,transcriber's notes3 ,in this transcription1 paired underscores denote italicised text1 paired asterisks denote 99bold text99 and a 7caret7 indicates that the following bracketed character was superscripted in the original text4 ,footnotes have been positioned below the relevant paragraphs4 ,a small number of errors have been corrected silently1 including the following3 ,amb -- ,amb continuea -- continued translalations -- translations ,harvar -- ,harvard ,,st4 -- ,st4 missing word #8in' inserted redundant comma deleted ,the following misplaced section of text has been correctly positioned3 disowned4 ,but these are not its best features3 its sustained power of reasoning1 its wide sweep of observation and reflection1 its elevated ethical and social tone1 stamp it as a work of high excellence1 and as such we cordially recommend it to our readers40--,saturday ,review4 ,inconsistently labelled passages of text are as in the original1 e4g4 a b c d2 a b c e2 b c e2 ,a title has been added to the original featureless book cover4 ,in the ,press1 in ,two ,volumes1 ,crown #hvo41 with numerous ,illustrations1 ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,life4 ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,london and ,new ,york3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co4 ,illustration3 ,,lowest ,,organisms4 ,fig4 #a4--,the simplest forms of ,life--,bacteria1 ,torul1 c4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and ,leptothrix filaments4 7 #hjj diameters47 ,,the ,,modes ,,of ,,origin ,,of ,,lowest ,,organisms3 ,,including ,a ,,discussion ,,of ,,the ,,experiments ,,of ,m4 ,,pasteur1 ,,and ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,some ,,statements ,,by ,,professors ,,huxley ,,and ,,tyndall4 ,by ,h4 ,,charlton ,,bastian1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,college ,,of ,,physicians2 ,,professor ,,of ,,pathological ,,anatomy ,,in ,,university ,,college1 ,,london2 ,,assistant ,,physician ,,to ,,university ,,college ,,hospital1 ,,and ,,to ,,the ,,national ,,hospital ,,for ,,the ,,epileptic ,,and ,,paralysed4 ,london and ,new ,york3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co4 #ahga4 ,all rights reserved4 8,quant ce qui concerne la prtendue incubation d'ufs d',infusoires dans l'infusion1 il faudrait d'abord prouver l'existence de ces ufs4 ,les dit-on trop petits pour tre aperus1 c'est avouer qu'on ne peut rien savoir de leur existence4 99 99 99 ,croire que partout o l'on rencontre des ,infusoires1 ils ont t prcds d'ufs1 c'est donc admettre une pure hypothse1 qui n'a d'autre fondement que l'analogie4 99 99 99 ,si c'est seulement par l'analogie qu'on suppose des ufs chez eux1 il faut accorder ces ufs des proprits semblables celles de tous les ufs connus2 car ce serait jouer sur les mots que de supposer qu'ils en ont de particulires eux seuls40--,,burdach',s ,trait de ,physiologie1 ,translation by ,jourdan1 #ahcg1 t4 i41 p4 #bb4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,stamford ,,street1 ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,,preface4 ,having been compelled by the results of my investigations on the question of the ,origin of ,life to arrive at conclusions adverse to generally received opinions1 ,i found that several persons having high authority in matters of science1 were little disposed to assent to these views4 ,to a great extent this seemed due to the fact that a distinguished chemist had previously gone over some of the same ground1 and had arrived at precisely opposite conclusions4 ,m4 ,pasteur has been long known as an able and brilliant experimenter1 and some of his admirers seem to regard him as an almost equally faultless reasoner4 ,renewed and prolonged experimentation having tended to demonstrate the truth of my original conclusions1 and to convince me of the utter untenability of ,m4 ,pasteur's views1 it seemed that the best course to pursue would be1 at first1 to endeavour to show into what errors of reasoning ,m4 ,pasteur had fallen1 and also how his conclusions were capable of being reversed by the employment of different experimental materials1 and different experimental methods4 ,then1 having presented1 in a connected form1 evidence which might suffice to shake the faith of all who preserved a right of independent judgment1 one might hope to have paved the way for the reception of new views--even though they were adverse to those of ,m4 ,pasteur4 ,the present volume contains1 indeed1 only a fragment of the evidence which will be embodied in a much larger work--now almost completed--relating to the nature and origin of living matter1 and in favour of what is termed the physical doctrine of ,life4 ,the question of the mode of origin of ,living ,matter1 is inextricably mixed up with another problem as to the cause of fermentation and putrefaction4 ,m4 ,pasteur's labours were1 at first1 undertaken in order to solve the latter difficulty--to decide1 in fact1 between two rival hypotheses4 ,it was held1 on the one hand1 that many ferments were mere dead nitrogenous substances1 and that fermentation was a purely chemical process1 for the initiation of which the action of living organisms was not necessary2 whilst1 on the other hand1 it was also maintained that no fermentation could be initiated without the agency of living things--in fact1 that all ferments were living organisms4 ,the former may be called the physical theory of fermentation1 of which ,baron ,liebig is the most prominent modern exponent2 whilst the latter may be termed the vital theory of fermentation1 and this is the doctrine of ,m4 ,pasteur4 ,all the facts which ,i have to adduce1 so far as the subject of fermentation is concerned1 are wholly in favour of the views of ,baron ,liebig4 ,and1 the conclusions arrived at in this work are confirmed by the results of several unpublished experiments1 in which living organisms have been taken from flasks that had1 a few weeks before1 been hermetically sealed and heated for a variable time to temperatures ranging from #bfj ,f4 to #cjb ,f4 ,with the view of aiding some of my readers in their interpretation of the results of some of the experiments contained in this volume1 ,i would call their attention to the following considerations4 ,if fluids in vacuo 7in hermetically-sealed flasks71 which were clear at first1 have gradually become turbid2 and if on microscopical examination this turbidity is found to be almost wholly due to the presence of ,bacteria or other organisms1 then it would be sheer trifling gravely to discuss whether the organisms were living or dead1 on the strength of the mere activity or languor of the movements which they may be seen to display4 ,can dead organisms multiply in a closed flask to such an extent as to make an originally clear fluid become quite turbid in the course of two or three days8 ,and if any one wishes to convince himself as to whether such turbidity can occur in a flask which is still hermetically sealed1 let him take one that has been prepared in the manner ,i have elsewhere described1 carefully heat the neck of it in a spirit-lamp flame1 and see how the rapid in-bending of the red-hot glass testifies to the preservation of a partial vacuum within4 ,the vacuum in such cases is only partially preserved1 because of the emission of a certain amount of gases within the flask--such as invariably occurs during the progress of fermentation or putrefaction4 ,in these experiments with heated fluids in closed flasks1 nothing is easier than to obtain negative results4 ,the same kinds of infusions which--if care has been taken to obtain them strong enough--will in a few days teem with living organisms1 often show no trace of living things after much longer periods1 when the solutions are weak4 ,again1 in those cases where only a few organisms exist in a solution which has been made the subject of experimentation1 nothing is easier than by a perfunctory examination of the fluid to fail in finding any of these sparsely-distributed living organisms4 ,experiments1 the results of which are positive1 may1 therefore1 in the absence of sufficient care1 be cited as negative2 and experiments which would otherwise have been crowned with unmistakeably positive results1 may be rendered wholly barren by the employment of infusions which have been carelessly made4 ,a word of explanation seems necessary with regard to the introduction of the new term ,archebiosis4 ,i had originally1 in unpublished writings1 adopted the word ,biogenesis to express the same meaning--viz41 life-origination or commencement4 ,but in the mean time the word ,biogenesis has been made use of1 quite independently1 by a distinguished biologist1 who wished to make it bear a totally different meaning4 ,he also introduced the word ,abiogenesis4 ,i have been informed1 however1 on the best authority1 that neither of these words can--with any regard to the language from which they are derived--be supposed to bear the meanings which have of late been publicly assigned to them4 ,wishing to avoid all needless confusion1 ,i therefore renounced the use of the word ,biogenesis1 and being1 for the reason just given1 unable to adopt the other term1 ,i was compelled to introduce a new word1 in order to designate the process by which living matter is supposed to come into being1 independently of pre-existing living matter4 ,h4 ,,charlton ,,bastian4 ,queen ,anne ,street1 ,w41 ,may #h1 #ahga4 ,,the ,,modes ,,of ,,origin ,,of ,,lowest ,,organisms4 ,the mode of origin of ,bacteria1 and1 to a less extent1 of ,torul1 has been much discussed of late1 and many different views have been advocated on this subject by successive writers4 ,it is of much importance to bear in mind when such views are under consideration1 that a short time since nothing was positively known concerning the life-history of these organisms4 ,however strongly1 therefore1 certain persons are inclined to rely upon the analogy which is supposed to obtain between these doubtful cases1 and the multitudes of known cases--in which it can be shown that organisms are the offspring of pre-existing organisms--it must always be borne in mind that in many of the doubtful cases1 where the simplest organisms are concerned1 there is also an analogical argument of almost equal weight adducible in favour of their de novo origination--after a fashion1 and under the influence of laws similar to those by which crystals arise4 ,to rely too exclusively upon an argument from analogy is always perilous3 it is more than usually so1 however1 in a case like this1 where what is practically an opposing analogy may be deemed to speak just as authoritatively in an opposite direction4 ,there is one consideration1 moreover1 which deserves to be pointed out here1 and which does not seem to have occurred to most of those who so firmly pin their faith to the truth of the motto 8omne vivum ex vivo40 ,the every-day experience of mankind1 supplemented by the ordinary observations of skilled naturalists1 does pretty fairly entitle us to arrive at a wide generalization1 to the effect that some representatives of every kind of organism are capable of reproducing similar organisms4 ,but1 whilst this is all that the actual every-day experience of mankind warrants being said1 and whilst there is in reality the widest possible gulf between such a generalization and that which is expressed by the motto 8omne vivum ex vivo10 the latter formula has of late been spoken of as though it were the one which was in accordance with the daily experience of mankind1 rather than the other1 which gives expression to a generalization of a much narrower description4 ,this experience1 in reality1 affords no evidence which could entitle us to place implicit belief in the formula 8omne vivum ex vivo40 ,whilst we do know something about the ability which most organisms possess of reproducing similar organisms1 we cannot possibly say1 from direct observation1 that every organism which exists has had a similar mode of origin1 because the cases in which organisms may have originated de novo are the very cases in which their mode of origin must elude our actual observation4 ,such a statement1 too1 would be all the more dangerous1 in the face of the other analogy1 when it can actually be shown that some organisms do make their appearance in fluids after precisely the same fashion as crystals4 ,although1 therefore1 there is a contradiction between the unwarrantable and ill-begotten formula1 8omne vivum ex vivo10 and the doctrines of what has been called 8,spontaneous ,generation02 there is no contradiction whatever between such doctrines and the only generalization which we are really warranted in arriving at1 to the effect that some representatives of every kind of organism are capable of reproducing similar organisms4 ,bacteria1 ,torul1 or other living things which may have been evolved de novo1 when so evolved1 multiply and reproduce just as freely as organisms that have been derived from parents4 ,the views as to the origin of ,bacteria and ,torul which are most worthy of attention1 may be thus enumerated3-- a4 ,that they are independent organisms derived by fission or gemmation from pre-existing ,bacteria and ,torul4 b4 ,that they represent subordinate stages in the life-history of other organisms 7fungi71 from some portion of which they have derived their origin1 and into which they again tend to develop4 c4 ,that they may have a heterogeneous mode of origin1 owing to the more complete individualization of minute particles of living matter entering into the composition of higher organisms1 both animal and vegetal4 d4 ,that they may arise de novo in certain fluids containing organic matter1 independently of pre-existing living things 7,archebiosis74 ,i shall make some remarks concerning each of these views1 though the evidence ,i have to adduce mainly concerns the possibility of the origin of ,bacteria and ,torul in the way last alluded to1 viz41 by ,archebiosis4 ,the third mode of origin is what is called ,heterogenesis2 whilst the first and second modes are the representatives of more familiar processes1 included under the head of ,homogenesis4 ,thus1 in accordance with the first view1 ,bacteria may be regarded as low organisms having a distinct individuality of their own and multiplying by a process of fission--thus affording instances of what ,i propose to term direct ,homogenesis4 ,whilst1 in accordance with the second view1 ,bacteria are supposed to represent merely one stage in the life-history of higher organisms1 which are therefore reproduced by an indirect or cyclical process of ,homogenesis4 ,the possible modes of origin of ,bacteria and ,torul may1 therefore1 be tabulated as follows3-- ,modes of origin #a4 ,homogenesis4 a4 ,direct4 of ,bacteria b4 ,indirect4 and #b4 ,heterogenesis4 ,torul4 #c4 ,archebiosis4 ,i4 ,,homogenetic ,,mode ,,of ,,origin ,,of ,,bacteria ,,and ,,torul4 ,bacteria and ,torul being already in existence1 they may1 undoubtedly1 reproduce organisms similar to themselves by processes of fission and gemmation--in the same way that other low protistic organisms propagate their kind4 ,although so many reasons rendered this view probable1 it was some time before ,i was able actually to confirm it by personal observations in the case of ,bacteria4 ,in the ordinary microscopical examination of portions of an infusion containing these organisms1 an observer may watch for hours and never see a single instance of such fission occurring4 ,his attention is apt to be distracted by the number of organisms which are constantly flitting before his view1 and he is1 moreover1 perhaps apt to pay particular attention to those which seem by their movements to be most obviously alive4 ,i have observed the process most plainly when a few ,bacteria have been enclosed in a single drop of fluid1 pressed into a very thin stratum1 in a 8live-box0 kept at a temperature of about #ij ,fahr4 by resting on one of ,stricker's warm-water chambers placed on the stage of the microscope4 ,under these conditions1 ,i have seen a ,bacterium of moderate size divide into two1 and each of these into two others somewhat smaller1 in the course of fifteen minutes4 ,it is still more worthy of remark1 that in all cases 7so far as ,i have been able to observe71 this1 the most certain sign of vitality which such organisms are capable of manifesting1 is shown by those which1 from their stillness1 might be considered dead4 ,the ,bacteria which are about to divide are generally either motionless1#a or merely present slight oscillating movements4 ,the separation is quickly brought about at the joint1 so that the original organism divides into two equal portions2 and these1 lying close together1 soon develop a new construction as they grow1 through which a further division may occur4 #a ,those which are quite motionless are always in close apposition either with the under surface of the covering glass1 or with the surface of the glass on which they are situated4 ,that the ,bacteria which reproduce should be in a comparatively quiescent condition1 seems not difficult to understand4 ,such rudimentary organisms do not appear to possess cilia or other locomotory appendages3 their movements are1 therefore1 in all probability dependent upon the mere molecular changes which are taking place within them1 and upon which their life and nutrition depend4 ,the process of fission must1 however1 be considered as the result of a new effort at equilibrium1 which has1 perhaps1 been necessitated by molecular changes that have occurred during a preceding period of growth4 ,the living matter which is no longer able to exist round a single centre1 re-arranges itself around two centres1--as a result of which1 fission occurs4 ,it seems only natural1 therefore1 that whilst this active work of molecular re-arrangement is going on1 those other molecular movements which occasion the actual locomotion of the organism from place to place1 should be more or less interfered with4 ,this is the one and only mode of multiplication of ,bacteria and of ,torul which is actually known to occur2 and such a limitation is in accordance with the more general fact1 that processes of fission or gemmation are the only means of reproduction that are known to occur in the lower kinds of organisms1 belonging to the ,,protistic kingdom4 ,however well this process of fission may have been established1 as a frequent mode of reproduction of ,bacteria1 such a fact does not lend any support to the notion that these are necessarily distinct and independent organisms4 ,torul 7of which beer-yeast is the most familiar example7 may similarly undergo this process of mere vegetative repetition to an indefinite extent1 whilst only some of the products develop into fungi4 ,the gonidia of lichens may also reproduce indefinitely in this fashion1 and only some of the products of multiplication may go on to the production of lichens similar to that from which the gonidia had been derived4 ,it is a fact1 however1 admitted by many1 and which any patient microscopist is capable of verifying for himself1 that some ,bacteria do develop into ,leptothrix filaments1 and that these are capable of passing into a dissepimented mycelial structure of larger size and undoubtedly fungus nature--from which fructification of various kinds may be produced4 ,some ,bacteria may therefore develop into some fungi1 just as certainly as some ,torul may develop into other fungi1 or1 just as surely as some multiplying gonidia may develop into lichens4 ,in order to prove1 however1 that the ,bacteria which happen to go through this development into ,leptothrix and thence into fungi1 are strictly to be considered as necessary links in the life-history of fungi1 it would be essential for the person holding such views1 to show that ,bacteria could not arise independently--or at least that no independently evolved ,bacteria could develop through ,leptothrix-forms into a fungus4 ,and1 similarly1 for the other kinds of organisms3 in order to establish that the ,torula cell is a necessary link in the life-history of certain fungi1 or the gonidial cell a necessary link in the life-history of lichens1 it would be necessary to show that ,torul or gonidial cells could not originate de novo--that no independently evolved ,torula or gonidial cell could develop into a fungus or a lichen4 ,an easier position to establish would be1 that the ,bacterium or the ,torula were occasionally links in the life-history of fungi1 or that the gonidial cell was an occasional link in the life-history of a lichen4 ,this doctrine would leave the other more difficult problems1--as to the possible existence of supplementary modes of origin for such organisms by ,heterogenesis or by ,archebiosis--perfectly open questions4 ,to establish the position that ,bacteria are occasional links in the life-history of fungi1 it would be only necessary to show that some of the ,bacteria which develop into fungi through ,leptothrix have derived their origin from pre-existing fungi4 ,this is the view which ,hallier#b has endeavoured to establish2 it is also the doctrine of ,m4 ,polotebnow1#c and one1 moreover1 to which ,professor ,huxley#d inclines4 ,even this mode of origin for ,bacteria1 however1 has not been so decisively established as might be desired4 ,with regard to ,torul1 we do possess sufficient evidence tending to show that some of them may arise from pre-existing fungi1 and we are equally certain that some gonidial cells are thrown off from lichens4 ,the analogical evidence is1 therefore1 in favour of the view that minute particles which are budded off from the mycelium of certain fungi1 may subsequently lead an independent existence1 and multiply in the form of ,bacteria--although many of the cases in which such buds seem to be given off1 may be merely cases in which co-existing ,bacteria have become adherent to fungus filaments or to ,torul4#e #b ,phytopathologie1 #ahfg4 ,hallier seems1 however1 strongly inclined to disbelieve in the origin of these organisms by ,heterogenesis or by ,archebiosis4 #c ,sitzungsber4 der ,k4 ,akad4 zu ,wien1 #ahgj1 ,band lx41 ,heft iv4 #d ,quarterly ,journal of ,microscopical ,science1 ,oct41 #ahgj4 #e ,notwithstanding what ,professor ,huxley has said1 ,i believe it to be almost certain that in many cases ,bacteria exist in a solution in which there are neither ,torul nor developed fungi4 ,and1 on the other hand1 ,i have seen fungi growing in a simple 7boiled7 solution of tartrate of ammonia1 for weeks together1 without the appearance of ,bacteria or the occurrence of any turbidity of the solution2 and on two or three occasions ,i have seen ,torul swarming in an infusion without the presence of ,bacteria4 ,but1 with reference to these supposed cases of budding1 and also to those others in which the contents of a spore or sporangium break up into what ,professor ,hallier calls 8micrococci0 7which are generally incipient ,bacteria71 it would be difficult for us to decide whether such processes are normal or abnormal4 ,when we have to do with such organisms1 in fact1 there may be the nicest transitions between what is called ,homogenesis1 and what1 when occurring in other organisms1 we term ,heterogenesis4 ,it may be that the production of such 8micrococci0 from the spore or sporangium of the fungus is not an invariable incident in the life-history of the species1 but rather an occasional result of the influence of unusual conditions1 or of failing vigour on the part of the organism4 ,in this latter case we should have to do with a process of ,heterogenesis2 although1 as ,i have just stated1 in respect to such low and changeable organisms1 scarcely any distinct line of demarcation can be drawn between ,homogenesis and ,heterogenesis4 ,the evidence seems1 therefore1 against the notion that ,bacteria or ,torul are ordinary1 independent living things1 which merely reproduce their like4 ,that some ,bacteria are produced from pre-existing ,bacteria1 just as some ,torul are derived from pre-existing ,torul1 may1 it is true1 be considered as settled4 ,but1 so far as we have yet considered the subject1 there may be just as good evidence to show that ,bacteria and ,torul are capable of arising de novo1 as there is that some of them are capable of developing into fungi4 ,if this were the case1 such types could only be regarded as the most common forms assumed by new-born specks of living matter2 and1 by reason of their origin--which would entail an absence of all hereditary predisposition--they might be supposed to be capable of assuming higher developmental forms4 ,now1 as a matter of fact1 worthy of arresting our attention1 we do find that some ,bacteria are capable of growing into ,leptothrix1 whilst this is able to develop continuously into a fungus2 just as we also know that some ,torul are capable of growing into other fungi4 ,should it be established1 therefore1 that ,bacteria and ,torul are capable of arising de novo1 the facts concerning their mutability are harmonious enough with theoretical indications4 ,but1 as ,i have before indicated1 although it is quite true that some ,bacteria develop into fungi1 such forms may constitute no necessary links in the life-history of other fungi4 ,i have suggested that in those 7occasional7 cases in which they do occur as links in the life-history of fungi1 there is room for doubt whether these ,bacteria are to be considered as normal products1 or as abnormal results 7heterogeneous offcasts71 brought about by some unusual conditions acting upon the parent fungus4 ,that is to say1 we may be doubtful whether in such a case their origin ought to be considered ,homogenetic or ,heterogenetic4 ,it may be that many of the lower fungi are such changeable organisms1 and so prone to respond to the various 8conditions0 acting upon them 7which would be almost certainly the case if they had been developed from a ,bacterium in two or three days--the ,bacterium itself having been evolved de novo7 that no very valid distinction can here be drawn between ,homogenesis and ,heterogenesis4 ,our whole point of view1 in fact1 concerning such fungi as are seen to develop through ,leptothrix forms from ,bacteria must be entirely altered1 if it is once conceded that ,bacteria may arise de novo4 ,such simple ,mucedine would then have to be regarded as mere upstart organisms only a few removes from dead matter1 and--in view of the greater molecular mobility of living matter--capable of being modified in shape and form even more than the most changeable crystals under the influence of altering 8conditions40 ,we should have no longer to do with the members of a stable species1 which had been reproducing its like through countless geologic ages anterior to the advent of man upon the earth4 ,indeed1 in order to reconcile such a possibility with the seemingly contradictory fact of the known extreme changeability of these lower forms of life1 we hear only vague hints thrown out about our imperfect knowledge of the 8limits within which species may vary40 ,as if1 in the face of what we do know concerning hereditary transmission1 this changeability did not make it almost impossible to conceive that there should have been an unbroken series of such organisms since that remote epoch of the earth's history1 when the first organisms of the kind made their appearance4 ,it does not seem to me that the presumed permanence of a very changeable organism is consistent with1 or rendered more explicable by1 the supposition that some representatives of the species have constantly been undergoing progressive modifications which have been successively perpetuated by inheritance1 in the shape of distinct specific forms4 ,why should some be presumed to have undergone so much change1 whilst others 7presenting an equal and an extreme degree of modifiability1 even to the present day7 are supposed to have preserved the same specific form through a countless series of changing influences8 #b4 ,,heterogenetic ,,mode ,,of ,,origin ,,of ,,bacteria ,,and ,,of ,,torul4 ,it has been long known that ,bacteria and ,torul are frequently to be found within vegetable cells1 taken even from the central parts of plants1 whenever these are in a sickly condition or are actually dying4 ,they are apt to exist also within epithelial cells taken from the inside of the mouth2 and the frequency and abundance with which such organisms are met with in these cells1 is almost in direct proportion to the malnutrition and lack of vital power in the individual who is the subject of observation4 ,then1 again1 in persons who have died of adynamic diseases1 in the course of twenty-four or thirty-six hours 7during warm weather7 ,bacteria may be found in abundance within the blood-vessels of the brain and of other parts1 although no such ,bacteria were recognizable in the blood of the individual during life4 ,in these cases we must1 in order to account for the presence of the ,bacteria and ,torul1 either suppose that such organisms1 in an embryonic state1 are almost universally disseminated throughout the various textures of higher organisms1 both animal and vegetal 7though they are only able to develop and manifest themselves when the higher organisms1 or the parts of them in which the ,bacteria or ,torul are met with1 are on the eve of death71 or else we must imagine that when the vital activity of any organism1 whether simple or complex1 is on the wane1 its constituent particles 7being still portions of living matter7 are capable of individualizing themselves1 and of growing into the low organisms in question4 ,just as the life of one of the cells of a higher organism may continue for some time after the death of the organism itself1 so1 in accordance with this latter view1 may one of the particles of such a cell be supposed to continue to live after even cell-life is impossible4 ,now1 to many persons1 the latter seems to be a much simpler hypothesis than the former1 and one1 moreover1 which is more in accordance with known facts4 ,people's views1 however1 on this subject are likely to be much influenced by their notions as to the possibility of ,bacteria arising by a process of ,archebiosis4 ,although some may be inclined to accept the doctrine of ,heterogenesis1 the same persons1 being 8vitalists10 may not readily believe in the doctrine of ,archebiosis1 because this implies the vivification of dead matter--the conversion of not-living elements into a living combination4 ,those1 however1 who do believe in ,archebiosis will--if the necessary evidence be forthcoming--all the more readily yield their assent to the doctrine of ,heterogenesis1 because it is a much less novel thing to have to believe in the mere transformation of living matter1 than in the possibility of its origin de novo4 ,evidence of a tolerably satisfactory nature1 however1 is forthcoming1 which may speak independently in favour of the doctrine of ,heterogenesis4 ,it has been affirmed by ,crivelli and ,maggi#f that they have actually seen the particles within granular epithelial cells 7taken from the back of the tongue of a patient suffering from diabetes7 grow and elongate1 so as to give rise to ,bacteria1 or fuse in longitudinal series1 so as to form a ,vibrio4#g ,and1 moreover1 as ,i have myself ascertained1 if one takes healthy-looking epithelial scales scraped from the inside of the mouth1 which appear to contain nothing but the finest granules1 and places them with a little saliva in a 8live-box0 7and this within a damp chamber kept at a temperature of about #ij ,fahr471 in the course of from #e to #aj hours1 the cells may be found to be studded throughout with motionless ,bacteria4 ,of course it may be said that the granules originally seen in the cells were offcasts from pre-existing ,bacteria#h which had gained access to the cell4 ,and although1 to many1 this may seem an extremely improbable supposition1 it is1 nevertheless1 one which it would be very difficult to disprove4 ,the improbability of the notion is increased1 moreover1 when we find that ,bacteria1 and even ,torul1 will develop just as freely within closed cells taken from the very centre of a vegetable tuber1 as they will in the midst of the more solid epithelial cell from the inside of the mouth4 ,if it be urged that in this latter situation1 there is the greatest chance of the cells being brought into contact with ,bacteria1 and that it must be considered possible for imaginary minute offcasts from these ,bacteria to make their own way into the substance of the epithelial cell1 ,i am quite willing to grant the desirability of taking such possibilities into consideration4 ,but1 at the same time1 it seems all the less likely that the actual occurrence of the ,bacteria is explicable on these grounds1 because we find them developing just as freely within the cells freshly cut from the centre of a tuberous root1 or we may find them already developed within these cells1 if the root has begun to decay4 ,to suppose that actual germs of ,bacteria and of ,torul are uniformly distributed throughout the tissues of higher organisms1 is to harbour a hypothesis which would appear to many to be devoid of all probability--more especially when the heterogenetic mode of origin of larger and higher organisms is a matter of absolute certainty4 #f ,rendiconti del ,r4 ,istit4 ,lombardo1 ,ser4 ,,ii4 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #aa4 #g ,however novel such a mode of origin of independent ,bacteria and ,vibriones may appear to some1 it will seem much less strange and unlikely to others who have seen1 as ,i have done1 an ,amba1 or an ,actinophrys-like body1 originate from the progressive molecular modifications taking place in a mass of chlorophyll and protoplasm within the filament of an alga4 ,many independent observers have watched all the stages of this process1 and some have even seen ,ciliated ,infusoria originate by such a metamorphic change4 #h ,or offcasts from pre-existing fungi1--constituting the 8micrococci0 of ,professor ,hallier4 #c4 ,,origin ,,of ,,bacteria ,,and ,,of ,,torul ,,by ,,archebiosis4 ,the evidence on this part of the subject is1 ,i think1 sharply defined and conclusive4 ,simple experiments can be had recourse to1 which are not admissible in the discussion of the question as to the origin of ,bacteria and ,torul by ,heterogenesis4 ,there1 we wish to establish the fact that living matter is capable of undergoing a certain metamorphosis1 and consequently1 we must deal with living matter4 ,here1 however1 with the view of establishing the fact that living matter can arise de novo1 if we are able1 shortly after beginning our experiment1 to arrive at a reasonable and well-based assurance that no living thing exists in the hermetically sealed experimental vessel--if the measures that we have adopted fully entitle us to believe that all living things which may have pre-existed therein have been killed--we may feel pretty sure that any living organisms which are subsequently found1 when the vessel is broken1 must have originated from some re-arrangements which had taken place amongst the not-living constituents of the experimental solutions1 whereby life-initiating combinations had been formed4 ,the possibility of the de novo origination of ,bacteria1 ,torul1 and other such organisms1 is one which is intimately associated with the doctrine as to the cause of fermentation and putrefaction4 ,with regard to the almost invariable association of such organisms with some of these processes1 almost all are agreed4 ,there is1 moreover1 a very frequent association of particular kinds of organisms with particular kinds of fermentation4 ,hence the assumption is an easy and a natural one to many persons1 that the organisms which are invariably met with in some cases are the causes of these fermentations1#i although it is quite obvious that the facts on which this view is based1 are equally explicable on the supposition that the organisms are concomitant results or products 7due to new chemical combinations7 of the fermentative changes4 ,in the one case the fermentative changes are believed to be initiated by the influence of living organisms2 and those who regard living things as the only true ferments1 for the most part also believe that living things are incapable of arising de novo4 ,they think that those organisms which serve to initiate the changes in question1 have been derived from a multitudinous army of omnipresent atmospheric germs1 which are always ready1 in number and kind suitable for every emergency4 ,this is the doctrine of ,m4 ,pasteur and others4 ,on the other hand1 fermentations and putrefactions may be regarded as sets of chemical changes1 which are apt to occur in organic and other complex substances--these changes being due either to the intrinsic instability of the body which manifests them1 or to molecular movements communicated to it by a still more unstable body4 ,baron ,liebig says3--8,many organic compounds are known1 which undergo1 in presence of water1 alteration and metamorphosis1 having a certain duration1 and ultimately terminating in putrefaction2 while other organic substances that are not liable to such alteration by themselves1 nevertheless1 suffer a similar displacement or separation of their molecules1 when brought into contact with the ferments40 #i ,from this view the transition is also easy1 though none the less illegitimate1 to the doctrine that all fermentations are caused by organisms2 just as it has been easy to start1 and find converts for1 the doctrine expressed by the phrase 8omne vivum ex vivo40 ,the distinction between all and some is only too often overlooked4 ,each substance belonging to the first class1 would be at the same time1 therefore1 both ferment and fermentable substance2 whilst a small portion of such substance1 when brought into contact with a less unstable substance1 might induce such molecular movements as to make it undergo a process of fermentation4 ,with regard to the cause of such induced fermentative changes1 ,gerhardt#aj says1 in explaining ,liebig's views3--8,every substance which decomposes or enters into combination is in a state of movement1 its molecules being agitated2 but since friction1 shock1 mechanical agitation1 suffice to provoke the decomposition of many substances 7chlorous acid1 chloride of nitrogen1 fulminating silver71 there is all the more reason why a chemical decomposition in which the molecular agitation is more complete1 should produce similar effects upon certain substances4 ,in addition1 bodies are known which when alone are not decomposed by certain agents1 but which are attacked1 when they exist in contact with other bodies incapable of resisting the influence of these agents4 ,thus platinum alone does not dissolve in nitric acid1 but when allied with silver1 it is easily dissolved2 pure copper is not dissolved by sulphuric acid1 but it does dissolve in this when it is allied with zinc1 c4 ,according to ,m4 ,liebig it is the same with ferments and fermentable substances2 sugar1 which does not change when it is quite alone1 changes--that is to say ferments--when it is in contact with a nitrogenous substance undergoing change1 that is1 with a ferment40 #aj #8,chimie organique1' #ahef1 t4 iv4 p4 #ehi4 ,thus1 in accordance with this latter view1 living ferments are not needed--mere dead1 organic or nitrogenous matter suffices to initiate the processes in question4#aa ,those who hold this opinion may or may not believe that organisms are capable of arising de novo2#ab though there can be little doubt that a belief in the truth of such a doctrine does1 almost inevitably1 entail a belief in the de novo origination of living things4 ,no one who has looked into the evidence1 doubts the fact of the association between some of these processes and the presence of organisms2 the only question is1 as to the relation in which they stand to one another4 ,if organisms are not the causes of those fermentative changes with which they are invariably associated1 then they are1 in all probability1 the results of such changes2 and they must certainly have been produced de novo if it can be shown that fermentation or putrefaction may take place under the influence of conditions which make it certain that pre-existing living organisms could have had nothing to do with the process4 #aa ,those who hold this opinion do not of course deny that living ferments can initiate fermentations4 ,every-day experience convinces them of the truth of this4 ,they merely affirm that the intervention of vital action is not essential3 they look upon fermentation as a purely chemical process1 and believe that even in those cases where fermentation is initiated by living organisms 7such as beer-yeast71 these--although living--act chemically upon the matter which undergoes fermentation4 #ab ,they may not believe this1 because they may be unaware of the fact of the invariable association of some organisms with some kinds of fermentations1 and may consequently have never concerned themselves with the evidence bearing upon this part of the question4 7,see ,gerhardt1 loc4 cit47 ,now1 in order to lend some air of probability to the former hypothesis1 concerning the necessity for the existence of living ferments1 it was incumbent upon its supporters to endeavour to show that the air did contain such a multitude of 8germs10 or living things1 as were demanded by the requirements of their theory4 ,spallanzani and ,bonnet had1 as far as the imagination was concerned1 done all that was necessary4 ,they had proclaimed the universal diffusion of 8germs0 of all kinds of organisms throughout the atmosphere--which were ready to develop1 whenever suitable conditions presented themselves4 ,so far1 however1 this was but another hypothesis4 ,to establish the doctrine that fermentation cannot take place without the agency of living ferments1 we cannot receive hypotheses in evidence3 facts are needed4 ,these1 no one attempted to supply in an adequate manner#ac anterior to the investigations of ,m4 ,pasteur4 ,speaking of his researches1 even ,m4 ,milne-,edwards says1#ad 8,previous to this time1 the existence of reproductive particles1 or infusorial germs in the atmosphere was nothing more than a plausible hypothesis1 put forward in order to explain the origin of such creatures in a manner conformable with the general laws of reproduction2 but it was only a mere supposition1 and no one had been able actually to see or to handle these reproductive corpuscles40 #ac ,m4 ,pouchet and others had examined the dust which settles on objects1 and amongst much dbris of different kinds had found comparatively few ova or spores4 ,he had not1 however1 up to this time1 filtered the air1 so as to see what germs might be detected floating about in the atmosphere4 #ad #8,anat4 et ,physiol4 compar4' t4 viii4 p4 #bfd4 ,we have to look1 therefore1 to ,m4 ,pasteur's investigations1 and to others which may have been since conducted1 for all the scientific evidence in support of what has been called the 8,panspermic hypothesis40 ,by an ingenious method of filtration1 which is fully described in his memoir1#ae ,m4 ,pasteur separated from the air that passed through his apparatus the solid particles which it contained4 ,this search convinced him that there were1 as he says1 8constantly in ordinary air a variable number of corpuscles whose form and structure declare them to be organized40 ,some of these1 he thinks1 resemble the spores of fungi1 and others the ova of ciliated infusoria1 though he adds3--8,but as to affirming that this is a spore1 much less the spore of any definite species1 and that one is an egg1 and belonging to such an infusorium1 ,i believe that this is not possible40 ,he limits himself1 in fact1 to the statements1 that the corpuscles which he found1 were 7in his opinion7 evidently organized2 that they resembled in form and appearance the germs of the lower kinds of organisms2 and that1 from their variety in size1 they probably belonged to many different sorts of living things4 ,even here1 therefore1 we have to do with the impressions of ,m4 ,pasteur1 rather than with verified statements4 ,all that has been established by his direct investigation as to the nature of the solid bodies contained in the atmosphere is this3 that the air contains a number of round or ovoidal corpuscles1 often quite structureless1 which he could not distinguish from the spores of fungi#af--some of which1 being about the right size1 were round or ovoidal1 and structureless4 ,in addition1 however1 it has been shown that the air contains other rounded corpuscles which are similarly structureless1 though composed of silica or starch4 ,it may therefore be asked1 in the first place1 whether the conclusion is a sufficiently safe one that many of the corpuscles found by ,m4 ,pasteur were spores of fungi2 and in the next place1 supposing this to have been established1 whether such spores were living or dead4 ,these questions would have been answered satisfactorily if ,m4 ,pasteur could state that he had actually watched the development of such corpuscles1 in some suitable apparatus1 into distinct organisms4 ,but any such development1 he distinctly states1 he never witnessed4 ,he says#ag3--8,what would have been the better and more direct course would have been to follow the development of these germs with the microscope4 ,such was my intention2 but the apparatus which ,i had devised for this purpose not having been delivered to me at a convenient time1 ,i was diverted from this investigation by other work40 ,the evidence which he does adduce1 in subsequent portions of his memoir1 in order to prove that some of these corpuscles were really 8fertile germs10 is almost valueless1 because all the facts are open to another interpretation1 which is just as much1 nay1 even more1 in accordance with ,baron ,liebig's than with his own doctrine of fermentation4 #ae #8,annales de ,chimie et de ,physique1' #ahfb1 t4 lxiv4 p4 #bd4 #af ,those which he believed to be eggs of ciliated infusoria1 may be at once dismissed from consideration1 as we are not at present concerned with the origin of organisms of this kind4 #ag ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cd1 note #a4 ,but another most important consideration presents itself4 ,m4 ,pasteur's researches as to the nature of the dust contained in the atmosphere enable him to say nothing concerning the presence of ,bacteria1 although he himself admits that these are generally the first organisms which display themselves in fermentations or putrefactions1 and that in a very large majority of the cases in which fermentation occurs in closed vessels they are the only organisms which make their appearance4#ah ,and yet1 notwithstanding these facts1 ,m4 ,pasteur says1 in reference to the common form of ,bacterium3--8,this infusorial animal is so small that one cannot distinguish its germ1 and still less fix upon the presence of this germ1 if it were known1 amongst the organized corpuscles of the dust which is suspended in the air40 #ah ,loc cit4 p4 #ef4 ,here1 then1 we have a confession from ,m4 ,pasteur himself1 that all evidence fails1 where it is most wanted1 in support of his hypothesis4 ,if a large number of fermentations begin with the presence of ,bacteria as the only living things1 and if in a number of cases no other organisms ever occur1 it is useless to adduce as evidence1 in proof of the view that fermentations are always initiated by air-derived organisms1 the fact that certain corpuscles 7supposed to be spores of fungi7 are recognizable in the atmosphere--capped by the distinct statement#ai that ,bacteria or their germs are not recognizable4 ,if ,bacteria are not recognizable in the atmosphere1 what scientific evidence is there that the fermentations in which these alone occur are initiated by ,bacteria derived from the atmosphere1 or from certain imaginary ,bacteria germs1#bj which we are supposed to be unable to distinguish8 ,m4 ,pasteur may1 moreover1 be reminded that when he resorts to the supposition of ,bacteria possessing 8germs0 which are indistinguishable1 he is again resorting to hypothesis rather than to fact1 in order to prove the truth of the particular doctrine of fermentation which he advocates4 ,bacteria are known to reproduce and multiply only by a process of fission2 each of the parts into which they divide being nothing more than a part of the original ,bacterium1 and therefore endowed with similar properties of resisting heat1 desiccation1 and other agencies4 ,any resort to invisible germs to account for the multiplication of ,bacteria1 which are known to reproduce freely in other ways1 is obviously not permissible1 unless such postulation be more or less necessitated by the occurrence of facts otherwise inexplicable4 #ai ,see p4 #eg4 #bj ,m4 ,pasteur's use of this term1 in which he is followed by others holding similar opinions1 is much to be deprecated4 ,having said that he had found certain corpuscles which resembled spores of fungi1 or ova of infusoria1 he subsequently speaks of them as 8germs10 and also applies the same name to the reproductive particles of ,bacteria1 which he merely assumes to be present in the atmosphere4 ,thus1 having only proved that corpuscles resembling spores of some fungi1 are to be found in the atmosphere1 he subsequently speaks of the presence of a multitude of atmospheric germs as an established fact1 without at all prominently pointing out that1 so far as the most important of these are concerned--germs of ,bacteria--their existence had only been inferred1 and not proved4 ,although1 therefore1 no direct evidence has been adduced tending to show that ,bacteria are present in the atmosphere1 even if this evidence had been forthcoming1 it would have been necessary1 in reference to ,m4 ,pasteur's hypothesis1 for it to be supplemented by further evidence to the effect that ,bacteria were well capable of resisting such an amount of desiccation as must have been involved by their presence for an indefinite time in the atmosphere even of the hottest and driest regions of the earth4 ,for1 organic substances in solution do not only putrefy in moist weather or moist climates2 they putrefy most rapidly and surely when the temperature is high1 and quite irrespectively of the amount of moisture contained in the atmosphere4 ,a property of resisting the effects of desiccation--the possession of which1 by ,bacteria1 is so necessary for the truth of ,m4 ,pasteur's argument--ought to have been shown by scientific evidence to be a real attribute of such organisms2 though it seems1 on the contrary1 to have been assumed to exist1 with almost equal readiness by both parties1 in the controversies concerning the possibility of 8spontaneous generation40 ,this error may be ascribed to the misguiding influence of a treacherous analogy4 ,whilst it may be true that certain seeds and spores1 and also that ,rotifers1 8,sloths10 and some ,nematoids are capable of resisting the influence of a prolonged exposure to desiccating influences1 it may well be asked1 whether the same fact necessarily holds good for organisms such as ,bacteria1 which have no chitinous or other envelopes to protect them1 and which are merely minute fragments of naked protoplasm4 ,having elsewhere#ba shown how far presumptions had stolen a march upon established facts1 in reference to the supposed possession of a similar property by the ,free ,nematoids1 my eyes were opened to the reality of this uncertainty with regard to ,bacteria4 ,it is1 however1 no easy matter definitely to prove or to disprove the possession of this property by organisms so minute as ,bacteria1 and therefore so difficult to identify4 ,if dried ,bacteria are added to a drop of a suitable solution--similar to that in which they had been bred--it soon becomes quite impossible to distinguish those which have been added from those which arise in the fluid4 ,taking into consideration the fate of other simple organisms1 however1 it is by no means improbable that they should be killed even by a short desiccation4 ,i have found1 for instance1 that desiccation for half-an-hour in a room at a temperature of #fe ,f4 suffices to kill all the larger1 naked1 lower organisms with which ,i have experimented--including long ,vibrios1 ,amb1 ,monads1 ,chlamydomonads1 ,euglen1 ,desmids1 ,vorticell and all other ,ciliated ,infusoria4 #ba #8,philosophical ,transactions1' #ahff1 pp4 #faf-fai4 ,but1 certain indirect evidence seems to speak most authoritatively against the supposition that the air contains any notable quantity of living ,bacteria1 or ,bacteria germs1 whether visible or invisible4 ,i have always found that a simple solution of ammonic tartrate1 which has been placed--without previous boiling--in a corked bottle of greater capacity1 will become turbid in two or three days1 owing to the presence of myriads of ,bacteria2 whilst a similar solution1 previously boiled1 may remain for ten days1 three weeks1 or more1 without showing the least trace of turbidity1 although the open neck of the bottle or flask in which it is contained1 may be covered only by a loose cap of paper4 ,and yet1 at any time1 in order to make this fluid become turbid in from #bd to #dh hours1 all that one has to do is to bring it into contact with a small glass rod which has just been dipped into a solution containing living ,bacteria4#bb #bb ,the solution1 during the whole time1 being exposed to a temperature of #ge to #he ,f4 ,if we find that an eminently inoculable fluid will remain for two or three weeks1 or perhaps more1 in contact with the air without becoming turbid1 though it will always become turbid in two or three days if brought into contact with living ,bacteria1 what can we conclude1 but that living ,bacteria are not very common in the atmosphere8 ,these most striking facts can be easily verified by other observers4 ,thus we find ourselves1 at present1 in this position4 ,after all that has been said and done to prove the wonderful prevalence of 8germs0 in the atmosphere1 we are really still in the region of hypothesis--no further advanced than we were in the time of ,bonnet and of ,spallanzani1 so far as it concerns the organisms which are all important--,bacteria4 ,neither these nor their germs have been shown to exist in any recognizable abundance in the atmosphere1 and yet in most fermentations they are the first organisms which display themselves2 whilst in many such fermentations ,bacteria alone occur4 ,nay more1 even were they present in any great abundance1 there is some reason to believe that the majority of them would exist as mere dead1 organic particles--because ,bacteria are more than likely to be unable to resist anything like an extreme or prolonged exposure to desiccating influences4 ,the first and essential data in support of ,m4 ,pasteur's hypothesis must1 therefore1 be regarded as entirely unproved in respect to ,bacteria--which are the most important of all organisms1 in relation to the cause of fermentation and putrefaction4 ,without the aid of elaborate experiments1 however1 the evidence which the microscope can supply is capable of leading us to the conclusion that such search for atmospheric ,bacteria germs1 was comparatively useless4 ,if it can be shown that ,bacteria can arise in a fluid independently of visible germs1 then1 obviously1 any inquiries as to the nature of the visible contents of the atmosphere1 can have only a very indirect bearing upon the question as to the mode of origin of these organisms4 ,and yet by the aid of the microscope1 as ,i have elsewhere stated1 one can watch the appearance of almost motionless specks1 more or less uniformly diffused through a motionless film of fluid1 and can see them gradually develop into moving ,bacteria or into ,torul4 ,so that1 where no visible germs previously existed1 visible particles of living matter develop1 and more or less rapidly grow into distinct ,bacteria4 ,this may be best seen in a drop of a fresh and very strong turnip infusion1 which has been filtered several times through the finest paper4 ,the drop1 placed in a live-box1 should be flattened into a thin film by the application of the cover4 ,thus protected1 evaporation takes place very slowly1 and with the live-box resting on one of ,stricker's hot-water plates1 at a temperature of #he to #ij ,f41 and the latter upon the stage of the microscope1 one can easily select a portion of the field in which either no particles or only a countable number exist4 ,if1 therefore1 around and between any mere granules which may pre-exist1 or in a clear space1 one gradually sees in the course of two or perhaps three hours1 a multitude of almost motionless specks 7at first about #a_/ajjjjj in diameter7 in positions where no such specks previously existed2 and if these specks may be seen gradually to increase in size and develop into ,bacteria and ,torul1 then1 at all events1 we are able to say that these organisms can be developed without pre-existing visible germs1 and we have just the same amount of actual evidence for believing that they have been formed de novo1 as we should have for believing that crystals had been formed de novo1 if we had seen them appearing under our eyes in the same manner4 ,whether they really arise after the fashion of crystals1 without the aid of pre-existing though invisible germs1 is a matter which can only be settled inferentially1 by a subsequent resort to strict methods of experimentation4 ,seeing however1 that we are able1 with the aid of the microscope alone1 to demonstrate that ,bacteria and ,torul can develop in situations where no visible germs had previously existed1 it is useless1 as ,i have said before--so far as the question of their mode of origin is concerned--to search the atmosphere to ascertain what visible germs it may contain4 ,if some ,bacteria and ,torul arise from germs at all1 it must be from germs which are invisible to us4 ,the finding of visible germs in the atmosphere can1 therefore1 only have an indirect bearing upon the solution of the problem4 ,since it can be shown that some visible spores and ova exist in the atmosphere1 this affords a certain amount of warrant for the supposition that invisible1 living1 reproductive particles may also exist--more especially if the existence of an amount of organic matter1 which is ordinarily invisible1 can be revealed in the air1 by the agency of the electric beam1 or by any other means4 ,nothing can be more illegitimate1 however1 in the way of inference1 than the assumption at once indulged in by ,prof4 ,tyndall and others 7who might have been expected1 by their previous scientific work1 to have learned more caution7 that this impalpable organic dust was largely composed of impalpable germs4 ,yet1 without a shadow of proof1 without even an attempt to prove it1 the air was for a time represented to be a mere stirabout1 thick with invisible germs4 ,the briefest reflection1 however1 upon the probabilities of the case1 should have sufficed to suggest a totally different interpretation4 ,the surface of the earth is clothed with living things of all kinds1 animal and vegetal1 which are not only continually throwing off organic particles and fragments during their life1 but are constantly undergoing processes of decay and molecular disintegration after their death4 ,the actual reproductive elements of these living things are extremely small in bulk1 when compared with the other parts which are not reproductive1 and although ,bacteria and ,torul do exist abundantly1 and do materially help to bring about some of the decay in question1 yet their bulk1 also1 is extremely small in comparison with the amount of organic matter itself that is continually undergoing disintegration of a dry kind1 in which ,bacteria and ,torul take no part4 ,when1 moreover1 it is considered that in the neighbourhood of populous cities 7the air of which alone exhibits this very large quantity of impalpable1 mixed with palpable1 organic dust71 there is constantly going on a wear and tear of the textile fabrics and of the organic products of various kinds which are daily subservient to the wants of man2 and that the chimneys of manufactories and dwelling-houses are also continually emitting clouds of smoke thick with imperfectly consumed organic particles1 some idea may be gained of the manifold sources whence the organic particles and fragments found in the atmosphere may emanate1 and also as to what proportion of them is likely to be composed of living or dead reproductive elements1 or 8germs40 ,thus1 then1 so far as the two rival doctrines of fermentation are concerned1 the investigation of the nature of the solid particles contained in the atmosphere has revealed facts which are thoroughly in harmony with all the requirements of ,liebig's physical theory1 though it has almost utterly failed to give anything like a scientific basis to the vital theory of ,pasteur4 ,so far from being able to show that living ,bacteria 7which are the first and oftentimes the only organisms concerned in many processes of fermentation and putrefaction7 are universally diffused through the air1 ,pasteur admits that these cannot be detected1 and that their 8germs0 are not recognizable4 ,if1 therefore1 ,m4 ,pasteur still maintains the truth of his theory1 it should be distinctly understood that it rests originally1 not upon established facts1 but upon a mere hypothesis--the hypothesis that the air teems with multitudes of invisible ,bacteria germs4 ,he is driven to such a doctrine1 not only by his own confessions concerning ,bacteria1 but also by the microscopical evidence to which ,i have referred4 ,so that in explaining the results of any experiments made with the view of throwing light upon the cause of fermentation or putrefaction1 it is especially necessary to bear in mind two considerations3-- ,i4 ,that dust filtered from the atmosphere cannot be proved to include living ,bacteria2 though it is known to contain a multitude of organic particles which may be capable in the presence of water1 in accordance with ,liebig's hypothesis1 of acting as ferments4 ,,ii4 ,it must also be recollected that1 in the opinion of many1 ,life represents a higher function which is displayed by certain kinds of organic matter2 and that this higher function may be deteriorated or rendered non-existent by an amount of heat which might not be adequate to decompose the organic matter itself4 ,it is all the more necessary to call attention to these two considerations1 because ,m4 ,pasteur invariably speaks as though it had been established that the air contains multitudes of living ,bacteria1 when1 really1 he had only proved that the air contains a number of corpuscles resembling spores of fungi1 c4 ,and1 as ,i have already intimated1 the existence of spores of fungi in the atmosphere1 however well established1 is of little or no importance as an explanation of the cause of a very large number of fermentations4 ,their presence is even of still less importance1 owing to the fact of the co-existence with these fungus-spores1 of multitudes of organic fragments1 which--in accordance with the views of ,liebig1 ,gerhardt1 and other chemists--are capable of acting as ferments4 ,to this latter consideration ,m4 ,pasteur never even alludes when he speaks 7loc4 cit4 p4 #dj7 of his 8ensemencements10 and of other experiments which are equally1 or even more1 capable of being interpreted in accordance with ,liebig's views than with his own4 ,bearing these considerations in mind1 we shall be in a better position to enquire into the real interpretation that may be given to many of ,m4 ,pasteur's results1 and into the question as to how far the facts which he records are favourable to his own1 or to the adverse doctrine concerning the causes of fermentation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the memoir so often alluded to on 8,the ,organized ,corpuscles which exist in the ,atmosphere10 ,m4 ,pasteur adduced various kinds of evidence1 tending1 as he thought1 to show that the first ,bacteria which make their appearance in putrefying or fermenting solutions1 have been derived from living ,bacteria or their 8germs10 which pre-existed in the atmosphere4 ,some of the experiments by which he endeavoured to substantiate this position were of a very simple nature4 ,their narration attracted much attention at the time1 as it was supposed that by their means ,m4 ,pasteur had--as he professed--conclusively shown the erroneousness of the views of those who believed in what was called 8spontaneous generation40 ,these experiments were soon repeated by other observers1 who1 using different fluids1 obtained quite opposite results4 ,thus it became obvious to impartial critics1 that whilst the means adopted by ,m4 ,pasteur might be adequate to check the processes of fermentation or putrefaction in certain fluids1 they were quite powerless to effect this when many other fluids were employed4 ,these particular experiments1 however1 still seem to exercise a very great influence on the minds of many in this country1 who are either unaware of1 or disbelieve in1 the possibility of obtaining opposite results4 ,the chapter in which ,m4 ,pasteur detailed these experiments is thus entitled3--8,another very simple method of demonstrating that all the organized products of ,infusions 7previously heated7 owe their origin to the corpuscles which exist suspended in the ,atmosphere40 ,whilst claiming to have already rigorously established the validity of this conclusion by the experiments described in previous chapters1 ,m4 ,pasteur adds3--8,if there remained the least doubt on this subject1 in the mind of the reader1 it would be dissipated by the experiments of which ,i am now about to speak40 7p4 #ff47 ,sweetened yeast-water1 urine1 infusions of pear and of beetroot1 were placed in flasks with long necks1 variously drawn out and bent4 ,the flasks were subsequently treated as follows4 ,m4 ,pasteur says3--8,i then raise the liquid to the boiling-point for several minutes until steam issues abundantly from the extremity of the drawn-out neck of the flask1 which is permitted to remain open4 ,i then allow the flask to cool4 ,but1 singular fact--and one well calculated to astonish every one acquainted with the delicacy of the experiments relating to what is called #8spontaneous generation'--the liquid of this flask will remain indefinitely without alteration4 ,the flask may be handled without any fear1 it may be transported from place to place1 allowed to experience all the seasonal variations of temperature1 and its liquid does not undergo the slightest alteration1 whilst it preserves its odour and its taste40 ,if1 however1 the neck of one of these flasks be broken off close to the flask itself1 then1 according to ,m4 ,pasteur1 the previously unaltered fluid will1 in a day or two1 undergo the ordinary changes1 and swarm with ,bacteria and ,mucedine4 8,the great interest of this method is10 ,m4 ,pasteur adds1 8that it completes1 unanswerably1 the proof that the origin of life in infusions which have been raised to the boiling point1 is solely due to the solid particles#bc which are suspended in the air40 ,he believes that any living things pre-existing in the fluid itself would be destroyed by the high temperature to which it had been raised2 and that those contained in the air of the flask would also be destroyed1 if not expelled1 by the process of ebullition4 ,believing that the air is the source of germs from which ,life is first developed in infusions1 he thinks that what rapidly enters at first1 on the cessation of ebullition1 has its germs destroyed by contact with the almost boiling liquid2 whilst the air which enters subsequently1 and more slowly1 is supposed to deposit its germs in the various flexures of the tubes1 so that none are able to reach the fluid itself4 ,infusions1 thus protected1 do not undergo putrefaction1 says ,m4 ,pasteur1 because the access of pre-existing living things is necessary for the initiation of this change1 and such access is prevented by the tortuous and bent neck of the flask4 #bc ,as expressed1 the proposition may be an approximation to the truth4 ,m4 ,pasteur1 however1 really endeavours to lead his readers to believe that the 8solid particles0 which are efficacious1 are1 in all cases1 living 8germs40 ,others say that some fluids submitted to the conditions mentioned1 will undergo putrefactive changes1 and that1 therefore1 these experiments of ,m4 ,pasteur are utterly incapable of settling the general question as to the cause of fermentation and putrefaction1 and also that concerning the origin of ,life4 ,although acknowledging a certain difficulty in explaining the results which are sometimes attained by this method1 some of us would rather confess this than confidently offer explanations--as ,m4 ,pasteur did--which may in a short time be stultified by the results of other experiments with different fluids4 ,having previously shown#bd that living things could appear and multiply in such a flask as ,m4 ,pasteur describes--in any flask1 in fact1--which had been hermetically sealed during the ebullition of a suitable fluid within2 this was deemed to be a result so contradictory to the explanations of ,m4 ,pasteur1 that it appeared needless to add my testimony1 as ,i could have done1 to that of ,m4 ,victor ,meunier and others1 as to the different results obtainable by operating1 in ,m4 ,pasteur's fashion1 with different fluids4 ,it seemed to me that if organisms were to be procured in flasks from which air had been altogether expelled1 it was useless still to urge the preservative virtues of any process of filtration of air--with the object of showing that living things in infusions derived their origin from atmospheric germs4 ,obviously1 if there were no atmosphere1 there could be no atmospheric germs present2 and if living things were1 nevertheless1 developed under these exclusive circumstances1 how could ,m4 ,pasteur or his disciples still expect to convince others that the first living things in infusions always proceeded from pre-existing atmospheric germs--even although it could be shown1 that in many cases1 when these were filtered off by flasks with narrow and tortuous necks1 no living things were developed in such fluids4 ,granting to the full the truth of such facts1 they could do nothing to establish the doctrine of the origin of infusorial life from pre-existing atmospheric germs1 so long as it could also be shown that living things might be developed in boiled solutions to which air1 instead of being filtered1 was never allowed to enter at all4 #bd #8,nature1' #ahgj1 ,no4 #cf1 p4 #aic4 ,it is not1 therefore1 because ,i think that some of the experiments which will subsequently be related afford any stronger or more direct support to my own conclusions1 but because ,i think they may do this indirectly--by shaking the faith of many in some of the reasonings of ,m4 ,pasteur--that ,i am induced to give an account of them4#be #be ,if his reasonings can be shown to be quite inconclusive1 and if his results can be otherwise explained1 some people may1 at last1 begin to recognize that their blind and mistaken faith in ,m4 ,pasteur's work has been somewhat misplaced4 ,what has been hitherto said1 also applies to the more recent statements concerning the efficacy of cotton-wool as an agent for filtering germs from the atmosphere4 ,prof4 ,huxley says he has never seen putrefaction or fermentation occur after certain organic fluids have been boiled for ten or fifteen minutes1 if a good plug of cotton-wool has been inserted into the neck of the flask in which they are contained whilst ebullition is going on1 and has1 subsequently1 been allowed to remain in the same situation4 ,using other or perhaps stronger fluids1 however1 ,i have found that such a method of proceeding is by no means adequate to stop the growth and development of organisms4 ,and1 also1 even if it had been always efficacious--the reason adduced could not hold good1 in the face of my other experiments1 which had shown that a development of life might go on in cases where the air1 which had been similarly driven out1 was subsequently1 in place of being filtered1 prevented from gaining access to the fluid4 ,if germs derived from the air are the sole causes of putrefaction1 then1 surely1 deprivation from air ought to be just as efficacious as any process of filtration of air--more especially when the filtration or the deprivation have a common starting point4 ,and the mode of procedure1 in both cases1 is precisely the same up to a certain point4 ,a fluid is boiled for a short time in order to kill the germs which may be within the flask1 and to expel its previously contained air4 ,at a certain stage of the ebullition1 this may be arrested1 if we have to do with a bent-neck flask1 or one whose neck is plugged with cotton-wool1 and no change1 it is said1 will subsequently take place in the contained fluid1 because the air which enters is1 by either of these means1 filtered from its germs4 ,but if1 whilst ebullition continued1 the neck of the flask had been hermetically sealed--so as altogether to prevent the re-ingress of air--and if the fluid1 thus contained in vacuo1 would nevertheless undergo fermentation1 obviously the former explanation must be altogether shelved4 ,in the face of ,m4 ,pasteur's explanations1 and those of ,professor ,huxley1 these frequent positive results with fluids contained in vacuo are absolutely contradictory4 ,there may naturally arise1 therefore1 a very grave doubt as to the validity of the explanation adduced by ,m4 ,pasteur1 and adopted by ,professor ,huxley and others4 ,all these experiments to which ,i have been alluding are based upon the supposition 7assented to by ,pasteur and ,huxley7 that ,bacteria which pre-existed in the solution would certainly be destroyed by its being raised for a few minutes to a temperature of #bab ,f4 ,this conclusion is1 ,i believe1 perfectly correct1#bf and in support thereof ,i will adduce the following additional information4 #bf ,m4 ,pasteur attempted to make a distinction in the case of slightly alkaline or neutral fluids 7loc4 cit41 pp4 #fj-fe74 ,i have endeavoured to show the untenability of his conclusion in #8,nature1' #ahgj1 ,no4 #cg1 pp4 #bbd-bbg4 ,limits of #8,vital ,resistance' to ,heat displayed by ,bacteria and ,torul4 ,after stating elsewhere#bg1 that ,vibriones are partly broken up or disintegrated by an exposure for a few minutes to a temperature of #bab ,f4 in an infusion which is being boiled1 and also that1 in all probability1 the life of ,bacteria would be destroyed by such a treatment1 ,i made the following remarks3--8,with reference to these organisms1 however1 one caution is necessary to be borne in mind by the experimenter4 ,the movements of monads and ,bacteria may be1 and frequently are1 of two kinds4 ,the one variety does not differ in the least from the mere molecular or ,brownian movement1 which may be witnessed in similarly minute1 not-living particles immersed in fluids4 ,whilst the other seems to be purely vital--that is1 dependent upon their properties as living things4 ,these vital movements are altogether different from the mere dancing oscillations which not-living particles display1 as may be seen when the monad or ,bacterium darts about over comparatively large areas1 so as frequently to disappear from the field4 ,after an infusion has been exposed for a second or two to the boiling temperature1 these vital movements no longer occur1 though almost all the monads and ,bacteria may be seen to display the ,brownian movement in a well-marked degree4 ,they seem to be reduced by the shortest exposure to a temperature of #ajj ,c4 to the condition of mere not-living particles1 and then they become subjected to the unimpaired influence of the physical conditions which determine these movements40 ,i now have various facts to add in confirmation of these conclusions1 and in extension of our knowledge concerning the vital resistance to heat of ,bacteria and ,torul4 #bg #8,nature1' #ahgj1 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #aga4 ,it would be a most important step if we could ascertain some means by which these primary movements of living ,bacteria might be distinguished from the secondary1 or communicated1 movements of not-living particles4 ,in many cases1 organisms that are truly living may only exhibit very languid movements1 which1 as movements1 are quite indistinguishable from those that the same ,bacteria may display when they are really dead4 ,because the movements1 therefore1 are of this doubtful character1 persons are apt1 unfairly1 to argue that the ,bacteria which present them1 are no more living than are the minute particles of carbon obtained from the flame of a lamp1 which may exhibit similar movements4 ,this1 however1 is a point of view which becomes obviously misleading if too much stress is laid upon it2 and it is more especially so in this case1 when those ,bacteria which display the most characteristic sign of vitality--viz41 8spontaneous0 division or reproduction--do1 at the time1 almost always exhibit only the same languid movements4 ,mobility is1 in fact1 not an essential characteristic of living ,bacteria1 whilst the occurrence of the act of reproduction is the most indubitable sign of their life4 ,it should be remembered1 therefore1 that any ,bacteria which are almost motionless1 or which exhibit mere ,brownian movements1 may be living1 whilst those which spontaneously divide and reproduce1 are certainly alive--whatever may be the kind of movement they present4 ,in any particular case1 however1 can we decide whether ,bacteria1 that have been submitted to a given temperature1 and which exhibit movements resembling those known as ,brownian1 are really dead or living8 ,if the movements are primary1 or dependent upon the inherent molecular activity of the organism itself1 they ought1 it might be argued1 to continue when the molecules of the fluid are at rest2 if1 on the other hand1 they are mere secondary or communicated movements1 impressed upon the organisms as they would be upon any other similarly minute particles1 by the molecular oscillations of the fluid in which they are contained1 then the movements ought to grow less1 and gradually cease1 as the fluid approaches a state of molecular rest--if this be attainable4 ,following out this idea1 some months ago1 ,i first tested the correctness of the assumption by experimenting with fluids containing various kinds of not-living particles2 such as carbon-particles from the flame of a lamp1 or freshly precipitated baric sulphate4 ,however perfect may have been the ,brownian movements when portions of these fluids were first examined beneath a covering-glass1 they always gradually diminished1 after the specimen had been mounted by surrounding the covering-glass with some cement or varnish4 ,thus prepared1 no evaporation could take place from the thin film of fluid1 and after one1 three1 four1 or more hours--the slide remaining undisturbed--most of the particles had subsided1 and were found to have come to a state of rest4 ,in order still further to test these views1 ,i took an infusion of turnip1 containing a multitude of ,bacteria whose movements were of the languid description1 and divided it into two portions4 ,one of these portions was boiled for about a minute1 whilst the other was not interfered with4 ,then1 after the boiled solution had been cooled1 a drop was taken from each and placed at some little distance from one another on the same glass slip2 covering-glasses half an inch in diameter were laid on1 and the superfluous fluid beneath each was removed by a piece of blotting-paper4 ,when only the thinnest film of fluid was left1 the covering-glasses were surrounded by a thick1 quickly-drying cement4#bh ,examined with the microscope immediately afterwards1 it was generally found that the ,bacteria which had been boiled presented a shrunken and shrivelled aspect--whilst some of them were more or less disintegrated--though1 as far as movement was concerned1 there was little to distinguish that which they manifested1 from that of their plumper-looking relatives which had not been boiled4 #bh ,i always employ a solution of gum mastic and bismuth in chloroform4 ,if a different varnish be employed1 it is of course necessary to ascertain whether its application is injurious to the enclosed ,bacteria4 ,if the specimens were examined again after twenty-four or more hours1 there was still very little difference perceptible between them1 as regards their movements4 ,and the same was the case when the specimens were examined after a lapse of some days or weeks4 ,one important difference does1 however1 soon become obvious4 ,the ,bacteria which have not been boiled1 undergo a most unmistakeable increase within their imprisoned habitat2 whilst those which have been boiled1 do not increase4 ,the two films may be almost colourless at first 7if the ,bacteria are not very abundant71 but after a few days1 that composed of unboiled fluid begins to show an obvious and increasing cloudiness1 which is never manifested by the other4 ,microscopical examination shows that this cloudiness is due to a proportionate increase in the number of ,bacteria4 ,is the continuance of the movements of the organisms which had been boiled attributable to their extreme lightness1 and to the slight difference between their specific gravity and that of the fluid in which they are immersed8 ,i soon became convinced that this was one1 if not the chief reason1 when ,i found that ,bacteria which had been submitted to very much higher temperatures1 behaved in precisely the same manner as those which had been merely boiled1 and also that other particles which--though obviously dead--had a similar specific lightness1 also continued to exhibit their ,brownian movements for days and weeks4 ,this was the case more especially with the minute fat particles in a mounted specimen of boiled milk1#bi and also with very minute particles which were gradually precipitated#cj from a hay infusion that had been heated to #cjb ,f4 for four hours4 ,trials with many different substances1 indeed1 after a time convinced me that the most rapid cessation of ,brownian movements in stationary films1#ca occurred where the particles were heavy or large2 and that the duration of the movement was more and more prolonged1 as the particles experimented with1 were lighter or more minute4 ,so that1 when we have to do with ,bacteria1 the minute oil globules of milk1 or with other similarly light particles1 the movements continue for an indefinite time1 and are1 in part1 mere exponents of the molecular unrest of the fluid4 ,they are always capable of being increased or renewed by the incidence of heat or other disturbing agencies4 #bi ,if an unboiled specimen of milk be mounted1 a multiplication of living particles takes place here and there amongst the fat globules1 just as the multiplication of ,bacteria occurs in a vegetable infusion2 but in the boiled specimen no trace of such multiplication can ever be detected4 #cj ,those particles which come to rest1 in such cases1 are always in contact with one or other of the contiguous surfaces of glass4 #ca ,the specific gravity of the fluid being constant4 ,where this is dense or viscid1 as with glycerine1 ,brownian movements do not occur at all4 ,in respect of the movements which they may exhibit1 therefore1 really living1 though languid1 ,bacteria1 cannot always be discriminated from dead ,bacteria4 ,both may only display mere ,brownian movements4 ,it becomes obvious1 then1 that in doubtful cases we ought not to rely very strongly upon the character of their movements1 as evidence of the death of ,bacteria--although these may frequently be of so extensive a nature as to render it not at all doubtful whether the ,bacteria which display them are living4 ,in the experiments which ,i am about to relate1 we shall be able to pronounce that the ,bacteria are living or dead1 by reference to the continuance or cessation of their most essentially vital characteristic4 ,if ,bacteria fail to multiply in a suitable fluid1 and under suitable conditions1 we have the best proof that can be obtained of their death4 ,having made many experiments with solutions of ammonic tartrate and sodic phosphate1 ,i have almost invariably observed that such solutions--when exposed to the air without having been boiled--become turbid in the course of a few days owing to the presence of myriads of ,bacteria and ,vibriones1 with some ,torul4 ,these organisms seem to appear and multiply in such a solution almost as readily as they do in an organic infusion4 ,on the other hand1 having frequently boiled such solutions1 and closed the flasks during ebullition1 ,i have invariably found1 on subsequent examination of these fluids1 that whatever else may have been met with1 ,bacteria and ,vibriones were always absent4 ,the difference was most notable1 and it seemed only intelligible on the supposition that any living ,bacteria or dead ferments which may have pre-existed in the solution1 were deprived of their virtues by the preliminary boiling4 ,these experiments also seemed to show that such solutions1 after having been boiled1 and shut up in hermetically-sealed flasks1 from which all air had been expelled1 were quite incapable of giving birth to ,bacteria4 ,the unboiled fluid1 exposed to the air1 might have become turbid1 because it was able to nourish any living ,bacteria which it may have contained1 or because it was capable of evolving these de novo1 under the influence of dead ferments whose activity had not been destroyed by heat4 ,hence we have a fluid which is eminently suitable for testing the vital resistance of ,bacteria1--one which1 although quite capable of nourishing and favouring their reproduction1 does not appear capable of evolving them1 when1 after previous ebullition1 it is enclosed in a hermetically sealed flask from which all air has been expelled4 ,three flasks were half-filled with this solution4#cb ,the neck of the first 7a7 was allowed to remain open1 and no addition was made to the fluid4 ,to the second 7b71 after it had been boiled and had become cool1 was added half a minim of a similar saline solution1 which had been previously exposed to the air1 and which was quite turbid with ,bacteria1 ,vibriones and ,torul4 ,from this flask--after its inoculation with the living organisms--the air was exhausted by means of an air-pump1 and its neck was hermetically sealed during the ebullition of the fluid1 without the flask and its contents having been exposed to a heat of more than #ij ,f4 ,the third flask 7c7 was similarly inoculated with living ,bacteria1 although its contents were boiled for ten minutes 7at #bab ,f471 and its neck was hermetically sealed during ebullition4 ,the results were as follows3--the solution in the first flask 7a71 became turbid in four or five days2 the solution in the second 7b71 became turbid after thirty-six hours2 whilst that in the third flask 7c71 remained perfectly clear4 ,this latter flask was opened on the twelfth day1 whilst its contents were still clear1 and on microscopical examination of the fluid no living ,bacteria were to be found4 ,this particular experiment was repeated three times with similarly negative results1 although on two occasions the fluid was only boiled for one minute instead of ten4 #cb ,in the proportion of ten grains of neutral ammonic tartrate1 with three grains of neutral sodic phosphate1 to an ounce of distilled water4 ,it seemed1 moreover1 that by having recourse to experiments of the same kind1 the exact degree of heat1 which is fatal to ,bacteria and ,torul might be ascertained4 ,i accordingly endeavoured to determine this point4 ,portions of the same saline solution1 after having been boiled#cc and allowed to cool1 were similarly inoculated with a drop#cd of very turbid fluid1 containing hundreds of living ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and ,torul4 ,a drying apparatus was fixed to an air-pump1 and the flask containing the inoculated fluid was securely connected with the former by means of a piece of tight india-rubber tubing1#ce after its neck had been drawn out and narrowed1 at about two inches from the extremity4 ,the flask containing the inoculated fluid was then allowed to dip into a beaker holding water at #abb ,f41 in which a thermometer was immersed4 ,the temperature of the fluid was maintained at this point for fifteen minutes1#cf by means of a spirit lamp beneath the beaker4 ,the air was then exhausted from the flask by means of the pump1 till the fluid began to boil2 ebullition was allowed to continue for a minute or two1 so as to expel as much air as possible from the flask1 and then1 during its continuance1 the narrowed neck of the flask was hermetically sealed by means of a spirit-lamp flame and a blowpipe4 ,other flasks were similarly prepared1 except that they were exposed to successively higher degrees of heat--the fluid being boiled off1 in different cases1 at temperatures of #aca1 #adj1 #adi1 #aeh1 and #afg ,f4 ,all the flasks being similarly inoculated with living ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and ,torul1 and similarly sealed during ebullition1 they differed from one another only in respect to the degree of heat to which they had been submitted4 ,their bulbs were subsequently placed in a water bath1 which during both day and night was maintained at a temperature of from #he to #ie ,f4 ,the results have been as follows3--,the flasks whose contents had been heated to #abb and #aca ,f4 respectively1 began to exhibit a bluish tinge in the contained fluid after the first or second day2 and after two or three more days1 the fluid in each became quite turbid and opaque1 owing to the presence and multiplication of myriads of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones and ,torul2 the fluids in the flasks1 however1 which had been exposed to the higher temperature of #adj1 #adi1 #aeh1 and #afg ,f41 showed not the slightest trace of turbidity1 and no diminution in the clearness of the fluid while they were kept under observation--that is1 for a period of twelve or fourteen days4 ,one kind of conclusion only is to be drawn from these experiments1 the conditions of which were in every way similar1 except as regards the degree of heat to which the inoculated fluids were subjected--seeing that the organisms were contained in a fluid1 which had been proved to be eminently suitable for their growth and multiplication4#cg ,if inoculated fluids which have been raised to #abb and #aca ,f4 for ten minutes1 are found in the course of a few days to become turbid1 then1 obviously1 the organisms cannot have been killed by such exposure2 whilst1 if similar fluids1 similarly inoculated1 which have been raised to temperatures of #adj1 #adi1 #aeh1 and #afg ,f4 remain sterile1 such sterility can only be explained by the supposition that the organisms have been killed by exposure to these temperatures4 #cc ,it was necessary to boil the solution first1 in order to destroy any living things or dead ferments which it might contain4 ,it must contain one or the other1 because an unboiled solution of this kind1 in a corked bottle about half full1 will always become turbid2 whilst1 after it has been boiled1 it may be kept indefinitely under similar conditions without becoming turbid4 #cd ,the proportion was one drop of the fluid1 opaque with organisms1 to an ounce of the clear solution4 #ce ,into which a piece of glass tube had been slipped to prevent collapse4 #cf ,allowing even five minutes for the temperature of the #a oz4 of fluid to become equal to that of the bath1 it would then have remained exposed to this amount of heat for about ten minutes4 #cg ,fluids which had remained sterile would always1 in the course of thirty-six or forty-eight hours after inoculation with living ,bacteria1 become more or less turbid4 ,some of these experiments have been repeated several times with the same results4 ,on three occasions1 ,i have found the fluid speedily become turbid1 which had only been exposed to #aca ,f4 for ten minutes1 whilst on three other occasions ,i have found the inoculated fluid remain clear1 after it had been exposed to a heat of #adj ,f4 for ten minutes4#ch #ch ,there is1 however1 another point of extreme interest in connection with these experiments1 bearing upon the supposed universal distribution of 8germs0 of ,bacteria and other organisms1 which ,i will now mention4 ,one of the flasks1 which had been exposed to #adj ,f41 and which had been hermetically sealed at this temperature1 had its neck cracked 7accidentally7 about half an hour afterwards4 ,thinking it would be as well1 notwithstanding this1 to keep it and observe the result1 its bulb was immersed in the same water-bath with the other flasks which had been prepared at the same time4 ,whilst the fluid in one of these which had been exposed to a heat of #aca ,f41 became turbid in the course of a few days1 this1 which had been exposed to a heat of #adj ,f4 and whose neck was also extensively cracked1 remained quite clear for seven days1 although to such an extent exposed to the access of germs4 ,its eminent suitability for nourishing the germs of such organisms was also shown1 because1 on the seventh day1 the fluid being still clear1 the blade of a penknife was dipped into it1 after having been previously immersed in a solution containing living ,bacteria and ,torul1 and in thirty-six hours after this inoculation1 the fluid had become turbid1 owing to the presence of myriads of these organisms4 ,so that even where obvious cracks occur1 and the vacuum is altogether impaired by the consequent inrush of air1 such air does not necessarily carry with it germs of ,bacteria--which have been supposed to be universally diffused1 and capable of passing through cracks so minute as to be invisible4 ,these results1 important as they are1 have not at all surprised me1 because one may frequently find a previously boiled solution of the kind under consideration1 remaining free from turbidity for two weeks or more1 although the neck of the flask has been merely covered by a loose paper-cap 7see p4 #cj74 ,in experimenting upon rather higher organisms1 with which there is little difficulty in ascertaining1 by microscopical examination1 whether they are living or dead1 ,i have found that an exposure even to the lower temperature of #aca ,f4 for five minutes1 always suffices to destroy all signs of life in ,vibrios1 ,amb1 ,monads1 ,chlamydomonads1 ,euglen1 ,desmids1 ,vorticell1 and all other ,ciliated ,infusoria which were observed1 as well as in free ,nematoids1 ,rotifers1 and other organisms contained in the fluids which had been heated4 ,these results are quite in harmony with the observations and experiments of ,m4 ,pouchet and of ,professor ,wyman1 as to the capability of resisting heat displayed by ,vibriones and all kinds of ciliated infusoria4 ,according to the former1#ci the majority of ciliated infusoria are killed at1 or even below1 the temperature of #abb ,f41 whilst large ,vibriones are all killed at a temperature of #aca ,f4#dj ,according to the observations of ,professor ,wyman1 the motions of all ciliated infusoria are stopped at less than #acj ,f41 whilst ,vibriones1 taken from the most various sources1 also seemed to be killed at temperatures between #acj-acf4d ,f4 ,similarly1 we find ,baron ,liebig quite recently making the following remarks concerning a species of ,torula3--8,a temperature of #fj ,c4 #adj ,f4 kills the yeast cells2 after exposure to this temperature in water1 they no longer undergo fermentation1 and do not cause fermentation in a sugar solution4444 ,in like manner1 active fermentation in a saccharine liquid is stopped when the liquid is heated to #fj ,c41 and it does not recommence again on cooling the liquid40 #ci #8,nouvelles ,expriences1' etc41 #ahfd1 p4 #ch4 #dj #8,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1' ,oct4 #ahfg4 ,that the organisms in question--being minute naked portions of living matter--should be killed by exposure to the influence of a fluid at these temperatures will perhaps not seem very improbable to those who have attempted to keep their fingers for any length of time in water heated to a similar extent4 ,with watch in hand ,i immersed my fingers in one of the experimental beakers containing water at #aca ,f41 and found that1 in spite of my desires1 they were hastily withdrawn1 after an exposure of less than five-and-twenty seconds4 ,wishing to ascertain what difference there would be if the inoculated fluids were exposed for a very long time1 instead of for ten minutes only1 to certain temperatures1 ,i prepared three flasks in the same manner--each containing some of the previously boiled solution1 which1 when cold1 had been inoculated with living ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and ,torul4 ,these flasks and their contents were then submitted to the influence of the following conditions3--,one of them was heated for a few minutes in a beaker containing water at #aac ,f41 and then by means of the air-pump a partial vacuum was procured1 till the fluid began to boil4 ,after the remainder of the air had been expelled by the ebullition of the fluid1 the neck of the flask was hermetically sealed1 and the flask itself was subsequently immersed in the water of the beaker1 which was kept for four hours at a temperature between #aac and #aah-a_/b ,f4#da ,the two other flasks similarly prepared were kept at a temperature of #aah-a_/b - #abg-a_/b ,f4 for four hours4 ,in two days1 the fluid in the first flask became slightly turbid1 whilst in two days more the turbidity was most marked4 ,the fluid in the two other flasks which had been exposed to the temperature of #aah-a_/b - #abg-a_/b ,f4 for four hours1 remained quite clear and unaltered during the twelve days in which they were kept in the warm bath under observation4 ,these experiments seem to show1 therefore1 that the prolongation of the period of exposure to four hours1 suffices to lower the vital resistance to heat of ,bacteria and ,torul by #ad-a_/b - #ah ,f4 #da ,during nearly the whole of the time the temperature was kept at #aac ,f4 ,it only rose to the higher temperature for about ten minutes4 ,such experiments would seem to be most important and crucial in their nature4 ,they may be considered to settle the question as to the vital resistance of these particular ,bacteria1 whilst other evidence points conclusively in the direction that all ,bacteria1 whencesoever they have been derived1 possess essentially similar vital endowments#db4 ,seeing also that the solutions have been inoculated with a drop of a fluid in which ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and ,torul are multiplying rapidly1 we must suppose that they are multiplying in their accustomed manner1 as much by the known method of fission1 as by any unknown and assumed method of reproduction4 ,in such a fluid1 at all events1 there would be all the kinds of reproductive elements common to ,bacteria1 whether visible or invisible1 and these would have been alike subjected to the influence of the same temperature4 ,these experiments seem to show1 therefore1 that even if ,bacteria do multiply by means of invisible gemmules as well as by the known process of fission1 such invisible particles possess no higher power of resisting the destructive influence of heat than the parent ,bacteria themselves possess4 ,this result is1 moreover1 as ,i venture to think1 in accordance with what might have been anticipated priori4 ,bacteria seem to be composed of homogeneous living matter1 and any gemmule1 however minute1 could only be a portion of such living matter1 endowed with similar properties4 #db ,the ,bacteria and ,vibriones with which ,professor ,wyman experimented were derived from different sources2 and so far as ,i also have been able to ascertain1 the ,bacteria of different fluids are similarly affected by exposure to similar degrees of heat4 ,thus1 if on the same slip1 though under different covering glasses1 specimens of a hay infusion1 turbid with ,bacteria1 are mounted1 7a7 without being heated1 7b7 after the fluid has been raised to #abb ,f4 for ten minutes1 and 7c7 after the fluid has been heated to #adj ,f4 for ten minutes1 it will be found that1 in the course of a few days1 the ,bacteria under a and b have notably increased in quantity1 whilst those under c do not become more numerous1 however long the slide is kept4 ,facts of the same kind are observable if a turnip infusion1 containing living ,bacteria1 is experimented with2 and the phenomena are in no way different if a solution of ammonic tartrate and sodic phosphate 7containing ,bacteria7 be employed instead of one of these vegetable infusions4 ,the multiplication of the ,bacteria beneath the covering-glass1 when it occurs1 is soon rendered obvious1 even to the naked eye1 by the increasing cloudiness of the film4 ,extent to which boiled ,fermentable ,fluids may be preserved in ,vessels with ,bent ,necks1 or in those whose ,necks are guarded by a ,plug of ,cotton-,wool4 ,having thus satisfied ourselves as to the truth of the conclusion that ,bacteria are killed when the fluid containing them is boiled 7at #bab ,f471 we are in a position to proceed with the inquiry as to the evidence which exists in respect to the statements made by ,m4 ,pasteur1 ,professor ,huxley1 and others1 that fermentable fluids which have been boiled1 will not undergo fermentation1 either in vessels whose necks have been many times bent1 or in those into whose necks a plug of cotton-wool has been inserted during the ebullition of their contained fluid4 ,organisms are not found in such cases1 they say1 because the 8germs0 from which the low organisms of infusions are usually produced1 are arrested either in the flexures of the tube or in the cotton-wool4 ,as ,i have before stated1 however1 it is obvious that if this explanation be the correct one1 the preservation should be equally well marked in all cases--quite irrespectively of the amount of albumenoid or other nitrogenous material which may be contained in the fluid4 ,any exceptions to the rule should at once suggest doubts as to the validity of the explanation4 ,it was shown#dc in #ahfe by ,m4 ,victor ,meunier that some fluids were preserved after having been boiled in a vessel of this kind1 whilst others1 submitted to the same treatment1 speedily became turbid from the presence of ,bacteria and other organisms4#dd ,by these experiments he ascertained that strong infusions did frequently change1 whilst weak ones might be preserved2 and that even a strong infusion might be prevented from undergoing change if the period of ebullition were sufficiently prolonged4 #dc #8,compt4 ,rend41' t4 lxi4 p4 #ajfj4 #dd ,when boiled solutions1 containing mannite1 with a little nitrate and phosphate of ammonia1 were employed1 they always remained sterile4 ,similar negative results followed the employment of ox-gall4 ,of three decoctions of beef with which ,m4 ,meunier experimented1 the two stronger of them were found to contain swarms of ,bacteria in about twelve days4 ,of three other flasks containing boiled urine1 two also proved fertile4 ,the fluids most frequently employed by ,m4 ,pasteur were yeast-water1 the same sweetened by sugar1 urine1 infusion of beetroot1 and infusion of pear4 ,taking urine as a fair example of such a fluid1 ,i have found that the statements of ,m4 ,pasteur and of ,professor ,lister are perfectly correct4 ,this fluid may generally remain for an indefinite period in such vessels#de without becoming turbid1 or undergoing any apparent change4 ,the same is generally found to be the case with an infusion of turnip1 and occasionally an infusion of hay may be similarly prevented from undergoing fermentation4 ,on the other hand1 if the turnip-solution be neutralized by the addition of a little ammonic carbonate1 or liquor potass2 or1 better still1 if even half a grain of new cheese be added to the infusion before it is boiled1 then ,i have found that the fluid speedily becomes turbid1 owing to the appearance of multitudes of ,bacteria4 ,in an infusion to which a fragment of cheese had been added1 ,i have seen a pellicle form in three days1 which1 on microscopical examination1 proved to be composed of an aggregation of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and ,leptothrix filaments4 ,a mixture of albuminous urine and turnip-infusion has also rapidly become turbid in a vessel of this kind owing to the appearance of multitudes of ,bacteria1 and so has a mixture containing one-third of healthy urine with two-thirds of infusion of turnip4 #de ,i have employed flasks of about #a-a_/b oz4 in capacity1 provided with necks two feet in length4 ,in each case1 after the flask has been half filled with the fluid1 the neck has been bent eight times at an acute angle4 ,other infusions have been boiled for ten minutes in a vessel with a horizontal neck two feet long1 into which1 during ebullition1 a good plug of cotton-wool had been carefully pushed down for a depth of twelve or fourteen inches1 and cautiously increased in quantity during the continuance of the ebullition2 whilst immediately after the withdrawal of the heat1 the plug was pressed closer1 and all the outer unoccupied portion of the tube was rapidly filled up in the same manner4 ,preserved in such a vessel1 a specimen of urine remained unchanged2 a hay-infusion also underwent no apparent alteration2 whilst a very strong infusion of turnip became turbid in five days1 and ultimately showed a large quantity of deposit4#df #df ,these are the only experiments which ,i have performed with the very long plugs of cotton-wool1 though in other previous trials with plugs about #a-a_/b in4 long1 ,i have several times obtained positive results4 ,thus the rules laid down by ,pasteur and others are not universal1 and therefore1 as ,i have previously pointed out1 the explanation which he adduced of the preservation of those particular fluids which remained unchanged is at once rendered doubtful4 ,more especially is there room for doubt on this subject when1 as ,i have found1 the result of the experiment can be1 within certain limits1 predicated beforehand1 according to the nature of the fluid employed4 ,if all organisms proceed from pre-existing germs1 and these can be filtered from the air by a certain mechanical contrivance1 then1 if it be alleged that it is on account of such filtration that certain boiled fluids do not change1 all fluids placed under these conditions ought1 on this theory1 to be similarly preserved4 ,exceptional cases cannot be accounted for on this hypothesis4 ,to others1 however1 who say that organisms are capable of arising de novo1 and that fermentation can be initiated without the agency of living things1 the above facts appear quite natural4 ,the more complex the nitrogenous or protein materials contained in a solution1 the more is it fitted to undergo fermentative changes1 which may be accompanied by the de novo origination of living things4 ,therefore the above results are just as compatible with the notions of ,m4 ,liebig and his school1 as they are antagonistic to those of ,m4 ,pasteur4 ,certain fluids1 it is found1 do not undergo change2 whilst other fluids1 of a more complex description1 will ferment under the influence of similar conditions4 ,prolonged ebullition also1 by breaking up some of the more unstable compounds of a solution 7those which most easily initiate these changes7 will retard or prevent its fermentation4 ,the complete untenability of ,m4 ,pasteur's explanations are1 however1 best revealed by having recourse to a series of comparative experiments1 in which portions of the same fluid are boiled for an equal length of time in vessels of different kinds1 and are then subsequently submitted1 in a water-bath1 to the influence of the same temperature4 ,i have made many experiments of this kind with different solutions1 some of which ,i will now record4 ,owing to the different behaviour of the same fluids under different conditions1 we are enabled to draw some most important conclusions2 and owing to the different behaviour of different fluids under these respective conditions1 our attention is strongly drawn to other facts which ought considerably to influence our judgment as to the relative merits of the two doctrines concerning the cause of fermentation and putrefaction4 ,,comparative ,,experiments4 ,in the following experiments1 each fluid 7unless a statement is made to the contrary7 was boiled continuously for ten minutes1 after having been placed in its flask4 ,then1 with the neck either open1 sealed1 or plugged1 the bulb of the flask was immersed in a water-bath maintained at a temperature of #hj-ie ,f41 during both day and night4#dg #dg ,when infusions have been employed1 these have all been made as strong as possible1 and have been filtered before use4 ,warm water has been added in quantity just sufficient to cover the substance to be infused 7cut into very small pieces71 and the mixture has then been kept at a temperature of from #aaj-acj ,f4 for three or four hours4 ,,first ,,set ,,of ,,experiments 7,i4-,,xv474 a4 ,fluid exposed to ,air in a ,flask with a short ,open ,neck4 99,no4 ,i4--,urine99 in twenty-four hours was still clear and free from deposit4 ,in forty-four hours the fluid was very slightly turbid1 and on microscopical examination ,bacteria and ,torul were found1 though not in very great abundance4 ,in sixty-eight hours the fluid was quite turbid4 99,no4 ,,ii4--,hay ,infusion99 in twenty-four hours was still clear4 ,in forty-four hours the fluid was very turbid1 and a drop on examination showed multitudes of ,bacteria of different kinds1 exhibiting languid movements4 ,in sixty-eight hours the turbidity had become much more marked1 and there was also a certain amount of sediment4 99,no4 ,,iii4--,turnip ,infusion99 in twenty-four hours showed a very slight degree of turbidity4 ,a drop examined microscopically revealed a number of very minute1 but very active1 ,bacteria4 ,in forty-four hours the turbidity had become very well marked4 b4 ,fluid in contact with ,ordinary ,air and its ,particles2 ,neck of ,flask ,sealed after the ,fluid had become ,cold4 99,no4 ,,iv4--,urine99 remained quite bright and clear during the fifteen days in which it was kept under observation in the water-bath4#dh 99,no4 ,v4--,hay ,infusion99 after forty-four hours showed a well-marked turbidity4 ,in sixty-eight hours there was an increase in the amount of turbidity1 and also some sediment4 ,during the next forty-eight hours turbidity and sediment gradually increased1 whilst the colour of the fluid 7originally that of port wine7 became several shades lighter4 ,except that it grew still lighter in colour1 and that the amount of sediment increased1 it underwent no further obvious change during the fifteen days in which it remained in the bath4#dh 99,no4 ,,vi4--,turnip ,infusion99 underwent no change during the fifteen days in which it was kept in the bath under observation4#dh c4 ,fluid in a ,flask with a ,neck two feet long1 and having ,eight acute ,flexures4 99,no4 ,,vii4--,urine99 remained quite bright and clear during the fifteen days in which it was kept under observation in the water-bath4#dh #dh ,flask still in my possession1 unopened4 99,no4 ,,viii4--,hay ,infusion99 remained bright and clear for twelve days4 ,on the thirteenth day a very slight 7almost inappreciable7 sediment was seen1 which scarcely underwent any obvious increase during the next eight days1 though on the two following days 7twenty-second and twenty-third7 the turbidity became most obvious3 much sediment was deposited1 and the fluid assumed a much lighter colour4#di 7,on the twenty-second day the temperature of the bath was raised to #ajj ,f41 for two or three hours47 #di ,flask still in my possession1 unopened4 99,no4 ,,ix4--,turnip ,infusion99 remained for four days without undergoing any apparent change4 ,its neck was then accidentally broken at the fourth joint--a certain amount of fluid still filling the third joint4 ,in this condition the flask was allowed to remain in the water-bath1 and the fluid continued quite unchanged in appearance for five days4 ,it was then boiled#ej for three minutes1 and the neck of the flask was hermetically sealed whilst the fluid was boiling4 ,the flask being re-immersed in water-bath1 the fluid continued quite clear for thirteen days4 ,its neck was then carefully heated in the spirit-lamp flame till1 when red-hot1 the rapid inbending of the glass showed that the vacuum was still preserved4 ,this being ascertained1 the flask was1 after a few minutes1 replaced in the bath4 ,the next day the temperature of the bath was allowed to go up to #ajj ,f4 for three or four hours1 and in the evening the fluid was observed to be very slightly turbid4 ,in two days more 7i4e41 after sixteen days in vacuo7 the turbidity was well marked1 and when the fluid was examined microscopically it was found to contain an abundance of very languid ,bacteria and ,vibriones4 ,on opening the flask there was an outrush of very ftid gas1 and the reaction of the fluid was acid4#ea #ej ,the vapour had lost all odour of turnip4 ,some of the fluid which splashed over was found to be still slightly acid4 #ea ,this experiment is very interesting in two or three respects4 ,a neck of half the usual length--with only four bendings--sufficed to preserve the fluid for several days2 and when this fluid 7which had been in the bent-neck apparatus for nine days7 was sealed up in the same flask during ebullition1 it remained in vacuo for thirteen days without undergoing any apparent change1 and then only became turbid under the influence of a higher temperature4 ,yet some of the same fluid1 in a flask which was hermetically sealed during the first ebullition 7,no4 ,,xv47 behaved as such an infusion usually does1 and became quite turbid in forty-eight hours4 d4 ,fluid in a ,flask having a ,neck two feet long1 bent at right angles shortly above the bulb1 and provided with a firm ,plug of ,cotton-,wool twelve inches in length4 99,no4 ,x4--,urine99 remained quite bright and clear during the fifteen days in which it was kept under observation in the water-bath4#eb 99,no4 ,,xi4--,hay ,infusion99 showed a very slight amount of sediment after forty-four hours1 which seemed to increase somewhat during the next three days4 ,the fluid afterwards appeared to undergo no further change1 though it remained in the warm water-bath for fifteen days4#eb 99,no4 ,,xii4--,turnip ,infusion99 in four days showed a well-marked turbidity1 and also very many flakes of a broken pellicle4#eb #eb ,flask still in my possession1 unopened4 e4 ,fluid 7in vacuo7 in a ,flask1 the ,neck of which was hermetically ,sealed by means of the ,blowpipe ,flame during ,ebullition4 99,no4 ,,xiii4--,urine99 in forty-four hours showed a very slight amount of sediment4 ,during the next two days the sediment very slightly increased1 but was still small in amount4 ,at the expiration of fifteen days1 no further increase in the turbidity having taken place1 the fluid was examined4 ,the vacuum was still partially preserved1 as evidenced by the rapid inbending of a portion of the neck of the flask after it had been carefully made red-hot4 ,when opened1 the odour of the fluid was stale1 but not ftid1 and its reaction was still faintly acid4 ,on microscopical examination ,bacteria and ,torul were found in tolerable abundance4 99,no4 ,,xiv4--,hay ,infusion99 in forty-four hours showed a very slight amount of turbidity4 ,in sixty-eight hours the turbidity was most marked1 and there was also a small amount of sediment4 ,in another twenty-four hours it was noticed that the colour of the fluid had become much lighter1 whilst the turbidity and sediment had increased4 ,it subsequently continued in much the same state1 and the flask was opened on the sixteenth day4 ,the vacuum was found to be almost wholly impaired1 whilst the odour of the fluid was sour1 and not at all hay-like4 ,on microscopical examination ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 ,leptothrix1 and ,torul1 were found in abundance1 and the former were very active4 99,no4 ,,xv4--,turnip ,infusion99 after forty-eight hours showed a well-marked turbidity4 ,in seventy-two hours the turbidity was more marked1 and there was a slight amount of sediment4 ,the turbidity also increased during the next twenty-four hours2 though1 after that1 the infusion seemed to undergo no further change4 ,the flask remained in the warm bath for fifteen days1 when the fluid was examined4 ,its odour was not ftid1 but was somewhat like that of baked turnip4 ,bacteria and ,vibriones existed in abundance1 though their movements were extremely languid4 ,,second ,,set ,,of ,,experiments 7,,xvi4-,,xxi474 b4 ,fluid in contact with ,ordinary ,air and its ,particles2 ,neck of ,flask ,sealed after the ,fluid had become ,cold4 99,no4 ,,xvi4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 in twenty-four hours had undergone no apparent change4 ,in thirty-six hours there was slight turbidity1 and in forty-eight hours this was most marked and uniform4 ,when the flask was opened1 after seventy-two hours1 there was an outrush of very ftid gas2 the reaction of the fluid was acid1 and1 when examined microscopically1 it was found to contain multitudes of very languid ,bacteria4 99,no4 ,,xvii4--,neutralized ,infusion of ,turnip #a_/b gr4 of ,cheese991#ec in thirty-six hours showed a well-marked pellicle4#ed ,when the flask was opened1 after seventy-two hours1 there was a violent outrush of gas1 though the fluid was still neutral4 ,portions of the thick pellicle were found1 on microscopical examination1 to be made up of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and an abundance of long1 interlaced ,leptothrix filaments4 ,bacteria also existed abundantly in the fluid1 though their movements were very languid4 #ec ,the filtered infusion of turnip was neutralized by liquor potass4 ,the cheese 7,cheddar7 was new and not in the least mouldy4 #ed ,the fluid itself being somewhat opaque1 the first stages of increased turbidity from presence of ,bacteria could not be detected4 c4 ,fluid in a ,bent ,neck ,flask1 having ,eight acute ,flexures4 99,no4 ,,xviii4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 after forty-eight hours showed no change4 ,it was kept in water-bath for twelve days1 and during the whole of this time the fluid remained quite clear4 ,the tube was then broken #a-a_/b inch above the bulb 7which was re-immersed in the bath71 leaving the fluid exposed to the air through the straight open tube4 ,the fluid at this time was odourless1 and its re-action was still faintly acid4 ,the infusion remained thus exposed for six days without undergoing any apparent change4 ,on the eighth day a very slight whitish sediment was noticed1 which had increased in quantity by the tenth day1 though there was still no trace of general turbidity4 ,on the eleventh day some of the sediment was examined in a drop of the fluid1 and it was found to be wholly composed of rather large ,torul cells--the largest being about #a_/cjjj in diameter1 though all the smaller sizes were abundantly represented4 ,not a single ,bacterium or ,vibrio could be detected1 and the fluid was still quite odourless4#ee #ee ,this again is a most instructive experiment when compared with ,nos4 ,,xvi4 and ,,xx41 in which portions of the same infusion were employed4 ,the results in ,no4 ,,ix4 would lead us to believe that a vegetable infusion which does not ferment1 does1 nevertheless1 undergo some changes in molecular composition1 and this notion seems to derive confirmation from the present experiment4 ,some of the same solution which has been kept for a time 7twelve days7 from contact with atmospheric particles1 subsequently1 even when fully exposed to the air1 undergoes no apparent change for six days1 and then1 instead of becoming filled with ,bacteria1 swarms only with ,torul4 ,yet the infusion in this condition was perfectly capable of nourishing ,bacteria1 as ,i subsequently proved by inoculating it4 ,why then was it not inoculated by the living ,bacteria1 with which the air is thought by some to be teeming8 99,no4 ,,xix4--,neutral ,turnip ,infusion #a_/b gr4 of ,cheese991 showed no perceptible change in twenty-four hours1 though in thirty-six hours there was a well-marked pellicle on the surface4 ,when the neck of the flask was broken after seventy-two hours1 the fluid was found to be very ftid1 whilst its re-action had become slightly acid4 ,portions of the pellicle were found to be made up by aggregations of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and an abundance of ,leptothrix filaments4 ,the ,bacteria all exhibited very languid movements4 e4 ,fluid 7in vacuo7 in a ,flask which had been ,sealed during ,ebullition4 99,no4 ,,xx4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 in twenty-four hours showed a very slight amount of turbidity2 in thirty-six hours this had increased1 and in forty-eight hours there were multitudes of curdy flocculi floating in a tolerably clear fluid4 ,the flask was opened after seventy-two hours1 when there seemed to be only a very slight inrush of air4 ,the odour of the fluid was somewhat ftid1 and its re-action was acid4 ,there were multitudes of ,bacteria and ,vibriones1 partly separate and partly aggregated 7constituting the flocculi above mentioned74 ,the separate ,bacteria exhibited only very languid movements4 99,no4 ,,xxi4--,neutral ,turnip ,infusion #a_/b gr4 of ,cheese991 showed a well-marked pellicle on its surface in twenty-four hours4 ,in thirty-six hours the first pellicle had1 in great part1 sunk to the bottom of the flask1 though its place on the surface was already taken by a new1 though thin1 scum-like layer4 ,after seventy-two hours1 the flask was opened2 there was no ftid odour of the fluid1 and its re-action was still neutral4 ,examined microscopically the fluid showed an abundance of ,bacteria1 and also of short monilated filaments4 ,there were1 however1 none of the ordinary kind of ,vibriones1 and no ,leptothrix4 ,all the ,bacteria exhibited very languid movements4 ,,third ,,set ,,of ,,experiments 7,,xxii4-,,xxx474 a4 ,fluid exposed to ,air in a ,flask with a short ,open ,neck4 99,no4 ,,xxii4--,urine99 in twenty-four hours showed no change2 though in forty-six hours the turbidity was well marked4#ef ,examined microscopically it was found to contain an abundance of ,bacteria4 #ef ,some of the same fluid1 exposed in a similar flask1 without previous boiling1 became turbid in eight hours1 and lighter in colour2 whilst1 after twenty hours1 the turbidity was extremely well-marked4 b4 ,fluid in contact with ,ordinary ,air and its ,particles2 ,neck of ,flask ,sealed after the ,fluid had become ,cold4 99,no4 ,,xxiii4--,urine99 in eighteen hours showed a distinct pellicle1 though there was not much general turbidity4 ,during the next few days the old pellicle fell to the bottom1 and a new one formed4 c4 ,fluid in a ,bent ,neck ,flask1 having ,eight acute ,flexures4 99,no4 ,,xxiv4--,urine99 in forty-eight hours showed no change4 ,after twelve days there was still no general turbidity1 though there was a slight flocculent deposit of an uncertain nature4 ,two days afterwards the flask was broken1 when the odour of the fluid was still found to resemble that of fresh urine1 and its re-action was acid4 ,the flocculi were made up of granular aggregations1 in the midst of which were a few bodies closely resembling ,torul1 though they were somewhat doubtful in nature4 ,neither ,bacteria nor ,vibriones could be found4 ,the flask1 having a short open neck1 was then replaced in the warm bath4 ,in sixteen hours the whole fluid had become turbid2 it was also slightly ftid2 and on microscopical examination it was found to be swarming with ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and ,leptothrix4 99,no4 ,,xxv4--,turnip ,infusion #a_/b gr4 of ,cheese99 in forty-eight hours showed no change1 though in seventy-two hours there was a well-marked pellicle1 in which some bubbles of gas were engaged4 ,after ninety-six hours the neck of the flask was broken2 the fluid was found to be ftid1 and it had an acid re-action4 ,on microscopical examination1 a portion of the pellicle was seen to consist of multitudes of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 and jointed ,leptothrix filaments4 99,no4 ,,xxvi4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 remained clear1 and showed no appreciable change for seven days4 ,on the eighth day a slight general turbidity of the fluid was noticed4 ,on the ninth1 the turbidity was rather more marked1 though there was no trace of a pellicle2 the neck of the flask having been broken1 the fluid was found to be odourless and very faintly acid4 ,on microscopical examination1 multitudes of languid ,bacteria of medium size were found1 and also short monilated chains with from two to ten segments4 ,there were no ,vibriones1 ,leptothrix or ,torul4#eg #eg ,the condition of the fluid1 and the nature of its contents1 were very similar to that met with in ,no4 ,,xxi4 e4 ,fluid 7in vacuo7 in a ,flask1 ,sealed during ,ebullition4 99,no4 ,,xxvii4--,healthy ,urine99 after twenty-four hours showed no change4 ,after eleven days there was still no apparent change1 though on the thirteenth a slight amount of flocculent sediment was noticed4 ,this deposit increased in amount1 very slowly1 during the next fortnight2 though afterwards the fluid seemed to undergo no further change1 and did not become generally turbid4#eh #eh ,still in my possession1 unopened4 ,in all probability the flocculi which formed would be found to be similar in their microscopical1 as they certainly were in their naked-eye characters1 to those met with in ,no4 ,,xxxv4 99,no4 ,,xxviii4--,healthy ,urine 7#a_/c7 and ,filtered ,turnip ,infusion 7#b_/c799 after forty-eight hours showed a very slight turbidity1 which1 however1 became quite marked in another twenty-four hours4 99,no4 ,,xxix4--,albuminous ,urine 7#a_/c7 and filtered ,turnip ,infusion 7#b_/c799 after twenty-four hours1 showed a slight turbidity1 which became much more marked in forty-eight hours2 whilst in seventy-two hours there was a considerable deposit at the bottom of the flask4 99,no4 ,,xxx4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 showed no change in forty-eight hours1 though in seventy-two hours there was well-marked turbidity4 ,the turbidity and sediment continued to increase for several days1 and both were most marked on the tenth day1 when the flask was opened4 ,there was an outrush of gas1 having an extremely ftid odour4 ,the fluid had an acid re-action1 and when examined microscopically1 multitudes of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones and ,leptothrix filaments were found--the movements of the ,bacteria being very languid4 ,,fourth ,,set ,,of ,,experiments 7,,xxxi4-,,xxxvii474 b4 ,fluid in contact with ordinary ,air and its ,particles2 ,flask ,sealed after the ,fluid had become ,cold4 99,no4 ,,xxxi4--,healthy ,urine99 remained in the warm bath for twenty-eight days without undergoing the least change4 99,no4 ,,xxxii4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 remained in the warm bath for twenty-eight days without undergoing any appreciable change4#ei ,on breaking the neck of the flask1 the fluid was found to be quite odourless4 ,with its neck quite open1 the flask was replaced in the water-bath4 ,during the first forty-eight hours it underwent no apparent change1 though at the end of seventy-two hours a slight general turbidity was noticeable1 and an examination of a drop of the fluid 7still odourless71 showed a number of minute but very active ,bacteria4#fj #ei ,experiment ,no4 #h1 recorded in #8,nature1' #ahgj1 ,no4 #cf1 p4 #aid1 may be compared with this and ,no4 ,,xxxiii4 #fj ,this experiment should be compared with ,nos4 ,,xviii4 and ,,xxxiii4 ,it seems to show that if some fermentable fluids can be kept for a time under conditions in which they will not ferment1 the constitution of the fluid1 instead of remaining the same1 undergoes a slow alteration by which it is rendered absolutely less fermentable1 even when exposed to the most favouring influences4 c4 ,fluid in a ,bent-,neck ,flask1 having ,eight acute ,flexures4 99,no4 ,,xxxiii4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 showed no change after eight days' immersion in the warm bath4 ,after eleven days1 the fluid being still clear1 the tube was broken just beyond the second bending from the bulb1 and then the flask was re-immersed in the bath4 ,after three days' exposure1 the fluid being still clear1 it was boiled in the flask for one minute1 when it was noticed that the steam was quite odourless4 ,the flask was then replaced in the water-bath1 where it remained for twenty-two days 7still with the neck open and broken just beyond its second bending7 without showing any change4#fa ,it was then submitted to examination2 the fluid was found to be devoid of all odour1 it had a slightly bitter taste1 and its re-action was very faintly acid4 ,on microscopical examination no living things were found2 there were no ,bacteria1 no ,vibriones1 and no ,torul1 only some mere granules1 a small amount of amorphous matter1 and a few fibres4#fb #fa ,after this experiment had been completed1 a fresh-filtered infusion of turnip was placed in the same flask 7having the neck open just beyond its second bending71 and after having been boiled for a few minutes it was immersed in the same water-bath4 ,this fluid became turbid in thirty-six hours1 and was then found to contain multitudes of ,bacteria2 and the characteristic odour of the turnip infusion was still appreciable4 #fb ,the results of this experiment are most interesting1 especially if compared with what takes place when some of the same fluid is neutralized by ammonic carbonate 7,no4 ,,xxxiv471 with what occurs when a similar fluid 7as in ,no4 ,,xxx47 is contained in a flask sealed during the continuance of ebullition1 or also with what occurred in ,nos4 ,,xiii4 and ,,xxxii4 ,in the present case the second boiling seems to have destroyed what small amount of fermentability there was still remaining in the solution2 but in ,no4 ,,ix4 fermentation did take place after the second boiling--though this occurred only under the influence of diminished pressure and a higher temperature4 99,no4 ,,xxxiv4--,turnip ,infusion ,neutralized by ,ammonic ,carbonate99 in forty-eight hours showed a slight turbidity1 which slowly increased during the next two days4 ,in two days more the turbidity was very great1 and there was also a considerable amount of sediment4 ,the fluid was then examined microscopically1 and found to contain myriads of large but very languid ,bacteria4 e4 ,fluid 7in vacuo7 in a ,flask which had been ,sealed during ,ebullition4 99,no4 ,,xxxv4--,healthy ,urine99 underwent no apparent change for the first twelve days1 then 7the bulk of the fluid still remaining clear and bright7 small greyish white flocculi began to collect at the bottom of the flask1 which very slowly increased in quantity during the succeeding twelve days4 ,at the expiration of this time the flocculi were pretty numerous1 though the fluid was otherwise bright4 ,the vacuum was ascertained to be still good1 and on breaking the flask1 the fluid was found to have a slightly acid re-action1 though no appreciable odour4 ,when examined microscopically1 the flocculi were seen to be made up for the most part of mere granular aggregations 7simple1 and not in the form of ,bacteria74 ,small ,torula cells1 however1 existed in some quantity2 also a few necklace-like chains1 and a comparatively small number of ,bacteria1 some of which were tolerably active4 99,no4 ,,xxxvi4--,simple ,turnip ,infusion99 after twenty-four hours showed no sign of change1 though in thirty-six hours it was slightly turbid4 ,on the fourth day the turbidity was well-marked and general1 though there were no flake-like aggregations4 ,when examined microscopically1 the fluid was found to contain multitudes of ,bacteria4 99,no4 ,,xxxvii4--,turnip ,infusion1#fc ,neutralized by ,ammonic ,carbonate99 in twenty-four hours was decidedly turbid4 ,in thirty-six hours the turbidity was more marked1 and there was a slight sediment4 ,by the end of forty-eight hours both turbidity and sediment had notably increased4 ,on the fourth day1 there was a moderately clear fluid1 containing an abundance of curdy or flake-like masses4 ,when the flask was opened1 these were found to be made up principally by the aggregation of myriads of ,bacteria4 #fc ,some of same as that which was used 7unaltered7 in last experiment4 ,,fifth ,,set ,,of ,,experiments 7,,xxxviii4-,,xlvii474 ,fluids not boiled1 but half-filling hermetically ,sealed ,flasks1 containing ,ordinary ,air4 99,no4 ,,xxxviii4--,turnip ,infusion99 in ten hours showed a slight amount of turbidity4 ,after forty-eight hours this was very well-marked3 there was a thick pellicle on the surface1 and1 in addition1 a small amount of deposit4 ,on examination1 the fluid and the pellicle were found to contain an abundance of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones and ,leptothrix filaments4 99,no4 ,,xxxix4--,turnip ,infusion #a_/bj of ,carbolic ,acid99 after eight days showed no appreciable alteration in appearance1#fd no trace of pellicle or deposit4 ,when examined microscopically1 however1 the fluid was found to contain some very minute ,bacteria1 though they were by no means abundant4 #fd ,it had been rendered turbid from the first1 by the carbolic acid4 99,no4 ,,xl4--,hay ,infusion99 had become quite turbid in twenty-four hours1 and several shades lighter in colour4 ,after forty-eight hours the colour of the infusion was still lighter2 there was more turbidity1 and some sediment4 ,on microscopical examination1 the fluid was found to contain an abundance of ,bacteria1 ,vibriones and short ,leptothrix filaments4 99,no4 ,,xli4--,hay ,infusion #a_/bj of ,carbolic ,acid99 showed no apparent change#fe after forty-eight hours1 and when examined microscopically it revealed no trace of ,bacteria1 or other organisms4 ,the neck of the flask was then again closed4 ,on the twelfth day the fluid had still undergone no change in appearance1 and when examined microscopically1 it still showed no trace of organisms1 though the fluid was--as it had been at the time of the first examination--full of minute1 undissolved particles of carbolic acid4 #fe ,the fluid had been rendered paler and turbid from the first1 by the addition of the carbolic acid4 ,fluids boiled for five minutes1 and half-filling hermetically ,sealed ,flasks containing ,ordinary ,air4 99,no4 ,,xlii4--,hay ,infusion991 after forty-eight hours1 showed no change1 and continued to remain quite clear and free from deposit until the twelfth day1 when it was examined microscopically4 ,no organisms of any kind could be detected4 99,no4 ,,xliii4--,hay ,infusion #a_/bj part of ,carbolic ,acid99 showed no apparent change#ff for the first five days1 though1 on the sixth day1 a slight deposit was noticed at the bottom of the flask4 ,the deposit had increased1 and was well-marked by the twelfth day1 when1 on microscopical examination1 there were found amongst the granular flakes of the deposit1 ,torul of several varieties of size and shape4 ,many were spherical1 others ovoid1 or having an elongated oat-like shape3 some were of the ordinary colour1 and others were brownish in tint4 ,the variety was most striking4 ,no ,bacteria were seen1 though there were multitudes of active particles which seemed to differ from the minute spherules of undissolved carbolic acid4 #ff ,the alteration in colour was less marked than in the similar mixture which had not been boiled1 though the turbidity was just as obvious4 ,fluids 7in vacuo7--boiled for five minutes1 and ,flasks ,sealed during ,ebullition4 99,no4 ,,xliv4--,turnip ,infusion991 in seventy-two hours1 showed a slight turbidity1 which gradually increased4 ,on the eighth day there was a considerable quantity of flake-like sediment1 and some amount of general turbidity4 ,on the thirteenth day the vacuum was found to be still partly preserved4 ,when the flask was opened the fluid was perceived to have a ftid odour1 and an acid re-action2 and1 on microscopical examination1 multitudes of ,bacteria and ,vibriones were seen4 ,in the flake-like aggregations also 7made up almost wholly of these organisms7 there were a number of large thick-walled spores2 some already formed1 and others in process of formation by coalescence4 99,no4 ,,xlv4--,turnip ,infusion #a_/bj part of ,carbolic ,acid99 showed no increase of turbidity#fg for the thirteen days during which it was kept under observation4 ,before the flask was opened it was ascertained that the vacuum was well preserved4 ,the odour of the fluid was unaltered1 and on microscopical examination no ,bacteria1 or other living things1 were found4#fh #fg ,this fluid was whitish1 and somewhat opaque1 from the first4 #fh ,for other experiments showing a similar sterility1 induced by a slight acidification with acetic acid1 see #8,nature1' #ahgj1 ,no4 #cg1 pp4 #bbf and #bbg4 99,no4 ,,xlvi4--,hay ,infusion991 after forty-eight hours1 showed no change1 though1 in seventy-two hours1 there was perceptible a very small amount of a dirty greyish deposit4 ,by the fifth day the deposit had slightly increased1 and on the seventh day there was a trace of turbidity in the fluid4 ,it did not undergo much further change1 so that1 on the twelfth day1 the flask was opened4 ,the vacuum was found to have been very slightly impaired2 the odour of the fluid was almost natural1 and its re-action was slightly acid4 ,on microscopical examination of the deposit1 ,bacteria1 ,vibriones1 short ,leptothrix filaments1 and ,torul1 were found1 though not in very great abundance4 99,no4 ,,xlvii4--,hay ,infusion #a_/bj part of ,carbolic ,acid99 showed no apparent change for the first four days4 ,on the fifth day there was a small quantity of powder-like sediment1 and one dirty greyish-coloured flake4 ,on the seventh day there were more small flakes at the bottom1 and a slight general turbidity of the fluid4 ,on the twelfth day1 the turbidity and deposit having increased1 the flask was opened--after it had been first ascertained that the vacuum had only been slightly impaired4 ,the re-action of the fluid was still strongly acid4 ,on microscopical examination of some of the deposit1 there was found1 amongst granular flakes and aggregations1 a large number of ,torul cells1 of most various shapes and sizes2 also in the midst of the granule heaps many large1 rounded or ovoidal1 densely granular nucleated bodies1 whose average size was #a_/aejj in diameter1 though there were many of them much larger1 and others even less than half this size4 ,intertwined amongst the granular matter also were a large number of algoid-looking filaments1 #a_/bjjjj in diameter1 containing segmented protoplasmic contents4 ,there were also in the fluid itself a number of medium-size1 unsegmented ,bacteria1 whose movements were somewhat languid4#fi #fi ,the results of this experiment1 and of ,no4 ,,lxiii4 are decidedly opposed to the reality of the germ-killing powers with which carbolic acid has been endowed by ,professor ,lister and others4 ,i1 however1 had previously found that specimens of ,torul and ,bacteria1 obtained from freshly opened flasks1 and then mounted as microscopical specimens in a mixture of glycerine and carbolic acid 7in the proportion of #ae3a71 not unfrequently grew and multiplied under such conditions4 ,,mm4 ,bchamp and ,estor1 also found that ,bacteria multiplied in carbolized fluids1 and similar facts have been testified to by some ,italian observers4 ,but1 organic fluids differ much from one another1 so that the influence of carbolic acid may well be different upon different fluids4 ,and1 accordingly1 we find that whilst its addition to1 and subsequent boiling with1 a hay infusion increases the fermentability of this1 precisely the opposite effects are produced when the hay is replaced by a turnip infusion 7see ,no4 ,,xlv474 ,without wishing to undervalue in the least the system of treatment introduced1 and so admirably carried out by ,professor ,lister1 ,i am strongly of opinion that he explains his results by theories which are almost wholly incorrect4 ,,sixth ,,set ,,of ,,experiments 7,,xlviii4-,,lxv474 ,ammoniacal ,solutions1 unboiled1 and exposed to ,ordinary ,air in a ,corked ,bottle4#gj 7,temp4 #fj-fe ,f47 #gj ,all the simple ammoniacal solutions were in the proportion of ten grains of the salt to the fluid ounce of distilled water2 and to those which also contained sodic phosphate1 three grains of this were added4 ,about half an ounce of each solution was put into a one-ounce wide-mouthed bottle1 and then tightly corked4 99,no4 ,,xlviii4--,ammonic ,acetate ,solution499--,on the tenth day the fluid was still quite clear1 and free from sediment4 99,no4 ,,xlix4--,ammonic ,oxalate ,solution499--,on the tenth day there was no distinct opalescence of the fluid1 but a well-marked whitish flocculent deposit4 ,on microscopical examination no ,bacteria were found in the fluid1 and the deposit was made up by an aggregation of blackish and colourless granules1 mixed with a few crystals and a very few ,torula cells--all being held together by a sort of mucoid matrix4 ,in the midst of this matter were found two or three very small1 much branched1 mycelial tufts of a fungus-growth4 99,no4 ,l4--,ammonic ,carbonate ,solution499--,on the tenth day the fluid showed a very faint opalescence1 with a small amount of deposit1 and a partial non-coherent scum on the surface1 which1 on microscopical examination1 was found to be composed partly of amorphous granules1 and partly of minute ,bacteria1 mixed with small necklace-like organisms4 ,the fluid itself contained1 in suspension1 a few small and sluggish ,bacteria1 with a minute ,torula cell here and there4 99,no4 ,,li4--,ammonic ,tartrate ,solution99 after twenty-four hours showed the faintest opalescence of the fluid2 in forty-eight hours there was a bluish-white turbidity1 and in seventy-two hours the turbidity was well marked4 ,when examined microscopically the fluid was found to contain multitudes of very active ,bacteria4 ,on the thirteenth day the turbidity was not so well marked1 though there was a very thin pellicle on the surface1 and also the dirty-looking crumpled remains of another pellicle at the bottom1 which1 on examination1 was found to be composed of an aggregation of ,bacteria4 ,the pellicle on the surface was very thin1 and composed only of a single layer of ,bacteria4 ,in the fluid itself many ,bacteria were seen1 of medium size1 and mostly sluggish in movement1 though a few of them exhibited very active rotatory movements4 ,no ,vibriones1 ,leptothrix1 or ,torul1 were found4 99,no4 ,,lii4--,ammonic ,tartrate and ,sodic ,phosphate ,solution99 after twenty-four hours showed the faintest opalescence2 in forty-eight hours there was a bluish-white turbidity1 which1 in seventy-two hours1 had become more marked4 ,when examined microscopically multitudes of ,bacteria were found whose movements were very sluggish4 ,on the thirteenth day there was a well-marked whitish turbidity1 due to ,bacteria and ,vibriones1 a slight amount of deposit1 and a firm pellicle which was found to be composed1 almost wholly1 of long unjointed ,vibriones and unsegmented ,leptothrix filaments1 all of which1 when separate1 exhibited the most distinct eel-like movements1 accompanied by an actual progression from place to place4 ,ammoniacal ,solutions1 unboiled1 and exposed to ,air in a ,corked ,bottle1 after ,inoculation with a ,drop of ,fluid containing living ,,bacteriaand ,,torul4 7,temp4 #fj-fe ,f47 99,no4 ,,liii4--,ammonic ,acetate ,solution99 after twenty-four hours was faintly opalescent1 and in forty-eight hours showed a very slight bluish tint4 ,in seventy-two hours it was in the same state1 and1 on microscopical examination1 the fluid showed no distinct ,bacteria or other living things1 though there were a number of very minute particles distributed1 singly or in small groups1 throughout the fluid4 ,on the thirteenth day there was no change in appearance1 except that the sediment had somewhat increased in amount4 ,still1 no ,bacteria could be found in the fluid or the sediment1--only the above-mentioned particles1 and a few somewhat larger1 which resembled very minute ,torul4 ,amongst the sediment1 however1 there were two or three very small mycelial tufts of a developing fungus4 99,no4 ,,liv4--,ammonic ,oxalate ,solution499--,on the eighth day the fluid showed a very faint opalescence1 though there was a well-marked1 greyish1 flocculent deposit1 which was found to be composed of an aggregation of colourless and blackish granules1 of a multitude of minute crystalline particles 7mostly diamond-shaped71 and some rounded or ovoidal1 thick-walled1 spore-like bodies2 amongst which1 and enveloped in part by them1 were several mycelial tufts of a fungus4 ,a number of minute ,bacteria were found distributed throughout the fluid1 and also a quantity of minute star-like bodies 7crystalline71 about #a_/abjjj in diameter4 99,no4 ,,lv4--,ammonic ,carbonate ,solution499--,on the eighth day the fluid showed a very faint opalescence1 and a slight deposit1 which was found to be composed principally of amorphous granules4 ,distributed through the fluid were some small and sluggish ,bacteria1 though no other organisms were seen4 99,no4 ,,lvi4--,ammonic ,tartrate ,solution499--,after twenty-four hours the fluid showed the faintest opalescence1 and in forty-eight hours there was a slight bluish-white turbidity4 ,in seventy-two hours the turbidity was well marked1 and there was a very thin pellicle on the surface4 ,when examined microscopically the fluid was found to contain multitudes of very active ,bacteria1 and the pellicle was also composed of an aggregation of ,bacteria4 ,on the thirteenth day the opacity had somewhat increased2 there was also a well-marked pellicle1 and an obvious deposit4 ,the pellicle was found to be composed of ,bacteria1 and in the fluid there were multitudes of medium-size ,bacteria and ,vibriones1 with here and there a small ,torula cell4#ga #ga ,on comparing the corresponding experiments of series ,,xlviii4-,,li4 with those of series ,,liii4-,,lvi4 less difference is found than might have been expected by many4 ,the comparison of the numbers of each series with one another1 also reveals the interesting fact1 that the mere presence of ,n1 ,c1 ,o1 and ,h1 is not all that is required1 even for the growth and nutrition of the lower living things4 ,these elements seem to lapse into the new combinations constituting living matter of various kinds1 more easily from certain pre-existing states of combination than from others4 ,solutions of ammonic tartrate are much more favourable starting points for the new combinations than solutions of ammonic acetate4 ,the comparison of experiment ,no4 ,,li4 with ,no4 ,,lii4 is extremely interesting in reference to the dogma that phosphorus is a necessary ingredient in living matter4 ,solutions of the ammonic tartrate in distilled water have been twice analyzed for me by a skilled chemist1 without revealing the least trace either of phosphorus or sulphur4 ,this result is very remarkable when compared with the amount of living matter which may so soon appear in such a solution3 the number of the organisms and the rapidity of their evolution1 being almost equal to that which occurs in a similar solution to which a phosphate has been added4 ,however much1 therefore1 phosphorus may aid the development of organisms in many fluids1 there is still an important difference between many and all1 which if more frequently borne in mind1 would render universal propositions more scarce 7see #8,journal of ,chemical ,society1' ,march1 #ahga1 pp4 #gb-gd74 ,the truth of the dictum 8,ohne ,phosphor gar kein ,leben10 is1 ,i venture to think1 far from being proved4 ,if on insufficient evidence 7referring only to particular fluids7 such a dictum is arrived at2 and if then1 the presence of organisms in any fluid is to be taken as evidence of the existence of phosphorus 7even though this cannot be otherwise substantiated71 the case of phosphorus in relation to ,life comes to be similar to the case of the much abused germs4 ,mutato nomine1 de te ,fabula narratur4 ,ammoniacal ,solutions 7in vacuo7 in ,flasks which were hermetically ,sealed during ,ebullition of their ,fluids at a ,temperature of #ij ,f4#gb 7,subsequently exposed in water-bath to a ,temperature of #ge-he ,f474 #gb ,the fluids were boiled at the low temperature1 with the aid of an air-pump1 merely in order to be able to procure a more perfect vacuum in the flasks2 these experiments being destined to show whether the simple 7uninoculated7 solutions would become turbid in vacuo--that is to say1 without the oxidizing influence of the air--when they had not been exposed to an amount of heat sufficient to destroy any living or dead ferments which they might contain4 99,no4 ,,lvii4--,ammonic ,tartrate ,solution99 after sixty hours showed a slight sediment1 with bluish flakes attached to sides of flask4 ,in eighty-four hours there was a general bluish opalescence1 and on microscopical examination the fluid was found to contain multitudes of ,bacteria4 99,no4 ,,lviii4--,ammonic ,tartrate and ,sodic ,phosphate ,solution499--,after sixty hours there was a slight general bluish opalescence4 ,in eighty-four hours the general opalescence was not more marked1 but there were many flake-like aggregations in the fluid1 which on microscopical examination were found to be aggregations of ,bacteria4 ,ammoniacal ,solutions boiled 7at #bab ,f471 and exposed to ,air in ,flasks whose ,open ,necks were only loosely covered with ,paper ,caps3 subsequent ,inoculation4 7,temp4 #ge-he ,f474 99,no4 ,,lix4--,ammonic ,tartrate ,solution499--,the fluid remained quite clear1 and free from all trace of turbidity up to the ninth day1 when it was inoculated with some living ,bacteria4 ,in fifty hours after the inoculation there was a very faint opalescence of the fluid1 which1 in another #bd hours1 had become much more marked4 ,on microscopical examination it was found to contain multitudes of ,bacteria4 99,no4 ,,lx4--,ammonic ,tartrate and ,sodic ,phosphate ,solution499--,after four days the fluid was still quite clear4 ,in seven days no trace of general turbidity1 though there was a minute dirty-grey aggregation about #a_/ad in diameter at the bottom of the flask4 ,on the sixteenth day the grey aggregation had very slightly increased in size1 though the fluid above was still perfectly clear4 ,the grey mass was removed by a small pipette1 and1 on microscopical examination1 it was found to be composed of an aggregation of minute extraneous fibres1 mixed with blackish particles and amorphous granular matter1 in which were growing many ,torula-cells in all stages of development1 and also a minute mycelium composed of branched ,leptothrix-like fibres4#gc ,the clear fluid was then inoculated with some living ,bacteria1 and the bulb of the flask was replaced in the warm bath4 ,after fifty hours the solution showed a bluish turbidity1 which1 in thirty-six hours more1 had increased to a well-marked whitish opacity1 and when examined1 the fluid was found to be swarming with active ,bacteria4 #gc ,a deposit of this kind is almost invariably found in such solutions after their fermentability has been lowered by previous boiling4 ,growth takes place very slowly in these cases1 and also when similar boiled fluids are contained in vacuo4 ,solutions of ,ammonic ,tartrate and ,sodic ,phosphate were heated1 in their respective ,flasks1 for ,fifteen ,minutes to the ,temperatures mentioned below4 ,the ,necks of the ,flasks were afterwards loosely covered with ,paper ,caps1 whilst the ,bulbs were immersed in a ,water-,bath kept at a ,temperature of #ge-he ,f4 99,no4 ,,lxi4--,solution heated to99 #adi ,f4 99,no4 ,,lxii499 #aeh ,f4 99,no4 ,,lxiii499 #aeh ,f4 99,no4 ,,lxiv499 #afg ,f4 99,no4 ,,lxv499 #afg ,f4 ,all these solutions remained quite clear and free from any trace of general turbidity for ten days4 ,each fluid was then inoculated with some living ,bacteria1 and in the space of thirty-six to seventy-two hours1 all had become more or less obviously turbid1 and on microscopical examination this turbidity was found in each case to be almost wholly due to the presence of multitudes of ,bacteria4 ,interpretation of the ,experiments3 ,conclusions as to the ,cause of ,fermentation1 and as to the ,occurrence of 99,archebiosis994 ,these experiments seem to show quite conclusively that ,m4 ,pasteur's explanations are altogether inadequate to account for the occasional preservation of boiled fluids in bent-neck flasks4 ,they show that the preservation1 far from being universal1 is only occasional1 and that preservation or non-preservation of different fluids is almost wholly dependent upon their nature4 ,they lend no countenance1 moreover1 to his particular theory1 that fermentation cannot be initiated without the agency of living ferments1--they are1 on the contrary1 wholly opposed to this restriction4 ,the plug of cotton-wool1 or the narrow and bent tube may1 it is true1 protect the boiled fluid from subsequent contact with living 8germs02 but that the fluids do not undergo change on account of such deprivation cannot be safely affirmed1 when the same means would also filter from the fluid some of the multitudinous particles of organic matter 7dead71 which the air undoubtedly contains1 and which may act as ferments4 ,it must be remembered that the main object of ,m4 ,pasteur's investigation was to determine whether fermentation took place under the agency of mere dead nitrogenous matter1 as ,liebig and others affirm2 or whether it is only initiated by living organisms1 as he himself supposes4 ,obviously1 therefore1 the same filtration which purified the air from any living organisms would filter from it its nitrogenous particles1 which are the other possible ferments3 so that no conclusion could be drawn from such experiments1 more favourable to the one than to the other of these hypotheses4 ,all that could have been safely affirmed was1 that by boiling the fluid1 and then protecting it from subsequent contact with everything that could act as a ferment1 fermentation would not take place4 ,even this however1--as the preceding experiments fully show--cannot be truly affirmed to be a general rule4 ,some infusions do undergo change1 notwithstanding this treatment and deprivation1 whilst others do not3 that is to say1 some still preserve a first degree of fermentability even after boiling1 whilst others are reduced by this process to the second degree of fermentability4 ,these latter are unable to initiate changes by virtue of their own inherent instability2 molecular re-arrangements require to be set on foot in them by contact with some more unstable substance1 which is itself undergoing change4 ,that such is the correct explanation of the reason why some fluids do not ferment in bent-neck flasks1 seems obvious from the discordant results obtained in many other experiments1 after the free admission of uncalcined air to the fluids which had been boiled4 ,the fluids were deprived of their virtues in some cases by the heat to which they had been subjected1 so that whether they underwent change or not1 may have depended upon the accidental presence or absence1 in the air which was subsequently admitted to the fluid1 of some unheated organic fragments1 capable of initiating fermentative changes4 ,if germs were as omnipresent as they have been represented to be1 such fluids ought always to have undergone fermentation4 ,whilst ,i have found that any given fluid1 whose strength is about equal on different occasions1 acts in a definite manner when the flask is hermetically sealed after expulsion of all its air and during the continuance of ebullition2 and1 whilst a like definite result can generally be obtained1 when calcined air is admitted to the boiled fluid before the vessel is hermetically sealed2 it is found1 on the other hand1 that the result is in no way predicable when uncalcined air is admitted4 ,sometimes fermentation takes place1 and sometimes in other flasks--sealed at the same time1 and subsequently placed under the same conditions--no change whatever occurs4 ,my own experience in this respect accords perfectly with that of ,m4 ,pasteur4#gd ,he1 however1 at once came to the conclusion that the only inference from such facts was that 8germs0 are not so universally distributed as they had been supposed to be by ,bonnet and ,spallanzani4#ge ,the unprejudiced inquirer1 however1 will perceive that ,m4 ,pasteur was entitled to come to no such conclusion concerning germs which was not equally applicable to minute fragments or dbris of organic matter floating in the air4 ,and1 similarly1 the evidence which he adduces with regard to the diminution in the number of the fertile flasks when they were filled with some of the still air of the caves of the observatory1 or else with some from the peaks of the ,jura1#gf far away from the haunts of men1 had no bearing upon the distribution of germs which was not equally applicable to that of dead organic particles4 ,such evidence1 therefore1 was valueless for settling between the rival doctrines of fermentation--it could not possibly help us to decide whether living or dead ferments were necessary4 ,dead organic particles would sink in still air in the same manner as living organisms2#gg and similarly1 dead organic particles1 have been shown to be less and less numerous in the atmosphere in proportion to the elevation obtained4#gh ,in these latter experiments ,m4 ,pasteur made use of yeast-water 7alone or sweetened71 and of urine--all three of them fluids1 which1 after having been boiled1 are apt to possess only the second degree of fermentability4 ,shortly afterwards1 ,m4 ,pouchet1 in concert with ,,mm4 ,joly and ,musset1#gi repeated these experiments1 with the sole difference that they employed strong infusions of hay--which experiment has shown almost invariably to possess the first degree of fermentability4 ,and seeing that all their flasks1 after a time1 yielded organisms from whatever mountain elevation the air had been taken--the combined evidence tends strongly against the view of ,m4 ,pasteur4 ,since the germs in the fluids and in the flasks1 in each set of experiments1 had been previously destroyed by ebullition1 and since in each set1 also1 air of the same character had been admitted to the boiled fluids1 the different results seemed to show that fermentation or non-fermentation1 in such cases1 depends wholly upon the quality of the fluids employed4 #gd ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ga4 #ge ,loc4 cit4 pp4 #ge and #gf4 #gf ,loc4 cit4 pp4 #hc and #hd4 #gg ,the subsidence of the atmospheric particles has been ably demonstrated by ,professor ,tyndall4--,see #8,nature1' #ahgj4 #gh ,see ,m4 ,pouchet's #8,nouvelles ,expriences sur la ,gnration ,spontane1' c41 p4 #fi4 #gi ,see various communications in #8,compt4 ,rend4' 7#ahfc71 t4 ,,lvii4 ,other evidence which is so much vaunted by ,m4 ,pasteur and his supporters1 as to the possibility of inducing fertility in previously sterile flasks1 by the addition of a portion of asbestos containing the solid particles filtered from the atmosphere1#hj is also equally valueless for confirming the proposition that fermentation is only capable of being initiated by living ferments4 ,the same asbestos which may contain living spores or organisms 78germs071 does undoubtedly contain many decomposable particles and fragments of organic matter4#ha ,the previously barren solution may therefore be rendered fertile by the mere addition of those portions of unstable organic matter1 whose molecular mobility has not been impaired by the agency of heat1 and which are therefore capable of initiating fermentations4 ,this view is strengthened1 as ,m4 ,pouchet has pointed out1 by the fact that in these cases1 instead of meeting some of the various kinds of organisms which are supposed to have representatives in the air1 and whose spores or ova may be supposed to have been sown1 it is often merely ,bacteria which are encountered1--differing in no respect from those that may present themselves in a somewhat similar infusion1 which has undergone change in a closed flask without any such hypothetical sowing of living spores or germs4 ,it is more especially important to bear in mind this consideration1 when portions of organic matter can always be easily demonstrated amongst such atmospheric dust2 whilst living ,bacteria1 or other organisms1 such as are first produced as a result of the supposed sowing of spores1 either cannot be demonstrated1 or would seem1 from other evidence1 to be at least very sparingly distributed4#hb #hj ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dj4 #ha ,speaking of experiments in closed flasks1 in which the air has been either calcined or filtered1 ,gerhardt 7#8,chimie ,organique1' t4 ,,iv4 p4 #ede7 says3--8,si dans les premires expriences l'air calcin ou tamis s'est montr beaucoup moins actif que l'air non soumis ce traitement1 c'est que la chaleur rouge ou le tamisage enlve l'air non seulement les germes des infusoires et des moisissures1 mais encore les dbris des matires en dcomposition qui y sont suspendues1 c'est--dire les ferments dont l'activit viendrait s'ajouter celle de l'oxygne de l'air40 #hb ,on what other supposition can one explain the results of experiments ,,lvii4-,,lxv41 and of others alluded to on p4 #ajj8 ,the fact revealed by ,m4 ,pasteur1 that some fluids remain unchanged for an indefinite period1 after having been boiled in flasks1 with long and bent necks1 is easily explicable in accordance with the physical theory of fermentation1 and now that it has been thoroughly proved that other fluids--submitted to precisely similar conditions--do nevertheless undergo fermentation1 this fresh fact is just as completely adverse to the explanations and views of ,m4 ,pasteur1 as it is thoroughly harmonious with the doctrines of ,baron ,liebig4 ,the fluids which are capable of being preserved--generally not presenting a high degree of fermentability--do not undergo change1 at ordinary atmospheric pressure1 after having been boiled1 unless they are brought into contact either with some pre-existing living things or with some unaltered organic particles from the atmosphere4 ,neither of these1 however1 can gain access to the fluid1 in such a vessel2 because all the air which enters1 after the first inrush into the still almost boiling fluid1 has to pass1 more or less slowly1 through the numerous flexures of the narrow neck of the flask and the two or three strata of fluid which always remain therein4 ,some of the fluids which do not undergo change in these bent-neck vessels are1 however1 by no means notable for possessing a low degree of fermentability4 ,this is the case1 for instance1 with infusions of turnip1 which1 under other conditions1 have been found to be most prone to undergo fermentation4 ,and1 ,i have found in several cases in which such an infusion had been exposed in a bent-neck vessel1 and had remained unchanged for twelve or fourteen days 7even though subjected to a temperature of #he-ie ,f471 that if the neck of the flask were then broken shortly above the bulb1 the solution would still continue without alteration for a week1 ten days1 a fortnight1 or even more--although freely exposed to the air1 and therefore to the access of any living germs which might be floating about in the atmosphere4#hc #hc ,see notes on pp4 #gc and #gi4 ,it was not that these fluids were incapable of being inoculated1 or that they were unsuitable for the development of the lower forms of life1 as was shown by their subsequent fate1 and by the fact that they can always speedily be made to become turbid if they are really inoculated with living ,bacteria4 ,almost similar facts in opposition to the prevalent ,panspermic views have been noted by ,professor ,cantoni 7,rend4 del ,r4 ,istit4 ,lombardo1 ,novembre1 #ahfi74 ,he found 7as ,i have also frequently found7 that when fluids had been subjected to the influence of high temperatures1 and had subsequently remained sterile in closed flasks1 they might be freely exposed to the air for one or two weeks1 or more1 without becoming turbid--although at any time a general turbidity could be speedily induced1 by introducing a few living ,bacteria into the fluid4 ,the views hitherto expressed with reference to the causes of fermentation and putrefaction1 and to the interpretations which ,m4 ,pasteur's experiments are capable of receiving1 seem to derive all the additional support that can be needed1 from the results of my own experiments with boiled fluids1 in sealed flasks1 from which all air had been expelled4 ,some of the same fluid being taken and divided into three parts1 each portion is placed in a separate flask1 in which it is boiled for a period of ten minutes4 ,one of the flasks 7,a7 is provided with a long and bent neck1 so that the air which re-enters is deprived of its germs and organic particles2 another 7,b7 has only a short neck1 and to this1 the access of germs and organic particles is freely permitted till the fluid has become cool1 and then the neck of the flask is hermetically sealed2 whilst the last 7,c7 is sealed during ebullition1 after all air has been expelled4 ,now1 if ,pasteur's theory of fermentation1 and the prevalent notions concerning the universal distribution of 8germs0 throughout the atmosphere were true1 it might be expected that the fluid in ,b would always rapidly change2 that that in ,a would always remain pure2 and that the fluid in ,c would1 similarly1 undergo no alteration4 ,the facts1 however1 are quite the reverse3 if a strong turnip infusion be employed1 the fluid in ,a will almost always remain unchanged2 that in ,b will sometimes rapidly change1 and at other times will remain quite pure2 whilst that in ,c will almost invariably become turbid in from two to six days4 ,but1 even if it were not the case that some fluids1 different from those used by ,m4 ,pasteur1 will almost invariably undergo change in bent-neck vessels1 ,m4 ,pasteur's explanation of the cause of the preservation would have been altogether upset by the fact that some of the very fluids which remain pure in the bent-neck apparatus will become ftid if shut up in vacuo4 ,it is1 therefore1 of course useless to talk of a particular boiled fluid having been saved from putrefaction on the ground that the living atmospheric germs 7whose presence is supposed to be necessary for the initiation of such a process7 have been altogether filtered from the re-entering air1 when some of the same fluid will putrefy1 if placed under different conditions by which it is freed both from the influence of the atmosphere and from its germs--i4e41 when1 instead of filtering the re-entering air1 no air is permitted to enter4 ,germs and atmospheric particles being equally got rid of in both sets of cases1 the great difference between them is that the weight of the atmosphere is also got rid of in my experiments--the fluids being contained in vacuo4 ,now it has been ascertained by ,mr4 ,sorby1 that pressure undoubtedly influences 8chemical changes taking place slowly1 and therefore1 probably due to weak or nearly counterbalanced affinities20 and he also states1 in the ,bakerian ,lecture for #ahfc1hd that 8a considerable number of facts have been described1 showing that pressure will more or less influence such chemical actions as are accompanied by an evolution of gas1 so that it may cause a compound to be permanent1 which otherwise would be decomposed40 ,if increase of pressure retards1 a diminution of pressure will facilitate such chemical changes1 so that one can only explain the results which ,i have obtained1 on the ground that many boiled fluids1 which will not undergo change when protected from the influence of atmospheric particles 7living or not living7 at the same time that they are subjected to ordinary or increased pressure1 will1 on the contrary1 pass through such changes when pressure is removed1 and the fluids are preserved in vacuo4 ,it is not pretended that this is a rule applicable to all organic fluids--far from it4 ,diminution of pressure does seem1 however1 to be a very potential cause of change in some fluids4 ,the extent to which changes of a fermentative character can progress in the absence of atmospheric oxygen1 is also evidently subject to much variation1 in accordance with the nature of the dissolved fermentable substances4 #hd #8,on the ,direct ,correlation of ,mechanical and ,chemical ,forces4'--,proceedings of the ,royal ,society1 vol4 xii4 pp4 #eci and #edf4 ,these facts are not so new and exceptional1 however1 as they may at first sight appear4 ,it has been long known that a boiled fluid extremely prone to change1 will not yield infusoria if the vessel in which it is contained is filled with the fluid4 ,burdach says#he3--8;,gruithuisen a reconnu que des infusions1 mme trs fcondes d'ailleurs1 celles du foin par exemple1 ne donnaient point d'infusoires dans des flacons de verre dont le bouchon tait assez enfonc pour toucher la surface de l'eau40 ,on the other hand1 no experiments with which ,i am acquainted1 in which heated fluids and calcined air have been shut up in closed flasks1 have yielded so many positive results as those of ,professor ,wyman of ,cambridge1 ,u4,s41--and his were performed under precisely the reverse conditions4 ,large flasks were used1 and only #a_/ae-a_/bj of their bulk was filled by the experimental fluids4#hf ,gruithuisen's results were explained by ,burdach on the ground that a certain amount of air was necessary1 and it was also with the view of subjecting his fluids to as large an amount of air 7calcined7 as possible1 that ,professor ,wyman employed small quantities of fluids in large flasks4 ,these views were dictated by the chemical doctrines of ,gay-,lussac and others1 to the effect that the oxygen of the air is the initiator or primum movens of fermentative changes4#hg #he #8,trait de ,physiologie4' ,translated by ,jourdan4 #ahcg4 t4 i41 p4 #ah4 #hf #8,american ,journal of ,science1' ,july1 #ahfb4 #hg ,see ,gerhardt's1 #8,chimie ,organique1' t4 iv4 pp4 #edj and #edg4 ,now1 without doubting in the least that in some instances this may be the case1 it seems to me quite obvious1 from my own experiments1 that a different interpretation may be given of ,gruithuisen's results--which ,i have myself verified1--and of the fact that meats and vegetables will often remain unchanged for years after having been heated in closed tins from which all air has been expelled4#hh #hh ,it was1 indeed1 the consideration of these latter facts which originally forced ,gay-,lussac to the conclusion1 that fermentation would not take place in vacuo1 or without the presence of free oxygen1 which was and still is1 believed by many1 to be the immediate determining cause of fermentation4 ,if we ponder only upon the fact that certain fluids1 in contact with a very small quantity of air1 in an hermetically-closed vessel1 will not undergo change2 though these same fluids will change when exposed to a much larger quantity of calcined air1 there may be strong reason for coming to an opinion similar to that of ,gay-,lussac4 ,when1 however1 it is also ascertained that provisions which have been subjected to the long-continued influence of heat1 do not undergo change in closed vessels1 if all air has been expelled from the very small space above the level of the provisions2 though many organic infusions will putrefy if they occupy only one half1 or less1 of a hermetically closed vessel from which all air has been similarly expelled by ebullition of its fluid contents1 it is impossible that the same explanation can hold good4 ,and at the same time another interpretation is suggested for the first set of facts4 ,the last-mentioned experiments prove#hi that fermentation can take place in vacuo1 when the conditions are more favourable than those which present themselves within the almost full tins containing provisions4 ,the change in these latter cases cannot 7in the great majority of instances7 proceed far#ij1 because there is no adequate space into which residual gases may be emitted4 ,when this emission 7which is almost always one of the accompaniments of a fermentative change7 has taken place to a slight extent1 the meats are in the very best condition for preservation4 ,there is an utter absence of light1 an absence of free oxygen1 and also an absence of that diminished pressure which my experiments seem to show is favourable to the promotion of many kinds of fermentative change4 ,so that if fermentation does not take place in a closed flask which is full of a boiled infusion of hay1#ia it may be owing to the fact that there is no space for the residual gases1 and that undue pressure retards many fermentative changes4 ,this is also perfectly compatible with the other fact that the same kind of fluid will undergo change when a small quantity of it is contained in a comparatively large flask--owing to there being1 in such a case1 plenty of room for residual gases to be effused1 before that undue amount of pressure is brought about1 in the presence of which such a fluid will no longer ferment or putrefy4 ,fluids1 therefore1 whose putrefaction is hindered by increased pressure and favoured by diminution of pressure1 may be placed under conditions which are successively more favourable than the last1 by putting a gradually smaller and smaller quantity of fluid into a flask1 to which calcined air is admitted1 and1 better still--if the stimulus of oxygen is not absolutely needed in order to incite fermentation in the fluid employed--by only half filling the flask1 and procuring a more and more perfect vacuum4 #hi ,this proof is more severe in certain other experiments 7not yet published7 in which ,i had the benefit of ,professor ,frankland's assistance4 ,the vacuum in these cases was perhaps more perfect1 having been procured by means of a ,sprengel's pump and a simultaneous ebullition of the fluid1 during which the flasks were hermetically sealed4 ,the closed flasks were subsequently exposed to a temperature of #bic ,f4 for a short time4 #ij ,an examination of tins of 8perfectly good0 meats has convinced me that a very small number of ,bacteria and ,leptothrix filaments are occasionally to be met with4 #ia ,it has1 however1 been ascertained by ,m4 ,pouchet1 that beer-yeast1 even after prolonged ebullition1 will undergo change in a flask which is full and hermetically sealed2 and the manufacturers of preserved meats also find that occasionally1 in some of their best prepared tins1 the meats become putrid1 and that the putridity is accompanied by the presence of organisms4 ,some fermentations are doubtless attended by a less copious emission of waste gases than that which characterizes other fermentations2 and some fermentations will progress in spite of a moderate amount of pressure4 ,in accordance with the doctrines of ,baron ,liebig1 therefore1 my experiments1 as well as those of many other investigators1 tend to show that fermentative and putrefactive changes are merely processes of chemical re-arrangement1 which frequently take place--as it were 8spontaneously0--owing to the inherent instability of certain nitrogenous compounds in the presence of free oxygen4 ,my experiments have1 however1 also revealed the additional fact that1 under the combined influence of heat and diminished pressure1 some fluids will undergo fermentation even in closed vessels1 from which all air has been expelled4 ,they lend no support to the idea that the air is so thickly laden with living germs as some would have us suppose2 and in view of the mass of positive information now in our possession concerning the degree of heat which suffices to kill the lowest organisms1 they also1 as ,i think1 entitle us to come to the conclusion that such organisms are 7as the microscopical evidence might lead us to believe7 really capable of being evolved de novo4 ,these lowest organisms are1 in fact1 to be regarded as occasional concomitant products1 rather than as invariable or necessary causes of all fermentative changes4 ,it would thus appear that specks of living matter may be born in suitable fluids1 just as specks of crystalline matter may arise in other fluids4 ,both processes are really alike inexplicable--both products are similarly the results of the operation of inscrutable natural laws1 and what seem to be inherent molecular affinities4 ,the properties of living matter1 just as much as the properties of crystalline matter1 are dependent upon the number1 kind1 and mode of collocation of the atoms and molecules entering into its composition4 ,there is no more reason for a belief in the existence of a special 8vital force10 than there is for a similar belief in the existence of a special 8crystalline force40 ,the ultimate elements of living matter are in all probability highly complex1 whilst those of crystalline matter are comparatively simple4 ,living matter develops into ,organisms of different kinds1 whilst crystalline matter grows into ,crystals of diverse shapes4 ,the greater modifiability of living matter1 and the reproductive property by which it is essentially distinguished from crystalline matter1 seem both alike referable to the great molecular complexity and mobility of the former4 ,crystals are statical1 whilst organisms are dynamical aggregates1 though the evolution of both1 marked by their peculiar characteristics1 may be regarded as visible expressions testifying to the existence of one all-pervading ,power 8,whose dwelling is the light of setting suns1 ,and the round ocean1 and the living air1 ,and the blue sky1 and in the mind of man3 ,a motion and a spirit that impels ,all thinking things1 all objects of all thought1 ,and rolls through all things40 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,stamford ,,street1 ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,second ,edition1 revised and corrected1 crown #hvo41 price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,wallace',s ,,contributions ,,to ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,natural ,,selection4 ,a ,series of ,essays4 8,he has combined an abundance of fresh and original facts1 with a liveliness and sagacity of reasoning which are not often displayed so effectively on so small a scale40--,saturday ,review4 8,whatever may be the opinions of readers with regard to this strangely fascinating volume1 there can be no doubt of its value in explaining and connecting a variety of facts in natural history1 which are too generally regarded as inexplicable anomalies40--,examiner4 ,recently published1 in crown #hvo4 price #is4 ,,on ,,the ,,genesis ,,of ,,species4 ,by ,,st4 ,,george ,,mivart1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 8,in no ,work in the ,english language has this great controversy been treated at once with the same broad and vigorous grasp of facts1 and the same liberal and candid temper40--,saturday ,review4 8,mr4 ,mivart's great knowledge1 and temperate though forcible language1 combine to render his views as to the bearings of science on theology and morality1 deserving of the most attentive perusal40--,spectator4 ,,hereditary ,,genius3 ,an ,inquiry into its ,laws and ,consequences4 ,by ,,francis ,,galton1 ,f4,r4,s4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,mr4 ,darwin1 in his #8,descent of ,man' says3--8,we know1 through the admirable labours of ,mr4 ,galton1 that genius1 which implies a wonderfully complex combination of high faculties1 tends to be inherited40 ,,on ,,comparative ,,longevity ,,in ,,man ,,and ,,the ,,lower ,,animals4 ,by ,e4 ,,ray ,,lankester1 ,b4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition1 crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,prof4 ,,huxley',s ,,lay ,,sermons1 ,,addresses1 ,,and ,,reviews4 ,,contents3--,emancipation1 ,black and ,white--,a ,liberal ,education--,scientific ,education--,study of ,zoology--,the ,physical ,basis of ,life--,scientific ,aspects of ,positivism--,on a ,piece of ,chalk--,the ,origin of ,species1 c4 ,this ,day4 ,,essays ,,selected ,,from ,,professor ,,huxley',s ,,lay ,,sermons1 ,,addresses1 ,,and ,,reviews4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4 ,,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,wallace',s #8,,malay ,,archipelago4' ,the ,land of the ,orang-,utan and the ,bird of ,paradise4 ,a ,narrative of ,travel1 with ,studies of ,man and ,nature4 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 with #i ,maps and upwards of #ej ,illustrations1 price #bds4 ,second ,edition4 ,,habit ,,and ,,intelligence1 ,,in ,,their ,,connection ,,with ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,matter ,,and ,,force4 ,a ,series of ,scientific ,essays4 ,by ,,joseph ,,john ,,murphy4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,,force ,,and ,,nature4 ,,attraction ,,and ,,repulsion4 ,the ,radical ,principles of ,energy graphically discussed in their ,relations to ,physical and ,morphological ,development4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,winslow1 ,m4,d4 #hvo4 #ads4 ,a ,,physician',s ,,problems4 ,by ,,charles ,,elam1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p4 ,,contents3--,natural ,heritage--,on ,degenerations in ,man--,on ,moral and ,criminal ,epidemics--,body v4 ,mind--,illusions and ,hallucinations--,on ,somnambulism--,reverie and ,abstraction4 ,crown #hvo4 price #is4 ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co4 ,,bedford ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden1 ,,london4 ,april1 #ahga4 ,,macmillan ,,co4',s ,,general ,,catalogue of ,works in the ,departments of ,history1 ,biography1 ,travels1 ,poetry1 and ,belles ,lettres4 ,with some short ,account or ,critical ,notice concerning each ,book4 ,,section ,i4 ,,history1 ,,biography1 and ,,travels4 99,baker 7,sir ,samuel ,w47499--,,the ,,nile ,,tributaries ,,of ,,abyssinia1 and the ,sword ,hunters of the ,hamran ,arabs4 ,by ,,sir ,,samuel ,w4 ,,baker1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrations4 ,fourth and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,sir ,samuel ,baker here describes twelve months' exploration1 during which he examined the rivers that are tributary to the ,nile from ,abyssinia1 including the ,atbara1 ,settite1 ,royan1 ,salaam1 ,angrab1 ,rahad1 ,dinder1 and the ,blue ,nile4 ,the interest attached to these portions of ,africa differs entirely from that of the ,white ,nile regions1 as the whole of ,upper ,egypt and ,abyssinia is capable of development1 and is inhabited by races having some degree of civilization2 while ,central ,africa is peopled by a race of savages1 whose future is more problematical4 ,,the ,,albert ,n',,yanza ,great ,basin of the ,nile1 and ,exploration of the ,nile ,sources4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition1 with ,portraits1 ,maps1 and ,illustrations4 ,two vols4 crown #hvo4 #afs4 8,bruce won the source of the ,blue ,nile2 ,speke and ,grant won the ,victoria source of the great ,white ,nile2 and ,i have been permitted to succeed in completing the ,nile ,sources by the discovery of the great reservoir of the equatorial waters1 the ,albert ,n'yanza1 from which the river issues as the entire ,white ,nile40--,,preface4 ,,new ,,and ,,cheap ,,edition ,,of ,,the ,,albert ,n',,yanza4 #a vol4 crown #hvo4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrations4 #gs4 #f;d4 99,barker 7,lady7499--,,station ,,life ,,in ,,new ,,zealand4 ,by ,,lady ,,barker4 ,second and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,these letters are the exact account of a lady's experience of the brighter and less practical side of colonization4 ,they record the expeditions1 adventures1 and emergencies diversifying the daily life of the wife of a ,new ,zealand sheep-farmer2 and1 as each was written while the novelty and excitement of the scenes it describes were fresh upon her1 they may succeed in giving here in ,england an adequate impression of the delight and freedom of an existence so far removed from our own highly-wrought civilization40--,,preface4 8,we have never read a more truthful or a pleasanter little book40 ,,athen,,um4 99,baxter 7,r4 ,dudley1 ,m4,a47499--,,the ,,taxation ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,kingdom4 ,by ,r4 ,,dudley ,,baxter1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 cloth1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the ,first ,part of this work1 originally read before the ,statistical ,society of ,london1 deals with the ,amount of ,taxation2 the ,second ,part1 which now constitutes the main portion of the work1 is almost entirely new1 and embraces the important questions of ,rating1 of the relative ,taxation of ,land1 ,personalty1 and ,industry1 and of the direct effect of ,taxes upon ,prices4 ,the author trusts that the body of facts here collected may be of permanent value as a record of the past progress and present condition of the population of the ,united ,kingdom1 independently of the transitory circumstances of its present ,taxation4 ,,national ,,income4 ,with ,coloured ,diagrams4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,part ,i4--,classification of the ,population1 ,upper1 ,middle1 and ,labour ,classes4 ,,ii4--,income of the ,united ,kingdom4 8,a painstaking and certainly most interesting inquiry40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,bernard499--,,four ,,lectures ,,on ,,subjects ,,connected ,,with ,,diplomacy4 ,by ,,mountague ,,bernard1 ,m4,a41 ,chichele ,professor of ,international ,law and ,diplomacy1 ,oxford4 #hvo4 #is4 ,four ,lectures1 dealing with 7#a7 ,the ,congress of ,westphalia2 7#b7 ,systems of ,policy2 7#c7 ,diplomacy1 ,past and ,present2 7#d7 ,the ,obligations of ,treaties4 99,blake499--,,the ,,life ,,of ,,william ,,blake1 ,,the ,,artist4 ,by ,,alexander ,,gilchrist4 ,with numerous ,illustrations from ,blake's designs1 and ,fac-similes of his studies of the 8,book of ,job40 ,medium #hvo4 half morocco1 #ahs4 ,these volumes contain a ,life of ,blake2 ,selections from his ,writings1 including ,poems2 ,letters2 ,annotated ,catalogue of ,pictures and ,drawings1 ,list1 with occasional notes1 of ,blake's ,engravings and ,writings4 ,there are appended ,engraved ,designs by ,blake2 7#a7 ,the ,book of ,job1 twenty-one photo-lithographs from the originals2 7#b7 ,songs of ,innocence and ,experience1 sixteen of the original ,plates4 99,blanford 7,w4 ,t47499--,,geology ,,and ,,zoology ,,of ,,abyssinia4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,blanford4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,this work contains an account of the ,geological and ,zoological ,observations made by the ,author in ,abyssinia1 when accompanying the ,british ,army on its march to ,magdala and back in #ahfh1 and during a short journey in ,northern ,abyssinia1 after the departure of the troops4 ,part ,i4 ,personal ,narrative2 ,part ,,ii4 ,geology2 ,part ,,iii4 ,zoology4 ,with ,coloured ,illustrations and ,geological ,map4 99,bright 7,john1 ,m4,p47499--,,speeches ,,on ,,questions ,,of ,,public ,,policy4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,,john ,,bright1 ,m4 ,p4 ,edited by ,professor ,,thorold ,,rogers4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #bes4 ,second ,edition1 with ,portrait4 8,i have divided the ,speeches contained in these volumes into groups4 ,the materials for selection are so abundant1 that ,i have been constrained to omit many a speech which is worthy of careful perusal4 ,i have naturally given prominence to those subjects with which ,mr4 ,bright has been especially identified1 as1 for example1 ,india1 ,america1 ,ireland1 and ,parliamentary ,reform4 ,but nearly every topic of great public interest on which ,mr4 ,bright has spoken is represented in these volumes40 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,,author',s ,,popular ,,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 ,second ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 99,bryce499--,,the ,,holy ,,roman ,,empire4 ,by ,,james ,,bryce1 ,b4,c4,l41 ,regius ,professor of ,civil ,law1 ,oxford4 ,new and ,revised ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,chatterton3 ,a ,biographical ,study4 ,,by ,,daniel ,,wilson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,history and ,english ,literature in ,university ,college1 ,toronto4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,the ,author here regards ,chatterton as a ,poet1 not as a mere 8resetter and defacer of stolen literary treasures40 ,reviewed in this light1 he has found much in the old materials capable of being turned to new account2 and to these materials research in various directions has enabled him to make some additions4 99,clay499--,,the ,,prison ,,chaplain4 ,a ,memoir of the ,rev4 ,,john ,,clay1 ,b4,d41 late ,chaplain of the ,preston ,gaol4 ,with ,selections from his ,reports and ,correspondence1 and a ,sketch of ,prison ,discipline in ,england4 ,by his ,son1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #aes4 8,few books have appeared of late years better entitled to an attentive perusal4444 ,it presents a complete narrative of all that has been done and attempted by various philanthropists for the amelioration of the condition and the improvement of the morals of the criminal classes in the ,british dominions40--,,london ,,review4 99,cobden499--,,speeches ,,on ,,questions ,,of ,,public ,,policy4 ,by ,,richard ,,cobden4 ,edited by the ,right ,hon4 ,,john ,,bright1 ,m4,p41 and ,professor ,,rogers4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 ,with ,portrait4 7,uniform with ,,bright',s ,,speeches47 ,the ,speeches contained in these two volumes have been selected and edited at the instance of the ,cobden ,club4 ,they form an important part of that collective contribution to political science which has conferred on their author so vast a reputation4 99,cooper499--,,athen ,,cantabrigienses4 ,by ,,charles ,,henry ,,cooper1 ,f4,s4,a41 and ,,thompson ,,cooper1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 #hvo41 #aejj-he1 #ahs42 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #aehf-afji1 #ahs4 ,this elaborate work1 which is dedicated by permission to ,lord ,macaulay1 contains lives of the eminent men sent forth by ,cambridge1 after the fashion of ,anthony ,wood1 in his famous 8,athen ,oxonienses40 99,cox 7,g4 ,v41 ,m4,a47499--,,recollections ,,of ,,oxford4 ,by ,g4 ,v4 ,,cox1 ,m4,a41 ,new ,college1 ,late ,esquire ,bedel and ,coroner in the ,university of ,oxford4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 8,an amusing farrago of anecdote1 and will pleasantly recall in many a country parsonage the memory of youthful days40--,,times4 998,daily ,news4099--,,the ,,war ,,correspondence ,,of ,,the ,,daily ,,news1 #ahgj4 ,edited1 with ,notes and ,comments1 forming a ,continuous ,narrative of the ,war between ,germany and ,france4 ,with ,maps4 ,third ,edition1 revised4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,this volume brings before the public in a convenient and portable form the record of the momentous events which have marked the last six months of #ahgj4 ,the special value of letters from camps and battle-fields consists in the vividness with which they reproduce the life and spirit of the scenes and transactions in the midst of which they are written4 ,in the letters which have appeared in the ,,daily ,,news since the ,franco-,prussian ,war1 the public has recognized this quality as present in an eminent degree4 ,the book begins with a chronology of the war from ,july #dth1 when the ,french government called out the army reserves1 to ,december #dth2 the detailes of the campaign are illustrated by four maps representing--#a4 ,the battles of ,weissenburg and ,wrth4 #b4 ,the battles of ,saarbrcken and ,speiecheren4 #c4 ,the battle-field before ,sedan4 #d4 ,a plan of ,metz and its vicinity4 ,,the ,,war ,,correspondence ,,of ,,the ,,daily ,,news continued to the ,peace4 ,edited1 with ,notes and ,comments4 ,second ,edition1 ,crown #hvo4 with ,map1 #gs4 #f;d4 99,dicey 7,edward7499--,,the ,,morning ,,land4 ,by ,,edward ,,dicey4 ,two vols4 crown #hvo4 #afs4 8,an invitation to be present at the opening of the ,suez ,canal was the immediate cause of my journey4 ,but ,i made it my object also to see as much of the ,morning ,land1 of whose marvels the canal across the ,isthmus is only the least and latest1 as time and opportunity would permit4 ,the result of my observations was communicated to the journal ,i then represented1 in a series of letters1 which ,i now give to the public in a collected form40--,extract from ,,author',s ,,preface4 99,dilke499--,,greater ,,britain4 ,a ,record of ,travel in ,english-speaking ,countries during #ahff-g4 7,america1 ,australia1 ,india47 ,by ,sir ,,charles ,,wentworth ,,dilke1 ,m4,p4 ,fifth and ,cheap ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 8,mr4 ,dilke has written a book which is probably as well worth reading as any book of the same aims and character that ever was written4 ,its merits are that it is written in a lively and agreeable style1 that it implies a great deal of physical pluck1 that no page of it fails to show an acute and highly intelligent observer1 that it stimulates the imagination as well as the judgment of the reader1 and that it is on perhaps the most interesting subject that can attract an ,englishman who cares about his country40 ,,saturday ,,review4 99,drer 7,albrecht7499--,,history ,,of ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,albrecht ,d,,rer1 of ,nrnberg4 ,with a ,translation of his ,letters and ,journal1 and some account of his works4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,charles ,,heaton4 ,royal #hvo4 bevelled boards1 extra gilt4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,this work contains about ,thirty ,illustrations1 ten of which are productions by the ,autotype 7carbon7 process1 and are printed in permanent tints by ,messrs4 ,cundall and ,fleming1 under license from the ,autotype ,company1 ,limited2 the rest are ,photographs and ,woodcuts4 ,,early ,,egyptian ,,history ,,for ,,the ,,young4 ,see 8,,juvenile ,,section40 99,elliott499--,,life ,,of ,,henry ,,venn ,,elliott1 of ,brighton4 ,by ,,josiah ,,bateman1 ,m4,a41 ,author of 8,life of ,daniel ,wilson1 ,bishop of ,calcutta10 c4 ,with ,portrait1 engraved by ,,jeens2 and an ,appendix containing a short sketch of the life of the ,rev4 ,julius ,elliott 7who met with accidental death while ascending the ,schreckhorn in ,july1 #ahfi47 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,second ,edition1 with ,appendix4 8,a very charming piece of religious biography2 no one can read it without both pleasure and profit40--,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,,european ,,history1 narrated in a ,series of ,historical ,selections from the best ,authorities4 ,edited and arranged by ,e4 ,m4 ,,sewell and ,c4 ,m4 ,,yonge4 ,first ,series1 crown #hvo4 #fs42 ,second ,series1 #ajhh-abbh1 crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,when young children have acquired the outlines of history from abridgments and catechisms1 and it becomes desirable to give a more enlarged view of the subject1 in order to render it really useful and interesting1 a difficulty often arises as to the choice of books4 ,two courses are open1 either to take a general and consequently dry history of facts1 such as ,russell's ,modern ,europe1 or to choose some work treating of a particular period or subject1 such as the works of ,macaulay and ,froude4 ,the former course usually renders history uninteresting2 the latter is unsatisfactory1 because it is not sufficiently comprehensive4 ,to remedy this difficulty1 selections1 continuous and chronological1 have in the present volume been taken from the larger works of ,freeman1 ,milman1 ,palgrave1 and others1 which may serve as distinct landmarks of historical reading4 8,we know of scarcely anything10 says the ,guardian1 of this volume1 8which is so likely to raise to a higher level the average standard of ,english education40 99,fairfax499--,a ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,lord ,,fairfax1 ,commander-in-,chief of the ,army of the ,parliament of ,england4 ,by ,,clements ,r4 ,,markham1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with ,portraits1 ,maps1 ,plans1 and ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 ,no full ,life of the great ,parliamentary ,commander has appeared2 and it is here sought to produce one--based upon careful research in contemporary records and upon family and other documents4 8,highly useful to the careful student of the ,history of the ,civil ,war4444 ,probably as a military chronicle ,mr4 ,markham's book is one of the most full and accurate that we possess about the ,civil ,war40--,,fortnightly ,,review4 99,forbes499--,,life ,,of ,,professor ,,edward ,,forbes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,by ,,george ,,wilson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 and ,,archibald ,,geikie1 ,f4,r4,s4 #hvo4 with ,portrait1 #ads4 8,from the first page to the last the book claims careful reading1 as being a full but not overcrowded rehearsal of a most instructive life1 and the true picture of a mind that was rare in strength and beauty40--,,examiner4 99,freeman499--,,history ,,of ,,federal ,,government1 from the ,foundation of the ,achaian ,league to the ,disruption of the ,united ,states4 ,by ,,edward ,a4 ,,freeman1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,general ,introduction4 ,history of the ,greek ,federations4 #hvo4 #bas4 8,the task ,mr4 ,freeman has undertaken is one of great magnitude and importance4 ,it is also a task of an almost entirely novel character4 ,no other work professing to give the history of a political principle occurs to us1 except the slight contributions to the history of representative government that is contained in a course of ,m4 ,guizot's lectures4444 ,the history of the development of a principle is at least as important as the history of a dynasty1 or of a race40--,,saturday ,,review4 ,,old ,,english ,,history4 ,by ,,edward ,a4 ,,freeman1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,oxford4 ,with ,five ,coloured ,maps4 ,second ,edition extra4 ,fcap4 #hvo41 half-bound4 #fs4 8,its object is to show that clear1 accurate1 and scientific views of history1 or indeed of any subject1 may be easily given to children from the very first 444 ,i have1 ,i hope1 shown that it is perfectly easy to teach children1 from the very first1 to distinguish true history alike from legend and from wilful invention1 and also to understand the nature of historical authorities1 and to weigh one statement against another4444 ,i have throughout striven to connect the history of ,england with the general history of civilized ,europe1 and ,i have especially tried to make the book serve as an incentive to a more accurate study of historical geography40--,,preface4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,wells1 as illustrating the ,history of the ,cathedral ,churches of the ,old ,foundation4 ,by ,,edward ,a4 ,,freeman1 ,d4,c4,l41 formerly ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,oxford4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,i have here tried to treat the history of the ,church of ,wells as a contribution to the general history of the ,church and ,kingdom of ,england1 and specially to the history of ,cathedral ,churches of the ,old ,foundation4444 ,i wish to point out the general principles of the original founders as the model to which the ,old ,foundations should be brought back1 and the ,new ,foundations reformed after their pattern40--,,preface4 99,french 7,george ,russell7499--,,shakspeareana ,,genealogica4 #hvo4 cloth extra1 #aes4 ,uniform with the 8,cambridge ,shakespeare40 ,part ,i4--,identification of the dramatis person in the historical plays1 from ,king ,john to ,king ,henry ,,viii42 ,notes on ,characters in ,macbeth and ,hamlet2 ,persons and ,places belonging to ,warwickshire alluded to4 ,part ,,ii4--,the ,shakspeare and ,arden families and their connexions1 with ,tables of descent4 ,the present is the first attempt to give a detailed description1 in consecutive order1 of each of the dramatis person in ,shakespeare's immortal chronicle-histories1 and some of the characters have been1 it is believed1 herein identified for the first time4 ,a clue is furnished which1 followed up with ordinary diligence1 may enable any one1 with a taste for the pursuit1 to trace a distinguished ,shakespearean worthy to his lineal representative in the present day4 99,galileo499--,,the ,,private ,,life ,,of ,,galileo4 ,compiled principally from his ,correspondence and that of his eldest daughter1 ,sister ,maria ,celeste1 ,nun in the ,franciscan ,convent of ,s4 ,matthew in ,arcetri4 ,with ,portrait4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,it has been the endeavour of the compiler to place before the reader a plain1 ungarbled statement of facts2 and as a means to this end1 to allow ,galileo1 his friends1 and his judges to speak for themselves as far as possible4 99,gladstone 7,right ,hon4 ,w4 ,e41 ,m4,p47499--,,juventus ,,mundi4 ,the ,gods and ,men of the ,heroic ,age4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth extra4 ,with ,map4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,second ,edition4 ,this new work of ,mr4 ,gladstone deals especially with the historic element in ,homer1 expounding that element and furnishing by its aid a full account of the ,homeric men and the ,homeric religion4 ,it starts1 after the introductory chapter1 with a discussion of the several races then existing in ,hellas1 including the influence of the ,phnicians and ,egyptians4 ,it contains chapters on the ,olympian system1 with its several deities2 on the ,ethics and the ,polity of the ,heroic age2 on the geography of ,homer2 on the characters of the ,poems2 presenting1 in fine1 a view of primitive life and primitive society as found in the poems of ,homer4 ,to this ,new ,edition various additions have been made4 8,,globe0 ,,atlas ,,of ,,europe4 ,uniform in size with ,macmillan's ,globe ,series1 containing #de ,coloured ,maps1 on a uniform scale and projection2 with ,plans of ,london and ,paris1 and a copious ,index4 ,strongly bound in half-morocco1 with flexible back1 #is4 ,this ,atlas includes all the countries of ,europe in a series of #dh ,maps1 drawn on the same scale1 with an ,alphabetical ,index to the situation of more than ten thousand places1 and the relation of the various maps and countries to each other is defined in a general ,key-map4 ,all the maps being on a uniform scale facilitates the comparison of extent and distance1 and conveys a just impression of the relative magnitude of different countries4 ,the size suffices to show the provincial divisions1 the railways and main roads1 the principal rivers and mountain ranges4 8,this atlas10 writes the ,british ,quarterly1 8will be an invaluable boon for the school1 the desk1 or the traveller's portmanteau40 99,godkin 7,james7499--,,the ,,land ,,war ,,in ,,ireland4 ,a ,history for the ,times4 ,by ,,james ,,godkin1 ,author of 8,ireland and her ,churches10 late ,irish ,correspondent of the ,times4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,a ,history of the ,irish ,land ,question4 99,guizot499--7,author of 8,,john ,,halifax1 ,,gentleman407--,m4 ,,de ,,barante1 a ,memoir1 ,biographical and ,autobiographical4 ,by ,m4 ,,guizot4 ,translated by the ,author of 8,,john ,,halifax1 ,,gentleman40 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 8,the highest purposes of both history and biography are answered by a memoir so lifelike1 so faithful1 and so philosophical40 ,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 99,hole499--,a ,,genealogical ,,stemma ,,of ,,the ,,kings ,,of ,,england ,,and ,,france4 ,by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,,hole1 ,m4,a41 ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,on ,sheet1 #as4 ,the different families are printed in distinguishing colours1 thus facilitating reference4 ,a ,,brief ,,biographical ,,dictionary4 ,compiled and ,arranged by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,hole1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 #ahmo1 neatly and strongly bound in cloth4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,one of the most comprehensive and accurate ,biographical ,dictionaries in the world1 containing more than #ah1jjj persons of all countries1 with dates of birth and death1 and what they were distinguished for4 ,extreme care has been bestowed on the verification of the dates2 and thus numerous errors1 current in previous works1 have been corrected4 ,its size adapts it for the desk1 portmanteau1 or pocket4 8,an invaluable addition to our manuals of reference1 and1 from its moderate price1 cannot fail to become as popular as it is useful40--,,times4 99,hozier499--,,the ,,seven ,,weeks' ,,war2 ,its ,antecedents and its ,incidents4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,,hozier4 ,with ,maps and ,plans4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #bhs4 ,this work is based upon letters reprinted by permission from 8,the ,times40 ,for the most part it is a product of a personal eye-witness of some of the most interesting incidents of a war which1 for rapidity and decisive results1 may claim an almost unrivalled position in history4 ,,the ,,british ,,expedition ,,to ,,abyssinia4 ,compiled from ,authentic ,documents4 ,by ,,captain ,,henry ,m4 ,,hozier1 late ,assistant ,military ,secretary to ,lord ,napier of ,magdala4 #hvo4 #is4 8,several accounts of the ,british ,expedition have been published4444 ,they have1 however1 been written by those who have not had access to those authentic documents1 which cannot be collected directly after the termination of a campaign4444 ,the endeavour of the author of this sketch has been to present to readers a succinct and impartial account of an enterprise which has rarely been equalled in the annals of war40--,,preface4 99,irving499--,,the ,,annals ,,of ,,our ,,time4 ,a ,diurnal of ,events1 ,social and ,political1 which have happened in or had relation to the ,kingdom of ,great ,britain1 from the ,accession of ,queen ,victoria to the ,opening of the present ,parliament4 ,by ,,joseph ,,irving4 ,second ,edition1 continued to the present time4 #hvo4 half-bound4 #ahs4 ,immediately4 8,we have before us a trusty and ready guide to the events of the past thirty years1 available equally for the statesman1 the politician1 the public writer1 and the general reader4 ,if ,mr4 ,irving's object has been to bring before the reader all the most noteworthy occurrences which have happened since the beginning of ,her ,majesty's reign1 he may justly claim the credit of having done so most briefly1 succinctly1 and simply1 and in such a manner1 too1 as to furnish him with the details necessary in each case to comprehend the event of which he is in search in an intelligent manner4 ,reflection will serve to show the great value of such a work as this to the journalist and statesman1 and indeed to every one who feels an interest in the progress of the age2 and we may add that its value is considerably increased by the addition of that most important of all appendices1 an accurate and instructive index40--,,times4 99,kingsley 7,canon7499--,,on ,,the ,,ancien ,,regime as it existed on the ,continent before the ,,french ,,revolution4 ,three ,lectures delivered at the ,royal ,institution4 ,by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,,kingsley1 ,m4,a41 formerly ,professor of ,modern ,history in the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,these three lectures discuss severally 7#a7 ,caste1 7#b7 ,centralization1 7#c7 ,the ,explosive ,forces by which the ,revolution was superinduced4 ,the ,preface deals at some length with certain political questions of the present day4 ,,the ,,roman ,,and ,,the ,,teuton4 ,a ,series of ,lectures delivered before the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,,kingsley1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,,contents3--,inaugural ,lecture2 ,the ,forest ,children2 ,the ,dying ,empire2 ,the ,human ,deluge2 ,the ,gothic ,civilizer2 ,dietrich's ,end2 ,the ,nemesis of the ,goths2 ,paulus ,diaconus2 ,the ,clergy and the ,heathen2 ,the ,monk a ,civilizer2 ,the ,lombard ,laws2 ,the ,popes and the ,lombards2 ,the ,strategy of ,providence4 99,kingsley99 799,henry1 ,f4,r4,g4,s49974--,,tales ,,of ,,old ,,travel4 ,re-narrated by ,,henry ,,kingsley1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,,huard4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,contents3--,marco ,polo2 ,the ,shipwreck of ,pelsart2 ,the ,wonderful ,adventures of ,andrew ,battel2 ,the ,wanderings of a ,capuchin2 ,peter ,carder2 ,the ,preservation of the 8,terra ,nova20 ,spitzbergen2 ,d',ermenonville's ,acclimatization ,adventure2 ,the ,old ,slave ,trade2 ,miles ,philips2 ,the ,sufferings of ,robert ,everard2 ,john ,fox2 ,alvaro ,nunez2 ,the ,foundation of an ,empire4 99,latham499--,,black ,,and ,,white3 ,a ,journal of a ,three ,months' ,tour in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,,henry ,,latham1 ,m4,a41 ,barrister-at-,law4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 8,the spirit in which ,mr4 ,latham has written about our brethren in ,america is commendable in high degree40--,,athen,,um4 99,law499--,,the ,,alps ,,of ,,hannibal4 ,by ,,william ,,john ,,law1 ,m4,a41 formerly ,student of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #bas4 8,no one can read the work and not acquire a conviction that1 in addition to a thorough grasp of a particular topic1 its writer has at command a large store of reading and thought upon many cognate points of ancient history and geography40--,,quarterly ,,review4 99,liverpool499--,,the ,,life ,,and ,,administration ,,of ,,robert ,,banks1 ,,second ,,earl ,,of ,,liverpool1 ,k4,g4 ,compiled from ,original ,family ,documents by ,,charles ,,duke ,,yonge1 ,regius ,professor of ,history and ,english ,literature in ,queen's ,college1 ,belfast2 and ,author of 8,the ,history of the ,british ,navy10 8,the history of ,france under the ,bourbons10 etc4 ,three vols4 #hvo4 #dbs4 ,since the time of ,lord ,burleigh no one1 except the second ,pitt1 ever enjoyed so long a tenure of power2 with the same exception1 no one ever held office at so critical a time 444 ,lord ,liverpool is the very last minister who has been able fully to carry out his own political views2 who has been so strong that in matters of general policy the ,opposition could extort no concessions from him which were not sanctioned by his own deliberate judgment4 ,the present work is founded almost entirely on the correspondence left behind him by ,lord ,liverpool1 and now in the possession of ,colonel and ,lady ,catherine ,harcourt4 8,full of information and instruction40--,,fortnightly ,,review4 99,macmillan 7,rev4 ,hugh7499--,,holidays ,,on ,,high ,,lands2 or1 ,rambles and ,incidents in search of ,alpine ,plants4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,hugh ,,macmillan1 ,author of 8,bible ,teachings in ,nature10 etc4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth4 #fs44 8,botanical knowledge is blended with a love of nature1 a pious enthusiasm1 and a rich felicity of diction not to be met with in any works of kindred character1 if we except those of ,hugh ,miller40--,,daily ,,telegraph4 ,,foot-,,notes ,,from ,,the ,,page ,,of ,,nature4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,those who have derived pleasure and profit from the study of flowers and ferns--subjects1 it is pleasing to find1 now everywhere popular--by descending lower into the arcana of the vegetable kingdom1 will find a still more interesting and delightful field of research in the objects brought under review in the following pages40--,,preface4 ,,bible ,,teachings ,,in ,,nature4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,martin 7,frederick7499--,,the ,,statesman',s ,,year-,,book3 ,a ,statistical and ,historical ,account of the ,states of the ,civilized ,world4 ,manual for ,politicians and ,merchants for the year #ahga4 ,,by ,,frederick ,,martin4 ,eighth ,annual ,publication4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the new issue has been entirely re-written1 revised1 and corrected1 on the basis of official reports received direct from the heads of the leading ,governments of the ,world1 in reply to letters sent to them by the ,editor4 8,everybody who knows this work is aware that it is a book that is indispensable to writers1 financiers1 politicians1 statesmen1 and all who are directly or indirectly interested in the political1 social1 industrial1 commercial1 and financial condition of their fellow-creatures at home and abroad4 ,mr4 ,martin deserves warm commendation for the care he takes in making #8,the ,statesman's ,year ,book' complete and correct40 ,,standard4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,contemporary ,,biography4 ,by ,,frederick ,,martin1 ,author of 8,the ,statesman's ,year-,book40 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,this volume is an attempt to produce a book of reference1 furnishing in a condensed form some biographical particulars of notable living men4 ,the leading idea has been to give only facts1 and those in the briefest form1 and to exclude opinions4 99,martineau499--,,biographical ,,sketches1 #aheb-ahfh4 ,by ,,harriet ,,martineau4 ,third and cheaper ,edition1 with ,new ,preface4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,collection of ,memoirs under these several sections3--7#a7 ,royal1 7#b7 ,politicians1 7#c7 ,professional1 7#d7 ,scientific1 7#e7 ,social1 7#f7 ,literary4 ,these ,memoirs appeared originally in the columns of the 8,daily ,news40 99,milton499--,,life ,,of ,,john ,,milton4 ,narrated in connexion with the ,political1 ,ecclesiastical1 and ,literary ,history of his ,time4 ,by ,,david ,,masson1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,rhetoric at ,edinburgh4 ,vol4 ,i4 with ,portraits4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 in a few days4--,vol4 ,,iii4 in the ,press4 ,it is intended to exhibit ,milton's life in its connexions with all the more notable phenomena of the period of ,british history in which it was cast--its state politics1 its ecclesiastical variations1 its literature and speculative thought4 ,commencing in #afjh1 the ,life of ,milton proceeds through the last sixteen years of the reign of ,james ,i41 includes the whole of the reign of ,charles ,i4 and the subsequent years of the ,commonwealth and the ,protectorate1 and then1 passing the ,restoration1 extends itself to #afgd1 or through fourteen years of the new state of things under ,charles ,,ii4 ,the first volume deals with the life of ,milton as extending from #afjh to #afdj1 which was the period of his education and of his minor poems4 99,mitford 7,a4 ,b47499--,,tales ,,of ,,old ,,japan4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,mitford1 ,second ,secretary to the ,british ,legation in ,japan4 ,with upwards of #cj ,illustrations1 drawn and cut on ,wood by ,japanese ,artists4 ,two vols4 crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,this work is an attempt to do for ,japan what ,sir ,j4 ,davis1 ,dr4 ,legge1 and ,m4 ,stanislas ,julien1 have done for ,china4 ,under the influence of more enlightened ideas and of a liberal system of policy1 the old ,japanese civilization is fast disappearing1 and will1 in a few years1 be completely extinct4 ,it was important1 therefore1 to preserve as far as possible trustworthy records of a state of society which although venerable from its antiquity1 has for ,europeans the dawn of novelty2 hence the series of narratives and legends translated by ,mr4 ,mitford1 and in which the ,japanese are very judiciously left to tell their own tale4 ,the two volumes comprise not only stories and episodes illustrative of ,asiatic superstitions1 but also three sermons4 ,the preface1 appendices1 and notes explain a number of local peculiarities2 the thirty-one woodcuts are the genuine work of a native artist1 who1 unconsciously of course1 has adopted the process first introduced by the early ,german masters4 99,morley 7,john7499--,,edmund ,,burke1 a ,historical ,study4 ,by ,,john ,,morley1 ,b4,a4 ,oxon4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,the style is terse and incisive1 and brilliant with epigram and point4 ,it contains pithy aphoristic sentences which ,burke himself would not have disowned4 ,but these are not its best features3 its sustained power of reasoning1 its wide sweep of observation and reflection1 its elevated ethical and social tone1 stamp it as a work of high excellence1 and as such we cordially recommend it to our readers40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,morison499--,,the ,,life ,,and ,,times ,,of ,,saint ,,bernard1 ,abbot of ,clairvaux4 ,by ,,james ,,cotter ,,morison1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition1 revised4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,one of the best contributions in our literature towards a vivid1 intelligent1 and worthy knowledge of ,european interests and thoughts and feelings during the twelfth century4 ,a delightful and instructive volume1 and one of the best products of the modern historic spirit40 ,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,mullinger499--,,cambridge ,,characteristics ,,in ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,mullinger1 ,b4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 8,it is a very entertaining and readable book40--,,saturday ,,review4 8,the chapters on the ,cartesian ,philosophy and the ,cambridge ,platonists are admirable40--,,athen,,um4 99,palgrave499--,,history ,,of ,,normandy ,,and ,,of ,,england4 ,by ,sir ,,francis ,,palgrave1 ,deputy ,keeper of ,her ,majesty's ,public ,records4 ,completing the ,history to the ,death of ,william ,rufus4 ,four vols4 #hvo4 #d #ds4 ,volume ,i4 ,general ,relations of ,medival ,europe--,the ,carlovingian ,empire--,the ,danish ,expeditions in the ,gauls--,and the ,establishment of ,rollo4 ,volume ,,ii4 ,the ,three ,first ,dukes of ,normandy2 ,rollo1 ,guillaume ,longue-pe1 and ,richard ,sans-,peur--,the ,carlovingian line supplanted by the ,capets4 ,volume ,,iii4 ,richard ,sans-,peur--,richard ,le-,bon--,richard ,,iii4--,robert ,le ,diable--,william the ,conqueror4 ,volume ,,iv4 ,william ,rufus--,accession of ,henry ,beauclerc4 99,palgrave99 799,w4 ,g49974--,a ,,narrative ,,of ,a ,,year',s ,,journey ,,through ,,central ,,and ,,eastern ,,arabia1 #ahfb-c4 ,by ,,william ,,gifford ,,palgrave1 late of the ,eighth ,regiment ,bombay ,n4 ,i4 ,fifth and cheaper ,edition4 ,with ,maps1 ,plans1 and ,portrait of ,author1 engraved on steel by ,jeens4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 8,considering the extent or our previous ignorance1 the amount of his achievements1 and the importance of his contributions to our knowledge1 we cannot say less of him than was once said of a far greater discoverer4 ,mr4 ,palgrave has indeed given a new world to ,europe40 ,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,parkes99 799,henry9974--,,australian ,,views ,,of ,,england4 ,by ,,henry ,,parkes4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,the following letters were written during a residence in ,england1 in the years #ahfa and #ahfb1 and were published in the 8,sydney ,morning ,herald0 on the arrival of the monthly mails4444 ,on re-perusal1 these letters appear to contain views of ,english life and impressions of ,english notabilities which1 as the views and impressions of an ,englishman on his return to his native country after an absence of twenty years1 may not be without interest to the ,english reader4 ,the writer had opportunities of mixing with different classes of the ,british people1 and of hearing opinions on passing events from opposite standpoints of observation40--,,author',s ,,preface4 99,prichard499--,,the ,,administration ,,of ,,india4 ,from #ahei to #ahfh4 ,the ,first ,ten ,years of ,administration under the ,crown4 ,by ,,iltudus ,,thomas ,,prichard1 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,two vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,with ,map4 #bas4 ,in these volumes the author has aimed to supply a full1 impartial1 and independent account of ,british ,india between #ahei and #ahfh--which is in many respects the most important epoch in the history of that country which the present century has seen4 99,ralegh499--,,the ,,life ,,of ,,sir ,,walter ,,ralegh1 based upon ,contemporary ,documents4 ,by ,,edward ,,edwards4 ,together with ,ralegh's ,letters1 now first collected4 ,with ,portrait4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #cbs4 8,mr4 ,edwards has certainly written the ,life of ,ralegh from fuller information than any previous biographer4 ,he is intelligent1 industrious1 sympathetic3 and the world has in his two volumes larger means afforded it of knowing ,ralegh than it ever possessed before4 ,the new letters and the newly-edited old letters are in themselves a boon40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,robinson99 799,crabb9974--,,diary1 ,,reminiscences1 ,,and ,,correspondence ,,of ,,henry ,,crabb ,,robinson4 ,selected and ,edited by ,dr4 ,,sadler4 ,with ,portrait4 ,second ,edition4 ,three vols4 #hvo4 cloth4 #cfs4 ,mr4 ,crabb ,robinson's ,diary extends over the greater part of three-quarters of a century4 ,it contains personal reminiscences of some of the most distinguished characters of that period1 including ,goethe1 ,wieland1 ,de ,quincey1 ,wordsworth 7with whom ,mr4 ,crabb ,robinson was on terms of great intimacy71 ,madame de ,stal1 ,lafayette1 ,coleridge1 ,lamb1 ,milman1 c4 c43 and includes a vast variety of subjects1 political1 literary1 ecclesiastical1 and miscellaneous4 99,rogers99 799,james ,e4 ,thorold9974--,,historical ,,gleanings3 ,a ,series of ,sketches4 ,montague1 ,walpole1 ,adam ,smith1 ,cobbett4 ,by ,professor ,,rogers4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,professor ,rogers's object in the following sketches is to present a set of historical facts1 grouped round a principal figure4 ,the essays are in the form of lectures4 ,,historical ,,gleanings4 ,second ,series4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,a companion volume to the ,first ,series recently published4 ,it contains papers on ,wiklif1 ,laud1 ,wilkes1 ,horne ,tooke4 ,in these lectures the author has aimed to state the social facts of the time in which the individual whose history is handled took part in public business4 99,smith99 799,professor ,goldwin9974--,,three ,,english ,,statesmen3 ,,pym1 ,,cromwell1 ,,pitt4 ,a ,course of ,lectures on the ,political ,history of ,england4 ,by ,,goldwin ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 #es4 8,a work which neither historian nor politician can safely afford to neglect40--,,saturday ,,review4 ,,systems ,,of ,,land ,,tenure in ,,various ,,countries4 ,a ,series of ,essays published under the sanction of the ,,cobden ,,club4 ,demy #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 #abs4 ,the subjects treated are3--#a4 ,tenure of ,land in ,ireland2 #b4 ,land ,laws of ,england2 #c4 ,tenure of ,land in ,india2 #d4 ,land ,system of ,belgium and ,holland2 #e4 ,agrarian ,legislation of ,prussia during the ,present ,century2 #f4 ,land ,system of ,france2 #g4 ,russian ,agrarian ,legislation of #ahfa2 #h4 ,farm ,land and ,land ,laws of the ,united ,states4 99,tacitus499--,,the ,,history ,,of ,,tacitus1 translated into ,english4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,church1 ,m4,a4 and ,w4 ,j4 ,,brodribb1 ,m4,a4 ,with a ,map and ,notes4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the translators have endeavoured to adhere as closely to the original as was thought consistent with a proper observance of ,english idiom4 ,at the same time it has been their aim to reproduce the precise expressions of the author4 ,this work is characterised by the ,spectator as 8a scholarly and faithful translation40 ,,the ,,agricola ,,and ,,germania4 ,translated into ,english by ,a4 ,j4 ,,church1 ,m4,a4 and ,w4 ,j4 ,,brodribb1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,maps and ,notes4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the translators have sought to produce such a version as may satisfy scholars who demand a faithful rendering of the original1 and ,english readers who are offended by the baldness and frigidity which commonly disfigure translations4 ,the treatises are accompanied by introductions1 notes1 maps1 and a chronological summary4 ,the ,athenum says of this work that it is 8a version at once readable and exact1 which may be perused with pleasure by all1 and consulted with advantage by the classical student40 99,taylor99 799,rev4 ,isaac9974--,,words ,,and ,,places2 or ,etymological ,illustrations of ,history1 ,etymology1 and ,geography4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,isaac ,,taylor4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 8,mr4 ,taylor has produced a really useful book1 and one which stands alone in our language40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,trench99 799,archbishop9974--,,gustavus ,,adolphus3 ,social ,aspects of the ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,by ,r4 ,,chenevix ,,trench1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,clear and lucid in style1 these lectures will be a treasure to many to whom the subject is unfamiliar40--,,dublin ,,evening ,,mail4 99,trench99 799,mrs4 ,r49974--,remains of the late ,,mrs4 ,,richard ,,trench4 ,being ,selections from her ,journals1 ,letters1 and other ,papers4 ,edited by ,,archbishop ,,trench4 ,new and ,cheaper ,issue1 with ,portrait1 #hvo4 #fs4 ,contains notices and anecdotes illustrating the social life of the period--extending over a quarter of a century 7#agii-ahbg74 ,it includes also poems and other miscellaneous pieces by ,mrs4 ,trench4 99,trench99 799,capt4 ,f41 ,f4,r4,g4,s49974--,,the ,,russo-,,indian ,,question1 ,historically1 ,strategically1 and ,politically considered4 ,by ,capt4 ,,trench1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with a ,sketch of ,central ,asiatic ,politics and ,map of ,central ,asia4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,the ,russo-,indian1 or ,central ,asian question has for several obvious reasons been attracting much public attention in ,england1 in ,russia1 and also on the ,continent1 within the last year or two4444 ,i have thought that the present volume1 giving a short sketch of the history of this question from its earliest origin1 and condensing much of the most recent and interesting information on the subject1 and on its collateral phases1 might perhaps be acceptable to those who take an interest in it40--,,author',s ,,preface4 99,trevelyan99 799,g4 ,o41 ,m4,p49974--,,cawnpore4 ,illustrated with ,plan4 ,by ,g4 ,o4 ,,trevelyan1 ,m4,p41 ,author of 8,the ,competition ,wallah40 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 8,in this book we are not spared one fact of the sad story2 but our feelings are not harrowed by the recital of imaginary outrages4 ,it is good for us at home that we have one who tells his tale so well as does ,mr4 ,trevelyan40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,the ,,competition ,,wallah4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 8,the earlier letters are especially interesting for their racy descriptions of ,european life in ,india4444 ,those that follow are of more serious import1 seeking to tell the truth about the ,hindoo character and ,english influences1 good and bad1 upon it1 as well as to suggest some better course of treatment than that hitherto adopted40--,,examiner4 99,vaughan99 799late ,rev4 ,dr4 ,robert1 of the ,british ,quarterly9974--,,memoir ,,of ,,robert ,a4 ,,vaughan4 ,author of 8,hours with the ,mystics40 ,by ,,robert ,,vaughan1 ,d4,d4 ,second ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,it deserves a place on the same shelf with ,stanley's #8,life of ,arnold1' and ,carlyle's #8,stirling4' ,dr4 ,vaughan has performed his painful but not all unpleasing task with exquisite good taste and feeling40 --,,nonconformist4 99,wagner499--,,memoir ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,george ,,wagner1 ,m4,a41 late ,incumbent of ,st4 ,stephen's ,church1 ,brighton4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,simpkinson1 ,m4,a4 ,third and ,cheaper ,edition1 corrected and abridged4 #es4 8,a more edifying biography we have rarely met with40--,,literary ,,churchman4 99,wallace499--,,the ,,malay ,,archipelago3 the ,land of the ,orang ,utan and the ,bird of ,paradise4 ,a ,narrative of ,travel with ,studies of ,man and ,nature4 ,by ,,alfred ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 ,two vols4 crown #hvo4 #bds4 8,a carefully and deliberately composed narrative4444 ,we advise our readers to do as we have done1 read his book through40--,,times4 99,ward99 799,professor9974--,,the ,,house ,,of ,,austria ,,in ,,the ,,thirty ,,years' ,,war4 ,two ,lectures1 with ,notes and ,illustrations4 ,by ,,adolphus ,w4 ,,ward1 ,m4,a41 ,professor of ,history in ,owens ,college1 ,manchester4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,very compact and instructive40--,,fortnightly ,,review4 99,warren499--,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,greek ,,federal ,,coinage4 ,by the ,hon4 ,j4 ,,leicester ,,warren1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,the present essay is an attempt to illustrate ,mr4 ,freeman's ,federal ,government by evidence deduced from the coinage of the times and countries therein treated of40--,,preface4 99,wedgwood499--,,john ,,wesley ,,and ,,the ,,evangelical ,,reaction of the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,by ,,julia ,,wedgwood4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,this book is an attempt to delineate the influence of a particular man upon his age4 99,wilson499--,a ,,memoir ,,of ,,george ,,wilson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,regius ,professor of ,technology in the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,by his ,,sister4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 8,an exquisite and touching portrait of a rare and beautiful spirit40 --,,guardian4 99,wilson99 799,daniel1 ,,ll4,d49974--,,prehistoric ,,annals ,,of ,,scotland4 ,by ,,daniel ,,wilson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,history and ,english ,literature in ,university ,college1 ,toronto4 ,new ,edition1 with numerous ,illustrations4 ,two vols4 demy #hvo4 #cfs4 ,this elaborate and learned work is divided into four ,parts4 ,part ,i4 deals with ,the ,primeval or ,stone ,period3 ,aboriginal ,traces1 ,sepulchral ,memorials1 ,dwellings1 and ,catacombs1 ,temples1 ,weapons1 c4 c42 ,part ,,ii41 ,the ,bronze ,period3 ,the ,metallurgic ,transition1 ,primitive ,bronze1 ,personal ,ornaments1 ,religion1 ,arts1 and ,domestic ,habits1 with other topics2 ,part ,,iii41 ,the ,iron ,period3 ,the ,introduction of ,iron1 ,the ,roman ,invasion1 ,strongholds1 c4 c42 ,part ,,iv41 ,the ,christian ,period3 ,historical ,data1 the ,norrie's ,law ,relics1 ,primitive and ,medival ,ecclesiology1 ,ecclesiastical and ,miscellaneous ,antiquities4 ,the work is furnished with an elaborate ,index4 ,,prehistoric ,,man4 ,new ,edition1 revised and partly re-written1 with numerous ,illustrations4 ,one vol4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,this work1 which carries out the principle of the preceding one1 but with a wider scope1 aims to 8view ,man1 as far as possible1 unaffected by those modifying influences which accompany the development of nations and the maturity of a true historic period1 in order thereby to ascertain the sources from whence such development and maturity proceed40 ,it contains1 for example1 chapters on the ,primeval ,transition2 ,speech2 ,metals2 the ,mound-,builders2 ,primitive ,architecture2 the ,american ,type2 the ,red ,blood of the ,west1 c4 c4 ,,chatterton3 ,a ,biographical ,study4 ,by ,,daniel ,,wilson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,history and ,english ,literature in ,university ,college1 ,toronto4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,the ,author here regards ,chatterton as a ,poet1 not as a 8mere resetter and defacer of stolen literary treasures40 ,reviewed in this light1 he has found much in the old materials capable of being turned to new account3 and to these materials research in various directions has enabled him to make some additions4 99,yonge99 799,charlotte ,m4997--,a ,,parallel ,,history ,,of ,,france ,,and ,,england3 consisting of ,outlines and ,dates4 ,by ,,charlotte ,m4 ,,yonge1 ,author of 8,the ,heir of ,redclyffe10 8,cameos from ,english ,history10 c4 c4 ,oblong #daj4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,this tabular history has been drawn up to supply a want felt by many teachers of some means of making their pupils realize what events in the two countries were contemporary4 ,a skeleton narrative has been constructed of the chief transactions in either country1 placing a column between for what affected both alike1 by which means it is hoped that young people may be assisted in grasping the mutual relation of events4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,poetry ,,and ,,belles ,,lettres4 99,allingham499--,,laurence ,,bloomfield ,,in ,,ireland or1 the ,new ,landlord4 ,by ,,william ,,allingham4 ,new and ,cheaper ,issue1 with a ,preface4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 cloth1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,in the new ,preface1 the state of ,ireland1 with special reference to the ,church measure1 is discussed4 8,it is vital with the national character4444 ,it has something of ,pope's point and ,goldsmith's simplicity1 touched to a more modern issue40--,,athen,,um4 99,arnold99 799,matthew9974--,,poems4 ,by ,,matthew ,,arnold4 ,two vols4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #abs4 ,also sold separately at #fs4 each4 ,volume ,i contains ,narrative and ,elegiac ,poems2 ,volume ,,ii4 ,dramatic and ,lyric ,poems4 ,the two volumes comprehend the ,first and ,second ,series of the ,poems1 and the ,new ,poems4 ,,new ,,poems4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,in this volume will be found 8,empedocles on ,etna30 8,thyrsis0 7written in commemoration of the late ,professor ,clough72 8,epilogue to ,lessing's ,laocon20 8,heine's ,grave20 8,obermann once more40 ,all these poems are also included in the ,edition 7two vols47 above-mentioned4 ,,essays ,,in ,,criticism4 ,new ,edition1 with ,additions4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,contents3--,preface2 ,the ,function of ,criticism at the present time2 ,the ,literary ,influence of ,academies2 ,maurice de ,guerin2 ,eugenie de ,guerin2 ,heinrich ,heine2 ,pagan and ,medival ,religious ,sentiment2 ,joubert2 ,spinoza and the ,bible2 ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,,aspromonte1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 cloth extra4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,contents3--,poems for ,italy2 ,dramatic ,lyrics2 ,miscellaneous4 8,uncommon lyrical power and deep poetic feeling40--,,literary ,,churchman4 99,barnes99 799,rev4 ,w49974--,,poems ,,of ,,rural ,,life ,,in ,,common ,,english4 ,by the ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,barnes1 ,author of 8,poems of ,rural ,life in the ,dorset ,dialect40 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,in a high degree pleasant and novel4 ,the book is by no means one which the lovers of descriptive poetry can afford to lose40--,,athen,,um4 99,bell499--,,romances ,,and ,,minor ,,poems4 ,by ,,henry ,,glassford ,,bell4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,full of life and genius40--,,court ,,circular4 99,besant499--,,studies ,,in ,,early ,,french ,,poetry4 ,by ,,walter ,,besant1 ,m4,a4 ,crown4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,a sort of impression rests on most minds that ,french literature begins with the 8sicle de ,louis ,quatorze20 any previous literature being for the most part unknown or ignored4 ,few know anything of the enormous literary activity that began in the thirteenth century1 was carried on by ,rulebeuf1 ,marie de ,france1 ,gaston de ,foix1 ,thibault de ,champagne1 and ,lorris2 was fostered by ,charles of ,orleans1 by ,margaret of ,valois1 by ,francis the ,first2 that gave a crowd of versifiers to ,france1 enriched1 strengthened1 developed1 and fixed the ,french language1 and prepared the way for ,corneille and for ,racine4 ,the present work aims to afford information and direction touching the early efforts of ,france in poetical literature4 8,in one moderately sized volume he has contrived to introduce us to the very best1 if not to all of the early ,french poets40--,,athen,,um4 99,bradshaw499--,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,ascertain ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,chaucer',s ,,works1 ,,as ,,they ,,were ,,left ,,at ,,his ,,death4 ,with some ,notes of their ,subsequent ,history4 ,by ,,henry ,,bradshaw1 of ,king's ,college1 and the ,university ,library1 ,cambridge4 ,in the ,press4 99,brimley499--,,essays ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,george ,,brimley1 ,m4,a4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,clark1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,portrait4 ,cheaper ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,essays on literary topics1 such as ,tennyson's 8,poems10 ,carlyle's 8,life of ,stirling10 8,bleak ,house10 c41 reprinted from ,fraser1 the ,spectator1 and like periodicals4 99,broome499--,,the ,,stranger ,,of ,,seriphos4 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,,frederick ,,napier ,,broome4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,founded on the ,greek legend of ,danae and ,perseus4 8,grace and beauty of expression are ,mr4 ,broome's characteristics2 and these qualities are displayed in many passages40--,,athen,,um4 99,church99 799,a4 ,j49974--,,hor ,,tennysonian1 ,sive ,eclog e ,tennysono ,latine reddit4 ,cura ,a4 ,j4 ,,church1 ,a4,m4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,latin versions of ,selections from ,tennyson4 ,among the authors are the ,editor1 the late ,professor ,conington1 ,professor ,seeley1 ,dr4 ,hessey1 ,mr4 ,kebbel1 and other gentlemen4 99,clough99 799,arthur ,hugh9974--,,the ,,poems ,,and ,,prose ,,remains ,,of ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough4 ,with a ,selection from his ,letters and a ,memoir4 ,edited by his ,wife4 ,with ,portrait4 ,two vols4 crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,or ,poems separately1 as below4 ,the late ,professor ,clough is well known as a graceful1 tender poet1 and as the scholarly translator of ,plutarch4 ,the letters possess high interest1 not biographical only1 but literary--discussing1 as they do1 the most important questions of the time1 always in a genial spirit4 ,the 8,remains0 include papers on 8,retrenchment at ,oxford20 on ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,newman's book 8,the ,soul20 on ,wordsworth2 on the ,formation of ,classical ,english2 on some ,modern ,poems 7,matthew ,arnold and the late ,alexander ,smith71 c4 c4 ,,the ,,poems ,,of ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough1 sometime ,fellow of ,oriel ,college1 ,oxford4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,from the higher mind of cultivated1 all-questioning1 but still conservative ,england1 in this our puzzled generation1 we do not know of any utterance in literature so characteristic as the poems of ,arthur ,hugh ,clough40--,,fraser',s ,,magazine4 99,dante499--,,dante',s ,,comedy1 ,,the ,,hell4 ,translated by ,w4 ,m4 ,,rossetti4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #es4 8,the aim of this translation of ,dante may be summed up in one word--,literality4444 ,to follow ,dante sentence for sentence1 line for line1 word for word--neither more nor less--has been my strenuous endeavour40--,,author',s ,,preface4 99,de ,vere499--,,the ,,infant ,,bridal1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,mr4 ,de ,vere has taken his place among the poets of the day4 ,pure and tender feeling1 and that polished restraint of style which is called classical1 are the charms of the volume40--,,spectator4 99,doyle99 799,sir ,f4 ,h49974--,works by ,sir ,,francis ,,hastings ,,doyle1 ,professor of ,poetry in the ,university of ,oxford3-- ,,the ,,return ,,of ,,the ,,guards1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 8,good wine needs no bush1 nor good verse a preface2 and ,sir ,francis ,doyle's verses run bright and clear1 and smack of a classic vintage4444 ,his chief characteristic1 as it is his greatest charm1 is the simple manliness which gives force to all he writes4 ,it is a characteristic in these days rare enough40--,,examiner4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,poetry1 delivered before the ,university of ,oxford in #ahfh4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,three ,,lectures3--7#a7 ,inaugural2 7#b7 ,provincial ,poetry2 7#c7 ,dr4 ,newman's 8,dream of ,gerontius40 8,full of thoughtful discrimination and fine insight3 the lecture on #8,provincial ,poetry' seems to us singularly true1 eloquent1 and instructive40--,,spectator4 99,evans499--,,brother ,,fabian',s ,,manuscript1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,,sebastian ,,evans4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #fs4 8,in this volume we have full assurance that he has #8the vision and the faculty divine4' 444 ,clever and full of kindly humour40--,,globe4 99,furnivall499--,,le ,,morte ,d',,arthur4 ,edited from the ,harleian ,m4,s4 #bbeb1 in the ,british ,museum4 ,by ,f4 ,j4 ,,furnivall1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,essay by the late ,,herbert ,,coleridge4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,looking to the interest shown by so many thousands in ,mr4 ,tennyson's ,arthurian poems1 the editor and publishers have thought that the old version would possess considerable interest4 ,it is a reprint of the celebrated ,harleian copy2 and is accompanied by index and glossary4 99,garnett499--,,idylls ,,and ,,epigrams4 ,chiefly from the ,greek ,anthology4 ,by ,,richard ,,garnett4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,a charming little book4 ,for ,english readers1 ,mr4 ,garnett's translations will open a new world of thought40--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,guesses ,,at ,,truth4 ,by ,,two ,,brothers4 ,with ,vignette1 ,title1 and ,frontispiece4 ,new ,edition1 with ,memoir4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,the following year was memorable for the commencement of the #8,guesses at ,truth4' ,he and his ,oxford brother1 living as they did in constant and free interchange of thought on questions of philosophy and literature and art2 delighting1 each of them1 in the epigrammatic terseness which is the charm of the #8,penses' of ,pascal1 and the #8,caractres' of ,la ,bruyre--agreed to utter themselves in this form1 and the book appeared1 anonymously1 in two volumes1 in #ahbg40--,,memoir4 99,hamerton499--,a ,,painter',s ,,camp4 ,by ,,philip ,,gilbert ,,hamerton4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,book ,i4 ,in ,england2 ,,book ,,ii4 ,in ,scotland2 ,,book ,,iii4 ,in ,france4 ,this is the story of an ,artist's encampments and adventures4 ,the headings of a few chapters may serve to convey a notion of the character of the book3 ,a ,walk on the ,lancashire ,moors2 the ,author his own ,housekeeper and ,cook2 ,tents and ,boats for the ,highlands2 ,the ,author encamps on an uninhabited ,island2 ,a ,lake ,voyage2 ,a ,gipsy ,journey to ,glen ,coe2 ,concerning ,moonlight and ,old ,castles2 ,a little ,french ,city2 ,a ,farm in the ,autunois1 c4 c4 8,his pages sparkle with many turns of expression1 not a few well-told anecdotes1 and many observations which are the fruit of attentive study and wise reflection on the complicated phenomena of human life1 as well as of unconscious nature40--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,etching ,,and ,,etchers4 ,a ,treatise ,critical and ,practical4 ,by ,p4 ,g4 ,hamerton4 ,with ,original ,plates by ,,rembrandt1 ,,callot1 ,,dujardin1 ,,paul ,,potter1 c4 ,royal #hvo4 ,half morocco4 #cas4 #f;d4 8,it is a work of which author1 printer1 and publisher may alike feel proud4 ,it is a work1 too1 of which none but a genuine artist could by possibility have been the author40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,herschel499--,,the ,,iliad ,,of ,,homer4 ,translated into ,english ,hexameters4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,herschel1 ,bart4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,a version of the ,iliad in ,english ,hexameters4 ,the question of ,homeric translation is fully discussed in the ,preface4 8,it is admirable1 not only for many intrinsic merits1 but as a great man's tribute to ,genius40--,,illustrated ,,london ,,news4 ,,hiatus3 the ,void in ,modern ,education4 ,its ,cause and ,antidote4 ,by ,,outis4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,the main object of this ,essay is to point out how the emotional element which underlies the ,fine ,arts is disregarded and undeveloped at this time so far as 7despite a pretence at filling it up7 to constitute an ,educational ,hiatus4 99,huxley99 799,professor9974--,,lay ,,sermons1 ,,addresses1 ,,and ,,reviews4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second and ,cheaper ,edition1 crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,fourteen discourses on the following subjects3--,on the ,advisableness of ,improving ,natural ,knowledge2 ,emancipation--,black and ,white2 ,a ,liberal ,education1 and where to find it2 ,scientific ,education2 on the ,educational ,value of the ,natural ,history ,sciences2 on the ,study of ,zoology2 on the ,physical ,basis of ,life2 the ,scientific ,aspects of ,positivism2 on a ,piece of ,chalk2 ,geological ,contemporaneity and ,persistent ,types of ,life2 ,geological ,reform2 the ,origin of ,species2 ,criticisms on the 8,origin of ,species20 on ,descartes' 8,discourse touching the ,method of using one's ,reason rightly and of seeking ,scientific ,truth40 ,,essays ,,selected ,,from ,,lay ,,sermons1 ,,addresses1 ,,and ,,reviews4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth4 #bs4 ,whilst publishing a second edition of his ,lay ,sermons1 ,addresses1 and ,reviews1 ,professor ,huxley has1 at the suggestion of many friends1 issued in a cheap and popular form the selection we are now noticing4 ,it includes the following essays3--7#a7 ,on the ,advisableness of ,improving ,natural ,knowledge4 7#b7 ,a ,liberal ,education1 and where to find it4 7#c7 ,scientific ,education1 notes of an after-dinner speech4 7#d7 ,on the ,physical ,basis of ,life4 7#e7 ,the ,scientific ,aspects of ,positivism4 7#f7 ,on ,descartes' 8,discourse touching the ,method of using one's ,reason ,rightly and of seeking ,scientific ,truth40 99,kennedy499--,,legendary ,,fictions ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,celts4 ,collected and ,narrated by ,,patrick ,,kennedy4 ,crown #hvo4 ,with ,two ,illustrations4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,a very admirable popular selection of the ,irish fairy stories and legends1 in which those who are familiar with ,mr4 ,croker's1 and other selections of the same kind1 will find much that is fresh1 and full of the peculiar vivacity and humour1 and sometimes even of the ideal beauty1 of the true ,celtic ,legend40--,,spectator4 99,kingsley99 799,canon9974--,see also 8,,historic ,,section10 8,,works ,,of ,,fiction10 and 8,,philosophy20 also 8,,juvenile ,,books10 and 8,,theology40 ,,the ,,saints' ,,tragedy3 or1 ,the ,true ,story of ,elizabeth of ,hungary4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,kingsley4 ,with a ,preface by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,d4 ,,maurice4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,andromeda1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,phaethon3 or1 ,loose ,thoughts for ,loose ,thinkers4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4 99,lowell99 799,professor9974--,,among ,,my ,,books4 ,six ,essays4 ,by ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell1 ,m4,a41 ,professor of ,belles ,lettres in ,harvard ,college4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,six ,essays3 ,dryden2 ,witchcraft2 ,shakespeare ,once ,more2 ,new ,england ,two ,centuries ago2 ,lessing2 ,rousseau and the ,sentimentalists4 ,,under ,,the ,,willows1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,under the ,willows is one of the most admirable bits of idyllic work1 short as it is1 or perhaps because it is short1 that have been done in our generation40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,masson99 799,professor9974--,,essays1 ,,biographical ,,and ,,critical4 ,chiefly on the ,british ,poets4 ,by ,,david ,,masson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,rhetoric in the ,university of ,edinburgh4 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 8,distinguished by a remarkable power of analysis1 a clear statement of the actual facts on which speculation is based1 and an appropriate beauty of language4 ,these essays should be popular with serious men40--,,athen,,um4 ,,british ,,novelists ,,and ,,their ,,styles4 ,being a ,critical ,sketch of the ,history of ,british ,prose ,fiction4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,valuable for its lucid analysis of fundamental principles1 its breadth of view1 and sustained animation of style40--,,spectator4 ,,mrs4 ,,jerningham',s ,,journal4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,poem of the boudoir or domestic class1 purporting to be the journal of a newly-married lady4 8,one quality in the piece1 sufficient of itself to claim a moment's attention1 is that it is unique--original1 indeed1 is not too strong a word--in the manner of its conception and execution40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,mistral99 799,f49974--,,mirelle3 a ,pastoral ,epic of ,provence4 ,translated by ,h4 ,,crichton4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,this is a capital translation of the elegant and richly-coloured pastoral epic poem of ,m4 ,mistral which1 in #ahei1 he dedicated in enthusiastic terms to ,lamartine4444 ,it would be hard to overpraise the sweetness and pleasing freshness of this charming epic40--,,athen,,um4 99,myers99 799,ernest9974--,,the ,,puritans4 ,by ,,ernest ,,myers4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,it is not too much to call it a really grand poem1 stately and dignified1 and showing not only a high poetic mind1 but also great power over poetic expression40--,,literary ,,churchman4 99,myers99 799,f4 ,w4 ,h49974--,poems4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,myers4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,containing 8,st4 ,,paul10 8,st4 ,,john10 and other ,poems4 8,st4 ,paul stands without a rival as the noblest religious poem which has been written in an age which beyond any other has been prolific in this class of poetry4 ,the sublimest conceptions are expressed in language which for richness1 taste1 and purity1 we have never seen excelled40--,,john ,,bull4 99,nettleship4--99,,essays ,,on ,,robert ,,browning',s ,,poetry4 ,by ,,john ,t4 ,,nettleship4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 99,noel499--,,beatrice1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by the ,,hon4 ,,roden ,,noel4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,beatrice is in many respects a noble poem2 it displays a splendour of landscape painting1 a strong definite precision of highly-coloured description1 which has not often been surpassed40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,norton499--,,the ,,lady ,,of ,,la ,,garaye4 ,by the ,,hon4 ,,mrs4 ,,norton4 ,with ,vignette and ,frontispiece4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 8,there is no lack of vigour1 no faltering of power1 plenty of passion1 much bright description1 much musical verse4444 ,full of thoughts well-expressed1 and may be classed among her best works40--,,times4 99,orwell499--,,the ,,bishop',s ,,walk ,,and ,,the ,,bishop',s ,,times4 ,poems on the days of ,archbishop ,leighton and the ,scottish ,covenant4 ,by ,,orwell4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,pure taste and faultless precision of language1 the fruits of deep thought1 insight into human nature1 and lively sympathy40--,,nonconformist4 99,palgrave99 799,francis ,t49974--,,essays ,,on ,,art4 ,by ,,francis ,,turner ,,palgrave1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,mulready--,dyce--,holman ,hunt--,herbert--,poetry1 ,prose1 and ,sensationalism in ,art--,sculpture in ,england--,the ,albert ,cross1 c4 ,,shakespeare',s ,,sonnets ,,and ,,songs4 ,edited by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4 ,gem ,edition4 ,with ,vignette ,title by ,,jeens4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,for minute elegance no volume could possibly excel the #8,gem ,edition4'0--,,scotsman4 ,,original ,,hymns4 ,by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4 ,third ,edition1 enlarged1 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,lyrical ,,poems4 ,by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4 ,nearly ready4 99,patmore499--,works by ,,coventry ,,patmore3-- ,,the ,,angel ,,in ,,the ,,house4 ,,book ,i4 ,the ,betrothal2 ,,book ,,ii4 ,the ,espousals2 ,,book ,,iii4 ,faithful for ,ever4 ,with ,tamerton ,church ,tower4 ,two vols4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #abs4 999999 ,a ,new and ,cheap ,edition in one vol4 #ahmo41 beautifully printed on toned paper1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,victories ,,of ,,love4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 8,the intrinsic merit of his poem will secure it a permanent place in literature4444 ,mr4 ,patmore has fully earned a place in the catalogue of poets by the finished idealization of domestic life40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,pember99 799,e4 ,h49974--,,the ,,tragedy ,,of ,,lesbos4 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,e4 ,h ,,pember4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,founded upon the story of ,sappho4 99,richardson499--,,the ,,iliad ,,of ,,the ,,east4 ,a ,selection of ,legends drawn from ,valmiki's ,sanskrit ,poem 8,the ,ramayana40 ,by ,,frederika ,,richardson4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,a charming volume which at once enmeshes the reader in its snares40--,,athen,,um4 99,rhoades99 799,james9974--,,poems4 ,by ,,james ,,rhoades4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,poems ,,and ,,sonnets4 ,contents3--,ode to ,harmony2 ,to the ,spirit of ,unrest2 ,ode to ,winter2 ,the ,tunnel2 ,to the ,spirit of ,beauty2 ,song of a ,leaf2 ,by the ,rotha2 ,an ,old ,orchard2 ,love and ,rest2 ,the ,flowers ,surprised2 ,on the ,death of ,artemus ,ward2 ,the ,two ,paths2 ,the ,ballad of ,little ,maisie2 ,sonnets4 99,rossetti499--,works by ,,christina ,,rossetti3-- ,,goblin ,,market1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,with two ,designs by ,d4 ,g4 ,,rossetti4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,she handles her little marvel with that rare poetic discrimination which neither exhausts it of its simple wonders by pushing symbolism too far1 nor keeps those wonders in the merely fabulous and capricious stage4 ,in fact she has produced a true children's poem1 which is far more delightful to the mature than to children1 though it would be delightful to all40--,,spectator4 ,,the ,,prince',s ,,progress1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,with two ,designs by ,d4 ,g4 ,,rossetti4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,miss ,rossetti's poems are of the kind which recalls ,shelley's definition of ,poetry as the record of the best and happiest moments of the best and happiest minds4444 ,they are like the piping of a bird on the spray in the sunshine1 or the quaint singing with which a child amuses itself when it forgets that anybody is listening40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,rossetti99 799,w4 ,m49974--,,dante',s ,,hell4 ,see 8,,dante40 ,,fine ,,art1 chiefly ,contemporary4 ,by ,,william ,m4 ,,rossetti4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,this volume consists of ,criticism on ,contemporary ,art1 reprinted from ,fraser1 ,the ,saturday ,review1 ,the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 and other publications4 99,roby499--,,story ,,of ,a ,,household1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,,mary ,k4 ,,roby4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 99,seeley99 799,professor9974--,,lectures ,,and ,,essays4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,seeley1 ,m4,a4 ,professor of ,modern ,history in the ,university of ,cambridge4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,contents3--,roman ,imperialism3 #a4 ,the ,great ,roman ,revolution2 #b4 ,the ,proximate cause of the ,fall of the ,roman ,empire2 #c4 ,the ,later ,empire4--,milton's ,political ,opinions--,milton's ,poetry--,elementary ,principles in ,art--,liberal ,education in ,universities--,english in ,schools--,the ,church as a ,teacher of ,morality--,the ,teaching of ,politics3 an ,inaugural ,lecture delivered at ,cambridge4 99,shairp99 799,principal9974--,,kilmahoe1 a ,highland ,pastoral1 with other ,poems4 ,by ,,john ,,campbell ,,shairp4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,kilmahoe is a ,highland ,pastoral1 redolent of the warm soft air of the ,western ,lochs and ,moors1 sketched out with remarkable grace and picturesqueness40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,smith499--,works by ,,alexander ,,smith3-- ,a ,,life ,,drama1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,city ,,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,edwin ,,of ,,deira4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,a poem which is marked by the strength1 sustained sweetness1 and compact texture of real life40--,,north ,,british ,,review4 99,smith499--,,poems4 ,by ,,catherine ,,barnard ,,smith4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,wealthy in feeling1 meaning1 finish1 and grace2 not without passion1 which is suppressed1 but the keener for that40--,,athen,,um4 99,smith99 799,rev4 ,walter9974--,,hymns ,,of ,,christ ,,and ,,the ,,christian ,,life4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,walter ,c4 ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 8,these are among the sweetest sacred poems we have read for a long time4 ,with no profuse imagery1 expressing a range of feeling and expression by no means uncommon1 they are true and elevated1 and their pathos is profound and simple40--,,nonconformist4 99,stratford de ,redcliffe99 799,viscount9974--,,shadows ,,of ,,the ,,past1 in ,verse4 ,by ,,viscount ,,stratford ,,de ,,redcliffe4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 8,the vigorous words of one who has acted vigorously4 ,they combine the fervour of politicians and poet40--,,guardian4 99,trench499--,works by ,r4 ,,chenevix ,,trench1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,see also ,sections 8,,philosophy10 8,,theology10 c4 ,,poems4 ,collected and arranged anew4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,elegiac ,,poems4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,calderon',s ,,life',s ,a ,,dream3 ,the ,great ,theatre of the ,world4 ,with an ,essay on his ,life and ,genius4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,household ,,book ,,of ,,english ,,poetry4 ,selected and arranged1 with ,notes1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,,trench1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 #f;d4 ,this volume is called a 8,household ,book10 by this name implying that it is a book for all--that there is nothing in it to prevent it from being confidently placed in the hands of every member of the household4 ,specimens of all classes of poetry are given1 including selections from living authors4 ,the ,editor has aimed to produce a book 8which the emigrant1 finding room for little not absolutely necessary1 might yet find room for in his trunk1 and the traveller in his knapsack1 and that on some narrow shelves where there are few books this might be one40 8,the ,archbishop has conferred in this delightful volume an important gift on the whole ,english-speaking population of the world40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,sacred ,,latin ,,poetry1 ,chiefly ,lyrical4 ,selected and arranged for ,use4 ,second ,edition1 ,corrected and ,improved4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 8,the aim of the present volume is to offer to members of our ,english ,church a collection of the best sacred ,latin poetry1 such as they shall be able entirely and heartily to accept and approve--a collection1 that is1 in which they shall not be evermore liable to be offended1 and do have the current of their sympathies checked1 by coming upon that which1 however beautiful as poetry1 out of higher respects they must reject and condemn--in which1 too1 they shall not fear that snares are being laid for them1 to entangle them unawares in admiration for aught which is inconsistent with their faith and fealty to their own spiritual mother40--,,preface4 99,turner499--,,sonnets4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,tennyson ,,turner4 ,dedicated to his brother1 the ,poet ,laureate4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 8,the ,sonnets are dedicated to ,mr4 ,tennyson by his brother1 and have1 independently of their merits1 an interest of association4 ,they both love to write in simple expressive ,saxon2 both love to touch their imagery in epithets rather than in formal similes2 both have a delicate perception of rhythmical movement1 and thus ,mr4 ,turner has occasional lines which1 for phrase and music1 might be ascribed to his brother 444 ,he knows the haunts of the wild rose1 the shady nooks where light quivers through the leaves1 the ruralities1 in short1 of the land of imagination40--,,athen,,um4 ,,small ,,tableaux4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 8,these brief poems have not only a peculiar kind of interest for the student of ,english poetry1 but are intrinsically delightful1 and will reward a careful and frequent perusal4 ,full of navete1 piety1 love1 and knowledge of natural objects1 and each expressing a single and generally a simple subject by means of minute and original pictorial touches1 these sonnets have a place of their own40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,vittoria ,colonna499--,,life ,,and ,,poems4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,henry ,,roscoe4 ,crown #hvo4 #is4 ,the life of ,vittoria ,colonna1 the celebrated ,marchesa di ,pescara1 has received but cursory notice from any ,english writer1 though in every history of ,italy her name is mentioned with great honour among the poets of the sixteenth century4 8,in three hundred and fifty years10 says her biographer1 ,visconti1 8there has been no other ,italian lady who can be compared to her40 8,it is written with good taste1 with quick and intelligent sympathy1 occasionally with a real freshness and charm of style40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,webster499--,works by ,,augusta ,,webster3-- 8,if ,mrs4 ,webster only remains true to herself1 she will assuredly take a higher rank as a poet than any woman has yet done40--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,dramatic ,,studies4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,a volume as strongly marked by perfect taste as by poetic power40--,,nonconformist4 ,,prometheus ,,bound ,,of ,,schylus4 ,literally translated into ,english ,verse4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,closeness and simplicity combined with literary skill40--,,athen,,um4 8,mrs4 ,webster's #8,dramatic ,studies' and #8,translation of ,prometheus' have won for her an honourable place among our female poets4 ,she writes with remarkable vigour and dramatic realization1 and bids fair to be the most successful claimant of ,mrs4 ,browning's mantle40--,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,,medea ,,of ,,euripides4 ,literally translated into ,english ,verse4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,mrs4 ,webster's translation surpasses our utmost expectations4 ,it is a photograph of the original without any of that harshness which so often accompanies a photograph40--,,westminster ,,review4 ,a ,,woman ,,sold1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,mrs4 ,webster has shown us that she is able to draw admirably from the life2 that she can observe with subtlety1 and render her observations with delicacy2 that she can impersonate complex conceptions1 and venture into which few living writers can follow her40--,,guardian4 ,,portraits4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,mrs4 ,webster's poems exhibit simplicity and tenderness 444 her taste is perfect4444 ,this simplicity is combined with a subtlety of thought1 feeling1 and observation which demand that attention which only real lovers of poetry are apt to bestow4444 ,if she only remains true to herself she will most assuredly take a higher rank as a poet than any woman has yet done40--,,westminster ,,review4 8,with this volume before us it would be hard to deny her the proud position of the first living ,english poetess40--,,examiner4 99,woodward99 799,b4 ,b41 ,f4,s4,a49974--,,specimens ,,of ,,the ,,drawings ,,of ,,ten ,,masters1 from the ,royal ,collection at ,windsor ,castle4 ,with ,descriptive ,text by the late ,b4 ,b4 ,,woodward1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,librarian to the ,queen1 and ,keeper of ,prints and ,drawings4 ,illustrated by ,twenty ,autotypes by ,,edwards and ,,kidd4 ,in #dto4 handsomely bound1 price #bes4 ,this volume contains facsimiles of the works of ,michael ,angelo1 ,perugino1 ,raphael1 ,julio ,romano1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,giorgione1 ,paul ,veronese1 ,poussin1 ,albert ,drer1 ,holbein1 executed by the ,autotype 7,carbon7 process1 which may be accepted as1 so far1 perfect representations of the originals4 ,in most cases some reduction in size was necessary1 and then the dimensions of the drawing itself have been given4 ,brief biographical memoranda of the life of each master are inserted1 solely to prevent the need of reference to other works4 99,woolner499--,,my ,,beautiful ,,lady4 ,by ,,thomas ,,woolner4 ,with a ,vignette by ,,arthur ,,hughes4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 8,it is clearly the product of no idle hour1 but a highly-conceived and faithfully-executed task1 self-imposed1 and prompted by that inward yearning to utter great thoughts1 and a wealth of passionate feeling which is poetic genius4 ,no man can read this poem without being struck by the fitness and finish of the workmanship1 so to speak1 as well as by the chastened and unpretending loftiness of thought which pervades the whole40--,,globe4 ,,words ,,from ,,the ,,poets4 ,selected by the ,editor of 8,rays of ,sunlight40 ,with a ,vignette and ,frontispiece4 #ahmo4 limp41 #as4 99,wyatt99 799,sir ,m4 ,digby9974--,,fine ,,art3 a ,sketch of its ,history1 ,theory1 ,practice1 and application to ,industry4 ,a ,course of ,lectures delivered before the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,by ,sir ,m4 ,,digby ,,wyatt1 ,m4 ,a4 ,slade ,professor of ,fine ,art4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,globe ,,library4 ,beautifully printed on toned paper and bound in cloth elegant1 price #ds4 #f;d4 each4 ,in plain cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also kept in various styles of ,morocco and ,calf bindings4 99,,the ,,saturday ,,review says--8,the ,globe ,editions are admirable for their scholarly editing1 their typographical excellence1 their compendious form1 and their cheapness4099 ,under the title ,,globe ,,editions1 the ,publishers are issuing a uniform ,series of ,standard ,english ,authors1 carefully edited1 clearly and elegantly printed on toned paper1 strongly bound1 and at a small cost4 ,the names of the ,editors whom they have been fortunate enough to secure constitute an indisputable guarantee as to the character of the ,series4 ,the greatest care has been taken to ensure accuracy of text2 adequate notes1 elucidating historical1 literary1 and philological points1 have been supplied2 and1 to the older ,authors1 glossaries are appended4 ,the series is especially adapted to ,students of our national ,literature2 while the small price places good editions of certain books1 hitherto popularly inaccessible1 within the reach of all4 ,the ,saturday ,review says3 8,the ,globe ,editions of our ,english ,poets are admirable for their scholarly editing1 their typographical excellence1 their compendious form1 and their cheapness40 99,shakespeare499--,,the ,,complete ,,works ,,of ,,william ,,shakespeare4 ,edited by ,w4 ,g4 ,,clark and ,w4 ,,aldis ,,wright4 8,a marvel of beauty1 cheapness1 and compactness4 ,the whole works--plays1 poems1 and sonnets--are contained in one small volume3 yet the page is perfectly clear and readable4444 ,for the busy man1 above all for the working student1 the ,globe ,edition is the best of all existing ,shakespeare books40--,,athen,,um4 99,morte ,d',arthur499--,,sir ,,thomas ,,malory',s ,,book ,,of ,,king ,,arthur ,,and ,,of ,,his ,,noble ,,knights ,,of ,,the ,,round ,,table4 ,the ,edition of ,,caxton1 revised for ,modern ,use4 ,with an ,introduction by ,,sir ,,edward ,,strachey1 ,bart4 8,it is with the most perfect confidence that we recommend this edition of the old romance to every class of readers40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 99,scott499--,,the ,,poetical ,,works ,,of ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott4 ,with ,biographical ,essay by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4 ,new ,edition4 8,as a popular edition it leaves nothing to be desired4 ,the want of such an one has long been felt1 combining real excellence with cheapness40--,,spectator4 99,burns499--,,the ,,poetical ,,works ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,robert ,,burns4 ,edited1 with ,life1 by ,,alexander ,,smith4 ,new ,edition4 8,the works of the bard have never been offered in such a complete form in a single volume40--,,glasgow ,,daily ,,herald4 8,admirable in all respects40--,,spectator4 99,robinson ,crusoe499--,,the ,,adventures ,,of ,,robinson ,,crusoe4 ,by ,,defoe4 ,edited1 from the ,original ,edition1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,,clark1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,with ,introduction by ,,henry ,,kingsley4 8,the ,globe ,edition of ,robinson ,crusoe is a book to have and to keep4 ,it is printed after the original editions1 with the quaint old spelling1 and is published in admirable style as regards type1 paper1 and binding4 ,a well-written and genial biographical introduction1 by ,mr4 ,henry ,kingsley1 is likewise an attractive feature of this edition40--,,morning ,,star4 ,goldsmith4--,,goldsmith',s ,,miscellaneous ,,works4 ,with ,biographical ,essay by ,professor ,,masson4 ,this edition includes the whole of ,goldsmith's ,miscellaneous ,works--the ,vicar of ,wakefield1 ,plays1 ,poems1 c4 ,of the memoir the ,,scotsman newspaper writes3 8,such an admirable compendium of the facts of ,goldsmith's life1 and so careful and minute a delineation of the mixed traits of his peculiar character1 as to be a very model of a literary biography40 99,pope499--,,the ,,poetical ,,works ,,of ,,alexander ,,pope4 ,edited1 with ,memoir and ,notes1 by ,professor ,,ward4 8,the book is handsome and handy4444 ,the notes are many1 and the matter of them is rich in interest40--,,athen,,um4 99,spenser499--,,the ,,complete ,,works ,,of ,,edmund ,,spenser4 ,edited from the ,original ,editions and ,manuscripts1 by ,r4 ,,morris1 ,member of the ,council of the ,philological ,society4 ,with a ,memoir by ,j4 ,w4 ,,hales1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,member of the ,council of the ,philological ,society4 8,a complete and clearly printed edition of the whole works of ,spenser1 carefully collated with the originals1 with copious glossary1 worthy--and higher praise it needs not--of the beautiful ,globe ,series4 ,the work is edited with all the care so noble a poet deserves40--,,daily ,,news4 99,dryden499--,,the ,,poetical ,,works ,,of ,,john ,,dryden4 ,edited1 with a ,revised ,text1 ,memoir1 and ,notes1 by ,w4 ,d4 ,,christie4 8,the work of the ,editor has been done with much fulness1 care1 and knowledge2 a well-written and exhaustive memoir is prefixed1 and the notes and text together have been so well treated as to make the volume a fitting companion for those which have preceded it--which is saying not a little40--,,daily ,,telegraph4 99,cowper499--,,the ,,poetical ,,works ,,of ,,william ,,cowper4 ,edited1 with ,biographical ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,w4 ,,benham4 8,mr4 ,benham's edition of ,cowper is one of permanent value4 ,the biographical introduction is excellent1 full of information1 singularly neat and readable1 and modest--too modest1 indeed--in its comments4 ,the notes seem concise and accurate1 and the editor has been able to discover and introduce some hitherto unprinted matter40--,,saturday ,,review4 99,virgil499--,,the ,,works ,,of ,,virgil ,,rendered ,,into ,,english ,,prose1 with ,introductions1 ,running ,analysis1 and an ,index1 by ,,james ,,lonsdale1 ,m4,a41 and ,,samuel ,,lee1 ,m4,a4 ,globe #hvo4 ,the preface of this new volume informs us that 8the original has been faithfully rendered1 and paraphrase altogether avoided4 ,at the same time1 the translators have endeavoured to adapt the book to the use of the ,english reader4 ,some amount of rhythm in the structure of the sentence has been generally maintained2 and1 when in the ,latin the sound of the words is an echo to the sense 7as so frequently happens in ,virgil71 an attempt has been made to produce the same result in ,english40 ,the general introduction gives us whatever is known of the poet's life1 an estimate of his genius1 an account of the principal editions and translations of his works1 and a brief view of the influence he has had on modern poets2 special introductory essays are prefixed to the ,eclogues1 ,georgics1 and neid4 ,the text is divided into sections1 each of which is headed by a concise analysis of the subject2 the index contains references to all the characters and events of any importance4 999999 ,other ,standard ,works are in the ,press4 999999 ,the ,volumes of this ,series may be had in a variety of morocco and calf bindings at very moderate prices4 ,,macmillan',s ,,golden ,,treasury ,,series4 ,uniformly printed in #ahmo41 with ,vignette ,titles by ,,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,t4 ,,woolner1 ,w4 ,,holman ,,hunt1 ,j4 ,e4 ,,millais1 ,,arthur ,,hughes1 c4 ,engraved on ,steel by ,,jeens4 ,bound in extra cloth1 #ds4 #f;d4 each volume4 ,also kept in morocco and calf bindings4 8,messrs4 ,macmillan have1 in their ,golden ,treasury ,series especially1 provided editions of standard works1 volumes of selected poetry1 and original compositions1 which entitle this series to be called classical4 ,nothing can be better than the literary execution1 nothing more elegant than the material workmanship40--,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,,the ,,golden ,,treasury ,,of ,,the ,,best ,,songs ,,and ,,lyrical ,,poems ,,in ,,the ,,english ,,language4 ,selected and arranged1 with ,notes1 by ,,francis ,,turner ,,palgrave4 8,this delightful little volume1 the ,golden ,treasury1 which contains many of the best original lyrical pieces and songs in our language1 grouped with care and skill1 so as to illustrate each other like the pictures in a well-arranged gallery40--,,quarterly ,,review4 ,,the ,,children',s ,,garland ,,from ,,the ,,best ,,poets ,selected and arranged by ,,coventry ,,patmore4 8,it includes specimens of all the great masters in the art of poetry1 selected with the matured judgment of a man concentrated on obtaining insight into the feelings and tastes of childhood1 and desirous to awaken its finest impulses1 to cultivate its keenest sensibilities40--,,morning ,,post4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,praise4 ,from the ,best ,english ,hymn ,writers4 ,selected and arranged by ,,sir ,,roundell ,,palmer4 ,a ,new and ,enlarged ,edition4 8,all previous compilations of this kind must undeniably for the present give place to the ,book of ,praise4444 ,the selection has been made throughout with sound judgment and critical taste4 ,the pains involved in this compilation must have been immense1 embracing1 as it does1 every writer of note in this special province of ,english literature1 and ranging over the most widely divergent tracks of religious thought40--,,saturday ,,review4 ,,the ,,fairy ,,book2 the ,best ,popular ,fairy ,stories4 ,selected and rendered anew by the ,author of 8,,john ,,halifax1 ,,gentleman40 8,a delightful selection1 in a delightful external form2 full of the physical splendour and vast opulence of proper fairy tales40--,,spectator4 ,,the ,,ballad ,,book4 ,a ,selection of the ,choicest ,british ,ballads4 ,edited by ,,william ,,allingham4 8,his taste as a judge of old poetry will be found1 by all acquainted with the various readings of old ,english ballads1 true enough to justify his undertaking so critical a task40--,,saturday ,,review4 ,,the ,,jest ,,book4 ,the ,choicest ,anecdotes and ,sayings4 ,selected and arranged by ,,mark ,,lemon4 8,the fullest and best jest book that has yet appeared40--,,saturday ,,review4 ,,bacon',s ,,essays ,,and ,,colours ,,of ,,good ,,and ,,evil4 ,with ,notes and ,glossarial ,index4 ,by ,w4 ,,aldis ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 8,the beautiful little edition of ,bacon's ,essays1 now before us1 does credit to the taste and scholarship of ,mr4 ,aldis ,wright4444 ,it puts the reader in possession of all the essential literary facts and chronology necessary for reading the ,essays in connexion with ,bacon's life and times40--,,spectator4 8,by far the most complete as well as the most elegant edition we possess40--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,the ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress from this ,world to that which is to come4 ,by ,,john ,,bunyan4 8,a beautiful and scholarly reprint40--,,spectator4 ,,the ,,sunday ,,book ,,of ,,poetry ,,for ,,the ,,young4 ,selected and arranged by ,c4 ,f4 ,,alexander4 8,a well-selected volume of ,sacred ,poetry40--,,spectator4 ,a ,,book ,,of ,,golden ,,deeds of all ,times and all ,countries4 ,gathered and narrated anew4 ,by the ,author of 8,,the ,,heir ,,of ,,redclyffe40 8444 ,to the young1 for whom it is especially intended1 as a most interesting collection of thrilling tales well told2 and to their elders1 as a useful handbook of reference1 and a pleasant one to take up when their wish is to while away a weary half-hour4 ,we have seen no prettier gift-book for a long time40--,,athen,,um4 ,,the ,,poetical ,,works ,,of ,,robert ,,burns4 ,edited1 with ,biographical ,memoir1 ,notes and ,glossary1 by ,,alexander ,,smith4 ,two ,vols4 8,beyond all question this is the most beautiful edition of ,burns yet out40--,,edinburgh ,,daily ,,review4 ,,the ,,adventures ,,of ,,robinson ,,crusoe4 ,edited from the ,original ,edition by ,j4 ,w4 ,,clark1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 8,mutilated and modified editions of this ,english classic are so much the rule1 that a cheap and pretty copy of it1 rigidly exact to the original1 will be a prize to many book-buyers40--,,examiner4 ,,the ,,republic ,,of ,,plato4 ,,translated into ,,english1 with ,notes by ,j4 ,,ll4 ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 and ,d4 ,j4 ,,vaughan1 ,m4,a4 8,a dainty and cheap little edition40--,,examiner4 ,,the ,,song ,,book4 ,words and ,tunes from the best ,poets and ,musicians4 ,selected and arranged by ,,john ,,hullah1 ,professor of ,vocal ,music in ,king's ,college1 ,london4 8,a choice collection of the sterling songs of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 with the music of each prefixed to the words4 ,how much true wholesome pleasure such a book can diffuse1 and will diffuse1 we trust1 through many thousand families40--,,examiner4 ,,la ,,lyre ,,francaise4 ,selected and arranged1 with ,notes1 by ,,gustave ,,masson1 ,french ,master in ,harrow ,school4 ,a selection of the best ,french songs and lyrical pieces4 ,,tom ,,brown',s ,,school ,,days4 ,by an ,,old ,,boy4 8,a perfect gem of a book4 ,the best and most healthy book about boys for boys that ever was written40--,,illustrated ,,times4 ,a ,,book ,,of ,,worthies4 ,gathered from the ,old ,histories and written anew by the ,author of 8,,the ,,heir ,,of ,,redclyffe40 ,with ,vignette4 8,an admirable addition to an admirable series40--,,westminster ,,review4 ,a ,,book ,,of ,,golden ,,thoughts4 ,by ,,henry ,,attwell1 ,knight of the ,order of the ,oak ,crown4 8,mr4 ,attwell has produced a book of rare value4444 ,happily it is small enough to be carried about in the pocket1 and of such a companion it would be difficult to weary40--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,and ,,taylor1 ,,printers1 ,,bread ,,street ,,hill4