo? pull+ on lev] ,l :i* re/s on ! two piles ,a & ,b1 controls ! relative resi/ances ( ! two piles to cause *>ge & dis*>ge ( ! batt]y4 ,! sol5oid w9d+ is 9 s]ies ) ! dynamo circuit & :5 ! load is normal1 ! spr+ pull is j equal to ! magnet pull1 & ! resi/ance ( ,a & ,b are equal4 ,:5 ext]nal load v>ies1 a small b proportional v>iation 9 ! pull ( ,p *>ges ! relative resi/ances ( ! piles & ! boo/] field is en]giz$ to produce a voltage to cause batt]y *>ge or dis*>ge4 ,ques4 ,= :at s]vice is ! %unt boo/] n suit$8 ,ans4 ,x is n adapt$ to circuits :]e !re are sudd5 fluctuations t are great comp>$ ) ! capacity ( ! dynamo4 ,ques4 ,:at is its action 9 *ang+ f *>ge to dis*>ge8 ,ans4 ,x is n automatic1 ! swit*+ mu/ be done by h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aif4--;,diagram %[+ usual connections ( a non-rev]sible %unt boo/] & batt]y sy/em4 ,9 *>g+1 ! swit*es ,a & ,b are clos$1 & ,c put on contact m2 ! end cell swit* ,d is put on ! la/ contact4 ,"p ( ! dynamo curr5t w g into ! l9e & "p ?r\gh ! boo/] into ! batt]y4 ,! *>g+ curr5t is adju/$ by ! field rheo/at ,e4 ,to dis*>ge1 ?r[ ! end cell swit* ,d to fir/ contact2 next turn swit* ,c to contact s4 ,! batt]y is !n 9 p>allel ) ! dynamo ) all end cells cut out4 ,z ! voltage ( ! batt]y falls1 end cells are cut 9 by ! end cell swit* ,d4 ,ques4 ,h[ may x be us$ rev]sibly8 ,ans4 ,x w give a pressure to assi/ ! batt]y to dis*>ge :5 excit$ f ! bus b>s & provid$ ) a rev]s+ rheo/at4 ,9 ?is case x w assi/ ! batt]y to dis*>ge :5 ! direction ( ! field magnetization is *ang$4 ,:5 s us$1 no end cells are necess>y1 b ! boo/] mu/ be run cont9u\sly dur+ ! entire p]iod ( dis*>ge4 ,ques4 ,:at %\ld be ! batt]y capacity on a #aaj volt circuit ) a rev]sible boo/]8 ,ans4 #ef cells w be suffici5t4 ,! voltage to fully *>ge is #ef #b4f #adf1 or #cf volts above dynamo voltage4 ,m9imum voltage ( dis*>ge #a4h #ef #ajj volts1 or #aj volts less ?an t ( ! l9e4 ,h5ce1 ! boo/] ne$ give only #cf volts maximum1 & is requir$ to add #aj volts to ! batt]y voltage t[>d ! end ( batt]y dis*>ge4 ,9 ?is case1 ! boo/] voltage is only #cf_/di or ab\t ( t requir$ 9 ! prec$+ case2 five cells less ( batt]y are necess>y & ! end cell swit*es & leads are elim9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aig4--;,diagram ( comp\nd boo/] connections4 ,! ma*9e w be l>g]1 h[ev]1 ?an x w\ld be if us$ only = *>g+1 because ! dis*>ge curr5t is unusually great] ?an t ( *>ge1 & ! curr5t c>ry+ ( ! armature mu/ be great en\gh to take c>e ( ! heavie/ curr5ts4 ,comp\nd ,boo/]s4--,^! ma*9es are us$ on railway & p[] circuits :]e !re are great fluctuations 9 load1 ! batt]y act+ to prev5t excessive drop & to assi/ ! g5]at+ ma*9]y 9 c>ry+ ! load1 reliev+ x f ! /ra9 ( sudd5 ru%es ( curr5t4 ,! connections are %[n 9 ! diagram fig4 #a1aig4 ,"u ord9>y work+ conditions1 ! %unt field ( ! boo/] creates an electric pressure 9 ! same direction z t ( ! batt]y1 t5d+ to dis*>ge x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aih4--;,fairbanks-,morse light+ outfit4 ,! above cut illu/rates a #b horse p[] v]tical special gasol9e or k]os5e oil eng9e belt$ to a 4#i kw4 comp\nd w\nd #cb volt dynamo4 ,x w supply a maximum ( #db-bj watt1 or #ej-ae watt #cb volt ,tung/5 lamps & is built & balanc$1 s t curr5t c be tak5 direct f ! dynamo )\t flick] 9 ! lights4 ,! /orage batt]y has #af cells & a capacity ( #d amp]es = #g h\rs at #cb volts4 ,?is w supply sev5 #bj watt ,tung/5 lamps = #g h\rs1 or n9e #ae watt lamps = #g h\rs4 ,! swit*bo>d is arrang$ s z to give #bd h\rs s]vice4 ,x is cu/om>y to run ! eng9e dur+ mo/ ( ! light+ p]iod & to use ! batt]y = lights late at night4 ,if ! :ole numb] ( lights be n us$ :5 ! eng9e & dynamo are 9 op]ation1 ! surplus is us$ to *>ge ! batt]y4 ,:5 no curr5t is fl[+ into or out ( ! batt]y1 ! foll[+ relation exi/s3 ,dynamo voltage boo/] voltage batt]y voltage ,9 ?is case ! dynamo c>ries ! :ole ext]nal load4 ,if ! load increase1 ! dynamo voltage decreases1 s t ! boo/] voltage batt]y voltage is great] ?an ! dynamo voltage1 & ! batt]y beg9s to dis*>ge4 ,9 dis*>g+1 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! s]ies field ( ! boo/] & produces a proportional pressure act+ ) ! %unt field to raise ! voltage ( ! boo/]1 ?us increas+ ! batt]y dis*>ge & %ift+ m ( ! load f ! dynamo1 until ! sy/em becomes balanc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1aii4--;,diagram %[+ me?od ( *>g+ a /orage batt]y at "o voltage & supply+ lights at a diff]5t voltage4 ,z may be se51 two end cell swit*es are requir$4 ,! voltage ( ! supply curr5t is adju/$ by ! numb] ( cells 9 s]ies on swit* ,s'1 :ile swit* ,s is mov$ to cut out cells z !y become fully *>g$4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! end cells includ$ betwe5 ! contact arms ( ! two end cell swit*es mu/ be ( suffici5t size to receive ! *>g+ curr5t1 plus ! curr5t to ! supply circuit4 ,if ! batt]y c be *>g$ at times :5 ! dynamo is supply+ no o!r load1 only "o end cell swit* is requir$4 ,if ! load on ! ext]nal circuit be small1 ! dynamo voltage rises & curr5t fl[s into ! batt]y4 ,9 ?is case ! s]ies field acts aga9/ ! %unt field & decreases ! boo/] voltage s t ! pressure at ! dynamo is great] ?an boo/] & batt]y voltage comb9$1 ?us increas+ ! rate ( *>ge ( ! batt]y until ! load causes ! dynamo voltage to drop to normal & ! sy/em is aga9 balanc$4 ,! batt]y & boo/] c be plac$ at ! p[] h\se or :]e ! greate/ drop is likely to occur4 ,z ?is sy/em1 l ! s]ies boo/]1 dep5ds = its action ^u ! drop ( voltage ) increase ( load1 x is only adapt$ to %unt w\nd dynamos4 ,f ! =ego+ description x w be se5 t ! comp\nd boo/] is automatic )9 c]ta9 limits ( batt]y *>ge4 ,any m>k$ *ange ( batt]y voltage w be foll[$ by a correspond+ *ange 9 dynamo curr5t1 unless ! rheo/at be manipulat$ to br+ batt]y voltage boo/] voltage back to normal4 ,:ile ! !oretical dynamo curr5t v>iation is small = a giv5 *ange ( load1 !re is always a sudd51 mom5t>y1 curr5t ru% f ! dynamo on increase ( load1 ! duration ( :i* is equal to ! "t lag ( magnetization ( ! boo/] field4 ,lights on a circuit ) v>iable load w w9k on sudd5 *anges ( load4 ,9 ?is respect ! comp\nd boo/] is n s satisfactory z ! con/ant curr5t boo/]1 z 9 ! latt] all dynamo curr5t passes ?r\gh ! s]ies fields1 :i*1 by reason ( _! self-induction1 oppose & *eck any sudd5 curr5t ru%1 giv+ ! boo/] field "t to *ange its magnetization to ! prop] degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1bjj4--;,diagram ( connection ( "o =m ( diff]5tial boo/]4 ,9 op]ation1 ! dynamo curr5t passes ?r\gh ! s]ies w9d+ ( ! boo/]1 & ! curr5t 9 ?is w9d+ is to rema9 practically con/ant4 ,! %unt coil produces a field :i* opposes ! field produc$ by ! s]ies coil1 ! result+ magnetization be+1 9 direction & am\nt1 ! resultant ( ! two field /r5g?s4 ,! adju/m5ts are s made t :5 ! normal dynamo curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! s]ies coil1 ! %unt field j neutralizes its effect1 & ! resultant magnetization is z]o4 ,s9ce ! op5 curr5t voltage ( ! batt]y is equal to t ( ! sy/em1 nei!r *>ge nor dis*>ge takes place4 ,) increas$ dem& on ! l9e1 ! slight increase 9 dynamo curr5t 9 ! s]ies coil ov]p[]s ! %unt field1 & causes a pressure 9 ! boo/] armature 9 su* direction z to assi/ dis*>ge4 ,if ! ext]nal load fall bel[ ! av]age dem&1 ! curr5t 9 ! s]ies coil decreases slightly s t ! %unt field pr$om9ates1 produc+ a boo/] armature pressure 9 a direction to assi/ *>ge4 ,al?\gh ! voltage ( ! batt]y falls :ile dis*>g+ by an am\nt proportional to ! outfl[+ curr5t ! increas$ excitation due to ?is curr5t ?r\gh ! s]ies coil is also proportional to x1 & ! boo/] voltage rises z t ( ! batt]y falls1 _! sum be+ always equal to t ( ! sy/em4 ,9 o!r words1 ! boo/] s]ves to comp\nd ! batt]y = con/ant pressure4 ,diff]5tial ,boo/]s4--,9 ?is type ( boo/]1 a s]ies coil en]giz$ f ! ma9 curr5t1 t5ds to dis*>ge ! batt]y1 & a %unt coil1 excit$ f ! batt]y1 t5ds to *>ge ! cells4 ,^! two coils are oppos$ to "o ano!r1 & ! diff]5ce 9 _! respective /r5g?s repres5ts ! net /r5g? available = boo/+4 ,9 ord] to produce quick] rev]sal1 additional comp\nd coils are sometimes add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1bja4--;,diagram ( diff]5tial boo/] sy/em ) comp5sat+ coil4 ,9 op]ation1 ! comp5sat+ field coil ( ! boo/] opposes ! %unt coil & prev5ts ! v>iation ( ! batt]y voltage di/urb+ ! equilibrium ( ! sy/em4 ,if ! batt]y pressure be l[] ?an normal1 x w n dis*>ge rapidly en\gh to relieve ! dynamo f ov]load fluctuations1 unless ! boo/] voltage be increas$1 & ! dynamo w !re=e h to supply a curr5t great] ?an normal4 ,if a curr5t great] ?an normal fl[ ?r\gh ! comp5sat+ coil1 ! effect ( ! %unt coil oppos$ by ! s]ies coil is decreas$1 & ! comp5sat+ coil1 act+ 9 ! same direction z ! s]ies coil1 causes a high] boo/] pressure t5d+ to dis*>ge ! batt]y1 & ?us br+s d[n ! dynamo load to normal4 ,%\ld ! batt]y voltage be above its normal value1 ! batt]y w\ld dis*>ge too rapidly & c>ry m ?an its %>e ( ! load4 ,9 op]at+ ?is sy/em1 ! v>y+ load mu/ be beyond ! boo/] equipm5t4 ,! s]ies & comp5sat+ coils may be tempor>ily %ort circuit$ s t ! batt]y may be *>g$ m rapidly4 ,ques4 ,= :at s]vice is ! diff]5tial boo/] adapt$8 ,ans4 ,x is suit$ to p[] & railway circuits :]e ! load fluctuates widely & sudd5ly4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is type ( boo/]1 & _m pat5ts h be5 issu$ cov]+ ! diff]5t me?ods ( v>y+ ! voltage ( ! ma*9e4 ,con/ant ,curr5t ,boo/]s4--,9 in/allations :]e x is desir$ to supply bo? an approximately con/ant load & a fluctuat+ load f ! same dynamos 7z = in/ance1 9 (fice build+s or hotels1 :]e x is necess>y to supply lights & elevators f ! same s\rce71 ! fluctuations 9 ! p[] circuits mu/ n int]f]e ) ! light+ circuits & to prev5t ?is1 two sets ( bus b>s are provid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1bjb4--;,diagram ( non-rev]sible or con/ant curr5t boo/] sy/em4 ,! boo/] armature & field are 9 s]ies betwe5 "o side ( ! light+ & p[] bus b>s4 ,a %unt field is also provid$1 :i* acts 9 opposition to ! s]ies field4 ,?is boo/] c>ries a practically unv>y+ curr5t f ! light+ to ! p[] bus b>s1 reg>dless ( ! fluctuations ( ! ext]nal load1 :i* curr5t is equal to ! av]age requir$ by ! fluctuat+ load4 ,except "u abnormal conditions ! %unt field always pr$om9ates giv+ a voltage :i* is add$ to t ( ! light+ bus b>s1 s t ! voltage across ! p[] busses is always high] ?an t across ! light+ by an am\nt equal to ! boo/] voltage4 ,if an excessive load come on ! p[] circuits1 ! increas$ excitation ( ! s]ies coil1 due to a slight increase 9 curr5t f ! light+ to ! p[] bus b>s1 l[]s ! boo/] voltage & consequ5tly r$uces ! voltage across ! p[] bus b>s4 ,! batt]y dis*>ges1 furni%+ an am\nt ( curr5t equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 t requir$ by ! load & ! con/ant curr5t ?r\gh ! boo/]4 ,if ! p[] load decrease bel[ normal1 ! slight decrease 9 curr5t 9 ! boo/] s]ies field increases ! boo/] armature voltage & ! excess curr5t goes into ! batt]y4 ,! boo/]1 !re=e1 does n 9 reality give a con/ant curr5t1 b by prop] design ! v>iation may be kept )9 a few p] c5t4 ,! dynamos are connect$ 9 ! usual mann] to "o set ( bus b>s1 & ! light+ circuits are connect$ across ^!4 ,across ! o!r set ( b>s are connect$ ! circuits supply+ ! fluctuat+ load1 & ! batt]y is also connect$ directly across ^! p[] b>s4 ,! p[] b>s are suppli$ ) curr5t f ! light+ b>s1 a non-rev]sible or s call$ con/ant curr5t boo/] be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! two z %[n 9 fig4 #a1bjb4 ,s9ce ?is p]mits only a con/ant curr5t to pass f ! light+ bus b>s1 ! load on ! dynamo does n v>y1 al?\gh ! load on ! p[] busses may v>y widely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1bjc4--;,hubb>d's sep>ately excit$ boo/] sy/em 7,g\ld ,/orage ,batt]y ,co472 diagram %[+ g5]al arrangem5t4 ,sep>ately ,excit$ ,boo/]s4--,9 "s =ms ( boo/] ! field excitation is secur$ by a small excit+ dynamo4 ,an example ( ?is class is %[n 9 fig4 #a1bjc4 ,! excit] is provid$ ) a s+le s]ies coil1 ?r\gh :i* ! /ation output or a proportional "p !re( passes4 ,! armature ( ! excit] is connect$ to ! excit+ coil on ! boo/]1 & !nce across ! ma9s z %[n4 ,,note4--,rev]sible boo/]s %\ld be us$ :]e ! av]age total curr5t to ! fluctuat+ load is great] ?an ! batt]y dis*>ge curr5t1 & :]e ! pressure ( ! p[] bus b>s mu/ n fall (f ) increase 9 load4 ,electric railway & light+ plants hav+ long fe$]s are examples ( ! sy/ems to :i* rev]sible boo/]s are suit$4 ,non-rev]sible boo/]s %\ld be us$ :]e ! av]age total load is less ?an ! batt]y dis*>ge curr5t1 & :]e a drop 9 ! voltage ( ! p[] bus b>s is ( advantage4 ,examples ( su* plants are hotels or ap>tm5t h\ses :]e electric elevators are op]at$ f ! light+ dynamos4 ,boo/]s are usually driv5 by electric motors directly connect$ to !m1 ?\gh any =m ( driv+ p[] may be us$4 ,) ! av]age curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! field coil or ! excit]1 its armature g5]ates a voltage :i* is equal to t ( ! sy/em1 & 9 opposition to x4 ,^! two oppos+ pressures balance1 & no curr5t fl[s 9 ! boo/] field coils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1bjd4--;,batt]y sy/em ) regulation = long fe$]s1 = in/all+ :]e x is desirable to locate ! batt]y at a po9t remote f ! /ation & avoid any equipm5t requir+ con/ant att5tion at ! batt]y end4 ,! comp\nd w\nd motor1 con/ant curr5t boo/] is us$ & keeps con/ant ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! fe$]1 ! batt]y tak+ up all load fluctuations4 ,) an increase 9 ext]nal load above ! av]age1 ! t5d5cy is = an increase to take place ?r\gh ! excit] s]ies coil1 augm5t+ its field /r5g? & consequ5tly ! excit] armature voltage4 ,?is latt] n[ be+ high] ?an t ( ! l9e1 causes curr5t to fl[ 9 ! boo/] field coil 9 su* a direction z to produce a pressure 9 ! boo/] armature :i* assi/s ! batt]y to dis*>ge1 & is ( a magnitude to comp5sate = ! batt]y drop occasion$ !reby4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1bje4--;,diagram illu/rat+ /orage batt]y sy/em1 z appli$ to an automobile = light+4 ,:5 ! load decreases bel[ ! normal1 ! curr5t 9 ! excit] field is decreas$1 & its armature voltage falls bel[ t ( ! sy/em4 ,curr5t w n[ fl[ 9 an opposite direction 9 ! boo/] field coil1 g5]at+ a voltage 9 ! boo/] armature to assi/ *>ge4 ,s9ce ! excit] always g5]ates a voltage 9 opposition to t ( ! l9e1 ?is sy/em is kn[n comm]cially z ! c\nt] pressure sy/em4 ,,hawk9s ,,practical ,,libr>y ,,( ,,electricity ,,9 ,,h&y ,,pocket ,,=m ,,price #a4jj ,,ea* ,!y are n only ! be/1 b ! *eape/ "w publi%$ on ,electricity4 ,! books are sold at #a ea*4 ,ea* numb] be+ complete 9 itself4 ,!y are gu>ante$ 9 e way or y\r money w be return$4 ,! new numb]s w be suppli$ = #a ea*1 z publi%$4 ,,n[ ,,ready ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #a ,conta9+ ! pr9ciples ( ,elem5t>y ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 ,induction1 ,exp]im5ts1 ,dynamos1 ,electric ,ma*9]y4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #b ,! con/ruction ( ,dynamos1 ,motors1 ,armatures1 ,armature ,w9d+s1 ,in/all+ ( ,dynamos4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #c ,electrical ,in/rum5ts1 ,te/+1 ,practical ,managem5t ( ,dynamos & ,motors4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #d ,di/ribution ,sy/ems1 ,wir+1 ,wir+ ,diagrams1 ,sign ,fla%]s1 ,/orage ,batt]ies4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #e ,pr9ciples ( ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts & ,alt]nators4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #f ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,motors1 ,trans=m]s1 ,conv]t]s1 ,rectifi]s4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #g ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,sy/ems1 ,circuit ,break]s1 ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #h ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,swit* ,bo>ds1 ,wir+1 ,p[] ,/ations1 ,in/allation & ,op]ation4 ,,9 ,,"w 7,ready ,soon7 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #i ,telephone1 ,telegraph1 ,wireless1 ,bells1 ,light+1 ,railways4 ,,electrical ,,guide1 ,,no4 #aj ,mod]n ,practical ,applications ( ,electricity & ,ready ,ref]5ce ,index ( ! #aj ,numb]s4 ,!o4 ,audel ,co41 ,publi%]s #gb ,,fif? ,,av5ue4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,:]e possible1 unicode *>act]s are us$4 ,"s ( ! fractions d n h a unicode "* :i* w cause "s inconsi/5cies 9 ! display4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4