,illustration3 ,,stratford ,,on ,,avon ,from photograph4 ,copyright1 #ahih1 ,published by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson1 ,boston4 ,engraved by ,robert ,varley4 ,,the ,,cyr ,,readers ,,arranged ,,by ,,grades ,,by ,,ellen ,m4 ,,cyr ,,book ,,eight ,,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,ginn ,,company1 ,,publishers ,the ,athenum ,press #aija ,,copyright1 #ahii1 #aija ,,by ,,ginn ,,company ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,to ,,my ,,little ,,son ,ruel ,stevenson ,smith ,,preface4 ,the appreciative reading of a piece of good literature is an experience far reaching in its influence4 ,there is a delight in following a great author as he reveals the treasure of his thought or presents to the imagination the beauty which he beholds and interprets4 ,the study of literature assists one to enjoy these experiences and profit by them4 ,among the countless books which have been written are a few which have been chosen by all mankind4 ,they stand the test of time and change2 for they are the outcome of those giant souls1 who were not limited by time nor space and who seemed to gaze with far-seeing eyes into eternity4 ,a large proportion of the pupils in our grammar schools would never read these classics1 if their interest in them were not awakened in the schoolroom4 ,many of these books are represented in this series1 for this has been the end constantly in view4 ,the names of the world's greatest writers and their faces have become familiar to the child1 so that he is now able to take down from the shelves the writings of many great men1 and giving his imagination to the author's leading1 be transported into any region or age1 and experience joys and sorrows outside of his own life4 ,i acknowledge my indebtedness to ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale and ,little1 ,brown ,co41 for extract from 8,the ,man without a ,country02 also to ,messrs4 ,elliot ,frye1 ,london1 for use of a copyright photograph of ,carlyle4 ,,ellen ,m4 ,,cyr4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,a ,,mysterious ,,visitor4 ,thomas ,carlyle #b ,a ,,scene ,,from ,,william ,,tell4 ,sheridan ,knowles #h ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,survivors ,,of ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill4 ,daniel ,webster #ag ,,the ,,american ,,union4 ,daniel ,webster #ba ,,recessional4 ,rudyard ,kipling #bc ,,william ,,hickling ,,prescott4 #bf ,,storming ,,the ,,fortress4 ,william ,hickling ,prescott #ca ,a ,,country ,,sunday4 ,joseph ,addison #ch ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,glory #dc ,,the ,,man ,,without ,a ,,country4 ,edward ,everett ,hale #dd ,,love ,,of ,,country4 ,sir ,walter ,scott #ee ,,the ,,heroine ,,of ,,nancy #ee ,,humanity4 ,william ,cowper #fb ,,an ,,iceberg4 ,richard ,henry ,dana1 ,jr4 #fc ,,john ,,milton #ff ,,death ,,of ,,samson4 ,john ,milton #ga ,,song ,,on ,a ,,may ,,morning4 ,john ,milton #gc ,,on ,,his ,,blindness4 ,john ,milton #gd ,a ,,cheerful ,,spirit4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock #ge ,,the ,,relief ,,of ,,lucknow #gf ,,the ,,bivouac ,,of ,,the ,,dead4 ,theodore ,o',hara #gi ,,elegy ,,written ,,in ,a ,,country ,,church-,,yard4 ,thomas ,gray #hb ,,belshazzar',s ,,feast #hi ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,quebec4 ,francis ,parkman #id ,,the ,,starling4 ,laurence ,sterne #ajj ,,the ,,belfry ,,pigeon4 ,nathaniel ,parker ,willis #aje ,,lady ,,una ,,and ,,the ,,lion4 ,edmund ,spenser #ajg ,,purity ,,of ,,character #aab ,,delights ,,of ,,reading4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock #aac ,,break1 ,,break1 ,,break4 ,alfred ,tennyson #aaf ,,william ,,shakespeare #aag ,,the ,,three ,,caskets4 ,william ,shakespeare #abc ,,quotations ,,from ,,shakespeare #acb ,,shakespeare',s ,,poetry4 ,francis ,jeffrey #acc ,,home4 ,henry ,w4 ,grady #ace ,a ,,palace ,,in ,a ,,valley4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson #aci ,,true ,,heroism #adf ,,the ,,pen4 ,edward ,bulwer ,lytton #adg ,,character ,,of ,,washington4 ,george ,bancroft #adh ,,national ,,hymn4 ,samuel ,francis ,smith #aee ,,the ,,lark ,,in ,,the ,,gold-,,fields4 ,charles ,reade #aeg ,,sweet ,,home4 ,john ,howard ,payne #afe ,,antony',s ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,romans4 ,shakespeare #afe ,,the ,,two ,,roads4 ,jean ,paul ,richter #agj ,,napoleon',s ,,greatness4 ,william ,ellery ,channing #agc ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,trafalgar4 ,robert ,southey #agg ,,the ,,chambered ,,nautilus4 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes #aie ,a ,,picnic ,,by ,,the ,,baltic #aig ,,nature4 ,emerson #bje ,,henry ,,esmond4 ,william ,m4 ,thackeray #bab ,a ,,good ,,daughter4 ,john ,gorham ,palfrey #bbb ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,the ,,air4 ,john ,ruskin #bbe ,,thanatopsis4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant #bbh ,,joan ,,of ,,arc4 ,thomas ,de ,quincey #bca 99 99 99 99 99 ,,guide ,,to ,,pronunciation #bda ,,word ,,list #bdb ,,the ,,cyr ,,readers ,,book ,,eight ,a ,,mysterious ,,visitor4 ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,,thomas ,,carlyle was born in a little village in ,scotland1 in the year #agie4 ,his father1 ,james ,carlyle1 was a poor mason1 so poor that at times there was scarcely enough food in the house for his family2 but the father resolved that the boy should have an education1 and saved1 little by little1 the money to pay for it4 ,when ,thomas was ten years old1 he and his father walked to the town of ,annan1 where ,thomas was to enter the academy4 ,the father little dreamed1 as they trudged along together1 that one day his son would be famous as one of the world's greatest writers1 so great that even the ,queen of ,england would wish to talk with him4 ,illustration ,he studied at the academy of ,annan for three years4 ,his father1 dressed in his coarse workman's clothes1 once visited him there4 ,thomas was afraid that the other boys would laugh at him1 but the sturdy ,scotchman was so dignified that he won their respect4 ,when ,thomas reached the age of thirteen his parents decided to send him to the great ,university at ,edinburgh4 ,they walked through the village streets with him and watched him start on the highway4 ,it was a journey of a hundred miles1 and he traveled all the way on foot4 ,these experiences made the boy brave and resolute4 ,he was not afraid of the world4 ,a few years after leaving the ,university he began to earn his living by writing4 ,for many years his income was small1 as he would only write what he thought would make the world better4 ,he used to say that he would write his books as his father built his houses1 so that they would last4 ,he scolded the world for its faults1 but he was very kind-hearted4 ,his 8,history of the ,french ,revolution0 is a wonderful work4 ,when the first volume of this history was written1 ,carlyle loaned it to a friend1 and the manuscript was accidentally destroyed4 ,carlyle did not utter a word of reproach1 although the loss meant months of study and thought1 but set manfully to work and wrote it once more4 ,he was fond of ,german literature1 and translated the 8,wilhelm ,meister0 by ,goethe4 ,he wrote many other books1 and became so famous that when ,gladstone retired from office as ,lord ,rector of ,edinburgh1 ,carlyle was made his successor4 ,it was a great triumph for the mason's son2 but in the midst of his new honors his wife died1 and there was no one to share his happiness4 ,not long after this1 ,queen ,victoria sent for ,carlyle and granted him a personal interview4 ,on his eightieth birthday he was honored by gifts from ,scotland1 ,england1 and ,germany4 ,he died in #ahha4 ,,in the village of ,entepfuhl dwelt ,andreas ,futteral and his wife--childless1 in still seclusion1 and cheerful1 though now verging toward old age4 ,andreas had been grenadier sergeant and even regimental schoolmaster under ,frederick the ,great2 but now1 quitting the halbert and ferule for the spade and pruning hook1 cultivated a little orchard1 on the produce of which he lived not without dignity4 ,fruits1 the peach1 the apple1 the grape1 with other varieties came in their season1 all of which ,andreas knew how to sell4 ,on evenings he smoked or read 7as beseemed a regimental schoolmaster71 and talked to the neighbors about the victory of ,rossbach2 and how 8,fritz the ,only0 had once with his own royal lips spoken to him1 and had been pleased to say1 when ,andreas as camp sentinel demanded the password1 8,peace1 hound60 before any of his staff adjutants could answer4 8,there is what ,i call a king60 would ,andreas exclaim2 8but the smoke of ,kunersdorf was still smarting his eyes40 ,gretchen1 the housewife1 had been won by the deeds rather than the looks of her husband1 nevertheless she at heart loved him both for his valor and wisdom4 ,was not ,andreas in very deed a man of order1 courage1 downrightness1 that understood ,bsching's ,geography1 had been in the victory of ,rossbach1 and left for dead on the battlefield8 ,the good ,gretchen1 for all her fretting1 watched over him and hovered round him as only a true house-mother can2 she cooked and sewed and scoured for him2 so that not only his old regimental sword and grenadier cap1 but the whole habitation1 where on pegs of honor they hung1 looked ever trim and gay2 a roomy cottage1 embowered in fruit trees and forest trees1 evergreens and honeysuckles1 rising many-colored from amid shaven grass plots1 flowers struggling in through the very windows2 under its long projecting eaves nothing but garden tools and seats where1 especially on summer nights1 a king might have wished to sit and smoke and call it his4 ,into this home1 one meek1 yellow evening1 it was that a stranger of reverend aspect entered1 and1 with grave salutation1 stood before the two rather astonished housemates4 ,he was closely muffled in a wide mantle1 which without farther parley unfolding1 he deposited therefrom what seemed some basket1 over-hung with green ,persian silk1 saying only3 8,good ,christian people1 here lies for you an invaluable loan2 take all heed thereof1 in all carefulness employ it2 with high recompense1 or else with heavy penalty will it one day be required back40 ,uttering which singular words in a clear1 bell-like1 forever memorable tone1 the stranger gracefully withdrew2 and before ,andreas and his wife1 gazing in expectant wonder1 had time to fashion either question or answer1 was gone4 ,neither out of doors could aught of him be seen or heard2 he had vanished in the thickets1 in the dusk2 the orchard gate stood quietly closed2 the stranger was gone once and always4 ,so sudden had the whole transaction been in the autumn stillness and twilight1 so gentle and noiseless1 that the ,futterals could have fancied it all a trick of imagination1 or a visit from some spirit2 only that green silk basket1 such as neither imagination nor spirits are wont to carry1 still stood visible and tangible on their little parlor table4 ,toward this the astonished couple1 now with lit candle1 hastily turned their attention4 ,lifting the green veil to see what invaluable it hid1 they descried there1 amid down and rich white wrappings1 no ,pitt diamond or ,hapsburg regalia1 but in the softest sleep a little red-colored infant6 ,beside it lay a roll of gold1 the exact amount of which was never publicly known2 also a baptismal certificate1 wherein1 unfortunately1 nothing but the name was decipherable4 ,to wonder and conjecture were unavailing then and thenceforth4 ,nowhere in ,entepfuhl did tidings transpire of any such figure as the stranger4 ,meanwhile1 for ,andreas and his wife1 the grand practical problem was what to do with this little sleeping infant6 ,amid amazements and curiosities which had to die away without satisfying1 they resolved1 as in such circumstances charitable1 prudent people needs must1 on nursing it1 if possible1 into manhood4 ,young ,diogenes1 or rather young ,gneschen1 for by such diminutive had they in their fondness named him1 traveled forward by quick but easy stages4 ,i have heard him noted as a still infant1 that kept his mind much to himself2 above all1 that he seldom cried4 ,he already felt that time was precious2 that he had other work cut out for him than whimpering4 ,most graceful is the following little picture3 8,on fine evenings ,i was wont to carry forth my supper1 bread crumbs boiled in milk1 and eat it out of doors4 ,on the coping of the orchard wall1 which ,i could reach by climbing1 or still more easily if ,father ,andreas would set up the pruning ladder1 my porringer was placed2 there many a sunset have ,i1 looking at the western mountains1 consumed my evening meal4 8,those hues of gold and azure1 that hush of the world's expectation as day died1 were still a ,hebrew speech for me2 nevertheless ,i was looking at the fair1 illuminated letters1 and had an eye for their gilding40 ,with the little one's friendship for cattle and poultry we shall not much intermeddle4 ,it may be that hereby he acquired a certain deeper sympathy with animated nature4 ,he says again3 8,impressive enough was it to hear in early morning the swineherd's horn1 and know that so many hungry quadrupeds were1 on all sides1 starting in hot haste to join him for breakfast on the heath4 ,or to see them at eventide1 all marching in again with short squeak1 almost in military order2 and each trotting off in succession to the right or left1 through its own lane1 to its own dwelling40 ,thus encircled by mystery1 waited on by the four seasons1 with their changing contributions1 for even grim winter brought its skating matches1 its snowstorms and ,christmas carols1 did the child sit and learn4 ,these things were the alphabet whereby in after time he was to syllable and partly read the grand volume of the world2 what matters it whether such alphabet be in large gilt letters or in small ungilt ones1 so you have an eye to read it8 ,for ,gneschen1 eager to learn1 the very act of looking thereon was a blessedness that gilded all2 his existence was a bright1 soft element of joy1 out of which wonder after wonder bodied itself forth to teach by charming4 ,from 8,sartor ,resartus40 ,a ,,scene ,,from ,,william ,,tell4 ,,sheridan ,,knowles4 ,,scene ,i4 ,,william ,,tell1 ,,albert ,,his ,,son1 ,,and ,,gesler4 ,gesler4 ,what is thy name8 ,tell4 ,my name8 ,it matters not to keep it from thee now3-- ,my name is ,tell4 ,ges4 ,tell6--,william ,tell8 ,tell4 ,the same4 ,ges4 ,what6 he so famed 'bove all his countrymen ,for guiding o'er the stormy lake the boat8 ,and such a master of his bow1 'tis said ,his arrows never miss6--,indeed--,i'll take ,exquisite vengeance6--,mark6 ,i'll spare thy life-- ,thy boy's too6--both of you are free--on one ,condition4 ,tell4 ,name it4 ,ges4 ,i would see you make ,a trial of your skill with that same bow ,you shoot so well with4 ,tell4 ,name the trial you ,would have me make4 ,ges4 ,you look upon your boy ,as though instinctively you guessed it4 ,tell4 ,look upon my boy6 ,what mean you8 ,look upon ,my boy as though ,i guessed it6--,guessed the trial ,you'd have me make6--,guessed it ,instinctively6 you do not mean--no--no-- ,you would not have me make a trial of ,my skill upon my child6--,impossible6 ,i do not guess your meaning4 ,ges4 ,i would see ,thee hit an apple at the distance of ,a hundred paces4 ,tell4 ,is my boy to hold it8 ,ges4 ,no4 ,tell4 ,no6--,i'll send the arrow through the core6 ,ges4 ,it is to rest upon his head4 ,tell4 ,great ,heaven1 you hear him6 ,ges4 ,thou dost hear the choice ,i give-- ,such trial of the skill thou art master of1 ,or death to both of you2 not otherwise ,to be escaped4 ,tell4 ,o monster6 ,ges4 ,wilt thou do it8 ,albert4 ,he will6 he will6 ,tell4 ,ferocious monster6--,make ,a father murder his own child4 ,ges4 ,take off ,his chains1 if he consent4 ,tell4 ,with his own hand6 ,ges4 ,does he consent8 ,alb4 ,he does4 ,gesler signs to his officers1 who proceed to take off ,tell's chains4 ,tell all the time unconscious what they do4 ,tell4 ,with his own hand6 ,murder his child with his own hand--,this hand6 ,the hand ,i've led him1 when an infant1 by6 ',tis beyond horror--'tis most horrible4 ,amazement6 ,his chains fall off4 ,what's that you've done to me4 ,villains6 put on my chains again4 ,my hands ,are free from blood1 and have no gust for it1 ,that they should drink my child's6 ,here6 here6 ,i'll not ,murder my boy for ,gesler4 ,alb4 ,father--father6 ,you will not hit me1 father6-- ,tell4 ,hit thee6--,send ,the arrow through thy brain--or1 missing that1 ,shoot out an eye--or1 if thine eye escape1 ,mangle the cheek ,i've seen thy mother's lips ,cover with kisses6--,hit thee--hit a hair ,of thee1 and cleave thy mother's heart-- ,ges4 ,dost thou consent8 ,tell4 ,give me my bow and quiver4 ,ges4 ,for what8 ,tell4 ,to shoot my boy6 ,alb4 ,no1 father--no6 ,to save me6--,you'll be sure to hit the apple-- ,will you not save me1 father8 ,tell4 ,lead me forth-- ,i'll make the trial6 ,alb4 ,thank you6 ,tell4 ,thank me6 ,do ,you know for what8--,i will not make the trial1 ,to take him to his mother in my arms1 ,and lay him down a corpse before her6 ,ges4 ,then he dies this moment--and you certainly ,do murder him whose life you have a chance ,to save1 and will not use it4 ,tell4 ,well--,i'll do it3 ,i'll make the trial4 ,alb4 ,father-- ,tell4 ,speak not to me3 ,let me not hear thy voice--,thou must be dumb2 ,and so should all things be--,earth should be dumb ,and ,heaven--unless its thunders muttered at ,the deed1 and sent a bolt to stop it6 ,give me ,my bow and quiver6-- ,ges4 ,when all's ready4 ,tell4 ,well6 lead on6 ,,scene ,,ii4 ,,persons4--,enter1 slowly1 ,people in evident distress--,officers1 ,sarnem1 ,gesler1 ,tell1 ,albert1 and soldiers--one bearing ,tell's bow and quiver1 another with a basket of apples4 ,ges4 ,that is your ground4 ,now shall they measure thence ,a hundred paces4 ,take the distance4 ,tell4 ,is the line a true one8 ,ges4 ,true or not1 what is't to thee8 ,tell4 ,what is't to me8 ,a little thing1 ,a very little thing--a yard or two ,is nothing here or there--were it a wolf ,i shot at6 ,never mind4 ,ges4 ,be thankful1 slave1 ,our grace accords thee life on any terms4 ,tell4 ,i will be thankful1 ,gesler6--,villain1 stop6 ,you measure to the sun6 ,ges4 ,and what of that8 ,what matter whether to or from the sun8 ,tell4 ,i'd have it at my back--the sun should shine ,upon the mark1 and not on him that shoots4 ,i cannot see to shoot against the sun-- ,i will not shoot against the sun6 ,ges4 ,give him his way6 ,thou hast cause to bless my mercy4 ,tell4 ,i shall remember it4 ,i'd like to see ,the apple ,i'm to shoot at4 ,ges4 ,stay6 show me the basket6--there-- ,tell4 ,you've picked the smallest one4 ,ges4 ,i know ,i have4 ,tell4 ,o6 do you8--,but you see ,the color on't is dark--,i'd have it light1 ,to see it better4 ,ges4 ,take it as it is3 ,thy skill will be the greater if thou hit'st it4 ,tell4 ,true--true6 ,i did not think of that--,i wonder ,i did not think of that--,give me some chance ,to save my boy6 ,throws away the apple with all his force4 ,i will not murder him1 ,if ,i can help it--for the honor of ,the form thou wearest1 if all the heart is gone4 ,ges4 ,well1 choose thyself4 ,tell4 ,have ,i a friend among the lookers on8 ,verner4 ,rushing forward4 ,here1 ,tell6 ,tell4 ,i thank thee1 ,verner6 ,he is a friend runs out into a storm ,to shake a hand with us4 ,i must be brief3 ,when once the bow is bent1 we cannot take ,the shot too soon4 ,verner1 whatever be ,the issue of this hour1 the common cause ,must not stand still4 ,let not to-morrow's sun ,set on the tyrant's banner6 ,verner6 ,verner6 ,the boy6--the boy6 ,thinkest thou he hath the courage ,to stand it4 ,ver4 ,yes4 ,tell4 ,how looks he8 ,ver4 ,clear and smilingly3 ,if you doubt it--look yourself4 ,tell4 ,no--no--my friend3 ,to hear it is enough4 ,ver4 ,he bears himself so much above his years-- ,tell4 ,i know6--,i know4 ,ver4 ,with constancy so modest6-- ,tell4 ,i was sure he would-- ,ver4 ,and looks with such relying love ,and reverence upon you-- ,tell4 ,man6 ,man6 ,man6 ,no more6 ,already ,i'm too much the father ,to act the man6--,verner1 no more1 my friend6 ,i would be flint--flint--flint4 ,don't make me feel ,i'm not--,do not mind me6--,take the boy ,and set him1 ,verner1 with his back to me4 ,set him upon his knees--and place this apple ,upon his head1 so that the stem may front me1-- ,thus1 ,verner2 charge him to keep steady--tell him ,i'll hit the apple6 ,verner1 do all this ,more briefly than ,i tell it thee4 ,ver4 ,come1 ,albert6 ,leading him out4 ,alb4 ,may ,i not speak with him before ,i go8 ,ver4 ,no4 ,alb4 ,i would only kiss his hand4 ,ver4 ,you must not4 ,alb4 ,i must6--,i cannot go from him without4 ,ver4 ,it is his will you should4 ,alb4 ,his will1 is it8 ,i am content1 then--come4 ,tell4 ,my boy6 ,holding out his arms to him4 ,alb4 ,my father6 ,rushing into ,tell's arms4 ,tell4 ,if thou canst bear it1 should not ,i8--,go1 now1 ,my son--and keep in mind that ,i can shoot-- ,go1 boy--be thou but steady1 ,i will hit ,the apple--,go6--,god bless thee--go4--,my bow6-- ,the bow is handed to him4 ,thou wilt not fail thy master1 wilt thou8--,thou ,hast never failed him yet1 old servant--,no1 ,i'm sure of thee--,i know thy honesty4 ,thou art stanch--stanch4--,let me see my quiver4 ,ges4 ,give him a single arrow4 ,tell4 ,do you shoot8 ,sol4 ,i do4 ,tell4 ,is it so you pick an arrow1 friend8 ,the point1 you see1 is bent2 the feather jagged3 ,breaks it4 ,that's all the use 'tis fit for4 ,ges4 ,let him have another4 ,tell4 ,why1 'tis better than the first1 ,but yet not good enough for such an aim ,as ,i'm to take--'tis heavy in the shaft3 ,i'll not shoot with it6 ,throws it away4 ,let me see my quiver4 ,bring it6--',tis not one arrow in a dozen ,i'd take to shoot with at a dove1 much less ,a dove like that4-- ,ges4 ,it matters not4 ,show him the quiver4 ,tell4 ,see if the boy is ready4 ,tell here hides an arrow under his vest4 ,ver4 ,he is4 ,tell4 ,i'm ready1 too6 ,keep silent for ,heaven's sake and do not stir--and let me have ,your prayers--your prayers--and be my witnesses ,that if his life's in peril from my hand1 ',tis only for the chance of saving it4 ,to the people4 ,ges4 ,go on4 ,tell4 ,i will4 ,o friends1 for mercy sake1 keep motionless ,and silent4 ,tell shoots--a shout of exultation bursts from the crowd--,tell's head drops on his bosom2 he with difficulty supports himself upon his bow4 ,ver4 ,rushing in with ,albert4 ,the boy is safe1--no hair of him is touched4 ,alb4 ,father1 ,i'm safe6--your ,albert's safe1 dear father1-- ,speak to me6 ,speak to me6 ,ver4 ,he cannot1 boy6 ,alb4 ,you grant him life8 ,ges4 ,i do4 ,alb4 ,and we are free8 ,ges4 ,you are4 ,crossing angrily behind4 ,alb4 ,thank ,heaven6--thank ,heaven6 ,ver4 ,open his vest1 ,and give him air4 ,albert opens his father's vest1 and the arrow drops4 ,tell starts1 fixes his eye upon ,albert1 and clasps him to his breast4 ,tell4 ,my boy6--,my boy6 ,ges4 ,for what ,hid you that arrow in your breast8--,speak1 slave6 ,tell4 ,to kill thee1 tyrant1 had ,i slain my boy6 ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,survivors ,,of ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill4 ,,daniel ,,webster4 ,,daniel ,,webster1 one of the greatest of ,american statesmen1 was born at ,salisbury1 ,n4 ,h41 in #aghb4 ,his father1 ,ebenezer ,webster1 was a farmer and ,justice of the ,county ,court4 ,he had been an officer in the ,revolutionary war4 ,illustration ,daniel received his early instruction from his mother1 a woman of rare intellectual powers1 and from the country school which he attended during the winters4 ,although he became a distinguished orator1 he failed utterly in public speaking at school4 ,he afterwards said3 8,there was one thing ,i could not do2 ,i could not make a declamation4 ,i could not speak before the school40 ,daniel showed so great ability as a student that the family decided he must attend college1 although this step called for additional hardship and sacrifice on the part of those at home4 ,he studied under the direction of a clergyman in a neighboring town1 spent one year at ,phillips ,exeter ,academy1 and entered ,dartmouth ,college when he was fifteen years old4 ,during his vacations he taught school to pay his expenses4 ,he also assisted his brother ,ezekiel in obtaining his education4 ,he finished his course at college with credit1 and then studied law in ,boston4 ,he began his practice in ,boscawen1 a country town near his home2 but after the death of his father he removed to ,portsmouth1 and was soon regarded as the leading man in his profession4 ,after a time he removed to ,boston1 where he became known as one of the ablest lawyers of his time4 ,webster was elected to ,congress from ,boston1 and took his seat in ,december1 #ahbc1 and continued to serve in that position till he was elected to the ,senate1 in which body he took his seat on the #dth of ,march1 #ahbg4 ,the awkward village lad who could not declaim in the district school now ranked among the most eloquent orators of the country4 ,on the anniversary of the landing of the ,pilgrim ,fathers1 ,webster delivered a stirring oration1 which made him famous throughout the country2 and at the laying of the corner stone of the ,bunker ,hill ,monument he delivered an address which has not been equaled in this century4 ,from that time ,daniel ,webster was sought after for every public occasion4 ,he twice held the office of ,secretary of ,state4 ,he resigned the latter office on account of failing health during the summer of #aheb1 and retired to his country seat at ,marshfield1 ,mass41 where he died in the following ,october4 ,,you have come down to us from a former generation4 ,heaven has bounteously lengthened out your lives that you might behold this joyous day4 ,you are now where you stood fifty years ago this very hour1 with your brothers and your neighbors1 shoulder to shoulder in the strife of your country4 ,behold how altered6 ,the same heavens are indeed over your heads2 the same ocean rolls at your feet2 but all else1 how changed6 ,you hear now no roar of hostile cannon2 you see no mixed volumes of smoke and flame rising from burning ,charlestown4 ,the ground strewed with the dead and the dying2 the impetuous charge2 the steady and successful repulse2 the loud call to repeated assault2 the summoning of all that is manly to repeated resistance2 a thousand bosoms freely and fearlessly bared in an instant to whatever of terror there may be in war and death1--all these you have witnessed1 but you witness them no more4 ,all is peace4 ,the heights of yonder metropolis1 its towers and roofs1 which you then saw filled with wives and children and countrymen in distress and terror1 and looking with unutterable emotions for the issue of the combat1 have presented you to-day with the sight of its whole happy population1 come out to welcome and greet you with a universal jubilee4 ,yonder proud ships1 by a felicity of position appropriately lying at the foot of this mount1 and seeming fondly to cling around it1 are not means of annoyance to you1 but your country's own means of distinction and defense4 ,all is peace2 and ,god has granted you this sight of your country's happiness ere you slumber in the grave forever4 ,he has allowed you to behold and to partake the reward of your patriotic toils1 and he has allowed us1 your sons and countrymen1 to meet you here1 and1 in the name of the present generation1 in the name of your country1 in the name of liberty1 to thank you4 ,but1 alas6 you are not all here4 ,time and the sword have thinned your ranks4 ,prescott1 ,putnam1 ,stark1 ,brooks1 ,read1 ,pomeroy1 ,bridge6 our eyes seek for you in vain amidst this broken band4 ,you are gathered to your fathers and live only to your country in her grateful remembrance and your own bright example4 ,but let us not too much grieve that you have met the common fate of men4 ,you lived at least long enough to know that your work1 had been nobly and successfully accomplished4 ,you lived to see your country's independence established and to sheathe your swords from war4 ,on the light of liberty you saw arise the light of peace1 like another morn1 ,risen on mid-noon1-- and the sky on which you closed your eyes was cloudless4 ,veterans of half a century6 when1 in your youthful days1 you put everything at hazard in your country's cause1 good as that cause was1 and sanguine as youth is1 still your fondest hopes did not stretch onward to an hour like this4 ,at a period to which you could not reasonably hope to arrive1 at a moment of national prosperity such as you could never have foreseen1 you are now met here to enjoy the fellowship of old soldiers1 and to receive the overflowings of a universal gratitude4 ,but your agitated countenances and your heaving breasts inform me that even this is not an unmixed joy4 ,i perceive that a tumult of contending feelings rushes upon you4 ,the images of the dead1 as well as the persons of the living1 throng to your embraces4 ,the scene overwhelms you1 and ,i turn from it4 ,may the ,father of all mercies smile upon your declining years and bless them6 and when you shall here have exchanged your embraces1 when you shall once more have pressed the hands which have been so often extended to give succor in adversity or grasped in the exultation of victory1 then look abroad into this lovely land1 which your young valor defended1 and mark the happiness with which it is filled2 yea1 look abroad into the whole earth1 and see what a name you have contributed to give to your country1 and what a praise you have added to freedom1 and then rejoice in the sympathy and gratitude which beam upon your last days from the improved condition of mankind4 ,,the ,,american ,,union4 ,,daniel ,,webster4 ,i ,,have not allowed myself1 sir1 to look beyond the ,union1 to see what might lie hidden in the dark recess behind4 ,nor could ,i regard him as a safe counsellor in the affairs of this government whose thoughts should be mainly bent on considering1 not how the ,union may v be best preserved1 but how tolerable might be the condition of the people when it shall be broken up and destroyed4 ,while the ,union lasts1 we have high1 exciting1 gratifying prospects spread out before us1 for us and our children4 ,beyond that ,i seek not to penetrate the veil4 ,god grant that1 in my day at least1 that curtain may not rise6 ,god grant that on my vision never may be opened what lies behind6 ,when my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven1 may they not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious ,union2 on ,states dissevered1 discordant1 belligerent2 on a land rent with civil feuds1 or drenched1 it may be1 in fraternal blood4 ,let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic1 now known and honored throughout the earth1 still full high advanced2 its arms and trophies streaming in all their original luster1 not a stripe erased or polluted1 not a single star obscured2 bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as 8,what is all this worth80 nor those other words of delusion and folly1 of 8,liberty first1 and ,union afterwards02 but everywhere1 spread all over in characters of living light1 and blazing on all its ample folds1 as they float over the sea and over the land1 and in every wind under the whole heavens1 that other sentiment dear to every true ,american heart--8,liberty ,,and ,union--now and forever--one and inseparable60 ,,recessional4 ,a ,victorian ,ode4 ,,rudyard ,,kipling4 ,,rudyard ,,kipling was born in ,bombay1 ,india1 in #ahfe4 ,his father and mother used to meet beside ,lake ,rudyard1 and gave its name to their son4 ,john ,lockwood ,kipling1 the father1 was at the head of the ,lahore ,school of ,art1 and has illustrated a recent edition of his son's works4 ,illustration ,on reaching the school age1 young ,kipling was sent to ,england to be educated1 as was the custom among the ,english residents of ,india4 ,he was educated in the ,united ,services ,college1 returning home at the age of eighteen4 ,it was his ambition to become a writer and he secured employment on the 8,civil and ,military ,gazette40 ,his work here familiarized him with the life in the garrisons1 which he afterwards turned to good account in his ballads and short stories4 ,he was twenty-one years old when he became assistant editor of the 8,lahore ,journal40 ,it was a strange newspaper office1 judging by accounts which he has given us of it4 ,there were native type-setters and a queer ,mohammedan foreman4 ,in a story which he wrote1 called 8,the ,man ,who ,would be ,king10 ,kipling tells how they worked in the stifling ,indian heat4 ,from time to time ,kipling published verses and stories in the local paper1 and when these had been gathered together and sent out into the world in the form of a book called 8,plain ,tales from the ,hills10 the name of the young author and poet became famous4 ,he then went to ,england and made his home in ,london4 ,he wrote many stories and poems of the old life in ,india1 one of the best collections of which is the 8,barrack-,room ,ballads40 ,in ,london he met ,walcott ,balestier1 of ,brattleboro1 ,vt41 and they wrote stories together until ,balestier's death4 ,not long after1 ,kipling married ,caroline ,balestier4 ,they came to this country and lived for a time in ,vermont1 where the poet surrounded himself with everything that would remind him of the life in ,india4 ,among other works of ,kipling are 8,soldiers ,three10 8,the ,phantom #8,rickshaw1 and ,other ,stories10 the two ,jungle ,books1 and 8,the ,day's ,work40 ,at the time of ,queen ,victoria's jubilee1 ,kipling wrote what was perhaps his greatest poem1 the 8,recessional10 which was published in 8,the ,london ,times40 ,,god of our fathers1 known of old-- ,lord of our far-flung battle line-- ,beneath whose awful hand we hold ,dominion over palm and pine-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,the tumult and the shouting dies-- ,the ,captains and the ,kings depart-- ,still stands ,thine ancient sacrifice1 ,an humble and a contrite heart4 ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,far-called our navies melt away-- ,on dune and headland sinks the fire-- ,lo1 all our pomp of yesterday ,is one with ,nineveh and ,tyre6 ,judge of the ,nations1 spare us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,if1 drunk with sight of power1 we loose ,wild tongues that have not ,thee in awe-- ,such boasting as the ,gentiles use1 ,or lesser breeds without the ,law-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,for heathen heart that puts her trust ,in reeking tube and iron shard-- ,all valiant dust that builds on dust1 ,and guarding calls not ,thee to guard4 ,for frantic boast and foolish word1 ,thy ,mercy on ,thy ,people1 ,lord6 ,amen4 ,,william ,,hickling ,,prescott4 ,,william ,,hickling ,,prescott was born in the quaint old town of ,salem1 ,mass41 on the #dth of ,may1 #agif4 ,his father was a successful lawyer1 and his mother was a lady of great ability who spent much time in educating and training her son4 ,william was a bright1 merry boy1 who learned with ease1 and was a great favorite among the boys4 ,the first school he attended was taught by a gentle1 old-fashioned lady1 who was called the school mother4 ,when he was seven years old he was sent to a more advanced school1 taught by 8,master ,knapp10 and remained there for five years4 ,illustration ,though strong and large of his age1 he cared more for books than he did for boyish sports4 ,he never remembered a time when he did not love to read4 ,when he was twelve years old his father removed to ,boston1 and ,william was sent to the best classical school then known in ,new ,england4 ,he had ,george ,ticknor the historian for a classmate and friend4 ,the two boys progressed so rapidly in ,latin and ,greek that they outdistanced the rest of the class and recited by themselves4 ,books and reading matter were then much more rare than now2 but not far from the ,prescott home there had been started a library1 called the ,boston ,athenum4 ,the founder1 ,mr4 ,william ,shaw1 who also acted as librarian1 was fond of bright boys and allowed a few of them to read there4 ,william1 who was one of his favorites1 spent many an hour in these rooms1 reading whatever pleased his fancy4 ,he was especially fond of romances and tales of wild adventure4 ,his most intimate friend was a son of ,dr4 ,gardiner1 his teacher1 and the boys were constantly together4 ,they used to invent stories to tell each other on their way to and from school4 ,prescott's tales were the wilder1 for he had a vivid imagination and had read many books of adventure4 ,william's grandfather1 ,colonel ,prescott1 had commanded the ,american forces at ,bunker ,hill1 and ,william often listened to the story of this battle1 and gazed with awe upon the sword which the colonel wore during the contest4 ,he and young ,gardiner amused themselves with fighting mock battles1 dressing in some pieces of old armor which they found among the curiosities of the ,athenum1 and imagining that they were ,revolutionary heroes1 ,greeks or ,romans1 or knights of the olden time4 ,prescott entered ,harvard ,college at the age of fifteen1 passing his examinations with credit4 ,he wished to hold a high rank in his class1 and as it was an effort for him to apply himself1 he made rules devoting a certain time to each study4 ,he was of a happy1 gay disposition and enjoyed the college life2 but his course was interrupted by a painful accident4 ,he was passing out of the dining hall one day when the sound of some frolic attracted his attention and he turned his head to see what it was4 ,at that moment one of the students threw a piece of bread1 which struck him on the open eye4 ,the shock of the blow was so great that he fell and was taken to his home and placed in the charge of a physician4 ,after several weeks he returned to college1 but the sight of the injured eye was entirely destroyed4 ,he was graduated with honors in spite of this affliction1 and wrote a ,latin poem for ,commencement4 ,on leaving college ,prescott entered his father's law office1 but continued reading ,latin and ,greek4 ,after several months his sound eye became affected and there was fear of his becoming totally blind4 ,he spent four months in a darkened room and bore his suffering bravely1 always greeting the family with some word of cheer1 as though they were the sufferers and it was his place to comfort them4 ,as soon as he was able to travel he was sent to visit his grandfather ,hickling1 who was ,united ,states ,consul at the ,azores4 ,the passage was long and trying1 and he was glad to reach land and receive the hearty welcome of his relatives4 ,they lived in a delightful country house1 in the midst of a beautiful garden1 and ,prescott was charmed with the tropical plants and orange groves4 ,he had been there but a fortnight when his eye again became affected1 and he was obliged to spend three months in a darkened room4 ,but he was so bright and patient that he won the hearts of all1 and it was with sorrow that they finally saw him sail away4 ,after leaving the ,azores1 he spent several months in ,europe1 and then returned to ,america1 spending the next winter at home4 ,he was obliged to avoid the light2 but his old school friend1 ,gardiner1 read some of his favorite books to him each day1 and his sister spent the greater part of her time with him1 reading to him for hours4 ,prescott was now twenty-two years old1 and his outlook for the future was discouraging4 ,he did not know what profession to follow1 for there was no hope of his fully regaining his sight4 ,there seemed no improvement in spite of his quiet life1 and he began to go about and enjoy society4 ,he was married1 when he was twenty-four years of age1 to ,miss ,susan ,amory1 who was his devoted wife and companion4 ,mrs4 ,prescott's grandfather had also been a commander at the ,battle of ,bunker ,hill1 and captain of a ,british sloop-of-war4 ,the swords worn by the soldier and the sailor on that day had been handed down in both families1 and hung for many years in ,prescott's library1 peacefully crossed above his books4 ,prescott had now chosen a life of literary work1 and persuaded himself that so long as his hearing was spared he would be able to succeed4 ,he felt that he must make especial preparation in order to gain the place he desired1 and began to study as if he were a schoolboy1 reading the best ,english1 ,latin1 ,french1 and ,italian authors4 ,he intended to study ,german1 but he became interested in some lectures on ,spanish literature1 written by his friend ,mr4 ,ticknor1 and decided to write a history of the reign of ,ferdinand and ,isabella4 ,this was slow work1 for although he learned the language1 he was unable to use his eyes and depended on the reading of a man who could only pronounce the ,spanish words4 ,he finally secured a secretary and reader who understood ,spanish and could copy his notes for him4 ,his own writing was done with the aid of an instrument used by the blind1 which guided his hand upon the paper4 ,after ten years of labor his book was published4 ,its success was remarkable1 and it was reprinted in ,england1 ,germany1 and ,spain4 ,mr4 ,prescott was then nearly forty-two years old1 tall1 handsome1 and attractive in his manner4 ,he led a regular life1 planning his days carefully1 rising at a fixed hour each morning1 and taking exercise in the open air4 ,he was a good horseman and composed some of his most stirring battle scenes as he galloped along the country roads4 ,he divided his time among three residences--one in the city of ,boston1 another at ,lynn1 with a view of the ocean1 and a third at ,pepperell1 the old home of ,colonel ,prescott4 ,the success of 8,ferdinand and ,isabella0 led the author to continue his writing1 and after resting for some months1 he began to prepare the 8,history of the ,conquest of ,mexico10 which was published six years after his first history4 ,this work was greeted with applause throughout the country4 ,four years later he wrote the 8,history of the ,conquest of ,peru40 ,he next undertook the 8,history of ,philip the ,second10 but it was never finished4 ,in spite of his loss of sight1 ,prescott gained the first place among our historians4 ,he visited ,london in #ahej1 and received a most cordial welcome and many attentions4 ,on his return his health failed and he spent less time in writing4 ,his family were always very dear to him1 and he delighted in gathering his children and grandchildren about him in the old homestead at ,pepperell4 ,mr4 ,prescott died in #ahei4 ,,storming ,,the ,,fortress4 ,,william ,,hickling ,,prescott4 ,,the cheering words and courageous bearing of the cavaliers went to the hearts of their followers4 ,all now agreed to stand by their leader to the last4 ,but1 if they would remain longer in their present position1 it was absolutely necessary to dislodge the enemy from the fortress2 and1 before venturing on this dangerous service1 ,hernando ,pizarro resolved to strike such a blow as should intimidate the besiegers from further attempts to molest his present quarters4 ,he communicated his plan of attack to his officers and formed his little troop into three divisions4 ,the ,indian pioneers were sent forward to clear away the rubbish1 and the several divisions moved up the principal avenues towards the camp of the besiegers2 and the three bodies1 bursting impetuously on the disordered lines of the ,peruvians1 took them completely by surprise4 ,for some moments there was little resistance1 and the slaughter was terrible4 ,but the ,indians gradually rallied1 and1 coming into something like order1 returned to the fight with the courage of men who had long been familiar with danger4 ,they fought hand to hand with their copper-headed war clubs and poleaxes1 while a storm of darts1 stones1 and arrows rained on the well-defended bodies of the ,christians4 ,the barbarians showed more discipline than was to have been expected2 for which it is said they were indebted to some ,spanish prisoners1 from several of whom the ,inca1 having generously spared their lives1 took occasional lessons in the art of war4 ,the ,peruvians had also learned to manage with some degree of skill the weapons of their conquerors2 and they were seen armed with bucklers1 helmets1 and swords of ,european workmanship1 and even in a few instances mounted on the horses which they had taken from the white men4 ,the young ,inca in particular1 accoutered in the ,european fashion1 rode a war horse which he managed with considerable address1 and1 with a long lance in his hand1 led on his followers to the attack4 ,after a gallant struggle1 in which the natives threw themselves fearlessly on the horsemen1 endeavoring to tear them from their saddles1 they were obliged to give way before the repeated shock of their charges4 ,many were trampled under foot1 others cut down by the ,spanish broadswords1 while the arquebusiers1 supporting the cavalry1 kept up a running fire that did terrible execution on the flanks and rear of the fugitives4 ,at length1 trusting that the chastisement he had inflicted on the enemy would secure him from further annoyance for the present1 the ,castilian general drew back his forces to their quarters in the capital4 ,his next step was the recovery of the citadel4 ,it was an enterprise of danger4 ,the fortress1 which overlooked the northern section of the city1 stood high on a rocky eminence1 where it was defended only by a single wall4 ,towards the open country it was more easy of approach2 but there it was protected by two semicircular walls1 each about twelve hundred feet in length and of great thickness4 ,within the interior wall was the fortress1 consisting of three strong towers1 one of great height1 which1 with a smaller one1 was now held by the enemy1 under the command of an ,inca noble1 a warrior of well-tried valor1 prepared to defend it to the last4 ,as the fortress was to be approached through the mountain passes1 it became necessary to divert the enemy's attention to another quarter4 ,a little while before sunset ,juan ,pizarro left the city with a picked corps of horsemen1 and took a direction opposite to that of the fortress1 that the besieging army might suppose the object was a foraging expedition4 ,but1 secretly countermarching in the night1 he fortunately found the passes undefended and arrived before the outer wall of the fortress without giving the alarm to the garrison4 ,the entrance was through a narrow opening in the center of the rampart2 but this was now closed up with heavy stones that seemed to form one solid work with the rest of the masonry4 ,it was an affair of time to dislodge these huge masses in such a manner as not to rouse the garrison4 ,the ,indian natives1 who rarely attacked in the night1 were not sufficiently acquainted with the art of war even to provide against surprise by posting sentinels4 ,when the task was accomplished1 ,juan ,pizarro and his gallant troop rode through the gateway and advanced towards the second parapet4 ,but their movements had not been conducted so secretly as to escape notice1 and they now found the interior court swarming with warriors1 who1 as the ,spaniards drew near1 let off clouds of missiles that compelled them to come to a halt4 ,juan ,pizarro1 aware that no time was to be lost1 ordered one-half of his corps to dismount1 and1 putting himself at their head1 prepared to make a breach as before in the fortifications4 ,leading on his men1 he encouraged them in the work of demolition in the face of such a storm of stones1 javelins1 and arrows as might have made the stoutest heart shrink from encountering it4 ,the good mail of the ,spaniards did not always protect them2 but others took the place of such as fell1 until a breach was made1 and the cavalry1 pouring in1 rode down all who opposed them4 ,the parapet was now abandoned1 and the ,indians1 hurrying with disorderly flight across the enclosure1 took refuge on a kind of platform or terrace1 commanded by the principal tower4 ,here1 rallying1 they shot off fresh volleys of missiles against the ,spaniards1 while the garrison in the fortress hurled down fragments of rock and timber on their heads4 ,juan ,pizarro1 still among the foremost1 sprang forward on the terrace1 cheering on his men by his voice and example2 but at this moment he was struck by a large stone on the head1 not then protected by his buckler1 and was stretched on the ground4 ,the dauntless chief still continued to animate his followers by his voice till the terrace was carried and its miserable defenders were put to the sword4 ,his sufferings were then too much for him1 and he was removed to the town below1 where1 notwithstanding every exertion to save him1 he survived the injury but a fortnight4 ,he had served in the conquest of ,peru from the first1 and no name on the roll of its conquerors is less tarnished by the reproach of cruelty or stands higher in all the attributes of a true and valiant knight4 ,illustration3 ,,storming ,,the ,,fortress4 ,though deeply sensible to his brother's disaster1 ,hernando ,pizarro saw that no time was to be lost in profiting by the advantages already gained4 ,committing the charge of the town to ,gonzalo1 he put himself at the head of the assailants and laid vigorous siege to the fortresses4 ,one surrendered after a short resistance4 ,the other and more formidable of the two still held out under the brave ,inca noble who commanded it4 ,he was a man of an athletic frame1 and might be seen striding along the battlements1 armed with a ,spanish buckler and cuirass1 and in his hand wielding a formidable mace1 garnished with points or knobs of copper4 ,with this terrible weapon he struck down all who attempted to force a passage into the fortress4 ,some of his own followers who proposed a surrender he is said to have slain with his own hand4 ,ladders were planted against the walls2 but no sooner did a ,spaniard gain the topmost round than he was hurled to the ground by the strong arm of the ,indian warrior4 ,his activity was equal to his strength2 and he seemed to be at every point the moment that his presence was needed4 ,the ,spanish commander was filled with admiration at this display of valor2 for he could admire valor even in an enemy4 ,he gave orders that the chief should not be injured1 but be taken alive1 if possible4 ,this was not easy4 ,at length1 numerous ladders having been planted against the tower1 the ,spaniards scaled it on several quarters at the same time1 and1 leaping into the place1 overpowered the few combatants who still made a show of resistance4 ,but the ,inca chieftain was not to be taken2 and1 finding further resistance ineffectual1 he sprang to the edge of the battlements1 and casting away his war club1 wrapped his mantle around him and threw himself headlong from the summit4 ,he died like an ancient ,roman4 ,he had struck his last stroke for the freedom of his country1 and he scorned to survive her dishonor4 ,the ,castilian commander left a small force in garrison to secure his conquest1 and returned in triumph to his quarters4 ,from 8,history of the ,conquest of ,peru40 ,a ,,country ,,sunday4 ,joseph ,addison4 ,,joseph ,,addison was born in ,england in #afgb4 ,his father was a clergyman1 well educated and of strong character4 ,he was devoted to his family1 and their home life was delightful4 ,joseph first attended the schools in the neighborhood1 and was then sent to the ,charterhouse1 which was one of the best-known schools in ,england4 ,illustration ,he entered ,oxford when he was fifteen years old1 and was looked upon as a promising scholar4 ,after two years at this college a copy of some ,latin verses written by him fell into the hands of ,dr4 ,lancaster1 a man of influence1 and he was elected to a scholarship in ,magdalen ,college4 ,his life there was quiet2 he studied late at night1 and went on long1 solitary walks4 ,he continued to write ,latin verses1 and became so familiar with the ,latin writers that he could recite many of their poems4 ,every little touch of beauty was appreciated by him and filled him with delight4 ,from his twenty-first to his thirty-second year ,addison spent his time in study1 writing1 and thought4 ,he spent several years in traveling about ,france and ,italy4 ,while in ,paris he lived at the house of the ambassador1 where he met the most brilliant society2 and in ,italy he studied the great works of art4 ,these views of life1 added to his natural grace and love of refinement1 made him a master of literary style and expression4 ,on his return from his travels he held several offices for the government1 and later became a member of ,parliament4 ,richard ,steele1 an old schoolfellow and writer of some note1 started some periodicals--8,the ,tatler10 followed by 8,the ,spectator10 and later by 8,the ,guardian40 ,addison became interested in these publications and wrote a large number of essays for them--among them the 8,sir ,roger de ,coverley ,papers40 ,his characters were taken from life and he describes the manners and customs of the time in language which is cited by all critics as a model of pure ,english4 ,he also wrote several dramas and poems4 ,addison led a happy life4 ,his position under the government brought him a good income4 ,he was looked upon as one of the foremost writers of the day4 ,he loved truth1 purity1 and kindness1 and his works are models of grace and beauty4 ,he died in #agai1 and was buried in the ,poets' ,corner at ,westminster ,abbey4 ,i ,,am always very well pleased with a country ,sunday1 and think if keeping holy the seventh day were only a human institution1 it would be the best method that could have been thought of for the polishing and civilizing of mankind4 ,it is certain the country people would soon degenerate into a kind of savages and barbarians1 were there not such frequent returns of a stated time1 in which the whole village meet together with their best faces1 and in their cleanliest habits1 to converse with one another upon indifferent subjects1 hear their duties explained to them1 and join together in adoration of the ,supreme ,being4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my friend1 ,sir ,roger1 being a good churchman1 has beautified the inside of his church with several texts of his own choosing4 ,he has likewise given a handsome pulpit cloth1 and railed in the communion table at his own expense4 ,he has often told me that at his coming to his estate1 he found his parishioners very irregular2 and that in order to make them kneel and join in the responses1 he gave every one of them a hassock and a ,common ,prayer ,book2 and1 at the same time1 employed an itinerant singing-master1 who goes about the country for that purpose1 to instruct them rightly in the tunes of the ,psalms1 upon which they now very much value themselves1 and indeed outdo most of the country churches that ,i have ever heard4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,roger ,,meeting ,,his ,,tenants ,,at ,,church4 ,as ,sir ,roger is landlord to the whole congregation1 he keeps them in very good order1 and will suffer nobody to sleep in it besides himself2 for1 if by chance he has been surprised into a short nap at sermon1 upon recovering out of it he stands up and looks about him1 and1 if he sees anybody else nodding1 either wakes them himself1 or sends his servants to them4 ,several other of the old knight's particularities break out upon these occasions4 ,sometimes he will be lengthening out a verse in the singing ,psalms1 half a minute after the rest of the congregation have done with it2 sometimes when he is pleased with the matter of his devotion1 he pronounces 8,amen0 three or four times to the same prayer2 and sometimes stands up when everybody else is upon their knees1 to count the congregation1 or see if any of his tenants are missing4 ,i was yesterday very much surprised to hear my old friend1 in the midst of the service1 calling out to one ,john ,matthews to mind what he was about1 and not disturb the congregation4 ,this ,john ,matthews1 it seems1 is remarkable for being an idle fellow1 and at that time was kicking his heels for his diversion4 ,this authority of the knight1 though exerted in that odd manner which accompanies him in all circumstances of life1 has a very good effect upon the parish1 who are not polite enough to see anything ridiculous in his behavior2 besides that1 the general good sense and worthiness of his character make his friends observe these little singularities as foils that rather set off than blemish his good qualities4 ,as soon as the sermon is finished1 nobody presumes to stir till ,sir ,roger is gone out of the church4 ,the knight walks down from his seat in the chancel between a double row of his tenants1 who stand bowing to him on each side1 and every now and then inquires how such an one's wife1 or mother1 or son1 or father do1 whom he does not see at church2 which is understood as a secret reprimand to the person that is absent4 ,the chaplain has often told me that upon a catechising day1 when ,sir ,roger has been pleased with a boy that answers well1 he has ordered a ,bible to be given him next day for his encouragement1 and sometimes accompanies it with a flitch of bacon to his mother4 ,sir ,roger has likewise added five pounds a year to the clerk's place2 and1 that he may encourage the young fellows to make themselves perfect in the church service1 has promised upon the death of the present incumbent1 who is very old1 to bestow it according to merit4 ,from 8,the ,sir ,roger de ,coverley ,papers40 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,glory4 ,,the earth is the ,lord's1 and the fulness thereof2 ,the world1 and they that dwell therein4 ,for he hath founded it upon the seas1 ,and established it upon the floods4 ,who shall ascend into the hill of the ,lord8 ,or who shall stand in his holy place8 ,he that hath clean hands1 and a pure heart2 ,who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity1 ,nor sworn deceitfully4 ,he shall receive the blessing from the ,lord1 ,and righteousness from the ,god of his salvation4 ,lift up your heads1 ,o ye gates2 ,and be ye lifted up1 ye everlasting doors2 ,and the ,king of ,glory shall come in4 ,who is this ,king of ,glory8 ,the ,lord strong and mighty1 ,the ,lord mighty in battle4 ,lift up your heads1 ,o ye gates2 ,even lift them up1 ye everlasting doors2 ,and the ,king of ,glory shall come in4 ,who is this ,king of ,glory8 ,the ,lord of hosts1 he is the ,king of ,glory4 ,lift up your heads1 ,o ye gates2 ,even lift them up1 ye everlasting doors2 ,and the ,king of ,glory shall come in4 ,,the ,,man ,,without ,a ,,country4 ,,abridged4 ,,edward ,,everett ,,hale4 ,,edward ,,everett ,,hale was born in ,boston in #ahbb4 ,he was named for his uncle1 ,edward ,everett1 the celebrated orator4 ,when six years of age he had begun the study of ,latin1 and entered ,harvard ,college when he was thirteen4 ,though young ,hale was a diligent student1 he excelled in athletic sports1 and his great physical strength is shown even now in his large frame and powerful hands and arms4 ,illustration ,the future author and preacher was graduated from ,harvard with honors when he was seventeen years old4 ,he assisted his father in newspaper work1 and was able to write editorials1 keep the books1 or set type1 as the occasion required4 ,he afterwards studied theology4 ,his first pastorate was at ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,he remained there for ten years4 ,he then settled in ,boston4 ,he was with the ,massachusetts ,rifle ,corps when the ,civil ,war broke out1 and it was upon an incident of that war that he founded his story of 8,the ,man without a ,country40 ,this is one of the strongest stories of patriotism ever written1 and has been reprinted in several languages4 ,for many years ,dr4 ,hale has been pastor of the ,south ,congregational ,church in ,boston4 ,he has written many books2 among them the best known are 8,ten ,times ,one is ,ten0 and 8,in ,his ,name40 ,one can hardly imagine a busier life than he leads4 ,his daily tasks consist in aiding public and private charities1 lecturing1 editing1 writing1 and preparing his sermons4 ,he was once asked how he was able to accomplish so much1 and he replied3 8,if you are working with ,aladdin's lamp1 or with ,monte ,cristo's treasures1 you are not apt to think you will fail4 ,far less is your risk with the omnipotence of the ,lord ,god behind you40 ,,philip ,,nolan was as fine a young officer as there was in the 8,legion of the ,west10 as the ,western division of our army was then called4 ,when ,aaron ,burr made his first dashing expedition down to ,new ,orleans1 or somewhere above on the river1 he met this gay1 dashing1 bright young fellow1 at some dinner party1 ,i think4 ,burr marked him1 talked to him1 walked with him1 took him a day or two's voyage in his flatboat1 and1 in short1 fascinated him1 and led him to turn traitor to his country4 ,nolan was proved guilty2 yet you and ,i would never have heard of him1 reader1 but that when the president of the court asked him at the close whether he wished to say anything to show that he had always been faithful to the ,united ,states1 he cried out in a fit of frenzy3 8,curse the ,united ,states6 ,i wish ,i may never hear of the ,united ,states again60 ,i suppose he did not know how the words shocked old ,colonel ,morgan1 who was holding the court4 ,half the officers who sat in it had served through the ,revolution1 and their lives1 not to say their necks1 had been risked for the very idea which he so cavalierly cursed in his madness4 ,morgan called the court into his private room1 and returned in fifteen minutes with a face like a sheet1 to say3 8,prisoner1 hear the sentence of the ,court6 ,the ,court decides1 subject to the approval of the ,president1 that you never hear the name of the ,united ,states again40 ,nolan laughed2 but nobody else laughed4 ,old ,morgan was too solemn1 and the whole room was hushed dead as night for a minute4 ,even ,nolan lost his swagger in a moment4 ,then ,morgan added3 8,mr4 ,marshal1 take the prisoner to ,orleans in an armed boat1 and deliver him to the naval commander there40 ,the marshal gave his orders and the prisoner was taken out of court4 8,mr4 ,marshal10 continued old ,morgan1 8see that no one mentions the ,united ,states to the prisoner4 ,mr4 ,marshal1 make my respects to ,lieutenant ,mitchell at ,orleans1 and request him to order that no one shall mention the ,united ,states to the prisoner while he is on board ship40 ,nolan had the freedom of the ship he was on1 so long as he heard nothing of his country4 ,no mess liked to have him permanently1 because his presence cut off all talk of home or of the prospect of return1 of politics or letters1 of peace or of war--cut off more than half the talk men liked to have at sea4 ,sometimes1 when the marines or sailors had any special jollification1 they were permitted to invite 8,plain-,buttons10 as they called him4 ,then ,nolan was sent with some officer1 and the men were forbidden to speak of home while he was there4 ,i believe the theory was that the sight of his punishment did them good4 ,they called him 8,plain-,buttons10 because1 while he always chose to wear a regulation army uniform1 he was not permitted to wear the army button1 for the reason that it bore either the initials or the insignia of the country he had disowned4 ,as he was almost never permitted to go on shore1 even though the vessel lay in port for months1 his time at the best hung heavy2 and everybody was permitted to lend him books1 if they were not published in ,america and made no allusion to it4 ,he had almost all the foreign papers that came into the ship1 sooner or later2 only somebody must go over them first1 and cut out any advertisement or stray paragraph that alluded to ,america4 ,among these books was the 8,lay of the ,last ,minstrel10 which they had all of them heard of1 but which most of them had never seen4 ,i think it could not have been published long4 ,well1 nobody thought there could be any risk of anything national in that1 so ,nolan was permitted to join the circle one afternoon when a lot of them sat on deck smoking and reading aloud4 ,well1 so it happened that in his turn ,nolan took the book and read to the others2 and he read very well1 as ,i know4 ,nobody in the circle knew a line of the poem1 only it was all magic and ,border chivalry1 and was ten thousand years ago4 ,poor ,nolan read steadily through the fifth canto1 stopped a minute and then began1 without a thought of what was coming3-- 8,breathes there the man1 with soul so dead1 ,who never to himself hath said40 ,it seems impossible to us that anybody ever heard this for the first time1 but all these fellows did then1 and poor ,nolan himself went on1 still unconsciously or mechanically3-- 8#8,this is my own1 my native land6'0 ,then they all saw something was to pay2 but he expected to get through1 ,i suppose1 turned a little pale1 but plunged on3-- 8,whose heart hath ne'er within him burned1 ,as home his footsteps he hath turned1 ,from wandering on a foreign strand8 ,if such there breathe1 go1 mark him well40 ,by this time the men were all beside themselves1 wishing there was any way to make him turn over two pages2 but he had not quite presence of mind for that2 he colored crimson and staggered on3-- 8,for him no minstrel raptures swell2 ,high though his titles1 proud his name1 ,boundless his wealth as wish can claim2 ,despite those titles1 power1 and pelf1 ,the wretch1 concentered all in self10-- ,and here the poor fellow choked1 could not go on1 but started up1 swung the book into the sea1 vanished into his stateroom1 and we did not see him for two months again4 ,he never read aloud again unless it was the ,bible or ,shakespeare1 or something else he was sure of4 ,but it was not that merely4 ,he never entered in with the other young men exactly as a companion again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in one of the great frigate duels with the ,english1 it happened that a round-shot from the enemy entered one of our ports square1 and took right down the officer of the gun himself1 and almost every man of the gun's crew4 ,now you may say what you choose about courage1 but that is not a nice thing to see4 ,but1 as the men who were not killed picked themselves up1 and as they and the surgeon's people were carrying off the bodies1 there appeared ,nolan1 in his shirt sleeves1 with the rammer in his hand1 and1 just as if he had been the officer1 told them off with authority--who should go to the cockpit with the wounded men1 who should stay with him--perfectly cheery1 and with that way which makes men feel sure all is right and is going to be right4 ,and he finished loading the gun with his own hands1 aimed it1 and bade the men fire4 ,and there he stayed1 captain of that gun1 keeping those fellows in spirits1 till the enemy struck1--sitting on the carriage while the gun was cooling1 though he was exposed all the time1--showing them easier ways to handle heavy shot1 making the raw hands laugh at their own blunders1 and when the gun cooled again1 getting it loaded and fired twice as often as any other gun on the ship4 ,the captain walked forward by way of encouraging the men1 and ,nolan touched his hat and said3 8,i am showing them how we do this in the artillery1 sir40 ,the commodore said3 8,i see you are1 and ,i thank you1 sir2 and ,i shall never forget this day1 sir1 and you never shall1 sir40 ,and after the whole thing was over1 and he had the ,englishman's sword1 in the midst of the state and ceremony of the quarter-deck1 he said3 8,where is ,mr4 ,nolan8 ,ask ,mr4 ,nolan to come here40 ,and when ,nolan came he said3 8,mr4 ,nolan1 we are all very grateful to you to-day2 you are one of us to-day2 you will be named in the dispatches40 ,and then the old man took off his own sword of ceremony and gave it to ,nolan1 and made him put it on4 ,the man told me this who saw it4 ,nolan cried like a baby1 and well he might4 ,he had not worn a sword since that day at ,fort ,adams4 ,but always afterwards1 on occasions of ceremony1 he wore that quaint old ,french sword of the commodore's4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i first came to understand anything about 8the man without a country0 one day when we overhauled a dirty little schooner which had slaves on board4 ,an officer was sent to take charge of her1 and after a few minutes he sent back his boat to ask that some one might be sent him who could speak ,portuguese4 ,nolan stepped out and said he should be glad to interpret if the captain wished1 as he understood the language4 8,tell them they are free10 said ,vaughan4 ,then there was a yell of delight1 clinching of fists1 leaping and dancing1 kissing of ,nolan's feet4 8,tell them10 said ,vaughan1 well pleased1 8that ,i will take them all to ,cape ,palmas40 ,this did not answer so well4 ,cape ,palmas was practically as far from the homes of most of them as ,new ,orleans or ,rio ,janeiro was2 that is1 they would be eternally separated from home there4 ,and their interpreters1 as we could understand1 instantly said3 8,ah1 non ,palmas40 ,the drops stood on poor ,nolan's white forehead as he hushed the men down and said3 8,he says1 #8,not ,palmas4' ,he says1 #8,take us home1 take us to our own country1 take us to our own house1 take us to our own pickaninnies and our own women4' ,he says he has an old father and mother who will die if they do not see him4 ,and this one says he left his people all sick1 and paddled down to ,fernando to beg the white doctor to come and help them1 and that these caught him in the bay just in sight of home1 and that he has never seen anybody from home since then4 ,and this one says10 choked out ,nolan1 8that he has not heard a word from his home in six months1 while he has been locked up in a barracoon40 ,as quick as ,vaughan could get words1 he said3 8,tell them yes1 yes1 yes2 tell them they shall go to the mountains of the ,moon1 if they will4 ,if ,i sail the schooner through the ,great ,white ,desert1 they shall go home40 ,and after some fashion ,nolan said so4 ,and then they all fell to kissing him again1 and wanted to rub his nose with theirs4 ,but he could not stand it long2 and getting ,vaughan to say he might go back1 he beckoned me down into our boat4 ,as we lay back in the stern sheets and the men gave way1 he said to me3 8,youngster1 let that show you what it is to be without a family1 without a home1 and without a country4 ,and if you are ever tempted to say a word or to do a thing that shall put a bar between you and your family1 your home and your country1 pray ,god in his mercy to take you that instant home to his own heaven4 ,stick by your family1 boy2 forget you have a self1 while you do everything for them4 ,think of your home1 boy2 write and send1 and talk about it4 ,let it be nearer and nearer to your thought1 the farther you have to travel from it2 and rush back to it when you are free1 as that poor black slave is doing now4 ,and for your country1 boy10 and the words rattled in his throat1 8and for that flag10 and he pointed to the ship1 8never dream a dream but of serving her as she bids you1 though the service carry you through a thousand hells4 ,no matter what happens to you1 no matter who flatters you or who abuses you1 never look at another flag1 never let a night pass but you pray ,god to bless that flag4 ,remember1 boy1 that behind all these men you have to do with1 behind officers and government1 and people even1 there is the ,country ,herself1 your ,country1 and that you belong to ,her as you belong to your own mother4 ,stand by ,her1 boy1 as you would stand by your mother40 ,i was frightened to death by his calm1 hard passion2 but ,i blundered out that ,i would by all that was holy1 and that ,i had never thought of doing anything else4 ,he hardly seemed to hear me2 but he did1 almost in a whisper1 say3 8,oh1 if anybody had said so to me when ,i was of your age60 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract from a letter written in #ahfc3-- 8,,levant1 #b #b ,s4 #aca ,w4 8,,dear ,,fred3 8,i try to find heart and life to tell you that it is all over with dear old ,nolan4 ,the doctor has been watching him very carefully1 and yesterday morning came to me and told me that ,nolan was not so well1 and he said he should like to see me4 ,well1 ,i went in1 and there1 to be sure1 the poor fellow lay in his berth1 smiling pleasantly as he gave me his hand1 but looking very frail4 ,i could not help a glance round1 which showed me what a little shrine he had made of the box he was lying in4 ,the stars and stripes were triced up above and around a picture of ,washington1 and he had painted a majestic eagle1 with lightnings blazing from his beak1 and his foot just clasping the whole globe1 which his wings overshadowed4 ,the dear old boy saw my glance and said with a sad smile3 #8,here1 you see1 ,i have a country6' 99 99 99 99 99 8,an hour after ,i had left him1 when the doctor went in gently1 he found ,nolan had breathed his life away with a smile4 8,we looked in his ,bible1 and there was a slip of paper at the place where he had marked the text3 #8,they desire a country1 even a heavenly3 wherefore ,god is not ashamed to be called their ,god3 for ,he hath prepared for them a city4' 8,on this slip of paper he had written3 #8,bury me in the sea2 it has been my home1 and ,i love it4 ,but will not some one set up a stone for my memory at ,fort ,adams1 or at ,orleans1 that my disgrace may not be more than ,i ought to bear8 ,say on it3 ,in ,memory of ,,philip ,,nolan1 ,lieutenant in the ,army of the ,united ,states4 ,he loved his country as no other man has loved her2 but no man deserved less at her hands4'0 ,,love ,,of ,,country4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott4 ,,breathes there the man1 with soul so dead1 ,who never to himself hath said1 8,this is my own1 my native land60 ,whose heart hath ne'er within him burned1 ,as home his footsteps he hath turned1 ,from wandering on a foreign strand8 ,if such there breathe1 go1 mark him well4 ,for him no minstrel raptures swell2 ,high though his titles1 proud his name1 ,boundless his wealth as wish can claim2 ,despite those titles1 power1 and pelf1 ,the wretch1 concentered all in self1 ,living1 shall forfeit fair renown1 ,and1 doubly dying1 shall go down ,to the vile dust1 from whence he sprung1 ,unwept1 unhonored1 and unsung4 ,from 8,the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel40 ,,the ,,heroine ,,of ,,nancy4 ,,in the year #adgf1 ,charles the ,bold1 ,duke of ,burgundy1 laid siege to the town of ,nancy1 capital of the duchy of ,lorraine4 ,in the absence of the young duke1 ,ren ,,ii41 who had gone to raise troops among the enemies of ,charles1 the town and its little garrison were left in charge of a brave and patriotic governor1 who had an only daughter1 named ,tlsile4 ,it is with the noble conduct of this heroic young girl that our story has chiefly to do4 ,charles the ,bold--who ought rather to have been called the ,rash1 or the ,furious1 from his headlong and violent disposition--had sought to erect a kingdom within the dominions of his great rival1 ,louis ,,xi4 of ,france4 ,to extend his power1 he had overrun provinces1 which1 as soon as his strong hand was withdrawn1 took the first opportunity to revolt against him4 ,lorraine was one of these2 and he now appeared before the walls of ,nancy1 resolved to punish its inhabitants1 whom he regarded as rebels4 ,but1 thanks to the governor and his heroic daughter1 the city held out bravely1 both against the assaults of his soldiers1 and the threats and promises with which he tried to induce a surrender4 ,while the governor directed and encouraged the defenders1 ,tlsile inspired their wives and daughters4 8,let us do10 she cried1 8as did the women of ,beauvais when this same cruel ,charles laid siege to their town4 ,mothers armed themselves1 young girls seized whatever weapons they could find1--hatchets1 broken lances1 which they bound together with their hair2 and they joined their sons and brothers in the fight4 ,they drove the invader from their walls2 and so will we defeat and drive him back60 8,put no trust in the tyrant60 said the intrepid governor1 addressing the people4 8,he is as faithless as he is cruel4 ,he has promised to spare our lives and our property if we will accept him as our ruler2 but be not deceived4 ,once within our walls1 he will give up to massacre and pillage the city that has cost him so dear4 8,but if not for our own sakes10 he went on1 8then for the love of our rightful lord1 ,duke ,ren1 let us continue the glorious struggle4 ,already at the head of a brave ,swiss army1 he is hastening to our relief4 ,he will soon be at our gates4 ,let us hold out till then2 or1 sooner than betray our trust1 let us fall with our defenses and be buried in the ruins of our beloved city60 ,thus defended1 ,nancy held out until ,charles1 maddened to fury by so unexpected and so prolonged a resistance1 made a final1 desperate attempt to carry the town4 ,by stratagem1 quite as much as by force1 he succeeded in gaining an entrance within the walls2 and ,nancy was at his mercy4 ,in the flush of vengeance and success1 he was for putting at once all the inhabitants--men1 women1 and children--to the sword4 ,a young maiden was brought before him4 8,barbarian60 she cried1 8if we are all to perish1 over whom will you reign80 8,who are you1 bold girl6 that dare to speak to me thus80 said the astonished ,charles4 8,your prisoner1 and one who would prevent you from adding to the list of your cruelties60 ,her beauty1 her courage1 and the prophetic tones in which she spoke1 arrested ,charles's fury4 8,give up to me your governor1 whom ,i have sworn to punish10 he said1 8and a portion of the inhabitants shall be spared40 ,but the governor was her own father1--for the young girl was no other than ,tlsile4 ,listening to the entreaties of his friends1 he had assumed the dress of a private citizen2 and all loved the good old man too well to point him out to the tyrant4 ,when ,tlsile sorrowfully reported to her father the duke's words1 he smiled4 8,be of good cheer1 my daughter60 he said4 8,i will see the ,duke ,charles1 and try what ,i can do to persuade him40 ,when brought before the conqueror1 he said1 8,there is but one man who can bring the governor to you4 ,swear on your sword to spare all the inhabitants of the town1 and he shall be given up40 8,that will ,i not60 cried the angry duke4 8,they have braved my power too long2 they have scorned my offers2 they have laughed at my threats2 now woe to the people of ,nancy60 ,then1 turning to his officers1 he commanded that every tenth person in the town should be slain1 and they at once gave orders for the decimation4 ,the inhabitants1 young and old1 women and infants1 were assembled in a line which extended through the principal street of the city2 while soldiers ransacked the houses1 in order to drive forth or kill any that might remain concealed4 ,it was a terrible day for the doomed city4 ,families clung together1 friends embraced friends2 some weeping and lamenting1 some trying to comfort and sustain those who were weaker than they1 others calmly awaiting their fate4 ,then1 at a word from the conqueror1 a herald went forth1 and1 waving his hand before the gathered multitude1 began to count4 ,each on whom fell the fatal number ten was to be given at once to the sword4 ,but at the outset a difficulty arose4 ,near the head of the line ,tlsile and the governor were placed2 and the devoted girl1 watching the movements of the herald1 and hearing him count aloud1 saw by a rapid glance that the dreaded number was about to fall upon her father4 ,quick as thought1 she slipped behind him and placed herself at his other side4 ,before the old man was aware of her object1 the doom which should have been his had fallen upon his daughter4 ,he stood for a moment stupefied with astonishment and grief1 then called out to the herald1 8,justice6 justice60 8,what is the matter1 old man80 demanded the herald1 before passing on4 8,the count is wrong6 there is a mistake6 ,not her60 exclaimed the father1 as the executioners were laying hands upon ,tlsile2 8take me1 for ,i was the tenth60 8,not so10 said ,tlsile calmly4 8,you all saw that the number came to me40 8,she put herself in my way1--she took my place1--on me6 let the blow fall on me60 pleaded the old man2 while she as earnestly insisted that she was the rightly chosen victim4 ,amazed to see two persons striving for the privilege of death at their hands1 the butchers dragged them before ,charles the ,bold1 that he might decide the question between them4 ,charles was no less surprised at beholding once more the maiden and the old man who had already appeared before him1 and at learning the cause of their strange dispute2 for he knew not yet that they were parent and child4 ,notwithstanding his violent disposition1 the conqueror had a heart which pity could sometimes touch1 and he was powerfully moved by the sight that met his eyes4 8,i pray you hear me60 cried ,tlsile1 throwing herself at his feet4 8,i am a simple maiden2 my life is of no account2 then let me die1 my lord duke6 ,but spare1 oh1 spare him1 the best1 the noblest of men1 whose life is useful to all our unhappy people60 8,do not listen to her60 exclaimed the old man1 almost too much affected to speak2 8or if you do1 let her own words confute her argument4 ,you behold her courage1 her piety1 her self-sacrifice2 and ,i see you are touched6 ,you will not1 you cannot1 destroy so precious a life6 ,it is ,i who am now worthless to my people4 ,my days are almost spent4 ,even if you spare me1 ,i have but a little while to live40 ,then ,tlsile1 perceiving the eyes of ,charles bent upon her with a look of mingled admiration and pity1 said3 8,do not think there is anything wonderful in my conduct2 ,i do but my simple duty2 ,i plead for my father's life60 8,yes1 ,i am her father10 said the old man1 moved by a sudden determination4 8,and ,i am something more4 ,my lord duke1 behold the man on whom you have sworn to have revenge4 ,i am he who defended the city so long against you4 ,now let me die60 ,at this a multitude of people broke from the line in which they had been ranged1 and1 surrounding the governor and his daughter1 made a rampart of their bodies about them1 exclaiming1 8,let us die for him6 ,we will die for our good governor60 ,all the better part of the rude ,charles's nature was roused4 ,tears were in his own eyes1 his voice was shaken by emotion4 8,neither shall die60 he cried4 8,old man6 fair maiden6 ,i spare your lives and1 for your sake1 the lives of all these people4 ,nay1 do not thank me2 for ,i have gained in this interview a knowledge which ,i could never have acquired through years of conquest--that human love is greater than kingly power1 and that mercy is sweeter than vengeance60 ,well would it have been for the rash ,charles could he have gained that knowledge earlier1 or have shaped his future life by it even then4 ,still fired by ambition and love of power1 he went forth to fight ,duke ,ren1 who now appeared with an army to relieve his fair city of ,nancy4 ,a battle ensued1 in which ,charles was defeated and slain2 and in the midst of joy and thanksgiving1 the rightful duke entered and once more took possession of the town4 ,warmly as he was welcomed1 there were two who shared with him the honors of that happy day--the old man who had defended ,nancy so long and well1 and the young girl whose heroic conduct had saved from massacre one-tenth of all its inhabitants4 ,,humanity4 ,,william ,,cowper4 ,i ,,would not enter on my list of friends 7,though graced with polished manners and fine sense1 ,yet wanting sensibility7 the man ,who needlessly sets foot upon a worm4 ,an inadvertent step may crush the snail ,that crawls at evening in the public path2 ,but he that has humanity1 forewarned1 ,will tread aside1 and let the reptile live4 ,,an ,,iceberg4 ,,richard ,h4 ,,dana1 ,jr4 ,,richard ,,henry ,,dana1 ,,jr41 was born in ,cambridge1 ,mass41 in #ahae1 and died in #ahhb4 ,he was educated at ,harvard ,college4 ,during his course there his eyesight became affected1 and he was obliged to leave college for a time4 ,being advised to take a sea voyage1 he shipped for ,california and spent two years as a common sailor4 ,on his return he published an account of his adventures1 entitled 8,two ,years before the ,mast40 ,this book became popular both in ,england and ,america4 ,it is still widely read4 ,mr4 ,dana was admitted to the bar when he was twenty-five years old1 and always held a prominent position as a lawyer and writer4 ,,this day the sun rose fair1 but it ran too low in the heavens to give any heat1 or thaw out our sails and rigging2 yet the sight of it was pleasant1 and we had a steady 8reef-topsail breeze0 from the westward4 ,the atmosphere1 which had previously been clear and cold1 for the last few hours grew damp and had a disagreeable1 wet chilliness in it2 and the man who came from the wheel said he heard the captain tell 8the passenger0 that the thermometer had fallen several degrees since morning1 which he could not account for in any other way than by supposing that there must be ice near us1 though such a thing was rarely heard of in this latitude at this season of the year4 ,at twelve o'clock we went below1 and had just got through dinner when the cook put his head down the scuttle and told us to come on deck and see the finest sight that we had ever seen4 8,where away1 doctor80 asked the first man who was up4 8,on the larboard bow40 ,and there lay1 floating in the ocean1 several miles off1 an immense1 irregular mass1 its top and points covered with snow1 and its center of a deep indigo color4 ,this was an iceberg1 and of the largest size1 as one of our men said who had been in the ,northern ,ocean4 ,as far as the eye could reach1 the sea in every direction was of a deep blue color1 the waves running high and fresh1 and sparkling in the light2 and in the midst lay this immense mountain-island1 its cavities and valleys thrown into deep shade1 and its points and pinnacles glittering in the sun4 ,all hands were soon on deck looking at it1 and admiring1 in various ways1 its beauty and grandeur4 ,but no description can give any idea of the strangeness1 splendor1 and really the sublimity of the sight4 ,its great size1--for it must have been from two to three miles in circumference1 and several hundred feet in height1--its slow motion1 as its base rose and sank in the water and its high points nodded against the clouds2 the dashing of the waves upon it1 which1 breaking high with foam1 lined its base with a white crust2 and the thundering sound of the cracking of the mass1 and the breaking and tumbling down of huge pieces1 together with its nearness and approach1 which added to a slight element of fear1 all combined to give to it the character of true sublimity4 ,the main body of the mass was1 as ,i have said1 of an indigo color1 its base crusted with foam1 and1 as it grew thin and transparent towards the edges and top1 its color shaded off from a deep blue to the whiteness of snow4 ,it seemed to be drifting slowly towards the north1 so that we kept away and avoided it4 ,it was in sight all the afternoon1 and when we got to leeward of it the wind died away1 so that we lay to quite near it for a greater part of the night4 ,unfortunately there was no moon2 but it was a clear night1 and we could plainly mark the long1 regular heaving of the stupendous mass1 as its edges moved slowly against the stars1 now revealing them and now shutting them in4 ,several times in our watch loud cracks were heard1 which sounded as though they must have run through the whole length of the iceberg1 and several pieces fell down with a thundering crash1 plunging heavily into the sea4 ,towards morning a strong breeze sprang up1 and we filled away1 and left it astern1 and at daylight it was out of sight4 ,from 8,two ,years before the ,mast40 ,,john ,,milton4 ,,john ,,milton was born in #afjh1 in a house called 8,the ,spread ,eagle10 in the very heart of old ,london4 ,illustration ,his father1 also ,john ,milton1 was a scrivener or lawyer1 and was well known as a musical composer4 ,he had received a good education and took great pains with his son1 employing private tutors for him1 and afterwards sending him to ,st4 ,paul's school1 where he was for some time a day scholar4 ,the boy was as desirous of an education as his father could wish1 and became so interested in his books that he would read and study until after midnight4 ,his compositions and verses attracted attention during his early boyhood4 ,before he was sixteen years old he had written two of the ,psalms in verse4 ,while at ,st4 ,paul's he formed a close friendship with ,charles ,diodati1 the son of an exiled ,italian physician4 ,this friendship aroused ,milton's interest in ,italian literature4 ,milton entered ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 when he was seventeen years old1 remaining there seven years4 ,the handsome1 graceful young man1 with his scorn of all that lacked refinement1 was not popular during the first years of his college course1 and the students called him 8,the ,lady40 ,they soon learned to honor his high character and brilliant scholarship4 ,he was regarded as the best student of the university4 ,he had at first intended to become a clergyman1 but gave up this plan and was uncertain as to what he should do4 ,his father had taken a house at ,horton1 about twenty miles from ,london1 and1 after leaving ,cambridge1 ,milton spent five years at home1 studying ,greek and ,latin1 taking solitary walks1 and writing wonderful verses4 ,he also continued the study of music under his father's teaching1 and took great delight in it4 ,some of his most famous poems were written during those years at ,horton4 ,milton had long desired to travel1 and after the death of his mother he found his home so lonely that he persuaded his father to allow him to visit ,france1 ,italy1 and ,switzerland4 ,this journey occupied nearly sixteen months1 and was a season of delight to the young poet1 who1 by reading1 had become familiar with these old cities and the famous men who had walked their streets4 ,he also became acquainted with many learned men and persons of rank1 and was received everywhere with courteous attention4 ,during his stay at ,florence he met the astronomer1 ,galileo1 then old and blind1 and recently released from prison1 where he had been confined on account of his theories and discoveries4 ,the house at ,horton was occupied but a short time after ,milton's return4 ,his father went to live with his son ,christopher1 and the poet went to ,london4 ,he hired a pretty 8garden-house10 large enough for himself and his books1 and lived there with his two nephews1 of whose education he took charge4 ,he was fond of teaching1 and gradually several other boys joined the class1 and his house became a small private school4 ,in the spring of his thirty-fifth year ,milton went to ,oxford and returned a month later1 bringing home a bride and a party of her relatives4 ,after several days spent in feasting1 the young wife of seventeen summers was left alone with her husband1 who became once more absorbed in his books4 ,mrs4 ,milton cared nothing for literature1 and before the summer was over she went to visit her father1 promising to return during ,september4 ,she refused to go home at the appointed time and remained away for two years4 ,during the meantime ,milton's father had come to live with him1 and the number of his pupils had so increased that he had taken a larger house4 ,after the death of his father1 ,milton decided to devote more time to writing1 so he dismissed his pupils and removed to a smaller house4 ,he became deeply interested in politics1 writing some bold and daring essays on the questions of the day4 ,when he was forty years old he was appointed ,secretary of ,foreign ,tongues1 with a large salary and a residence in ,whitehall ,palace in ,scotland ,yard4 ,his eyesight had begun to fail1 and three years after accepting this office he became blind4 ,he continued1 however1 to attend to his duties with the aid of two assistants4 ,shortly after he lost his sight his wife died1 leaving three little daughters4 ,four years later he married a second time1 but this wife lived but a short time4 ,illustration3 ,,milton ,,dictating 8,,paradise ,,lost40 ,in #affj1 when ,milton was fifty-two years old1 there came another change in the government1 and ,milton's life was in danger4 ,he was obliged to hide for several months4 ,life seemed very gloomy to the blind man4 ,his friends were dead or in exile1 he had lost a large share of his property1 and his work during the last twenty years seemed thrown away4 ,many years before1 ,milton had planned to write his great poem of 8,paradise ,lost40 ,he now devoted himself to this work1 dictating it to ,dorothy1 his youngest and favorite child1 who bore some resemblance to her father1 and who was most in sympathy with him4 ,milton married for the third time during his fifty-fifth year4 ,this wife proved a blessing to him4 ,she was a lover of music1 and sang to him while he accompanied her upon the organ or bass viol4 ,they walked together and talked about his favorite books and men of learning4 ,his poem 8,paradise ,lost0 was finished during the next two years4 ,he loaned a copy to a friend1 who suggested his writing 8,paradise ,regained10 which was published about four years later4 ,these poems rank as the grandest works of one of the greatest minds that the world has ever known4 ,the poet's humble home became an attraction for many visitors1 who wished to look upon and talk with the man whose genius was so great4 ,milton died in #afgd4 ,,death ,,of ,,samson4 ,,john ,,milton4 ,scene--,in ,gaza4 ,,occasions drew me early to this city2 ,and1 as the gates ,i entered with sunrise1 ,the morning trumpets festival proclaimed ,through each high street3 little ,i had dispatched1 ,when all abroad was rumored that this day ,samson should be brought forth1 to show the people ,proof of his mighty strength in feats and games2 ,i sorrowed at his captive state1 but minded ,not to be absent at that spectacle4 ,the building was a spacious theater ,half-round1 on two main pillars vaulted high1 ,with seats1 where all the lords1 and each degree ,of sort1 might sit in order to behold2 ,the other side was open1 where the throng ,on banks and scaffolds under sky might stand2 ,i among these1 aloof1 obscurely stood4 ,the feast and noon grew high1 and sacrifice ,had filled their hearts with mirth1 high cheer1 and wine1 ,when to their sports they turned4 ,immediately ,was ,samson as a public servant brought1 ,in their state livery clad2 before him pipes ,and timbrels1 on each side went armd guards1 ,both horse and foot2 before him and behind ,archers and slingers1 cataphracts and spears4 ,at sight of him the people with a shout ,rifted the air1 clamoring their god with praise1 ,who had made their dreadful enemy their thrall4 ,he1 patient1 but undaunted1 where they led him1 ,came to the place2 and what was set before him1 ,which without help of eye might be essayed1 ,to heave1 pull1 draw1 or break1 he still performed1 ,all with1 incredible1 stupendous force1 ,none daring to appear antagonist4 ,at length1 for intermission sake1 they led him ,between the pillars2 he his guide requested1 ,as over-tired1 to let him lean awhile ,with both his arms on those two massy pillars1 ,that to the archd roof gave main support4 ,he1 unsuspicious1 led him2 which when ,samson ,felt in his arms1 with head awhile inclined1 ,and eyes fast fixed he stood1 as one who prayed1 ,or some great matter in his mind revolved2 ,at last1 with head erect1 thus cried aloud3 8,hitherto1 lords1 what your commands imposed ,i have performed1 as reason was1 obeying1 ,not without wonder or delight beheld3 ,now1 of my own accord1 such other trial ,i mean to show you of my strength1 yet greater1 ,as with amaze shall strike all who behold40 ,this uttered1 straining all his nerves1 he bowed2 ,as with the force of winds and waters pent1 ,when mountains tremble1 those two massy pillars ,with horrible convulsion to and fro ,he tugged1 he shook1 till down they came1 and drew ,the whole roof after them1 with burst of thunder1 ,upon the heads of all who sat beneath1-- ,lords1 ladies1 captains1 counselors1 or priests1 ,their choice nobility and flower1 not only ,of this1 but each ,philistian city round1 ,met from all parts to solemnize this feast4 ,samson1 with these immixed1 inevitably ,pulled down the same destruction on himself2 ,the vulgar only 'scaped who stood without4 ,from 8,samson ,agonistes40 ,,may ,,morning4 ,,john ,,milton4 ,,now the bright morning star1 ,day's harbinger1 ,comes dancing from the east1 and leads with her ,the flowery ,may1 who from her green lap throws ,the yellow cowslip and the pale primrose4 ,hail1 bounteous ,may1 that dost inspire ,mirth1 and youth1 and warm desire6 ,woods and groves are of thy dressing2 ,hill and dale doth boast thy blessing4 ,thus we salute thee with our early song1 ,and welcome thee1 and wish thee long4 ,,on ,,his ,,blindness4 ,,john ,,milton4 ,,when ,i consider how my light is spent1 ,ere half my days1 in this dark world and wide1 ,and that one talent which is death to hide ,lodged with me useless1 though my soul more bent ,to serve therewith my ,maker1 and present ,my true account1 lest ,he returning chide2 8,doth ,god exact day-labor1 light denied80 ,i fondly ask2 but ,patience1 to prevent ,that murmur1 soon replies1 8,god doth not need ,either man's work or his own gifts2 who best ,bear his mild yoke1 they serve him best2 his state ,is kingly3 thousands at his bidding speed1 ,and post o'er land and ocean without rest2 ,they also serve who only stand and wait40 99 99 99 99 99 ,how charming is divine philosophy6 ,not harsh and crabbed1 as dull fools suppose1 ,but musical as is ,apollo's lute1 ,and a perpetual feast of nectared sweets1 ,where no crude surfeit reigns4 ,a ,,cheerful ,,spirit4 ,,sir ,,john ,,lubbock4 ,,sir ,,john ,,lubbock was born in ,england in #ahcd4 ,he is a banker and has introduced great improvements into banking and custom-house business4 ,he has written a number of books on literary and scientific subjects4 ,,cheerfulness is a great moral tonic4 ,as sunshine brings out the flowers and ripens the fruit1 so does cheerfulness--the feeling of freedom and life--develop in us all the seeds of good--all that is best in us4 ,cheerfulness is a duty we owe to others4 ,there is an old tradition that a cup of gold is to be found wherever a rainbow touches the earth1 and there are some people whose smile1 the sound of whose voice1 whose very presence seems like a ray of sunshine1 to turn everything they touch into gold4 ,men never break down as long as they can keep cheerful4 8,a merry heart is a continual feast0 to others besides itself4 ,the shadow of ,florence ,nightingale cured more than her medicines2 and if we share the burdens of others1 we lighten our own4 ,all wish1 but few know how1 to enjoy themselves4 ,they do not realize the dignity and delight of life4 ,do not magnify small troubles into great trials4 ,we often fancy we are mortally wounded when we are but scratched4 ,a surgeon1 says ,fuller1 8sent for to cure a slight wound1 sent off in a great hurry for a plaster4 #8,why1' said the gentleman1 #8is the hurt then so dangerous8' #8,no1' said the surgeon1 #8but if the messenger returns not in post-haste1 it will cure itself4'0 ,time cures sorrow as well as wounds4 8,a cultivated mind1 ,i do not mean that of a philosopher1 but any mind to which the fountains of knowledge have been opened1 and which has been taught in any tolerable degree to exercise its faculties1 will find sources of inexhaustible interest in all that surrounds it2 in the objects of ,nature1 the achievements of ,art1 the imagination of ,poetry1 the incidents of ,history1 the ways of ,mankind1 past and present1 and their prospects in the future40 ,from 8,the ,pleasures of ,life40 ,,the ,,relief ,,of ,,lucknow4 ,,for eighty days the fort of ,lucknow had held out against fifty thousand rebel ,sepoys4 ,disease1 famine1 and the fire of the enemy had thinned the ranks of the little garrison until but twenty remained4 ,day after day the garrison had hoped for relief1 but now hope itself had died away4 ,the ,sepoys1 grown desperate by repulse1 had decided to overwhelm the fort with their whole force4 ,the engineers had said that within a few hours all would be over1 and not a soul within ,lucknow but was prepared for the worst4 ,a poor ,scotch girl1 ,jessie ,brown1 had been in a state of excitement all through the siege1 and had fallen away visibly within the last few days4 ,a constant fever consumed her1 and her mind wandered1 especially on that day1 when1 as she said1 she was 8lukin far awa1 far awa upon the craigs of ,duncleuch as in the days of auld lang syne40 ,at last1 overcome with fatigue1 she sank on the ground too tired to wait4 ,as the ,sepoys moved on to the attack1 the women1 remembering the horrible scenes of ,cawnpore1 besought the men to save them from a fate worse than death1 by killing them with a volley from their guns4 ,the soldiers for the last time looked down the road whence the long-looked-for relief must come2 but they saw no signs of ,havelock and his troops4 ,in despair they loaded their guns and aimed them at the waiting group2 but suddenly all are startled by a wild1 unearthly shriek from the sleeping ,scotch girl4 ,starting upright1 her arms raised1 and her head bent forward in the attitude of listening1 with a look of intense delight breaking over her countenance1 she exclaimed3 8,dinna ye hear it8 ,dinna ye hear it8 ,ay1 ,i'm no dreamin'2 it's the slogan o' the ,highlanders6 ,we're saved1 we're saved60 ,then1 flinging herself upon her knees1 she thanked ,god with passionate fervor4 ,the soldiers were utterly bewildered2 their ,english ears heard only the roar of artillery1 and they thought poor ,jessie still raving4 ,but she darted to the batteries1 crying incessantly to the men3 8,courage6 ,hark to the slogan--to the ,macgregor1 the grandest of them a'6 ,here's help at last60 ,for a moment every soul listened in intense anxiety4 ,gradually1 however1 there was a murmur of bitter disappointment1 and the wailing of the women began anew as the colonel shook his head4 ,their dull ,lowland ears heard nothing but the rattle of the musketry4 ,a few moments more of this deathlike suspense1 of this agonizing hope1 and ,jessie1 who had again sunk to the ground1 sprang to her feet1 and cried in a voice so clear and piercing that it was heard along the whole line3 8,will ye no believe it noo8 ,the slogan has ceased1 indeed1 but the ,campbells are comin'4 ,d' ye hear8 ,d' ye hear80 ,at that moment they seem to hear the voice of ,god in the distance1 as the bagpipes of the ,highlanders brought tidings of deliverance2 for now there was no longer any doubt of their coming4 ,that shrill1 penetrating1 ceaseless sound which rose above all other sounds could come neither from the advance of the enemy nor from the work of the sappers4 ,yes6 ,it was indeed the blast of the ,scottish bagpipes1 now shrill and harsh as the threatening vengeance of the foe1 then in softer tones seeming to promise succor to their friends in need4 ,never1 surely1 was there such a scene as that which followed4 ,not a heart in the residency of ,lucknow but bowed itself before ,god4 ,all by one simultaneous impulse fell upon their knees1 and nothing was heard save bursting sobs and the murmured voice of prayer4 ,,the ,,bivouac ,,of ,,the ,,dead4 ,,theodore ,o',,hara4 ,,the muffled drum's sad roll has beat ,the soldier's last tattoo2 ,no more on life's parade shall meet ,that brave and fallen few4 ,on ,fame's eternal camping-ground ,their silent tents are spread1 ,and glory guards with solemn round1 ,the bivouac of the dead4 ,no rumor of the foe's advance ,now swells upon the wind2 ,no troubled thought at midnight haunts ,of loved ones left behind2 ,no vision of the morrow's strife ,the warrior's dream alarms2 ,no braying horn or screaming fife ,at dawn shall call to arms4 ,the neighing troop1 the flashing blade1 ,the bugle's stirring blast1 ,the charge1 the dreadful cannonade1 ,the din and shout1 are past4 ,nor war's wild note1 nor glory's peal1 ,shall thrill with fierce delight ,those breasts that nevermore may feel ,the rapture of the fight4 ,like the fierce northern hurricane ,that sweeps his great plateau1 ,flushed with the triumph yet to gain1 ,comes down the serried foe4 ,who heard the thunder of the fray ,break o'er the field beneath1 ,knew well the watchword of that day ,was 8,victory or ,death60 ,sons of the dark and bloody ground1 ,ye must not slumber there1 ,where stranger steps and tongues resound ,along the heedless air6 ,your own proud land's heroic soil ,shall be your fitter grave3 ,she claims from war its richest spoil1-- ,the ashes of her brave4 ,thus1 'neath their parent turf they rest1 ,far from the gory field1 ,borne to a ,spartan mother's breast ,on many a bloody shield4 ,the sunshine of their native sky ,smiles sadly on them here1 ,and kindred eyes and hearts watch by ,the heroes' sepulcher4 ,rest on1 embalmed and sainted dead6 ,dear as the blood ye gave1 ,no impious footstep here shall tread ,the herbage of your grave2 ,nor shall your glory be forgot ,while ,fame her record keeps1 ,or ,honor points the hallowed spot ,where ,valor proudly sleeps4 ,yon marble minstrel's voiceless stone ,in deathless song shall tell1 ,when many a vanished year hath flown1 ,the story how ye fell4 ,nor wreck1 nor change1 nor winter's blight1 ,nor ,time's remorseless doom1 ,can dim one ray of holy light ,that gilds your glorious tomb4 ,,elegy ,,written ,,in ,a ,,country ,,church-,,yard4 ,,thomas ,,gray4 ,,thomas ,,gray was born in ,london in #agaf4 ,his father neglected his family1 and the boy was dependent upon his mother1 who worked hard to provide her son with an education4 ,through the influence of an uncle1 who was an assistant at ,eton1 the future poet was educated at that famous school1 and at ,cambridge4 ,he spent his vacations at his uncle's house4 ,he cared nothing for the sports of the times1 but loved nature4 ,he would sit for hours in a quiet nook1 surrounded by hills and cliffs1 reading1 dreaming1 and watching the gambols of the hares and squirrels4 ,gray was twenty-two years old when he left ,cambridge4 ,he spent the following six months at home1 and then accepted the invitation of one of his college friends to accompany him1 free of expense1 on a tour through ,france and ,italy4 ,his notes and letters written during this trip show remarkable taste and learning4 ,illustration ,after two and a half years of travel he returned to ,england4 ,his father died during the next fall1 after wasting his fortune4 ,gray began the study of law1 but had not the means to finish the course4 ,he began to devote his time to writing1 left ,london1 where he had spent the winter1 and went with his mother to visit an uncle who lived in a country hamlet called ,stoke ,poges4 ,in this quiet village he wrote his 8,ode on the ,spring10 8,ode on a ,distant ,prospect of ,eton ,college10 and began the 8,elegy ,written in a ,country ,church-,yard40 ,the 8,elegy0 is one of the most celebrated poems ever written4 ,it was begun when ,gray was twenty-six years old1 but he did not finish it until eight years later4 ,its fame spread over the world1 and it still holds its rank as the most perfect of ,english poems4 ,the poet lived at ,cambridge1 where he devoted his time to study4 ,the 8,elegy0 and a later work1 8,the ,bard10 placed him at the head of ,english poets4 ,he was offered the office of poet laureate1 which he refused4 ,in #agfh ,gray accepted the chair of ,modern ,history and ,languages at ,cambridge4 ,the last years of the poet's life were spent very quietly4 ,he avoided society and was rarely seen in public4 ,he died in ,london in #agga4 ,,the ,curfew tolls the knell of parting day1 ,the lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea1 ,the plowman homeward plods his weary way1 ,and leaves the world to darkness and to me4 ,now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight1 ,and all the air a solemn stillness holds1 ,save where the beetle wheels his droning flight1 ,and drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds2 ,save that from yonder ivy-mantled tow'r ,the moping owl does to the moon complain ,of such1 as wand'ring near her secret bow'r1 ,molest her ancient solitary reign4 ,beneath those rugged elms1 that yew-tree's shade1 ,where heaves the turf in many a mould'ring heap1 ,each in his narrow cell forever laid1 ,the rude ,forefathers of the hamlet sleep4 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,at ,,stoke ,,poges4 ,the breezy call of incense-breathing ,morn1 ,the swallow twitt'ring from the straw-built shed1 ,the cock's shrill clarion1 or the echoing horn1 ,no more shall rouse them from their lowly bed4 ,for them no more the blazing hearth shall burn1 ,or busy housewife ply her evening care3 ,no children run to lisp their sire's return1 ,or climb his knees the envied kiss to share4 ,oft did the harvest to their sickle yield1 ,their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke2 ,how jocund did they drive their team afield6 ,how bow'd the woods beneath their sturdy stroke6 ,let not ,ambition mock their useful toil1 ,their homely joys1 and destiny obscure2 ,nor ,grandeur hear with a disdainful smile1 ,the short and simple annals of the poor4 ,the boast of heraldry1 the pomp of pow'r1 ,and all that beauty1 all that wealth e'er gave1 ,awaits alike th' inevitable hour4 ,the paths of glory lead but to the grave4 ,nor you1 ye ,proud1 impute to ,these the fault1 ,if ,mem'ry o'er their ,tomb no ,trophies raise1 ,where thro' the long-drawn isle and fretted vault ,the pealing anthem swells the note of praise4 ,can storied urn or animated bust ,back to its mansion call the fleeting breath8 ,can ,honor's voice provoke the silent dust1 ,or ,flatt'ry soothe the dull cold ear of ,death8 ,perhaps in this neglected spot is laid ,some heart once pregnant with celestial fire2 ,hands1 that the rod of empire might have sway'd1 ,or wak'd to ecstasy the living lyre4 ,but ,knowledge to their eyes her ample page ,rich with the spoils of time did ne'er unroll2 ,chill ,penury repress'd their noble rage1 ,and froze the genial current of the soul4 ,full many a gem of purest ray serene1 ,the dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear3 ,full many a flower is born to blush unseen1 ,and waste its sweetness on the desert air4 ,some village-,hampden1 that with dauntless breast ,the little ,tyrant of his fields withstood2 ,some mute inglorious ,milton here may rest1 ,some ,cromwell guiltless of his country's blood4 ,th' applause of list'ning senates to command1 ,the threats of pain and ruin to despise1 ,to scatter plenty o'er a smiling land1 ,and read their hist'ry in a nation's eyes1 ,their lot forbade3 nor circumscrib'd alone ,their growing virtues1 but their crimes confin'd2 ,forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne1 ,and shut the gates of mercy on mankind1 ,the struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide1 ,to quench the blushes of ingenuous shame1 ,or heap the shrine of ,luxury and ,pride ,with incense kindled at the ,muse's flame4 ,far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife1 ,their sober wishes never learn'd to stray2 ,along the cool sequester'd vale of life ,they kept the noiseless tenor of their way4 ,yet ev'n these bones from insult to protect ,some frail memorial still erected nigh1 ,with uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture deck'd1 ,implores the passing tribute of a sigh4 ,their name1 their years1 spelt by th' unletter'd muse1 ,the place of fame and elegy supply3 ,and many a holy text around she strews1 ,that teach the rustic moralist to die4 ,for who to dumb ,forgetfulness a prey1 ,this pleasing anxious being e'er resign'd1 ,left the warm precincts of the cheerful day1 ,nor cast one longing ling'ring look behind8 ,on some fond breast the parting soul relies1 ,some pious drops the closing eye requires2 ,ev'n from the tomb the voice of ,nature cries1 ,ev'n in our ,ashes live their wonted ,fires4 ,for thee1 who mindful of th' unhonor'd ,dead ,dost in these lines their artless tale relate2 ,if chance1 by lonely contemplation led1 ,some kindred ,spirit shall inquire thy fate1 ,haply some hoary-headed ,swain may say1 #8,oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn #8,brushing with hasty steps the dews away #8,to meet the sun upon the upland lawn4 #8,there at the foot of yonder nodding beech #8,that wreathes its old fantastic roots so high1 #8,his listless length at noontide would he stretch1 #8,and pore upon the brook that babbles by4 #8,hard by yon wood1 now smiling as in scorn1 #8,mutt'ring his wayward fancies he would rove1 #8,now drooping1 woeful wan1 like one forlorn1 #8,or craz'd with care1 or cross'd in hopeless love4 #8,one morn ,i miss'd him on the custom'd hill1 #8,along the heath and near his fav'rite tree2 #8,another came2 nor yet beside the rill1 #8,nor up the lawn1 nor at the wood was he2 #8,the next with dirges due in sad array #8,slow thro' the church-way path we saw him borne4 #8,approach and read 7for thou can'st read7 the lay1 #8,grav'd on the stone beneath yon aged thorn4' ,,the ,,epitaph4 ,here rests his head upon the lap of ,earth ,a ,youth to ,fortune and to ,fame unknown4 ,fair ,science frown'd not on his humble birth1 ,and ,melancholy mark'd him for her own4 ,large was his bounty1 and his soul sincere1 ,heav'n did a recompense as largely send3 ,he gave to ,mis'ry all he had1 a tear1 ,he gain'd from ,heav'n 7t'was all he wish'd7 a friend4 ,no farther seek his merits to disclose1 ,or draw his frailties from their dread abode1 7,there they alike in trembling hope repose17 ,the bosom of his ,father and his ,god4 ,,belshazzar',s ,,feast4 ,,belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords1 and drank wine before the thousand4 ,belshazzar1 while he tasted the wine1 commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels1 which his father ,nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple which was in ,jerusalem2 that the king and his princes and his wives might drink therein4 ,then they brought the golden vessels that were taken out of the temple of the house of ,god1 which was at ,jerusalem2 and the king1 his princes and his wives1 drank in them4 ,they drank wine1 and praised the gods of gold1 and of silver1 of brass1 of iron1 of wood1 and of stone4 ,in the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand1 and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaster of the wall of the king's palace3 and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote4 ,then the king's countenance was changed1 and his thoughts troubled him1 so that the joints of his loins were loosed1 and his knees smote one against another4 ,the king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers1 the ,chaldeans1 and the soothsayers4 ,and the king spake and said to the wise men of ,babylon3 8,whosoever shall read this writing1 and show me the interpretation thereof1 shall be clothed with scarlet1 and have a chain of gold about his neck1 and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom40 ,then came in all the king's wise men3 but they could not read the writing1 nor make known to the king the interpretation thereof4 ,then was ,king ,belshazzar greatly troubled1 and his countenance was changed in him1 and his lords were astonished4 ,now the queen1 by reason of the words of the king and his lords1 came into the banquet house3 and the queen spake and said3 8,o king1 live for ever3 let not thy thoughts trouble thee1 nor let thy countenance be changed3 8,there is a man in thy kingdom in whom is the spirit of the holy gods2 and in the days of thy father light and understanding and wisdom1 like the wisdom of the gods1 was found in him2 whom the king ,nebuchadnezzar thy father1 the king1 ,i say1 thy father1 made him master of the magicians1 astrologers1 ,chaldeans1 and soothsayers2 8,forasmuch as an excellent spirit1 and knowledge1 and understanding1 interpreting of dreams1 and showing of hard sentences1 and dissolving of doubts1 were found in the same ,daniel1 whom the king named ,belteshazzar3 now let ,daniel be called1 and he will show the interpretation40 ,then was ,daniel brought in before the king4 ,and the king spake and said unto ,daniel3 8,art thou that ,daniel1 which art of the children of the captivity of ,judah1 whom the king1 my father1 brought out of ,jewry8 8,i have even heard of thee1 that the spirit of the gods is in thee1 and that light and understanding and excellent wisdom is found in thee4 8,and now the wise men1 the astrologers1 have been brought in before me1 that they should read this writing1 and make known unto me the interpretation thereof3 but they could not show the interpretation of the thing3 8,and ,i have heard of thee1 that thou canst make interpretations1 and dissolve doubts3 now if thou canst read the writing1 and make known to me the interpretation thereof1 thou shalt be clothed with scarlet1 and have a chain of gold about thy neck1 and shalt be the third ruler in the kingdom40 ,then ,daniel answered and said before the king3 8,let thy gifts be to thyself1 and give thy rewards to another2 yet ,i will read the writing unto the king1 and make known to him the interpretation4 8,o thou king1 the most high ,god gave ,nebuchadnezzar thy father a kingdom1 and majesty1 and glory1 and honor3 8,and for the majesty that he gave him1 all people1 nations1 and languages trembled and feared before him3 whom he would he slew1 and whom he would he kept alive2 and whom he would he set up1 and whom he would he put down4 8,but when his heart was lifted up1 and his mind hardened in pride1 he was deposed from his kingly throne1 and they took his glory from him3 8,and he was driven from the sons of men2 and his heart was made like the beasts1 and his dwelling was with the wild asses3 they fed him with grass like oxen1 and his body was wet with the dew of heaven2 till he knew that the most high ,god ruled in the kingdom of men1 and that he appointeth over it whomsoever he will4 8,and thou his son1 ,o ,belshazzar1 hast not humbled thine heart1 though thou knewest all this2 8,but hast lifted up thyself against the ,lord of heaven2 and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee1 and thou and thy lords and thy wives1 have drunk wine in them2 and thou hast praised the gods of silver1 and gold1 of brass1 iron1 wood1 and stone1 which see not1 nor hear1 nor know3 and the ,god in whose hand thy breath is1 and whose are all thy ways1 hast thou not glorified3 8,then was the part of the hand sent from him2 and this writing was written4 8,and this is the writing that was written3-- ,,mene1 ,,mene1 ,,tekel1 ,,upharsin4 ,this is the interpretation of the thing3-- ,,mene2 ,god hath ,,numbered thy kingdom1 ,and finished it4 ,,tekel2 ,thou art ,,weighed in the balances1 ,and art found wanting4 ,,peres2 ,thy kingdom is ,,divided1 ,and given to the ,medes and ,persians40 ,then commanded ,belshazzar1 and they clothed ,daniel with scarlet and put a chain of gold about his neck1 and made a proclamation concerning him1 that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom4 ,in that night was ,belshazzar1 the king of the ,chaldeans1 slain4 ,and ,darius1 the ,median1 took the kingdom1 being about threescore and two years old4 ,from 8,the ,bible10 ,book of ,daniel1 ,chap4 ,v4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,quebec4 ,,francis ,,parkman4 ,,francis ,,parkman was born in ,boston in #ahbc4 ,he was graduated from ,harvard ,college when he was twenty-one4 ,he visited ,europe and on his return went on a tour in the far ,west1 across the prairies and among the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,he became well acquainted with the ,indians1 sharing their camps and hunting buffaloes with them4 ,his book1 8,the ,california and ,oregon ,trail10 contains a vivid account of his explorations4 ,this book was followed by 8,the ,history of the ,conspiracy of ,pontiac0 and a novel called 8,vassal ,morton40 ,illustration ,mr4 ,parkman devoted a number of years to writing histories of the attempts of the ,french and ,english to settle ,north ,america4 ,his qualities as a writer were of a high order4 ,his style is marked by uncommon vigor4 ,his pages are alive with thrilling adventure1 brilliant description1 and romantic episodes4 ,he has left no room for a competitor in the same field4 ,mr4 ,parkman died in #ahic4 ,,the eventful night of the #abth was clear and calm1 with no light but that of the stars4 ,within two hours before daybreak thirty boats1 crowded with sixteen hundred soldiers1 cast off from the vessels and floated downward1 in perfect order1 with the current of the ebb tide4 ,to the boundless joy of the army1 ,wolfe's malady had abated1 and he was able to command in person4 ,his ruined health1 the gloomy prospects of the siege1 and the disaster at ,montmorenci had oppressed him with the deepest melancholy1 but never impaired for a moment the promptness of his decisions or the impetuous energy of his action4 ,he sat in the stern of one of the boats1 pale and weak1 but borne up to a calm height of resolution4 ,every order had been given1 every arrangement made1 and it only remained to face the issue4 ,the ebbing tide sufficed to bear the boats along1 and nothing broke the silence of the night but the gurgling of the river and the low voice of ,wolfe1 as he repeated to the officers about him the stanzas of ,gray's 8,elegy in a ,country ,churchyard10 which had recently appeared and which he had just received from ,england4 ,perhaps1 as he uttered those strangely appropriate words1-- 8,the paths of glory lead but to the grave10 the shadows of his own approaching fate stole with mournful prophecy across his mind4 8,gentlemen10 he said as he closed his recital1 8,i would rather have written those lines than take ,quebec to-morrow40 ,as they approached the landing-place1 the boats edged closer in towards the northern shore1 and the woody precipices rose high on their left1 like a wall of undistinguished blackness4 ,they reached the landing-place in safety--an indentation in the shore about a league above the city1 and now bearing the name of ,wolfe's ,cove4 ,here a narrow path led up the face of the heights1 and a ,french guard was posted at the top to defend the pass4 ,by the force of the current the foremost boats1 including that which carried ,wolfe himself1 were borne a little below the spot4 ,the general was one of the first on shore4 ,meanwhile the vessels had dropped downward with the current1 and anchored opposite the landing-place4 ,the remaining troops were disembarked1 and1 with the dawn of day1 the whole were brought in safety to the shore4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ascent ,,to ,,the ,,plains ,,of ,,abraham4 ,the sun rose1 and1 from the ramparts of ,quebec1 the astonished people saw the ,plains of ,abraham glittering with arms1 and the dark-red lines of the ,english forming in array of battle4 ,breathless messengers had borne the evil tidings to ,montcalm1 and far and near his wide-extended camp resounded with the rolling of alarm drums and the din of startled preparation4 ,he1 too1 had his struggles and his sorrows4 ,the civil power had thwarted him2 famine1 discontent1 and disaffection were rife among his soldiers2 and no small portion of the ,canadian militia had dispersed from sheer starvation4 ,in spite of all1 he had trusted to hold out till the winter frosts should drive the invaders from before the town1 when1 on that disastrous morning1 the news of their successful temerity fell like a cannon shot upon his ear4 ,still he assumed a tone of confidence4 8,they have got to the weak side of us at last10 he is reported to have said1 8and we must crush them with our numbers40 ,at a little before ten the ,english could see that ,montcalm was preparing to advance1 and in a few moments all his troops appeared in rapid motion4 ,they came on in three divisions1 shouting1 after the manner of their nation1 and firing heavily as soon as they came within range4 ,in the ,british ranks not a trigger was pulled1 not a soldier stirred2 and their ominous composure seemed to damp the spirits of the assailants4 ,it was not till the ,french were within forty yards that the fatal word was given1 and the ,british muskets blazed forth at once in one crashing explosion4 ,like a ship at full career1 arrested with sudden ruin on a sunken rock1 the ranks of ,montcalm staggered1 shivered1 and broke before that wasting storm of lead4 ,the smoke1 rolling along the field1 for a moment shut out the view2 but when the white wreaths were scattered on the wind1 a wretched spectacle was disclosed2 men and officers tumbled in heaps1 battalions resolved into a mob1 order and obedience gone2 and when the ,british muskets were leveled for a second volley1 the masses of the militia were seen to cower and shrink with uncontrollable panic4 ,for a few minutes the ,french regulars stood their ground1 returning a sharp and not ineffectual fire4 ,but now1 echoing cheer on cheer1 redoubling volley on volley1 trampling the dying and the dead1 and driving the fugitives in crowds1 the ,british troops advanced and swept the field before them4 ,the ardor of the men burst all restraint4 ,they broke into a run and with unsparing slaughter chased the flying multitude to the gates of ,quebec4 ,foremost of all1 the light-footed ,highlanders dashed along in furious pursuit1 hewing down the ,frenchmen with their broadswords1 and slaying many in the very ditch of the fortifications4 ,never was victory more quick or more decisive2 yet the triumph of the victors was mingled with sadness as the tidings went from rank to rank that ,wolfe had fallen4 ,in the heat of the action1 as he advanced at the head of the grenadiers of ,louisburg1 a bullet shattered his wrist2 but he wrapped his handkerchief about the wound and showed no sign of pain4 ,a moment more and a ball pierced his side4 ,still he pressed forward1 waving his sword and cheering his soldiers to the attack1 when a third shot lodged deep within his breast4 ,he paused1 reeled1 and1 staggering to one side1 fell to the earth4 ,brown1 a lieutenant of the grenadiers1 ,henderson1 a volunteer1 an officer of artillery1 and a private soldier raised him together in their arms1 and1 bearing him to the rear1 laid him softly on the grass4 ,they asked him if he would have a surgeon2 but he shook his head and answered that all was over with him4 ,his eyes closed with the torpor of approaching death1 and those around sustained his fainting form4 ,yet they could not withhold their gaze from the wild turmoil before them and the charging ranks of their companions rushing through fire and smoke4 8,see how they run60 one of the officers exclaimed as the ,french fled in confusion before the leveled bayonets4 8,who run80 demanded ,wolfe1 opening his eyes1 like a man aroused from sleep4 8,the enemy1 sir10 was the reply2 8they give way everywhere40 8,then10 said the dying general1 8tell ,colonel ,burton to march ,webb's regiment down to ,charles ,river1 to cut off their retreat from the bridge4 ,now1 ,god be praised6 ,i will die in peace10 he murmured2 and1 turning on his side1 he calmly breathed his last4 ,from 8,montcalm and ,wolfe40 ,,the ,,starling4 ,,laurence ,,sterne4 ,,laurence ,,sterne1 an ,english novelist1 was born in ,ireland in #agac4 ,he was the son of an ,english officer1 and the first ten years of his life were spent in traveling about with his father's regiment4 ,he then entered a school near ,halifax1 where he studied for eight or nine years1 and completed his education at the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,mr4 ,sterne became a clergyman of the ,church of ,england1 but devoted a large portion of his time to the writing of fiction4 ,he died in ,london in #agfh4 ,,and as for the ,bastille1 the terror is in the word4 ,make the most of it you can1 said ,i to myself1 the ,bastille is but another word for a tower1 and a tower is but another word for a house you can't get out of4 ,mercy on the gouty6 for they are in it twice a year4 ,but with nine livres a day1 and pen and ink and paper and patience1 albeit a man can't get out1 he may do very well within1 at least for a month or six weeks1 at the end of which1 if he is a harmless fellow1 his innocence appears and he comes out a better and wiser man than he went in4 ,i had some occasion--,i forget what--to step into the courtyard1 as ,i settled this account1 and remember ,i walked downstairs in no small triumph with the conceit of my reasoning4 8,beshrew the somber pencil60 said ,i vauntingly2 8for ,i envy not its power1 which paints the evils of life with so hard and deadly a coloring4 ,the mind sits terrified at the objects she has magnified herself and blackened4 ,reduce them to their proper size and hue1 she overlooks them4 ',tis true10 said ,i1 correcting the proposition1 8the ,bastille is not an evil to be despised4 ,but strip it of its towers1 fill up the fosse1 unbarricade the doors1 call it simply a confinement1 and suppose 'tis some tyrant of a distemper1 and not of a man1 which holds you in it1 the evil vanishes and you bear the other half without complaint40 ,i was interrupted in the heyday of this soliloquy with a voice which ,i took to be that of a child1 which complained it could not get out4 ,i looked up and down the passage1 and1 seeing neither man1 woman1 nor child1 ,i went out without further attention4 ,in my return back through the passage1 ,i heard the same words repeated twice over2 and1 looking up1 ,i saw it was a starling1 hung in a little cage4 8,i can't get out--,i can't get out10 said the starling4 ,i stood looking at the bird2 and to every person who came through the passage it ran fluttering to the side towards which they approached it1 with the same lamentation of its captivity4 8,i can't get out10 said the starling4 8,god help thee60 said ,i2 8but ,i'll let thee out1 cost what it will40 ,so ,i turned about the cage to get the door4 ,it was twisted and double twisted so fast with wire there was no getting it open without pulling the cage to pieces4 ,i took both hands to it4 ,the bird flew to the place where ,i was attempting his deliverance1 and1 thrusting his head through the trellis1 pressed his breast against it1 as if impatient4 8,i fear1 poor creature10 said ,i1 8,i cannot set thee at liberty40 8,no10 said the starling2 8,i can't get out--,i can't get out40 ,i never had my affections more tenderly awakened1 nor do ,i remember an incident in my life where the dissipated spirits to which my reason had been a bubble were so suddenly called home4 ,mechanical as the notes were1 yet so true in tune to nature were they chanted1 that in one moment they overthrew all my systematic reasonings upon the ,bastille2 and ,i heavily walked upstairs1 unsaying every word ,i had said in going down them4 8,disguise thyself as thou wilt1 still1 ,slavery10 said ,i1 8still thou art a bitter draught2 and though thousands in all ages have been made to drink of thee1 thou art no less bitter on that account4 ',tis thou1 thrice sweet and gracious goddess10--addressing myself to ,liberty1--8whom all1 in public or in private1 worship1 whose taste is grateful1 and ever will be so1 till ,nature herself shall change4 ,no tint of words can spot thy snowy mantle1 nor chymic power turn thy scepter into iron4 ,with thee to smile upon him as he eats his crust1 the swain is happier than his monarch1 from whose court thou art exiled4 ,gracious ,heaven60 cried ,i1 kneeling down upon the last step but one in my ascent1 8grant me but health1 thou great ,bestower of it1 and give me but this fair goddess as my companion1 and shower down thy miters1 if it seem good unto thy divine providence1 upon those heads which are aching for them40 ,the bird in his cage pursued me into my room4 ,i sat down close by my table1 and1 leaning my head upon my hand1 ,i began to figure to myself the miseries of confinement4 ,i was in a right frame for it1 and so ,i gave full scope to my imagination4 ,i was going to begin with the millions of my fellow-creatures born to no inheritance but slavery2 but finding1 however affecting the picture was1 that ,i could not bring it near me1 and that the multitude of sad groups in it did but distract me1 ,i took a single captive1 and1 having first shut him up in his dungeon1 ,i then looked through the twilight of his grated door to take his picture4 ,i beheld his body half wasted away with long expectation and confinement1 and felt what kind of sickness of the heart it was which arises from hope deferred4 ,upon looking nearer1 ,i saw him pale and feverish4 ,in thirty years the western breeze had not once fanned his blood4 ,he had seen no sun1 no moon in all that time1 nor had the voice of friend or kinsman breathed through his lattice4 ,his children6-- ,but here my heart began to bleed1 and ,i was forced to go on with another part of the portrait4 ,he was sitting upon the ground1 upon a little straw1 in the farthest corner of his dungeon1 which was alternately his chair and bed4 ,a little calendar of small sticks was laid at the head1 notched all over with the dismal days and nights he had passed there4 ,he had one of these little sticks in his hand1 and with a rusty nail he was etching another day of misery to add to the heap4 ,as ,i darkened the little light he had1 he lifted up a hopeless eye towards the door1 then cast it down1 shook his head1 and went on with his work of affliction4 ,i heard his chains upon his legs as he turned his body to lay his little stick upon the bundle4 ,he gave a deep sigh4 ,i saw the iron enter into his soul4 ,i burst into tears4 ,i could not sustain the picture of confinement which my fancy had drawn4 ,from 8,the ,sentimental ,journey40 ,,the ,,belfry ,,pigeon4 ,,nathaniel ,,parker ,,willis4 ,,nathaniel ,,parker ,willis was born in ,portland1 ,me41 in #ahjg1 and died near ,cornwall-on-the-,hudson1 ,n4,y41 in #ahfg4 ,his father was an editor and founded 8,the ,youth's ,companion40 ,his sister was an authoress who wrote under the name of 8,fanny ,fern40 ,nathaniel was graduated at ,yale ,college1 and wrote poems and literary essays during his college course4 ,he spent several years in traveling about ,europe1 and wrote a series of letters for the newspapers during this time4 ,mr4 ,willis published a number of poems1 books of travel1 and novels4 ,he possessed great natural gifts and there is much beauty in his prose and verse4 ,,on the cross-beam1 under the ,old ,south bell1 ,the nest of a pigeon is builded well4 ,in summer and winter that bird is there1 ,out and in with the morning air2 ,i love to see him track the street1 ,with his wary eye and active feet2 ,and ,i often watch him as he springs1 ,circling the steeple with easy wings1 ,till across the dial his shadow has passed1 ,and the belfry edge is gained at last4 ',tis a bird ,i love1 with its brooding note1 ,and the trembling throb in its mottled throat2 ,there's a human look in its swelling breast1 ,and the gentle curve of its lowly crest2 ,and ,i often stop with the fear ,i feel-- ,he runs so close to the rapid wheel4 ,whatever is rung on that noisy bell-- ,chime of the hour1 or funeral knell-- ,the dove in the belfry must hear it well4 ,when the tongue swings out to the midnight moon1 ,when the sexton cheerily rings for noon1 ,when the clock strikes clear at morning light1 ,when the child is waked with 8nine at night10 ,when the chimes play soft in the ,sabbath air1 ,filling the spirit with tones of prayer1-- ,whatever tale in the bell is heard1 ,he broods on his folded feet unstirred1 ,or1 rising half in his rounded nest1 ,he takes the time to smooth his breast1 ,then drops again1 with filmd eyes1 ,and sleeps as the last vibration dies4 ,sweet bird1 ,i would that ,i could be ,a hermit in the crowd like thee6 ,with wings to fly to wood and glen1 ,thy lot1 like mine1 is cast with men2 ,and daily1 with unwilling feet1 ,i tread1 like thee1 the crowded street2 ,but unlike me1 when day is o'er1 ,thou canst dismiss the world and soar1 ,or1 at a half-felt wish for rest1 ,canst smooth the feathers on thy breast1 ,and drop1 forgetful1 to thy nest4 ,,lady ,,una ,,and ,,the ,,lion4 ,,edmund ,,spenser4 ,,edmund ,,spenser was a famous ,english1 poet who lived in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,he was born in ,london in #aeec and received his education at ,cambridge1 where he was a sizar4 ,there is a mulberry tree which ,spenser is said to have planted still standing in the garden of the college4 ,illustration ,his early boyhood was passed in ,london1 with frequent visits among the glens of northern ,england4 ,spenser left ,cambridge when he was twenty-four years old1 and spent several years with his relations in the north of ,england4 ,on his return to ,london1 he published a series of twelve poems named after the months1 and called 8,the ,shephearde's ,calender40 ,this gained him a name as the first poet of the day4 ,the next summer he went to ,ireland as secretary to ,lord ,grey4 ,several years later he was awarded the ,castle of ,kilcolman for his services4 ,here he was visited by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,spenser had written three books of 8,the ,faerie ,queene10 his greatest poem1 and ,raleigh listened to them as the two poets sat beneath the alder trees beside the ,river ,mulla1 which flowed through the castle grounds4 ,raleigh was delighted with the poem1 and persuaded ,spenser to accompany him to ,england1 where he was presented to the ,queen4 ,the first three books of 8,the ,faerie ,queene0 were dedicated to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,it was the first great allegorical poem that ,england had produced1 and it has never lost its power4 ,spenser possessed a wonderful imagination1 and had but to close his eyes and he was in an enchanted land4 8,the ,faerie ,queene0 is the story of noble knights fighting against wrong1 and a beautiful lady rescued from danger4 ,only six books of the twelve which ,spenser planned were published4 ,the last years of ,spenser's life were filled with sadness4 ,during a rebellion his castle was burnt1 and he and his family fled to ,england4 ,he died in ,london in #aeii1 at the age of forty-six1 and was buried in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,,nought is there under heaven's wide hallowness ,that moves more dear compassin of mind1a ,than beauty brought t' unworthy wretchedness ,through envy's snares1 or fortune's freaks unkind4 ,i1 whether lately through her brightness blind1 ,or through allegiance and fast felty1 ,which ,i do owe unto all womankind1 ,feel my heart pierced with so great agony1 ,when such ,i see1 that all for pity ,i could die4 ,and now it is empassiond so deep1 ,for fairest ,una's sake1 of whom ,i sing1 ,that my frail eyes these lines with tears do steep1 ,to think how she through guileful handling1b ,though true as touch1 though daughter of a king1 ,though fair as ever living wight was fair1 ,though nor in word nor deed ill meriting1 ,is from her ,knight divorcd in despair1 ,and her due loves derived to that vile ,witch's share4c ,yet she1 most faithful ,lady all this while1 ,forsaken1 woeful1 solitary maid1 ,far from all people's press1 as in exile1 ,in wilderness and wasteful deserts stray'd ,to seek her ,knight2 who1 subtilly betray'd ,through that late vision which th' ,enchanter wrought1 ,had her abandon'd3 she1 of nought affray'd1 ,through woods and wasteness wide him daily sought2 ,yet wishd tidings none of him unto her brought4 ,one day1 nigh weary of the irksome way1 ,from her unhasty beast she did alight2 ,and on the grass her dainty limbs did lay ,in secret shadow1 far from all men's sight2 ,from her fair head her fillet she undight1d ,and laid her stole aside3 her angel's face1 ,as the great eye of heaven1 shind bright1 ,and made a sunshine in the shady place3 ,did never mortal eye behold such heavenly grace4 ,it fortund1 out of the thickest wood ,a ramping lion rushd suddenly1 ,hunting full greedy after savage blood3 ,soon as the royal ,virgin he did spy1 ,with gaping mouth at her ran greedily1 ,to have at once devour'd her tender corse2 ,but to the prey when as he drew more nigh1 ,his bloody rage assuagd with remorse1 ,and1 with the sight amazed1 forgat his furious force4 ,instead thereof1 he kiss'd her weary feet1 ,and lick'd her lily hands with fawning tongue1 ,as he her wrongd innocence did weet4 ,o1 how can beauty master the most strong1 ,and simple truth subdue avenging wrong6 ,whose yielded pride and proud submissin1 ,still dreading death1 when she had markd long1 ,her heart 'gan melt in great compassin2 ,and drizzling tears did shed for pure affectin4 8,the lion1 lord of every beast in field10 ,quoth she1 8his princely puissance doth abate1 ,and mighty proud to humble weak does yield1 ,forgetful of the hungry rage which late ,him prick'd1 in pity of my sad estate3-- ,but he1 my lion1 and my noble lord1 ,how does he find in cruel heart to hate ,her that him loved1 and ever most adored ,as the god of my life8 why hath he me abhorr'd80 ,redounding tears did choke th' end of her plaint1 ,which softly echo'd from the neighbor wood2 ,and1 sad to see her sorrowful constraint1 ,the kingly beast upon her gazing stood2 ,with pity calm'd1 down fell his angry mood4 ,at last1 in close heart shutting up her pain1 ,arose the ,virgin born of heavenly brood1 ,and to her snowy palfrey got again1 ,to seek her strayd ,champion if she might attain4 ,the lion would not leave her desolate1 ,but with her went along1 as a strong guard ,of her chaste person1 and a faithful mate ,of her sad troubles and misfortunes hard3 ,still1 when she slept1 he kept both watch and ward2 ,and1 when she waked1 he waited diligent1 ,with humble service to her will prepared3 ,from her fair eyes he took commandment1 ,and ever by her looks conceivd her intent4 ,from 8,the ,faerie ,queene40 ,una is the heroine of the first ,book of ,spenser's 8,faerie ,queene40 ,she appears to have been intended1 at least in part1 as a poetical impersonation of ,truth4 ,at all events1 she is one of the sweetest and loveliest visions that ever issued from a poet's brain4 a l4 #b4 ,in ,spenser's time the endings sion1 tion1 as also cian1 and various others1 were often used as two syllables4 b l4 #ac4 ,that is1 handling1 in the sense of treatment4 ,here1 again1 we have a relic of ancient usage4 ,so1 too1 in commandement1 in the last stanza of this piece4 ,and in many other like words the old poets often make two syllables where we now make but one4 c l4 #ah4 ,an old witch named ,duessa1 painted and dressed up into a false show of beauty1 and dealing in magic arts4 ,she had lied and cheated the red-cross ,knight1 the hero of the story1 out of his faith in ,una and beguiled him with her mighty spells4 d l4 #cb4 undight1 took off4 l4 #cc4 stole1 a long1 loose garment reaching to the feet4 l4 #dh4 weet1 understand4 l4 #fd4 ,redounding1 flowing4 ,,purity ,,of ,,character4 ,,over the plum and apricot there may be seen a bloom and beauty more exquisite than the fruit itself--a soft delicate flush that overspreads its blushing cheek4 ,now1 if you strike your hand over that1 and it is once gone1 it is gone forever2 for it never grows but once4 ,the flower that hangs in the morning impearled with dew1 arrayed with jewels1 once shake it so that the beads roll off1 and you may sprinkle water over it as you please1 yet it can never be made again what it was when the dew fell lightly upon it from heaven4 ,on a frosty morning you may see the panes of glass covered with landscapes1 mountains1 lakes1 and trees1 blended in a beautiful fantastic picture4 ,now lay your hand upon the glass1 and by the scratch of your fingers1 or by the warmth of the palm1 all the delicate tracery will be immediately obliterated4 ,so in youth there is a purity of character which when once touched and defiled can never be restored--a fringe more delicate than frost-work1 and which1 when torn and broken1 will never be rembroidered4 ,when a young man leaves his father's house1 with the blessing of his mother's tears still wet upon his forehead1 if he once loses that early purity of character1 it is a loss he can never make whole again4 ,,delights ,,of ,,reading4 ,,sir ,,john ,,lubbock4 ,,books are to mankind what memory is to the individual4 ,they contain the history of our race1 the discoveries we have made1 the accumulated knowledge and experience of ages2 they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature2 help us in our difficulties1 comfort us in sorrow and in suffering1 change hours of weariness into moments of delight1 store our minds with ideas1 fill them with good and happy thoughts1 and lift us out of and above ourselves4 ,there is an ,oriental story of two men3 one was a king1 who every night dreamt he was a beggar2 the other was a beggar1 who every night dreamt he was a prince and lived in a palace4 ,i am not sure that the king had very much the best of it4 ,imagination is sometimes more vivid than reality4 ,but1 however this may be1 when we read we may not only 7if we wish it7 be kings and live in palaces1 but1 what is far better1 we may transport ourselves to the mountains or the seashore1 and visit the most beautiful parts of the earth1 without fatigue1 inconvenience1 or expense4 ,many of those who have had1 as we say1 all that this world can give1 have yet told us they owed much of their purest happiness to books4 ,ascham1 in 8,the ,schoolmaster10 tells a touching story of his last visit to ,lady ,jane ,grey4 ,he found her sitting in an oriel window reading ,plato's beautiful account of the death of ,socrates4 ,her father and mother were hunting in the park1 the hounds were in full cry and their voices came in through the open window4 ,he expressed his surprise that she had not joined them4 ,but1 said she1 8,i wist that all their pleasure in the park is but a shadow to the pleasure ,i find in ,plato40 ,macaulay had wealth and fame1 rank and power1 and yet he tells us in his biography that he owed the happiest hours of his life to books4 ,in a charming letter to a little girl he says3 8,thank you for your very pretty letter4 ,i am always glad to make my little girl happy1 and nothing pleases me so much as to see that she likes books1 for when she is as old as ,i am she will find that they are better than all the tarts and cakes1 toys and plays1 and sights in the world4 ,if any one would make me the greatest king that ever lived1 with palaces and gardens and fine dinners1 and wines and coaches1 and beautiful clothes1 and hundreds of servants1 on condition that ,i should not read books1 ,i would not be a king4 ,i would rather be a poor man in a garret with plenty of books than a king who did not love reading40 ,books1 indeed1 endow us with a whole enchanted palace of thoughts4 ,there is a wider prospect1 says ,jean ,paul ,richter1 from ,parnassus than from the throne4 ,in one way they give us an even more vivid idea than the actual reality1 just as reflections are often more beautiful than real nature4 ,all mirrors1 says ,george ,mac,donald1 8are magic mirrors4 ,the commonest room is a room in a poem when ,i look in the glass40 ,english literature is the birthright and inheritance of the ,english race4 ,we have produced and are producing some of the greatest of poets1 of philosophers1 of men of science4 ,no race can boast a brighter1 purer1 or nobler literature--richer than our commerce1 more powerful than our arms4 ,it is the true pride and glory of our country1 and for it we cannot be too thankful4 ,precious and priceless are the blessings which the books scatter around our daily paths4 ,we walk1 in imagination1 with the noblest spirits1 through the most sublime and enchanting regions1--regions which1 to all that is lovely in the forms and colors of earth1 8,add the gleam1 ,the light that never was on sea or land1 ,the consecration and the poet's dream40 ,without stirring from our firesides we may roam to the most remote regions of the earth1 or soar into realms where ,spenser's shapes of unearthly beauty flock to meet us1 where ,milton's angels peal in our ears the choral hymns of ,paradise4 ,science1 art1 literature1 philosophy1--all that man has thought1 all that man has done1--the experience that has been bought with the sufferings of a hundred generations1--all are garnered up for us in the world of books4 ,from 8,the ,use of ,life40 ,,break1 ,,break1 ,,break4 ,,alfred ,,tennyson4 ,for a sketch of the life of ,tennyson1 see ,book ,v1 page #ajb4 ,,break1 break1 break1 ,on thy cold gray stones1 ,o ,sea6 ,and ,i would that my tongue could utter ,the thoughts that arise in me4 ,o well for the fisherman's boy ,that he shouts with his sister at play6 ,o well for the sailor lad ,that he sings in his boat on the bay6 ,and the stately ships go on ,to their haven under the hill3 ,but ,o for the touch of a vanished hand1 ,and the sound of a voice that is still6 ,break1 break1 break1 ,at the foot of thy crags1 ,o ,sea6 ,but the tender grace of a day that is dead ,will never come back to me4 ,,william ,,shakespeare4 ,illustration ,,william ,,shakespeare was born in the year #aefd1 at ,stratford-on-,avon1 in ,england4 ,queen ,elizabeth was on the throne then1 and it was one of the most brilliant periods in all ,english history4 ,the poems and plays that ,shakespeare wrote are the greatest in the ,english language1 and one cannot appreciate the best there is in literature unless he has studied them4 ,it is strange that no one thought1 in the time that he lived1 of writing his history1 so that we might know as much about him and his boyhood as we do of most other great men4 ,stratford is in the heart of ,england1 and the stream of ,avon winds through a beautiful country4 ,there were two famous old castles near by1 which had been peopled by knights in armor1 and out of whose great stone gateways they had ridden to battle4 ,we are sure that ,shakespeare loved to listen to the tales of these old battles1 for in later years he based several of his great historical plays upon them4 ,one of these plays is called 8,richard ,,iii410 and part of the scenes are laid in the old ,warwick ,castle1 near his home4 ,he tells how the young son of the ,duke of ,clarence was kept a prisoner in one of the great gloomy towers1 by the wicked ,duke of ,gloucester1 who afterward became ,king ,richard ,,iii42 and the play ends with the ,battle of ,bosworth ,field1 where ,king ,richard is slain4 ,we know that ,shakespeare was fond of the woods and the fields1 for his plays are filled with charming descriptions of their beauty4 ,the forest of ,arden was near ,stratford1 and its streams and woods filled him with such delight that when he became a man he made them forever famous by writing a play called 8,as ,you ,like ,it10 the most beautiful scenes of which are laid in this forest4 ,he liked to imagine that fairies dwelt in the ,arden woods1 and though he could not see them in their frolics1 he could picture them in his brain4 ,when he saw the grass and flowers wet with dew1 it pleased him to think that this had been a task set by the ,queen of the ,fairies in the night for her tiny subjects4 ,so in his play1 8,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream10 he makes a fairy say3-- 8,over hill1 over dale1 ,thorough brush1 thorough brier1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i do wander everywhere1 ,swifter than the moony sphere2 ,and ,i serve the ,fairy ,queen40 ,then the fairy tells its companion it must hasten away to its task3-- 8,i must go seek some dewdrops here ,and hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear40 ,shakespeare must have been in the forest of ,arden often in the summer mornings and seen the dewdrops clinging to the cowslips and glistening in the sunlight like pearls4 ,illustration3 ,,birthplace ,,of ,,shakespeare4 ,the exact day that ,shakespeare was born is not certain1 but it was about the #bc;d of ,april1 and many men who have made a study of the poet's life accept that as his birthday4 ,the house in which he was born is still standing1 although it has1 of course1 undergone many changes in the last three hundred years4 ,during the early boyhood of the poet1 his father1 ,john ,shakespeare1 was a prosperous tradesman4 ,he was a wool dealer and farmer4 ,when ,shakespeare was four years old his father became high-bailiff1 or mayor of the town4 ,the future dramatist was sent to the village school at about the age of seven4 ,he could already read1 having learned his letters at home from a very queer primer4 ,it was called the 8horn-book10 because it was made of a single printed leaf1 set in a frame of wood like our slates1 and covered with a thin plate of horn4 ,the boy remained at school only about six years4 ,his father had failed in many enterprises1 and it is probable he needed his son to help him in his work4 ,just what ,shakespeare learned at school we do not know1 but his writings show some knowledge of ,greek and ,latin1 for these languages were taught in the schools at that time4 ,it is certain that ,shakespeare's education went on after he left school4 ,that is1 he learned something from everything he saw about him and from all that he read4 ,even the trees in the forest and the streams in the meadows taught him lessons about nature4 ,and this idea he expresses in his own beautiful way in the play 8,as ,you ,like ,it10 when he makes the banished ,duke in the forest of ,arden say3-- 8,and this our life1 exempt from public haunt1 ,finds tongues in trees1 books in the running brooks1 ,sermons in stones1 and good in everything40 ,it is quite probable that ,john ,shakespeare unconsciously decided the career of his son1 for it was while he was mayor of ,stratford that plays were first presented there1 and the players must have obtained his consent in order to give their performances4 ,we can also learn from his writings what games ,shakespeare was fond of1 or1 at least1 what sports the boys of his time took delight in4 ,in ,shakespeare's 8,comedy of ,errors0 he refers to the game of football1 and in the historical play of 8,julius ,csar10 there is a fine description of a swimming match between ,csar and ,cassius4 ,cassius tells the story to ,brutus of how ,csar challenged him to leap into the river ,tiber1 armed as they were for battle3-- 8,csar said to me1 #8,darest thou1 ,cassius1 now ,leap in with me into this angry flood1 ,and swim to yonder point8' ,upon the word1 ,accoutered as ,i was1 ,i plunged in ,and bade him follow2 so1 indeed1 he did4 ,the torrent roar'd and we did buffet it ,with lusty sinews1 throwing it aside ,and stemming it with hearts of controversy40 ,cassius then tells how ,csar's strength gave out and he cried for help1 and how ,cassius brought him safe to land4 ,other sports of ,shakespeare's day were archery1 wrestling1 hunting1 and falconry1 where a bird called a falcon was let loose into the air to pursue its prey4 ,when ,shakespeare was in his nineteenth year he married ,anne ,hathaway1 and a few years later he set out to seek his fortune in ,london4 ,he had played some small parts on the stage at ,stratford1 and it is not surprising that we soon find him among the players in ,london1 filling such trifling parts as were offered to him1 and even1 some accounts say1 holding horses at the stage door to help support himself and his family4 ,his leisure time was spent in study4 8,plutarch's ,lives0 furnished him with material for his plays of 8,julius ,csar10 8,antony and ,cleopatra10 and parts1 at least1 of others4 ,he was a great student of the ,bible1 so much so that a learned bishop who made a study of his plays found that ,shakespeare in all his writings had in five hundred and fifty different places either quoted from the ,scriptures or referred to them4 ,shakespeare rose to fame rapidly4 ,he was associated in the building of a new theater called the ,globe1 where his plays were acted before thousands4 ,then the ,blackfriars ,theater was built1 and these two houses divided the honor of producing his plays4 ,he gathered up the history of ,england1 the grandeur of its courts1 the beauty of its woods and fields1 and the deeds of its people1 and told of it all in such masterful dramas that his name leads all other ,english writers4 ,the last few years of his life were spent at ,stratford-on-,avon1 where he had become a large land-owner4 ,he died in the year #afaf1 at the age of fifty-two4 ,nearly every great ,english writer and poet ever since has referred1 in some way or other1 to the plays of ,shakespeare4 ,the speeches of our statesmen owe much of their strength and beauty to the influence of his writings4 ,it has been said that 8,shakespeare is like a great primeval forest1 whence timber shall be cut and used as long as winds blow and leaves are green40 ,,the ,,three ,,caskets4 ,,abridged4 ,,william ,,shakespeare4 ,belmont4 ,a ,room in ,portia's ,house4 ,three ,caskets of ,gold1 ,silver1 and ,lead on ,table4 ,portia1 a beautiful and accomplished heiress1 is sought in marriage by a large number of suitors1 whose fate is to be determined by the choice they make of one of three caskets--gold1 silver1 and base lead4 ,the following are the comments of three of the suitors--the ,prince of ,morocco1 the ,prince of ,arragon1 and ,bassanio3-- ,enter ,portia1 with the ,prince of ,morocco4 ,,portia4 ,now make your choice4 ,,morocco4 ,the first1 of gold1 which this inscription bears1-- ,who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire2 ,the second1 silver1 which this promise carries1-- ,who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves4 ,this third1 dull lead1 with warning all as blunt1-- ,who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath4-- ,how shall ,i know if ,i do choose the right8 ,,portia4 ,the one of them contains my picture1 ,prince3 ,if you choose that1 then ,i am yours withal4 ,,morocco4 ,some god direct my judgment6 ,let me see2 ,i will survey th' inscriptions back again4 ,what says this leaden casket8 ,who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath4 ,must give1--for what8 for lead8 hazard for lead8 ,this casket threatens3 men1 that hazard all ,do it in hope of fair advantages4 ,a golden mind stoops not to shows of dross2 ,i'll then nor give nor hazard aught for lead4 ,what says the silver1 with her virgin hue8 ,who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves4 ,as much as he deserves6--,pause there1 ,morocco1 ,and weigh thy value with an even hand3 ,if thou be'st rated by thy estimation1 ,thou dost deserve enough2 and yet enough ,may not extend so far as to the lady3 ,and yet to be afeard of my deserving1 ,were but a weak disabling of myself4 ,as much as ,i deserve6 ,why1 that's the lady3 ,i do in birth deserve her1 and in fortunes1 ,in graces1 and in qualities of breeding2 ,but1 more than these1 in love ,i do deserve4 ,what if ,i stray'd no further1 but chose here8 ,let's see once more this saying graved in gold3 ,who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire4 ,why1 that's the lady2 all the world desires her3 4444444 ,deliver me the key2 ,here do ,i choose1 and thrive ,i as ,i may6 ,,portia4 ,there1 take it1 ,prince1 and if my form lie there1 ,then ,i am yours4 ,he unlocks the golden casket4 ,,morocco4 ,what have we here8 ,a carrion ,death1 within whose empty eye ,there is a written scroll6 ,i'll read the writing4 ,reads ,all that glisters is not gold1-- ,often have you heard that told3 ,many a man his life hath sold1 ,but my outside to behold3 ,gilded tombs do worms infold4 ,had you been as wise as bold1 ,young in limbs1 in judgment old1 ,your answer had not been inscroll'd3 ,fare you well2 your suit is cold4 ,cold1 indeed2 and labor lost2 ,then1 farewell1 heat1 and welcome1 frost6-- ,portia1 adieu6 ,i have too grieved a heart ,to take a tedious leave3 thus losers part4 ,exit with train4 ,enter ,prince of ,arragon4 ,,portia4 ,behold1 there stand the caskets1 noble ,prince2 ,if you choose that wherein ,i am contain'd1 ,straight shall our nuptial rites be solemnized3 ,but if you fail1 without more speech1 my lord1 ,you must be gone from hence immediately4 ,,arragon4 ,i am enjoin'd by oath to observe three things3 ,first1 never to unfold to any one ,which casket 't was ,i chose2 next1 if ,i fail ,of the right casket1 never in my life ,to woo a maid in way of marriage2 lastly1 ,if ,i do fail in fortune of my choice1 ,immediately to leave you1 and be gone4 ,,portia4 ,to these injunctions everyone doth swear ,that comes to hazard for my worthless self4 ,,arragon4 ,and so have ,i address'd me4 ,fortune now ,to my heart's hope6--,gold1 silver1 and base lead4 ,who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath4 ,you shall look fairer1 ere ,i give1 or hazard4 ,what says the golden chest8 ha6 let me see3 ,who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire4 ,what many men desire6--,that many may be meant ,by the fool multitude1 that choose by show1 ,not learning more than the fond eye doth teach2 ,which pries not to the interior1 but1 like the martlet1 ,builds in the weather on the outward wall1 ,even in the force and road of casualty4 ,i will not choose what many men desire1 ,because ,i will not jump with common spirits1 ,and rank me with the barbarous multitude4 ,why1 then to thee1 thou silver treasure-house2 ,tell me once more what title thou dost bear3 ,who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves4 ,and well said too3 for who shall go about ,to cozen fortune1 and be honorable ,without the stamp of merit8 ,let none presume ,to wear an undeserved dignity4 ,o1 that estates1 degrees1 and offices ,were not derived corruptly6 and that clear honor ,were purchased by the merit of the wearer6 ,how many then should cover1 that stand bare6 ,how many be commanded1 that command6 ,how much low peasantry would then be glean'd ,from the true seed of honor6 and how much honor ,pick'd from the chaff and ruin of the times1 ,to be new-varnish'd6 ,well1 but to my choice3 ,who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves4 ,i will assume desert4--,give me a key1 ,and instantly unlock my fortunes here4 ,he opens the silver casket4 ,,portia4 ,too long a pause for that which you find there4 ,,arragon4 ,what's here8 the portrait of a blinking idiot1 ,presenting me a schedule6 ,i will read it4-- ,how much unlike art thou to ,portia6 ,how much unlike my hopes1 and my deservings6 ,who chooseth me shall have as much as he deserves4 ,did ,i deserve no more than a fool's head8 ,is that my prize8 are my deserts no better8 ,,portia4 ,t' offend1 and judge1 are distinct offices1 ,and of opposd natures4 ,,arragon4 ,what is here8 ,the fire seven times tried this3 ,seven times tried that judgment is ,that did never choose amiss4 ,some there be1 that shadows kiss2 ,such have but a shadow's bliss3 ,there be fools alive1 ,i wis1 ,silver'd o'er2 and so was this4 ,still more fool ,i shall appear ,by the time ,i linger here3 ,with one fool's head ,i came to woo1 ,but ,i go away with two4-- ,sweet1 adieu6 ,i'll keep my oath1 ,patiently to bear my wroth4 ,exeunt ,arragon and ,train4 ,enter ,bassanio4 ,,bassanio4 ,so may the outward shows be least themselves3 ,the world is still deceived with ornament4 ,in law1 what plea so tainted and corrupt1 ,but1 being season'd with a gracious voice1 ,obscures the show of evil8 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is no vice so simple1 but assumes ,some mark of virtue on its outward parts3 ,how many cowards1 whose hearts are all as false ,as stayers of sand1 wear yet upon their chins ,the beards of ,hercules and frowning ,mars2 ,who1 inward search'd1 have livers white as milk6 ,and these assume but valor's excrement1 ,to render them redoubted4 ,look on beauty1 ,and you shall see 't is purchased by the weight2 ,which therein works a miracle in nature1 ,making them lightest that wear most of it3 ,so are those crispd snaky golden locks1 ,which make such wanton gambols with the wind1 ,upon supposd fairness1 often known ,to be the dowry of a second head1 ,the skull that bred them in the sepulcher4 ,thus ornament is but the guild shore ,to a most dangerous sea2 the beauteous scarf ,veiling an ,indian feature2 in a word1 ,the seeming truth which cunning times put on ,t' entrap the wisest4 ,therefore1 thou gaudy gold1 ,hard food for ,midas1 ,i will none of thee3 ,nor none of thee1 thou stale and common drudge ',tween man and man3 but thou1 thou meager lead1 ,which rather threatenest1 than dost promise aught1 ,thy plainness moves me more than eloquence2 ,and here choose ,i3 ,joy be the consequence6 ,opening the leaden casket4 ----,what find ,i here8 ,fair ,portia's counterfeit6 ----,here's the scroll1 ,the continent and summary of my fortune3-- ,you that choose not by the view ,chance as fair1 and choose as true3 ,since this fortune falls to you1 ,be content and seek no new4 ,if you be well pleased with this1 ,and hold your fortune for your bliss1 ,turn you where your lady is1 ,and claim her with a loving kiss4 ,,portia4 ,you see me1 ,lord ,bassanio1 where ,i stand1 ,such as ,i am3 though1 for myself alone1 ,i would not be ambitious in my wish1 ,to wish myself much better2 yet1 for you1 ,i would be trebled twenty times myself2 ,a thousand times more fair1 ten thousand times more rich2 ,that1 only to stand high on your account1 ,i might in virtues1 beauties1 livings1 friends1 ,exceed account3 but the full sum of me ,is sum of--something2 which1 to term in gross1 ,is an unlesson'd girl1 unschool'd1 unpracticed3 ,happy in this1 she is not yet so old ,but she may learn2 then happier in this1 ,she is not bred so dull but she can learn2 ,happiest of all1 in that her gentle spirit ,commits itself to yours to be directed1 ,as from her lord1 her governor1 her king4 ,myself and what is mine to you and yours ,is now converted3 but now ,i was the lord ,of this fair mansion1 master of my servants1 ,queen o'er myself2 and even now1 but now1 ,this house1 these servants1 and this same myself1 ,are yours1 my lord2 ,i give them with this ring2 ,which when you part from1 lose1 or give away1 ,let it presage the ruin of your love1 ,and be my vantage to exclaim on you4 ,from 8,the ,merchant of ,venice40 ,,quotations ,,from ,,shakespeare4 ,,adversity4 ,,sweet are the uses of adversity2 ,which1 like the toad1 ugly and venomous1 ,wears yet a precious jewel in his head3 ,and this our life1 exempt from public haunt1 ,finds tongues in trees1 books in the running brooks1 ,sermons in stones1 and good in everything4 8,as ,you ,like ,it40 ,,reputation4 ,,good name in man and woman1 dear my lord1 ,is the immediate jewel of their souls3 ,who steals my purse steals trash2 'tis something1 nothing2 ',twas mine1 'tis his1 and has been slave to thousands2 ,but he that filches from me my good name ,robs me of that which not enriches him1 ,and makes me poor indeed4 8,othello40 ,,fear ,,of ,,death4 ,,cowards die many times before their death2 ,the valiant never taste of death but once4 ,of all the wonders that ,i yet have heard1 ,it seems to me most strange that men should fear2 ,seeing that death1 a necessary end1 ,will come when it will come4 8,julius ,csar40 ,,shakespeare',s ,,poetry4 ,,francis ,,jeffrey4 ,,francis ,,jeffrey was born in ,edinburgh in #aggc and died in #ahej4 ,he attended the schools of his native city and completed his education in the ,universities of ,glasgow and ,oxford1 preparing himself for the pursuit of law4 ,he was also a writer of essays and criticisms and attained high rank as a judge and writer4 ,he was at one time editor of the famous 8,edinburgh ,review40 ,,shakespeare alone1 when the object requires it1 is always keen and worldly and practical2 and yet1 without changing his hand or stopping his course1 scatters around him1 as he goes1 all sounds and shapes of sweetness1 and conjures up landscapes of immortal fragrance and freshness1 and peoples them with ,spirits of glorious aspect and attractive grace4 ,he is a thousand times more full of fancy and imagery and splendor than those who1 in pursuit of such enchantments1 have shrunk back from the delineation of character or passion1 and declined the discussion of human duties and cares4 ,more full of wisdom and ridicule and sagacity than all the moralists and satirists that ever existed1 he is also more wild1 airy1 and inventive1 and more pathetic and fantastic1 than all the poets of all regions and ages of the world4 ,and he has all those elements so happily mixed up in him1 and bears his high faculties so temperately1 that the most severe reader cannot complain of him for want of strength or of reason1 nor the most sensitive for defect of ornament or ingenuity4 ,everything in him is in unmeasured abundance and unequaled perfection2 but everything is so balanced and kept in subordination1 as not to jostle or disturb or take the place of another4 ,the most exquisite poetical conceptions1 images1 and descriptions are given with such brevity1 and introduced with such skill1 as merely to adorn1 without loading1 the sense they accompany4 ,although his sails are purple and perfumed1 and his prow of beaten gold1 they waft him on his voyage1 not less1 but more rapidly and directly than if they had been composed of baser materials4 ,all his excellences1 like those of ,nature herself1 are thrown out together2 and1 instead of interfering with1 support and recommend each other4 ,his flowers are not tied up in garlands1 nor his fruits crushed into baskets2 but spring living from the soil1 in all the dew and freshness of youth2 while the graceful foliage in which they lurk1 and the ample branches1 the rough and vigorous stem1 and the wide-spreading roots on which they depend1 are present along with them1 and share1 in their places1 the equal care of their creator4 ,,home4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady was born in ,georgia in #ahea4 ,while a student at the ,university of ,georgia1 he excelled in debate4 ,on graduation1 he determined to make journalism his life-work4 ,as the editor of the 8,atlanta ,constitution10 he rapidly grew into prominence as a journalist and an orator4 ,mr4 ,grady died in #ahhi4 ,a ,,few days later ,i visited a country home4 ,a modest1 quiet house sheltered by great trees and set in a circle of field and meadow1 gracious with the promise of harvest2 barns and cribs well filled and the old smoke-house odorous with treasure2 the fragrance of pink and hollyhock mingling with the aroma of garden and orchard and resonant with the hum of bees and poultry's busy clucking2 inside the house1 thrift1 comfort1 and that cleanliness that is next to godliness--the restful beds1 the open fireplace1 the books and papers1 and the old clock that had held its steadfast pace amid the frolic of weddings1 that had welcomed in steady measure the newborn babes of the family1 and kept company with the watchers of the sick bed1 and had ticked the solemn requiem of the dead2 and the well-worn ,bible that1 thumbed by fingers long since stilled1 and blurred with tears of eyes long since closed1 held the simple annals of the family and the heart and conscience of the home4 ,outside stood the master1 strong and wholesome and upright2 wearing no man's collar2 with no mortgage on his roof and no lien on his ripening harvest2 pitching his crops in his own wisdom and selling them in his own time in his chosen market2 master of his lands and master of himself4 ,near by stood his aged father1 happy in the heart and home of his son4 ,and as they started to the house1 the old man's hands rested on the young man's shoulder1 touching it with the knighthood of the fifth commandment and laying there the unspeakable blessing of an honored and grateful father4 ,as they drew near the door1 the old mother appeared1 the sunset falling on her face1 softening its wrinkles and its tenderness1 lighting up her patient eyes1 and the rich music of her heart trembling on her lips1 as in simple phrase she welcomed her husband and son to their home4 ,beyond was the good wife1 true of touch and tender1 happy amid her household cares1 clean of heart and conscience1 the helpmate and the buckler of her husband4 ,and the children1 strong and sturdy1 trooping down the lane with the lowing herd1 or1 weary of simple sport1 seeking1 as truant birds do1 the quiet of the old home nest4 ,and ,i saw the night descend on that home1 falling gently as from the wings of the unseen dove4 ,and the stars swarmed in the bending skies2 the trees thrilled with the cricket's cry2 the restless bird called from the neighboring wood2 and the father1 a simple man of ,god1 gathering the family about him1 read from the ,bible the old1 old story of love and faith and then went down in prayer1 the baby hidden amid the folds of its mother's dress1 and closed the record of that simple day by calling down the benediction of ,god on the family and the home6 ,and as ,i gazed1 the memory of the great ,capitol faded from my brain4 ,forgotten its treasure and its splendor4 ,and ,i said1 8,surely here--here in the homes of the people--is lodged the ark of the covenant of my country4 ,here is its majesty and its strength2 here the beginning of its power and the end of its responsibility40 ,the homes of the people--let us keep them pure and independent1 and all will be well with the ,republic4 ,here is the lesson our foes may learn--here is work the humblest and weakest hands may do4 ,let us in simple thrift and economy make our homes independent4 ,let us in frugal industry make them self-sustaining4 ,in sacrifice and denial let us keep them free from debt and obligation4 ,let us make them homes of refinement in which we shall teach our daughters that modesty and patience and gentleness are the charms of woman4 ,let us make them temples of liberty1 and teach our sons that an honest conscience is every man's first political law2 that his sovereignty rests beneath his hat1 and that no splendor can rob him and no force justify the surrender of the simplest right of a free and independent citizen4 ,and above all1 let us honor ,god in our homes--anchor them close in ,his love4 ,build ,his altars above our hearthstones1 uphold them in the set and simple faith of our fathers1 and crown them with the ,bible--that book of books in which all the ways of life are made straight and the mystery of death is made plain4 ,let us keep sacred the ,sabbath of ,god in its purity1 and have no city so great1 or village so small1 that every ,sunday morning shall not stream forth over towns and meadows the golden benediction of the bells1 as they summon the people to the churches of their fathers1 and ring out in praise of ,god and the power of ,his might4 ,let us keep the states of this ,union in the current of the sweet old-fashioned1 that the sweet rushing waters may lap their sides1 and everywhere from their soil grow the tree1 the leaf whereof shall not fade1 and the fruit whereof shall not die4 ,let us remember that the home is the source of our national life4 ,back of the national ,capitol and above it stands the home4 ,back of the ,president and above him stands the citizen4 ,what the home is1 this and nothing else will the ,capitol be4 ,what the citizen wills1 this and nothing else will the ,president be4 ,a ,,palace ,,in ,a ,,valley4 ,,dr4 ,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,,dr4 ,,samuel ,,johnson was born at ,lichfield1 ,england1 in #agji1 and died in #aghd4 ,he was educated at ,oxford1 where he gained honor as a student in spite of his poverty and defective eyesight4 ,after leaving college ,johnson held a position as an usher1 and later was employed by some booksellers4 ,he gradually began a literary life1 publishing some poems1 and then conducted 8,the ,rambler0 and 8,the ,idler10 two periodicals4 ,he wrote the story of 8,rasselas0 to pay the expenses of his mother's funeral4 ,his greatest work was a ,dictionary of the ,english ,language4 ,dr4 ,johnson's character was a strange union of strength and weakness4 ,his manners were uncouth1 but his conversation was rich in wit and wisdom4 ,his genius was recognized during the latter years of his life4 ,,ye who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy and pursue with eagerness the phantoms of hope2 who expect that age will perform the promises of youth1 and that the deficiencies of the present day will be supplied by the morrow1--attend to the history of ,rasselas1 ,prince of ,abyssinia4 ,rasselas was the fourth son of the mighty emperor in whose dominions the ,father of ,waters begins his course2 whose bounty pours down the streams of plenty and scatters over half the world the harvests of ,egypt4 ,according to the custom which has descended from age to age among the monarchs of the torrid zone1 ,rasselas was confined in a private palace1 with the other sons and daughters of ,abyssinian royalty1 till the order of succession should call him to the throne4 ,the place which the wisdom or policy of antiquity had destined for the residence of the ,abyssinian princes was a spacious valley in the kingdom of ,amhara1 surrounded on every side by mountains1 of which the summits overhang the middle part4 ,the only passage by which it could be entered was a cavern that passed under a rock4 ,the outlet of the cavern was concealed by a thick wood1 and the mouth which opened into the valley was closed with gates of iron4 ,from the mountains on every side rivulets descended that filled all the valley with verdure and fertility1 and formed a lake in the middle inhabited by fish of every species1 and frequented by every fowl whom ,nature has taught to dip the wing in water4 ,this lake discharged its superfluities by a stream which entered a dark cleft of the mountain on the northern side1 and fell with dreadful noise from precipice to precipice till it was heard no more4 ,the sides of the mountains were covered with trees1 the banks of the brooks were diversified with flowers2 every blast shook spices from the rocks1 and every month dropped fruits upon the ground4 ,all animals that bite the grass1 or browse the shrub1 whether wild or tame1 wandered in this extensive circuit1 secured from beasts of prey by the mountains which confined them4 ,on one part were flocks and herds feeding in the pastures2 on another1 all beasts of chase frisking in the lawns4 ,all the diversities of the world were brought together1 the blessings of nature were collected1 and its evils extracted and excluded4 ,the valley1 wide and fruitful1 supplied its inhabitants with the necessaries of life1 and all delights and superfluities were added at the annual visit which the emperor paid his children1 when the iron gate was opened to the sound of music2 and during eight days every one that resided in the valley was required to propose whatever might contribute to make seclusion pleasant1 to fill up the vacancies of attention1 and lessen the tediousness of time4 ,every desire was immediately granted4 ,all the artificers of pleasure were called to gladden the festivity2 the musicians exerted the power of harmony1 and the dancers showed their activity before the princes1 in hope that they should pass their lives in this blissful captivity1 to which those only were admitted whose performance was thought able to add novelty to luxury4 ,such was the appearance of security and delight which this retirement afforded1 that they to whom it was new always desired that it might be perpetual2 and as those on whom the iron gate had once closed were never suffered to return1 the effect of long experience could not be known4 ,thus every year produced new schemes of delight and new competitors for imprisonment4 ,the palace stood on an eminence raised about thirty paces above the surface of the lake4 ,it was divided into many squares or courts1 built with greater or less magnificence1 according to the rank of those for whom they were designed4 ,the roofs were turned into arches of massy stone1 joined by a cement that grew harder by time1 and the building stood from century to century deriding the rains and equinoctial hurricanes1 without need of reparation4 ,this house1 which was so large as to be fully known to none but some ancient officers who successively inherited the secrets of the place1 was built as if suspicion herself had dictated the plan4 ,to every room there was an open and secret passage2 every square had a communication with the rest1 either from the upper stories by private galleries1 or by subterranean passages from the lower apartments4 ,many of the columns had unsuspected cavities1 in which a long race of monarchs had deposited their treasures4 ,they then closed up the opening with marble1 which was never to be removed but in the utmost exigencies of the kingdom2 and recorded their accumulations in a book which was itself concealed in a tower not entered but by the emperor1 attended by the prince who stood next in succession4 ,here the sons and daughters of ,abyssinia lived only to know the soft vicissitudes of pleasure and repose1 attended by all that were skilful to delight1 and gratified with whatever the senses can enjoy4 ,they wandered in gardens of fragrance and slept in the fortresses of security4 ,every art was practiced to make them pleased with their own condition4 ,the sages who instructed them told them of nothing but the miseries of public life1 and described all beyond the mountains as regions of calamity1 where discord was always raging1 and where man preyed upon man4 ,to heighten their opinion of their own felicity1 they were daily entertained with songs1 the subject of which was the happy valley4 ,their appetites were excited by frequent enumerations of different enjoyments1 and revelry and merriment was the business of every hour from the dawn of morning to the close of even4 ,these methods were generally successful2 few of the princes had ever wished to enlarge their bounds1 but passed their lives in full conviction that they had all within their reach that art or nature could bestow1 and pitied those whom fate had excluded from this seat of tranquillity4 ,thus they rose in the morning and lay down at night1 pleased with each other and with themselves1--all but ,rasselas1 who1 in the twenty-sixth year of his age1 began to withdraw himself from their pastimes and assemblies1 and to delight in solitary walks and silent meditation4 ,he often sat before tables covered with luxury1 and forgot to taste the dainties that were placed before him2 he rose abruptly in the midst of the song and hastily retired beyond the sound of music4 ,his attendants observed the change and endeavored to renew his love of pleasure4 ,he neglected their officiousness1 repulsed their invitations1 and spent day after day on the banks of rivulets sheltered with trees1 where he sometimes listened to the birds in the branches1 sometimes observed the fish playing in the stream1 and anon cast his eyes upon the pastures and mountains filled with animals4 ,this singularity of his humor made him much observed4 ,one of the sages1 in whose conversation he had formerly delighted1 followed him secretly1 in hope of discovering the cause of his disquiet4 ,rasselas1 who knew not that any one was near him1 having for some time fixed his eyes upon the goats that were browsing among the rocks1 began to compare their condition with his own4 8,what10 said he1 8makes the difference between man and all the rest of the animal creation8 ,every beast that strays beside me has the same bodily necessities with myself2 he is hungry and crops the grass1 he is thirsty and drinks the stream2 his thirst and hunger are appeased1 he is satisfied and sleeps2 he rises again and is hungry2 he is again fed and is at rest4 ,i am hungry and thirsty1 like him2 but when thirst and hunger cease1 ,i am not at rest2 ,i am1 like him1 pained with want2 but am not1 like him1 satisfied with fullness4 ,the intermediate hours are tedious and gloomy2 ,i long again to be hungry1 that ,i may again quicken my attention4 ,the birds peck the berries or the corn1 and fly away to the groves1 where they sit in seeming happiness on the branches and waste their lives in tuning one unvaried series of sounds4 ,i likewise can call the lutanist and singer1 but the sounds that pleased me yesterday weary me to-day1 and will grow more wearisome to-morrow4 ,i can discover within me no power of perception which is not glutted with its proper pleasure1 yet ,i do not feel myself delighted4 ,man surely has some latent sense for which this place affords no gratification1 or he has some desires distinct from sense1 which must be satisfied before he can be happy40 ,after this he lifted up his head1 and1 seeing the moon rising1 walked toward the palace4 ,as he passed through the fields and saw the animals around him1 8,ye10 said he1 8are happy1 and need not envy me that walk thus among you1 burdened with myself2 nor do ,i1 ye gentle beings1 envy your felicity1 for it is not the felicity of man4 ,i have many distresses from which ye are free2 ,i fear pain when ,i do not feel it2 surely the equity of ,providence has balanced peculiar sufferings with peculiar enjoyments40 ,with observations like these the prince amused himself as he returned1 uttering them with a plaintive voice1 yet with a look that discovered him to feel some complacence in his own perspicacity1 and to receive some solace of the miseries of life from consciousness of the delicacy with which he bewailed them4 ,he mingled cheerfully in the diversions of the evening1 and all rejoiced to find that his heart was lightened4 ,from 8,rasselas40 ,,true ,,heroism4 ,,let others write of battles fought1 ,of bloody1 ghastly fields1 ,where honor greets the man who wins1 ,and death the man who yields2 ,but ,i will write of him who fights ,and vanquishes his sins1 ,who struggles on through weary years ,against himself1 and wins4 ,he is a hero stanch and brave ,who fights an unseen foe1 ,and puts at last beneath his feet ,his passions base and low2 ,who stands erect in manhood's might1 ,undaunted1 undismayed1-- ,the bravest man who drew a sword ,in foray or in raid4 ,it calls for something more than brawn ,or muscle to o'ercome ,an enemy who marcheth not ,with banner1 plume1 or drum1-- ,a foe forever lurking nigh1 ,with silent1 stealthy tread2 ,forever near your board by day1 ,at night beside your bed4 ,all honor1 then1 to that brave heart1 ,though poor or rich he be1 ,who struggles with his baser part1-- ,who conquers and is free6 ,he may not wear a hero's crown1 ,or fill a hero's grave2 ,but truth will place his name among ,the bravest of the brave4 ,,the ,,pen4 ,,edward ,,bulwer ,,lytton4 ,,beneath the rule of men entirely great ,the pen is mightier than the sword4 ,behold ,the arch enchanter's wand6--itself a nothing ,but taking sorcery from the master's hand ,to paralyze the ,csars and to strike ,the loud earth breathless6 ,take away the sword-- ,states can be saved without it4 ,from 8,richelieu40 ,illustration3 ,,mount ,,vernon1 ,,the ,,home ,,of ,,washington4 ,,character ,,of ,,washington4 ,,george ,,bancroft4 ,,george ,,bancroft was born at ,worcester1 ,mass41 in #ahjj and died in #ahia4 ,he was graduated from ,harvard ,college when he was seventeen1 bearing off the second honors of his class4 ,the following year he sailed for ,europe and spent five years studying under the most learned professors in ,germany1 ,france1 and ,italy4 ,on his return to ,america he became a tutor at ,harvard and was afterwards connected with a classical school at ,northampton4 ,he was deeply interested in the affairs of the nation1 but refused to enter public life1 as he had decided to write a history of the ,united ,states4 ,the first volume of this history appeared in #ahcd1 and the series occupied his time for many years4 ,mr4 ,bancroft held the position of secretary of the navy for about a year under ,president ,polk4 ,it was due to his efforts that the ,naval ,academy at ,annapolis1 ,md41 was established4 ,he was appointed minister to ,england in #ahdf and remained abroad for three years4 ,he returned to this country and resumed his literary work4 ,in #ahfg he was appointed minister to ,berlin by ,president ,grant4 ,the 8,history of the ,united ,states0 is without a rival4 ,it is generally accepted as an authority4 ,mr4 ,bancroft spared no pains in his researches among old manuscripts1 and his style is full of interest4 ,,at eleven years old1 left1 an orphan1 to the care of an excellent but unlettered mother1 ,washington grew up without learning4 ,of arithmetic and geometry he acquired just knowledge enough to be able to practice measuring land2 but all his instruction at school taught him not so much as the orthography or rules of grammar of his own tongue4 ,his culture was altogether his own work1 and he was in the strictest sense a self-made man2 yet from his early life he never seemed uneducated4 ,at sixteen he went into the wilderness as surveyor1 and for three years continued the pursuit1 where the forest trained him1 in meditative solitude1 to freedom and largeness of mind2 and ,nature revealed to him her obedience to serene and silent laws4 ,in his intervals from toil1 he seemed always to be attracted to the best men1 and to be cherished by them4 ,fairfax1 his employer1 an ,oxford scholar1 already aged1 became his fast friend4 ,he read little1 but with close attention4 ,whatever he took in hand1 he applied himself to with care2 and his papers1 which have been preserved1 show how he almost imperceptibly gained the power of writing correctly2 always expressing himself with clearness and directness1 often with felicity of language and grace4 ,courage was so natural to him that it was hardly spoken of to his praise2 no one ever at any moment of his life discovered in him the least shrinking from danger2 and he had a hardihood of daring which escaped notice1 because it was so enveloped by superior calmness and wisdom4 ,he was as cheerful as he was spirited2 frank and communicative in the society of friends2 fond of the fox-chase and the dance2 often sportive in his letters2 and liked a hearty laugh4 ,this joyousness of disposition remained to the last1 though the vastness of his responsibilities was soon to take from him the right of displaying the impulsive qualities of his nature1 and the weight which he was to bear up was to overlay and repress his gayety and openness4 ,his hand was liberal2 giving quietly and without observation1 as though he were ashamed of nothing but being discovered in doing good4 ,he was kindly and compassionate1 and of lively sensibility to the sorrows of others2 so that1 if his country had only needed a victim for its relief1 he would have willingly offered himself as a sacrifice4 ,but while he was prodigal of himself1 he was considerate for others2 ever parsimonious of the blood of his countrymen4 ,his faculties were so well balanced and combined that his constitution1 free from excess1 was tempered evenly with all the elements of activity1 and his mind resembled a well-ordered commonwealth2 his passions1 which had the intensest vigor1 owned allegiance to reason2 and with all the fiery quickness of his spirit his impetuous and massive will was held in check by consummate judgment4 ,he had in his composition a calm which gave him1 in moments of highest excitement1 the power of self-control1 and enabled him to excel in patience1 even when he had most cause for disgust4 ,washington was offered a command when there was little to bring out the unorganized resources of the continent but his own influence1 and authority was connected with the people by the most frail1 most attenuated1 scarcely discernible threads2 yet1 vehement as was his nature1 impassioned as was his courage1 he so restrained his ardor1 that he never failed continuously to exert the attracting power of that influence1 and never exerted it so sharply as to break its force4 ,his understanding was lucid1 and his judgment accurate2 so that his conduct never betrayed hurry or confusion4 ,no detail was too minute for his personal inquiry and continued supervision2 and at the same time he comprehended events in their widest aspects and relations4 ,he never seemed above the object that engaged his attention2 and he was always equal1 without an effort1 to the solution of the highest questions1 even when there existed no precedents to guide his decision4 ,in this way he never drew to himself admiration for the possession of any one quality in excess2 never made in council any one suggestion that was sublime but impracticable2 never in action took to himself the praise or the blame of undertakings astonishing in conception1 but beyond his means of execution4 ,it was the most wonderful accomplishment of this man that1 placed upon the largest theater of events1 at the head of the greatest revolution in human affairs1 he never failed to observe all that was possible1 and at the same time to bound his aspirations by that which was possible4 ,profoundly impressed with confidence in ,god's providence1 and exemplary in his respect for the forms of public worship1 no philosopher of the eighteenth century was more firm in the support of freedom of religious opinion2 none more tolerant1 or more remote from bigotry2 but belief in ,god and trust in ,his overruling power formed the essence of his character4 ,divine wisdom not only illumines the spirit1 it inspires the will4 ,washington was a man of action1 and not of theory or words2 his creed appears in his life1 not in his professions1 which burst from him very rarely1 and only at those great moments of crisis in the fortunes of his country1 when ,earth and ,heaven seemed actually to meet1 and his emotions became too intense for suppression2 but his whole being was one continued act of faith in the eternal1 intelligent1 moral order of the ,universe4 ,integrity was so completely the law of his nature1 that a planet would sooner have shot from its sphere1 than he have departed from his uprightness1 which was so constant that it often seemed to be almost impersonal4 ,they say of ,giotto1 that he introduced goodness into the art of painting3 ,washington carried it with him to the camp and the cabinet1 and established a new criterion of human greatness4 ,the purity of his will confirmed his fortitude2 and1 as he never faltered in his faith in virtue1 he stood fast by that which he knew to be just2 free from illusions2 never dejected by the apprehension of the difficulties and perils that went before him2 and drawing the promise of success from the justice of his cause4 ,hence he was persevering1 leaving nothing unfinished2 free from all taint of obstinacy in his firmness2 seeking and gladly receiving advice1 but immovable in his devotedness to right4 ,of a 8retiring modesty and habitual reserve10 his ambition was no more than the consciousness of his power1 and was subordinate to his sense of duty2 he took the foremost place1 for he knew1 from inborn magnanimity1 that it belonged to him1 and he dared not withhold the service required of him2 so that1 with all his humility1 he was by necessity the first1 though never for himself or for private ends4 ,he loved fame1 the approval of coming generations1 the good opinion of his fellow-men of his own time2 and he desired to make his conduct coincide with their wishes2 but not fear of censure1 not the prospect of applause1 could tempt him to swerve from rectitude2 and the praise which he coveted was the sympathy of that moral sentiment which exists in every human breast1 and goes forth only to the welcome of virtue4 ,this also is the praise of ,washington1 that never in the tide of time has any man lived who had in so great a degree the almost divine faculty to command the confidence of his fellow-men and rule the willing4 ,whereever he became known1 in his family1 his neighborhood1 his county1 his native state1 the continent1 the camp1 civil life1 the ,united ,states1 among the common people1 in foreign courts1 throughout the civilized world of the human race1 and even among the savages1 he1 beyond all other men1 had the confidence of his kind4 ,,national ,,hymn4 ,,samuel ,,francis ,,smith4 ,,samuel ,,francis ,,smith was born in ,boston in #ahjh1 and died in #ahie4 ,he attended the ,boston ,latin ,school1 was graduated at ,harvard ,college1 and then studied for the ministry at the ,andover ,theological ,seminary4 ,while in ,harvard he was a classmate of ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 ,at a reunion of his class1 held many years after they had left college1 ,holmes read a poem which he had written for the occasion1 called 8,the ,boys10 and spoke of ,mr4 ,smith in these words3 8,he chanted a song for the brave and the free1 ,just read on his medal1 #8,my ,country1 of thee4'0 ,he referred to the poem beginning 8,my country1 'tis of thee10 the national hymn of ,america1 written by ,mr4 ,smith when he was a young theological student1 and first sung at a children's celebration1 held on one ,fourth of ,july1 in the ,park ,street ,church1 ,boston4 ,a collection of his hymns and poems has been published under the title of 8,lyric ,gems40 ,,my country1 'tis of thee1 ,sweet land of liberty1 ,of thee ,i sing2 ,land where my fathers died1 ,land of the pilgrim's pride1 ,from every mountain side ,let freedom ring4 ,my native country1 thee-- ,land of the noble free-- ,thy name ,i love2 ,i love thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills1 ,my heart with rapture thrills ,like that above4 ,let music swell the breeze1 ,and ring from all the trees ,sweet freedom's song2 ,let mortal tongues awake2 ,let all that breathe partake2 ,let rocks their silence break-- ,the sound prolong4 ,our fathers' ,god1 to thee1 ,author of liberty1 ,to thee we sing3 ,long may our land be bright ,with freedom's holy light2 ,protect us by thy might1 ,great ,god1 our ,king4 ,,the ,,lark ,,in ,,the ,,gold-,,fields4 ,,charles ,,reade4 ,,charles ,,reade1 the youngest of eleven children of ,john ,reade1 an ,english country squire1 was horn in ,ipsden in #ahad4 ,his father and mother loved him dearly1 but found it convenient1 after the custom of the time1 to intrust his early instruction and care to tutors and masters of boarding schools4 ,thus the memory of frequent floggings survived in the boy's mind1 as marking the thorny road of his first school days4 ,he entered ,magdalen ,college in #ahca and three years later was appointed to a fellowship which he held for fifty years1 until his death in #ahhd4 ,the income of this enabled him to strive for many years against disappointments and finally achieve fame as a writer4 ,he toiled long and hard for recognition and it was not until he was nearly forty years of age that he became known4 ,in the meantime he had studied law and had written many plays which he had vainly tried to have accepted4 ,his first successful work of note was the brilliant comedy1 8,masks and ,faces40 ,this he turned later into the novel1 8,peg ,woffington40 ,his stories are throughout strong in dramatic situations and1 despite his greater success as a novelist1 he always considered himself primarily a playwright4 ,like his friend ,charles ,dickens1 he aimed in his writings to correct social abuses1 and his literary lance was ever couched to aid the unfortunate4 ,he wrote 8,it's ,never too ,late to ,mend0 to abolish the evils of the ,english prison system4 ,its success was tremendous1 and later1 when it was dramatized and produced at the ,princess ,theater1 there was almost a riot in the audience4 8,hard ,cash0 was directed against the abuses in insane asylums2 8,foul ,play0 dealt with those connected with the merchant shipping service2 8,put ,yourself in ,his ,place0 took up the hardships of the laboring man4 ,thus in his books he assailed the evils of his time4 ,first and always1 however1 he was a literary artist4 ,he knew how to weave together hard1 homely facts and romantic incidents so that his blows for right struck all the harder because of the reader's absorbing interest in the plot of his story4 8,it would require a chemical analysis to separate the fiction from the reality10 said ,justin ,mc,carthy of ,reade's novels4 8,the ,cloister and the ,hearth0 is considered his greatest story4 ,,part ,i4 8,,tom1 ,i invite you to a walk40 8,well1 ,george1 a walk is a great temptation this beautiful day40 ,it was the month of ,january in ,australia4 ,a blazing hot day was beginning to glow through the freshness of morning4 ,the sky was one cope of pure blue1 and the southern air crept slowly up1 its wings clogged with fragrance1 and just tuned the trembling leaves1--no more4 8,is not this pleasant1 ,tom8--isn't it sweet80 8,i believe you1 ,george6 and what a shame to run down such a country as this6 ,there they come home and tell you that the flowers have no smell1 but they keep dark about the trees and bushes being haystacks of flowers4 ,snuff the air as we go1 it is a thousand ,english gardens in one4 ,look at those tea-scrubs1 each with a thousand blossoms on it as sweet as honey2 and the golden wattles on the other side1 and all smelling like seven o'clock40 8,ay1 lad6 it is very refreshing2 and it is ,sunday1 and we have got away from the wicked for an hour or two4 ,but in ,england there would be a little white church out yonder1 and a spire like an angel's forefinger pointing from the grass to heaven1 and the lads in their clean frocks like snow1 and the lasses in their white stockings and new shawls1 and the old women in their scarlet cloaks and black bonnets1 all going one road1 and a tinkle-tinkle from the belfry1 that would turn all these other sounds and colors and sweet smells holy1 as well as fair1 on the ,sabbath morn4 ,ah1 ,england6 ,ah60 8,you will see her again1--no need to sigh4 ,but this is a lovely land40 8,so 'tis1 ,tom1 so 'tis4 ,but ,i'll tell you what puts me out a little bit2--nothing is what it sets up for here4 ,if you see a ripe pear and go to eat it1 it is a lump of hard wood4 ,next comes a thing the very sight of which turns your stomach1 and that is delicious1--a loquat1 for instance4 ,there1 now1 look at that magpie6 well1 it is ,australia1 so that magpie is a crow and not a magpie at all4 ,everything pretends to be some old friend or other of mine1 and turns out a stranger4 ,here is nothing but surprises and deceptions4 ,the flowers make a point of not smelling1 and the bushes1 that nobody expects to smell or wants to smell1 they smell lovely40 8,what does it matter where the smell comes from1 so that you get it80 8,why1 ,tom10 replied ,george1 opening his eyes1 8it makes all the difference4 ,i like to smell a flower1--a flower is not complete without smell2 but ,i don't care if ,i never smell a bush till ,i die4 ,then the birds1--they laugh and talk like ,christians2 they make me split my sides1 bless their little hearts6 but they won't chirrup4 ,it is ,australia6 where everything is inside-out and topsy-turvy4 ,the animals have four legs1 so they jump on two4 ,ten-foot square of rock lets for a pound a month2 ten acres of grass for a shilling a year4 ,roasted at ,christmas1 shiver o' cold on ,midsummer ,day4 ,the lakes are grass1 and the rivers turn their backs on the sea and run into the heart of the land2 and the men would stand on their heads1 but ,i have taken a thought1 and ,i've found out why they don't40 8,why80 8,because1 if they did1 their heads would point the same way a man's head points in ,england40 ,tom ,robinson laughed1 and told ,george he admired the country for these very traits4 8,novelty for me against the world4 ,who'd come twelve thousand miles to see nothing we couldn't see at home8 ,one does not want the same story always4 ,where are we going1 ,george80 8,oh1 not much farther1--only about twelve miles from the camp40 8,where to80 8,to a farmer ,i know4 ,i am going to show you a lark1 ,tom10 said ,george1 and his eyes beamed benevolence on his comrade4 ,robinson stopped short4 8,george10 said he1 8no6 don't let us4 ,i would rather stay at home and read my book40 8,why1 ,tom1 am ,i the man to tempt you to do evil80 asked ,george1 hurt4 8,why1 no6 but1 for all that1 you proposed a lark40 8,ay1 but an innocent one1--one more likely to lift your heart on high than to give you ill thoughts40 8,well1 this is a riddle60 and ,robinson was intensely puzzled4 8,carlo60 cried ,george suddenly1 8come here2 ,i will not have you hunting and tormenting those kangaroo rats to-day4 ,let us all be at peace1 if you please4 ,come1 to heel40 ,the friends strode briskly on1 and a little after eleven o'clock they came upon a small squatter's house and premises4 8,here we are10 said ,george1 and his eyes glittered with innocent delight4 ,,the ,,lark ,,in ,,the ,,gold-,,fields4 ,,charles ,,reade4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the house was thatched and whitewashed1 and ,english was written on it and on every foot of ground around it4 ,a furze bush had been planted by the door4 ,vertical oak palings were the fence1 with a five-barred gate in the middle of them4 ,from the little plantation all the magnificent trees and shrubs of ,australia had been excluded with amazing resolution and consistency1 and oak and ash reigned1 safe from overtowering rivals4 ,they passed to the back of the house1 and there ,george's countenance fell a little1 for on the oval grass-plot and gravel-walk he found from thirty to forty rough fellows1 most of them diggers4 8,ah1 well10 said he1 on reflection1 8we could not expect to have it all to ourselves1 and1 indeed1 it would be a sin to wish it1 you know4 ,now1 ,tom1 come this way3 here it is1 here it is1--there40 ,tom looked up1 and in a gigantic cage was a light-brown bird4 ,he was utterly confounded4 8,what6 is it this we came twelve miles to see80 8,ay6 and twice twelve wouldn't have been much to me40 8,well1 and now where is the lark you talked of80 8,this is it40 8,this8 ,this is a bird40 8,well1 and isn't a lark a bird80 8,oh6 ay1 ,i see6 ,ha1 ha6 ha1 ha60 ,robinson's merriment was interrupted by a harsh remonstrance from several of the diggers1 who were all from the other end of the camp4 8,stop your noise60 cried one2 8he is going to sing40 ,and the whole party had their eyes turned with expectation towards the bird4 ,like most singers1 he kept them waiting a bit4 ,but at last1 just at noon1 when the mistress of the house had warranted him to sing1 the little feathered exile began as it were to tune his pipes4 ,the savage men gathered round the cage that moment1 and amidst a dead stillness the bird uttered some very uncertain chirps2 but after a while he seemed to revive his memories1 and call his ancient cadences back to him one by one4 ,and then the same sun that had warmed his little heart at home came glowing down on him here1 and he gave music back for it more and more1 till at last1 amidst the breathless silence and the glistening eyes of the rough diggers hanging on his voice1 out burst in that distant land his ,english song4 ,it swelled his little throat1 and gushed from him with thrilling force and plenty2 and every time he checked his song to think of its theme1--the green meadows1 the quiet stealing streams1 the clover he first soared from1 and the spring he loved so well1--a loud sigh from many a rough bosom1 many a wild and wicked heart1 told how tight the listeners had held their breath to hear him4 ,and when he swelled with song again1 and poured with all his soul the green meadows1 the quiet brooks1 the honey-clover1 and the ,english spring1 the rugged mouths opened and so stayed1 and the shaggy lips trembled1 and more than one tear trickled from fierce1 unbridled hearts down bronzed and rugged cheeks4 ,sweet home6 ,and these shaggy men1 full of oaths and strife and cupidity1 had once been white-headed boys1 and most of them had strolled about the ,english fields with little sisters and little brothers1 and seen the lark rise and heard him sing this very song4 ,the little playmates lay in the churchyard1 and they were full of oaths and drink1 and passions and remorses1 but no note was changed in this immortal song4 ,and so1 for a moment or two1 years of vice rolled away like a dark cloud from the memory1 and the past shone out in the song-shine2 they came back bright as the immortal notes that lighted them1--those faded pictures and those fleeted days2 the cottage1 the old mother's tears when he left her without one grain of sorrow2 the village church and its simple chimes1--ding-dong-bell1 ding-dong-bell1 ding-dong-bell2 the clover-field hard by1 in which he lay and gambolled while the lark praised ,god overhead2 the chubby playmates that never grew to be wicked2 the sweet1 sweet hours of youth1 innocence1 and home4 ,,sweet ,,home4 ,,john ,,howard ,,payne4 ,,mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam1 ,be it ever so humble1 there's no place like home6 ,a charm from the skies seems to hallow us there1 ,which1 seek through the world1 is ne'er met with elsewhere4 ,home1 home1 sweet home6 ,there's no place like home6 ,an exile from home1 splendor dazzles in vain6 ,o1 give me my lowly thatched cottage again6 ,the birds singing gayly that came at my call2-- ,give me them and that peace of mind1 dearer than all6 ,home1 home1 sweet home6 ,there's no place like home6 ,,antony',s ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,romans4 ,,shakespeare4 ,for a sketch of the life of ,shakespeare1 see page #aag4 ,,friends1 ,romans1 countrymen1 lend me your ears3 ,i come to bury ,csar1 not to praise him4 ,the evil that men do lives after them2 ,the good is oft interrd with their bones3 ,so let it be with ,csar4 ,the noble ,brutus ,hath told you ,csar was ambitious3 ,if it were so1 it was a grievous fault2 ,and grievously hath ,csar answered it4 ,here1 under leave of ,brutus and the rest1-- ,for ,brutus is an honorable man2 ,so are they all1 all honorable men1-- ,come ,i to speak in ,csar's funeral4 ,he was my friend1 faithful and just to me3 ,but ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,he hath brought many captives home to ,rome1 ,whose ransoms did the general coffers fill3 ,did this in ,csar seem ambitious8 ,when that the poor have cried1 ,csar hath wept3 ,ambition should be made of sterner stuff4 ,yet ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,you all did see that on the ,lupercal ,i thrice presented him a kingly crown1 ,which he did thrice refuse3 was this ambition8 ,yet ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and1 sure1 he is an honorable man4 ,i speak not to disprove what ,brutus spoke1 ,but here ,i am to speak what ,i do know4 ,you all did love him once1--not without cause3 ,what cause withholds you1 then1 to mourn for him8 ,o judgment1 thou art fled to brutish beasts1 ,and men have lost their reason6--,bear with me2 ,my heart is in the coffin there with ,csar1 ,and ,i must pause till it come back to me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but yesterday the word of ,csar might ,have stood against the world3 now lies he there1 ,and none so poor to do him reverence4 ,o ,masters1 if ,i were disposed to stir ,your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage1 ,i should do ,brutus wrong1 and ,cassius wrong1 ,who1 you all know1 are honorable men4 ,i will not do them wrong2 ,i rather choose ,to wrong the dead1 to wrong myself1 and you1 ,than ,i will wrong such honorable men4 ,but here's a parchment with the seal of ,csar2 ,i found it in his closet1--'tis his will3 ,let but the commons hear this testament1-- ,which1 pardon me1 ,i do not mean to read1-- ,and they would go and kiss dead ,csar's wounds1 ,and dip their napkins in his sacred blood2 ,yea1 beg a hair of him for memory1 ,and1 dying1 mention it within their wills1 ,bequeathing it1 as a rich legacy1 ,unto their issue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if you have tears1 prepare to shed them now4 ,you all do know this mantle3 ,i remember ,the first time ever ,csar put it on2 ',twas on a summer's evening1 in his tent1 ,that day he overcame the ,nervii4 ,look1 in this place ran ,cassius' dagger through3 ,see what a rent the envious ,casca made3 ,through this the well-belovd ,brutus stabb'd2 ,and1 as he plucked his cursd steel away1 ,mark how the blood of ,csar followed it6-- ,as rushing out of doors1 to be resolved ,if ,brutus so unkindly knocked1 or no3 ,for ,brutus1 as you know1 was ,csar's angel3 ,judge1 ,o you gods1 how dearly ,csar loved him6 ,this was the most unkindest cut of all2 ,for1 when the noble ,csar saw him stab1 ,ingratitude1 more strong than traitors' arms1 ,quite vanquished him3 then burst his mighty heart2 ,and1 in his mantle muffling up his face1 ,even at the base of ,pompey's statua1 ,which all the while ran blood1 great ,csar fell4 ,o1 what a fall was there1 my countrymen6 ,then ,i1 and you1 and all of us1 fell down1 ,whilst bloody treason flourished over us4 ,o1 now you weep2 and1 ,i perceive1 you feel ,the dint of pity3 these are gracious drops4 ,kind souls1 what1 weep you when you but behold ,our ,csar's vesture wounded8 ,look you here1 ,here is himself1 marred1 as you see1 with traitors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,good friends1 sweet friends1 let me not stir you up ,to such a sudden flood of mutiny4 ,they that have done this deed are honorable3 ,what private griefs they have1 alas1 ,i know not1 ,that made them do it6 ,they are wise and honorable1 ,and will1 no doubt1 with reasons answer you4 ,i come not1 friends1 to steal away your hearts3 ,i am no orator1 as ,brutus is2 ,but1 as you know me all1 a plain1 blunt man1 ,that love my friend2 and that they know full well ,that gave me public leave to speak of him3 ,for ,i have neither wit1 nor words1 nor worth1 ,action1 nor utterance1 nor the power of speech1 ,to stir men's blood3 ,i only speak right on2 ,i tell you that which you yourselves do know2 ,show you sweet ,csar's wounds1 poor poor dumb mouths1 ,and bid them speak for me3 but1 were ,i ,brutus1 ,and ,brutus ,antony1 there were an ,antony ,would ruffle up your spirits1 and put a tongue ,in every wound of ,csar1 that should move ,the stones of ,rome to rise and mutiny4 ,from 8,julius ,csar40 ,,the ,,two ,,roads4 ,,jean ,,paul ,,richter4 ,,jean ,,paul ,,friedrich ,,richter was born in #agfc at ,wunsiedel1 in the principality of ,bayreuth1 where his father was at different times schoolmaster1 organist1 and preacher4 ,his passion for letters developed at an early age1 and he read by stealth in his father's library at times when severer tasks were appointed him4 ,he attended the gymnasium at ,hof and in #agha matriculated as a student of theology in the ,university of ,leipsic4 ,he soon abandoned the study of theology for that of literature4 ,that his early works did not suit the popular taste is shown by the fact that in #aghd he was obliged to flee from ,leipsic to escape the debtor's prison4 ,he persevered1 however1 with his writings1 earning a bare livelihood by tutoring4 ,he called the books he wrote 8his own children10 as contrasted with those he taught4 ,success came with hard work1 and he was honored with a pension1 was made ,councilor of ,legation1 and received the degree of ,doctor of ,philosophy from ,heidelberg4 ,he was an original thinker1 a humorist1 and a true poet4 ,his death occurred in #ahbe4 ,,it was ,new ,year's night2 and ,von ,arden1 having fallen into an unquiet slumber1 dreamed that he was an aged man standing at a window4 ,he raised his mournful eyes toward the deep blue sky1 where the stars were floating like white lilies on the surface of a clear calm lake4 ,then he cast them on the earth1 where few more helpless beings than himself now moved toward their certain goal--the tomb4 ,already1 as it seemed to him1 he had passed sixty of the stages which lead to it1 and he had brought from his journeys nothing but errors and remorse4 ,his health was destroyed1 his mind was vacant1 his heart sorrowful1 and his old age devoid of comfort4 ,the days of his youth rose up in a vision before him1 and he recalled the solemn moment when his father had placed him at the entrance of two roads--one leading into a peaceful1 sunny land1 covered with a fertile harvest1 and resounding with soft sweet songs2 the other leading the wanderer into a deep1 dark cave1 whence there was no issue1 where poison flowed instead of water1 and where serpents hissed and crawled4 ,he looked toward the sky1 and cried out in his agony1 8,oh1 days of my youth1 return6 ,oh1 my father1 place me once more at the entrance to life1 that ,i may choose the better way60 ,but the days of his youth and his father had both passed away4 ,he saw wandering lights float away over dark marshes1 and then disappear2 these were the days of his wasted life4 ,he saw a star fall from heaven1 and vanish in the darkness1 and this was an emblem of himself2 and the sharp arrows of unavailing remorse struck home to his heart4 ,then he remembered his early companions1 who entered on life with him1 but who1 having trod the paths of virtue and of labor1 were now honored and happy on this ,new ,year's night4 ,the clock in the high church tower struck1 and the sound1 falling on his ear1 recalled his parents' early love for him1 their erring son2 the lessons they had taught him2 the prayers they had offered on his behalf4 ,overwhelmed with shame and grief1 he dared no longer look toward that heaven where his father dwelt2 his darkened eyes dropped tears1 and with one despairing effort he cried aloud1 8,come back1 my early days6 come back60 ,and his youth did return2 for all this was but a dream which visited his slumbers on ,new ,year's night4 ,he was still young1 his faults alone were real4 ,he thanked ,god fervently that time was still his own2 that he had not yet entered the deep1 dark cavern1 but that he was free to tread the road leading to the peaceful land where sunny harvests wave4 ,ye who still linger on the threshold of life1 doubting which path to choose1 remember that1 when years have passed1 and your feet stumble on the dark mountain1 you will cry bitterly1 but cry in vain3 8,oh1 youth1 return6 ,oh1 give me back my early days60 ,,napoleon',s ,,greatness4 ,,william ,,ellery ,,channing4 ,,william ,,ellery ,,channing1 a grandson of ,william ,ellery1 one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence1 was born at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 ,april #g1 #aghj4 ,he was graduated with honors at ,harvard ,college1 at eighteen years of age1 and first thought of studying medicine1 but decided to enter the ministry4 ,after spending some time as private tutor in ,richmond1 he returned to ,cambridge and studied theology4 ,in #ahjc he was ordained1 and became pastor of the ,federal ,street ,church in ,boston1 where he remained during his ministerial life4 ,he was associated with ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson and a welcome guest at his house4 ,his writings show freedom of thought1 wide interests1 and love of literature4 ,his death occurred at ,bennington1 ,vt41 ,april #b1 #ahdb4 ,,such was ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,but some will say he was still a great man4 ,this we mean not to deny4 ,but we would have it understood that there are various kinds or orders of greatness1 and that the highest did not belong to ,bonaparte4 ,there are different orders of greatness4 ,among these1 the first rank is unquestionably due to moral greatness1 or magnanimity2 to that sublime energy by which the soul1 smitten with the love of virtue1 binds itself indissolubly1 for life and for death1 to truth and duty2 espouses as its own the interests of human nature2 scorns all meanness and defies all peril2 hears in its own conscience a voice louder than threatenings and thunders2 withstands all the powers of the universe which would sever it from the cause of freedom and religion2 reposes an unfaltering trust in ,god in the darkest hour1 and is ever 8ready to be offered up0 on the altar of its country or of mankind4 ,of this moral greatness1 which throws all other forms of greatness into obscurity1 we see not a trace in ,napoleon4 ,though clothed with the power of a god1 the thought of consecrating himself to the introduction of a new and higher era1 to the exaltation of the character and condition of his race1 seems never to have dawned on his mind4 ,the spirit of disinterestedness and self-sacrifice seems not to have waged a moment's war with self-will and ambition4 ,his ruling passions1 indeed1 were singularly at variance with magnanimity4 ,moral greatness has too much simplicity1 is too unostentatious1 too self-subsistent1 and enters into others' interests with too much heartiness1 to live an hour for what ,napoleon always lived1 to make itself the theme1 and gaze1 and wonder of a dazzled world4 ,next to moral comes intellectual greatness1 or genius in the highest sense of that word2 and by this we mean that sublime capacity of thought1 through which the soul1 smitten with the love of the true and the beautiful1 essays to comprehend the universe1 soars into the heavens1 penetrates the earth1 penetrates itself1 questions the past1 anticipates the future1 traces out the general and all-comprehending laws of nature1 binds together by innumerable affinities and relations all the objects of its knowledge1 rises from the finite and transient to the infinite and the everlasting1 frames to itself1 from its own fulness1 lovelier and sublimer forms than it beholds1 discerns the harmonies between the world within and the world without us1 and finds in every region of the universe types and interpreters of its own deep mysteries and glorious inspirations4 ,this is the greatness which belongs to philosophers1 and to the master-spirits in poetry and the fine arts4 ,next comes the greatness of action2 and by this we mean the sublime power of conceiving bold and extensive plans2 of constructing and bringing to bear on a mighty object a complicated machinery of means1 energies1 and arrangements1 and of accomplishing great outward effects4 ,to this head belongs the greatness of ,bonaparte1 and that he possessed it1 we need not prove1 and none will be hardy enough to deny4 ,a man who raised himself from obscurity to a throne2 who changed the face of the world2 who made himself felt through powerful and civilized nations2 who sent the terror of his name across seas and oceans2 whose will was pronounced and feared as destiny2 whose donatives were crowns2 whose antechamber was thronged by submissive princes2 who broke down the awful barrier of the ,alps1 and made them a highway2 and whose fame was spread beyond the boundaries of civilization to the steppes of the ,cossack1 and the deserts of the ,arab1--a man1 who has left this record of himself in history1 has taken out of our hands the question1 whether he shall be called great4 ,all must concede to him a sublime power of action--an energy equal to great effects4 ,from 8,remarks on the ,life and ,character of ,napoleon ,bonaparte40 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,trafalgar4 ,,abridged4 ,,robert ,,southey4 ,,robert ,,southey was born at ,bristol1 ,england1 on the #abth of ,august1 #aggd4 ,he was a sensitive child1 easily affected by even the simple tales told him in infancy by his loving mother and his faithful nurse4 ,illustration ,little ,robert was taken by an aunt to ,bath when he was about four years old4 ,here he led a lonely life without playmates1 and guarded upon every side4 ,he was allowed to wander about the garden by himself and made friends with the insects and flowers1 often gazing wistfully toward a sham castle on ,clamton ,hill1 two miles distant4 ,oh1 how the little fellow longed for freedom6 ,when he was six years old he returned to his father's house4 ,he went soon after to visit his grandmother at ,bedminster4 ,this was a wonderful change for the boy4 ,free to roam at his own sweet will1 every hour in the day was a delight to him1 and the influence of this emancipation followed him throughout his entire life4 ,on his return home1 he was sent as day scholar for a year to a ,mr4 ,foot and then to a boys' school at ,corston1 nine miles from home4 ,the teaching was of little value1 and the household arrangements were very crude4 ,each morning the boys washed in a brook which ran through the yard4 ,this brook was like a jolly playfellow1 bringing apples from the orchards through which it ran1 and affording scope for many a game4 ,southey gained little learning from the two years spent here1 but he had formed a taste for literature when very young4 ,his aunt had taken him to see many of ,shakespeare's plays while he visited her1 and her conversation was largely of actors and authors4 ,little ,robert soon learned to look upon the authors with reverence4 ,his earliest efforts at literature were associated with the drama4 ,he began to write little plays4 ,he read ,shakespeare again and again1 and had read ,beaumont and ,fletcher before he was eight years of age4 ,southey was sent to school at ,westminster when he was fourteen years old and remained there four years4 ,he was then sent away because of a sarcastic article which he had written on flogging4 ,through the generosity of an uncle he was enabled to go to ,oxford4 ,he already took great delight in verse making and was a strong1 noble youth with a vivid imagination4 ,in #agid ,southey made the acquaintance of ,coleridge4 ,the two young men dreamed of a world of their own creation4 ,they would go to ,america and live as brothers4 ,each would take a wife1 and they would live an ideal life1 tilling the soil and studying among rural surroundings4 ,they had friends ready to join them1 and ,southey was especially eager to carry out this scheme for he loved ,edith ,flicker1 who promised to be his wife4 ,but ,edith was penniless1 and ,southey was cast off by his aunt when she learned of the intended marriage4 ,young ,southey had written an epic poem on ,joan of ,arc and received fifty pounds for it--a most timely assistance4 ,soon after the publication of 8,joan of ,arc0 ,southey's uncle arrived from ,lisbon and persuaded ,robert to return with him4 ,on the day he sailed he was secretly married in ,redcliffe ,church1 ,bristol4 ,on ,southey's return from ,spain he gave up his former plans for founding a brotherhood1 but was still busy with schemes for tragedies1 comedies1 and romances which were to be written4 ,he spent twelve months in ,london drudging over law books and then spent another year traveling through ,england4 ,his health failing1 he made a second visit to ,portugal1 taking his wife with him4 ,on his return he accepted the position of secretary to the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer for ,ireland1 but soon gave up the position and went to ,greta ,hall1 ,keswick1 the home of ,coleridge1 where he spent the remainder of his life4 ,here ,southey showed his true greatness1 supporting his own and ,coleridge's families by his literary work1 and always showing the loving nature of a good father1 husband1 and friend4 ,in #ahac ,southey was made ,poet ,laureate1 a recognition of his youthful work1 for he now devoted the greater part of his time to prose writing4 ,the 8,history of ,brazil10 8,history of ,portugal10 and the lives of ,nelson1 ,wesley1 and ,cowper are among his best known works4 ,he spent what time he could in studying and found pleasure in the friendships of ,charles ,lamb1 ,wordsworth1 ,landor1 and ,shelley4 ,he was offered a baronetcy1 and later1 a seat in ,parliament1 but declined both honors4 ,he died on the #cast of ,march1 #ahdc1 his death being hastened by overwork4 ,,early on the following morning ,horatio ,nelson reached ,portsmouth2 and1 having despatched his business on shore1 endeavored to elude the populace by taking a by-way to the beach2 but a crowd collected in his train1 pressing forward to obtain a sight of his face2--many were in tears1 and many knelt down before him1 and blessed him as he passed4 ,england has had many heroes1 but never one who so entirely possessed the love of his fellow-countrymen as ,nelson4 ,all men knew that his heart was as humane as it was fearless2 that there was not in his nature the slightest alloy of selfishness or cupidity2 but that1 with perfect and entire devotion1 he served his country with all his heart1 and with all his soul1 and with all his strength2 and1 therefore1 they loved him as truly and as fervently as he loved ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,admiral ,,nelson4 ,they pressed upon the parapet to gaze after him when his barge pushed off1 and he was returning their cheers by waving his hat4 ,the sentinels1 who endeavored to prevent them from trespassing upon this ground1 were wedged among the crowd2 and an officer1 who1 not very prudently upon such an occasion1 ordered them to drive the people down with their bayonets1 was compelled speedily to retreat2 for the people would not be debarred from gazing1 till the last moment1 upon the hero1 the darling hero of ,england4 ,the station which ,nelson had chosen was some fifty or sixty miles to the west of ,cadiz1 near ,cape ,st4 ,mary's4 ,at this distance he hoped to decoy the enemy out1 while he guarded against the danger of being caught with a westerly wind near ,cadiz1 and driven within the ,straits4 ,the blockade of the port was rigorously enforced1 in hopes that the combined fleet might be forced to sea by want4 ,the order of sailing was to be the order of battle2 the fleet in two lines1 with an advanced squadron of eight of the fastest-sailing two-deckers4 ,the second in command1 having the entire direction of his line1 was to break through the enemy1 about the twelfth ship from their rear3 he would lead through the center1 and the advanced squadron was to cut off three or four ahead of the center4 ,this plan was to be adapted to the strength of the enemy1 so that they should always be one-fourth superior to those whom they cut off4 ,at daybreak the combined fleets were distinctly seen from the ,victory's deck1 formed in a close line of battle ahead1 on the starboard tack1 about twelve miles to leeward1 and standing to the south4 ,our fleet consisted of twenty-seven sail of the line and four frigates2 theirs of thirty-three1 and seven large frigates4 ,their superiority was greater in size1 and weight of metal1 than in numbers4 ,they had four thousand troops on board2 and the best riflemen who could be procured1 many of them ,tyrolese1 were dispersed through the ships4 ,soon after daylight ,nelson came upon deck4 ,the #bast of ,october was a festival in his family1 because on that day his uncle1 ,captain ,suckling1 in the ,dreadnought1 with two other line-of-battle ships1 had beaten off a ,french squadron of four sail of the line and three frigates4 ,nelson had more than once expressed his persuasion that this was to be the day of his battle also2 and he was well pleased at seeing his prediction about to be verified4 ,the wind was now from the west1--light breezes1 with a long heavy swell4 ,signal was made to bear down upon the enemy in two lines2 and the fleet set all sail4 ,collingwood1 in the ,royal ,sovereign1 led the lee-line of thirteen ships2 the ,victory led the weather-line of fourteen4 ,having seen that all was as it should be1 ,nelson retired to his cabin and wrote this prayer3-- 8,may the ,great ,god whom ,i worship1 grant to my country1 and for the benefit of ,europe in general1 a great and glorious victory2 and may no misconduct in any one tarnish it2 and may humanity after victory be the predominant feature in the ,british fleet6 ,for myself individually1 ,i commit my life to ,him that made me1 and may his blessing alight on my endeavors for serving my country faithfully6 ,to ,him ,i resign myself1 and the just cause which is intrusted to me to defend4 ,amen1 ,amen1 ,amen40 99 99 99 99 99 ,nelson1 certain of a triumphant issue to the day1 asked ,blackwood what he should consider as a victory4 ,that officer answered1 that1 considering the handsome way in which battle was offered by the enemy1 their apparent determination for a fair trial of strength1 and the situation of the land1 he thought it would be a glorious result if fourteen were captured4 ,he replied3 8,i shall not be satisfied with less than twenty40 ,soon afterwards he asked him if he did not think there was a signal wanting4 ,captain ,blackwood made answer that he thought the whole fleet seemed very clearly to understand what they were about4 ,these words were scarcely spoken before that signal was made1 which will be remembered as long as the language1 or even the memory1 of ,england shall endure--,nelson's last signal3--8,england expects every man to do his duty60 ,it was received throughout the fleet with a shout of answering acclamation1 made sublime by the spirit which it breathed and the feeling which it expressed4 8,now10 said ,lord ,nelson1 8,i can do no more4 ,we must trust to the ,great ,disposer of all events1 and the justice of our cause4 ,i thank ,god for this great opportunity of doing my duty40 ,he wore that day1 as usual1 his admiral's frock coat1 bearing on the left breast four stars of the different orders with which he was invested4 ,ornaments which rendered him so conspicuous a mark for the enemy were beheld with ominous apprehensions by his officers4 ,it was known that there were riflemen on board the ,french ships1 and it could not be doubted but that his life would be particularly aimed at4 ,they communicated their fears to each other2 and the surgeon1 ,mr4 ,beatty1 spoke to the chaplain1 ,dr4 ,scott1 and to ,mr4 ,scott1 the public secretary1 desiring that some person would entreat him to change his dress1 or cover the stars3 but they knew that such a request would highly displease him4 8,in honor ,i gained them10 he had said1 when such a thing had been hinted to him formerly1 8and in honor ,i will die with them40 ,a long swell was setting into the ,bay of ,cadiz3 our ships1 crowding all sail1 moved majestically before it1 with light winds from the southwest4 ,the sun shone on the sails of the enemy2 and their well-formed line1 with their numerous three-deckers1 made an appearance which any other assailants would have thought formidable2 but the ,british sailors only admired the beauty and the splendor of the spectacle2 and1 in full confidence of winning what they saw1 remarked to each other1 what a fine sight yonder ships would make at ,spithead6 ,ten minutes before twelve they opened their fire4 ,eight or nine of the ships immediately ahead of the ,victory1 and across her bows1 fired single guns at her1 to ascertain whether she was yet within their range4 ,as soon as ,nelson perceived that their shot passed over him1 he desired ,blackwood1 and ,captain ,prowse of the ,sirius1 to repair to their respective frigates4 ,nelson's column was steered about two points more to the north than ,collingwood's1 in order to cut off the enemy's escape into ,cadiz3 the lee-line1 therefore1 was first engaged4 8,see10 cried ,nelson1 pointing to the ,royal ,sovereign1 as she steered right for the center of the enemy's line1 cut through it astern of the ,santa ,anna1 three-decker1 and engaged her at the muzzle of her guns on the starboard side2 8see how that noble fellow1 ,collingwood1 carries his ship into action60 ,collingwood1 delighted at being first in the heat of the fire1 and knowing the feelings of his commander and old friend1 turned to his captain1 and exclaimed1 8,rotherham1 what would ,nelson give to be here60 ,both these brave officers1 perhaps1 at this moment thought of ,nelson with gratitude1 for a circumstance which had occurred on the preceding day4 ,admiral ,collingwood1 with some of the captains1 having gone on board the ,victory to receive instructions1 ,nelson inquired of him where his captain was8 and was told1 in reply1 that they were not upon good terms with each other4 8,terms60 said ,nelson2--8good terms with each other60 ,immediately he sent a boat for ,captain ,rotherham2 led him1 as soon as he arrived1 to ,collingwood1 and saying1 8,look1 yonder are the enemy60 bade them 8shake hands like ,englishmen40 ,the enemy continued to fire a gun at a time at the ,victory1 till they saw that a shot had passed through her main-topgallant-sail2 then they opened their broadsides1 aiming chiefly at her rigging1 in the hope of disabling her before she could close with them4 ,nelson1 as usual1 had hoisted several flags1 lest one should be shot away4 ,the enemy showed no colors till late in the action1 when they began to feel the necessity of having them to strike4 ,an incessant raking fire was kept up upon the ,victory4 ,the admiral's secretary was one of the first who fell3 he was killed by a cannon-shot1 while conversing with ,hardy4 ,captain ,adair of the marines1 with the help of a sailor1 endeavored to remove the body from ,nelson's sight1 who had a great regard for ,mr4 ,scott2 but he anxiously asked1 8,is that poor ,scott that's gone80 and being informed that it was indeed so1 exclaimed1 8,poor fellow60 ,presently a double-headed shot struck a party of marines1 who were drawn up on the poop1 and killed eight of them3 upon which ,nelson immediately desired ,captain ,adair to disperse his men round the ship1 that they might not suffer so much from being together4 ,a few minutes afterwards a shot struck the fore brace bits on the quarter-deck1 and passed between ,nelson and ,hardy1 a splinter from the bit tearing off ,hardy's buckle and bruising his foot4 ,both stopped and looked anxiously at each other1 each supposing the other to be wounded4 ,nelson then smiled and said1 8,this is too warm work1 ,hardy1 to last long40 ,the ,victory had not yet returned a single gun2 fifty of her men had been by this time killed or wounded1 and her main-topmast1 with all her studding sails and their booms1 shot away4 ,nelson declared that1 in all his battles1 he had seen nothing which surpassed the cool courage of his crew on this occasion4 ,at four minutes after twelve she opened her fire from both sides of her deck4 ,it was not possible to break the enemy's line without running on board one of their ships2 ,hardy informed him of this1 and asked which he would prefer4 ,nelson replied3 8,take your choice1 ,hardy1 it does not signify much40 ,the master was then ordered to put the helm to port1 and the ,victory ran on board the ,redoubtable1 just as her tiller ropes were shot away4 ,the ,french ship received her with a broadside2 then instantly let down her lower-deck ports1 for fear of being boarded through them1 and never afterwards fired a great gun during the action4 ,captain ,harvey1 in the ,tmraire1 fell on board the ,redoubtable on the other side4 ,another enemy was in like manner on board the ,tmraire3 so that these four ships formed as compact a tier as if they had been moored together1 their heads lying all the same way4 ,the lieutenants of the ,victory1 seeing this1 depressed their guns of the middle and lower decks1 and fired with a diminished charge1 lest the shot should pass through1 and injure the ,tmraire4 ,and because there was danger that the ,redoubtable might take fire from the lower-deck guns1 the muzzles of which touched her side when they were run out1 the fireman of each gun stood ready with a bucket of water1 which1 as soon as the gun was discharged1 he dashed into the hole made by the shot4 ,an incessant fire was kept up from the ,victory from both sides2 her larboard guns playing upon the ,bucentaure and the huge ,santissima ,trinidad4 ,it had been part of ,nelson's prayer that the ,british fleet might be distinguished by humanity in the victory which he expected4 ,setting an example himself1 he twice gave orders to cease firing upon the ,redoubtable1 supposing that she had struck1 because her great guns were silent2 for1 as she carried no flag1 there was no means of instantly ascertaining the fact4 ,from this ship1 which he had thus twice spared1 he received his death4 ,a ball fired from her mizzen-top1 which1 in the then situation of the two vessels1 was not more than fifteen yards from that part of the deck where he was standing1 struck the epaulette on his left shoulder1--about a quarter after one1 just in the heat of the action4 ,he fell upon his face1 on the spot which was covered with his poor secretary's blood4 8,they have done for me at last1 ,hardy60 said he4 ,yet even now1 not for a moment losing his presence of mind1 he observed1 as they were carrying him down the ladder1 that the tiller ropes1 which had been shot away1 were not yet replaced1 and ordered that new ones should be rove immediately3--then1 that he might not be seen by the crew1 he took out his handkerchief1 and covered his face and his stars4--,had he but concealed these badges of honor from the enemy1 ,england1 perhaps1 would not have had cause to receive with sorrow the news of the battle of ,trafalgar4 ,illustration3 ,from the painting by ,ernest ,slingeneyer4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,nelson ,,at ,,trafalgar4 ,it was soon perceived1 upon examination1 that the wound was mortal4 ,this1 however1 was concealed from all except ,captain ,hardy1 the chaplain1 and the medical attendants4 ,he himself being certain that no human care could avail him1 insisted that the surgeon should leave him and attend to those to whom he might be useful4 8,for10 said he1 8you can do nothing for me40 ,as often as a ship struck1 the crew of the ,victory hurrahed2 and at every hurrah a visible expression of joy gleamed in the eyes and marked the countenance of the dying hero4 ,an hour and ten minutes elapsed1 from the time when ,nelson received his wound1 before ,hardy could come to him4 ,they shook hands in silence2 ,hardy in vain struggling to suppress the feelings of that most painful and yet sublimest moment4 8,well1 ,hardy10 said ,nelson1 8how goes the day with us80--8,very well10 replied ,hardy2 8ten ships have struck1 but five of their van have tacked1 and show an intention of bearing down upon the ,victory4 ,i have called two or three of our fresh ships round1 and have no doubt of giving them a drubbing40--8,i hope10 said ,nelson1 8none of our ships have struck80 ,hardy answered1 8,there was no fear of that40 ,then1 and not till then1 ,nelson spoke of himself4 8,i am going fast10 said he2--8it will be all over with me soon40 ,hardy observed that he hoped ,mr4 ,beatty could yet hold out some prospect of life4 8,oh1 no60 he replied2 8it is impossible40 ,captain ,hardy then1 once more1 shook hands with him2 and1 with a heart almost bursting1 hastened upon deck4 ,captain ,hardy1 some fifty minutes after he had left the cockpit1 returned2 and1 again taking the hand of his dying friend and commander1 congratulated him on having gained a complete victory4 ,how many of the enemy were taken he did not know1 as it was impossible to perceive them distinctly--but fourteen or fifteen at least4 8,that's well10 cried ,nelson2 8but ,i bargained for twenty40 ,and then1 in a stronger voice1 he said1 8,anchor1 ,hardy2 anchor40 ,hardy1 upon this1 hinted that ,admiral ,collingwood would take upon himself the direction of affairs4 8,not while ,i live1 ,hardy60 said the dying ,nelson1 ineffectually endeavoring to raise himself from the bed3 8do you anchor40 ,he desired that he might be buried by his parents1 unless it should please the king to order otherwise4--8,kiss me1 ,hardy10 said he4 ,hardy knelt down and kissed his cheek3 and ,nelson said1 8,now ,i am satisfied4 ,thank ,god1 ,i have done my duty60 ,hardy stood over him in silence for a moment or two1 then knelt again1 and kissed his forehead4 8,who is that80 said ,nelson2 and being informed1 he replied1 8,god bless you1 ,hardy40 ,and ,hardy then left him--forever4 ,his articulation now became difficult2 but he was distinctly heard to say1 8,thank ,god1 ,i have done my duty60 ,these words he had repeatedly pronounced2 and they were the last4 ,he expired at thirty minutes after four1--three hours and a quarter after he had received his wound4 ,once1 amidst his sufferings1 ,nelson had expressed a wish that he were dead2 but immediately the spirit subdued the pains of death1 and he wished to live a little longer2 doubtless that he might hear the completion of the victory which he had seen so gloriously begun4 ,that consolation--that joy--that triumph1 was afforded him4 ,he lived to know that the victory was decisive2 and the last guns which were fired at the flying enemy were heard a minute or two before he expired4 ,it is almost superfluous to add that all the honors which a grateful country could bestow were heaped upon the memory of ,nelson4 ,his brother was made an earl1 with a grant of #fjjj a year2 #aj1jjj were voted to each of his sisters2 and #ajj1jjj for the purchase of an estate4 ,a public funeral was decreed1 and a public monument4 ,statues and monuments also were voted by most of our principal cities4 ,the leaden coffin1 in which he was brought home1 was cut in pieces1 which were distributed as relics of ,saint ,nelson1--so the gunner of the ,victory called them1--and when1 at his interment1 his flag was about to be lowered into the grave1 the sailors who assisted at the ceremony1 with one accord rent it in pieces1 that each might preserve a fragment while he lived4 ,the death of ,nelson was felt in ,england as something more than a public calamity3 men started at the intelligence1 and turned pale1 as if they had heard of the loss of a dear friend4 ,an object of our admiration and affection1 of our pride and of our hopes1 was suddenly taken from us2 and it seemed as if we had never till then known how deeply we loved and reverenced him4 ,what the country had lost in its great naval hero--the greatest of our own and of all former times--was scarcely taken into the account of grief4 ,the people of ,england grieved that funeral ceremonies1 public monuments1 and posthumous rewards were all which they could now bestow upon him whom the king1 the legislature1 and the nation would alike have delighted to honor2 whom every tongue would have blessed2 whose presence in every village through which he might have passed would have wakened the church bells1 have given schoolboys a holiday1 have drawn children from their sports to gaze upon him1 and 8old men from the chimney corner10 to look upon ,nelson ere they died4 ,the victory of ,trafalgar was celebrated1 indeed1 with the usual forms of rejoicing1 but they were without joy2 for such already was the glory of the ,british navy1 through ,nelson's surpassing genius1 that it scarcely seemed to receive any addition from the most signal victory that ever was achieved upon the seas2 and the destruction of this mighty fleet1 by which all the maritime schemes of ,france were totally frustrated1 hardly appeared to add to our security or strength2 for1 while ,nelson was living to watch the combined squadrons of the enemy1 we felt ourselves as secure as now1 when they were no longer in existence4 ,yet he cannot be said to have fallen prematurely whose work was done2 nor ought he to be lamented who died so full of honors1 and at the height of human fame4 ,the most triumphant death is that of the martyr2 the most awful1 that of the martyred patriot2 the most splendid1 that of the hero in the hour of victory2 and if the chariot and the horses of fire had been vouchsafed for ,nelson's translation he could scarcely have departed in a brighter blaze of glory4 ,he has left us1 not indeed his mantle of inspiration1 but a name and an example which are at this hour inspiring hundreds of the youth of ,england1--a name which is our pride1 and an example which will continue to be our shield and our strength4 ,from 8,life of ,nelson40 ,,the ,,chambered ,,nautilus4 ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes4 ,,this is the ship of pearl1 which1 poets feign1 ,sails the unshadowed main1-- ,the venturous bark that flings ,on the sweet summer wind its purpled wings ,in gulfs enchanted1 where the ,siren sings1 ,and coral reefs lie bare1 ,where the cold sea-maids rise to sun their streaming hair4 ,its webs of living gauze no more unfurl2 ,wrecked is the ship of pearl6 ,and every chambered cell1 ,where its dim dreaming life was wont to dwell1 ,as the frail tenant shaped his growing shell1 ,before thee lies revealed1-- ,its irised ceiling rent1 its sunless crypt unsealed6 ,year after year beheld the silent toil ,that spread his lustrous coil2 ,still1 as the spiral grew1 ,he left the past years dwelling for the new1 ,stole with soft step its shining archway through1 ,built up its idle door1 ,stretched in his last-found home1 and knew the old no more4 ,thanks for the heavenly message brought by thee1 ,child of the wandering sea1 ,cast from her lap1 forlorn6 ,from thy dead lips a clearer note is born ,than ever ,triton blew from wreathd horn6 ,while on mine ear it rings1 ,through the deep caves of thought ,i hear a voice that sings3-- ,build thee more stately mansions1 ,o my soul1 ,as the swift seasons roll6 ,leave thy low-vaulted past6 ,let each new temple1 nobler than the last1 ,shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast1 ,till thou at length art free1 ,leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea6 ,a ,,picnic ,,by ,,the ,,baltic4 ,,abridged4 ,,yesterday1 by way of a change1 we went for a picnic to the shores of the ,baltic1 ice-bound at this season1 and utterly desolate at our nearest point4 ,i have a weakness for picnics1 especially in winter1 when the mosquitoes cease from troubling and the ant-hills are at rest2 and of all my many favorite picnic spots this one on the ,baltic is the loveliest and best4 ,there must be deep snow1 hard frost1 no wind1 and a cloudless sky2 and when1 on waking up1 ,i see these conditions fulfilled1 then it would need some very potent reason to keep me from a sleigh and going off4 ,it is1 ,i admit1 a hard day for the horses2 but why have horses if they are not to take you where you want to go1 and at the time you want to go8 ,and why should not horses have hard days as well as everybody else8 ,it is a beautiful spot1 endless forest stretching along the shore as far as the eye can reach2 and after driving through it for miles you come suddenly1 at the end of an avenue of arching trees1 upon the glistening1 oily sea1 with the orange-colored sails of distant fishing-smacks shining in the sunlight4 ,whenever ,i have been there it has been windless weather1 and the silence so profound that ,i could hear my pulses beating4 ,the humming of insects and the sudden scream of a jay are the only sounds in summer1 and in winter the stillness is the stillness of death4 ,every paradise has its serpent1 however1 and this one is so infested by mosquitoes during the season when picnics seem most natural1 that those of my visitors who have been taken there for a treat have invariably lost their tempers and made the quiet shores ring with their wailing and lamentations4 ,these despicable but irritating insects don't seem to have anything to do but to sit in multitudes on the sand1 waiting for any prey ,providence may send them2 and as soon as the carriage appears they rise up in a cloud and rush to meet us1 almost dragging us out bodily1 and never leave us until we drive away again4 ,the sudden view of the sea from the mossy1 pine-covered height directly above it where we picnic2 the wonderful stretch of lonely shore with the forest to the water's edge2 the colored sails in the blue distance2 the freshness1 the brightness1 the vastness1--all is lost upon the picnickers1 and made worse than indifferent to them1 by the perpetual necessity they are under of fighting these horrid creatures4 ,it is nice being the only person who ever goes there or shows it to anybody1 but if more people went1 perhaps the mosquitoes would be less lean1 and hungry1 and pleased to see us4 ,but on a brilliant winter's day my conscience is as clear as the frosty air itself1 and yesterday morning we started off in the gayest of spirits4 ,only our eyes were allowed to peep out from the fur and woolen wrappings necessary to our heads if we would come back with our ears and noses in the same places they were in when we started1 and for the first two miles the mirth created by each other's strange appearance was uproarious1--a fact ,i mention merely to show what an effect dry1 bright1 intense cold produces on healthy bodies1 and how much better it is to go out in it and enjoy it than to stay indoors and sulk4 ,as we passed through the neighboring village with cracking of whip and jingling of bells1 heads popped up at the windows to stare1 and the only living thing in the silent1 sunny street was a melancholy fowl with ruffled feathers1 which looked at us reproachfully as we dashed with so much energy over the crackling snow4 8,oh1 foolish bird60 ,irais called out as we passed2 8you'll be indeed a cold fowl if you stand there motionless1 and every one prefers them hot in weather like this60 ,and then we all laughed exceedingly1 as though the most splendid joke had been made1 and before we had done we were out of the village and in the open country beyond1 and could see my house and garden far away behind1 glittering in the sunshine2 and in front of us lay the forest1 with its vistas of pines stretching away into infinity1 and a drive through it of fourteen miles before we reached the sea4 ,it was a hoar-frost day1 and the forest was an enchanted forest leading into fairyland1 and though ,irais and ,i have been there often before1 and always thought it beautiful1 yet yesterday we stood under the final arch of frosted trees1 struck silent by the sheer loveliness of the place4 ,for a long way out the sea was frozen1 and then there was a deep blue line1 and a cluster of motionless orange sails2 at our feet a narrow strip of pale yellow sand2 right and left the line of sparkling forest2 and we ourselves standing in a world of white and diamond traceries4 ,the stillness of an eternal ,sunday lay on the place like a benediction4 ,we went back to the sleigh and had the horses taken out and their cloths put on1 and they were walked up and down a distant glade while we sat in the sleigh and picnicked4 ,it is a hard day for the horses--nearly thirty miles there and back and no stable in the middle2 but they are so fat and spoiled that it cannot do them much harm sometimes to taste the bitterness of life4 ,i warmed soup in a little apparatus ,i have for such occasions1 which helped to take the chilliness off the sandwiches1--this is the only unpleasant part of a winter picnic1 the clammy quality of the provisions just when you most long for something very hot4 ,it is the most difficult thing in the world to eat sandwiches with immense fur and woolen gloves on1 and ,i think we ate almost as much fur as anything1 and choked exceedingly during the process4 ,minora was angry at this1 and at last pulled off her glove1 but quickly put it on again4 8,how very unpleasant60 she remarked after swallowing a large piece of fur4 8,it will wrap round your pipes1 and keep them warm10 said ,irais4 8,pipes60 echoed ,minora1 greatly disgusted by such vulgarity4 8,i'm afraid ,i can't help you10 ,i said1 as she continued to choke and splutter2 8we are all in the same case1 and ,i don't know how to alter it40 8,there are such things as forks1 ,i suppose10 snapped ,minora4 8,that's true10 said ,i1 crushed by the obviousness of the remedy2 but of what use are forks if they are fifteen miles off8 ,so ,minora had to continue to eat her gloves4 ,by the time we had finished the sun was already low behind the trees and the clouds beginning to flush a faint pink4 ,the old coachman was given sandwiches and soup1 and while he led the horses up and down with one hand and held his lunch in the other1 we packed up--or1 to be correct1 ,i packed1 and the others looked on and gave me valuable advice4 ,this coachman1 ,peter by name1 is seventy years old1 and was born on the place1 and has driven its occupants for fifty years1 and ,i am nearly as fond of him as ,i am of the sun-dial2 indeed1 ,i don't know what ,i should do without him1 so entirely does he appear to understand and approve of my tastes and wishes4 ,no drive is too long or difficult for the horses if ,i want to take it1 no place impossible to reach if ,i want to go to it1 no weather or roads too bad to prevent my going out if ,i wish to--to all my suggestions he responds with the readiest cheerfulness4 ,in the summer1 on fine evenings1 ,i love to drive late and alone in the scented forests1 and when ,i have reached a dark part stop1 and sit quite still1 listening to the nightingales repeating their little tune over and over again after interludes of gurgling1 or1 if there are no nightingales1 listening to the marvelous silence1 and letting its blessedness descend into my very soul4 ,the nightingales in the forests about here all sing the same tune1 and in the same key--,e flat3 ,illustration3 ,music ,i don't know whether all nightingales do this1 or if it is peculiar to this particular spot4 ,when they have sung it once they clear their throats a little1 and hesitate1 and then do it again1 and it is the prettiest little song in the world4 ,how could ,i indulge my passion for these drives with their pauses without ,peter8 ,he is so used to them that he stops now at the right moment without having to be told1 and he is ready to drive me all night if ,i wish it1 with no sign of anything but cheerful willingness on his nice old face4 ,the brightness of ,peter's perfections is sullied1 however1 by one spot1 and that is1 that as age creeps upon him1 he not only cannot hold the horses in if they don't want to be held in1 but he goes to sleep sometimes on his box if ,i have him out too soon after lunch1 and has upset me twice within the last year--once last winter out of a sleigh1 and once this summer1 when the horses shied at a bicycle1 and bolted into the ditch on one side of the high-road1 and the bicycle was so terrified at the horses shying that it shied too into the ditch on the other side1 and the carriage was smashed1 and the bicycle was smashed1 and we were all very unhappy1 except ,peter1 who never lost his pleasant smile1 and looked so placid that my tongue clave to the roof of my mouth when ,i tried to make it scold him4 8,but ,i should think he ought to have been thoroughly scolded on an occasion like that10 said ,minora1 to whom ,i had been telling this story as we wandered on the yellow sands while the horses were being put in the sleigh2 and she glanced nervously up at ,peter1 whose mild head was visible between the bushes above us4 8,shall we get home before dark80 she asked4 ,the sun had altogether disappeared behind the pines and only the very highest of the little clouds were still pink2 out at sea the mists were creeping up1 and the sails of the fishing-smacks had turned a dull brown2 a flight of wild geese passed across the disk of the moon with loud cacklings4 8,before dark80 echoed ,irais2 8,i should think not4 ,it is dark now nearly in the forest1 and we shall have the loveliest moonlight drive back40 8,but it is surely very dangerous to let a man who goes to sleep drive you10 said ,minora apprehensively4 8,but he's such an old dear10 ,i said4 8,yes1 yes1 no doubt10 she replied testily2 8but there are wakeful old dears to be had1 and on a box they are preferable40 ,irais laughed4 8,you are growing quite amusing1 ,miss ,minora10 she said4 8,he isn't on a box to-day10 said ,i2 8and ,i never knew him to go to sleep standing up behind us on a sleigh40 ,peter1 however1 behaved beautifully on the way home1 and ,irais and ,i at least were as happy as possible driving back1 with all the glories of the western sky flashing at us every now and then at the end of a long avenue as we swiftly passed1 and later on1 when they had faded1 myriads of stars in the narrow black strip of sky over our heads4 ,from 8,elizabeth and her ,german ,garden40 ,,nature4 ,,ralph ,,waldo ,,emerson4 ,the rounded world is fair to see1 ,nine times folded in mystery3 ,though baffled seers cannot impart ,the secret of its laboring heart1 ,throb thine with ,nature's throbbing breast1 ,and all is clear from east to west4 ,spirit that lurks each form within ,beckons to spirit of its kin2 ,self-kindled every atom glows1 ,and hints the future which it owes4 ,,there are days which occur in this climate1 at almost any season of the year1 wherein the world reaches its perfection2 when the air1 the heavenly bodies1 and the earth make a harmony1 as if nature would indulge her offspring2 when1 in these bleak upper sides of the planet1 nothing is to desire that we have heard of the happiest latitudes1 and we bask in the shining hours of ,florida and ,cuba2 when everything that has life gives sign of satisfaction1 and the cattle that lie on the ground seem to have great and tranquil thoughts4 ,these halcyons may be looked for with a little more assurance in that pure ,october weather which we distinguish by the name of the ,indian summer4 ,the day1 immeasurably long1 sleeps over the broad hills and warm wide fields4 ,to have lived through all its sunny hours seems longevity enough4 ,the solitary places do not seem quite lonely4 ,at the gates of the forest1 the surprised man of the world is forced to leave his city estimates of great and small1 wise and foolish4 ,the knapsack of custom falls off his back with the first step he takes into these precincts4 ,here is sanctity which shames our religions1 and reality which discredits our heroes4 ,here we find nature to be the circumstance which dwarfs every other circumstance1 and judges like a god all men that come to her4 ,we have crept out of our close and crowded houses into the night and morning1 and we see what majestic beauties daily wrap us in their bosom4 ,how willingly we would escape the barriers which render them comparatively impotent1 escape the sophistication and second thought1 and suffer nature to entrance us4 ,the tempered light of the woods is like a perpetual morning1 and is stimulating and heroic4 ,the anciently-reported spells of these places creep on us4 ,the stems of pines1 hemlocks1 and oaks almost gleam like iron on the excited eye4 ,the incommunicable trees begin to persuade us to live with them1 and quit our life of solemn trifles4 ,here no history1 or church1 or state is interpolated on the divine sky and the immortal year4 ,how easily we might walk onward into the opening landscape1 absorbed by new pictures and by thoughts fast succeeding each other1 until by degrees the recollection of home was crowded out of the mind1 all memory obliterated by the tyranny of the present1 and we were led in triumph by nature4 ,these enchantments are medicinal1--they sober and heal us4 ,these are plain pleasures1 kindly and native to us4 ,we come to our own1 and make friends with matter1 which the ambitious chatter of the schools would persuade us to despise4 ,we never can part with it2 the mind loves its old home3 as water to our thirst1 so is the rock1 the ground1 to our eyes and hands and feet4 ,it is firm water2 it is cold flame2 what health1 what affinity6 ,ever an old friend1 ever like a dear friend and brother when we chat affectedly with strangers1 comes in this honest face1 and takes a grave liberty with us1 and shames us out of our nonsense4 ,cities give not the human senses room enough4 ,we go out daily and nightly to feed the eyes on the horizon1 and require so much scope1 just as we need water for our bath4 ,there are all degrees of natural influence1 from these quarantine powers of nature1 up to her dearest and gravest ministrations to the imagination and the soul4 ,there is the bucket of cold water from the spring1 the wood-fire to which the chilled traveler rushes for safety1--and there is the sublime moral of autumn and of noon4 ,we nestle in nature1 and draw our living as parasites from her roots and grains1 and we receive glances from the heavenly bodies1 which call us to solitude1 and foretell the remotest future4 ,the blue zenith is the point in which romance and reality meet4 ,i think if we should be rapt away into all that we dream of heaven1 and should converse with ,gabriel and ,uriel1 the upper sky would be all that would remain of our furniture4 ,it seems as if the day was not wholly profane in which we have given heed to some natural object4 ,the fall of snowflakes in a still air1 preserving to each crystal its perfect form2 the blowing of sleet over a wide sheet of water1 and over plains2 the waving rye-field2 the mimic waving of acres of houstonia1 whose innumerable florets whiten and ripple before the eye2 the reflections of trees and flowers in glassy lakes2 the musical steaming odorous south wind1 which converts all trees to wind-harps2 the crackling and spurting of hemlock in the flames1 or of pine logs1 which yield glory to the walls and faces in the sitting-room1--these are the music and pictures of the most ancient religion4 ,my house stands in low land1 with limited outlook1 and on the skirt of the village4 ,but ,i go with my friend to the shore of our little river1 and with one stroke of the paddle ,i leave the village politics and personalities1 yes1 and the world of villages and personalities1 behind1 and pass into a delicate realm of sunset and moonlight1 too bright almost for spotted man to enter without novitiate and probation4 ,we penetrate bodily this incredible beauty2 we dip our hands in this painted element2 our eyes are bathed in these lights and forms4 ,a holiday1 a villeggiatura1 a royal revel1 the proudest1 most heart-rejoicing festival that valor and beauty1 power and taste1 ever decked and enjoyed1 establishes itself on the instant4 ,these sunset clouds1 these delicately emerging stars1 with their private and ineffable glances1 signify it and proffer it4 ,i am taught the poorness of our invention1 the ugliness of towns and palaces4 ,art and luxury have early learned that they must work as enhancement and sequel to this original beauty4 ,i am over-instructed for my return4 ,henceforth ,i shall be hard to please4 ,i cannot go back to toys4 ,i am grown expensive and sophisticated4 ,i can no longer live without elegance1 but a countryman shall be my master of revels4 ,he who knows the most2 he who knows what sweets and virtues are in the ground1 the waters1 the plants1 the heavens1 and how to come at these enchantments1--is the rich and royal man4 ,only as far as the masters of the world have called in nature to their aid1 can they reach the height of magnificence4 ,this is the meaning of their hanging-gardens1 villas1 garden-houses1 islands1 parks and preserves1 to back their faulty personality with these strong accessories4 ,i do not wonder that the landed interest should be invincible in the ,state with these dangerous auxiliaries4 ,these bribe and invite2 not kings1 not palaces1 not men1 not women1 but these tender and poetic stars1 eloquent of secret promises4 ,we heard what the rich man said1 we knew of his villa1 his grove1 his wine1 and his company1 but the provocation and point of the invitation came out of these beguiling stars4 ,in their soft glances ,i see what men strove to realize in some ,versailles1 or ,paphos1 or ,ctesiphon4 ,indeed1 it is the magical lights of the horizon and the blue sky for the background which save all our works of art1 which were otherwise bawbles4 ,when the rich tax the poor with servility and obsequiousness1 they should consider the effect of men reputed to be the possessors of nature1 on imaginative minds4 ,ah6 if the rich were rich as the poor fancy riches6 ,a boy hears a military band play on the field at night1 and he has kings and queens and famous chivalry palpably before him4 ,he hears the echoes of a horn in a hill country1 in the ,notch ,mountains1 for example1 which converts the mountains into an olian harp1--and this supernatural tiralira restores to him the ,dorian mythology1 ,apollo1 ,diana1 and all divine hunters and huntresses4 ,can a musical note be so lofty1 so haughtily beautiful6 ,to the poor young poet1 thus fabulous is his picture of society2 he is loyal2 he respects the rich2 they are rich for the sake of his imagination2 how poor his fancy would be1 if they were not rich6 ,that they have some high-fenced grove which they call a park2 that they live in larger and better garnished saloons than he has visited1 and go in coaches1 keeping only the society of the elegant1 to watering-places and to distant cities1--these make the groundwork from which he has delineated estates of romance1 compared with which their actual possessions are shanties and paddocks4 ,the muse herself betrays her son1 and enhances the gifts of wealth and well-born beauty by a radiation out of the air1 and clouds1 and forests that skirt the road1--a certain haughty favor1 as if from patrician genii to patricians1 a kind of aristocracy in nature1 a prince of the power of the air4 ,the moral sensibility which makes ,edens and ,tempes so easily1 may not be always found1 but the material landscape is never far off4 ,we can find these enchantments without visiting the ,como ,lake1 or the ,madeira ,islands4 ,we exaggerate the praises of local scenery4 ,in every landscape the point of astonishment is the meeting of the sky and the earth1 and that is seen from the first hillock as well as from the top of the ,alleghenies4 ,the stars at night stoop down over the brownest1 homeliest common with all the spiritual magnificence which they shed on the ,campagna1 or on the marble deserts of ,egypt4 ,the up-rolled clouds and the colors of morning and evening1 will transfigure maples and alders4 ,the difference between landscape and landscape is small1 but there is great difference in the beholders4 ,there is nothing so wonderful in any particular landscape as the necessity of being beautiful under which every landscape lies4 ,nature cannot be surprised in undress4 ,beauty breaks in everywhere4 ,from 8,essay on ,nature40 ,,two ,,extracts ,,from 8,,henry ,,esmond40 ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thackeray4 ,for a sketch of the life of ,thackeray1 see ,book ,,vi1 page #bh4 ,i4 ,,my ,,superiors ,,are ,,engaged ,,in ,,plots ,,for ,,the ,,restoration ,,of ,,king ,,james ,,ii4 ,,not having been able to sleep for thinking of some lines for eels which he had placed the night before1 the lad was lying in his little bed1 waiting for the hour when the gate would be open1 and he and his comrade1 ,job ,lockwood1 the porter's son1 might go to the pond and see what fortune had brought them4 ,at daybreak ,job was to awaken him1 but his own eagerness for the sport had served as a rveill long since--so long that it seemed to him as if the day never would come4 ,it might have been four o'clock when he heard the door of the opposite chamber1 the chaplain's room1 open1 and the voice of a man coughing in the passage4 ,harry jumped up1 thinking for certain it was a robber1 or hoping perhaps for a ghost1 and1 flinging open his own door1 saw before him the chaplain's door open1 and a light inside1 and a figure standing in the doorway1 in the midst of a great smoke which issued from the room4 8,who's there80 cried out the boy1 who was of a good spirit4 8,silence60 whispered the other2 8#8tis ,i1 my boy60 and1 holding his hand out1 ,harry had no difficulty in recognizing his master and friend1 ,father ,holt4 ,a curtain was over the window of the chaplain's room that looked to the court1 and ,harry saw that the smoke came from a great flame of papers which were burning in a brazier when he entered the chaplain's room4 ,after giving a hasty greeting and blessing to the lad1 who was charmed to see his tutor1 the father continued the burning of his papers1 drawing them from a cupboard over the mantelpiece wall1 which ,harry had never seen before4 ,father ,holt laughed1 seeing the lad's attention fixed at once on this hole4 8,that is right1 ,harry10 he said2 8faithful little friend1 see all and say nothing4 ,you are faithful1 ,i know40 8,i know ,i would go to the stake for you10 said ,harry4 8,i don't want your head10 said the father1 patting it kindly2 8all you have to do is to hold your tongue4 ,let us burn these papers and say nothing to anybody4 ,should you like to read them80 ,harry ,esmond blushed and held down his head2 he had looked as the fact was1 and without thinking1 at the paper before him2 and though he had seen it1 could not understand a word of it1 the letters being quite clear enough1 but quite without meaning4 ,they burned the papers1 beating down the ashes in a brazier so that scarce any traces of them remained4 ,harry had been accustomed to see ,father ,holt in more dresses than one2 and he was1 in consequence1 in no wise astonished that the priest should now appear before him in a riding dress1 with large buff leather boots1 and a feather to his hat1 plain1 but such as gentlemen wore4 8,you know the secret of the cupboard10 said he1 laughing1 8and must be prepared for other mysteries02 and he opened--but not a secret cupboard this time--only a wardrobe1 which he usually kept locked1 and from which he now took out two or three dresses and perruques of different colors1 and a couple of swords of a pretty make 7,father ,holt was an expert practitioner with the small-sword1 and every day while he was at home he and his pupil practiced this exercise1 in which the lad became a very great proficient71 a military coat and cloak1 and a farmer's smock1 and placed them in the large hole over the mantelpiece from which the papers had been taken4 8,if they miss the cupboard10 he said1 8they will not find these2 if they find them they'll tell no tales1 except that ,father ,holt wore more suits of clothes than one40 ,harry was alarmed at the notion that his friend was about to leave him2 but 8,no10 the priest said1 8,i may very likely come back with my lord in a few days4 ,we are to be tolerated2 we are not to be persecuted4 ,but they may take a fancy to pay a visit at ,castlewood ere our return2 and1 as gentlemen of my cloth are suspected1 they might choose to examine my papers1 which concern nobody--at least not them40 ,and to this day1 whether the papers in cipher related to politics or to the affairs of that mysterious society whereof ,father ,holt was a member1 his pupil1 ,harry ,esmond1 remains in entire ignorance4 ,the rest of his goods1 his small wardrobe1 etc41 ,holt left untouched on his shelves and in his cupboard1 taking down--with a laugh1 however1--and flinging into the brazier1 where he only half burned them1 some theological treatises which he had been writing4 8,and now10 said he1 8,henry1 my son1 you may testify1 with a safe conscience1 that you saw me burning ,latin sermons the last time ,i was here before ,i went away to ,london2 and it will be daybreak directly1 and ,i must be away before ,lockwood is stirring40 8,will not ,lockwood let you out1 sir80 ,esmond asked4 ,holt laughed2 he was never more gay or good-humored than when in the midst of action or danger4 8,lockwood knows nothing of my being here1 mind you10 he said2 8nor would you1 you little wretch6 had you slept better4 ,you must forget that ,i have been here2 and now farewell4 ,close the door and go to your own room and don't come out till--stay1 why should you not know one secret more8 ,i know you will never betray me40 ,in the chaplain's room were two windows2 the one looking into the court facing westward to the fountain2 the other a small casement strongly barred1 and looking on to the green in front of the hall4 ,this window was too high to reach from the ground2 but1 mounting on a buffet which stood beneath it1 ,father ,holt showed me how1 by pressing on the base of the window1 the whole framework of lead1 glass1 and iron stanchions descended into a cavity worked below1 from which it could be drawn and restored to its usual place from without2 a broken pane being purposely open to admit the hand which was to work upon the spring of the machine4 8,when ,i am gone10 ,father ,holt said1 8you may push away the buffet1 so that no one may fancy that an exit has been made that way2 lock the door2 place the key--where shall we put the key8--under ,chrysostom on the bookshelf2 and if any ask for it1 say ,i keep it there1 and told you where to find it1 if you had need to go to my room4 ,the descent is easy down the wall into the ditch2 and so once more farewell1 until ,i see thee again1 my dear son40 ,and with this the intrepid father mounted the buffet with great agility and briskness1 stepped across the window1 lifting up the bars and framework again from the other side1 and only leaving room for ,harry ,esmond to stand on tiptoe and kiss his hand before the casement closed1 the bars fixing as firm as ever1 seemingly1 in the stone arch overhead4 ,when ,father ,holt next arrived at ,castlewood1 it was by the public gate on horseback2 and he never so much as alluded to the existence of the private issue to ,harry1 except when he had need of a private messenger from within1 for which end1 no doubt1 he had instructed his young pupil in the means of quitting the hall4 ,esmond1 young as he was1 would have died sooner than betray his friend and master1 as ,mr4 ,holt well knew2 for he had tried the boy more than once1 putting temptations in his way1 to see whether he would yield to them and confess afterward1 or whether he would resist them1 as he did sometimes1 or whether he would lie1 which he never did4 ,,ii4 ,,sixteen ,,years ,,after4 ,esmond took horses to ,castlewood4 ,he had not seen its ancient gray towers and well-remembered woods for nearly fourteen years1 and since he rode thence with my lord1 to whom his mistress with her young children by her side waved an adieu4 ,what ages seemed to have passed since then2 what years of action and passion1 of care1 love1 hope1 disaster6 ,the children were grown up now and had stories of their own4 ,as for ,esmond1 he felt to be a hundred years old2 his dear mistress only seemed unchanged2 she looked and welcomed him quite as of old4 ,there was the fountain in the court babbling its familiar music1 the old hall and its furniture1 the carved chair my late lord used1 the very flagon he drank from4 ,esmond's mistress knew he would like to sleep in the little room he used to occupy2 'twas made ready for him1 and wallflowers and sweet herbs set in the adjoining chamber1 the chaplain's room4 ,in tears of not unmanly emotion1 with prayers of submission to the awful ,dispenser of death and life1 of good and evil fortune1 ,mr4 ,esmond passed a part of that first night at ,castlewood2 lying awake for many hours as the clock kept tolling 7in tones so well remembered72 looking back1 as all men will that revisit their home of childhood1 over the great gulf of time1 and surveying himself on the distant bank yonder1 a sad little melancholy boy with his lord still alive1--his dear mistress1 a girl yet1 her children sporting around her4 ,years ago1 a boy on that very bed1 when she had blessed him and called him her knight1 he had made a vow to be faithful and never desert her dear service4 ,had he kept that fond boyish promise8 ,yes1 before ,heaven2 yes1 praise be to ,god6 ,his life had been hers2 his blood1 his fortune1 his name1 his whole heart ever since had been hers and her children's4 ,all night long he was dreaming his boyhood over again and waking fitfully2 he half fancied he heard ,father ,holt calling to him from the next chamber1 and that he was coming in and out from the mysterious window4 ,esmond rose up before the dawn1 passed into the next room1 where the air was heavy with the odor of the wallflowers1 looked into the brazier where the papers had been burnt1 into the old presses where ,holt's books and papers had been kept1 and tried the spring and whether the window worked still4 ,the spring had not been touched for years1 but yielded at length1 and the whole fabric of the window sank down4 ,he lifted it and it relapsed into its frame2 no one had ever passed thence since ,holt used it sixteen years ago4 ,esmond remembered his poor lord saying1 on the last day of his life1 that ,holt used to come in and out of the house like a ghost1 and knew that the father liked these mysteries1 and practised such secret disguises1 entrances1 and exits2 this was the way the ghost came and went1 his pupil had always conjectured4 ,esmond closed the casement up again as the dawn was rising over ,castlewood village2 he could hear the clinking at the blacksmith's forge yonder among the trees1 across the green1 and past the river1 on which a mist still lay sleeping4 ,next ,esmond opened that long cupboard over the woodwork of the mantelpiece1 big enough to hold a man1 and in which ,mr4 ,holt used to keep sundry secret properties of his4 ,the two swords he remembered so well as a boy lay actually there still1 and ,esmond took them out and wiped them with a strange curiosity of emotion4 ,there were a bundle of papers here too1 which no doubt had been left at ,holt's last visit to the place1 in my ,lord ,viscount's life1 that very day when the priest had been arrested and taken to ,hexham ,castle4 ,esmond made free with these papers1 and found treasonable matter of ,king ,william's reign1 and a letter from the king at ,st4 ,germains offering to confer upon his trusty and well-beloved ,francis ,viscount ,castlewood the titles of ,earl and ,marquis of ,esmond1 bestowed by patent royal1 and in the fourth year of his reign1 upon ,thomas ,viscount ,castlewood and the heirs-male of his body1 in default of which issue the ranks and dignities were to pass to ,francis aforesaid4 ,this was the paper whereof my lord had spoken1 which ,holt showed him the very day he was arrested1 and for an answer to which he would come back in a week's time4 ,i put these papers hastily into the crypt whence ,i had taken them1 being interrupted by a tapping of a light finger at the ring of the chamber door2 'twas my kind mistress1 with her face full of love and welcome4 ,she1 too1 had passed the night wakefully no doubt1 but neither asked the other how the hours had been spent4 ,there are things we divine without speaking1 and know though they happen out of our sight4 ,this fond lady hath told me that she knew both days when ,i was wounded abroad4 ,who shall say how far sympathy reaches1 and how truly love can prophesy8 8,i looked into your room10 was all she said2 8the bed was vacant1 the little old bed6 ,i knew ,i should find you here40 ,and tender and blushing faintly with a benediction in her eyes1 the gentle creature kissed him4 ,they walked out hand in hand through the old court and to the terrace walk1 where the grass was glistening with dew1 and the birds in the green woods above were singing their delicious choruses under the blushing morning sky4 ,how well all things were remembered6 ,the ancient towers and gables of the hall darkling against the east1 the purple shadows on the green slopes1 the quaint devices and carvings of the dial1 the forest-crowned heights1 the fair yellow plain cheerful with crops and corn1 the shining river rolling through it toward the pearly hills beyond2 all these were before us1 along with a thousand beautiful memories of our youth1 beautiful and sad1 but as real and vivid in our minds as that fair and always-remembered scene our eyes beheld once more4 ,we forget nothing4 ,the memory sleeps but wakens again2 ,i often think how it shall be1 when1 after the last sleep of death1 the rveill shall arouse us forever1 and the past in one flash of self-consciousness rush back1 like the soul1 revivified4 ,a ,,good ,,daughter4 ,,john ,,gorham ,,palfrey4 ,,john ,,gorham ,,palfrey was born at ,boston in #agif4 ,his ancestors were prominent in the ,revolution1 and he came of a brave and godly race4 ,he graduated from ,harvard in #ahae1 and three years later accepted the pastorate of a ,unitarian church in ,boston4 ,he became engaged in literary work and leaving the ministry took a professorship at ,harvard4 ,he held this position for eight years1 from #ahca to #ahci4 ,in #ahcf he became editor of the 8,north ,american ,review0 and held this position until #ahdc4 ,he became interested in politics and was elected a member of the ,massachusetts ,legislature1 and later1 ,secretary of ,state4 ,his best literary work was the 8,history of ,new ,england40 ,he died at ,cambridge in #ahha4 ,a ,,good daughter6--there are other ministries of love1 more conspicuous than hers1 but none in which a gentler1 lovelier spirit dwells1 and none to which the heart's warm requitals more joyfully respond4 ,there is no such thing as a comparative estimate of a parent's affection for one or another child4 ,there is little which he needs to covet1 to whom the treasure of a good child has been given4 ,but a son's occupations and pleasures carry him more abroad2 and he lives more among temptations1 which hardly permit the affection that is following him1 perhaps over half the globe1 to be wholly unmingled with anxiety1 till the time when he comes to relinquish the shelter of his father's roof for one of his own2 while a good daughter is the steady light of her parent's house4 ,her idea is indissolubly connected with that of his happy fireside4 ,she is his morning sunlight and his evening star4 ,the grace1 and vivacity1 and tenderness of her sex have their place in the mighty sway which she holds over his spirit4 ,the lessons of recorded wisdom1 which he reads with her eyes1 come to his mind with a new charm1 as they blend with the beloved melody of her voice4 ,he scarcely knows weariness which her song does not make him forget1 or gloom which is proof against the young brightness of her smile4 ,she is the pride and ornament of his hospitality1 and the gentle nurse of his sickness1 and the constant agent in those nameless1 numberless acts of kindness1 which one chiefly cares to have rendered1 because they are unpretending but all-expressive proofs of love4 ,and then what a cheerful sharer is she1 and what an able lightener of a mother's cares6 ,what an ever-present delight and triumph to a mother's affection6 ,oh1 how little do those daughters know of the power which ,god has committed to them1 and the happiness ,god would have them enjoy1 who do not1 every time that a parent's eye rests on them1 bring rapture to a parent's heart6 ,a true love will1 almost certainly1 always greet their approaching steps4 ,that they will hardly alienate4 ,but their ambition should be1 not to have it a love merely which feelings implanted by nature excite1 but one made intense and overflowing by approbation of worthy conduct2 and she is strangely blind to her own happiness1 as well as undutiful to them to whom she owes the most1 in whom the perpetual appeals of parental disinterestedness do not call forth the prompt and full echo of filial devotion4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,the ,,air4 ,,abridged4 ,,john ,,ruskin4 ,,the orders of animals are the serpent and the bird3 the serpent1 in which the breath or spirit is less than in any other creature1 and the earth-power greatest2 the bird1 in which the breath or spirit is more full than in any other creature1 and the earth-power least4 ,we will take the bird first4 ,it is little more than a drift of the air brought into form by plumes2 the air is in all its quills1 it breathes through its whole frame and flesh1 and glows with air in its flying1 like blown flame2 it rests upon the air1 subdues it1 surpasses it1 outraces it1--is the air1 conscious of itself1 conquering itself1 ruling itself4 ,also1 into the throat of the bird is given the voice of the air4 ,all that in the wind itself is weak1 wild1 useless in sweetness1 is knit together in its song4 ,as we may imagine the wild form of the cloud closed into the perfect form of the bird's wings1 so the wild voice of the cloud into its ordered and commanded voice2 unwearied1 rippling through the clear heaven in its gladness1 interpreting all intense passion through the soft spring nights1 bursting into acclaim and rapture of choir at daybreak1 or lisping and twittering among the boughs and hedges through heat of day1 like little winds that only make the cowslip bells shake1 and ruffle the petals of the wild rose4 ,also1 upon the plumes of the bird are put the colors of the air2 on these the gold of the cloud1 that cannot be gathered by any covetousness2 the rubies of the clouds2 the vermilion of the cloud-bar1 and the flame of the cloud-crest1 and the snow of the cloud1 and its shadow1 and the melted blue of the deep wells of the sky1--all these1 seized by the creating spirit1 and woven into films and threads of plume2 with wave on wave following and fading along breast1 and throat1 and opened wings1 infinite as the dividing of the foam and the sifting of the sea-sand2 even the white down of the cloud seeming to flutter up between the stronger plumes1--seen1 but too soft for touch4 ,and so the ,spirit of the ,air is put into1 and upon1 this created form2 and it becomes1 through twenty centuries1 the symbol of divine help1 descending1 as the ,fire1 to speak1 but as the ,dove1 to bless4444 ,the deep of air that surrounds the earth enters into union with the earth at its surface1 and with its waters1 so as to be the apparent cause of their ascending into life4 ,first1 it warms them1 and shades1 at once1 staying the heat of the sun's rays in its own body1 but warding their force with its clouds4 ,it warms and cools at once1 with traffic of balm and frost2 so that the white wreaths are withdrawn from the field of the ,swiss peasant by the glow of ,libyan rock4 ,it gives its own strength to the sea2 forms and fills every cell of its foam2 sustains the precipices1 and designs the valleys of its waves2 gives the gleam to their moving under the night1 and the white fire to their plains under sunrise2 lifts their voices along the rocks1 bears above them the spray of birds1 pencils through them the dimpling of unfooted sands4 ,it gathers out of them a portion in the hollow of its hand3 dyes1 with that1 the hills into dark blue1 and their glaciers with dying rose2 inlays with that1 for sapphire1 the dome in which it has to set the cloud2 shapes out of that the heavenly flocks2 divides them1 numbers1 cherishes1 bears them on its bosom1 calls them to their journeys1 waits by their rest2 feeds from them the brooks that cease not1 and strews with them the dews that cease4 ,it spins and weaves their fleece into wild tapestry1 rends it1 and renews2 and flits and flames1 and whispers1 among the golden threads1 thrilling them with a plectrum of strange fire that traverses them to and fro1 and is enclosed in them like life4 ,it enters into the surface of the earth1 subdues it1 and falls together with it into fruitful dust1 from which can be moulded flesh2 it joins itself1 in dew1 to the substance of adamant1 and becomes the green leaf out of the dry ground2 enters into the separated shapes of the earth it has tempered1 commands the ebb and flow of the current of their life1 fills their limbs with its own lightness1 measures their existence by its indwelling pulse1 moulds upon their lips the words by which one soul can be known to another2 is to them the hearing of the ear1 and the beating of the heart2 and1 passing away1 leaves them to the peace that hears and moves no more4 ,from 8,athena1 ,queen of the ,air40 ,,thanatopsis4 ,,william ,,cullen ,,bryant4 ,for an account of ,bryant's life see ,book ,,iv4 ,,to him who in the love of ,nature holds ,communion with her visible forms1 she speaks ,a various language2 for his gayer hours ,she has a voice of gladness1 and a smile ,and eloquence of beauty1 and she glides ,into his darker musings1 with a mild ,and healing sympathy1 that steals away ,their sharpness1 ere he is aware4 ,when thoughts ,of the last bitter hour come like a blight ,over thy spirit1 and sad images ,of the stern agony1 and shroud1 and pall1 ,and breathless darkness1 and the narrow house1 ,make thee to shudder1 and grow sick at heart2-- ,go forth1 under the open sky1 and list ,to ,nature's teachings1 while from all around-- ,earth and her waters1 and the depths of air1-- ,comes a still voice--,yet a few days1 and thee ,the all-beholding sun shall see no more ,in all his course2 nor yet in the cold ground1 ,where thy pale form was laid1 with many tears1 ,nor in the embrace of ocean1 shall exist ,thy image4 ,earth1 that nourished thee1 shall claim ,thy growth1 to be resolved to earth again1 ,and1 lost each human trace1 surrendering up ,thine individual being1 shalt thou go ,to mix forever with the elements1 ,to be a brother to the insensible rock ,and to the sluggish clod1 which the rude swain ,turns with his share1 and treads upon4 ,the oak ,shall send his roots abroad1 and pierce thy mould4 ,yet not to thine eternal resting-place ,shalt thou retire alone--nor couldst thou wish ,couch more magnificent4 ,thou shalt lie down ,with patriarchs of the infant world--with kings1 ,the powerful of the earth--the wise1 the good1 ,fair forms1 and hoary seers of ages past1 ,all in one mighty sepulcher4 ,the hills ,rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun1--the vales ,stretching in pensive quietness between2 ,the venerable woods--rivers that move ,in majesty1 and the complaining brooks ,that make the meadows green2 and1 poured round all1 ,old ,ocean's gray and melancholy waste1-- ,are but the solemn decorations all ,of the great tomb of man4 ,the golden sun1 ,the planets1 all the infinite host of heaven1 ,are shining on the sad abodes of death1 ,through the still lapse of ages4 ,all that tread ,the globe are but a handful to the tribes ,that slumber in its bosom4--,take the wings ,of morning1 and pierce the ,barcan wilderness1 ,or lose thyself in the continuous woods ,where rolls the ,oregon1 and hears no sound1 ,save his own dashings--yet the dead are there2 ,and millions in those solitudes1 since first ,the flight of years began1 have laid them down ,in their last sleep--the dead reign there alone2 ,so shalt thou rest--and what if thou withdraw ,in silence from the living and no friend ,take note of thy departure8 ,all that breathe ,will share thy destiny4 ,the gay will laugh ,when thou art gone1 the solemn brood of care ,plod on1 and each one as before will chase ,his favorite phantom2 yet all these shall leave ,their mirth and their employments1 and shall come ,and make their bed with thee4 ,as the long train ,of ages glide away1 the sons of men1 ,the youth in life's green spring1 and he who goes ,in the full strength of years1 matron and maid1 ,the speechless babe1 and the gray-head man1-- ,shall one by one be gathered to thy side1 ,by those who in their turn shall follow them4 ,so live1 that when thy summons comes to join ,the innumerable caravan which moves ,to that mysterious realm1 where each shall take ,his chamber in the silent halls of death1 ,thou go not1 like the quarry-slave at night1 ,scourged to his dungeon1 but1 sustained and soothed ,by an unfaltering trust1 approach thy grave1 ,like one who wraps the drapery of his couch ,about him1 and lies down to pleasant dreams4 ,,joan ,,of ,,arc4 ,,abridged4 ,,thomas ,,de ,,quincey4 ,,thomas ,,de ,,quincey was the son of a prosperous merchant in ,england4 ,he was born at ,manchester on the #aeth of ,august1 #aghe1 but spent his childhood in a country house near the town4 ,he was a shy1 dreamy boy1 and his later writings record many impressions which he received in these early years4 ,his father died when he was about seven years old1 and his mother1 a stately lady with fine intellect1 cared for her little ones at their country home1 doing her best for their education4 ,de ,quincey learned to read and write while he was a very little child1 but his first schooling was given him by one of his guardians1 who was curate in ,salford1 two miles from ,de ,quincey's home4 ,after the father's death ,william ,de ,quincey1 a boy of twelve1 returned from boarding school4 ,he was five years older than ,thomas1 boisterous1 frank1 and clever1 and led his younger brother a hard life4 ,william waged war with the factory boys on his way to and from school1 and poor little ,thomas was forced to join in their battles4 ,the hours of reverie and poetical thought were interrupted1 for ,william took possession of him like a whirlwind4 ,four years later the old home was sold1 ,de ,quincey's mother went to live at ,bath1 and ,thomas entered the grammar school of the town1 where he remained for two years4 ,he was very popular among the teachers because of his aptness as a ,latin scholar4 ,he was next sent to a private school1 where he was a favorite because of his kind and friendly disposition and his willingness to help any of the boys with their ,latin or ,greek4 ,he was a leader in their games1 but showed his literary turn of mind in mimic fights between the ,greeks and ,trojans4 ,he had become acquainted with young ,lord ,westport1 who invited him to travel with him about ,england and ,ireland4 ,while with ,lord ,westport he met ,king ,george ,,iii41 who chatted with him1 asking if he was of ,french descent4 ,thomas proudly assured his majesty that the ,english ,de ,quinceys dated back to the ,conquest4 ,he met the king several times at ftes to which he was invited with ,lord ,westport4 ,on his return home1 ,de ,quincey desired to attend the grammar school at ,bath4 ,he did not care for the private school1 for there was no one there with whom he could contend4 ,it was decided1 however1 that he should attend the grammar school at ,manchester1 where he studied for a year and a half1 and then1 after appealing in vain to his guardians1 ran away4 ,he first intended to wander among the ,english ,lakes4 ,he had read some of ,wordsworth's poems and longed to meet the poet1 but1 recognizing that a runaway would hardly be looked upon with favor1 returned to his home4 ,here he found an uncle who furnished him with funds and gave him permission to travel about for a season and enjoy his liberty4 ,de ,quincey traveled about ,north ,wales from ,july until the late fall of #ahjb1 and then went to ,london4 ,here he lived a wretched life1--his money gone1--and he was dependent on charity1 living from hand to mouth4 ,he was finally discovered and reclaimed by some friends and went back to ,chester1 where his mother resided4 ,in the autumn of #ahjc he accepted an offer made by his guardians and entered ,worcester ,college1 ,oxford4 ,little is known of ,de ,quincey's life at college beyond the fact that he spent much of his time in quiet reading and study4 ,it was during these days as a student that ,de ,quincey began to take opium1--first as a release from pain and later for its effect as a stimulant4 ,in #ahjg lie made the acquaintance of ,coleridge1 whom he regarded with the love of a son4 ,this friendship led to an introduction to ,wordsworth4 ,two years later he took up his abode at the ,lakes1 in the pretty cottage at ,grasmere1 where ,wordsworth had been living1 and this was his home for more than twenty years4 ,coleridge1 ,southey1 and ,john ,wilson 78,christopher ,north07 had their homes in this region1 and ,de ,quincey spent many hours in walks and talks with his friends4 ,for seven years ,de ,quincey lived alone in his pretty cottage and then married a lovely young girl named ,margaret ,simpson4 ,the habit of opium taking had almost mastered him1 so that he lost ambition and capacity for work4 ,three years after his marriage he determined to break off this terrible habit4 ,his family were in need1 and he must support them4 ,he was offered the position of editor of a ,westmoreland newspaper4 ,he aroused from his life of indulgence and opium dreams and became connected with the magazines4 ,his connection with ,blackwood drew him to ,edinburgh1 where he was often a guest at the home of his old friend 8,christopher ,north40 ,he became acquainted here with ,carlyle4 ,at length1 in #ahcj1 he took his family to ,edinburgh1 which was his home until his death in ,december of #ahei4 ,,joanna1 as we in ,england should call her1 but1 according to her own statement1 ,jeanne ,d',arc1 was born at ,domremy1 a village on the marches of ,lorraine and ,champagne4 ,here lay two roads1 not so much for travelers that were few1 as for armies that were too many by half4 ,illustration3 ,after the painting by ,guizard4 ,,joan ,,of ,,arc4 ,the situation of ,joanna was full of profound suggestions to a heart that listened for the stealthy steps of change and fear that too surely were in motion4 ,but1 if the place were grand1 the time1 the burden of the time1 was far more so4 ,the air overhead in its upper chambers was hurtling with the obscure sound2 was dark with sullen fermenting of storms that had been gathering for a hundred and thirty years4 ,it was not wonderful that in such a haunted solitude1 with such a haunted heart1 ,joanna should see angelic visions and hear angelic voices4 ,these voices whispered to her forever the duty1 self-imposed1 of delivering ,france4 ,five years she listened to these monitory voices with internal struggles4 ,at length she could resist no longer4 ,doubt gave way1 and she left her home forever in order to present herself at the dauphin's court4 99 99 99 99 99 ,joanna was a girl of natural piety1 that saw ,god in forests1 and hills1 and fountains1 but did not the less seek him in chapels and consecrated oratories4 ,this peasant girl was self-educated through her own meditativeness4 ,if the reader turns to that divine passage in 8,paradise ,regained10 which ,milton has put into the mouth of ,christ when first entering the wilderness1-- ,oh1 what a multitude of thoughts at once ,awakened in me swarm1 while ,i consider ,what from within ,i feel myself1 and hear ,what from without comes often to my ears1 ,ill sorting with my present state compared6 ,when ,i was yet a child1 no childish play ,to me was pleasing2 all my mind was set ,serious to learn and know1 and thence to do ,what might be public good2 myself ,i thought ,born to that end-- he will have some notion of the vast reveries which brooded over the heart of ,joanna in early girlhood1 when the wings were budding that should carry her from ,orleans to ,rheims2 when the golden chariot was dimly revealing itself that should carry her from the kingdom of ,france ,delivered to the eternal kingdom4 ,when ,joanna appeared1 the dauphin had been on the point of giving up the struggle with the ,english1 distressed as they were1 and of flying to the south of ,france4 ,she taught him to blush for such abject counsels4 ,she liberated ,orleans1 that great city1 so decisive by its fate for the issue of the war4 ,entering the city after sunset1 on the #bith of ,april1 she sang mass on ,sunday1 ,may #h1 for the entire disappearance of the besieging force4 ,on the #bith of ,june1 she fought and gained over the ,english the decisive battle of ,patay2 on the #ith of ,july1 she took ,troyes by a coup-de-main from a mixed garrison of ,english and ,burgundians2 on the #aeth of that month1 she carried the dauphin into ,rheims2 on ,sunday1 the #agth1 she crowned him2 and there she rested from her labor of triumph4 ,all that was to be done she had now accomplished2 what remained was--to suffer4 ,but she1 the child that1 at nineteen1 had wrought wonders so great for ,france1 was she not elated8 ,did she not lose1 as men so often have lost1 all sobriety of mind when standing upon the pinnacle of success so giddy8 ,let her enemies declare4 ,during the progress of her movement1 and in the center of ferocious struggles1 she had manifested the temper of her feelings1 by the pity which she had everywhere expressed for the suffering enemy4 ,she forwarded to the ,english leaders a touching invitation to unite with the ,french1 as brothers in a common crusade against infidels1 thus opening the road for a soldierly retreat4 ,she interposed to protect the captive or the wounded--she threw herself off her horse to kneel by the dying ,english soldier1 and to comfort him with such ministrations1 physical or spiritual1 as his situation allowed4 ,she sheltered the ,english1 that invoked her aid1 in her own quarters4 ,on the day when she had finished her work1 she wept2 for she knew that1 when her triumphal task was done1 her end must be approaching4 ,her aspirations pointed only to a place1 which seemed to her more than usually full of natural piety1 as one in which it would give her pleasure to die4 ,and she uttered1 between smiles and tears1 as a wish that inexpressibly fascinated her heart1 a broken prayer that ,god would return her to the solitudes from which he had drawn her1 and suffer her to become a shepherdess once more4 ,it was a half fantastic prayer1 because1 from childhood upwards1 visions that she had no power to mistrust1 and the voices which sounded in her ear forever1 had long since persuaded her mind that for her no such prayer could be granted4 ,all went wrong from this time4 ,more than one military plan was entered upon which she did not approve4 ,at length she was made prisoner by the ,burgundians1 and finally surrendered to the ,english4 ,now came her trial4 ,never from the foundations of the earth was there such a trial as this1 if it were laid open in all its beauty of defense1 and all its hellishness of attack4 ,oh1 child of ,france6 shepherdess1 peasant girl6 trodden under foot by all around thee1 how ,i honor thy flashing intellect1 quick as ,god's lightning1 and true as ,god's lightning to its mark1 that ran before ,france and laggard ,europe by many a century1 confounding the malice of the ensnarer1 and making dumb the oracles of falsehood6 ,on the ,wednesday after ,trinity ,sunday in #adca1 being then about nineteen years of age1 the ,maid of ,arc underwent her martyrdom4 ,she was conducted before midday1 guarded by eight hundred spearmen1 to a platform of prodigious height1 constructed of wooden billets supported by occasional walls of lath and plaster1 and traversed by hollow spaces in every direction for the creation of air currents4 ,what else1 ,i demand1 than mere weight of metal1 absolute nobility of deportment1 broke the vast line of battle then arrayed against her8 ,what else but her meek1 saintly demeanor won1 from the enemies that till now had believed her a witch1 tears of rapturous admiration8 ,what else was it but her constancy1 united with her angelic gentleness1 that drove the fanatic ,english soldier--who had sworn to throw a fagot on her scaffold1 as his tribute of abhorrence1 that did so1 that fulfilled his vow--suddenly to turn away a penitent for life1 saying everywhere that he had seen a dove rising upon wings to heaven from the ashes where she had stood8 ,what else drove the executioner to kneel at every shrine for pardon to his share in the tragedy6 ,and if this were insufficient1 then ,i cite the closing act of her life4 ,the executioner had been directed to apply his torch from below4 ,he did so4 ,the fiery smoke rose in billowing volumes4 ,a ,dominican monk was then standing almost at her side4 ,wrapped up in his sublime office1 he saw not the danger1 but still persisted in his prayers4 ,even then1 when the last enemy was racing up the fiery stairs to seize her1 even at that moment did this noblest of girls think only for him1 the one friend that would not forsake her1 and not for herself2 bidding him with her last breath to care for his own preservation1 but to leave her to ,god4 ,the shepherd girl that had delivered ,france--she1 from her dungeon1 she1 from her duel with fire1 as she entered her last dream--saw ,domremy1 saw the fountain of ,domremy1 saw the pomp of forests in which her childhood had wandered4 ,that ,easter festival1 which man had denied to her languishing heart--that resurrection of springtime1 which the darkness of dungeons had intercepted from her1 hungering after the glorious liberty of forests--were by ,god given back into her hands1 as jewels that had been stolen from her by robbers4 ,by special privilege1 for her might be created1 in this farewell dream1 a second childhood1 innocent as the first2 but not1 like that1 sad with the gloom of a fearful mission in the rear4 ,this mission had now been fulfilled4 ,the hatred to herself in all eyes had been faced steadily1 had been suffered1 had been survived4 ,and in her last fight upon the scaffold she had triumphed gloriously2 victoriously she had tasted the stings of death4 ,for all1 except this comfort from her farewell dream1 she had died--died1 amidst the tears of ten thousand enemies--died1 amidst the drums and trumpets of armies--died amidst peals redoubling upon peals1 volleys upon volleys1 from the saluting clarions of martyrs4 ,from 8,biographies40 ,,guide ,,to ,,pronunciation4 ,a key to the symbols most of which are used in this ,reader to indicate the pronunciation of the more difficult words4 ,i4 ,,vowels4 as in fte 8 sente 8 ft 8 rm 8 ll 8 sk as in cre 8 mte 8 vent 8 mt 8 hr 8 ce as in dea 8 t 8 sr 8 ld 8 bey 8 nt as in fd 8 ft 8 se 8 nite 8 p 8 fr ,,ii4 ,,equivalents4 as in wht 8 thre 8 grl 8 mve as in wlf 8 sn 8 hrse 8 rle as in pll 8 fl 8 bab ,,iii4 ,,consonants4 ,only the most difficult consonants in this ,reader are marked with diacritical signs4 ,the following table may prove useful to the teacher for reference and for blackboard work4 s as in mie or c 7unmarked7 k as in all k as in s ch 7unmarked7 8 child like j 8 cae 7hard7 8 t ng 8 k 8 m th 7unmarked7 as in thin ph f 8 phantom z 8 z 7like s sonant7 8 zone qu 7unmarked7 8 quite gz 8 eact x 7unmarked7 ks 8 vex ,certain vowels1 as a and e1 when obscured and turned toward the neutral form1 are italicized4 ,silent letters are also italicized4 ,,word ,,list4 ,the following is an alphabetical list of the most difficult words used in this ,reader4 ,the less difficult words that have been used in the previous ,readers of this series are omitted4 ,this list may be made the basis of a great variety of exercises in correct pronunciation1 distinct enunciation1 rapid spelling1 language lessons1 and review work4 ,for an explanation of the diacritical marks1 see preceding page4 ,the syllable tion is not re-spelled in this list1 but wherever it occurs should be pronounced shn4 b hr rne b s lte l bss c s s res c cl m tion c cm m dte c cu tred c c m l td d mnt die d j tants d r tion d vn t s d vr s t ,ae77 l an f fn ties f flc tion fre said 7sd7 l ien 7yn7 te l l iane l l gr c al l tr nte l m bs s dor 7dr7 m bi tious 7bsh s7 m ph th tr n h re n l c n m td n n vr s r n noy ane n tg nst n t chm br n t p td n tiq ui 7tk w7 t p th p pll ng p p r ts p p r tion p pr ci 7sh7 tion p pr hn sion 7shn7 p prn te shp p pr pr te l pr t rch r r n r g ment r s tc r r qu bs irs r rst d r tl lr s pr ant s p r tions s sil ants s sm bl s s ci 7sh7 td s suaged 7swjd7 strn s trl rs s trn mr th na um th lt c t tn td t tr btes u thr t ux l res v ne bilff bp ts mal br b r ans br r cn br r r bt tl ion 7yn7 bt tr es bt tle ment be tlng b guled bl lg r ent bn dc tions bn fc trss b si rs b cle bg t r b g r ph bv ouac 7wk7 blss d nss boun t os l br zier 7zhr7 brl liant 7yant7 c lm t cn nn de ca p t cp tv t c rered cr r n cas 7kzh7 al t ct phrcts ct rct ct hs ng cv lir l cv tes l n dne ls tial 7chal7 r m n r tf cte chl lned chm p n ng chp lan chr t chr t ble chs tse ment chl l nss hm c phr r cut r cm fr ene r cm scrbed t del clr man cl mte c n de cm bt ant cm mne ment cm mn walth cm m n c tve cm mn ion 7yn7 cm pr tve l cm pas sion 7psh n7 cm pt tors 7trs7 cm pl ene cm plte cn de cn n tred cn gr g tion cn jc tre cn s qune cn ss tn cn spc os cn spr cn stn cn strc tion cn sm mte cn tmned cn tm pl tion cn tnt ment cn tr b tions cn v ls ene cn vl sion 7shn7 c rl l coun tr fet coun tr mrch ng cup-d-min cor t os cv t d cv t os nss cow ard 7rd7 e cr d l t cr t r n crpt cui rass 7kw rs7 cup board 7cb brd7 c pd t du phn d it fl l d m tion d phr ble d sve dc l m tion d fi cien 7fsh en7 es d gn r te d ln tion d lv r ane d l sion 7zhn7 dm l tion d prt mnt d scrp tions ds pc ble d tr m n tion d m tr dl ent d mn tve d rc tion ds p par d s tros dis cern 7dz zrn7 ble ds plne ds crd ant ds cor ng ds m brked d shv eled ds hn ored 7rd7 ds pns r ds sv red ds tnct nss ds tnc tion d vr sion 7shn7 dz z l d mn ion 7yn7 dn tves dr m tst dr pr d r tion des d fe d t r als d c tion l l quene mr en m pr ors 7rs7 n snr r n vl ped n v os p au ltte p sdes qu nc tial 7shal7 rp tion s t m tion e r k x gr te x l t tion x te ment x cr ment x c tion rs x m pl r x mpt x s tene x prt nss x pl r tions x pl sion 7zhn7 x qu te x trar d n r x l t tion x lt d fb rc fc l tes fg t f nt c fn ts tc fs n td f al t feign 7fn7 f l t fr mnt ng fr ule 7l7 fr vnt l fs t val feds fc tion f dl t fl chs fl ial 7yal7 fr egn rs fr md ble fr t f c tions foun d tion fr tr nal frn zed frg te frze gr nred gr r sons gauze 7gz7 gl r gr geos grt f tion grt f ng grn dir griv os gule fl gun a gy7j7 r tions hb t tion h bt al hl brt hl n hr bn r hert nss hdge rw hr ald r hrb ge hr ne hr m hck r hll ck hs tr c al hs tl res hus t n hr rhed hr r cne hurt lng cles l l m n td l l sion 7zhn7 l ls tr td m e r m m d te l m mr tl t m parled m pr p t bl m pr t nene m pt os l m ps s ble m prc t c ble m prve ment n d vrt ent n cm m n c ble n cn vn ience 7yens7 n crd ble n cm bent n dn t tion n d g n ds sl bl n f f ble n f f c t al n v t ble n x hust ble n x prs s bl n fn t n n t n n os n hb t ants n i ti ate 7sh t7 n jnc tions n srlled n sn s ble n sp r ble n sg n n stll ments n stnc tve l n strct or 7r7 n tg r t n tl lc t al n tnse l n tr pt d n tr fr ng n tr lde n t r or 7r7 n tr md dle n tr m d te n tr p l td n tr pr t tion n tr prt r n tr rg t r n tr rp tion n t m tions n trp d n vl ble n vnt ve n vn ble n v t tions r rg lr t r r t tng tn r ant jve lns jc nd jl l f c tion j b le j n pr kn g r lm n t tion lt tde lc tr ng le ward lg l br r an lie tn ant lght en r lght nng lt r tre ln v t l quat lve l r lve l nss lt nst lr c m chin 7shn7 er m gi cians 7jsh ans7 mg n nm t ml d mn fs t tion mn tel pie mr tyred 7trd7 m son r ma gr m hn c al l md t tion md t tve nss m d nal mm r ble mr r mnt m trp ls m li tia 7lsh 7 ms sle mz zen-tp mn t r mrt ge muld d moun tan os m t n ms t r os mth l g nt ral st n s s t n bl t n vi ti ate 7vsh t7 n mr os np tial 7shal7 nrs r mn b d ene b lt r td b s qu os nss b st n c c pnt c c p tion dor7dr7 os f fi cious 7fsh s7 nss ff sprng m np tene p m r t res r n tal r n ment r thg r ph vr whlmed pr grph pr pt pr ste prch ment p rsh in rs pr s m n os pr t cle pr tc lr tes pas sion 7psh n7 te p tri cian 7trsh n7 p tr t sm pwn br kr pa ant r pn tnt pn n lss pr chne pr frm an s p r d c als pr m nent l pr pt al pr ruque 7rk7 pr s c td pr sn l tes pr sp t pr sua sion 7sw zhn7 pr trbed ph ls phrs phl sph c al pck nn nes pc tr esque 7sk7 pire pn n les plin tve p lt cal pl lt d pp le pr rn r p ses sions 7zsh ns7 pst h mos prc tsed prc t tion r pra tr pri re pr dent pr nct pr p t td pr dm nant prf r ble pr lm n r pr lde prm s s pr rves pr m val prc l m tion prd gal pr fes sion 7fsh n7 pr fi cient 7fsh nt7 prph s prs pr t prs pr os prv c tion p s sane pp pts qud r pds qur an tine 7tn7 rp tr os ra on bl r ss s r t tion rck lss l rc m pnse rc t tde r doubt ble r dobt d r dound ng r ch 7k7 ed r g l rg l tion r mm brane r mrse lss rp r tion rp r mnd rp tle rp t tion r qu m r qut al r nt ment r st ane r nant r spc tve re veille 7r v y7 rv r end r vv fed rv l tion r rd cle right eous 7r chs7 nss rg or 7r7 os l r mne sc r fice 7fz7 s g t sl v tion sc t t snd wch sap phire 7sf fr7 st r sts sf flds scn r shd le shme shl ar 7r7 shp sored srve nr s cl sion 7zhn7 sc r t r slf-sc r fe sn t r al sn s bl t sn t ment sp l hr s qul s qus tred sr vl t shed sh ng sm pl t s ml t n os sn g lr tes s zar 7zr7 s br t s t sl e sl mn sl m nze s ll qu s phs t c tion sr r sv r egn t sp cies 7shz7 spc t tors 7trs7 sped l sp ral stn chions 7shns7 stppes stm l tng strt m st pn dos sb ms sve sb r d nte sb r d n tion sb tr r n an sb tlr s ces sion 7ssh n7 sg s tion sm m r s pr fl tes s pr fl os s pr nt ral s pr vi sion 7vzh n7 sr rn dr ng sr vey or 7v r7 sr vv or 7r7 ss pi cion 7psh n7 sl l ble ss tm t c tn ble t d os nss t mr t tmp t tions tr r s ts t ment th l c al th res thrat en ngs thre-dck rs tir tl r ble tp gl lant tp' s-tr v tr res trg d trn qul trns fg re trn sient 7shent7 trv rs s tra on ble trs pass ng tr m phant trp c al twt tr ng g l nss nan mo s n s sm ng n vil ng n br r de n cn scious 7shus7 l n cn trl lble n dunt d n dght n d l tions n d t ful n fl tr ng n flded n fr t nte n gv rn ble n vr s t n r gan zed n t tr ble n v red p rar os su 7zh7 r os t tr ane vn qush s v r ane v r tes vunt ng l v h ment v l t vne ane vn m os4 vr fed vr ml ion 7yn7 vt r ans v br tion v s s tdes vg or 7r7 os vs count v v t vl les vouch sfed vl gr t wt tles war nss whre n work 7wrk7 man shp wound 7wnd7 d ,,proper ,,names4 ,,additional ,,signs ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,following ,,list4 as in d 7,fr474 77 as in pque 7,fr474 7,k7 ,k 7ch7 as in ,rch'tr 7,ger474 7,n7 ,n as in ,pe pin 7,fr474 7r7 as in ,gtz 7,ger474 as in ,ds' sel dorf4 7,v7 as in l hlm 7,ger474 br hm b s sn g as siz 7s7 l l gh nes n dr as ,ft tr al n t n r r gn ,aus tr l ,a zres ,bb lon ,bl s tir ,bs s n ,bs tille 7tl7 ,bat t ,bl shz zar ,bn prte ,bs wn ,b n ture ,br gn d ,bsch ng ,c dz a ar ,cam pagna 7,km pn y7 r lle ,cs ca ,cas sius 7,ksh s7 hl d ans hrs t phr hrs s tm l p tr ,d n ,d d t ,d g ns ,d mn can ,dom re my 7,d,n re m7 ,d s s b n zr p tian 7shan7 n tp fhl ,faust 7,foust7 ,g br l ,gl l ,g z ,gs lr it t ,her7r7 nn d ,p zr r r s ,knwles ,l hre ,lr rine ,lck now ,l pr cal ,m cu la ,ma di ra ,mag da len 7,md ln7 ,cl le ,m das ,m n r ,mnt lm ,mnt mo rn ,m rc ,n p l n ,nb had nz zar ,nr v ,nn veh r l ans thl l ,pl ms ,pr ns ss ,p ty ,phl s t ,pl t ,pm pe ,pr ti 7sh7 ,pr t gue ,r legh ,rs s las ,r ne 7n7 ,rhims ,rich e lieu 7,rsh loo7 ,rich 7,r,k7 tr ,rss bach 7b,k7 ,rth er ham ,slis bur 7ber7 ,sm son g on s t ,sr tor ,r sr ts ,s poy ,sc r ts ,stke ,p es ,tele sile 7,t l zl7 ,tm raire 7,tm rire7 ,tm p ,trf l gr ,troyes 7,trw7 ,tre r l ,wdne dy ,wst mn str ,words worth 7,wrdz wrth7