,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics71 & text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold 7bold74 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,on ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 8,mr4 ,gibson has a f9e gift ( exposition40--,birm+ham ,po/4 8,mr4 ,gibson has fairly made 8 m>k z a popul>is] ( sci5tific k40--,gu>dian4 ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,s]ies4 ,illu/rat$4 #ds4 #f;d4 nett ea*4 ,,our ,,good ,,slave ,,electricity4 ,,! ,,great ,,ball ,,on ,,:i* ,,we ,,live4 ,,! ,,/>s ,,_! ,,my/]ies4 ,,w> ,,inv5tions ,,h[ ,,!y ,,7 ,,inv5t$4 ,,*emi/ry ,,its ,,my/]ies4 ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,s]ies4 ,illu/rat$4 #gs4 #f;d4 nett ea*4 ,,sci5tific ,,ideas ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,nature ( ,matt]1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 c4 c4 8,expla9$ )\t big words1 ) _m int]e/+ pictures1 & ) an ease 9 exposition40--,scotsman4 ,,electricity ,,( ,,to-,,day2 ,its ,"w & ,my/]ies describ$ 9 ,non-te*nical ,language4 ,) #cj ,illu/rations4 8,a ma/]ly "w40--,globe4 ,,9 ,,! ,,romance ,,libr>y4 ,illu/rat$4 #fs4 nett ea*4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity4 ,:at is kn[n ab\t ,electricity & _m ( its int]e/+ applications4 8,cle> & concise40--,graphic4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography4 8,!re is n a dry or un9t]e/+ page ?r\gh\t40--,c\ntry ,life4 8,! n>ration is ev]y:]e rem>kable = its flu5cy & cle> /yle40--,by/&]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 8,a popul> & practical acc\nt ( all k9ds ( manufacture40--,scotsman4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,_w4 ,! ,lives1 ,sacrifices1 ,successes1 & ,failures ( "s ( ! greate/ ,sci5ti/s4 ,) #ai ,illu/rations4 8,! :ole field ( sci5ce is well cov]$4444 ,e "o ( ! #cjj & odd pages conta9s "s int]e/+ piece ( in=mation40--,a!num4 ,,:at ,,is ,,electricity4 ,long #hvo4 ,) #h ,illu/rations4 #fs4 nett4 8,a brilliant /udy40--,daily ,mail4 8,q a unique book 9 its way1 at once attractive & illum9at+40--,record4 ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,photography4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 nett4 ,,9 ,,! ,,wond] ,,libr>y4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 nett ea*4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,w> ,,inv5tions4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity4 ,) #ag ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy4 ,a ,popul> ,description ( ,wireless ,telegraphy & ,telephony 9 :i* no te*nical t]ms are us$1 & no previ\s k ( ! subject assum$4 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,s]ies ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 nett ,,new ,,volume ,,subm>9e ,,w>f>e ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,tell+ h[ ! ,subm>9e ,m5ace 0 met vanqui%$4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,domville-,,fife1 ,/aff ( ,h4,m4 ,s*ool ( ,subm>9e ,m9+4 ,) #ec ,illu/rations4 8,a v /rik+ book1 revelation foll[s revelation1 & magnific5t /ories ( fight+ h]oism at sea come practically on e page4 ,"o ( ! few w> books :i* w survive ! next #aj ye>s40--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,,aircraft ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,conque/ ( ! ,air4 ,by ,,maj4 ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn]1 ,r4,a4,f4 ,) #fb ,illu/rations4 8,maj4 ,turn] is well kn[n z an au?ority on a]onautics4 ,( real value40--,ab]de5 ,j\rnal4 ,,geology ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,introduction 9 ,simple ,language4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,gregory1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,sc41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,) #ee ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 8,an ideal introduction to a fasc9at+ sci5ce4 ,! romance & reality ( ! e>? mo/ brilliantly & s\ndly pres5t$40--,globe4 ,,subm>9e ,,eng9e]+ ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,domville-,,fife1 ,au?or ( 8,subm>9es ( ! ,_w's ,navies10 c4 ,,botany ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,evolution ( ,mod]n ,botany4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott-,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,l4,s4 8,?is mo/ ent]ta9+ & in/ructive book4 ,x is ! fruit ( wide read+ & mu* pati5t indu/ry40--,globe4 ,,sci5tific ,,ideas ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt1 9 ,non-te*nical ,language1 ( ! ,nature ( ,matt]1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,electrons1 c4 c4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 8,z a kn[l$geable writ]1 gift$ ) ! p[] ( imp>t+ :at he kn[s 9 a mann] intelligible to all1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,gibson has e/abli%$ a well-des]v$ reputation40--,field4 ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,introduction 9 ,non-te*nical ,language4 ,by ,,cecil ,g4 ,,dolmage1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #df ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 8,a lucid exposition mu* help$ by abundant illu/rations40--,! ,times4 ,,electricity ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,its ,"w & ,my/]ies ,expla9$4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 8,"o ( ! be/ examples ( popul> sci5tific exposition t we rememb] see+40--,! ,tribune4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,sci5ce4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 #ci ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 ,cr4 #hvo4 8,mo/ attractive & in/ructive40--,record4 ,,m$ical ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( rec5t ,developm5ts4 ,by ,,willmott-,,evans1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 8,a v ,golconda ( gems ( k40--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,,me*anical ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,an ,int]e/+ ,description ( ,mod]n ,me*anical ,inv5tions4 ,by ,,?omas ,w4 ,,corb94 8,9 k & cle>ness ( exposition x is f> bett] ?an mo/ works ( a simil> "* & aim40--,academy4 ,,photography ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,orig91 ,progress1 & ,late/ ,discov]ies4 ,by ,h4 ,,*apman ,,jones1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,pres4 ,r4,p4,s42 ,lectur] on ,photography at ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce4 8,an admirable /atem5t ( ! developm5t ( photography f its v beg9n+ to ! pres5t "t40--,j\rnal ( ,photography4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co41 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,microscope 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 ,,an ,,example ,,( ,a ,,micro-,,telescopic ,,photograph 8,n&a ,kot40 ,height1 #bb1eaj feet2 di/ance1 #fj miles4 ,! trees at ! l[] "r-h& corn] are only #bj y>ds f ! photograph]4 ,a rem>kable photograph1 %[+ ! great dep? ( focus ( ! micro-telescope4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,an ,,int]e/+ ,,description ,,( ,,its ,,uses ,,9 ,,all ,,bran*es ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,indu/ry1 ,,agriculture1 ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,crime1 ,,) ,a ,,%ort ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,its ,,orig91 ,,hi/ory ,,developm5t4 ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,eal&1 ,m4,a4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,animal ,,+5uity ,,( ,,to-,,day10 8,,insects ,,& ,,man10 ,c41 ,c4 ,,) #ci ,,illu/rations ,,num]\s ,,diagrams ,,london ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet #aiba 99 99 99 99 99 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,?is ,,volume ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m illu/rations4 #fs4 nett4 8,spl5did ,volumes40--,! ,outlook4 8,! ,libr>y ( ,romance (f]s a spl5did *oice40--,globe4 8,gift ,books ^: value x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate40--,! ,/&>d4 8,?is s]ies has n[ won a consid]able well des]v$ reputation40--,! ,gu>dian4 8,ea* ,volume treats its allott$ !me ) accuracy1 b at ! same "t ) a *>m t w comm5d itself to read]s ( all ages4 ,! root idea is excell5t1 & x is excell5tly c>ri$ out1 ) full illu/rations & v prettily design$ cov]s40--,! ,daily ,telegraph4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,! ,romance ( ,savage ,life ,! ,romance ( ,plant ,life ,! ,romance ( ,e>ly ,briti% ,life ,by ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,sieges ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ,bird ,life ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc4 ,! ,romance ( ,animal ,arts & ,crafts ,by ,,sidney ,,wright ,! ,romance ( ! ,_w's ,fi%]ies ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,romance ( ,mission>y ,h]oism ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,! ,romance ( ,pol> ,exploration ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,photography ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,electricity ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,manufacture ,! ,romance ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y ,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn] ,! ,romance ( ,a]onautics ,by ,,hector ,,macph]son1 ,junr4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,a/ronomy ,by ,,edw>d ,,b5nett ,! ,romance ( ! ,po/ ,(fice4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,! ,romance ( ,e>ly ,exploration ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,exploration ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,me*anism ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,inv5tion ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,eng9e]+ ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,locomotion ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,m9+ ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,! ,romance ( ! ,animal ,_w ,! ,romance ( ,insect ,life ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,! ,romance ( ! ,mighty ,deep ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,geology ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,philip1 ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry ,by ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ! ,%ip ,! ,romance ( ,piracy ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb9 ,! ,romance ( ,subm>9e ,eng9e]+ ,! ,romance ( ,w> ,inv5tions ,by ,,norman ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,! ,romance ( ! ,spani% ,ma9 ,by ,h4 ,o4 ,,newl&1 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,comm]ce4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co41 ,,limit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,microscope #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"s ,,e>ly ,,microscopi/s #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,light #dj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,microscope #ej ,,*apt] ,v ,,animal ,,life ,,9 ,,ponds ,,& ,,/reams #ff ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,plant ,,life ,,9 ,,ponds ,,& ,,/reams #hc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,plant ,,life #ig ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,animal ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,microscope #aab ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,rocks #abe ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,microscope ,,z ,,detective #acg ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,bact]ia #aeb ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,m$ical ,,"w ,,) ,,! ,,microscope #afg ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,agriculture #agh ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,insect ,,life #aib ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,microscope ,,by ,,! ,,seaside--,,animal ,,life #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,microscope ,,by ,,! ,,seaside--,,plant ,,life #bbe ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,micro-,,telescope ,,& ,,sup] ,,microscope #bci ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,! ,,microscope #bdh ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,9 ,,manufactures #bfj ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,cam]a ,,alli$ #bgd ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,h[ ,,! ,,glass ,,us$ ,,9 ,,microscopes ,,is ,,made #bhb ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,*oice ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,app>atus #bia ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,n&a ,,kot--,,an ,,example ,,( ,,tele-,,photography ,frontispiece ,,head ,,( ,,dog ,,flea #ef ,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,( ,,potato #gb ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,animalcul #gb ,,proteus ,,animalcule #gb ,,cyclops #gb ,,bladd]wort #hh ,,spores ,,( ,,horse-,,tail #hh ,,hairs ,,on ,a ,,potato ,,leaf #hh ,,spirogyra #hh ,,?orn ,,insect #abj ,,head ,,( ,,palm ,,weevil #abj ,,leaf ,,insect #abj ,,head ,,( ,,/ick ,,insect #abj ,,=am9if]a #abh ,,diatoms #abh ,,/++ ,,hairs ,,( ,,nettle #add ,,butt]fly ,,w+ ,,scales #add ,,cry/als ,,f ,,human ,,blood #afh ,,cry/als ,,f ,,! ,,blood ,,( ,,! ,,baboon #afh ,,clu/] ,,cups #ahd ,,ru/ ,,( ,,:eat #ahd ,,poll5 ,,gra9s ,,on ,a ,,grass ,,fl[] #ahd ,,l[] ,,side ,,( ,a ,,f]n ,,frond #ahd ,,head ,,( ,a ,,beetle #bjj ,,head ,,( ,,h]cules ,,beetle #bjj ,a ,,cicada #bjj ,,head ,,( ,,mantis #bjj ,,face ,,( ,a ,,fly #baf ,,section ,,( ,,human ,,sk9 #baf ,,feel] ,,( ,,cock*af] #bcb ,,view ,,) ,,ord9>y ,,cam]a #bdj ,,view ,,) ,,micro-,,telescope #bdj ,,eye ,,( ,a ,,cock*af] #bef ,,hooks ,,on ,a ,,bee',s ,,w+ #bef ,,spid]',s ,,foot #bfd ,,fly',s ,,foot #bfd ,,fly',s ,,eye #bif ,,images ,,se5 ,,by ,a ,,fly #bif 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,romance ( ! ,microscope ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,x is c]ta9 t l5ses 7 us$ z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & x is probable t !y date back to f> e>li] times4 ,! anci5t gem cutt]s probably us$ sph]es ( glass fill$ ) wat] z magnifi]s1 _! "w c\ld h>dly h be5 accompli%$ )\t "s artificial aid4 ,we "k1 f e>ly writ+s1 t burn+ glasses 7 us$ by physicians 9 _! "w1 & ,s5eca1 ! au?or1 :o wrote 9 ,a4,d4 #fc1 says3 8,lett]s1 h[ev] small & dim1 are comp>atively l>ge & di/9ct :5 se5 ?r\gh a glass globe fill$ ) wat]40 ,euclid1 ^: "n at lea/ is famili> to ev]yone1 01 z %[n by 8 writ+s1 p]fectly well acqua9t$ ) ! fact t curv$ mirrors may be us$ to magnify objects1 & t 0 s long ago z ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,convex glasses1 us$ z spectacles1 7 fir/ m5tion$ by ,b]n>d de ,gordon1 ab\t #acjg1 b1 z f> z we "k1 !y 7 nev] us$ = ! purpose ( /udy+ m9ute liv+ objects4 ,to ,leon>do da ,v9ci belongs ! hon\r ( s]i\sly inve/igat+1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! prop]ties ( concave & convex l5ses1 & sev]al al*emi/s1 z ! e>ly *emi/s 7 call$1 us$ flasks fill$ ) wat]1 concave mirrors or glass balls to ga!r toge!r ! rays ( ! sun4 8,long be=e ! dawn ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! pr9ciple ( ! l5s 0 bo? compreh5d$ & appli$ to sci5tific matt]s by ! ,engli%m51 ,leon>d ,digges & 8 son ,?omas1 & by ! ,italian1 ,giambatti/a ,porta40 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 int]e/ 9 ! m9ute /ructure ( natural objects appe>s to h develop$4 ,z e>ly z #aeij1 ,?omas ,m\ffet us$ magnify+ glasses 9 /udy+ small mites1 & 9 #afcg ,desc>tes inv5t$ a s+le l5s microscope 9 :i* ! rays ( light 7 reflect$ on to ! object by means ( a concave mirror4 ,?is me?od ( illum9ation1 x is int]e/+ to note1 is /ill us$ 9 "s =ms ( pocket magnifi]s4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly discov]ies 7 made ) s+le l5ses1 = 9 ! comp\nd microscopes :i* 7 fir/ made1 x 0 only possible to view su* a small portion ( an object at "o "t t ! advantage lay ) ! less complicat$ in/rum5t4 ,! e>lie/ microscopes 7 simply %ort tubes ( any mat]ial :i* w\ld n admit light2 at "o end !re 0 a l5s1 at ! o!r a glass plate on :i* ! object to be exam9$ 0 plac$4 ,because ^! crude in/rum5ts 7 *iefly us$ = ! exam9ation ( insects !y 7 kn[n z 8,vitrea pulic>ia0 or 8,vitrea musc>ia40 ,lat] !y 7 call$ 8,engyoscopes10 &1 aft] ! inv5tion ( comp\nd microscopes1 !y 7 describ$ z 8,microscopia ludicra10 z oppos$ to ! latt] in/rum5ts1 kn[n z 8,microscopia s]ia40 ,! next /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! microscope consi/$ 9 ! introduction ( l5ses ( v %ort focal l5g?1 &1 9 #affe1 ,rob]t ,hooke us$ small glass balls1 =m$ by fus+ ?reads ( drawn glass1 = ?is purpose4 ,x 0 ,antony van ,leeuw5hoek1 h[ev]1 :o p]fect$ ^! in/rum5ts4 ,he br\ght an extraord9>y skill & indu/ry to be> on ! gr9d+ & poli%+ ( m9ute l5ses ( %ort focal l5g?4 ,already 9 #afgc ,regni] de ,graaf wrote to ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london t ,leeuw5hoek 0 mak+ glasses f> sup]ior to ^? ( ! great ,italian l5s mak]1 ,eu/a*io ,div9i4 ,leeuw5hoek's success 0 l>gely due n only to 8 me?od ( gr9d+1 b also to ! skill ) :i* he m\nt$ 8 l5ses1 :i* 7 accurately fitt$ into a m9ute hole 9 a metal plate4 ,! object to be exam9$ 0 firmly held 9 a /& & adju/$ by means ( a screw movem5t4 ,by ?is means1 & by ! use ( holl[ metal reflectors1 he succe$$ 9 avail+ himself ( transmitt$ light 9 ! case ( transp>5t objects4 ,leeuw5hoek 0 able to make imm5se advances ) ^! in/rum5ts1 ! m9ute pond animals he c\ld see ) ease1 & by #afhc he _h ev5 atta9$ a sight ( ! bact]ia4 ,8 rese>*es repres5t$ ! high-wat] m>k ( "w done ) ! simple microscope1 mo/ ( ! lat] "w 0 c>ri$ out ) ! comp\nd in/rum5t4 ,! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! comp\nd microscope is difficult to sep>ate f t ( ! telescope &1 9 any complete acc\nt1 ! two in/rum5ts mu/ be consid]$ toge!r4 ,x appe>s t ! fir/ sci5ti/ t conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ a s]ies ( l5ses1 r ?an a s+le l5s1 0 ,leon>d ,digges1 :om we h already m5tion$4 ,9 a book by ,porta1 a writ] :o ?\gh n himself orig9al1 0 gift$ ) great curiosity & indu/ry 9 ! collection ( ! ideas ( o!rs1 we read3 8,h[ to make pla9 a lett] held f> away by means ( a l5s ( cry/al10 & also t 8) a concave l5s y see ?+s af> small] b pla9]1 ) a convex l5s y see !m l>g] b less di/9ct4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y "k h[ to comb9e ! two sorts prop]ly y w see ne> & f> bo? l>ge & cle>40 ,%ortly aft] ! publication ( ,porta's book ! me?od ( comb9+ two l5ses into a microscope or telescope 0 discov]$1 q accid5tally1 by a ,dut* boy nam$ ,za*>ias1 :o work$ 9 ! %op ( 8 fa!r1 a spectacle mak]4 ,! ev5t 0 describ$ by ,willem ,boreel1 ,dut* ,ambassador to ,france1 9 a lett] writt5 9 #afee4 ,he wrote3 8,i am a native ( ,middleburg1 ! capital ( ,zeel&1 & close to ! h\se :]e ,i 0 born1 !re liv$ 9 ! ye> #aeia a c]ta9 spectacle mak]1 ,hans by "n4 ,8 wife1 ,m>ia1 _h a son1 ,za*>ias1 :om ,i knew v well1 because ,i con/antly z a neighb\r & f a t5d] age w5t 9 & out play+ ) him4 ,?is ,hans or ,johannes ) 8 son ,za*>ias1 z ,i h (t5 he>d1 7 ! fir/ to inv5t microscopes1 :i* !y pres5t$ to ,pr9ce ,maurice1 ! gov]nor & supreme comm&] ( ! ,unit$ ,dut* =ces1 & 7 rew>d$ ) "s honor>ium4 ,simil>ly !y aft]w>ds (f]$ a microscope to ! ,au/rian ,ar*duke ,alb]t1 supreme gov]nor ( ,holl&4 ,:5 ,i 0 ,ambassador to ,engl& 9 ! ye> #afai1 ! ,dut*man ,cornelius ,drebbel ( ,alkom>1 a man famili> ) _m secrets ( nature1 :o 0 s]v+ !re z a ma!matician to ,k+ ,james1 & 0 well kn[n to me1 %[$ me t v in/rum5t :i* ! ,ar*duke _h pres5t$ z a gift to ,drebbel1 namely1 ! microscope ( ,za*>ias himself4 ,nor 0 x 7z !y are mo/ se57 ) a %ort tube1 b ne>ly two & a half feet long1 & ! tube 0 ( gild$ brass two f+]s' bread? 9 diamet]1 & support$ on ?ree dolph9s =m$ also ( brass4 ,at its base 0 an ebony disc1 conta9+ %r$s or "s m9ute objects :i* we inspect$ f above1 & _! =ms 7 s magnifi$ z to seem almo/ miracul\s40 ,s ?is 0 ! fir/ comp\nd microscope6 ,al?\gh ,za*>ias inv5t$ ! microscope1 x 0 ,galileo :o introduc$ x to ! sci5tific _w4 ,he publi%$ a book 9 #afaj 9 :i* he wrote3 8,ab\t t5 mon?s ago a rum\r rea*$ me ( an ocul> in/rum5t made by a c]ta9 ,dut*man1 by means ( :i* an object c\ld be made to appe> di/9ct & ne> to an eye t look$ ?r\gh x1 al?\gh x 0 really f> away4 ,& s ,i consid]$ ! desirability ( inve/igat+ ! me?od1 & reflect$ on ! means by :i* ,i might come to ! inv5tion ( a simil> in/rum5t4 ,i fir/ prep>$ a lea!r tube at ! ends ( :i* "o plac$ two l5ses ea* ( !m flat on "o side1 & z to ! o!r side ,i fa%ion$ "o concave & ! o!r convex4 ,!n hold+ ! eye to ! concave "o1 ,i saw ! objects fairly l>ge & ne>]1 = !y appe>$ ?ree times ne>] & n9e times l>g] ?an :5 !y 7 obs]v$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,soon aft] ,i made ano!r m exactly1 repres5t+ objects m ?an sixty times l>g]4 ,at l5g?1 sp>+ no lab\r & no exp5se1 ,i got to ! po9t t ,i c\ld con/ruct an excell5t in/rum5t s t ?+s se5 ?r\gh x appe>$ a ?\s& times great] & m ?an ?irty-fold ne>] ?an if obs]v$ by ! nak$ eye40 ,galileo _h 8 enemies1 :o accus$ him ( hav+ pick$ ,za*>ias's bra9s2 he admitt$ t he _h tak5 8 idea f ! ,dut*man's inv5tion1 b fur!r ?an t he w\ld n g2 9 fact1 he repli$ t ! inv5tion ( ,za*>ias 0 a m]e accid5t b t 8 own in/rum5t 0 discov]$ by a process ( reason+4 ,x w\ld s]ve no good purpose to tell ! /ory ( all ! sci5ti/s :o h help$ to br+ ! microscope to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection1 al?\gh _m ( _! descriptions ( objects & app>atus are z qua9t z ! latt]4 ,s*e9]1 = example1 :o wrote 9 #afcj1 m5tions 8t wond]ful in/rum5t ! microscope1 by means ( :i* a fly is magnifi$ into an elephant1 & a flea into a camel40 ,to ,kir*] belongs ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ work] to con/ruct an in/rum5t ) co>se & f9e adju/m5t & ) a sub/age cond5s]1 :i* c\ld be us$ ei!r = conc5trat+ ! sun's rays or ^? f a lamp4 ,) an in/rum5t ( ?is patt]n ,malpighi saw ! circulation ( blood 9 a frog's lung4 ,by #afhe1 :5 in/rum5ts ) f\r & six l5ses 7 be+ us$1 ! comp\nd microscope 0 firmly e/abli%$ z a help to sci5ti/s1 & ! simple l5s 0 us$ !reaft] z an adjunct b n a rival to ! new] in/rum5t4 ,hi/ory makes a /rong appeal to _m p1 & ^? :o are fasc9at$ !reby w f9d endless amusem5t 9 read+ old books on ! microscope & its objects4 ,9 ! preface to ,m\ffet's ,insectorum ,!atrum1 "o ( ! e>lie/ books on insects1 we read ! foll[+ qua9t l9es3 8,if y w take l5ticul> object glasses ( ,cry/al 7= ?\gh y h ,lynx 8 eyes1 !y are necess>y 9 se>*+ = atoms7 y w admire to see ! ,fleas t are cura%e]s1 & _! holl[ trunk to torture m51 :i* is a bitt] plague to maids1 y %all see ! eyes ( ,lice /ick+ =?1 & _! horns1 _! bodies cramm$ all ov]1 _! :ole sub/ance diaphan\s1 & ?r\gh t1 ! motion ( _! he>t & blood4 ,also little ,h&worms1 :i* are indivisible1 !y are s small1 be+ ) a ne$le prickt =? f _! tr5*es ne> ! pool ( wat] :i* !y h made 9 ! sk91 & be+ laid ^u "o's nail1 w discov] by ! sunlight _! r$ heads & feet !y creep )al40 ,! creatures call$ ,h&worms are it* mites1 :i* tunnel 9 ! human sk94 ,9 our *apt] on ,nature ,/udy & ! ,microscope we ref] to ! br[n pat*es to be f\nd on ! backs ( f]n fronds2 x is int]e/+ to note t s long ago z #afdf ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne _h q a good idea ( _! /ructure4 ,describ+ !m1 he said3 8,:e!r ^! little du/y p>ticles1 ^u ! l[] side ( ! leaves be se$s we h n yet be5 able to det]m9e by any g]m9ation4 ,b1 by ! help ( magnify+ glasses we f9d ^! du/y atoms to be r\nd at fir/ & fully repres5t+ se$s out ( :i* at la/ proce$ little mites1 almo/ invisible1 s t su* z are old /& op51 z be+ empti$ ( "s bodies fir/ly includ$1 :i* ?\gh disc]nible 9 ,h>t/ongue1 is m notori\sly discov]able1 9 "s diff]5ces1 ( ,brake or ,f]n40 ,two ye>s e>li] a not$ sci5ti/1 ,hodi]na1 _h made a special /udy ( ! eyes ( insects &1 consid]+ ! crude in/rum5ts ) :i* he mu/ h work$1 8 descriptions are wond]fully accurate4 ,( ! h\se fly he wrote3 8,! head is all eyes1 prom95t & )\t lids1 la%es or br[s4 ,x is plum$ ) hairs l t ( an o/ri* & has two little pe> %ap$ bodies hang+ f ! middle ( ! =ehead4 ,! proboscis :i* arises f ! sn\t c be ext5d$ freely & /ret*$ =? to suck up hum\rs & c aft]w>ds be direct$ back ?r\gh ! m\? & tak5 into ! gullet4 ,?is in/9ct nature has giv5 ! creature accord+ to its ne$1 = x is )\t a neck & _c /ret* =? its head to obta9 its food1 z is also ! case ) ! elephant40 ,! au?or's k ( ! h\se fly 0 evid5tly great] ?an 8 k ( ! o/ri*1 = ! bird has any?+ b a plum$ head4 ,! eye ( ! insect he comp>es to a :ite mulb]ry4 ,ano!r ( ^! e>ly work]s1 writ+ ab\t ! same "t1 gives a concise acc\nt ( *eese mites1 head+ 8 description 8,on ! creatures :i* arise 9 p[d]y *eese10 he wrote3 8,! p[d] exam9$ by means ( ?is in/rum5t 7! ,comp\nd ,microscope7 does n pres5t ! aspect ( dirt1 b teems ) animalcula4 ,x c be se5 t ^! creatures h claws & talons & are furni%$ ) eyes4 ,! :ole surface ( _! body is beautifully & di/9ctly col\r$ 9 su* sort z ,i h nev] se5 be=e1 & :i* inde$1 _c be se5 )\t wond]4 ,!y may be obs]v$ to crawl1 eat & "w & are equal 9 app>5t size to a man's nail4 ,_! backs are all sp9y & prick$ out ) v>i\s />like m>k+s & surr\nd$ by a ramp>t ( hairs1 all ( su* m>vell\s k9d t y w\ld say !y are a "w ( art r ?an ( nature40 ,at ab\t ?is p]iod ! microscope 0 us$ = ! fir/ "t = m$ical "w &1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 ,pi]re ,borel 0 ! fir/ to use x = ?is purpose1 & he le>n$ a great deal ab\t ! /ructure ( fle% & ! appe>ance ( blood4 ,( all ! e>ly writ]s on microscopy ! man :o spread abroad 8 k ( ! in/rum5t & its capabilities1 m ?an anyone else1 0 ,kir*]1 :o di$ 9 #afhj4 ,he 0 an en]getic writ]1 & wrote on a l>ge numb] ( subjects4 ,8 books dealt ) magnetism1 designs = a calculat+ ma*9e1 light1 s\nd1 hi/ory ( plague1 ! philosoph]'s /one1 ,egyptian antiquities1 a hi/ory ( ,*9a & a gramm>4 ,to all :o read 8 book on ! plague1 x is cle> t he _h a good idea ( infection2 he 01 9 fact1 ! fir/ writ] :o suspect$ x1 ?\gh ! microscope he us$ c\ld n %[ him bact]ia4 ,9 8 book he wrote3 8,ev]yone kn[s t decompos+ bodies bre$ worms1 b only s9ce ! wond]ful discov]y ( ! microscope has x be5 kn[n t e putrid body sw>ms ) innum]able v]micules1 a /atem5t :i* ,i %\ld n h believ$ _h ,i n te/$ its tru? by exp]im5ts dur+ _m ye>s40 ,! exp]im5ts he p]=m$ to prove 8 /atem5t are s qua9t t we give !m 9 8 own words4 ,exp]im5t ,i4--8,take a piece ( meat :i* y h expos$ by night until ! foll[+ dawn to ! lun> moi/ure4 ,!n exam9e x c>efully ) ! smicroscope & y w f9d ! contract$ putridity to h be5 alt]$ by ! moon into innum]able wormlets ( div]se size1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld escape ! %>pness ( vision )\t a good smicroscope4 ,! same is true ( *eese1 milk1 v9eg> & simil> bodies ( a putrifiable nature4 ,! smicroscope1 h[ev]1 mu/ be no ord9>y "o1 b con/ruct$ ) no less skill ?an dilig5ce1 z is m9e :i* repres5ts objects "o ?\s& times great] ?an _! true size40 ,exp]im5t ,,ii4--8,if y cut up a snake into small p>ts & mac]ate ) ra9 wat]1 & !n expose x = sev]al days to ! sun & aga9 bury x "u ! e>? = a :ole day & night & la/ly exam9e ! p>ts1 sep>at$ & s(t5$ by putridity1 by means ( a smicroscope y w f9d ! :ole mass sw>m ) innum]able little multiply+ s]p5ts s t ev5 ! %>pe/ eyes _c c\nt !m40 ,exp]im5t ,,iii4--8,_m au?ors claim t unwa%$ sage is injuri\s1 b ,i h discov]$ ! cause ( ?is4 ,= :51 by means ( ! sun1 ,i m9utely exam9$ ! nature ( ! plant1 ,i f\nd ! back ( ! leaves completely cov]$ by rais$ "w z ) ! figure ( a spid]'s web1 & )9 ! wat] appe>$ inf9itesimal animalcules1 :i* mov+ con/antly came out ( little buds or eggs40 ,exp]im5t ,,iv4--8,if y exam9e a p>ticle ( rott5 wood "u ! sun1 y w see an imm5se prog5y ( t9y worms1 "s ) horns1 "s ) w+s1 o!rs ) _m feet4 ,!y h little black dots ( eyes4 ,:at mu/ _! little liv]s & /oma*s be l80 ,9 ! light ( mod]n discov]y mu* ( ! writ+ ( ^! e>ly microscopi/s seems absurd4 ,kir*]'s exp]im5ts1 = example1 prove no?+1 & he is (t5 hopelessly vague & sometimes incorrect 9 8 /atem5ts4 ,we mu/ n be too critical1 h[ev]1 = "s ( ?is e>ly "w 0 excell5t1 ! microscopes 9 use w\ld n be tol]at$ at ! pres5t day1 & )\t ^! pione]s microscopy w\ld n h rea*$ ! /age x has4 ,r ?an laugh at _! ef=ts1 we %\ld m>vel t !y did s well4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"s ,,e>ly ,,microscopi/s ,( ! e>ly ,briti% microscopi/s1 ,rob]t ,hooke mu/ n pass unnotic$4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,curator ( ! ,royal ,society two ye>s aft] its =mation1 & ! t]ms ( 8 appo9tm5t 7 some:at "o-sid$4 ,he 0 requir$ to 8furni% ! ,society e day !y meet ) ?ree or f\r exp]im5ts02 = ?is no pay 0 to be 8 till ! ,society accumulat$ suffici5t funds to rew>d him4 ,al?\gh comp\nd microscopes _h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,hooke's day1 x is notewor?y t he rema9$ fai?ful to ! s+le l5s1 9 fact x 0 n till v _m ye>s lat] t ! simple l5s 0 supplant$1 9 g5]al use by ! m complicat$1 if m p]fect in/rum5t4 ,9 8 book on ,microscopy1 entitl$ ,micrographia1 ,hooke gives a qua9t acc\nt ( ! mak+ ( a microscope4 8,c\ld we make a microscope10 he writes1 8to h only "o refraction1 x w\ld ct]is p>ibus1 f> excel any o!r t _h a great] numb]4 ,& h5ce x is1 t if y take a v cle> piece ( a brok5 ,v5ice glass1 & 9 a ,lamp draw x out into v small hairs or ?reads1 !n hold+ ! ends ( ^! ?reads 9 ! flame1 till !y melt & run into a small r\nd ,globul1 or drop1 :i* w hang at ! end ( ! ?read2 & if fur!r y /ick sev]al ( ^! ^u ! end ( a /ick ) a little seal+ wax1 s t ! ?reads /& upw>ds1 & !n on a :et/one fir/ gr9d (f a good "p ( !m1 & aft]w>d on a smoo? ,metal plate1 ) a little ,tripoly1 rub !m till !y come to be v smoo?2 if "o ( ^! be fixt ) a little s(t wax aga9/ a small ne$le hole1 prick'd ?r\gh a ?9 ,plate ( ,brass1 ,lead1 ,pewt]1 or any o!r ,metal1 & an ,object1 plac'd v ne>1 be look'd at ?r\gh x1 x w bo? magnifie & make "s ,objects m di/9ct ?an any ( ! great ,microscopes40 ,?is e>ly work] 0 not$ = ! v>iety ( 8 inve/igations r ?an = ! dep?s ( 8 le>n+4 ,among/ ! s-call$ ,obs]vations1 9 8 book are _m t are n connect$ ) microscopic "w4 ,! foll[+ are int]e/+ &1 9 ! curi\s old book ,micrographia1 !re are an extraord9>y numb] ( well execut$ illu/rations4 ,e>ly 9 8 book ,hooke comp>es v>i\s man-made objects1 su* z a razor edge1 ! po9t ( a ne$le & a piece ( clo?1 ) v>i\s natural objects1 & always to ! detrim5t ( ! =m]4 ,he exam9$ ,=am9if]a ) 8 microscope1 & 0 probably ! fir/ man to draw ^! beautiful little creatures4 ,petrifi$ wood & *>coal also came "u 8 notice4 ,:5 he /udi$ cork1 he obs]v$ t x 0 made up ( 8little boxes or cells10 & ! "n cell has surviv$ to ?is day despite ! fact t x is by no means an appropriate t]m4 ,t ,hooke's k 0 n v deep is %[n by ! fact t he presum$ cork to be a fungus gr[+ on ! b>k ( trees4 ,_m ( ! objects we h describ$ 9 our pages 7 describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,hooke m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! sea mat1 despite 8 accurate obs]vations1 he mi/ook = a seawe$1 z _m lat] naturali/s h done4 ,! /++ hairs ( nettle he made out 9 e detail4 ,fi% scales1 bee /+s & birds' fea!rs all came "u 8 notice4 ,! foot ( a fly he describ$ ) wond]ful accuracy2 ! scales ( a butt]fly's w+ & ! head ( a fly 7 all /udi$ & describ$ 9 detail4 ,on ! life hi/ory ( ! gnat he made _m blund]s1 b he sav$ 8 reputation by rem>kable obs]vations ^u ! ,*elif]1 a curi\s p>asite ( ! fly :i* we m5tion 9 our pages1 & ^u ! silv] fi%1 a little creature :i* frequ5ts sug> & />*4 ,nei!r ( ^! organisms _h be5 describ$ be=e4 ,fleas1 lice1 v9eg>-eels & spid]s 7 also /udi$ by ?is indefatigable work]1 a wor?y collection inde$1 b ,hooke1 l o!rs ( 8 "t1 0 an obs]v] fir/ & =emo/4 ,z a me?odical1 sci5tific work] he 0 ( little acc\nt4 ,liv+ ab\t ! same "t z ,hooke1 ! celebrat$ ,italian1 ,malpighi1 laid ! f\ndations ( mu* ( our pres5t-day k ( plant /ructure4 ,v>i\s romantic /ories h be5 told conc]n+ c]ta9 imag9>y ev5ts :i* l$ ,malpighi to take up ! /udy ( plant /ructure1 b ! sci5ti/ himself refut$ ^! picturesque /ories4 ,suffice x to say t 8 book on ! subject1 ,anatome ,plant>um1 ?\gh imp]fect 9 _m respects &1 z might be conjectur$ 9 s e>ly a "w1 (t5 inaccurate1 conta9s a l>ge numb] ( a/oni%+ly good draw+s2 _m ( ! orig9al draw+s1 by ! way1 execut$ 9 r$ *alk1 are 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is botani/ comp>$ ! fall+ ( leaves to ! %$d+ ( an insect's sk91 9 ?is respect at any rate he _h advanc$ no fur!r ?an ,ari/otle1 :o comp>$ leaf-fall to ! m\lt+ ( a bird4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,italian 0 ! fir/ sci5ti/ to describe ! pores 7/omata7 ( leaves1 ?\gh he nev] discov]$ t !y occurr$ on all leaves4 ,he1 fir/ ( all m51 %[$ t nect> 0 =m$ by ! fl[] & n transf]r$ !nce f o!r s\rces z _h previ\sly be5 believ$2 he too expla9$ accurately = ! fir/ "t ! process ( g]m9ation 9 ! se$4 ,x 0 n alone z a botani/1 h[ev]1 t ,malpighi 0 celebrat$4 ,he elucidat$ ! v>i\s *anges :i* take place dur+ ! hat*+ ( an egg2 he 0 ! fir/ man to give an accurate acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( an insect1 & ?is he did 9 8 "w on ! ,anatomy ( ! ,silkworm4 ,us+ a simple microscope = 8 inve/igations1 he contract$ an eye affliction dur+ ?is p]iod f :i* he suff]$ m or less sev]ely all ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he discov]$ ! brea?+ tubes ( insects & t :5 !y are cov]$ ) grease ! insect w die 89 ! "t t "o c say ! ,"l's ,pray]02 ! he>t1 ! silk gl&s1 ! developm5t ( w+s & legs 7 all discov]$ = ! fir/ "t by ?is untir+ work]1 aid$ by 8 simple microscope4 ,pages c\ld be fill$ ) acc\nts ( ,malpighi's o!r sci5tific "w on ! /ructure ( ! lung1 ! liv] & kidney1 ! life ( ! liv] fluke & a hundr$ & "o o!r subjects4 ,?\gh und\bt$ly a great & clev] microscopi/1 ! g5]al e/imate seems to be t 8 "w _h little influ5ce ^u ! sci5tific _w4 ,! ma9 reason is t he 0 ahead ( 8 "t2 m5 ( ! day conclud$1 = in/ance1 t 9 8 ,anatomy ( ,plants he _h said ! la/ ^w on ! subject1 t !re 0 no m to be le>n$4 ,an ,engli% work]1 ,nehemiah ,grew1 c>ri$ ! ,italian sci5ti/'s /udies ( plant /ructure a little fur!r & 8 ,anatomy ( ,plants conta9s _m new & (t5 accurate obs]vations4 ,8 /udies also l$ him to discov] ! /ructure ( ! ridges & sweat pores ( ! human h&1 9 fact ,grew may be look$ ^u z ! orig9ator ( ! /udy ( f+] pr9ts4 ,a ,dut*man1 ,jan ,jacobz ,swamm]dam by "n1 & a contempor>y ( ,grew1 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ accurate obs]v] among/ ^! old-"t microscopi/s4 ,despite ill heal?1 8 en?usiasm 0 unb\nd$1 & a fri5d wrote conc]n+ him3 8,swamm]dam's lab\rs 7 sup]human4 ,?r\gh ! day he obs]v$ incessantly1 & at night describ$ & drew :at he _h se54 ,by six o'clock 9 ! morn+ 9 summ] he began to f9d en\gh light to enable him to trace ! m9uti ( natural objects4 ,he 0 h>d at "w till noon1 9 full sunlight1 & b>ehead$1 s z n to ob/ruct ! light1 & 8 head /eam$ ) pr(use sweat4 ,8 eyes1 by reason ( ! blaze ( light1 became s weak5$ t he c\ld n obs]ve m9ute objects 9 ! aft]noon1 = 8 eyes 7 we>y40 ,if only = ! fact t ! ,dut*man made cle> ! processes involv$ 9 ! trans=mations ( insects1 8 "n w\ld be fam\s4 ,he describ$ ! /ructure & habits ( ! hive bees1 male1 female & drone ) wond]ful accuracy1 & illu/rat$ 8 "w ) plates :i* 8w\ld d cr$it to ! mo/ skilful anatomi/s ( any age40 ,swamm]dam 0 s>ca/ic at times2 he _h %[n t ! facets ( a bee's eye are six-sid$ &1 z s commonly happ5$ 9 ^? days1 "s naturali/s jump$ to a conclusion1 9 ?is case t ! fact expla9$ ! six-sid$ness ( ! cells 9 ! honey comb4 ,by ! same reason+ ,swamm]dam rem>k$ t m51 hav+ r\nd pupils1 %\ld build r\nd h\ses4 ,x is n only = 8 /udy ( ! m9ute /ructure ( insects t ?is microscopi/ is not$1 he work$ ^u ! tadpole & ! snail4 ,he x 0 :o discov]$ ! r$ blood corpuscles ( ! frog1 & he describ$ 8 discov]y 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,9 ! blood ,i p]ceiv$ ! s]um 9 :i* float$ an imm5se numb] ( r\nd$ p>ticles1 possess+ ! %ape (1 z x 71 a flat oval1 b nev]!less :olly regul>4 ,^! p>ticles seem$1 h[ev]1 to conta9 )9 !mselves ! hum\r#a ( o!r p>ticles4 ,:5 !y 7 look$ at sideways1 !y resembl$ transp>5t rods1 z x 71 & _m o!r figures1 accord+1 no d\bt1 to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* !y 7 roll$ ab\t 9 ! s]um ( ! blood4 ,i rem>k$ besides t ! col\r ( ! objects 0 ! pal] ! m highly !y 7 magnifi$ by means ( ! microscope40 ,( ! snail he made a numb] ( /rik+ly accurate /udies1 9 all ( :i* he 0 aid$ by 8 l5ses1 s t x is ! m rem>kable t he consid]$ snails to be insects4 ,leeuw5hoek1 ano!r ,dut*man1 we h already m5tion$ 9 our previ\s *apt]4 ,he ( all m5 br\ght ! simple microscope to its highe/ /ate ( developm5t4 ,8 in/rum5ts 7 "o ( ! sights ( ,holl&1 & _m em95t p]sonages made a po9t ( see+ !m4 ,?\gh he _h n ! advantage ( any sci5tific tra9+ & spoke no o!r language ?an 8 own1 he made "s rem>kable additions to ! sci5tific k ( ! "t4 ,l ,hooke1 he 0 n a me?odical work]1 he 0 impell$ by an unb\nd$ curiosity4 8,:5 we are incl9$ to disp>age ,leeuw5hoek's ha/y me?ods x is well to recollect t he initiat$ biological inquiries ( ! greate/ int]e/1 e4g41 ! p>!nog5esis ( aphids & ! revivification ( dri$ microscopic organisms1 :ile he gave ! fir/ notices1 or ! fir/ wor? m5tion1 ( rotif]s1 ,hydra1 infusorians1 yea/ cells & bact]ia40 ,we may "h expla9 ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8p>!nog5esis ( aphids40 ,! female aphids or gre5 flies are able to br+ =? g5]ation aft] g5]ation dur+ ! fir/ two-?irds or s ( ea* ye> )\t ! assi/ance ( males4 ,?is =m ( increase1 :i* by ! way acc\nts = ! extraord9>y numb]s ( gre5 fly1 is kn[n z p>!nog5esis4 ,leeuw5hoek ?\ght t no "o b himself c\ld use 8 l5ses prop]ly1 9 consequ5ce1 :5 he s5t any int]e/+ object to a fri5d = him to exam9e1 a l5s 0 always affix$ 9 place s t ! object c\ld be se5 to ! be/ advantage4 ,he gave a set ( 8 l5ses & objects to ! ,royal ,society1 & describ$ 8 gift z 8a small black cab9et1 lack]$ & gild$1 :i* has five little draw]s 9 x1 :]e9 are conta9$ ?irte5 long & squ>e t9 boxes1 cov]$ ) black lea!r4 ,9 ea* ( ^! boxes are two gr\nd microscopes1 9 all six & tw5ty2 :i* ,i did gr9d myself1 & set 9 silv]2 & mo/ ( ! silv] 0 :at ,i _h extract$ f m9]als1 & sep>at$ f ! gold t 0 mix$ ) x2 & an acc\nt ( ea* glass goes along ) !m40 ,kir*]1 ^: "w we m5tion$ 9 our la/ *apt]1 0 ov]:elm$ ) ! notion t v>i\s liv+ creatures are g5]at$ f non-liv+ matt]4 ,fleas1 = example1 he 0 c]ta91 came f dirt1 & x rema9$ = ,leeuw5hoek to prove t !y arise f eggs & grubs1 9 ! mann] n[ s well und]/ood4 ,he c>efully /udi$ ! /ructure ( a g>d5 spid]1 & = ! fir/ "t expla9$ its wond]ful feet1 its jaws & poison gl&1 its sp9n]ets & silk4 ,he /udi$ ,hydra fir/ ( all m51 & said t1 "u ! microscope1 its t5tacles appe>$ to be sev]al fa?oms long4 ,al?\gh sadly at sea ov] ! correct position ( 8 snails 9 ! animal _w1 he 0 clev] en\gh to include ,volvox among/ ! plants & =tunate en\gh to see ! "y =ms escape f ! p>5t colony4 ,conc]n+ ?is microscopi/'s e>ly /udies 9 bact]iology we may quote f ,pr(essor ,miall's ,! ,e>ly ,naturali/s1 a book by ! way ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ^? :o w\ld le>n some?+ ( ! /ruggles ( ! m5 :o laid ! f\ndations ( our pres5t-day biological k4 ,pr(essor ,miall says3 8,9 #afhc ,leeuw5hoek wrote a lett] to ! ,royal ,society :i* conta9s ! fir/ m5tion ( bact]ia4 ,he _h be5 writ+ & speculat+ ^u saliva1 & _h se>*$ ! saliva ( ! human m\? = animalcules )\t f9d+ any4 ,x !n occurr$ to him to ask :e!r ! tee? might lodge animalcules dis*>g$ f ! saliv>y ducts4 ,he tells u t1 ?\gh 8 own tee? 7 scrupul\sly clean & p>ticul>ly s\nd = 8 age 7ab\t fifty71 ! l5s reveal$ a :ite deposit ^u !m4 ,?is deposit 0 f\nd to conta9 m9ute rods1 "s ( :i* %[$ ei!r a /eady or gyratory movem5t4 ,o!rs 7 v m9ute1 ( r\nd$ =m1 & mov$ ) rem>kable velocity4 ,! l>ge/ ( all1 :i* 7 ei!r /raight or b5t 7 motionless4 ,! tee? ( an old man1 :i* 7 nev] cleans$1 conta9$ among o!rs l>ge rods :i* exhibit$ snake-l undulations4 ,rubb+ ! tee? ) /rong v9eg> did n kill ! mov+ bodies1 b !y became quiesc5t :5 deta*$ & plac$ 9 a mixture ( v9eg> & saliva1 or v9eg> & wat]4 ,n9e ye>s lat] ,leeuw5hoek return$ to ! subject4 ,liv+ p>ticles 7 no long] met ) 9 8 tee?1 & he 0 at a loss to expla9 :y1 until x occurr$ to him t he 0 accu/om$ to dr9k hot c(fee e morn+4 ,?is1 he ?\ght might h kill$ ! animalcules1 & 8 conclusion 0 confirm$ by f9d+ t on ! back tee?1 :i* 7 less expos$ to ! hot dr9k1 pl5ty ( !m 7 /ill to be f\nd4 ,9 #afig he tells h[ he pull$ out a decay$ too?1 & f\nd t ! cavity ab\nd$ 9 mov+ p>ticles40 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s elaps$ be=e anyone else took up ! /udy ( bact]ia4 ,f ! "t ( ,leeuw5hoek onw>ds1 sci5tific discov]ies 7 ann\nc$ 9 rapid succession1 s t 9 "o %ort *apt] x is impossible to keep pace ) ! progress t 0 made4 ,among ! great m5 :o owe mu* ( _! success to ! microscope we may m5tion ! ,fr5*man ,raumur1 ^: memory is kept gre5 = all "t by 8 !rmomet]2 z a work] ^u problems ( insect life he 0 indefatigable2 ! ,sw$e1 ,l9nu1 to ^: e>ly ef=ts we owe ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( liv+ creatures & plants1 kn[n z classification4 ,?is arrangem5t has be5 consid]ably modifi$1 m mod]n ideas h upset mu* t he initiat$1 yet he rema9s ! p>5t ( ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,buffon1 a great naturali/1 0 foll[$ by ,cuvi]1 ! fir/ s]i\s /ud5t ( fossils2 by ,humboldt1 naturali/ & travell]2 by ,rob]t ,br[n1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,botany2 by ,d>w9 & by ,pa/eur 9 turn4 ,h[ mu* ^! m5 owe to ! microscope c nev] be kn[n2 c]ta9 x is t )\t its assi/ance our _w1 ! _w we "k & c see1 w\ld h be5 small] ?an x is to-day4 ,,footnote3 #a ,hum\r is "h us$ 9 its orig9al s5se1 mean+ moi/ure or a liquid4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,light ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ! wond]ful prop]ties ( ! microscope dep5d ^u light4 ,)\t light1 l5ses w\ld be useless1 objects c\ld n be illum9at$ & we c\ld n see !m4 ,9 ?is %ort *apt] we propose to give a brief outl9e ( ! action ( light2 if our words appe> to sav\r ( ! s*ool-book1 we %all try to avoid x1 b1 we repeat1 if !y d s we w\ld rem9d our read]s t ! m "o kn[s ( ! action ( light ! bett] use "o c make ( "o's in/rum5t4 ,z a well-kn[n microscopi/ has rem>k$ we may be able to af=d a co/ly h>p or a co/ly microscope1 b al?\gh we may be able to /rike a few notes on ! =m] & exam9e a few objects ) ! latt]1 we c only make ! be/ use ( ei!r by ?or\ghly und]/&+ & practis+ ^u x4 ,! fir/ ?+ we le>n :5 we /udy light is t x travels 9 /raight l9es4 ,! *ief s\rce ( light to ! inhabitants ( ?is e>? is ! sun4 ,n[ ! sun is s f> away t1 = all practical purposes1 ! rays ( light com+ f x may be look$ ^u z be+ p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,t we mu/ always rememb]1 :5 deal+ ) ! sun1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x does n apply :5 we are deal+ ) lights ne> at h&1 unless !y are specially con/ruct$ to ?r[ p>allel beams or rays1 :i*ev] we elect to call !m4 ,to prove t light travels 9 /raight l9es is n difficult1 & we may devise a numb] ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose4 ,! doors & v5tilators ( _m d>k rooms1 9 :i* photographic op]ations are c>ri$ on1 are con/ruct$ on ! assumption t light _c travel r\nd corn]s4 ,an arrangem5t z %[n 9 ! diagram w all[ air1 b no light1 to pass4 ,if light 7 capable ( go+ r\nd corn]s1 "s o!r arrangem5t w\ld h to be devis$ = ! v5tilation ( d>k rooms4 ,illu/ration ,hav+ le>n$ s mu* ab\t light1 we come to ! mo/ important fact ( all1 z f> z ! action ( light conc]ns microscopic "w4 ,:5 rays ( light travel1 f a sub/ance l air into a sub/ance l wat]1 !y are b5t out ( _! /raight c\rse4 ,)\t any desire to introduce a numb] ( unfamili> words1 we may v5ture to rem>k t1 any sub/ance ?r\gh :i* light passes is call$ a m$ium4 ,"s m$ia are cle>ly m d5se1 m compact or solid--d5se is ! prop] ^w--?an o!rs4 ,wat] is m d5se ?an air & glass ?an ei!r4 ,! b5d+ ( light rays is kn[n z refraction4 ,s n[ we may /ate our second law a little m concisely1 ?us3--,:5 light passes f a m$ium into "o m d5se1 or vice v]sa1 x is refract$1 & ! m d5se ! m$ium into :i* or f :i* ! light passes ! great] ! refraction4 ,illu/ration ,a diagram & an exp]im5t %\ld make matt]s cle>4 ,suppose ,,ab is a ray ( light travel+ 9 air & t x falls on a %eet ( wat]1 ,,wxyz1 ! ray w be b5t along ,,bc & its c\rse f air to wat] may be repres5t$ by ,,abc4 ,suppose aga91 ,,wxyz repres5ts1 n wat] b glass2 z glass is m d5se ?an wat] ! c\rse ( ! ray ,,ab is repres5t$ by ,,abd1 x is refract$ or b5t to a great] ext5t ?an ! ray :i* pass$ f air into wat]4 ,= our exp]im5t we ne$ only plunge a /ick into wat] & notice t1 ow+ to ?is prop]ty ( light1 ! /ick appe>s b5t1 f ! po9t :]e x comes into contact ) ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,illu/ration ,"s ( u may be old en\gh to rememb] t once1 on ei!r corn] ( ne>ly e mantlepiece1 !re /ood an ornam5t ( d\btful utility f :i* !re hung a doz5 or m glass prisms4 ,n[ ! only beauty ab\t ^! o!rwise hide\s contraptions 0 to be se5 :5 light play$ ^u !m4 ,!n pat*es ( violet1 gre51 yell[ & r$ 7 ?r[n ^u neighb\r+ objects4 ,:ite light1 ord9>y sunlight t is to say1 is really compos$ ( v>i\s col\rs--violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange & r$--:i*1 :5 comb9$ toge!r1 make light z we "k x4 ,:5 :ite light passes ?r\gh a prism ( glass1 x is n only b5t out ( its c\rse1 b brok5 up into all ^! col\rs4 ,a prism1 z we all "k1 :5 exam9$ at ei!r end1 is se5 to be triangul> 9 %ape4 ,putt+ aside = a mom5t ! "q ( ! break+ up ( light into its compon5t p>ts1 ! pa? ( a ray ( light ?r\gh a prism is %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,z ! ray passes f air into glass x is b5t1 because glass is m d5se ?an air2 x is b5t once m on leav+ ! prism because air is less d5se ?an glass4 ,illu/ration ,n[ l5ses are made ( v>i\s %apes1 & ^? ) two outw>dly curv$ surfaces are kn[n z d\ble convex l5ses4 ,a d\ble convex l5s is usually made ) bo? its surfaces equally curv$ & 9 ! f9] optical "w great c>e is tak5 to ensure t ?is is ! case4 ,= c]ta9 purposes1 h[ev]1 z we %all le>n 9 a mom5t1 "o or o!r ( ! faces only may be mu* m curv$ ?an its companion & ?is may be c>ri$ to su* an extreme t "o face is flat1 ! l5s is !n kn[n z plano-convex4 ,l5ses may also h inw>dly curv$ faces1 if bo? are ( ?is design !y are call$ d\ble concave2 if "o face is flat & ! o!r inw>dly curv$ !y are kn[n z plano-concave4 ,!re are o!r comb9ations1 = example1 "o face may be inw>dly curv$ & ! o!r outw>dly curv$1 b ! f\r k9ds we h describ$ are all t ne$ tr\ble u4 ,illu/ration ,x does n require a great am\nt ( imag9ation to recognise t ! d\ble convex l5s1 t is ! l5s ) two outw>dly curv$ faces is little m ?an a pair ( prisms plac$ base to base1 or m accurately1 a numb] ( prisms s arrang$ z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,p>allel rays ( light fall+ ^u su* an arrangem5t ( prisms w\ld be b5t f _! c\rse1 z %[n by ! arr[s1 & ?is is j :at happ5s ) a d\ble convex l5s4 ,n[ rays ( light f an object1 pass+ ?r\gh a l5s ( ?is %ape may foll[ any "o ( ?ree c\rses1 accord+ to ! position ( ! object ) reg>d to ! l5s4 ,9 "o position & "o only ! rays aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s w be p>allel to "o ano!r1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,! only position ( ! object = ! above to take place is :5 x co9cides ) a po9t kn[n z ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s1 conv]sely ! p>allel rays ( light f ! sun1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a d\ble convex l5s1 w come to a po9t at its pr9cipal focus4 ,suppose n[ t ! object be plac$ at a po9t beyond ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s1 ! light rays !refrom w1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s1 conv]ge to a po9t ?us3-- ,illu/ration ,9 ! diagram ,o is ! object & ,p ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s4 ,! ?ird case occurs :]e ! object is ne>] to ! l5s ?an its pr9cipal focus1 !n ! rays aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s1 div]ge & nev] meet4 ,illu/ration ,we h already /at$ t :5 :ite light passes ?r\gh a prism x is brok5 up into diff]5t col\r$ rays v>y+ f violet to r$4 ,! reason = ?is is t all ! light rays compos+ :ite light are n b5t equally z !y pass f "o m$ium to ano!r4 ,! violet rays are b5t ! mo/1 ! indigo next1 blue next1 d[n to r$1 :i* is lea/ b5t4 ,once m1 consid]+ ! d\ble convex l5s z made up ( a numb] ( prisms1 let u repres5t1 by a diagram1 ! c\rse ( p>allel rays ( :ite light ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration ,a ,a repres5t ! p>allel rays ( :ite light fall+ on ! l5s1 ,l ,l4 ,! blue rays are b5t m ?an ! r$1 s ! pr9cipal focus ( ! =m] is at ,c & ( ! latt] at ,d4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce 9 b5d+ ( ! v>i\s col\r$ light rays w\ld be mo/ s]i\s 9 microscopic "w 7 n means devis$ to ov]come x4 ,objects = in/ance at ,c 9 our diagram w\ld appe> blue1 at ,d !y w\ld appe> r$1 :il/ at ,e ,e ?\gh no s+le col\r w\ld pr$om9ate !y w\ld be illum9$ ) _m col\r$ rays1 ?\gh less /rongly ?an at ,c or ,d4 ,?is *romatic ab]ration1 z x is call$1 dep5ds among/ o!r ?+s on ! nature ( ! glass us$ 9 l5s con/ruction4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t a comb9ation ( fl9t & ( cr[n glass w ov]come ! difficulty4 ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( glass4 ,9 practice1 a plano-concave l5s ( fl9t glass is comb9$ ) a d\ble convex l5s ( cr[n glass &1 if ! nature ( ! glass is satisfactory1 z also ! %apes ( ! l5ses1 !re is full correction = *romatic ab]ration1 & objects view$ ?r\gh su* a l5s w n appe> ) col\r$ m>g9s4 ,!re is "o fur!r tr\ble likely to occur 9 su*1 or any l5s4 ,we write ( ! rays meet+ at a po9t4 ,9 our diagrams we repres5t ! rays by /raight l9es1 really !y are mu* m complicat$ ?an !y appe> 9 a diagram4 ,x is q easy to take a rul] & make our imag9>y light rays meet at a po9t1 z a matt] ( fact1 :]e real l5ses & real light rays are conc]n$1 x is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to make ! latt] meet at a s+le po9t4 ,"o m diagram may make ! matt] cle>4 ,illu/ration ,p>allel rays ,a pass ?r\gh our l5s &1 z we "k1 !y %\ld all meet at a po9t ,p1 ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s2 ! majority d s1 b "s meet at o!r po9ts1 su* z ,p4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is x is difficult to obta9 a cle> image ( an object at ,p1 & ! l5s is said to suff] f sph]ical ab]ration4 ,! p]fect simple l5s w\ld be "o fully correct$ = *romatic & sph]ical ab]ration4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,microscope ,9 our *apt]s1 deal+ )1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,microscope1 we attempt$ to trace ! gradual developm5t ( ! comp\nd in/rum5t f ! simple l5s2 we /at$ t ! latt]1 9 a crude =m1 _h be5 kn[n & us$ f v e>ly times & t ! =m] develop$ side by side ) ! telescope4 ,we h also said a few words 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 conc]n+ light = ! reason t ! microscope c be bett] und]/ood & us$ m effici5tly :5 we are acqua9t$ ) ! ph5om5a due to light4 ,! simple l5s1 sold "u ! "n ( pocket magnifi]1 9 its *eape/ =m consi/s ( a d\ble convex l5s1 t is to say1 a l5s ) two outw>dly curv$ surfaces4 ,bett] quality pocket magnifi]s consi/ ( two or m l5ses1 :i* may be ei!r d\ble convex2 plano-convex1 i4e41 ) "o surface p]fectly flat & ! o!r outw>dly curv$1 or !y may be con/ruct$ ( a comb9ation ( d\ble convex & plano-concave l5ses1 su* z 7 describ$ on p4 4 ,! object ( bo? ! simple & comp\nd microscope is to make objects appe> l>g] ?an !y d to ! nak$ eye4 ,:5 we buy our pocket l5s we %all f9d t ^! little in/rum5ts are con/ruct$ to give diff]5t degrees ( enl>gem5t1 "s make objects appe> five times l>g] ?an !y d to ! nak$ eye1 "s t51 "s fifte5 & "s tw5ty times l>g]4 ,tw5ty times is ab\t ! limit ( magnification = ! ord9>y pocket l5s4 ,if we are obs]vant we %all notice some?+ else--! great] ! magnification ! ne>] we mu/ hold ! l5s to our object4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ?is is n a v s]i\s matt]1 b a po9t is rea*$ :]e we mu/ hold our l5s s ne> to ! object t we _c see x1 & t is :y we _c obta9 v great enl>gem5t ) a pocket l5s4 ,despite ?is fact1 z we read 9 our op5+ *apt]1 "s v wond]ful discov]ies h be5 made ) ^! simple microscopes4 ,n[ we wi% to %[ h[ a comp\nd microscope works &1 hav+ done s1 to expla9 ! uses ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,we %all consid] ! l5ses ( ! in/rum5t to be d\ble convex2 we d ?is = ! sake ( simplicity4 ,ev5 9 ! *eape/ comp\nd microscopes ( to-day simple convex l5ses are nev] us$1 = ! reason we expla9$ 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,to und]/& ! c\rse ( ! light rays pass+ ?r\gh our microscope1 h[ev]1 we may look ^u ! l5ses z be+ m]ely d\ble convex4 ,let u try a simple exp]im5t fir/ ( all4 ,= ! purpose we require two d\ble convex l5ses1 "o capable ( magnify+ m ?an ! o!r1 a %eet ( pap] & a c&le4 ,we mu/ d>k5 ! room 9 :i* we make ! exp]im5t &1 hav+ light$ ! c&le1 we may proce$ to make a comp\nd microscope1 = t is really :at we are ab\t to d4 ,tak+ ! l5s :i* gives ! greate/ magnification1 we look ?r\gh x till we c see a cle>ly def9$ image ( ! light$ c&le1 !n we fix ! l5s at t spot1 s t1 dur+ ! re/ ( our exp]im5t1 ! c&le & l5s rema9 at ! same di/ance f "o ano!r4 ,n[ we put ! piece ( pap] z ne>ly z we c 9 ! position ( our eye1 mov+ x ne>] or fur!r f ! l5s till we h a p]fectly cle> image ( ! c&le ?r[n ^u x4 ,! fir/ ?+ to /rike u is t ! image is upside d[n2 x is kn[n z a real1 inv]t$ image4 ,real because x c be ?r[n ^u a scre5 & inv]t$--well because x is upside d[n4 ,!re are "s images1 z we %all le>n 9 a mom5t1 :i* c be se5 b :i* _c be ?r[n ^u a scre53 !y are call$ virtual images4 ,hav+ fix$ our %eet ( pap] 9 position1 we take our second l5s1 focus x %>ply ^u ! back ( ! %eet ( pap]1 be+ c>eful to keep ! c5tres ( ! two l5ses z f> z possible 9 a /raight l9e ) "o ano!r4 ,hav+ obta9$ a %>p image we remove ! pap] & gradually advance our second l5s t[>ds ! fir/4 ,we soon rea* a po9t :]e we h a v mu* l>g] image ( ! c&le ?an ! fir/ l5s gave u2 we mu/ fix our second l5s at ?is po9t = we n[ h a comp\nd microscope1 a v crude "o c]ta9ly & )\t ! trimm+s :i* make ! microscope s useful4 ,be=e we proce$ to expla9 :at has happ5$ to ! light rays we mu/ take our pap] scre5 once m & place x z ne> z possible to ! spot :]e our eye 0 situat$ :5 we saw ! second image4 ,we %all f9d t1 h[ev] mu* we may move our scre5 to or f ! second l5s we c nev] manage to obta9 an image ^u x = ! reason t ?is second image is virtual1 b unlike ! fir/ image x is n inv]t$4 ,illu/ration ,"o or two diagrams w help to expla9 our exp]im5t &1 in/ead ( ! light$ c&le1 we w suppose t our object is an arr[--x is easi] to draw & s]ves j z well4 ,! magnification ( ! object by our fir/ l5s may be repres5t$ by ! diagram bel[1 :]e ,,aa is ! l5s1 ,,cd ! object & ,d,c its image4 ,! arr[ ,c,d %[s ! po9t at :i* we plac$ our scre51 & z our diagram %[s1 ! image is magnifi$ & inv]t$4 ,our second l5s1 we rememb]1 0 focuss$ on ! back ( ! pap]1 plac$ at ,c,d2 = practical purposes we may ignore ! ?ickness ( ! pap] & say t x 0 focuss$ on ! image ,c,d4 ,_h we left x at t1 ! fur!r c\rse ( ! rays ?r\gh ! second l5s w\ld be repres5t$ by a replica ( ! diagram we h j giv54 ,b1 9 our exp]im5t1 we mov$ ! second l5s ne>] & ne>] to ,c,d till we obta9$ a cle> mu* magnifi$ erect image ( ,c,d1 let u call ?is second image ,c,d1 & repres5t ! c\rse ( ! light rays by a diagram4 ,illu/ration ,we may well ask1 :y did ! l5s ,,aa1 our fir/ l5s1 =m a real image :il/ ! second l5s ,,bb1 :i* is precisely simil> to ,,aa1 except t its magnify+ p[] is n s great1 =m a virtual image8 ,! =mation ( a real or a virtual image is no?+ to d ) magnification1 s we repeat--:y d two simil> l5ses =m diff]5t k9ds ( images8 ,let u refre% our memories ) ! rem>ks conc]n+ ! pr9cipal focus ( l5ses 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !n we may try ano!r exp]im5t4 ,! pr9ciple focus ( a d\ble convex l5s1 we rememb]1 is ! po9t to :i* p>allel rays ( light conv]ge1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,if n[ our object is fur!r away f ! l5s ?an its pr9cipal focus1 a /ate ( affairs t exi/$ 9 ! case ( our l5s ,,aa & ! object ,,cd1 we obta9 a magnifi$1 real b inv]t$ image2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 us+ ! same l5s if we wi%1 ! object is ne>] to ! l5s ?an its pr9cipal focus1 we obta9 a magnifi$ virtual & erect image4 ,! =m ( image !n dep5ds on ! relative positions ( l5s & object & n on ! magnify+ p[]s ( ! =m]4 ,aft] ?is digression1 we w see :at happ5s :5 we comb9e ! diagram %[+ ! real1 inv]t$ image1 =m$ by ! l5s ,,aa ) ! virtual erect image1 =m$ by ! l5s ,,bb4 ,9 reality we w draw a diagram %[+ ! pa? ( ! light rays ?r\gh our comp\nd microscope4 ,illu/ration ,we h us$ ! same lett]+ z 9 our previ\s diagrams & we see t1 also z be=e1 a real1 inv]t$ image ,c,d ( ! object ,,cd is =m$ by ! l5s ,,aa & a virtual1 erect image ,c,d ( ! image ,c,d is =m$ by ! l5s ,,bb1 ! object ,,cd be+ fur!r f ! l5s ,,aa ?an its pr9cipal focus & ! image ,c,d be+ ne>] to ! l5s ,,bb ?an its pr9cipal focus4 ,"o v important po9t we mu/ notice be=e we leave ! diagram4 ,we h m5tion$ sev]al times t ! image =m$ by ,,bb is erect & s x is1 b x is an erect image ( an already inv]t$ image1 s t ! f9al image ( ,,cd1 z se5 by ! eye ,e is inv]t$4 ,! fact t objects view$ ?r\gh ! microscope appe> upside d[n is puzzl+ at fir/4 ,to all int5ts our two d\ble convex l5ses repres5t a comp\nd microscope2 actually1 !y %\ld be fix$ at ei!r end ( a tube1 black5$ on ! inside4 ,! l5s ,,aa1 ne>e/ to ! object1 w\ld !n be kn[n z ! objective & ! l5s ,,bb ne>e/ to ! obs]v]'s eye w\ld be kn[n z ! ocul> or1 m commonly ! eyepiece4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 v _m ref9em5ts1 design$ to make ! in/rum5t capable ( p]=m+ ! mo/ accurate "w1 & ne$less to say ^! simple l5ses w\ld nei!r give v great magnification nor any cle> images4 ,let u describe a m ref9$ comp\nd microscope ?an ! "o we con/ruct$ 9 our d>k5$ room4 ,! optical p>ts1 t is to say ! l5ses1 are ! mo/ important p>ts ( e microscope1 ^u _! qualities dep5d ! degree ( effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t2 ! metal portions1 kn[n collectively z ! /&1 contribute to ! easi]1 smoo!r work+ ( ! microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,a ,,dog ,,flea ,no wond] ! flea is an annoy+ creature4 ,z ! plate %[s1 x is arm$ ) knives1 lances & saws1 all design$ to injure ! sk9 ( its victim4 ,! /& mu/ claim our att5tion fir/4 ,! base ( ! in/rum5t1 call$ ! foot1 is usually ei!r ?ree-legg$ or horse-%oe %ap$2 :atev] its =m x %\ld be heavy1 = only ?us c ! microscope be /eady1 & /ead9ess is ess5tial 9 all microscopic "w4 ,at ! top ( ! foot !re is a jo9t1 9 ord] t all ! o!r p>ts ( ! /& may be incl9$ at any angle1 f ! v]tical to ! horizontal4 ,j above ! jo9t is a b5t arm ( brass1 to ! =w>d end ( :i* a brass tube is affix$4 ,?is tube is design$ to hold ! l5ses1 ! objective at its l[] end1 ! eyepiece at its upp] end4 ,! tube is always black5$ inside2 7 ?is n ! case1 light pass+ ?r\gh ! objective w\ld be reflect$ 9 all directions f ! sides ( ! tube & a cle> image ( ! object c\ld nev] be obta9$4 ,! tubes ( microscopes v>y 9 l5g? accord+ to _! c\ntry ( orig92 ,engli% & ,am]ican tubes are t5 in*es long1 ^? ( cont95tal make v>y f a little m ?an six in*es to r m ?an sev5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,affix$ to ! l[] end ( ! b5t arm ( brass1 m5tion$ above1 is a flat metal plate1 kn[n z ! /age2 at its c5tre1 !re is a circul> hole ?r\gh :i* rays ( light pass to illum9ate objects plac$ ^u x4 ,bel[ ! /age1 at ! edge ne>e/ to ! foot1 !re is a metal peg1 ov] :i* fits a tube to :i* a mirror is atta*$ by a moveable jo9t4 ,! mirror reflects light rays ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! /age4 ,! tube1 hold+ x1 c be slipp$ up & d[n ! peg "u ! /age1 !reby br++ x ne>] to or fur!r f ! object & s alt]+ ! int5sity ( ! reflect$ light1 z we %all expla9 9 a mom5t4 ,ow+ to its moveable jo9t1 x is possible to sw+ ! mirror to ! "r or left1 s t ! reflect$ light rays d n pass directly ?r\gh ! object on ! /age1 b /rike x on "o side or ! o!r1 !reby giv+ :at is kn[n z oblique illum9ation4 ,! *eape/ =ms ( comp\nd microscopes h all ! p>ts we h m5tion$1 & focuss+ is c>ri$ out by slid+ ! tube1 ) its objective & eyepiece1 up & d[n )9 its hold]1 9 ord] to br+ ! objective fur!r f or ne>] to ! object4 ,9 m exp5sive in/rum5ts !re are fur!r ref9em5ts1 9 fact1 on "s ( ! v co/ly pres5t-day in/rum5ts1 !re are s _m app5dages & appurt5ances t x is d\btful :e!r "s ( !m are n m ( a h9drance ?an a help1 at any rate !y increase ! possibility ( tr\ble by _! liability to get out ( ord]4 ,su* microscopes are only ( use to v exp]t work]s2 !re are1 h[ev]1 a good _m additional features to be f\nd on q mod]ate-pric$ in/rum5ts1 features :i* are a great help to ! microscopi/4 ,x is obvi\s t we _c atta9 any degree ( accuracy 9 focuss+1 especially ) high magnifications1 :5 we mu/ p]=ce raise or l[] ! tube by h&4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 mo/ microscopes are provid$ ) me*anism kn[n z a co>se adju/m5t2 x consi/s ( mill$ screws at ei!r end ( a metal rod2 9 ! c5tre ( ! rod !re is a little cog-:eel :i* engages ) a r[ ( not*es on ! tube4 ,by turn+ ! mill$ screws slightly 9 ei!r direction1 we c imp>t a consid]able upw>d or d[nw>d movem5t to ! tube c>ry+ ! objective & focuss+ at once becomes a m simple matt]4 ,! co>se adju/m5t is only useful = exam9+ objects ) a l[ magnification2 if we use x :5 objects are be+ highly magnifi$ we run ! risk ( screw+ our objective d[n ^u our object1 to ! c]ta9 de/ruction ( ! latt] & ! probable injury ( ! =m]4 ,to obviate su* a cata/rophe1 mo/ ( ! bett] class microscopes are also provid$ ) a f9e adju/m5t4 ,by means ( ?is adju/m5t1 :i* ext]nally takes ! =m ( a s+le mill$ screw1 a consid]able turn ( ! screw 9 ei!r direction only imp>ts a v slight upw>d or d[nw>d movem5t to ! microscope tube4 ,9 ! be/ in/rum5ts1 movem5ts ( z little z "o hundr$? "p ( a millimetre may be imp>t$ to ! tube by ! f9e adju/m5t &1 see+ t !re are ab\t tw5ty-five & a half millimetres to ! in*1 x is obvi\s t a good f9e adju/m5t is v delicate &1 be+ s1 mu/ be treat$ ) c>e4 ,! f9e adju/m5t is us$ to supplem5t co>se adju/m5t 9 ! f9al focuss+1 :5 us+ high magnifications4 ,a few words may be devot$ to ! mirror1 = on its intellig5t use mu* dep5ds4 ,usually we %all f9d t x is plano-concave1 t is to say1 flat on "o side & holl[$ out on ! o!r4 ,! use ( ! mirror1 z we h m5tion$ already1 is to reflect rays ( light ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! /age on to ! object we desire to exam9e4 ,bo? mirrors w reflect p>allel rays ( light to a po9t1 j z a d\ble convex l5s w s direct !m f _! c\rse t !y meet at a po9t4 ,! concave mirror gives ! m p[]ful illum9ation1 because x reflects m light rays ?an a flat mirror ( ! same diamet]4 ,we h m5tion$ t1 to obta9 full advantage f ! mirror x %\ld be capable ( movem5t to & f ! /age4 ,:5 we desire /rong illum9ation we arrange ! mirror s t its reflect$ rays meet at a po9t co9cid+ ) our object4 ,%\ld less int5se illum9ation be requir$1 we slide ! mirror ne>] to ! /age1 & ( c\rse ne>] to our object1 s t ! reflect$ rays meet at a po9t above ! object4 ,illu/ration ,! two diagrams1 giv5 bel[1 %[ ! pa? ( ! rays ( light1 :]e ,o is ! object1 & a trial ) our microscope w soon %[ :i* position gives ! m p[]ful illum9ation4 ,= high-p[] "w1 su* z bact]iology or ev5 ! exam9ation ( sections ( plants1 etc41 ev5 ! be/ concave mirror w n give a suffici5tly p[]ful illum9ation2 accord+ly an in/rum5t1 kn[n z ! cond5s]1 is fix$ bel[ ! /age1 betwe5 ! mirror & ! object4 ,! cond5s]1 z its "n implies1 cond5ses ! rays ( light reflect$ to x by ! mirror4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( l5ses s arrang$ t !y w ?r[ a v p[]ful cone ( light4 ,provision is made = focuss+ ! rays f ! cond5s] on to ! object4 ,sometimes1 = special =ms ( illum9ation1 x is necess>y to cut (f "s ( ! rays ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! cond5s]4 ,x may be t we desire to disp5se ) ! out] rays ( ! cone ( light or1 :5 delicate details are be+ /udi$1 we may wi% to imp$e ! c5tral rays4 ,9 ei!r case diaphragms1 popul>ly call$ 8/ops0 are us$4 ,our diagrams %[ ,a ! out] rays ( a cone ( light cut (f & ,b ! c5tral rays simil>ly treat$4 ,illu/ration ,9 old patt]n microscopes & 9 _m in/rum5ts n provid$ ) cond5s]s1 ! diaphragm us$ = ! purpose ( cutt+ (f ! out] rays ( ! cone ( light1 consi/s ( a black5$ circul> metal plate1 p]=at$ ) a numb] ( diff]5t siz$ circul> holes4 ,?is plate is fix$ bel[ ! /age 9 su* a mann] t1 z x is revolv$1 holes ( v>i\s diamet]s are br\ght "o by "o )9 ! cone ( light4 ,x ne$ h>dy be rem>k$ t ! small] ! hole 9 ! diaphragm ! m light is cut (f & ! less rea*es ! object4 ,9 m mod]n in/rum5ts & 9 practically all :i* are fitt$ ) a cond5s]1 an ,iris diaphragm is fitt$4 ,a diaphragm ( ?is nature consi/s ( a numb] ( ?91 black5$1 metal leaves1 fa/5$ to a metal r+ 9 su* a mann] t1 :5 ! r+ is revolv$1 ! leaves close toge!r1 mak+ ! op5+ 9 ! c5tre small] & small]4 ,! ,iris diaphragm has _m advantages ov] ! old p]=at$ metal plate4 ,at w1 we c h any op5+ f full to ! m]e/ p9-po9t or we c cut (f ! light rays altoge!r1 %\ld we wi% to d s2 we are n conf9$ to a def9ite numb] ( /ops4 ,z we cut (f ^! out] rays ( light we %all f9d t1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ?\gh ! illum9ation becomes less & less ! object becomes m & m cle>1 or1 to use ! correct expression1 its def9ition is improv$4 ,:5 x is necess>y to cut (f "s ( ! c5tral rays ( ! light cone1 ei!r a circle ( glass ) an opaque c5tre is dropp$ into a metal hold] bel[ ! /age1 or a circul> metal plate1 held 9 ! c5tre ( a metal r+ by ?ree arms1 is us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! effect ( cutt+ (f ! c5tral rays ( ! light cone is1 ( c\rse1 to r$uce ! illum9ation & to %[ up delicate detail to advantage4 ,no direct rays ( light rea* ! objective1 su* z d pass into ! microscope are all diffus$ f ! edges ( ! object4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ! optical p>ts ( ! comp\nd microscope are ( great] importance ?an :at may be t]m$ ! me*anical portions & ! objectives are m important ?an ! eyepieces4 ,bett] results c always be obta9$ ) a good1 high-p[] objective & a l[-p[] eyepiece1 ?an ) an inf]ior objective & a good quality eyepiece4 ,! m]its ( ! eyepiece1 h[ev] great1 w n be adequate comp5sation = ! fail+s ( ! objective4 ,mod]n objectives are compos$ ( sev]al l5ses & ( a comb9ation ( fl9t & cr[n glass1 z we expla9$ 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,!y are s design$ t !y c be screw$ into ! l[] "p ( ! microscope tube4 ,! focal l5g? ( ea* objective is1 or %\ld be1 m>k$ ^u x2 z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 x may be tak5 t ! small] ! l[] l5s1 ! %ort] its focal l5g? & !re=e ! great] its magnify+ p[]4 ,! =m ( eyepiece mo/ usually met ) is kn[n z ,huygh5's4 ,x consi/s ( two plano-convex l5ses1 ) _! flat or plane surfaces direct$ away f ! objective4 ,! small] ( ! two l5ses is situat$ ne>] to ! eye ( ! obs]v] & is kn[n z ! eyeglass2 its function is to magnify ! image =m$ by ! objective4 ,! l>g]1 l[] l5s is kn[n z ! field or collect+ glass2 x r5d]s ! image cle>] ?\gh1 9 s do+1 x r$uces ! magnification ( ! eyeglass4 ,9 in/rum5ts provid$ ) m ?an "o eyepiece we %all wi% to "k :i* gives ! great] magnification2 ?is is or %\ld be m>k$ ^u ! metal rim surr\nd+ ! eyeglass b1 9 g5]al1 x may be /at$ t ! %ort] ! eyepiece ! great] its magnification4 ,we repeat aga91 increase y\r magnification always1 :5 possible1 by us+ high] p[] objectives r ?an eyepieces ) great] magnify+ p[]s4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to use a great] magnification ?an our mo/ p[]ful objective w give u2 !n we mu/ fit our mo/ p[]ful eyepiece & draw out ! upp] "p ( ! microscope tube--9 ! be/ in/rum5ts !y are made to pull out1 aft] ! mann] ( ! telescope4 ,! effect ( s do+ w be to increase ! magnification consid]ably b1 at ! same "t1 ! def9ition or cle>ness is s]i\sly impair$4 ,= ! exam9ation ( practically all our microscopic objects we require a numb] ( slides1 little glass slips ( good1 ?91 cle> glass4 ,!y may be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 unless we make p]man5t prep>ations1 b we are h>dly likely to d s 9 our e>ly days4 ,! slides are held 9 place on ! microscope /age1 ei!r by a pair ( clips atta*$ !reto or by re/+ aga9/ a b> runn+ across ! /age4 ,we may "h rem>k t x is ess5tial always to keep "o's microscope slides absolutely clean4 ,dirty slides d5ote ! c>eless work]2 moreov]1 dirt :5 magnifi$ is mislead+4 ,objects :i* are be+ exam9$ 9 wat] or any o!r liquid %\ld be cov]$ ) a cov]-slip1 an exce$+ly ?9 circle or squ>e ( glass4 ,! cov]-slip is z mu* a protection = ! objective z = ! object & its cleanl9ess also1 is all important4 ,we h n m5tion$ any ref9em5ts su* z ! me*anical /age1 by means ( :i* slides on ! /age may be rotat$1 mov$ to ! front & to ! back ( ! /age or f side to side4 ,we h omitt$ ^! because !y are n ess5tial ev5 = ! v be/ "w2 !y l5d additional com=t to ! use ( ! microscope b1 aga91 !y are n ess5tial4 ,! microscopi/ :o requires su* luxuries may le>n ab\t !m 9 ! l>g] text-books on ! microscope4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,animal ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,ponds ,,& ,,/reams ,! en?usia/ic microscopi/ w probably nev] lack mat]ial = 8 in/rum5t1 :atev] bran* ( microscopical "w he may decide to make 8 own4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ,pond ,life1 ei!r animal or vegetable1 !re is grant$ a nev]-end+ /ore ( beautiful & int]e/+ objects4 ,because "o pond has be5 ?or\ghly se>*$ & all t x c (f] has be5 c>efully exam9$1 we mu/ n conclude t no o!r pond w be wor? our att5tion4 ,?\gh inde$ _m little animals occur ov] & ov] aga9 9 practically e pond1 !re are o!r equally int]e/+ animals :i* only occur 9 c]ta9 localities & = ^! we mu/ keep a %>p look-out4 ,! app>atus ne$$ = ! collection ( ! d5iz5s ( ponds & /reams1 ne$ consi/ ( no m ?an a net ) a v f9e me% & a j> 9 :i* to br+ our captures home2 =1 ( c\rse1 animals :i* dwell 9 wat] ne$ n be dri$ on ! j\rney home4 ,v>i\s useful accessories = ! /ud5t ( pond life are sold at v reasonable rates by mo/ sci5tific in/rum5t mak]s4 ,we %all f9d _m repres5tatives ( ! animal _w 9 our pond & exce$+ly int]e/+ mo/ ( !m w prove4 ,f ! mud we may obta9 ! 8protean animalcule10 kn[n to sci5ti/s z ,amba ,proteus1 ! mo/ l[ly ( all animals4 ,?\gh ?is creature is pl5tiful & j visible to ! nak$ eye1 he is n easy to sep>ate f 8 surr\nd+s4 ,he is almo/ col\rless & !re=e pal] ?an ! mud4 ,hav+ secur$ him on ! end ( a glass rod1 let u exam9e him 9 a drop ( wat] on a slide4 ,at fir/ he w rema9 motionless1 z a prote/ aga9/ be+ di/urb$2 we %all n h to wait long1 h[ev]1 = soon "o "p ( 8 body w be se5 to protrude & !n gr[ l>g] & l>g] till x =ms a false foot2 o!r p>ts may foll[ suit1 till he is m elongate ?an oval1 & he moves 9 ! direction ( 8 false foot ) a curi\s glid+ motion4 ,8 pace is n great & has be5 calculat$ at a tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 an h\r4 ,really ! 8protean animalcule0 is little m ?an an animat$ drop ( jelly1 a fact we c sub/antiate by wat*+ him fe$4 ,8 food consi/s ( m9ute wat] plants su* z diatoms1 & :5 "o ( ^! plants comes )9 8 l9e ( m>* he simply surr\nds x ) 8 false feet &1 z x 71 fl[s ar\nd x4 ,:5 he has dige/$ all he c he fl[s away f ! undige/$ portions2 he has no m\? or any ( ! organs usually associat$ ) animal anatomy4 ,:ile hunt+ = our ,amba1 x is highly probable t a v active little slipp]-%ap$ organism may h =c$ himself ^u our att5tion4 ,f 8 %ape he has e>n$ ! popul> "n ( ! slipp] animalcule4 ,he is r m highly organis$ ?an ! ,amba = he possesses a m\?1 z we %all see :5 we are able to exam9e him4 ,s rapidly does he swim1 h[ev]1 t some?+ mu/ be done to curb 8 activity2 he may ei!r be kill$ ) a drop ( weak acid or we may put a little tuft ( cotton wool on our drop ( wat] & a cov]slip lightly ov] t4 ,! ?reads ( cotton wool w =m a network1 9 ! me%es ( :i* ! active little animalcule w be conf9$4 ,c>eful obs]vation w %[ t he is1 l a slipp]1 m po9t$ at "o end ?an at ! o!r2 t !re is a funnel-%ap$ orifice1 8 m\?1 at "o side ( 8 body2 & t he is cov]$ ) little ?reads :i* la% ! wat] ) rhy?mic movem5t & propel him ) consid]able rapidity4 ,^! little ?reads also s5d curr5ts ( wat] to 8 m\?1 & 9 ! wat] is 8 food4 ,hav+ exam9$ ^! two free swimm+ d5iz5s ( ! pond1 we may advantage\sly turn our att5tion to "s ( ! we$s gr[+ !re94 ,c>eful exam9ation ) our pocket l5s w almo/ c]ta9ly reveal a numb] ( m9ute liv+ creatures atta*$ to ! subm]g$ /ems & leaves4 ,x is impossible to describe all ! int]e/+ creatures we might f9d3 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) two1 because !y are common inhabitants ( _m ponds4 ,"o int]e/+ little creature we are almo/ c]ta9 to f9d1 ! ,hydra4 ,he may be gre5 or he may be br[n b 9 /ructure he w rem9d u ( a small sea anemone4 ,:5 we put him "u ! microscope he has ! appe>ance ( a mass ( jelly atta*$ to ! wat] plant on :i* we f\nd him4 ,he w soon op5 himself out1 h[ev]1 & we %all see t 8 free end is provid$ ) a numb] ( t5tacles2 ^! he waves ab\t 9 ! wat] to draw small swimm+ creatures to 8 m\? :i* is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p ( t5tacles4 ,any luckless creature1 com+ )9 rea* ( ! ,hydra1 is at once /ung ) "o ( ! b>b-%ap$ /+s :i* /ud 8 t5tacles & !n pass$ to 8 m\?4 ,! ,hydra is wond]fully t5aci\s ( life2 x is said t he has be5 turn$ inside out1 l a glove f+]1 )\t suff]+ any inconv5i5ce4 ,probably ! specim5 we are exam9+ w h a swell+ on ! side ( its body1 :i* might be mi/ak5 = ! result ( "s injury2 x is no?+ ( ! k9d2 x is m]ely a bud :i* w gr[ into a "y ,hydra &1 :5 old en\gh1 become deta*$ f its p>5t & float away to ano!r plant4 ,"u a fairly high magnification1 we %all almo/ c]ta9ly see some?+ glid+ rapidly ov] ! body ( ! ,hydra2 its movem5ts are too quick to all[ ( c>eful exam9ation2 ! creature :i* is almo/ z elusive z ! slipp] animalcule is a p>asite ( ! ,hydra4 ,n q s common z our la/ object b /ill common en\gh to be m5tion$ "h is ! beautiful 8bell animalcule40 ,l ! ,hydra1 ?is creature1 except 9 its v "y /ages1 rema9s affix$ to a wat] plant4 ,9 %ape ! 8bell animalcule0 resembles a w9eglass on a long delicate /em2 r\nd ! "p correspond+ to ! rim ( ! glass1 !re is a fr+e ( ! hair-l1 wat]-la%+ /ructures ) :i* s _m ( ^! l[ly creatures are provid$1 & ^! /ructures also surr\nd ! entrance to ! funnel-%ap$ m\?4 ,:5 undi/urb$1 ! bell animalcule has its sl5d] /alk fully ext5d$ & its little ?reads la% ! wat] vigor\sly1 caus+ curr5ts1 conta9+ food mat]ial1 to travel t[>ds its m\?4 ,a %>p tap on ! microscope slide w cause ! creature to contract1 ! ?reads cease _! la%+ & ! /alk contracts spirally1 s t ! body ( ! animalcule is drawn close to ! object to :i* x is atta*$4 ,by degrees ! spiral uncoils & ! little ?reads resume _! la%+4 ,sometimes1 z we exam9e our bell animalcule1 we may be =tunate en\gh to see x splitt+ into two p>ts to =m two sep>ate individuals4 ,?is curi\s process %\ld be wat*$ c>efully4 ,! upp] "p ( ! bell splits fir/ &1 by degrees ! :ole bell divides into two equal p>ts s t we h a pair ( bells on a s+le /alk4 ,! next /age consi/s ( ! =mation ( a r+ ( :ip-l /ructures r\nd ! base ( "o ( ! bells2 bo? bells1 by ! way1 h ! circlet ( :ips r\nd _! upp] edges4 ,soon aft] ^! additional little :ips are =m$1 ! own] ( !m breaks away f ! /alk & swims ab\t 9 ! wat] = a "t1 f9ally com+ to re/ on a suitable wat] we$4 ,!n ! l[] r+ ( :ips has s]v$ its purpose & 9 its place a long /alk gr[s2 f ?is "t =w>d ! new bell animalcule w nev] move f ! position x has *os54 ,?is =m ( increase1 ?is simple splitt+ takes place ov] & ov] aga9 b by degrees ! little animal appe>s to become exhau/$ & ! process sl[s d[n or /ops4 ,! p>tially exhau/$ ,vorticella may ga9 increas$ vitality by fusion ) ano!r individual & ?is process also we may h ! luck to see ?\gh x is less frequ5t ?an ! simple splitt+4 ,sometimes a bell may be obs]v$ to divide1 n into halves1 b into two unequal p>ts4 ,! small] ( ^! p>ts may divide aga9 into f two to eight p>ts1 ea* "o ( :i*1 hav+ develop$ a fr+e ( little :ips1 swims (f on its own acc\nt4 ,^! little b>rel-%ap$ swimm+ =ms1 in/ead ( settl+ d[n & =m+ /alk$ bells1 seek an exhau/$ creature1 fuse ) x ne> ! base ( its bell & f9ally become absorb$ by x4 ,! result ( ?is fusion is t ! bell animalcule takes on a new lease ( life & once m beg9s to divide actively4 ,9 our se>* = specim5s = our microscope we may come across a v common pond dwell]1 closely relat$ to ! bell animalcule1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,c>*esium ,spectabile4 ,we _c fail to recognise its family lik5ess to ! =m we h already /udi$1 = x consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( /alk$ bells gr[+ on a s+le p>5t /em4 ,x is really a little colony ( bells4 ,:5 "o ( ! "y individuals ( ,c>*esium settles d[n 9 ! spot x has select$ = its dwell+-place1 x gr[s a /alk j z ,vorticella did1 & x divides lat] into two individuals4 ,n[ 9 ,vorticella only ! bell divides1 9 ,c>*esium "p ( ! /alk divides also &1 in/ead ( swimm+ away to f9d a new home x rema9s atta*$ to ! p>5t /alk4 ,:5 ?is has happ5$ sev]al times a goodly colony is =m$4 ,!re are few fre%-wat] animals m commonplace & app>5tly un9t]e/+ :5 obs]v$ casually ?an ! pond sponge & ! riv] sponge4 ,yet1 if we take ei!r ( !m home & exam9e !m ) ! aid ( our microscope1 we %all be delight$ ) our specim5s4 ,9 reality !y are ( absorb+ int]e/ &1 at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> we may easily obta9 "y sponges1 & capital objects !y make = ! microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos by ,flatt]s ,g>nett #a4 ,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,( ,,potato ,/>* is l>gely us$ z an adult]ant ( v>i\s foods4 ,! ,potato />* gra9 resembles a m9iature oy/] %ell4 #b4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,animalculae ,^! m9ute animals1 occurr+ 9 millions1 r5d] sea wat] beautifully phosphoresc5t4 #c4 ,,proteus ,,animalcule ,! l[lie/ ( all animals4 ,x is a jelly-l animal :i* *anges its %ape f h\r to h\r4 #d4 ,,cyclops ,a common "o-ey$ wat] animal4 ,! female1 illu/rat$1 c>ries h] eggs 9 a pair ( relatively l>ge bladd]-l sacs4 ,be=e we describe our two specim5s let u try to expla9 :at mann] ( creature a sponge really is4 ,if we exam9e any ba? sponge1 we notice t x is p]=at$ ) _m small holes & "s l>g] ones4 ,"s sponges %[ ?is bett] ?an o!rs4 ,! small holes are pores1 ! l>ge ones m\?s1 b1 z we %all see 9 a mom5t we mu/ n run away ) ! idea t !y 9 any way resemble our famili> idea ( a m\?4 ,^! l>ge holes are call$ oscula by sci5ti/s1 b we wi% to avoid sci5tific words z mu* z possible4 ,! simple/ sponge ( all1 consi/s ( a little bag1 :i* rema9s affix$ by its base to a seawe$4 ,all ov] its sides !re are _m pores & at its tip !re is a s+le osculum2 x is kn[n z ! ,purse ,sponge & is common r\nd our coa/s4 ,! inside ( ! purse sponge is l9$ ) cells1 ea* "o ( :i* is tipp$ ) a little :ip :i* waves ab\t unceas+ly4 ,! wav+ ( ! :ip causes wat] to fl[ ?r\gh all ! pores into ! holl[ bag & out aga9 by way ( ! osculum4 ,al?\gh mo/ sponges1 includ+ our fre%-wat] =ms1 are mu* m complicat$ ?an ! purse sponge1 ! same ?+ happ5s 9 !m all1 wat] is drawn 9 by way ( ! pores & =c$ out by way ( ! oscula4 ,! be/ place to seek = ! fre% wat] sponges is on ! "u sides ( float+ wood1 brok5 tree bran*es & ! l4 ,_! appe>ance dep5ds ^u :e!r !y h be5 gr[+ 9 a well-light$ spot or 9 d>kness2 !y conta9 *lorophyl z d ! high] plants1 & sponges gr[n 9 ! light are gre51 ^? :i* ! light has n rea*$ are buff-col\r$ or corn-yell[4 ,! pond sponge is bright] gre5 ?an its riv] frequ5t+ relative & is a co>s] creature altoge!r4 ,x (t5 =ms little f+]-l outgr[?s1 :]eas ! riv] sponge is m leaflike4 ,if we exam9e "o ( ^! sponges 9 a wat* glass ( wat] to :i* we h add$ a v little c>m9e p[d]1 we c easily see ! wat] curr5ts ent]+ ! pores & com+ f ! oscula4 ,t[>ds autumn1 if we op5 a riv] sponge we %all see little yell[ bodies ab\t ! size ( a p9's head2 !y are ! buds f :i* ! "y sponges arise4 ,"o ( ^! mu/ be remov$ v c>efully & plac$ 9 a wat* glass ( wat]2 if our specim5 be plac$ 9 ! sun1 we %all n h _m days to wait be=e we f9d t x has giv5 rise to an active transp>5t little creature1 to a "y sponge 9 fact4 ,by repeat+ our exp]im5t ) c>m9e1 by ! aid ( ! microscope1 we c see ! wat] curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh its body4 ,:]ev] we collect our pond wat] we are c]ta9 to f9d "s ( ! :eel animalcul or rotif]s4 ,!re are su* a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds t we might describe sev]al1 & yet n m5tion ! "o t any ( our read]s _h happ5$ ^u4 ,!y may be recognis$1 because !y are always s transp>5t t all _! int]nal organs may be pla9ly se5 & !y always h two or m discs or lobes1 at _! =w>d end1 fr+$ ) f9e :ip-l ?reads4 ,^! little ?reads are con/antly 9 motion1 s t !y appe> l little revolv+ :eels h5ce ! "n1 :eel animalcule4 ,ne>ly all ^! creatures h a suck] or false foot at _! tail end by means ( :i* !y atta* !mselves to "s support or !y may swim freely 9 ! wat]4 ,! /udy ( rotif]s has be5 ! life-"w ( "s sci5ti/s & !y w af=d any microscopi/1 :o is int]e/$ 9 !m ) abundant occupation4 ,among/ ! wat] we$s we %all probably f9d ano!r small b /rik+ creature1 kn[n z ! sun animalcule1 ,act9ophrys ,sol4 ,:y exactly x is call$ ! sun animalcule we _c say1 probably x has e>n$ its title f ! fact t x resembles ! conv5tional idea ( ! sun1 ) light rays radiat+ all r\nd its circumf]5ce4 ,! creature is :iti%-grey 9 col\r1 sph]ical 9 %ape & j visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,all ov] ! surface ( its body !re are a numb] ( app>5tly empty spaces1 kn[n z vacuoles--!y probably acc\nt = its peculi> col\r4 ,ev]y:]e1 x is /udd$ ) long1 sl5d]-po9t$ rod-l outgr[?s4 ,b r>ely1 ! sun animalcule exhibits any movem5t & = long p]iods ! only signs t x is liv+ occur at fe$+ "t4 ,its food consi/s ( wat] animals & plants1 ( v>y+ size4 ,:5 a small animal comes into contact ) "o ( ! po9t$ rods1 :i* radiate f ! animalcule1 x appe>s to be held !re 9 "s unacc\ntable mann] &1 aft] a pause1 x beg9s a fateful j\rney by slid+ d[n ! rod to ! sph]ical body ( its captor4 ,!n x is pass$ into "o ( ! vacuoles & dige/ion v soon takes place4 ,t x does n d s imm$iately is %[n by ! fact t ! :eels ( a :eel animalcule1 :i* has be5 pass$ to ! vacuole ( our subject1 cont9ue _! movem5ts = a consid]able p]iod4 ,:5 l>g] animal food is p>tak5 (1 a diff]5t me?od is pursu$ by ! sun animalcule4 ,a wat]-flea1 = in/ance1 com+ into contact ) "o ( ! rods w /ruggle viol5tly 9 its ef=ts to escape4 ,!n ! sun animalcule %[s real signs ( life1 = "s ( ! o!r rods b5d ov] & hold ! captive s t x1 ev5tually1 is pass$ to a vacuole4 ,9 our *apt] on agriculture we m5tion a peculi> flat worm kn[n z ! liv] fluke4 ,?is unpleasant creature has "o or two relatives :o make _! home 9 ponds &1 ?\gh !y are n m beautiful ?an ! liv] fluke to look ^u1 !y are q h>mless4 ,"o ( ^! flat worms is ab\t #c_/d-;in* long & n unlike an indian club 9 %ape4 ,x moves ab\t1 ) "s spe$ ei!r by ! aid ( a suck] on its head or by a curi\s glid+ movem5t4 ,! o!r pond-frequ5t+ flatworm is m l ! liv] fluke1 its leaflike oval body1 ab\t #a_/b-;in* long1 is po9t$ =e & aft4 ,x is a common sight to see x glid+ "h & !re 9 se>* ( /ill small] animals (f :i* x may make a meal4 ,! sea mat & bird's head1 two common animal colonies ( ! sea-%ore1 possess pond-dwell+ relatives ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! microscopi/4 ,l ! seaside =ms !y dwell 9 colonies4 ,"o ( ! commone/ is kn[n z ,lophopus ,cry/all9us & x may be f\nd atta*$ to duckwe$1 ! curi\s little plant ^: t9y leaves float ^u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,lophopus1 :5 at re/1 resembles a little piece ( jelly4 ,if we are pati5t & wat* x "u our microscope we %all see x exp&1 s5d+ =? a numb] ( /alks1 ea* "o tipp$ ) a horse-%oe %ap$ fea!ry t5tacle4 ,ea* ( ^! t5tacles belongs to a sep>ate animal :i* ) its fell[s =ms a colony4 ,n s int]e/+ are ! bran*$1 ?readlike colonies ( ,plumatella ,rep5s :i* may be s\ght ^u ! leaves ( wat] plants4 ,our ponds c furni% no m extraord9>y object = our microscope ?an a colony ( ,cri/atella ,muc$o2 x is curi\s 9 appe>ance & /ill m curi\s f ! fact t ?\gh a colony ( animals x acts l a s+le individual 9 crawl+ ov] ! we$s & /ones 9 %all[1 sun-kiss$ wat]4 ,! ,cri/atella colony is jelly-l & gre5i% 9 col\r1 9 l5g? x may gr[ to a c\ple ( in*es4 ,its "u surface is flat1 :il/ f its upp]1 convex surface ! little animals =m+ ! colony wave _! bru%-l t5tacles 9 ! wat]4 ,9 se>*+ ! v>i\s pond we$s = specim5s we are sure to meet ) v>i\s jelly-l masses2 ^! mu/ always be exam9$ c>efully4 ,!y may be ! egg-masses ( int]e/+ wat] creatures2 v>i\s wat]-snails1 = in/ance1 protect _! eggs ) a jelly-l cov]+4 ,if we meet ) any l>ge fre%-wat] mussels1 sometimes call$ swan mussels1 we %all probably f9d ! fle%y p>ts ( ! molluscs sw>m+ ) m9ute creatures1 :i* we may conclude are p>asites4 ,mussels1 l ne>ly all liv+ creatures1 h _! p>asites x is true1 b :at we h discov]$ w almo/ c]ta9ly prove to be "y mussels4 ,we mu/ exam9e !m "u ! microscope to make sure4 ,!n we %all see1 if "y mussels !y be1 v m9ute & v ?9-%ell$ little creatures2 ! edges ( _! %ells are arm$ ) tee? & are q unlike ! highly poli%$ & smoo? %ells ( ! p>5t mussel4 ,we %all also see a long ?read issu+ f ! animal )9 ! %ell4 ,if we are exam9+ ! "y mussel 9 wat] we %all notice t x is con/antly snapp+ its two %ells toge!r4 ,_h we left ^! "y mussels undi/urb$1 a v curi\s life !y w\ld h l$4 ,!y w\ld h rema9$ atta*$ to _! p>5t = "s little "t probably1 or "s ( !m might h fall5 to ! muddy b$ ( ! pond4 ,_! behavi\r 9 ei!r case w\ld be ! same4 ,! long ?reads t we h already exam9$ w\ld h float$ 9 ! wat] &1 directly !y 7 t\*$ by a pass+ fi%1 ! little %ells w\ld beg9 to snap viol5tly4 ,! lucky ones w\ld n snap 9 va9 = !y w\ld close ^u ! f9 or tail ( ! fi% & !n _! snapp+ w\ld cease4 ,l ! bulldog1 ^! little mussels may take a long "t 9 gett+ hold b :5 once !y h manag$ to fa/5 _! tee? into any?+ x is well-nigh impossible to make !m let g4 ,usually !y nev] let g1 b are c>ri$ away by ! fi%4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! irritation !y set up 9 ! fle% ( _! new-f\nd fo/] p>5t causes a swell+ to occur ) ! result t ! little mussels are engulf$4 ,)9 ! fle% ( ! fi% !y g ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges2 !y lose _! tee? & _! tell-tale ?read1 !y become 9 fact m9iatures ( ! adult mussels1 !n !y manage to escape f ! fi%1 settle d[n 9 ! mud & f5d = !mselves4 ,! crabs & lob/]s :i* we "k s well h fre% wat] relatives 9 ne>ly e pond4 ,_m ( ! creatures we h exam9$ h ne$$ c>eful se>* to discov] _! :]eab\ts2 n s ! fre% wat] cru/acea1 z !y are call$4 ,_! activity1 _! curi\s movem5ts 9 ! wat] compel att5tion4 ,! fre% wat] %rimp is a curi\s little creature1 sometimes he paddles 8 ?ree pairs ( h9d legs & sometimes he j]ks 8 body 9 a ludicr\s mann]1 9 ei!r case he manages to propel himself rapidly ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,he is ab\t half an in* long1 br[n 9 col\r & ) a curv$ body n unlike a %rimp4 ,if we exam9e him "u ! microscope we notice t 8 front legs are b5t =w>ds1 :il/ 8 h9d legs are b5t backw>ds4 ,! male wat] flea is mu* l>g] ?an ! female1 a fact :i* probably acc\nts = ! fact t ^! little animals (t5 c>ry _! wives ab\t ) !m by seiz+ !m ) _! =e legs4 ,! wat] l\se we may also enc\nt]1 he is n ne>ly s int]e/+ z ! fre% wat] %rimp4 ,he is closely relat$ to ! wood l\se :i* we all "k1 & has a simil> flatt5$ body4 ,v mu* small] ?\gh ev5 m int]e/+ is ! common wat] flea4 ,by day ^! animals retire to ! mud at ! bottom ( ! pond b1 morn+ & ev5+1 !y swim actively ) a curi\s j]ky motion4 ,we mu/ exam9e our specim5 c>efully = he is ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/4 ,we _c fail to obs]ve h[ transp>5t he is1 s mu* s t all 8 int]nal organs c be pla9ly se51 b let u deal ) 8 ext]ior fir/ ( all4 ,8 l>ge eyes are pla9ly visible1 b 8 mo/ conspicu\s feature is ! pair ( l>ge bran*$ feel]s1 by means ( :i* he swims4 ,if we exam9e sev]al specim5s1 "o or m is c]ta9 to be a female1 !n we may probably obs]ve an egg 9 process ( =mation 9 ! brood p\*1 a l>ge1 elongat$ cavity1 j bel[ ! back ( ! animal4 ,imm$iately above ! brood p\*1 ! he>t is situat$ &1 if we c induce its own] to keep /ill = a mom5t or two1 ! he>t-beats may be pla9ly se54 ,n unlike ! wat] flea z x swims ab\t 9 ! wat] ( our collect+ j> is ! curi\s1 transp>5t little creature kn[n z ,cypris4 ,al?\gh s transp>5t its body is conta9$ 9 a pair ( %ells1 v simil> to ^? ( ! mussel2 a fact :i* =m]ly l$ to its be+ class$ ) ! %ell-fi%4 ,we may well exam9e ?is little fell[ "u ! microscope = mu* ( 8 /ructure may be made out ?r\gh 8 %ell4 ,8 v conspicu\s eye is sure to attract our att5tion2 he possesses b a s+le eye & seems to make up = ! lack ( a second by hav+ a v l>ge "o4 ,two pairs ( feel]s project beyond ! %ell 9 front4 ,( 8 two pairs ( legs ! =emo/1 or at lea/ _! tips1 hang d[n bel[ ! %ell1 b ! la/ pair1 z we c see ?r\gh ! %ell1 are turn$ upw>ds4 ,at ! h9d] end ( ! body1 !re are two long bri/les1 !y may be/ be se5 :5 ,cypris is swimm+4 ,( :at use exactly ^! bri/les may be to _! own] is n def9itely kn[n1 b x is ?\ght t !y are ( s]vice 9 keep+ 8 %ell clean4 ,ano!r active little animal1 q z common z ! wat] flea1 is sure to attract our att5tion4 ,x is no l>g] ?an ! wat] flea b mu* m elongat$2 "s specim5s are bigg] ?an o!rs1 & ! bigg] ones are ! females4 ,its "n is ,cyclops &1 ?\gh s common1 x has no popul> "n4 ,cyclops is s nam$ on acc\nt ( ! fact t x possesses b a s+le eye2 x is1 h[ev]1 r an int]e/+ creature 9 o!r respects1 s we w /udy x m closely4 ,look+ d[n ^u ! creature1 we see t ! front "p ( its body is compos$ ( an undivid$ %ield1 beh9d :i* !re are f\r plates & beh9d ^! aga9 !re are 9 ! male five & 9 ! female f\r segm5ts or r+s1 at ! extreme tip !re is a =k$ tail1 ea* =k be+ furni%$ ) a numb] ( bri/les4 ,on ! head are two pairs ( organs1 "o pair long ! o!r pair %ort &1 if we obs]ve ,cyclops 9 ! act ( swimm+1 we %all see t ! long pair ( organs play ! *ief "p4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! front ( ! head !re is a black or r$ pat*--! eye4 ,v frequ5tly we may meet ) a specim5 c>ry+ a relatively l>ge bladd]-l body on ea* side ( its abdom54 ,^! bladd]s :i* are ea* ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! creature :i* c>ries !m1 are egg-sacs4 ,if we are able to secure "o or two specim5s ) egg-sacs atta*$1 we c /udy ! "y ,cyclops )\t mu* difficulty4 ,take a small glass tube--a te/-tube z us$ by *emi/s w s]ve admirably--p>tly fill x ) pond wat] & add a little wat] we$1 !n introduce ! egg-be>+ females & place 9 ! light4 ,we mu/ wat* ! tube f day to day1 & be=e long x w be evid5t t ! "y ones h arriv$ 9 ! _w1 = we %all h no difficulty 9 see+ doz5s ( little :ite specks swimm+ ab\t 9 ! wat] & settl+ on ! sides ( ! tube4 ,we mu/ remove "o c>efully on ! end ( a glass rod or on a pa9t bru% & exam9e x 9 a drop ( wat] "u ! microscope4 ,?is "y creature is totally unlike its p>5t1 x is oval & possesses ?ree pairs ( /iff bri/les1 ( :i* ! fir/ pair are simple & ! o!r two pairs are bran*$4 ,al?\gh ! bri/les are us$ solely = swimm+ at ?is /age1 x may be ( int]e/ to m5tion t 9 ! adult ,cyclops !y become trans=m$ into jaws & ! two pairs ( organs we h already exam9$4 ,at ! front end ( ! oval body we c closely di/+ui% ! s+le eye1 :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t life4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,plant ,,life ,,9 ,,ponds ,,& ,,/reams ,9 ?is *apt] we %all conf9e ourselves to ! true wat]-dwell+ plants1 z di/9ct f ^?1 su* z ! wat] lilies1 :i* ?\gh nev] f\nd gr[+ on dry l&1 appe> undecid$ :e!r !y w be wat] plants or l& plants4 ,look+ at ! matt] f a m sci5tific po9t ( view1 all our pond plants w be mu* l[] 9 ! scale ( developm5t ?an ! wat] lilies & o!r fl[]+ plants4 ,pond life is ri* 9 subjects = ! microscopi/4 ,any /agnant pool may conta9 organisms :i* w delight ! naturali/ :o has always dep5d$ ^u 8 unaid$ vision4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 among/ ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ^! pond-dwell+ plants are ! ,diatoms1 :i* consi/ ( b a s+le cell4 ,!y are s num]\s1 !y exi/ 9 s _m diff]5t =ms & 9 s _m diff]5t situations t 7 we able to describe !m all1 we %\ld require ! :ole ( a l>ge volume1 mu* l>g] ?an ?is4 ,9 col\r1 ,diatoms are usually br[n or br[ni%1 al?\gh !y conta9 *lorophyll1 ! gre5 col\r+ matt] ( high] plants4 ,9 %ape !y may be rod-%ap$1 cresc5t-%ap$1 circul>1 w$ge-%ap$1 oblong or oval4 ,"s float ab\t freely 9 ! wat]1 "s are atta*$ to supports by means ( /alks4 ,"s lead a solit>y life & o!rs dwell toge!r 9 colonies4 ,"o feature !y h 9 common1 a curi\s fl9ty cell wall1 & ?is is _! mo/ int]e/+ po9t to ! microscopi/4 ,?is natural arm\r is 9 two p>ts :i* fit "o )9 ! o!r l ! two halves ( a ,japanese basket4 ,all mann] ( beautiful sculptur+ m>ks ^! beautiful fru/ules z !y are call$2 9 "s cases !y are p]=at$ & ! liv+ matt] f )9 passes ?r\gh ! pores & =ms a jelly-l cov]+ = ! little plant4 ,we mu/ make a po9t ( collect+ all ! ,diatoms we c f9d1 = !y are always int]e/+2 moreov]1 !y are easily pres]v$ & made into p]man5t slides1 = ! little plants may be boil$ 9 acid to de/roy _! liv+ p>ts & ! fru/ules w survive ! boil+ undamag$4 ,"o might wond] h[ su* humble plants1 surr\nd$ z !y are ) fl9ty walls1 c\ld increase4 ,!y frequ5tly d s 9 a simple mann]4 ,! liv+ matt] ( :i* ! plant is compos$ pu%es ! fru/ules ap>t & divides across ! middle4 ,! result ( ?is ev5t is ! =mation ( two plants1 ea* ) a s+le fru/ule4 ,9 a v %ort "t ea* plant gr[s a new fru/ule1 b x is always mu* small] ?an ! "o ) :i* x />t$4 ,! movem5ts ( "s ( ! free swimm+1 t is to say non-atta*$ ,diatoms1 are wor?y ( /udy4 ,! sci5tific "n ( "o k9d1 translat$ into ev]yday language1 means little boats1 & inde$ !y are well nam$ = _! beautiful aquatic manuvres rival ^? ( any %ip4 ,some:at simil> 9 habit to ! br[n ,diatoms are ! gre5 ,desmids1 b1 :]eas1 ! =m] also occur 9 ! sea1 ! latt] are all conf9$ to fre% wat]4 ,sometimes ,desmids are s num]\s t !y make ! pond wat] z gre5 z gre5-pea s\p4 ,x w\ld be z impossible to describe all ^! plants z 0 ! case ) ! ,diatoms1 b g5]ally !y may be recognis$ by ! fact t !y are compos$ ( two simil> halves1 sep>at$ by m or less ( a wai/4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! ,desmids exhibit a c]ta9 am\nt ( movem5t !y are n active l ! ,diatoms4 ,late spr+ & autumn are ! be/ seasons to hunt ! ponds = our next object1 :i* rejoices 9 ! "n ,*lamydomonas ,angulosa1 a good example ( ! extraord9>y fact t "s ( ! smalle/ animals & plants h ! longe/ names4 ,?is little plant is int]e/+ 9 itself & d\bly s1 because x 0 = long ?\ght to be an animal2 x is wond]fully animal-l 9 its movem5ts4 ,*lamydomonas is v m9ute1 s we mu/ use our highe/ magnification :5 we exam9e x4 ,x is an oval1 "o-cell$ plant enclos$ 9 a cle> membrane4 ,! gre5 col\r+ matt] is arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a cup1 )9 ! holl[ ( :i* is a mass ( granul> liv+ sub/ance4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ! plant1 !re is a cle> space & ne> ! tip a br[ni% dot1 kn[n z ! eye spot2 :i*1 ?\gh incapable ( see+ z we und]/& x1 is s5sitive to light1 z %[n by ! fact t ! little plant w swim t[>ds mod]ately int5se light & away f /rong light4 ,if we /a9 ! plant ) iod9e we c pla9ly see a pair ( little :ips aris+ f ! cle> portion at ! =w>d end2 x is by ! la%+ ( ^! t ! plant is enabl$ to swim4 ,9 ! mud ( our pond we may f9d a little colony ( plants :i* might =givably be mi/ak5 = a collection ( ! individuals we h j /udi$4 ,ea* memb] ( ! colony is v mu* small] ?an ,*lamydomonas to be sure1 b ea* "o has ! out] membrane1 ! br[ni% eye spot & ! pair ( little :ips4 ,on ! o!r h& ! *lorophyll fills ! :ole ( ea* cell & is n arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a cup4 ,sixte5 cells =m a colony1 & ! :ole mass is a flat plate2 ! little :ips move 9 unison & ! :ole colony revolves aft] ! mann] ( a :eel4 ,ano!r little colony we may enc\nt] also1 consi/s likewise ( sixte5 cells v l ! ones we h describ$1 b some:at w$ge-%ap$ in/ead ( oval4 ,a jelly-l mantle encloses ! colony &1 9 outl9e1 x is sph]ical1 s t :5 ! little :ips1 :i* project ?r\gh ! mantle1 la% ! wat] ! :ole colony revolves4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! colonies ( cells is kn[n z ,volvox ,globator1 x may be recognis$ by its p]fectly sph]ical %ape & its *>act]i/ic movem5ts 9 wat]4 ,volvox is ab\t #a_/be in* 9 diamet]1 & al?\gh to ! un9itiat$ x appe>s to be a s+le m9ute plant1 9 reality x is a colony ( upw>ds ( tw5ty ?\s& cells4 ,! colony may be consid]$ z be+ made up ( ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( cells1 v simil> to ^? ( ,*lamydomonas1 & ea* "o arrang$ ) its pair ( little :ips direct$ outw>ds4 ,)9 ! ,volvox sph]e we may obs]ve a numb]1 usually "o to eight1 ( small] sph]es4 ,^! are s-call$ daught] colonies :i* h aris5 f ! cont9u$ division ( special cells4 ,!y develop1 fairly rapidly1 into "y ,volvox colonies1 !n !y bur/ ?r\gh ! cells ( ! p>5t colony1 swim out into ! wat] & quickly gr[ to ! size ( ! ,volvox f :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( ,volvox ( a yell[i% col\r & mu* small] ?an ,globator1 ! big "o is ! "o we mu/ procure2 x is mu* m easily /udi$4 ,c]ta9 ( ! plants we %all f9d 9 our pond are s animal-l 9 _! movem5ts1 t ! microscopi/ :o sees !m = ! fir/ "t may wond] :e!r we are n mi/ak5 9 call+ !m plants4 ,we h already describ$ ! common ,*lamydomonas1 ) its curi\s j]ky me?od ( propell+ itself ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an equally common "o-cell$1 pond-frequ5t+ plant :i* has puzzl$ naturali/s ev5 m1 = x c]ta9ly possesses _m v animal-l *>act]i/ics4 ,its "n is ,eugl5a ,viridis & we require our highe/ magnification to exam9e x = x does n exce$ "o-two hundr$ & fiftie? "p ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,usually1 ,eugl5a is cig>-%ap$ b1 z x possesses ! v unplant-l *>act]i/ic ( n hav+ a firm cell wall x c *ange its %ape to a consid]able ext5t & x (t5 assumes curi\s =ms4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ?is m9ute plant !re is a s+le :ip-l ?read1 by means ( :i* x swims2 a little bel[ ! base ( ! :ip1 !re is a r$ eye spot4 ,else:]e we h describ$ h[ ! protean animalcule fe$s by fl[+ r\nd its food-mat]ial1 ,eugl5a fe$s 9 a simil> mann]1 b x also fe$s aft] ! mann] ( a plant4 ,:5 ?is active little plant is ab\t to increase x ei!r divides into two l5g?ways or becomes surr\nd$ ) a firm wall )9 :i* x breaks up into a numb] ( "y =ms :i* are releas$ lat] by ! bur/+ ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos by ,flatt]s ,g>nett #a4 ,,bladd]wort ,a ,briti% wat] plant :i* entraps small animals 9 its bladd]s & dige/s its captives4 #b4 ,,spores ,,( ,,horse ,,tail ,^! spores ) _! ?read-l outgr[?s v>y 9 appe>ance accord+ to ! moi/ure 9 ! air4 #c4 ,,hairs ,,on ,a ,,potato ,,leaf ,! />-%ap$ hairs on a potato leaf make beautiful objects = ! microscope4 ,leaves ( _m plants are clo!d ) curi\s hairs4 #d4 ,,spirogyra ,a gre5 ?read-l wat] we$4 ,two ?reads are %[n fus+ toge!r2 f ea* "p ( ^! fus$ ?reads a new plant w arise4 ,small wond] t sci5ti/s 7 9 d\bt conc]n+ ! true nature ( ,eugl5a1 its non-wall$ cell & peculi> mode ( fe$+ are inde$ puzzl+4 ,!re are _m simil> cases among/ ^! l[ly organisms1 9 fact !re are "s creatures :i* may be/ be describ$ z p>tly plant & p>tly animal4 ,^? ( our read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 su* problems may read an excell5t acc\nt giv5 mu* m fully ?an we c\ld give x "h1 9 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,keeble's ,plant ,animals1 "o ( ! excell5t ,cambridge ,manuals ( ,sci5ce4 ,! fact is t ! dem>cation betwe5 plants & animals1 l[ 9 ! scale ( developm5t1 is n ne>ly s pron\nc$ z x is among/ ! high] =ms ( life4 ,among/ ! plants ( our pond we %all f9d t1 l ! l& plants1 mo/ ( !m are gre51 & _m ( !m are ?read-l1 s t ! task ( di/+ui%+ "o f ano!r may appe> difficult4 ,exam9$ ) ! nak$ eye1 _m ( !m appe> rem>kably simil> to "o ano!r2 "u ! microscope ! diff]5ces are obvi\s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! common] pond plants is kn[n z ,oscillatoria2 x does n boa/ ( a popul> "n b its sci5tific "n is n v difficult to rememb] aft] we h witness$ its oscillations4 ,oscillatoria is a plant ) p>ticul>ly animal-l movem5ts4 ,x is m]ely a ?read1 usually gre5-blue 9 col\r1 b sometimes r$ or violet4 ,! ?reads are nev] bran*$ &1 except :5 9 motion1 are /raight4 ,"u a mod]ately high magnification we c see t ?is ?read-l plant is n compos$ ( a s+le cell b t x consi/s ( a numb] ( cells1 plac$ end to end4 ,sometimes a few ( ^! cells w break away & />t life on _! own acc\nt4 ,:atev] int]e/ ! /ructure ( ,oscillatoria may h = u1 we _c help be+ /ruck ) its movem5ts1 & we mu/ make a po9t ( obs]v+ !m4 ,! movem5t is peculi> & n easy to describe nor1 s f> z we "k1 has x ev] be5 expla9$4 ,a ?read w be se5 to glide backw>ds & =w>ds1 becom+ some:at curv$ &1 at ! same "t1 revolv+ on its axis4 ,eel-l is p]haps a good description ( ! movem5t4 ,x is possible to di/+ui% ?is plant f o!r pond dwell]s by its slimy 8feel0 :i* arises f ! fact t ea* ?read is enclos$ 9 a jelly-l %ea?4 ,! silk we$s1 ,cladophora ,glom]ata are some:at simil> 9 appe>ance to ! plant we h j describ$1 b !y are d5iz5s ( runn+ /reams r ?an ( ponds4 ,!y are ! gre5 ?read-l plants we s (t5 see atta*$ by "o end to rocks & /ones b5ea? runn+ wat]4 ,ea* plant consi/s ( a long1 cyl9drical /ructure compos$ ( sev]al cells4 ,we m5tion ! silk we$s "h1 because !y are be/ ( all plants = %[+ cell gr[?4 ,?is gr[? takes place at or ne> ! unatta*$ end ( ! plant & is easily obs]v$4 ,! end cell may be wat*$ = ! process4 ,its gre5 cont5ts w be obs]v$ to contract 9 ! middle s t x assumes an h\r-glass %ape4 ,!n1 :]e ! contraction has tak5 place1 we c wat* ! =mation ( a wall "r across ! cell1 s t :5 ! process is complet$ we h two cells :]e =m]ly !re 0 "o4 ,m r>ely1 ! cont5ts ( a cell w be obs]v$ to bulge out a side wall1 !n a new wall is =m$ to divide x (f f ! ma9 cell & ?us ! beg9n+ ( a bran* is =m$4 ,! silk we$s exhibit no movem5ts1 except su* z are imp>t$ to !m by ! runn+ wat]4 ,a v beautiful little pond plant is kn[n to sci5ce z ,drap>nalda ,glom]ata4 ,we %all probably =get its "n1 b we c nev] =get ! plant itself :5 once we h be5 =tunate en\gh to see x4 ,a s+le r[ ( l>ge1 transp>5t cells1 conta9+ v little gre5 col\r+ matt]1 =ms ! ma9 "p ( ! plant4 ,at regul> int]vals f ^! transp>5t cells1 !re arise r+s ( deep gre5 bran*es1 ea* "o tipp$ ) an extraord9>ily long1 col\rless hair4 ,drap>nalda is inde$ a plant wor? look+ =4 ,two common little gre5 plants gr[ s ne> to ! edges ( ponds t !y may well be includ$ among/ our pond plants4 ,! simpl] ( ! two1 kn[n z ,vau*]ia ,sessilis ?rives on almo/ any damp soil & may ev5 =m a cov]+ on soil 9 pots4 ,9 /ructure1 ,vau*]ia is v simple = x consi/s ( a s+le1 frequ5tly bran*$1 tubul> cell4 ,! little atta*+ organ1 by means ( :i* ! plant fixes itself to "s firm support1 is col\rless1 s too is ! tip ( ! cell :]e gr[? takes place4 ,we mu/ exam9e ?is little plant :5 we come across x & we mu/ n fail to notice t x is compos$ ( b "o cell4 ,! only "t at :i* we c f9d any cross walls1 is :5 ,vau*]ia is ab\t to increase4 ,!n ! tip ( ! cell swells1 l a little club1 & a cross wall sep>ates x f ! re/ ( ! plant4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is cell r\nds itself (f1 becomes fr+$ ) innum]able little la%+ :ips & escapes f a pore at ! tip ( ! cell 9 :i* x 0 =m$4 ,?is little organism swims ab\t = a "t 9 ! wat]1 = ,vau*]ia only increases 9 ?is mann] :5 x is "u wat]1 at l5g? x comes to re/ & =ms a new plant4 ,closely relat$ to ,vau*]ia1 b n q s common1 is ! curi\s little plant kn[n z ,botrydium ,granulatum4 ,l our previ\s example1 x is a "o-cell$ plant & h]e9 lies its int]e/4 ,:5 f9d a specim5 gr[+ by a pond1 we %all notice a gre5 bladd]like portion1 n m ?an #a_/f in* 9 diamet]1 :i* projects above ! gr\nd4 ,bel[ gr\nd1 if we pick ! soil away c>efully we may obs]ve a numb] ( col\rless1 bran*$ /ructures :i* d duty = roots4 ,! bladd] & und]gr\nd portions are holl[1 be+ l9$ 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 ) a network ( *lorophyll beautiful to obs]ve "u ! microscope4 ,botrydium usually increases by buds :i* =m on ! gre5 bladd]1 break away & gr[ into new plants4 ,%\ld ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! pond rise1 & ! little plant become subm]g$1 x splits up into a numb] ( small bodies1 ea* provid$ ) a m9ute :ip-l organ1 ) :i* !y swim rapidly a%ore :]e !y develop into new plants4 ,9 dry wea!r ! plant =ms a numb] ( little cells ea* "o surr\nd$ by a firm cell wall4 ,:5 moi/ure comes aga9 ^! little cells give rise to /ructures :i* w gr[ into new plants4 ,surpass+ ev5 ,drap]nalda ,glom]ata 9 po9t ( beauty1 is ! 8wat]-net10 ,hydrodictyon ,reticulatum1 b x is n ne>ly s common1 be+ conf9$ to ponds 9 ! ,s\? & ,midl&s4 ,:5 full gr[n x h>dly comes "u ! head+ ( a microscopic object1 = x may measure z mu* z six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,?is rem>kable pond plant consi/s ( an op5 network ( gre5 filam5ts4 ,ap>t f its /rik+ appe>ance ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t ! 8wat] net0 is its rapid gr[?4 ,c>p5t]1 a not$ microscopi/ says3--8,! orig9al cells ( :i* ! net is compos$ measure "o-two ?\s& five hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 l5g? b 9 a few h\rs !y gr[ to "o-twelf? ( an in* or #a_/c ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,we (t5 he> p rem>k t !y c see plants gr[1 b _! /atem5ts are n lit]ally true2 9 ! case ( ! #8wat] net' x is actually possible to see ! gr[?40 ,by ! side ( our pond we %all probably obs]ve "s masses ( a blui%-gre5 jelly-l sub/ance4 ,x is un9t]e/+-look+ mat]ial = ! microscope1 b we mu/ n pass x by4 ,! blue-gre5 jelly encloses a plant call$ ,no/oc1 :i* resembles no?+ s mu* z a necklace ( beads2 ?is we c pla9ly see "u a l[ magnification4 ,we %all obs]ve t ! plant is twi/$ spirally )9 its cov]+ & also t mo/ ( ! cells1 :i* we h comp>$ to beads1 are simil> to "o ano!r 9 size4 ,at int]vals !re are l>g] cells & z ! plant increases 9 l5g? !y are empti$ p]iodically1 s !y are evid5tly us$ z food /ores4 ,f "t to "t portions ( ! plant break away1 worm _! way out ( ! jelly & move ab\t1 r aft] ! mann] ( a worm4 ,ev5tually1 ^! w&]]s come to re/ & become surr\nd$ ) m ( ! blue-gre5 jelly1 ?us =m+ a new ,no/oc colony4 ,^! plants sometimes appe>1 app>5tly f n[h]e1 on g>d5 pa?s1 walls & simil> situations1 dur+ damp autumn wea!r4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! plants h be5 call$ 8fall5 />s40 ,_! appe>ance is n s my/]i\s z x might seem = ! ,no/oc colony has probably be5 :]e x is f\nd1 all ?r\gh ! summ]1 9 a dri$ up1 contract$ /ate4 ,only :5 ra9 comes1 does ! jelly envelope absorb wat]1 swell up & assume its normal appe>ance4 ,! blue-gre5 scum :i* floats on /agnant wat] is a closely relat$ plant4 ,ano!r plant :i* looks l scum on ! wat] is kn[n z ,spirogyra & a v beautiful object x makes = ! microscope4 ,x is bright gre51 )\t a blui% t+e1 s x ne$ n be confus$ ) ! plant we h j m5tion$4 ,!re are sev5ty or s diff]5t k9ds ( ,spirogyra1 !re=e our description mu/ be ! "o t w apply to all4 ,! plant is ?read-l &1 ev5 9 ! l>g] k9ds1 ! ?reads are n m ?an "o-hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,l ,oscillatoria ! plants are n atta*$ to any support4 ,ea* ?read is compos$ ( _m cells1 arrang$ end to end2 we c di/+ui% ! cell walls cle>ly1 b :at w *iefly attract our att5tion are ! beautiful b&s ( gre5 col\r+ matt]1 runn+ spirally1 r\nd ea* cell4 ,if we are =tunate1 we %all see ! plant 9 ! act ( increas+2 ?is is n ! simple op]ation we witness$ 9 ! silk we$s4 ,f two ?reads ly+ p>allel to "o ano!r1 we %all see swell+s arise on ! adjac5t cell walls2 ! beautiful spiral b&s w beg9 to break up at ! same "t & to collect 9 a mass t[>ds ! c5tre ( ea* cell4 ,! swell+s ( adjac5t cells t\*1 _! end walls break d[n s t ! two cells become connect$1 our figure %[s ! fusion tak+ place1 !n ! cont5ts ( "o cell passes into ! adjac5t cell & fuses ) ! cont5ts ( ! latt]4 ,! new cell1 :i* n[ conta9s n only its orig9al cont5ts b t f a cell 9 ano!r plant1 becomes deta*$ f ! ?read1 assumes an oval %ape & s9ks to ! bottom ( ! pond1 :]e x re/s a:ile4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! cell wall bur/s & a new ?read ( ,spirogyra develops f x4 ,:5 we are exam9+ ,spirogyra we may notice "s v m9ute brick-r$1 sph]ical bodies adh]+ to ! gre5 ?reads4 ,^! are little pond animals1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,vampyrella ,spirogyr4 ,?is little creature passes ?r\gh an int]e/+ & easily obs]v$ s]ies ( *anges4 ,its life is v unev5tful1 consi/+ ( a good meal ( ,spirogyra1 a p]iod ( re/ foll[$ by an increase1 & ?is is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,if we wat* our little sph]e ?r\gh ! microscope1 we may be lucky en\gh to see ! cont5ts divide into f\r p>ts4 ,n[ we mu/ wat* c>efully1 = v int]e/+ ev5ts are ab\t to take place4 ,ea* ( ! f\r p>ts into :i* ! cont5ts ( ! sph]e has split1 escapes into ! wat] & swims ab\t = a "t2 x !n becomes sph]ical1 b in/ead ( hav+ a smoo? out] surface1 z x _h :5 we fir/ obs]v$ x1 we c see t x is n[ /udd$ all ov] ) v f9e ?reads4 ,x !n w&]s along a ,spirogyra plant1 atta*es itself to "o ( ! cells1 p]=ates its wall & sucks out ! cont5ts4 ,?is p]=mance x repeats sev]al times !n1 evid5tly satiat$1 x loses its ?reads & resumes ! appe>ance x _h :5 fir/ obs]v$ & ?us x re/s1 till division ( its cont5ts into f\r p>ts takes place once m & ! little com$y is repeat$4 ,n[ we mu/ te> ourselves away f our pond2 !re are v _m int]e/+ objects = our microscope on ! sea %ore & if we delay too long "h1 we %all n be able to give !m ! att5tion !y des]ve4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,plant ,,life ,! sci5ce ( botany consi/s ( _m bran*es &1 9 mo/ ( !m1 ! microscope is ! sci5ti/'s con/ant aid4 ,! /udy ( bact]ia1 really a bran* ( botany1 we h dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt]1 s "h we w omit ^! int]e/+ ?\gh l[ly plants4 ,by f> ! numb] ( botanical objects = ! microscope consi/ ( sections--exce$+ly ?9 slices ( :atev] portion ( ! plant is be+ exam9$1 cut ei!r ) a %>p razor or a special in/rum5t call$ a microtome4 ,section cutt+1 ?\gh n a difficult accompli%m5t1 requires a consid]able am\nt ( practice & _c be le>n$ f a book2 all our descriptions1 !re=e1 w be conf9$ to objects f ! plant _w :i* may be /udi$ )\t ! assi/ance ( razor or microtome4 ,"o _c help be+ /ruck ) ! fact t gre5 is ! prevail+ col\r among plants & ! reason is n f> to seek4 ,if we take a cabbage leaf & c>efully te> (f ! sk91 we %all f9d gre5 spongy matt] bel[4 ,a little ( ?is gre5 mat]ial may be exam9$ "u ! microscope & w %[ u r\nd$ gre5 bodies compos$ ( a sub/ance call$ *lorophyll4 ,n[ *lorophyll is absolutely necess>y to all plants1 except ! fungi & to "o or two p>asitic plants4 ,x is necess>y because1 by its aid1 plants c build up raw food mat]ial into food :i* w be useful to !m4 ,x is n =m$ 9 d>kness2 t is :y a bo>d1 a roll] or any simil> object left on a lawn1 causes ! grass bel[ to turn yell[2 x is ! reason also :y c]ta9 p>ts ( plants1 n usually gre51 turn t col\r :5 expos$ to ! light4 ,*lorophyll does n always occur 9 r\nd globules1 sometimes x is f\nd 9 b&s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ botanical /udies = ! microscope is furni%$ by ! leaf ( ! ,am]ican wat]-we$4 ,?is plant1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ! c\ntry f ,nor? ,am]ica "s ye>s ago1 has n[ spread f> & wide & is easily obta9$4 ,a leaf :i* is slightly yell[$ ) age is ! be/ to take = ! exp]im5t4 ,x %\ld be cut f ! plant1 plac$ at once 9 a small bottle ( wat] & kept w>m = a few h\rs2 ?is may be accompli%$ by keep+ ! bottle 9 "o's pocket4 ,aft] a suffici5t int]val1 put a drop ( wat] 9 a clean slide1 put ! portion ( leaf 9 ! drop ( wat]1 cov] ) a cov]slip & exam9e ) a mod]ately high p[]4 ,if ! exp]im5t has be5 prop]ly c>ri$ out a wond]ful sight w rew>d u4 ,we %all see t ! leaf is divid$ into a numb] ( divisions call$ cells2 ?is "n has be5 h&$ d[n f ! v e>ly days ( ! microscope1 because ( a suppos$ resemblance to ! cells 9 a bee's honey comb4 ,9 ea* cell we %all see signs ( activity1 ! little r\nd gra9s ( *lorophyll are !re1 b in/ead ( be+ /ation>y1 z 9 ! cabbage leaf1 !y are sl[ly mov+ r\nd ! walls ( ea* cell4 ,9 reality !y are c>ri$ along 9 ! /ream ( liv+ matt] )9 ! cell4 ,x is a wond]ful sight & br+s home to ! obs]v] v =cibly a fact :i* is liable to be =gott51 t ! plant is j z mu* a liv+ be+ z an animal4 ,p]haps our exp]im5t w n succe$ at ! fir/ attempt1 !n we mu/ try aga92 maybe we h be5 too r\gh 9 deta*+ ! leaf or we h n kept x suffici5tly w>m4 ,sometimes ! movem5t may be />t$ by slightly w>m+ ! slide ov] a flame2 too mu* heat1 ( c\rse1 w kill ! leaf4 ,we %all see ?is gre5 col\r+ matt] ov] & ov] aga9 9 our botanical /udies1 9 fact x is f\nd 9 all mann] ( situations1 9 leaf & /em4 ,v (t5 its col\r is hidd5 by sap ( ano!r col\r1 z = in/ance 9 copp] bee* leaves or 9 ! br[n seawe$s4 ,*lorophyll dissolves 9 alcohol1 h[ev]1 & ?is af=ds u a ready means ( detect+ its pres5ce ?\gh we _c see its gre5 col\r4 ,if we boil any leaf1 suspect$ ( conta9+ *lorophyll1 9 alcohol we %all obta9 a solution ) r peculi> prop]ties because1 :5 held up to ! light x appe>s gre51 b :5 light is reflect$ f x1 x appe>s r$di%4 ,f ! "u side ( ! cabbage leaf :5ce we obta9$ our fir/ specim5 ( *lorophyll1 we mu/ n[ take ano!r piece ( sk94 ,if we p]=m ! op]ation prop]ly ! sk9 w be col\rless1 l a piece ( ?9 p>*m5t2 any gre5 col\r w %[ t we h torn (f m ?an ! sk9 & we mu/ make ano!r attempt4 ,hav+ secur$ our piece ( sk9 we place x 9 a drop ( wat] on a clean slide & exam9e x "u ! microscope4 ,we fir/ notice t ! sk9 is divid$ up into a numb] ( small areas call$ cells & dott$ "h & !re among/ ! cells are sev]al oval bodies1 conta9+ *lorophyll4 ,^! oval bodies are ! pores ?r\gh :i* ! leaf brea!s1 among/ o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* pore !re is a hole1 at lea/ !re is if ! pore is op51 = ! two cells compris+ ! pore h ! p[] ( op5+ & clos+4 ,x is int]e/+ to try ! same exp]im5t ) a f]n leaf & to notice t !re are pores1 v simil> to ^? ( ! cabbage1 b t ! walls b\nd+ ! cells ( ! leaf are irregul> & t !y conta9 *lorophyll4 ,we may try sev]al o!r leaves & also ! upp] & l[] surfaces ( leaves1 !n we %all soon le>n t1 9 leaves ) di/9ct upp] & l[] surfaces1 !re are f> m pores on ! l[] ?an ! upp] surface2 leaves l ^? ( ! iris h almo/ ! same numb] on ea* side1 & float+ leaves1 l ^? ( wat] lily h all _! pores on ! upp] side4 ,!re is a reason = ?is2 ! pores are likely to become fill$ ) du/1 be+ on ! l[] side !y are protect$ some:at2 flat leaves1 by _! %ape1 af=d no protection & float+ leaves mu/ h _! pores on ! upp] surface to obta9 air4 ,!re are _m o!r int]e/+ ?+s we may le>n ab\t leaves1 ) ! help ( our microscope4 ,! cabbage leaf is q smoo?1 b if we are obs]vant we %all h notic$ t sometimes ea* leaf appe>s z ?\gh x _h be5 p[d]$1 x has a decid$ bloom4 ,! bloom does n appe> on ! leaf = ornam5t b = a purpose4 ,x is a waxy sub/ance & x prev5ts ! leaf f los+ moi/ure too quickly 9 dry wea!r4 ,?is is v important = ! plant2 if ! moi/ure tak5 up f ! soil 7 lo/ 9 ! air too quickly by ! leaves1 ! plants w\ld )] & ev5tually die4 ,x is n all plants :i* c we> a protective cov]+ :5 dang] ?reat5s1 mo/ plants h ei!r no protection or are p]man5tly protect$4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( plants ) fold$ or roll$ leaves2 hea!r & m>ram grass belong to ?is class4 ,we mu/ exam9e "s ( ^! leaves & we %all f9d t all ! pores are on ! inside ( ! leaf :e!r x be fold$ or roll$4 ,! reason = ?is is t moi/ure also escapes ?r\gh ! pores &1 :5 !y are ?us protect$1 x is n c>ri$ (f too quickly by dry+ w9ds4 ,_m plants are protect$1 z f> z _! leaves are conc]n$1 at anyrate1 by hairs4 ,!y take ! place ( ! bloom 9 su* plants z ! cabbage4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( plants ) hairy leaves & !y w provide z _m int]e/+ objects = our microscope4 ,let u exam9e z _m z we c = ! hairy cov]+ ( ea* plant w be a little diff]5t to ! "o we exam9$ previ\sly4 ,!re are simple hairs1 q ord9>y affairs1 =k$ hairs1 bran*$ hairs1 ,t-%ap$1 />-%ap$ & club-%ap$ hairs4 ,if we are clev] ) our microscope we %all notice t1 h[ev] complex ea* hair may be x is really no?+ b "o cell ( ! sk9 ( ! leaf :i* has assum$ a peculi> %ape4 ,! leaves ( ! nettle are arm$ ) ord9>y & /++ hairs2 ! latt] are wor? exam9+ & we %all notice t !re is "o great diff]5ce betwe5 all ! o!r hairs we h exam9$ & ! /++ hairs ( ! nettle4 ,! =m] are ( "o cell only1 ! latt] ( sev]al cells4 ,a high magnification w %[ t ! /++ hair ( ! nettle is n q s simple z x appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,!re are plants ^: leaves are protect$ by v ?ick sk9s & o!rs ^: leaves become arm$ ) h>d fl9ty matt]1 s t !y resemble /ones r ?an leaves4 ,if we c f9d "s q "y se$l+s we mu/ manage to secure "o or m = exam9ation "u our microscope4 ,we mu/ take "o up v c>efully & wa% ! e>? f its roots--if we pull ! e>? away our specim5 w be ru9$4 ,ne> ! tips ( ! root bran*es we %all see some?+ :i* might be mi/ak5 = m\ld4 ,our microscope w %[ u t !y belong to ! root2 !y are1 9 fact1 root hairs4 ,we %all v likely be able to make out t1 l ! leaf hairs1 ea* root hair is made up ( a s+le cell4 ,! root hairs are int]e/+ because x is ?r\gh !m t wat] is tak5 up by ! plant f ! soil4 ,9 _m plants a consid]able space sep>ates ! root f ! leaves4 ,:5 we h le>n$ h[ to cut sections1 we c make slides = our microscope :i* w %[ u ! :ole c\rse along :i* ! wat] travels1 f its po9t ( entry at a root hair to its exit at a leaf pore4 ,al?\gh we h n yet rea*$ t /age1 x ne$ n prev5t u f see+ "s ( ! m9ute tubes ?r\gh :i* ! wat] passes4 ,any fle%y /emm$ plant w s]ve our purpose4 ,we mu/ te> x to pieces l5g?ways ) a ne$le & we %all f9d _m ?reads--?is is n _! correct "n b x expresses our mean+--runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! /em4 ,!y run1 9 fact1 f ! tips ( ! root to ! leaf1 & may be se5 z leaf ve9s4 ,if we remove "o ( ^! ?reads & tease x ) ne$les on a slide we %all r$uce x to /ill f9] ?reads4 ,by ! way1 teas+ 9 ! s5se we h us$ x "h1 means sep>at+ ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,let u exam9e "s ( ^! f9e ?reads1 we %all see t "s ( !m appe> l coil$ spr+s at fir/ glance4 ,a m c>eful exam9ation w %[ u long tubes ) spiral ?ick5+s4 ,we all "k ! g>d5 hose-pipe ) /\t wire coil$ r\nd x z a protection2 ^! tubes may cle>ly be comp>$ ) ! famili> hose-pipe1 :]e ! rubb] portion repres5ts ! cell wall & ! /\t wire ! ?ick5$ p>ts ( ! wall4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is great diff]5ce1 ! wire is outside ! hose-pipe1 ! ?ick5$ portion ( ! plant tube is inside ! wall4 ,^! tubes are ! ducts = wat] pass+ f root to leaf4 ,if ! agricultural side ( botany attracts u we %all n h mu* difficulty 9 f9d+ _m m objects f ! fungus _w ?an are m5tion$ 9 our *apt] on ,agriculture1 :il/ ! /udy ( bact]ia may tru?fully be t]m$ nev] end+4 ,ponds & riv]s teem ) vegetation suitable = microscopic /udy4 ,! te/+ ( foods = impurities is l>gely botanical "w4 ,! botani/1 ( all m51 ne$ nev] all[ 8 microscope to be idle4 ,our ,briti% insectivor\s plants are ( great int]e/ & !y w supply u ) "s objects = our microscope4 ,we only possess ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( ^! curi\s plants 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,bladd]worts :i* live 9 wat] & ! ,sundews & ,butt]wort1 :i* frequ5t moi/1 peaty l&4 ,! pond-dwell+ ,bladd]worts are n r>e1 inde$ !y occur 9 pl5ty 9 c]ta9 localities1 b !y are n v ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry & 9 "s di/ricts "o may se>* = !m 9 va94 ,x is wor? :ile mak+ a special ef=t to obta9 a specim54 ,ea* plant be>s a numb] ( holl[ /ructures1 ! bladd]s4 ,!re is an entrance to ea* bladd]1 edg$ ) /iff hairs & clos$ by a trap door1 :i* op5s inw>ds b w n op5 outw>ds4 ,all ^! p>ts may be se5 "u ! microscope z may ! int]ior ( a bladd]2 its walls are /udd$ ) %ort hairs4 ,:5 small wat] animals ent] a bladd]1 x is said t !y d s to escape f _! enemies2 !y are entrapp$ =ev]1 !y die & ev5tually decay4 ,! juices :i* arise f _! decay+ bodies are absorb$ by ! hairs l9+ ! bladd]4 ,! ,sundews are pretty plants1 ) rosettes ( r$di% leaves & m9ute :ite fl[]s4 ,) ! nak$ eye we c usually see _m drops ( cle> liquid on ! leaves1 a numb] ( sub/antial-look+ hairs & a few insects adh]+ !reto4 ,if we exam9e "o ( ^! hairs "u ! microscope1 we %all see t x is club-%ap$2 x is1 9 fact1 a hair :i* gives (f a /icky liquid ) ! p[] ( hold+ any luckless insect t settles !reon & absorb+ its s(t] p>ts = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! ,sundew4 ,an exam9ation ( a complete leaf ) our pocket l5s w %[ t :]e an insect has settl$1 sev]al ( ^! hairs h curl$ ov] s t !y t\* _! victim4 ,because ! hairs possess ?is p[] ( movem5t !y are (t5 wrongly call$ t5tacles4 ,butt]wort1 l ,sundew has a rosette ( leaves b !y are greasy look+ & pale gre54 ,_! fl[]s are a pretty blue4 ,mo/ probably we %all notice t ! edges ( ! leaves are curl$ inw>ds1 & if we look bel[ ! curl$ portion we %all surely f9d "s captur$ insects und]go+ dige/ion4 ,! leaf ( ?is plant makes an int]e/+ object = ! microscope4 ,!re are two k9ds ( hairs on its surface1 %ort /\t ones & long] knobb$ ones2 ! =m] give (f a /icky liquid :i* holds any small insects t t\* x1 ! latt] give (f dige/ive juices4 ,:ile ! hairs are us$ 9 dige/ion1 aft] ! mann] ( ^? ( ,sundew1 ! leaf itself curls s t m ( ! hairs are br\ght into contact ) ! victim & !reby its dige/ion is ha/5$4 ,_m small fl[]s may be exam9$ ) l[ magnifications4 ,:5 we exam9e !m ?us1 we %all probably realise = ! fir/ "t h[ beautiful are _m ( ^! seem+ly inconspicu\s blossoms4 ,grass fl[]s are always int]e/+2 !y are n ornam5tal x is true1 b t does n detract f _! int]e/4 ,!re is "o "p ( ea* fl[] kn[n z ! /igma2 x is ! "p on :i* ! poll5 gra9 mu/ be plac$ 9 ord] t se$s may be =m$4 ,! poll5 gra9s are tak5 to ! /igmas 9 _m ways1 b ! mo/ usual ag5cies are insects & w9d4 ,9 ! case ( grasses1 w9d is ! ag5cy & = t reason ! /igmas ( grass fl[]s are fea!ry1 s t !y c easily hold ! poll5 gra9s c>ri$ to !m by ! lighte/ breeze4 ,we %all probably see _m poll5 gra9s entangl$ 9 ! fea!ry /igma ( ! fl[] we are exam9+4 ,9 ! fl[]s ( o!r plants we %all f9d1 :5 we magnify !m1 t !re are all mann] ( contrivances on ! /igmas1 all design$ = hold+ ! poll5 gra9s2 hairs1 knobs1 hooks & ! l4 ,an int]e/+ collection c\ld be made ( v>i\s poll5 gra9s1 :i* are easily obta9$ by m]ely du/+ ! an!rs ( fl[]s on to a clean1 dry slide4 ,!y are v>i$ 9 %ape1 col\r & size2 "s are smoo?1 "s /udd$ ) sp9es1 o!rs aga91 ^? ( ! ,mall[ = example1 h little lids :i* op5 :5 ! poll5 gra9 g]m9ates4 ,! g]m9ation ( poll5 gra9s is easily obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 by putt+ a few ( ! gra9s 9 an exce$+ly weak solution ( sug> & wat]4 ,! vigil may be a long "o1 b if ! poll5 gra9s are ripe & fre%1 & ! sug>y solution suffici5tly weak1 ! pati5ce ( ! microscopi/ w be rew>d$ by ! obs]vance ( ! bur/+ ( ! poll5 gra9's coat & ! outgr[? ( ! poll5 tube4 ,o!r poll5 gra9s wor?y ( exam9ation1 are ^? ( v>i\s lilies1 ( ,es*s*oltzia & ( ,scot* ,fir2 ! la/ nam$ h curi\s little air-bladd]s1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ !m m buoyant4 ,_m l[ly plants ?rive 9 weak sug> solutions1 aft] ! mann] ( poll5 gra9s4 ,! yea/ plant is "o ( !m4 ,a v small portion ( yea/1 9 a drop ( sug> solution1 w %[ u "o ( ! simple/ me?ods ( vegetable reproduction4 ,yea/ is a fungus & x is also a plant compos$ ( only "o cell4 ,"u ! microscope1 x appe>s z a col\rless oval body4 ,! sug> solution causes x to multiply &1 aft] ! lapse ( a little "t1 mo/ ( ! yea/ plants w be se5 to be> outgr[?s1 call$ buds1 :i* gr[ l>g] & l>g] till1 at l5g?1 !y break away f ! p>5t plants & />t a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,sometimes1 :5 ^! plants are increas+ v rapidly1 ! buds w be> small] buds & ^! aga9 /ill small] ones till a fairly long *a9 ( yea/ plants is =m$4 ,x is always int]e/+ & also in/ructive to make comp>isons z we progress ) our "w4 ,to illu/rate our mean+ let u comp>e ! budd+ ( ! yea/ plant ) ! budd+ ( ! hydra1 :i* is describ$ 9 our *apt] on pond life4 ,9 ! same *apt] we describ$ ! division ( a proteus animalcule into two sep>ate organisms1 a process :i* is also und]gone by bact]ia :5 circum/ances are fav\rable to _! increase4 ,we %all f9d _m po9ts ( simil>ity if we make c>eful comp>isons1 & sev]al important diff]5ces4 ,objects = ! microscope we c f9d 9 pl5ty1 )\t go+ f> afield4 ,! :ite m\ld :i* we c probably f9d 9 ! l>d]1 on a pot ( jam or o!r food t has be5 all[$ to /& = "s "t1 w provide a good subject to />t ^u4 ,a little ( ?is plant1 = su* x is1 c>efully lift$ on to a dry slide w %[ ! ?reads ( ! m\ld1 t]m9at$ by r\nd black knobs4 ,brea! on ! specim5 & ! moi/ure ( y\r brea? w cause ^! little balls to break & set free a quantity ( f9e du/-l bodies call$ spores4 ,! spores w be c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! air1 !y are s light1 & if !y settle on a suitable m$ium !y w g]m9ate & />t ano!r gr[? ( m\ld4 ,! blue-gre5 m\ld ( *eese is con/ruct$ q diff]5tly2 its spores are n conta9$ 9 any holl[ /ructures l ^? ( our fir/ object1 b gr[ 9 *a9s radiat+ f a c5tral po9t1 l ! out/ret*$ f+]s ( ! h&4 ,x is ?is fungus1 by ! way1 :i* imp>ts ! col\r & flav\r to gorgonzola *eese4 ,= "s reason liv+ organisms1 possess+ ! p[] ( movem5t1 be x ev] s slight1 are always m attractive ?an ^? :i* are app>5tly motionless4 ,let u /udy two common objects f ! plant _w :i* may easily be obta9$ by any nature /ud5t1 objects :i* owe _! p[] ( movem5t--n to be confus$ ) locomotion1 by ! way--to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,on ! "u side ( ! fronds ( _m f]ns !re w be f\nd m or less r\nd$ r$di%-br[n spots4 ,^! outgr[?s1 = su* !y are1 v>y 9 position & %ape accord+ to ! species ( f]n4 ,an exam9ation1 ) a pocket l5s1 w %[ t ^! br[ni% spots consi/ ( m9ute tufts ( knobb$ /ructures1 gr[+ f ! tissues ( ! frond4 ,sometimes ! /ructures are nak$1 sometimes cov]$ ) a membrane4 ,9 ei!r case1 "o or m ( ! knobb$ /ructures is wor? exam9+ "u ! microscope2 we %all !n see t x consi/s ( a /alk t]m9at$ by a ?9 wall$ portion1 %ap$ l a bi-convex l5s4 ,r\nd ! edge ( ! great] "p ( ?is l5s-%ap$ portion !re is a mu* m sub/antial-look+ rim4 ,)9 ! l5s-%ap$ "p we c easily see br[n spores4 ,if we h *os5 our object at an opportune mom5t1 any excessive moi/ure 9 ! air w cause ! ?ick-wall$ rim to /raight5 itself out1 te>+ away ! ?9-wall$1 l5s-%ap$ "p 9 s do+ & sett+ free ! spores4 ,closely relat$ to ! f]ns1 ! horsetails provide ano!r int]e/+ object = ! microscope4 ,! f]tile %oots ( ^! plants1 some:at resembl+ asp>agus1 ?\gh 9 reality belong+ to an entirely diff]5t family1 w1 :5 g5tly tapp$ on a clean dry microscope slide1 leave beh9d a pale yell[ p[d]4 ,! p[d] consi/s ( spores1 & mo/ int]e/+ !y are4 ,:5 dry1 ea* spore w be se5 to h f\r some:at ?read-l outgr[?s1 flatt5$ at ! end2 brea! on ! spores & ea* ( ! outgr[?s w coil up s z to =m a complete cov]+ = ! body ( ! spore4 ,z dry+ takes place1 ^! outgr[?s gradually uncoil aga94 ,we h m5tion$ spores sev]al times 9 ?is & o!r *apt]s4 ,/rictly speak+ a spore _c be comp>$ ) a se$1 b = our purpose x is suffici5t to "k t spores are m or less se$like 9 appe>ance & t !y give rise to new plants :5 !y g]m9ate4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all f]ns1 on horsetails1 ^! odd plants ) _! creep+ /ems & r+s ( scale-l leaves1 on club mosses1 mosses prop] & fungi b n on fl[]+ plants4 ,%\ld ! /ud5t ( plant life n yet be satiat$ ) foll[+ ! sugge/ions we h made1 he c turn 8 att5tion to fruits & se$s & ! contrivances design$ = _! di/ribution4 ,! fruits ( goosegrass1 popul>ly kn[n z cleav]s1 are /udd$ ) little hooks s t !y may adh]e to any pass+ animal4 ,! fruits ( ,burdock are simil>ly arm$ & if we make a /udy ( fruits & se$s we %all f9d t ?is is a v common me?od ( ensur+ di/ribution4 ,!re are also a numb] ( se$s cov]$ ) hairs :i* r5d] !m buoyant2 ^? ( ! will[ h]b are easily f\nd1 s too are ! fruits ( d&elion1 ?i/le & gr\ndsel4 ,^! & _m m w give u _m an int]e/+ h\r1 t[>ds autumn4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,animal ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,microscope ,!re are few m int]e/+ animals ?an spid]s & we may sp5d _m an h\r le>n+ details ( _! /ructure1 :i* only ! microscope c %[1 & /udy+ _! habits1 = only by do+ s is x br\ght home to u h[ a/oni%+ly clev] !y are4 ,! spid]1 ( c\rse1 is n an insect2 x has eight legs1 :]eas ! insect has only six1 its head & ?orax are fus$1 b 9 ! case ( insects head & ?orax are sep>ate4 ,!re are _m o!r1 less evid5t1 po9ts ( diff]5ce z we %all see4 ,= ! microscope1 !re are few bett] objects 9 animal l& ?an ! feet ( spid]s4 ,_! /udy w give u pl5ty ( occupation = !y are modell$ on v>i\s plans1 accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( spid]4 ,tak+ ! common g>d5 spid] z our fir/ example we %all f9d t its foot is a mo/ +5i\s contrivance4 ,our microscope w %[ u t ! foot is arm$ ) a pair ( comb-l claws4 ,a little /udy ( ! habits ( ! spid] w enlight5 u conc]n+ ! uses ( ^! combs4 ,at ?is po9t we may rem>k t ! exam9ation ( liv+ creatures b5ea? ! microscope %\ld1 :5ev] possible1 g h& 9 h& ) a /udy ( habits4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 9 our microscopical inve/igations we %all come across /ructures :i* appe> to be useless z f> z we c surmise4 ,a c>eful obs]vation ( ! liv+ own]s ( ^! puzzl+ /ructures w probably cle> up ! :ole matt]4 ,well1 let u wat* a g>d5 spid]2 if we d s intellig5tly we %all see two uses ( ^! combs & may guess ! ?ird4 ,! spid] uses its combs z we d1 to /raight5 its hair2 !y also clean its body4 ,x uses !m to obta9 a firm grasp ( ! ?reads ( :i* its web is compos$ &1 ?\gh we _c see ?is1 s quick are ! movem5ts ( ! creature1 ! combs s]ve a v useful purpose 9 hold+ captur$ prey4 ,! g>d5 spid] & its relatives are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t1 9 addition to ! two l>ge comb-l claws1 !y possess a ?ird small] claw & "s too!d sp9es4 ,! small claw & too!d sp9es are movable &1 :5 press$ aga9/ v firm grasp4 ,) ^! clev]ly contriv$ feet %e--x is always ! lady spid] :o makes ! web & does all ! "w--hauls 9 ! slack ( ! combs ( ! l>g] claws af=d _! own] a h] web & ow+ to _! firm grasp %e c run readily ov] its me%es4 ,! h\se spid]1 :i* sp9s a web seem+ly 9 a disord]$ tangle & q unlike ! beautiful web ( ! g>d5 spid]1 has feet ( a diff]5t patt]n4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ab\t ! legs ( ?is creature is ! wond]ful d\ble comb ) :i* x teases out ! ?reads ( its web z !y are =m$4 ,?is comb takes ! =m ( a d\ble r[ ( m9ute1 curv$ sp9es on ! la/ jo9t b "o ( ! h9d legs2 x mu/ c]ta9ly be exam9$ "u our microscope & we %\ld try to see ! combs be+ us$ by ! spid]4 ,we mu/ also make a po9t ( exam9+ ! feet ( a wolf spid] = !y are con/ruct$ on a diff]5t plan to ^? ( ! spid]s we h m5tion$4 ,wolf spid]s are ! creatures :i* sp9 no prop] web b lurk 9 holes 9 walls or 9 ! gr\nd & da% out f _! hid+ places to seize _! prey4 ,!y usually l9e _! lairs ) silk4 ,we %all h m to say ab\t wolf spid]s 9 a mom5t4 ,! ,zebra spid]1 :i* belongs to ! family ( jump+ spid]s1 has v curi\s feet1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( its claws z because ( ! curi\s clubb$ hairs :i* adorn !m4 ,?is little spid] is black1 ) :ite /ripes on body & legs2 ! peculi> habit1 = a spid]1 ( leap+ ^u its rem>kable hairs on its feet r5d] x exce$+ly sure-foot$ & x has ne$ to be1 = x exhibits prey4 ,!re are _m o!r spid]s :i* we may exam9e ) ! c]ta9ty ( f9d+ "s features ( int]e/1 ! ,drassid spid]s :i* lurk b5ea? b>k & /ones2 ! crab spid]s usually brightly col\r$ little fell[s ) ! habit ( liv+ 9 fl[]s2 ! little money-sp9n]s & ! h>ve/-m52 ^! la/ are n true spid]s b !y are none ! less int]e/+1 !y are ! small-bodi$1 v long legg$ creatures :i* occasionally f9d _! way into our h\ses4 ,hav+ tak5 our fill ( ! spid]s' feet we may well turn our att5tion to _! heads4 ,if we h caught a spid] 9 ! act ( kill+ a /ruggl+ fly1 x mu/ h /ruck u t "o bite f ! spid] is suffici5t to kill its victim4 ,let u see if we c f9d ! jaws :i* s quickly br+ dea? ev5 to l>ge insects4 ,we %all require a /eady h& & "s little skill to exam9e !m prop]ly b ! task is n beyond our p[]s4 ,hav+ kill$ our spid] we mu/ snip (f its head1 place x on a slide & exam9e x ) a l[ magnification4 ,look+ /raight at ! face1 we c pla9ly see ! %>ply po9t$1 h+$ jaws2 9 ne>ly all spid]s !y "w f side to side & !y c be clos$ on _! h+es l pocket knives4 ,) a pair ( m\nt$ ne$les & two /eady h&s1 let u dissect ! head ( our spid]1 s t we obta9 "o ( ! jaws q free f its surr\nd+s4 ,at ! base we %all f9d a little sac1 ! poison gl&1 & if we n[ magnify ! jaw mu* m highly we %all obs]ve a t9y hole v ne> ! tip4 ,:5 ! spid] has grasp$ h] prey 9 h] jaws %e causes ! poison f ! poison gl&s to pass into ! body ( h] victim1 by way ( ! little hole 9 h] jaw2 ! poison causes p>alysis & ! victim /ruggles no m4 ,! only excuse we c make = sp5d+ s mu* "t ) ! spid]s is t !y are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! microscopi/4 ,return+ to our fri5d ! g>d5 spid] we mu/ exam9e ! sp9n+ organs1 kn[n z sp9n]ets4 ,^! are to be f\nd ne> ! tip ( ! abdom5 on ! "u side4 ,!re are six pairs 9 all 9 ! g>d5 spid] b ! middle pair are %ort] ?an ! o!rs &1 9 consequ5ce1 n easily se54 ,! tips ( ! fle%y little sp9n]ets %\ld be highly magnifi$ & we %all notice t ! /ructure ( ! tips diff]s 9 ea* pair ( sp9n]ets4 ,on ! =emo/ pair1 !re is a fairly l>ge projection & num]\s small ones2 on ! middle pair ?ree l>ge projections & _m small] ones1 :il/ on ! h9d pair1 9 addition to ! small projections !re are five l>ge ones4 ,! l>ge projections are call$ spigots & ! small ones are kn[n z spools2 f ! =m] is d]iv$ ! /rong silk ( ! web1 f ! spools ! f9e ?reads issue4 ,on ! und]side ( our g>d5 spid] !re is a d>k pat* &1 j 9 front ( ?is d>k spot1 are a pair ( slits4 ,^! we mu/ op5 up v c>efully1 9 a dead specim5 ( c\rse1 & )91 if we h succe$$ 9 our dissection1 we %all see f fifte5 to tw5ty little flaps resembl+ ! leaves ( a book1 9 fact !y are kn[n z lung books &1 by means ( !m1 ! spid] brea!s4 ,"o m ^w & we mu/ leave ! spid]s4 ,! eyes mu/ be exam9$ 9 e specim54 ,mo/ spid]s h eight eyes1 set l little gems 9 ! front "p ( ! head2 "s h six eyes1 "s only two & a few k9ds are eyeless1 b ^! la/ sp5d all _! lives 9 d>k caves1 s eyes w\ld be useless to !m4 ,:5 we exam9e ! eyes ( wolf spid]s we %all obs]ve t !y are plac$ on ! tops ( little projections s t _! own]s may bett] be enabl$ to see all ar\nd !m4 ,! hairs & scales ( _m spid]s make beautiful objects = ! microscope4 ,we mu/ make a po9t ( exam9+ ! hairs ( ! wat] spid] also ! scales f ! ,zebra spid]4 ,! latt] ) _! fea!ry =m & iridesc5t col\r+1 are p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,we may advantage\sly sp5d a mom5t or two 9 ! exam9ation ( ! spid]'s web & ! ?reads ( :i* x is made4 ,! /r&s radiat+ f ! c5tre ( ! web diff] f ^? :i* are arrang$ spirally4 ,! latt] are cov]$ ) a /icky sub/ance z may be se5 "u ! microscope4 ,:5 ^! spiral ?reads are laid d[n by ! spid]1 ! /icky sub/ance cov]s _! :ole l5g? 9 a ?9 film1 b ! little ar*itect adds a f9i%+ t\*1 by pull+ ! ?read z a b[man pulls 8 b[ & !n releas+ x sudd5ly4 ,! result ( ?is p]=mance is t ! /icky sub/ance =ms a s]ies ( m9ute globules ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! ?read4 ,9 ord] to be 9 a position ?or\ghly to ma/] ! details ( animal /ructure x is necess>y to h acquir$ suffici5t skill to cut sections4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 be cut s easily z is ! case ) plant sections4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( animals are ei!r s h>d1 e4g41 bones & tee?1 t !y mu/ be treat$ almo/ z pieces ( rock & rubb$ d[n till !y are transp>5t1 or !y are s s(t t !y require soak+ 9 v>i\s *emicals to make !m h>d] & ev5 !n x is usually necess>y to imb$ !m1 i4e41 surr\nd !m ) "s easily melt$ sub/ance :i* sets mod]ately h>d1 su* z p>aff9 wax4 ,cutt+ sections ( animal p>ts is beyond ! av]age amateur4 ,! fea!rs ( birds make beautiful objects = ! microscope4 ,= ^? microscopi/s :o desire beauty ( col\r r ?an details ( /ructure x is h>d to beat ! glori\s %ades ( c]ta9 fea!rs b5ea? ! microscope4 ,to obta9 ! be/ effect a fairly l[ magnification %\ld be us$ & all mann] ( light+ ?r[n ^u ! object1 = we h all se5 ! fea!r :i* appe>s drab at "o angle is ( ! greate/ brilliance at ano!r4 ,v>i\s fea!rs & f v>i\s p>ts ( birds %\ld be exam9$1 if we desire to und]/& _! /ructure4 ,ea* fea!r consi/s ( a va/ numb] ( cells b x is improbable t we %all be able to prove ?is /atem5t by ! exam9ation ( any l>ge fea!r4 ,we mu/ take a d[n fea!r1 notice c>efully ! arrangem5t ( its v>i\s p>ts1 = x w be int]e/+ to comp>e ?is s(t1 weak fea!r ) a comp>atively /rong flight fea!r f a w+4 ,n[1 "u a high] magnification1 we c pla9ly see ! little cells ( :i* ! d[n fea!r is built up4 ,"o ( ! /rong w+ fea!rs ( su* a bird z a pigeon is ( ! greate/ int]e/ z a microscopic object4 ,we mu/ take a few ( ! b>bules1 ! sl5d]1 flatt5$ portions ( ! fea!r :i* fr+e ei!r side ( ! b>b4 ,a mod]ately high magnification w %[ h[ +5i\sly !y are contriv$4 ,! h9d] side ( ea* b>bule is a mod]ately ?ick upw>dly curv$ edge :il/1 on ! =w>d side1 !re is a r[ ( curv$ hooks4 ,:5 ! fea!r is neat & tidy1 & its own] :5 9 good heal? usually sees to x t its fea!rs are well kept1 ! hooks ( "o b>bule engage ) ! curv$ edge ( ! next b>bule4 ,! fea!r1 by means ( ?is +5i\s lock+ device1 becomes mu* m ne>ly a solid /ructure ?an w\ld be ! case if ! b>bules did n hook on to "o ano!r4 ,! arrangem5t = hook+ toge!r ! =e & h9d w+s ( bees & wasps is v simil>4 ,we may exam9e a numb] ( flight fea!rs b we %all n f9d any v /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ^? ( v>i\s birds4 ,all1 app>5tly1 foll[ a common design4 ,f fea!rs to hair & f hair to horns & "s scales is n a v f> cry4 ,we h talk$ ab\t ! exam9ation ( hair 9 ano!r *apt]1 s we w n repeat ourselves "h4 ,scales we %all mo/ ( u h opportunities ( exam9+ 9 pl5ty4 ,we h j m5tion$ t "s scales are comp>able to hairs & fea!rs4 ,su* scales are to be f\nd 9 snakes & liz>ds4 ,! scales ( fi% are ( a diff]5t ord] b !y are equally or ev5 m int]e/+ :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,if we live 9 a di/rict :]e _m & v>i\s fi% are caught we %all soon discov] t _! scales diff] 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,"s are ( ! texture ( horn1 "s are gri/ly1 "s bony & "s cov]$ ) enamel1 aft] ! mann] ( tee?4 ,n only d !y diff] 9 texture b 9 design z we %all see 9 a mom5t4 ,c]ta9 fi%es1 ! eel is "o1 ! mack]el ano!r1 are said to be scaleless4 ,z a fact _! scales are v ?9 & transp>5t & s arrang$ t !y are less evid5t ?an ^? ( o!r fi%4 ,by tak+ a little ( ! sk9 ( "o ( ^! fi% we c easily deta* a few scales = exam9ation4 ,^? ( ! eel we %all f9d are v ?9 & delicate & q transp>5t4 ,^! & all o!r fi%-scales may be made into p]man5t slides by m\nt+ 9 ,canada ,balsam1 z describ$ 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,! c>p1 :it+1 salmon1 sprat1 h]r+ & _m o!r fi% h scales call$ cycloid or circul>2 ! t]m is r a misnom] because !y are n truly circul>1 b ! "n is us$ to di/+ui% !m f o!r scales4 ,! /ructure is easily made out ) a mod]ate magnification4 ,_m ( ^! scales1 h[ev]1 exhibit portions m d5se ?an ! re/2 ^! d5se spots are caus$ by little p>ticles ( lime :i* may be se5 "u a high] magnification4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,a ,,?orn ,,insect4--,a /rik+ example ( protective resemblance4 ,:5 re/+ on a ?orny twig ?is little insect is safe f all its enemies4 #b4 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,palm ,,weevil4--,! long sn\t di/+ui%es ! weavils f all o!r beetles4 ,its v long front legs are also wor?y ( notice4 #c4 ,a ,,leaf ,,insect4--,gre5 9 col\r1 ?is insect be>s a rem>kable simil>ity to a leaf4 ,its sluggi% habits height5 ! illusion4 #d4 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,/ick ,,insect4--,!re are few m curi\s insects ?an ! /ick insects4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ has a v bird-l head4 ,p]*1 pike1 sole & "s o!r fi% h mu* m peculi> scales1 kn[n z ct5oid or comb$ = ! reason t _! unatta*$1 t is to say _! h9d] m>g9s1 are too!d l a comb4 ,! scales ( %>ks1 dog-fi% & rays are call$ placoid = !y are too!d2 n only s b _! arrangem5t is frequ5tly q dissimil> to ! scales ( ord9>y fi%4 ,tak+ ! h]r+ z our example1 b a salmon or any o!r fi% w\ld s]ve equally well1 & exam9+ ! arrangem5t ( its scales ) ! help ( our pocket l5s1 we %all f9d t ! scales are fix$ to ! fi% by _! =w>d edges & t ea* scale p>tly ov]laps its neighb\r1 z d tiles on a ro(4 ,9 ! %>k family1 h[ev]1 ! scales are (t5 relatively wide ap>t1 !y d n ov]lap b are imb$d$ sep>ately 9 ! sk94 ,! scales ( rays h ea* a h>d sp9e project+ f ! c5tre1 ^? ( %>ks & dog-fi% h tee?1 & !y are tee? n only 9 appe>ance b also 9 /ructure4 ,! ganoid scales ( /urgeon we are h>dly likely to meet )4 ,sometimes ^! fi% are on sale 9 ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns & a specim5 ( _! scales may be procur$4 ,!y are bony 9 /ructure &1 ?\gh int]e/+1 require a consid]able am\nt ( prep>ation to r5d] !m suffici5tly transp>5t to be exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t all ! fossil fi% :i* are discov]$ f "t to "t h ei!r ganoid or placoid scales1 a fact :i* %[s t ! %>ks1 rays & /urgeon are directly desc5d$ f creatures :i* swam ! seas ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! %ells ( %ell-fi% are n easy to exam9e microscopically1 b frequ5tly _! plates may be deta*$ f ! edges ( su* %ells z oy/]s & mussels & ^! %\ld be exam9$4 ,if ! out] "p ( ! %ell be tak5 we c easily see its honeycomb /ructure &1 by add+ a little acid & wait+ till all action has ceas$1 we %all h a /ructure rema9+ :i* is rem>kably l a numb] ( plant cells4 ,! inn] lay] ( _m ( ^! %ells is compos$ ( beautifully iridesc5t "m-(-pe>l4 ,n[ su* iridesc5ce is usually caus$ by surfaces furr[$ ) _m v f9e l9es & "m-(-pe>l is no exception4 ,"u ! microscope1 ) a mod]ately high magnification1 we c see m9ute /riations all practically p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,! cuttlefi% is peculi> 9 hav+ a skeleton :i* is a mod]ately s(t plate4 ,^! plates c (t5 be f\nd wa%$ up by ! tide1 may be cut out f a dead cuttlefi% or b\ght f a *emi/'s z cuttlefi% bone4 ,h[ev] we secure ! mat]ial we %all f9d t "o side ( ! 8bone0 is holl[ & t across ?is holl[1 delicate plates run p>allel to "o ano!r at int]vals4 ,betwe5 ^! p>allel plates !re appe> to be a numb] ( fibres b1 if we cut a ?9 slice ( ! /ructure & exam9e x "u ! microscope1 we %all see t ! app>5t fibres are really v ?9 plates ( bone :i* w9d & d\ble ^u !mselves 9 a beautiful mann]4 ,! /ructure ( ^! plates gives /r5g? to ! bone )\t add+ to its weight4 ,snails are sure to attract ! microscopi/ soon] or lat]1 s too are slugs4 ,_m ( ! latt] h %ells1 small flat or e>-%ap$ %ells1 q diff]5t to ! portable homes ( snails4 ,9 _m "y snails1 :i* may be kill$ by dropp+ into boil+ wat]1 we c f9d ! %ells s transp>5t t !y =m good objects = our microscope4 ,sometimes !y are compos$ ( six-sid$ cells1 sometimes ( beautiful />-%ap$ cells4 ,f ! microscopi/'s po9t ( view ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! snail is its rasp+ organ1 (t5 wrongly t]m$ ! tongue4 ,to f9d ?is organ x is necess>y to op5 up ! m\? ( a dead snail1 & if we seek ! assi/ance ( our l5s :ile do+ s1 we %all h no difficulty 9 f9d+ ! rasp--x may be recognis$ by ! m9ute tee? ) :i* x is furni%$4 ,! :ole /ructure %\ld be c>efully remov$ & m\nt$ ^u a slide4 ,9 "s k9ds ( snails !re are b a hundr$ tee?1 o!r k9ds1 h[ev]1 possess z _m z tw5ty-six ?\s& eight hundr$4 ,! snail makes use ( ?is rem>kable organ to procure its food4 ,vegetation is press$ aga9/ a plate at ! top ( ! creature's m\? & lit]ally fil$ into small pieces by ! rasp+ organ4 ,captive wat] snails may be wat*$ :ile us+ _! rasp ^u ! wat] plants or ^u ! gre5 slime :i* soon accumulates 9 aqu>ia4 ,! eggs ( snails are easily f\nd & %\ld be exam9$1 ! que] little inmates may be /udi$ ?r\gh ! transp>5t %ells1 9 all /ages ( developm5t4 ,! naturali/ ^: incl9ations lead him t[>ds ! /udy ( animal life w f9d pl5ty to occupy 8 "t & 8 microscope4 ,all k9ds ( eggs ( small creatures may be wat*$ z !y develop4 ,frogs' eggs are ( int]e/ 9 ?is respect1 s too are tadpoles :i* hat* f !m4 ,! :ole blood circulation 9 a "y tadpole may easily be /udi$ "u ! microscope1 ! /ructure ( ! ext]nal gills1 ! gradual *ange to int]nal gills1 ! developm5t ( legs1 ! absorption ( ! tail4 ,! tadpole & its m>vell\s *anges w af=d suffici5t microscopic mat]ial to la/ = _m weeks4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,rocks ,! /udy ( rocks & m9]als by means ( ! microscope is apt to be disappo9t+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to /udy !m s]i\sly we require a special microscope1 ! ord9>y in/rum5t1 ) :i* we may poke into ! deepe/ secrets ( ! animal & plant _w _c translate = u half ! /ory ( ! rocks4 ,aga91 to und]/& rocks & m9]als we mu/ /udy !m some:at deeply4 ,geology1 z ! sci5ce ( rocks is call$1 is no m difficult ?an botany or zoology1 ! sci5ces ( plants & animals respectively4 ,botany & zoology1 h[ev]1 appeal 9 "s degree to ne>ly all ( u2 we may le>n a good deal conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! cockroa* ) ! help ( our microscope & be int]e/$ 9 ! revelations ( our in/rum5t1 b to emb>k on a detail$ c\rse ( ! m9ute int]nal anatomy ( insects w\ld appeal to few ( u4 ,animal or plant life may be /udi$ piecemeal & enjoy$ on acc\nt ( its absorb+ int]e/4 ,geology mu/ be /udi$ f its v beg9n+s if we are really to und]/& :at we see b5ea? ! microscope4 ,9 ! h&1 a lump ( rock1 say ( granite1 may be ( exce$+ beauty4 ,! body ( ! rock is1 p]haps1 a delicate p9k1 scatt]$ "h & !re are ! flat glitt]+ plates ( mica & brilliant cry/als ( qu>tz4 ,o!r rocks1 less common1 vie ) ! r>e gems = beauty ( col\r+ & lu/re4 ,z ?9 microscope sections ^! once gorge\s specim5s are col\rless1 dull &1 unless we und]/& !m1 un9t]e/+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m m9]al sub/ances :i* we may /udy ) advantage =1 if our inve/igations d n take u v f> t[>ds elucidat+ ! /ory ( ! rocks1 we %all at any rate discov] some?+ t is new to u4 ,we may well comm5ce our /udies ) ! exam9ation ( ord9>y s&4 ,?is is n a rock1 y w probably exclaim4 ,y are "r b "o day x may be a rock1 x all dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,be=e we take out our microscope let u h a %ort talk ab\t rocks 9 g5]al1 !n we may und]/& bett] :]e we are4 ,rocks ( "o k9d & ano!r make up ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 t is pretty obvi\s anyway4 ,?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 h[ _m we are n prep>$ to guess1 ?is old e>? ( ours 0 a sph]e ( molt5 rock4 ,ne$less to say x 0 f> too hot = any plants or animals to dwell ^u x4 ,v1 v gradually ! out] cru/ cool$ d[n & 9 "t x became suffici5tly cool to support animal & vegetable life4 ,!n !re 7 riv]s & seas & !n came1 f "t to "t1 ra9 & w9d & fro/ & ev5 e>?quakes4 ,! e>?quakes crack$ ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 moi/ure ent]$ ! cracks &1 :5 ! fro/s came1 pieces ( rock 7 brok5 away1 ow+ to ! expansion ( ! moi/ure 9 ! cracks z x became conv]t$ into ice4 ,! ra9 & w9d help$ to c>ry ! brok5 pieces ( rock1 ev] d[nw>ds t[>ds ! sea1 b be=e ! sea 0 rea*$ ! big b\ld]s became brok5 up1 by _! buffet+1 into %+le & s& & mud4 ,9 ! c\rse ( long ages1 long] ?an x is easy to imag9e1 ^! brok5 pieces ( rock1 ga!r$ toge!r z we h se5 f v>i\s di/ricts1 may h be5 left high & dry1 = ! face ( ! e>? has n always be5 z we "k x n[4 ,9 "t all ! little p>ticles became weld$ toge!r to =m a new k9d ( rock4 ,sometimes animals & plants 7 buri$ 9 ! mud de/9$ to become a rock & _! p>ts 7 s well pres]v$ t !y may n only be recognis$ by pres5t-day sci5ti/s1 b 9 _m cases _! /ructure may be made out s well ) ! aid ( a microscope t no "o w\ld guess !y _h be5 buri$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,new rocks h be5 =m$ n only by ! break+ up & weld+ toge!r ( ! orig9al e>?'s cru/1 b by animal & plant rema9s4 ,9 "s places1 9 pa/ ages1 billions & billions ( little %ell-fi% h liv$ 9 ! wat]s1 di$ !re & _! %ells h fall5 to ! bottom ( _! wat]y home4 ,n[ we "k _! %ell rema9s z *alk or if x has und]gone great pressure1 ow+ to *anges 9 ! e>?'s surface1 z lime/one4 ,!re are rock masses also =m$ ( ! rema9s ( c\ntless ,diatoms2 sponge spicules1 too1 h play$ _! "p 9 rock =mation4 ,x is cle> f :at we h writt5 t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! rocks ( ! e>? =m two great divisions1 ! rocks :i* =m$ ! orig9al cru/ ( ! e>?1 ,prim>y rocks !y are call$1 & ! lat]-=m$ ,second>y rocks4 ,! ,prim>y rocks are (t5 glassy 9 appe>ance1 !y %[ unmi/akable signs ( hav+ once be5 molt5 & !y nev] conta9 animal or plant rema9s1 fossils z !y are call$1 = ! reason we h already expla9$4 ,! second>y rocks (t5 betray _! orig9 by occurr+ 9 lay]s1 or /rata to speak m sci5tifically4 ,always :5 we ?9k ( ! rocks we mu/ ?9k 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 !n x w be easi] to und]/& ! =mation ( ^! /rata1 ea* "o ( :i* may repres5t ! "w ( hundr$s & hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,n[ to return to our s&2 we h expla9$ briefly t s& is really ! rema9s ( brok5 up rocks4 ,fir/ we h ! solid rock1 b\ld]s are brok5 f x z ! b\ld]s are act$ ^u by ra91 fro/ & w9d3 !y become m & m brok5 up & at ! same "t !y are c>ri$ t[>ds ! sea :]e !y take ! =m ( %+le4 ,! %+le1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 becomes brok5 up into s&1 & ! s& aga9 becomes s f9ely divid$ t x =ms mud4 ,f ?is x is cle> t ! composition ( ! s& dep5ds l>gely on ! nature ( ! rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 #a4 ,,=am9if]a ,small sea %ells4 ,! inmates die & ! %ells1 fall+ to ! bottom ( ! sea1 are gradually conv]t$ into *alk4 #b4 ,,diatoms ,small wat] plants :i* make beautiful objects = ! microscope by reason ( _! rem>kable %apes & sculptur+4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ place a little ( our s& ^u a piece ( black pap] & exam9e by reflect$ light4 ,we %all soon notice t s& is any?+ b ! simple gritty look+ sub/ance x appe>s on ! sea %ore4 ,at lea/ f\r diff]5t sub/ances are c]ta9 to be se52 if ! s& be clean1 we %all see bright glassy cry/als ( qu>tz2 angul>1 %>p-edg$ pieces ( fl9t2 m9ute1 flat1 gli/5+ plates ( mica & ! brok5 rema9s ( %ells4 ,%\ld our s& be tak5 f a spot 9 ! vic9ity ( volcanic rocks1 x w probably conta9 opaque pieces ( magnetite2 we may n recognise ^! :5 we see !m1 b !y may be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s& by means ( a magnet1 to :i* !y w adh]e4 ,probably our sample ( s& w be dirty or /a9$ ) iron1 9 ?is ev5t we may wa% x ) weak acid1 !n aft] dry+1 we may exam9e by transmitt$ light & ! v>i\s cry/als w %[ up well4 ,let u take "s clay z our next example4 ,clay is ! sub/ance f :i* ! rocks kn[n z %ale & slate h be5 =m$4 ,we _c see mu* ( ! /ructure ( clay ) our microscope s let u wa% x &1 by s do+ sep>ate x into its compon5ts4 ,we mu/ put a little clay into a tumbl] ( wat] & /ir x vigor\sly = "s little "t1 !n /ill /irr+1 if we p\r (f ! muddy liquid into ano!r tumbl]1 we %all f9d t our old fri5d s& has settl$ to ! bottom4 ,clay !n is m]ely mud & s&1 b we mu/ n ?r[ ?is s& away )\t exam9+ x =1 v frequ5tly1 beautiful m9ute fossils are to be f\nd among/ x4 ,little creatures dwell+ 9 ! mud1 become buri$ 9 x &1 z m & m mud is =m$ above !m1 & x becomes p>tly solidifi$ 9 ! =m ( clay1 !y become fossiliz$4 ,if n[ we exam9e a piece ( s&/one ) our pocket l5s we %all f9d t x v closely resembles ! s& we h already /udi$4 ,x may be s s(t t we c break x up 9 our f+]s1 !n if we exam9e ! p[d]$ s&/one b5ea? ! microscope we %all ne$ to be exp]ts to tell :e!r we are exam9+ s& or s&/one4 ,%\ld our rock be too h>d to break up 9 our f+]s ! addition ( a little weak acid w r$uce x to s&4 ,we see n[ t a l>ge proportion ( s& & a small proportion ( mud result 9 ! =mation ( s&/one1 :]eas if ! proportions are rev]s$ & we h m mud ?an s& ! result+ rock is kn[n z %ale or slate4 ,9 %ale we v frequ5tly f9d fossils1 9 s&/one r>ely1 = ! reason t /ructures buri$ 9 ! mud1 de/9$ to become %ale1 are protect$ f ! atmosph]e & ! action ( wat]2 s&/one1 on ! o!r h&1 is por\s1 moi/ure trickles ?r\gh x & any delicate /ructures :i* may h be5 buri$ 9 x are m likely to decompose ?an to become fossiliz$4 ,lime/one is easy to obta9 & may occupy u = a few mom5ts4 ,we d n wi% to g into te*nical details1 b we may say t ! ^w lime/one includes a numb] ( rocks :i* diff] l>gely 9 appe>ance & to a consid]able ext5t 9 composition4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be m correct to say t !re are sev]al k9ds ( lime/one4 ,"s k9ds are made up almo/ entirely ( %ells & v int]e/+ !y are z microscopic objects4 ,"o may wond] h[ a geologi/ c /ate ) c]ta9ty t "s spot1 may be _m miles f ! sea1 0 once cov]$ by salt wat]4 ,"o ( ^! %ell-=m$ lime/ones may give him ! in=mation2 he kn[s t c]ta9 %ells compris+ ! rock mu/ h belong$ to m>9e animals1 he kn[s too t :ole m\nta9s1 :i* ^! rocks sometimes =m1 are n c>ri$ bodily on to dry l&1 s ! obvi\s inf]5ce is t ! rock 0 =m$ bel[ ! sea4 ,! s(t] lime/ones may easily be crumbl$ & p[d]$ = exam9ation "u ! microscope2 ! h>d] k9ds %\ld be treat$ ) acid4 ,:5 acid is add$ to lime/one a consid]able eff]vesc5ce takes place1 = ! acid decomposes a sub/ance kn[n z calcium c>bonate1 :i* ! lime/one conta9s1 & bubbles ( gas are giv5 (f4 ,:5 ! lime/one has ceas$ to eff]vesce ! portions ( ! rock :i* rema91 may be c>efully wa%$ 9 wat]1 dri$ & exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,we %all f9d t ! sub/ance we exam9e consi/s ( s& conta9+ a goodly numb] ( plates ( mica & !re may also be a numb] ( sponge spicules4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d :5 we are exam9+ ! remnants ( lime/one aft] treatm5t ) acid1 t %ells are l>gely compos$ ( calcium c>bonate1 s x is useless to look = any %ell rema9s1 = ! acid w h dissolv$ !m4 ,calcium c>bonate1 9 a ne>ly pure /ate1 w & does =m rock-l /ructures2 we are mo/ ( u famili> ) /alactites :i* are =m$ on ! ro(s ( caves4 ,^! /ructures are usually compos$ ( calcium c>bonate ?\gh sometimes1 notably 9 "s ( ! ,d]by%ire caves1 ,b>ium takes ! place ( ,calcium4 ,%\ld we h ! *ance ( exam9+ a section ( a /alactite we %\ld c]ta9ly d s4 ,we c see ! r+s :i* are =m$1 z lay] aft] lay] ( calcium c>bonate is deposit$1 9 fact ! section ( a /alactite be>s a /rik+ resemblance to a /em ( a tree & has1 be=e n[1 be5 mi/ak5 = a fossil /em4 ,if ! /udy ( rocks appeals to u we %\ld make a po9t ( exam9+ all ! specim5s we c lay h&s ^u4 ,_m q common specim5s may easily be obta9$2 rock-salt1 = example1 ?\gh 9 itself n ( great int]e/ z an object = ! microscope1 w readily dissolve 9 wat]1 leav+ beh9d an insoluble residue ( iron :i* is well wor? exam9ation4 ,! majority ( rocks1 h[ev]1 are n affect$ by wat] & b little by acids4 ,) su* specim5s ! only c\rse op5 to ! microscopi/ is to prep>e sections4 ,! mak+ ( rock sections is c]ta9ly diff]5t to ! cutt+ ( plant or animal sections4 ,x is a labori\s bus9ess z ! en?usia/ w f9d to 8 co/4 ,! pr(essional mak]s ( rock sections h special gr9d/ones or la!s = ! purpose &1 ev5 s1 ! process is n rapid4 ,! amateur mu/ ne$s d all 8 prep>ation by h&4 ,! requirem5ts1 9 addition to ! piece ( rock ( :i* we require a section1 are a small squ>e ( plate glass1 "s ,canada ,balsam1 em]y p[d] ( v>i\s grades & an unlimit$ /ock ( pati5ce4 ,if possible we *oose a piece ( rock ) "o side z ne>ly z possible flat2 ?is is m]ely to save lab\r2 ! piece ( rock %\ld be r\ghly ab\t half-an-in* squ>e4 ,z a />t we rub ! flatte/ side 9 a mixture1 practically a pa/e1 ( co>se em]y p[d] & wat]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we may keep ! piece ( rock 9 our pocket & gr9d x :5 occasion (f]s on a flat /one wall or on any surface t w assi/ 9 produc+ a flat surface4 ,:5 we h gr\nd our surface flat & smoo?1 we f9i% x (f ) f9e em]y p[d] & may !n poli% x ) jewell]'s r\ge4 ,s mu* = ! fir/ side &1 if we d n cry en\gh at ?is p]iod1 we may proce$ to ! gr9d+ ( ! o!r side4 ,tak+ our slab ( plate glass1 we fa/5 ! poli%$ side ( our piece ( rock to x by means ( ,canada ,balsam1 !n we may re/ = a few days :ile ! ,balsam sets4 ,z soon z ! rock is firmly fix$ to ! glass we proce$ z be=e1 b 9 ?is case ! f9al gr9d+ & poli%+ mu/ be v c>efully c>ri$ out4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation our orig9al lump ( rock w be r$uc$ to ! ?9ness ( a cov] slip & to its fragility4 ,hav+ giv5 ! f9i%+ t\*es ) jewell]'s r\ge1 we put ! glass1 ) its atta*$ rock section into a bottle ( xylol 7to be obta9$ f any *emi/74 ,! xylol dissolves ! ,canada ,balsam & ! rock section falls f its support4 ,a fur!r wa%+ 9 clean xylol %\ld be giv5 & !n ! section is ready = m\nt+1 :i* is be/ done 9 ,canada ,balsam4 ,! section may be c>efully fix$ to ! slide ) a drop ( ,balsam or x may be cov]$ ) a cov] slip1 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 our conclud+ *apt] we give h9ts on slide mak+ & addresses ( firms :o supply slides4 ,our advice 9 t *apt] is to prep>e "o's own slides :]e possible2 9 ! case ( rock sections1 h[ev]1 we mu/ *ange our advice1 only ! microscopi/ ( unlimit$ leisure c f9d "t to make 8 own slides4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ bran*es ( rock /udy deals ) ! fossil rema9s ( plants & animals4 ,fossils are int]e/+ 9 !mselves3 !y are d\bly int]e/+ because !y tell u m ?an we c\ld ev] h discov]$ )\t !m1 conc]n+ ! liv+ =ms :i* inhabit$ ! e>? at diff]5t p]iods4 ,geologi/s "k ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s second>y rocks 7 =m$ & by /udy+ ! fossils ( ^! v>i\s rock =mations1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/1 c tell :i* animals & plants h be5 longe/ ^u ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! liv+ =ms ( to-day h exi/$ f v e>ly times2 we "k1 = example1 t cockroa*es 7 ^u ! e>? long ages ago1 = _! fossil rema9s are f\nd 9 ! v e>ly rocks4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! fossils ( animal =ms d n make good objects = ! microscope4 ,! ,=am9if]a1 m9ute creatures dwell+ 9 %ells1 are ! mo/ suitable = microscopic exam9ation & v beautiful "s ( !m are4 ,!y are be/ exam9$ by reflect$ light1 = !n _! little %ells %[ _! delicate pe>ly %e54 ,sponge spicules1 z may be guess$ f _! h>dness1 are common 9 ! fossil /ate2 !re are also fossils ( sea-anemone ance/ors & fossils also ( ,hydra colonies4 ,! la/ nam$1 kn[n z graptolites1 look n unlike lead-p5cil m>ks on ! rock4 ,!y exi/ 9 _m =ms2 ,diplograptus has a /em ) two r[s ( cups 9 :i* ! little creatures liv$ long ages ago2 ,monograptus has b "o r[ ( cups ^u its /em1 :il/ ,didymograptus is a bran*$ =m4 ,^! fossils are by no means r>e & are wor? /udy+ "u ! microscope4 ,!re are curi\s fossils kn[s z ,trilobites1 n unlike ! pres5t-day wood lice2 !y too may be /udi$1 = "s ( !m %[ all _! *>act]i/ic m>k+s z pla9ly z !y mu/ h appe>$ on ! liv+ animals4 ,9 ! plant _w1 _m fossils 9 amaz+ly1 good /ates ( pres]vation h be5 f\nd4 ,"s ( ! giant ,club ,mosses f ! coal measures1 exhibit all ! *>act]i/ic /em m>k+s1 leaf sc>s & ! l1 s cle>ly t "o might imag9e "o exam9$ a liv+ specim54 ,mo/ ( ! plant rema9s are beyond ! rea* ( ! amateur1 b _m ( !m may be view$ 9 museums1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry & ! microscopi/1 :e!r he be a /ud5t ( rocks or a lov] ( plants1 %\ld make a po9t ( exam9+ !m4 ,f q fragm5t>y rema9s1 sci5ti/s h be5 able to conjecture :at vegetation cov]$ ! e>? at v>i\s ages4 ,! pres5t is ! age ( fl[]+ plants1 b long ago ! _w 0 gre5 ) giant ,club ,mosses & ,horsetails1 v humble plants at ! pres5t "t4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,microscope ,,z ,,detective ,x is an un=tunate fact t our food is n always absolutely pure4 ,x may be contam9at$ ) =eign matt] ei!r by accid5t or by design4 ,h[ev] c>eful ! manufactur] may be 91 say ! prep>ation ( cocoa1 "s du/1 "s wa/e vegetable matt]1 p]haps ev5 a few /ray dri$ insects may occur z impurities4 ,!y are out ( place c]ta9ly b1 at ! wor/1 !y are a sign ( lack ( c>e on ! "p ( ! manufactur]4 ,!re is ano!r1 m s]i\s side to ! "q ( food adult]ation1 :]e ! =eign matt] is add$ purposely1 ei!r because x is *eap1 because x weighs heavily1 imp>ts a pleas+ col\r or an agreeable aroma4 ,su* adult]ation is a =m ( fraud & ! microscope is an invaluable aid 9 its detection4 ,9 _m respects ! microscope is a bett] in=mant ?an ! te/s ( ! *emi/s2 9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x m]ely supplem5ts & confirms ! *emical results4 ,let u consid]1 = a mom5t1 ! advantages possess$ by ! microscope & also :]e *emi/ry scores4 ,v frequ5tly ! results ( co/ly law cases hang on ! reports ( exp]t food exam9]s2 e c>e1 !re=e1 mu/ be tak5 to avoid error4 ,?is be+ ! case1 :5ev] possible1 *emical te/s %\ld be c>ri$ out to confirm ! results ( microscopic exam9ation4 ,:5 bo? microscopi/ & *emi/ come to ! same conclusion1 !re is n likely to be any mi/ake4 ,!re are te/s :i* ! microscope _c p]=m1 !re are "s1 also1 :i* are beyond ! p[]s ( ! *emi/ & _m :i* are v difficult = him4 ,a drop ( milk1 = example1 exam9$ "u ! microscope %[s a numb] ( fat globules float+ 9 a wat]y liquid4 ,h[ev] clev] ! microscopi/ & h[ev] accurate 8 in/rum5t1 he _c tell if !re is an excessive quantity ( wat]1 yet a simple *emical te/ w answ] ! "q4 ,?is is a case 9 :i* ! microscope is ( little use1 al?\gh x is only fair to add t microscopic exam9ation w\ld reveal ! pres5ce ( blood1 hair & dirt1 to m5tion ?ree common impurities1 :i* ! *emi/ 9 8 te/ = wat]$ milk w\ld q ov]look4 ,) a little c>e & ! use ( suitable /a9s1 any bact]ia :i* might be pres5t w\ld also %[ pla9ly "u a p[]ful microscope4 ,n[ = an example or two :]e ! microscopi/ has ! advantage ( ! *emi/4 ,"s jam mak]s h be5 kn[n to be suffici5tly unscrupul\s to sell 8raspb]ry0 jam contam9at$ ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( "s *eap] fruit1 su* z gooseb]ry4 ,! se$s ( ! two fruits diff] s m>k$ly t x is really n necess>y to employ a microscope to discov] ! fraud1 b a case is on record :]e wood5 se$s 7 us$1 s l ! true se$s ( ! raspb]ry1 t a v c>eful exam9ation 0 necess>y to %[ :at _h happ5$4 ,9 our *apt] on ! ,microscope 9 ,agriculture we h ref]r$ to ?is po9t 9 great] detail4 ,/>* ( v>i\s k9ds is a v common food adult]ant & ! exp]i5c$ microscopi/ c e/imate almo/ precisely1 ! proportions ( diff]5t />*es 9 a mixture1 a feat :i* w\ld sorely puzzle ! *emi/4 ,s 9 c]ta9 cases ! microscope is indisp5sable4 ,briefly ! microscope is a "t sav]2 *emical te/s occupy a consid]able "t2 microscopic exam9ation is quick1 ! exp]i5c$ microscopi/ at once recognises :at he obs]ves4 ,v small quantities c be exam9$ "u ! microscope1 relatively l>ge quantities are requir$ = *emical te/s4 ,aga91 if only a small quantity ( ! mat]ial is available = exam9ation & x is necess>y to c>ry out *emical te/s1 !y c be p]=m$ "u ! microscope & ?is po9t is consid]$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,we h m5tion$ t />* ( v>i\s k9ds is a common adult]ant ( _m foods & ! budd+ food analy/ might d worse ?an le>n to recognise ! v>i\s />* gra9s "u ! microscope4 ,!y are easily obta9$ & z easily obs]v$4 ,ea* v>iety ( />* has gra9s :i* are rem>kably con/ant 9 _! *>act]i/ics4 ,a beg9n+ may pr(itably be made ) potato />*1 = its gra9s are l>ge & !y possess c]ta9 well-m>k$ features1 :i* may or may n be pres5t 9 ! gra9s ( o!r />*es4 ,by scrap+ ! newly cut surface ( a potato we c obta9 ?\s&s ( />* gra9s4 ,! surface ( ! potato mu/ n be grat$1 j a g5tle scrap+ ) a pocket knife & a m]e speck ( ! cl\dy liquid t is obta9$1 add$ to a drop ( clean wat] on our slide1 w suffice4 ,cov] ! object ) a cov] glass & exam9e "u a fairly high magnification4 ,!re are c\ntless1 oval1 almo/ transp>5t bodies 9 our field ( view1 !y are potato />* gra9s4 ,ea* "o1 z we %all see :5 we make a m c>eful exam9ation1 is n unlike a m9iature oy/]-%ell4 ,9 ! %ell1 !re is a po9t :i* is its olde/ "p & ! rema9d] has gr[n1 lay] by lay]1 r\nd t po9t till ! %ell is fully =m$4 ,n[ we magnify ! />* gra9s z highly z possible & sl[ly rotate ! f9e adju/m5t to & fro1 = ! reason t ! object is n flat & by do+ s1 we obta9 all its p>ts 9 focus 9 turn4 ,if ! illum9ation is n too int5se1 we %all notice a m9ute d>k dot correspond+ to ! olde/ "p ( ! oy/] %ell2 x is1 9 fact1 ! olde/ "p ( ! />* gra94 ,ar\nd ?is po9t we c see z we focus up & d[n1 r+ aft] r+ :]e ! gra9 has gr[n l>g] & l>g]4 ,! d>k spot is call$ ! hilum & ! r+s are kn[n z /riations4 ,9 ! potato />* gra9 ! hilum is n c5tral & ! /riations are n circul>4 ,:eat has l>ge & almo/ r\nd gra9s )\t a hilum or /riations1 ^? ( ,b>ley are v simil> b small] & n s uni=mly r\nd4 ,rye gra9s are frequ5tly crack$ & (t5 h ragg$ edges4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ^! objects may be exam9$1 = x is useful to "k _! /ructure if "o's object be to exam9e v>i\s foods2 f ! po9t ( view ( beauty1 :5 exam9$ ) a pol>iscope1 !y h few rivals4 ,maize />*1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 mo/ h\ses "u ! "n ( corn fl\r consi/s ( two k9ds ( gra94 ,"s are _m sid$ & angul>1 all ( "o size & )\t /riations1 !y are also split at ! c5tre2 ! o!r gra9s are r\nd$1 ( v>i\s sizes & are nev] l ! angul> gra9s gr\p$ toge!r4 ,! =m] come f ! horny "p ( ! maize1 ! latt] f ! fl\ry portion4 ,rice />* is also _m sid$ & angul>1 almo/ cry/al l2 !re are1 h[ev]1 nev] any r\nd$ =ms & ?is s]ves to di/+ui% x f maize />*4 ,! %ape ( ,arr[root />* gra9s v>ies accord+ to ! plant f :i* x is d]iv$1 = ?is sub/ance does n all come f "o k9d ( plant b1 :e!r ! gra9s be pe> %ap$1 hamm] %ap$1 triangul> or dumbell %ap$ !y all %[ /riations & an x-%ap$ split 9 place ( a hilum4 ,tapioca />* gra9s are usually gr\p$ toge!r 9 twos or ?rees2 :5 !y re/ on _! flat surfaces !y appe> circul> & ea* hilum is surr\nd$ by a d>k r+1 :5 on _! sides !y are se5 to be sug>-loaf %ap$4 ,_m m />*es c be f\nd )\t go+ f> afield1 ,sago1 ,peas1 ,beans1 ,l5tils & ,bananas are a few common commodities conta9+ />*4 ,an ef=t %\ld be made to /udy ! v curi\s dumbell %ap$ />* gra9s ( ! ,spurge & its relations4 ,all ^! plants conta9 a :ite milky juice 9 :i* ! />* gra9s float2 by squeez+ a little ( ?is milky fluid into a drop ( wat] on a clean slide ! gra9s c easily be obs]v$4 ,x is sometimes difficult to obs]ve />* gra9s till a fair am\nt ( exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ 9 ! use ( ! microscope4 ,%\ld ?is difficulty arise1 x may be ov]come by add+ a drop ( a weak solution ( iod9e4 ,?is w /a9 ! />* gra9s a deep blue col\r & r5d] !m v easy ( obs]vation4 ,! iod9e solution mu/ be weak1 h[ev]1 or ! /a9+ w be excessive & ! objects r5d]$ black & non-transp>5t4 ,hav+ exam9$ _m or all ( ! specim5s we h m5tion$ let u turn our att5tion to "s ( ! common foods1 & le>n "s ( ! me?ods us$ 9 te/+ = impurities4 ,ord9>y h\sehold bread1 x is h>dly necess>y to /ate1 is ri* 9 />* &1 by try+ ! iod9e te/1 m5tion$ above its pres5ce is easily %[n4 ,) a weak solution ! deep] ! blue col\r produc$1 ! great] ! quantity ( />*4 ,"s p>ts ( ! bread w be /a9$ yell[1 ?is indicates ! pres5ce ( ano!r n\ri%+ compon5t ( bread4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( bread are suppos$ to conta9 no free />*1 because ?is sub/ance is n b5eficial to "s p4 ,iod9e aga9 w reveal :e!r ! bread is z x is describ$1 =1 if !re be no free />* !re w be no blue col\ration4 ,br[n bread w %[ mu* m ( ! yell[ col\ration & less ( ! blue ?an :ite bread4 ,good1 well-bak$ bread %\ld keep = a consid]able p]iod )\t turn+ s\r2 we c easily see :e!r our sample is satisfactory by runn+ a drop ( litmus on to x & wat*+ ! effect "u ! microscope2 if ! litmus rema9s un*ang$ 9 col\r ! sample is n s\r2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! litmus turns r$ x %[s u t acid is pres5t & t our bread is n z x %\ld be4 ,tea is difficult to prep>e = microscopic exam9ation & mo/ ( ! te/s call = exp]t k1 n only 9 ! managem5t ( ! microscope b ( ! plant itself4 ,! /ructure ( ! leaves c be made out cle>ly 9 specim5s :i* h be5 soak$ = a "t 9 wat]1 b ?is is ( little int]e/ to ! ord9>y microscopi/4 ,"o v pretty te/ may1 h[ev]1 easily be p]=m$4 ,we all "k t x is n good to dr9k tea :i* has be5 /&+ = a long "t4 ,"s tea-dr9k]s are s p>ticul> t !y _c be> to see ! teapot %ak5 be=e !y h p\r$ out _! cup4 ,all ?is tr\ble arises because tea conta9s a poison call$ 8!9e02 x is an alkaloid1 "o ( a l>ge class ( *emical sub/ances :i* are ne>ly all deadly poisons--coca9e & nicot9e are alkaloids4 ,al?\gh !9e is poison\s1 tea :i* conta9$ none ( ?is sub/ance w\ld be ta/eless & ! abs5ce ( ?is sub/ance %[s t ! tea leaves h be5 badly prep>$4 ,tea aft] be+ ga!r$ %\ld be dri$ at once1 sometimes x is re-dri$ & ?is process drives (f ! !9e4 ,= our te/ we require1 9 addition to our microscope1 two wat* glasses1 a piece ( copp] wire gauze & a gas burn] or a _s lamp4 ,place a little tea 9 "o ( ! wat* glasses & cov] ) ! o!r wat* glass2 !n heat g5tly on ! wire gauze4 ,9 a few m9utes drops ( moi/ure w appe> on ! upp] wat* glass2 aft] ab\t t5 m9utes' heat+ beautiful1 long1 ne$le-%ap$ cry/als w beg9 to appe>1 ) a little fur!r heat+ we %all obta9 a good crop ( lovely cry/als on ! upp] wat* glass & !y make a spl5did object = exam9ation "u a l[ magnification4 ,! cry/als are ( !9e1 ! poison\s compon5t ( tea1 & ! te/ is us$ to discov] :e!r ! tea has be5 r$ri$ dur+ its prep>ation2 r$ri$ tea gives no cry/als4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos by ,flatt]s ,g>nett ,,! ,,/++ ,,hairs ,,( ,a ,,nettle ,^! hairs are mu* long] ?an ord9>y plant hairs4 ,%>ply po9t$ at "o end1 !re are sacs at _! bases conta9+ acid4 ,,butt]fly ,,w+ ,,scales ,scales f ! w+ ( a butt]fly4 ,ea* scale is a holl[ sac1 affix$ by its not*$ end to a pit 9 ! insect's w+4 ,! exam9ation ( cocoa = impurities is a matt] r = ! *emi/ ?an = ! microscopi/4 ,x conta9s a va/ numb] ( />* gra9s1 n unlike ^? ( rice1 except t !y are r\nd$4 ,c(fee (t5 conta9s a numb] ( impurities1 ! *ief be+ *icory1 v>i\s />*es1 gr\nd acorns & date /ones4 ,*icory is really an impurity1 ?\gh x is "o (t5 ask$ = by c(fee-dr9k]s4 ,x is easy to detect ! am\nt ( *icory pres5t 9 a sample ( gr\nd c(fee1 by ?r[+ a little ( ! mixture on to wat]4 ,! *icory s9ks at once1 :]eas ! c(fee floats = a :ile because x is oily4 ,9 pure c(fee !re %\ld be no />* & ! iod9e te/ w readily %[ :e!r we are deal+ ) a sample free f />* or n4 ,mu/>d is v r>ely purposely mix$ ) any impurities1 9 fact x is probably ! lea/ likely to be adult]at$ ( any article ( food4 ,"u ! microscope a l>ge numb] ( small objects1 v simil> to />* gra9s1 c be se54 ,!y are ! cells conta9+ mu/>d oil & !y are n /a9$ blue by iod9e4 ,a specim5 ( pure mu/>d conta9s no />*4 ,pepp] is by no means easy to te/ = impurities4 ,x conta9s m9ute />* gra9s1 :i* c be recognis$ "u ! microscope aft] /a9+4 ,x is m5tion$ "h because ( a v int]e/+ & easily p]=m$ exp]im5t t w appeal to e microscopi/4 ,place a little pepp] on a clean slide & moi/5 x ) a drop ( alcohol1 all[ x to /& = a m9ute or s !n add a little dilute glyc]9e1 cov] ! specim5 ) a cov] glass & exam9e x "u ! microscope aft] ! lapse ( ab\t five m9utes4 ,! sight ( wond]ful prismatic cry/als =m+ "o by "o 9 rapid succession w be ample rew>d = ! tr\ble tak54 ,a drop ( /rong nitric acid1 :i* mu/ n be all[$ to come 9 contact ) any "p ( ! microscope or ) "o's h&s or clo!s1 w turn ! cry/als a ri* orange col\r4 ,! cry/als are compos$ ( a sub/ance call$ pip]9e4 ,ev]yone kn[s ( ! importance ( pure wat] = dr9k+ purposes b ! ^w pure 9 ?is case is us$ 9 a v wide s5se1 = ! only really pure wat] is di/ill$ wat] & x w\ld n =m a v good bev]age4 ,al?\gh ord9>y tap wat] may conta9 a numb] ( impurities x is n easy to see !m )\t tak+ a little tr\ble4 ,if our tap wat] is s contam9at$ t a drop1 exam9$ at r&om1 %[s u all mann] ( solid matt] float+ 9 ! wat] !re mu/ be some?+ s]i\sly wrong4 ,^? :o are engag$ 9 te/+ wat] "u ! microscope1 fir/ take a big jug full ( ! wat] & all[ x to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 cov]+ x ! :ile to keep out du/4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t mo/ ( ! wat] is c>efully drawn (f1 f ! top1 ) a siphon & ! rema9d]1 aft] /irr+ is p\r$ into a conical glass & all[$ to /& = a fur!r twelve h\rs4 ,!n ! upp] portion ( ! wat] is aga9 siphon$ (f & a little ( ! rema9d]1 :i* is left 9 ! po9t ( ! conical glass is drawn by suction into a special k9d ( glass tube1 call$ a pipette4 ,?is f9al sample conta9s all ! solid matt] :i* settles to ! bottom ( ! wat] aft] /&+ = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! impurities likely to be pres5t 9 wat] make su* a =midable li/ t we c only m5tion a small numb]4 ,!re may be v>i\s m9]al sub/ances1 su* z lime1 s& or clay2 vegetable sub/ances1 />* gra9s1 fragm5ts ( wood1 pieces ( decay$ leaves & ! l or !re may be hair1 scales ( fi%1 etc4 ,! impurities may be liv+ plants1 ( :i* ! mo/ likely to be f\nd are bact]ia1 diatoms1 desmids & ,volvox1 among/ plants1 & rotif]s1 ,vorticella1 ,p>amcium1 ,amba1 also portions ( tapeworms & _! eggs among/ animals4 ,^! creatures are all describ$ else:]e s we ne$ n dwell on _! peculi>ities "h4 ,9 addition to all ( ! above & _m m n m5tion$ !re are f\r metals commonly f\nd 9 impure wat]1 ei!r 9 small solid p>ticles1 or 9 ! =m ( "o ( _! comp\nds soluble 9 wat]4 ,! metals are iron1 copp]1 z9c & lead4 ,v simple *emical te/s w %[ :e!r !y are pres5t or n4 ,to a drop ( ! wat] add a v m9ute quantity ( hydro*loric acid & ( potassium f]rocyanide solution4 ,:5 iron is pres5t ! solution w turn blue2 9 ! pres5ce ( copp] x w become bronze col\r$1 :il/ z9c turns x a milky :ite4 ,to detect lead1 take ano!r drop ( wat] & add a v small quantity ( potassium *romate solution4 ,if ! suspect$ impurity is pres5t ! solution turns yell[4 ,all ! *emicals = ^! simple te/s may be obta9$ at any *emi/s & !re is ?is great advantage 9 te/+ "u ! microscope--only v small quantities are requir$4 ,butt] c h>dly be describ$ z an int]e/+ object = ! microscope1 nev]!less1 x may be ( use to expla9 ! me?ods ( its exam9ation4 ,a small sample %\ld be plac$ ^u a clean slide1 a drop ( olive oil add$ & ! :ole cov]$ ) a cov] slip :i* may be press$ firmly till ! specim5 =ms b a ?9 lay]4 ,( c\rse ! mo/ important impurities likely to be pres5t are bact]ia b ^! we _c see )\t special prep>ation & we are n deal+ ) bact]ia 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,if our specim5 is 9 a film suffici5tly ?9 to be transp>5t1 & we %\ld h made x s by pressure on ! cov] slip1 we may fir/ ( all exam9e x c>efully = />* gra9s :i*1 by ! way1 %\ld be abs5t4 ,! am\nt & size ( ! drops ( wat]1 :i* e butt] sample conta9s1 are ( importance 9 decid+ its quality4 ,9 good butt] !re are a few scatt]$ drops ( v>i\s sizes2 9 milk-bl5d$ butt] ! wat] globules are all v small & all ( ! same size1 or z ne>ly s z ! eye c judge2 9 butt] conta9+ an excessive am\nt ( wat] ! drops appe> l>ge1 mu* l>g] ?an 9 a normal sample4 ,if we exam9e v>i\s samples1 we %all f9d t "s are mu* m transp>5t ?an o!rs1 ! transp>5t samples be+ fre% butt]4 ,! curd also 9 fre% samples is mu* m f9ely & ev5ly scatt]$ 9 ! field ( view ?an 9 old] samples4 ,r5ovat$ butt]1 t is to say rancid butt] :i* has be5 melt$ & made palatable by =c+ /eam ?r\gh x1 %\ld be exam9$ by oblique light--easily arrang$ by tilt+ ! mirror at an angle--:5 ! curd appe>s z :ite pat*es on a d>k backgr\nd4 ,x is curi\s t "o article ( food1 honey1 is m likely to be pure :5 x conta9s impurities4 ,?is s\nds l a bull b a great deal ( honey is manufactur$ f v>i\s sug>s b n by bees4 ,?is artificial honey conta9s no poll5 gra9s1 9 fact any honey f\nd to be free ( poll5 %\ld be look$ ^u ) suspicion4 ,/>* (t5 occurs 9 artificial honey1 nev] 9 real bee-made honey4 ,to _m foods adult]ants are add$ z pres]vatives1 ! nature & quantity ( su* additions is settl$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,_m foods are pres]v$ ) small quantities ( ,borax or ,boric ,acid4 ,! use ( ,=maldehyde1 =m]ly sold "u ! ,g]man trade "n ( ,=mal91 is n unkn[n b x is v injuri\s4 ,salicylic ,acid :i* 0 =m]ly mu* us$ is be+ supplant$ by ,b5zoic ,acid1 = ! reason t ! latt] is n s easily detect$ & !re=e prosecution = excessive quantities is n s likely to foll[4 ,^! pres]vatives are n easily detect$ by ! microscopi/ unless he be a *emi/ also4 ,z we h already rem>k$ adult]ants are add$ = ! sake ( col\r1 ei!r because ! public dem& c]ta9 col\rs1 or to hide fraud4 ,milk = in/ance1 :5 wat]$1 assumes a *>act]i/ic blue col\r2 to hide ! blue %ade v>i\s dyes1 anetto1 turm]ic or c>rot juice are add$ or "o ( ! anil9e dyes1 products ( coal t>4 ,?is =m ( deception became s common t n[ ! public dem& yell[ milk & butt]4 ,jams made f inf]ior or ov]-ripe fruit are frequ5tly col\r$ ) coal t> dyes1 s also are *eap sweets4 ,oxide ( iron is add$ to pott$ meats1 sauces1 etc41 to improve _! appe>ance4 ,bottl$ peas1 :i* if untreat$ w\ld be ( a yell[i%-gre5 col\r1 are made to appe> bright gre5 by ! addition ( ! poison\s blue vitriol2 =tunately ?is *emical unites ) ! *lorophyll ( ! peas to =m a comp\nd :i* is insoluble 9 ! human body & s no great h>m is done4 ,we may comp>e ! *lorophyll 9 a heal?y1 undoctor$ gre5 pea ) t 9 a pea :i* has be5 treat$ ) blue vitriol2 "u ! microscope we %all notice ! /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,:5 we admire ! beautiful cry/als :i* g to ! mak+ ( a piece ( lump sug> we little dream t1 if ^? cry/als 7 pure !y w\ld be yell[4 ,! h\sewife1 h[ev]1 dem&s h] lump sug> :ite s ultram>9e is add$ to mask ! yell[ col\r & give ! sug> its :ite appe>ance4 ,mo/ ( ^! impurities are difficult or impossible ( detection "u ! microscope2 !y are add$ to give ! food a m pleas+ appe>ance 9 ! fir/ place1 = !re are und\bt$ly c]ta9 p :o pref] to consume food :i* appeals to ! eye1 ?\gh ( d\btful purity1 r ?an unadult]at$ ?\gh p]fectly pure f>e4 ,:5 add$ solely = ! sake ( appe>ance x matt]s little1 b ! habit ( mak+ ^! additions is frequ5tly cultivat$ to hide bad mat]ial & imp]fections 9 manufacture4 ,sometimes adult]ants f9d _! way by accid5t into our food4 ,a good _m ye>s ago numb]s ( p 7 poison$ by dr9k+ be]1 9 "s cases ) fatal results4 ,te/s 7 made & ! be] 0 f\nd to conta9 ars5ic b h[ x got !re rema9$ a my/]y4 ,at l5g? ! glucose1 a k9d ( sug> us$ 9 mak+ be] & add$ also to a good _m ( our foods1 0 f\nd to conta9 ! sub/ance4 ,n[ 9 ! mak+ ( glucose1 sulphuric acid is us$ & 9 ?is p>ticul> case ! impure or comm]cial acid _h be5 tak54 ,?is impure acid frequ5tly conta9s ars5ic &1 9 ! case we m5tion1 ! results ( its use 7 disa/r\s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,bact]ia ,!re is probably no sci5tific "w m w$d$ to ! microscope ?an ! /udy ( bact]ia4 ,we may le>n a great deal ab\t birds or insects or rocks or m9]als1 )\t any in/rum5t b we c le>n little ( ! bact]ia unless !y are highly magnifi$4 ,!re is su* an extraord9>y am\nt ( misconception conc]n+ bact]ia t1 x w be "t well sp5t if we attempt to cle> up all misund]/&+ at ! />t4 ,bact]ia1 (t5 call$ microbes or g]ms1 are look$ ^u ) consid]able awe by mo/ p1 :o associate !m 9 "s vague way ) disease4 ,!re is no d5y+ t _m bact]ia are responsible = c]ta9 diseases2 _m m are p]fectly h>mless & a goodly numb] are exce$+ly useful4 ,to enum]ate all ! bact]ial activities w\ld require a l>ge book b briefly1 ap>t f ! disease-caus+ bact]ia1 !y ent] into ! manufacture ( *eese & butt]1 ( w9e & v9eg>2 !y are ess5tial to brew+ & tann+2 !y act z scav5g]s ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 break+ up a mass ( decay+ animal & vegetable matt] into simple *emical sub/ances :i* c !n be us$ aga9 z food = plants2 "s ( !m also c take a gas call$ nitrog51 f ! air1 & pass x on to gre5 plants4 ,:at are ^! active little creatures8 ,! "q is a natural "o4 ,!y are m]ely v m9ute1 "o-cell$ plants4 ,ea* "o possesses a firm cell-wall1 fill$ ) liv+ matt]2 9 an e>li] *apt]1 we describ$ ! "o call$ protean animalcule &1 al?\gh x 0 compos$ ( b a s+le cell x _h no def9ite wall4 ,?is is "o ( ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 plants & animals1 bo? ( !m are made up ( "o or m1 maybe millions ( cells1 b ea* plant cell is surr\nd$ by a well-def9$ wall1 animal cells h no su* walls4 ,! exact position ( ! bact]ia 9 ! plant _w is /ill op5 to d\bt4 ,mo/ sci5ti/s place !m among/ ! fungi2 =1 ) v few exceptions !y possess no *lorophyll4 ,"o or two ( !m1 h[ev]1 d possess a gre5 col\r+ matt] :i*1 if n *lorophyll is v ne> to x2 on ?is acc\nt o!r sci5ti/s are ( ! op9ion t !y are relat$ to ! seawe$s4 ,x is a matt]1 h[ev]1 t does n conc]n u v deeply1 = our purpose x is suffici5t to "k t !y are plants4 ,:5 !y 7 discov]$1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 !y 7 look$ ^u z m9ute animals & x is curi\s t ! belief has surviv$ ?is long p]iod ( "t 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,long be=e ! activities ( bact]ia 7 connect$ ) v>i\s ph5om5a1 su* z infecti\s diseases1 s\r+ ( milk1 etc41 x 0 ?\ght t ^! *anges 7 br\ght ab\t by *emical action4 ,l _m ( ! e>ly !ories1 ?is "o conta9$ a half tru?1 = a great _m ( ! *anges br\ght ab\t by bact]ia are really due to *emical action initiat$ by ! organisms4 ,9 o!r words1 ! bact]ia set free c]ta9 sub/ances :i* actually cause ! *anges to take place4 ,let u make our /atem5t cle> by a simple exp]im5t4 ,to a little fre% milk we add a weak acid1 ! milk curdles at once & by dipp+ a piece ( litmus pap] 7obta9$ at any *emi/'s7 into ! mixture1 x w turn r$1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( acid4 ,litmus1 by ! way1 is obta9$ f a li*52 9 ! pres5ce ( acid x is r$1 an alkali1 ! opposite ( an acid1 turns x blue4 ,9 a neutral solution1 t is to say "o t is nei!r acid nor alkal9e1 litmus is ( a purpli% hue4 ,to cont9ue our exp]im5t1 we all[ ano!r sample ( ! same milk to /& = a day or two 9 a w>m1 d>k place & aga9 ! milk w be curdl$4 ,a te/ ) ! litmus w %[ t ! solution is acid4 ,! bact]ia !mselves h n curdl$ ! milk b !y h lib]at$ a sub/ance1 call$ a f]m5t1 :i* has split up "p ( ! milk into an acid1 among/ o!r ?+s & t acid has actually done ! curdl+4 ,= ?is reason1 weak alkalies are sometimes add$ to milk4 ,acids & alkalies1 ( equal /r5g? =m neutral solutions1 s t1 :5 ! milk bact]ia beg9 _! activities :i* result 9 ! =mation ( acid1 x is at once made neutral by ! alkali4 ,by ?is means1 curdl+ is po/pon$ = a little :ile1 ?\gh !re comes a "t1 ( c\rse1 :5 all ! alkali is us$ up1 !n ! acid ga9s ! upp] h& & curdl+ takes place4 ,we c\ld if we wi%$ cont9ue add+ m & m alkali to keep pace ) ! =mation ( acid1 b too mu* alkali w\ld be z unpalatable z too mu* acid1 s no?+ w\ld be ga9$4 ,be=e we br+ out our microscope to exam9e ^! l[ly plants1 we w fir/ ( all kill a my? :i* has surviv$1 9 ! non-sci5tific m9d1 s9ce ! eighte5? c5tury & !n describe briefly ! life hi/ory ( a typical bact]ium4 ,n[ = ! my?4 ,bact]ia are s m9ute1 _! activities s great & ! results ( _! activities s f> rea*+1 t x is h>dly surpris+ to le>n t1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 bact]ia are suppos$ simply 8to happ540 ,we talk ( ?und] turn+ milk s\r1 b ?und] c no m s\r milk ?an c a pass+ tra9 or an air raid or a bur/ 9 a wat] ma94 ,true1 milk turns s\r m quickly 9 ?und]y wea!r ?an 9 fro/y wea!r1 because1 :5 ?und] ?reat5s1 ! air is w>m & ! milk-s\r+ bact]ia increase m rapidly 9 w>m wea!r ?an 9 cold4 ,we mu/ rememb] always t bact]ia are liv+ be+s & 9 common ) all o!r liv+ ?+s !y mu/ h p>5ts4 ,:at probably took place at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w we _c consid] "h b "o ?+ is c]ta9 t1 at ! pres5t day1 no liv+ matt] is produc$ f non-liv+ matt]2 8life f life0 is ! only !ory t w /& sci5tific te/s & ?is has be5 ! case ev] s9ce ! simple/ microscopes 7 ?\ght ( & ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e t4 ,any sub/ance1 h[ev] liable to decay1 if r5d]$ g]m free & kept g]m free1 w reta9 its fre% condition indef9itely4 ,c\ld bact]ia or g]ms1 call !m :at y w1 simply happ5 x w\ld be useless attempt+ to fight aga9/ !m4 ,bact]ia are ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! wat] we dr9k1 9 ! milk1 butt]1 *eese & 9 du/4 ,we _c avoid !m1 try z we w2 x is =tunate1 !re=e1 t ! majority are h>mless4 ,y may be surpris$ t1 ) ?is ubiquity1 y h nev] se5 "o4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y le>n t mo/ ( !m are only ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s&?s ( an in* long & t a ?\s& million ( !m c\ld be pack$ com=tably into a little box1 ^: sides measur$ b a tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 x is n really s surpris+ aft] all4 ,be+ s small1 ! activities ( a s+le bact]ium are insignificant2 t 8union is /r5g?0 0 nev] bett] exemplifi$ ?an among/ ^! l[ly plants4 ,!re are no male & female bact]ia1 9 ! majority ( cases !y increase by splitt+1 9 fact !y are (t5 call$ splitt+ plants4 ,! *ange may be wat*$ "u ! microscope4 ,! plant elongates some:at1 x becomes n>r[] & n>r[] 9 ! middle1 x develops a wai/ 9 fact2 f9ally ! two halves "p company & ea* "o leads a sep>ate exi/5ce z a bact]ium4 ,?is splitt+ progresses at an extraord9>y rate4 ,a celebrat$ sci5ti/ once wrote3 8,let u assume t a microbe divides into two )9 an h\r1 ^! two into f\r 9 ! next h\r1 ^! aga9 into eight 9 ! ?ird h\r & s on4 ,! numb] ( microbes ?us produc$ 9 #bd h\rs w\ld exce$ #af-a_/b millions2 9 two days !y w\ld increase to #dg trillions1 & 9 a week ! numb] express+ !m w\ld be made up ( #ea figures4 ,at ! end ( a day 7#bd h\rs7 ! microbes desc5d$ f a s+le individual w\ld occupy "o =tie? ( a holl[ cube ) edges "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in* long1 b at ! end ( ! foll[+ day w\ld fill a space ( tw5ty-sev5 cubic in*es1 & 9 less ?an five days _! volume w\ld equal t ( ! ocean40 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t ^! al>m+ figures repres5t :at w\ld happ5 if no accid5t befell ! bact]ia1 !y %[ ! enorm\s vitality possess$ by ! smalle/ ( all plants4 ,ev5 all[+ = misadv5ture _! increase is al>m+2 actual te/s1 ) a sample ( milk conta9+ orig9ally #aec1jjj bact]ia p] cubic in*1 %[ t ! cubic in* conta9$ aft] "o h\r1 #eci1gej2 aft] two h\rs1 #faf1bej2 aft] sev5 h\rs1 #a1jbj1jjj2 aft] n9e h\rs #b1jdj1jjj & aft] #be h\rs #he1jjj1jjj individuals4 ,! writ] :om we h j quot$ calculat$ t a s+le bact]ium weighs ab\t #j4jjj1jjj1jjj1jbd1bdc1fgb ( a gra91 t =ty ?\s& millions weigh "o gra9 & t two hundr$ & eighty-n9e billions weigh a p\nd4 ,! desc5dants ( "o bact]ium weigh #a_/bfff ( a gra91 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 m ?an a p\nd aft] two days1 & sixte5 & a half million p\nds aft] ?ree days4 ,! assumption 9 ?is case1 also1 is t no h>m comes to any ( !m2 ! mortality among/ bact]ia is1 cle>ly1 v great4 ,sometimes1 ow+ to ext]nal conditions1 su* z lack ( food c]ta9 bact]ia produce spores4 ,! p[] ( spore =mation is n possess$ by all bact]ia & ^? :i* are able to br+ x ab\t are difficult to kill = ! spores1 :i* conta9 ! liv+ mat]ial ( ! bact]ium are surr\nd$ ) walls :i* w resi/ boil+1 dry+1 freez+ & all mann] ( ill treatm5t4 ,! spore =mation ( bact]ia is v simple1 all or "p ( ! liv+ cont5ts ( ! bact]ium becomes surr\nd$ by a t\gh wall & rema9s s surr\nd$ till circum/ances are fav\rable1 :5 ! wall bur/s1 its cont5ts escapes & becomes a bact]ium1 capable ( f\nd+ a new colony by ! me?od ( splitt+ we h already describ$4 ,n[ let u try to f9d out :at sort ( plants we are to look =1 :5 we are se>*+ = bact]ia1 "u our microscope4 ,!y exi/ 9 _m =ms1 to :i* special names h be5 appli$1 & x is un=tunate t1 v (t51 _! ext]nal =m v>ies accord+ to _! /ate1 ?us a bact]ium may be sph]ical :5 "y & rod %ap$ :5 old]4 ,"s bact]ia are sph]ical & are kn[n z ,cocci or ,micrococci1 f ,greek words mean+ a b]ry or a little b]ry respectively2 sometimes ^! sph]ical bact]ia occur 9 pairs1 !n !y are call$ ,diplococci 7d\ble b]ries72 or 9 *a9s1 ,/reptococci 7*a9 b]ries72 or 9 bun*es1 ,/aphylococci 7grape b]ries74 ,!y may resemble %ort rods1 :5 !y are call$ ,bact]ia1 a "n1 by ! way1 :i* is also appli$ g5]ally to all microbes2 !y may1 on ! o!r h&1 h ! appe>ance ( long] rods & !n !y are call$ ,bacilli4 ,"s ( ^! long] rods may be curv$ or ev5 corkscrew %ap$ :5 !y are kn[n by ! "n ( ,spirilla4 ,r fe>some names "s ( ^! we fe> & we wi%$ to avoid long names1 b !y appe> ov] & ov] aga9 9 books & pap]s relat+ to bact]ia s we are compell$ to introduce !m to our pages4 ,_m bact]ia possess no p[] ( movem5t1 o!rs swim rapidly1 by ! aid ( ! la%+ movem5t ( little :ip-l /ructures ) :i* !y are furni%$4 ,aft] all ?is preamble1 :i* we hope has cle>$ up c]ta9 misconceptions reg>d+ bact]ia & has giv5 ! read] "s insight into _! habits1 we may proce$ to ! exam9ation ( "s ( ! plants !mselves4 ,at ! outset we h a confession to make4 ,bact]ia c only be /udi$ s]i\sly1 by ^? :o possess v exp5sive & elaborate app>atus2 consid]able te*nical skill is requir$ to prep>e ! plants = exam9ation--_m ( !m inde$ c only be se5 aft] !y h be5 /a9$ & la/ly1 to trifle ) ! disease-caus+ memb]s ( ! family may lead to dang]\s if n fatal results4 ,hav+ issu$ our w>n+ let u see :at we c d 9 ! way ( microscopic inve/igation4 ,! easie/ subject ) :i* to make a />t is ! ,hay ,bacillus1 ,bacillus ,subtilis1 n because x is ! l>ge/ ( ! bact]ia by any means1 b because x is v easily obta9$4 ,ea* plant measures ab\t five ?\s&?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 s we %all require a high magnification to exam9e x4 ,hav+ obta9$ a small quantity ( hay1 we mu/ boil x 9 wat] = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r & !n set x aside = "s h\rs4 ,9 due c\rse ! wat] w conta9 hundr$s ^u hundr$s ( bact]ia or1 speak+ m correctly1 ( bacilli4 ,= our "w1 we %all require a special k9d ( microscope slide2 in/ead ( ! piece ( pla9 glass we h be5 accu/om$ to use we mu/ obta9 "o ) a circul> portion1 holl[$ out f ! c5tre4 ,hav+ done s1 we take a clean glass rod &1 ) x1 transf] a drop ( ! wat]1 conta9+ ! bacilli1 to ! c5tre ( a clean cov]slip4 ,inv]t ! cov]slip s t ! drop is on ! l[] surface & place x ov] ! holl[ portion ( ! slide1 9 su* a mann] t ! drop /ill rema9s susp5d$ f ! cov]slip2 ?is is kn[n z ! hang+-drop me?od & requires "s little skill to accompli% satisfactorily4 ,:5 our slide is prep>$1 ) a magnification ( at lea/ "o ?\s& diamet]s1 we may reasonably hope t our tr\ble w be rew>d$4 ,at fir/ we %all probably see no?+4 ,we recall t we _h "s difficulty 9 exam9+ />* gra9s1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t !y 7 col\rless4 ,?is "t we are deal+ ) a f> m difficult subject4 ,:5 our eyes become accu/om$ to ! light1 h[ev]1 we %all be consci\s t !re is some?+ mov+ 9 our drop ( wat]4 ,! ,hay ,bacillus is "o ( ! mov+ =ms1 ea* individual is furni%$ ) a numb] ( little :ips ^: la%+s enable x to travel ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! :ips _c be se5 9 un/a9$ bacilli2 exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 tells u t !y are !re1 = all ^! l[ly plants :i* %[ movem5t are se5 :5 /a9$1 to possess ! little :ips4 ,! process ( /a9+ kills ! plants s t we _c see ! little :ips 9 action4 ,hav+ detect$ t movem5t is tak+ place1 a little adju/m5t ( focus & a fur!r se>* w reveal ! bacilli to u1 z little rod-l1 col\rless individuals4 ,we %all see _! cell cont5ts if !y are suffici5tly highly magnifi$ & also _! cell walls4 ,we may ev5 obs]ve !m splitt+1 ea* "o into two individuals4 ,we mu/ keep our sample ( wat] = lat] exam9ation4 ,9 fact1 we may exam9e drops f day to day1 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,aft] a %ort lapse ( "t we %all notice t ! bact]ia h increas$ to an al>m+ ext5t & also t !y no long] swim ab\t4 ,at ?is p]iod !y t5d to arrange !mselves 9 *a9s l5g?wise1 _! cell walls also lose _! cle> cut appe>ance & become jelly l1 yet )al !y may /ill cont9ue to split up4 ,if we n[ exam9e ! wat] f :i* we h tak5 our drop we %all probably f9d a scum float+ on ! surface2 x consi/s ( millions ^u millions ( hay bacilli1 huddl$ toge!r s to speak4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( ! end = !m1 n\ri%m5t is becom+ sc>ce & important *anges are ab\t to take place4 ,let u cont9ue our exam9ation day by day1 t we may discov] :at is happ5+4 ,be=e long1 we %all f9d t )9 ea* cell wall1 :i* is no long] jelly l1 !re is a d>k] cell cont5ts ?an we saw be=e4 ,! bacilli h1 9 fact1 =m$ spores4 ,n[ we may plug our bottle conta9+ ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 ) cotton wool & set x aside = "s mon?s if we wi%4 ,at ! end ( t "t1 by p\r+ a fre% supply ( wat] ^u ! spores1 we may />t !m all into a new vitality & ! :ole process w be repeat$4 ,we h m5tion$ t bact]ia %\ld be /a9$1 9 ord] to make _! pres5ce m easily detect$4 ,?is is h>dly ! place to ent] into a l5g?y discussion conc]n+ ! me?ods ( /a9+ b1 = ! b5efit ( our read]s1 :o wi% to pursue ! subject fur!r1 we w /ate z concisely z possible h[ simple /a9+ may be accompli%$4 ,our requirem5ts are1 a pair ( ,cornet's =ceps1 two small bottles ( /a91 say ,c>bol-,fu*s9 & ,me?yl5e ,blue & a l>g] bottle ( #a_/b p] c5t4 ,acetic acid2 ^! may be obta9$ f ! firm :o suppli$ our microscope &1 = ! beg9n] at anyrate1 x is *eap] to buy ! solutions ready made1 ?an to attempt to make !m up at home4 ,slides & cov] slips1 we require1 ( c\rse1 & !y mu/ be absolutely grease pro(2 x may be necess>y to boil !m 9 a /rong solution ( cau/ic soda to effect ?is result4 ,a small bottle ( ,canada ,balsam completes our requirem5ts4 ,%\ld we wi% to exam9e a drop ( milk = bact]ia1 we proce$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,) ! aid ( ! ,cornet's =ceps pick up two cov] slips1 place a drop ( milk on "o & cov] ) ! o!r4 ,) ?umb & f+] br+ ! glasses into close contact1 s t ! milk =ms a ?9 film4 ,slide "o glass f ! o!r & set aside1 milk side upw>ds1 till dry4 ,next take ea* cov] slip1 sep>ately1 9 ! =ceps & pass rapidly two or ?ree times ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp1 ?is fixes ! bact]ia1 if any be pres5t1 to ! glass4 ,n[ hav+ p\r$ a little ( ! /a91 say me?yl5e blue1 into a %all[ vessel1 a sauc] w d1 we place our cov] slips !re9 = two m9utes or s4 ,!n1 remove !m ) ! =ceps1 wa% 9 wat] till no m /a9 comes away & set aside to dry4 ,:5 dry1 take a clean slide1 place a small drop ( ,canada ,balsam at its c5tre & g5tly l[] ! cov] slip !reon1 /a9$ side d[nw>ds4 ,if we n[ exam9e our slide "u a high magnification1 we %all easily be able to see :e!r bact]ia are pres5t or n4 ,%\ld our prep>ation be too deeply /a9$1 a good slide w %[ ! bact]ia /a9$ blue aga9/ an almo/ col\rless backgr\nd1 we mu/ imm]se our second prep>ation = a few mom5ts 9 a little ( ! #a_/b p] c5t4 acetic acid :i* w h ! effect ( remov+ ! excess ( /a92 !n1 aft] wa%+ & dry+1 we proce$ z be=e4 ,beautiful d\ble /a9+ may be p]=m$ by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,9 addition to ! *emicals we already possess we %all require "s #e p] c5t4 acetic acid4 ,d\ble /a9+ is especially useful = spore-=m+ bact]ia1 s we may take "s ( ! ,hay ,bacillus at spor+ "t4 ,proce$ exactly z describ$ above sub/itut+1 ( c\rse1 a drop ( wat] kn[n to conta9 ! bacilli = ! drop ( milk4 ,:5 ! two cov] slips are ready = /a9+1 w>m "s ( ! ,c>bol-,fu*s9 9 a sauc] & leave ! cov] slip !re9 = five m9utes1 !n transf] to a #e p] c5t4 solution ( ,acetic ,acid till all ! /a9 appe>s to be remov$1 aft]w>ds wa% 9 wat]4 ,! cov] slips mu/ next be imm]s$ = a few m9utes1 two %\ld be long en\gh1 9 ,me?yl5e blue solution1 !n wa%$ &1 :5 dry1 m\nt$ on a slide ) ,canada ,balsam1 z describ$ above4 ,if ! /a9+ has be5 prop]ly c>ri$ out1 we %all h a mo/ beautiful prep>ation1 %[+ spores /a9$ r$ & ! re/ ( ! bacilli blue4 ,! "w t may be done ) bact]ia is limitless b1 to advance v f>1 we %all ne$ facilities = obta9+ :at are kn[n z 8pure cultures40 ,let u make ! t]m cle>4 ,suppose we take milk1 wat]1 butt]1 any?+ 9 fact ^u :i* bact]ia w gr[ & exam9e !m c>efully4 ,if we h ! requisite k & recognise :at we see1 we %all f9d n "o k9d ( bact]ium b a numb] ( diff]5t bact]ia4 ,n[ by c]ta9 manipulations1 :i* ne$ n be describ$ "h1 all ! diff]5t k9ds ( bact]ia may be sort$ out1 s t we h colonies consi/+ ( "o k9d ( bact]ium only & su* a colony is kn[n z a 8pure culture40 ,9 practice1 bact]iologi/s d n use ! r\gh & ready me?ods t we us$ 9 deal+ ) ! ,hay ,bacillus4 ,!y prep>e pure cultures & cultivate ! bact]ia on v>i\s sub/ances1 diff]+ m>k$ly f ^? on :i* !y orig9ally liv$4 ,= example1 a jelly-l sub/ance1 ma9ly compos$ ( beef bro? & gelat9e is "o ( ! fav\rite sub/ances on :i* to gr[ bact]ia1 milk is also us$ 9 "s cases & also slices ( potato4 ,all ?is may seem to h little to d ) ! microscope1 b inde$ ! bact]iologi/ relies z mu* on ! behavi\r ( 8 pure cultures1 gr[+ on gelat9e1 etc41 z on _! appe>ance "u ! microscope4 ,"s bact]ia w n gr[ on ! surface ( ! gelat9e b only 9 ! body ( ! sub/ance1 :]e air _c rea* !m2 o!rs cause ! gelat9e to become liquid2 o!rs give (f a *>act]i/ic smell or imp>t a well-m>k$ col\r to _! food mat]ial2 a few ev5 cause ! gelat9e to become lum9\s4 ,^! easily se5 *>act]s are q z typical ( ! v>i\s bact]ia :i* br+ !m ab\t z are ! microscopic *>act]s2 9 fact x sometimes happ5s t only by a comb9ation ( ! two is x possible to be c]ta9 ( :at "o has obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,m$ical ,,"w ,,) ,,! ,,microscope ,to ! m$ical man1 a microscope is all important4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is absolutely necess>y = him to h an accurate k ( ! human body2 he mu/ be able to recognise heal?y blood1 he mu/ "k ! v>i$ cells compos+ muscle & bone1 etc4 ,!n aga9 ! m$ical aspect ( bact]iology is all important2 we h devot$ a sep>ate *apt] to bact]ia & !re we w>n$ our read]s n to look ^u all bact]ia z h>mful1 nev]!less1 ! h>mful ones are all important 9 m$ical "w4 ,( rec5t ye>s a k ( ! /ructure & habits ( c]ta9 insects has become an important bran* ( m$ic9e = _m ( ^! creatures c>ry diseases f "o pati5t to ano!r4 ,?is bran* ( m$ic9e is m important 9 ! tropics ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 = mo/ ( ! really h>mful insects live 9 w>m c\ntries4 ,a numb] ( l[ly animals claim att5tion f ! m$ical man = !y are p>asites ( ! human body2 _m fungi1 too1 cause disease4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( *emical "w ) ! microscope also falls to ! lot ( ! m$ical man4 ,we h /at$ _m times 9 our pages t1 bo? plants & animals1 are made up ( "o or m cells & t ! cells ( plants are ea* surr\nd$ by a m or less rigid cell wall1 :il/ ^? ( animals h no def9ite cell wall4 ,z a />t 9 our m$ical inve/igations we may exam9e "s cells f our own p]son4 ,!re is no ne$ = al>m1 ! op]ation is q pa9less4 ,aft] hav+ prep>$ our microscope & got ready a clean slide1 on :i* we place a drop ( clean wat]1 we mu/ take "s clean1 blunt in/rum5t su* z a too?-bru% h&le & g5tly scrape ! inside ( ! *eek4 ,hav+ done s1 dip ! "p ( ! too?-bru% ) :i* ! scrap+ has be5 done1 9 ! drop ( wat]1 !n cov] ! wat] ) a cov] slip4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( our object ) a fairly high magnification w %[ t1 ?\gh ! scrap+ 0 v g5tle & q pa9less1 some?+ has be5 remov$ f ! m\?4 ,we %all see a numb] ( cells1 some:at ov]lapp+ l ! tiles ( a ro(4 ,!y are almo/ col\rless1 & h ill-def9$ m>g9s1 c]ta9ly no cell wall1 & ea* cell conta9s a d>k spot ne> its c5tre4 ,^! cells f our own p]son w give u a good idea ( ! appe>ance ( animal cells1 = we are animals1 mu* z we may dislike ! idea4 ,! d>k spot 9 ! middle ( ea* cell is call$ a nucleus1 x is ! mo/ active "p ( ! cell & :5 ! latt] is ab\t to divide1 z x does :5 gr[? takes place1 ! nucleus always divides fir/4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,cry/als ,,f ,,human ,,blood ,x is (t5 possible to id5tify ! s\rce ( blood by means ( cry/als :i* c be obta9$ f x1 = ea* race ( animal has its own special =m ( blood cry/al4 ,! l>ge cry/al at ! m>g9 exhibits ! typical %ape4 #b4 ,,cry/als ,,f ,,! ,,blood ,,( ,,! ,,baboon ,^! %[ "s resemblance to human blood4 ,n[ we may p]=m ano!r op]ation ^u ourselves1 r m pa9ful ?an ! la/ "o b n v s]i\s4 ,we wi% to exam9e "s human blood1 s we tie a h&k]*ief tightly r\nd "o ( our f+]s & ) a clean ne$le--be sure t x is clean--make a puncture 9 ! f+] tip4 ,! h&k]*ief b&age w prev5t our feel+ any pa94 ,we mu/ put ! drop ( blood we h obta9$ 9 ! c5tre ( a clean slide & exam9e x "u ! microscope4 ,:ile ! blood is /ill liquid1 we %all see a numb] ( circul> discs float+ ab\t1 !y are v small be+ only #a_/cbjj in* 9 diamet]4 ,! c5tre ( ea* disc appe>s d>k] ?an ! rim1 b ?is d>k] %ade is only app>5t4 ,us+ a t]m we introduc$ 9 our *apt] on ! l5s1 we may call ! discs d\ble concave4 ,n[ let u wat* our objects = a mom5t & we %all notice t !y beg9 to arrange !mselves 9 *a9s1 !y appe> l a numb] ( draughtsm5 plac$ "o ^u ! o!r1 our drop ( blood is n[ beg9n+ to clot4 ,a simple exp]im5t may be attempt$ at ?is /age2 we mu/ run a drop ( wat] on to our little blood discs & wat* c>efully :at happ5s4 ,we %all see t !y *ange _! %ape gradually1 f be+ d\ble concave !y become flat sid$1 & ?is is n all1 = !y cont9ue to *ange till bo? sides bulge outw>ds & !y may be describ$ z d\ble convex4 ,^! little discs are kn[n z r$ blood corpuscles4 ,_! %ape is "s indication ( ! animal to :i* !y belong2 ^? ( man1 z we h se51 are circul> & s are ^? ( mo/ ( ! high] animals1 except ! camel tribe1 :i* has oval1 r$ blood corpuscles4 ,birds1 reptiles & fi%es h corpuscles agree+ 9 %ape ) ^? ( ! camel4 ,9 size !re is a great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! corpuscles ( v>i\s animals2 a memb] ( ! de] family has ! smalle/ & a creature relat$ to our ,newts1 call$ ,proteus1 has ! l>ge/4 ,! size ( ! blood corpuscles be>s no relation to ! size ( ! animal to :i* !y belong1 ^? ( ! frog measure #a_/aajh in*1 or ne>ly ?ree times ! size ( ! r$ blood corpuscles ( man4 ,)\t mu* difficulty x %\ld be possible to obta9 o!r samples ( blood & ! r$ corpuscles %\ld always be exam9$1 ne$less to say ! blood %\ld always be 9 a fre% condition4 ,9 addition to ! r$ corpuscles we may notice a few small] circul> bodies1 !y are ! :ite corpuscles4 ,if we h any difficulty 9 f9d+ !m 9 our own blood1 we c exam9e ano!r specim5 ( frog's blood1 9 :i* !y are m easily se54 ,x has be5 calculat$ t 9 a cubic in* ( blood f a heal?y human be+ !re are eighty millions ( r$ & a qu>t] ( a million ( :ite blood corpuscles4 ,al?\gh !re is su* an enorm\s diff]5ce 9 ! sizes ( r$ corpuscles f v>i\s animals1 ! :ite corpuscles are rem>kably con/ant1 measur+ ab\t #a_/cjjj in* 9 w>m-blood$ animals & #a_/bejj in* 9 reptiles4 ,sometimes1 z we are exam9+ ! :ite blood corpuscles "u ! microscope1 we %all notice t !y behave 9 a simil> mann] to ! ,proteus ,animalcule1 :i* we describ$ 9 our *apt] on ,pond ,life4 ,a k9d ( creep+ motion takes place & ! corpuscle loses its circul> %ape4 ,9 our own blood ?is movem5t la/s b a v few mom5ts1 9 frogs' blood1 by keep+ our slide mod]ately w>m1 we may witness ! movem5t = "s "t4 ,x is p]fectly easy to wat* ! circulation ( blood 9 ! foot ( a frog4 ,= ?is purpose we require a piece ( app>atus kn[n z a frog plate1 ?is is m]ely a flat brass plate p]=at$ ) a numb] ( holes1 ?r\gh :i* tape is pass$ to b9d ! frog d[n & hav+ also a hole ! size ( ! op5+ 9 ! microscope /age1 into :i* a circle ( glass is usually fitt$4 ,su* a plate may be made ( wood & w s]ve our purpose q z well z ! m exp5sive brass plate4 ,we mu/ b9d our frog firmly1 b n too tightly ) wet rag1 leav+ "o leg expos$4 ,?is free leg mu/ n[ be fa/5$ 9 su* a mann] t "o ( ! webs betwe5 its toes comes ov] ! op5+ 9 ! plate1 f9ally ! toes mu/ be c>efully ti$ ) /r+ s t !y rema9 ap>t & ! web is fully exp&$4 ,hav+ fix$ our frog 9 a satisfactory position let u exam9e 8 blood-vessels "u a fairly high p[]4 ,we %all f9d t !re are l>ge & small vessels 9 8 webb$ foot2 we w devote our obs]vation to ! small vessels1 call$ capill>ies1 f ! ,lat9 ,capillus1 a hair1 because ( _! small size4 ,probably ! blood w n fl[ :5 we make our fir/ exam9ation & ?is po9ts to "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r ! frog is b\nd too tightly or he has n recov]$ f ! al>m he exp]i5c$ at 8 treatm5t4 ,9 ! latt] ev5t he w n be long recov]+ & 8 blood circulation w soon be 9 full work+ ord]2 9 ! =m] case1 we mu/ loos5 8 b&ages4 ,9 "s ( ! v small blood-vessels we %all notice t ! blood always fl[s 9 "o direction1 9 o!rs x does n appe> to h any def9ite direction4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 we c see ! r$ corpuscles fl[+ rapidly along ! c5tral /ream ( ! blood-vessel :il/ ! :ite corpuscles travel mu* m sl[ly along ! sides4 ,! m$ical man may be call$ ^u to decide two que/ions conc]n+ human blood2 he may wi% to "k :e!r x is heal?y &1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 crimes1 he mu/ be able to /ate positively :e!r c]ta9 /a9s are caus$ by human blood or n4 ,deal+ ) ^! que/ions 9 ord]1 let u see h[ we w\ld proce$4 ,!re are _m p1 f> too _m 9 t[ns :o are describ$ z bloodless1 ! expression is ( c\rse an exagg]ation = no bloodless p]son c\ld cont9ue to exi/4 ,:at really happ5s is t su* p are defici5t 9 r$ blood corpuscles4 ,if we exam9e two samples ( blood1 "o f a p]fectly heal?y subject & "o f a s-call$ bloodless subject we %all probably n be able to detect any diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 b ! exp]i5c$ m$ical man w soon see t "o sample has too few r$ blood corpuscles4 ,an unheal?y /ate ( ! blood is (t5 indicat$ by ! %ape ( ! blood cry/als4 ,let u see h[ we may obta9 "s ( ^! cry/als4 ,if we add a drop ( e!r to our drop ( blood ^u ! slide1 & wait a few mom5ts till ! e!r has evaporat$1 we %all notice :5 we exam9e our object aga91 "u a high magnification1 t a numb] ( prismatic cry/als h =m$1 especially t[>ds ! edges ( ! slide4 ,n[ 9 c]ta9 diseases ( ! blood1 ^! cry/als are no long] =m$ 9 _! usual %ape1 ?us po9t+ out to ! m$ical man t some?+ is amiss4 ,aga9 !re are _m blood p>asites j z !re are ext]nal p>asites ( man4 ,9 ! disease kn[n z mal>ia1 v small p>asites are introduc$ into ! blood by mosquitoes4 ,ea* ( ^! little p>asites ent]s a r$ blood corpuscle1 divides up into _m small] individuals1 causes ! corpuscles to bur/1 !n ea* little p>asite attacks m corpuscles4 ,"s ( ^! little bodies are suck$ up1 along ) ! blood ( mal>ia pati5ts1 by o!r mosquitoes &1 if ! insects are ( ! p>ticul> k9d :i* spread mal>ia1 ! p>asites complete _! developm5t )9 ! mosquito4 ,pati5ts suff]+ f t t]rible ,african malady kn[n z sleep+ sickness1 h blood p>asites resembl+ m9ute eels ) long ?readlike tails4 ,^! p>asites are ! cause ( ! malady & are introduc$ into ! blood by flies1 closely relat$ to h\se flies4 ,!re are a v l>ge numb] ( blood p>asites ( "o k9d & ano!r1 s x is cle> t a k ( blood is v important to ! m$ical man4 ,f our rem>ks conc]n+ ! sizes ( ! r$ corpuscles 9 ! blood ( man & v>i\s animals1 "o might be excus$ f ?9k+ t x w\ld be q easy = anyone ) a little exp]i5ce to recognise human blood4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is v difficult1 x is always a d\btful matt] to rely ^u size alone4 ,we h m5tion$ blood cry/als & ^! give u a slightly bett] clue to ! orig9 ( ! blood1 = ! blood cry/als ( diff]5t animals v>y 9 %ape1 f> m ?an _! corpuscles4 ,^? ( ! gu9ea-pig1 = example1 are little f\r sid$ pyramids2 ^? ( ! m\se1 eight sid$ & s on4 ,"s apes1 h[ev]1 h blood cry/als v simil> to ^? ( man1 s simil> t ! two may be confus$4 ,! microscopi/ :o is compell$ to give an op9ion conc]n+ ! orig9 ( a sample ( blood1 especially blood :i* is "s days old1 is fac$ ) no light task4 ,)\t ! assi/ance ( ! microscope1 m$ical m5 w\ld nev] h discov]$ ! cause ( _m ( ^! insect-borne diseases1 !y c\ld nev] h trac$ ! developm5t ( ! blood p>asites 9 ! bodies ( insects4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 ?\ght t ! disease mal>ia 0 caus$ by ! damp air ( l[-ly+ l&1 9 fact ! ^w mal>ia is d]iv$ f two ,italian words mean+ bad air4 ,x 0 n till ! adv5t ( ! microscope t ! true cause ( ! disease 0 le>n$ & ! discov]y 0 made t ! only connection betwe5 ! malady & dampness is t ! mosquitoes :i* c>ry ! disease c only ?rive 9 damp situations4 ,m$ical "w ) ! microscope also entails a /udy ( ext]nal & int]nal p>asites ( man o!r ?an ^? :i* infe/ ! blood4 ,"s ( ! l>g] human p>asites we "k only too well1 !y =ce _! unpleasant att5tions ^u u f "t to "t1 b =tunately !y are n z a rule s]i\s & are soon got rid (4 ,! cleane/ ( u1 9 ^! days ( univ]sal travel1 _c avoid ! visitations ( ! lively flea1 he is at wor/ an annoy+ companion1 b he has a c\s9 :o is responsible = ! pass+ ( ! g]ms ( ! dread$ plague f rats to man4 ,plague long rema9$ a my/]y1 :i*1 )\t ! help ( ! microscope1 w\ld probably h rema9$ unsolv$ to ?is day4 ,_m ( ^! app>5tly h>mless blood-suck+ insects may prove to be disease c>ri]s1 z m$ical k & microscopic inve/igation is br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,! majority ( ! small] ext]nal p>asites are beyond ! rea* ( ! amateur microscopi/4 ,a numb] ( c\rse are available to m$ical /ud5ts1 b we write = ! ord9>y en?usia/ & n = ! speciali/4 ,_m int]e/+ little mites1 closely alli$ to ! *eese-mites1 cause sk9 diseases & ! creatures !mselves z well z _! tunnels 9 ! sk9 are int]e/+4 ,!re is "o little p>asite :i* we ne>ly all ( u c>ry )\t kn[+ x1 & x makes q an int]e/+ object = ! microscope4 ,its "n is ,demodex ,folliculorum & x dwells 9 ! sweat gl&s1 especially ^? r\nd ab\t ! nose4 ,x is v m9ute & requires a high magnification = its exam9ation4 ,! adult is worm-l & tap]+ 9 ! h9d] two-?irds ( its body1 :il/ ! front ?ird1 to :i* is atta*$ f\r pairs ( %ort1 fle%y legs1 is /\t]4 ,f ! eggs :i* may be he>t or sp9dle %ap$1 little six-legg$ grubs arise2 lat] ^! grubs *ange into ! eight-legg$ adults4 ,all ! *anges take place 9 ! sweat gl&s1 & ! creatures live ) _! heads turn$ away f ! gore ( ! gl&4 ,to obs]ve ^! /range little creatures x is only necess>y to squeeze "s ( ! :ite congeal$ p]spiration f "o ( ^! gl&s on to a slide1 coy] x ) a drop ( oil or xylol & spread out ! object ) a ne$le4 ,by cutt+ d[n ! light consid]ably by means ( ! diaphragm1 we %all be able to di/+ui% all ! /ages ( ^! little creatures :i*1 unbidd51 %>e our lives4 ,o!r p>asites come to u 9 our food &1 ( ^!1 "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s is kn[n z ,tri*9ella ,spiralis & gives rise to a disease kn[n z tri*9osis4 ,we ne$ n give a precise acc\nt ( ! life hi/ory ( ?is int]e/+ worm1 x w suffice = our purpose to "k t x f9ds its way into ! bodies ( human be+s1 9 badly cook$ pork or 9 improp]ly cur$ ham or bacon4 ,! little worm is only ab\t #a_/be in* long &1 at fir/1 dwells 9 ! inte/9es ( ! pig4 ,ea* female produces upw>ds ( fifte5 ?\s& "y & ^! pass into ! blood ( _! ho/ & !nce to its muscles4 ,snugly coil$ into a spiral betwe5 ! muscle fibres1 ea* "y worm becomes surr\nd$ ) a lemon-%ap$ cov]+1 :i* is exce$+ly resi/ant4 ,suppose n[ a human be+ %\ld happ5 to eat su* pork1 ! juices ( ! /oma* w\ld dissolve ! pork & also ! little case enclos+ ! p>asite4 ,once set free 9 ! human body1 ! :ole proce$+ is repeat$ &1 at la/1 ! result is v sev]e muscul> pa9s = ! victim4 ,! m$ical man is call$ ^u to /udy su* p>asites z ,tri*9ella1 & !y are n s uncommon z "o might ?9k4 ,9 addition to animal p>asites m$ical sci5ce dem&s a k ( _m disease br++ fungi4 ,"o ( ! commone/ is ! fungus responsible = ! unpleasant malady call$ r+worm4 ,b we h writt5 suffici5t to %[ t ! g5]al practition] ne$s 8 microscope always by 8 side4 ,n only s b v _m in/rum5ts he uses 9 8 "w1 ?\gh call$ by o!r names1 are really microscopes adapt$ = special purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,agriculture ,probably !re are n _m f>m]s :o use a microscope & few] /ill :o use "o to help !m 9 _! bus9ess1 yet !re are few p to :om "o ( ^! in/rum5ts w\ld be m useful4 ,_! se$s are (t5 f> f pure & ! microscope w reveal ! impurities :i* may consi/ ( dirt & du/1 or ( o!r se$s1 se$s :i* w gr[ into we$s & make ! crop less valuable or1 if pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 r5d] x valueless4 ,agricultural plants become attack$ by v>i$ diseases :i* c only be /udi$ "u ! microscope2 insects also d _! %>e ( de/ruction & mu* may be le>n$ ab\t !m :5 !y are magnifi$4 ,fungi & insects n only attack crops b dome/ic animals z well4 ,! microscope is an invaluable aid 9 /udy+ ! soil1 9 dairy "w & 9 _m o!r ways closely connect$ ) agriculture4 ,t ! te/+ ( agricultural se$s is v important is %[n by ! fact t n v long ago a deputation urg$ ! ,gov]nm5t to e/abli% a ,national ,se$ ,te/+ ,/ation2 no fur!r plans h be5 made1 h[ev]4 ,se$ te/+ is v int]e/+ "w1 e se$ has its p>ticul> %ape & m>k+s & ! /ud5t soon becomes absorb$ 9 seek+ = we$ se$s among ! collections he exam9es4 ,a we$ 9 ! s5se we use x "h is n necess>ily a h>mful plant1 x is a plant 9 ! wrong place4 ,= example a c>rot gr[+ 9 a field ( turnips1 ?\gh a useful plant w\ld be a we$4 ,:5 ! f>m] s[$ turnip se$ he did n d s ) ! object ( rais+ c>rots4 ,! only app>atus necess>y = ! /udy ( mo/ f>m se$s is a p[]ful magnify+ glass1 "o t w enl>ge ! se$s t5 diamet]s or m4 ,:5 beg9n+ ?is "w1 a difficulty occurs at once =1 )\t assi/ance f an exp]t1 x is by no means easy to le>n ! names ( ! se$s "o exam9es4 ,! difficulty c be ov]come to a c]ta9 ext5t if we "k ! names ( fl[]s1 = !n we c collect ! se$s f ^! fl[]s & we %all h prop]ly nam$ specim5s z a guide4 ,beg9n+ 9 ?is way1 we %all soon f9d t ! se$s c be arrang$ 9 gr\ps & !re w !n be no difficulty 9 recognis+ say clov] se$ or grass se$1 ?\gh mu* m exp]i5ce w be necess>y be=e we c say to :i* k9d ( clov] or grass ! se$ belongs4 ,_m ( ^! se$s are well wor? /udy+1 :e!r we are int]e/$ 9 se$ te/+ or n4 ,! corn butt]cup & ! wild c>rot h curi\s sp9$ se$s2 ^? ( ! l>kspur :5 magnifi$ appe> to be /udd$ ) little %r$s ( pap]4 ,:ite & r$ campion1 h kidney %ap$ se$s /udd$ ) w>ts & s simil> to "o ano!r t ! microscopi/ :o c di/+ui% "o f ! o!r may consid] himself some?+ ( an exp]t4 ,spurrey has l5s %ap$ se$s ) rais$ equator-l rims4 ,ev5+ primrose se$s are curi\s because !y are f\nd 9 all sorts ( %apes4 ,! se$s ( rib-wort planta9 resemble m9iature date se$s1 o!rs resemble m9ute bananas1 "s are p]fectly r\nd1 o!rs almo/ squ>e2 "s h smoo? %9+ surfaces :i* look z ?\gh !y _h be5 artificially poli%$1 o!rs aga9 are wr9kl$ & deeply furr[$2 b1 mo/ curi\s ( all ! common se$s are ^? ( ! cornfl[]1 !y resemble no?+ s mu* z little %av+-bru%es1 ) bright yell[ bri/les4 ,_m pr(itable h\rs may be sp5t 9 /udy+ ! se$s ( our common native plants1 bo? wild & cultivat$4 ,!re are two specially obnoxi\s plants ^: se$s may be mix$ ) agricultural se$1 to ! dismay ( ! f>m]4 ,we ref] to ,broomrape & ,dodd]1 bo? ( !m unable to e>n _! own liv+ & dep5d+ = _! exi/5ce on ! robb+ ( o!r plants4 ,broomrape usually atta*es itself to ! roots ( ,hazel1 ,popl> or ,bee* & /eals its food !refrom1 b its fle%y p9k /ems & fl[]s may sometimes be se5 9 clov] fields1 !n clov] is its victim4 ,m common & m de/ructive is ! little ,dodd]1 a memb] ( ! ,convolvulus family4 ,its se$s are v m9ute & :5 !y g]m9ate !y give rise to a se$l+ n unlike a piece ( wire4 ,) "o end fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ! o!r waves ab\t till x f9ds a clov] plant r\nd :i* x tw9es & n only s b x s5ds out suck]s :i* microscopic exam9ation %[s1 p5etrate ! /em ( ! clov] to rob its food4 ,by pull+ a ,dodd] /em away f ! clov] we c cle>ly see a numb] ( holes :]e ! suck]s h ent]$4 ,fungus diseases & insects wage con/ant w>f>e on ! f>m]'s belong+s4 ,t we may bett] und]/& ! /ructure ( ! disease-caus+ fungi we are ab\t to exam9e1 let u refre% our memories conc]n+ t v common fungus1 kn[n z :ite m\ld & m5tion$ 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,! reason fungi cause damage to o!r plants1 ! "o inv>iable reason1 is t !y1 be+ unable to manufacture food = !mselves1 /eal x f ! plants on :i* !y gr[4 ,"s ( !m are p>asites & /eal _! food f liv+ animals or plants2 o!rs live ^u dead animal or vegetable matt] & ! :ite m\ld is "o ( ! latt] fungi4 ,9 mo/ ( ! fungi :i* conc]n u we %all f9d t !re is a mass ( m9ute1 ?read-l /ructures =m+ ! ma9 body ( ! fungus & t1 "h & !re1 portions gr[ erect & be> spores4 ,! spores1 x is important to rememb]1 s]ve ! same purpose to ! fungus z se$s to ! fl[]+ plants4 ,!y are bl[n or c>ri$ by insects or o!r ag5cies to suitable situations = gr[?1 !y g]m9ate & =m new fungi4 ,!y are small] & light] ?an ! mo/ m9ute & du/-l se$s1 s t ! slighte/ breeze scatt]s !m f> & wide4 ,let u comp>e ! :ite m\ld ) a mu%room2 at fir/ sight ! two plants appe> v dissimil>1 9 reality !y are v simil> to "o ano!r4 ,! m\ld =ms a ?ick felt ( its ?reads ov] ! sub/ance on :i* x gr[s & mu%room spawn if c>efully exam9$ "u a microscope w be f\nd to consi/ ( v simil> ?reads1 seal$ toge!r to =m ?ick] root-l /ructures4 ,! fungi1 h[ev]1 h no roots & ^! ?reads are /rictly comp>able ) ^? ( ! m\ld4 ,"h & !re ! m\ld s5ds a s+le ?read into ! air & ea* ( ^! ?reads is t]m9at$ by a little ball :i* bur/s ev5tually & sets free its conta9$ spores4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) ! mu%room2 we h ! upright gr[?1 n ( a s+le ?read x is true b ( a numb]1 weld$ toge!r to =m a fle%y /alk2 at ! top !re is1 n a ball conta9+ spores b an umbrella-%ap$ /ructure ^: "u surface is compos$ ( a numb] ( 8gills0 on :i* ! spores gr[ at ! ends ( little /alks4 ,if a piece ( ! mu%room /em be torn into its sep>ate compon5ts & exam9$ "u ! microscope1 its simil>ity to ! m simple fungus is evid5t4 ,"o ( ! gills also may be c>efully cut away & exam9$2 ! spores w be se5 at ! end ( small =k$ /alks4 ,hav+ progress$ ?us f> 9 our /udy ( fungus /ructure1 we may exam9e a few ( ^? :i* cause damage 9 f>m & g>d54 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! ?read-l portion ( ! fungus gr[s )9 ! plant attack$ & only ! spore be>+ portions appe> on ! surface4 ,!re is "o class ( fungus1 h[ev]1 ! ,mildews 9 :i* practically all ! /ructure gr[s on ! surface1 only a few small1 unbran*$ suck]s p5etrate ! plant attack$1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ n\ri%m5t4 ,?\gh ( great int]e/ to ! microscopi/1 ! potato disease is (t5 ! cause ( s]i\s loss to ! f>m]4 ,n only potatoes b also tomatoes are attack$4 ,a potato plant suff]+ f ! disease has irregul> yell[i% or br[ni% spots ^u its leaves 9 ! summ]time4 ,an exam9ation ( ! l[] surface ( "o ( ^! spott$ leaves w reveal a silv]y :ite m>g9 to ea* spot4 ,?is portion %\ld be magnifi$ ) a fairly high p[] & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to injure ! diseas$ "p ( ! leaf be=e x is exam9$4 ,9 cases ( s]i\s disease1 f ne>ly e pore on ! surface ( ! leaf fungus ?reads w be se5 to issue4 ,! ?reads are bran*$ &1 at ! end ( ea* bran*1 !y h a special k9d ( spore4 ,!y look n unlike m9iature leafless trees & !y give ! typical silv]y :ite appe>ance to ! m>g9s ( ! diseas$ spots4 ,:5 ! spores ( potato disease g]m9ate1 ! "y fungus ?reads ent] ! leaf ?r\gh a pore & = sometime aft]w>ds !re is no sign t ! plant is diseas$4 ,on ?is acc\nt potato disease & _m o!r fungus diseases are r5d]$ m s]i\s 9 t ! f>m] is n & _c be aw>e t 8 crop is attack$ till ! disease has tak5 a firm hold4 ,ev5tually ! potatoes !mselves become br[n1 rott5 & bre$+ gr\nds = bact]ia4 ,a v common plant disease :i* makes a good /udy = ! microscope1 may be f\nd 9 quantity ^u %eph]d's purse1 & z x also attacks cultivat$ plants ( ! same family1 cabbages1 caulifl[]s & ! l1 x is ( no little importance4 ,9 its e>ly /ages1 ! fungus looks l pat*es ( ?ick :ite pa9t ^u ! plant & :]e ! fungus gr[s ! plant is inv>iably contort$4 ,z ! fungus matures1 ! sk9 ( ! diseas$ plant splits & a :ite p[d] issues4 ,if "s ( ?is p[d] be highly magnifi$1 x w be f\nd to consi/ ( *a9s ( spores1 six or sev5 9 a *a94 ,! spores break (f s+ly & ea* "o may />t ! disease 9 ano!r plant4 ,! microscopi/ :o hunts 9 g>d5 & f>m = fungus diseases1 w assur$ly meet ) "s examples ( t l>ge class kn[n z 8smuts40 ,!y are s call$ on acc\nt ( ! black p[d] ) :i* ! attack$ portions ( ! plants become fill$4 ,! smuts are v important b are n ( mu* int]e/ z objects = ! microscope1 s we w pass !m ov] = subjects ( great] int]e/ if ( less importance4 ,e f>m] kn[s ! famili> & de/ructive fungus kn[n z 8ru/ ( :eat10 x is "o ( a l>ge class ( mo/ int]e/+ plants4 ,! 8ru/s0 are int]e/+ to ! microscopi/ on acc\nt ( _! /ructure & to ! botani/ because !y _c1 l o!r fungi1 complete _! lives ^u "o plant4 ,!y d]ive _! popul> "n f ! fact t !y look l pat*es ( ru/ ^u ! plants on :i* !y live4 ,"s ( ! greate/ liv+ agricultural botani/s h sp5t _m ye>s on produc+ races ( :eat ^u :i* ru/ fungus w n gr[4 ,wond]ful success has rew>d$ _! ef=ts & conf]r$ imm5se b5efits ^u f>m]s4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 we ne$ n despair t we %all be unable to f9d a specim5 = our microscope1 ?\gh x is happily an und\bt$ fact t ! disease is n s common n[ z a few ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos by ,flatt]s ,g>nett #a4 ,,clu/] ,,cups ,! spr+ /age ( ,ru/ ( ,:eat4 ,little orange cup-%ap$ gr[?s on ! "u side ( a ,b>b]ry leaf4 ,!y g]m9ate on ,:eat to =m ! summ] /age ( 8,ru/40 #b4 ,,ru/ ,,( ,,:eat ,^! little /alk$ spires are ! w9t] /age ( a s]i\s disease ( ,:eat4 ,9 ! spr+ !y g]m9ate on ,b>b]ry4 #c4 ,,poll5 ,,gra9s ,,on ,a ,,grass ,,fl[] ,! fea!ry /igmas ( grass fl[]s are beautifully adapt$ = cat*+ & hold+ poll5 gra9s4 #d4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,side ,,( ,a ,,f]n ,,frond ,"o ( ! br[n outgr[?s on ! "u side ( a f]n frond4 ,! /alk$ spore cases are se51 protect$ by an umbrella %ap$ cov]+4 ,ru/ ( :eat fungus gr[s "p ( its "t on b>b]ry leaves & "p on :eat4 ,9 ! summ]1 if we exam9e "o ( ! ru/-l pat*es on /em or leaf ( :eat we %all see t x consi/s ( a d5se bun* ( small1 %ort /alks ea* "o ( :i* is t]m9at$ by an oblong r$-br[n spore4 ,if we keep ano!r pat* ( ! fungus "u obs]vation1 we %all f9d z ! season advances1 t in/ead ( ! r$-br[n pat* x has gr[n d>k] & d>k] till x has become almo/ black4 ,! microscope w %[ u t ! /ructure ( ! spores has alt]$ consid]ably4 ,!re is /ill ! same bun* ( /alks b !y h l5g!n$ some:at & n[ ea* spore :i* t]m9ates ea* /alk is divid$ into two p>ts by a wall across its n>r[ "p4 ,! walls surr\nd+ ! spores also appe> ?ick]1 z inde$ !y are4 ,^! are ! w9t] spores1 !y fall to ! gr\nd ev5tually & !re !y rema91 unh>m$ by fro/ or sn[ or ra91 till ! spr+4 ,9 ! spr+ !y g]m9ate & give rise1 n imm$iately to ano!r fungus1 z might be expect$1 b to ano!r k9d ( spore4 ,curi\sly en\gh ^! new spr+-=m$ spores _c gr[ ^u :eat & unless !y are c>ri$ by w9d or "s o!r ag5cy to a b>b]ry plant _! exi/5ce is end$4 ,%\ld !y rea* a b>b]ry leaf1 h[ev]1 !y w g]m9ate1 p5etrate ! leaf & gr[ = a p]iod4 ,ev5tually ! fungus appe>s on ! l[] surface ( ! leaf 9 beautiful /ructures call$ clu/] cups4 ,"u ! microscope1 "o ( ^! clu/] cups =ms a lovely object4 ,! leaf sk9 is split & bel[ ! ruptur$ sk9 may be se5 a flask-%ap$ holl[ fill$ ) *a9s ( m9ute gold5-yell[ spores4 ,! spores break away1 "o by "o & fav\r$ by =tune1 are c>ri$ to a :eat plant :]e !y g]m9ate & give rise to ! famili> ru/4 ,any microscopi/ anxi\s = rese>* has a life's "w be=e him 9 trac+ ! hi/ories ( ?is "o class ( fungi1 %\ld he feel incl9$ to %\ld] ! burd54 ,v _m clu/] cups are kn[n & v _m ru/s & all t is requir$ is an en?usia/ic mycologi/1 z ! /ud5t ( fungi is call$1 to put ! pieces ( ! puzzle toge!r1 s to speak4 ,x is n s v _m ye>s ago t ! connection betwe5 ! clu/] cups ( b>b]ry & ! ru/ ( :eat 0 q un?\ght (4 ,we _c af=d mu* m space to plant diseases1 ! f>m] has o!r tr\bles & we mu/ m5tion "s ( !m4 ,we _c leave ! subject1 h[ev]1 )\t a ^w conc]n+ ! mildews4 ,z we h m5tion$1 !y are curi\s because !y dwell outside ! plants !y attack4 ,rose mildew is un=tunately all too common 9 e g>d51 x may be recognis$ z a :ite p[d] cov]+ leaves & buds4 ,"u ! microscope1 9 ! summ] we %all f9d t x consi/s ( a numb] ( ?read-l /ructures1 n unlike ^? ( ! common :ite m\ld & t !re are a numb] ( erect *a9s ( spores4 ,t[>ds autumn1 a fur!r exam9ation w %[ u _m r\nd d>k-br[n /ructures f :i* project a numb] ( m9ute ?reads4 ,^! br[n sph]es are ! w9t] /age ( ! fungus1 design$ to )/& inclem5t wea!r4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! sph]es bur/ & set free a numb] ( m9ute sacs1 ea* "o conta9+ eight spores4 ,! spores g]m9ate on rose leaves & />t ! disease anew4 ,!re w be no difficulty 9 f9d+ mildews2 !y are all v simil> to ! rose mildew 9 g5]al b !y all diff] 9 detail4 ,! gooseb]ry mildew = example1 has a l>ge numb] ( ?reads runn+ f its w9t] sph]es & ea* ?read is t]m9at$ by a little gr\p ( bran*es4 ,! sacs :i* fall f ! op5$ sph]e 9 ! spr+1 only conta9 f\r spores 9 ?is case4 ,! animal enemies ( ! f>m]1 s f> z !y conc]n ! microscopi/ are m difficult to /udy4 ,_m ( !m are int]nal p>asites & to ga9 a real k ( _! habits & life hi/ories necessitates a good deal ( r unpleasant "w = :i* ! ord9>y microscopi/ has nei!r ! "t nor ! incl9ation4 ,9 ord] to give our read]s "s idea ( ?is "w1 let u take "o ( ! commone/ ( all agricultural p>asites & trace its life hi/ory :il/ giv+ h9ts = its exam9ation "u ! microscope4 ,! common liv] fluke is a worm :i*1 9 ! adult /age1 frequ5ts ! liv] ( "s dome/ic animal1 usually ! %eep4 ,a fri5dly but*] w probably be able to supply u ) a specim5 &1 :5 we receive x1 we %all probably dub x a v unwormlike creature4 ,! worms =m a l>ge class 9 ! animal k+dom & !y d n all resemble ! e>?worm by any mann] ( means4 ,! liv] fluke is a flat1 almo/ leaf-l creature1 x is n r+$ l ! e>?worm &1 "u ! microscope1 we c pla9ly see all its int]nal organs4 ,! fluke lays its eggs1 ea* "o enclos$ 9 a little capsule1 9 ! liv] ( ! %eep4 ,!y are c>ri$ to ! inte/9es & f9ally set free along ) ! animal's excrem5t4 ,if !n ! eggs are bl[n1 or c>ri$ by "s means to wat] !y w cont9ue _! developm5t1 on dry soil !y _c long survive4 ,ea* egg gives rise to a little organism :i* swims freely 9 ! wat]2 x is %ad$ l a blunt-end$ cone :5 ext5d$ & is r\ghly oval :5 contract$4 ,its body is cov]$ ) little :ip-l /ructures simil> to ^? ( ! slipp] animalcul1 & x is due to ! la%+ ( ^! little :ips t ! creature moves ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,if we f\nd "o ( ^! "y flukes 9 "s pond wat] we might be =giv5 = ?9k+ x to be "s ne> relative ( ! slipp] animalcule4 ,:5 our subject f9ds a liv+ wat] snail x ent]s its brea?+ organs1 becomes affix$ to _! walls & loses its cov]+ ( little :ips4 ,x becomes trans=m$ into a %apeless mass :i* lat] develops into an elongat$ /ructure1 q unlike ! free swimm+ creature :i* took %elt] )9 ! snail4 ,next1 a migration is made to ! liv] ( ! snail :]e bir? is giv5 to1 f fifte5 to tw5ty1 curi\s little he>t-%ap$ organisms ea* ) a tail ab\t twice z long z its body4 ,^! little creatures escape f ! snail & swim freely 9 ! wat] = a "t4 ,ev5tually !y make _! way to h]bage gr[+ by ! wat]side1 affix !mselves !reto & become surr\nd$ ) a h>d coat capable ( resi/+ ! effects ( hot sun or dry+ w9ds4 ,%\ld ?is h]bage be eat5 by cattle1 ! app>5tly lifeless "y fluke be/irs itself1 loses its tail & w5ds its way to ! liv] ( its ho/1 !n ! /ory beg9s aga94 ,hav+ exam9$ ! adult liv] fluke "u ! microscope1 we %all probably wi% to f9d bo? ! free swimm+ "y =ms1 & if we se>* c>efully 9 ponds to :i* %eep h access we are likely to be rew>d$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! life ( a p>asite su* z ! liv] fluke is1 ( necessity1 prec>i\s4 ,x is only *ance or luck1 or :atev] "o's fav\rite t]m may be1 t br+s ! egg to wat]1 ! "y fluke to a snail1 & ! la/ free swimm+ =m to h]bage t w be eat5 by a suitable animal4 ,z usual 9 su* cases1 nature makes provision = em]g5cies by provid+ a l>ge numb] ( "y1 9 ord] to insure t "s at lea/ may be able to complete _! developm5t4 ,ow+ to a s]ies ( *anges1 :i* we h omitt$ to describe = ! sake ( simplicity1 ea* liv] fluke egg may give rise to no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ( ! f9al free swimm+ =ms4 ,z we h rem>k$1 ! /udy ( p>asites is difficult b x is int]e/+4 ,v few ( ^! creatures c complete _! lives )\t liv+ at ! exp5se ( two diff]5t animals4 ,! liv] fluke ne$s ! wat] snail & "s h]b-fe$+ animal2 !re is ano!r p>asite :i* sp5ds "p ( its life 9 ! pig & ano!r "p 9 ! grub ( ! cock*af]2 a ?ird p>asite dwells = a "t )9 ! ?ru%1 & = ! re/ ( its "t )9 ! g>d5 snail1 & s on4 ,ap>t f ! int]e/ ( ! subject 9 itself1 x br+s u face to face ) ! fact t _m q unrelat$ =ms ( animal life are ess5tial to ! well be+ ( a numb] ( p>asites4 ,to ! f>m] ! subject is all important4 ,insects ( v>i\s k9ds are all important 9 agriculture2 mo/ ( !m are h>mful1 "s few are useful4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 be5 dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt]1 s we w dismiss !m "h4 ,! ticks are closely relat$1 & anyone ) access to a f>m %\ld be able to obta9 "s specim5s4 ,:atev] species we are able to obta9 %\ld be exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,_! feet are always int]e/+1 be+ furni%$ ) p[]ful claws beautifully adapt$ to grasp+ ! hairy coats ( _! ho/s4 ,_! m\? p>ts are q unlike ^? ( insects1 & are always furni%$ ) a numb] ( backw>dly direct$ tee?1 :i* are useful = te>+ fle% suffici5tly to draw blood on :i* !y fe$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,insect ,,life ,"s ( our read]s w probably rem>k t entomology1 or ! natural hi/ory ( insects1 is really a bran* ( zoology & %\ld be treat$ z su*4 ,we _c pret5d t !y are wrong1 b x is su* a specializ$ bran* t x m]its sep>ate treatm5t4 ,n _m ye>s ago insects1 ) few exceptions1 7 look$ ^u z h>mless & (t5 beautiful dwell]s ^u ! e>?4 ,!y af=d$ endless amusem5t to c]ta9 en?usia/s :o collect$ !m = _! col\r+ or _! odd =ms4 ,rec5t developm5ts ( our sci5tific k h %[n u t ! insect is1 o!r human be+s except$1 man's mo/ s]i\s rival = ! ma/]y ( ! _w4 ,?is /ate ( affairs has be5 beautifully depict$ by an ,am]ican naturali/2 8 words describ$ a by no means unlikely f9al sc5e on ?is e>? ( ours4 ,he wrote3 8,:5 ! moon %all h fad$ f ! sky & ! sun %all %9e at noonday1 a dull *]ry r$1 & ! seas %all be froz5 ov]1 & ! ice-cap %all h crept d[nw>d to ! ,equator f ei!r pole1 & no keel %all cut ! wat]s1 nor :eels turn 9 mills1 :5 all cities %all h long be5 dead & crumbl$ into du/ & all life %all be on ! v la/ v]ge ( ext9ction on ?is globe1 !n1 on a bit ( li*51 gr[+ on ! bald rocks beside ! et]nal sn[s ( ,panama1 %all be seat$ a t9y insect1 pre5+ its ant5n 9 ! gl[ ( ! worn-out sun1 repres5t+ ! sole survival ( animal life on ?is our e>?--a melan*oly #8bug4'0 ,!re is probably no field m int]e/+ = ! microscopi/ ?an t provid$ by ! insect _w4 ,unlimit$ explorations may be made ) ! c]ta9ty ( f9d+ some?+ new at e turn4 ,mo/ p beg9 _! /udies ( insect life ) butt]flies & mo?s2 "s folk to _! loss nev] proce$ fur!r4 ,we may well foll[ ! usual c\rse1 & make a butt]fly our fir/ /udy4 ,any butt]fly or mo? w d = our purpose1 any "o ) col\r$ w+s1 = "s h cle> w+s l ^? ( ! bees & wasps1 b !y are n v common1 s t we %all probably f9d a suitable specim5 at ! fir/ attempt4 ,! m highly col\r$ ! specim51 ! m attractive x w appe> "u ! microscope4 ,aft] kill+ ! insect1 & n be=e1 we may proce$ to /udy x4 ,kill+ may be/ be accompli%$ by means ( a kill+ bottle1 fail+ ?is a h>d nip on ! body1 betwe5 ?umb & f+]1 w d1 b x mu/ be no half-he>t$ proce$+ or ! insect w be injur$ )\t be+ kill$4 ,hav+ remov$ a w+ & plac$ x on ! /age ( our microscope1 we mu/ exam9e x by reflect$ light1 = x is n transp>5t4 ,?is may be accompli%$1 if we are us+ artificial light1 by rais+ ! s\rce ( illum9ation well above ! object1 s t ! light /rikes x at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees2 by daylight reflect$ light is easily manag$4 ,if we h nev] previ\sly exam9$ a simil> object we w be surpris$ at its appe>ance4 ,all ! beautiful r$s & blues1 yell[s & gre5s :i* comprise ! brilliant liv]y ( ^! insects are se51 "u ! microscope1 z hundr$s ( m9ute scales :i* ov]lap "o ano!r l tiles on a ro(4 ,a high] magnification w %[ t ea* scale is r\ghly flask-%ap$1 & t its n>r[ end fits into a little socket 9 ! w+ prop]4 ,:5 ! scales are rubb$ f ! w+1 no?+ rema9s b a transp>5t sub/ance trav]s$ by ve9s--to ! microscopi/ ! scaleless w+ is ( little int]e/2 to ! entomologi/ x is important1 = ! mo?s1 at anyrate1 are arrang$ into families l>gely accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! ve9s ( _! w+s4 ,_m o!r w+s may be exam9$ ) advantage2 gnats1 = example1 are clo!d ) scales ( v>i$ %ape1 "s hair-l1 "s =k$1 "s resembl+ a sickle1 & "s disc-%ap$2 ^! =ms1 by ! way1 d n all occur ^u ! w+s1 b are f\nd ^u ! head & o!r p>ts ( ! body z well4 ,! wond]ful gauzy1 iridesc5t w+s ( dragon flies are int]e/+2 ^? ( v>i\s flies wor? exam9ation also ^? ( bees on acc\nt ( ! clev] device = unit+ ! front & h9d w+s dur+ flight4 ,on ! front edge ( ! h9d w+s ! microscope w %[ u a r[ ( m9ute hooks4 ,:5 ! bee makes a flight1 x hooks its h9d w+s to a ridge on ! h9d] edge ( ! =e w+s1 s t = fly+ purposes x has1 to all int5ts1 two w+s in/ead ( f\r4 ,hav+ exam9$ all ! w+s we c f9d = ! "t be+1 we may turn our att5tion to m\?s4 ,! m\? p>ts ( insects are n only int]e/+ b important2 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s an economic entomologi/ does ) a new specim5 is to exam9e its m\? p>ts4 ,! m\? w tell u :at mann] ( fe$] its own] may be4 ,"s insects h suck+ m\?s1 & !y mu/ fe$ p]=ce on liquids2 o!rs h bit+ m\?s1 & !y are likely to d damage to crops by eat+ !m4 ,!n !re are lancet-l m\?s & m\?s :i* are a compromise betwe5 bit+ & suck+ ones4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 is some:at complicat$1 & entails a k ( insect anatomy1 s we w m]ely deal ) a few easily und]/ood examples4 ,our butt]fly has a suck+ m\?2 x is kn[n z a proboscis1 & may be f\nd1 coil$ l a wat* spr+1 b5ea? its head4 ,!re is no trace ( any?+ 9 ?is m\? capable ( bit+ or ev5 pi]c+ ! mo/ delicate /ructure4 ,! h\se-fly is also possess$ ( a proboscis ?\gh ( diff]5t design4 ,?\gh a dang]\s1 disease-c>ry+ insect1 x c d no h>m ) its m\?4 ,! p>tiality ( ! h\se-fly = sug> is well kn[n1 & x is int]e/+ to le>n h[1 ) its s(t fle%y m\?1 x c satisfy its crav+s4 ,let u wat* "o at "w on a lump ( sug> ?r\gh our pocket l5s4 ,if we look c>efully we %all notice t ! fly1 z he ?ru/s 8 proboscis "h & !re1 emits f x a little drop ( liquid2 aft] a mom5t>y pause ! liquid is suck$ up aga91 x has dissolv$ a little ( ! sug>1 & ! fly enjoys ! sug>-lad5 liquid4 ,p frequ5tly /ate t !y h be5 bitt5 by a h\se-fly--a %e] impossibility4 ,:at really happ5s is t !y mi/ake ! v simil> /able fly = ! h\se-fly4 ,if "o ( ^! insects be captur$ & exam9$1 we %all f9d n ! s(t fle%y proboscis ( ! h\se-fly1 b a cruel look+1 awl-l m\? easily able to p5etrate ! human sk94 ,c]ta9 tropical flies1 kn[n z ,pangonias1 h su* =midable & l5g?y pi]c+ m\?s t !y c p5etrate ?ick clo?+ & puncture ! sk9 bel[4 ,microscopi/s :o c>e to foll[ up ! /udy ( insects' m\?s w "k t !y are accumulat+ really useful k4 ,^? :o d n desire to g s deeply into ! matt] may well sp>e a few mom5ts = ! exam9ation ( ! gre5 fly m\?1 a ne$le-l pi]c+ organ :i* is ?ru/ into plants = ! purpose ( suck+ _! sap4 ,! m\? ( ! gnat is a m difficult subject = ! microscopi/1 ?\gh no less int]e/+2 x may be comp>$ ) ! same organ ( ! gre5 fly1 = x is us$ some:at simil>ly1 ) ! diff]5ce t x sucks blood & n plant juices4 ,x may be well to m5tion "h t ! females alone suck blood1 b x is easy to di/+ui% ! sexes1 = ! ant5n or feel]s ( ! females are ?read-l :il/ ^? ( ! males are fea!r$4 ,a few adult insects h no m\?s1 = !y nev] fe$ dur+ _! %ort lives4 ,cat]pill>s ( all k9ds & also beetles1 gras%opp]s1 cockroa*es & ! l h bit+-m\? p>ts1 & ! /ud5t1 :o is n well v]s$ 9 insect anatomy1 w le>n m by wat*+ "o ( ^! insects p>tak+ ( a meal ?an by try+ to discov] ! uses ( ! v>i\s p>ts ) ! aid ( a microscope4 ,cat]pill>s z a rule are n %y fe$]s1 & a pocket l5s w %[ _! sickle-l jaws 9 full play4 ,! grubs ( h\se-flies are wor? exam9+2 !y are s(t & fle%y except = a pair ( horny hooks :i* are us$ to te> up ! food mat]ial4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s _m diff]5t m\?s we _c describe ev5 ! typical ones1 b ! microscopi/ w soon discov] ^? ( special int]e/4 ,! feet ( insects d n %[ s mu* v>iation z _! m\?s1 nev]!less !y w af=d ample mat]ial = _m h\rs ( /udy4 ,our butt]fly1 :i* is n[ b a remnant1 w provide our fir/ object4 ,! design ( its feet w dep5d1 to "s ext5t1 on ! species ( insect1 b !y w c]ta9ly be claw$4 ,o!r insects ) claw$ feet--beetles1 bees1 & wasps--may be exam9$1 & we %all see t !re are m9or diff]5ces among/ !m ?\gh _! g5]al plan is simil>4 ,sometimes we f9d a simple pair ( claws on ea* foot1 9 o!r cases ea* claw has a little spur1 :il/ spid]s1 :i*1 by ! way1 are n insects1 h comb-l claws4 ,! foot ( ! h\se-fly is n only provid$ ) a pair ( claws1 b also ) a s(t fle%y pad1 by means ( :i* x is enabl$ to climb w9d[ panes & simil> smoo? surfaces4 ,if we are =tunate en\gh to obta9 a specim5 ( a l\se1 human or o!rwise1 we mu/ n fail to notice its /rong grasp+ claw1 us$ = tak+ a firm hold ( ! hair ( ! creature on :i* x lives4 ,su* objects are bett] exam9$ "u a high magnification1 along ) a hair1 !n ! actual me?od ( grasp+ may be obs]v$4 ,! feel]s ( "s insects are int]e/+2 ^? ( gnats we h already m5tion$1 b !y may be exam9$ 9 detail4 ,^? ( beetles are ( v div]se =m2 "s are ?read-l1 "s clubb$1 "s fan-%ap$4 ,mo?s1 too1 h _m curi\s designs to %[4 ,"s ( ^! feel]s1 :5 highly magnifi$1 may be se5 to be pitt$--hundr$s ( little sunk5 areas are scatt]$ ov] _! surfaces1 & x is probable t !y are connect$ ) a s5se ( smell4 ,9 t case ! feel] is a m important organ ?an "o might surmise f its popul> "n4 ,! hairy clo?+ ( insects ne$ n delay u long4 ,mo/ int]e/+ ( all are ! fea!r$ hairs ( c]ta9 bees4 ,9 our *apt] on botanical "w ) ! microscope we m5tion$ ! fea!ry /igmas ( grass fl[]s & we also /at$ t !y took t =m1 s t poll5 gra9s bl[n to !m w\ld be entangl$ 9 _! bran*es4 ,! hairs ( _m bees are fea!r$ = a simil> reason1 !y ga!r poll5 & ! poll5 adh]es to ^! 8fea!rs0 mu* m readily & 9 mu* great] quantity1 ?an x w\ld to simple1 unbran*$ hairs4 ,"s bees collect no poll5 &1 f !m1 fea!r$ hairs are want+4 ,any microscopi/ :o has foll[$ u ?us f>1 w h a fair idea ( ! /ructure ( a numb] ( insects4 ,9 e case1 :]e possible1 comp>isons %\ld be made betwe5 simil> organs ( diff]5t insects & ! inve/igations may be made m int]e/+ by obs]v+ ! habits ( ! insects & try+ to discov] reasons = ! diff]5ces 9 /ructure4 ,x is safe to surmise t !re is a reason 9 e case4 ,!re are _m o!r int]e/+ subjects :i* we h n m5tion$1 ! legs ( insects--runn+ legs ( gr\nd beetles1 digg+ legs ( mole crickets1 swimm+ legs ( wat] beetles & ! wond]ful poll5-c>ry+ legs ( bees4 ,!n aga91 ! eggs ( _m insects are ( surpass+ beauty 9 %ape1 !y may be r\nd1 oval1 oblong1 ne>ly squ>e & almo/ ne$le %ap$2 "s are smoo? & %9+ l burni%$ metal1 o!rs beautifully sculptur$2 "s resemble m9iature birds' eggs1 o!rs are n unlike ! se$s ( plants4 ,_m insects are too small to be cut up into _! v>i\s p>ts1 legs1 feet1 w+s1 etc41 by unskill$ h&s & !y mu/ be exam9$ :ole4 ,p]haps y may ?9k t an insect w be too big an object = y\r microscope4 ,inde$ !re are "s insects :i* measure ne>ly a foot 9 l5g?1 b !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 beetles no long] ?an "o hundr$? "p ( an in*4 ,:5 we exam9$ ! h\se-fly x is n unlikely t we f\nd "s m9ute creatures liv+ ^u x4 ,none ( ^! is likely to be an insect1 b z !y are closely relat$ we may m5tion !m "h4 ,b5ea? ! w+s ( ! h\se fly !re are (t5 m9ute1 r$1 six legg$ "y mites1 all eag]ly suck+ ! juices ( _! ho/4 ,because !y are six legg$ we may be l$ to ?9k t !y are insects1 = ! entomologi/ kn[s t ! true insect1 9 its adult =m1 nev] has m ?an six legs4 ,^! mites1 h[ev]1 lat] 9 life1 drop f ! fly & by develop+ ano!r pair ( legs appe> 9 _! true col\rs4 ,v>i\s o!r mites1 includ+ *eesemites1 may be f\nd cl++ to ! h\se-fly1 9 fact x is by ! aid ( ^! insects t *eesemites are (t5 c>ri$ f *eese to *eese4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s p>asites ( ! h\se-fly mu/ be s\ght ^u its legs4 ,if ! se>* is successful1 curi\s1 r$di%-br[n creatures1 arm$ ) =midable p9c]s1 & /rangely rem9isc5t ( m9iature lob/]s1 w be f\nd cl++ !reto4 ,!y are call$ *elif]s & _! home is ! manure heap1 s t _! pres5ce %[s u only too well :]e our fri5d ! fly has rec5tly disport$ himself4 ,8 next visit 0 probably to our food4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,a ,,beetle ,a rem>kable beetle1 ) enorm\sly develop$ =e-legs4 ,! object ( ^! long legs is n kn[n4 #b4 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,h]cules ,,beetle ,?is beetle1 ^: head resembles a lob/]'s claw1 is said to c>ry 8 wife f place to place4 #c4 ,a ,,cicada ,"o ( ! not$ s++ insects4 ,kept z a pet 9 "s c\ntries1 vot$ a nuisance 9 o!rs1 ! cicada is ! m$ium ( mu* romance4 #d4 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,mantis ,?is illu/ration cle>ly %[s ! cruel rat-trap-l front legs ( ! rapaci\s mantis4 ,if we c f9d a swiftly runn+ /ream )9 easy rea* a little "t may be sp5t 9 se>*+ ! subm]g$ rocks & plants = ! m9iature /ages ( ! buffalo gnat4 ,?is insect1 :i* is kn[n to sci5ti/s z ,simulium1 has a mo/ int]e/+ life hi/ory4 ,its popul> "n is d]iv$ f its hump-back$ appe>ance & its suppos$ resemblance to a buffalo4 ,! female lays h] eggs on a rock or re$1 j cov]$ by runn+ wat]1 %e nev] lays !m 9 /ill wat]4 ,! gre5i%-br[n1 club-%ap$ grubs :i* come f ! eggs are curi\s & !y w repay exam9ation "u a l[ magnification4 ,at ! m blunt end ( ! creature !re is a l>ge suck]2 x uses ?is z a foot to support itself 9 an upright position4 ,if we exam9e our specim5 "u wat] we %all see t its horny head is decorat$ ) a pair ( fans1 ea* "o compos$ ( ab\t fifty ?reads4 ,^! fans op5 & close ) a rhy?mic movem5t &1 9 do+ s1 attract small float+ wat] plants to ! m\?4 ,j bel[ ! head !re is a s+le leg ) a suck] foot4 ,:5 ! grub walks1 x does s by a loop+ movem5t1 hold+ fa/ to its support ) =e & h9d suck]s alt]nately4 ,! next /age 9 ! life ( ! "y buffalo gnat is ev5 m curi\s4 ,on ! surface ( "s subm]g$ leaf we %all probably be able to f9d a numb] ( ! slipp]-%ap$ pockets made ( closely wov5 silk1 9 :i* ! insect sp5ds ! f9al portion ( its life be=e turn+ into ! p]fect fly4 ,)9 "s ( ! pockets we %all f9d ! creature itself & x mu/ be /udi$4 ,its head is /ill ornam5t$ ) a pair ( fans1 b 9 ?is case !y are gills by means ( :i* ! insect brea!s & n food scoops1 = x has rea*$ a /age :5 food is n tak54 ,on its tail end !re is a hook1 by means ( :i* x an*ors itself to its slipp]-%ap$ pocket4 ,probably we %all f9d bubbles ( air collect+ r\nd "s ( ! insects1 )9 _! pockets2 z ! "t approa*es ne>] & ne>] = ! *ange to ! p]fect insect to take place ! bubbles gr[ l>g] & l>g]4 ,ev5tually ! fly em]ges )9 a bubble1 %akes x free f ! pocket & floats to ! surface ( ! wat] )\t wett+ its w+s4 ,! pond w supply insects q z int]e/+ z ! runn+ /ream4 ,"h we may f9d ! eggs ( ,caddis flies1 enclos$ 9 jelly-l envelopes1 rope-l1 horse-%oe %ap$ or simple masses4 ,! cat]pill> cases ( ^! insects %\ld be slightly magnifi$ & exam9$1 = !y are m>vell\sly con/ruct$ ( %ells or s&1 pieces ( /ick1 leaves or o!r vegetation4 ,we may come across ! "y /ages ( ! common gnat4 ,its eggs are v small & :5 ! "m gnat lays !m on ! surface ( ponds %e glues !m toge!r s t !y =m :at is kn[n z an 8egg raft40 ,! 8raft0 we %all notice1 if we exam9e x c>efully1 is compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( eggs2 ea* egg is elongat$1 po9t$ at "o end & blunt at ! o!r4 ,e egg is arrang$ ) its blunt end d[nw>ds =1 f t end1 ! l>v gnats make _! way into ! wat]4 ,a l>va1 x may be expla9$1 is ! /age 9 insect developm5t :i* foll[s ! egg2 ! next /age is kn[n z ! pupa4 ,:5 ! eggs are fir/ laid !y are :ite b1 be=e !y hat*1 !y become d>k] & d>k]1 till !y are almo/ black4 ,! l>v :i* hat* f ! eggs we mu/ exam9e "u our microscope & also 9 ! wat]--!y may easily be kept 9 a small j> ( pond wat]4 ,if we /udy _! habits c>efully1 we %all obs]ve t !y float almo/ at "r angles to ! surface ( ! wat] & t1 :ile do+ s1 ! tip ( a little peg-l outgr[? on ! tail end ( _! bodies is ?ru/ out ( ! wat]4 ,! little peg is ! brea?+ organ ( ! gnat l>va & ! flaps :i* op5 & close at its tip are wor? exam9ation4 ,9 a few days1 ! d5iz5s ( our pond wat] w *ange _! appe>ance & become comma %ap$4 ,on _! heads we %all see a pair ( curi\s horns1 :i* project out ( ! wat] z ! creatures1 :i* h n[ become pup1 float at ! surface4 ,! horns are brea?+ organs4 ,z we exam9e ^! pup1 day by day1 we %all see ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! complete gnat z !y develop )9 ! body ( ! comma4 ,f9ally1 "u ! microscope1 we c trace all ! p>ts ( ! gnat4 ,d>k] & d>k] ! little creatures become1 z developm5t proce$s2 at ! same "t !y become less active & less comma %ap$4 ,at l5g? ! "t comes :5 !y /raight5 _! tails some:at viol5tly1 _! sk9 splits along ! back & out comes ! p]fect gnat4 ,we c use him = fur!r microscopic "w1 s we w n let him g4 ,if he be a male1 8 beautiful fea!r$ feel]s or1 if a female1 h] ?read-l feel]s w make good objects = u1 ! scales f head & body1 ! w+s & feet are all wor? ! "t we may sp5d 9 exam9+ !m4 ,! m\? p>ts1 too1 are int]e/+ b r complicat$4 ,_m insects are capable ( emitt+ m or less musical s\nds4 ,9 "s c\ntries ^! s-call$ s++ insects are kept z pets1 9 o!r c\ntries ! same insects are vot$ a nuisance2 x is all a matt] ( ta/e4 ,( all musical insects1 ! mo/ not$ is ! ,cicada & its s\nd organs are easily se52 !y occur only 9 ! male1 = ! female nev] s+s4 ,! ,cicada belongs to ! same great ord] ( insects z ! gre5 fly1 :i* we h already m5tion$4 ,!re is "o ,briti% species1 & our read]s :o visit ! ,new ,=e/ may come ^u x4 ,on ! "u side ( "o ( ^! insects ! beak1 v simil> to ! beak ( ! gre5 fly1 may be pla9ly se54 ,on ei!r side ( ! insect1 j bel[ ! bases ( ! w+s !re are two ne>ly r\nd discs4 ,^! discs cov] ! s\nd organs1 :i* are two e> %ap$ membranes4 ,by means ( muscles ! insect c cause ! membranes to vibrate & ?us produce ! s\nd :i* once he>d1 c nev] be =gott54 ,m easily f\nd insects1 9 ?is c\ntry1 at any rate1 are ! cricket & ! gras%opp]4 ,! cricket we all "k is a p]si/5t song/]4 ,let u exam9e him closely4 ,we %all f9d1 t ! h\se cricket has two pairs ( w+s2 ! =e w+s are lea!ry1 ! h9d w+s membran\s4 ,if we wat* a male 9 ! act ( *irp+1 ! male crickets l ! male ,cicadas are ! song/]s1 we %all obs]ve t he moves 8 w+s slightly4 ,if n[ we exam9e a dead male1 we %all f9d1 on ! "u surface ( ! =ew+1 a r\gh pat*4 ,let u exam9e ?is pat* "u ! microscope1 x rem9ds u ( no?+ s mu* z a file3 x is a file 9 fact1 & s\nd is produc$ by rubb+ ?is r\gh file aga9/ a ridge1 :i* we c easily see1 on ! upp] surface ( ! h9d w+4 ,x w\ld be a useless accompli%m5t = ! cricket to be able to s+1 if !re 7 no e>s to he> its song4 ,nature has arrang$ t 8 song %all n g unhe>d & if we exam9e a female cricket1 t is to say a cricket :i* has no s\nd-produc+ app>atus1 we %all f9d an oval depression1 cov]$ by a membrane1 on ea* ( h] front legs2 ^! are h] e>s & !y enable h] to he> h] mate call+ to h]4 ,we h (t5 he>d ! song ( ! gras%opp] z we h walk$ ?r\gh ! fields & he too w occupy our "t = a few mom5ts4 ,:5 he s+s1 he kicks 8 legs r viol5tly & ?is gives u a clue to ! situation ( 8 vocal organs4 ,! inside ( ea* ( 8 h9d ?ighs is ridg$ & ! edge ( ea* ridge is1 z we c see if we magnify x1 r\gh l a file4 ,?is file-l ridge is rubb$ aga9/ a smoo? ridge on ! edge ( ! =e w+ & ! result is ! famili> note ( ! gras%opp]4 ,?is insect also has e>s1 b !y are n easy to f9d unless !y are po9t$ out to u4 ,if we exam9e a gras%opp] we %all see t its body is divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 a head1 a solid portion f :i* ! w+s & legs arise1 ! ?orax & a portion 7! abdom57 made up ( a numb] ( r+s or segm5ts4 ,on ! sides ( ! fir/ ( ^! r+s1 c\nt+ f ! =w>d end1 we %all f9d small depressions cov]$ ) membrane1 ^! are ! e>s4 ,x is curi\s t al?\gh _m ( ! gras%opp]s _c give out a note1 s f> z human e>s c detect1 !y ne>ly all h e>s2 maybe !re is a gras%opp] song :i* only gras%opp]s c he>4 ,v _m o!r insects h s\nd organs1 b !y are ne>ly all con/ruct$ on ! same plan4 ,x may seem surpris+ t s\nds c be produc$ by ^! simple means4 ,s\nd is really caus$ by waves 9 ! air & ^! insect vocal organs set up rapid s\nd waves1 by _! vibration4 ,! microscopi/ %\ld nev] be at a loss = objects d]iv$ f ! insect _w3 x is impossible to walk )\t tread+ ^u "s six legg$ wayf>]4 ,! w+ cases ( beetles are (t5 ( r>e beauty1 "s on acc\nt ( _! sculptur+1 "s because ( a mantle ( scales4 ,9 our gre5h\se & g>d5 we c f9d mealy bugs1 curi\s little p[d]$ insects :i* d an enorm\s am\nt ( damage4 ,! fr+e w+s1 or ,?rips1 are common & de/ructive2 exam9e _! curi\s feet & _! beautifully fr+$ w+s1 ! sight w repay y4 ,& la/ly1 if y numb] an insect en?usia/ among/ y\r fri5ds1 enli/ 8 aid 9 ga!r+ objects = y\r microscope4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,microscope ,,by ,,! ,,seaside--,,animal ,,life ,x is always surpris+ t ! majority ( microscopi/s nev] dream ( exam9+ any ( ! hundr$s ( beautiful objects :i* c be f\nd by ! seaside1 9 ! c\rse ( an aft]noon's ramble4 ,t e pond w conta9 ample mat]ial = /udy1 ! microscopi/ kn[s in/9ctively2 insect life & plant life also he /udies1 b ! microscope is g5]ally left at home :5 a visit is paid to ! seaside4 ,a rocky coa/ is bett] ?an a s&y "o1 = rock pools yield _m objects1 & ! w>m] s\!rn wat]s ( our coa/s are bett] ?an ! cold] nor!rn seas1 b ! microscopi/ :o f9ds himself on a nor!rn s&y coa/ ne$ n despair1 if he se>* dilig5tly he w f9d mat]ial en\gh to occupy him = _m a day4 ,ne>ly e rock pool w provide "o or m ,sea ,anemones2 x is h>dly necess>y to describe ^! 8fl[]s ( ! sea0 z !y h be5 call$1 !y are su* famili> objects & ! brilliant col\r+ ( "s ( !m makes !m highly attractive4 ,9 _m respects ,sea ,anemones resemble ! ,hydra1 "o ( ! pond dwell]s1 !y are r m highly develop$1 h[ev]4 ,any ,sea ,anemone w s]ve our purpose because we are ab\t to exam9e ! little d>ts ) :i* its t5tacles1 & ev5 its body1 are arm$4 ,if we f9d sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( ,anemone1 we mu/ take ! mo/ transp>5t we c f9d & also a small specim52 we c exam9e ! l>g]1 m opaque ones lat]4 ,hav+ transf]r$ our specim5 to a small j>1 conta9+ b a small quantity ( sea wat]1 we wait till x has recov]$ f its transf] & spread its t5tacles1 !n x mu/ be kill$ by "o ( ! me?ods sugge/$ 9 our conclud+ *apt] 7see p4 #cjf74 ,"o ( ! t5tacles mu/ !n be snipp$ (f ) scissors--"s p cut (f ! t5tacle )\t kill+ ! ,anemone & ! animal does n appe> to suff] a great am\nt ( inconv5i5ce1 9 fact a new t5tacle soon gr[s to take ! place ( ! old "o4 ,we d n recomm5d promiscu\s vivisection4 ,! t5tacle is plac$ on a clean slide1 a cov] slip plac$ ov] x & pressure is appli$4 ,an enorm\s numb] ( little ?read-l d>ts are press$ f all p>ts ( ! t5tacle4 ,9 "s cases1 little oval capsules are squeez$ out &1 9 ! capsules1 ! d>ts may be pla9ly se51 coil$ up4 ,on apply+ pressure to a capsule1 ! conta9$ d>t w %oot =?1 mu* z does a glove f+] turn$ inside out1 :5 we bl[ viol5tly into ! glove4 ,^! little d>ts are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! microscopi/2 !y v>y 9 %ape accord+ to ! k9d ( ,anemone1 z we %all f9d if we try ?is exp]im5t ) v>i\s ,anemones4 ,"s ( !m are /raight ) /iff bri/les at _! bases2 "s h backw>dly direct$ b>bs at _! tips2 o!rs are app>5tly jo9t$1 =m+ a zigzag1 ) a %ort l5g? ( ! d>t go+ f left to "r1 ! next %ort l5g? f "r to left1 & s on to ! tip4 ,x is m>vell\s h[ ! d>ts c be accommodat$ )9 ! capsule1 = ! av]age l5g? ( ! latt] is b #a_/cjj in* :]eas its d>t may measure #a_/h in*4 ,^! little ?reads conta9 a poison capable ( p>alyz+ any mod]ate-siz$ fi%es :i* !y t\*4 ,h y ev] se5 a 8comb be>]0 or z x is (t5 call$1 a 8m>ble bleb80 ,probably y h ?\gh y may n "k its "n4 ,sometimes x occurs 9 rock pools1 ?\gh m (t5 x is f\nd 9 "o's %rimp+ net & occasionally x is wa%$ up by ! tide1 b x does n live long out ( wat]4 ,! 8m>ble bleb10 z its "n d5otes1 is an almo/ globul> mass ( s(t1 transp>5t jelly4 ,x is practically col\rless1 ) ! exception ( eight bright col\r$ b&s :i* run f end to end ( ! animal4 ,to ! nak$ eye1 ?is little d5iz5 ( ! sea is ( r>e beauty3 z an object = l[-p[] microscopy x is entranc+4 ,:5 magnifi$1 ! bright b&s are se5 to be compos$ ( r[s ( flatt5$ outgr[?s4 ,if our specim5 is small en\gh to be exam9$ 9 wat]1 its real beauty c only be se5 9 ?is mann]1 we %all obs]ve t ! flatt5$ outgr[?s act l paddles1 sometimes !y "w all toge!r1 sometimes indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r & ?is fact expla9s ! m>vell\s evolutions ( ! 8m>ble bleb0 9 wat]4 ,n[ x %oots =w>d 9 a /raight l9e ) "s rapidity1 n[ x rolls ov] & ov] & swims onw>d :ile do+ s4 ,9 ! sun1 x displays glori\s iridesc5t col\r+4 ,at ! h9d] end ( ! 8bleb0 we notice a pair ( holl[s3 f ^!1 z we wat* x swim1 we %all see x sudd5ly %oot out a pair ( long fea!ry t5drils & !y may be )drawn into ! holl[s z sudd5ly4 ,we mu/ make a po9t ( exam9+ ! 8m>ble bleb10 x is "o ( ! gems ( our coa/s4 ,sup]ficially ! common1 sponge-l 8,dead man's toes0 or1 to give x its m pleasant title1 8,m]maid's f+]s10 is a v drab affair4 ,x is a dirty-br[n lob$1 spongy mass ) a lea!ry sk92 :5 remov$ f ! wat] x loses all semblance ( %ape4 ,9 sea wat]1 h[ev]1 if we exam9e x c>efully1 we %all see t x is /udd$ ) beautiful little fl[]-l creatures1 ea* "o resembl+ a m9iature ,sea ,anemone4 ,exam9$1 9 wat]1 "u a l[ p[] ( our microscope we c see ! wat] curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! *annels ) :i* x is p]=at$1 aft] ! mann] ( a sponge4 ,if1 n[1 we take a dead specim5 & cut x up1 plac+ a small portion on a slide & %r$d+ x ) a pair ( ne$les1 we %all f9d1 :5 we magnify ! result ( our "w1 t !re are a numb] ( m9ute m9]al spikes1 call$ spicules1 & v beautiful objects !y make = ! microscope4 ,!re are _m sea-side creatures1 :i* we may f9d1 closely relat$ to 8,m]maid's f+]s10 !y may all be treat$ 9 ! same way = !y w all yield spicules :i* w repay u = our tr\ble4 ,all ^! spongy organisms are n provid$ ) spicules z ornam5ts1 ?\gh "o might be =giv5 = ?9k+ s1 see+ h[ decorative _m ( !m are4 ,_! pres5ce is necess>y to /r5g!n ! spongy mat]ial4 ,! specim5 we h j exam9$ is n "o animal b a colony ( v m9ute animals4 ,^! colonies are v common1 n only 9 salt b also 9 fre% wat]4 ,!y s]ve a useful purpose1 = ! creatures compos+ !m are s m9ute t !y w\ld f>e badly did !y dwell alone4 ,dwell+ toge!r z !y d & ea* "o contribut+ its %>e to ! build+ ( ! home !y appe> to ?rive to a wond]ful degree4 ,! coral isl&s are built1 z to _! f\ndations at anyrate1 by millions ( v m9ute animals1 liv+ toge!r 9 colonies4 ,we m5tion$ ! sponges a mom5t ago & _m ( !m may be f\nd ar\nd our coa/s2 n ! h\sehold sponges we "k s well1 b mu* small]1 ?\gh equally int]e/+1 colonies4 ,l ! bett] kn[n sponges1 ^? :i* we f9d on our %ores are p]=at$ ) a numb] ( holes ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is driv5 by means ( little :ip-l /ructures :i* l9e ! cavities4 ,pr(essor ,grant has graphically describ$ 8 impressions at witness+ ?is wat] curr5t = ! fir/ "t4 8,i put a small bran* ( ! ,spongia ,coalita10 he writes1 8) "s sea wat] 9 a wat* glass1 "u ! microscope1 &1 on reflect+ ! light ( a c&le up ?r\gh ! fluid1 ,i soon p]ceiv$ t !re 0 "s int]nal motion 9 ! opaque p>ticles float+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,on mov+ ! wat* glass1 s z to br+ "o ( ! ap]tures on ! side ( ! sponge fully into view1 ,i beheld1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! spl5did spectacle ( ?is liv+ f\nta9 vomit+ =? f a circul> cavity an impetu\s torr5t ( liquid matt]1 & hurl+ along1 9 rapid succession1 opaque masses1 :i* x /rew$ ev]y:]e ar\nd4 ,! beauty & novelty ( su* a sc5e 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom long arre/$ my att5tion2 b aft] tw5ty-five m9utes ( con/ant obs]vation1 ,i 0 oblig$ to )draw my eye f fatigue1 )\t hav+ se5 ! torr5t = "o in/ant *ange its direction1 or dim9i%1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 ! rapidity ( its c\rse4 ,i cont9u$ to wat* ! same orifice1 at %ort int]vals1 = five h\rs1 sometimes obs]v+ x = a qu>t] ( an h\r at a "t1 b /ill ! /ream roll$ on ) a con/ant & ev5 velocity4 ,ab\t ! end ( ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,i obs]v$ ! curr5t to become p]ceptibly languid 444 & 9 "o h\r m ! curr5t _h entirely ceas$40 ,frequ5tly ! sponge we exam9e may be f\nd to be /udd$ ) _m yell[i% spots2 clos] exam9ation w %[ t ^! spots are compos$ ( v small jelly cov]$ eggs4 ,lat] ^! eggs f9d _! way into ! cavities ( ! sponge & are =c$ !refrom 9 ! curr5ts ( wat]4 ,ea* ( ! "y sponges ?us expell$ is furni%$ ) a cov]+ ( little :ips1 by means ( :i* x swims ab\t till x c f9d a suitable spot on :i* to an*or & complete its gr[?4 ,! ,sea ,anemone1 :i* has already provid$ u ) objects = our microscope1 has _m ne> relatives :i* we mu/ make a po9t ( exam9+1 :ile we h ! opportunity4 ,_m ( ^! creatures1 or r _! colonies1 = !y d n live s+ly1 are to ! nak$ eye1 /rangely l seawe$s4 ,a numb] ( !m are moss-l & may be f\nd on wood5 breakwat]s & simil> situations :5 ! tide is l[2 !y %\ld be collect$ & exam9$ &1 to see !m at _! be/ !y %\ld be exam9$ "u wat]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to describe any "o ( ^! colonies 9 detail1 = !y are s num]\s t ! "o we describ$ might n come into ! h&s ( our read]s = a long "t4 ,9 g5]al *>act]s !y are all some:at simil> s we w conf9e ourselves to g5]alities4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! /ems & bran*es ( ^! colonies are ( ! ?ickness ( ?read4 ,z we wat* !m "u ! microscope we %all see t !y are /udd$ ) little cups &1 pres5tly1 f ea* little cup !re appe>s a little tuft ( t5tacles :i* is wav$ ab\t 9 ! wat]4 ,ea* memb] ( ! colony is simil> to its neighb\r & ea* "o1 aga91 is v l ! fre% wat] ,hydra ) :i* we are famili>4 ,( all ! common objects ( ! sea %ore "o ( ! commone/ ev]y:]e is ! sea-mat4 ,n9e p out ( t5 or1 we might safely say t ev]yone :o _h n le>n$ its true nature1 w\ld guess x to be a seawe$4 ,z we f9d x wa%$ up on ! bea* x is almo/ ! col\r ( s&1 some:at r\gh to ! t\*1 :il/ its :ole surface is pitt$ ) m9ute holes4 ,! sea-mat1 :5 dry z we usually f9d x1 is a remnant ( a colony ( sea dwell]s v simil> to ^? we h j describ$4 ,f ea* little hole1 9 a liv+ specim51 :i* we c f9d )\t mu* difficulty1 !re appe> ! famili> t5tacles2 ea* hole is ! home ( a m9ute hydra-l animal4 ,hooke1 :om we m5tion$ 9 our *apt] on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,microscope1 ?\gh a c>eful obs]v]1 0 q misl$ by ! sea-mat2 he ?\ght x 0 a seawe$1 = he wrote3 8,i h n1 among all plants & vegetables ,i h yet obs]v$1 se5 any "o comp>able to ?is seawe$4 ,x is a plant :i* gr[s ^u ! rocks "u wat] & increases & spreads itself into a great tuft1 :i* is n only h&somely bran*$ into sev]al leaves1 b ! :ole surface is cov]$ ov] ) a mo/ curi\s knot ( c>v$ "w1 :i* consi/s ( a texture mu* resembl+ a honeycomb1 = ! :ole surface on bo? sides is cov]$ ov] ) a multitude ( v small holes1 be+ no l>g] ?an s _m holes made ) a p91 & rang$ 9 ! neate/ & mo/ delicate ord] imag9able1 !y be+ plac$ 9 ! mann] ( a qu9cunx1 or v mu* l ! r[s ( eyes ( a fly1 ! r[s or ord]s be+ v regul> :i* way soev] !y are obs]v$4 ,^! little holes1 :i* to ! eye look r\nd1 :5 magnifi$1 appe> v regul>ly %ap$ holes1 repres5t+ almo/ ! %ape ( a r\nd-to$ %oe1 ! h9d] "p ( ea* be+1 z x 71 turn$ 91 or cov]$ by ! toe ( ! next bel[ x4 ,^! holes seem$ wall$ ab\t ) v ?9 & transp>5t sub/ance1 look+ ( a pale /raw col\r1 f ! edge ( :i*1 aga9/ ! middle ( ea* hole1 7 spr\t$ out f\r small1 transp>5t1 /raw-col\r$ ?orns1 :i* seem$ to protect & cov] ^? cavities40 ,z a well-kn[n au?or has rem>k$3 8,?is is really a wond]fully fai?ful description ( ! common sea-mat1 & "o _c help pictur+ ! surprise & delight ( old au?or ,hooke1 c\ld he h se5 a portion ( a liv+ colony "u a mod]n microscope40 ,"o ( our f9ds may be ! 8,bird's head40 ,x is a bran*$ =m1 q unlike ! sea-mat b x is ( ev5 great] int]e/4 ,"u ! microscope1 we %all see ! _m wav+ t5tacles1 b ano!r feature is sure to attract our att5tion1 a feature :i* is responsible = ! popul> "n ( ! colony4 ,on ! outside ( ea* cavity conta9+ a memb] ( ! colony !re is a /ructure :i* resembles no?+ s mu* z a hawk-l bird's head atop ( a long neck4 ,:ile ! t5tacles wave 9 ! wat]1 ! bird's head snaps vigor\sly1 mov$ "h & mov$ !re4 ,! birds' heads1 :i* might be mi/ak5 = p>asites /eal+ food f ! wav+ t5tacles1 really p]=m ! useful function ( keep+ !m clean & w>d+ (f creatures :i* might d !m h>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 #a4 ,a ,,section ,,( ,,human ,,sk9 ,! corkscrew-l pores1 lead+ f ! sweat gl&s to ! surface1 are pla9ly se5 9 ! section4 #b4 ,,! ,,face ,,( ,a ,,fly ,a wond]ful photograph1 at #ae in*es1 tak5 by ! micro-telescope4 ,notice ! v l>ge size ( ! eyes relative to ! re/ ( ! head4 ,n[ let u pass to q diff]5t ?\gh equally common sea %ore animals1 ! /> fi%4 ,!re are v _m k9ds b ! common /> fi% w s]ve our purpose well4 ,we may make a beg9n+ by exam9+ 8 back "u a l[ magnification & obs]v+ t x is protect$ by a numb] ( h>d plates :i* =m a v effici5t arm\r4 ,at ! po9t :]e two ( ! rays 7! f+] l /ructures7 arise we %all notice a small flat plate1 ?is too is wor? a mom5t's inspection1 = x is ! wat] pore ?r\gh :i* ! /> fi% takes 9 wat]4 ,! "u surface ( ! /> fi% %[s u ( c\rse its m\? 9 ! c5tre ( its body1 ! s(t fle%y suck]s :i* cov] ! rays1 ) ! exception ( a n>r[ l9e d[n ! c5tre ( ea* "o4 ,at ! tip ( ea* ray !re is an eye2 x may easily be di/+ui%$ by its bright r$ col\r & microscopic exam9ation w %[ u t x is q unlike any ( ! o!r eyes we h exam9$4 ,ov] ea* eye !re is a little t5tacle2 ^! little t5tacles may be call$ ! noses ( ! /> fi%1 =1 by means ( !m x is able to smell4 ,!y are z unlike our idea ( a nose z are ! little pits on ! feel] ( ! cock*af] :i* we exam9$1 yet ^! noses & ours all p]=m ! same duties4 ,our "t w be well sp5t if we devote "s ( x to a se>* = o!rs less common /> fi%4 ,"s ( !m are really beautiful & :atev] specim5s we come across c be comp>$ ) ! common v>iety :i* is ev]y:]e4 ,closely relat$ to ! /> fi% are ! sea-ur*9s4 ,! relation%ip may n be app>5t at fir/ sight b a c>eful /udy ( an ur*9 & a /> w reveal _m po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,our object 9 ^! pages1 h[ev]1 is to f9d mat]ial = our microscope & n to unfold ! relation%ips ( v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,:5 we h le>n$ to cut sections1 we may try our h& at ! sp9e ( a sea-ur*91 x is an object well wor?y ( /udy4 ,! h>d %ell ( ! ur*9 may be exam9$ "u a l[ magnification1 we %all see !n t 8 arm\r is f> m highly develop$ ?an t ( ! /> fi%4 ,ano!r ne> relative ( ! two animals we h j describ$ is ! sea slug or sea cucumb]4 ,?\gh an article ( comm]ce ( "s importance 9 ! f> ,ea/1 ! sea slug is n s common on our coa/s z its relations4 ,we mu/ make a po9t ( f9d+ a specim51 h[ev]1 = x provides u ) "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable objects = our microscope t c\ld possibly be imag9$4 ,"o species1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ,synapta ,inhr5s1 is ! "o mo/ wor?y ( exam9ation4 ,we mu/ describe ! creature fir/ ( all s t we may "k :at to look =4 ,x is aptly nam$ sea cucumb] = x is n unlike t fruit--yes6 fruit is correct1 ?\gh ! cucumb] is m (t5 call$ a vegetable4 ,! animal's sk9 is t\gh & lea!ry & at ! head end !re is a fr+e ( fea!ry t5tacles4 ,! sea cucumb] mu/ be look$ = among/ sea we$s or1 maybe1 he lies buri$ 9 ! s&1 ) only 8 fr+e ( t5tacles on view4 ,a fri5dly fi%]man w probably aid u 9 our se>*4 ,hav+ f\nd our creature we mu/ exam9e 8 lea!ry sk9 "u ! microscope4 ,to ! t\* x is evid5t t x is /udd$ ) "s fl9ty matt]1 b ! microscope alone c %[ u ! amaz+ beauty ( ?is arm\r4 ,"u a l[ magnification1 we c see1 dott$ ov] ! lea!ry sk91 "s ne>ly circul> plates to ea* ( :i* is atta*$ a little an*or4 ,n[1 f a dead animal ( c\rse1 we mu/ scrape away "s ( ^! objects & exam9e !m ) a high] magnification4 ,ev5 ! h>d5$ microscopi/ w be delight$ :5 he sees ! arm\r ( ! sea cucumb] = ! fir/ "t4 ,ea* an*or is h+$ to a little plate1 ea* little plate1 ne>ly circul> 9 outl9e1 is p]=at$ ) sev5 holes1 six r\nd ! circumf]5ce & "o 9 ! c5tre & e p]=ation has a too!d m>g94 ,s p]fect are ^! m9ute plates & an*ors1 t ! mo/ intricate man-made ma*9]y c\ld n h turn$ !m out m p]fectly to patt]n4 ,!y are precisely simil> to "o ano!r 9 size & %ape2 z objects = ! microscope1 ev5 ! sea ) all its /ore ( wond]s1 c (f] u no?+ m m>vell\s4 ,we may numb] ! sea m\se among/ our treasures ( ! sea-side4 ,?\gh call$ a m\se1 on acc\nt ( its curi\s movem5ts & p>tly p]haps because ( its appe>ance1 x is really a worm4 ,x does n appe> to h ! slighte/ resemblance to ! common e>? worm1 nor to ! liv] fluke :i* is describ$ on ano!r page1 nev]!less1 x is relat$ to bo? ^! creatures4 ,! raim5t ( ! sea m\se is gorge\s 9 ! extreme2 on its back is s(t br[ni% hair1 its sides are clo!d ) yell[ & gre5 hair1 display+ a wond]ful iridesc5ce & among/ ! hair on ! sides !re are _m /iff br[n bri/les4 ,( ! cov]+ ( ! sea m\se x has be5 said3 8,x is z if all ! hues ( ! ra9b[ 7 collect$ !re1 mak+ ?is rem>kable animal a liv+ jewel1 & truly wor?y ( ! "n ( ,aphrodite1 ! ,que5 ( ,beauty40 ,! bri/les ( ?is creature we mu/ exam9e microscopically1 !y v>y 9 /ructure accord+ to ! k9d ( sea m\se1 = !re are sev]al k9ds1 b 9 "s ( !m !y are =midably b>b$1 9 all ( !m !y act z a protection4 ,_m o!r worms1 a numb] ( !m un-wormlike 9 appe>ance w claim our att5tion b we _c devote m space to !m "h4 ,!re is ! common %ell-b9d]1 a curi\s worm1 :i* builds = itself a /ill m curi\s %elt] ( brok5 %ells4 ,ano!r worm1 ,s]pula by "n1 also lives 9 tube-l /ructures ( its own manufacture & is rem>kable 9 t a r[ ( ne>ly two ?\s& sev5-too!d hooks run along its back & all ^! ?irte5 ?\s& odd tee? are !re m]ely = ! purpose ( hold+ ,s]pula 9 its tubul> home4 ,mu* int]e/+ "w may be done at ! seaside 9 /udy+ ! "y /ages ( v>i\s famili> creatures4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 necessitates ! keep+ ( ! adults 9 an aqu>ium2 = ! "y ones1 9 mo/ cases1 are s unlike _! p>5ts t1 if f\nd swimm+ ab\t on _! own acc\nt1 !y w\ld nev] be recognis$4 ,"y b>nacles1 = in/ance1 h six legs1 a tubul> m\? & a s+le eye4 ,at a lat] /age !y might be mi/ak5 = "y %ell fi%2 !y possess a %ell1 n unlike t ( ! mussel1 conta9+1 h[ev]1 n a s(t1 fle%y mollusc b a six legg$ creature :i* swims ?r\gh ! wat] 9 j]ks1 aft] ! mann] ( a wat] flea4 ,/rangely en\gh1 x is n[ provid$ ) two /alk$ eyes l ^? ( a crab1 :il/ ( m\? p>ts x has none1 or !y are s imp]fectly develop$ z to be useless = fe$+4 ,soon ?is active y\ng/] settles d[n = ! re/ ( its life & becomes a s$ate & s$5t>y b>nacle1 ) "o imp]fectly develop$ eye & a m\? capable ( fe$+ to good purpose4 ,"y crabs are equally curi\s & also totally unlike _! p>5ts1 b ^! curi\s creatures are h>dly accessible to ^? :o only pay a fly+ visit to ! sea-side4 ,z we h rem>k$1 an aqu>ium is a necessity & to keep m>9e animals inl& is a feat beyond ! p[]s ( ! ord9>y mortal4 ,! ,sea ,lemon or ,doris is a curi\s little creature1 wor?y ( exam9ation4 ,its habit is to fe$ ^u sponges & /range diet x is1 = we rememb] t all sponges are =tifi$ ) h>d fl9ty /ructures1 call$ spicules4 ,?is habit ( ! ,sea ,lemon is ( use to ! microscopi/1 = ! /oma* ( ! creature is always lad5 ) ! indige/ible spicules & a v int]e/+ collection ( ^! beautiful /ructures may be ga!r$ toge!r 9 ?is mann]4 ,! egg masses ( ,doris may be look$ = on rocks dur+ ! summ]4 ,enorm\s numb]s ( eggs are laid 9 a jelly-l mass4 ,"s ( ?is jelly may be collect$ & exam9$ "u ! microscope &1 %\ld we h collect$ our mat]ial at a fav\rable mom5t1 we may wat* ! eggs hat* & obs]ve ! "y ,sea ,lemons 9 _! delicate transp>5t %ells swimm+ r\nd & r\nd ! *amb] )9 :i* !y are imprison$ dur+ ! v e>ly /ages ( _! lives4 ,v frequ5tly 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! seas are w>m any agitation ( ! wat] causes a beautiful phosphoresc5ce to appe>4 ,phosphoresc5ce1 by ! way1 may be describ$ z light )\t heat & x is n uncommon 9 nature4 ,gl[ worms & fireflies are phosphoresc5t2 fi%1 also1 9 ! dead /ate1 (t5 emit a c]ta9 am\nt ( light z d bones :il/1 ( c\rse1 phosphor\s itself is ! be/ example ( a naturally phosphoresc5t body4 ,phosphoresc5t sea wat]1 h[ev]1 owes its peculi>ity to myriads ( m9ute animals & !y w af=d u an int]e/+ half h\r ) ! microscope4 ,let u collect a little ( ?is wat] 9 a glass j> & take x into a d>k5$ room t we may ! bett] see ! phosphoresc5ce4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 ! j> is undi/urb$1 we c see no?+ unusual2 if we /ir x or /rike x a fa9t gre5i% light is giv5 (f1 b x does n la/ = long4 ,n[1 on tak+ ! j> into ! daylight1 z soon z our eyes are accu/om$ to ! light1 we %all j be able to see t !re are "s v small liv+ creatures on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,we mu/ exam9e "o1 "u a fairly high magnification2 x may be transf]r$1 f ! j> to a drop ( wat] on our slide1 by means ( a pa9t bru%4 ,! little animal :i* is responsible = ! phosphoresc5ce ( sea wat] is /rangely rem9isc5t ( an apple ) its /alk4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 v m9ute be+ only #a_/fj in* 9 diamet] & its tail1 :i* we h comp>$ to ! /alk ( ! apple1 is equal to ! diamet] 9 l5g?4 ,! :ole creature is q transp>5t4 ,z we wat* x swim 9 our drop ( wat]1 we %all notice t x propels itself by ! la%+ ( its tail4 ,!re are c\ntless animals ( ! sea we h n s mu* z m5tion$1 b ! m>9e g>d5s conta9 plants s int]e/+ & s totally unlike ^? :i* live ^u l& t we mu/ devote a few pages to !m also4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,microscope ,,by ,,! ,,seaside--,,plant ,,life ,! plant life ( ! sea side may be divid$ into two natural gr\ps 7i7 ( plants liv+ on ! %ore ne> ! sea & 7ii7 ( plants liv+ 9 ! sea1 = "p ( ea* day at lea/4 ,! =m] gr\p conta9s _m plants ( exactly ! same k9d z occur f> inl&1 toge!r ) a few typically sea-side plants su* z ,?rift or ,sea ,p9k4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 "o & all l& plants4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all conf9e ourselves to ! real sea plants1 ! seawe$s4 ,be=e we /udy any ( ^! int]e/+ plants "u ! microscope1 x w be useful to le>n a little ab\t seawe$s 9 g5]al1 because !y are s totally unlike l& plants 9 e respect4 ,!y belong to ! great plant division kn[n z ! ,alg1 to :i* also belong ! ,diatoms1 ,desmids1 ,volvox1 ,spirogyra & _m ( ! o!r plants we m5tion$ 9 our *apt] on ,pond ,life4 ,s we see t1 al?\gh all seawe$s are ,alg1 n all ,alg are seawe$s4 ,!y are high] 9 ! scale ( developm5t ?an ,fungi1 to :i* ,bact]ia1 ,yea/1 ,m\ld1 etc41 belong1 ?\gh !y are n s highly develop$ z ,f]ns & n ne>ly s advanc$ z fl[]+ plants4 ,a v %ort acqua9tance ) ,alg w %[ u t !y are ei!r gre51 br[n or r$4 ,! gre5 ,alg are ne>ly all fre% wat] =ms1 ?\gh a few are to be f\nd 9 ! sea2 on ! o!r h& br[n & r$ ,alg are common 9 ! sea & r>e 9 fre% wat]4 ,z we /udy our seawe$s on ! %ore1 if we are really obs]vant1 we %all notice t !y live 9 zones or belts accord+ to _! col\r4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is rule b1 9 g5]al1 ! gre5 seawe$s dwell 9 situations :]e !y are only cov]$ by ! sea at high tide2 ! r$ seawe$s are to be f\nd mo/ly :]e !y are always bel[ wat] &1 betwe5 ! two1 ! br[n seawe$s occur4 ,9 "s p>ts1 ?is col\r s*eme is v /rik+4 ,frequ5tly r$ seawe$s may be f\nd above high-wat] m>k x is true1 b 9 su* cases !y ne>ly always occur 9 rock pools & !y are inv>iably %elt]$ by br[n seawe$s4 ,9 our *apt] on plant life we m5tion$ t _m col\r$ plants conta9$ ! gre5 col\r+ matt]1 *lorophyll1 j z d ! ord9>y gre5 leaves4 ,we %[$ too t by boil+ "s gre5 leaves 9 me?ylat$ spirits we c\ld extract ! *lorophyll & t its solution _h ! peculi> prop]ty ( appe>+ gre5 :5 light passes ?r\gh x & r$ :5 light is reflect$ f x4 ,if n[ we take almo/ any br[n or r$ seawe$1 we _c see a trace ( *lorophyll any:]e4 ,let u leave our specim51 h[ev]1 9 fre% wat] = a few days :5 we %all f9d t ! br[n or r$ col\r+ matt] z ! case may be1 is dissolv$ by ! wat] & a gre5 plant rema9s4 ,by treat+ ! seawe$1 depriv$ ( its di/9ctive col\r1 ) me?ylat$ _s z describ$ above1 we c obta9 a solution ( *lorophyll4 ,! microscopi/ :o is anxi\s to make a /udy ( seawe$s1 w f9d little scope = 8 hobby on a s&y %ore4 ,j z ! mo/ int]e/+ m>9e animals are to be f\nd :]e rocks ab\nd1 s mu/ we hunt 9 simil> situations = our ,alg4 ,a few ?read l ,alg are able to an*or !mselves to ! s& b mo/ ( !m require a sub/antial support4 ,a b>e rock is a mu* fav\r$ situation & be=e we h le>n$ ! peculi>ities ( ^! plants we may m>vel h[ !y obta9 any su/5ance f s b>r5 a re/+ place4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y d]ive no n\ri%m5t f ! rocks on :i* !y re/4 ,! "p ( ! sea we$ :i*1 9 our ignorance1 we may h dubb$ a root1 is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x be>s no relation%ip to ! roots ( high] plants & is a m]e an*or1 design$ to fa/5 its own] to a support4 ,none ( ^! plants h roots1 none h true /ems or leaves1 ?\gh ! p>ts resembl+ /ems & leaves are (t5 s call$2 none ( !m fl[] & s fruits & se$s are unkn[n to !m4 ,_! food is absorb$ f ! sea wat] ov] ! :ole ( _! surface4 ,we may well beg9 our /udy ( ! seawe$s ) an exam9ation ( ! ext]nal /ructure ( z _m diff]5t k9ds z we c f9d4 ,"s ( !m are flatt5$ & v ?9 =ms & ( !m ! ,sea ,lettuce may be tak5 z typical4 ,?is plant1 kn[n to sci5ti/s z ,ulva ,lactuca1 occurs at high-wat] m>k4 ,9 its fully develop$ =m x is pale gre5 & s ?9 z to be almo/ transp>5t2 its /ructure may be /udi$ "u ! microscope )\t difficulty4 ,!n !re is ! v common1 gre51 ,compress$ ,ent]omorpha :i* gr[s 9 great pr(usion on ! rocks ( ! %ore1 r5d]+ !m exce$+ly slipp]y4 ,! closely relat$ ,inte/9al ,ent]omorpha z x floats 9 ! wat] resembles a gre51 membran\s tube & ^? ( u :o h ev] done any zoological dissection w appreciate h[ well nam$ ?is plant is4 ,! /ructure ( bo? ! ,ent]omorphas c easily be se54 ,_m ( ! br[n & r$ ,alg w provide u ) a good deal ( occupation 9 mak+ out _! /ructure4 ,"s ( !m1 ! br[n ,ectoc>pus ,siliculosus = example1 may be f\nd1 gr[+ 9 moss l tufts1 :i* are usually atta*$ to "o ( ! l>g] ,alg liv+ betwe5 ! tide m>ks4 ,x is "o ( ! simple/ ( ! br[n sea we$s1 consi/+ ( bran*$ ?reads1 b "o cell 9 ?ickness4 ,! ,wracks1 ( :i* ! ,common ,bladd] ,wrack or ,pop we$ ) its little air fill$ bladd]s is famili> to ev]yone1 are m complicat$ 9 /ructure1 9 fact !y appe> to be possess$ ( /ems & leaves1 b we %all return to !m 9 a mom5t4 ,mo/ ( ! common r$ ,alg are s delicate 9 /ructure t !y require a fairly high magnification = _! exam9ation4 ,! ?91 membran\s fronds ( ! beautiful crimson ,deless]a ,sangu9ea1 may be s\ght bel[ l[ tide limit or may be f\nd wa%$ up ^u ! %ore4 ,sup]ficially ! plant resembles a r$ h>t's-tongue f]n1 ) mu* m delicate fronds ?an ev] f]n ( t species possess$4 ,we may well comp>e its /ructure ) t ( ! sea lettuce1 = x is equally transp>5t4 ,9 ! rock pools ( _m p>ts ( ! coa/ we may happ5 ^u a mo/ curi\s almo/ :ite sea we$1 kn[n z ,corall9e or ,corall9a ,(fic9alis4 ,its bran*$1 fea!ry /ems are h>d & /ony & ! :ole plant be>s a sup]ficial resemblance to a coral1 h5ce its "n4 ,! plant absorbs a sub/ance kn[n z calcium c>bonate f ! sea wat] & deposits x 9 ! =m ( a h>d1 /ony cov]+ ov] its surface4 ,calcium c>bonate does n occur 9 sea wat] ev]y:]e1 at lea/ n 9 suffici5t quantity to be ( use to ! ,corall9e1 t is ! reason ! sea we$ is n q s common z "s ( ! o!rs we h m5tion$4 ,! curi\s arm\r-plat+ ( ?is sea dwell]1 %\ld be /udi$ "u ! microscope4 ,! *ief sci5tific int]e/ ( ! sea we$s1 h[ev]1 lies 9 _! mode ( increase1 x is s totally diff]5t f t ( any ( ! high] plants4 ,! mo/ simple me?od ( increase is kn[n z vegetative reproduction1 x does n occur 9 e k9d ( seawe$ & is no?+ m or less ?an ! gr[? ( a brok5 piece ( plant into a new individual4 ,?is =m ( increase is n unkn[n high] 9 ! plant _w2 begonia leaves may be induc$ to s5d =? roots & gr[ into new plants1 _m g>d5 fav\rites are propagat$ by means ( cutt+s & bo? ^! me?ods are simil> to ! break+ away & gr[? ( portions ( a seawe$2 ! g>d5 plants1 h[ev]1 are assi/$ by man1 ! seawe$ does its own "w4 ,! simple/ =ms ( increase occur among/ ^? giants ( ! sea1 ! ,lam9>ias or ,tangles z !y are (t5 call$4 ,^! br[n seawe$s (t5 atta9 enorm\s sizes1 !y all gr[ bel[ ! limits ( l[ tide & appe> to ?rive be/ :]e ! wat] is frequ5tly la%$ by /orms4 ,to see ^! plants at _! be/ we mu/ look d[n ^u !m 9 _! wat]y home4 ,!re are spots on ! ,nor?-,ea/]n coa/ ( ,irel&1 :]e "o may look f ! cliffs ^u a v]itable =e/ ( ,tangles4 ,!re ?rives ! 8,devil's ,apron10 %ort ( /em b ) a flat ribbon ( a frond1 :i* may atta9 a l5g? ( a doz5 feet & a wid? ( z _m in*es4 ,!re too we c behold ! ,f+]$ ,tangle1 ) /em1 maybe1 six feet 9 l5g? & a cr[n ( l>ge f+]-l fronds1 8,sea ,laces0 or 8,dead ,m5's ,ropes10 ) fronds resembl+ sl5d] ropes1 9 l5g?1 at times z mu* z =ty feet1 ride gracefully on ! ev] *ang+ curr5ts4 ,safely hidd5 9 ?is m>9e =e/ lurk que] fi%es & crabs & %ell fi%4 ,ab\t ! broad fronds ( ! 8,devil's ,apron0 sea mice & sea cucumb]s disport !mselves2 ! ,tangle home is a p>adise = m>9e life4 ,yet ) all _! vigor\s gr[? !y increase simply by lib]at+ spores :i* give rise to new plants4 ,9 our *apt] on ,plant ,life we describ$ spores v briefly2 we said t f a /rictly sci5tific po9t ( view !y 7 n comp>able to se$s b t = our purpose !y might be look$ ^u z se$s = ! reason t1 by _! g]m9ation1 new plants 7 =m$4 ,all ! spores ( l& plants are m9ute1 !y are c>ri$ f ! "m plant to suitable spots = g]m9ation by w9d4 ,! spores ( seawe$s also are small1 b !y are v diff]5t to ! little w9d-bl[n1 l&-dwell+ spores4 ,!y possess a pair ( ! curi\s little :ip-l /ructures we h obs]v$ 9 s _m wat] plants & animals4 ,by ! la%+ ( ^! little :ips !y are able to swim ab\t 9 ! wat] till !y f9d a suitable spot to settle d[n & gr[ into plants simil> to ^? :5ce !y came4 ,on acc\nt ( _! animal-l movem5ts !y are call$ zoospores4 ,! =mation ( zoospores may be easily obs]v$ 9 ! br[n sea we$ ,ectoc>pus ,siliculosus we h already m5tion$4 ,?is plant1 z we h already rem>k$1 consi/s ( ?91 ?read-l r[s ( s+le cells & f "t to "t x is bran*$4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye>1 mod]ately l>ge1 pe> %ap$ swell+s occur on ! ?reads ( ! sea-we$4 ,if we are ei!r =tunate or exceptionally pati5t we may *ance to be exam9+ "o ( ^! swell+s "u ! microscope at ! mom5t :5 x bur/s & sets free its cont5ts4 ,%\ld we h ?is good =tune we mu/ ha/5 to magnify m highly ! zoospores :i* h escap$ f ! pe> %ap$ spore case4 ,"h we may add ! caution t we %all only witness ! bur/+ ( ! spore case if we exam9e our specim5 9 sea wat]2 we %\ld require m ?an ! pati5ce ( ,job to wat* = its bur/+ 9 ! dry /ate1 = x w nev] come to pass4 ,a c>eful /udy ( a zoospore w %[ t x swims 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,"o ( ! little :ips is direct$ =w>ds1 ! o!r trails beh9d4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod ( activity ! zoospore comes to re/1 loses all means ( propulsion1 g]m9ates & gr[s into a new ,ectoc>pus plant4 ,sometimes ?is ,alg rea*es a l[ ebb ( vitality1 x requires a new lease ( life z x 71 :5 ?is /ate is rea*$ ano!r =m ( increase takes place4 ,! ev5ts 9 ?is case may also be witness$ "u ! microscope4 ,f v simil> spore cases a numb] ( zoospores are lib]at$ & = a "t !y swim ab\t freely4 ,if n[ we wat* c>efully we %all notice t "o ( ! active little bodies comes to re/ & t ! o!rs lose no "t 9 sw>m+ r\nd x4 ,"o ( ^! sw>m+ zoospores fuses ) ! individual :i* fir/ ceas$ swimm+ ab\t1 ) ! result t a mu* l>g]1 non-swimm+ individual is =m$ :i*1 aft] a %ort re/+ p]iod1 g]m9ates & gr[s into a new sea we$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! zoospores w come to re/ lat] & g]m9ate to =m new plants j z ?\gh no fusion _h tak5 place ) two ( _! numb]4 ,"h we see ! beg9n+s ( male & female increase among/ sea we$s2 ! individual :i* fir/ comes to re/ is look$ ^u z ! female & ! "o ) :i* x fuses z ! male4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 ,,! ,,feel] ,,( ,a ,,cock*af] ,! end ( ! feel] consi/s ( a numb] ( plates1 :i* c be spread fanwise4 ,! pores visible on ! plates are ! insect's organs ( smell4 ,among/ ! ,wracks1 ( :i* !re are a numb] ( k9ds1 ! me?ods ( increase rea* a high] /age4 ,fir/ ( all let u describe ! plants1 s t we may "k :at to look =4 ,!y all belong to ! gr\p ( br[n ,alg4 ,! 8,*annell$ ,wrack0 is1 :5 fully gr[n1 ab\t six in*es long4 ,x is mu* bran*$1 (t5 almo/ yell[i% 9 col\r & gr[s j bel[ high-wat] m>k4 ,along "o side ( ! plant !re is a mod]ately deep groove4 ,"h we may note t ! ,wracks gr[ 9 zones f j bel[ high wat] m>k to l[ wat] m>k4 ,a little ne>] ! sea ?an ! haunts ( ! ,*annell$ ,wrack1 we %all f9d ! ,flat & ,bladd] ,wracks4 ,! =m] is b six in*es or s 9 l5g?1 ) flat1 =k$ fronds1 along ! c5tres ( :i* runs a s+le rib4 ,! ,bladd] ,wrack v>ies consid]ably 9 size4 ,x may be small] ?an ei!r ( ! ,wracks we h already m5tion$ or x may be two or ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,x is ! "o seawe$ famili> to ev]ybody4 ,ne>] to l[ tide m>k we %all enc\nt] ! ,knobb$ ,wrack1 gre5i% br[n 9 col\r & (t5 z mu* z six feet 9 l5g?4 ,x is s nam$ because f ! sides ( its flat1 lea!ry1 /rap-l fronds1 !re arise little /alk$ bladd]s4 ,"r at1 & (t5 beyond1 l[ tide m>k !re dwells ! ,not*$ ,wrack2 v simil> to1 ?\gh l>g] ?an1 ! ,flat ,wrack1 f :i* x may easily be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! edges ( its fronds are too!d1 aft] ! mann] ( a saw4 ,x is obvi\s t ! /ructure ( any "o ( ^! ,wracks is mu* m complicat$ ?an is ! case ) ,ectoc>pus4 ,! latt] ,alga 0 compos$ ( a numb] ( cells1 simil> to "o ano!r 9 e respect except size4 ,if we tease a /em or a frond ( "o ( ! ,wracks ^u a slide & exam9e ! result ( our ef=ts "u ! microscope we %all see t ! cells :i* compose ! ,wrack are n by any means simil> to "o ano!r4 ,^? ( u :o h ma/]$ !1 by no means difficult1 art ( section cutt+1 %\ld cut sections ( /em & frond & comp>e !m ) sections ( leaf & /em ( "s high] plant4 ,! comp>ison w %[ u t1 al?\gh ! seawe$ does n exhibit ! complicat$ /ructure ( a fl[]+ plant1 x has at lea/ ?ree k9ds ( diff]5t cells--an out] lay]1 a c5tral /ructure & an int]m$iate lay]4 ,if we secure a specim5 ( ! ,*annell$ ,wrack1 at ! end ( ! summ]1 we %all notice t ! tips ( c]ta9 ( ! fronds are swoll54 ,exam9ation ( ^! swell+s "u a l[ magnification w reveal a numb] ( w>t-l /ructures1 & at ! end ( ea* w>t !re is a little pore4 ,if we op5 up "o ( ^! little w>ts1 v c>efully ) our m\nt$ ne$les1 we %all f9d t ea* little pore op5s into a cavity1 )9 :i* we c f9d two k9ds ( /ructures1 hidd5 among/ a numb] ( hair l gr[?s4 ,we %all see a numb] ( d>k1 oval bodies1 at ! base ( ! hairs1 ^! are ! egg cells2 m c>eful se>* w %[ u a numb] ( mu* bran*$ /ructures also p>tly conceal$ by ! hairs1 ^! are ! male organs ( ! plants4 ,! purpose ( ! hairs1 by ! way1 is to keep ! little *amb] moi/1 :5 ! plant is left high & dry4 ,if we wat* ! pores ( ! o!r w>ts c>efully we may be =tunate en\gh to see ! process ( increase tak+ place1 = x occurs outside ! plant & n )9 ! *amb]4 ,! egg cell divides into two & its cont5ts pass out ( ! *amb] by way ( ! pore2 ea* cell ( ! male organs gives rise to sixty-f\r oval little /ructures1 ea* provid$ ) a pair ( m9ute :ip-l ?reads by means ( :i* x swims f ! *amb] & goes 9 se>* ( ! egg cells4 ,_m ( ^! little navigators are lo/ by ! way b "o ( !m w rea* & fuse ) ea* egg cell4 ,aft] fusion ! new-=m$ cell g]m9ates at once into a new ,*annell$ ,wrack4 ,t ?is is an advance is %[n by ! fact t ! little swimm+ bodies :i* fail to fuse ) ! egg cell1 d n develop into new plants z 9 ,ectoc>pus nor does ! egg cell1 :i* has fail$ to fuse ) a swimm+ body1 g]m9ate4 ,9 ! ,bladd] ,wrack1 a v simil> process takes place4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 important diff]5ces1 diff]5ces :i* %[ t ! plant is /ill m highly develop$4 ,if we exam9e ! cavities1 9 ! little w>ts ( ! ,bladd] ,wrack we %all f9d t "s ( !m conta9 egg cells1 "s conta9 male organs b none conta9 bo?4 ,we notic$ t ! egg cell ( ! ,*annell$ ,wrack produc$ two eggs1 t ( ! ,bladd] ,wrack produces eight4 ,9 o!r respects ! two plants behave simil>ly4 ,! me?ods ( increase among/ ! r$ seawe$s are r m complicat$ & z our object is to int]e/ & n to puzzle our read]s we w cont5t ourselves ) a few g5]al rem>ks4 ,microscopi/s :o are anxi\s to probe m deeply into ! subject w soon devise ways & means = !mselves4 ,! little swimm+ bodies :i* l5d an add$ attraction to ! /udy ( ! br[n seawe$s are replac$1 among/ ! r$ ,alg1 by organisms ) b "o :ip-l /ructure apiece & t )\t ! p[] ( propell+ its own] ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,z ) ,ectoc>pus1 increase may take place 9 two ways4 ,on ^! r$ plants we may f9d ! n[ famili> swell+s1 :i* we h le>n$ to "k are spore cases1 b in/ead ( ! multitudes ( free swimm+ organisms :i* are set free on ! bur/+ ( ! br[n sea we$ spore case1 we n[ witness ! expulsion ( b f\r in]t spores1 :i* settle d[n 9 ! wat] & imm$iately gr[ into new plants4 ,9 ! second me?od ( increase1 :]e male & female organs are conc]n$1 we f9d t bo? ^! /ructures gr[ on ! outside ( ! plant & n 9 cavities4 ,let u take ! common1 p9k1 mu* bran*$ seawe$1 kn[n by ! fe>some "n ( ,calli?amnion ,corymbosum z our example4 ,! male organs gr[ 9 little fungus l tufts ab\t ! bran*es ( ! plant & !y give (f enorm\s numb]s ( little organisms :i* h no p[] ( swimm+ to ! female organs4 ,ei!r on ! same or on ano!r plant we %all f9d ! female organs2 we ne$ n describe !m 9 detail b !re is "o po9t ( v great int]e/4 ,f ea* ( ! female organs !re gr[s a long jelly-l hair4 ,z we h rem>k$1 ! organisms set free by ! male organs _c swim ab\t b float aimlessly 9 ! wat]4 ,obvi\sly ! majority ( !m simply p]i%1 "o p]*ance may t\* a /icky hair to :i* x adh]es1 ) :i* x fuses & passes d[n to ! female cell1 result+ 9 ! production ( a new seawe$4 ,x may be rememb]$ t 9 writ+ ab\t ! poll5 gra9s ( fl[]+ plants1 we m5tion$ t ^? plants dep5d5t ^u w9d = ! di/ribution ( _! poll51 h /igmas +5i\sly contriv$ = cat*+ & reta9+ ! gra9s4 ,x is curi\s t ! r$ seawe$s %\ld h v simil> contrivances = captur+ & reta9+ ! male cells4 ,! sea w also provide u ) a ri* h>ve/ ( ^? beautiful microscopic objects1 ! ,diatoms4 ,!y may be s\ght on seawe$s1 _! yell[i% br[n col\r (t5 betrays _! :]eab\ts1 on rocks & s& & 9 mud4 ,! salt wat] =ms are z v>i$ & z beautiful z _! fre% wat] c\s9s4 ,to ! microscopi/ :o m]ely uses 8 microscope = ! pleasure he c d]ive f x1 r ?an = s]i\s /udy1 x may appe> t ! plant life ( ! sea falls %ort ( ! animal life z f> z int]e/ is conc]n$4 ,he may disabuse himself at once ( ?is idea4 ,!re is no class ( plants m int]e/+ ?an ! seawe$s & 9 few bran*es ( plant life is !re great] scope = new discov]ies4 ,! g>d5 ( ! sea is l>gely an unexplor$ t]ritory & !re is no coa/-l9e 9 ! _w ( equal ext5t :i* provides s _m diff]5t sea dwell+ plants z our own4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,micro-,,telescope ,,& ,,sup] ,,microscope ,^? ( our read]s :o h borne ) u ?us f> may q excusably h ?\ght t ! la/ ^w _h be5 atta9$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! microscope4 ,x is true t diff]5t mak]s h made v>i\s improvem5ts to _! in/rum5ts1 f "t to "t 9 rec5t ye>s1 mo/ ( !m ( m9or importance b useful 9 ! aggregate4 ,b a few ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ! adv5t ( ! ,micro-,telescope & ,sup]-,microscope m>k$ an epo* 9 ! manufacture ( ! microscope4 ,we h %[n t great /rides 7 made 9 sci5tific inve/igation :5 ! fir/ simple l5ses 7 manufactur$1 t !re 0 a lull 9 microscopic rese>* till ! appe>ance ( ! comp\nd microscope & n[1 :5 ! late/ in/rum5ts are 9 ! h&s ( sci5tific work]s1 fur!r possibilities are op5$ up4 ,9 all microscopes--! be/ z well z ! *eap] in/rum5ts--!re is "o fail+ :i* v e>ly =ces itself ^u ! us]4 ,!y h v little 8dep? ( focus40 ,let u expla9 exactly :at ! phrase means4 ,once or twice 9 our pages1 we h recomm5d$ t ! f9e adju/m5t %\ld be rotat$ to & fro :ile c]ta9 objects are be+ exam9$4 ,:5 potato />* gra9s1 = in/ance1 are magnifi$ suffici5tly highly to %[ _! *>act]i/ic m>k+s1 ! :ole ( ! gra9 _c be se5 cle>ly at "o "t1 because at t magnification ! 8dep? ( focus0 is slight4 ,! high] ! magnification ! less is ! 8dep? ( focus02 :5 ?is quality is abs5t altoge!r only "o plane ( an object c be view$ cle>ly )\t re-adju/+ ! focus4 ,) l[ magnifications1 we may1 to a limit$ ext5t1 h m ?an "o plane ( an object 9 focus4 ,! same "q ( 8dep? ( focus0 occurs 9 photography & p]haps an example %[+ h[ x affects ! cam]a us] may make ! matt] cle>]4 ,suppose we wi% to photograph a l&scape hav+1 let u say1 a tree 9 ! =egr\nd1 a cottage 9 ! mid-di/ance & a hill 9 ! di/ance4 ,if our l5s is "o ( l>ge ap]ture1 t is to say admits a consid]able am\nt ( light & is also :at is kn[n z a long focus l5s we %all f9d1 :5 we view ! sc5e on ! gr\nd glass1 t :5 ! tree is %>ply focuss$1 ! cottage & hill are n cle>4 ,:5 we rack 9 ! cam]a to get ! cottage %>ply focuss$1 ! tree & hill w be un-%>p4 ,simil>ly :5 we focus on ! hill ! tree & cottage rema9 out ( focus4 ,! reason is t ! l5s 9 our case possesses little 8dep? ( focus40 ,! exp]i5c$ l&scape photograph]1 did he wi% all ?ree objects to appe> equally %>p c\ld easily atta9 8 object4 ,he w\ld p]=m ! simple op]ation kn[n z /opp+ d[n 8 l5s1 t is to say he w\ld gradually close its diaphragm1 :ile view+ ! sc5e on ! gr\nd glass4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t ev]y?+ w\ld be %>p1 f =egr\nd to di/ance4 ,at ! small] ap]ture ( ! l5s1 caus$ by clos+ ! diaphragm1 ! dep? ( focus w\ld be consid]ably increas$1 at ! same "t mu* less light w\ld be admitt$ to ! cam]a4 ,look+ ^u our object1 "u ! microscope1 z comp>able to a l&scape1 se5 on ! gr\nd glass focuss+ scre5 ( a cam]a1 x is obvi\s t1 unless our object has no ?ickness1 & ?is is impossible1 we _c highly magnify its upp] & l[] surfaces at "o & ! same "t4 ,!re are no adju/able diaphragms 9 ! objective s our only c\rse is to exam9e ! two surfaces 9 turn or to resort to a l[] magnification4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 ,,! ,,micro-,,telescope #a4 ,view tak5 ) ord9>y cam]a4 ,! arr[ %[s ! build+ illu/rat$ 9 ! plate bel[2 x is #c_/d mile away4 #b4 ,! build+ indicat$ by ! arr[ 9 ! plate above1 tak5 f ! same /&po9t ?r\gh ! micro-telescope4 ,ap>t f any o!r consid]ation1 ! sup] microscope m>ks a big advance f ! fact t x possesses great 8dep? ( focus40 ,x is possible1 = example1 ) ?is rem>kable in/rum5t to exam9e a moss z x gr[s1 ) a high magnification & see n a portion ( a leaf or a fragm5t ( ! /alk1 z ) ! ord9>y microscope1 b ! :ole up/&+ plant1 9 /]eoscopic relief4 ,x %[s u objects exactly z we %\ld see !m 7 we end[$ ) sup] eyes1 enorm\sly enl>g$1 9 relief & erect4 ,objects view$ ?r\gh ?is in/rum5t are n inv]t$1 z ) ! ord9>y microscope4 ,illu/ration ,a is ! microscope prop] & is1 9 all respects1 simil> to ! in/rum5t ) :i* we are famili>1 except t its mirror & cond5s] h be5 remov$4 ,9 ! fitt+ provid$ = ! cond5s] a second microscope is arrang$4 ,illu/ration ,?is consi/s ( a tube ,d1 an objective ,f1 an ocul> ,c & an inn] slid+ tube ,e1 ! :ole fits into ! metal case ,b1 ,g is a /age on :i* ! object is plac$ & bel[ ,g1 if necess>y1 a cond5s] may be fitt$4 ,! in/rum5t owes its rem>kable magnify+ p[]s to ! fact t ! additional microscope ,b1 =ms a magnifi$ image ( ! object on ! /age ,g1 at ! op5+ 9 ! /age ( ! microscope ,a4 ,?is magnifi$ image is /ill fur!r enl>g$ by ! orig9al microscope4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p[] ( "o microscope is employ$ on t ( ano!r4 ,! app>atus z we h describ$ x gives enorm\s magnifications & x is possible1 by us+ a suitable comb9ation ( objectives1 to obta9 a magnification ( t5 ?\s& diamet]s4 ,express$ 9 non-te*nical language1 a circle ^: actual diamet] is equal to ! ?ickness ( ! pap] ^u :i* ^! words are pr9t$1 c\ld be s magnifi$ by ! sup]-microscope t x w\ld appe> to be z ?ick z t5 ?\s& simil> pieces ( pap] b1 ) ?is enorm\s magnification1 x is obvi\s t1 ev5 ) su* a m>vell\s in/rum5t1 ! :ole ( ! circle f edge to edge c\ld n be se5 at "o "t4 ,) an ord9>y microscope a magnification ( "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ diamet]s is consid]$ highly satisfactory4 ,s t !re is a great probability ( be+ able to see "s ( ! m9ute objects :i* are kn[n to exi/1 b :i* h1 up to ! pres5t1 elud$ ^? :o w\ld view !m1 on acc\nt ( _! m9ut5ess4 ,!re is a possibility also ( discov]+ a new und]world ( :i* no man has yet dream$4 ,! man :o uses 8 microscope solely because ( ! pleasure he d]ives f x1 r ?an he :o uses x because x is ess5tial to 8 bus9ess or pr(ession1 w be m attract$ by ! micro-telescope4 ,by ?is we d n inf] t ! in/rum5t is n useful1 z a fact x is ( ! greate/ importance 9 c]ta9 cases1 especially = ,nature-/udy "w1 = ! obs]vation ( m9]als & to ! *emi/4 ,l its si/] in/rum5t1 ! micro-telescope consi/s ( an ord9>y microscope to :i* is atta*$ a specially design$ object glass 9 a tube1 :i* take ! place ( ! cond5s]4 ,! mak]s1 inde$1 provide two ( ^! object glasses--"o = view+ objects f "o to two feet away1 ! o!r = view+ objects f a di/ance ( ?ree feet to ! planets1 if ne$ be4 ,once :5 ! in/rum5t 0 be+ te/$ "s crumbs 7 plac$ on ! floor at a di/ance ( f\r y>ds & /rongly illum9at$1 & ! microscope ) a #a-;in* objective focuss$ on ! crumbs4 ,) ?is objective 9 an ord9>y microscope ! magnification w\ld be ab\t ?irty diamet]s4 ,pres5tly "s mice came out1 & made !mselves at home ) ! crumbs4 ,! mice c\ld be exam9$ at ?is di/ance1 )\t _! be+ aw>e ( x1 s well t individual hairs 7 easily visible & ab\t half a m\se 0 9 ! field ( view4 ,9 po9t ( size ea* m\se appe>$ ab\t ! same z a beav] )9 a foot or two4 ,messrs ,f4 ,davidson ,co41 #bi ,great ,portl& ,/reet1 ,london1 are well kn[n = ! high /ate ( p]fection to :i* !y h br\ght ! micro-telescope & o!r in/rum5ts connect$ ) microscopy4 ,! novelty ( ! micro-telescope w appeal /rongly to ! ,nature lov]4 ,at a di/ance ( a few feet a spid] c be magnifi$ to ! size ( a l>ge cat1 & x c be wat*$ sp9n+ its web ) sp9n]ettes ! size ( teacups4 ,ants at a di/ance ( six feet are se5 to be fe>some individuals1 six in*es 9 l5g?1 & _! t9y burd5s are s magnifi$ t !y appe> l yule logs or goodly-proportion$ b\ld]s1 accord+ to _! nature4 ,at a di/ance ( t5 feet a wasp may be se5 scrap+ t9y %av+s ( wood f oak pal+s by means ( its jaws--%av+s :i* x conv]ts into pap] = build+ its ne/4 ,v small insects may be obs]v$ z !y come into ! _w f _! *rysalis /age4 ,! nev]-tir+ jaws ( ! cat]pill> may be se5 at "w dev\r+ "s fav\rite leaf--! :ole action ( bit+ & swall[+ ! vegetable matt] c be pla9ly se54 ,su* int]e/+ ev5ts z ! t5d+ ( gre5 flies by ants1 ! leaf-cutt+ habits ( ! leaf-cutt] bee1 & a hundr$ & "o o!r ev5ts are all reveal$ by ! micro-telescope & at su* a di/ance t ! liv+ objects are n di/urb$ 9 _! activities1 be+ q unaw>e t !y are "u obs]vation4 ,to ! botani/ ! in/rum5t is no less useful4 ,9 v>i\s manufactures1 su* z ore smelt+1 & 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 *9a & pott]y1 9 enamell+ & 9 c]ta9 eng9e]+ %ops1 :]e x is necess>y to exam9e mat]ial at a high temp]ature1 ! micro-telescope is a great boon1 &1 at lea/1 is ! means ( avoid+ consid]able physical discom=t4 ,x is us$ also by ar*itects & surveyors = exam9+ ! condition ( ! factory *imneys1 bridges1 d]ricks & ! l4 ,to ! eng9e] ! in/rum5t is invaluable2 we h expla9$ else:]e h[ necess>y x is t v>i\s metals & mixtures ( metals %\ld be exam9$ = fractures4 ,"u ! high magnification ) ! ord9>y microscope1 ev5 ) an in/rum5t specially design$ = ! "w1 only a v small area c be /udi$ at once4 ,) ! micro-telescope a relatively l>ge area may be exam9$ "u a high magnify+ p[]4 ,!re are ?ree features ( ?is +5i\s app>atus :i* _c fail to comm5d !mselves equally to ! casual work] & ! s]i\s microscopi/4 ,all objects are se5 erect1 j z ! eye sees !m4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t because1 z 9 ! case ( ! sup]-microscope1 we really obs]ve a magnifi$1 inv]t$ image ( our object1 =m$ at ! spot :]e ! object w\ld be plac$ 7 we us+ an ord9>y microscope4 ,?is image is inv]t$ once m 9 ! microscope & s x appe>s to u erect4 ,all objects appe> 9 relief & 9 _! prop] planes2 ?is is se5 9 a /rik+ mann] by view+ an ord9>y photograph ?r\gh ! app>atus1 :5 ! v>i\s p>ts /& out z 9 nature4 ,!re is also enorm\s dep? ( focus4 ,) ! atta*m5t = view+ objects at a %ort di/ance1 ! :ole ( a tubul> %ap$ fl[] su* z a daffodil may be 9 focus at once1 f ! tip ( ! petals to ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,) ! atta*m5t design$ = long di/ance "w1 objects f tw5ty y>ds to sixty miles may be cle>ly view$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,a few ( ! unsolv$ problems confront+ ! microscopi/ are review$ 9 our conclud+ *apt]4 ,:e!r !y w ev] be solv$ we d>e n v5ture to say2 b1 if !y are to be1 surely to ?is late/ arrival 9 ! microscopic _w & to its companion1 ! sup]-microscope1 ! hon\rs w g4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,! ,,microscope ,to ?or\ghly compreh5d ! v>i\s uses to :i* ! *emi/ may put 8 microscope1 x is necess>y to h a k ( *emi/ry4 ,! sci5ce is s wide 9 its scope t no s+le *apt] c\ld d ju/ice to x4 ,!re are analytical *emi/s1 sci5ti/s ^: aim is to f9d out ! composition ( v>i\s sub/ances2 biological *emi/s :o deal ) ! _m problems ( life 9 :i* *emi/ry plays a "p1 b we ne$ n attempt to detail all ! bran*es ( ?is highly specialis$ sci5ce4 ,*emical analysis is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t :5 c]ta9 *emicals are mix$ toge!r !y w1 or !y may1 unite to =m q a diff]5t *emical4 ,?is newly =m$ *emical is probably a diff]5t col\r to ! sub/ances :i* 7 us$ 9 its mak+1 or aga9 ! orig9al *emicals may be soluble 9 wat] & ! new *emical insoluble1 9 :i* case x w =m a cl\d9ess kn[n z a precipitate4 ,an example may help to make our description cle>]4 ,suppose we take "s common table salt & dissolve x 9 a little wat] 9 a glass1 !n add to ?is a little solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 :i* is sold "u ! "n ( lun> cau/ic1 we %all f9d t a :ite cl\d9ess is =m$ :5 ! liquids mix1 al?\gh orig9ally !y 7 bo? cle>4 ,! reason ( ?is cl\d9ess is t ! two sub/ances1 dissolv$ 9 wat] h unit$ ) "o ano!r to =m a ?ird sub/ance :i* w n dissolve1 !re=e x settles d[n z a f9e p[d]4 ,long exp]i5ce has taught analytical *emi/s exactly :at *emicals to add to te/ = all ! common sub/ances1 by ! =mation ( ^! precipitates2 s t1 if any p[d] 7 giv5 to "o ( ^! sci5ti/s he c\ld tell its composition by apply+ c]ta9 te/s4 ,9 ?is *emical analysis consid]able quantities are requir$ & x is (t5 necess>y to te/ v small samples1 s small t ! ord9>y me?ods are out ( ! "q4 ,?is is :]e ! microscope scores1 because ) ?is wond]ful in/rum5t1 only drops are requir$ & te/s ( correspond+ delicacy may be made2 9 fact1 by mod]n microscopic me?ods x is possible to detect ! pres5ce ( z little z t5 ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( ars5ic1 or quicksilv] or ( ! deadly poisons1 ,/ry*n9e or ,prussic ,acid4 ,9 te/+ = poisons ! microscope is invaluable4 ,frequ5tly only ! mo/ m9ute traces ( ! poison occur 9 ! sy/em & ! mod]n microscopi/ :o makes a /udy ( poisons & _! detection c solve my/]ies :i* w\ld h baffl$ all ! sci5ti/s 9 ! _w 9 days gone by4 ,our *emical /udies ) ! microscope may well beg9 ) v>i\s common cry/als2 !y are usually easy to prep>e2 ! process ( cry/allization is always int]e/+ to wat*1 & z objects = ! microscope x w\ld be difficult to f9d any?+ m beautiful ?an ^! home-made gems4 ,all cry/als %\ld be exam9$ by reflect$ z well z by transmitt$ light4 ,:5 we are work+ ) ! =m] light+1 a piece ( black pap] b5ea? ! slide w help to %[ up ! objects to bett] advantage4 ,! easie/ me?od ( obta9+ cry/als ( any sub/ance :i* is soluble 9 wat] is to make a saturat$ solution 9 ?is liquid1 to put a small drop ^u a slide1 !n to tilt ! microscope slightly s t !re is a ?9 film ( solution at ! upp] side ( ! drop4 ,! microscope mu/ n be tilt$ s mu* t ! liquid runs f ! slide on to ! /age4 ,:]e ! film ( liquid is ?9 cry/als w be f\nd fir/4 ,a ^w ( explanation is necess>y conc]n+ ! t]m saturat$ solution1 especially z we may h occasion to use x _m times4 ,:5 we add a solid to a liquid 9 :i* x is soluble1 we %all f9d t ! liquid w take up a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! solid & no m2 :51 on ! addition ( m solid x fails to dissolve1 we h rea*$ ! saturation po9t4 ,a saturat$ solution !n is a liquid 9 :i* ! maximum am\nt ( solid is dissolv$4 ,we h already describ$ ! mo/ simple way 9 :i* cry/als may be =m$1 & we may easily make objects = our microscope 9 ?is mann] ( all ! sub/ances we c f9d :i* are soluble 9 wat]4 ,) "s we %all f9d t cry/als d n =m easily1 9 :i* ev5t we may modify our tactics & w>m "o drop ( saturat$ solution on ! slide till ne>ly all ! moi/ure is driv5 (f1 !n !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 wat*+ ! cry/als 9 process ( =mation4 ,common salt1 sug>1 alum1 borax1 wa%+ soda1 iron sulphate1 call$ also gre5 vitriol & copp] sulphate1 or blue vitriol1 are common & easily obta9$ sub/ances1 all soluble 9 wat]4 ,z we c>ry our exp]im5ts a little fur!r we %all f9d t cry/als =m$ f cold solutions z sugge/$ 9 our fir/ me?od diff] f ^? =m$ f hot solutions4 ,aga91 if we use "s o!r sub/ance ?an wat] z our solv5t ! cry/als :i* sep>ate out w diff] once m4 ,_m v int]e/+ exp]im5ts may be tri$ on ^! l9es4 ,_m beautiful cry/als may be obta9$ by dissolv+ v>i\s sub/ances 9 gelat9e or gum4 ,! me?od is simple4 ,g5tly w>m a little gelat9e1 to :i* is add$ an equal volume ( wat]1 9 a *emi/'s te/-tube4 ,:5 ! gelat9e has all dissolv$ make a saturat$ solution ( ! sub/ance1 f :i* cry/als are d]iv$4 ,gre5 or blue vitriol are good subjects = ! exp]im5t4 ,add a little ( ! saturat$ solution to ! gelat9e & /ir ) a glass rod1 tak+ c>e to avoid ! =mation ( air bubbles4 ,a little ( ! mixture may n[ be plac$ 9 a ?9 film on a slide cov]$ ) a cov] slip & left to cool4 ,exam9ation :5 cool "u ! microscope w %[ lovely f]n-l cry/als1 ^: beauty rivals t ( ice cry/als famili> to u on our w9d[ panes dur+ h>d wea!r 9 ! w9t]4 ,b>ium *loride also produces v beautiful f]n-l cry/als :5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 famili> to mo/ ( u z a rem$y = sore ?roat1 =ms cry/als totally dissimil> to ^? sub/ances we h nam$4 ,hav+ made z _m cry/als z we wi% f wat] & also f gelat9e solutions1 we may turn our att5tion to gum arabic4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ cry/als f ?is sub/ance is exactly simil> to t describ$ = gelat9e except1 ( c\rse1 t we sub/itute gum = gelat9e4 ,?is "w is ( ! greate/ int]e/1 = n only does x yield wond]fully beautiful objects = our microscope1 b x is a hobby full ( surprises4 ,:5 we are ab\t to exam9e a new cry/al = ! fir/ "t we c nev] s mu* z haz>d :at %ape x w assume4 ,sug>1 x may be m5tion$1 does n cry/allize at once f a saturat$ solution 9 wat]1 & ! be/ me?od ( obta9+ ! cry/als is to w>m ! slide1 on :i* we h plac$ a drop ( solution1 & !n :5 dry to set aside = a day2 at ! end ( t "t1 especially if ! air be moi/1 ! cry/als w h =m$4 ,we %all f9d x int]e/+ to try exp]im5ts 9 mix+ two diff]5t sub/ances1 !n we %all probably obta9 cry/als totally unlike ^? ( ei!r ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,z an example ( ?is me?od1 let u make a saturat$ solution ( a mixture ( blue vitriol & magnesium sulphate 9 wat]4 ,place a drop ( ! solution on a slide1 heat ov] a flame1 n only till dry1 b till ! sub/ance left on ! slide beg9s to melt4 ,we mu/ use e c>e n to crack ! slide1 & ?is may be/ be accompli%$ by keep+ x mov+ :ile ov] ! flame4 ,n[ if we wat* our object ?r\gh our microscope we c witness ! =mation ( wond]ful fea!ry cry/als1 z ! slide cools4 ,"s /rik+ly beautiful results may be obta9$ 9 ano!r mann]2 ! me?od is us$ by analy/s 9 _! s-call$ fusion te/s4 ,we take a small gra9 ( "s sub/ance1 say1 lead nitrate1 place x 9 ! c5tre ( our slide1 cov] ) a cov] slip1 & w>m ov] a flame till x melts4 ,!n1 tak+ a simil>-siz$ gra9 ( ano!r sub/ance1 su* z saltpetre1 we place x aga9/ ! edge ( ! cov] slip on ! side opposite to ! lead nitrate4 ,fur!r w>m+ w cause ! saltpetre to melt1 & run bel[ ! slide & mix ) ! lead nitrate4 ,if we wat* ! meet+ ( ! two *emicals a wond]ful sight w rew>d u4 ,! lead comp\nd =ms a 8beautiful cry/all9e skeleton10 :il/ ! saltpetre =ms six-sid$ />s at ! opposite side ( ! cov] slip4 ,! exp]im5t may be repeat$1 us+ lun> cau/ic & saltpetre1 also ! iodides ( silv] & potassium2 9 fact we may try any *emical sub/ances we h at h&1 ?\gh we %all f9d t "s d n melt v easily1 & potassium *lorate is some:at dang]\s1 = x =ms explosive comp\nds ) c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,! numb] ( int]e/+ & beautiful objects :i* may be obta9$ by s-call$ solution te/s is practically unlimit$1 & ! en?usia/ic microscopi/ w c]ta9ly try all ! te/s we describe z well z _m o!rs ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,%\ld ! *emi/ wi% to detect ! pres5ce ( alum9ium 9 v small quantities1 he relies on 8 microscope & proce$s 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he takes a drop ( ! solution1 suspect$ ( conta9+ alum1 & adds to x a drop ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is mixture he puts on 8 slide1 :i* he heats ov] a flame till dry4 ,n[ he adds a drop ( wat]1 & !n a v small am\nt ( calcium *loride is br\ght to ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,b5ea? 8 microscope he c n[ wat* ! =mation ( beautiful col\rless1 eight-sid$ cry/als :i* d5ote ! pres5ce ( alum9ium4 ,a ^w ( w>n+ is necess>y conc]n+ ?is & ! foll[+ exp]im5ts2 !y may n always succe$1 = success l>gely dep5ds ^u hav+ ! solutions at ! "r /r5g?1 & exp]i5ce alone c tea* u :at is correct4 ,int]e/+ & easily =m$ cry/als may be obta9$ f b>ium sulphate1 & ! exp]im5t may also be made to %[ ! ph5om5on :i* we h already m5tion$1 t ! =m ( ! cry/als dep5ds on ! nature ( _! solution4 ,a little b>ium sulphate %\ld be dissolv$ 9 /rong sulphuric acid4 ,"h1 by ! way1 ano!r w>n+3 e c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! use ( all acids2 !y %\ld nev] be all[$ to come into contact ) face1 h&s or clo!s1 nor %\ld !y t\* any "p ( ! microscope4 ,"s acids give (f fumes1 & ^! %\ld n be all[$ to rea* ! eyes or nose1 & ! microscope mu/ be protect$ f !m4 ,to cont9ue our exp]im5t3 ,:ile hot a drop ( ! solution ( b>ium sulphate 9 sulphuric acid %\ld be transf]r$ by means ( a glass rod to a slide & all[$ to cool4 ,exam9ation ) ! microscope w %[ t ! b>ium sulphate has =m$ small rectangul> scales4 ,) ! rema9d] ( ! sulphuric acid we n[ make a saturat$ solution ( b>ium sulphate1 & f9d1 on repeat+ ! me?od describ$ above1 t ! *emical has =m$ curi\s x-%ap$ cry/als4 ,simil> exp]im5ts may be tri$ ) calcium sulphate ) ! c]ta9ty ( int]e/+ results4 ,_m cry/als ( calcium1 9 ! =m ( calcium oxalate1 may be f\nd 9 plants1 & !y are well wor? look+ =4 ,!y may be/ be se5 9 sections ( ! plants1 b1 if we h n ma/]$ ! art ( cutt+ sections1 we may f9d !m by teas+ ! plant cells ap>t ) our m\nt$ ne$les4 ,9 ! /ems ( rhub>b !re is ! sub/ance 9 bundles ( long ne$le-%ap$ cry/als1 to :i* ! "n ( raphides has be5 giv54 ,9 ! se$ ( ! g>d5 poppy1 j bel[ ! sk91 !re is a lay] kn[n z ! cry/al lay]1 :]e cry/als ( calcium oxalate occur z t9y balls call$ cry/al s&4 ,9 ! leaf /alks ( begonias v beautiful & occasionally v l>ge cry/als ( ?is sub/ance may be f\nd1 :il/ 9 %apes !y are /rik+ly v>i$4 ,9 orris root !re are enorm\s cry/als ( calcium oxalate2 9 fact x is common 9 _m plants4 ,if we h a photographic fri5d :o w supply u ) q a small quantity ( gold *loride1 we %all be 9 a position to try ?ree mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts & to obta9 "s curi\s cry/als4 ,we require a v weak solution ( gold *loride 9 wat]1 n m ?an #c4e p] c5t4 = our fir/ exp]im5t4 ,mix "o drop ( ?is solution ) ! same quantity ( hydro*loric acid on a slide & heat ov] a flame till dry4 ,! microscope w n[ %[ u probably ! mo/ curi\s cry/als we h ev] exam9$2 "s are long1 "s %ort1 & "s a zigzag 9 =m2 mix$ ) ^! !re w be a few flat plate-l cry/als ) rectangul> projections4 ,all ^! curi\s cry/als are yell[4 ,if in/ead ( hydro*loric acid we use a solution ( common salt 9 wat] & repeat ! exp]im5t z be=e1 we %all obta9 pale yell[ prisms & "s cry/als ( common salt4 ,gold is co/ly1 s x is p]haps lucky t "o ( ! te/s = ?is r>e metal is "o ( ! mo/ delicate kn[n to *emi/s2 x is possible1 9 fact1 to detect v m9ute quantities ( gold4 ,= ?is exp]im5t we may take an exce$+ly weak solution ( gold *loride & place a drop on our slide2 we also require a solution ( ! *loride ( t91 kn[n z /ann\s *loride1 9 an evil smell+ liquid call$ *lor9e wat]4 ,if n[ we wat* our drop ( gold solution "u ! microscope1 & :ile wat*+ mix ) x a drop ( /ann\s *loride solution1 a /rik+ly beautiful purple col\ration is produc$--?is purple has be5 nam$ ! purple ( ,cassius4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 #a4 ,,! ,,eye ,,( ,a ,,cock*af] ,?is section %[s ! eyela%es1 ! convex l5ses1 &1 9 ! l[] portion ( ! plate1 ! n]ve fibres lead+ f ! bra9 to ! eye4 #b4 ,,hooks ,,on ,,bee',s ,,w+ ,! r[ ( hooks on ! m>g9 ( ! bee's w+ are cle>ly %[n4 ,by _! aid ! =e & h9d w+s are fa/5$ toge!r :5 ! insect flies4 ,if we desire fur!r exp]im5ts 9 ! te/+ ( common sub/ances1 & incid5tally 9 ! production ( beautiful cry/als1 we might d worse ?an try ! effect ( add+ a solution ( plat9um *loride to any solution conta9+ a comp\nd ( potassium4 ,*>m+ly beautiful cry/als w result4 ,! exp]im5ts we h describ$ z well z hundr$s ( o!rs are us$ by analy/s e day 9 ! te/+ ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,we h />t$ 9 e case by kn[+ :at our solutions conta92 ! duty ( ! analy/ is to discov] :at he has be=e him4 ,giv5 an unlimit$ quantity ( a sub/ance = te/+ purposes x is n always easy to det]m9e its composition4 ,) v small quantities1 p]haps less ?an a tea-spoon full 9 all1 ! difficulties ( ! analy/ are increas$ t5fold & )\t ! assi/ance ( ! microscope 8 ef=ts w\ld be unavail+1 he deals 9 drops & e drop is preci\s4 ,sad to relate ?is =m ( te/+1 kn[n to sci5ce z micro-*emical analysis1 has be5 practis$ to a f> great] ext5t on ! cont95t ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^? ( our read]s :o wi% to try ! exp]im5ts we h describ$ = !mselves c obta9 all ! necess>y sub/ances1 except ! poisons1 at any *emi/s & ! quantities requir$ w only be ! smalle/ t c be obta9$1 9 fact any reasonable-m9d$ *emi/ w\ld probably let a microscopi/ :om he knew h a few gra9s ( a l>ge numb] ( *emical sub/ances1 suitable = ?is "w1 at ! outlay ( a few p5ce4 ,! *lorides ( gold & plat9um we fe> no "o w give away4 ,all ! exp]im5ts we h describ$ ?us f> h necessitat$ ! use ( :at are call$ inorganic sub/ances1 !y may be describ$ 9 e day language z sub/ances d]iv$ f ! inanimate _w4 ,!re are _m equally int]e/+ te/s :i* may be c>ri$ out ) animal & vegetable products4 ,=mic acid is ! sub/ance :i* r5d]s ! /+ ( ants s pa9ful2 x may1 h[ev]1 be prep>$ artificially & if a little1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is mix$ ) a solution ( silv] nitrate we %all obta9 flat plate l cry/als also "s resembl+ f9e fibres4 ,probably ! mo/ curi\s ( ! easily obta9$ cry/als f vegetable products1 may be made f citric acid :i* occurs 9 lemons4 ,if a little ( ! acid be mix$ ) a solution ( cau/ic soda & boil$ ) calcium *loride1 a drop ( ! liquid aft] boil+ plac$ on a slide w give cry/als readily4 ,:5 view$ f above !y are an elongat$ oval %ape1 describ$ by "s au?orities z resembl+ a :et/one4 ,view$ f ! side !y h a /rik+ simil>ity to small %eaves ( :eat4 ,) ! recognition ( poisons "u ! microscope we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves "h4 ,x w\ld be useless to describe any ( ! exp]im5ts1 = few ( u c\ld obta9 su* deadly sub/ances z nicot9e1 /ry*n9e1 aconite1 morphia & ! l4 ,nev]!less ! recognition ( ^! & simil> sub/ances 9 v m9ute quantities is r5d]$ easy1 to ^? :o h ! necess>y k1 by means ( ! microscope4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,9 ,,manufactures ,9 h[ _m bran*es ( comm]ce1 we wond]1 does ! microscope play its "p4 ,x is us$ 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( eng9e]+ = exam9+ /eels & _m o!r metals n only = defects b to see h[ !y are made up4 ,x is us$ 9 brew+ = /udy+ ! v>i\s yea/s & o!r sub/ances1 includ+ ! hops :i* g to ! mak+ ( be]4 ,all manufactures :i* dep5d ^u f]m5tation1 su* z w9e & v9eg> mak+1 are l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! "w ( ! microscope4 ,9 dairy "w ! microscope is invaluable4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( v>i\s fabrics ! assi/ance ( ! microscope is always summon$4 ,pap] manufacture & pap] te/+ give "w = ! microscopi/ b x w\ld1 we ?9k1 be easi] to give a li/ ( ! bran*es ( comm]ce 9 :i* ! microscope is n us$ ?an to attempt to enum]ate ^? :i* make use ( ! in/rum5t4 ,we _c possibly describe all ! uses to :i* ! microscope is put1 s we w conf9e ourselves to "o or two ( ! m important &1 at ! same "t1 to ^? :i* c1 = ! mo/ "p be repeat$ at home4 ,! two mo/ important commodities = mank9d are food & clo?+2 we _c live )\t food & ^? ( u :o take b little pride 9 our appe>ance1 mu/ h clo?+ ( "s sort4 ,we h said a little ab\t food 9 ano!r *apt] & !re we h also m5tion$ ! impurities :i* f9d _! way1 by accid5t or design1 into "s ( ! common] foods4 ,9 ?is *apt] we w deal fir/ ( all ) clo?+ describ+ h[ _m ( ! raw mat]ials may be recognis$ "u ! microscope & %[+ v briefly h[ fraud 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( we>+ app>el is detect$4 ,practically all clo?+ is made f animal or vegetable fibres1 "s1 h[ev]1 is made ( artificial fibres & ^! we %all m5tion4 ,! vegetable fibres us$ 9 ! manufacture ( we>+ app>el are all ei!r hairs or :at are call$ ba/ fibres & ! latt]1 9 non-sci5tific language1 may be describ$ z ! /r&s :i* run ?r\gh ! roots & /ems ( mo/ plants4 ,! *ief requirem5ts ( vegetable fibres1 de/9$ to be wov5 into fabrics1 are /r5g?1 x is obvi\s t a weak fibre w\ld be useless2 l5g?1 ! long] ! fibre ! bett] & z we %all see lat]1 %ort fibres are (t5 made up into inf]ior mat]ial2 pliability1 a /iff fibre w\ld make an uncom=table fabric2 firmness & durability4 ,animal fibres us$ 9 ! manufacture are ei!r hairs or silk4 ,! mo/ important vegetable fibre is cotton1 x consi/s ( ! hairs f ! se$ coats ( sev]al species ( ,gossypium1 a plant closely relat$ to our common mall[4 ,!re are v _m diff]5t k9ds ( cotton & ! qualities ( ! fibres ( ^! diff]5t cottons v>y trem5d\sly4 ,ea* hair is "o cell & m or less sp9dle %ap$1 t is to say1 ?ick] t[>ds ! middle ?an at ! base4 ,if we c obta9 a little raw cotton we %\ld c]ta9ly exam9e x "u ! microscope2 ?is may be/ be done by lay+ "o or two fibres 9 a drop ( wat] on a slide4 ,"u ! l[ p[]1 ! fir/ ?+ t w attract our att5tion is ! fact t ! fibres are twi/$1 corkscrew fa%ion1 ?\gh n regul>ly nor ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,?is curi\s twi/+ makes raw cotton easily recognis$ & x is1 at ! same "t1 a v valuable peculi>ity ( ^! plant hairs4 ,! great] ! numb] ( twi/s & ! great] _! regul>ity1 ! m valuable ! cotton becomes = weav+ purposes4 ,"u a high] magnification1 we recognise o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! cotton fibre4 ,ea* fibre is some:at flatt5$1 its edges are ?ick &1 runn+ up ! c5tre1 !re is a fairly broad lum51 z x is call$4 ,cov]+ ! :ole !re is a sk9 :i* by ! way is (t5 want+ 9 ! fibres ( cotton fabric ow+ to ! *emicals ) :i* ! raw cotton has be5 treat$ & also to ! me?ods ( manufacture4 ,a v /rik+ exp]im5t may be tri$ by soak+ a few cotton fibres 9 cuprammonia1 a sub/ance prep>$ by ! action ( ammonia solution on copp] fil+s4 ,con/rictions occur at fairly regul> int]vals along ! fibre s t1 aft] treatm5t ) cuprammonia1 ! cotton fibres resemble /r+s ( little beads4 ,! manufacture ( m]c]is$ cotton has become v important ( late ye>s4 ,! process is nam$ aft] its inv5tor1 ,m]c]1 & consi/s 9 remov+ ! sk9 f ! fibres1 caus+ !m to untwi/ &1 by do+ s1 to imp>t to !m a lu/re ( silk4 ,we may make a little m]c]is$ cotton = exam9ation "u ! microscope by soak+ "s raw fibres = a %ort "t 9 a solution ( cau/ic soda or cau/ic pota% & !n wa%+ !m 9 wat] to :i* a little acid has be5 add$4 ,?is w cause ! fibres to untwi/ & also de/roy ! sk91 b we %all probably notice t ! fibres h %runk4 ,9 ! process ( manufacture precautions are tak5 to prev5t ?is %r9k+ = !n ! lu/re is mu* bett]4 ,we %all also obs]ve t 9 our m]c]is$ fibres ! lum5 has become v n>r[ & x is (t5 brok51 "h & !re are swell+s on ! outside ( ea* fibre1 correspond+ to ! positions ( ! twi/s4 ,m]c]is$ cotton1 9 addition to its lu/re1 is /rong] & absorbs dyes m easily ?an ord9>y cotton4 ,flax consi/s ( ! ba/ fibres ( ! flax plant4 ,exam9ation ( ! raw product "u ! microscope w reveal bo? long & %ort fibres4 ,! =m] are ! m valuable & are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( l951 ! latt] are made into t[4 ,! long fibres1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! upp] p>ts ( ! flax plant h ?ick5$ edges & a v small lum54 ,! %ort fibres1 us$ = mak+ t[1 come f ! l[] "p ( ! /em & ! roots ( ! plant4 ,ea* fibre has a broad lum5 & is v simil> to hemp fibre4 ,exam9ation ( all ^! fibres1 by ! way1 is be/ made 9 wat] z describ$ "u cotton4 ,hemp is ano!r ba/ fibre & z we h rem>k$ x resembles ! %ort fibres ( flax2 !re is a broad lum5 ) an indi/9ct m>g94 ,if we h an opportunity ( comp>+ ^! fibres "u ! microscope we %all see t _m ( ^? ( hemp h =k$ ends4 ,?is is v *>act]i/ic ( ! plant & is nev] f\nd 9 flax1 !re=e x af=ds a ready means ( di/+ui%+ hemp f flax4 ,f9e l95 %\ld nev] conta9 hemp1 s t if our object be to te/ ! quality ( a sample ( l95 by microscopic exam9ation1 we mu/ keep a %>p look out = ! =k$ fibres ( hemp4 ,9 co>se l95 ^! fibres occur = hemp is us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,jute1 ano!r important fibre is readily di/+ui%$ "u ! microscope1 = its m>g9s h p]fectly smoo? walls & its lum5 is wide 9 "s places1 n>r[ 9 o!rs & int]rupt$ altoge!r 9 places4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos by ,flatt]s ,g>nett ,a ,,spid]',s ,,foot ,! too!d claws are well adapt$ to enable _! own] to obta9 a firm grasp ( ! f9e ?reads ( its web4 ,,! ,,foot ,,( ,a ,,fly ,! two claws enable ! fly to walk up r\gh surfaces1 :il/ ! suck]s betwe5 ! claws give x a firm hold on smoo? surfaces4 ,!re are an extraord9>y numb] ( vegetable fibres :i* are wov5 into articles ( comm]ce1 ( "o k9d & ano!r4 ,!n aga91 _m fibres are s %ort or s brittle t !y _c be wov5 b are us$ = o!r purposes su* z fill+ cu%ions1 *eap b$d+1 etc4 ,!re are also a c]ta9 numb] ( vegetable fibres :i* are valuable because !y are /iff & bri/le-l z well z durable1 & !y are us$ = bru%es1 door mats & = simil> purposes4 ,to ! microscopi/ :o is int]e/$ 9 ?is "w !re is a wide field op54 ,= ! exam9ation ( pap]1 :i* may be describ$ z a 8felt ( f9ely divid$ fibres10 ! microscope is invaluable4 ,! ess5tials ( a good pap] are t x be durable1 t x reta9 its col\r & n become brittle4 ,! lea/ obs]vant ( u _c fail to h notic$ t !re are an extraord9>y numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( pap]1 n only ! _m k9ds :i* ! pap] manufactur]s c\ld %[ u1 b ! obvi\sly v>i$ pap]s :i* we meet ) e day4 ,add$ to ! pap]s1 !re are c>dbo>ds :i* are really a k9d ( pap]4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! man :o c tell u exactly h[ any & e pap] is made & :at x is made ( has laid up a goodly /ore ( k4 ,9 c>ry+ out te/s ( pap] we rely p>tly on *emical & p>tly on microscopic te/s4 ,a numb] ( sub/ances contribute to ! manufacture ( pap]2 l95 & cotton rags1 hemp & v>i\s fibres are ! mo/ commonly us$1 n =gett+ wood pulp :i* we %all m5tion 9 a mom5t4 ,! f9e/ & :ite/ pap] is made f l95 rags & t f unus$ l95 & hemp is ! /ronge/4 ,)\t attempt+ to describe 9 detail or ev5 9 outl9e ! diff]5t processes :i* ! v>i\s vegetable fibres mu/ und]go be=e !y appe> 9 ! guise ( pap]1 we may say ! treatm5t is v dra/ic4 ,/rong *emicals & ma*9]y design$ to r$uce ! fibre to ! f9e/ possible p>ticles r5d] ! exam9ation ( pap]1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ its composition1 f> f easy4 ,su* fibres z survive ! r\gh treatm5t are m]e fragm5ts yet !y are (t5 l>ge en\gh = ! lynx ey$ microscope to read _! /ory4 ,=m]ly ! con/itu5ts ( mo/ pap]s c\ld be sep>at$ into ?ree classes accord+ to _! behavi\r ) iod9e solution1 b ?is te/ has be5 sup]s$$ by m complicat$ me?ods :i* d n conc]n u "h4 ,! exam9ation ( v>i\s pap]s may prove int]e/+ = example 9 l95 rag pap]1 we ought to f9d "s flax fibres1 !y w be sadly batt]$ & torn b are usually recognisable "u ! microscope4 ,hemp pap] is t\gh & is us$ = bank notes1 9 x "s ( ! %ort t[ fibres w probably occur & !y w give a clue to its composition4 ,cotton rag pap] is easily recognis$ = ! fibres are v *>act]i/ic1 a rem>k :i* also applies to jute pap]1 ! s-call$ manila us$ = envelopes1 wrapp]s1 etc4 ,me*anical wood pulp :i* ent]s s l>gely into ! manufacture ( pap] is easily recognis$ by ^? :o h giv5 a fair am\nt ( att5tion to ! microscopical exam9ation ( plant life4 ,wood pulp is always us$ 9 conjunction ) "s b9d+ mat]ial su* z cotton or flax fibres4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( wood are conv]t$ into pulp & ( c\rse x requires a consid]able am\nt ( exp]i5ce to say exactly :at k9d ( wood has be5 us$ 9 a c]ta9 pap]4 ,"s ( ! woods are popl>s ( v>i\s k9ds1 o!rs spruces & firs4 ,x is easy to di/+ui% ! conif]s z spruces & firs are call$1 = ! reason t ! trees be> cones4 ,! little fragm5ts ( wood1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! pap]1 h m9ute circul> p]=ations ^u !m1 resembl+ m9iature quoits1 if !y belong to ! conif]s2 none ( ! o!r woods possess ^! 8pits0 z !y are call$4 ,v _m o!r plant rema9s may be f\nd 9 pap]1 = in/ance hop fibres are us$ sometimes & _! pres5ce is usually %[n by remnants ( ! climb+ hooks :i*1 dur+ life1 /udd$ ! climb+ /em ( ! hop4 ,"s ( ! important animal hairs1 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( clo?+1 may n[ claim our att5tion4 ,wool & silk are ( c\rse ! mo/ important4 ,! be/ wool is all obta9$ f ! dome/ic %eep s let u exam9e "o or two ( ! easily obta9$ hairs f ?is animal4 ,z ) ! vegetable fibres we may exam9e !m 9 a drop ( wat] b1 9 ?is case1 we %all f9d t we _c make ! wat] g ne> ! wool = ! reason t ! latt] is cov]$ ) a film ( grease1 call$ wool fat4 ,our fir/ c>e1 !re=e1 x to get rid ( ! wool fat & ?is may be done by %ak+ ! specim5 ) a little e!r or *lor(orm4 ,hav+ clean$ ! wool fibres we may proce$ to exam9e !m "u a high magnification &1 to see _! /ructure fully1 we mu/ move ! f9e adju/m5t to & fro1 = x is n possible to obta9 a true idea ( its /ructure )\t do+ s4 ,we %all see t ! hair consi/s ( two lay]s1 an out] sk9 & an inn] core4 ,! latt] consi/s ( a numb] ( cells1 :il/ ! =m] is compos$ ( scales1 ( :i* ! l[] edges are arrang$ b5ea? ! upp] edges ( ! previ\s scales1 l tiles on a ro(4 ,! free edges ( ! scales project outw>ds a little s t ! wool1 :5 n s highly magnifi$1 appe>s to h a too!d m>g94 ,fur!r exam9ation w %[ u t no s+le scale completely envelops ! /r& ( wool1 usually two scales make ! complete circuit4 ,x is a curi\s & easily te/$ ph5om5on t 9 say an in* ( wool f ! same k9d ( %eep !re are always ! same numb] or v ne>ly ! same numb] ( scales4 ,by c\nt+ ! scales1 exp]ts c tell f :at animal ! wool is d]iv$4 ,if we exam9e _m samples ( wool we %all n be long be=e we enc\nt] c]ta9 specim5s %[+ "o or m con/rictions4 ,n[ we all "k t ! reason :y "s p d n gr[ v mu* is because !y are delicate1 ill heal? affects ! :ole sy/em4 ,! con/rictions 9 ! %eep's wool occur because ! animal has suff]$ f "s illness1 or f great hung] or ?ir/1 :i* has result$ 9 its wool n gr[+ prop]ly = a p]iod correspond+ to ! duration ( ! illness or o!r calamity4 ,! exam9ation ( v>i\s animal hairs w help to :ile away _m an h\r & _m ( ^! objects are ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,if we h ! opportunity x w be int]e/+ to comp>e ! wool f diff]5t k9ds ( %eep1 t f ! ,l9coln %eep1 = example diff]s f t ( %ortwool$ k9ds4 ,we may also comp>e goat's wool ) %eep's1 !n !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ! hair ( c[s & calves4 ,comp>isons always make microscopic "w m int]e/+4 ,! microscopic exam9ation ( clo?1 us$ = mak+ our coats1 is q int]e/+ "w & )al important4 ,a good deal ( ! clo? :i* is made up into suits is kn[n z %oddy1 t is to say t mat]ial t has be5 worn be=e2 old rags ( all sorts & _m o!r extraord9>y ?+s g to ! mak+ ( ?is clo?4 ,!re are special factories to :i* rags are s5t to be made up into %oddy4 ,"o might ?9k !re=e t ?is sub/ance w\ld be easily recognis$ "u ! microscope b x is n q s easy z we %all see4 ,absolutely pure wool f ! %eep giv+ ! be/ quality wool is only us$ 9 ! v f9e/ & mo/ exp5sive fabrics4 ,9 a great deal ( really good clo? we may recognise o!r hairs besides ^? ( ! %eep & sometimes vegetable fibres f9d _! way into good clo? by accid5t4 ,a piece ( suspect$ clo? %\ld be cut (f & sep>at$ z f> z possible into its diff]5t fibres4 ,9 %oddy we %all f9d few long fibres & !y w all be mu* torn = ! reason t ! rags f :i* ! mat]ial is made are cut up 9 ! manufacture4 ,if we f9d cotton fibres1 we may be c]ta9 t our specim5 is %oddy1 also if we c f9d fibres ( _m diff]5t col\rs1 ?\gh ! f9al dye+ may h disguis$ ! fact t ! fibres h orig9ally figur$ 9 fabrics ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,silk is "o ( ! mo/ important ( all fibres capable ( be+ wov5 into fabric4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t x is =m$ by ! fully f$ silkworm j be=e x turns into a *rysalis4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( cat]pill>s sp9 silk b ! majority ( ?is silk is useless = comm]cial purposes4 ,! silkworm gives (f a d\ble ?read ( silk f gl&s 9 its m\? &1 at ! same "t1 x gives (f a /icky sub/ance call$ silk glue :i* /icks ! two fibres toge!r1 s t1 to ! eye at lea/ !y appe> z "o fibre4 ,mo/ ( u h kept silkworms1 ^? :o h n may f9d x wor? :ile to exp5d a few p5ce 9 "s ( ^! insects = ! sake ( exam9+ ! raw silk4 ,a cocoon1 z ! "w ( ! cat]pill> is call$1 consi/s ( ?ree lay]s1 an out] lay] ( floss1 a middle lay] & a s-call$ lay] 7! inn] lay]7 ( p>*m5t4 ,only ! middle lay] is us$ 9 comm]ce1 ! floss is too f9e & weak & ! p>*m5t is s impregnat$ ) silk glue z to be useless4 ,if we exam9e "s raw silk1 tak5 f ! middle lay] ( a cocoon1 we c easily see ! two p>allel fibres ( silk & ! out] wr9kl$ cov]+ ( silk glue4 ,n[1 magnify+ our object m highly1 we %all see t ea* fibre is a solid rod1 ) a smoo? lu/r\s surface & )\t any sign ( lum5 or cell /ructure2 ! rods too are cont9u\s & ?is alone di/+ui%es silk f all o!r fibres animal or vegetable4 ,two te/s are wor? try+ = !y are *>act]i/ic ( silk4 ,on ! addition ( a little /rong sulphuric acid we obs]ve t ! silk rapidly dissolves1 on ! o!r h&1 if a few fibres are boil$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 ! silk dissolves b ! envelope ( silk glue rema9s un*ang$ & appe>s b5ea? ! microscope z a crack$ & wr9kl$ tube4 ,! cat]pill> ( ano!r mo? sp9s co>s] greyi% col\r$ fibres1 :i* are spun into ! well kn[n ,tussore silk4 ,z ) ! common silkworm ^! cat]pill>s sp9 two fibres & glue !m toge!r ) silk glue4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 "u a high magnification we %all notice t ! fibres are m>k$ ) a numb] ( v f9e l9es runn+ l5g?ways1 :il/ e n[ & !n !re are fairly deep ind5tations4 ,! =m] m>k+s are natural to ! fibres1 ! latt] are caus$ by "o fibre be+ press$ aga9/ ! o!r4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! production ( silk is ( great importance1 ! microscope is n only press$ into s]vice = exam9+ ! product ( ^! useful little insects1 b also 9 keep+ wat* = a v deadly disease :i* attacks ! cat]pill>s4 ,x is call$ 8pebr9e0 & ! great sci5ti/ ,pa/eur1 ^: "n is _w fam\s = 8 "w on bact]iology1 discov]$ t x 0 caus$ by a t9y fungus4 ,artificial silk is an important article ( comm]ce4 ,x is made 9 sev]al diff]5t ways & ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,"s artificial silk is made ( collodion1 "s aga9 is made ( cellulose ! sub/ance ( :i* ! cell walls ( "y plants is compos$2 gelat9e is also us$ 9 mak+ ?is commodity4 ,z a rule x is easy to di/+ui% artificial f real silk1 = usually ! imitation consi/s ( flat fibres or at lea/ fibres q diff]5t to ! smoo? rods ( real silk4 ,! iod9e te/ is (t5 suffici5t indication1 = ) ?is *emical true silk is col\r$ br[n4 ,space or lack ( x does n all[ u to describe h[ ! microscope may be & is appli$ to o!r manufactures1 ev5 ! mill] uses ! in/rum5t1 = x w tell him if 8 fl\r is ( pure :eat1 & 9 ?is mann]4 ,he puts a little fl\r 9 a drop ( wat] on a slide & cov]s ) a cov] slip2 !n1 = a mom5t or two1 he rubs ! cov] glass to & fro ov] ! wat] & fl\r & exam9es 8 specim5 "u ! microscope4 ,if 8 fl\r be ( :eat1 he w see fairly /\t sp9dle %ap$ /r+s1 if x be ( rye no /r+s appe>1 :il/ maize fl\r gives v small /r+s4 ,^! are call$ glut5 /r+s & :eat is v ri* 9 glut54 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,cam]a ,,alli$ ,photography is su* a popul> hobby 9 ^! days1 t ! en?usia/ :o possesses bo? cam]a & microscope1 is c]ta91 soon] or lat]1 to wi% to take p]man5t records ( "s ( ! beautiful objects reveal$ to him by ! latt] in/rum5t4 ,! production ( high-p[] photo-micrographs1 z ! pictures ( highly magnifi$ objects are call$1 c only be c>ri$ out by ^? :o are skill$ 9 ! use ( bo? cam]a & microscope & are possess$ ( consid]able pati5ce4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t any amateur photograph] :o possesses a bell[s cam]a--box cam]as _c be us$ = ?is "w--f produc+ excell5t l[-p[] photo-micrographs1 t is to say pictures ( objects less highly magnifi$4 ,x may be disappo9t+ to le>n t a microscope is n necess>y = ?is "w4 ,! requirem5ts are1 a cam]a :i* w op5 out to a consid]able ext5t & a %ort focus l5s4 ,be=e we %[ h[ ! pictures may be tak51 we mu/ be q cle> :at is meant by a %ort focus l5s4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( measur+ ! focus ( a l5s2 9 ! case ( a s+le l5s ! op]ation is fairly simple1 b s+le l5ses are made ( "o glass & mo/ cam]a l5ses are built up ( sev]al pieces ( glass1 !n x is mu* m difficult to measure ! focus q accurately4 ,= ord9>y purposes & = our purpose1 x is only necess>y to "k ! focus 9 r\nd figures & to d s we op5 up ! cam]a & focus "s di/ant object on ! gr\nd glass1 !n ! di/ance 9 in*es f ! back ( ! l5s to ! gr\nd glass w give u v ne>ly ! correct focus1 or z x is (t5 call$ focal l5g?1 ( our l5s4 ,suppose we focus on a *ur* /eeple a mile away & !n f9d t a space ( five in*es sep>ates ! back ( our l5s f ! gr\nd glass1 ! l5s is ( five in*es focal l5g?4 ,) a l5s ( su* a focal l5g? we %all require a cam]a ) v long bell[s to obta9 mu* magnification ( our object b1 if our cam]a is "o ) only %ort bell[s1 we c /ill ov]come our difficulties4 ,if ! extra exp5se is no object we c obta9 "o ( ! excell5t ,aldis l5ses ( only two in*es focal l5g?1 especially design$ = ?is "w2 if we are +5i\s we c con/ruct a device :i* w answ] our purpose admirably & co/ b a few p5ce4 ,) ! simple app>atus we are ab\t to describe photo-micrographs up to t5 diamet]s magnification c be obta9$ 9 mo/ cam]as4 ,! t]m1 t5 diamet]s1 may appe> puzzl+ b really x is q simple4 ,suppose we wi% to make a photo-micrograph ( a p5ny /amp & we wi% x to be magnifi$ t5 diamet]s1 we %\ld require a l>ge cam]a = ! op]ation1 b t1 = ! mom5t1 is beside ! po9t4 ,our p5ny /amp1 magnifi$ t5 diamet]s1 w\ld be equal 9 area to t5 horizontal r[s ( /amps1 ea* r[ conta9+ t5 /amps or1 9 o!r words1 x w\ld occupy ! same area z "o hundr$ p5ny /amps4 ,to f9d ! magnification possible ) our cam]a & l5s1 ext5d ! cam]a bell[s to ! full & set up a foot rule 9 front ( ! l5s4 ,move ! cam]a f a di/ance sl[ly t[>ds ! rule till x is %>ply focuss$1 !n c>efully measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! in* l9es on ! focuss+ scre52 if ! l9es are ?ree in*es ap>t we %all be able to make photo-micrographs ?ree times ! size ( our object & we %all probably desire some?+ bett]4 ,to obta9 a consid]ably magnifi$ picture we mu/ h a l5s ( %ort focal l5g? & a cam]a ) long bell[s1 9 fact 9 !ory ! am\nt ( magnification is only limit$ by ! l5g? ( ! bell[s1 s t an extraord9>ily long cam]a %\ld give u a mu* magnifi$ picture4 ,we _c l5g!n our bell[s )\t consid]able exp5se1 b we c %ort5 ! focal l5g? ( our l5s4 ,if we obta91 at ! co/ ( a few p5ce1 a convex l5s ( %ort focal l5g?1 su* z is us$ 9 *eap magnifi]s we c easily apply x to our cam]a l5s & x w h ! effect ( %ort5+ its focus4 ,?is extra l5s c ei!r be fitt$ 9 front ( our orig9al l5s by cutt+ two in*es ( c>dbo>d1 ( su* a size t !y w j fit into ! l5s hood4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* piece ( c>dbo>d1 cut two circles1 slightly small] 9 diamet] ?an ! diamet] ( ! convex l5s4 ,place ! l5s ov] ! op5+ 9 "o ( ! pieces ( c>dbo>d & /ick ! o!r piece ^u x ) glue or seccot9e4 ,:5 dry fix ! l5s 9 its c>dbo>d hold] 9 ! front ( ! l5s hood & repeat ! focuss+ exp]im5t ) ! foot rule4 ,we %all n[ obta9 a mu* great] magnification ) ! same l5g? ( bell[s1 because ! additional l5s has %ort5$ ! focus ( our orig9al l5s4 ,probably our cam]a is fitt$ ) a d\ble l5s & x is possible to unscrew ! front portion1 9 ?is ev5t our extra l5s ) its c>dbo>d hold] may be fitt$ inside ! front l5s up aga9/ ! diaphragm & ! front l5s replac$4 ,! result is practically ! same :atev] ! position ( ! new l5s1 b we mu/ be c]ta9 t x is convex1 = a concave l5s w\ld increase ! focal l5g? ( ! :ole & s r$uce our magnification4 ,we may f9d t ! am\nt ( enl>gem5t we c n[ obta9 is suffici5t = our purpose2 if s we c g ahead & produce photo-micrographs ( all ! objects we desire4 ,! me?ods ( do+ s diff] 9 no way f ^? employ$ 9 tak+ ord9>y photographs & z we are writ+ ab\t microscopy & n photography 9 ^! pages1 !re is no ne$ to g into fur!r details4 ,ev5 ! exp]i5c$ photograph]1 h[ev]1 is liable to ov]look "o or two important details4 ,! bugbe> 9 all "w ( ?is k9d1 ) l[ magnifications z well z high1 is vibration4 ,n only is our object magnifi$ b e movem5t is equally increas$4 ,no "o %\ld walk across ! room :ile ?is "w is 9 progress2 9 l>ge t[ns1 trams & heavy motors w ru9 _m a plate1 9 fact x is only :5 "o takes up "w ( ?is k9d t "o realises t "o's h\se is 9 a p]petual quiv]4 ,"s en?usia/s "w at ! dead ( night1 o!rs susp5d _! app>atus on spr+s & inv5t all k9ds ( +5i\s devices to ov]come ^! m9iature e>?quakes4 ,if "t is no object1 we h an easy means ( /ill fur!r increas+ ! magnification4 ,to d s we cut a ?9 %eet ( copp] 9 su* a mann] t x j fits our l5s tube1 9 front ( ! diaphragm4 ,!n 9 ! v c5tre ( ! copp] disc we make a hole ) a 8numb] "o0 ne$le1 ! hole is ab\t "o tw5tie? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,replace ! convex l5s 9 its c>dbo>d hold] & screw on ! front portion ( ! cam]a l5s4 ,a trial w %[ t we h consid]ably increas$ ! magnification b decreas$ ! am\nt ( light admitt$ by ! l5s1 !re=e we %all probably require an exposure z long z an h\r4 ,h[ ab\t ! bugbe> vibration dur+ su* a long exposure is a natural "q to ask4 ,unless ! vibration is cont9u\s1 & t is unlikely1 x is less likely to cause tr\ble dur+ a v long exposure ?an dur+ a %ort "o1 because x op]ates dur+ a small proportion ( ! :ole "t4 ,all k9ds ( objects c be depict$ ) ! app>atus we h describ$4 ,m9ute %ells & insects2 p>ts ( l>g] insects1 _! legs & w+s = example2 ! fea!rs ( birds2 v>i\s rocks1 cry/als ( all k9ds2 small fl[]s & _! se$s2 mosses1 li*5s & _m k9ds ( fungus1 9 fact _! numb] is limit$ only by ! degree ( +5uity possess$ by ! photograph]4 ,d n suppose t ^! l[-p[] photo-micrographs are int]e/+ only because ( _! size1 ! en?usia/ :o makes a collection w discov] 9 8 pr9ts hidd5 beauty ( :i* he _h no conception :5 he look$ at ! orig9als4 ,we h se5 a v l>ge numb] ( l[-p[] photo-micrographs1 tak5 ) v inexp5sive app>atus1 %[+ ! wond]ful sculptur+ on ! w+ cases ( beetles1 "s ( !m are m>vels ( design1 yet1 obs]v$ ) ! nak$ eye1 _m ( ! insects appe> to be devoid ( ornam5tation4 ,! production ( high-p[] photo-micrographs is h>dly a subject t c be describ$ 9 ^! pages2 ! app>atus is co/ly =1 ev5 if "o disp5ses ) a specially design$ micro-photographic cam]a1 x is necess>y to h a good microscope & bell[s cam]a1 = really advanc$ "w4 ,messrs ,swift ,sons supply an excell5t fitt+1 ) :i* q satisfactory photo-micrographs may be tak54 ,x consi/s ( a light metal cone1 ! m po9t$ end fits ov] ! upp] portion ( ! microscope tube2 ! o!r end ( ! cone is provid$ ) gr\nd & pla9 glass focuss+ scre5s & a d>k slide4 ,:5 us+ ?is app>atus1 x is fir/ necess>y to f9d & focus our object 9 ! ord9>y way1 be=e atta*+ ! photographic app>atus4 ,hav+ secur$ our object exactly z we wi% x to be depict$ & well 9 ! c5tre ( ! illum9at$ circle1 we remove ! eyepiece & slip ! metal cam]a ov] ! top ( ! microscope tube4 ,if n[ we place ! gr\nd glass scre5 9 position1 we c see an image ( our object ^u x4 ,great att5tion mu/ be paid to ! light+1 x is necess>y t ! illum9ation be p]fectly ev51 o!rwise our negative w be ov]-expos$ 9 "s p>ts & "u-expos$ 9 o!rs4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is 9 ord] ! pla9 glass scre5 is sub/itut$ = ! "o ( gr\nd glass4 ,on ?is we %all probably n see any image ) ! nak$ eye1 b ) ! help ( a magnify+ glass we c see a mu* f9] image ?an 0 possible on ! gr\nd glass scre54 ,! f9al focuss+ is done at ?is /age &1 hav+ secur$ z %>p an image z possible1 ! focuss+ scre5 is remov$ & ! exposure is made4 ,exp]i5ce alone w tea* ! l5g? ( exposure1 x dep5ds ^u ! am\nt & nature ( ! light1 ^u ! transp>5cy ( ! object & also ^u its col\r4 ,!re is no m simple app>atus = tak+ mod]ately high-p[] photo-micrographs2 = m advanc$ "w ! micro-telescope & ! sup]-microscope 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii7 us$ ) a cam]a1 w enable ! us] to obta9 pictures ( objects magnifi$ z mu* z five ?\s& times4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,h[ ,,! ,,glass ,,us$ ,,9 ,,microscopes ,,is ,,made ,hav+ describ$ all ! ord9>y uses ( ! microscope & hav+ also insi/$ t ! objectives are ! mo/ important "p ( ! in/rum5t1 !re are probably _m ( our read]s :o may wi% to "k 9 :at mann] ?is wond]ful glass diff]s f ord9>y glass & h[ x is made4 ,glass has be5 def9$ z a sub/ance :i*1 dur+ its manufacture1 passes f ! liquid to ! solid /ate s rapidly t no cry/als are =m$4 ,usually :5 solids are melt$ & !n all[$ to cool1 !y d s ) ! =mation ( cry/als1 ?is may be %[n 9 ! case ( sulphur by melt+ a little & !n all[+ x to cool4 ,aft] a :ile1 z cool+ takes place a solid cru/ w be =m$ on ! surface ( ! molt5 sulphur4 ,if two holes are pi]c$ 9 ! cru/ & ! /ill liquid sulphur p\r$ out1 x w be f\nd t ! sulphur :i* adh]$ to ! vessel 9 :i* ! melt+ took place has =m$ beautiful ne$le %ap$ cry/als4 ,a great am\nt ( orig9al "w has be5 done on ! subject ( glass manufacture & especially on ! k9d us$ = optical in/rum5ts--z a result !re are _m k9ds ( glass diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 physical prop]ties & 9 *emical composition4 ,al?\gh ! v>i\s *emicals us$ & _! proportions are fairly well /&>dis$1 z ! result ( long exp]i5ce1 x is probable t glass is n a def9ite *emical comp\nd b a mixture1 9 :i* c]ta9 ( ! compon5ts act z solv5ts = ! re/4 ,! ord9>y glass 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry1 ap>t f specially prep>$ optical glass1 may be ei!r ,engli% fl9t glass1 plate glass or ,bohemian glass4 ,! fir/ nam$ is compos$ ( s&1 potassium c>bonate & r$ lead2 plate glass is made ( s& ) ! c>bonates ( sodium & calcium1 :il/ simil> +r$i5ts are us$ = ,bohemian glass except t c>bonate ( potassium is sub/itut$ = c>bonate ( sodium4 ,x is *iefly ow+ to ! requirem5ts ( optical in/rum5t mak]s t1 new k9ds ( glass conta9+ v _m previ\sly untri$ *emicals1 h be5 produc$4 ,z a result glasses are n[ made ) specific gravities v>y+ f #b4e to #e4j1 t is to say ! weight ( a squ>e in*1 or a squ>e foot or a squ>e y>d ( glass may weigh any?+ f two & a half to five times m ?an a squ>e in*1 foot or y>d ( wat]1 accord+ to its composition4 ,be=e we describe ! details ( its manufacture let u consid] its prop]ties z briefly z possible4 ,at high temp]atures x is p]fectly fluid & may be p\r$ f vessel to vessel z easily z wat]2 at l[] temp]atures x is visc\s1 i4e41 semi-fluid & c be roll$ ) an iron roll] z d\gh is roll$ ) a roll+ p92 x c be m\ld$ into any desir$ %ape1 bl[n out into flasks & bottles or drawn out into ?reads s f9e t !y may be wov5 into a fabric4 ,x is a bad conductor ( heat & = ?is reason x is saf] to p\r v hot liquids into a ?9 glass vessel ?an into a ?ick "o4 ,) ?ick glass ! inn] lay]s exp& ) ! heat be=e ! out] lay]s are ev5 w>m & ! result is a crack or (t5 absolute fracture4 ,sometimes dur+ manufacture glass vessels :i* are sudd5ly cool$ w appe> satisfactory1 b ! p>ticles ( glass rema9 9 s high a /ate ( t5sion t at ! slighte/ t\* ! vessel w break up into ?\s&s ( pieces4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is prop]ty ( glass x mu/ be cool$ v sl[ly inde$2 ! process is kn[n z anneal+4 ,optical glass unlike mo/ o!r k9ds mu/ be manufactur$ 9 ?ick blocks--"s ( ! l>ge l5ses on telescopes are ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,all glass = sci5tific in/rum5ts mu/ also be homog5e\s1 :i* our diction>y tells u means ( ! same k9d4 ,to be m explicit ea* p>ticle ( optical glass %\ld be precisely ! same 9 composition & prop]ties z e o!r p>ticle4 ,9 ! v e>ly days ( manufacture x 0 difficult to obta9 homog5e\s pieces ( glass & ,gu9>d1 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 conceiv$ ! idea ( /irr+ ! molt5 glass ) a rod ( fireclay1 to ensure a ?or\gh mix+ ( ! compon5ts4 ,?is l$ to consid]able improvem5t & ! me?od has surviv$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ real advance 9 ! manufacture ( optical glass1 0 due to ! +5uity ( two ,g]mans1 ,abbe & ,s*ott1 :o liv$ at ,j5a4 ,j5a glass became fam\s = ! manufacture ( l5ses1 s mu* s t a /upid idea /ill prevails 9 _m qu>t]s t only ! ,g]mans c make good optical glass4 ,to give !m _! due x is good b q rec5t ev5ts h %[n ! _w t ! ,briti%] c make bett]4 ,! two ,g]man sci5ti/s us$ new *emicals 9 mak+ _! glass & !y succe$$ 9 produc+ a sub/ance :i* possess$ hi!rto unhe>d ( prop]ties4 ,9 :at is n[ kn[n z ! old] cr[n & fl9t glass ! disp]sion & refraction increas$ ) ! d5sity1 t is to say1 ! heavi] ! glass ! m x scatt]s & b5ds light rays pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,) ! new me?ods1 glass is made :i* scatt]s ! light rays v little1 ?\gh b5d+ !m consid]ably & vice v]sa4 ,! ord9>y cr[n glass is compos$ ( silicates ( calcium & sodium or ( calcium & potassium or a mixture ( bo? & x is possible to make x col\rless & free f defects1 b its optical prop]ties are nev] s valuable z ^? ( ,j5a glass4 ,! mo/ important compon5ts ( ! new] glass are ! oxides ( ,b>ium1 ,magnesium1 ,alum9ium1 ,z9c & ,boron4 ,good optical glass %\ld be transp>5t & col\rless &1 z we h /at$1 x %\ld be homog5e\s--! refraction & disp]sion ( light rays %\ld be id5tical ov] all p>ts ( ! glass4 ,x %\ld possess no /ri1 z !y are call$4 ,/ri may be se5 at ! edge ( a piece ( plate glass z little l9es j z ?\gh ! glass _h be5 =m$ 9 lay]s4 ,/ri detract f ! effici5cy ( optical glass1 nev]!less1 "s v *eap l5ses are made ( plate glass4 ,bubbles are almo/ always pres5t 9 ,j5a glass b1 unless !y are v num]\s !y d n appe> to r5d] ! glass less effici5t4 ,h>dness & *emical /ability are o!r desirable qualities4 ,mo/ ( ^! high-grade glasses are s(t1 z %[n by ! ease ) :i* !y may be scrat*$2 _m ( !m are n v /able *emically & are easily affect$ by *emical fumes ) ! result t _! surfaces become cov]$ ) a col\r$ film4 ,) all _! drawbacks1 = optical "w ! new] glasses f> excel ! old]4 ,! manufacture ( optical glass is a co/ly & l5g?y process4 ,! *emicals us$ 9 its manufacture are select$ ) ! greate/ c>e2 impurities mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ = !y w\ld *ange ! composition ( ! glass & 9 do+ s alt] its physical prop]ties on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds4 ,! *emical sub/ances are us$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( oxides1 nitrates or c>bonates1 = ! reason t !y are easily decompos$ by heat4 ,to assi/ 9 ! melt+ ( ! sub/ances a few fragm5ts ( glass ( simil> composition are add$4 ,! crucibles1 9 :i* ! *emical compon5ts are melt$1 are cov]$ s t no fumes f ! furnace may ga9 access to !m1 ev5 ! *emical composition ( ! crucibles is c>efully te/$ t no impurities may contam9ate ! glass4 ,no crucible is ev] us$ m ?an once & only a s+le crucible is heat$ 9 ea* furnace1 9 ord] t ! temp]ature may be regulat$ to a nicety4 ,! actual manufacture is !n begun aft] all ^! prelim9>ies h be5 att5d$ to4 ,a clean dry crucible is heat$ 9 a furnace--n ! "o 9 :i* ! glass mak+ is to take place--to a dull r$ heat4 ,!n1 ) iron tongs1 x is remov$ to ! previ\sly heat$ glass mak+ furnace & ! temp]ature is rais$ v gradually4 ,! next /age sees ! addition ( ! well mix$ *emicals to ! heat$ crucible1 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,:5 ! full quantity has be5 add$ ! crucible conta9s melt$ glass full ( bubbles1 "s ( !m air bubbles releas$ f ! raw mat]ials z !y 7 add$ & "s bubbles ( gas giv5 (f f ! *emicals z !y act ^u "o ano!r4 ,! molt5 glass is !n heat$ /rongly s t x w become p]fectly liquid & _m ( ! bubbles w be driv5 (f4 ,to rea* ?is /age may occupy any?+ f ?irty-six to sixty h\rs & con/ant att5tion is necess>y dur+ ! :ole "t4 ,! next /age is p]haps ! mo/ important 9 ! :ole process4 ,aft] num]\s small samples ( ! molt5 glass h be5 tak51 on ! end ( iron rods1 to see if ! air bubbles h be5 driv5 (f1 ! mixture is /irr$ to r5d] x homog5e\s & to eradicate /ri4 ,! /irr+ is c>ri$ out by means ( a cyl9d] ( fireclay :i* is fir/ ( all heat$ to ! temp]ature ( ! molt5 glass be=e x is introduc$4 ,to ! end ( ! fireclay cyl9d] a long1 deta*able iron h&le is fix$ s t ! man :o und]takes ! /irr+ may /& at a di/ance f ! hot furnace4 ,! heat is great & ! "w ( /irr+ is labori\s & = ?is reason ! /irr]s are con/antly *ang$4 ,! iron h&les mu/ be wat*$ c>efully =1 ow+ to ! heat !y ru/ rapidly & %\ld any ( ! ru/ fall into ! molt5 glass x w\ld imp>t to x a col\r & r5d] x useless = optical purposes4 ,:5 /irr+ beg9s ! glass is liquid z wat]1 b ! /irr+ is cont9u$ dur+ cool+ & all ! :ile ! glass is gradually becom+ m & m solid4 ,dur+ ! f9al /ages ! op]ation is h>d lab\r inde$ &1 f9ally1 x is n possible to /ir any m1 !n ! fireclay cyl9d] is ei!r remov$ or left 9 ! glass4 ,:5 ! glass has solidifi$ &1 :il/ x is /ill hot ! furnace is seal$ & all[$ to cool v gradually till x has rea*$ ! ord9>y temp]ature ( its surr\nd+s2 ?is may take sev]al weeks4 ,:5 q cool1 ! crucible is remov$ f ! furnace & c>efully brok52 !n ! glass1 :i* may be 9 "o mass weigh+ z mu* z #ajjj lbs41 is fre$ f p>ticles ( fireclay & exam9$ = defects4 ,! next /age consi/s ( m\ld+ & anneal+4 ,l>ge pieces ( glass are heat$ till !y are j s(t1 !n !y are pass$ into iron or fireclay m\lds design$ s t ! glass is =m$ into discs or slabs suitable = gr9d+ by opticians4 ,!y are all[$ to cool v sl[ly 9 ! m\lds4 ,:5 ! glass is tak5 f ! m\lds x is n yet ready to be made into l5ses4 ,x is subject$ to ano!r & v c>eful exam9ation1 :5 all defective p>ts are cut out4 ,%\ld !re be _m defects ! glass is aga9 heat$1 m\ld$ & anneal$4 ,f a crucible conta9+ #ajjj lbs4 ( molt5 glass x is unusual to obta9 mu* m ?an #bjj lbs4 ( optically p]fect glass1 x is obvi\s !re=e t l5ses _c be *eap4 ,"o w\ld naturally imag9e t ! m9ute l5ses us$ 9 microscope objectives %\ld be *eap] 9 comp>ison ?an ! l>g] l5ses us$ = photography or 9 telescopes1 = x is always m difficult to make m9ute articles ?an l>ge ones4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 all[+ = ! great] am\nt ( mat]ial us$ 9 ! l>g] l5ses1 quality be+ ! same 9 bo? cases1 !y are f> m exp5sive ?an ! small] microscope l5ses2 ! reason be+ t x is exce$+ly difficult to obta9 a p]fect specim5 ( l>ge size4 ,! difficulty arises n only 9 ! actual manufacture ( ! glass b 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations ( cutt+1 gr9d+ & poli%+ :5 fractures are v liable to occur4 ,f ?is brief acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( optical glass x is cle> t a good l5s is always wor? a high price4 ,its compon5ts mu/ be ( ! pure/ quality obta9able1 ! process ( manufacture requires highly skill$ lab\r & x is labori\s & exact+ "w4 ,con/ant att5tion is ne$$ f />t to f9i% & mu* ( ! glass is nev] suffici5tly good to pass ! rigor\s te/s :i* x mu/ und]go4 ,la/ly1 9 ! f9al prep>ations ( ! complet$ l5s1 mi%aps are frequ5t4 ,add$ to all ^! trials ( ! l5s mak] is ! "o out/&+ fact t ! process c nev] be hurri$ at any /age1 ! effici5t anneal+ ( optical glass is "o ( ! mo/ important /ages 9 its manufacture4 ,a v full acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( optical glass is giv5 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 :5ce mu* ( our in=mation 9 ?is *apt] is d]iv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,*oice ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,app>atus ,,& ,,accessories ,9 ?is1 our conclud+ *apt]1 we propose to give a few h9ts ^u ! *oice & use ( ! microscope & its accessories1 to enlight5 our read]s conc]n+ /a9s & /a9+ & to add su* o!r in=mation z is likely to be useful1 in=mation :i* is bett] suppli$ 9 a *apt] ( its own ?an scatt]$ ab\t our pages & probably ov]look$4 ,! mo/ important "q conc]ns ! *oice ( a microscope4 ,9 a book ( ?is nature x is obvi\sly impossible to recomm5d ! w>es ( any "o mak]4 ,"s firms are celebrat$ = ! good we>+ qualities ( _! in/rum5ts1 "s = ! delicacy--n fragility by ! way--( _! f9e adju/m5ts & our read]s mu/ select _! mak] = !mselves4 ,"o ?+ we /rongly advise1 be patriotic & select a ,briti% mak]1 x is n only a "q ( patriotism b ( self int]e/1 = 9 _m respects ! ,briti% in/rum5ts lead ! _w4 ,mo/ ( ! manufactur]s adv]tise 9 su* pap]s z ,nature1 !y all pr9t excell5t catalogues1 a p]usal ( :i* may be a useful prelim9>y4 ,! in/rum5t we select w dep5d on ! use to :i* we int5d to put x & on ! l5g? ( our purse4 ,p]haps ! "q ( co/ w be m important to mo/ p4 ,an elaborate in/rum5t is n a desirable acquisition1 till we are some:at advanc$ 9 our "w at anyrate1 & "o ( ! models :i* mo/ mak]s call ,/ud5ts' ,microscopes w d ev]y?+ we desire4 ,we %\ld h at lea/ two objectives1 ?ree if we c af=d !m1 a #a in* & a #a_/f in* w enable u to exam9e ev]y?+ describ$ 9 ^! pages1 except "s ( ! bact]ia4 ,if we wi% to add a ?ird objective we might select a #b in* "o1 = q l[-p[] "w & lat] we %all probably become ! pr\d possessors ( a #a_/ab in* objective1 b ?is w\ld be ( little use to u at fir/4 ,two eyepieces w complete our optical equipm5t4 ,a cond5s] = ! /age1 prop]ly kn[n z a sub/age cond5s] is an addition :i* we %all appreciate1 ?\gh q int]e/+ "w may be done )\t x4 ,our o!r app>atus is inexp5sive & comprises1 "o or two dissect+ knives1 "s ne$les m\nt$ 9 h&les1 a pair ( f9e scissors1 a pair ( small =ceps1 a razor1 "o or two camel hair bru%es1 ?ree or f\r wat* glasses1 slides & cov] slips1 & a pipette or two4 ,a pipette1 by ! way1 is m]ely a glass tube po9t$ at "o end & cut (f squ>e at ! o!r2 at ab\t its c5tre x is mu* wid] ?an at ! top or bottom4 ,x is a mo/ useful piece ( app>atus = pick+ up small wat] animals :i* we wi% to exam9e4 ,by putt+ ! po9t$ end ( ! pipette j ov] an ,amba1 = example1 & suck+ g5tly at ! o!r end1 we %all draw "s wat] & ! animal into ! swoll5 "p ( ! tube4 ,if we !n place "o f+] ov] ! end ( ! pipette to :i* we h appli$ suction we c transf] ! cont5ts :]ev] we wi% )\t x runn+ out1 z soon z we remove our f+] ! pipette empties itself4 ,! dissect+ knives are useful = cutt+ up specim5s be=e exam9ation1 ! m\nt$ ne$les = teas+ !m1 t is to say te>+ !m into f9e %r$s4 ,! bru%es we may use in/ead ( ! pipette1 = pick+ up small objects f wat]1 or :5 dry4 ,! wat* glasses are useful = exam9+ objects su* z sponges1 wat] fleas1 etc41 "u wat]4 ,!y are j z satisfactory = mo/ purposes z ! specially con/ruct$ zoophyte tr\ghs &1 ( c\rse1 v mu* *eap]4 ,! razor is requir$ = section cutt+ conc]n+ :i* we w say a few words4 ,= section cutt+1 special razors are sold1 !y are heavy z a rule & n holl[ gr\nd4 ,_m microscopi/s av] t good sections _c be cut ) a holl[ gr\nd razor1 we beg to diff]1 h[ev]4 ,on ?is po9t we w\ld advise our read]s to select :i*ev] patt]n suits !m be/2 !re is no ne$ to buy an exp5sive razor1 = our e>ly ef=ts1 at anyrate1 w quickly dull ! cutt+ edge & !re is no advantage 9 go+ to mu* exp5se 9 ?is direction4 ,to cut really good sections is n difficult1 x is a "q ( knack r ?an skill2 hav+ once acquir$ ! knack1 practice w d ! re/4 ,! great po9t is to beg9 prop]ly1 "s p nev] take ! necess>y tr\ble 9 _! e>ly days &1 z a consequ5ce1 !y nev] le>n to cut good sections4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! op]ation1 a section is m]ely a v ?9 slice4 ,a good section = exam9ation "u ! microscope %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be s ?9 t x is transp>5t2 x %\ld be equally ?9 ev]y:]e1 n ?ick 9 "s places & ?9 9 o!rs & x %\ld be cut 9 ! prop] direction4 ,! la/ /atem5t requires a little explanation2 suppose we wi% to make a section /raight across a /em1 a transv]se section x w\ld be call$1 !n we mu/ see to x t our section is cut /raight across1 & n 9 su* a mann] t ! portion f :i* ! section is cut tap]s 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,be=e we beg9 ! actual section cutt+ we mu/ always trim up our specim5 ) "o ( ! dissect+ knives & n attempt to make ! surface level ) ! razor4 ,z a />t1 let u take "s mod]ately fle%y plant /em = we %all f9d x z easy to cut z any?+4 ,our /em mu/ n be woody1 = till we h _h a fair am\nt ( practice we %all damage our razor on its h>d /ructures2 x mu/ n be too s(t or x w be cru%$ out ( all recognition 9 our f+]s2 x %\ld n be holl[1 = solid /ems are always easi] to cut4 ,hav+ select$ our /em & ! spot ^u x at :i* we require a section1 we cut /raight across x at t spot ) our dissect+ knife1 9 su* a mann] t ! cut edge is z ne>ly z possible at "r angles to ! sides ( ! /em4 ,a piece two or ?ree in*es long is ! mo/ com=table to hold4 ,hold+ our razor firmly 9 ! "r h& we take our specim5 9 ! ?umb & index f+] ( ! left h&4 ,place ! side ( ! /em aga9/ ! fir/ jo9t ( ! index f+] & slightly b5d ! tip ( ! f+] r\nd ! object4 ,! end ( ! /em1 f :i* we propose to cut our section1 %\ld be slightly above ! level ( ! index f+]4 ,) ! ?umb1 ! /em is press$ firmly aga9/ ! fir/ jo9t ( ! index f+] & ! fir/ jo9t ( ! ?umb mu/ n be b5t upw>ds4 ,?is la/ po9t is v important1 z we %all see 9 a mom5t4 ,f our description ! me?od ( hold+ ! /em may seem some:at cramp$2 x %\ld n be s1 h[ev]1 & an easy position w help t[>ds success b let x be ! correct position4 ,we may play ! viol91 9 a mann]1 )\t le>n+ ! correct me?od ( b[+ b we c nev] become exp]t viol9i/s unless we hold our b[ prop]ly1 9 ! same way we c nev] cut really f9e sections unless we hold our specim5 9 ! correct way4 ,we n[ lay our razor along ! second jo9t ( ! index f+] 9 su* a mann] t ! heel ( ! razor1 or a po9t ne> ! heel comes ga9/ ! end ( ! /em4 ,= ! fir/ "t we realize ! importance ( hold+ our specim5 correctly1 = ! index f+] =ms a conv5i5t plat=m on :i* to /eady ! razor4 ,to cut our section1 we1 ( c\rse1 press ! razor t[>ds u &1 at ! same "t draw x outw>ds f heel to toe4 ,we mu/ nev] attempt to press ! razor /raight ?r\gh ! specim51 h[ev] s(t ! latt] may be1 we mu/ always draw ! razor along1 at ! same "t z we press x ?r\gh ! specim54 ,nev] cut outw>ds z 9 %>p5+ a p5cil & nev] move ! razor backw>ds & =w>ds z ?\gh us+ a saw4 ,! outw>d cut w nev] result 9 a good section1 a saw+ movem5t w give a section alt]nately ?ick & ?94 ,%\ld ! section be some:at t\gh we may f9d ! razor slip sudd5ly ov] its surface1 an ev5t :i* w impress itself ^u u pa9fully if we h =gott5 ! injunction n to b5d ! ?umb1 = ! c]ta9 result ( ! slip w be ! loss ( a goodly portion ( sk9 ^u "o's jo9t4 ,a /raight ?umb w be out ( ! dang] zone ( a slipp+ razor4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,davidson ,co4 #a4 ,a ,,fly',s ,,eye ,a fly's eye highly magnifi$1 %[+ "s ( ! _m l5ses ( :i* x is compos$4 #b4 ,,images ,,se5 ,,by ,a ,,fly ,photographs ( a /atue tak5 ?r\gh a fly's eye4 ,in/ead ( see+ "o image ( an object1 ! fly sees z _m images z !re are l5ses 9 its eyes4 ,hav+ cut a section x is h>dly likely t1 at ?is our fir/ attempt1 x w be good en\gh to put "u ! microscope1 s we w cont9ue to cut section aft] section till we h a doz5 or m f ^! we c select ! mo/ transp>5t = exam9ation4 ,! sections ( su* mat]ial z a /em %\ld be kept moi/ & to d s we w place !m 9 a wat* glass conta9+ wat]4 ,x is (t5 easi]1 also1 to cut our sections if ! razor be moi/5$ ) wat]1 at anyrate ! moi/ure prev5ts ! sections f adh]+ to ! razor4 ,! sections %\ld be remov$ f razor to wat* glass & f wat* glass to slide1 by means ( a bru%1 nev] by means ( ! f+]s4 ,! razor ( c\rse1 %\ld be well dri$ ) a s(t rag be=e x is put away2 ru/1 besides be+ unsightly1 ru9s ! cutt+ edge4 ,if we are really anxi\s to cut our own sections1 & e good microscopi/ does s1 we %all return to ! op]ation aga9 & aga91 ev5 cutt+ objects :i* we h no desire to exam9e1 = ! sake ( ! practice4 ,we %all soon rea* a /age :]e our razor w be dull$ & require /ropp+ & ! effici5t /ropp+ ( a razor is1 to _m p1 a m difficult op]ation ?an ! cutt+ ( sections4 ,we may po9t out "h1 t all sections are n q s easy to cut z ! "o we h tak5 z our example4 ,"s objects are s s(t t !y ne$ h>d5+ ) *emicals be=e !y c be cut1 "s are s h>d t to attempt to cut !m w\ld ru9 ! edge ( ! razor1 ?\gh x is wond]ful :at h>d sub/ances may be cut :5 we h _h a little exp]i5ce2 "s are s delicate t !y mu/ ne$s be buri$ 9 melt$ wax1 !n object & wax are cut toge!r & lat] ! wax is sep>at$ f ! section4 ,leaves & v small /ems may be section$ by ! beg9n]1 z easily z l>g] /ems4 ,= su* objects little /icks ( pi? are sold z hold]s4 ,hav+ cut ( our piece ( leaf f :i* we wi% to d]ive a section1 we make a slit1 ) our dissect+ knife1 d[n ! middle ( "o end ( a piece ( pi?4 ,! piece ( leaf is !n plac$ 9 ! slit & by hold+ ! pi? at ! sides our piece ( leaf is held firmly4 ,sections are cut ?r\gh pi? & leaf1 & ! two are float$ 9 wat]1 :5 ! ?9 slices ( pi? w float away f ! leaf sections4 ,hav+ cut a satisfactory section1 let u proce$ to describe ! me?od ( mak+ a slide !re(4 ,we w suppose t we d n wi% to make a p]man5t prep>ation b "o = tempor>y use4 ,a clean slide mu/ be select$1 all ?r\gh our pages we emphasise ! cleanl9ess ( slides1 at or ne> its c5tre we put a drop ( wat] &1 lift+ x ) a bru%1 we place our section 9 ! drop ( wat]4 ,if our exam9ation is to be ) a l[ magnification1 we ne$ n use a cov] slip1 nev]!less x is wor? :ile to cultivate ! habit ( us+ "o4 ,! cov] slip is n only a protection = our object b = our objective4 ,wat] y may argue _c h>m ! l5ses ( ! objective4 ,p]haps n1 we w n argue ! po9t b1 :5 ! wat] dries on ! objective1 x leaves a c]ta9 am\nt ( deposit on ! glass & ?is deposit mu/ be rubb$ (f4 ,! less (t5 ! l5ses are rubb$ ! bett] = !m1 glass especially v highly poli%$ optical glass1 is f> m easily scrat*$ ?an _m p imag9e & a scrat*$ l5s is an ineffici5t l5s4 ,:5 us+ high magnifications a cov] glass %\ld always cov] our object & ! same rem>k applies to objects exam9$ 9 ,canada ,balsam4 ,?is sub/ance is likely to cause s]i\s tr\ble if x f9ds its way on to an objective4 ,x mu/ be remov$1 t is obvi\s1 b x sets h>d1 x mu/ n be scrap$ away = fe> ( damag+ ! optical glass &1 z x is us$ to cem5t ! l5ses toge!r1 !re is ! great dang] t any solv5t us$ to remove ! ,balsam f ! face ( ! objectives1 may also dissolve _! sett+4 ,our digression may seem some:at unnecess>y1 b ! v great importance ( keep+ all *emicals & ev5 wat]1 f com+ into contact ) ! l5ses ( our in/rum5t _c be insi/$ ^u too /rongly4 ,9 :atev] sub/ance we exam9e our object1 wat]1 glyc]9e or ,balsam1 !re is a "r & a wrong way ( apply+ ! cov] slip4 ,x mu/ n be dropp$ or laid d[n flat ^u ! object1 if we d ?is we %all c]ta9ly imprison a numb] ( air bubbles & t mu/ be avoid$4 ,"o edge ( ! cov] slip mu/ be laid aga9/ ! edge ( ! m\ntant1 z ! liquid us$ = m\nt+ our object is call$1 !n plac+ a ne$le b5ea? ! cov] slip x mu/ be g5tly l[]$ into position4 ,we %all n[ f9d t all air bubbles are driv5 out z ! cov] slip is l[]$4 ,:5 we h cut an exceptionally good section or :5 we h "s specially int]e/+ object we may wi% to make a p]man5t slide4 ,! exact me?od ( do+ s v>ies some:at ) ! nature ( our object & to describe all ! me?ods ( m\nt+ microscopic objects p]man5tly w\ld require a book 9 itself4 ,we w suppose t we wi% to make a p]man5t slide ( "o ( ! sections float+ 9 our wat* glass ( wat]4 ,! fir/ ?+ we mu/ d is to get rid ( ! wat] ) :i* our section by n[ is saturat$4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by means ( alcohol ( v>i\s /r5g?s1 :i* we may put into ?ree wat* glasses4 ,9 ! fir/ wat* glass we h half pure alcohol & half wat]2 9 ! second ?ree-qu>t]s alcohol & "o "p wat]2 9 ! ?ird wat* glass pure or absolute alcohol4 ,! section is transf]r$ on a bru% to ! fir/ wat* glass & left !re = five m9utes1 !n to ! second wat* glass = a simil> "t & f9ally to ! ?ird wat* glass4 ,! m\ntant may be ei!r ,canada ,balsam or glyc]9e jelly4 ,%\ld we decide on ,canada ,balsam1 we put a small drop ( ! sub/ance 9 ! c5tre ( a clean slide1 place "o section atop ( x & !n g5tly l[] a cov] slip ^u x z already describ$4 ,!n1 )\t us+ any =ce1 ! cov] slip is press$ d[n1 b we mu/ n fall into ! all too common error ( ?9k+ t a ?ick section c be made ?9 by press+ ^u ! cov] slip4 ,if we h tak5 ! correct am\nt ( ,canada ,balsam x w j cov] ! area bel[ ! cov] slip & no m1 if we h us$ too mu*1 x w fl[ out on all sides & p]haps on ! top ( ! cov] slip4 ,a v little exp]i5ce w tea* h[ big a drop ( ,balsam to use4 ,%\ld we decide to use glyc]9e jelly1 we take a small globule ( ! jelly on "o ( our m\nt$ ne$les & place x 9 ! c5tre ( a clean slide4 ,!n we hold ! slide a little above a light$ c&le1 or ev5 a mat* w d1 to melt ! jelly4 ,directly x is melt$ ! section is plac$ ^u x1 & we proce$ z be=e4 ,:i*ev] m\ntant we h us$1 ! slides mu/ be put away out ( ! du/1 & !y mu/ be flat & n plac$ on edge4 ,9 a few days ! m\ntant w set1 & we ne$ take no fur!r precautions ) ! slides 9 :i* ,balsam 0 us$1 b ^? m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e jelly mu/ be r+$1 = ! reason t glyc]9e absorbs moi/ure f ! air & gradually liquifies4 ,! process ( r++ is be/ p]=m$ ^u a turntable1 :i* any deal] 9 microscope accessories w supply4 ,x consi/s ( a circul> brass plate :i* revolves ab\t its c5tre & to :i* ! slide to be r+$ is affix$4 ,a bottle ( r++ asphalt & a f9e pa9t bru% are ess5tials4 ,) a little ( ! asphalt ^u our bru%1 we revolve ! turntable & place ! bru% aga9/ ! edge ( ! cov] slip z x revolves1 9 su* a mann] t we pa9t a n>r[ rim ( asphalt ov] ! junction ( cov] slip & slide4 ,! asphalt prev5ts moi/ure f rea*+ ! glyc]9e jelly4 ,( c\rse we may r+ our slides )\t mak+ use ( a turntable1 b x is n easy to pa9t a neat r+ )\t me*anical assi/ance4 ,= squ>e cov] slips x is obvi\s t a turntable is useless4 ,specim5s m\nt$ 9 ,canada ,balsam d n ne$ r++1 = ! ,balsam is unaffect$ by air or ! moi/ure !re91 :5 once x has set h>d4 ,sev]al firms supply prep>$ microscope slides1 & x is (t5 useful to "k :]e reliable prep>ations may be obta9$4 ,! slides suppli$ by ,messrs ,flatt]s ,g>nett ,ltd41 #dji ,ox=d ,road1 ,man*e/]1 are models ( :at well-made slides %\ld be4 ,x always l5ds great] int]e/ to ! hobby if objects are f\nd & m\nt$ by ! microscopi/ himself4 ,by go+ out into ! fields1 by ! pond-side1 or along ! %ore1 9 se>* ( int]e/+ mat]ial = exam9ation1 mu* w be le>n$ ( animal & plant habits :i* ev5 ! microscope _c reveal4 ,"s ( u1 h[ev]1 h nei!r ! opportunity to hunt = our specim5s1 nor ! "t to m\nt !m prop]ly1 & ^? ( u :o are s situat$ w be glad to "k :]e objects may be obta9$4 ,app>atus1 useful = /ud5ts ( pond or sea-%ore life1 may be obta9$ f ,messrs ,flatt]s ,g>nett1 :o always h a goodly /ock ( collect+ j>s1 nets1 c4 ,f ! same firm1 also1 may be obta9$ /a9s & any ( ! limit$ numb] ( *emicals requir$ by ! microscopi/4 ,we h giv5 a few simple directions = /a9+ 9 our *apt] on ,bact]ia4 ,9 _m cases x is absolutely necess>y to h rec\rse to /a9s 9 ord] to see ! /ructure ( ! objects we are desir\s ( exam9+2 9 o!r cases x is necess>y to /a9 :5 we wi% to "k ! nature ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( our object4 ,suppose1 = example1 we wi% to f9d out :e!r a plant section conta9s />*1 we !n add iod9e solution1 & if any p>ts /a9 deep blue we "k at once t />* is pres5t4 ,!re are o!r /a9s = o!r plant & animal sub/ances2 /a9s = woody matt]1 /a9s = fats1 c41 b ! art ( /a9+ is a sci5ce 9 itself1 & w\ld require _m *apt]s to describe fully4 ,mo/ ( ! objects describ$ 9 ?is book c be /udi$ 9 ! natural /ate1 b1 ev5 s1 !y may be r5d]$ f> m beautiful by /a9+4 ,! me?od we describ$ = ! /a9+ ( bact]ia does n apply to su* objects z plant sections1 c41 & we propose to describe1 z briefly z possible1 h[ to proce$ ) su* objects4 ,suppose we are exam9+ "o ( ! common pond plants1 ,spirogyra = in/ance1 & we wi% to see :e!r x conta9s />*4 ,our specim5 is 9 a slide1 9 a drop ( wat]1 & cov]$ by a cov] slip4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ obta9 "s fluffless blott+ pap]--! ord9>y filt] pap]s sold by all *emi/s are excell5t--f x we mu/ cut ab\t half a doz5 pieces1 ab\t half an in* by "o in*1 ! exact size is n important1 & !y ne$ n be measur$4 ,^! we mu/ fold 9 ! c5tre1 s t !y c be made to /& up l an inv]t$ ,v4 ,f our bottle ( iod9e solution we take a drop ( ! liquid on ! end ( a glass rod & place x c>efully at "o edge ( ! cov] slip1 avoid+ all[+ any ( ! solution to fl[ on to ! upp] surface ( ! slip4 ,n[1 "o ( ! pieces ( blott+ pap] mu/ be plac$ ^u ! opposite side ( ! slide s t x w /& up2 x mu/ !n be mov$ till x j t\*es ! edge ( ! cov] slip4 ,! blott+ pap] w absorb ! wat] f b5ea? ! cov] slip1 & 9 do+ s ! iod9e solution w be drawn along to take ! place ( ! wat]4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is mann] & replac+ ! blott+ pap] ) a new piece z x becomes moi/1 also repl5i%+ ! drop ( iod9e z x is us$ up1 we act ^u our object ) a /rong] & /rong] solution1 &1 9 ,spirogyra1 ! object :i* we took z our example1 we c see beautiful rosettes ( />* gra9s1 arrang$ at regul> int]vals along ! gre5 b&s ( *lorophyll4 ,?is me?od ( /a9+ may be us$ 9 mo/ cases :]e we m]ely require a tempor>y /a92 by rev]s+ ! process & draw+ wat] ov] ! object by means ( blott+ pap]1 x may be us$ 9 wa%+ sections & p>ts ( plants4 ,= v small objects1 su* z />* gra9s sep>at$ f ! plants 9 :i* !y are =m$1 ! me?od is h>dly suitable1 = !y are liable to be drawn along 9 ! /ream ( liquid & lo/4 ,= m p]man5t /a9+ processes1 we mu/ use our wat* glasses1 into :i* we p\r ! v>i\s liquids necess>y = ! op]ation4 ,! precise me?ods ( /a9+1 ! p]iods dur+ :i* objects %\ld rema9 9 ! /a9+ solution1 & ! *emicals us$ = remov+ excessive /a9 v>y1 z may be guess$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,"s *emicals act v quickly1 & /a9+ takes place 9 a few m9utes2 o!rs act sl[ly1 & ) !m x is necess>y to subject our specim5s to _! action = h\rs or ev5 days4 ,!n aga91 x is obvi\s t l>ge specim5s take long] to /a9 ?an small ones1 h>d objects are n s readily act$ ^u z s(t ones4 ,exp]i5ce alone w %[ :at is requir$ 9 v>i\s cases4 ,suppose1 = example1 we desire to /a9 a section 9 ,c>malum1 a mixture ( ,c>m9ic ,acid #a gra91 ,alum #aj gra9s1 hot di/ill$ wat] #bjj c4c4 ,we take ?ree wat* glasses1 9 "o we place a few drops ( our /a91 9 ano!r wat]1 & 9 ! ?ird alcohol4 ,our section is plac$ 9 ! wat* glass conta9+ ! c>malum & is left !re = ab\t two m9utes1 !n ) ! help ( a small bru% x is transf]r$ = a simil> p]iod to ! wat* glass conta9+ wat]1 & f9ally x is plac$ 9 ! alcohol4 ,f ! la/ wat* glass x may be transf]r$ to glyc]9e jelly on a slide & m\nt$ z already describ$2 ,c>malum /a9s our section a beautiful p9k4 ,!re is a temptation to buy a l>ge /ock ( /a9s ( all hues & ( v>i$ composition4 ,! temptation %\ld n be all[$ to get ! bett] ( u4 ,9 our e>ly days at anyrate1 we %all d f> bett] if we use b few /a9s & le>n to und]/& _! peculi>ities4 ,! mo/ useful selection = ! beg9n] w comprise ,haematoxyl91 ,safran91 ,eos91 ,c>bol-,fu*s91 ,me?yl5e ,blue1 & ,c>malum4 ,^! %\ld all be obta9$ ready = use3 ?is w save errors 9 comp\nd+1 &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 w save "t2 "s ( ! /a9s1 ,haematoxyl9 = example1 are n fit = use till mon?s aft] !y h be5 mix$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts :i* =m ! complete /a94 ,frequ5tly :5 exam9+ small b lively wat] animals we may feel ! necessity ( "s me?od ( sob]+ !m4 ,all ! little organisms1 bo? plants & animals1 :i* are provid$ ) ! little :ip-l /ructures m5tion$ s (t5 9 our pages1 are difficult to exam9e :il/ !y are 9 motion4 ,!re are _m sub/ances1 we might add1 :i* w\ld kill !m1 b 9 do+ s we %all ne>ly always f9d t !y contract to su* an ext5t z to lose all semblance ( _! natural %ape1 & become useless z objects = our microscope4 ,%\ld our incl9ations lead u 9 ! direction ( mu* /udy ( ^! little be+s1 we %all d well to keep h&y a small bottle ( ,r\sselet's solution2 x is compos$ ( #b p] c5t4 solution ( hydro*lorate ( coca9e1 #c p>ts2 ,me?ylat$ ,_s1 #a "p2 wat]1 #f p>ts4 ,any *emi/ w mix ! solution = u4 ,:5 we h occasion to exam9e a too lively specim51 we simply run a drop ( ! solution "u ! cov] slip1 z describ$ 9 our rem>ks on /a9+ ) iod9e1 & ! creature we are exam9+ w ab&on its frolics & conv5i5tly rema9 9 a fully exp&$ /ate4 ,_m ( our read]s w be anxi\s to c>ry _! microscopic inve/igations to a m advanc$ /age ?an we h rea*$ 9 our pages4 ,"s w h ! advantage ( a tea*]1 & x is a great advantage to h someone :o c %[ r ?an m]ely expla9 :at %\ld be done2 o!rs n s well plac$ may l to "k a few really useful books :i* w help !m 9 _! "w4 8,! ,microscope & its ,revelations10 by ,b4 ,h4 ,dall+]1 is a l>ge & !re=e co/ly "w1 b x conta9s a r>e fund ( in=mation = ! microscopi/4 ,small] & em95tly suitable = ! g5]al work] is 8,mod]n ,microscopy10 by ,messrs ,cross ,cole4 ,^? :o wi% to specialize 9 "o ( ! sci5ces1 su* z ,botany1 ,zoology1 or ,geology1 w f9d no lack ( books deal+ ) ! subject t mo/ appeals to !m4 ,= photograph]s :o are also microscopi/s1 we "k ( no bett] books ?an 8,practical ,pr9ciples ( ,pla9 ,photomicrography10 by ,g4 ,we/1 or ! m advanc$ 8,h&book ( ,photomicrography10 by ,messrs ,h9d ,r&les4 ,nei!r books nor tea*] w be able to reveal to any ( u all ! secrets ( ! microscope4 ,by its means a new _w is unfold$ be=e ! eyes ( mank9d1 a _w ( unlimit$ possibilities4 ,no man w ev] see all t ! microscope c %[ him1 ea* day "s fre% wond] is look$ ^u = ! fir/ "t4 ,z a hobby1 microscopy c h>dly be excell$4 ,x is a s5sible hobby &1 aft] ! initial outlay1 ne$ co/ u b a few p5ce ea* ye>4 ,we he> someone say t he pref]s an outdoor hobby1 b surely ! microscope1 if us$ intellig5tly1 w take u out ( doors4 ,! se>* = specim5s is "o ( ! attractions ( microscopy4 ,z an in/rum5t = ! s]i\s work] ! microscope comp>es fav\rably ) any o!r inv5tion ( mank9d4 ,?9k = a mom5t :at we owe to ! microscope 9 a hundr$ & "o walks ( life1 & !n y w realize ! romance atta*$ to ! in/rum5t1 & its revelations f ! days ( ,euclid to ! pres5t "t4 ,,index ,abbe1 #bhe4 ,ab]ration1 *romatic1 #dg4 ,ab]ration1 sph]ical1 #di4 ,aconite1 #bei4 ,act9ophrys ,sol1 #ge4 ,adju/m5t1 co>se1 #eh2 f9e1 #ei4 ,adult]ation ( food1 #acg4 ,alg1 #bbe4 ,alkaloids1 #add4 ,am]ican wat]-we$1 #ih4 ,amba ,proteus1 #fg4 ,anatome ,plant>um1 #cb4 ,animal cells1 #afh4 ,animalcule1 bell1 #gj2 protean1 #fg2 slipp]1 #fh2 sun1 #ge2 :eel1 #gd4 ,animal fibres1 #bfb4 ,anneal+1 #bhd1 #bhi4 ,aphids1 #cf4 ,app>atus1 *oice (1 #acg4 ,ari/otle1 #cb4 ,bacilli1 #aei4 ,bacillus ,subtilis1 #afj4 ,bact]ia1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #aeb2 cultures (1 #afe2 exam9ation (1 #afj2 orig9 (1 #aee2 size (1 #aef2 splitt+ (1 #aeg2 /a9+ (1 #afb4 ,b>nacle1 #bba4 ,bees1 #cd1 #aie1 #aii4 ,bird's head1 #gf1 #baf4 ,bladd]wort1 #ajd4 ,blood1 circulation (1 #bc1 #aga4 ,blood corpuscles1 r$1 #cd1 #agj2 :ite1 #agj4 ,blood cry/als1 #agc1 #agd4 ,boreel1 #bj4 ,borel1 #bf4 ,botrydium ,granulatum1 #ib4 ,bread1 #adb4 ,brew+1 #bfj4 ,broomrape1 #ahj4 ,br[n1 #ci4 ,br[ne1 #bd4 ,bubbles 9 glass1 #bhf4 ,buffalo gnat1 #bja4 ,buffon1 #ci4 ,burn+ glass1 #ag4 ,butt]1 #adh2 r5ovat$1 #adi4 ,caddis fly1 #bjb4 ,calcium c>bonate1 #aca1 #bbi4 ,calli?amnion ,corymbosum1 #bcg4 ,canada ,balsam1 #cjj4 ,c>*esium ,spectabile1 #gb4 ,cells1 #ii4 ,*elif]1 #ca1 #bjj4 ,*emical analysis1 #bdh4 ,*emi/ry1 #be1 #bjj4 ,*icory1 #ade4 ,*lamydomonas ,angulosa1 #he4 ,*lorophyll1 #ih1 #bbf4 ,cicada1 #bjd4 ,citric acid1 #beh4 ,cladophora ,glom]ata1 #ij4 ,classification1 #ci4 ,clay1 #abi4 ,cleav]s1 #aaa4 ,club moss1 #acf4 ,clu/] cups1 #ahf4 ,coca9e1 #add4 ,cocci1 #aei4 ,cocoa1 #add4 ,c(fee1 #add4 ,colonial animals1 #bab4 ,col\r ( plants1 #ig4 ,comb be>]1 #baj4 ,comp\nd microscope1 #bj2 !ory (1 #ea2 to make1 #eb4 ,compress$ ent]omorpha1 #bbh4 ,cond5s]1 #fj1 #bib4 ,corall9a ,(fic9alis1 #bbi4 ,corall9e1 #bbi4 ,cork1 #ca4 ,corn fl\r1 #ada4 ,cotton1 #bfb4 ,cov] slip1 #fd4 ,crab1 #bbb4 ,cricket1 #bje4 ,cri/atella ,muc$o1 #gg4 ,cry/al lay]1 #bef4 ,cry/allization1 #bej4 ,cry/als 9 plants1 #bee4 ,cry/als ( alum1 #bea2 b>ium *loride1 #beb2 borax1 #bea2 calcium oxalate1 #bee2 copp] sulphate1 #bea2 gold *loride1 #bef2 iron sulphate1 #bea2 potassium *lorate1 #beb2 salt1 #bea2 sug>1 #bea2 wa%+ soda1 #bea4 ,cuprammonia1 #bfc4 ,cuttlefi%1 #abb4 ,cuvi]1 #ci4 ,cyclops1 #ha4 ,cypris1 #hj4 ,d>w91 #ci4 8,dead ,m5's ,ropes10 #bcj2 8,toes10 #baa4 ,deless]a ,sangu9ea1 #bbi4 ,demodex ,folliculorum1 #agf4 ,dep? 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volumes 9 ! ,ian ,h>dy ,s]ies is a complete /ory by itself1 b ea* describes ano!r /age ( ! adv5tur\s life ( ! delightful "y rascal :o is _! h]o4 ,,vols4 ,i ,,to ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,ian ,,h>dy ,,s]ies4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,naval ,,cadet4 8,an ideal gift book = a boy1 = x is utt]ly devoid ( ! milksop piffle 9 :i* su* /ories usually indulge4 ,a :ole budget ( mir? & adv5ture40--,man*e/] ,c\ri]4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,mid%ipman4 8,comb9es z mu* adv5ture z ! mo/ spirit$ ( "y read]s c\ld possibly wi% =1 ) a fai?ful picture ( :at a middy's life may be :5 he is lively & z plucky z ,ian0--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,s5ior ,,mid%ipman4 8,x is no exagg]ation to say t ,comm&] ,currey be>s wor?ily ! mantle ( ,k+/on & ,m>ryat40--,man*e/] ,c\ri]4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,fight+ ,,! ,,moors4 8,comm&] ,currey is becom+ a s]i\s rival to ,k+/on40--,york%ire ,obs]v]4 ,illu/ration3 ,specim5 ,b9d+4 ,a ,,/irr+ ,,/ory ,,= ,,boys4 ,,jack ,,sc>lett1 ,,s&hur/ ,,cadet4 ,by ,major ,,alan ,m4 ,,boisragon4 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 nett4 8,a da%+ y\? :o has a good "t1 b em]ges f 8 tra9+ ) a good "*40--,man*e/] ,c\ri]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,lavi%ly ,illu/rat$4 ,ex4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 nett ea* volume4 8,spl5did volumes40--,! ,outlook4 8,gift books ^: value x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate40--,! ,/&>d4 8,?is s]ies has n[ won a consid]able & well-des]v$ reputation40--,! ,gu>dian4 #dj4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,our ,,wond]ful ,,_w4 ,p4 ,j4 ,,risdon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,quell+ ,a ,,mut9y4 ,f 8,! ,romance ( ,piracy40 ,,! ,,romance ,,(-- ,,subm>9e ,,eng9e]+4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 ,,mod]n ,,exploration4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion4 ,a4 ,,williams4 ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,a4 ,,williams4 ,,animal ,,_w4 ,e4 ,,sel\s4 ,m4 ,,locomotion4 ,a4 ,,williams4 ,,electricity4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,mod4 ,,me*anism4 ,a4 ,,williams4 ,,insect ,,life4 ,e4 ,,sel\s4 ,,m9+4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 ,,plant ,,life4 ,pr(4 ,,scott ,,elliot4 ,,bird ,,life4 ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,,photography4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,pr(4 ,,philip1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,manufacture4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson4 ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,,sc4 ,,geology4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,,animal ,,arts ,,crafts4 ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,,e>ly ,,exploration4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,mission>y ,,h]oism4 ,dr4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a4 ,,mighty ,,deep4 ,a4 ,,gib]ne4 ,,pol> ,,exploration4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott4 ,,savage ,,life4 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,,elliot4 ,,sieges4 ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,%ip4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton4 ,,a/ronomy4 ,h4 ,,macph]son4 ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,piracy4 ,lieut4 ,k4 ,,*att]ton4 ,,w> ,,inv5tions4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 ,,comm]ce4 ,h4 ,o4 ,,newl&4 ,,microscope4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,eal&1 ,m4,a4 ,,railways4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 ,,coal4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,sea ,,rov]s4 ,e4 ,k4 ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a4 ,,ligh?\ses ,,lifeboats4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,illu/ration3 ,specim5 ,b9d+4 ,popul> ,sci5ce = ,"y ,*ildr5 ( #h to #ad4 ,ea* #es4 nett4 8,among writ]s on sci5ce = boys1 easily ! mo/ skilful is ,mr4 ,*>les ,gibson40--,! ,nation4 ,,new ,,volume ,,ma*9es ,,h[ ,,!y ,,"w4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,e>li] ,,volumes ,,photography ,,its ,,my/]ies4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,! ,,great ,,ball ,,on ,,:i* ,,we ,,live4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 8,an admirable introduction to ab\t half a doz5 ( ! mo/ recondite sci5ces )\t go+ beyond ! compreh5sion ( any intellig5t *ild40--,scotsman4 ,,our ,,good ,,slave ,,electricity4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 8,reads l a fairy tale1 yet e ^w is true40--,dundee ,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,/>s ,,& ,,_! ,,my/]ies4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,w> ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,h[ ,,inv5t$4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,its ,,my/]ies4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,great ,,inv5tions ,,h[ ,,!y ,,7 ,,inv5t$4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wond] ,,libr>y ,p>ticul>ly h&some ,gift ,books = ,"y ,p4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 nett ea*4 ,,new ,,volume ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,m9+4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,b9d+ ( ! ,wond] ,libr>y4 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,e>li] #ah ,,vols4 ,,are3-- #a4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,asiatic ,,exploration4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #b4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,me*anical ,,+5uity4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 #c4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,animal ,,+5uity4 ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,,sc41 & ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 #d4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,plant ,,_w4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot4 #e4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,railway4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 #f4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,insect ,,_w4 ,,edmund ,,sel\s4 #g4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 #h4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,bird ,,life4 ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 #i4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,philip1 ,f4,r4,s4 #aj4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,electricity4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson4 #aa4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion4 ,a4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 #ab4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy4 ,,hector ,,macph]son1 ,m4,a4 #ac4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,savage ,,life4 ,pr(4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,,sc4 #ah4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,d>+ ,,de$s ,,libr>y ,) _m ,illu/rations 9 ,col\rs4 #es4 nett ea*4 #i4 ,,d>+ ,,de$s ,,( ,,great ,,buccane]s4 ,,norman ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,,d>+ ,,de$s ,,( #a4 ,,fam\s ,,pirates4 ,lieut4 ,commdr4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a47,oxon47 #b4 ,,trapp]s ,,& ,,hunt]s4 ,e4 ,,"y1 ,b4,,sc4 #c4 ,,indian ,,mut9y4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 #d4 ,,d>k ,,=e/s4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 #e4 ,,great ,,pa?f9d]s4 ,e4 ,,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 #f4 ,,great ,,m\nta9e]s4 ,,ri*d4 ,,/ead1 ,b4,a4 #g4 ,,pol> ,,explor]s4 ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott4 #h4 ,,among ,,wild ,,bea/s4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,adv5ture ,) ,jackets 9 #c col\rs ,illu/rations4 #fs4 n4 ea*4 ,,late/ ,,volume #aa4 ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,mission>y ,,explor]s4 ,dr4 ,p5nell1 ,gr5fell1 ,b>brooke ,grubb1 ,bi%op ,bompas1 c4 ,r4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,ibbotson4 8,( all books on ,missions we h read ?is is ! mo/ fasc9at+40--,dundee ,c\ri]4 ,,rec5tly ,,issu$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,s]ies ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! #a4 ,,high ,,m\nta9s4 ,r4 ,,/ead1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 #b4 ,,great ,,=e/s4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 #c4 ,,great ,,des]ts4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 #d4 ,,great ,,riv]s4 ,r4 ,,/ead1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 #e4 ,,wild ,,bea/s4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 #f4 ,,high ,,seas4 ,r4 ,,/ead1 ,b4,a4 #g4 ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 #h4 ,,r$ ,,indians4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 #i4 ,,trapp]s ,,hunt]s4 ,e4 ,,"y1 ,b4,,sc4 #aj4 ,,s\!rn ,,seas4 ,r4 ,,/ead1 ,b4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,seeley',s ,,mission>y ,,lives ,,= ,,*ildr54 ,) ,cov]s 9 #d ,col\rs4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #as4 nett4 ,illu/ration 8,) attractive col\r$ cov]s1 well writt51 & at ! wond]fully l[ price ( "o %ill+4 ,w br+ delight to ! boys & girls :o get !m40--,mission>y ,h]ald4 ,,b>brooke ,,grubb ,,( ,,p>aguay4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,b$=d4 ,,m(fat ,,( ,,africa4 ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson4 ,,arnot ,,( ,,africa4 ,,nigel ,b4 ,m4 ,,grahame4 ,,bi%op ,,bompas ,,( ,,! ,,froz5 ,,nor?4 ,,nigel ,b4 ,m4 ,,grahame1 ,b4,a4 ,,liv+/one ,,( ,,africa4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,b$=d4 ,,john ,,williams ,,( ,,! ,,s\? ,,sea ,,isl&s4 ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson4 ,,hann+ton ,,( ,,africa4 ,,nigel ,b4 ,m4 ,,grahame1 ,b4,a4 ,,p5nell ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,fronti]4 ,,norman ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a47,oxon74 ,,judson ,,( ,,burma4 ,,nigel ,b4 ,m4 ,,grahame1 ,b4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>y ,h&some ,gift ,books = ,"y ,p4 ,_m ,illu/rations4 #ds4 #f;d4 nett ea*4 ,,late/ ,,volume #ag4 ,,! ,,c\nt ,,( ,,! ,,saxon ,,%ore4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 ,,rec5tly ,,issu$ #a4 ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,:itecoats4 ,g4 ,i4 ,,:i?am4 #b4 ,,diana ,,polw>?1 ,,royali/4 ,j4 ,,c>t]4 #c4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,pr(4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a4 #d4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,reeve4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 #e4 ,,cab9 ,,on ,,! ,,bea*4 ,m4 ,e4 ,,w9*e/]4 #f4 ,,! ,,capta9 ,,( ,,! ,,wight4 ,f4 ,,c[p]4 #g4 ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,new ,translation4 #h4 ,,! ,,wolf',s ,,head4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 #i4 ,,&]s5',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 #aj4 ,,ca$walla4 ,,frank ,,c[p]4 #aa4 ,,! ,,arabian ,,nights' ,,ent]ta9m5ts4 #ab4 ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 ,,daniel ,,defoe4 #ac4 ,,! ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield4 ,,goldsmi?4 #ad4 ,,cran=d4 ,mrs4 ,,gaskell4 #ae4 ,,patriot ,,& ,,h]o4 ,pr(4 ,,*ur*4 #af4 ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 ,,*>leswor?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,libr>y ,ea* ,volume fully ,illu/rat$4 ,ex4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 nett4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/orm+ ,,( ,,jhansi4 ,f 8,h]oes ( ! ,indian ,mut9y40 ,,late/ ,,volume #i4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,mut9y4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a41 sometime ,ma/] at ,h>r[ ,s*ool4 ,) ,full-page ,illu/rations4 8,a capital book4444 ,full ( /ories ( h]oic de$s1 intrepidity1 & det]m9ation p]=m$ 9 ! face ( fe>ful odds40--,! ,field4 ,,rec5tly ,,issu$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,s]ies4 ,,h]oes ,,( #a4 ,,mission>y ,,ent]prise4 ,,claud ,,field1 ,m4,a4 #b4 ,,pione]+4 ,,edg> ,,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 #c4 ,,mission>y ,,adv5ture4 ,,canon ,,dawson1 ,m4,a4 #d4 ,,mod]n ,,crusades4 ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 #e4 ,,mod]n ,,india4 ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 #f4 ,,! ,,elizabe?an ,,age4 ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 #g4 ,,mod]n ,,africa4 ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 #h4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,_w4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,dick ,,valliant ,,s]ies ,by ,lieut4-,comm&] ,,john ,,irv+1 ,r4,n4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 nett4 ,,dick ,,valliant1 ,,naval ,,cadet4 ,a /irr+ /ory ( ! life adv5tures ( a naval cadet 9 peace w>4 ,dick ,valliant is ! fir/ volume ( a new s]ies ( books = boys :i* w deal ) ! mo/ excit+ int]e/+ naval incid5ts ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,x w be foll[$ 9 #aibh by ! second volume entitl$ ,,dick ,,valliant ,,9 ,,! ,,d>d>nelles4 ,a new volume w be add$ ea* ye> !reaft]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,p9k ,,libr>y ,books = ,boys ,girls4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #f;d4 nett ea*4 ,,new ,,volume #bi4 ,,! ,,pirate4 ,,capt4 ,,m>ryat4 ,,"s ,,( ,,! #bi ,,vols4 ,,9 ,,?is ,,s]ies #a4 ,,lionhe>t$4 ,canon ,e4 ,c4 ,,dawson4 #c4 ,,to ,,! ,,lions4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 #i4 ,a ,,greek ,,gulliv]4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 #ae4 ,,mission>y ,,h]oes ,,9 ,,asia4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 #af4 ,,little ,,wom54 ,l4 ,m4 ,,alcott4 #ag4 ,,good ,,wives4 ,l4 ,m4 ,,alcott4 #ah4 ,,mission>y ,,h]oes ,,9 ,,africa4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,lamb]t1 ,d4,d4 #ba4 ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,a ,new ,translation4 #bb4 ,,:at ,,katy ,,did ,,at ,,home4 ,,susan ,,coolidge4 #bh4 ,,mission>y ,,h]o9es ,,9 ,,india4 ,canon ,,dawson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boxes ,,f ,,home4 ,f 8,:at ,katy ,did40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mission>y ,,biographies--a new s]ies ,) _m ,illu/rations & a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\rs1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett ea*4 ,,late/ ,,volume #ab4 ,,bi%op ,,patteson ,,( ,,! ,,cannibal ,,isl&s4 ,e4 ,,gri]son4 8,! life /ory ( ,bi%op ,patteson is ( su* ?rill+ int]e/ t boys & girls _c help be+ fasc9at$ by x40--,tea*]s' ,times4 ,illu/ration3 ,vol4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,vol4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,vol4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,vol4 #b4 ,,e>li] ,,volumes #a4 ,a ,,h]o ,,( ,,! ,,afghan ,,fronti]4 ,! ,life ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,,p5nell1 ( ,bannu4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,p5nell1 ,m4,b41 ,b4,s47,lond471 ,b4,,sc4 #b4 ,,mission>y ,,crusad]s4 ,rev4 ,,claud ,,field1 ,m4,a4 #c4 ,,judson1 ,,! ,,h]o ,,( ,,burma4 ,,jesse ,,page1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #d4 ,,on ,,trail ,,& ,,rapid ,,by ,,dog-,,sl$ ,,& ,,canoe4 ,bi%op ,bompas's ,life among/ ,r$ ,indians ,esquimo4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,cody1 ,m4,a4 #e4 ,,mission>y ,,knights ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 #f4 ,,mission>y ,,h]o9es ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,by ,,canon ,,dawson4 #g4 ,,liv+/one1 ,,! ,,h]o ,,( ,,africa4 ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,dawson1 ,m4,a47,oxon74 #h4 ,,by ,,eskimo ,,dog-,,sl$ ,,kayak4 ,by ,dr4 ,s4 ,k4 ,,hutton1 ,m4,b41 ,c4,m4 #i4 ,,mission>y ,,explor]s4 ,by ,r4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,ibbotson4 #aj4 ,,arnot1 ,a ,,knight ,,( ,,africa4 ,rev4 ,e4 ,,bak]4 #aa4 ,,b>brooke ,,grubb1 ,,pa?f9d]4 ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a47,oxon7 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,b9d+ ( ! ,russell ,s]ies4 ,,! ,,russell ,,s]ies ,,= ,,boys ,,girls ,a ,s]ies ( h&some ,gift ,books = ,boys ,girls4 ,) ,col\r$ & o!r ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 nett ea*4 ,,late/ ,,volume #ab4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a47,oxon47 ,,"s ,,( ,,! #aa ,,e>li] ,,volumes ,,/ories ,,( ,,r$ ,,indian ,,adv5ture4 ,/irr+ n>ratives ( brav]y & p]il4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,elizabe?an ,,h]oes4 ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a41 sometime ,ma/] at ,h>r[4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,pol> ,,adv5ture4 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,great ,,pione]s4 ,,edg> ,,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,great ,,sci5ti/s4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,on ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 8,mr4 ,gibson has fairly made 8 m>k z a popul>is] ( sci5tific k40--,gu>dian4 8,mr4 ,gibson has a f9e gift ( exposition40--,birm+ham ,po/4 ,,mod]n ,,electrical ,,conceptions4 ,illu/rat$4 #abs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,s]ies4 ,illu/rat$4 #fs4 nett ea*4 ,,sci5tific ,,ideas ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,nature ( ,matt]1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 c4 c4 ,,electricity ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,,wireless ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,w4 ,b4 ,,cole4 ,,9 ,,! ,,romance ,,libr>y4 ,illu/rat$4 #fs4 nett ea*4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,coal4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,_w4 #fs4 nett4 ,,:at ,,is ,,electricity8 ,long #hvo4 ,) #h ,illu/rations4 #fs4 nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,amusem5ts ,,s]ies ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #es4 nett ea*4 ,illu/ration ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,*emical ,,amusem5ts ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,new ,,volume4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,sci5tific ,,amusem5ts ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,electrical ,,amusem5ts ,,exp]im5ts4 8,dr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson',s ,,books ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,h ,a ,,_w-,,wide ,,reputation4 ,e exp]im5t is s cle>ly expla9$ & skilfully h&l$ t ! lesson is le>nt at once )\t difficulty4 ,he has su* an engag+ way ( imp>t+ 8 k t he is ent]ta9+ly educative4 ,an admirable gift book1 pack$ ) illu/rations %[+ h[ ! exp]im5ts c be c>ri$ out )\t mu* tr\ble or exp5se40--,york%ire ,obs]v]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,classical ,,/ories4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur* 8,! ,headma/] ( ,eton 7,dr4 ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,lyttelton7 advis$ 8 he>]s1 9 a rec5t spee* at ! ,royal ,alb]t ,in/itute1 to read ,pr(essor ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*'s #8,/ories f ,hom]1' "s ( :i*1 he said1 he _h read to ,eton boys aft] a h>d s*ool day1 & at an age :5 !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ desir\s ( le>n+1 b 7 anxi\s to g to tea4 ,! /ories 7 s brilliantly told1 h[ev]1 t ^? "y ,etonians 7 entranc$ by !m1 & !y actually begg$ ( him to g on1 be+ q prep>$ to sacrifice _! tea-"t40 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 nett ea*4 ,! ,*ildr5's neid ,! ,*ildr5's ,iliad ,! ,*ildr5's ,odyssey ,! ,fa]y ,que5 h] ,knights ,! ,crusad]s ,greek ,/ory & ,song ,/ories f ,hom] ,/ories f ,virgil ,! ,cr[n ( ,p9e ,/ories ( ! ,ea/ f ,h]odotus ,/ory ( ! ,p]sian ,w> ,/ories f ,livy ,roman ,life 9 ! ,days ( ,cic]o ,c\nt ( ,saxon ,%ore ,! ,hamm] ,/ory ( ! ,iliad ,/ory ( ! ,odyssey ,h]oes ( ,*ivalry ,romance ,helmet & ,spe> ,/ories ( ,*>lemagne 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,libr>y ,) _m ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 nett ea*4 ,,late/ ,,volume #g4 ,,cran=d4 ,,mrs4 ,,gaskell4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,odyssey4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur* ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,iliad4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur* ,a ,,knight ,,errant4 ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,a5eid4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur* ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield4 ,,goldsmi? ,,! ,,fa]y ,,que54 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur* 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m>vel ,,libr>y ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,ea* ,volume1 #ds4 nett4 ,,late/ ,,volume #aj4 ,,m>vels ,,( ,,animal ,,+5uity4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,eal&1 ,m4,a4 ,,m>vels ,,( #a4 ,,sci5tific ,,inv5tion4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 #b4 ,,aviation4 ,maj4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,turn]1 ,r4,a4,f4 #c4 ,,geology4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 #d4 ,,w> ,,inv5tions4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 #e4 ,,photography4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson4 #f4 ,,! ,,%ip4 ,by ,lieut-,com4 ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,r4,n4,v4,r4 #g4 ,,me*anical ,,inv5tion4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 #h4 ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies4 ,by ,,sidney ,,wright4 #i4 ,,railways4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams4 ,illu/ration3 ,specim5 ,b9d+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,two ,,excell5t ,,recit]s ,ea* volume consi/s ( ov] #gjj pages1 clo?1 #fs4 nett ea*4 ,also ,?9 ,pap] ,edition 7measur+ #f-c_/d #c_/d ins41 & only #c_/d ( an in* ?ick71 price #gs4 #f;d4 nett ea*4 ,!y also conta9 practical ,introductions by ,pr(4 ,cairns ,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,elocution at ! ,royal ,college ( ,music4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,recit] ,select$ f ! works ( ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 ,conan ,doyle1 ,?omas ,h>dy1 ,au/9 ,dobson1 ,*ri/9a ,rossetti1 ,maurice ,hewlett1 ,a4 ,w4 ,p9]o1 ,sydney ,grundy1 c41 c4 8,an admirable collection ( pieces bo? 9 prose & v]se40--,spectator4 8,(f]s an unusual weal? f au?ors ( to-day40--,! ,a!num4 8,f> sup]ior to any?+ we h yet se540--,we/]n ,press4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,humor\s ,,recit] ,f ,an/ey1 ,b>rie1 ,major ,drury1 ,j4 ,k4 ,j]ome1 ,b>ry ,pa91 ,a4 ,w4 ,p9]o1 ,ow5 ,seaman1 ,g4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 c41 c4 8,a mo/ compreh5sive well-*os5 collection ( "s hundr$s ( pieces4 ,a small encyclopdia ( ,engli% hum\r40--,! ,spectator4 8,unque/ionably ! be/ collection ( mod]n humor\s pieces = recitation :i* has yet be5 issu$40--,! ,dundee ,adv]tis]4 ,,! ,,pilgrim',s ,,way ,by ,pr(4 ,,sir ,a4 ,t4 ,,quill]-,,c\* ,a ,little ,book = ,wayf>+ ,m54 ,9 ,prose & ,v]se4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 ?9 pap]1 #es4 nett2 buff lea!r yapp1 9 a box1 #fs4 nett4 8,! v fl[] ( a cultivat$ man's read+40--,c\ntry ,life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,microscopes ,,accessories ,,microscopical ,,prep>ations4 ,l>ge ,/ock ( ,slides 9 ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,petrology1 ,diatoms1 & ,comm]cial ,fibres4 ,,photomicrographic ,,& ,,o!r ,,sci5tific ,,lant]n ,,slides4 ,see ,illu/rations 9 ?is book4 ,?\s&s 9 ,/ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]sol ,! ,improv$ ,imm]sion ,oil1 ,/a9s1 ,m\nt+ ,m$ia & ,reag5ts4 ,,pond ,,life & o!r ,collect+ ,app>atus4 ,,aplanatic ,,magnifi]s4 ,,flatt]s ,,g>nett ,,ltd41 #cji ,,ox=d ,,road 7,opposite ! ,univ]sity71 ,,man*e/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,a]onautics ,,an ,,int]e/+ ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,gr[? ,,& ,,a*ievem5ts ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,a]ial ,,craft ,,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn] ,hold] ( ! ,royal ,a]o ,society's ,aviation ,c]tificate1 ,au?or ( 8,a]ial ,navigation ( ,to-day10 c4 c4 ,) ,fifty-two ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 8,a capital survey by an exp]t writ]40--,gu>dian4 8,brightly writt51 exceptionally well illu/rat$1 & %[s a due reg>d = hi/orical accuracy40--,a]onautics4 8,a mo/ int]e/+ book40--,spectator4 8,a mo/ complete hi/ory 444 told ) lucidity & en?usiasm1 & brimful ( int]e/40--,tru?4 8,set =? ) a p]suasive & accompli%$ p540--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,crafts ,,describ+ ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,intellig5ce ,,( ,,animals ,,reveal$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,"w ,,z ,,masons1 ,,pap] ,,mak]s1 ,,raft ,,div+-,,bell ,,build]s1 ,,m9]s1 ,,tailors1 ,,eng9e]s ,,( ,,roads ,,bridges1 c4 c4 ,,by ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,,sc4 ,,john ,,lea1 ,b4,a4 7,,cantab47 ,) ,?irty ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 8,w c>ry mo/ read]s1 "y & old1 f "o surprise to ano!r40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 8,a *>m+ subject1 well set =?1 & dramatically illu/rat$40--,a!num4 8,x seems l pure romance to read ( ! curi\s ways ( ,nature's craftsm51 b x is q a true tale t is set =? 9 ?is pl5tifully illu/rat$ book40--,ev5+ ,citiz54 8,?is popul> volume ( ,natural ,hi/ory is writt5 by compet5t au?orities1 & besides be+ ent]ta9+ is in/ructive & educative40--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism ,,true ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,intrepid ,,brav]y ,,& ,,/irr+ ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,mission>ies ,,) ,,unciviliz$ ,,m51 ,,wild ,,bea/s1 ,,& ,,! ,,=ces ,,( ,,nature ,,9 ,,all ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,by ,,john ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,) ,?irty-six ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 8,a book ( q rem>kable & su/a9$ int]e/40--,%effield ,telegraph4 8,! romantic aspect ( mission>y c>e]s is treat$ )\t undue emphasis on ! high prevail+ motive4 ,b its exi/5ce is ! fact :i* unifies ! ev5tful hi/ory40--,a!num4 8,we congratulate ,dr4 ,lamb]t & 8 publi%]s4 ,dr4 ,lamb]t has prov$ t ! mission>y is ! h]o ( our day1 & has writt5 ! mo/ entranc+ volume ( ! :ole romantic s]ies40--,expository ,times4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,danes ,,by ,,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot ,m4,a4 7,cantab471 ,b4,sc4 7,ed9471 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,au?or ( 8,! ,romance ( ,savage ,life10 8,! ,romance ( ,plant ,life10 c4 c4 ,) ov] ,?irty ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 8,calculat$ to fasc9ate ! read]40--,field4 8,e *apt] is full ( in=mation giv5 9 fasc9at+ =m4 ,! language is simple1 ! /yle is excell5t1 & ! in=mation abundant40--,dundee ,c\ri]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ian ,,h>dy ,,s]ies ,,by ,,comm&] ,e4 ,,hamilton ,,currey1 ,r4,n4 ,ea* ,volume ) ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 #es4 ea* ,,ian ,,h>dy',s c>e] 9 ,h4,m4 ,navy is told 9 f\r volumes1 :i* are describ$ bel[4 ,ea* volume is complete 9 itself1 & no k ( ! previ\s volumes is necess>y1 b few boys w read "o ( ! s]ies )\t wi%+ to p]use ! o!rs4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,naval ,,cadet 8,a s\nd & :olesome /ory giv+ a lively picture ( a naval cadet's life40--,birm+ham ,gazette4 8,a v :olesome book = boys1 & ! lurk+ dang] ( ,ian's ill de$s be+ imitat$ may be reg>d$ z negligible 9 comp>ison ) ! good likely to be done by ! example ( 8 manly1 hone/ nature4 ,ian 0 a boy :om 8 fa!r might occasionally h reason to :ip1 b nev] feel a%am$ (40--,unit$ ,s]vice ,magaz9e4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,mid%ipman 8,a jolly sequel to 8 la/ ye>'s book40--,*ri/ian ,_w4 8,! #8real ?+4'444 ,c]ta9 to en?ral boys ( almo/ any age :o love /ories ( ,briti% pluck40--,obs]v]4 8,comm&] ,e4 ,hamilton ,currey1 ,r4,n41 is becom+ a s]i\s rival to ,k+/on z a writ] ( sea /ories4 ,j z a =m] g5]ation revell$ 9 ,k+/on's do+s ( 8 ?ree h]oes f _! middy days until !y became admirals all1 s w ! pres5t-day boys read ) int]e/ ! /ory ( ,ian ,h>dy4 ,la/ ye> we knew him z a cadet2 ?is ye> we get ,ian ,h>dy1 ,mid%ipman4 ,! pres5t in/alm5t ( 8 /irr+ hi/ory is breezily writt540--,york%ire ,obs]v]4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,s5ior ,,mid%ipman 8,( ^? :o are n[ writ+ /ories ( ! sea1 ,comm&] ,currey holds p]haps ! lead+ position4 ,he has a gift ( n>rative1 a ke5 s5se ( hum\r1 & above all he writes f a full /ock ( k40--,saturday ,review4 8,x is no exagg]ation to say t ,comm&] ,currey be>s wor?ily ! mantle ( ,k+/on & ,capta9 ,m>ryat40--,man*e/] ,c\ri]4 8,! ,ian ,h>dy ,s]ies is j spl5did = boys to read1 & ! be/ ( x is t ea* book is complete 9 itself4 ,b n _m boys w read "o ( ! s]ies )\t be+ ke5ly desir\s ( read+ all ! o!rs40--,%effield ,telegraph4 ,,ian ,,h>dy ,,fight+ ,,! ,,moors 8,by writ+ ?is s]ies ! au?or is do+ national s]vice1 = he writes ( ! ,navy & ! sea ) k & s\nd s5se4444 ,:at a welcome addition ! :ole s]ies w\ld make to a boy's libr>y40--,daily ,graphic4 8,! "r romantic /uff1 full ( fight+ & hairbread? escapes4444 ,comm&] ,currey has ! secret ( mak+ ! m5 & %ips seem actual40--,times4 8,by ?is "t ,ian ,h>dy has become a real fri5d & we consid] him all a h]o %\ld be40--,outlook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,h]o ,,( ,,! ,,afghan ,,fronti] ,,! ,,spl5did ,,life ,,/ory ,,( ,t4 ,l4 ,,p5nell1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,,retold ,,= ,,boys ,,girls ,,by ,,alice ,m4 ,,p5nell1 ,m4,b41 ,b4,s4 7,lond471 ,b4,sc4 ,) _m ,illu/rations a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\r4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,?is is ! glori\s life /ory ( ,dr ,t4 ,l4 ,p5nell retold = boys & girls40--,*ur* ,family ,newspap]4 8,! life /ory ( a fe>less ,engli%man ( ! be/ k9d40--,daily ,telegraph4 8,"o ( ! v f9e/ m5 :o ev] devot$ 8 life to ! ,mission>y cause40--,gu>dian4 8,a great /ory ( a gr& ,*ri/ian h]o40--,*ri/ian ,_w4 ,,mission>y ,,knights ,,( ,,! ,,cross ,,true ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,spl5did ,,c\rage ,,pati5t ,,endurance ,,( ,,mission>ies ,,9 ,,_! ,,enc\nt]s ,,) ,,unciviliz$ ,,man1 ,,wild ,,bea/s ,,! ,,=ces ,,( ,,nature ,,9 ,,all ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,by ,,canon ,e4 ,c4 ,,dawson1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon47 ,) ,?irty-six ,illu/rations a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\r4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,aft] all !re are few m5 :o see s mu* ( adv5ture z ! mission>ies :o g fo!r among ! uncivilis$4 ,no bett] book c\ld be put into ! h&s ( a lad ?an ?is pres5t record ( d]r+-d4444 ,a volume ( ?rill+ adv5ture40--,ea/]n ,morn+ ,news4 8,a mo/ entranc+ book40--,ab]de5 ,daily ,j\rnal4 8,mo/ readable4 ,writt5 ) r>e skill & attractively illu/rat$40--,expository ,times4 ,,on ,,trail ,,rapid ,,by ,,dog-,,sl$ ,,canoe ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,bi%op ,,bompas',s ,,life ,,among/ ,,! ,,r$ ,,indians ,,eskimo4 ,,retold ,,= ,,boys ,,girls ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,cody1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\rs4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,a book ( gold5 de$s1 full ( inspiration40--,que54 8,an admirable picture ( a great c>e]40--,spectator4 8,an admirable book = ! "y1 full ( int]e/ & ( heal?y romance40--,iri% ,times4 8,%\ld prove an inspiration & a help to all "y p40--,record4 ,a ,,*>m+ ,,an?ology ,,by 8,q0 ,,! ,,pilgrims' ,,way ,a ,,little ,,scrip ,,( ,,good ,,c\nsel ,,= ,,travell]s ,,by ,,sir ,a4 ,t4 ,,quill]-,,c\* ,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,lit]ature at ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,clo?1 price1 nett1 #es4 ,?9 pap] edition 9 lea!r1 #fs4 nett2 buff$ lea!r1 yapp1 9 a box1 price1 nett1 #fs4 8,pr(4 ,quill]-,c\* is ! pr9ce ( an?ologi/s40--,! ,glasg[ ,ev5+ ,news4 8,a little book ( grave & beautiful ?\ghts4 ,x w\ld be difficult to bett] ! selections40--,! ,gu>dian4 8,! poems & prose passages are *os5--z might be safely =etold--) ta/e & discrim9ation1 & ! volume w be f\nd a he>t5+ companion40--,! ,tribune4 8,! v fl[] ( a cultivat$ man's read+40--,c\ntry ,life4 8,pr(4 ,quill]-,c\*'s an?ologies are ! be/ ( _! k9d 9 mod]n ,engli% lit]ature40--,! ,morn+ ,po/4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,recit] ,,recitations ,,& ,,read+s ,,9 ,,prose ,,& ,,v]se ,,select$ ,,f ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,rudy>d ,,kipl+1 ,r4 ,l4 ,,/ev5son1 ,,conan ,,doyle1 ,,?omas ,,h>dy1 ,,au/9 ,,dobson1 ,,*ri/9a ,,rossetti1 ,,maurice ,,hewlett1 ,a4 ,w4 ,,p9]o1 ,,sydney ,,grundy1 c4 ,,) ,a ,,practical ,,introduction ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,cairns ,,james ,pr(essor ( ,elocution at ! ,royal ,college ( ,music & ! ,guildhall ,s*ool ( ,music ,extra cr[n #hvo1 ov] #gjj pages1 clo?1 nett1 #fs42 also a ?9 pap] pocket edition1 ) col\r$ edges1 nett1 #fs4 #f;d4 8,an admirable collection ( pieces1 bo? 9 prose & v]se40--,spectator4 8,f> sup]ior to any?+ we h yet se540--,we/]n ,press4 8,a m admirable book ( its k9d c\ld n well be desir$40--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,humor\s ,,recit] ,,recitations ,,& ,,read+s ,,9 ,,prose ,,& ,,v]se ,,select$ ,,f ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,f4 ,,an/ey1 ,j4 ,m4 ,,b>rie1 ,,major ,,drury1 ,,j]ome ,k4 ,,j]ome1 ,,b>ry ,,pa91 ,a4 ,w4 ,,p9]o1 ,,ow5 ,,seaman1 ,g4 ,b4 ,,%aw1 c4 c4 ,,) ,a ,,practical ,,introduction ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,cairns ,,james ,extra cr[n #hvo1 ov] #gjj pages1 clo?1 nett1 #fs42 also a ?9 pap] pocket edition1 ) col\r$ edges1 nett1 #fs4 #f;d4 8,unque/ionably ! be/ collection ( mod]n humor\s pieces = recitations :i* has yet be5 issu$40--,! ,dundee ,adv]tis]4 8,pack$ ) ?+s t are fre% & unhackney$40--,bookman4 8,an excell5t selection1 ?ree-fif?s ( !m be+ tak5 f ! "w ( ! be/ mod]n writ]s40--,! ,_w4 8,a mo/ compreh5sive & well-*os5 collection ( "s hundr$s ( pieces--a mo/ ca?olic array ( all t is good 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 & a small encyclopdia ( ,engli% hum\r40--,! ,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,art ,,libr>y 8,! admirable ,new ,art ,libr>y40--,connoisseur4 ,new ,volume4 ,j ,ready4 ,,wat] ,,col\r ,,pa9t+ ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,,ri*4 ,) ov] ,sixty ,illu/rations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 8,no arti/ liv+ is bett] qualifi$ to und]take a text-book on wat] col\r pa9t+ ?an ,mr ,ri*4 ,n only is he "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ expon5ts ( ! art 9 ?is c\ntry1 b he has _h consid]able exp]i5ce & success z a tea*]4 ,?is admirable volume 4440--,/udio4 8,a book on ! art ( wat] col\r pa9t+ by "o ( its be/ liv+ practition]s4444 ,mr ,ri*'s te*nique1 clean1 direct1 & scrupul\s1 is ! be/ possible f\ndation = ! /ud5t40--,times4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,oil ,,pa9t+ ,,solomon ,j4 ,,solomon1 ,r4,a4 ,) ,eighty ,illu/rations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 8,em95tly practical4444 ,c be w>mly recomm5d$ to all /ud5ts40--,daily ,mail4 8,! "w ( an accompli%$ pa9t] & exp]i5c$ tea*]40--,scotsman4 8,if /ud5ts 7 to foll[ 8 in/ructions &1 /ill m1 to he$ 8 w>n+s1 _! pa9t+ w\ld soon %[ a great increase 9 effici5cy40--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,,human ,,anatomy ,,= ,,art ,,/ud5ts ,sir ,,alfr$ ,d4 ,,fripp1 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 ,c4,b41 ,lectur] ^u ,anatomy at ,guy's & ,,ralph ,,?ompson4 ,draw+s by ,,innes ,,fripp1 ,a4,r4,c4,a41 ,ma/] ( ,life ,class1 ,city ,guilds ,art ,s*ool4 #aea ,illu/rations4 #aes4 nett4 8,! "* ( ?is book all ?r\gh is cle>ness1 bo? 9 ! lett]press & ! illu/rations4 ,! latt] are admirable40--,spectator4 8,j su* a "w z ! art /ud5t ne$s1 & is probably all t he w ne$4 ,x is v fully illu/rat$4 ,!re are #i plates %[+ diff]5t views ( ! skeleton & ! muscul> sy/em1 #bc reproductions ( photographs f life1 & ov] #acj figures & draw+s40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,modell+ ,,sculpture ,,alb]t ,,t(t1 ,hon4 ,associate ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,art1 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,briti% ,sculptors4 ,) #aah ,illu/rations4 #aes4 nett4 8,mr ,t(t's reputation z a sculptor ( m>k$ p[] & v]satility gu>antees t ! in/ruction he gives is ?or\ghly reliable40--,connoisseur4 8,w be exce$+ useful & indisp5sable to all :o wi% to le>n ! art ( sculpture 9 its _m bran*es4 ,! book w also appeal to ^? :o h no int5tion ( le>n+ ! art1 b wi% to "k some?+ ab\t x4 ,mr ,t(t writes v cle>ly40--,field4 ,,! ,,practice ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,draw+ ,,h>old ,,spe$1 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,portrait ,pa9t]s4 ,) #ic ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 8,?is book is ( su* importance t ev]yone int]e/$ ,9 ! subject mu/ read x40--,,walt] ,,sick]t 9 ,! ,daily ,news4 8,altoge!r ?is is "o ( ! be/ volumes 9 ! admirable s]ies to :i* x belongs40--,lit]>y ,_w4 8,!re are _m new & orig9al ideas 9 ! book40--,! ,outlook4 ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,anatomy ,,( ,,trees ,,rex ,,vicat ,,cole4 ,) #ejj ,illu/rations ,diagrams4 #aes4 nett4 8,no "w on art publi%$ dur+ rec5t ye>s is bett] calculat$ to be ( practical assi/ance to ! /ud5t40--,connoisseur4 8,excell5tly & copi\sly illu/rat$40--,times4 8,l all volumes ( ! ,new ,art ,libr>y1 ?or\gh 9 its tea*+1 em95tly practical 9 its mann] ( pres5t+ x1 & s spl5didly illu/rat$ t n a rule is laid d[n or a piece ( advice giv5 b :at a draw+ accompanies x4 ,mr ,vicat ,cole's ability z a l&scape pa9t] is well kn[n1 & he unites to 8 executive tal5ts ! qualifications ( an accompli%$ tea*]40--,connoisseur4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co41 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! "o footnote has be5 mov$ to ! end ( its *apt]4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ to p>agraph breaks ne> :]e !y are m5tion$4 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typos h be5 correct$4 p4 #ej3 ,page ref]5ce is miss+ 7describ$ on p4 47