,illu/ration ,a ,,book ,,( ,,porcela9 ,,f9e ,,examples ,,9 ,,! ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum ,,ag5ts ,,am]ica ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,au/ralasia ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press #bje ,,fl9d]s ,,lane1 ,,melb\rne ,,canada ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,h\se1 #gj ,,bond ,,/reet1 ,,toronto ,,india ,,macmillan ,,company1 ,,ltd4 ,,macmillan ,,build+1 ,,bombay #cji ,,b[ ,,baza> ,,/reet1 ,,calcutta ,,plate #a ,j>1 ,*9ese1 p]iod ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 decorat$ 9 col\rs ( ! demi-gr& feu1 ) *as$ brass cov] ( ,p]sian workman%ip4 ,height4 #ae 94 ,no4 #agcj-ahgf4 ,see p4 #ad4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,a ,,book ,,( ,,porcela9 ,,f9e ,,examples ,,9 ,,! ,,victoria ,,alb]t ,,museum ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,gibb ,,) ,,text ,,by ,,b]n>d ,,rackham1 ,m4,a4 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black ,,soho ,,squ>e ,,london ,,mcmx ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,p]mission ,,to ,h4,m4 ,,que5 ,,alex&ra ,,preface ,! tw5ty-eight wat]-col\r draw+s reproduc$ 9 ?is volume h be5 made f specim5s ( porcela9 9 ! collections ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 _m ( :i* h nev] be5 publi%$ be=e1 :ile o!rs h n hi!rto be5 reproduc$ 9 col\rs4 ,! selection has be5 made n m]ely ( ^? pieces 9 _! sev]al classes :i* h a high sale-room value2 due consid]ation has be5 giv5 to ^? :i* by _! ae/hetic qualities appeal$ to ! sympa?ies ( ! arti/1 :ile at ! same "t an ef=t has be5 made to include objects hav+ "s p>ticul> hi/orical or p]sonal int]e/1 or important z docum5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( c]amics4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be expla9$ t ! draw+s 7 made be=e ,mr4 ,george ,salt+'s unrivall$ collection ( ,ori5tal porcela9 pass$ by 8 dea? into ! h&s ( ! nation4 ,! text does n pret5d to be a g5]al treatise on porcela91 or ev5 an exhau/ive summ>y ( its hi/ory4 ,! aim ( ! writ] has be5 to record ev]y?+ t is notewor?y ) reg>d to ! sev]al pieces repres5t$ 9 ! draw+s1 & at ! same "t to lay /ress on ! p>ticul> aspects ( ! subject :i* ^! examples s]ve to elucidate1 tak+ !m z ! !me = a discussion ( v>i\s phases 9 ! evolution ( ! art4 ,any?+ 9 ! nature ( a bibliography ( works consult$ by ! au?or w\ld be out ( place 9 a publication ( ?is k9d1 b ackn[l$gm5t mu/ be made ( 8 indebt$ness1 9 ! sph]e ( ,ori5tal c]amics1 to ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 ,capta9 ,br9kley1 ,dr4 ,otto ,kmmel 79 ,ges*i*te des ,kun/gew]bes71 & ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,hobson4 ,= ,engli% porcela9 ref]5ce has be5 made1 9 addition to old] au?orities1 to ! works ( ,mr4 ,william ,burton2 :ile ! *ief au?orities consult$ on ! subject ( ,cont95tal factories are ,dr4 ,br9ckmann1 ,dr4 ,b]l+1 ,dr4 ,b]told ,pfeiff]1 ,signor ,corona1 ,m4 le ,b>on ,davilli]1 ,m4 le ,comte ,x4 de ,*avagnac1 & ,m4 ,le*evalli]-,*evign>d4 ,! au?or desires to express 8 gratefulness = v>i\s in=mation & p]sonal assi/ance af=d$ him by ,mr4 ,m4 ,yeats ,br[n1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,mit*ell1 ,m4 le ,comte ,x4 de ,*avagnac1 ,m4 mile ,aus*]1 & ! ,frih]r9na ,julia ,m>ks von ,wrtemb]g4 ,?anks are also due to ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,fitzh5ry = k9d p]mission to reproduce a ,ludwigsburg c(fee-pot 9 8 collection4 ,,b]n>d ,,rackham4 ,,london1 ,octob] #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vii ,,introductory xiii ,i4 ,,*9ese ,,porcela9 #a ,,ii4 ,,japanese ,,porcela9 #bi ,,iii4 ,,italian ,,porcela9 #cg ,,iv4 ,,fr5* ,,porcela9 #dg ,v4 ,,g]man ,,porcela9 #fc ,,vi4 ,,engli% ,,porcela9 #gc ,,index #hi ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,9 ,,col\r ,,by ,,william ,,gibb #a4 ,j>1 ,m+ ,dyna/y4 ,*9ese1 ) ,p]sian ,brass ,cov]4 7,frontispiece47 #b4 ,j>1 ,*9ese1 ,e>ly ,m+ ,dyna/y4 #c4 ,b[l1 ,p]iod ( ,*ia ,*+1 & ,plate1 ,p]iod ( ,yung ,*ng4 ,*9ese4 #d4 ,ew]1 ,p]iod ( ,wan ,li4 ,*9ese1 ) ,augsburg ,m\nt4 #e4 ,vase1 ,*9ese ,celadon ,w>e ) ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,ormolu ,m\nt4 #f4 ,vase1 ,fu*i5 ,porcela91 ) ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,silv]-gilt ,m\nt4 #g4 ,j>1 8,blue & ,:ite40 ,*9ese1 ,p]iod ( ,k'ang ,hsi4 #h4 ,vase1 famille v]te4 ,*9ese1 ,p]iod ( ,k'ang ,hsi4 #i4 ,vase 9 ,ar*aic ,/yle4 ,*9ese1 ,p]iod ( ,yung ,*ng4 #aj4 ,bottle1 ,m$ici ,porcela94 ,flor5t9e4 #aa4 ,b[l1 probably made at ,pisa1 dat$ #afch4 #ab4 ,toilette-pot1 ,/4 ,cl\d1 ) ,ormolu ,m\nt4 #ac4 ,toilette-pot1 ,*antilly1 ) ,japanese ,design4 #ad4 ,vase1 ,svres1 rose ,pompad\r4 #ae4 ,ew] & ,bas91 ,svres1 yell[ gr\nd4 #af4 cuelle & ,/&1 ,svres1 ,turquoise-blue1 ) ,panels aft] ,b\*]4 #ag4 ,jug1 ,svres1 bleu de roi4 #ah4 ,vase1 ,svres1 gre5 gr\nd4 #ai4 ,vase1 ,svres1 bleu de roi1 giv5 by ,gu/avus ,,iii4 to ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 #bj4 ,vase1 ,meiss51 ,m>col9i ,p]iod4 #ba4 ,c(fee-pot1 ,ludwigsburg4 #bb4 ,figure ( a ,%eph]dess1 ,*elsea4 #bc4 ,j>1 ,*elsea1 9 ,japanese ,/yle4 #bd4 ,vase1 ,*elsea1 ,maz>9e ,blue4 #be4 ,teapot1 ,*elsea1 ,cl>et-col\r1 ) ,figures aft] ,watteau4 #bf4 ,vase1 ,*elsea-,d]by1 ) ,biscuit ,h&les4 #bg4 ,vase1 ,worce/]1 ) ,japanese ,patt]n4 #bh4 ,vase1 ,bri/ol1 ) ,exotic ,birds4 ,,introductory ,x is ! exp]i5ce probably ( mo/ ,we/]n amateurs ( porcela9 to pass ?r\gh ?ree successive /ages ( developm5t 9 _! appreciation ( an art :i*1 ev5 = ! un9itiat$1--= ^? :o h no k ( its hi/ory & little und]/&+ ( its te*nical aspects1--is n lack+ 9 *>m & fasc9ation4 ,=1 inde$1 !re is ab\t mo/ porcela91 ( :atev] k9d1 "s quality ( allur+ grace1 a da9t9ess ( mat]ial1 or a pleas+ play ( col\r1 :i* makes an appeal at fir/ sight to ! eye ( all lov]s ( ?+s beautiful4 ,m]e casual pleasure 9 its sup]ficial attractiv5ess w n fail to give place to an ev]-deep5+ int]e/ = ^? :o w take ! pa9s to le>n its inn] secrets1 to discov] 9 x1 express$ 9 endur+ =m1 ! creative p[] ( a craftsman's s\l1 nay m1 a reflection ( ! v _s ( humanity 9 its *ang+ moods1 v>y+ 9 con=mity ) racial diff]5ces or environm5t ( "t & place4 ,?is wondr\s product ( human skill1--z x 7 a new /one ( r>e value add$ to ^? :i* nature has giv5 u1--w assur$ly k9dle 9 ! he>ts ( its admir]s a desire to le>n some?+ ( its /ory4 ,!y w f9d1 9 _! endeav\rs to und]/& its my/]ies1 t _! int]e/ is ar\s$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! porcela9 ( _! own c\ntry1 reflect+ z x does a culture 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y h !mselves be5 born & br$4 ,! ,engli% amateur w naturally seek a field = 8 fir/ /udies 9 ,engli% porcela94 ,x we>s a c]ta9 air ( homel9ess :i* ende>s x to 8 he>t2 its uses & =ms are ^? :i* are famili> 9 ! daily life ( 8 c\ntrym52 its decoration z a rule makes no exact+ dem&s on 8 erudition 9 ord] to be fully und]/ood4 ,aft] ,engli% porcela91 ! collector's att5tion w mo/ readily be turn$ to t ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,8 appr5tice%ip1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree /ages to :i* allusion has be5 made above1 is ?us sp5t 9 ! /udy ( ! ,we/]n manife/ations ( ! art4 ,z yet he does n und]/&1 & _c appreciate at _! true value1 ! ,ea/]n w>es f :i* ! ,european trace _! desc5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es a curiosity c sc>cely fail to be /irr$ 9 him to "k m ( ^! ,ori5tal precursors4 ,8 curiosity deep5s2 8 desire to satisfy x br+s him at la/ "u a new spell1 & ! second /age is rea*$4 ,8 en?usiasm is n[ all = ! ,*9ese2 its p]fection ( mat]ial & =m1 its dazzl+ beauty ( col\r1 ! arti/ic fitness ( its decoration1 engage 8 admiration m & m4 ,ali5 to 8 imag9ation z x is 9 conception1 x nev]!less fasc9ates him ev] m surely z he gr[s m famili> ) x4 ,! ,european *9a ( 8 e>ly collect+ days pleases him no long]4 ,b !re w foll[ a ?ird /age1 9 :i* a m ca?olic ta/e is develop$4 ,! /ud5t ( ! ,ori5tal c und]/& mu* 9 ! ,we/]n w>es t 0 mean+less s long z he 0 ignorant ( ! s\rces f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,8 appreciation ( ! high arti/ic wor? ( ! ,*9ese is undim9i%$1 b 8 sympa?y is n[ aga9 awak5$ by ! m humane qualities ( ! ,european1 appeal+ z !y d to k9dr$ in/9cts 9 8 own ,we/]n nature4 ,he has n[ rea*$ ! po9t at :i* he is able to give its true value to all good "w1 :atev] its orig9 may be4 ,! excell5ces ( ! ,ea/]n d n bl9d him to ! m]its ( ! ,we/]n2 all alike 9 _! sev]al types ( beauty are a joy to 8 s\l4 ,,plate #i ,vase1 ,*9ese1 p]iod ( ,yung ,*ng 7#agbc-agce71 ) 8five col\r0 design ( ar*ai/ic /yle4 ,height1 #ah 94 ,no4 #cjbb-ahec4 ,see p4 #bf4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,i ,,*9ese ,,porcela9 ,,plate #e ,vase1 ,*9ese celadon porcela91 decorat$ 9 slip "u ! glaze1 ) ,fr5* ormolu m\nt ( ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,height1 #ag 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #hag-ahhb4 ,see p4 #af4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,! v "n by :i* porcela9 is commonly kn[n sugge/s1 to ^? 9 :om x ar\ses an int]e/ beyond ! m]e ae/hetic pleasure to be got f its outw>d beauty ( appe>ance1 t if !y w\ld und]/& x rightly1 !y mu/ turn _! att5tion fir/ to ! l& ( its orig94 ,to ! ,*9ese ! _w owes a mat]ial z lovely z any ev] fa%ion$ by ! h& ( man1 & "s acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( ?is art 9 ,*9ese h&s is a necess>y prelude to any /udy alike ( ! ,*9ese w>e itself & ( ! ,european imitations ( x4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( ?is wond]ful art mu/ be s\ght 9 pott]y ( humble mat]ial4 ,! r\gh b dignifi$ e>!nw>e ( ! ,,han ,,dyna/y1 contemporane\s approximately ) ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 signalises ! fir/ appe>ance 9 ,*9a ( pott]y ( an arti/ic nature4 ,! gre5-glaz$ vessels ( ?is p]iod1 imitat+ ! %apes & outw>d texture ( bronze1 h become only 9 rec5t times famili> objects on ! %elves ( our museums4 ,f !m we c trace ! porcela9 ( lat] times1 by :i* ! ,*9ese h prov$ !mselves ! ma/]-pott]s ( ! _w1 excell+ & giv+ ! lead to ! c]ami/s ( e o!r race4 ,yet x is /range to reflect h[ late 9 hi/ory _! skill has be5 le>n$1 & to rememb] t ,p]sians1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks & o!r ,we/]n races 7 ma/]s ( ! pott]'s craft _m c5turies be=e ! ,*9ese a*iev$ _! e>lie/ arti/ic w>es4 ,com+ late into ! field1 !y evolv$ 9 a comp>atively %ort span ( "t a mat]ial :i* plac$ !m ahead ( e rival4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,sung ,,dyna/y1 :i* occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,*9a = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s beg9n+ t[>ds ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 witness$ ! fir/ em]g5ce ( a true c]amic /yle4 ,! pott]s ( e>li] times _h be5 cont5t to foll[ ! =ms set by ! bronze-f\nd]1 b _! successors ( ! ,sung p]iod set =? on purely c]amic l9es & arriv$ at a great v>iety ( w>es :i* are record$ 9 ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,to id5tify ^! among surviv+ specim5s t may be attribut$ to ?is p]iod is a =midable task = ! antiqu>ian4 ,! problem ne$ n be discuss$ "h1 z mo/ ( ^! w>es _c be class$ z porcela9 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w2 b x is int]e/+ to note briefly ^? types :i* =e%ad[ ! developm5ts ( lat] times4 ,! emancipation ( ! pott] to a position ( indep5d5ce is well %[n by a small vase 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum ( ! type kn[n z 8,*n yao10 made f ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! ,sung p]iod at ,*n-*\1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,honan4 ,! vase is ( ovoid =m ) a liz>d-l dragon coil$ r\nd x 9 relief2 ! surface is cov]$ ) a ?ick lav5d]-blue glaze on :i* is a spla% ( /rong crimson4 ,?\gh ! body is porcellan\s1 ! fre$om ( ! modell+ m>ks a di/9ct advance f ! imitative bronze vessels ( e>li] times1 :ile ! brilliancy ( ! col\r+ anticipates ! pure & gorge\s hues :i* 7 among ! triumphs ( ! gold5 age ( porcela94 ,! discov]y dur+ ?is p]iod ( ! prop]ties ( kaol9 & ! ef=t to imitate by artificial means ! lum9\s beauties ( jade1 po9t$ ! way to ! evolution ( a :ite transluc5t porcela9 body4 ,! cream-col\r$ ,t+ w>e1 made at ,t+-*\ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ihli1 /&1 among ! relics ( ^! f>-(f times :i* h escap$ de/ruction1 z ! fir/ a*ievem5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,! beauty & dignity ( ?is w>e is well exemplifi$ by ! two quadrangul> vases at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 =m]ly 9 ,dr4 ,bu%ell's collection4 ,! delicate floral or diap] ornam5t incis$ "u ! s(t ivory-ton$ glaze gives promise ( ! skilful h&iwork ( ! gold5 age ( ! art4 ,"o di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( porcela91 ! quality ( transluc5cy1 is /ill abs5t 9 mo/ w>es ( ?is ord]1 b pieces ( small] size1 su* z an exquisitely fa%ion$ little box & cov] at ,k5s+ton1 %[ a w>m gl[ ?r\gh _! ?9n] p>ts :5 held to ! light4 ,ano!r class ( w>e to :i* ref]5ce mu/ "h be made is ! celebrat$ celadon w>e ( ,lung-*'an1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ekiang1 :i* 0 fir/ produc$ dur+ ?is dyna/y 9 ! ef=t to imitate gre5 jade4 ,?is w>e 0 widely export$ ov] l& & sea1 & is met ) 9 remote & unexpect$ corn]s ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,a well-kn[n specim5 ( x1 ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham's cup1 pres]v$ at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 is ! fir/ piece ( ,*9ese w>e record$ to h rea*$ ?is c\ntry4 ,?\gh x has ! nature r ( f9e /onew>e ?an ( porcela91 x is to be not$ z ! =]unn] ( a l>ge class ( porcela9 ( lat] times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 n until ! p]iod ( ! ,,m+ ,,dyna/y t ! w>e usually associat$ 9 ,europe ) ! t]m 8porcela90 fir/ began to be made1 t is1 a w>e ) a h>d1 pure :ite body1 m or less transluc5t4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! same p]iod witness$ ! em]g5ce to a position ( asc5dancy ( ! imp]ial factory at ,*+-t-*n1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi4 ,! factory 0 rebuilt 9 #ahfi by ,hung ,wu1 ! fir/ ( ! ,m+ emp]ors1 & rema9$ h5ce=w>d ! *ief c5tre ( ! porcela9 indu/ry 9 ,*9a4 ,! subsequ5t a*ievem5ts ( ,*+-t-*n h nev] be5 surpass$ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( c]amic art4 ,! ,m+ dyna/y productions h a c]ta9 well-m>k$ ca*et1 :i* di/+ui%es !m cle>ly 9 _! sev]al classes alike f ! w>es ( e>li] times & f ! porcela9 made "u ! lat] ,*'+ emp]ors4 ,!re is a notable pr$om9ance ( vessels ( l>ge size1 =m$ ( heavy mat]ial1 display+ a massiv5ess & bold simplicity 9 _! cont\rs & decorat$ ) designs1 :e!r modell$ or pa9t$1 ( vigor\s conception & ( free1 ev5 r\gh execution4 ,! pott] addresses himself ) en]gy to 8 task1 & is no long] limit$ ei!r to ! imitative "w ( ! ,han dyna/y1 or to ! m re/ra9$1 (t5 delicate p]=mances ( ! int]v5+ age4 ,at ! same "t1 he has n yet ga9$ ! ma/]y ( h& or ! famili>ity ) ! p[]s ( ! kiln :i* made possible ! arti/ic & te*nical ref9em5ts ( 8 successors4 ,,plate #h ,vase1 ,*9ese1 p]iod ( ,k'ang ,hsi 7#affb-agbb71 ) enamel pa9t+ ( ! famille v]te4 ,height1 #ah 94 ,no4 #bgf-ahfd4 ,see p4 #ba4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,we are probably "r 9 recognis+ z ! e>lie/ productions 9 pure :ite-bodi$ porcela9 t h come d[n to u1 a gr\p1 ( :i* !re are sev]al f9e examples 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 "o ( ^! has be5 *os5 = illu/ration 9 ,plate #b4 ,! class is *>act]is$ by a d5se heavy body1 massive =m1 & decoration1 execut$ by means ( col\r$ glazes1 :i* are appli$ & fix$ at a l[] temp]ature aft] ! fir/ fir+ ( ! w>e4 ,! col\rs are conf9$ to a full d>k blue1 turquoise-blue1 /raw-yell[1 & a pale manganese-violet1 to :i* sometimes an opaque :ite is add$4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( cases ! outl9e /&s out 9 slight relief f ! surface ( ! object1 & is fill$ 9 ) ! col\r$ glazes 9 ! same mann] z ! holl[s 9 ! copp] base ( a *amplev enamel4 ,a simil> te*nique is met ) aga9 9 ! s-call$ cu5ca tiles made 9 ,s\!rn ,spa9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s r>e in/ances ! vase is made ) d\ble sides1 & ! design is res]v$ 9 op5work by cutt+ ?r\gh ! out] cas+4 ,?is type is repres5t$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton by a l>ge j>#a decorat$ ) a procession ( soldi]s1 :i* /&s out ) bold effectiv5ess aga9/ ! d>k holl[s ( ! pi]c$ backgr\nd4 #a ,illu/rat$ 9 ,dr4 ,bu%ell's ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii4 fig4 #ab4 ,a f9e example ( ! m usual me?od ( decoration is ! piece reproduc$ 9 ,plate #b4 ,x is a j> ( l>ge dim5sions :i* has rea*$ ?is c\ntry by way ( ,p]sia1 & has be5 embelli%$ !re ) a m\nt+ ( brass *as$ ) inscriptions & m$allions4 ,! high e/eem 9 :i* ,*9ese porcela9 has be5 held = c5turies 9 ! ,ne>] ,ea/ is evid5t f ! pron\nc$ ,*9ese influ5ce manife/$ 9 ,p]sian & ,syrian art f an e>ly p]iod1 :ile dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ,m+ dyna/y ! export ( porcela9 f ,*9a to ,we/]n ,asia grew enorm\sly1 & ! imitation ( ,*9ese motives became ! pr$om9ant elem5t ( design 9 ! indig5\s w>es ( ,p]sia4 ,t c\ntry 0 ! s\rce :i* suppli$ a l>ge "p ( ! collection ( ,m+ porcela9 n[ exhibit$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! j> "h illu/rat$ is ( *>act]i/ically solid mat]ial1 only slightly transluc5t4 ,gr\ps ( cre/$ wad+ birds among rocks & bu%es ( peony 9 blossom1 ! fl[] symbolical ( spr+ 9 ,*9ese lore1 =m ! ma9 feature ( ! decoration4 ,on ! %\ld] are lob$ comp>tm5ts enclos+ ! eight ,buddhi/ 8,emblems ( ,happy ,augury40 ,r\nd ! l[] "p are floral designs 9 %ap$ panels4 ,! outl9es1 be+ slightly rais$ f ! surface ( ! j>1 =m b>ri]s by :i* ! col\r$ glazes 7 kept f m+l+ "o ) ano!r 9 ! kiln4 ,! h>moni\s hues s]ve to emphasise ! bold & simple =ms ( ! ornam5t1 :i* seem ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ! /rong curves ( ! pr(ile ( ! vase itself4 ,o!r f9e examples ( ?is class exhibit+ ! same te*nique may be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,besides two l>ge j>s ) processions ( m\nt$ soldi]s1 !re are two small] vases ( ! elongat$ pe> %ape :i* is also *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod4 ,"o ( ^!1 decorat$ ) *rysan!mums & peonies1 is rem>kable = ! full & ri* col\rs ( ! glazes1 :ile ! o!r is ( int]e/ f ! qua9t figures on x ) _! primitive g>b ( sewn leaves4 ,9 a pair ( squ>e vases1 probably e>ly expon5ts ( ! /yle1 an effect ( solemn beauty has be5 obta9$ by ! use ( :ite & turquoise only on a manganese gr\nd ( d5se purple4 ,,plate #aj ,bottle1 8,m$ici porcela910 made 9 ,flor5ce ab\t #aehj1 ) design ( ,ori5tal "* 9 blue1 outl9$ 9 manganese-purple4 ,height1 #f-g_/h 94 ,no4 #bbi-ahij4 ,see p4 #da4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! classes ( porcela9 :i* h hi!rto be5 dealt )1 ! decoration has be5 effect$ ei!r by cutt+ into ! surface ) a po9t$ in/rum5t or m\ld+ x 9 relief1 or by ! addition ( col\r+ mat]ials to ! glaze4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! me?od mo/ widely preval5t 9 rec5t times1 namely1 t ( pa9t+ on ! surface ei!r be=e or aft] glaz+4 ,9 ,*9a ?is me?od came into use at a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,else:]e x _h be5 kn[n = _m c5turies z a means ( c]amic decoration4 ,9 ,p]sia1 = example1 pa9t$ designs are met ) on ! pott]y f\nd by ,fr5* excavators 9 ! l[e/ /ratum on ! site ( ! city ( ,susa1 dat+ possibly f #ejjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 :ile on ! semi-porcellan\s w>e ( anci5t ,egypt pa9t+ is ( common occurr5ce4 ,x 0 widespread z a c]amic process 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ & ! c\ntries r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean long be=e x 0 practis$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,! e>lie/ pa9t$ w>es ( ,*9a c]ta9ly d n date back be=e ! ,sung dyna/y1 & x is d\btful :e!r ev5 s great an age z ?is c be ascrib$ to !m4 ,!re is a class ( vases pa9t$ 9 a /rong d>k br[n ) r\ghly-drawn ornam5t ( ,buddhi/ic "*1 :i* are probably n m rec5t ?an ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & may date f ! latt] "p ( ! ,sung p]iod4 ,!y 7 made at ,tz-*\1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,honan4 ,sev]al examples ( ?is k9d are 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 mo/ ( !m pa9t$ ) spirit$ designs ( lotus-fl[]s & leafy scrollwork1 sometimes ) birds introduc$ among/ ! foliage4 ,"o vase is decorat$ ) f\r %ap$ panels1 ?ree enclos+ lotus-fl[]s1 :ile 9 ! f\r? is a crude figure ( a ,buddhi/ monk4 ,^! vases are wor?y ( special att5tion1 z !y appe> to m>k ! po9t at :i* a /ep =w>d 0 tak5 ( f>-rea*+ significance 9 its effect on ,*9ese c]amics4 ,! introduction ( ! pa9t]'s bru% among ! implem5ts ( ! ,*9ese pott] l$ ! way to developm5ts :i* plac$ him above 8 fell[-craftsm5 9 o!r l&s1 among/ :om ?is bran* ( ! art _h be5 famili> 9 mu* e>li] ages4 ,( all ! mat]ials employ$ z pigm5ts 9 ! decoration ( porcela91 ! mo/ important & ! mo/ widespread 9 use is cobalt-blue4 ,x is said t ?is col\r 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,*9a f ! we/ ( ,asia z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury1 b x does n appe> to h be5 us$ = pa9t+ be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is connection m5tion may be made ( a m9iature vase at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ( ! cream-col\r$ ,t+ w>e already allud$ to1 :i* is pa9t$ ) indi/9ct m>k+s 9 cobalt-blue4 ,x may be t su* pieces z ?is c rightly be ref]r$ back to ! end ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 & t we h 9 !m ! fir/ manife/ations ( ! great family ( 8blue & :ite0 *9a1 :i* 9 ! eyes ( ! _w at l>ge repres5ts ,*9ese porcela9 p> excell5ce4 ,be t z x may1 x 0 n till ! "t ( ! ,m+ emp]ors t !re 0 any ext5sive production ( pa9t$ 8blue & :ite0 porcela94 ,! e>lie/ extant pieces t c be dat$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty are ascribable to ! reign ( ! emp]or ,hsan ,t 7#adbf-adce74 ,!re is a small b[l ( ?is p]iod 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection4 ,x is rem>kable z well = ! quality ( ! glaze1 resembl+ vellum 9 its texture1 z = ! s(t greyi% tones ( ! cobalt us$ 9 ! delicate pa9t+ ( *rysan!mums & o!r fl[]+ plants4 ,two o!r pieces be>+ ! m>k ( ,hsan ,t are to be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 b al?\gh !y belong und\bt$ly to ! ,m+ dyna/y1 x _c be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ! m>k ^u !m indicates _! actual age4 ,"o ( ^! is a b[l pa9t$ ) a design ( trees1 ! p9e1 pea*1 & bamboo1 symbolis+ long life1 & ! pomegranate1 :i* is ! emblem ( fecundity2 by a qua9t conceit ! trunks ( ! trees are di/ort$ into ! =m ( ! *>act]s fu 78happ9ess07 & %\ 78longevity074 ,! o!r specim5 is a tall cyl9drical vase1 be>+ ! m>k 9 a c>t\*e on ! bord]1 z x is sometimes f\nd on porcela9 ( ! lat] ,wan ,li p]iod4 ,x is decorat$ ) conv5tional lotus-fl[]s 9 ?ree horizontal b&s1 pa9t$ 9 d>k cobalt-blue & ! und]glaze crimson obta9$ f copp]1 :i* ranks ) cobalt z "o ( ! e>lie/ pigm5ts us$ 9 ,*9ese c]amics4 ,a noticeable feature ( ! pa9t+ is ! way 9 :i* ! leaves & petals are d>k5$ by a /ippl+ ( dots ov] a light] wa% ( col\r4 ,ano!r int]e/+ j>1 ( six-sid$ =m & und\bt$ly e>ly 9 date1 has floral ornam5t execut$ 9 d>k blue1 approa*+ to black :]e heavily laid on1 :i* recalls ! designs occurr+ on ! hexagonal tiles f ! ,great ,mosque at ,damascus4 ,! ,p]sian *as$ brass rim ) :i* ! j> is m\nt$ indicates ! *annel ?r\gh :i* x has come to ! ,we/4 ,! ,damascus tiles are believ$ to date f ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! resemblance betwe5 !m & ! j> 9 "q is s /rik+ z to sugge/ t !y 7 pa9t$ "u direct ,*9ese influ5ce4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! occurr5ce among ! motives ^u !m ( ! ,f> ,ea/]n *rysan!mum4 ,advanc+ to ! sixte5? c5tury & ! reigns ( ,*ng ,t1 ,*ia ,*+1 & ,wan ,li1 we f9d surviv+ 8blue & :ite0 specim5s by no means r>e4 ,to ! fir/ reign are attribut$ c]ta9 objects made = ,mohamm$an use1 z %[n by ! occurr5ce ^u !m ( ,arabic inscriptions1 & "s l>ge globul> j>s ) conv5tional lotus designs "u a glaze usually ( pron\nc$ blui% tone4 ,! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod is *>act]is$ p>ticul>ly by a blue ( great int5sity1 sometimes v]g+ ^u violet2 x is se5 9 sev]al l>ge j>s at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 9 :i* ! /rong pa9t+ h>monises ) ! massiv5ess ( ! =m4 ,! b[l figur+ 9 ,plate #c %[s t a m ref9$ /yle 0 also 9 vogue at ! same "t4 ,x is fa%ion$ ) ! utmo/ delicacy & pa9t$ 9 a free mann]1 b ) un]r+ sur5ess ( h&4 ,on ! outside are se5 ! my?ical fng huang1 or phnix1 ( ,buddhi/ lore1 & o!r small] birds fly+ amid bamboos2 on ! bamboo /ems gr[s ! sacr$ fungus or l+-*ih1 l ! bamboo itself an emblem ( longevity4 ,9 ! m$allion at ! bottom inside is an exquisite draw+ ( a song-bird p]*$ on ! bran* ( a blossom+ tree4 ,! b[l is m>k$ und]nea? ) ! words ,ta ,m+ ,*ia ,*+ ni5 *ih 78,made 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod ( ! great ,m+ dyna/y074 ,! s(t grey-blue recalls ! b[l ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,=m & pa9t+ alike are execut$ ) spontaneity & directness1 qualities z attractive z ! te*nical f9i% ( lat] p]iods1 :5 a loss ( s9c]ity 0 ! inevitable price paid = exactness ( workman%ip4 ,?is diff]5ce ( quality may be well appreciat$ by a comp>ison ( ! b[l ) ! 8egg-%ell0 plate ( ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod reproduc$ 9 ! same draw+1 to :i* ref]5ce w aga9 be made4 ,ano!r draw+ 7,plate #d7 %[s a typical example1 =m]ly 9 ,sir ,*>les ,rob9son's collection1 ( ! bett] k9d ( 8blue & :ite0 produc$ dur+ ! reign ( ,wan ,li1 :o 0 contempor>y ) our own ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,t ?is elegant w9e-pot f\nd its way to ,europe at no long int]val aft] x 0 made is prov$ by ! bronze m\nt+1 :i* happily acc5tuates its gracefulness ( cont\r4 ,! dom$ cov] ( ogee outl9e & ! cre/$ bord]s indicate t ! m\nt+ is ( ,g]man orig91 & 0 done probably at ,augsburg 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! six sides ( ! body =m panels fill$ 9 ) a v>iety ( fl[]s1 among :i* may be di/+ui%$ su* (t-recurr+ emblems ( longevity z ! lotus & ! l+-*ih or miracul\s fungus2 ! sl5d] neck is pa9t$ ) conv5tional flames4 ,9 ! holl[ b5ea? ! foot is ! ^w fu 78longevity071 writt5 9 seal "*4 ,?is piece belongs to ! same class ( f9] porcela9 made "u ,wan ,li z a melon-%ap$ w9e-pot1 m\nt$ 9 silv]-gilt1 be>+ ! ,london hall-m>k = #aehe-hf1 & ! well-kn[n set ( b[ls1 also ) ,elizabe?an silv]-gilt m\nt+1 :i* 7 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ! ,cecil family at ,burghley ,h\se4 ,9 addition to ?is f9] porcela91 va/ quantities ( 8blue & :ite0 w>e ( inf]ior quality 7 made = export4 ,x w5t ea/w>ds to ,japan1 :]e x provid$ patt]ns = "s ( ! porcela9 turn$ out f ! kilns ( ! prov9ce ( ,hiz51 & we/w>ds to ,p]sia1 to be imitat$ 9 e>!nw>e by ! native pott]s ( ! "t ( ! great ,%ah ,abbas ,,ii4 ,! decoration1 r\gh & c>eless z x (t5 is1 has g5]ally a c]ta9 attractiv5ess on acc\nt ( its fre$om f ! fault ( ov]-ref9em5t4 ,r\ghly-sket*$ l&scapes ) de]1 h>es or birds 9 %ap$ panels are frequ5t motives4 ,a di% at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 probably ( ! ,wan ,li p]iod1 is d\bly int]e/+4 ,its decoration ( floral ornam5t on scroll$ /ems is id5tical ) a design n uncommon on ,damascus e>!nw>e ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! back exhibits an unglaz$ surface ( deep r$di%-yell[1 & be>s1 %>ply cut into ! pa/e1 ! ,p]sian ^w n>anji 78orange-col\r$07 & a ,p]sian "n1 probably t ( a =m] own]4 ,! next illu/ration 7,plate #a7 /&s = ano!r process ( decoration inv5t$ 9 ! ,m+ p]iod1 :i* op5$ ! way to wond]ful developm5ts 9 lat] times4 ,?is new me?od consi/$ 9 pa9t+ ov] ! glaze 9 enamel col\rs1 necessitat+ a second fir+ at a l[] temp]ature ?an t requir$ = fus+ ! glaze4 ,! col\rs employ$ are a dry sc>let obta9$ f oxide ( iron1 gre51 yell[ ( /raw-col\r$ tone1 & manganese-violet1 :i*1 toge!r ) und]glaze cobalt1 con/itute ! s*eme kn[n z ! 8five col\r0 decoration4 ,9 "s cases only two or ?ree ( ^! col\rs are us$1 b g5]ally ! pr$om9ant notes are giv5 by r$ & gre54 ,?is /yle anticipates ! famille v]te ord] ( ! "t ( ,k'ang ,hsi2 x is specially associat$ ) ! ,wan ,li p]iod1 :5 x came into g5]al vogue1 b in/ances ( x occur dat+ f ! reign ( ,*ia ,*+1 & 9 ^! ! r$ is ( a m neutral tone sometimes v]g+ on orange4 ,! j> figur+ 9 ,plate #a is altoge!r exceptional by reason ( ! manganese-purple gr\nd on :i* ! ornam5t is pa9t$4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ?is col\r gives a spl5d\r ( effect :i* is acc5tuat$ by ! po9ts ( bright r$ & gre5 di/ribut$ ) su* sur5ess ( judgm5t ov] ! surface4 ,! p[]s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y pott] are "h display$ at _! be/4 ,scatt]$ fl[]s ( ! w9t] plum1 "o ( ! num]\s emblems ( long life1 are int]sp]s$ among ! 8,eight ,preci\s ,?+s0 7,pa ,pao71 tok5s to ! ,buddhi/ ( all t goes to make up mortal felicity4 ,visible 9 ! draw+ are ! pair ( books /rung toge!r1 /&+ = lit]>y accompli%m5ts2 ! op5 loz5ge1 a symbol ( victory or success2 & ! pe>l or jewel ( ! law4 ,! rema9+ five objects1 n appe>+ 9 ! view ( ! vase %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 are ! 8ca%10 figur+ z a squ>e enclos$ by a circle1 = pecuni>y weal?2 ! pa9t+1 repres5tative ( ! arts2 ! *'+ or musical /one1 a k9d ( gong consid]$ lucky on acc\nt ( ! id5tity ( its "n ) ! ^w = 8prosp]ity02 ! pair ( rh9oc]os-horn cups p>allel$ by ! classical 8horn ( pl5ty02 & ! leaf ( ! artemisia1 a fragrant plant believ$ to be efficaci\s z an antidote aga9/ h>mful influ5ces4 ,bel[ ^! symbols are waves ( ! sea1 toss+ 9 gre5 foam aga9/ jagg$ rocks2 spiral eddies pa9t$ 9 black outl9e "u a wa% ( transp>5t purple =m ! backgr\nd to ! composition4 ,! j> 0 b\ght 9 ,p]sia1 & is m\nt$ ) a brass neck & dom$ cov] ( ,p]sian workman%ip1 *as$ ) arabesques & pi]c$ ) grotesque figures 9 a r[ ( m$allions4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! celadon-glaz$ w>es made f ! ,sung p]iod onw>ds 9 imitation ( gre5 jade1 :i* are p]haps ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( all ! w>es produc$ 9 ,*9a = export4 ,to ?is category belong ! great rice-di%es & j>s = /or+ gra91 (t5 ( extraord9>y weight 9 proportion to _! size1 frequ5tly met ) 9 ,india & ,p]sia1 & ev]y:]e along ! %ores & isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,?is class ( porcela9 0 kn[n to ! ,arab trad]s ( ! ,middle ,ages z 8,m>tabani10 f ! "n ( ! ,burmese port :i* 0 "o ( ! c5tres = its di/ribution4 ,?is nom5clature f9ds its p>allel 9 ! "n 8,gombroon w>e10 by :i* x 0 call$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's factory at ,gombroon on ! ,/raits ( ,ormuz fir/ op5$ ! way = its importation 9 any consid]able quantity into ?is c\ntry4 ,,plate #aa ,b[l1 ,italian1 dat$ #afch1 probably made at ,pisa1 ! design on ! ext]ior borr[$ f ,turki% e>!nw>e4 ,height1 #b 94 ,willett ,collection4 ,no4 #cda-aije4 ,see p4 #db4 ,! m>k & ! m$allion inside are reproduc$ bel[ ! elevation ( ! b[l4 ,illu/ration ,! long-neck$ vase ( celadon w>e f ! ,jones ,collection 9 ,plate #e may fitly be describ$ "h1 z x probably dates f ! latt] "p ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ?\gh ! ref9em5t ( ! =m sugge/s t x may h be5 made 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,! surface ( ! vase is entirely coat$ ) a crackl$ glaze ( blui%-celadon tone1 runn+ d[n 9 ?ick waves r\nd ! edge ( ! foot4 ,on ?is glaze is a design delicately trac$ 9 :ite slip1 ?ick en\gh to /& out 9 s5sible relief1 ) details incis$ by means ( a po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,?is decoration1 spread ov] ! :ole ( ! vase1 is compos$ ( ar*aic dragons1 f ! m\?s ( :i* issue scroll$ /ems ) leafy t]m9ations hav+ 9 "s cases ! outl9e ( ! sacr$ l+-*ih fungus4 ,! ri* ormolu m\nt+ is *>act]i/ic ,fr5* "w ( ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,bel[ ! m\? ( ! vase hang fe/oons ( drap]y1 pass+ ?r\gh h&les :i* are f9i%$ d[nw>ds ) a bun* ( grapes & v9e-leaves2 ! foot is *as$ ) a b& ( guillo*e patt]n above a squ>e pl9? ) incurv$ corn]s4 ,?is is probably ! workman%ip ( ,levasseur1 "o ( ! ho/ ( arti/-craftsm5 to ^: tal5t ! furniture ( eighte5?-c5tury ,france owes its dignity & ref9em5t4 ,_! ta/e & judgm5t 0 nev] bett] display$ ?an :5 objects ( beauty or r>ity 7 h&$ to !m to be enri*$ by _! skill4 ,! vase be=e u is a typical case2 ! porcela9 loses no?+ ( its own lovel9ess 9 becom+ ! m$ium = display+ ! beauty ( ! metalwork4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! num]\s m9or factories exi/+ 9 ,*9a be=e ! ,m+ dyna/y 7 unable to hold _! own aga9/ ! great imp]ial factory at ,*+-t-*n4 ,s9ce ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t !re has be5 only "o o!r factory ( arti/ic /&+1 t ( ,thua 9 ! prov9ce ( ,,fu*i54 ,x is devot$ to ! production ( pla9 :ite porcela9 ) a creamy surface1 resembl+ ivory 9 texture1 b v>y+ consid]ably 9 %ades ( col\r4 ,quantities ( ,fu*i5 *9a 7 br\ght to ,europe dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury by ! v>i\s ,india ,companies4 ,9 ,france1 :]e x receiv$ ! "n ( 8blanc de ,*9e10 x provid$ models = ! porcela9 mak]s ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 & among ! e>lie/ output ( _m o!r ,european works w be f\nd pla9 :ite cups & teapots ) appli$ sprays ( ,*9ese plum-blossom 9 relief1 fai?fully copy+ ! models ( ! ,thua factory4 ,/atuettes & gr\ps ( div9ities always =m$ a l>ge proportion ( its productions2 ! royal collection at ,dresd5 conta9s a f9e s]ies ( su* figures1 _m ( !m ne>ly two feet 9 height1 :i* 7 among ! porcela9 collect$ by ,augu/us ! ,/rong ( ,saxony1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india m]*ants4 ,! small] objects made at ,thua are delightful by virtue ( _! v simplicity4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( col\r$ decoration ( any k9d1 ! full *>m ( ! s(t :ite surface c be appreciat$4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #f af=ds pro( t ?is w>e 0 highly e/eem$ by e>ly ,european collectors4 ,?is piece1 "o ( a pair 9 ! ,jones ,beque/1 0 d\btless orig9ally a bottle or rosewat]-spr9kl] ) bulb\s body & n>r[ tap]+ neck1 b x has be5 cut d[n & fitt$ ) silv]-gilt m\nts to adapt x to ! purpose ( a pa/ille-burn]4 ,! neck has be5 remov$ & replac$ by a silv]-gilt knob ( f9ely-*as$ foliage4 ,! %\ld] has be5 drill$ ) holes2 l[] d[n ! porcela9 has be5 cut away = ! ins]tion ( a b& engrav$ ) delicate c>t\*es & rosettes4 ,! foot ( ! bottle is rais$ on a tripod silv]-gilt base1 ornam5t$ ) ?ree lions' heads & ?ree grotesque masc>ons exquisitely *as$4 ,:5 ! piece is turn$ up1 fur!r enri*m5t is disclos$ und]nea? x 9 ! =m ( an engrav$ design ( a type mu* 9 fav\r ab\t #agjj1 repres5t+1 9 a half-grotesque mann]1 a squirrel1 birds & a h\nd among trees4 ,! hall-m>ks ) :i* ! m\nts are /amp$ 9 sev]al places are un=tunately v indi/9ct1 b f _! =m x is cle> t !y are ,p>isian m>ks ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! initials ( an unkn[n silv]smi? 8,p4 ,b40 c easily be made out1 :ile ano!r m>k appe>s to be t ( ti5ne ,baligny1 f]mi] gnral f #agjc till #agac2 b no m>ks are necess>y to %[ t we h "h ,fr5* "w 9 ! f9e/ /yle ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! c>e be/[$ ^u ! m\nt+ is suffici5t evid5ce ( ! value set ^u ,fu*i5 porcela9 by ,european collectors ( ! "t4 ,fur!r te/imony ( ?is is af=d$ by ! fact already notic$1 t ! designs & me?ods ( decoration 9 vogue at ! ,thua pott]ies 7 ext5sively imitat$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( sev]al ,we/]n factories4 ,9 ! blossom+ sprays ( plum appli$ to ! body ( ! piece 9 our illu/ration we recognise ! fav\rite emblem ( longevity :i* is ( su* con/ant occurr5ce on ,*9ese objects1 l5d+ !m a felicit\s significance appropriate to ?+s de/9$ to be giv5 z pres5ts or tok5s ( congratulation4 ,! same motive is famili> 9 ! e>ly :ite *9a ( ,meiss51 ,b[1 & ,*elsea1 & ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 ,v9c5nes1 & ,svres4 ,,plate #f ,vase ( :ite porcela9 ( ,thua 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fu*i51 m\nt$ 9 silv]-gilt ( ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 z a pa/ille-burn]4 ,height1 #g 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #haf-ahhb4 ,see p4 #ah4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,9 addition to appli$ reliefs ! ,fu*i5 pott]s decorat$ _! porcela9 ) delicate incis$ designs1 sometimes sc>cely p]ceptible until closely exam9$1 or ) ornam5ts impress$ by means ( small /amps4 ,an in/ance ( ! latt] me?od is se5 on ! foot ( ! piece "u consid]ation1 :i* has a repeat+ bord] ( fret-patt]n lightly impress$ 9 ! pa/e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! reign ( ,wan ,li 0 foll[$ by an epo* ext5d+ ov] ne>ly half a c5tury :i* is almo/ devoid ( significance 9 ! hi/ory ( porcela94 ,! invasions ( ! ,man*u ,t>t>s br\ght to an end ! native ,m+ dyna/y1 & gave its la/ two emp]ors little leisure = ! patronage ( art4 ,! e/abli%m5t on ! ?rone ( ! /ill-rul+ ,*'+ dyna/y ( ,t>t> emp]ors 0 ! op5+ ( a new era1 & ! accession ( its second mon>*1 ,k',,ang ,,hsi1 0 ! signal = a brilliant arti/ic r5aissance1 n[h]e m app>5t 9 its effects ?an 9 ! wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( ! imp]ial porcela9 works at ,*+-t-*n4 ,k'ang ,hsi's reign ( sixty ye>s' duration cov]$ r\ghly ! same space ( "t z t ( 8 illu/ri\s ,fr5* contempor>y1 ! ,gr& ,mon>que1 :o gave ! impetus = a simil> revival 9 ! arts ( 8 own k+dom4 ,x 0 an age ( peace & ord] foll[+ aft] ye>s ( /rife & confusion4 ,en]gies no long] requir$ to be sp5t 9 w>f>e 7 free to be div]t$ to ! pursuance ( ! arts ( peace4 ,9 ! doma9 ( porcela9 ! outcome ( ^! fav\rable conditions is se5 9 an extraord9>y advance along te*nical l9es unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( c]amics4 ,a :ite body ( ! utmo/ purity1 a glaze fus+ s p]fectly on to ! surface ( ! pa/e z to give an appe>ance ( deep lum9osity1 und]glaze col\rs & ov]glaze enamels unsurpass$ 9 brilliance & livel9ess1 br\ght )9 ! rea* ( ! pott] a wond]ful v>iety ( effects f> beyond any?+ t _h be5 atta9$ be=e4 ,yet ! v te*nical skill :i* made ! triumphs ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod possible1 op5$ ! way = ! arti/ic decl9e ( ! foll[+ half c5tury4 ,virtuosity took ! place ( ae/hetic spontaneity2 :ile !re is und5iable beauty 9 ! new a*ievem5ts1 !y g5]ally lack ! vig\r & s9c]ity ( e>li] p]iods :5 ! pr9ciples ( te*nique 7 less well und]/ood4 ,! *>act]i/ic qualities ( ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9 are well illu/rat$ by ! vases *os5 = ! draw+s reproduc$ 9 ,plates #g & #h4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a 8blue & :ite0 cov]$ vase1 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,james ,orrock1 ) decoration 9 %ap$ panels res]v$ on a 8p[d]$ blue0 gr\nd4 ,( ! f\r l>ge panels1 two are fill$ ) sprays ( fl[]s1 & a ?ird ) a selection f ! curi\s assemblage ( objects kn[n z ! 8,hundr$ ,antiques0 7,po ,ku71 symbolis+ ! elegant arts & accompli%m5ts4 ,9 ! rema9+ panel is a m\nta9\s l&scape r5d]$ 9 ! conv5tional mann] cu/om>y 9 ,*9ese pa9t+s2 ! conv5tions are n su* z we are famili> ) 9 ,we/]n art1 b once accept$1 !y w be f\nd to sugge/ nature & to p]=m a decorative function no less effectively ?an ^? ( ! ,european design]4 ,! cobalt-blue is typical ( ! f9e/ quality ( ! p]iod2 x has a dep? ( tone & a limpid brilliancy f\nd only 9 ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 comp>$ ) :i* all b ! be/ blue ( o!r p]iods seems d+y & lu/reless4 ,! gr\nd col\r is c>efully spray$ or spla%$ on to ! vase1 & has 9 consequ5ce on a close inspection a m9utely speckl$ appe>ance2 to ?is is ow+ ! int5se ?robb+ effect :i* has (t5 be5 notic$ z ! peculi> quality ( ! blue ( ?is class4 ,?is beauty ( col\r1 comb9$ ) ! faultless spac+ ( ! decoration1 comp5sates = a c]ta9 prim =mality noticeable :5 comp>ison is made ) ! less ord]ly designs ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,pass+ on to ,plate #h1 we come to a repres5tative ( ! class ( decoration above all o!rs associat$ ) ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,?is class is d]iv$ f ! 8five col\r0 gr\p1 already discuss$1 ( ! lat] ,m+ emp]ors1 *>act]is$ by pa9t+ 9 enamel col\rs fir$ ov] ! glaze at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 & h5ce kn[n to ,fr5* collectors z enamels ( ! demi-gr& feu4 ,f ! pr$om9ance ( gre5 ! class is g5]ally t]m$ ! 8famille v]te40 ,! blue compris$ among ! five col\rs ( ! ,m+ dyna/y is always an und]glaze cobalt pa9t$ on ! biscuit be=e ! application ( ! glaze2 b 9 ! majority ( pieces ( lat] date1 :e!r /rictly ( ! 8five col\r0 ord] or ( ! d]ivative famille v]te1 ! blue1 l ! re/ ( ! pigm5ts1 is an ov]glaze enamel4 ,! vase "h illu/rat$ is ( special int]e/ z exemplify+ ! use ( bo? k9ds ( blue2 :ile 9 ! ma9 decoration an enamel blue ( greyi% tone has be5 employ$1 !re are also two b&s1 r\nd ! %\ld] & base respectively1 fill$ ) a diap] patt]n 9 und]glaze blue enclos$ betwe5 ridges 9 slight relief4 ,! =m ( ! vase is t kn[n z 8club-%ap$40 ,! s*eme ( decoration is ( a type :i* became increas+ly preval5t z ! eighte5? c5tury advanc$1 & dep>ts entirely f ! traditions ( e>li] times4 ,in/ead ( a broadly-treat$ design proportionate to ! dim5sions ( ! vase1 ! surface is divid$ into a numb] ( panels ( div]se size & outl9e1 set aga9/ a figur$ gr\ndwork & fill$ 9 ) delicate m9iature pa9t+s4 ,two l>ge rectangul> panels conta9 rocky lake-sc5es ) figures4 ,small] panels enclose "s ( ! 8,hundr$ ,antiques0 already allud$ to1 :ile 9 two circul> m$allions we see a c>p ris+ f a cat>act1 b5ea? a full moon p>tly hidd5 among cl\ds4 ,?is latt] subject is an allegory ( lit]>y success atta9$ by p]sev]ance & indu/ry4 ,! allusion is to ! leg5d accord+ to :i* ! /urgeon ( ! ,hoang ,ho riv]1 :5 !y asc5d ! /ream 9 ! ?ird mon? ( ! ye>1 are trans=m$ into dragons if !y succe$ 9 climb+ ! rapids ( ! ,lung ,mn or ,dragon ,gate4 ,! gre5 gr\nd ( ! vase is figur$ ) a close patt]n ( conv5tional lotus-fl[]s amid small scroll$ foliage4 ,! :ole is exquisitely r5d]$1 & composes su* a beautiful h>mony ( col\r z to compel admiration1 9 spite ( ! comp>ative lack ( bread? 9 ! treatm5t ( ! design4 ,,plate #g ,j>1 ) ,cov]1 ,*9ese1 p]iod ( ,k'ang ,hsi 7#affb-agbb71 ) decoration 9 panels res]v$ on a p[d]$ blue gr\nd4 ,height1 #ah 94 ,orrock ,collection4 ,no4 #fg-ahhg4 ,see p4 #bj4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,to detail all ! me?ods ( decoration 9 vogue 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 _m ( !m !n = ! fir/ "t introduc$1 w\ld be beyond ! scope ( su* a "w z ?is2 x mu/ suffice to m5tion briefly a few ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,fir/ly1 !re are _m v>ieties ( ! famille v]te1 ! mo/ notable be+ t 9 :i* naturali/ic fl[]s are reliev$ aga9/ a gr\nd ( enamel1 ei!r /raw-yell[1 gre51 or lu/r\s black4 ,! pieces on :i* ! la/-nam$ gr\nd col\r occurs =m ! subdivision kn[n to connoisseurs z ! 8famille noire02 ! ,salt+ ,collection includes a spl5did s]ies ( vases ( ?is category4 ,dignity ( =m is comb9$ 9 !m ) ma/]ly composition 9 ! pa9t+1 :ile ! measure ( conv5tionalism necessitat$ by ! limit$ palette frees ?is type f ! imputation ( excessive naturalism4 ,! 8blue & :ite0 ( ! "t ( ,k'ang ,hsi has already be5 notic$4 ,beautiful effects 7 obta9$ :]e ! cobalt 0 us$ 9 h>moni\s comb9ation ) ! o!r high temp]ature und]glaze pigm5ts1 a greyi% celadon-gre5 & ! s(t crimson obta9$ f copp]4 ,ano!r new type ( pa9t$ w>e dat+ f ?is "t is t 9 :i* ! design is entirely c>ri$ out 9 ! ov]glaze iron-r$1 fir/ se5 among/ ! pigm5ts ( ! 8five col\r0 ord]4 ,! r$ ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 a pure coral-r$ ( ! utmo/ brilliancy1 is g5]ally employ$ 9 conv5tional designs1 su* z dragons & symbols or lotus-fl[]s1 symmetrically dispos$ ov] ! :ole surface ( a vase4 ,p]haps ! greate/ glory ( ! reign are ! s+le-col\r & v>iegat$ glazes1 reviv+ & excell+ ! a*ievem5ts 9 ?is direction ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,*ief among ^! are ! crimson1 or 8sang de buf10 & ! apple-gre5 associat$ ) ! "n ( ,lang ,t'+-tso1 vic]oy dur+ ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi1 9 :i* ! imp]ial kilns ( ,*+-t-*n are situat$2 fur!r developm5ts 7 atta9$1 su* z ! 8pea*-bloom10 ! 8k+fi%]0 turquoise-blue1 & ! reviv$ 8clair de lune10 :5 9 #afhc ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan 0 appo9t$ director ( ! factories4 ,^! w>es rank among ! mo/ spl5did a*ievem5ts ( ! pott]'s art2 9 beauty ( =m & gorge\sness ( col\r !y h nev] be5 surpass$1 :ile by _! nature !y are free f ! defect ( ov]-ref9em5t incid5t to ! productions ( an age ( great te*nical discov]ies1 :i* has be5 notic$ 9 speak+ ( ! pa9t$ porcela94 ,la/ly1 be=e pass+ on to ! next reign1 a ^w mu/ be said ( ! /atuettes ( div9ities & ! objects fa%ion$ 9 ! %ape ( fruit or liv+ creatures1 :i* are ano!r feature ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi r5aissance4 ,pa9t$ g5]ally 9 ! enamel col\rs ( ! famille v]te1 ^! figures are (t5 ma/]pieces ( modell+1 in/9ct ) vivacity & expression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %ort reign ( ,,yung ,,*,,ng1 :o succe$$ ,k'ang ,hsi 9 #agbc1 witness$ /ill fur!r advances 9 ! direction ( te*nical p]fection1 accompani$ on ! arti/ic side by a correspond+ gr[? ( ! t5d5cy to ov]-ref9em5t4 ,! discov]y dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( ,k'ang ,hsi ( a rose-col\r$ enamel d]iv$ f gold1 v>y+ 9 %ade f p9k to crimson1 op5$ ! way = a revolution 9 ! col\r-s*eme :i* is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! pa9t$ porcela9 ( ,yung ,*ng & 8 successor ,*'i5 ,lung4 ,f ! preval5ce ( ?is col\r1 ! type ( porcela9 on :i* x occurs receiv$ ! "n ( 8famille rose0 among ,fr5* connoisseurs4 ,! wid5$ range ( ! enamel-pa9t]'s palette made possible a completely naturali/ic mann]1 9 :i* all conv5tionalism ( treatm5t 0 ab&on$4 ,no album ( flora c %[ m fai?ful botanical draw+s ?an are to be se5 9 su* exquisite subjects aft] nature z t 9 ! piece reproduc$ 9 ,plate #b2 9 no "w on orni?ology c\ld be f\nd tru] r5d]+s ( bird life4 ,! plate1 pa9t$ ) a bird ( ! k+fi%] family p]*$ on ! bran* ( a gn>l$ plum-tree 9 fl[]1 belongs to ! collection bequea!d by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cope4 ,! spray ( blossom+ pomegranate :i* completes ! composition is naturally r5d]$ by means ( ! newly-inv5t$ c>m9e enamel4 ,:ile we may "q ! fitness ( a subject ?us treat$ = ! decoration ( a porcela9 plate1 we _c b admire ! exquisite delicacy ( ! pa9t+ & ! skilful arrangem5t ( ! composition4 ,,plate #ab ,toilette-pot & ,cov]1 ,/4 ,cl\d1 ab\t #agjj1 ) ormolu m\nt ( ! p]iod4 ,height1 #h 94 ,giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,fitzh5ry4 ,no4 ,c #deg-aiji4 ,see p4 #ej4 ,m>k conceal$ by ! m\nt+4 ,illu/ration ,p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( ! productions ( ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod are ! plates & cups & sauc]s ( ?9 8egg-%ell0 *9a ) enamel decoration ( figure-subjects or birds & fl[]s enclos$ )9 elaborate bord]s ( complex diap]4 ,! same f9e porcela9 0 employ$ z a mat]ial = lant]ns2 f9e examples ( ^! are exhibit$ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,concurr5tly ) su* te*nical ref9em5ts z ^!1 !re came ab\t "u ,yung ,*ng an ar*ai/ic revival ( anci5t w>es1 result+ f ! commission giv5 by ! emp]or = ! reproduction ( ! c]amic treasures ( pa/ c5turies pres]v$ 9 8 palaces4 ,imitations 7 made bo? ( ! %apes & ( ! num]\s v>ieties ( glaze ( ! factories ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 :ile 9 ! 8blue & :ite0 category ! spott$ mann] ( pa9t+ already notic$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! reign ( ,hsan ,t 0 specially 9 fav\r4 ,ano!r anci5t type ext5sively reproduc$ 0 ! 8five col\r0 class ( ! lat] ,m+ emp]ors4 ,:]e !re _c be trac$ a ref9em5t 9 ! h&l+ ( ! design =eign to ! e>li] pa9t]s1 ! copies are readily di/+ui%$ f _! prototypes by a diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! col\rs employ$4 ,! und]glaze cobalt-blue has a decid$ly violet nuance1 a delicate lilac replaces ! e>li] purple1 & ! gre5 is ( a light] grass-col\r$ hue2 fur!rmore1 ! enamel col\rs (t5 display a fa9t iridesc5ce :]e ! light glances on !m4 ,! vase repres5t$ 9 ,plate #i is a f9e example ( ?is ar*ai/ic s*ool ( ! "t ( ,yung ,*ng4 ,! %ape1 ( noble simplicity1 dates back to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 b ! decoration belongs to ! 8five col\r0 type ( ,wan ,li4 ,! design is compos$ ( a dragon & a my?ical phnix 7fng huang71 emblems ( ! emp]or1 amid fl[]s & foliage ( ! tree-peony on wavy /ems4 ,! bread? ( treatm5t1 ! vigor\s draw+1 ! ma/]ly balance ( ! col\r+1 entitle ?is vase to a place among ! be/ p]=mances ( ! ,*9ese pott]4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,,*',,i5 ,,lung1 ^: reign ( sixty ye>s end$ 9 #agie1 det]iorat+ influ5ces made !mselves felt ) ev]-increas+ insi/5ce1 & ! /ory ( ,*9ese porcela9 f ?is "t =w>d is a record ( /eady decl9e4 ,! se$s ( decay may be consid]$ to h be5 plant$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,european trad+ companies br\ght ,*9a into close & con/ant t\* ) ! ,we/]n _w4 ,! new m>kets ?us op5$ = ,*9ese products inevitably br\ght ab\t ! creation ( a new /yle 9 ,*9ese art to suit ! ta/e ( ,european buy]s4 ,traces ( ,we/]n influ5ce may be disc]n$1 if n 9 ! decoration1 at all ev5ts 9 ! =ms ( ,*9ese porcela9 all ?r\gh ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 ,k'ang ,hsi's reign its effect is fully app>5t4 ,! spl5did rebir? ( art & culture consequ5t ^u ! re/oration ( peace 9 ! empire "u 8 rule avail$ = a "t to *eck ! s9i/] effect ( ^! *anges2 b z ! eighte5? c5tury advanc$1 a new class ( w>es affect+ %apes unkn[n to ,ori5tal cu/oms & design$ to meet ,we/]n requirem5ts1 0 produc$ 9 ev]-increas+ quantities1 & did n fail to influ5ce ! :ole output ( ! ,*9ese kilns4 ,! comm]cial _s ?us eng5d]$1 ha/5$ ! decl9e already orig9at$ by too close att5tion to ! te*nical side ( c]amic craftsman%ip4 ,! result is se5 9 ! %apeless extravagances1 wond]ful 9 te*nique1 b devoid ( grace & beauty1 produc$ 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ,*'i5 ,lung1 & 9 ! dre>y 8,india *9a0 made = export ?r\gh ! v>i\s ,india companies ( ,europe4 ,!re 0 a mom5t>y gleam ( revival 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury "u ,ta\ ,kuang1 :5 cr$itable copies 7 made ( "s ( ! ,yung ,*ng designs1 b su* imitative ef=ts d n avail to ar\se ! int]e/ ( ^? to :om ! art ( a c\ntry ceases to appeal1 :5 x reflects ! g5ius ( a p no long] 9 ! full vig\r ( manhood4 ,,ii ,,japanese ,,porcela9 ,! subject ( ,japanese porcela9 c only be briefly discuss$ "h1 on ! "o h& 9 its relation to ! ,*9ese porcela9 ( :i* x may be consid]$ an (f%oot1 & on ! o!r1 f ! po9t ( view ( its influ5ce on ,european factories4 ,?\gh ! orig9 ( ! art 9 ,japan is obscure1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,japanese le>n$ ! mak+ ( porcela9 f _! neighb\rs across ! sea4 ,tradition ass]ts t "o ,gorodayiu ,g ,%onsui visit$ ! ,*9ese factories 9 #aeaj ) ?is purpose1 & on 8 return e/abli%$ a kiln ( %ort-liv$ duration = ! manufacture 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ c5tury t sure gr\nd is rea*$2 ab\t t "t ! necess>y mat]ials 7 discov]$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz51 9 ! extreme s\?-we/ ( ! isl& empire1 by a ,corean pott] nam$ ,risanpei1 & porcela9 kilns 7 set up by him at ,,arita1 :i* rema9s to ! pres5t day "o ( ! *ief ,japanese c5tres ( ! indu/ry4 ,at fir/ only blue & :ite w>es 7 made1 b ab\t #afde ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 enamel col\rs ov] ! glaze 0 le>n$ f a ,*9aman by a pott] ( ! ,arita factory nam$ ,kakiyemon1 & ! /yle ( decoration associat$ ) him 0 inaugurat$4 ,?is /yle 0 ma9ta9$ by m ?an "o g5]ation ( ! ,kakiyemon family1 & *>act]ises a quantity ( ! porcela9 export$ to ,europe ?r\gh ! ,dut* m]*ants e/abli%$ at ,de%ima1 9 ! outskirts ( ,nagasaki4 ,z w be se5 lat]1 x provid$ patt]ns = imitation 9 _m ( ! e>li] ,european porcela9 works2 mo/ ( ! pieces s imitat$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! prototype ( ! ,*elsea j> figur+ 9 ,plate #bc1 be> designs ( a =mal "*1 %[+ t !y probably d n belong to ! e>lie/ "w ( ! ,kakiyemon s*ool4 ,a typical example ( ?is lat] mann] is a l>ge j> at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 pa9t$ ) a gr\p ( figures & trees repeat$ 9 ?ree panels1 res]v$ on a close patt]n ( peony-fl[]s & foliage2 a di% 9 ! ,brighton ,museum1 be>+ on ! back ! "n 8,kaki0 9 seal *>act]s1 %[s =mal designs pa9t$ ) extraord9>y neatness ) a full palette ( enamel col\rs1 betok5+ a /ill lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! /yle4 ,*>m+ z ^! m famili> designs are by reason ( _! clean draw+ & ! purity ( _! col\rs1 !y mu/ be reg>d$ z some:at =eign to ! ,japanese g5ius1 be+ ! outcome ( ! ef=t to please ! ta/e ( ,we/]n buy]s4 ,! purely ,japanese mann] :i* may be attribut$ to ! fir/ ,kakiyemon is illu/rat$ by "s small plates at ,k5s+ton f ! ,b[es ,collection2 ! design is limit$ to slight floral sprays or a few deta*$ blossoms 9 ?ree col\rs only1 r$1 gre51 & light blue1 s z to all[ ! qualities ( ! s(t :ite glaze to be fully appreciat$4 ,,plate #ac ,toilette-pot & ,cov]1 ,*antilly1 ab\t #agce1 pa9t$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,japanese ,kakiyemon w>e4 ,silv]-gilt m\nt ( ! p]iod4 ,height1 #g 94 ,giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,fitzh5ry4 ,no4 ,c #dbd-aiji4 ,see p4 #ec4 ,m>k3 a hunt+-horn 9 r$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! baneful influ5ce ( contact ) ! ,we/1 already notic$ 9 deal+ ) ,*9ese porcela91 did n fail to make itself felt 9 ! "w ( ! ,arita pott]s4 ,f ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury may be dat$ ! appe>ance ( ! w>e g5]ally consid]$ 9 ,europe z peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,japanese c]amics1 b 9 reality ( a type entirely ali5 f native ideas4 ,?\gh made at ,arita1 x is usually call$ by ! "n ( ! neighb\r+ port ( ,im>i1 f :i* x 0 export$4 ,! /yle is embodi$ 9 j>s & di%es g5]ally ( l>ge dim5sions1 decorat$ 9 und]glaze blue ( muddy tone1 ) dull r$1 gre51 purple & yell[ enamels & gild+ add$ at a subsequ5t fir+ ov] ! glaze4 ,_! effect is occasionally pleas+ & h&some1 b 9 g5]al ^! objects h a dull & lifeless air t places !m among ! lea/ int]e/+ ( all ,ori5tal w>es4 ,?is /yle 0 sometimes copi$ bo? at ,meiss5 & at ,*elsea dur+ _! e>li] /ages1 & sugge/$ "s ( ! designs ( ! ,worce/] factory1 b x 0 n till ! fir/ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t x 0 ext5sively imitat$1 :5 ! 8,japan patt]ns0 ( ,d]by & ! ,/af=d%ire works enjoy$ a great popul>ity2 x may fairly be said t 9 ! r$uc$ scale necessitat$ by _! application to table w>es1 & 9 ! liveli] col\r+ obta9able 9 ! ,engli% s(t porcela91 ^! patt]ns ga9 an attractiv5ess want+ 9 _! ,ori5tal =]unn]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r kilns 7 f\nd$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,arita "u ! protection ( feudal lords1 by ^: patronage !y 7 secur$ f ! debas+ effects ( =eign trade4 ,porcela9 began to be made ab\t #affj at ! kilns ( ,,okawaji1 f\nd$ at an e>li] date = mak+ e>!nw>e by a *ief ( ! ,nabe%ima family4 ,"h ! me?ods ( pa9t+ employ$ 7 ^? ( ! lat] ,arita pott]s1 b ! col\rs are pur] & ! decoration1 design$ to please native ta/es1 is at once less florid & m spontane\s 9 "*4 ,f9e porcela9 0 made 9 ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury at ,,mikawaji1 also 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz51 "u ! munific5t patronage ( ! feudal "l ( ,hirato4 ,! w>es are ( two pr9cipal types4 ,! fir/ is pa9t$ 9 blue ( a quiet grey tone ) designs ( exquisite delicacy1 inspir$ by ! ,*9ese 8blue & :ite0 ( ! "t ( ,hsan ,t2 & x %\ld be not$ t ?is mild] quality ( blue 0 delib]ately aim$ at by ! pott]s ( ! be/ ,japanese s*ools1 9 pref]5ce to ! deep sapphire blue atta9$ by ! ,*9ese at _! highe/ p]iod ( developm5t4 ,! second class ( ,mikawaji w>e is se5 9 ! skilfully modell$ figures ( div9ities1 *ildr51 or my?ical creatures su* z ! ,corean lion2 !y are usually enliv5$ ) col\r$ glazes ( ?ree h>moni\s tones1 blue1 russet-br[n1 & black4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two o!r ,japanese factories rema9 to be notic$ 9 _! relation to ,*9ese c]amics1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,kaga & ,ki%iu respectively4 ,! kilns at ,,kutani 9 ,kaga 7 e/abli%$ 9 #affd & made two di/9ct classes ( w>e4 ,"o ( ^! is call$ 8,ao ,kutani10 or gre5 ,kutani1 f ! pr$om9ance ( gre5 9 ! col\r+1 & is *>act]is$ by ! use ( transp>5t gre51 yell[1 manganese-violet1 & blue enamels ( great int5sity1 wa%$ ov] /rong floral or l&scape designs drawn 9 heavy black outl9e4 ,?is type is p]fectly exemplifi$ by a f9e di% 9 ! s]ies at ,s\? ,k5s+ton br\ght toge!r by ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahgf4 ,:ile x appe>s to be rem9isc5t 9 its me?ods ( ! 8?ree col\r0 class ( ! ,*9ese1 its arti/ic "* is free f extrane\s elem5ts & entirely ,japanese 9 g5ius4 ,! o!r type1 kn[n p> excell5ce z 8,ko ,kutani10 or old ,kutani w>e1 includes a brilliant r$ among its col\rs1 & is ! ance/or ( ! r$ & gold ,kaga porcela9 ( rec5t times4 ,,plate #ae ,ew] & ,bas91 ,svres1 dat$ #agfc1 pa9t$ ) gr\ps ( *ildr5 9 ! mann] ( ,b\*] on a jaune jonquille gr\nd4 ,m>k ( ! decorator ,catrice4 ,ew]1 height1 #f-e_/h 942 bas91 l5g?1 #aj 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #gec-ahhb4 ,see p4 #ef4 ,m>k3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! porcela9 made 9 ! ,ni%ihama p>k1 ne> ,wakayama 9 ! prov9ce ( ,,ki%iu1 dates only f ! e>li] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b is ( int]e/ z a revival ( ! e>ly ,m+ w>e ) designs 9 col\r$ glazes sep>at$ by outl9es m\ld$ 9 slight relief2 ! enamels ( ! ,ki%iu kilns produce a wond]ful ri*ness ( effect1 notably :]e turquoise blue is us$ 9 comb9ation ) deep violet4 ,,iii ,,italian ,,porcela9 ,,plate #af cuelle1 ) ,cov] & ,/&1 ,svres1 dat$ #agfh1 ) pa/oral subjects aft] ,b\*]1 by ,*abry1 on a turquoise-blue gr\nd4 cuelle1 height1 #d 942 /&1 diamet]1 #d 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #geh-ahhb4 ,see p4 #eg4 ,m>k3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,europe has a hi/ory ( v rec5t orig9 :5 comp>$ ) ! long /ory ( its inv5tion & developm5t 9 ! l& ( its bir?1 b :at x lacks 9 antiquity is aton$ = by ! int]e/ & div]sity ( ! vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* x has pass$4 ,we c nev] "k at :at p]iod & by ^: ag5cy ! my/]i\s sub/ance 0 fir/ br\ght into ,we/]n l&s4 ,f ! e>lie/ records t c rightly be suppos$ to ref] to x1 we ga!r t ! r>e vessels ( porcela9 :i* f\nd _! way f ,*9a 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s wond] z ! "w ( sup]human h&s1 to be treasur$ z jeal\sly z gold or preci\s /ones4 ,h[ to rival ?is w>e ( pure :ite surface & transluc5t sub/ance may well h be5 ! problem t _m a pott] ( ^? days attempt$ to solve1 b x mu/ h be5 ! despair ( ! rudely-tra9$ craftsm5 ^: h&s %ap$ ! r\gh /one-w>es ( ! ,rh9el&1 or ! lead-glaz$ slip-w>es1 ) _! artless scrat*$ or m\ld$ designs1 ( m$ival ,france & ,italy4 ,! road to success 0 fir/ op5$ by ! pott]s ( ! la/-nam$ c\ntry4 ,! ,italian t9-enamell$ maiolica1 :i* atta9$ its full developm5t at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 m>ks ! fir/ pron\nc$ /ep 9 ! advance4 ,x d]iv$ its inspiration 9 ! fir/ in/ance n imm$iately f ,*9ese porcela91 b indirectly ?r\gh ! pa9t$ e>!nw>e ( ! ,ne> ,ea/ & ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 :i* 0 itself evolv$ 9 emulation ( ! ,*9ese w>es4 ,by ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! latt] mu/ h be5 q famili> to ! ,italian maiolica pott]s1 :o us$ ! t]m 8alla porcellana0 to d5ote a c]ta9 type ( design 9 :i* !y s\ght to imitate ! contempor>y ,ori5tal 8blue & :ite40 ,! m]e outw>d simulation t c\ld be a*iev$ by coat+ grey e>!nw>e ) pure :ite enamel did n satisfy ! ke5 spirits ( an age :5 e m9d 0 pregnant ) new ideas1 & no task seem$ too gigantic = ! arti/'s h&4 ,to produce a body :i*1 9 sub/ance & surface z well1 %\ld equal ! object ( imitation1 mu/ h be5 ! aim ( _m a pione] 9 ! art ( ^: ef=ts all record has be5 lo/4 ,if contempor>y docum5ts are to be tru/$1 x w\ld appe> t some?+ 9 ! nature ( porcela9 0 made 9 ,italy z e>ly z ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 x is n surpris+ to le>n t ! sc5e ( ! fir/ successful exp]im5ts 0 ,v5ice1 a city by t "t fam\s all ov] ,europe = its glass1 a sub/ance = ! manufacture ( :i* its seabo>d situation gave x exceptional advantages4 ,?\gh ! lit]>y evid5ces = ! fabrication are too cle> to be reasonably d\bt$1 no piece ( ?is e>ly ,v5etian porcela9 is kn[n to exi/ at ! pres5t day4 ,we rea* sure gr\nd t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 :5 we come to ! porcela9 inv5t$ at ,,flor5ce ab\t #aege by ,francesco de' ,m$ici1 ! second ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,?is1 ! e>lie/ ,european porcela9 ( :i* specim5s /ill survive1 is an imp]fect artificial porcela9 l>gely comp\nd$ ( glass4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 a lett] dat$ #aegf by ! ,v5etian ambassador at ! ,tuscan ,c\rt4 ,! only dat$ specim5 kn[n is a flask ) ! arms ( ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 & ! date #aeha1 n[ 9 ! museum at ,svres4 ,! ,gr& ,duke probably ceas$ aft] a %ort "t to take int]e/ 9 ! factory1 & x became a private ent]prise2 ( its subsequ5t =tunes some?+ w be said on a lat] page4 ,,plate #ad ,j>d9ire1 ,svres1 dat$ #agfa1 pa9t$ ) cupids on a rose ,pompad\r gr\nd4 ,m>k ( ! decorator ,dubois4 ,height1 #g 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #ghg-ahhb4 ,see p4 #ef4 ,m>k3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,:ile z reg>ds mat]ial ! object ( emulation 0 ,*9ese porcela91 ! =ms affect$ by ! ,m$ici porcela9 %[ little indication ( extrane\s influ5ce4 ,by _! v>iety & by ! gracefulness ( _m !y be> witness to ! ta/e & inv5tiv5ess ( ! ducal patron1 :o int]e/$ himself p]sonally 9 ! processes ( fabrication & 0 d\btless 9 arti/ic matt]s ! guid+ _s ( ! works4 ,! decoration1 pa9t$ 9 cobalt-blue usually ( r dull tone1 ei!r alone or outl9$ ) pale manganese-violet1 is ( two di/9ct /yles4 ,"o ( ^! is made up ( grotesques ( ! k9d famili> 9 ! lat] maiolica ( ! ,urb9o s*ool4 ,! o!r /yle is m>k$ by ,ori5tal motives1 d]iv$ 9 "s cases f ,*9ese1 b m (t5 f ,ne> ,ea/]n s\rces4 ,! designs are nev] m]e copies1 b r int]pretations ( _! prototypes2 (t5 inde$ !y betray only slight traces ( ! inspiration to :i* !y are due4 ,! la/-nam$ class ( design is well exemplifi$ by ! bottle 9 ,plate #aj1 "o ( ! f\r pieces ( ,m$ici porcela9 belong+ to ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! subtle %apel9ess ( ! modell+ & ! ably-di/ribut$ pa9t$ ornam5t1 9 :i* a slight sugge/ion ( ! contempor>y ,*9ese 8blue & :ite0 ( ,wan ,li is p]ceptible1 betok5 ! "w ( an arti/ ^: conceptions 7 sup]ior to ! mat]ial at 8 disposal = _! embodim5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! scanty docum5ts t rema91 x w\ld appe> t ! v5ture ( ,francesco de' ,m$ici 0 ab&on$ = a "t1 & t 8 successor ,f]d9& ,i4 summon$ to ,flor5ce "o ,niccol ,si/i = ! purpose ( re-e/abli%+ !re ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,! kilns 7 lat] remov$ to ,,pisa1 & a docum5t exi/s to prove t 9 #afbj ,si/i receiv$ monet>y aid = 8 "w f ! !n-reign+ ,gr& ,duke1 ,cosmo ,,ii4 ,9 ! light ( ^! records1 meagre z !y are1 ! greate/ int]e/ atta*es to ! little b[l figur+ 9 ,plate #aa1 "o ( ! mo/ preci\s docum5t>y pieces ( porcela9 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collections2 x 0 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,griffi? & lat] belong$ to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,willett ( ,brighton1 on ^: dea? x 0 acquir$ = ! ,museum4 ,?is b[l is ( rem>kably ?9 mat]ial1 light to h&le1 & %[s a some:at yell[ tone 9 ! pa/e by transmitt$ light4 ,! design pa9t$ r\nd ! outside consi/s ( f\r alt]nate sprays ( hyac9? & lily1 sep>at$ by fl[]s resembl+ scabi\s or cornfl[] bran*+ f a curv$ s]rat$ leaf2 ^! motives are obvi\sly borr[$ f ! ,turki% e>!nw>e ( ! p]iod4 ,9 a m$allion inside ! b[l is a view ( a city ) a dom$ build+2 on ! bottom are ! initials 8,g4 ,g4 ,p4 ,f40 & ! date #afch4 ,! only o!r piece hi!rto id5tifi$ z belong+ to ! same k9d is ano!r b[l1 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,montague ,yeats ,br[n4 ,l its companion1 x is light 9 weight & ?9 9 ! walls4 ,x is decorat$ r\nd ! sides ext]nally & int]nally ) a frieze ( birds p]*$ ^u rocks2 inside is a m$allion ) a gr\p ( ru9s among trees1 curi\sly anticipat+ ! fanciful compositions se5 on ,worce/] & ,b[ *9a ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! pa9t+ !re appe> 9 addition to cobalt-blue two col\rs ( common occurr5ce 9 ! maiolica ( ! ,urb9o s*ool1 a /rong br[ni%-orange & a gre5i%-blue d]iv$ f copp]1 ! latt] mu* blurr$ 9 ! fir+4 ,?is b[l also be>s a signature & date1 8,i4 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 #afbg01 & x is ( extreme int]e/ to obs]ve t bo? b[ls are m>k$ ) ! same devices1 a cross pot5t & a curi\s aggregation ( /rokes1 ( :i* ! significance is difficult to det]m9e2 evid5tly ^! signs are ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! factory4 ,! mean+ ( ! initials is also unc]ta91 b 9 view ( ! kn[n exi/5ce ( ! ,si/i factory at ,pisa a few ye>s be=e ! date on ! e>li] b[l1 x may be conjectur$ t ! la/ lett]s 8,p4 ,f401 occurr+ 9 bo? signatures alike1 /& = 8,pisanus fecit0 or 8,pisano fece02 if t be s1 ! prec$+ 8,g0 may indicate ! family "n ( ! pott]s :o took ov] f ,si/i ! secret ( porcela9 mak+1 :ile ! 8,i0 & ! fir/ 8,g0 respectively ref] to ! baptismal names ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! family4 ,be ?is z x may1 ^! two b[ls1 unique 9 ! nature ( _! pa/e & decoration & by reason ( ! dates !y be>1 are ( ! utmo/ int]e/ z isolat$ l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european porcela91 /&+ midway betwe5 ! production ( ,francesco de' ,m$ici & ! e>lie/ ,fr5* a*ievem5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,tuscan exp]im5ts above record$ 7 made at an unpropiti\s "t1 & 7 consequ5tly de/9$ to h no la/+ effect 9 ! developm5t ( ,european c]amics4 ,italy 0 !n fa/ relaps+ into ! /ate ( torpor :i* foll[$ z a reaction f h] re/less activities 9 ! age ( ! r5aissance1 & ! "t _h n yet arriv$ :5 ! influx ( ,*9ese porcela91 result+ f ! ext5sion ( trade relations ) ! ,ea/1 0 to spur on ! pott]s & *emi/s ( ,europe1 aid$ by royal patronage1 to success 9 _! ef=ts to produce a simil> k9d ( w>e4 ,porcela9 is n he>d ( aga9 9 ,italy till ab\t #agbj1 :5 ,francesco ,vezzi1 a ,v5etian goldsmi?1 9 co-op]ation ) a des]t] f ! ,saxon royal factory1 succe$$ = a %ort "t 9 produc+ h>d porcela9 ( a type simil> to t ( ,meiss54 ,at a lat] date ano!r ,saxon workman nam$ ,hewelcke set up a %ort-liv$ factory 9 ,,v5ice1 b no porcela9 ( importance 0 produc$ !re till ! e/abli%m5t ( ! works ( ,gem9iano ,cozzi 9 #agfe4 ,! *ief ,italian factory 0 t at ,,doccia ne> ,flor5ce1 f\nd$ by ! ,m>*ese ,c>lo ,g9ori 9 #agce & /ill kept up by 8 desc5dants4 ,8 aim 0 to compete ) ! porcela9 import$ f ,saxony1 & he succe$$ 9 8 ef=ts )\t ! pr9cely support by :i* alone 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries ! manufacture 0 sav$ f failure4 ,he obta9$ ! assi/ance ( an exp]t f ! factory at ,vi5na1 ,c>l ,w5del9 ,anreit]1 ( ^: pa9t$ "w on porcela9 r>e specim5s are occasionally met )4 ,! e>lie/ ,doccia productions %[$ di/9ct signs ( ,meiss5 influ5ce1 z may be se5 f a s\p-b[l 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ?is has a basket-"w rim ( ! ,meiss5 type1 & is decorat$ ) g5re sc5es f ,italian peasant life 9 m$allions1 surr\nd$ by t5drils 9 r$ & gold & small panels ( lilac col\r4 ,o!r pieces ( ! same s]vice be> ! m>k ( a ,doccia pa9t]1 ,pietro ,fanciullacci4 ,at a lat] /age ! ,g9ori works became fam\s = _! l>ge reproductions 9 :ite porcela9 ( antique /atues 9 ! ,flor5t9e palaces1 su* z ! ,cr\*+ ,v5us & ! ,apollo ,belv$]e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! celebrat$ royal factory at ,,capodimonte1 ne> ,naples1 is said to owe its orig9 to a pres5t ( ,meiss5 porcela9 made to ,*>les ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 9 #agcf1 :5 he m>ri$ ! ,saxon pr9cess ,m>ia ,amelia4 ,its e>lie/ productions 7 9 :ite porcela9 m\ld$ ) %ells1 coral1 & o!r m>9e decorations1 b its fame is m specially f\nd$ on ! s]vices ) my?ological subjects m9utely pick$ out 9 enamel col\rs4 ,z at ,doccia1 ! inborn g5ius ( ! ,italians = modell+ 0 exhibit$ 9 figures & elaborate /atuettes1 9 :i* drap]y & fle% are usually t9t$ aft] nature4 ,a *>act]i/ic example is a l>ge allegorical composition at ,k5s+ton1 support$ on f\r figures copi$ f ! cr\*+ ,turki% slaves 78,i quattro ,mori07 by ,pietro ,tacca1 :i* surr\nd ! monum5t ( ,f]d9& ,i4 ( ,tuscany 9 ! h>b\r at ,leghorn2 modell+ & col\r+ alike display ! t5d5cy to exagg]ation & s5sationalism *>act]i/ic ( ,italian art 9 ! p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,:5 ,*>les ,,iii4 succe$$ 9 #agei to ! ?rone ( ,spa91 he remov$ ) him to ! palace ( ,,bu5 ,,retiro1 ne> ,madrid1 ! :ole e/abli%m5t ( 8 ,neapolitan factory2 ! ,madrid porcela9 is ( a simil> k9d to t made be=e ! transf] ( ! works4 ,! lat] factory c>ri$ on at ,,naples "u ,f]d9& ,,iv4 %[s ! influ5ce ( ! excavations at ,h]culaneum 9 ! sev]e classical /yle by :i* x is m>k$4 ,pa9t$ views ( ! di/rict ( ,naples & ( ! local antiquities are a fav\rite feature4 ,at ! same "t ! works ga9$ "s r5[n by ! clev]ly modell$ /atuettes 9 biscuit *9a ( greyi% tone made "u ! direction ( ,filippo ,tagliol9i4 ,,iv ,,fr5* ,,porcela9 ,,plate #ai ,vase1 ,svres1 giv5 9 #aghj by ,gu/avus ,,iii4 ( ,sw$5 to ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia4 ,decorat$ by ,mor91 ,fonta9e1 & ,le ,guay on a bleu de roi gr\nd4 ,height1 #ai 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #gha-ahhb4 ,see p4 #ei4 ,m>k3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ,flor5t9e exp]im5ts & ! ,pisa b[ls rema9 z solit>y relics 9 ! /ory ( ,european porcela9 until ! ye> #afgc1 :5 ! sc5e is %ift$ to ,france4 ,at ?is date a privilege 0 grant$ = mak+ porcela9 to ,edme ,pot]at1 ( ,/4 ,sev]1 a suburb ( ,r\51 9 ! "n ( 8 son ,l\is4 ,s9ce #afdd he _h be5 work+ z a faenci] z lessee ( ! ,sieur ,poirel de ,gr&val1 huissi] de cab9et to ,anne ( ,au/ria2 ! ,sieur ,poirel _h be5 grant$ an exclusive lic5ce = mak+ faence 9 ! prov9ce ( ,norm&y4 ,! manufacture ( porcela9 at ,r\5 0 n cont9u$ = long aft] ! dea? ( ,pot]at 9 #afid1 9 consequ5ce ( a dispute betwe5 8 sons1 :i* result$ 9 _! privilege be+ )drawn4 ,! nature ( ?is e>lie/ ,fr5* porcela9 is e/abli%$ by a few pieces1 :i* !re are suffici5t gr\nds = suppos+ to be au!ntic4 ,"o ( ^! is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 a tall cup f9ely fa%ion$ 9 a pa/e ( blui% tone & c>efully pa9t$ 9 a /rong und]glaze blue2 ! design consi/s ( small vases ( fl[]s amid =mal lambrequ9 ornam5t bel[ a ca/ellat$ bord]4 ,a po9t ( special int]e/ 9 connection ) ! e>lie/ ,fr5* exp]im5ts is t1 :ile ! ef=ts ( _! au?ors 7 consci\sly direct$ at ! emulation ( ,ori5tal porcela91 ! /yle ( decoration adopt$ by !m 0 ?or\ghly ,fr5*1 %[+ h>dly any trace ( ,*9ese influ5ce4 ,! surviv+ ,r\5 specim5s are closely simil> 9 _! ornam5t to ! faence produc$ by ! factory 9 :i* !y 7 made4 ,! same is true ( ! porcela9 manufactur$1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,europe on a comm]cial scale1 at ,,/4 ,,cl\d1 ne> ,p>is4 ,?is factory 0 />t$ by a ,r\5 pott] nam$ ,pi]re ,*icaneau = ! mak+ ( e>!nw>e4 ,z ! result ( exp]im5ts made %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ,*icaneau c\ld boa/ ( produc+ objects 9 porcela9 8presqu'aussi p>fait que les porcela9es de la ,*9e et des ,indes40 ,8 wid[ & family cont9u$ ! "w he _h begun1 & 9 #agjb 7 grant$ lett]s pat5t by ,l\is ,,xiv42 ! factory 0 subsequ5tly c>ri$ on by ,h5ri ,tr\1 second husb& ( ,*icaneau's wid[4 ,! j> reproduc$ 9 ,plate #ab illu/rates admirably ! /yle 9 vogue at ! ,/4 ,cl\d works4 ,=mal devices adapt$ f ,r\5 faence & inspir$ by ! designs ( ,bra91 are symmetrically dispos$ z bord]s1 leav+ a l>ge "p ( ! surface free1 s z to display to full advantage ! s(t tone ( ! glaze4 ,! s5se ( fitness & proportion nev] abs5t f ! be/ ,fr5* "w ass]ts itself z mu* 9 ! pa9t$ ornam5t z 9 ! ri* ormolu m\nt ) :i* ! j> is embelli%$4 ,! legs ( console outl9e & ! ray$ masks betwe5 !m are typical =ms ( ! art ( ,l\is ,,xiv4's reign2 in/9ct z !y are ) sob] dignity1 !y are sav$ f /iffness ( effect by ! contra/ ( ! b& ( runn+ foliage engrav$ on ! coll> r\nd ! top ( ! j>4 ,pa9t+ 9 blue "u ! glaze 0 ! pr$om9ant mann] ( decoration at ,/4 ,cl\d4 ,9 o!r cases ! porcela9 is left :ite1 & only m\ld$ ornam5ts are us$2 ^! are ei!r copi$ directly f ! ,*9ese ,fu*i5 porcela91--"h at la/ ,ori5tal motives appe>1--or !y exhibit a hybrid m+l+ ( classical & ,*9ese =ms4 ,! latt] type is se5 9 a f9e s\p-ture5 9 ! ,fitzh5ry gift at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 x is m\ld$ ) pseudo-,ori5tal cranes & foliage 9 relief above a gadroon$ bord]1 & has grotesque mask h&les & a knob 9 ! =m ( a cabbage4 ,! ture5 is ( special int]e/ because to ! relief decoration has be5 add$ enamel col\r+ 9 primrose-yell[1 gre51 & pale r$2 an exam9ation ( ! piece discloses on ! bottom1 n only ! incis$ m>k ( ,h5ri ,tr\1 b also a fleur-de-lys 9 ov]glaze blue1 %[+ t ! col\r+ 0 add$ at ! ,spani% royal factory ( ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,ano!r ture5 9 ! same collection has poly*rome pa9t+ execut$ at ,/4 ,cl\d1 a typical example ( a r>e class2 9 a /rong orange-yell[1 gre51 purple1 r$ & blue are depict$ ,ori5tal figures & a motive ( a bird s++ among trees by a wattl$ h$ge1 borr[$ f ! ,japanese ,kakiyemon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! life ( ! ,/4 ,cl\d works 0 a long "o1--x la/$ till #agff1 hav+ surviv$ a disa/r\s fire 9 #agcg1--;& its output mu/ h be5 consid]able2 yet x _h little direct influ5ce on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( c]amics4 ,x is inde$ int]e/+ to note "h ! exi/5ce at ,k5s+ton ( a seau 9 ,/af=d%ire salt-glaz$ /onew>e ) relief ornam5t copi$ f a ,/4 ,cl\d model2 b ?is is an isolat$ case1 & imitations ( ,/4 ,cl\d are n common ev5 among ! productions ( ,fr5* factories4 ,a diff]5t tale c be told ( ! next 9 importance ( ! e>ly ,fr5* *9a works4 ,! factory f\nd$ 9 #agbe by ,l\is-,h5ri de ,b\rbon1 pr9ce de ,cond1 on 8 doma9 at ,,*antilly1 0 de/9$ to hold a position ( m ?an transi5t significance4 ,n only 7 /yles ( decoration devis$ !re :i* became popul> beyond ! ,*annel z well z 9 ,france itself2 ,*antilly has a great] claim to recognition 9 t x 0 two ,*antilly workm5 :o initiat$ ! greate/ ( all ,european ent]prises ( ?is k9d1 ! royal & national manufactory at ,svres4 ,be=e ent]+ into details ( ?is passage 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 "s acc\nt mu/ be giv5 ( ! productions ( ! p>5t factory4 ,! pr9ce de ,cond *ose = 8 director "o ,ciquaire ,cir\1 :o appe>s to h be5 a faence-mak]1 & obta9$ royal recognition by a grant ( lett]s pat5t 9 #agce4 ,! di/+ui%+ elem5t 9 ! e>li] ,*antilly porcela9 is ! use z a surface-coat+ ( ! same t9-enamel :i* is ! g5]ic feature ( faence4 ,= "s t5 ye>s ! ,*antilly pott]s conf9$ _! arti/ic ef=ts z f> z pa9t+ 0 conc]n$ to adaptations or (t5 close imitations ( ,ori5tal porcela9 ( ! prec$+ decades1 ( :i* ! pr9cely patron _h a ri* collection4 ,! ,*9ese famille v]te suppli$ ! motives 9 a few in/ances1 b ! w>es :i* sugge/$ to ,cir\ & 8 pa9t]s _! da9tie/ designs 7 ! "w ( ,kakiyemon4 ,few ?+s h be5 made to display m effectively ! delicate fre%ness :i* is ! cr[n+ virtue ( pa9t$ porcela94 ,! w>m tone ( ! /annif]\s glaze yields a s(t] gr\nd = ! fl[]-l hues ( ! enamel col\rs ?an ! cold] :ite ( ! ,japanese prototypes1 :ile ! esprit ( ! ,fr5* int]pret] adds to ! *>m+ ,ea/]n !mes j t homel9ess ( t\* :i* ende>s !m to ,we/]n behold]s4 ,no bett] illu/ration c\ld be furni%$ ?an by ! little silv]-m\nt$ pot de toilette f ,mr4 ,fitzh5ry's gift to ! nation1 figur$ 9 ,plate #ac4 ,little ,japanese boys at play1 h\ses p]*$ among fir-trees on rocky crags1 t9y birds & butt]flies are scatt]$ ) an unimpea*able s5se ( fitness ov] ! creamy :ite surface2 all1 d[n to ! m>k on ! bottom1 a c\r de *asse 9 r$ enamel1 is drawn ) ! greate/ neatness4 ,a gr\nd col\r ( pure primrose-yell[ is sometimes se5 9 pieces ( ?is e>ly p]iod1 borr[$ d\btless f ,meiss51 & =e%ad[+ ! sumptu\s col\r$ gr\nds ( ,v9c5nes & ,svres4 ,?is is well exemplifi$ by a l>ge j>d9ire ) rococo ormolu m\nt+1 also 9 ! ,fitzh5ry gift4 ,at a lat] date less di/9ctive mann]s 7 adopt$1 b\quets ( fl[]s ( ! ,meiss5 type1 cupids 9 ! /yle ( ,b\*]1 & rococo-panell$ designs4 ,! manufacture 0 comm]cialis$ & ! quality ( ! w>es rapidly det]iorat$1 b /ill a good ^w may be said = ! blue fe/oon$ bord]s :i* are a common feature 9 ,*antilly s]vices1 & are an admirable patt]n ( :at designs 9 table w>e %\ld be4 ,an in/ance is ! s]vice made = ,l\is ,philippe1 duc d',orlans1 = use at 8 *teau ( ,vill]s-,cott]ets2 a plate f ?is set is 9 ! ,k5s+ton collection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two o!r m9or factories ( s(t-pa/e *9a call = a pass+ notice1 ^? ( ,,m5necy & ,sceaux1 bo? ne> ,p>is4 ,! =m] appe>s to h be5 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is itself1 & 9 #agdh transf]r$ to a site at ,m5necy on ! e/ate ( ! duc de ,vill]oy1 :o support$ x ) 8 patronage4 ,9 #aggc1 on ! expiration ( _! lease1 ! directors ( ! works remov$ _! plant to ,b\rg-la-,re9e1 :]e !y came "u ! protection ( ! comte d',eu4 ,! factory 0 9 ! ma9 conf9$ to ! production ( small articles = ! b\doir1 to :i* _! simple decoration ( b\quets or brightly-plumag$ birds is well en\gh suit$4 ,objects = purely ornam5tal purposes are seldom met )4 ,9 ,mr4 ,fitzh5ry's gift !re is a pair ( vases on high p$e/als ( ! =m kn[n f its antique prototype z ! 8vase ,mdicis10 f9ely pa9t$ ) birds 9 l&scapes4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! poly*rome fl[]-pa9t+ ( ,m5necy (t5 be>s a close resemblance to t ( e>ly ,*elsea4 ,figures 7 turn$ out 9 consid]able quantities4 ,! e>li] ones are g5]ally left :ite1 & %[ n only a s5se ( ! grotesque b also mu* arti/ic feel+ 9 _! bread? ( modell+4 ,! lat] figures ) poly*rome pa9t+1 some:at *ildi% conceptions1 x is true1 are yet n )\t a c]ta9 grace & da9t9ess2 an important set ( gr\ps ( *ildr5 ) musical in/rum5ts 9 ! ,fitzh5ry ,collection belongs to ?is class4 ,! works at ,,sceaux1 dat+ back app>5tly to #agdi1 are notewor?y = ! skilfulness ( _! fl[]-pa9t+s2 ! t9ts are brilliant yet h>moni\s1 :ile ! draw+ is execut$ ) rem>kable c>e & sur5ess ( t\*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! royal manufactory ( ,s,,v]es1 de/9$ to enjoy a fame great] ?an t ( any o!r 9 ,europe1 _h its orig9 9 a comb9ation ( circum/ances f :i* at fir/ no great results might h be5 expect$4 ,orry de ,fulvy1 int5dant des f9ances to ,l\is ,,xv41 _h long be5 int]e/$ 9 exp]im5ts = mak+ porcela91 :5 at ,v9c5nes 9 #agch he came across two workm5 f ,*antilly1 ! bro!rs ,dubois1 to :om ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,!y _h be5 all[$ secretly to set up a kiln 9 ! prec9cts ( ! *teau4 ,de ,fulvy gave !m 8 support1 & _! op]ations 7 cont9u$ at 8 exp5se4 ,! ,dubois 7 subsequ5tly dismiss$ z incompet5t1 & ! v5ture 0 9 dang] ( ab&onm5t2 b aft] _m vicissitudes ,de ,fulvy's p]sev]ance 0 cr[n$ ) success1 & 9 #agde he 0 able to =m a company = ! manufacture "u royal privilege4 ,= elev5 ye>s ! works 7 c>ri$ on at ,v9c5nes1 b 9 #agef !y 7 transf]r$ to new premises at ,svres1 on ! o!r side ( ,p>is1 at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! royal palace ( ,v]sailles2 ?ree ye>s previ\sly ! company _h be5 reorganis$ "u an exclusive privilege1 ! k+ himself hold+ a qu>t] ( ! %>es1 :ile ! royal int]e/ 9 ! und]tak+ 0 signalis$ by ! /ipulation t its productions %\ld be m>k$ ) ! royal ciph] ( two int]lac$ 8,l0s4 ,f ! outset ! w>es 7 giv5 a high arti/ic quality4 ,duplessis1 goldsmi? to ! k+1 0 *>g$ 9 #agdg ) ! control ( ! modell]s2 he kept ! work%ops "u close p]sonal sup]vision1 & to 8 guid+ influ5ce is attributable ! orig9ality & unfail+ ta/e ( ! %apes adopt$4 ,hellot1 director ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 0 9 *>ge ( ! *emical composition ( ! mat]ials1 :ile ,ba*eli] 0 at ! head ( ! pa9t]s & gild]s4 ,draw+s ( figure-subjects 7 suppli$ by ,franois ,b\*] = ! pa9t$ decoration1 z well z = translation into ! r\nd by ! modell]s2 an in/ance ( ! latt] process is ! f9e biscuit gr\p ( ,l$a modell$ f ,b\*]'s design by ,f]nex1 a pa9t$ v]sion ( ! same subject be+ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,/ockholm4 ,! r>e pieces surviv+ f ! e>lie/ /age ( ! factory's exi/5ce %[ cle>ly ! aim :i* ,de ,fulvy set himself ( compet+ ) ! ,saxon porcela92 ! l&scapes or riv]-sc5es pa9t$ on !m1 ) m9iature gr\ps ( figures & build+s1 are evid5tly inspir$ by ! ,meiss5 subjects ( ! p]iod4 ,! same is true ( ! col\r$ gr\nds ) m$allions 9 res]ve :i* made _! appe>ance %ortly aft]w>ds1 b ! col\rs us$ = ! purpose 7 entirely new4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 ! deep blue 78gros bleu07 f :i* 0 subsequ5tly develop$ ! fam\s 8bleu de roi40 ,! rese>*es ( ,hellot bore fruit lat] 9 ! discov]y ( ! rose ,pompad\r p9k & turquoise-blue4 ,a feature ( ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! factory be=e its removal f ,v9c5nes 7 ! artificial fl[]s modell$ 9 porcela91 :i* am\nt$ 9 value to ov] ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total output4 ,none ( ! pieces 9 our illu/rations are ( ! primitive p]iod4 ,!y repres5t sev]al ( ! ,svres gr\nd col\rs4 ,plate #ad %[s a j>d9ire ) op5work socket pa9t$ ) cupids & fl[]s 9 panels res]v$ on a rose ,pompad\r gr\nd4 ,x is m>k$ ) ! royal ciph] enclos+ ! date-lett] ,i1 = #agfa1 & ) a bran* ( foliage1 ! m>k ( ! pa9t] ,jean ,r5 ,dubois4 ,,plate #bj ,vase1 ) ,cov]1 ,meiss51 ,m>col9i p]iod1 ab\t #aghj4 ,height1 #aa-g_/h 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #hcg-ahhb4 ,see p4 #fh4 ,m>k ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ew] & bas9 9 ,plate #ae are dat$ #agfc & h ! m>k ( ! decorator ,catrice4 ,on a gr\nd ( yell[ 7jaune jonquille7 are rococo-bord]$ panels ) *>m+ m9iatures ( *ildr5 pa9t$1 ) ! exception ( ! fle% t9ts1 en camaeu 9 blue4 ,?is mann] ( pa9t+ 9 a mono*rome ( blue or crimson is a survival f an e>li] p]iod1 9 :i* x is (t5 f\nd z ! sole decoration on a pla9 :ite gr\nd2 ! simple cont\rs ( ! %apes also po9t back to an e>ly /yle4 ,! cuelle or s\p-b[l ) cov] & /&1 %[n 9 ,plate #af1 select$ l ! la/ two pieces f ! ,jones ,collection1 is an example ( ! mo/ sumptu\s /yle ( ,svres appli$ to ! decoration ( porcela9 = useful purposes4 ,x be>s ! date-lett] 8,p0 = #agfh4 ,! panels ) pa/oral sc5es 9 col\rs by ,*abry fils foll[ closely ! mann] ( ,b\*]1 if he did n actually supply ! designs = !m2 ) ! ri* gilt scrollwork bord]s & ! turquoise gr\nd !y bl5d 9 an ensemble ( spl5did b h>moni\s effect1 admirably 9 keep+ ) ! gracefully-modell$ %apes4 ,ano!r specim5 ( ,svres table w>e ( a simpl] class is ! jug reproduc$ 9 ,plate #ag1 ) lid atta*$ by a silv] h+e4 ,on ! bottom are ! date-lett] = #aggj & ! m>k ( ! fl[]-pa9t] ,b\illat fils4 ,! subject ( ! next draw+1 a vase 9 ! ,jones ,collection1 ) classical bu/s 9 m$allions rais$ above an apple-gre5 gr\nd1 br+s u to ! ye> #aggb1 ) :i* by ! dea? ( ! director ,boileau ! mo/ prosp]\s epo* ( ! factory's c>e] came to a close4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! previ\s illu/rations1 a di/9ct *ange ( /yle is noticeable2 n a trace ( ! rococo ( ,l\is ,,xv4 is to be se51 :ile ! laurel-wrea? r\nd ! foot & ! classical ornam5t surr\nd+ ! cameo-l m$allion betok5 ! adoption ( ! sev]] & simpl] /yle associat$ ) ! foll[+ reign4 ,! transition to antique =ms & ornam5t came ab\t 9 ,svres *9a m gradually ?an 9 o!r bran*es ( ,fr5* appli$ art1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! fact t 9 _m cases ! arti/s & workm5 9 ! factory 7 succe$$ by _! sons1 :o kept up ! traditions !y _h le>n$ f _! p>5ts4 ,! *ange 9 ! director%ip & ! succession ( ! new k+ two ye>s lat] f9ally det]m9$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! old /yle4 ,,plate #be ,teapot1 ,*elsea1 f a s]vice pa9t$ ) pseudo-,*9ese figures 9 ! /yle ( ,watteau1 on a cl>et-col\r$ gr\nd4 ,height1 #e-c_/h 94 ,beque/ ( ,miss ,emily ,h4 ,?omson1 ( ,dov]4 ,no4 #eag-aijb4 ,see p4 #hb4 ,m>k3 an an*or 9 gold4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! vase repres5t$ 9 ,plate #ai is typical ( ! new t5d5cies4 ,x embodies to p]fection ! graceful ,fr5* int]pretation ( classical art associat$ ) ! "n ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! vase is notewor?y n only z a spl5did expon5t ( ! p[]s ( ! royal manufacture1 b also on acc\nt ( its hi/orical associations4 ,x 0 made 9 #aghj1 & 0 giv5 by ,gu/avus ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,sw$51 z a pres5t to ! empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia2 ! gift 0 ! outcome ( an unexpect$ turn ( ev5ts1 result+ f ! w> betwe5 ,engl& & h] ,am]ican colonies4 ,! /ate ( ho/ilities at sea 0 a grave m5ace to ! comm]ce ( ! nor!rn c\ntries1 & an alliance 0 =m$ on #a/ ,augu/ #aghj1 betwe5 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,russia1 p[]s at t "t usually at v>iance1 to ensure ! safety ( _! m]*ant fleets4 ,gu/avus ,,iii41 :o himself play$ ! rle ( ,augu/us 9 ,sw$i% hi/ory1 _h a great admiration = ! g5ius ( ! ,russian empress4 ,he 0 at ! "t abs5t f 8 k+dom on a long t\r 9 ! ,s\?1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he _h d\btless _h opportunities ( =m+ a p]sonal judgm5t ( ! m]its ( ! ,fr5* royal porcela94 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t he %\ld h ?\ght ( a set ( ,svres *9a z a suitable pres5t to m>k ! occasion ( ! treaty2 he invok$ to assi/ him 9 8 *oice a fri5d ( e>li] days1 ! writ] ,m>montel1 to :om he communicat$ 8 desires ?r\gh 8 ambassador at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 ! b>on de ,/al4 ,! circum/ances ( ! pur*ase are fully relat$ 9 ! lett] dat$ #bi? ,augu/ #aghj1 by :i* ,m>montel in=m$ ! director ( ! factory1 ,regni]1 ( ! selection he _h made at ! works4 ,( five pieces *os5 to make up a g>niture de *em9e1 "o is ! vase be=e u1 & x is wor? :ile to cite ! words 9 :i* x is describ$3 8,un gr& vase bleu de roi et or1 avec un c>t\*e reprs5tant une m>9e m>*&e4 ,dans ce petit tableau deux hommes sont occups lire dans un livre pos sur un tonneau4 ,je suis conv5u avec le pe9tre que sur le livre il crivoit ces mots que je vais trac] figurativem5t3 ,neutra- ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 lite arme ,gu/ave ,,iii4 ,il faut que ces c>actres soi5t en mail et l'on m'a promis que cette petite besogne s]oit faite auj\rd'hui40 ,! rema9+ f\r pieces ( ! set 7 a pair ( figures repres5t+ ,pygmalion & ,prome!us1 & two small cornucopia vases4 ,in/ructions 7 giv5 = ! figures to be inscrib$ ) v]ses ( ,m>montel's own composition1 highly flatt]+ to ! imp]ial recipi5t ( ! pres5t4 ,! lett] concludes ) a reque/ t ! goods might be despat*$ )\t delay to ! ,sw$i% k+1 :o 0 await+ !m at ,spa4 ,! price paid = ! vase 0 #gbj livres1 & = ! complete set #ahif livres4 ,! subsequ5t /ory ( ! vase is n fully kn[n1 b x may be surmis$ t x left ,russia on ! occasion ( a great fire at ! palace ( ,cz>sko ,selo1 :5 x is record$ t _m pieces n[ scatt]$ 9 v>i\s museums 7 /ol5 f ! celebrat$ turquoise-blue s]vice ( ,svres *9a ord]$ by ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 9 #aghh4 ,! vase 0 b\ght by ,mr4 ,jones 9 #ahhj at ! sale ( ! ,san ,donato ,palace at ,flor5ce1 & is n[ h\s$ ) ! re/ ( 8 beque/ to ! nation4 ,x rema9s only to m5tion t ! m>9e subject 9 ! /yle ( ,joseph ,v]net is ! "w ( ,mor91 ! b\quet ( fl[]s 9 ! rev]se m$allion is by ,fonta9e1 :ile ! gild+ 0 done by ,le ,guay1 ^: signature ) ! royal ciph] is pa9t$ "u ! base4 ,a brief allusion has already be5 made to ! sculpture 9 biscuit *9a1 :i* 0 among ! mo/ rem>kable "w done at ,svres dur+ ! "t ( its prosp]ity4 ,! enamell$ figures 9 ! ,meiss5 /yle1 made 9 ! e>lie/ /ages at ,v9c5nes1 7 soon sup]s$$ 9 popul>ity by ^? 9 biscuit1 a mu* bett] vehicle = reproduc+ delicate modell+4 ,! high arti/ic m]it atta9$ by !m 0 due to ! guid+ g5ius ( ! sculptor ,falconet1 :o 0 9 *>ge ( ! modell]s f #ageg = ne>ly t5 ye>s2 he himself provid$ ! models = ne>ly all ! figures made dur+ t p]iod1 ! traditions set by him be+ ma9ta9$ by 8 successors4 ,8 nice s5se ( ! capabilities ( 8 mat]ial is manife/ alike 9 graceful g5re & pa/oral subjects & 9 works ( m elevat$ conception1 su* z ! ,pygmalion gr\p already m5tion$4 ,,plate #bg ,vase1 ) ,cov]1 ,worce/]1 ab\t #agfj1 ) design adapt$ f ! ,japanese4 ,height1 #aa 94 ,s*reib] ,collection4 ,no4 #dhj4 ,see p4 #he4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bh ,vase1 ) ,cov]1 ,bri/ol1 #aggj-agha1 pa9t$ ) exotic birds 9 ! ,svres mann]4 ,height1 #ae 94 ,s*reib] ,collection4 ,no4 #gdj4 ,see p4 #hg4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,aft] ! dea? ( ,ba*eli] ! factory 0 hamp]$ by mismanagem5t & f9ancial difficulties2 ! consequ5t det]ioration 9 its productions 0 precipitat$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* m>ks ! close ( its mo/ glori\s epo*4 ,! arti/ic level rea*$ 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xv4 0 nev] aga9 atta9$ until rec5t times2 ! success ( ! factory 0 ! outcome ( ! peculi> excell5ce ( ! ,svres s(t-pa/e = ! display ( gild+ & pa9t+ 9 enamel col\rs1 & ! ab&onm5t ( ?is class ( body 0 inevitably foll[$ by an arti/ic decl9e4 ,at q an e>ly /age ( ! factory's c>e] exp]im5ts 7 made ) a view to discov]+ 9 ,france ! mat]ials = true h>d porcela9 l t ( ,*9a & ,g]many4 ,! success ( ^? rese>*es 9 #agfe 0 ! prelude to ! complete adoption ( ! new mat]ial1 :5 ! works 7 rescu$ by ,napoleon f ! /ate ( adv]sity into :i* !y _h sunk 9 ! revolution>y p]iod4 ,= "s ye>s be=e ! fall ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 bo? s(t & h>d-pa/e 7 made concurr5tly2 an e>ly example ( ! latt] is a cup & sauc] 9 ! ,jones ,collection1 pa9t$ ) ! %ield ( ,france support$ by an eagle & a dolph91 made to commemorate ! bir? ( ! ill-fat$ ,dauph9 9 #agha4 ,"u ! ,empire & ! re/or$ mon>*y ev]y?+ 0 done t c\ld be effect$ by ri* gild+ & highly-f9i%$ pa9t+ to br+ back ! magnific5ce ( =m] ye>s1 & ! new mat]ial made possible dim5sions nev] attempt$ be=e2 witness is borne by ! huge vase 9 ! ,svres ,museum repres5t+ ! arrival 9 ,p>is ( ! arti/ic spoils ( ,napoleon's ,italian conque/s1 & ano!r ) a frieze depict+ ! a?letic sports ( anci5t ,greece4 ,france suff]$ p]haps less ?an o!r c\ntries f ! g5]al debasem5t ( art 9 t age1 b ! r$eem+ *>m ( ! eighte5? c5tury /yles 0 gone1 & ) x ! glory ( ! ,svres factory2 its arti/ic recov]y ) ! return ( ,fr5* prosp]ity "u ! ,?ird ,republic belongs to rec5t hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ,fr5* porcela91 some?+ mu/ be said ( ! clu/] ( ,,p>isian ,,factories = mak+ h>d-pa/e *9a1 :i* arose 9 _m cases "u ,c\rt patronage aft] ! introduction ( ! new mat]ial at ,svres4 ,! exclusive privileges ( ! royal factory1 design$ to repress all attempts at competition )9 ! bord]s ( ,france1 _h be5 "o by "o ab&on$1 hav+ become gradually ( no effect4 ,9 #aghg complete lib]ty 0 accord$ to all ,fr5* manufactur]s to pursue all ! me?ods employ$ at ,svres1 includ+ ! jeal\sly-protect$ use ( gild+4 ,z a rule only useful w>es 7 made 9 ! small] factories1 b ^! 7 (t5 ( consid]able m]it4 ,! use ( gold z ! only decoration on a :ite gr\nd became increas+ly popul>1 & mu* *>m+ w>e is ornam5t$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,a typical in/ance may be cit$ 9 ! _s-kettle made at ! ,clignanc\rt works1 compris$ 9 ! s]ies ( ,p>isian h>d-pa/e 9 ! ,fitzh5ry gift4 ,! affectation by ^! small factories ( classical =ms is exemplifi$ 9 ! same collection by a ew] ) oblong bas9 decorat$ 9 gold & blue1 made 9 ! duc d',ang\lme's kilns 9 ! rue ,bondy1 :i* are also fam\s = ! pretty cornfl[]-sprig patt]n aft]w>ds popul> 9 ,engli% *9a4 ,,plate #bf ,vase1 ,*elsea-,d]by1 #aggj-aghd1 ) h&les 9 ! =m ( female t]m9al figures 9 biscuit porcela92 on ! front a m$allion ) ! subject ( ,celadon & ,amelia4 ,height1 #ae 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #hbe-ahhb4 ,see p4 #hd4 ,m>k3 an an*or 9 gold4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,v ,,g]man ,,porcela9 ,:ile ! ef=ts to imitate ,*9ese porcela9 fir/ l$ to la/+ results by ! inv5tion ( s(t-pa/e porcela9 9 ,france1 ! cr$it belongs to ,g]many ( discov]+ & introduc+ into ,europe ! art ( mak+ true h>d-pa/e porcela9 ( ! ,*9ese type4 ,! discov]y 0 ! outcome ( rese>*es n orig9ally direct$ to ?is end4 ,! romantic /ory ( ,johann ,fri$ri* ,bttg]1 ! *emi/ to :om x 0 due1 is well kn[n3 h[ he claim$ to possess ! secret ( mak+ gold1 h[ he fl$ f ,b]l9 across ! ,saxon bord] to avoid ! covet\s att5tions ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 h[ he 0 promptly visit$ ) ! fate he wi%$ to escape1 at ! h&s ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 ,elector ( ,saxony & ,k+ ( ,pol&1 & h[ he sp5t a great "p ( a %ort life 9 fruitless ef=ts to make gold by al*emi/ic means = repl5i%+ ! ,elector's c(f]s4 ,x 0 only :5 ! ne$s ( ,augu/us _h become ! m press+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exhau/+ w> ) ,sw$5 ?r\gh :i* he lo/ ! ,poli% ,cr[n1 t 8 optimi/ic cr$ulity 0 9 dang] ( be+ ov]tax$4 ,bttg] =esaw t ! ,elector c\ld no long] be dup$1 & ! happy idea 0 sugge/$ to him1 probably by ! *emi/ ,von ,ts*irnhaus51 ( draw+ a bl9d ov] 8 failure by ano!r plan = enri*+ 8 royal ma/]4 ,! latt] 0 =emo/ among ! sov]eigns ( ,europe z an amateur ( ! porcela9 at t "t be+ import$ by ,dut* m]*ants f ! ,f> ,ea/2 he 0 !re=e likely to view ) fav\r ,bttg]'s new s*eme1 :i* 0 no o!r ?an ! re/oration ( ,saxony's prosp]ity by ! e/abli%m5t 9 ! c\ntry ( c]amic indu/ries1 & p>ticul>ly ( porcela9 factories on ! ,*9ese l9es4 ,all ,bttg]'s ef=ts 7 n[ turn$ 9 ?is direction4 ,9 #agjh a 8,/e9bck]ei0 0 />t$ at ,dresd5 = ! manufacture ( tiles1 & %ortly aft] ,bttg]'s celebrat$ r$ /onew>e 0 inv5t$4 ,9 #agaj he obta9$ a royal pat5t = ! f\ndation ( a porcela9 factory2 ! site *os5 = x 0 ! =tress ( ,albre*tsburg1 ne> ,,meiss51 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> ! fir/ samples 7 submitt$ to ! ,elector1 two small cups ) enamel decoration1 /ill 9 ! royal collection at ,dresd54 ,s began ! manufacture ( h>d-pa/e *9a 9 ,europe4 ,! porcela9 made at ,meiss5 be=e ,bttg]'s dea? d]iv$ its %ape 9 "p f contempor>y metalwork ( ! b>oque /yle1 & p>tly f ! ,elector's ,*9ese collection2 /atuettes 7 also modell$1 aft] ! c>icatures ( ! ,fr5* et*] ,callot4 ,v>i$ me?ods ( decoration 7 attempt$4 ,lace-l bord]s inspir$ by ,fr5* designs 7 execut$ 9 enamel col\rs1 or 9 gold1 silv]1 or lu/re2 we also f9d m9iature hunt+-sc5es1 su* z are se5 on ,bohemian & ,silesian dr9k+-glasses ( ! p]iod1 appli$ 9 gold leaf ?ickly laid on 9 slight relief4 ,,plate #c ,b[l1 ,*9ese1 be>+ ! m>k ( ! ,emp]or ,*ia ,*+ 7#aebb-aeff7 ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,height1 #b-g_/h 94 ,no4 #afaf-ahgf4 ,see p4 #ab4 ,m>k3 ,illu/ration ,plate1 ,*9ese1 jo9t$ 9 col\rs ( ! famille rose1 ) a bird p]*$ on ! bran* ( a plum-tree4 ,p]iod ( ,yung ,*ng 7#agbc-agce74 ,diamet]1 #h-a_/h 94 ,cope ,beque/4 ,no4 #fjj-aijc4 ,see p4 #be4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,aft] ,bttg]'s dea? 9 #agai ! pa9t] ,h]old became ! lead+ _s ( ! factory1 & pa9t+ began to play ! *ief rle 9 ! decoration ( ! w>es4 ,! e>li] ,fr5* bord]s gave place = a "t to fai?ful copies ( ,ori5tal patt]ns select$ f ! royal collection1 ^? ( ! ,japanese ,kakiyemon be+ specially 9 fav\r4 ,by #agcj a di/9ctive ,meiss5 /yle _h aris51 *>act]is$ by simple b>oque =ms & a decoration ( panels enclos$ ) bord]s ( delicate symmetrical scrollwork 9 gold & col\rs1 (t5 res]v$ on a mono*rome gr\nd2 ! panels are fill$ ei!r ) gr\ps ( pseudo-,*9ese figures1 or ) l&scape subjects depict+ wide op5 c\ntry ) broad riv]s1 rem9isc5t ( ! l[l& sc5]y to ! nor? ( ,dresd54 ,! appo9tm5t ( ! sculptor ,johann ,joa*im ,kndl]1 9 #agca1 to be sup]9t5d5t ( ! modell]s1 l$ to a revolution 9 ! "* ( ! w>es4 ,if pa9t$ figure-subjects 7 introduc$1 ! fav\rite !mes 7 gallant p>ties ( ladies & g5tlem5 9 ! mann] ( ,watteau1 b relief ornam5t & n pa9t+ n[ became ! lead+ feature2 ! /yle adopt$ 9 ! modell+ 0 a modifi$ =m ( ! ,fr5* rococo1 & impress$ itself on ! productions ( mo/ ( ! ,g]man factories :i* sprang up 9 rivalry ) ,meiss54 ,! v _s ( ! ,g]man rococo is embodi$ 9 ! c\ntless figures & gr\ps1 de/9$ among o!r purposes to =m "p ( table-s]vices z decorative 8,tafelaufstze10 :i* 7 modell$ dur+ ?is p]iod by ,kndl] & 8 associates2 z we %all see lat]1 !y 7 ext5sively copi$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,engli% *9a works4 ,! developm5t ( sculpture 9 porcela9 inaugurat$ at ,meiss5 is a bran* ( ! art 9 :i* ,europe atta9$ a pr(ici5cy absolutely unkn[n 9 ,*9a2 ! ,g]man factories 9 p>ticul> excell$ 9 _! skill 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,! /ate ( w>f>e 9 :i* ,g]many 0 plung$ ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury 0 a s]i\s *eck to ! progress ( ! works4 ,:5 peace 0 re/or$ 9 #agfc1 a new _s began to manife/ itself1 contemporane\sly ) ! addition to ! /aff ( ! ,fr5* modell] ,aci]4 ,! *ange 0 complet$ "u ! director%ip ( ,c\nt ,camillo ,m>col9i1 :i* la/$ f #aggd to #ahad4 ,j z 9 music1 an art 9 :i* ,g]many enjoy$ at t "t an unque/ion$ supremacy1 ! sprightly melodies ( ,haydn gave place to ! grav] h>monies ( ,bee?ov51 s 9 porcela9 too ! alt]$ mood ( ! age 0 reflect$4 ,florid rococo =ms 7 ab&on$ & replac$ by ! sev]] cont\rs & simpl] decoration ( ! classic /yle ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! philosophic s5tim5talism ( ! day 0 n int]e/$ 9 ! pretty b aimless frivolities ( ! ,watteau s*ool1 & subjects ( an entirely diff]5t ord] 7 *os5 to fill panels & m$allions4 ,a s]vice at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is pa9t$ ) a s]ies ( c>eful m9iatures 9 illu/ration ( ,goe!'s ,sorr[s ( ,w]!r1 a "w 9 :i* ! _s ( ! age is *>act]i/ically express$4 ,o!r fav\rite !mes 7 ,angelica ,kauffmann's r5d]+s ( ! m s5tim5tal /ories ( classical my?ology4 ,! ,meiss5 vase *os5 = illu/ration 9 ,plate #bj1 "o ( a set ( ?ree 9 ! ,jones ,beque/1 dates f ! e>li] ye>s ( ,c\nt ,m>col9i's managem5t4 ,! slight decoration ( da9ty & pleas+ effect all[s ! f9e qualities ( ! pa/e to be fully appreciat$4 ,! v>i\s ornam5tal features embody 9 *>act]i/ic mann] ! ideas ( ! age4 ,! symmetrical amphora =m1 ! squ>e ar*itectural pl9?1 ! wrea?s ( oak on ! cov] & foot1 po9t to ! new int]e/ awak5$ 9 anci5t1 m p>ticul>ly ,roman1 art by ! publication ( ! antiquities ( ,h]culaneum2 ! g>l&s & fe/oons ( =get-me-nots recall ! s5tim5t ( an age t amus$ itself ) ! /udy ( ! 8language ( fl[]s40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,meiss5 factory _h n long be5 work+ be=e its success sugge/$ ! introduction ( ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 o!r ,g]man /ates1 & 9 less ?an fifty ye>s f ! date ( ! royal pat5t ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 a porcela9 factory 0 consid]$ a necess>y adjunct to ! ,c\rt ( ev5 ! m9or ,g]man rul]s4 ,! influ5ce ( ,meiss5 is ev]y:]e app>5t1 b individuality %[n 9 v>i\s directions by a few ( ! rivals entitles !m to special m5tion4 ,! s5iority among/ ^! belongs to ,,vi5na1 :]e a factory 0 set up z e>ly z #agah by a ,dut*man ) ! help ( workm5 :o _h escap$ f ,meiss52 9 #agdd x became an imp]ial in/itution4 ,! /yle ( ! w>es foll[$ closely on t ( ! p>5t works1 until f9ancial emb>rassm5ts l$ to a complete reorganisation "u ,b>on von ,sorg5?al 9 #aghd4 ,! *ange 0 h]ald$ by ! adoption ( sev]ely angul> %apes1 & ( romantic or my?ological subjects pictorially r5d]$1 )9 elaborate bord]s compos$ ( classical motives c>ri$ out 9 ri* highly-burni%$ gild+ on panels ( gorge\s col\r+2 ! true qualities ( porcela9 7 =gott5 9 ! ef=t to arrive at ! highe/ pit* ( sumptu\s ri*ness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! factory ( ,h,,*/1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,elector ( ,ma9z1 fam\s = its figures ( *ildr5 modell$ by ,johann ,pet] ,mel*ior1 0 also f\nd$ ) ! help ( a ,meiss5 arti/4 ,aga91 x 0 8 m>riage ) a ,saxon pr9cess t awak5$ 9 ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 ,max ,josef ,,iii41 ! desire to possess 8 own porcela9 kilns4 ,^! 7 erect$ at fir/ at ,neudeck1 ne> ,muni*1 & 7 remov$ 9 #ageh to ,,nymph5burg4 ,?anks to an ,italian sculptor1 ,franz ,ba/elli1 ! ,bav>ian factory takes =emo/ rank 9 ,g]many = its /atuettes2 :e!r *>act]s f ! ,italian com$y1 or danc+ cavali]s & ladies1 !y display 9 _! crisp1 n]v\s l9es1 a spontaneity temp]$ by ma/]ly re/ra9t :i* is be/ appreciat$ :5 ! :ite porcela9 is left to speak = itself1 unobscur$ by ! application ( enamel col\r+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,duke ( ,wrttemb]g's factory at ! ,resid5z/adt ( ,,ludwigsburg1 ne> ,/uttg>t1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ageh1 a propiti\s mom5t = />t+ a new ent]prise ( ! k9d1 z ,meiss5 & o!r factories 9 nor!rn ,g]many 7 suff]+ f ! effects ( a long-protract$ w>4 ,"u ! director%ip ( ,r+l]1 :o _h previ\sly ga9$ exp]i5ce at ,vi5na & ,neudeck1 ! works spe$ily rea*$ a high pit* ( effici5cy4 ,9 figures !y 7 /amp$ at an e>li] date ?an o!r ,g]man works ) ! new ideas ( classicism1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! sculptor :o 0 appo9t$ 9 #agei to sup]9t5d ! modell+1 ,wilhelm ,bey] ( ,go?a4 ,z ! result ( prolong$ resid5ce 9 ,rome & ,naples he 0 deeply imbu$ ) ! _s ( antique sculpture4 ,he und]/ood well h[ to temp] ! cold s]5ity ( ! antique s z to suit ! ta/e ( an emotional age2 at ! same "t he knew h[ to modify classical =ms 9 compliance ) ! exig5cies ( 8 mat]ial1 nor did he1 l lat] porcela9-modell]s ( ! classical s*ool1 r5\nce ! *>ms ( glaze & col\r4 ,! classical feel+ makes itself felt z mu* 9 8 pa/oral gr\ps z 9 8 r5d]+s ( my?ological subjects4 ,,plate #d ,ew]1 ,*9ese1 p]iod ( ,wan ,li 7#aegc-afai71 ) contempor>y brass m\nt ( ,augsburg workman%ip4 ,height1 #ab 94 ,no4 #agd-ahgi4 ,see p4 #ac4 ,m>k3 ,fu 78,happ9ess07 9 seal "*4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,:il/ ,bey] 0 ! pione] ( ! classical 9 porcela9 figures1 ! ,ludwigsburg factory 0 sl[ to ab&on ! rococo /yle 9 its table w>es4 ,! exceptionally graceful =ms :i* !y assume are typifi$ by ! c(fee-pot 9 ,mr4 ,fitzh5ry's collection1 repres5t$ 9 ,plate #ba4 ,! gilt scrollwork "u ! lip %[s ! rococo at its be/4 ,! m>k on ! bottom is ! ciph] ( ,duke ,c>l ,eug51 a d\ble 8,c0 "u a ducal cr[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,excell5t "w 0 done 9 _! be/ p]iods by sev]al o!r ,g]man factories4 ,,b]l9 "u ! patronage ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 successful 9 comb9+ gracefulness ( =m ) ri* pa9t$ & gilt decoration1 z = in/ance 9 ! beautiful rococo s]vice ) op5work bord]s made = ! ,neue ,palais at ,potsdam4 ,! works ( ! ,elector ,palat9e at ,,frank5?al rivall$ ,meiss5 9 ! ri* div]sity ( its figure-modell+1 :ile at ,,ansba* ! factory e/abli%$ by ! ,m>grave ,*ri/ian 9 #ageh excell$ 9 l&scape "w 9 ! mann] ( ,claude1 pa9t$ en camaeu 9 crimson )9 elaborate gilt bord]s ( fea!ry rococo scrollwork4 ,! royal ,dani% factory at ,,cop5hag5 may be m5tion$ z ano!r in/ance 9 :i* ! help ( ,meiss5 workm5 0 secur$ = sett+ ! ent]prise on foot4 ,! manufacture is repres5t$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton among o!r pieces by an important vase ) a portrait ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 aft]w>ds ,fr$]ick ,,vi4 ( ,d5m>k4 ,,plate #ba ,c(fee-pot1 ,ludwigsburg1 ab\t #agfj4 ,height1 #h 94 ,collection ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,fitzh5ry4 ,no4 #aiij4 ,see p4 #ga4 ,m>k3 ! ciph] ( ,c>l ,eug5 ( ,wrttemb]g "u a ducal cr[n4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,vi ,,engli% ,,porcela9 ,,plate #ag ,jug1 ) h+$ ,cov]1 ,svres1 dat$ #aggj1 ) ! m>k ( ! fl[]-pa9t] ,b\illat fils4 ,height1 #e 94 ,no4 #bjai-ahee4 ,see p4 #eg4 ,m>k3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! obscurity :i* en%r\ds ! hi/ory ( ! e>lie/ ,engli% porcela9 works may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ^! factories 7 private v5tures1 />t$ = comm]cial purposes2 !y 7 n1 z at ! outset 7 _m ( _! ,cont95tal rivals1 exp]im5tal und]tak+s conduct$ "u ! protection1 or subsidis$ out ( ! funds1 ( a royal or pr9cely patron4 ,x is true t ! ,*elsea works receiv$ "s measure ( support f ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 & 8 son1 ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 b x 0 probably to private ent]prise t !y ow$ _! beg9n+ & cont9uance alike4 ,:ile ! e>lie/ kn[n piece ( ,engli% *9a1 be>+ ! date #agde1 belongs to ,*elsea1 ! o!r great ,london factory1 ,b[1 has ! hon\r ( ! e>lie/ docum5t>y record ( ! manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is priority1 by "o ye> only1 bas$ on a pat5t appli$ = 9 #agdd1 entitles ! ,b[ works to be notic$ fir/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,except 9 ! direction ( figures1 ! productions ( ,b[ 7 ( an unambiti\s "*4 8,useful0 w>es %[+ _m v>i$ types ( decoration 7 made dur+ ! ?irty odd ye>s ( ! factory's exi/5ce4 ,! e>li] ( ^! 7 int]pretations1 n z a rule slavi% copies1 ( ! ,*9ese famille rose & ( ! works ( ! ,japanese pott]1 ,kakiyemon2 _! col\rs are (t5 h>moni\s1 & _! gild+ ( peculi> ri*ness4 ,su* praise _c be be/[$ on ! lat] productions1 :i* h too (t5 a g>i% & clumsy air2 ! *>m ( simplicity is sacrific$ 9 ! ef=t to be spl5did1 & ! results are crude & unga9ly4 ,x is int]e/+ to note "s pieces ) l&scapes s closely resembl+ ! type :i* is commonly f\nd on ! ,g]man porcela9 made at ,fulda z to po9t to ! sugge/ion t !y mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f t s\rce4 ,"s ( ! figures made at ,b[ %[ consid]able _s & bread? ( modell+1 :i* is be/ appreciat$ :5 ! *9a has be5 left :ite1 )\t ! addition ( col\r$ enamels4 ,! /atuettes ( ! actors ,woodw>d & ,kitty ,clive 9 "*1 ,k+ ,le>1 & "s dignifi$ figures ( nuns1 are almo/ z effective z ! :ite figures ( ,nymph5burg1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,^! :ite pieces date mo/ly f ! e>li] /ages ( ! works4 ,at a lat] "t ! clev] modell+ is usually obscur$ by enamell+ ( unpleas+ tones4 ,a great numb] ( ! lat] figures are copi$ directly f ! ,meiss5 models ( ,kndl]4 ,in/ances 9 ! ,s*reib] ,collection at ,k5s+ton are a spirit$ pair ( pranc+ horses held 9 respectively by a ,turk & a negro1 ,augu/us ! ,/rong ( ,saxony kiss+ 8 h& to a lady1 & a pair ( ture5s 9 ! =m ( p>tridges on _! ne/s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ pret5ti\s figures ev] made at ,b[ 7 ! pair ( ,g5]al ,wolfe & ! ,m>quis ( ,granby1 ( :i* !re is an example 9 ! same collection4 ,^! 7 modell$ by ,tebo1 :o is also m5tion$ z hav+ work$ at ,worce/] & ,bri/ol4 ,! "n has a curi\sly unfamili> =m1 & is probably an ,engli% phonetic spell+ ( ! ,fr5* ,?ibaut4 ,x is by no means improbable t he 0 "o ( ! _m ,fr5* pott]s :o migrat$ to ?is c\ntry 9 se>* ( =tune1 or to escape ! tyrannical pret5sions ( ! ,fr5* royal manufacture4 ,! pair ( figures 0 d\btless made 9 #agfj1 to commemorate ! ev5ts ( ! previ\s ye>1 s glori\s 9 ! annals ( ,briti% w>f>e4 ,9 ! victories ( ,quebec & ,m9d51 ,wolfe _h met 8 dea? & ,"l ,granby _h won 8 fir/ di/9ction by sav+ ! ,briti% cavalry f disgrace4 ,^! two soldi]s 7 ! popul> h]oes ( ! day1 & _! figures 9 porcela9 w\ld be sure to comm& a ready sale4 ,! portrait ( ,wolfe is copi$ f a sket* by ,capta9 ,smi?1 :i* 0 engrav$ by ,ri*>d ,h\/on4 ,granby appe>s to be tak5 f a pr9t by ! same engrav] aft] a pa9t+ by ,reynolds1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agfj2 he is repres5t$ 9 ! uni=m ( ,colonel ( ! ,horse ,gu>ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pass+ on to ,,*elsea we h to deal ) p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( ,engli% *9a works1 "o t takes its place wor?ily beside ! great factories ( ! ,cont95t4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*elsea is 9 "o respect p>allel to t ( ,b[2 its e>li] productions1 ) all _! te*nical imp]fections1 are possess$ ( a *>m t is want+ 9 ! gorge\s & ambiti\s a*ievem5ts ( its lat] ye>s4 ,?is is notably ! case ) ! /atuettes = :i* mo/ ( all ! "n ( ,*elsea is fam\s4 ,nei!r ! figures ( ! cream-col\r$ glassy pa/e m>k$ ) a triangle1 nor ^? 9 ! heavy cold-look+ mat]ial on :i* a rais$ an*or (t5 occurs1 are devoid ( _s & vig\r2 nor are ^! qualities conceal$ by ! excessive use ( gold & enamel col\rs common at a lat] p]iod4 ,:ile !y are n = ! mo/ "p orig9al conceptions1 good judgm5t 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! *oice ( models to be copi$4 ,b>?lemy de ,blmont's ,n\rrice1 = example1 is no less *>m+ 9 :ite ,*elsea porcela9 ?an 9 ! col\r-glaz$ e>!nw>e 9 :i* x fir/ made its appe>ance4 ,aft] ! works pass$ f ! managem5t ( ,*>les ,g\yn into ! h&s ( ,ni*olas ,sprimont1 di/9ct *anges are noticeable alike 9 ! composition ( ! pa/e & 9 ! nature ( ! decoration1 b /ill = "s "t ! col\r+ ( ! figures 0 subdu$ & limit$ 9 range4 ,new models appe>1 copi$ 9 _m cases directly f ! ,meiss5 figures ( ,kndl] & ,aci]2 ! mask$ man danc+ ) a peasant girl1 & ! 8,monkey ,musicians10 may be cit$ z in/ances4 ,*elsea seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 less dep5d5t ?an ,b[ on extrane\s inspiration4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! factory's indep5d5t exi/5ce a great v>iety ( fre% models make _! appe>ance1 com+ f ! h& ( sculptors su* z ,r\biliac4 ,"h at la/ orig9al compositions are m 9 evid5ce2 :]e inspiration has be5 s\ght else:]e x has be5 d]iv$ n f porcela9 prototypes1 b f pa9t$ works by ,fr5* or ,engli% ma/]s1 made accessible by contempor>y engrav+s4 ,,plate #ah ,vase1 ,svres1 dat$ #aggb1 ) classical m$allions on an apple-gre5 gr\nd4 ,height1 #aj-g_/h 94 ,jones ,collection4 ,no4 #hje-ahhb4 ,see p4 #eh4 ,m>k3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ma/]piece ( ,*elsea is ! gr\p ( ! 8,music ,lesson10 ) its two accompany+ pairs ( figures symbolis+ ! ,f\r ,seasons1 made to =m a g>niture = ! *imney-piece2 a complete set is 9 ! ,s*reib] ,collection1 :]e x /&s z a v]itable t\r de =ce 9 porcela94 ,?is set is ! "w ( ,r\biliac1 ^: initial 8,r0 is /amp$ on all ?ree pieces1 ! subject ( ! c5tre-piece be+ borr[$ f ,l',agrable ,leon by ,b\*]4 ,o!r examples ( translation 9 ! r\nd f a pa9t+ or engrav+ are ! danc+ figures tak5 f ,watteau's ,ftes vnti5nes4 ,hi/orical int]e/ atta*es to ! pair ( figures ( ! democratic h]o ,john ,wilkes & 8 *ampion1 ,g5]al ,conway2 !y 7 d\btless modell$ 9 #agfd1 :5 ,conway sprang into popul>ity 9 consequ5ce ( ! degradation ) :i* he 0 puni%$ = hav+ spok5 9 ,p>liam5t on ,wilkes's behalf4 ,! lat] ,*elsea figures ( ?is class are usually s mu* decorat$ t _! attractiv5ess is gone1 b an example has be5 *os5 = illu/ration 9 ,plate #bb1 :i* has suff]$ less ?an o!rs 9 ?is respect1 & is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! /yle4 ,! graceful allure ( ! %eph]dess ) h] basket ( fl[]s & kilt$ skirts w suffice z an excuse = ! pa9t]'s extravagance 9 ! decoration ( h] raim5t4 ,9 its e>li] /ages ! ,*elsea firm dep5d$ = its vases & 8useful0 w>es1 z f> z =m 0 conc]n$1 on ! models (f]$ by ,ori5tal *9a1 & by ! "w ( contempor>y ,london silv]smi?s4 ,9 decoration also1 ,ori5tal1 p>ticul>ly ,japanese1 patt]ns 7 closely foll[$4 ,?is lack ( orig9ality is aton$ = 9 "s measure by ! add$ *>m d]iv$ f ! mell[ surface ( ! s(t ,*elsea glazes1 :ile ! v defects 9 ! pa9t+ due to ! t\* ( a ,we/]n h& give a c]ta9 homel9ess :i* ende>s ! imitations to an ,engli% amateur4 ,a beautiful example ( ?is /yle is ! hexagonal cov]$ vase 9 ! ,s*reib] ,collection depict$ 9 ,plate #bc4 ,bo? %ape & decoration are copi$ ) fidelity f an orig9al ( ! s*ool ( ! great ,japanese1 ,kakiyemon4 ,! p]fect balance ( ! design & ! h>mony ( ! col\r+ are 81 b ! int]pretation & ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is embodi$ belong :olly to ! ,we/]n pott]2 8,we/]n0 mu/ be said advis$ly1 = x mu/ be d\bt$ :e!r ,engli% workm5 _h any b a m9or "p at ,*elsea 9 its e>ly days4 ,:e!r ! 8,japan patt]ns0 7 copi$ directly f ,ori5tal w>es 7! designs 9 a few in/ances are ,*9ese1 ( ! famille v]te71 or :e!r !y 7 obta9$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,meiss5 imitations ( ! ,ori5tal1 x w\ld be difficult to decide2 ! latt] w\ld c]ta9ly be m easily obta9able 9 ,engl&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! vase "h illu/rat$ is an almo/ exact replica ( a pair ( ,japanese vases at ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace1 belong+ to ! collection =m$ probably by ,que5 ,m>y ,,ii4 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india m]*ants2 x is tempt+ to conjecture t ! ,*elsea arti/s may h be5 all[$ access to ! royal ap>tm5ts = ! purpose ( mak+ draw+s = use at ! works4 ,,plate #bb ,figure ( a ,%eph]dess1 ,*elsea1 ab\t #agfe4 ,height1 #ab 94 ,s*reib] ,collection4 ,no4 #bcg4 ,see p4 #gi4 ,m>k3 an an*or 9 gold4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,ori5tal patt]ns 7 gradually sup]s$$ by motives inspir$ by rivalry ) ,saxon porcela9--sprays ( naturali/ic fl[]s ) insects1 l&scapes1 or animal subjects1 su* z ! s]ies 9 illu/ration ( sop's ,fables4 ,a fur!r advance is se5 9 ! use ( gr\nd col\rs betok5+ emulation ( ,svres1 :i* la/$ 9 vogue till ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ,*elsea came to an end4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! col\rs1 an attempt at reproduc+ ! ,fr5* bleu de roi1 is probably t occurr+ on ! vases ) a gr\nd ( unev5 /reaky blue ( r dull tone :i* h (t5 be5 ascrib$1 )\t evid5ce to ju/ify ! attribution1 to ! ,longton ,hall factory 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,lat] a m satisfactory col\r 0 arriv$ at 9 a d5se & spl5did 8maz>9e blue10 :ile 9 ! ef=t to equal ! rose ,pompad\r ( ,svres1 ! cl>et-col\r 0 evolv$ ( :i* ! glory belongs to ! ,*elsea works alone4 ,on su* spl5did gr\nds z ^! 7 res]v$ panels = m9iature pa9t+s tak51 z ! contempor>y sale catalogues in=m u1 f 8,bu%a10 8,burgam10 8,t5i]10 & o!r =eign ma/]s4 ,?is /yle is exemplifi$ by ! sumptu\s vases 9 ! ,jones ,beque/ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,"o pair ) maz>9e gr\nd be>s subjects f ! set ( ! 8,f\r ,seasons0 pa9t$ by ,b\*] = ,madame de ,pompad\r 9 #agee4 ,o!r vases are pa9t$ ) a dome/ic sc5e 9 peasant life1 & ,la ,cueillette de ,c]ises aft] ! same arti/4 ,a pair ( vases ) a cl>et-col\r$ gr\nd h m\nta9 l&scapes ) cattle 9 ! mann] ( ,b]ghem4 ,wond]ful z su* pieces are 9 ! ri*ness ( _! glaze & gild+ & 9 ! c>eful f9i% ( ! pa9t+s1 ! same defects are g5]ally obs]vable z 9 ! lat] ,*elsea figures4 ,9 ! desire to cat] = luxuri\s ta/es1 ri*ness ( ornam5t has be5 c>ri$ to excess1 nor d ! unga9ly =ms ) _! twi/$ rococo h&les comp>e 9 attractiv5ess ) ! mode/ %apes ( e>li] times4 ,! vase figur+ 9 ,plate #bd1 ! middle "o ( a set ( ?ree 9 ! ,s*reib] ,collection1 suff]s less ?an mo/ f ! defects ( ! p]iod1 & well %[s ! ri*ness ( col\r & gild+ t 7 !n atta9$4 ,! slightly unev5 tone ( ! deep blue gr\nd 0 d\btless reg>d$ by ! mak]s z a defect1 :i* !y w\ld gladly h ov]come if !y c\ld2 b x is j ?is quality ( v>iety :i* gives life to ! surface1 & makes ^! ,*elsea glazes comp>e fav\rably ) ! almo/ too p]fect gr\nd col\rs ( ,svres4 ,! late ,*elsea /yle is mo/ pleas+ 9 ! w>es made = less pret5ti\s purposes4 ,no bett] illu/ration c\ld be f\nd ?an ! tea- & c(fee-s]vice ) cl>et-col\r$ gr\nd bequea!d to ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum by ,miss ,emily ,?omson ( ,dov]4 ,! teapot is figur$ 9 ,plate #be4 ,e piece 9 ! s]vice is diff]5tly pa9t$ ) a figure 9 ! qua9t dress :i* pass$ at ! "t = ,ori5tal4 ,^! *>m+ m9iatures are evid5tly inspir$ by ! *9ois]ies ( ,watteau1 :i* reflect$ ! gr[+ trade ) ! ,ea/ "u ! auspices ( ! ,compagnie des ,indes2 a previ\s writ]#b has plausibly sugge/$ t ?is may be ! actual 8equipage mo/ inimitably enamell$ 9 figures f ! designs ( ,watteau0 :i* 0 (f]$ = sale at ! la/ auction ( ,sprimont's *9a held 9 ,*ri/ie's ,sale-room 9 ,febru>y #aggj4 ,! sumptu\s decoration ( su* a s]vice ne$ n be condemn$ :5 ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* x 0 int5d$ to take its place are borne 9 m9d2 its display w\ld greatly enhance ! elegance ( a tea-p>ty 9 an eighte5?-c5tury draw+-room4 #b ,mr4 ,william ,burton1 9 ,engli% ,porcela94 99 99 99 99 99 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ,sprimont's co/ly porcela9 0 appreciat$ by too small a circle ( patrons to ensure its success z a comm]cial v5ture4 ,aft] 8 works _h pass$ 9 #aggj into ! h&s ( ,william ,duesbury ( ,,d]by1 ! /yle to :i* mo/ ( all ,*elsea owes its r5[n 0 soon ab&on$4 ,9 ! *9a made dur+ ! ensu+ p]iod1 9 :i* ! ,*elsea & ,d]by works 7 c>ri$ on conjo9tly "u ! same proprietor1 ! ,*elsea elem5t 9 ! decoration is small1 & x may be inf]r$ t ! new mann] :i* appe>s _h already be5 9 vogue at ,d]by4 ,at :at date ! ,d]by factory 0 f\nd$1 & ! nature ( its e>lie/ productions1 is obscure1 b to x belongs ! cr$it = a /yle ( decoration unsurpass$ among 8useful0 w>es = its suitability to ! purpose = :i* ! *9a 0 made4 ,_m & v>i$ are ! da9ty bord]s1 execut$ sometimes 9 gold alone1 sometimes 9 bright enamel col\rs laid on ) a sp>+ & discrim9at+ h&4 ,! scrollwork & contort$ =ms ( ! rococo p]iod entirely disappe>1 to be reviv$ only 9 imitative "w ( a lat] "t1 :5 !y _h lo/ all vitality & mean+1 & 7 no long] 9 keep+ ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,re/ra9t v]g+ at times on ov]-=mality is ! keynote ( ! new era1 9 :i* = p ( culture 9 all p>ts ( ,europe ! newly-f\nd vases & sculptures ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome 7 ! admir$ models4 ,,plate #bc ,j>1 ) ,cov]1 ,*elsea1 ab\t #agee1 copi$ f ,japanese ,kakiyemon w>e4 ,height1 #ab 94 ,s*reib] ,collection4 ,no4 #bcg4 ,see p4 #hj4 ,m>k inside ! neck & on ! cov]3 an an*or 9 r$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! effect ( ! *ange 0 decid$ly 9 fav\r ( porcela9 z a mat]ial2 ! *a/5$ decoration :i* x br\ght ) x all[$ ! *>m+ qualities ( pa/e & glaze to be se5 once m to full advantage1 & n[h]e 9 ,european porcela9 is ! result m happily %[n ?an 9 ! be/ "w ( ,d]by4 ,! ornam5tal vases ( ?is p]iod fell into ! dang] z "t w5t on ( los+ orig9ality & livel9ess1 z con=mity ) classical models became m rigor\s1 b ^? dat+ f its e>lie/ days (f] a welcome contra/ to _! ,*elsea pr$ecessors4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ =ms made by ,duesbury is exemplifi$ by ! vase 9 ! ,jones ,beque/ %[n 9 ,plate #bf4 ,on ei!r side ( ! body is an oval m$allion ) a m9iature pa9t+4 ,"o ( ^! panels repres5ts ! incid5t ( ,celadon & ,amelia ov]tak5 by ! /orm1 f ,?omson's poem ,! ,seasons1 ! s\rce ( _m a subject 9 ! some:at !atrical figure-pa9t+s ( ! "t4 ,on ! rev]se side is a riv]-sc5e ) a rid] wat]+ 8 horse 9 ! =egr\nd1 & a ca/le-keep on a hill 9 ! di/ance4 ,! t]m9al female figures =m+ ! h&les are 9 unglaz$ biscuit porcela91 (f]+ a pleasant contra/ to ! glanc+ surface ( ! body4 ,! gadroons on ! neck1 ! frieze ) a grotesque mask betwe5 two lions1 & ! fl[]s 9 natural col\rs on a gold gr\ndwork1 seem :5 analys$ r incongru\s elem5ts1 b ! effect ( ! :ole ?\gh brilliant is yet h>moni\s4 ,! bleu de roi1 :i* is ! gr\nd col\r on ! neck & foot1 is ( a light] tone ?an ! ,svres col\r :i* x 0 int5d$ to imitate4 ,x is possible t ?is vase may be ! actual "o adv]tis$ 9 ! sale-catalogue = #i? ,may #aggc1 z 8,a mo/ capital l>ge !rm vase1 ri*ly pa9t$ 9 comp>tm5ts ) figures ( ,celadon & ,armelia sic1 ornam5t$ ) f9e blue & ri*ly f9i%$ ) *as$ & burni%$ gold40 ,! /yle ( ,d]by porcela9 0 n greatly modifi$ :ile ! works 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,duesbury family1 b aft] !y 7 leas$ 9 #ahaa to ,rob]t ,bloor a *ange came ab\t4 ,little c be said f an arti/ic po9t ( view 9 praise ( ! output ( lat] ye>s4 ,effective 8,japan patt]ns0 bas$ on ,im>i orig9als 7 adopt$ = tea- & d9n]-s]vices1 b g5]ally ov]-decoration & vulg>ity ( =m & col\r 7 faults = :i* te*nical improvem5ts d n avail to comp5sate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! porcela9 made dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury at ! 8,,worce/] ,tonqu9 ,manufacture10 f\nd$ by ,dr4 ,john ,wall & o!rs 9 #agea1 has a m ,engli% "* ?an t ( ! o!r lead+ *9a works 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,unambiti\s 9 its aims & bus9esslike 9 its me?ods1 x cont5t$ itself = a long "t ) produc+ little b w>es = useful purposes4 ,^! are *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 homel9ess 9 ! decoration & pleas+ simplicity ( =m4 ,! ?or\ghly practical nature ( ! und]tak+ is borne out by ! some:at d\btful di/9ction x enjoys ( be+ ! pione] 9 ! use ( pr9t+ = ! decoration ( porcela91 or at all ev5ts ! fir/ factory to make ext5sive use ( ?is process4 ,:ile 9 its e>ly days ,worce/] drew its inspiration f ,ori5tal *9a1 ! ,ea/]n designs 7 tak5 r z sugge/ions = patt]ns ?an z models to be closely copi$1 z 0 frequ5tly ! case at ,*elsea4 ,! same practice held good ev5 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 aft] ! engagem5t ( workm5 f ,*elsea 9 #agfh1 m pret5ti\s w>es 7 attempt$4 ,! celebrat$ 8scale-blue0 & 8p[d]-blue0 vases1 ) birds or fl[]s ( brilliant hues 9 res]v$ panels1 7 d\btless sugge/$ by ! bleu de roi ( ,svres1 b !y be> little resemblance to _! prototype1 &1 ev5 9 _! mo/ spl5did =m !y seldom err beyond ! limits ( sobriety & good ta/e4 ,?is "* ( ! ,worce/] w>es is well illu/rat$ by ! little vase f ! ,s*reib] ,collection *os5 z ! subject ( ! draw+ reproduc$ 9 ,plate #bg4 ,! patt]n is a v free adaptation ( a ,japanese design1 9 :i* ! *rysan!mum & ! wattl$ f5ce motive1 appe>+ "h z a :eat-%eaf1 c be recognis$2 comb9$ ) ?is is a turquoise bord]1 edg$ ) gilt rococo scrolls1 betray+ "s trace ( ,fr5* sugge/ion1 b ! :ole is s in=mally treat$ t no incongruity is felt1 & ! g5]al impression receiv$ is "o ( delightful fre%ness & simplicity4 ,! vase is typical ( ,worce/] at its be/4 ,,plate #bd ,vase f a set ( ?ree1 ,*elsea1 ab\t #agfj1 ) gilt relief decoration on a maz>9e-blue gr\nd4 ,height1 #aa 94 ,s*reib] ,collection4 ,no4 #bda4 ,see p4 #ha4 ,unm>k$4 ,illu/ration ,! *ange 9 managem5t 9 #aghc1 :5 ,?omas ,flight & 8 sons took ov] ! control ( ! works1 did n at fir/ br+ ) x a s]i\s det]ioration 9 ! quality ( ! *9a4 ,a new decorative /yle 0 adopt$ 9 compliance ) ! fa%ion ( ! day1 b ! same quiet ta/efulness 0 ! keynote ( ! decoration4 ,! sob] designs 9 d>k blue & gold almo/ equal ^? ( ,d]by 9 _! suitability = ! embelli%m5t ( table w>es4 ,x is n till ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t a noticeable decl9e sets 91 b f t "t =w>d ! ,worce/] w>es1 :e!r made 9 ! orig9al factory or by ! rival firm ( ,*amb]la9s1 become increas+ly lack+ 9 int]e/4 ,all arti/ic qualities are smo!r$ 9 ov]load$ decoration1 unga9ly %apes1 & unre/ra9$ lavi%m5t ( gild+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 a ,quak] apo!c>y ( ,,plym\?1 ,william ,cookwor?y by "n1 ^: discov]y ( deposits ( kaol9 & *9a clay 9 ! neighb\r+ ,du*y enabl$ him 9 #agfh to obta9 a pat5t = ! fir/ ,engli% factory ( true porcela9 ( ! ,*9ese type4 ,! s]i\s difficulties ) :i* he _h to cont5d l$ to ! removal ( ! e/abli%m5t two ye>s lat] to ,,bri/ol1 :]e x 0 plac$ "u ! managem5t ( ,ri*>d ,*ampion4 ,9 #aggc ! pat5t rights 7 transf]r$ entirely to ! latt]1 & = eight ye>s he cont9u$ 9 ! face ( _m disc\ragem5ts to c>ry on ! manufacture2 special int]e/ atta*es to x on acc\nt ( ,*ampion's p]sonal relations ) ,edmund ,burke1 at t "t ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,bri/ol4 ,=ms & decoration 7 borr[$ m f ,meiss5 & ,svres ?an f ,ori5tal types1 nor 7 !y z a rule lit]al copies1 b r adaptations f ! orig9als4 ,:ile ! h>moni\s bl5d+ ( ! enamels ) ! glaze1 :i* is s pleas+ a feature ( s(t-pa/e *9a1 0 necess>ily abs5t f ! ,bri/ol productions1 great brilliancy ( col\r+ 0 obta9$ )\t involv+ g>i%ness ( effect1 z may be se5 f ,plate #bh1 drawn f a vase 9 ! ,s*reib] ,collection4 ,! fanciful birds are n orig9al creations ( ! ,bri/ol pa9t]1 b reflect ! type commonly se5 on e>ly pieces ( ,v9c5nes & ,svres2 ! quiet dignity ( ! %ape1 on ! o!r h&1 is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ ,engli% "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! m9or ,engli% factories ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 su* z ^? ( ,,longton ,,hall1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ,,l[e/(t1 & ,,caughley1 7 ei!r ( too %ort a duration to arrive at any high level ( te*nical atta9m5t1 or 7 devot$ almo/ entirely to ! manufacture ( commonplace w>es = ord9>y dome/ic uses4 ,! great ext5sion ( ! porcela9 indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* signalis$ ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 n productive ( any notewor?y results f an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,at ! %ort-liv$ ,wel% factories ( ,,nantg>w & ,,swansea1 x is true1 a glassy pa/e 0 inv5t$ :i* 0 %[n to be capable ( beautiful effects1 b ! num]\s ,,/af=d%ire firms & ! fam\s ,,rock+ham works at ,sw9ton 9 ,york%ire fell "u ! ban ( ! same arti/ic decad5ce t has be5 notic$ 9 speak+ ( ,d]by & ,worce/]2 !y sav$ !mselves f f9ancial disa/]s by foll[+ ! dem&s in/ead ( guid+ ! ta/e ( a sev]ely comm]cial age4 ,^? :o are 9 se>* ( :at is beautiful or vital 9 ,engli% porcela9 w be cont5t to conf9e _! att5tions to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,plate #b ,j>1 ,*9ese1 e>ly ,m+ dyna/y1 ) decoration 9 slightly rais$ outl9e fill$ 9 ) col\r$ glazes1 ! 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