,radioisotopes 9 ,m$ic9e ,! ,und]/&+ ! ,atom ,s]ies ,nucle> en]gy is play+ a vital role 9 ! life ( e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today4 ,9 ! ye>s ahead x w affect increas+ly all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,x is ess5tial t all ,am]icans ga9 an und]/&+ ( ?is vital =ce if !y are to dis*>ge ?\ghtfully _! responsibilities z citiz5s & if !y are to realize fully ! myriad b5efits t nucle> en]gy (f]s !m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission provides ?is booklet to help y a*ieve su* und]/&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant ,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant1 ,director ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,atomic ,,en]gy ,,commission ,dr4 ,gl5n ,t4 ,seaborg1 ,*airman ,james ,t4 ,ramey ,wilfrid ,e4 ,johnson ,dr4 ,!os ,j4 ,?ompson ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,l>son ,radioisotopes 9 ,m$ic9e by ,e>l ,w4 ,phelan ,,cont5ts ,,introduction #a ,hi/ory #a ,:at ,is ,radiation8 #e ,:at ,is ,radioactivity8 #e ,:at ,are ,radioisotopes8 #f ,h[ ,are ,radioisotopes ,us$8 #g ,:at ,d ,we ,mean by ,trac] ,atoms8 #i ,,diagnosis #aa ,p9po9t+ ,disease #aa ,ars5ic-#gd #ad ,*romium-#ea #ae ,cobalt-#fj #af ,iod9e-#aca #ah ,iron-#ei #bc ,phosphorus-#cb #bd ,sodium-#bd #be ,te*netium-#iim #bf ,?ulium-#agj & ,gamma ,radiography #bg ,tritium #bh ,activation ,analysis #cj ,summ>y #cj ,,!rapy #ca ,a ,successful ,case #ca ,g5]al ,pr9ciples #cb ,iod9e-#aca & ,iod9e-#acb #cb ,boron-#aj #cc ,phosphorus-#cb #ce ,gold-#aih #cg ,beads1 ,ne$les1 & ,applicators #ch ,tele!rapy #da ,,conclusions #dc ,,app5dix #dd ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ces #dg ,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #ff-fbgdi #aiff ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cov] ,?is multi-detector positron scann] is us$ to locate tumors4 ,a radioisotope-label$ sub/ance is inject$ into ! body & subsequ5tly conc5trates 9 ! tumor tissue4 ,! radioisotope emits positrons t imm$iately decay & produce two gamma rays t travel 9 opposite directions4 ,^! rays are detect$ simultane\sly on a pair ( oppos+ detection cry/als & a l9e is e/abli%$ along :i* ! tumor is locat$4 ,?is me?od is "o ( _m ways doctors use radioisotopes to combat disease4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r proc$ures describ$ 9 ?is booklet1 ! pati5t rema9s com=table at all times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,au?or ,e>l ,w4 ,phelan is ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,tusculum ,college1 ,gre5eville1 ,t5nessee4 ,f #aieb to #aife1 he s]v$ z ,/aff ,assi/ant 9 ! ,laboratory ,director's ,(fice at ,argonne ,national ,laboratory1 :]e 8 duties includ$ edit+ ! ,argonne ,reviews & supply+ in=mation to /ud5ts4 ,= #bb ye>s prior to mov+ to ,argonne he s]v$ z ,head ( ! ,*emi/ry ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,valdo/a ,/ate ,college ,9 ,georgia4 ,he receiv$ 8 ,b4,s4 & ,ph4,d4 degrees f ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,radioisotopes 9 ,m$ic9e ,by ,,e>l ,w4 ,,phelan ,,introduction ,hi/ory ,! hi/ory ( ! use ( radioisotopes = m$ical purposes is fill$ ) names ( ,nobel ,prize w9n]s4 ,x is inspir+ to read h[ great m9ds attack$ puzzl+ ph5om5a1 work$ out ! !oretical & practical implications ( :at !y obs]v$1 & 7 rew>d$ by ! highe/ honor 9 sci5ce4 ,= example1 9 #ahie a ,g]man physici/1 ,wilhelm ,konrad ,ro5tg51 notic$ t c]ta9 cry/als became lum9esc5t :5 !y 7 9 ! vic9ity ( a highly evacuat$ electric-dis*>ge tube4 ,objects plac$ betwe5 ! tube & ! cry/als scre5$ out "s ( ! invisible radiation t caus$ ?is effect1 & he obs]v$ t ! great] ! d5sity ( ! object s plac$1 ! great] ! scre5+ effect4 ,he call$ ?is new radiation ,x rays1 because x 0 ! /&>d algebraic symbol = an unkn[n quantity4 ,8 discov]y won him ! fir/ ,nobel ,prize 9 physics 9 #aija4 ,illu/ration3 ,wilhelm ,ro5tg5 ,a ,fr5* physici/1 ,anto9e ,h5ri ,becqu]el1 newly appo9t$ to ! *air ( physics at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique 9 ,p>is1 saw t ?is discov]y op5$ up a new field = rese>* & set to "w on "s ( its ramifications4 ,"o ( ! evid5t features ( ! production ( ,x rays 0 ! fact t :ile !y 7 be+ creat$1 ! glass ( ! vacuum tube gave (f a gre5i% phosphoresc5t gl[4 ,?is sugge/$ to sev]al physici/s t sub/ances :i* become phosphoresc5t ^u exposure to visible light might give (f ,x rays along ) ! phosphoresc5ce4 ,becqu]el exp]im5t$ ) ?is by expos+ v>i\s cry/als to sunlight & !n plac+ ea* ( !m on a black pap] envelope enclos+ an unexpos$ photographic plate4 ,if any ,x rays 7 ?us produc$1 he reason$1 !y w\ld p5etrate ! wrapp+ & create a developable spot ( exposure on ! plate4 ,to 8 delight1 he inde$ obs]v$ j ?is effect :5 he us$ a phosphoresc5t mat]ial1 uranium potassium sulfate4 ,!n he made a confus+ discov]y4 ,= sev]al days !re 0 no sun%9e1 s he c\ld n expose ! phosphoresc5t mat]ial4 ,= no p>ticul> reason 7o!r ?an t !re 0 no?+ else to d7 ,becqu]el develop$ a plate t _h be5 9 contact ) uranium mat]ial 9 a d>k draw]1 ev5 ?\gh !re _h be5 no phosphoresc5ce4 ,! telltale black spot m>k+ ! position ( ! m9]al nev]!less appe>$ on ! develop$ plate6 ,8 conclusion 0 t uranium 9 its normal /ate gave (f ,x rays or some?+ simil>4 ,illu/ration3 ,h5ri ,becqu]el ,at ?is po9t1 ,pi]re ,curie1 a fri5d ( ,becqu]el & also a pr(essor ( physics 9 ,p>is1 sugge/$ to "o ( 8 graduate /ud5ts1 8 "y bride1 ,m>ie1 t %e /udy ?is new ph5om5on4 ,%e f\nd t bo? uranium & ?orium possess$ ?is prop]ty ( radioactivity1 b also1 surpris+ly1 t "s uranium m9]als 7 m radioactive ?an uranium itself4 ,?r\gh a t$i\s s]ies ( *emical sep>ations1 %e obta9$ f pit*bl5de 7a uranium ore7 small am\nts ( two new elem5ts1 polonium & radium1 & %[$ t !y possess$ f> great] radioactivity ?an uranium itself4 ,= ?is "w ,becqu]el & ! two ,curies 7 jo9tly aw>d$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 physics 9 #aijc4 ,illu/ration3 ,pi]re & ,m>ie ,curie ,at ! outset1 ,ro5tg5 _h notic$ t al?\gh ,x rays pass$ ?r\gh human tissue )\t caus+ any imm$iate s5sation1 !y def9itely affect$ ! sk9 & und]ly+ cells4 ,soon aft] exposure1 x 0 evid5t t ,x rays c\ld cause r$ness ( ! sk91 bli/]+1 & ev5 ulc]ation1 ei!r 9 s+le doses or 9 repeat$ small] doses4 ,9 spite ( ! haz>ds#a involv$1 e>ly exp]im5t]s det]m9$ t ,x rays c\ld de/roy canc] tissues m rapidly ?an !y affect$ heal?y organs1 s a basis 0 e/abli%$ q soon = "o ( ,m$ic9e's few me?ods ( cur+ or at lea/ re/ra9+ canc]4 ,! "w ( ! ,curies 9 turn /imulat$ _m /udies ( ! effect ( radioactivity4 ,x 0 n long be=e exp]im5t]s le>n$ t naturally radioactive elem5ts--l radium--7 also useful 9 canc] !rapy4 ,^! elem5ts emitt$ gamma rays1#b :i* are l ,x rays b usually are ev5 m p5etrat+1 & _! application (t5 c\ld be controll$ bett] ?an ,x rays4 ,sl[ly1 ov] ! ye>s1 reliable me?ods 7 develop$ = treatm5t ) ^! radioactive s\rces1 & in/rum5ts 7 design$ = measur+ ! quantity ( radiation receiv$ by ! pati5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr$]ic & ,ir5e ,joliot-,curie ,! next mom5t\s advance 0 made by ,fr$]ic ,joliot1 a ,fr5* *emi/ :o m>ri$ ,ir5e ,curie1 daught] ( ,pi]re & ,m>ie ,curie4 ,he discov]$ 9 #aicd t :5 alum9um 0 bomb>d$ ) alpha p>ticles#c f a radioactive s\rce1 emission ( positrons 7positive electrons7 0 induc$4 ,moreov]1 ! emission cont9u$ long aft] ! alpha s\rce 0 remov$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ example ( artificially induc$ radioactivity1 & x /imulat$ a new flood ( discov]ies4 ,fr$]ic & ,ir5e ,joliot-,curie won ! ,nobel ,prize 9 *emi/ry 9 #aice = ?is "w4 ,o!rs :o foll[$ ?is discov]y ) ! developm5t ( additional ways to create artificial radioactivity 7 two ,am]icans1 ,h4 ,ri*>d ,crane & ,c4 ,c4 ,laurits51 ! ,briti% sci5ti/s1 ,john ,cockcr(t & ,e4 ,t4 ,s4 ,walton1 & an ,am]ican1 ,rob]t ,j4 ,van de ,graaff4 ,erne/ ,o4 ,lawr5ce1 an ,am]ican physici/1 inv5t$ ! cyclotron 7or 8atom sma%]071 a p[]ful s\rce ( high-en]gy p>ticles t induc$ radioactivity 9 :atev] t>get mat]ials !y imp+$ ^u4 ,enrico ,f]mi1 an ,italian physici/1 seiz$ ^u ! idea ( us+ ! newly discov]$ neutron 7an electrically neutral p>ticle7 & %[$ t bomb>dm5t ) neutrons also c\ld induce radioactivity 9 a t>get sub/ance4 ,cockcr(t & ,walton1 ,lawr5ce1 & ,f]mi all won ,nobel ,prizes = _! "w4 ,pati5t application ( ^! new s\rces ( bomb>d+ p>ticles result$ 9 ! creation ( small quantities ( hundr$s ( radioactive isotopic species1 ea* ) di/9ctive *>act]i/ics4 ,9 turn1 z we %all see1 _m ways to use radioisotopes h be5 develop$ 9 m$ical !rapy1 diagnosis1 & rese>*4 ,by n[1 m ?an #cjjj hospitals hold lic5ses f ! ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission to use radioisotopes4 ,9 addition1 _m ?\s&s ( doctors1 d5ti/s1 & hospitals h ,x-ray ma*9es t !y use = "s ( ! same broad purposes4 ,"o ( ! results ( all ?is is t e mon? new uses ( radioisotopes are develop$4 ,m p]sons are tra9$ e ye> 9 me?ods ( radioisotope use & m manufactur]s are produc+ & packag+ radioactive mat]ials4 ,?is booklet tells "s ( ! successes a*iev$ ) ^! mat]ials = m$ical purposes4 ,:at ,is ,radiation8 ,radiation is ! propagation ( radiant en]gy 9 ! =m ( waves or p>ticles4 ,x includes electromagnetic radiation rang+ f radio waves1 infr>$ heat waves1 visible light1 ultraviolet light1 & ,x rays to gamma rays4 ,x may also include beams ( p>ticles ( :i* electrons1 positrons1 neutrons1 protons1 deut]ons1 & alpha p>ticles are ! be/ kn[n4#d ,:at ,is ,radioactivity8 ,x took sev]al ye>s foll[+ ! basic discov]y by ,becqu]el1 & ! "w ( _m inve/igators1 to sy/ematize ! in=mation ab\t ?is ph5om5on4 ,radioactivity is def9$ z ! prop]ty1 possess$ by "s mat]ials1 ( spontane\sly emitt+ alpha or beta p>ticles or gamma rays z ! un/able 7or radioactive7 nuclei ( _! atoms dis9tegrate4 ,:at ,are ,radioisotopes8 ,illu/ration3 ,fr$]ick ,soddy ,9 ! #ai? ,c5tury an ,engli%man1 ,john ,dalton1 put =? 8 atomic !ory1 :i* /at$ t all atoms ( ! same elem5t 7 exactly alike4 ,?is rema9$ un*all5g$ = #ajj ye>s1 until exp]im5ts by ! ,briti% *emi/1 ,fr$]ick ,soddy1 prov$ conclusively t ! elem5t neon consi/$ ( two diff]5t k9ds ( atoms4 ,all 7 alike 9 *emical behavior b "s _h an atomic weight 7_! mass relative to o!r atoms7 ( #bj & "s a weight ( #bb4 ,he co9$ ! ^w isotope to describe "o ( two or m atoms hav+ ! same atomic numb] b diff]5t atomic weights4#e ,radioisotopes are isotopes t are un/able1 or radioactive1 & give (f radiation spontane\sly4 ,_m radioisotopes are produc$ by bomb>d+ suitable t>gets ) neutrons n[ readily available inside atomic reactors4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are m satisfactorily creat$ by ! action ( protons1 deut]ons1 or o!r subatomic p>ticles t h be5 giv5 high velocities 9 a cyclotron or simil> accel]ator4 ,radioactivity is a process t is practically un9flu5c$ by any ( ! factors1 su* z temp]ature & pressure1 t are us$ to control ! rate ( *emical reactions4 ,! rate ( radioactive decay appe>s to be affect$ only by ! /ructure ( ! un/able 7decay+7 nucleus4 ,ea* radioisotope has its own half-life1 :i* is ! "t x takes = "o half ! numb] ( atoms pres5t to decay4 ,^! half-lives v>y f fractions ( a second to millions ( ye>s1 dep5d+ only ^u ! atom4 ,we %all see t ! half-life is "o factor consid]$ 9 *oos+ a p>ticul> isotope = c]ta9 uses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,half-,,life ,,patt]n ,,( ,,/rontium-#ij ,p]c5t ( #ajj #ej #be #ab4e #f4ge ,radioactivity ,beg9n+ #a #b #c #d ( ,life ,half-life ,half-lives ,half-lives ,half-lives #bh ye>s #ef ye>s #hd ye>s #aab ye>s ,mo/ artificially made radioisotopes h relatively %ort half-lives4 ,?is makes !m useful 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 x means t v little mat]ial is ne$$ to obta9 a significant numb] ( dis9tegrations4 ,x %\ld be evid5t t1 ) any giv5 numb] ( radioactive atoms1 ! numb] ( dis9tegrations p] second w be inv]sely proportional to ! half-life4 ,second1 by ! "t #aj half-lives h elaps$1 ! numb] ( dis9tegrations p] second w h dw9dl$ to _/ ! orig9al numb]1 & ! am\nt ( radioactive mat]ial is s small x is usually no long] significant4 7,note ! decrease 9 ! figure above47 ,h[ ,are ,radioisotopes ,us$8 ,a radioisotope may be us$ ei!r z a s\rce ( radiation en]gy 7en]gy is always releas$ dur+ decay71 or z a trac]3 an id5tify+ & readily detectable m>k] mat]ial4 ,! location ( ?is mat]ial dur+ a giv5 treatm5t c be det]m9$ ) a suitable in/rum5t ev5 ?\gh an unweighably small am\nt ( x is pres5t 9 a mixture ) o!r mat]ials4 ,on ! foll[+ pages we w discuss m$ical uses ( individual radioisotopes--fir/ ^? us$ z trac]s & !n ^? us$ = _! en]gy4 ,9 g5]al1 trac]s are us$ = analysis & diagnosis1 & radiant-en]gy emitt]s are us$ = treatm5t 7!rapy74 ,radioisotopes (f] two advantages4 ,fir/1 !y c be us$ 9 extremely small am\nts4 ,z little z "o-billion? ( a gram c be measur$ ) suitable app>atus4 ,secondly1 !y c be direct$ to v>i\s def9itely kn[n p>ts ( ! body4 ,= example1 radioactive sodium iodide behaves 9 ! body j ! same z normal sodium iodide f\nd 9 ! iodiz$ salt us$ 9 _m homes4 ,! iod9e conc5trates 9 ! ?yroid gl& :]e x is conv]t$ to ! hormone ?yrox94 ,o!r radioactive1 or 8tagg$01 atoms c be r\t$ to bone m>r[1 r$ blood cells1 ! liv]1 ! kidneys1 or made to rema9 9 ! blood /ream1 :]e !y are measur$ us+ suitable in/rum5ts4#f ,( ! ?ree types ( radiation1 alpha p>ticles 7helium nuclei7 are ( su* l[ p5etrat+ p[] t !y _c be us$ = measurem5t f outside ! body4 ,beta p>ticles 7electrons7 h a mod]ate p5etrat+ p[]1 !re=e !y produce useful !rapeutic results 9 ! vic9ity ( _! release1 & !y c be detect$ by s5sitive c\nt+ devices4 ,gamma rays are highly en]getic1 & !y c be readily detect$ by c\nt]s--radiation measurem5t devices--us$ outside ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,relative p5etration ( alpha1 beta1 & gamma radiation4 ,= comp>ison1 a %eet ( pap] /ops alpha p>ticles1 a block ( wood /ops beta p>ticles1 & a ?ick concrete wall /ops gamma rays4 ,9 "o way or ano!r1 ! key to ! usefulness ( radioisotopes lies 9 ! en]gy ( ! radiation4 ,:5 radiation is us$ = treatm5t1 ! en]gy absorb$ by ! body is us$ ei!r to de/roy tissue1 p>ticul>ly canc]1 or to suppress "s function ( ! body4 ,prop]ly calculat$ & appli$ doses ( radiation c be us$ to produce ! desir$ effect ) m9imum side reactions4 ,express$ 9 t]ms ( ! usual "w or heat units1 ergs or calories1 ! am\nt ( en]gy associat$ ) a radiation dose is small4 ,! significance lies 9 ! fact t ?is en]gy is releas$ 9 su* a way z to produce important *anges 9 ! molecul> composition ( individual cells )9 ! body4 ,:at ,d ,we ,mean by ,trac] ,atoms8 ,:5 a radioisotope is us$ z a trac]1 ! en]gy ( ! radiation trigg]s ! c\nt+ device1 & ! exact am\nt ( en]gy f ea* dis9tegrat+ atom is measur$4 ,?is diff]5tiates ! sub/ance be+ trac$ f o!r mat]ials naturally pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is ! fir/ photoscann]1 :i* 0 develop$ 9 #aied at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania & 0 retir$ f s]vice 9 #aifc4 ,:5 gamma rays emitt$ by a trac] isotope 9 ! pati5t's body /ruck ! scann]1 a fla%+ light produc$ a dot on photographic film4 ,! int5sity ( ! light v>i$ ) ! c\nt+ rate & ?us diseas$ tissues t diff]$ little f normal tissue except 9 _! uptake ( an isotope c\ld be disc]n$4 ,) "o conspicu\s exception1 x is impossible = a *emi/ to di/+ui% any "o atom ( an elem5t f ano!r4 ,once ord9>y salt gets into ! blood /ream1 = example1 x normally has no *>act]i/ic by :i* anyone c decide :at its s\rce 01 or :i* sodium atoms 7 add$ to ! blood & :i* 7 already pres5t4 ,! exception to ?is is ! case 9 :i* "s ( ! atoms are 8tagg$0 by be+ made radioactive4 ,!n ! radioactive atoms are readily id5tifi$ & _! quantity c be measur$ ) a c\nt+ device4 ,a radioactive trac]1 x is app>5t1 corresponds 9 *emical nature & behavior to ! ?+ x traces4 ,x is a true "p ( x1 & ! body treats ! tagg$ & untagg$ mat]ial 9 ! same way4 ,a molecule ( hemoglob9 c>ry+ a radioactive iron atom is /ill hemoglob91 & ! body processes affect x j z !y d an untagg$ hemoglob9 molecule4 ,! diff]5ce is t a sci5ti/ c use c\nt+ devices to foll[ ! trac] molecules :]ev] !y g4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! fir/ scans made by a photoscann]4 ,! photorecord+ 7d>k b&s71 sup]impos$ on an ,x-ray picture = ori5tation1 %[s radioactivity 9 a canc] 9 ! pati5t's neck4 ,x %\ld be evid5t t trac]s us$ 9 diagnosis--to id5tify disease or improp] body function--are pres5t 9 su* small quantities t !y are relatively h>mless4 ,_! effects are analog\s to ^? f ! radiation t e "o ( u cont9ually receives f natural s\rces )9 & )\t ! body4 ,!rapeutic doses--^? giv5 = m$ical treatm5t--by contra/1 are giv5 to pati5ts ) a disease t is 9 ne$ ( control1 t is1 ! physician desires to de/roy selectively cells or tissues t are abnormal4 ,9 ^! cases1 !re=e1 ! skill & exp]i5ce ( ! att5d+ physician mu/ be appli$ to limit ! effects to ! desir$ b5efits1 )\t damage to heal?y organs4 ,?is booklet is devot$ to ^! two functions ( radioisotopes1 diagnosis & !rapy2 ! field ( m$ical rese>* us+ radioactive tools is s l>ge t x requires sep>ate cov]age4#g ,,diagnosis ,p9po9t+ ,disease ,mr4 ,pet]s1 #ce-ye>-old fa!r ( f\r & a resid5t ( ,*icago's nor?we/ side1 w5t to a ,*icago hospital "o w9t] day aft] p]si/5t heada*es _h made 8 life mis]able4 ,r\t9e exam9ations %[$ no?+ amiss & 8 doctor ord]$ a 8bra9 scan0 9 ! hospital's dep>tm5t ( nucle> m$ic9e4 ,?irty m9utes be=e 8scan "t01 ,mr4 ,pet]s 0 giv51 by intrav5\s injection1 a m9ute am\nt ( radioactive te*netium4 ,?is radio*emical _h be5 /ructur$ s t1 if !re 7 a tumor 9 8 cranium1 ! radioisotopes w\ld be attract$ to x4 ,!n he 0 position$ s an in/rum5t call$ a scann] c\ld pass close to 8 head4 ,z ! motor-driv5 scann] pass$ back & =?1 x pick$ up ! gamma rays be+ emitt$ by ! radioactive te*netium1 mu* z a ,geig] c\nt] detects o!r radiation4 ,^! rays 7 record$ z black blocks on s5sitiz$ film inside ! scann]4 ,! result 0 a piece ( expos$ film t1 :5 develop$1 bore an ar*itectural lik5ess or image ( ,mr4 ,pet]s' cranium4 ,illu/ration3 ,! inset picture %[s a bra9 scan made ) a positron sc9tillation cam]a4 ,a tumor is indicat$ by light area above e>4 7,light area 9 facial region is caus$ by uptake 9 bone & extracellul> space47 ,! photograph %[s a pati5t1 completely com=table1 receiv+ a bra9 scan on "o ( ! ?ree rectil9e> scann+ devices 9 ! nucle> m$ic9e laboratory ( a hospital4 ,mr4 ,pet]s1 :o admitt$ to no pa9 or o!r adv]se reaction f ! scann+1 0 photograph$ by ! scann] f ! front & bo? sides4 ,! proc$ure took less ?an an h\r4 ,! develop$ film %[$ t ! te*netium _h conc5trat$ 9 "o spot1 indicat+ def9itely t a tumor 0 pres5t4 ,comp>ison ( front & side views made x possible to p9po9t ! location exactly4 ,surg]y foll[$ to remove ! tumor4 ,today1 ?anks to s\nd & e>ly diagnosis1 ,mr4 ,pet]s is well & back on ! job4 ,8 case is an example ( h[ radioisotopes are us$ 9 hospitals & m$ical c5t]s = diagnosis4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ :ole body scann]1 :i* 0 develop$ at ! ,donn] ,laboratory 9 #aieb & is /ill be+ us$4 ,! lead collimator conta9s #aj sc9tillation c\nt]s & moves across ! subject4 ,! b$ is mov$ & s]ial scans are made & !n jo9$ toge!r to =m a head-to-toe picture ( ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,! diagram %[s a scan & ! p>ts ( a scann]4 7,also see page #ba47 ,9 "o repres5tative hospital1 #ag diff]5t k9ds ( radioisotope measurem5ts are available to aid physicians 9 mak+ _! diagnoses4 ,all ! me?ods use trac] quantities ( mat]ials4 ,o!r hospitals may use only a few ( !m1 "s may use ev5 m4 ,9 any case !y are m]ely tools to augm5t ! doctors' skill4 ,examples ( measurem5ts t c be made include blood volume1 blood circulation rate1 r$ blood cell turnov]1 gl&ul> activity1 location ( canc]\s tissue1 & rates ( =mation ( bone tissue or blood cells4 ,( ! m ?an #ajj diff]5t radioisotopes t h be5 us$ by doctors dur+ ! pa/ #cj ye>s1 five h receiv$ by f> ! greate/ att5tion4 ,^! are iod9e-#aca1 phosphorus-#cb1 gold-#aih1 *romium-#ea1 & iron-#ei4 ,"s o!rs h important uses1 too1 b h be5 less widely employ$ ?an ^! five4 ,! use ( individual radioisotopes 9 mak+ important diagno/ic te/s makes a fasc9at+ /ory4 ,typical in/ances w be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,a diff]5tial multi-detector develop$ at ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory locates bra9 tumors ) positron-emitt+ isotopes4 ,by us+ _m pairs ( detection cry/als1 ! device %ort5s ! scann+ "t & increases accuracy4 7,see cov] = ano!r type ( positron scann]47 ,ars5ic-#gd ,bra9 tumors t5d to conc5trate c]ta9 ions 7*>g$ atoms or molecules74 ,:5 ^! ions are gamma-ray emitt]s1 x is possible to take advantage ( ! p5etrat+ p[] ( _! gamma rays to locate ! tumor ) a scann+ device locat$ outside ! skull4 ,ars5ic-#gd & copp]-#fd are isotopes emitt+ positrons1#h :i* h "o peculi> prop]ty4 ,imm$iately aft] a positron is emitt$ f a nucleus x decays1 produc+ two gamma rays t travel 9 exactly opposite directions4 ,! scann+ device has two detectors call$ sc9tillation c\nt]s1 "o m\nt$ on ea* side ( ! pati5t's head4 ,! electrical circuitry 9 ! scann] is su* t only ^? gamma rays are c\nt$ t imp+e simultane\sly on bo? c\nt]s4 ,?is proc$ure elim9ates mo/ ( ! 8noise01 or scatt]$ & backgr\nd radiation4 ,*romium-#ea ,because *romium1 9 ! molecule sodium *romate1 atta*es itself to r$ blood cells1 x is useful 9 sev]al k9ds ( te/s4 ,! proc$ures are slightly complicat$1 b yield useful in=mation4 ,9 "o1 a sample ( ! pati5t's blood is )drawn1 /abiliz$ ) hep>9 7to prev5t clott+7 & incubat$ ) a trac] ( radioactive sodium *romate4 ,excess *romate t is n tak5 up by ! cells is r$uc$ & wa%$ away4 ,!n ! radioactivity ( ! cells is measur$1 j be=e injection into ! pati5t4 ,aft] a suitable "t to p]mit ?or\gh mix+ ( ! add$ mat]ial ?r\gh\t ! blood /ream1 a new blood sample is tak5 & its radioactivity is measur$4 ,! total volume ( r$ blood cells !n c be calculat$ by divid+ ! total radioactivity ( ! inject$ sample by ! activity p] millilit] ( ! second sample4 ,illu/ration3 ,sple5 scans made ) r$ blood cells1 :i* _h be5 alt]$ by heat treatm5t & tagg$ ) *romium-#ea4 ,su* damag$ cells are selectively remov$ by ! sple54 ,a is a normal sple54 ,b %[s an abscess 9 ! sple54 ,note d>k r+ ( radioactivity surr\nd+ ! light] area ( decreas$ activity at ! c5tral portion ( sple54 ,9 c]ta9 types ( anemia ! pati5t's r$ blood cells die be=e complet+ ! usual r$-cell lifetime ( ab\t #abj days4 ,to diagnose ?is1 r$ cells are tagg$ ) *romium-#ea 7,cr7 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,!n "s ( !m are inject$ back into ! pati5t & an id5tical sample is inject$ into a compatible normal individual4 ,if ! trac] %[s t ! cells' survival "t is too %ort 9 bo? recipi5ts to ! same degree1 ! conclusion is t ! r$ cells !mselves mu/ be abnormal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! cell-survival "t is normal 9 ! normal individual & too %ort 9 ! pati5t1 ! diagnosis is t ! pati5t's blood conta9s "s sub/ance t de/roys ! r$ cells4 ,:5 *romium tri*loride1 ,cr,cl1 is us$ z ! tagg+ ag5t1 ! *romium is b\nd almo/ exclusively to plasma prote9s1 r ?an ! r$ cells4 ,*romium-#ea may ?us be us$ = e/imat+ ! volume ( plasma circulat+ 9 ! he>t & blood vessels4 ,! same type ( computation is c>ri$ on = r$ cells 7aft] correction = a small am\nt ( *romium tak5 up by ! r$ blood cells74 ,?is proc$ure is easy to c>ry out because ! radioactive *romium *loride is inject$ directly into a ve94 ,an +5i\s automatic device has be5 devis$ = comput+ a pati5t's total blood volume us+ ! ,cr measurem5t ( ! r$ blood cell volume z its basis4 ,?is det]m9ation ( total blood volume is ( c\rse necess>y 9 decid+ :e!r blood or plasma transfusions are ne$$ 9 cases involv+ ble$+1 burns1 or surgical %ock4 ,?is ,cr proc$ure 0 us$ dur+ ! ,korean ,w> to det]m9e h[ mu* blood _h be5 lo/ by w\nd$ pati5ts1 & help$ to save _m1 _m lives4 ,= sev]al ye>s1 iod9e-#aca has be5 us$ z a trac] 9 det]m9+ c>diac output1 :i* is ! rate ( blood fl[ f ! he>t4 ,x has appe>$ rec5tly t r$ blood cells tagg$ ) ,cr are m satisfactory = ?is measurem5t ?an iod9e-label$ album9 9 ! blood s]um4 ,x is obvi\s t ! blood-fl[ rate is an extremely important physiological quantity1 & a doctor mu/ "k x to treat ei!r he>t ailm5ts or circulatory di/urbances4 ,9 contra/ to ! iod9e-#aca proc$ure1 :i* requires t an art]y be punctur$ & blood samples be remov$ regul>ly = measurem5t1 *romium label+ m]ely requires t a radiation c\nt] be m\nt$ on ! outside ( ! *e/ ov] ! aorta 7ma9 art]y leav+ ! he>t74 ,a sample ( label$ r$ blood cells is introduc$ into a ve91 & ! record+ device c\nts ! radioactivity appe>+ 9 ! aorta z a function ( "t4 ,ev5tually1 ( c\rse1 ! c\nt+ rate 7! numb] ( radioactive dis9tegrations p] second7 levels (f :5 ! indicator sample has become mix$ uni=mly 9 ! blood /ream4 ,f ! %ape ( ! curve on :i* ! data are record$ dur+ ! measurem5ts tak5 be=e t "t1 ! op]ator calculates ! he>t output p] second4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ?is c>diac output /udy a probe is position$ ov] ! he>t & ! passage ( iod9e-#aca label$ human s]um album9 ?r\gh ?is area is record$4 ,ob/etricians c>+ = expectant mo!rs use r$ cells tagg$ ) ,cr to f9d ! exact location ( ! plac5ta4 ,= example1 9 ! condition kn[n z plac5ta previa1 ! plac5ta--! organ )9 ! ut]us by :i* n\ri%m5t is transf]r$ f ! "m's blood to t ( ! unborn *ild--may be plac$ 9 su* a position t fatal ble$+ c occur4 ,a radiation-c\nt+ in/rum5t plac$ ov] ! l[] abdom5 gives in=mation ab\t ! exact location ( ! plac5ta4 ,if an abnormal situation exi/s1 ! att5d+ physician is !n al]t & ready to cope ) x4 ,! advantages ( *romium ov] iod9e-#aca1 :i* has also be5 us$1 are t small] doses are requir$1 & t !re is no transf] ( radioactivity to ! fetal circulation4 ,/ill ano!r common measurem5t us+ ,cr-label$ r$ blood cells is ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt & location ( ble$+ f ! ga/ro9te/9al tract 7! /oma* & b[els74 ,! am\nt is f\nd by simple measurem5t ( *romium 9 ! blood t appe>s 9 ! /ools4 ,to f9d ! location is slightly m complicat$4 ,! inte/9al cont5ts are sampl$ at diff]5t levels ?r\gh an ins]t$ tube1 & ! radiation ( ! samples det]m9$ sep>ately4 ,f9ally1 ga/ro9te/9al loss ( prote9 c be measur$ ) ! aid ( ,cr-label$ blood s]um4 ,! s]um is treat$ ) ,cr,cl & !n inject$ into a ve94 ,9 sev]al v s]i\s ailm5ts !re is s]i\s loss ( blood prote9 ?r\gh ! inte/9es4 ,9 ^! conditions ! ,cr level 9 ! inte/9al excretions is high1 & ?is al]ts ! doctor to apply rem$ial measures4 ,cobalt-#fj ,vitam9 ,b is a cobalt comp\nd4 ,normally ! few milligrams ( ,b 9 ! body are /or$ 9 ! liv] & releas$ to ! blood /ream z ne$$4 ,9 p]nici\s anemia1 a pot5tially fatal b curable disease1 ! ,b cont5t ( ! blood falls f ! usual level ( #cjj-ijj micromicrograms p] millilit] 7ml7 to #j to #ajj micromicrograms p] ml4 ,! adm9i/ration ( massive doses ( ,b is ! only kn[n rem$y = ?is condition4 ,if ! ,b is label$ ) radioactive cobalt1 its passage into ! blood /ream may be obs]v$ by sev]al diff]5t me?ods4 ,! simple/ is to give ! ,b by m\?1 & aft] ab\t #h h\rs /udy ! level ( cobalt radioactivity 9 ! blood4 ,cobalt-#fj has be5 us$ = sev]al ye>s1 b rec5tly cobalt-#eh has be5 f\nd m satisfactory4 ,x has a half-life ( #gb days :ile ,co has a #e4c-ye> half-life4 ,?is r$uces greatly ! am\nt ( radiation to ! pati5t's liv] by ! reta9$ radioactivity4 ,iod9e-#aca ,l *romium-#ea1 iod9e is a v]satile trac] elem5t4 ,x is us$ to det]m9e blood volume1 c>diac output1 plasma volume1 liv] activity1 fat metabolism1 ?yroid canc] meta/ases1 bra9 tumors1 & ! size1 %ape1 & activity ( ! ?yroid gl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a l9e> photoscann] produc$ ^! pictures ( 7,a7 a normal ?yroid1 7,b7 an enl>g$ ?yroid1 & 7,c7 a canc]\s ?yroid4 ,because ( its unique connection ) ! ?yroid gl&1 iod9e-#aca is mo/ valuable 9 measurem5ts connect$ ) t organ4 ,?yrox91 an iod9e comp\nd1 is manufactur$ 9 ! ?yroid gl&1 & transf]r$ by ! blood /ream to ! body tissues4 ,! ?yrox9 helps to gov]n ! oxyg5 consumption ( ! body & !re=e helps control its metabolism4 ,prop] production ( ?yrox9 is ess5tial to ! prop] utilization ( nutri5ts4 ,l[]$ metabolism means increas$ body weight4 ,l[]$ ?yroid activity may mean expansion ( ! gl&1 caus+ "o =m ( goit]4 ,iod9e-#aca behaves 9 ! body j z ! natural non-radioactive isotope1 iod9e-#abg1 does1 b ! radioactivity p]mits obs]vation f outside ! body ) "s =m ( radiation c\nt]4 ,iod9e c exi/ 9 ! body 9 _m diff]5t *emical comp\nds1 & ! c\nt] c tell :]e x is b n 9 :at =m4 ,h5ce *emical manipulation is necess>y 9 apply+ ?is te*nique to diff]5t diagno/ic proc$ures4 ,! ?yroid gl&1 :i* is locat$ at ! base ( ! neck1 is v effici5t 9 trapp+ inorganic iodide f ! blood /ream1 conc5trat+ & /or+ ! iod9e-conta9+ mat]ial & gradually releas+ x to ! blood /ream 9 ! =m ( prote9-b\nd iod9e 7,,pbi74 ,"o ( ! common diagno/ic proc$ures = det]m9+ ?yroid function1 !re=e1 is to measure ! p]c5tage ( an adm9i/]$ dose ( ,i t is tak5 up by ! gl&4 ,usually ! pati5t is giv5 a v small dose ( radioactive sodium iodide solution to dr9k1 & two h\rs lat] ! am\nt ( iod9e 9 ! gl& is det]m9$ by measur+ ! radiation com+ f ! neck area4 ,9 hyp]?yroidism1 or high ?yroid gl& activity1 ! gl& removes iodide ions f ! blood /ream m rapidly ?an normal4 ,illu/ration3 ,scre5+ te/ = ,hyp]?yroidism ,oral dose ,i ,graph ( ,uptake 9 #a h\r 7,p]c5t ( adm9i/]$ dose7 v]sus ,uptake 9 #bd h\rs 7,p]c5t ( adm9i/]$ dose7 ,illu/ration3 ,x is especially important 9 isotope /udies on infants & small *ildr5 t ! radiation exposure be l[4 ,by c>ry+ out /udies 9 ! :ole body c\nt] room1 ! adm9i/]$ dose c be greatly r$uc$4 ,! photographs illu/rate a te*nique ( measur+ radioiod9e uptake 9 ! ?yroid gl& ) extremely small am\nts ( a mixture ( iod9e-#aca & iod9e-#abe4 ,a %[s a small television set t is m\nt$ above ! cry/al 9 su* a way t good view+ requires t ! head be kept 9 ! desir$ position4 ,?is helps solve ! problem ( keep+ small *ildr5 /ill dur+ a #ae-m9ute c\nt+ p]iod4 ,b %[s a *ild 9 position = a ?yroid uptake /udy4 ,?is simple proc$ure has be5 us$ widely4 ,"o difficulty 9 us+ x is t its success is dep5d5t ^u ! "t int]val betwe5 injection & measurem5t4 ,an ov]active gl& bo? conc5trates iod9e rapidly & also dis*>ges x back to ! blood /ream z ,,pbi m rapidly ?an normal4 ,modifications ( ! te/ h be5 made to comp>e ! am\nt ( iod9e-#aca t 0 adm9i/]$ ) ! am\nt circulat+ 9 ! blood z ,,pbi4 ,! sy/em acquires *emical sep>ation ( ! two =ms ( iod9e f a sample ( blood remov$ f a ve91 foll[$ by sep>ate c\nt+4 ,?is computation ( ! 8conv]sion ratio0 ( radioactive plasma ,,pbi to plasma-total ,i gives results t are less subject to mis9t]pretation4 ,to det]m9e local activity 9 small portions ( ! ?yroid1 an automatic scann] is us$4 ,a collimator#i %ields ! detector 7a ,geig]-,mll] tube or sc9tillat+ cry/al7 s t only ^? impulses orig9at+ )9 a v small area are accept$ by ! in/rum5t4 ,! detector is !n mov$ back & =? sl[ly ov] ! entire area & ! radiation is automatically record$ at def9ite int]vals1 creat+ a 8map0 ( ! active area4 ,9 cases :]e lumps1 or nodules1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ?yroid1 ! map is q helpful 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 canc]\s & b5ign nodules4 ,! =m] are almo/ always less radioactive ?an surr\nd+ tissues4 ,illu/ration3 ,sev5 s]ial scans made ) ! :ole body scann] 7 put toge!r to provide a :ole body scan ( ?is pati5t ) ?yroid canc] t _h spread to ! lung4 ,"o millicurie ( iod9e-#aca 0 adm9i/]$ & ! scan made #gb h\rs lat]4 ,note ! uptake 9 ! lung4 ,?is pati5t 0 successfully treat$ ) l>ge doses ( iod9e-#aca4 ,fragm5ts ( canc]\s ?yroid tissue may migrate to o!r p>ts ( ! body & gr[ !re4 ,^! new canc]s are kn[n z meta/atic canc]s & are a signal ( an advanc$ /ate ( disease4 ,9 su* a situation ev5 complete surgical removal ( ! orig9al canc] may n save ! pati5t4 ,if ^! meta/ases are capable ( conc5trat+ iod9e 7less ?an #aj ( !m are71 !y c be locat$ by scann+ ! :ole body 9 ! mann] t 0 j describ$4 ,:5 a ?yroid canc] is discov]$1 !re=e1 a doctor may look = meta/ases be=e decid+ to op]ate4 ,human blood s]um album9 label$ ) ,i is us$ = measurem5t ( ! volume ( circulat+ plasma4 ,! proc$ure is q simil> to t us$ ) radioactive *romium4 ,iod9at$ human s]um album9 label$ ) ,i is inject$ into a ve94 ,!n1 aft] all[+ "t = complete mix+ ( ! sample ) ! blood1 a second sample is c\nt$ us+ a sc9tillation c\nt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,"t-lapse motion pictures ( ! liv] ( a #c-ye>-old girl 7 made ) ! sc9tillation cam]a #a h\r aft] injection ( #ej microcuries ( iod9e-#aca-label$ rose b5gal dye4 ,?is *ild 0 born )\t a bile-duct sy/em & an artificial bile duct _h be5 creat$ surgically4 ,%e develop$ symptoms t caus$ conc]n t ! duct _h clos$4 ,^! scans %[ ! mass ( mat]ial conta9+ ! radioactive mat]ial 7small light area7 mov+ d[nw>d & to ! "r1 indicat+ t ! duct 0 /ill op54 ,= _m ye>s1 a dye kn[n z rose b5gal has be5 us$ 9 te/+ liv] function4 ,ab\t #aj ye>s ago ?is proc$ure 0 improv$ by label+ ! dye ) ,i4 ,:5 ?is dye is inject$ into a ve9 x goes to ! liv]1 :i* removes x f ! blood /ream & transf]s x to ! inte/9es to be excret$4 ,! rate ( disappe>ance ( ! dye f ! blood /ream is !re=e a measure ( ! liv] activity4 ,imm$iately aft] adm9i/ration ( ! radioactive dye1 c\nts are record$1 pref]ably cont9u\sly f sev]al sites ) %ield$1 collimat$ detectors4 ,"o c\nt] is plac$ ov] ! side ( ! head or ! ?igh to record ! cle>ance ( ! dye f ! blood /ream4 ,a second is plac$ ov] ! liv]1 & a ?ird ov] ! abdom5 to record ! passage ( ! dye into ! small inte/9e4 ,human s]um album9 label$ ) ,i is sometimes us$ = location ( bra9 tumors4 ,x appe>s t tumors alt] a normal 8b>ri]0 betwe5 ! bra9 & blood 9 su* a mann] t ! label$ album9 c p5etrate tumor\s tissues al?\gh x w\ld be exclud$ f heal?y bra9 tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+3 #a ,human s]um album9 label$ ) ,i #b ,tumor selectively localizes label$ album9 #c ,survey ( gamma radiation 7,/&>d po9ts7 ,! bra9 behaves almo/ uniquely among body tissues 9 t a 8blood-bra9 b>ri]0 exi/s1 s t sub/ances inject$ into ! blood /ream w n pass into bra9 cells al?\gh !y w pass readily into muscul> tissue4 ,?is blood-bra9 b>ri] does n exi/ 9 bra9 tumors4 ,a sy/ematic scann+ ( ! skull !n p]mits location ( ^! canc]\s 8hot spots04 ,iron-#ei ,iron is a necess>y con/itu5t ( r$ blood cells1 s its radioactive =m1 ,fe1 has be5 us$ frequ5tly 9 measurem5t ( ! rate ( =mation ( r$ cells1 ! lifetime ( r$ cells1 & r$ cell volumes4 ,! label+ is m difficult ?an label+ ) *romium = ! same purposes1 s ?is proc$ure no long] has ! importance x once _h4 ,on ! o!r h&1 direct measurem5t ( absorption ( iron by ! dige/ive tract c be accompli%$ only by us+ ,fe4 ,9 a*lorhydria ! ga/ric juice 9 ! /oma* is defici5t 9 hydro*loric acid1 & ?is condition has be5 %[n to l[] ! iron absorption4 ,a normal diet conta9s mu* m iron ?an ! body ne$s1 b 9 special cases1 sometimes call$ 8tir$ blood0 9 adv]tis+ = m$ic9es1 iron comp\nds are prescrib$ = ! pati5t4 ,if ,fe is includ$1 its appe>ance 9 ! blood /ream c be monitor$ & ! effectiv5ess ( ! m$ication not$4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is multiple-port sc9tillation c\nt] is us$ = iron-k9etic /udies4 ,! trac] dose ( iron-#ei is adm9i/]$ into ! arm ve9 & !n ! activities 9 ! bone m>r[1 liv]1 & sple5 are record$ simultane\sly ) c\nt]s position$ ov] ^! areas1 & %[ di/ribution ( iron-#ei z a function ( "t4 ,:5 ! data are analyz$ 9 conjunction ) iron-#ei cont5t 9 blood1 in=mation c be obta9$ ab\t sites ( r$ blood cell production & de/ruction4 ,phosphorus-#cb ,! phosphate ion is a normal con/itu5t ( ! blood4 ,9 _m k9ds ( tumors1 phosphates seem to be pres5t 9 ! canc]\s tissue 9 a conc5tration sev]al times t ( ! surr\nd+ heal?y tissue4 ,?is (f]s a way ( us+ phosphorus-#cb to di/+ui% betwe5 canc] cells & _! neighbors4 ,due to ! fact t ,p gives (f beta rays b no gammas1 ! c\nt] mu/ be plac$ v close to ! suspect$ tissue1 s9ce beta p>ticles h v little p5etrat+ p[]4 ,?is fact limits ! use ( ! te/ to sk9 canc]s or to canc]s expos$ by surg]y4 ,"s k9ds ( bra9 tumors1 = in/ance1 are difficult to di/+ui% visually f ! heal?y bra9 tissue4 ,9 su* cases1 ! pati5t may be giv5 ,p label$ phosphate intrav5\sly "s h\rs be=e surg]y4 ,a t9y beta-s5sitive probe c\nt] !n c be mov$ ab\t )9 ! op]ative site to indicate to ! surgeon ! limits ( ! canc]\s area4 ,sodium-#bd ,normal blood is ab\t #a sodium *loride or ord9>y salt4 ,?is fact makes possible ! use ( ,na 9 "s measurem5ts ( ! blood & o!r fluids4 ,! figure illu/rates ?is te*nique4 ,a sample ( ,na,cl solution is inject$ into a ve9 9 an arm or leg4 ,! "t ! radioisotope arrives at ano!r "p ( ! body is detect$ ) a %ield$ radiation c\nt]4 ,! elaps$ "t is a good indication ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( con/rictions or ob/ructions 9 ! circulatory sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ #a ,na,cl solution inject$ #b ,blood c>ries ,na,cl to bo? legs #c ,high read+--good circulation ,site ( con/riction #d ,l[ read+--poor circulation ,! passage ( blood ?r\gh ! he>t may also be measur$ ) ! aid ( sodium-#bd4 ,s9ce ?is isotope emits gamma rays1 measurem5t is done us+ c\nt]s on ! outside ( ! body1 plac$ at appropriate locations above ! diff]5t sections ( ! he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+3 #a ,na intrav5\sly inject$ ,to lungs1 ,to body1 ,f arm1 ,f "r lung1 ,f left lung #b ,geig] c\nt] detects radiations f ,na #c ,ink writ+ record] %[s r\te ( ,na ,te*netium-#iim ,because ( its %ort half-life ( six h\rs1 te*netium-#iim#aj is com+ into use = diagnosis us+ scann+ devices1 p>ticul>ly = bra9 tumors4 ,x la/s su* a %ort "t x obvi\sly _c be kept 9 /ock1 s x is prep>$ by ! beta decay ( molybd5um-#ii4aa ,a /ock ( molybd5um is kept 9 a %ield$ conta9] 9 :i* x und]goes radioactive decay yield+ te*netium4 ,e morn+1 z ! te*netium is ne$$1 x is extract$ f its p>5t by a br9e solution4 ,?is g5]al proc$ure ( extract+ a %ort-liv$ isotope f its p>5t is also us$ 9 o!r cases4 ,we %all see lat] t radon gas is obta9$ by an analog\s me?od f its p>5t1 radium4 ,illu/ration3 ,us+ a 8nucle> c[0 to get te*netium f its p>5t isotope4 ,! 8c[0 is be+ f$ saltwat] ?r\gh a tube4 ,! saltwat] dra9s ?r\gh a high-radiation 7hot7 isotope4 ,! resultant drip-(f is a daught] su* z te*netium-#iim4 ,?is new1 mild isotope c be mix$ ) o!r elem5ts & ^! become ! day's supply ( radioisotopes = o!r scans4 ,te*netium-#iim decays 9 #f h\rs4 ,?us great] am\nts1 ) less possibility ( injury1 c be adm9i/]$ & a bett] picture results4 ,?ulium-#agj & ,gamma ,radiography ,= ye>s x has be5 recogniz$ t !re w\ld be _m uses = a truly portable device = tak+ ,x-ray pictures--"o t c\ld be c>ri$ by ! doctor to ! b$side or to ! sc5e ( an accid5t4 ,conv5tional ,x-ray equipm5t has be5 9 use by doctors = _m ye>s1 & highly effici5t app>atus has become indisp5sable1 especially 9 treat+ bone conditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ne$ = a means ( exam9+ pati5ts :o _c be mov$ to a hospital ,x-ray room1 & are locat$ :]e electric curr5t s\rces are n available4 ,a few ye>s ago1 a unit 0 devis$ t weigh$ only a few p\nds1 & c\ld take 8,x-ray pictures0 7actually gamma radiographs7 us+ ! gamma rays f ! radioisotope ?ulium-#agj4 ,! ?ulium s\rce is kept inside a lead %ield1 b a photographic %utt]-release cable c be press$ to move x mom5t>ily ov] an op5 port 9 ! %ield+4 ,! picture is tak5 ) an exposure ( a few seconds4 ,a some:at simil> device uses /rontium-#ij z ! s\rce ( beta radiation t 9 turn /imulates ! emission ( gamma rays f a t>get )9 ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a te*nician holds an inexp5sive portable ,x-ray unit t 0 develop$ by ! ,argonne ,national ,laboratory4 ,comp>e its size ) ! /&>d ,x-ray ma*9e %[n at left & above4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 ,i has be5 us$ v successfully 9 a portable device z a l[-en]gy gamma s\rce = radiography4 ,! gamma rays f ?is s\rce are suffici5tly p5etrat+ = photograph+ ! arms & legs1 & ! necess>y %ield+ is easily suppli$ to protect ! op]ator4 ,by contra/ ) l>g] devices1 ! gamma-ray s\rce c be z small z "o-t5? millimet] 9 diamet]1 virtually a po9t s\rce2 ?is makes possible maximum %>pness ( image4 ,! late/ device1 us+ up to "o curie#ab ( ,i1 weighs #b p\nds1 yet has adequate %ield+ = ! op]ator4 ,x is truly portable4 ,if ?is ,x-ray s\rce is comb9$ ) a rapid develop+ photographic film1 a physician c be completely fre$ f dep5d5ce ^u ! hospital laboratory = em]g5cy ,x rays4 ,a f9i%$ pr9t c be ready = inspection 9 #aj seconds4 ,! doctor ?us c decide quickly :e!r x is safe to move an accid5t victim1 = in/ance4 ,9 milit>y op]ations1 simil>ly1 x becomes a simple matt] to exam9e w\nd$ soldi]s 9 ! field :]e conv5tional equipm5t is n available4 ,tritium ,m ?an #cj ye>s ago1 :5 deut]ium 7heavy hydrog57 0 fir/ discov]$1 heavy wat] 7,d,o7 0 us$ = ! det]m9ation ( total body wat]4 ,a small sample ( heavy wat] 0 giv5 ei!r intrav5\sly or orally1 & "t 0 all[$ = x to mix uni=mly ) all ! wat] 9 ! body 7ab\t #d to #f h\rs74 ,a sample 0 !n obta9$ ( ! mix$ wat] & analyz$ = its heavy wat] cont5t4 ,?is proc$ure 0 useful b x 0 h>d to make an accurate analysis ( l[ conc5trations ( heavy wat]4 ,m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 tritium 7,h7 7radioactive hydrog57 has be5 produc$ 9 abundance4 ,its oxide1 tritiat$ wat] 7,h,o71 is *emically almo/ ! same z ord9>y wat]1 b physically x may be di/+ui%$ by ! beta rays giv5 (f by ! tritium4 ,?is v s(t 7l[-en]gy7 beta ray requires ! use ( special c\nt+ equipm5t1 ei!r a w9d[less fl[-gas c\nt] or a liquid sc9tillator1 b ) ! prop] te*niques accurate measurem5t is possible4 ,! total body wat] c !n be comput$ by ! g5]al isotope dilution =mula us$ = measur+ blood plasma volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,! total body wat] is det]m9$ by ! dilution me?od us+ tritiat$ wat]4 ,?is te*nician is purify+ a ur9e sample s t ! tritium cont5t c be det]m9$ & ! total body wat] calculat$4 ,activation ,analysis ,ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies1 ,neutron ,activation ,analysis1 discusses a new process by :i* microscopic quantities ( _m diff]5t mat]ials may be analyz$ accurately4 ,neutron irradiation ( ^! samples *anges "s ( _! atoms to radioactive isotopes4 ,a multi*annel analyz] in/rum5t gives a record ( ! conc5tration ( any ( ab\t #ej ( ! kn[n elem5ts4 ,"o use ( ?is te*nique involv$ ! analysis ( a hair f ,napoleon's head4 ,m ?an #ajj ye>s aft] 8 dea? x 0 %[n t ! ,fr5* ,emp]or _h be5 giv5 ars5ic 9 l>ge quantities & t ?is possibly caus$ 8 dea?4 ,! ways 9 :i* activation analysis c be appli$ to m$ical diagnosis are at pres5t l>gely limit$ to toxicology1 ! /udy ( poisons1 b ! future may br+ new possibilities4 ,k is /ill be+ s\ght1 = example1 ab\t ! physiological role play$ by m9ute quantities ( "s ( ! elem5ts f\nd 9 ! body4 ,! ability to det]m9e accurately a few p>ts p] million ( 8trace elem5ts0 9 ! v>i\s tissues & body fluids is expect$ to provide mu* useful in=mation z to ! functions ( ^! mat]ials4 ,summ>y ,a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t radioisotopes h be5 us$ = measurem5t ( disease conditions 9 ! human body4 ,!y may measure liquid volumes1 rates ( fl[ or rates ( transf] ?r\gh organs or membranes2 !y may %[ ! behavior ( int]nal organs2 !y may diff]5tiate betwe5 normal & malignant tissues4 ,hundr$s ( hospitals are n[ mak+ ?\s&s ( ^! te/s annually4 ,?is does n mean t all ! diagno/ic problems h be5 solv$4 ,mu* ( ! "w is on an exp]im5tal r ?an a r\t9e basis4 ,improvem5ts 9 te*niques are /ill be+ made4 ,z quantities ( radioisotopes available = ^! purposes gr[1 & z ! co/ cont9ues to drop1 x is expect$ !re w be /ill m applications4 ,f9ally1 ?is does n mean we no long] ne$ ! doctor's diagno/ic skill4 ,all radioisotope proc$ures are m]ely tools to aid ! skill$ physician4 ,z ! practice ( m$ic9e has *ang$ f an art to a sci5ce1 radioisotopes h play$ a useful "p4 ,,!rapy ,a ,successful ,case ,a doctor rec5tly told ?is /ory ab\t a canc] pati5t :o 0 cur$ by irradiation ) cobalt-#fj4 8,a #ge-ye>-old :ite male pati5t1 :o _h be5 ho>se = "o mon?1 0 treat$ unsuccessfully ) ! usual m$ications giv5 = a bad cold4 ,f9ally1 exam9ation ( 8 l>ynx reveal$ an ulc]at$ swell+ on ! "r vocal cord4 ,a biopsy 7microscopic exam9ation ( a tissue sample7 0 made1 & x 0 f\nd ! swell+ 0 a squam\s-cell canc]4 8,daily radiation treatm5t us+ a cobalt-#fj device 0 />t$ & cont9u$ = #ca days4 ,?is 0 9 ,septemb] #aiei4 ,! cobalt-#fj unit is "o t c be op]at$ by remote control4 ,x positions radioactive cobalt ov] a collimator1 :i* det]m9es ! size ( ! radiation beam rea*+ ! pati5t4 ,! ma*9e may be made to rotate ar\nd ! pati5t or c be us$ at any desir$ angle or position4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+3 ,co s\rce ,tung/5 alloy %ield+ ,%utt] ,c\nt]weight & p]sonnel %ield 8,:5 ! treatm5t s]ies 0 9 progress1 ! pati5t's voice 0 tempor>ily made worse1 b x return$ to normal )9 two mon?s aft] ! treatm5t end$4 ,! radiation de/roy$ ! canc]\s gr[?1 & frequ5t exam9ations ov] #f ye>s s9ce h fail$ to reveal any regr[?4 8,! treatm5t sp>$ ! pati5t's vocal cords1 & 8 voice1 airway1 & food passage 7 pres]v$40 ,?is dramatic tale ) a happy end+ is a good "o ) :i* to />t a discussion ( h[ doctors use radioisotopes = treatm5t ( disease4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ,radioisotopes h an important role 9 ! treatm5t ( disease1 p>ticul>ly canc]4 ,x is /ill believ$ t canc] is n "o b sev]al diseases ) possible multiple causes4 ,great progress is be+ made 9 developm5t ( *emicals = relief ( canc]4 ,nev]!less1 radiation & surg]y are /ill ! ma9 me?ods = treat+ canc]1 & !re are _m conditions 9 :i* relief c be obta9$ ?r\gh use ( radiation4 ,moreov]1 ! imag9ative use ( radioisotopes gives mu* great] flexibility 9 radiation !rapy4 ,?is is expect$ to be true = "s ye>s to come ev5 z progress cont9ues4 ,radioisotopes s]ve z conc5trat$ s\rces ( radiation & frequ5tly are localiz$ )9 ! diseas$ cells or organs4 ,! dose c be comput$ to yield ! maximum !rapeutic effect )\t h>m+ adjac5t heal?y tissues4 ,let u see "s ( ! ways 9 :i* ?is is done4 ,iod9e-#aca & ,iod9e-#acb ,iod9e1 z 0 m5tion$ e>li]1 conc5trates 9 ! ?yroid gl&1 & is conv]t$ !re to prote9-b\nd iod9e t is sl[ly releas$ to ! blood /ream4 ,iod9e-#aca1 9 conc5trations mu* high] ?an ^? us$ 9 diagno/ic te/s1 w irradiate ?yroid cells1 !reby damage !m1 & r$uce ! activity ( an ov]active ?yroid 7hyp]?yroidism74 ,! en]gy is releas$ )9 ! affect$ gl&1 & mu* ( x is absorb$ !re4 ,iod9e-#aca has a half-life ( #h4a days4 ,9 contra/1 ,i has a half-life ( only #b4cc h\rs4 ,:at ?is means is t ! same weight ( radioactive ,i w give a great] radiation dose ?an ,i w\ld1 & lose its activity rapidly en\gh to pres5t mu* less haz>d by ! "t ! iod9e is releas$ to ! blood /ream4 ,iod9e-#acb is !re=e (t5 pref]r$ = treatm5t ( ?is sort4 ,boron-#aj ,boron-#aj has be5 us$ exp]im5tally 9 ! treatm5t ( inop]able bra9 tumors4 ,gliobla/oma multi=me1 a p>ticul>ly malignant =m ( canc]1 is an inv>iably fatal disease 9 :i* ! pati5t has a probable life expectancy ( only #a ye>4 ,! tumor ext5ds roots into normal tissues to su* an ext5t t x is virtually impossible = ! surgeon to remove all malignant tissue ev5 if he removes en\gh normal bra9 to affect ! function+ ( ! pati5t s]i\sly4 ,) or )\t op]ation ! pati5t dies )9 mon?s4 ,?is is !re=e a case 9 :i* any improvem5t at all is significantly helpful4 ,! blood-bra9 b>ri] t 0 m5tion$ e>li] m9imizes ! passages ( _m mat]ials into normal bra9 tissues4 ,b :5 "s organic or inorganic comp\nds1 su* z ! boron comp\nds1 are inject$ into ! blood /ream1 !y w pass readily into bra9 tumors & n move into normal bra9 cells4 ,boron-#aj absorbs sl[ neutrons readily1 & becomes boron-#aa1 :i* dis9tegrates almo/ imm$iately into alpha p>ticles & a li?ium isotope4 ,alpha p>ticles1 rememb]1 h v little p5etrat+ p[]1 s all ! en]gy ( ! alpha radioactivity is exp5d$ )9 ! individual tumor cells4 ,?is is an ideal situation1 = x makes possible de/ruction ( tumor cells ) virtually no h>m to normal cells1 ev5 :5 ! two k9ds are closely int]m+l$4 ,sl[ neutrons pass ?r\gh ! human body ) v little damage1 s a fairly /rong dose ( !m c be safely appli$ to ! head4 ,_m ( !m w be absorb$ by ! boron-#aj1 & maximum de/ruction ( ! canc] w occur1 along ) m9imum haz>d to ! pati5t4 ,?is treatm5t is accompli%$ by plac+ ! head ( ! pati5t 9 a beam ( sl[ neutrons em]g+ f a nucle> reactor a few m9utes aft] ! boron-#aj comp\nd has be5 inject$ into a ve94 ,illu/ration3 ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,neutron ,,capture ,,!rapy ,,us+ ,,boron-#aj ,neutron capture treatm5t ( a bra9 tumor1 us+ ! ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory rese>* reactor 7c5t]74 ,control console ,treatm5t port 7%utt] %[n op57 ,obs]vation w9d[ ,pati5t treatm5t room ,%utt] elevator 7hydraulic7 ,control rod drives ,heavy concrete %ield ,control rods ,exp]im5tal holes ,reactor core ,cool+ air ,cool+ wat] ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,a lead %utt] %ields ! pati5t f reactor neutrons4 ,illu/ration3 7#b7 ,a comp\nd conta9+ ! /able elem5t boron is inject$ into ! blood/ream2 ! tumor absorbs mo/ ( ! boron4 ,illu/ration3 7#c7 ,aft] #h m9utes1 :5 ! tumor is saturat$1 ! %utt] is remov$ & neutrons bomb>d ! bra91 splitt+ boron atoms s t fragm5ts de/roy tumor tissue4 ,illu/ration3 7#d7 ,tw5ty m9utes lat] ! %utt] is clos$ & ! treatm5t ends4 ,! difficulty is t mo/ boron comp\nds !mselves are poison\s to human tissues1 & only small conc5trations c be tol]at$ 9 ! blood4 ,ef=ts h be5 made1 ) "s success1 to syn!size new boron comp\nds t h ! greate/ possible degree ( selective absorption by ! tumors4 ,bo? organic & inorganic comp\nds h be5 tri$1 & ! degree ( selectivity has be5 %[n to be mu* great] = "s ?an = o!rs4 ,s f> x is too e>ly to say t any cures h be5 br\ght ab\t1 b results h be5 v enc\rag+4 ,! ideal drug1 "o :i* w make possible complete de/ruction ( ! canc] )\t h>m+ ! pati5t1 is probably /ill to be devis$4 ,phosphorus-#cb ,ano!r disease :i* is peculi>ly op5 to attack by radioisotopes is polycy!mia v]a4 ,?is is an insidi\s ailm5t ( a *ronic1 sl[ly progressive nature1 *>act]iz$ by an abnormal increase 9 ! numb] ( r$ blood cells1 an increase 9 total blood volume1 enl>gem5t ( ! sple51 & a t5d5cy = ble$+ to occur4 ,!re is "s indication t x may be relat$ to leukemia4 ,until rec5t ye>s !re 0 no v satisfactory treatm5t ( ?is malady4 ,! anci5t practice ( ble$+ 0 z useful z any?+1 giv+ tempor>y relief b n /rik+ at ! und]ly+ cause4 ,!re is /ill no true cure1 b ! use ( phosphorus-#cb has be5 v effective 9 caus+ disappe>ance ( symptoms = p]iods f mon?s to ye>s1 l5g!n+ ! pati5t's life consid]ably4 ,! purpose ( ! ,p treatm5t 7us+ a sodium-radiophosphate solution7 is n to de/roy ! excess ( r$ cells1 z _h be5 tri$ ) "s drugs1 b r to sl[ d[n _! =mation & !reby get at ! basic cause4 ,phosphorus-#cb emits pure beta rays hav+ an av]age pa? 9 tissue only #b millimet]s long4 ,its half-life is #ad4c days4 ,:5 x is giv5 intrav5\sly x mixes rapidly ) ! circulat+ blood & sl[ly accumulates 9 tissues t utilize phosphates 9 _! metabolism4 ,?is br+s appreciable conc5tration 9 ! blood-=m+ tissues 7ab\t twice z mu* 9 blood cells z 9 g5]al body cells74 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+3 #a ,pati5t dr9ks ,p 9 wat] solution #b ,p selectively absorb$ ,blood cell production 9 bone m>r[ ,illu/ration3 ,survival ( polycy!mia v]a pati5ts aft] ,p !rapy4 ,no4 cases #bja ,av]age age #eb ,m$ian survival #ac4b ,survival = #e ye>s #ia4e #aj ye>s #gj4j ,"o o!r p]t95t fact is t ^! rapidly divid+ hematopoietic cells are extremely s5sitive to radiation4 7,hematopoietic cells are ^? t are actively =m+ blood cells & are !re=e ^? t %\ld be attack$ selectively47 ,! dose requir$ is ( c\rse _m times t ne$$ = diagno/ic /udies1 & c>eful obs]vation ( ! results is necess>y to det]m9e t exactly ! desir$ effect has be5 obta9$4 ,!re exi/s "s controv]sy ov] ?is c\rse ( treatm5t4 ,no "o d5ies t ! lives ( pati5ts h be5 l5g!n$ notably4 ,nev]!less s9ce ! purpose ( ! proc$ure is to r$uce r$ cell =mation1 !re exi/s ! haz>d ( too great a r$uction1 & ! possibility ( caus+ leukemia 7a disease ( too few r$ cells74 ,!re may be a small increase 9 ! numb] ( cases ( leukemia among ^? treat$ ) ,p comp>$ ) ! g5]al population4 ,! controv]sy arises ov] :e!r ! ,p treatm5t caus$ ! leukemia1 or :e!r x m]ely prolong$ ! lives ( ! pati5ts until leukemia appe>$ z x w\ld h 9 ^! p]sons ev5 )\t treatm5t4 ,?is is probably quibbl+1 & _m doctors believe t ! slight unprov5 risk is wor? tak+ to produce ! admitt$ l5g?y fre$om f symptoms4 ,gold-#aih ,! la/ ailm5t we %all discuss 9 ?is section is ! accumulation ( l>ge quantities ( excess fluid 9 ! *e/ & abdom9al cavities f _! l9+s1 z a consequ5ce ( ! gr[? ( c]ta9 types ( malignant tumors4 ,frequ5t surgical dra9age 0 at "o "t ! only v useful treatm5t1 & ( c\rse ?is 0 bo? uncom=table & dang]\s4 ,! use ( radioactive colloidal susp5sions1 prim>ily colloidal gold-#aih1 has be5 q successful 9 palliative treatm5t3 ,x does n cure1 b x does give m>k$ relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+3 ,colloidal gold 9 %ield ,sal9e solution ,to p]itoneal or pleural cavity ,radioactive colloids 7a colloid is a susp5sion ( "o v f9ely divid$ sub/ance 9 "s o!r m$ium7 c be introduc$ into ! abdom9al cavity1 :]e !y may rema9 susp5d$ or settle out ^u ! l9+4 ,9 ei!r case1 s9ce !y are n dissolv$1 !y d n pass ?r\gh ! membranes or cell walls b rema9 )9 ! cavity4 ,?r\gh its de/ructive & ret>d+ effect on ! canc] cells ! radiation inhibits ! ooz+ ( fluids4 ,gold-#aih (f]s sev]al advantages 9 su* cases4 ,x has a %ort half-life 7#b4g days72 x is *emically in]t & !re=e nontoxic2 & x emits beta & gamma radiation t is almo/ entirely absorb$ by ! tissues 9 its imm$iate neighborhood4 ,! results h be5 v enc\rag+4 ,!re is admitt$ly no evid5ce ( any cures1 or ev5 l5g!n+ ( life1 b !re has be5 m>k$ r$uction ( discom=t & control ( ! ooz+ 9 ov] two-?irds ( ! cases treat$4 ,beads1 ,ne$les1 & ,applicators ,radium salts 7 ! fir/ mat]ials to be us$ = radiation treatm5t ( canc]4 ,be+ bo? v exp5sive & v long-liv$1 !y c\ld n be inject$ b 7 us$ 9 tempor>y implants4 ,radium salts 9 p[d] =m 7 pack$ into t9y holl[ ne$les ab\t #a c5timet] long1 :i* 7 !n seal$ tightly to prev5t ! escape ( radon gas4 ,z radium decays 7half-life #afbj ye>s7 x becomes gase\s radon4 ,! latt] is also radioactive1 s x mu/ be prev5t$ f escap+4 ,^! gold ne$les c\ld be ins]t$ into tumors & left !re until ! desir$ dosage _h be5 adm9i/]$4 ,"o difficulty 9 radium treatm5t 0 t ! ne$les 7 s t9y t on num]\s occasions !y 7 lo/1 hav+ be5 ?r[n out ) ! dress+s4 ,!n1 bo? because ( _! value & _! haz>d1 a frantic se>* ensu$ :5 ?is happ5$1 n always end+ successfully4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ne$le us$ = implantation ( yttrium-#ij pellets into ! pituit>y gl& is %[n 9 ! top photograph4 ,9 ! c5t] ,x ray ! ne$le is 9 place & ! pellets h j be5 pass$ ?r\gh x into ! bone area surr\nd+ ! pituit>y gl&4 ,! bottom ,x ray %[s ! ne$le )drawn & ! pellets )9 ! bone4 ,! fact t radon1 ! daught] ( radium1 is con/antly produc$ f its p>5t1 help$ to elim9ate "s ( ?is difficulty4 ,radium c\ld be kept 9 solution1 decay+ con/antly to yield radon4 ,! latt]1 ) a half-life ( #d days1 c\ld be seal$ into gold se$s #c by #j4e millimet]s & left 9 ! pati5t )\t mu* risk1 ev5 if he fail$ to return = its removal at exactly ! appo9t$ "t4 ,! co/ 0 l[ ev5 if ! se$s 7 lo/4 ,dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s1 o!r highly radioactive s\rces h be5 develop$ t h be5 us$ successfully4 ,cobalt-#fj is "o popul> mat]ial4 ,cobalt-#ei c be neutron-irradiat$ 9 a reactor to yield cobalt-#fj ) su* a high specific activity t a small cyl9d] ( x is m radioactive ?an ! entire _w's supply ( radium4 ,cobalt-#fj has be5 encapsulat$ 9 gold or silv] ne$les1 sometimes ( special %apes = adaptation to specific tumors su* z c>c9oma ( ! c]vix4 ,sometimes ne$les h be5 spac$ at int]vals on pla/ic ribbon t adapts itself readily to ! %ape ( ! organ treat$4 ,gold-#aih is also an int]e/+ isotope4 ,s9ce x is *emically in]t 9 ! body1 x ne$s no protective coat+1 & z is ! case ) radon1 its %ort half-life makes its use simpl] 9 t ! "t ( removal is n ( critical importance4 ,c]amic beads made ( yttrium-#ij oxide are a mod]ately new developm5t4 ,"o v successful application ( ?is mat]ial has be5 = ! de/ruction ( ! pituit>y gl&4 ,canc] may be describ$ z ! runaway gr[? ( cells4 ,! secretions ( ! pituit>y gl& s]ve to /imulate cell reproduction1 s x 0 reason$ t de/ruction ( ?is gl& might well sl[ d[n gr[? ( a tumor else:]e 9 ! body4 ,! tr\ble 0 t ! pituit>y is small & locat$ at ! base ( ! bra94 ,surgical removal _h br\ght dramatic relief 7n cure7 to _m pati5ts1 b ! surg]y itself 0 difficult & haz>d\s4 ,t9y yttrium-#ij oxide beads1 glasslike 9 nature1 c be implant$ directly 9 ! gl& ) mu* less difficulty & risk1 & d ! "w ( de/roy+ ! gl& ) little damage to its surr\nd+s4 ,! key to ! success ( yttrium-#ij is ! fact t x is a beta-emitt]1 & beta rays h s little p5etrat+ p[] t _! effect is limit$ to ! imm$iate area ( ! implant4 ,tele!rapy ,ov] #bjj tele!rapy units are n[ 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = treatm5t ( pati5ts by us+ v high int5sity s\rces ( cobalt-#fj 7usually7 or cesium-#acg4 ,units c>ry+ s\rces ) int5sities ( m ?an a ?\s& curies are common4 ,illu/ration3 ,! cobalt-#fj unit at ! ,m4 ,d4 ,&]son ,hospital & ,tumor ,in/itute 9 ,h\/on1 ,texas1 employs a #cjjj-;curie s\rce4 ,?is unit has a me*anism t all[s = rotation !rapy ab\t a /ation>y pati5t4 ,_m diff]5t treatm5t positions are possible4 ,?is pati5t1 %[n 9 position = !rapy1 has above h] *e/ an auxili>y diaphragm t consi/s ( an exp&$ metal tray on :i* blocks ( ei!r tung/5 or lead are plac$ to absorb gamma rays & ?us %ape ! field ( treatm5t4 ,9 ?is case !y all[ = irradiation ( ! portions ( ! neck & *e/ del9eat$ by ! l9es visible on ! pati5t4 ,s9ce a curie is ! am\nt ( radioactivity 9 a gram ( radium t is 9 equilibrium ) its decay products1 a #ajjj-;curie s\rce is comp>able to #b p\nds ( pure radium4 ,neglect+ = ! mom5t ! sc>city & enorm\s co/ ( t mu* radium 7millions ( doll>s71 we h to consid] t x w\ld be l>ge 9 volume & consequ5tly difficult to apply4 ,radiation f su* a quantity _c be focuss$2 consequ5tly1 ei!r mu* ( x w fall ^u heal?y tissue surr\nd+ ! canc] or mu* ( x w be wa/$ if a n>r[ passage ?r\gh ! %ield is aim$ at ! tumor4 ,9 contra/1 a t9y cobalt s\rce provides j z mu* radiation & m if x c be br\ght to be> ^u ! exact spot to be treat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( tele!rapy unit ,mo/ int]e/+ ( all is ! pr9ciple by :i* int]nal canc]s c be treat$ ) a m9imum ( damage to ! sk94 ,deep x-irradiation has always be5 ! approv$ treatm5t = deep-ly+ canc]s1 b until rec5tly ?is requir$ v cumb]some units4 ,) ! mod]n rotational device %[n 9 ! diagram1 a v n>r[ beam is aim$ at ! pati5t :ile ! s\rce is m\nt$ ^u a c>ri] t revolves completely ar\nd him4 ,! pati5t is position$ c>efully s t ! lesion to be treat$ is exactly at ! c5t] ( ! circul> pa? ( ! c>ri]4 ,! result is t ! beam /rikes its int]nal t>get dur+ ! entire circul> orbit1 b ! same am\nt ( radiation is spread out ov] a belt ( sk9 & tissue all ! way ar\nd ! pati5t4 ,! damage to any "o sk9 cell is m9imiz$4 ,! advantage ( ?is device ov] an e>li] device1 9 :i* ! pati5t 0 revolv$ 9 a /ation>y beam1 is t ! me*anical equipm5t is mu* simpl]4 ,,conclusions ,9 summ>y1 !n1 we may say t radioisotopes play an important role 9 m$ic9e4 ,= ! diagno/ician1 small h>mless quantities ( _m isotopes s]ve z tools to aid him 9 ga9+ in=mation ab\t normal & abnormal life processes4 ,! usefulness ( ?is in=mation dep5ds ^u 8 +5uity 9 devis+ que/ions to be answ]$1 app>atus to measure ! results1 & explanations = ! results4 ,= !rapeutic uses1 on ! o!r h&1 ! important ?+ to rememb] is t radiation damages _m k9ds ( cells1 especially :ile !y are 9 ! process ( division 7reproduction74#ac ,canc] cells are self-reproduc+ cells1 b d s 9 an uncontroll$ mann]4 ,h5ce canc] cells are p>ticul>ly vuln]able to radiation4 ,?is treatm5t requires pot5t s\rces & correspond+ly increases ! haz>ds ( use4 ,9 all cases1 ! use ( ^! pot5tially haz>d\s mat]ials belongs "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission4#ad ,lic5ses are issu$ by ! ,commission aft] inve/igation ( ! tra9+1 ability1 & facilities possess$ by prospective us]s ( dang]\s quantities4 ,at regul> int]vals c\rses are giv5 to tra9 individuals 9 ! te*niques necess>y = safe h&l+1 & graduates ( ^! c\rses are n[ locat$ 9 laboratories all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! future ( ?is field _c be pr$ict$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,rese>* 9 hundr$s ( laboratories is cont9u+ to add to our k1 ?r\gh new app>atus1 new te*niques1 & new exp]im5ts4 ,necess>ily ! numb] ( totally new fields is becom+ small]1 b mo/ c]ta9ly ! numb] ( cases us+ proc$ures already e/abli%$ is b\nd to increase4 ,we =esee /eady improvem5t & gr[? 9 all uses ( radioisotopes 9 m$ic9e4 ,,app5dix ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts#ae ,! measurem5t ( radioactivity mu/ be accompli%$ indirectly1 s use is made ( ! physical1 *emical1 & electrical effects ( radiation on mat]ials4 ,"o commonly us$ effect is t ( ionization4 ,alpha & beta p>ticles ionize gases ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 !reby mak+ ! gases electrically conductive4 ,a family ( c\nt]s uses ?is pr9ciple3 ! ionization *amb]1 ! proportional c\nt]1 & ! ,geig]-,mll] c\nt]4 ,c]ta9 cry/als1 sodium iodide be+ an excell5t example1 emit fla%es ( visible light :5 /ruck by ioniz+ radiation4 ,^! cry/als are us$ 9 sc9tillation c\nt]s4 ,ionization ,*amb]s ,"o ( a pair ( electrodes is a wire locat$ c5trally )9 a cyl9d]4 ,! o!r electrode is ! wall ( ! *amb]4 ,radiation ionizes ! gas )9 ! *amb]1 p]mitt+ ! passage ( curr5t betwe5 ! electrodes4 ,! ?ickness ( a w9d[ 9 ! *amb] wall det]m9es ! type ( radiation x c measure4 ,only gamma rays w pass ?r\gh a heavy metal wall1 glass w9d[s w admit all gammas & mo/ betas1 & pla/ic 7,myl>7 w9d[s are necess>y to admit alpha p>ticles4 ,c\nt]s ( ?is type1 :5 prop]ly calibrat$1 w measure ! total am\nt ( radiation receiv$ by ! body ( ! we>]4 ,proportional ,c\nt]s ,?is is a type ( ionization *amb] 9 :i* ! int5sity ( ! electrical pulse x produces is proportional to ! en]gy ( ! incom+ p>ticle4 ,?is makes x possible to record alpha p>ticles & discrim9ate aga9/ gamma rays4 ,geig]-,mll] ,c\nt]s ,^! h be5 widely us$ & are v]satile 9 _! applications4 ,! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! electrodes 9 ! ,geig]-,mll] tube 7simil> to an ionization *amb]7 is high4 ,a s+le alpha or beta p>ticle ionizes "s ( ! gas )9 ! *amb]4 ,9 turn ^! ions /rike o!r gas molecules produc+ second>y ionization4 ,! result is an 8avalan*e0 or high-int5sity pulse ( electricity pass+ betwe5 ! electrodes4 ,^! pulses c be c\nt$ electrically & record$ on a met] at rates up to sev]al ?\s& p] m9ute4 ,sc9tillation ,c\nt]s ,s9ce ! developm5t ( ! photoelectric tube & ! photomultipli] tube 7a comb9ation ( photoelectric cell & amplifi]71 ! sc9tillation c\nt] has become ! mo/ popul> in/rum5t = mo/ purposes describ$ 9 ?is booklet4 ,! fla% ( light produc$ :5 an individual ioniz+ p>ticle or ray /rikes a sodium-iodide cry/al is not$ by a photoelectric cell4 ,! int5sity ( ! fla% is a measure ( ! en]gy ( ! radiation1 s ! voltage ( ! output ( ! photomultipli] tube is a measure ( ! wavel5g? ( ! orig9al gamma ray4 ,! sc9tillation c\nt] c obs]ve up to a million c\nts p] m9ute & discrim9ate %>ply betwe5 gamma rays ( diff]5t en]gies4 ,) prop] w9d[s x c be us$ = alpha or beta c\nts z well4 ,solid ,/ate ,c\nt]s ,! late/ developm5t is a t9y silicon 7transi/or-type7 diode detector t c be made z small z a gra9 ( s& & plac$ )9 ! body ) v little discom=t4 ,scann]s ,_m ( ! applications describ$ 9 ?is booklet require accurate k ( ! exact location ( ! radioactive s\rce )9 ! body4 ,commonly a detect+ tube is us$ hav+ a collimat+ %ield s t x accepts only t radiation t /rikes x head-on4 ,a motor-driv5 c>ri] moves ! c\nt] l9e>ly at a sl[ rate4 ,radiation is c\nt$ & :5ev] ! c\nt rea*es ! pr$et]m9$ am\nt--f "o c\nt to _m--an electric impulse causes a syn*ron\sly mov+ p5 to make a dot on a *>t4 ,! scann]1 ^u rea*+ ! end ( a l9e moves d[n to ! next l9e & />ts ov]1 ev5tually produc+ a complete record ( ! radiation s\rces x has pass$ ov]4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ces ,te*nical ,books ,radioactive ,isotopes 9 ,m$ic9e & ,biology1 ,solomon ,silv]1 ,lea ,febig]1 ,philadelphia1 ,p5nsylvania #aiajf1 #aifb1 #cdg pp41 #h4jj4 ,atomic ,m$ic9e1 ,*>les ,f4 ,behr5s & ,e4 ,ri*>d ,k+ 7,eds471 ,! 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foll[+ reports are available f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjdjb4 ,isotopes & ,radiation ,te*nology 7,fall #aifc71 ,p4 ,s4 ,bak]1 ,a4 ,f4 ,rupp1 & ,associates1 ,oak ,ridge ,national ,laboratory1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 #abc pp41 #j4gj4 ,radioisotopes 9 ,m$ic9e 7,,oro-#abe71 ,g\ld ,a4 ,&rews1 ,m>%all ,bruc]1 & ,elizabe? ,b4 ,&]son1 #aief1 #hag pp41 #f4jj4 ,applications ( ,radioisotopes & ,radiation 9 ! ,life ,sci5ces1 ,he>+s be=e ! ,subcommittee on ,rese>*1 ,developm5t1 & ,radiation ( ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,atomic ,en]gy1 #hg? ,congress1 #a/ ,session1 #aifa1 #eac pp41 #a4ej2 ,summ>y ,analysis ( ! ,he>+s1 #bc pp41 #j4ae4 ,motion ,pictures ,available = loan )\t *>ge f ! ,,aec ,headqu>t]s ,film ,libr>y1 ,division ( ,public ,in=mation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede & f o!r ,,aec film libr>ies4 ,radioisotope ,applications 9 ,m$ic9e1 #bf m9utes1 black & :ite1 s\nd1 #aifd4 ,produc$ by ! ,educational ,broadca/+ ,corporation "u ! jo9t direction ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission's ,divisions ( ,isotopes ,developm5t & ,nucle> ,education & ,tra9+1 & ! ,oak ,ridge ,in/itute ( ,nucle> ,/udies4 ,?is film traces ! developm5t ( ! use ( radioisotopes & radiation 9 ! field ( m$ic9e f ! e>ly "w ( ,hevesy to ! pres5t4 ,descriptions ( ! foll[+ are giv53 /udy ( *ole/]ol & art]ioscl]osis2 cobalt label$ vitam9 ,b us$ to /udy p]nici\s anemia2 hi/ory ( iod9e radioisotopes & ! ?yroid2 bra9 tumor localization2 det]m9ation ( body fluid volumes2 r$ cell lifetime2 & use ( radioisotopes = ! treatm5t ( v>i\s diseases4 ,m$ic9e1 #bj m9utes1 s\nd1 color1 #aieg4 ,produc$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,in=mation ,ag5cy4 ,f\r illu/rations ( ! use ( radioactive mat]ials 9 diagnosis & !rapy are giv53 exact preop]ative location ( bra9 tumor2 scann+ & *>t+ ( ?yroids2 canc] !rapy rese>*2 & ! /udy ( blood diseases & h>d5+ ( ! art]ies4 ,radiation ,protection 9 ,nucle> ,m$ic9e1 #de m9utes1 s\nd1 color1 #aifb4 ,produc$ by ! ,=del ,films = ! ,bureau ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,?is semite*nical film demon/rates ! proc$ures devis$ = naval hospitals to protect aga9/ ! gamma radiation emitt$ f mat]ials us$ 9 radiation !rapy4 ,! foll[+ films 9 ! ,magic ( ! ,atom ,s]ies 7 produc$ by ! ,h&el ,film ,corporation4 ,!y are ea* #ab m9utes long1 h s\nd1 & are 9 black & :ite4 ,! ,atom & ! ,doctor 7#aied7 %[s ?ree applications ( radioisotopes 9 m$ic9e3 te/+ = leukemia & o!r blood disord]s ) radioiron2 diagnosis ( ?yroid conditions ) radioiod9e2 & canc] rese>* & !rapy ) radiogallium4 ,! ,atom 9 ! ,hospital 7#aifa7 7available 9 color & black & :ite7 illu/rates ! foll[+ facilities at ! ,city ( ,hope ,m$ical ,c5t] 9 ,los ,angeles3 ! /ation>y cobalt s\rce t is us$ to treat v>i\s =ms ( malignancies2 a rotational !rapy unit call$ ! 8cesium r+01 :i* revolves ar\nd ! pati5t & focuses its beam on ! diseas$ area2 & ! total-body irradiation *amb] = /udy+ ! effects ( radiation on liv+ ?+s4 ,rese>* ) ^! facilities is expla9$4 ,atomic ,biology = ,m$ic9e 7#aief7 expla9s exp]im5ts p]=m$ to discov] effects ( radiation on mammals4 ,atoms = ,heal? 7#aief7 outl9es two me?ods ( diagnosis & treatm5t possible ) radiation3 a diagno/ic te/ ( ! liv]1 & canc] !rapy ) a radioactive cobalt device4 ,case hi/ories are pres5t$ /ep-by-/ep4 ,radiation3 ,sil5t ,s]vant ( ,mank9d 7#aief7 depicts f\r uses ( controll$ radiation t c b5efit mank9d3 bomb>dm5t ( plants f a radioactive cobalt s\rce to induce g5etic *anges = /udy & crop improvem5t2 irradiation ( deep-seat$ tumors ) a beam f a p>ticle accel]ator2 !rapy ( ?yroid canc] ) radioactive iod9e2 & possibilities = treat+ bra9 tumors4 ,,photo ,,cr$its ,cov] ,c\rtesy ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory ,page #a ,g5]al ,electric ,company #b1 #c1 #d ,discov]y ( ! ,elem5ts4 ,m>y ,elvira ,weeks1 ,j\rnal ( ,*emical ,education #f ,nobel ,in/itute #ab ,*icago ,wesley ,memorial ,hospital 7ma9 photo7 #ac ,lawr5ce ,radiation ,laboratory 7,,lrl7 #ad ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory #ag ,,lrl #ba ,,lrl #bb ,los ,alamos ,sci5tific ,laboratory #bd ,,lrl #bh ,argonne ,national ,laboratory #ci ,paul ,v4 ,h>p]1 ,m4 ,d4 #da ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,m4 ,d4 ,&]son ,hospital & ,tumor ,in/itute ,?is booklet is "o ( ! 8,und]/&+ ! ,atom0 ,s]ies4 ,comm5ts are invit$ on ?is booklet & o!rs 9 ! s]ies2 please s5d !m to ! ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede4 ,publi%$ z "p ( ! ,,aec's educational assi/ance program1 ! s]ies includes ^! titles3 ,accel]ators ,animals 9 ,atomic ,rese>* ,atomic ,fuel ,atomic ,p[] ,safety ,atoms at ! ,sci5ce ,fair ,atoms 9 ,agriculture ,atoms1 ,nature1 & ,man ,books on ,atomic ,en]gy = ,adults & ,*ildr5 ,c>e]s 9 ,atomic ,en]gy ,comput]s ,controll$ ,nucle> ,fusion ,cryog5ics1 ,! ,uncommon ,cold ,direct ,conv]sion ( ,en]gy ,fall\t ,f ,nucle> ,te/s ,food ,pres]vation by ,irradiation ,g5etic ,effects ( ,radiation ,index to ! ,,uas ,s]ies ,las]s ,micro/ructure ( ,matt] ,neutron ,activation ,analysis ,nonde/ructive ,te/+ ,nucle> ,clocks ,nucle> ,en]gy = ,desalt+ ,nucle> ,p[] & ,m]*ant ,%ipp+ ,nucle> ,p[] ,plants ,nucle> ,propulsion = ,space ,nucle> ,reactors ,nucle> ,t]ms1 ,a ,brief ,gloss>y ,our ,atomic ,_w ,pl[%>e ,plutonium ,p[] f ,radioisotopes ,p[] ,reactors 9 ,small ,packages ,radioactive ,wa/es ,radioisotopes & ,life ,processes ,radioisotopes 9 ,indu/ry ,radioisotopes 9 ,m$ic9e ,,snap1 ,nucle> ,space ,reactors ,s\rces ( ,nucle> ,fuel ,space ,radiation ,spectroscopy ,syn!tic ,transuranium ,elem5ts ,! ,atom & ! ,ocean ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,noble ,gases ,! ,elusive ,neutr9o ,! ,fir/ ,reactor ,! ,natural ,radiation ,environm5t ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s ,y\r ,body & ,radiation ,a s+le copy ( any "o booklet1 or ( no m ?an ?ree diff]5t booklets1 may be obta9$ free by writ+ to3 ,,usaec1 ,p4 ,o4 ,,box #fb1 ,,oak ,,ridge1 ,,t5nessee #cghcj ,complete sets ( ! s]ies are available to s*ool & public libr>ians1 & to tea*]s :o c make !m available = ref]5ce or = use by gr\ps4 ,reque/s %\ld be made on s*ool or libr>y lett]heads & indicate ! propos$ use4 ,/ud5ts & tea*]s :o ne$ o!r mat]ial on specific aspects ( nucle> sci5ce1 or ref]5ces to o!r read+ mat]ial1 may also write to ! ,oak ,ridge address4 ,reque/s %\ld /ate ! topic ( int]e/ exactly1 & ! use int5d$4 ,9 all reque/s1 include 8,zip ,code0 9 return address4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,usaec ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,ext5sion1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,t5nessee ,,footnotes #a,! e>ly dang]s f use ( ,x rays1 due to incomplete und]/&+ & inadequate %ield+1 h n[ be5 elim9at$4 #b;,gamma rays are high-en]gy electromagnetic radiation4 #c;,alpha p>ticles are l>ge positively *>g$ p>ticles1 id5tical to helium nuclei4 ,= def9itions ( unfamili> words see ,nucle> ,t]ms1 ,a ,brief ,gloss>y1 a companion booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #d;,= detail$ descriptions ( ^! waves & p>ticles1 see ,our ,atomic ,_w1 a companion booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #e;,an equival5t /atem5t is t nuclei ( isotopes h ! same numb] ( protons b diff]5t numb]s ( neutrons4 #f,see ,app5dix = a description ( types ( radiation-detection in/rum5ts4 #g,see ,radioisotopes & ,life ,processes1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies1 = a discussion ( "o area ( biom$ical rese>*4 #h;,a positron is an 8antielectron04 ,x has ! mass ( an electron b a positive *>ge4 #i;,a collimator is a focus+ device consi/+ ( a s]ies ( slits betwe5 blocks ( %ield+ mat]ial4 ,consult ! ,app5dix = descriptions ( o!r in/rum5ts m5tion$ "h4 #aj,! sup]script m aft] ?is isotope indicates an excit$ /ate ( ! atom4 #aa;,z radioactive nuclei dis9tegrate1 !y *ange to o!r radioactive =ms--_! 8daught]0 products4 ,e radioisotope is ?us "p ( a *a9 or s]ies ( /eps t ends ) a /able =m4 ,te*netium-#iim is a daught] product ( molybd5um-#ii2 x decays by a process kn[n z isom]ic transition to a /ate ( l[] en]gy & long] half-life4 #ab,! curie is ! basic unit ( radiation int5sity4 ,"o curie is approximately ! am\nt ( radioactivity 9 #a gram ( radium4 #ac,see ,y\r ,body & ,radiation & ,! ,g5etic ,effects ( ,radiation1 o!r booklets 9 ?is s]ies1 = detail$ explanations ( radiation effects4 #ad,! use ( radium is n "u ,,aec control4 #ae,"o family ( measur+ in/rum5ts is describ$ 9 ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 ,^! are l>ge devices t make use ( sc9tillat+ cry/als or liquids4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,:]e possible1 ,,utf sup]script & subscript numb]s are us$2 "s e-read] fonts may n support ^! *>act]s4 --,9 ! text v]sion only1 und]l9$ or italiciz$ text is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,9 ! text v]sion only1 sup]script text is prec$$ by c>et & delimit$ by brackets4 --,9 ! text v]sion only1 subscript$ text is prec$$ by und]score & delimit$ by brackets4